SttVJLl N G AND FRANC1NE CLA1UC AKT INSTITUTE L1BRART *&. \ ii t S71, ^c <^^Ci/ 772 &-t4st^ 2 I ■■■■■■( i I X THE DYER'S COMPANION; IJ\T TWO PARTS. PART 1st CONTAINING (Upwards of one hundred receipts for colouring woollen, cot- ton or silk cloths, yarn or thread, all kinds of colours and shades, so as to make them lasting and permanent, upon the newest and most improved plan in dying ; with direct- ions for dressing cloth, and some observations and direc- tions as to the use of colours and dye-stuff, and the proper- ties and effects thereof-- calculated for the use of artists, private families, and the encouragement of manufacto- ries, Sec. . THE 2d PART CONTAINING Directions for jacking and varnishing leather ; to make Oil- Cloth, Lacker Brass, and Tin-Ware : To colour feathers, tur, and hair; to prepare paints, varnishes, &c. to stain wood different colours ; to colour hats, either in whole or any particular part ; together with a number of medical receipts, which have been found beneficial, and hiehly ap- proved by the faculty. ■ J * *, ,. . CONTAINING ALSO— Many discoveries and improvements, not before made public. BY ELIJAH BEMISS. NEW-LONDON • PMWTED BY CADY er * EELLS, FOR THE AUTHOR. v 1 * v. s * * * * ****** J niSTIUXrf OF C0*YXECT2CUI\ f. BE it remembered, that on the twenty-se- venth day of August, in the thirtieth year of the Independence of the United Staaes of America, Elijah Bemiss, of said district, hath deposited in this office the title of a book, the right whereof he claims as author, in the words following, " The DYER'S COM- " PANION, in two parts— Part 1st containing' upwards H of one hundred different receipts for colouring wool- " len, cotton, or silk cloths, yarn or thread, all kinds of " colours and shades, so as to make them lasting and " permanent, upon the newest and most improved plan " in dying ; with directions for dressing cloth, and some " observations and directions as to the use of colours " and dye-stuff, and the properties and effects thereoi— « " calculated for the use of artists, private families, and " the encouragement of manufactories, &c. Second " part contains directions for jacking and Tarnishing « leather ; to make oil-cloth, lacker brass, and tin-ware ; " to colour feathers, fur, and hair ; to prepare paints, " varnishes, &c. to stain wood different colours ; to co- " lour hats, either in whole or any particular part ; to- " gether with a number of medical receipts, which have " been found beneficial, and highly approved by the fac- " ulty, - Containing also, many improvements and dis- " coveries not before made public By Elijah Bermss " In conformity to the act of the Congress of the United States, entitled, < An act for the encouragement of learn- ing, by securing the copies of maps, charts and books, to authors and proprietors of such copies, during the time therein mentioned. 5 ' ° SIMEON BALDWIN, Clerk of the District of Connecticut. A true copy of record examined and sealed by S. BALDWIN, Cik. DUt. Con. 0- M PREFACE. t ^ HE defign of " The t)yer$ Companion'* is to furnifh an eafy and uniform fyftem of dying for the ufe of praftitioners, and thofe who vv i ill to be benefitted by that arid other arts introduced in this work. During an em- ployment of feveral years in the clothier's bu- iincfs, I had to combat with many difficul- ties for the want of an affiitantof this kind ; and I am well perfuaded the greater part of my fellow- funftioners have laboured under the lame embarrallments, as there has not been to rny kno to) edge, any book of this nature ever before publifhed in the United States— a work which I humbly conceive will not only be ferviccable to the praftitioners, but to the country at large. The author's attempt to improve the ufeful arts, and to promote manufactures, he hopes will meet the approbation and encouraged ment of his feliow-citizens j and that the plainnefs of his plan, will be excufed, as he is an unlettered country dyer. His Ion* aven lV^ ^ *** dreffin « ^ &c > *« ^ivcn him great opportunity for makin- i m - A a "V VI PREFACE. provements therein. Thefe arts admit of ftill greater improvement, if proper attention is paid to recording and fecuring our discove- ries ; but otherwife it rnuft be expe&ed that they will remain with us in a ftate of infancy. The art of dying is ftill far from having ar- rived at a ftate of perfe6lion even in Europe, and probably will not in our age. This con- fideration ought not to difcourage us, but to increafe our ambition ; for it muft be ac- knowledged that great improvements have been made and are ftill making in this coun- try. Thofe to whom the author is in the fmall- cft degree indebted for promoting the ufeful- nefs of this work, will pleafe to accept his thanks ; their future favors are requefted, with a hope that we may continue to live in brotherly love. By contributing our mutual aid towards gaining and fupporting our inde- pendence of Great-Britain, and other foreign countries, to whom in arts and manufactures we have too long bowed the knee ; we fhall promote our own interefts and our country's welfare and glory. In the Fir /I Part it is attempted to have tho PREFACE, Til Receipts for dying woolen, filk, cotton and linen P goods> arranged m the beft order; which is followed by diredions for the management of colouring, &c. The different operations of dye- fluff are then attempted tube fhewn, together with diredions for dreffing cloth ; clofing with fome obfervatiorls on the preicnt fituation of our bufinefs. The Second Part contains feveral ufeful arts and difcoveries, colieaed from various Sourc- es, which will be found 10 be extremely bene- ficial to the public in general. The author having for feveral years practic- ed in the greater part of the arts inferted in this work, pledges himfelf for the truth of his affertions. He has endeavored to ufe the plaineft language, and to point out every part of the proceffes, fo that no one fhould be dis- appointed who attempts to follow his direc- tions. Many matter mechanicks refufe to give re- ceipts to their apprentices unlefs they will pay for them, and at a high price. There are many receipts in this book, which, to the per- fonal knowledge of the author, have been fold for twenty and thirty dollars each ; and the ^ . P R E J? A C Mn purchafer prohibited from communicating the receipt to any other perfon. By this means, ufeful difcoveries are fometimes wholly loft • and oar improvement in arts and manufac- turcs make but flow progrefs. Should this attempt meet with reafonable encouragement the work will be enlarged and amended, in future editions, as the°autbor" may find time and means for the purpofe. ?hs DYER'S COMPANION RECEIPTS, Sec i. To Jet a Hue Vat of twelve Barrels. X 4 OR a Tat of twelve barrels ; fill the rat about half full of water, scalding hot ; dissolve eight pounds of potash in eight gallons of warm water $ fill the copper with water ; add one half of the pot- ash lie, with five pounds of madder, and four quarts of wheat bran ; heat this with a moderate fire, nearly to boiling heat, often stirring it — turn this into the vat. Take five pounds of indigo, wet it with one gallon of the potash lie, and grind it well : then fill your copper with water, and add the remainder of your potash lie, when cool, (being careful in pouring it off, as the sediment is injurious to the dye) ; add this compound of indigo, Sec. and four pounds of woad ; stir this continually over a moderate fire, until it boils ; then turn it into the vat, and stir, rake or plunge well, until well mixed together : cover it close and let it stand two hours ; l I I 10 EYEIl'S COMPAKIOfc. I then add four ounces of borax, rake well, and let i* stand twelve hours. If it docs not come to work, then take two quarts of unslacked lime, and six quarts of water, putting them into a vessel proper for the purpose, and stir- ring well ; after standing till well settled, take the lie of the lime, and rake again, cover close, and let it stand two hours. The symptoms of the dye being fit to work, may be known by the rising of a line copper-colored scum, on top of the dye, and likewise, a fine froth rising ; your dye will look green, and your cloth dipt in it, before it come* to the air, will look green also. Form of a Vat and other Utenjils ncuffaryfor Blue Dying. 1st. The Vat ought to be made of pine plank, at least two inches thick : it should be live feet long, and the width sufficient for containing the quantity required ; the largest end down, an a about three feet in the ground ; hooped with large iron hoops as far as it stands in the ground ; and all above ground covered with wooden hoops ; the top covered ti, lit with a thick cover so as to exclude the cold air. A small lid should be made to open and shut at pleas- ure for the purpose of admitting the dye into the vat, stirriii king, I.e. It is absolutely necessa- ry to cover close, loasto confine the heat and steam DYEB-'S COMPA.XIOW. from the time you begin to empty your liquor, un- til your vat is full. The liquor should be conveyed from the copper to the vat by a spout or trunk, and after stirring, be immediately covered close. 2d. The Rake is of an oval form, with a handle through the middle, of sufficient length to reach the bottom of the vat with ease. 3d. The Screen or Buddie, to prevent the goods from sinking upon the sediment. This utensil is placed about ten or twelve inches from the bottom of the vat. It should be as large as the top of the vat will admit, and filled with netting or splinters ; it should be hung by three cords, from the top, so as to be easily taken out when necessary, and a weight in the middle sufficient to keep it down. 4th. The Cross-Bar, or stick across the vat. This should be about one inch in diameter, and plac- ed about six inches from the top, and across the mid- dle of the vat. 5th. The Handlers, Claws or Hooks, are for ma- naging the cloth in the dye, (for no air must come to the cloth while in the dye). The claws are made with wooden handles ; the hooks of iron in an oval form, half round, and notches in the hooks like saw teeth, for the purpose of catching hold of the cloth, II ;l 12 3>TERS COMPANION, To fit Clothe for Dying. In the first place scour the grease well out of the .cloths. "Take about thirty yards of cloth to a fold i or draft, having prepared, in your copper, about two barrels of water, with four ounces of pearl-ash therein ; in this liquor run and prepare your cloth for the vat about eight or ten minutes ; then roll it out and let it drain. Then fold it up smooth on the side of the vat, that it may go in open ; toss the end over the cross-bar, and let a person on the other side with his handlers be ready to poke it down, and let it be done quick and lively. When the cloth is all in the vat, take the ether end back again, by pulling it hand over hand, very lively, till you arrive at the other. Then shift sides, and manage in this manner till ready for taking out ; which will be in ten or twelve minutes, if the dye is ripe ' and hot. But judgment must be used in this case ; when the dye is weak and cool, it is necessary to keep the cloth in an hour or more : In taking the cloth out of the vat, it is necessary to use dispatch. The utensils for this purpose are two crooked irons passed juct above the vat, so that two men may put the cloth thereon, as taken out of the vat ; then a windlass for the purpose of wrin the cloth as dry as conveniently can be done. Hang your cloth then in the open air, till dyer's companion. 10 it is perfectly cool. At the same time, if you have more cloth, prepare it as described before in the copper of pearlash water. This precess must be observed every time the cloth is dipped in the vat. Two dressings are commonly sufficient for colouring the first time ; then air and rince, and this will be a pretty good blue — and full and manage as you do cloths to prepare them for colouring. However, your dye must not be crowded too fast at first. If you find your dyedoes not colour fat t enough, cover and rake, and let it stand an hour or two ; being careful to keep the vat covered, excepting when the cloth is in : work the dye till it is cool, then heat it again. If all your cloths are not coloured for full- ing ; heat your dye again in the copper or other u- tensil, nearly to boiling heat, then turn it into the vat and cover it up ; add two pounds ©f pearlash, rake well, and let it stand ten or twelve hours ; then rake it, and let it stand two hours, when it will be fit for work. Let the die be worked as long as it will colour well ; then manage as before until the dye is reduced. Recruit as before in setting, and manage in the same maimer till your cloths are all coloured. Only omit two pounds of potash and one pound of indigo out of the quantity ; and the dye must stand to come to work, which will probably B v |4 DYER'* COMPANION. be sooner than at first ; caution must be used about working* it too soon. The cloths when fulled and prepared for colour- ing, must be managed as at first, and run till they suit. After you have done coloring, open your vat, rake well, and give the dye all all the air you can, Let it stand, and it may be kept good for ma- ny years, if rightly managed : After it has been recruited several times, it will be necessary to dip off the dye carefully ,so as not to disturb the sediment or lees, and throw it away. When the dye has been standing a long time, it is necessary to throw away the lees, for they will have a tendency to in- jure the dye, and the colour will not be so bright if they remain in the vat. The dye will not come to work so soon as if the sediment had remained in the vat, and it ought not to be disturbed excepting when it is necessary to dispense with some of the lees. The dyer being careful to manage according to these directions, will have the best mode of dying cloth blue known by me. To color yarn or wool in this dye, the yarn mast be hung loose in the dye, and the wool be put loose into a nett and then immersed. When the goods arc dyed, hare them immedi- ately rinced in clear water \ >vhen dryed, take twelve X>y Kll's COMPANION. \5 lions of warm water to one pound of hard soap dissolved, and one pint of beef gall ; wet the cloth with tins, and let it run in the mil) eight or ten minutes, *hen rtnee it wish fair water till perfectly clear;, and it will prevent the goods item cracking, &c, 9 <2J. ANOTHER METHOD FOR BLUE. The best to dye Yarn or WooL O set a tub of 6 gallons, take five gallons of good old sig, to which add 2 gills of spirits, half a pound of good indigo made fine ; put it in a bag, wet it, and rub it out in the dye, then add two oun- ces of pearlash, and 2 ounces of good madder ; stir and mi.< it ail together, let it stand 24 hours ; then add half a pint of wheat bran, stir it up till well mixed together, let it stand 24 hours longer, and if your dye does not come to work by this time, stir it as often as once in two or three hours, but do not apply your goods before your copper scum and froth rises, and the dye looks greenish when drop- ping, and your yarn or wool looks greenish when applied to the dye, which are symptoms that your dye is in good order ior use ; but you must be cau- tious not to croud your dye too full, for many blue dyes are destroyed in this way. Be careful also a- bout reducing your dye too low | always keep indi- I i 16 DYER'S COMPANION. go in the bag,rubbing it out when necessary ; and you need not stop your dye to recruit it after it has come to work ; but make your additions when you take your goods out, as you find it necessary. Wring out the goods, stir your dye well together, cover it close, and place it where it will keep lukewarm. It will not dye so quick as the other dye, but it will make a superior blue. It is commonly from two to three days in colouring for a deep blue. N. B. The yarn or wool should be wet in warm sig, before it is put in the dye, and the tub cover- ed close, Sec. 3d. A W OTHER METHOD FOR BLUE. T AKE half a pail full of good ashes, two quarts of stone lime, and as much sig as to run through three gallons of liquor ; add two ounces of good in- digo made fine, four ounces of good madder, and half a pint of wheat bran ; stir and mix it well to- gether, let it stand two days, then stir it np, and put in half a pint of good emptines. Let it stand 24 hours, and your dye will be fit for work. Directions to be chftrved in common Co- louring. EVERY person that understands his business Knows -what utensila are necessary for the business DYERS COMPANION. If in colouring ; however, I will give a brief descrip- tion of those commonly used. The first thing necessary is the copper kettle ; I say copper kettle, because it is most commonly used in all hot dyes, and all hot dyes may be coloured in the copper, and I shall mention no oth- er in the following receipts. Block tin or brass, are better for red and yellow, than the copper ; and iron the best for black or green ; but this I leave to the discretion of those in practice. The size ought to be from two to four barrels, according as your business requires. In setting the kettle, reference should be had to convenience of heating and work- »ng. The Rid, as it is commonly called, which is used for managing the cloth in the dye, is conduct- ed enter and over in the dye, being turned by a •wench ; and the cloth is poked down and spread o- pen by a stick about three feet long. The cloth al- ways should be tended lively when in the dye (The time the cloth is to be in these dyes, will hereafter be described.) When the cloth has been a sufficient time in the dye, then real or wind it up ; let it drain a few mi- mues then take it out in the open air, and spread U 11 perfectly cool ; and tins must be the xuaLge- mCnt £Ver - V Ume the ** is dipped. Never Ll B3 IS dyer's companion. any dye-stuff or water when the cloth is in the dye \ but when added, stir and mix. the dye well together before the cloth is put in. The cloth should be per- fectly cool in order to make the colours bright, have the kettle well cleaned. The most common form I practice, is to rii\ce the dye well ©ff, then take some ashes and a swab, and rub it well and rinceit clean, and it will answer for most colours. But if it does not appear bright enough, then take half a gill of Oil of vitriol, and rub in the same manner as before \ rince clean, &c. To clean a Copper. TAKE four ounces of allum, two quarts of vi- negar, and two ounces of oil of vitriol ; put them all together, heat them boiling hot, and put them into your kettle ; wash it well with a swab, rinceit with water clean, and it will be fit for any dyes. A GENERAL RULE. X SHALL, lay it down as a general rule, to take 20 yds. or 16 lbs. weight for the quantity of cloth, for which to proportion the dye-stuff. However, iy quantity of cloth or goods may be coloured by the following receipts ; only in the like proportion v& before mentioned : and another thing is to be *b~ dyer's companion. i» served, the different states of the dyes, by giving all your goods an equal chance in the dye ; for most of colours the dye is good for nothing for that ce- lour after the colour is done. 4th. FOR BLUE. TO 20 yds of fulled cloth, take four pounds of good logwood chips ; fill your copper with fair wa- ter, add the logwood, and boil well till the strength is out ; then add one pound of good madder and one pound of allum ; let it simmer together fifteen min- utes, but not boil, (for the madder ought never to boil) run your cloth twenty or thirty minutes* roll out and air it ; let the dye simmer a few minutes, then run it again as before, with the heat of the dye increasing, about thirty minutes: air it 3 and the cloth will then appear of a purple cast or shade. Then take two ounces of verdigrease pul- verised fine ; then take one pint of sig ; put them into a proper vessel, and simmer them together with constant stirring, till well mixed and dissolved 5 then add this to your dye, with two gallons of sif , and two ounces of blue vitriol ; boil them mode- rately together about 1 5 minutes, then stop your dye from boiling, and stir well together, then run your cloth about thirty minutes : rim in this man- ner till the colour suits, and you will have a fine blue, but it will, not be so durable as Indigo blue. ■ *o DYERS COMPANION. 5 th. FOR BLUE. TO twenty yards of fulled Cloth; fill your cop- per with fair water, heat it boiling hot, take two pounds of copperas, half a pound of allum, a quarter of a pound of argal, or red tartar — .pulverise these together, and put this compound into the filing water — skim your dye, stop its boiling, run your Cloth twenty or thirty minutes, air and run it again, as before, twenty minutes, air and rince it in water ; shift your liquor from the copper, rince your cop- per, fill it with fair water, then add four pound of good logwood chips, boil well twenty minutes, then slacken your fire and add an half pound of good madder ; let it simmer fifteen minutes— together With one ounce ve. .ease made fine, as described in receipt fourth, with sig, Sec, then take one gallon of sig and add with the rest to the aye, stir them well together, till the d} r e is well mixed ; run your cloth again in ttiis dye thirty minutes, air it, and add two ounces of,pearl-ashes, and run it again, with the dye well mixed together — handle in this manner, till your colour pleases. This will be a good blue, rather preferable to receipt, no. 4. 6th. PRUSSL4A BLUE. Compound, or Chymick. — This compound or blueing is made, thus : Take one pound of goodflo- tong indigo pulverised; four pounds of oil of vitriol, eyer's companion. and two ounces of fine salt-put this in a stone pot (or some earthern vessel) that will contain six times the quantity of this compound, or it will be liable to rise and run over—First put in the vitriol, then the indigo, then the salt ; stir this continually, one hour, or till it gets pretty well settled and cool— for it will boil and foment in a terrible manner. Let it stand four days or a week, covered close, stirring it now and then, as is most convenient. 7 th. Another Method for Blueing, or Compound* TAKE one pound of common good indigo, six pounds of oil of vitriol, half a pound of stone lime — put these together, (as described before) in the pot, and stir it — This will be fit to use in forty- eight hours. I have mixed it without either lime or salt ; but it requires more stirring and longer standing before it is fit for use. This compound is used for dyeing Prussian blue, green, and many oth- er colours. Sth. PRUSSIAN BLUE. FILL your copper with fair water, heat it near- ly boiling hot, then add of your blue (as b before ~ . i BYEIt S CO, IOtf. mentioned) a little, and stir it well with the Water run your cloth, roll out. a:r, and ack; of your com- pound by little and little, till your cblbftr pleases You may make, in this dye, any shade you w:sb, of this kind of blue, and very bright. M. FOR GREEJtf. TO twenty yards of cloth, take six pound of fus- tick chips and boil them well, then add one quarter pound of ailum, run your cloth till it is a good yel- low, then add of your blueing* about half a gill at a time, stir and mix it well together in the dye } run your cloth with a hot fire, fifteen or twenty minutes, then air and a little of your blueing, and run again in the same manner as before, and add of your blue- ing, little by little, till your colour suits. If you have a considerable quantity of cloth to colour, it will be necessary to boil your fuslick till your dye is strong ; then put it in a tub, for the con- venience of dipping it off as it is wanted to mix with the blueing. The quantity of yellow die to be dipped off, must be left to the discretion of the dyer, according to the quantity of cloth in colouring ; let the chips remain in the kettle, and fill your copper with water, boil again, and yellow your doth till a good yellow, by adding allum every dipping then * This compound of vitriol and indigo, is known br Uic blueing chyrtuck or sa*on poU dyek's companion take the chips out of the dye, then add of your blue. ing,, run your all cloths, add of your biueing and yellow die, having your die hot and well mixed to- gether — run your cloth, and add of your compound and yellow die, by little and little, well mixed and stirred together ; and if the colour does net appear bright enough, frequently add a little allum, keep it in much longer, and this will give lustre to your colour. This is the best method of dyeing a bright green, I believe, in the world, or the best I ever knew. Green requires the judgment of the dyer to pre - vent one colour from overrunning the other, other* wise the colour will appear dull, and never can be made bright. But follow the receipt with care and judgment, and you will have a very fine green. I i \Oth. FOR GREEN. TO twenty yards of cloth, take five pounds of good fustick chips, boil well, then add two ounces of allum, run your cloth till a good yellow ; then< add of your blueing half a pound, run your cloth twen- ty or thirty minutes, then air, and add a little cop- peras and a little logwood ; let it boil a few minutes, r\;n again, and handle till your colour pleases. m *i . byer's companion 1UA. jF.02* GREEjY. TO twenty yards of cloth take four pounds of fustic chips, boil well, then add two ounces of pearl ashes, one ounce of allu:n >unc"e of aqua fortis — let it boil, stir and mix it well together, then run your cloth till a good yellow ; air, and add of your blueing, well mix it with your dye, run your cloth, and add of your blueing by little and little, till your colour pleases. 12fA. FOR GREEN. TO twenty yards of cloth, take four quarts of wheat bran, wet it with vinegar, let it stand twelve hours ; fill your copper with fair water, put your bran in a bag and let it boil in the water one hour, take it out, let it drain, and squeeze it dry as you can ; then add two ounces of argal,* made fine, and one ounce of ailum ; boil well, run your cloth for- ty minutes, boiling ; then air and rince, shift your liquor from your copper, rince and fill with fair wa- ter ; then add four pounds of fustick chips, boil well till the strength is well out, then add a little allum, and run your cloth thirty minutes more ; then add, gradually, as much blueing as is necessa- ry, and sadden with a little copperas. ~* This is called by some, Crude, or Red Tartar. dyer's companion S& If the colour is not bright enough, shift your dye from your copper, and fill with fair water ; heat it nearly to boiling heat, add a little blueing, and handle till your colour pleases. \Sth. FOR GREEA. TO twenty yards of cloth, take five pounds of fustick chips, and boil well ; then add two ounces of allum, and six ounces of compound or blueing- half of your blueing at a time ; run your cloth thir- ty minutes, then add the rest of your blueing to- gether with yellow dye and a little allum ; run again as before ; then add two ounces of blue vitriol, boil well, and handle till your colour pleases, N. B. These green dyes are worth saving as they are useful in many dyes, especially for bottle green in the first beginning. Uth. FOR BOTTLE GREEM TO twenty yards of cloth, take three pounds of fustick chips, boil well, then add two ounces of al- lum and your blueing ; stir and mix them well to- jether, then run your cloth thirty minutes, air and ^ .J oyer's companiox. rua amfe till you have it a good deep green ; then add two pounds of logwood, boil well, take one quarter of a pound of verdigrease, pulverise it, and put in a proper vessel with one pint of vinegar ; let it simmer together with constant stirring, till all dis- solved ; then add it to the dye, stir and mix it well together, run your cloth with your dye hot, thirty or forty minutes ; then air and sadden with coppe- ras, till the colour is dark enough. If your green goes off, shift your dye from your copper, clean it well, rince your cloth well, fill your kettle with fair water, heat it boiling hot, and add blueing by degrees till your colour pleases. 15th. FOR BOTTLE GREEN. FOR twenty yards of cloth, fill your copperwith fair water, heat it boiling hot ; take half a pound of blue vitriol, and let it dissolve in the water ; run vour cloth 30 minutes, air and runagamas belore; then add three pounds of good logwood chips and two pounds of fustic, and boil well ; run your cloth, ,nd handle till your colour pleases 5 and youw^U Tave a fine bottle green, but it is more hable to fade than the other, which will hold equal to a blue. -V.I •07 AVER'S companion. liri FOR OLIVE CREEK. TO twenty yards of cloth, take six pounds of fus- tic, boil well, then add a quarter of a pound of al- lutn, and a quarter of a pound of blueing ; run your cloth one hour, then add half a bushel of butternut bark ; let it boll moderately till the strength is well out ; run your cloth SO minutes, air, and run again ; then add one quarter of a pound of copperas, and handle till your colour pleases. When I have any bright green dye, as in receipt No. 9, I use it as a preparation for the dive green. i&i 17iA. FOR YELLOW. TO twenty yards of cloth, take a* quarter of a pound of aquafortis, and as much pewter or block tin as the aqua fortis will dissolve ; (first pouring the pewter in a melted state into water ;) fdl your copper with fair wajter, boiling hot ; then add the compound of aqua fortis, &c. with six ounces of ar- gal, and half a pound of allitm ; boil well, run your cloth boiling forty minutes ; then air and rince, and shift your liquor from your copper"; till with fair water, then take four pounds of p*ood fus- tick, and a quarter of a pound of tarmerick, boil 28 J>Y Eli'S COMPANION* well, and add half a pound of allum ; run your cloth thirty minutes, and handle till your colour pleases. ISth. FOR YELLOW. TO twenty yards of cloth, take one pound of al- lum, fill your copper with fair water, heat boil- ing hot, run your cloth boiling, three quarters of an hour ; air, rince and shift your liquor from your copper ; rince and fill with fair water ; add six pounds of good fustick, boil well, then add a quar- ter of a pound of allum, and two ounces of aqua for- tis killed with pewter as described in receipt No* 1 7 ; stir and mix it well together with your dye ; run your cloth and handle till your colour suits your fancy. The dyer must be exceeding careful in these yel- low dyes, that his copper utensils and cloth are all clean ; for the yellow dyes are very easily spoiled. It also requires great care about handling the cloths, ihat you do not touch them against any thing that will spot them, for that is not very easily mended, N. B. The aqua fortis must be put in a sound earthen vessel, to contain much more than the quantity of aqua fortis ; for it will boil and fly, and pear to be red hot when you put in the pewter or m d^ek's companion. 29 n; and it must be fed as long as it will dis- solve it. Then let it stand til! cold ; then apply it to the dye. This is the way that aqua fortis must be used, except otherwise directed. Remember the pewter or block tin must be melted and thrown into water, and it will dissolve the better. Sec, &** \9th. BUFF YELLOW, TO twenty yards of cloth, take four pounds of v ;eod fuslick, boil well ; then add a quarter of a aid of the best madder and six ounces of allum ; let it simmer together, but not boil, (for the mad- der must not boil, but be near boiling) run your >th, and handle till your colour pleases. IN \ T . B. The yellow dye, (after you have clone dy- ; your yellow,) may be useful to all colours that hare yellow in them ; for green, olive, &c. i •oafiKjJggS} M. TO TAKE THE COLOUR OUT OF CLOTH TO twenty yards of cloth, take two pounds of red tartar, four pounds of allum, three quarters of a pound of cream of tartar, one pound of white ar- a! or tartar \ pulverize and mix them together \ fill O* C 2 30 DYER S COMPANION. your copper with fair water, heat boiling hot ; then add your compound, let it boil, run your cloth one hour, boiling ; and this will completely destroy al- most any colour, or colours. - *»<& 2Uf, TOR YELLOW, AFTER you have taken the colour out. The eloth must be well rinced in water. For twenty yards of cloth ; fill your copper with fair water, then add two pounds of fustick, (the best kind) half a pound of ground tarmerick, and one ounce of a- qua fortis ; boil well, run your cloth, and handle till your colour pleases. <22d. TO TAKE THE COLOUR OUT OF CLOTH. TO twenty yards of cloth, take half a pound of oil of vitriol, put in about one quart of cold water stir it till well mixed with the water ; put it in your copper already filled, and boiling hot, with fair wa- ter ; run your cloth thirty minutes, air and rince and you may make almost any colour you please on cloth that has had the colour taken out in this way ; but you cannot if done in the way of receipt No. 20. It must bs observed; that there cannot be dyer's companion, si any great quantity of cloth or goods managed in quor ; for the dye-stuff that is extracted xrom the cloth will overpower the preparation that dissolves the colour. I have destroyed a black of the best kind, and made a good yellow, in this way. S3* SCARLET RED. TO twenty yards of cloth, take one pound of good fustick, a quarter of a pound of tarmerick, six ounces of aqua foitis, and half a pound of argal or red tartar, which boil till the strength is well out, (the copper being clean as possible, and the water fair) then run your cloth two hours with the dye boiling- ; then air, rince and shift your liquor from your copper, and fill with clean water ; heat boil- ing hot, then take one peck of wheat bran wet with vinegar, and after standing twelve hours, put it in a bag, and boil well one hour ; let it drain, and squeeze it as dry as you conveniently can, run your cloth 30 minutes, air, rince and shift your liquor from your copper ; clean your copper as clean as possi- ble, fill with fair water, and heat boiling hot ; then add five ounces of cochineal made fine, one ounce of red arsenick, two ounces and an half of aqua fortis, two ounces of gum armoniack ; boil this together t*l the strength is well out j then run yow cloth 52 DYERS (COMPANION* with the dye boiling, run till your colour suits, and vqu will have a fine scarlet. i Uth, SCARLET RED. ■ TO twenty yards of cloth, take one peck of win bran wet with vinegar, let it stand twelve hours ; fill your copper with water, heat boiling hot ; j the bran pudding into a bag, let it boil one hour, then run your cloth with the dye boiling, forty min- utess then add a quarter of a pound of aqua fortis, three quarters of a pound of argal or red tartar ; riiii forty minutes more with the dye boiling, then air, ,ririce and shift your liquor from your copper and fill with water ; add one pound of fuatick, and a quarter of a pound of tarmerick, boil this one hour ; then run your cloth one hour with the dye boiling, air, rince and shift the liquor from your copper ; fill with water, heat boiling hot ; then add six ounces of cochineal pulverised, three ounces of aqua fbrtis, and one ounce of armoniac ; let it boil well fifteen minutes ; run your cloth one hour with your dye boiling, and you will have a fine scarlet. O 25 th. CRIMSON RED. TO twenty yards of cloth, take three quarters of a pound of aiium, three quarters of apound of cream BYEr's COMrANIOtf, 35 of tartar, and three quarters of a pound of argal ; pulverise these and mix them together ; fill your copper with fair water, heat boiling hot, and add this compound ; stir and mix it well with the boil- ing water ; then run your cloth one hour boiling ; then air, rince and shift your liquor ; fill with fair water, heat boiling hot, then take half a pound of cochineal, and half a pound of cream of tartar, mix- ed and pulverised together; then add one half of the cochineal and tartar ; run your cloth three quarters of an hour with the dye boiling ; then air and add of this compound by little and little, vwth your dye boiling, till the colour is well raised on the red ; then lake half a pound of the spirits of sal armoniac, and run your cloth three quarters of an hour, and this will give it the crimson hue. This is a true crim- son, and permanent. 26^. FOR CRIMSON RED } TO twenty yards of cloth ; take three quarters of a pound of fustick, a quarter of a pound of Tarme- rick, five ounces of aqua fortis, fill your copper with water, acid this, and boil well, till the strength is well out ; run your cloth one and an half hours with your dye boiling ; then air, rince, and shift your li- quor from your copper, and wash clean : fill with fair water, heat boiling hot, then take four and an 54 oyer's companion. half ounces of cochineal, Sc four and an half ounces of cream of tartar, pulverised together ; add this to the water, with a quarter of a pound of aqua fartis, and three ounces of tarmerick, in which boil and handle your cloth, run one hour, then take half a pound of spirits of sal armoniac, or good old Stg, to bloom with ; in this handle, with the dye boiling, till your colour pleases. 27M. FOR RED WITH RED-WOOD OR A7- CARAGUA. TO twenty yards of cloth ; take ten pounds of red-wood or Nicaragua chips, and boil moderately in good clean water one hour ; then add one pound of allum, run your cloth forty minutes, then air and let the dye steep in the same manner ns it did before ; and run again, adding a little allum every time you clip ; and manage in this form till your colour suits your fancy. Re 1 or Nicara- gua may be mixt together er used sep; ;>\ ji as the dyer thinks fit and prop I commonly use both together. »4B J8M, CRIMSON RED Wj ED.WOOB. TO twenty yards of cloth, take eight pounds of red wood, boil well, but not fast, one I . then add. ©TJiR's COMPANION'. 35 half a pound of allum, run your cloth three quar- ters of an hour, air and let the dye simmer in the same manner as before ; acLl a iittle allum and run your cloth, and manage in this form till the strength is well out of the dye ; then ?Ad half a pound of pearl-ash, and handle till your colour pleases. The dyes for red, that are made of red-wood and Nicaragua, must not be hurried and drove, nor crowded too full, because it will destroy the lustre of the red, and the colour will be dull. It is neces* sary the copper arid all the, utensils should be clean* 4* 29th: FOR RED, WITH MADDER, TO twenty yards of cloth, take one peck of wheat bran, boil it in a small kettle with eight gallons of water, one hour ; then fill your copper with water, boiling hot ; then add the liquor of the bran, and three and an half pounds of allum, one pound of red argal, boil and run your cloth, (being well scoured and clean) one and an half hours, boiling ; then air and rince your cloth, and shift the liquor from your copper ; fill with fair water* then add eight pounds of madder that is good, and heat moderately, with constant stirring, till near scalding hot ; run yoiu* cloth three quarters of an hour with a moderate fire, then increase your fire* and bring it near a, boiling V 36 byer's companion. i heat, but not boiling, for the madder must not boil if you intend to have a good red } then run your cloth in this manner until the strength is well out of the madder, and the colour well raised on the red ; then shift your liquor from your copper ; fin with water, and add two and an half pounds of the best Brazil, boil well one hour, and add three quar- ters of a pound of allum and run your cloth till your coloui suits, boiling between each dipping ; and this will produce a good red. This colour may be finished in the madder dye without shifting the dye, by adding two gallons of lant or sig. After the colour is well raised in the madder, run your cloth thirty minutes, and it will answer. The best is with Brazil, but it is more lengthy, and the colour is brighter than with the sig ; so J leave it to the discretion of the dyer. 2>0tk. FOR MERROOJY RED. TO twenty yards of cloth, take six quarts of wheat bran, wet with vinegar, let it stand twelve hours, and sour ; put it in a bag, fill your copper with water, heat boiling hot, and boil the pudding two hours ; then take it out and let it drain ; squeeze Bit DYERS COMPANION. ?r as dry as you can conveniently ; then add one and an half pounds of ahum, and half a pound of red argal made fine, run your cloth one hour boiling, air and let it lie all night and sour ; then rince your cloth, shift your liquor from your copper, and fill it with fair water ; when warm, add ten pounds of good madder and four quarts of wheat bran, con- stantly stirring until it is near boiling, but not boiling, for madder must not boil ; run your cloth and manage in this manner till the strength is well out of the dye, and the red well raised, then add one gallon of laat or sig, and handle till your colour pleases. of 5 1 st. FOR POLISHED RED WITH MADDER. TO twenty yards of cloth, take three and an half pounds of nutgalls pulverised, put them in the cop- per, and fill the copper about half full of water, put the galls in, let it boil till the strength is well out ; then fill the copper with cold water ; see that your dye is net hotter than scalding hot ; then add five, six, or seven pounds of the best madder, in pro- portion to the shade required ; let it simmer with a small fire one hour, with frequent stirring ; then run your cloth thirty minutes, air and run again with the heat increasing ; run till the strength is well out of the dye, and the colour well raised on D A ■ 36 oyer's companion. the red. The dye must steep between each dip- ping, fifteen or twenty minutes, with the heat in- creasing, but not boiling, for it will destroy the substance ©f the madder to let it boil. If your co. lour is not dark enough, add a little pot-ashes or pearl^ishes, and handle till your colour pleases • and you will have a fine polished red. -4? 32 ch FOR PORTABLE RED, TO twenty yards of cloth, take one pound of fus- tick, and three quarters of a pound of allum, fill your copper with water, heat boiling hot, run your cloth, after the strength is out of the fustick, run three quarters of an hour ; shift your copper, fill with fair w r ater, and then add six pounds of red- wood, let it boil moderately one hour, then add three quarters of a pound of allum, run your cloth 40 minutes ; then air, and let the dye simmer one and an half hours, and run your cloth as before ; then air and take out the chips, and add one and an half ounces of cochineal, and three ounces of aqua ibrtis ; run again with the dye boiling, 40 minutes ; to bloom, take six or eight ounces of spirits of sal armoniac, or good old sig ; and your cloth will be £ good colour by handling in this half an hour. »ykr's companion. si> 33& EOR CLARET RED. TO twenty yards of cloth, take two pounds of fustick chips, fill your copper with water, boil well, then add one pound of allum, boil, run your cloth one hour boiling, then air, rince, and shift your copper ; fill with fair water, acid eight pounds of red-wood, boil well, and add half a pound of allum; run your cioth one hour, then air, let the dye steep one hour, and run" again, adding a little allum ; manage in this manner until the strength is well out of the dye, and the colour well raised on the red ; then add two ounces of aqua fortis, killed with pew- ter or block tin, as described in receipt 1 8th, run your cloth thirty minutes with the dye boiling ; then add two gallons of sig to bloom, handle till your co- lour pleases, and you will have a fine claret red* .4,. Stih. FOR CLARET. TO twenty yards of cloth, take twelve pounds of barwood, boil well, then add half a pound of al- lum, run your cloth until the strength is well out of the dye, about thirty minutes to a clipping, boiling between each dipping as much as is necessary to get the strength out of the barwood : when the co- lour is well raised on the red, then add a quarter of a pound of logwood, and a quarter »f a pound of I - ** 40 dyer's compakiok. copperas mixed together, and handle until your co- lour pleases* 2$t/u FOR MADDER RED TO BE DYED A CLARET. TO twenty yards of cloth, take one pound of logwood, fill with fair water, boil well, run your cloth, and sadden with copperas until your colour pleases. 4- ~* 36?/;. FOR SCARLET TO BE DYED CLA- RET OR AJVY DARK COLOUR. To colour twenty yards of cloth ; fill your cop- per with water, heat boiling hot, then add one pound of copperas ; run your cloth, air, and run it again ; then shift your liquor from your copper, rince it, and fill with water ; then add one and an half pounds of logwood, boil well twenty minutes, then run your cloth till your colour pleases j and you will have a fine claret that is durable. This is the only way that scarlet can be coloured a darker colour. By running it in the copperas wa- ter first, you may dye it almost any dark colour you phase j for the copperas will destroy all the acKlous DTER's COMPANION". 41 power that the scarlet is made by and depends up- on ; but until the power of the acid is destroyed, you cannot strike any colour through, so but that it will remain red in the middle of the cloth. I have coloured scarlet black completely through, and almost all other dark colours, by the help of copperas. ■#- 37*//. FOR CHERRY COLOUR. TO twenty yards of cloth, take seven and an half pounds of Barwood, boil well, and add a quarter of a pound of allam : then run your cloth one hour : air and add two pounds of Brazil, and boil till the strength is well out ; run your cloth again as before till the colour is well raised on the red, then add two quarts of sig or lant, and handle till your colour pleases. ■ I 4,. 38M, FOR VIOLET COLOURS. TO twenty yards of cloth, take four pounds of Brazil, and one and a quarter pounds of log-wood ; boil well, and add three quarters of a pound of al- lum, then run your cloth thirty minutes, air, and Da 1 A'i byek'b COMPANION. let it steep till the strength is well out ; then ma .in as before, then add three quarts of lantor sig, :h the dye hot and well mixed together j run your cloth, and handle till your colour pleases. Twenty shades of violet colour may he produced, by varying the logwood and hrazilietto. The fur- ther management of this,dye, I have left to the fan- cy of the dyer, for the colour will he beautiful, al- most equal to cochineal and indigo. You may use peach-wood in part, instead of all hrazilietto, if you like. It will he less expensive than all hrazilietto ; but this I leave to your own choice. ■4* 99th. FOR PIXK COLOUR. For twenty yards of cloth, fill your copper with fidr water, heat boiling hot, then add two pounds of um and one pound of argal ; in this bod and run ; 7 1 th one Lur, then air, rince and shift your SLer ; fill with water, and add two pounds of S dd r Lrf ^ heat moderately, with often sur- ** till near boding hot, run your cloth one hour ; and you will have a go°d colour of the kind. 15 TElt's COMPANION 43 40th. FOR FLESH COLOUR. TO twenty vards of cloth, take one and an half bu ^:: f .i,l.-ch,andh a lfa^lon rn o : , ii 4.-H tht* tfrensrth is well out , tuen % hnrfc boil Well till tile Strciifeui 'atL^ofapoundofallun^runyourco* one hour, and handle, and you will have a go.d co- lour of the kind. AAst. FOR OEJ^OE CQLQU&. TO twenty yards of cloth, take two pounds of fustick chins, 3 ounces of argal, and half a pound of allum, boil till the strength is well out of the fus- tick, then run your cloth, with the dye boiling, one hour ; then air, rince, and shift the liquor from your copper, and fill with fair water ; then add two and three quarters pounds of red- wood, two and three quarters pounds of madder, three quarters of a pound of allum, and two ounces of aqua fortis ; let it boil moderately, with often stirring, till the strength is well out ; then run your cloth one hour ; then add one and an half ounces of arsenick, and half an ounce of cochineal, and this will bind the co- lour. In this run and handle till your coloui? pleases. 44 DTEU'S COMPANION. 42A i^Oi? ORAjYGE. TO twenty yards of cloth, take eight pounds of fustick, and four pounds of red- wood, and boil well ; then add half a pound of allum, run your cloth thir- ty or forty minutes, then air, and let the dye steep a while, then run again till the strength is well out of the dye ; then add one gallon of sig to bind ; and handle till your colour suits. i -4* 43d. FOR BROWN. TO twenty yards Of cloth, take two bushels of butternut bark, fill with water, heat moderately, let it steep, (but not boiling) till the strength is well out of the bark ; then run your cloth three quarters of an hour ; and air and run again with the dye hot, but not boiling, (for boiling the bark deatroys part of the lustre of the colour which the bark gives) but run in this manner till the strength is well out of the dye, then air and take the bark out of your dye ; then add a quarter of a pound of copperas and two quarts of sig, and mix the dye well together ; run your cloth with your dye boiling fifteen or twenty minutes, and handle in this manner till your colour - pleases. Various shades may be produced in this dye, by 4. dyer's companion. 4$ rarying the bark and copperas , sometimes more L sort, a,d sornetimes iess; anc thus by chanrine the order of them, different shades wil t P ear Dry bark and green will make a different shade ; boiling and not boiling will have the same effect Thus I leave it to the discretion or the dy- er, to vary them as he or she pleases, to answer the shade or shades required. •' ffi ' ' * FOR LONDON BROWJV OR CORBEAU WITH CAMWOOD. TO twenty yards of cloth, take five pounds of good ground camwood, fill your copper with fair water, heat boiling hot, let your camwood boil a few minutes, then run your cloth thirty minutes ; air and run again in the same manner as before ; air and add half an ounce of blue vitriol, and a quar- ter of pound of oil of vitriol,* boil well five or six minutes, then run your cloth twenty or thirty min» * When oil of vitriol is applied to any hot liquor, you must before you put it in the dye, put seven eighths of cold water to it, and then it will heat near boiling hot with the cold water ; but if you put in otherwise, it will make the hot liquor fly in a shock- ing manner, and the dyer will be in danger of be* mg scalded. ■ 46 DYER 3 COMPANION. utes more ; then take one pound of copperas dis- solved in vinegar by constant stirring on the fire, (but be sure and not let it boil, for it vv ill spoil the dye) then add the copperas by little and little, the dye boiling-, and run as before, and handle till'your colour pleases. If it is not dark enough for the cor- beau, take two ounces of verdigrease made fine, and dissolved in sig or vinegar on the fire, by often stir- ring, as described in receipt 4th ; add this with one pound of logwood chips ; boil well, and handle in this manner till your colour suits. Sometimes it is required to be very dark, then these darkening materials must be applied according to the judg- ment of the dyer/fce. 4,5th FOR LONDON BROWN OR CORBEAU^ WITH NICARAG UA. TO twenty yards of cloth, take eight pounds of Nicaragua, and half a pound of fustick ; boil well, and add half a pound of allum, run your cloth till the strength is well out of the dye, and the colour well raised on the red, then add half an ounce of blue vitriol, and half a gill of oil of vitriol, and four quarts of sig, run your cloth SO minutes ; then add half a pound of logwood, boil well, add one ounce of verdigrease, pulverised and dissolved, as in receipt No. 4, run your cloth twenty minutes; then add A DTEtt's COMfANIOl*. 4? copperas by little and little to sadden ; and handUe till your colour pleases. "<&- :sc A6th. LOAD ON BROWA OR CORBEJU WITH RED* WOOD. TO twenty yards of cloth, take two pounds of fustick chips, boil well, and add one pound of al- lum, run your cloth boiling three quarters of an hour ; air and rince, and shift your copper, then fill with water, and add ten pounds of red-wood chips ; let it boil moderately one hour ; then add half a pound of allum, run your cloth forty minutes, air, and let the dye steep one hour, and run again as before ; and handle in this manner till you have a good red ; (you must be cautious not to drive the dye too fast, and add a little allum now and then if necessary) and till the strength is well out of the dye: then add one gallon of sig or urine, run your cloth half an hour, then add one and an half pounds of logwood chips, boil well, then add two ounces of verdi grease made fine and dissolved in one pint of vinegar, as described before, and handle till your eg* lour pleases. * 45 SYERS COMPANION. 47th. L ond ON BR WN. TO twenty yards of cloth, take two pounds of fustick and seven pounds of red- wood chips, boil moderately one hour, then add half a pound of al- lum, run your cloth three quarters of an hour, then slacken the heat of your dye, and add three pounds of madder ; let it stand and simmer with of- ten stirring half an hour, run your cloth one hour, and if the strength is not out of the dye, run again. The cloth must be a good red before you sadden ; then add copperas to sadden with by little and little, iill your colour suits. 4&ik FOR LONDON BROWN. TO twenty yards of cloth, take four pounds of fustick chips, boil well, then add half a pound of ailum ; then run your cloth one hour boiling, then air and rinxe, and shift your copper, and fill with fair water ; then add six pounds of red-wood chips, boil well, add half a pound of allum, run your cloth one hour, then add one and an half pounds of mad- der, let it simmer half an hour, then run your cloth one hour, then add three quarters of a pound of logwood chips, boil well, then add two gallons of Rig ; thsn run your cloth and handle till your co- lour pleases. dyer's companion. 49th. FOR REDDISH BROWM 49 TO twenty yards of cloth, take one and an half pounds of fustick, boil well, and add a quarter of a ^ pound of allum, in which run your cloth one hour boiling ; air and rince your cloth, shift your liquor from your copper, and fill with fair water, then add nine pounds of red-wood ; let it boil well, then add half a pound of allum, run your cloth one hour, then add a quarter of a pound of pearl-ashes and a quar- ter of a pound of allum : run your cloth half an hour, and this will be a good red ; then add one ounce of arsenick and a quarter of a pound of argal ; run your cloth three quarters of an hour, then add two gal- lons of good old sig, and handle till your colour pleases, and you will have a fine colour, ® 50th. FOR SPANISH BROWN. TO twenty yards of cloth, take one bushel of butternut bark, and one bushel of walnut bark, boil well, run your cloth one hour, then take the bark out of the dye, and add half a pound of copperas ; run your cloth forty minutes ; then air and rince, and shift your liquor from your copper ; fill with fair water, and add two pounds of fustick chips ; boil well, then add half a pound of allum, run your cloth one hour, and air and rince, and shift your li* so Oyer's companion. quor from your copper, fill with fair water, and add eight pounds of red-wood ; boil well and add half a pound of allum, run your cloth one hour ; then add two ounces of oil of vitriol,, killed with the flow- er of brimstone ; run your cloth half an hour ; then add half a pound of logwood, and boil well, then add two gallons of 'good old sig ; and handle till your colour pleases. ££ :«*-.' 51st. FOR LONDON SMOKE. TO twenty yards of cloth, take eight pounds of fustick chips, boil well, then add a quarter of a pounc} of allum ; run your cloth half an hour, then add one and an half bushels of good butternut bark, boil mo- derately till the strength is well out, then run your cloth one hour with the dye hot ; then if the strength is well out of the dye, take the bark and chips out of the dye, and add three pounds of Nicaragua weed, or red-wood, and one and an half pounds of logwood chips, boil well thirty minutes ; then nin your cloth one hour, then add one gallon of sig, ran twenty minutes with the dye boiling, then add one and an half or two pounds of copperas, ar run to your liking ; and this will be a colour equal to a blue for atrength, &c dyer's companion. 52 cL CLVJYJMOA BROWN. Jfl TO twenty yards of cloth, take four pounds Of fustiek, unci three pounds of red-wood chips, or Ni- caragua, boil well, then add half a pound of allum ; run your cloth one hour, then slack the heat of your dye, and add four pounds of good madder ; let it simmer half an hour ; then add half a pound of al- lum, run your cloth one hour ; then add two ounc- es of copperas, and two gallons of sig ; and handle With the dye hot, till your colour pleases'. S3 d. FOR SMOKE BROWM TO twenty yards of cloth, take six pounds of fus* tick chips, and three pounds of ground camwood, boil well till the strength is well out ; then run your cloth one hour, then add three and an half pounds of coarse madder ; let it simmer twenty minutes; then run your cloth half an hour; then add half a pound of copperas, and handle till your colour pleases. & Hth. FOR LIVER BROUAV TO twenty yards of cloth, take eight pounds of fustiek chips,and two pounds of red-wood chips,boa I ;2 DYERS COMPANION, well one hour, and run your cloth forty minutes ; then add four pounds of mull, or coarse madder,and two quarts of rotton wood of oak, boil moderately, and run your cloth one hour ; then add six or eight ounces of copperas, and handle till your colour pleases* i & 55th. FOR OLIVE BROWN. TO twenty yards of cloth, take five pounds of fustick chips, boil well, run your cloth one hour, then add one bushel of butternut bark ; boil well, but moderately, one hour ; then run your cloth one hour, or till the strength is well out of the dye : then take tlid bark and chips out of the dye, and add six ounces of copperas, and handle till your colour pleases, & 56th. FOR OLIVE BROWN. TO twenty yards of cloth, take six pounds of fus- tic chips, and one pound of logwood, boil well, and run your cloth half an hour ; then add one pound of madder, let it simmer half an hour, then run your cloth as before ; then add a quarter of a pound of ehymickor blueing, &tir and mix it well with tlit fcYElt'* COMPANION. 5$ dye, and n,n vour cloth twenty fninutes ; then add V , ' t r nnnds of loewoid, and one gallon one and an hair pounds 01 iufe" > of sig; run your cloth as before, add At ounces of copperas, and handle till your colour pleases, 4* *M, FOR OLIVE BROWN. To twenty yards of cloth, take seven pounds of fustic! chips, three quarters of a pound of logwood, and half a pound of madder ; boil well one hour, then run your cloth one hour, then add half a pound ofchymick or blueing, and run your cloth twenty minutes ; then add two quarts of sig, and run again as before ; then add two ounces of copperas, and handle till your colour pleases. * 58;//. FOR A LIGHT SNUFF BROWN. TO twenty yards of cloth, take eight pounds of fustick chips, and four pounds of redwood or Nica- ragua ; boil well an hour and a half, then add a quarter of a pound of allum ; run your cloth thirty minutes, then air and run again till the strength is well out of the dye \ then add one gallon of sig, run your cloth half an hour, then take one peck of soot scraped from the chimney, put it into a tub, and put £• 2 •Jfc • **v ■ 54 BYER S COMPANION. two pails full of your dye to it ; stir it well together, and let it stand and settle ; then pour off the liquor moderately, and add it to your dye ; run your cloth, and handle till your colour suits, j #- i $m. FOR S.YUFF BROWjY. TO twenty yards of cloth, take four pounds of ilistick chips, and boil well ; then add a quarter of a pound of allum, and run your cloth half an hour ; add five pounds of redwood, boil well, and then add half a pound of allum ; run your cloth as before till the strength is well out of your dye, then add a quar- ter of a pound of argal, and handle till your colour pleases. ■# mh. FOR DARK S.XUFF BROWjY. TO twenty yards of cloth, take six pounds of fus- tick chips, and boil well, then add a quarter of a pound of allum ; run your cloth one hour, then add two pounds of ground camwood, and one and an half pounds of madder, and let it simmer half an hour ; run your cloth one hour, then add half a pound of copperas, or more, if the colour is not dark enough j and handle till your colour please^ iter's companions £i 61*r. JTOi? SNUFF BROWh. TO twenty yards of cloth, take three quarters of a bushel of butternut bark, and three quarters of a bushel of walnut bark, boil well one hour, but mcP derately ; run your cloth one hour, then if the strength is well out of the bark and dye, take the bark out of the dye, and add one pound of copperua to sadden with ; run your cloth three quarters of an hour, air and rince your cloth and shift your li" quor from your copper, wash clean and fill with fair water ; then add four pounds of fustick chips, boil well, and then add half a pound of ailum \ run your cloth half an hour ; then add five pounds of redwood chips, boil one hour, and add a quarter of a pound of allum ; run your cloth three quarters of an hour ; let it steep, and run, till the strength is well out o£ the dye. To sadden, take one gallon of sig, and handle, Sec. • 4* €2«• - tilth. FOR DOVE OR LEAD BRGWJ\. TO twenty yards of cloth, take half a pound of ehesnut or maple bark, and two ounces of logwtod, boil well, then add two ounces of copperas, and a little compound or blueing, (say half an ounce) and stir your dye well together ; run your cloth twenty minutes ; then if you find your colour wants alter- ing, it may be done by varying thus ;— If it is not dark enough, add a little more copperas— if ™* blue enough, add a little more blueing— if not bright dyer's compaxiok. ss ttoogh, add a little more logwood ; run again, and if it require* nothing, your colour will be fimshed, SUk may be dyed in this, 4 mh. FOR PEARL OR SILVER GREY, TO twenty yards of sloth, take four quarts of wheat bran, put it in a bag, and fill your copper with fair water, and boil the pudding an hour and a half ; then take it out, let it drain, and squeeze it as c*ry as you can ; then add two ounces of allum, let it boil, and skim off the scum, that will rise, then run your cloth one hour ; add four pounds of logwood chips, put them in a bag, and boil well till the strength is well out, then take the bag of logwood out of the dye, if you do not, it will spot the cloth ; run your cloth thirty minutes, then add half an ounce of blue vitriol, and handle till your colour pleases. It requires care wKh this colour, as well as all other light colours, that you do not let the cloth touch any thing that will spot it, for there is not much, if any, remedy for a light colour when spot* ted ; and all light colours should be dried with the backside to the sun j for the sun is apt to injure tha colour. CO DYER'S COMPANION". 69///. FOR LIGHT BROWN. TO twenty yards of cloth, take half a peck of hemlock bark, with the sap taken oft', and two oun- ces of logwood chips, boil well, run your cloth twen- ty minutes* then add two ounses of copperas, and handle till your colour pleases. -4> 7M. FOR ASH BROWN. TO twenty yards of cloth, take three quarts of white ash bark, three ounces of logwood chips,, boil well, run your cloth twenty minutes : then add three ounces of copperas, and handle till your colour pleases. 71st. FOR DRAB BROWJ\. TO twenty yards of cloth, take a half peck ot chesnut or maple bark, green or dry, two pounds of fustick chips, and two eunces of logwood chips : boil well, then add one ounce of compound ©f blue- ing, run your cloth twenty minutes : then add two ounces of copperas, and handle till your colour, pleases. *\ BYEll S COMPANION. 72d. FOR DRAB. 61 TAKE chesnut, black birch, and yellow oak bark, half a peck of each, boil well, run your cloth, then add theee ounces of copperas ; raid handle till your colour pleases. -4- 7M. FOR DRAB. TAKE one quarter of a pound of nutgalls, made line, then one quarter of a pound of fustick, boil well, run your cloth ; then add one half an ounce of blue vitriol, two ounces of copperas ; run your cloth fifteen minutes, then add half a Jill of oil of vitriol and one ounce of blueing, and stir it well with the dye, run your cloth, and handle till vour colour suits. ■«*■ # 74th. FOR DRAB. TAKE six ounces cfnutgalls, pulverised, three ounces of the flour of brimstone, four ounces of al* lum-put them in fair wa ter, run your cloth one hour ; then sadden with black float, and handle till your colour suits. 62 »YJ£R J S COMPANION, 75th. FOR DRAB. TAKE one and an half pounds of fustick, one pound of logwood, one quart of rotten wood of oak, boil well, then add one half pound of madder, and four ounces of alkim, boil, run your cloth twenty minutes ; then add three ounces of copperas and one quart of sig, and handle till your colour pleases* 76th. FOR DRAB, TAKE one and an half pounds of fustick chips, six ounces of logwood, boil well ; then add one quarter of a pound of allum, run your cloth thirty minutes ; then add three ounces of copperas, and handle till your colour pleases. 77th. FOR FOREST CLOTH. TAKE two pounds of fustick chips, six ounces of logwood, boil well, then add seven ounces of chym- ick, run your cloth twenty»minutes ; then add three ounces of good madder, two ounces of red tai tar, made fine — ice it simmer fifteen minutes, and run your cloth twenty minutes : then add one gallon of sig, or lant, and thirty ounces of copperas, and han- dle till your colour pleases. •v BYKtt's «0MFA.Nf«N*' 63 1M< FOR LIVER DB.A3. TAKE one pound of fustick chips, three pounds •f rotten wood of oak, three ounces of barwood, two ounces of logwood chips, one pound of madder, boil well, run your clota twenty minutes ; then add sis ounces of filings of iron, boil well, run your cloth fifteen minutes : then add six ounces of logwood, and five ounces of copperas, and handle till your co- lour pleases. miu FOR LIGHT LIVER DRAB. TAKE two ounces of blue galls, one ounce of logwood, two ounces of allum, one ounce of cream of tartar, and two ounces of madder : run your cloth fifteen minutes, then add one ounce of coppe- ras, and handle till your colour pleases. ■ t£&- *Oth. FOR A MADDER DRAB. TAKE three pounds of good madder, one pound ef fustick, let it simmer one hour ; then add two ounces of allum, run your cloth half an hour ; then *dd one pound six ounces of filings of iron, boil well, run your cloth : then add three ounces of log- wood, and handle till your colour pleases, €4 DYER S COMPANIOX. 8 1 **. FOR A GREEK DRAB. TAKE three quarters of a pound of fustick, one quarter of a pound of logwood chips, boil well, then add half a pound of allum, two ounces of blue- ing : mix it well with the dye, run your cloth thir- ty minutes ; then add one ounce of copperas, and handle till your colour suits your fancy. *•&>- S2tf. FOR A REDDISH DRAB. TAKE three ounces of allum, half a pouud of fustick, six ounces of logwood chips, two ounces of madder, one and an half pints of rotten wood of oak ; boil well half an hour, run your cloth one hour, stir, sadden with three ounces of copperas : and handle, till your colour pleases. 4>- 83c/. FOR REDDISH DRAB. TAKE one and an half pounds of fustick, boil well ; then add one quarter of a pound of allum, run your cloth, boiling, one hour, then air and rince and shift the liquor from your copper, rill with fair water ; then add three and an half pounds of good madder, two ounces of camwood, let it simmer fifteen minutes \ then run your cloth twenty DYEH'S COMPANION 65 mmuttf* then add two ounces of filings of iron, and baadle till your colour pleases. — 4 v Sith. FOR LIGHT DRAB. TAKE five ounces of fustick chips, two ounces of good madder, two ounces of allum, boil well, run vour cloth twentv minutes ; then sadden withtwen- ty ounces of copperas, arid handle till your colour pleases. *$>- 85th. FOR YELLOW DRAB. TAKE three quarters of a pound of fustick. two ounces of madder, two ounces of logwood, boil well i then add one quarter of a pound of allum, run your cloth one hour ; then sadden with two ounces of copperas, and handle till your colour pleases. '<§&' 8 6tk. FOR A YELL W DRAB, DARK. TAKE two pound of fustick chips, five ounces of logwood chips, boil well, then add five ounces of madder and one quarter of a pound of allum, run F % m sa DYERS COMPANION. your cloth thirty minutes, then add one quarter of a pound of copperas, and handle till your colour pleas- es. 4*. 87th. FOR A FOREST FRO JVA\ TAKE sh: pounds of fustick chips, boil well : then add two ounces of allum, run your cloth fifteen minutes ; then add two and an half pounds of log- wood, boil well, run your cloth thirty minutes, then sadden till your colour suits, With six ounces of copperas. 88*/*. FOR A DARK FOREST BROJV.Y. TAKE one and an half pounds of logwood, three quarters of a pound of red argal, and three quar- ters of a pound of allum, boil well, run your cloth one hour, boiling ; then add four pounds of good fustick chips, boil well, run your cloth half an hour, and handle till your colour pleases. 4>- £ 9;/7 . FO R FARIS MUI>. TAKE your cloth, and dye it a bright lively blue, but not deep j then rince your cloth, audi 511 dyer's companion* 6? your copper with fair water ; then add six pounds offctcnerag, or the moss of stone, boil well, run your cloth one hour ; then add two ounces of cop- peras, and one quart of sig, and handle till your colour pleases. it 5 90 tlu FOR A BJ FEJV COL UR> TO twenty yards of cloth, take two quarts of wheat bran," wet with vinegar ; let it stand two days and sour, then fill your copper with fair wateiy put the bran into a bag, boil well one hour ; then take out the bag and let it drain, then add one pound of madder and one pound of allum ; run your cloth one and an half hours, belling : then air and fold it up smooth, and wrap it up close, and let it lie twenty-four hours ; then rince, and shift the liquor from your copper, fill with fair water, then add eight pounds of logwood chips, boil well till the strength is well out ; then run your cloth one hour ; then, if you find it necessary, add more log- wood — if not, then add one quarter of a pound of copperas, and one gallon of lant, and handle till your colour pleases. If your colour is not dark enough, y©u may use a little ashes, put with sig \ and take the lees and put 6« >n ©YEB. S COMPANION. in the dye, with a little copperas, and run again.— JLye and sig has the same effect, and pot-ash pearl-ashes. or <<$«&»». SUt. FOR CROW, WITH COPPERAS. TO twenty yards of cloth, take one and an half pounds of copperas, fill your copper with water, heat boiling hot ; then run your cloth twenty min- utes,, air, and run again as before, then air and rince your cloth, shift the liquor from your copper, and rince, fill with fair water, heat, and add four pounds of logwood chips, boil well, run your cloth half an hour, then air and run again as before ; then, if your colour is not dark enough, add one ounce of blue vitriol, run again, and handle till your colour pleases. «*• 92 d. For Crow, with Blueing Compound. TO twenty yards of cloth — fill your copper with fair water, heat boiling hot, then add one pound of blueing, (made as in receipt No. 6, for Prussian blue) add this at twice or three times, run your cloth twenty minutes at a time, air and stir the blueing dyer's companion. 69 well with the dye, before the cloth is dipped in the dye ; then add two pounds of logwood chips, boil well, then add one quarter of a pound of verdigrease pulverised and dissolved in vinegar, as in receipt no* 4 ; then run your cloth half an hour, then add half a pound of copperas, run again, air, and if it is not dark enough, add more copperas, and handle till your colour suits your fancy. 93c/, For Crow^ with Blue Vitriol* TO twenty yards of cloth — Fill your copper with water, heat scalding hot, take half a pound of blue vitriol, let it dissolve, run your cloth forty mi- nutes, m two parts : then add live pounds of log- wood chips, boil well, run your eloth thirty min- utes, air and run again, and handle till your colour pleases. 94th. FOR BLACK. TO twenty yards of cloth—Fill your copper with water, heat, and add two pounds of copperas ; heat near boiling, run your cloth twenty minutes, then air and run again, boiling the time as before : air and rince, and shift the liquor from your copper TO DYEIl S COMPANION'. «K (riiicc your copper dean) and nil with water, and add six pounds of logwood chips, boil well, run your; cloth thirty or forty minutes, let it boil again fifteen or twenty minutes, then run again as before ; then add one quarter of a pound of blue vitriol, run your cloth, boiling, three quarters of an hour ; then, if it is not black enough, run again, and handle till your colour pleasss. This is the best form to dye a black, I think, in the world ; it is equal to any for brightness, and without the least danger of rotting the cloth ; and the colour is lasting and permanent as a blue or scarlet. It is necessary to cleanse the colour or dye stuff well out of the cloth, immediately. First fince in fair water, then take a tub of warm water, sufficient to handle, and wet the before-mentioned quantity cf cloth ; then add half a pint of the liquor of beet galls, mix it well with the warm water, then handle your cloth in tins till it is well wet, then lince in water till it is clean. Tins is a sure remedy against cracking. The beef call may be used in all clothsj iu this manner, that are liable to crack ; and it will prevent their en. g, without .1 least daftger of injuring the colour PYES.'s COMPANION. §5th. FOR BLACK. n TO twenty yards of cloth, take three pounds of logwood chips, one and a half pounds of sumac, of one season's growth, cut and dried : boil well, run your cloth half an hour, then add one ounce of blue vitriol, one quarter of a pound of nutgalls, puiveri. sed, boil well, run your cloth fifteen minutes : then add one ounce of verdigrease, pulverised and dissol- ved in sig or vinegar, as described in receipt No.4 : run your cloth fifteen minutes, then add one pound of copperas, handle, and if it is not black, then add wore copperas ; and handle till your colour please^ ■jsesEl* x3* 96th. FOR BLACK. TO twenty yards of cloth, take six pounds of log- wood chips, one pound of dry elder bark, one and an half pounds of sumac, of one season's growth, well cured avid dried, one quarter of a pound of fustick, boil well one hour, then run your cloth one hour, air and run again as before ; tben air, add one gal- lon of sig, and one and an half pounds of copperas, run your cloth twenty minutes ; then, if it is not black, add more copperas, and if it is attended with a 1 usty brown, add two pounds of common good 2 oyer's companion. brown ashes, run your cloth, and handle till the strength is well out of the dye. Then, if it is not black, shift your liquor from your copper, scour clean, rince your cloth, fill your copper with fair water, then add one pound of log, wood chips, one quarter of a pound of elder bark and half a pound of argal ; then boil well, run your cloth one hour, then sadden with copperas, what is neces- sary, and handle- But if it continues of a rusty cast, which logwood causes, add one gallon of sig, or more ashes, that which is most convenient, and han- dle till your colour pleases. N.B. Silk may be dyed in this dyQ. It is neces- sary to take the same method in cleansing as in re- ceipt No.94, and all other dark colours that are lia- ble to erack, &c. 97th. FOR BLACK. TO twenty yards of cloth, take three quarters of t\ pound of blue vitriol, add to fair water, boil well, ran your cloth three quarters of an hour ; then add six pounds of logwood chips, and one pound of fus- tick chips, boil one hour, run your cloth one hour, then add two ounces of verdigrease, pulverised and dyer's companion. 73 dissolved in vinegar, as before described, and one gallon of sig, run your cloth twenty minutes ; then add one pound of copperas, and handle, with the dye boiling, till your colour pleases. ^> 97th. FOR BLACK. TO twenty yards of cloth, take one bushel of but- ternut or chesnut bark, or both mixed together : boil till the strength is well out, then run your cloth one hour, then sadden with copperas till it is quite dark ; then air and nnce, and shift your cop- per, fill with fair water ; then add four pounds of logwood chips, half a pound of fustick chips, boil well till the strength is well out, then run your cloth one hour ; air, and if it is not black, or near a black, run again % then add one pound of copperas, and one gallon of sig ; boil well, run your cloth boiling, and handle till your colour suits your fancy. # The preceding Receipts are calculated for twenty yards of fulled cloth ; but thin cloth may be dyed as well as thick, and all kinds of woollen goods, as yarn , wool, *c. Silks may be dyed in most of the dyes before mentioned ; but the dye requires to be ■ 74 DYERS COMPANION. stronger for silk than for woollen. Those dye-, that will not answer for silk, I shall mention hereaf- ter. ■caoaMMMManBM I Receipts for Cotton and Linen, COLD AND II Of. 98th* BLUE — for CorroN, Linen, Yjrn^c. L O a tub that will hold thirty-six pails of water, e twelve pounds of stone-lime, slack it, put it in, stir it tc-n or twelve minutes ; then add six pounds of copperas, dissolved with hot water, stir it as be-, fore j then add six pounds of indigo, ground fine, stir it incessantly two hours ; for three days, stir it three or four times in a day, then let it stand fifteen or twenty hours before the yam is put in, lay sticks across the tub, to hang the yarn on, that it may not reach the bottom ; move the yarn round every fif- teen minutes. Six hours is sufficient for the first colouring of the dye ; as the dye grows weaker, longer time is required ; rince and dry it in the shade. ?5 dter's gox?a>-^ n 75 When the dye is reduced, then recruit m man- ner unci form as in setting, only when there is a at quantitf of sediment at the bottom, then the dye must be dipped off, leaving the sediment in the ,:n ; then throw aWay the fcgdfimfent, shift the k, and if the tub is not full enough, then add tad uter, (rain water is required in this dye ia aetting and recruiting). The dye must not be worked at too soon after recruiting, or Bitting, and it must not be crowded toa mil in colouring, but judgment must be used by the dyer, 8cc. - , , n agaK^. <*S£ &&**—*- 99th. BLUE—FOR COftON AND LINEN, COLD. TO set a tub of twelve gallons, take ten gallons of good sig, to which add three gills of spirits, one pound of good indigo, three ounces of pearlashes, a quarter of a- pound of good madder, and a pint of wheat bran ; put the indigo in a bag, and rub it in the dye till the indigo is dissolved, and stir the dye well together with the ingredients ; let it stand twelve hours covered close and kept warm, and ma- nage it in the manner and form as in receipt No. 2, till the dye comes to work. After the dye has come to work, wet the yarn in hot water,, with a lit- tle pearhsh in it ; let it cool, then put it in the dye loose ; let it lye in the dye twelve hours, then wring 76 dyer's companion it out and let it air ; and if it is not dark enough, then put it in again. There ought to be something at the bottom to keep the yarn off of the sediment; There may be a saving in colouring cotton or lin- en, by first colouring brown or purple, as I shall hereafter mention- Silk may be dyed in this dye, but not in the blue vat. \00th. BLUE — for corroN and linen hot. HEAT water sufficient for your yarn, say for five pounds of cotton or linen yarn, take five ounces of blue vitriol, run your yarn or let it lye in the dye one hour, then add three pounds of good logwood chips, boil well, and put in the yarn ; let it lye one hour, then air and add two ounces of pearlashes, let it lie thirty minutes ; then, if it is not dark e- nough, add a little blue vitriol ; put it in again, and you will have a good looking blue, but it will not be so lasting a colour as the two forms before men- tioned. * 10 l*t. To take the Colour out of Silk, Cotton, or LU netij ivhcm sjiot ted cr another colour is wished,-— Hot. TO one barrel of hot water, take half a gill of dyer's companion. '' oil of vitriol-, put in the goods ; run them fifteen mi- nutes, air and rince them in fair water immediate- ly, lest it should endanger the goods. I have reduced black without injuring it, and made a yellow of it in this form. • \02cu For Green on 8ilk> — Hot. TAKE two pounds of fustiek, boil well, till the strength is well out, then take out the chips, and add a quarter of a pound of ailum, and six ounces of blueing, prepared as in receipt No. 6 ; stir it with the dye till it is well mixed, then handle your silk fifteen or twenty minutes ; stir it lively, and keep it open and loose in the dye ; (silk should never be wenched as woollen goods) air, and if not deep enough, add a little more blueing ; and if not yel- low enough, then a little ailum, run again fifteen minutes ; then air, and if the colour suits, rince im- mediately. The dye ought to be so fixed as to co- lour quick, and there must not be a great quantity coloured at once in a dye ; for the dye will get too strong with the vitriol, which will endanger the silk ; but with proper care, it may be coloured without any danger. O 2 78 DYER S COMPANION. 103t/. Green on Cotton or Linen >Cool. TO set a dye, take two pounds of logwood, and one pound of fustick chips, boil well, then add a quarter of a pound of allum, and run your goods one hour ; then add a quarter of a pound of blue vit- riol, run your goods thirty minutes, then add two ounces of pearlash ; run again, and handle till your colour pleases. • -4 s \Qit';. Yellow ori Cotton and Linen.— Hot; TAKE two pounds of the leaves or peelings of onions that arc clean and clear from dirt ; put them in fair water, boil well, then add half a pound of al- lum, run your goods one hour, and you will have a irood colour. 4' 105th. Orange Colour on Cotton and Ldnen* yXX two pounds of copperas, dissolve it in hot •t . i • and have the liquor very strong ; let it stand til! flikrty cold, run your goods one hour, then dip it in good lye, handle till perfectly wet ; ihen let it drain, and hang it in the sun fifteen minutes, and the sun will turn the colour ; continue to manage BYE1VS COMPANION. 79 in tins manner, dipping it in the dye and hanging it in the sun, till dark enough. \Q5th. Flesh*Cdour on Cotton and Linen, *~-Hot* TAKE one and an half bushels of black-birch bark, and half a bushel of hemlock bark, boil well J then add a quarter of a pound of allum, and two ounces of pearlash ; run your cloth or goods till your colour pleases. ^ 107 tin Red on Cotton or Linen. — -Cold. TAKE six pounds of Nicaragua chips, boil them till the strength is well out ; then add half a pound of allum, and let it stand till cold ; run your cloth or yarn in hot water, with a little pearlashes in it y then air, and put it in the dye, frequently handling over till the colour suits. 108/A. Cotton and Linen Redish Brotm—Eai. TAKE butternut, sassafras, black aider, and hem- so DYEIl S COMPANION. lock bark, a bushel of each ; boil well, run yourgoods one hour, then add two pailfulls of lye, or a quarter of a pound of pearlash ; run your cloth or goods, and handle till your colour pleases. ■«&• 109 th. For Plumb -Colour or Purfile, on Silks.*— -1 lot. a TAKE six pounds of log-wood chips, and tlaree pounds of redwood chips, boil well till the strength is w r cll out of the chips ; then add one pound of ul- luin, and run your goods one hour ; then add one ounce of verdigrease, made fine and dissolved in sig, described before, aad add one gallon of sig ; run your goods thirty or forty minutes, and if your colour is not dark enough, then add a little blue vitriol, and handle till your colour pleases. • O' MQth. Purfile on Cotton or Linen. — Cold. TAKE three pounds of logwood chips, boil well, till the strength is well.out and the dye very strong, (for all cotton dyes require to be strong ;) then add half a pound of allum, and one ounce of pearlash ; let it stand and get cold, dip your goo - hot wa- ter, air, and put them into the dye loose, handle over once in fifteen or twenty r.mmtes ; let them lie dyer's companion. 8! in the dye in this manner till the colour suits. It must be observed in dying cottons and linens in cold dyes, that the air and sun are very necessary to brighten and strike the colour in. Let the goods lie in the air and sun, three or four times in the course of your colouring, fifteen or twenty minutes at a time. This preparation is suitable fop blue, as mentioned in receipt 99th. '4 s - With. Brown on Cotton and Linen.-— Cold. TAKE of maple or white oak bark, one bushel, 5 boil well till the strength is well out, then take tire hark out, and have dye sufficient to wet the goods ; then add one pound of copperas, let it stand till near- ly cold ; run your goods in hot water with a little pearlashes first ; the* put it in the dye, and handle over once in ten or fifteen minutes, and air, as de- scribed before in receipt lioth ; and handle in this manner till the colour suits ; then rince clean. This » > the br.wn mentioned in receipt 99th, f or a savino . N T>'^ dyer's COMPANION. I \2(h. Dove or Lead-Colour, on Cotton or Linen.—* Cold. TAKE one pound of nutgalls pulverised, boil in ■Water one hour, then add two pounds of copperas ; let it stand till cold, and have liquor enough to wet the goods ; (it requires to be very strong) put your goods in the liquor, anjet handle once in five or six friiiiutes, wring and air once in half an hour ; dip in this manner three hours, then rinse. This liquor ought to be put in a tub, and another liquor prep; ed in another tub, in this manner, viz. — take six pounds of sumac, of one year's growth, cut and well dryed with the leaves all on, in the summer season, and three pounds of logwood i s, boil well till the strength is we r H cut, then shift it in the tub, and let it stand till cold ; then run your goods in the same manner as before described, handle in this two hours ; if the colour is not then d*rk enough, run again in the copperas and galls liquor, then rince and run in the logwood again, and handle in this maimer till vour colour suits. N. B. Cotton and linen, when dyed in cold dyes, must always be wet; and run in hot water half an hour, and then aired ; and a little pearlashes is good in the water, to cleanse the goods for colouring &c. DTF.P.'s COMPANION. 83 Cold dyes will remain good always if properly re, cmited. Jtm 1 13/A. Olive on Cotton and Linen. — Cold. TAKE one pound of nutgalls pulverised, put ihem in water, boil one hour, then put it in a tub, then add two pounds of copperas, have the liquor strong, and enough of it to wet and cover the goods ; then dip in the hot water ; then stir the galls and copperas together, then put in your goods and han- dle over once in five minuses, that no part shall be confined, Wring and air every half hour ; handle in this liquor two hours, then rmce, then add three pounds of fustick and one pound of logwood chips, boll well till the strength is well out ; then add five ounces of good madder, and two ounces of allum ; let it simmer a few minutes,' then shift the liquor into a tub, and let it stand till cold ; then handle your goods in the first liquor two or three hours till the colour is well raised ; and if it is not dark e- nough, then take two pounds of fustick, and one pound of logwood, boil well ; let it cool, and sadden till vZ^r a T UCh aS i V necess ^, and handl, till your colour pleases. ■84 DYER S COMPANION. 114M. Olive on Silk, Cotton, or Linen. — Hot. TAKE live pounds of fu stick, and two pounds of logwood chips, boil well ; then add a quarter cf a pound of blue vitriol, and a quarter of a pound of al- lum, run your goods one hour ; then add one pound of copperas, and handle till your colour pleases. If the colour is not dark enough, you may add more copperas, Sec. 4, \\5th. Light Olive on Cotton and Lin en. —Hot, TAKE four pounds of fustick chips, and half a pound of logwood chips, boil well, then add two ounces of allum, and one ounce of blue vitriol ; then run your goods till the strength is well out of the .dye ; then sadden with copperas to your liking, and handle till your colour pleases. *■ \\6th. Slate Colour on Cotton, and Linen*— ~ Hot. TAKE hot water, and dissolve one pound ofxop* peras ; run your goods forty minutes, then air and rince, and shift your liquor from your copper ; fill with fair water ; then add three pounds of logwood, DYERS COMPANION. as boil well, run your goods one hour, then add a quarter of a pound of blue vitriol, and haddle till your colour pleases. -<&• mli 1 1 7 th. Black on Cotton and Linen.-~Hot> TAKE four pounds of good logwood, and two pounds of fustick chips, boil well ; tiien add a quar- ter of a pound of blue vitriol, run your cloth one hour, or till the strength is well out of the dye, then sadden with two pounds of copperas, and one gal- Ion of good old sig ; run your cloth, and if it is not black, you must air and rince, and shift your liquor from your copper, and set another dye in manner and form as the first, and handle again, and depend on having an excellent black at last. But if it is at- tended with a rusty brownness, you may put in one quart of brown ashes, or two ounces of pearl-ash, and handle lively, which is necessary iu ail hot silk, cotton, and linen dyes. "fe- ll 8///. Black on Cotton and Linen.— .Cold. TAKE one pound of nutgalls pulverised, boil in cue pail-full of water one hour, then add two pounds OT copperas, shift it into a tub, and add water suffi- H 86 BYES. S COMPANION. cient to cover, and handle your goods very strong- then take fair water and fill your copper, add four pounds of logwood chips, two pounds of sumac well dryed, of one season's growth, and one pound of dry alder bark, boil well till the strength Ts well out, then dip off the dye into a tub, the chips remaining in the kettle ; let it stand till cold. The dye must be managed in this manner ; — first run your goods in hot water, with a little pearl-ash- es in it ; run in this half an hour, then air and lay your goods into the copperas and galls liquor ; han- dle over every eight or ten minutes, and air every half hour ; handle in this two hours, then rince clean and lay it in the logwood liquor ; handle as in the other three hours, then if it is not black, put wa- ter in the copper upon the chips ; before running in the copper, let it steep and cool again, and add one pound of copperas ; run in this one hour ; but if it has a rusty brown appearance, which is occa- sioned by the logwood, then add two ounces of pearl- ashes, or brown ashes will answer if you have no pearl-ashes ; run in this half an hour, then air and rince clean, and if it is not black then, recruit the liquors and make them stronger, and manage as be- fore in the first preparation ; and never fear but you will have a fine black. After you have nnced clean, to keep it from ■ dyer's companion sr ©racking, use beef galls, as mentioned in receipt No. 94, GENERAL OBSER FA TIG X & } COTTON and linen dye is the best cold in gene- ral ; for it is almost impossible with me to colour cotton and linen in hot dyes without spotting ; for the cotton, fee. are of a cold deadly nature, and the steam of the dye has a bad effect on goods of this kind. All kinds of cotton and linen cloths, yarn and thread, may be coloured by following the preceding receipts for dying cotton and linen. In the receipts for dying silk, cotton and linen, 1 have not specified any particular quantity of yards or weight. There is so much difference in the weight of goods of this kind, that no rule could be given in yards ; and no certainty can be affixed to a general rule of weight, because of the difference of the quality of the goods. Silks differ, so do cottons and linens ; no regular system can therefore be adopted. The dyer is to proportion his dyes ac- cording to the receipts, following his judgment as the goods vary ; and if he closely pursues the di- rections for proportion and management, he will not '4H rim ^2 88 dyer's companion. find a single receipt that will not answer the Pw pose designed. I shall hereafter speak particularly •1 the powers on which the dyes depend. i 1 DIRECTIONS FOR DRESSING CLOTH. IN dressing cloth, there are various forms m use with almost every workman in the business ; but I shall only point out the way which I conceive to be the best. There are also different kinds of tools and utensils made use of, which I shall leave to the discretion of the practitioner. #■ FOR FULLING CLOTH. CLOTH to be fulled, should be wet with S( sufficient to cleanse it of the dirt and grease, then scoured clean and dryed ; then burl or pick out all the. nap and specks that will injure the cloth in dress- ing ; then wet with soap so that the cloth will work and turn lively in the mill. Let proper attention be paid to handle the cloths from the mill, so as to keep them smooth ; and be cautious not to let them grow together, for it is very hurtful to the cloth, and det- dyer's companion. 89 rimcntal in dressing-. The fulling-mill must be tended with care. When the cloths are fulled suf- ficiently, then scour clean from the soap : And if there is any of the first quality to be dressed, then card lightly over, so as to lay and straighten the nap ; then shear this nap off ; then take clothier's jacks, and raise a nap sufficient to cover the thread ; then shear this off and raise another nap with teaz- les. I prefer teazles to any thing else to raise anap on cloth ; they are much milder and softer to cloth than jacks ; but where they cannot be had, jacks may be substituted in their place. After raising the third nap, then colour the cloth ; cleanse it well from the dye, and lay the nap straight and smooth out of warm water with jacks that are limber ; then dry, keeping the nap smooth : when dry, first shear on the back-side, then shear smooth and even on the face side, and as close as you can. When sheared, burl clean, and lay the nap with a sand-board or brick, or brush, but not with a jack ; some errone- ously use a jack ; a jack is good and necessary to raise a nap, but not to lay it. Lay the nap smooth with the sand-board, and then the cloth is fit for the press. Have smooth papers, put it in the press, let the heat of the plate be just hissing hot ; screw it moderately in the press, for the beauty of most thick cloths is destroyed by pressing too hard. The beauty of thick cloth depends on drying, and not on pressing $ the coarser the cloth is, the harder it re- Ha BYER's COltPANIOtf. quires to be screwed ; all thick cloths are not dress- ed alike, hut according to quality, some requiring once shearing, some twice, and so on, to the num- ber uf times mentioned before ; six times is suffi- cient for the first quality, managed as before men- tioned. Some fulled cloths do not require shearing-, which are dressed with a thick nap, sufficient to co- ver the thread ; this may be raised with common wool and cotton cards ; this kind of cloth is called bear-skin or coating. Bearskin should be pressed in the cold press, never in the hot-pre?,s. Baize or flannels should be fulled lightly, the grease and dirt scoured out clean ; then, if it is to be coloured, dye and raise a nap with a mild easy card or jack, and a stuffed board, and dry smooth, and press in a told press ; but if it is to remain white, raise a nap as be- fore, and dry smooth ; then have a stove, or some proper tight place, with conveniences to hang the cloth up loose ; then, to 100 yards of flannel, burn one pound of sulphur or brimstone under the cloths, and it will cleanse them from all specks of dirt, and leave them as white as need be ; but when you find it necessary, you may have your copper cleaned with fair hot water, with a little compound of bluing in it ; run your cloth in this a few minutes, and dry Smooth ; put in clean papers, press in the cold press, &c. Some, when they stove their cloth with sul- phur, wet it in clean soap suds, and hang the cloth or goods up W€t ; but I prefer the water with a lit- «n DTEJEt's COMPANION. .91 tie bluing, to whiten the cloth before stoving, for it will wear handsomer, and will not grow yellow s® soon. 4*- FOR THIN CLOTH & THIN cloths should be well coloured, cleansed well from the dye, dryed smooth, and pressed dou- ble ; thin cloths require to be much moister than thick cloths ; the press papers should be hard, thin and smooth ; and the press hotter than for thick cloths. It must be serewed very hard, for the beau* ty of thin cloth is in the gloss given by pressing, The heat of the press should be kept regular, and the cloth will be smooth, Sec. .4,. TO DRESS SILK AND COTTON, &c. SILK must never be pressed, but cleaned well from the dye-stuff, then dryed j then dissolve gum Arabic in water, wet the silk thoroughly in this, wring and squeeze as dry as you can, so as it shall not drip ; then strain it out smooth every way dry. This will finish the silk dressing. 92 dyer's companion. Cottons. Some do not require to be pressed, as velvets, corduroys, and similar cloths ; they re- quire only to have the nap laid when wet ; fustian must have a nap raised dry with teazles, and then pressed. Almost ail kinds of cotton and linen cloths, except those before mentioned, such as nan- keens, jeans, muslins, &c. require to be pressed quite hard ; not as hard as thin woolen cloths, but harder than thick. K N. B. Silk, cotton and linen cloth, must never be put in the fulling-mill to scour at any time, for it will ruin them. dyer's companion. to Observations on the Difference of Colours, and their depending Powers, with directions as to the use of Dye-stuffs, and their Properties and Effects. X HE five Material Colours are these. Blue, Yel* low, Red, Brown and Black ; the three powers are these, the Alkali, the Acid, and Corrosive ; these are the depending powers of all colours ; which I shall endeavovirto shew in each colour in course. First, The Blue. The Blue with indigo de« pends on the power of the alkali, sig or urine $ pearl-ashes and pot-ashes, and the lye of lime are all alkalies : so it evidently appears that indigo, al- though the best dye drug in the world, (except co- chineal) is of no effect without the power of the al- kali. There are other materials used with the in- digo, but are of no other use than to support and as- sist the indigo : Woad will dye a blue, properly prepared, without the indigo, and indigo without the woad ; so woad serves only as an assistant to the indigo, Woad is a very useful dye drug in carry- ing on large manufactories ; but it will not answer any useful purpose in our small business.. Madder is a strong drug, serving to brighten and darken the blue, which greatly assists the indigo. Wheat bran serves only to soften the water, and urine or sig pre- pares the dye to come to work sooner than it other- 94, dyer's companion. wise would. Borax is an alkali which softens ail parts, and causes it. to rest easy, and come to work well and soon. Blue with indigo k coloured with drugs altogether. Prussian Blue is of a different nature ; it is dc pendant on the power of the acid, which I shall de- scribe hereafter. Blue with logwood is of a differ- ent nature from any other real colour. I think this is possessed of all the powers and mixed pow- ers; with regard to logwood I have imbibed an idea that it was leading and allied to a blue. I have tried one power and another, until I have been brought to this conclusion. Madder to strengthen the Iop-- Wood ; allum is an acid that raises the lustre of 'the blue, but not sufficient of itself, it be-in* a weak acid ; verdigrease is evidently possessed of two pow- ers, I think ; it agrees with the acid and corros ive, but is most powerful as a corrosive. Sig is a weak alkali, which shows that the powers are mixed ; it rouses and gives lustre to the logwood, and makes a fine blue. Thus we find the three powers mav be mixed together in a real colour, although much a- verse to each other. Blue vitriol is possessed of two powers, acid and corrosive, and powerful in both ; it has a speedy effect on logwood ; and is very good in the latter part of a dye, to raise, bind, and darken the colour. In the 5th receipt I have placed the two powers CYfill's COMPANION. #3 Observations on the Difference of Colours, and their depending Powers, with directions as to the use of Dye-stuffs, and their Properties and Effects. HP X HE five Material Colours are these. Blue, Yel* low, Red, Brown and Black ; the three powers are these, the Alkali, the Acid, and Corrosive ; these are the depending powers of all colours ; which I shall endeavour to shew in each colour in course. First, The Blue. The Blue with indigo de« pends on the power of the alkali, sig or urine j pearl-ashes and pot-ashes, and the lye of lime are all alkalies : so it evidently appears that indigo, al- though the best dye drug in the world, (except co- chineal) is of no effect without the power of the al- kali. There are other materials used with the in- digo, but are of no other use than to support and as- sist the indigo : Woad will dye a blue, properly prepared, without the indigo, and indigo without the woad ; so woad serves only as an assistant to the indigo, Woad is a very useful dye drug in carry- ing on large manufactories ; but it will not answer any useful purpose in our small business. Madder is a strong drug, serving to brighten and darken the blue, which greatly assists the indigo. Wheat bran serves only to soften the water, and urine or sig pre. pares the dye to come to work sooner than it other- I I ■ '■8G bier's coi^r.\xiojf. PRUSSIAN BLUE. PRUSSIAN Blue depends principally on the in- digo, revised by the power of the acid, and softened by the power of alkali. Oil of vitriol is a strong acid, salt and lime are alkalies; salt may be used, and answers the purpose pf lime, so it evidently appears that salt is a simple alkali : these three in- gredients mixed together, make a compound of bin- jug for Prussian blue, and green. Green is no co- lour of itself, but is connected with two, blue and yellow, which are both dependant on the acid. Fus- tick is an excellent dye-wood, but is useless without the acid to raise and brighten the colour. Allum is commonly used, but tartar and aqua fortis serve to raise the colour of the yellow ; so green may be made very easy, the two colours being in perfect un- ion with regard to powers. So lead them together v ith care till they arrive at their proper state, which is a good green. In the 10th receipt I have admitted a little logwood and copperas, which serves to darken the green, and rather dull, &c. In the 11th receipt, I have admitted pearl-ashes, allum and aqua fortis with the fustick. Allum and aqua-ibrtis are acids ; pearl-ash is an alkali ; the acid raises the yellow, the alkali softens and take* dyek's companion. §r off the harsh parts of the acid, fits and springs the I" to prepare it to receive the blue ; the adds ar. binding, and" the alkali the reverse. In the 12th receipt, I have admitted wheat bran wet with vinegar. Vinegar is the principal, it be- ing an acid, leading to corrosive, or is in greater u- nion than any other acid with the corrosive ; but when mixed with wheat bran, it is a mild acid, and has ouite a different effect from what it would in the natural state ; and cannot be used any other way in these kind of dyes. When mixed with the bran, or otherwise, it is of a cleansing searching nature. I have admitted red tartar, which is cleansing and prepares the cloth or goods to receive a colour. Cop- peras serves only to darken, as I have said before* In the 13th receipt I have admitted blue vitriol, which serves to darken and raise the lustre of th yellow. 6 ® BOTTLE GREEN. BOTTLE Green is connected with three differ- ent colours ; two as green, one as brown ; i* e ween is possessed of the quality described before, depend- ing on the acid , the brown is assisted by the l «,- §8 DYER S COMPANION. wood, and lowered down by the power of the cor. rosive. The copperas would destroy the power of the acid in this dye, were it not for the verdi°rease being possessed of two powers, which renders both mild and friendly. In the 14th receipt, it is evident that blue vitriol is of two powers ; as ah acid it raises the yellow of the fustick, as a corrosive it darkens very rapidly with logwood, so the goods are prepared with these two powers to combine the three in one colour. The 15th receipt is an olive green ; this is a sinv pleness of green, and depends on the power of the acid, as green ; but as brown on the corrosive ; the acid going under cover of the bark, gives adr mittance to the corrosive ; and thus the lustre of the colour is preserved from danger. ■4- YELLOW. YELLOW is one of the material colours, and is dependent, always, on the power of the acid, and no other ; but has different subjects. Fustick is the principal subject among our dyers, and allum the principal acid. Aqua fortis is very good to cleanse and prepare the colour - 9 . and it substantiates the dyer's companion. 99 yellow, and makes it much brighter. So the allum and aquafortis agree in all light colours ; but aqua fortis will not answer with, a corrosive ; for it is so strong an acid that it will not admit any thing of a darkening nature, as you m% in taking the colour out of cloth, Sec. The composition is made np of acids, and that will destroy the power of the corro- sive and alkali, and all the subjects that unite with those powers ; so it is. evident that the acid is most powerful — f° r it will destroy what the others create ; yet the acid may be overcome, in some of the most feeble parts, when not guarded with care by the al* kali and corrosive* SCARLET RED. SCARLET is one of the most noble colours ev- er made by man : cochineal is its grand and princi- pal subject, which is the finest and best dye drug in the world. Scarlet has the most brilliant rays of all colours, which resemble the sun in the firmament and the bow in the clouds. Yet cochineal is the most simple of all dye drugs, were it not for the pow- er of the acid and a proper connection with other subjects. The fustic and tarmeric place a founda- tion to give lustre to the scarlet ; aqua fortis and ar- gal cleanse, and raise the lustre, and make way for 100 BYEirs COMPANION. the cochineal to take place ; yet the goods are too hard— they want softening- and taking oil the harsh part of the acid, which is done by wheat bran, wet with vinegar. The bran is softening, and the vine- gar is an acid which is searching and cleansing.—. Now the cloth is prepared to give place to the coch- ineal. Arsenick and armorick, are only assisting subjects ; the aqua fortis to keep up the life and spi- rits of the subjects. Thus cochineal is supported by one of the most noble and greatest powers, and is guarded by worthy subjects ; and a scarlet is an or- nament to kings. The next is possessed of the same power, only the subjects are a little differently arranged. *«$» CRIMSO.Y. CRIMSON has the brilliance and lustre of the rain-bow, yet is possessed of two colours ; but most united with the red, with a little tincture of blue. So it is evident crimson is of no colour in itself, but is a mixture with red and blue. As red, it depends the acid ; and as blue, on the alkali. Cream of tartar, allum, and crude tartar, are all acids. Sal- simmoniack is an alkali, and a very weak one. — Thus we find these two powers united by the help of one subject. DYER S COMPANION. 101 The other, or the next following*, has a number of subjects^ but dependent on the same powers. — Ked, with nicaragua, is dependent on the acid, and all other reds. Dye woods are not so permanent as drugs, nor so brilliant iii rays ; but answer a good purpose for common use, and make very good col- ours. All crimsons are dependent on the powers ofthe acid and alkali. S 3\ MADDER RED. MADDER is a fine drug, and may be cultivated among us, very easy. It is a tender root ; and when manufactured fit for use, there are three different soi ts proceeding from one root. The dyer ought to be well acquainted with the qualities of this drug. It will not admit of boiling ; it kills and destroys the nature of it, (as it does all other dye-stuffs taken out of the ground.) Madder requires the softest water in the world. In order to soften the water, I use the wheat bran. But madder depends partly on two powers-when sig is used, which serves to'dar- ken and bind the red ; but brazilletto has the same e ilect, only the colour will be brighter-and this serves as an assistant, and the sig as an alkali, and theallum and anral as arirl ti ^ ■ , , cii^ai as acid, i h U3 the madder red is dependent on the acid. 102 DYER S COMPANION, The Meroon Red has the same principal sub- jects, and is dependent on the same powers ; and differs in nothing only it is a brighter red, and % little different in the management, POLISHED REJt). THIS colour is the most independent of any Col* our ; not depending on any power or powers.— « Nutgalls is a subject with madder, but a little pearl- ashes may be added in case it wants help ; so it ap- pears that the alkali stands as a power, in this ; so all reds are dependent on the acids.— The crimsons and clarets are nothing of themselves, and are sub- ject to two powers— the acid and the alkali. The subjects being differently arranged, causes the dif- ferent complexions. The power of the corrosive to destroy the power of mcid.— Copperas, the strongest of all corrosives, pro- perly prepared, will, without assistance, destroy the acid. Take cloth from acidous liquor and put it m copperas water, and it will wholly destroy the acid- ous power ;— and acid will destroy the corrosive, in the same manner. So it requires a mediator, when these two powers come together, to unite them.and dyer's companion. 103 prevent their destroying each other ; but in the mixture of colours they will require a, frequent and friendly correspondence. -fc- ORANGE COLOUR. ORANGE colour is fine and brilliant, and has the shades of two colours— yellow, in full ; and red, in part. So orange is the union of two colours which agree in powers only. "*jfc*~ CHERRY COLOUR. CHERRY is a dark red, and is subject to the powers of acid and alkali ; and the subjects are bar- wood and brazilletto — but bar-wood is the most de- pending one, though the other is necessary. •4>~ VIOLET COLOURS. VIOLETS are a mixture of red and blue ; the red depends on the subject of brazilletto and on the power of the acid — the blue, on the subject of log- wood and on the power of the alkali. Thus, in this dye, the powers and subjects agree, and by varying the powers and subjects, alter the complexions. ■ byer's companion-, PIXK COLOURS. PINKS are of various colours, but this is a sim- ple red, and is dependent on the power of the acid j Its subjects, are a number, but I have laid them down as one in the receipt, and that is madder— which is the principal subject to be depended on in this colour. FLESH COLOUR. FLESH colour is a simple colour of red, changed from white to a small tincture of red. This has a number of subjects, but is dependent on the power of the acid. BROWN. BROWN has many subjects, and of various complexions, principally dependent on the power of the corrosive ; but sometimes we admit the weak power cf the alkali, like the sig, &c. Brown has the greatest connection with all the colours, of any colour : for most, or the greatest part, of the mixed colours, are connected with the brawn, as we shall bhortlv shew. DYEr's COMPANION. 105 CORBEAU, WITH CAMWOOD. CORBEAU is a mixture of two colours, red and brown ; these colours, in this one, dependent oil two powers, and but one principal subject. The powers are an acid and corrosive ; the subject, cam- wood and the best of dye-wood. The red depends on the oil of vitriol for an acid ; the blue vitriol be- ing possessed of two powers, intercedes for the brown, supports the red and raises the lustre, which is the gl®ry of these colours when united together ; the cloth or goods, in a direct view, will be brown, but when glanced by the eye or looked across, it will appear with a fine lustre of red. The acid is a guard to the red, but that would not give admittance to the brown, were it not for the blue vitriol being of two powers, which inter- pose for their mutual good. Copperas, the strong- est of corrosives, is harsh and fiery, and wants to be softened down notwithstanding the blue vitriol. Were it not for another assistant uniting with the corrosive, you would fail in the union of these two colours ; by dissolving the copperas in vinegar, it softens the copperas ; the vinegar being an acidous power, uniting with the corrosive, causes the two powers to unite. The logwood assists the cam- wood in completing the necessary union. Thus when these two colours, which are in opposition to each other, have occasion to unite, it must be by 106 dyer's companion*. the mediation or the subject of two powers, as I shall shew more plainly in the next place. '4 V CORBEAU WITH .YICJRAGUJ. NICARAGUA, not of so spirited a nature, re-* quires the greater assistance of the powers. This has the assistance of three powers, and has assisting subjects; the fu stick, as an assisting subject, raises the lustre of the red ; and yellow always depends on the acid ; the blue vitriol guards the acid against the corrosive, keeps it from danger, and fits it to receive the subject of logwood ; the verdigrease supports the acid, raises the lustre of the red, and unites with the corrosive ; the copperas being sof- tened by the sig, the weak power of the alkali. So by the union of the three powers, and two nuxed powers, and the subjects, (the Nicaragua the chief,) the two colours are brought to an union. *<££ CORBEAU WITH r REDWOOD. ■ REDWOOD has spirit sufficient, but is slow in motion, and is a feeble subject ; and yet is a subject of great use: however, it requires assistance, oth- DYER S COMPANION. 107 crwise it would fail. It is supported by the three powers, the acid and corrosive are its main depend*- encies ; but I have placed them in different forms, as you will see by the receipts for corbeau and Lon- don brown with redwood. The powers must sup- port the different subjects according to the diffeiv ent order in which they are admitted. I have left some, deficient of the power of the corrosive, to the assistant subject logwood, and the power of the weak alkali sig ; but in case the colour is not dark enough, then the dyer's judgment will call his at? tention to look on the receipts before mentioned, and he will see the corrosive will be admitted— .the cop- peras or verdigrease, which is commonly best to guard the red, and powerful in darkening. Thus we find the acid and corrosive are necessary with this mixture of red and brown ; and sometimes softened by the power of the alkali. The dyer will always find these colours must be supported by the power of the acid and corrosive. The acid the power of the red always ; the corrosive the com- plete power of the brown. The reddish brown and Spanish brown are dependant on the same powers, ftut not altogether on the same subjects, Sec. LOJVDOJ\ SMOAK. THE London Smoke is a mixture of yellow and 108 DYERS COMPANION. i i brown. The yellow is dependant on the acid, and is the substance and life of the colour. Fustick is the principal subject for the yellow, and allum the acid, but the bark is a guard to the yellow, and is a subject in favor of all powers. The smoke is a ve- ry dark colour, bearing a little red with the yellow ; thus, the butternut bark substantiates every part of these colours'; the Nicaragua raises the reddish hue, the logwood assists the copperas in darken- ing, and the sig supports the colour in every part, and enlivens it to give place to the corrosive. Thus the three powers are united in this mixed colour, with many powerful subjects which stand well to the last, — -«Kfr <& a *» cwjvamojy bro wa : CINNAMON colour is a mixture of three co- lours, red and yellow in perfect union, and is de- pendent on the acid ; and the brown, the corrosive and alkali. So the three powers, and three sub- jects are united in this mixture. The smoke and liver browns are simply the same as London smoke, only differing in their subjects ; the camwood and madder corresponding with the fustick, and laying a foundation for the brown. Thus the subjects will unite so perfectly well together, that they arc oyer's companion* I6§ at peace with all the powers but the corrosive ; and this binds all these subjects and unites the colours. .4,. OLIVE BROWjY. THE Olive differs nothing more from smoke than this — it is not so dark, has no hue of red, and is not depending on the alkali ; but the weak alkali jnay be admitted, (as sig) but is dependent on the powers of acid and corrosive ; and the subjects of the olives are fustick the principal ; the otters, which are many, serve to alter the compactions and give different shades. Butternut, logwood and mad- der unite as to shades ; the bluing gives a different shade. Thus it is left to the discretion of the dyers to make use of what form they please. 4" SNUFF BROWN. SNUFF Colours are formed of three colours ; dependent on the yellow for lustre, and the red and brown for the shades. The snuff colours are de- pendent principally on the power of the acid and cor- rosive, and a little on the power of the alkali ; and the many different subjects have correspondence with these powers, Their union in this manner K ■ no >o DYER 6 COMPANION. causes the difference m complections. So as to the powers, properties and effects of these browns, they are simply all as one, but differing in compac- tions ; I mean the smoke, the olive and snuff. It is d .pendent on the fustick and the acid : the red is dependent on the redwood, camwood and madder, and on the power of the alkali ; the brown on the barks, the logwood, and sumac ; and is dependent on the corrosive. Thus by changing the orders of the subjects and powers, the different shades may be produced in those colours ; and this I have left to the discretion of the dyer. •<§' BAT-WING, SLATE, DOVE OR LEJD X PEARL OR SIL VER GRE F, AJYD DRAB. AS to these colours, they are a mixture of all co- lours, except black, and are depending on all the powers and almost all the subjects. Some shades are very light, merely changed from white ; the different subjects corresponding with the powers, causes the compactions to differ. So with regard to the powers, I think I have described plainly be- fore ; the union of the subject and colours are of s« extensive a nature in these different shades, it is in vain to describe them in manner and form as I have the rest, for it would swell a volume. I have Iter's companion. Ill a been very particular in the receipts, and given rules sufficient, and an extensive assortment of shades ; but in short, they are all browns of differ- ent complexions, being of a weak and feeble make, and must be nursed with care, otherwise they will never arrive to a state of maturity. RJFEjY. THE Raven is a mixture of two colours, blue and black ; black direct, and blue by the glance of the eye. Now the blue is dependent on the power of the acid and alkali, and the black on the power of the corrosive. The wheat bran softens the goods ; the vinegar as zn acid cleanses them and prepares them to meet the subjects, and the madder and al- lum rouses it up for the logwood ; lying and sour- ing gives penetration and admittance to the remain- ing subjects, and the corrosive power. ^ CROW WITH COPPERAS. CROW colour differs not much from the raven. If any, only in form ; but I think there is a differ- ence—the crow is attended with a little brownish -112 dyer's COMPANION. hue, and is dependent on the power of the corrosive, and, the subject of the logwood, k c . •#■ CROW WITH COMPOUND OF BLUING. THE blue part is raised with the bluing which has been described before ; the black on the corro- sive ; the logwood the principal subject ; the ver- digrease intercedes for both, and unites both co- lours together. 4* CROW WITH BLUE-VITRIOL. BLUE Vitriol being connected with two powers, the acid and corrosive, forms an union with these two colours, and prepares them to meet the subject of logwood, and brings them on terms never more to part. '* BLACK. BLACK is a colour of all colours. It has but «ne shade, and that is the shade of darkness. Black is dependent on the power of the corrosive, and has dyer's companion. 113 many subjects ; but logwood is the principal, the others serve as assistants to the logwood. Thus one power and one subject form the substance of this colour. There are different shades of all co- lours except black. Some men, and even philosophers, have endea- vored to shew that black is not a colour ; but I shall endeavour to refute- them. Black is madeof materi- al--., as any other colour ; darkness is caused by ma- terials, by the earth and the material world ; by the shadow of these darkness comes ; and by the sub- jects of materials, white is changed to black. So men may as well argue that light is darkness, as to say that black is not a colour. Light is not dark- ness, nor white black ; but were the light to re- main with us, we should not perceive the darkness ; and if w T e were not blessed with materials, we should not change white into colours. Light is changed by materials ; the light of this world is of a nature to be changed, and white* is of the same substance, depending for its changes on materials of dye-stuff; by our faculties we use them, and obtain the desired effect which God in his wisdom has designed. Blue, yellow, red, brown and black are made of materials ; they are all colours, and are all of equal rank, form- ed from white ; yet black is most powerful, for that maybe made to overshadow all other colours, and cause darkness to reign over them all. So it is evi- Ka rip 114 BYER. S COMPANION. dent that black is a colour of all colours. But black and white mixed together is no colour. If light and darkness were mixed together, we should have neither : the God that made the world separated the light from the darkness ; so in like manner he has given us materials, and a faculty to use them, to change white to black. Thus we find that black is a colour* i It is said that orange and violets are colours, but they are not in themselves so, but are compounded of colours* No mixture can be a real colour. Having endeavoured to give you my ideas of the properties and effects of colours ; I request to be read with candor, and hope to be of some benefit. If I have committed errors, I wish they may be cor- rected for the public advantage. ^p^*^ 1 COLOURING SILK. s ILK is of a nature different from wool, cotton, and linen ; it is of a deadly nature : however, the most of preparations for dying woollen will answer for silk, only the dye requires to be stronger. It DYEB.'s COMPANION. US N has also such an union with cotton and linen, that most of these preparations will answer for either. So it appears that silk is of a substance between wool, cotton and linen, and it unites with them as to colours, Sec. ■*<&»• DYING COTTOJY JJVD LIA£M COTTON and Linen are of a cold and deadly nature, and require different preparations and man- agement ia.colouring. It is the best way in colour- ing cotton and linen, to have the dye cold ; they be- ing of so cold a nature. As to the colours of cotton and linen, I shall say but little : As to the powers, the principal is the corrosive, the next the alkali, and sometimes the acid ; which you will see by the receipts. The subjects are many, but the grand subject is nutgalls ; the others are so numerous, I shall not mention them now. I have endeavoured to explain them explicitly in the receipts for cotton and linen, and think it needless to mention them again here. As to the powers and the union of the subjects, they have been explained before and the best way is to examine the rules for im- provements, and follow the receipts close in proper order, and I presume to say they will have the de- sired effect, in all colours and shades. 116 dyer's companion. Observations on the present Situa* Tion of The Dter's Business, 4, W: Ohserv a cio n First, E think ourselves masters of our business before we are, and undertake to do that we know no- thing of. By this our business is ruined, our cus- tomers imposed upon, and our country impoverish- ed ; this 13 the present situation of our business. Observation Second. — Those impostors injure their fellow-functioners as well as the public, by dis- couraging manufactories. Finding they fail of their intentions, they begin to encourage their customers by promising to do better, and to work very cheap ; by these impostors, people are deluded, and their goods not unfrequently ruined. With the custom- er, who knows nothing of dressing, cheapness is every thing. The workman who is a complete master of his business is often compelled to regu- late his prices of work by the charges of those who are ignorant of the trade ; consequently the work is slighted, or the mechanic cannot obtain a living ; and the employer is a loser in the end, as the goods are badly finished, or perhaps entirely ruined, dyer's companion. 11? Let those who practise in a business make them- selves 'masters of it ; then fair and just prices may- be obtained for their labor, and the employer will be better satisfied, and real justice be done him*—* Thus our manufactories would be increased : The interests of the employer and employed would both be enhanced ; they are inseparable : selfishness counteracts its own views ; the injustice we do our country, we do to ourselves. As a nation we can never be really independent, until we become our own manufacturers of articles of the first necessity. To arrive at this desirable point ought to be our constant endeavour ; and eve- ry real patriot will use his exertions, not only in word but m deed, to hasten the period. Observations on Manufacturing Clo■ Mi. To Colour Feathers, Fur, Lfc. Red. TAKE half an ounce of cochineal made fine, mix USEFUL IIECEIPTS. 5 it with an ounce and an half of cream of tartar to one quart of water ; when simmering hot, add a tea-spoon-full, let it stand ten minutes, then put it in the feathers, and so on each ten minutes, until exhausted. In all colouring, the dye must not be crowded, and soft water must be used. After the whole of the colouring is in, let it stand fifteen min- utes, then rince them in clear water ; whilst in the dye. five or six drops of aqua fortis may not be a- miss 3 as it sets the colour more on the scarlet. « 5th. To Colour Feathers, Fur, Hair, and Woollen or Silk, Blue, of any shade. NO preparation is necessary except washing and racing. To eight ounces of oil of vitriol, add on- ounce of indigo made fine, a tea-spoonfull of each *x or eight minutes, shake it often ; it must stand two or three days before it is fit for use ; indeed the onger lt stands the better : one tea-spoonful of this '^ot water, when hot as is convenient for -no bear, maH- an azure blue; by adding or di ■"-—I* any shade is -produced. It fa not re- —ended for woollen, except for women's iwl *™> ^-Ss, Sec. as the colour is not very & du ra be on the woo,. Those light articles being eas - I) —loured, ,t will be found the most convenient L 2 > "USEFUL RECEIPTS, and expeditious method of colouring-, as ten or fif- teen minutes is sufficient for any of the above arti- cles to colour. It is also very useful to revive old dye that has decayed ; also, a few drops put into rincing water for silk, stockings, Etc. gives the pri- mitive clearness. I am sure, if the use of this was known, that scarce a family would be found without a phial of it in their house. I* • 4 9 ' 6///. To Colour Feathers, Lzfc. Yellow and Green. TAKE two pounds of fustick, chip it fine, boil if in two gallons of water four hours, keeping the quan- tity of water ; then take out the chips, and add one ounce of curkemy root, and an ounce ofallum ; boil the. two gallons to two quarts, let the feathers lie in the dye one hour to make them green ; add two tea-spoonfuls of the oil of vitriol and indigo. They require to be only rkiced after colouring. 7lh. To Colour Feathers, U'c. Flack. THIS is the most difficult colour to set. The feathers must lay in a preparatory liquor twelve hours ; as follows— To each quart of water, add one tea-spoonful of aqua fortis ; it must be kept hot VSEFUL RECEIPTS. ,, e ,,-hole of the time : then, for three ounces of and one pound of common sumac, put these mto three gauons of water in an iron kettle, bod it four or honours, take out the chips, and add tw. ounc- es of English nutgalls pounded fine ; boil the three gallons to three quarts, then put in the feathers, let them be twelve hours ; then take three ounces ot copperas, and one ounce of verdigrease made fine, put them into half a pint of urine, and stir it on a moderate fire ten or twelve minutes ; put this to the dye, it will set the colour ; let them be in twelve hours more, then they must be washed or rinced perfectly clean. It is possible that hatters and others who deal in black, may find something in this to their advantage. © 8^/i. To Lacker Brass and Tin- Ware. TAKE gum gamboge one ounce, make it fme 5 put it into four ounces spirits of wine, let it be kept warm four hours : the method of using it for small ware, such as buckles for harness, &c. put them on a piece of sheet iron, heat them hissing hot, then clip them in the lacker one at a time, as fast as you please. For large work, let the ware be heated, ap- B USEFUL RECEIPTS. ply the lacker with a fine brush ; it gives a mo$t beautiful yellow. — — **W-ffi !$?*" 9^//i 2b ma£e Oil-Cloth for Hats, Umbrellas^ &c. TAKE one* pint of linseed oil, add one ounce spi- rits of wine, one ounce of litharge of gold, and one ounce of sugar of lead, simmer them together half an hour ; take persian or sarsnet, tack it within a frame, a common case knife is used in laying on the oil ; twice going over is sufficient. '# 10th. To make Oil-Cloth for Carpets. TO one gill of dissolved glue, add one gill of ho- ney, and one pint of water, simmer these togeth- er, stir in it five or six ounces of Spanish white ; the cloth being tacked as above, rub this on till the pores are filled. If the paint be properly prepared, it will neither break nor peal off. .^. Wth. To boil Oil for Painting. TO one gallon of oil, add one ounce of white \it« 'n; v USEFUL RECEIPTS. $ riol, and an ounce of sugar of lead, a quarter at a time ; boil one hour. ■4* \2th< To make Stone Colour. TO fourteen pounds of white lead, add five pounds of yellow ochre, and one ounce of ivory black. 4" \Sth. To make Pearl Colour* TO twelve pounds of white lead, add one pound of stone yellow, half an ounce of Prussian blue, and two ounces of white vitriol to dry the paint. Vit- riol is used in all paints for drying. 4r I4t/i. To make dee/i Blue* TO three pounds of white lead, add one ounce of Prussian blue* io USEFUL RECEIPTS. 1 5 th. To make Sea Green. To two pounds of stone yellw, add one ounce of Prussian blue. 'p&j- 16th. Verdigreqse Green. TO one pound of verdigrease, add twp ounces of white lead. ■«$»- \1th. Orange Colour for Carpets. TO four pounds of stone yellow, adc} two pounds of red lead. l&t/i. To Slack Verdi grease. TAKE a kettle of hot wet sand, wrap four or five ounces of verdigrease- in a cabbage leaf, put as many of those parcels in the sand as is convenient, leaving two or three inehes between,- let them be in four hours, keeping the sand hot. The verdi- grease being thus slacked, a man may grind three times the quantity in a day as of unslacked. CSEFUL RECEIPTS. li 19^, To make VcrmilUo7i. TAKE of quick-silver eighteen pounds, of flow- ers of sulphur six pounds ; melt the sulphur in an earthen pot, and pour in the quick-silver gradual- ly, being also gently warmed, and stir them well to- gether with the small end of a tobacco pipe. But if from the effervescence, on adding the latter quan- tity of quick-silver, they take fire, extinguish it by throwing a wet cloth (which should be had ready) over the vessel. When the mass is cold, powder it, so that the several parts may be well mixed to- gether. But it is not necessary to reduce it, by nicer levigation, to an impalpable state. Having then prepared an oblong glass body, or sublimer, by coat- ing it well with lire, lute over the whole surface of the glass, and working a proper rim of the same a- around it, by which it may be hung in a furnace, in Mich a manner that one half of it may be exposed to die fire, fix it in a proper furnace, and let the pow- dered mass be put into it, so as to nearly fill the part that is within the furnace, a piece of broken tile being laid over the mouth of the glass. Sublime, then, the contents, with as strong a heat as may be used without bloxvins the fumes of the Vermillion out of the mouth of the sublimer. When the sub lunation is over, which may be perceived by the a" batement of the heat towards the top of the body discontinue the fire ; an d, after the body is C oJd USEFUL RECEIPTS, take it out of the furnace, and break it ; then col. lect together all the parts of the sublimed cake, se- parating carefully from them any dross that may have been left at the bottom of the body, as also any lighter substance that may have been formed in the neck, and appears to be dissimilar to the rest. Le- vigate the more perfect part ; and, when reduced to a fine powder, it will be Vermillion proper for use ; but on the perfectness of the levigation de- pends, in a great degree, the brightness and good- ness of the vermillion. In order, therefore, to per- form this, it is necessaay that two or three mills, of different closeness should be employed, and the last should be of steel, and set as finely as possible. «■ -f Jb" Wth. Of Rose Lake, commonly called Rose Pink* TAKE Brazil wood six pounds, or three pounds of Brazil and three pounds of peachy wood. Boil them an hour with three gallons of water, in which a quarter of a pound of allum is dissolved* Purify then the fluid by straining through flannel, and put back the wood into the boiler with the same quanti- ty of allum, and proceed us befurc ; repeating this a third time. Mix then the three quantities of tincture together, and evaporate them till only two quarts of fluid remain. Prepare in the mean time, eight pounds of chalk, by washing over ; a pound tfSEtfUL RECEIPTS* 13 of allum being put into the water used for that pur- pose, which, after the chalk is washed, must be poured off, and supplied by afresh quantity, till the chalk be freed from the salt formed by the allum ; after which, it must be dried to the consistence of stiff clay. The chalk and tincture, as above pre- pared, must be then well mixed together by grind- ing, and afterwards laid out to dry, where neither the sun nor cold air can reach it ; though if it cam be conveniently done, a gentle heat may be used. The goodness of rose pink lies chiefly in the brightness of the colour and fineness of the sub- stance ; which last quality depends on the washing well the chalk. The more the hue of rose pink verges on \he true crimson, that is to say, the less purple it is, the greater its value. '#" 31. FOR PRUSSIAN BLUE. TAKE of blood any quantity, and evaporate it to perfect dryness. Of this dry blood powdered take six pounds, of the best pearl-ashes two pounds ; mix them well together in a glass or stone mortar] and then put the mixed matter into large crucibles or earthen pots, and calcine it in a furnace, the top of the crucible or pot being covered with a tile, or M USEFUL RECEIPTS. K other such convenient thing, but not luted. The calcination should be continued so long as any flame appears to issue from the matter, or rather till the flame becomes very slender and blue ; for if the fire be very strong, a small flame would arise for a ve, iy long time, and a great part of the tinging mat- ter would be dissipated and lost. When the matter has been sufficiently calcined, take the vessels which contain it out of the fire, and as quickly as possible throw it into two or three gallons of water ; and as it soaks there, break it with a wooden spatula, that no lumps may remain ; put it then in a proper tin vessel, and boil it for the space of three quarters of as hour or more. Filter it while hot through paper, and pass some water through the filter when it is run dry, to wash out the remainder of the lixivium of the blood and pearl-ashes : the earth remaining in the filter may be then thrown away. In the mean time, dissolve of clean allum four pounds, and of green vitriol or copperas two pounds, in three gal- lons of water : add this solution gradually to the fil- tered lixivium, so long as any effervescence appears to arise on the mixture ; but when no ebullition or ferment follows the admixture, cease to put in more. Let the mixture then stand at rest, and a green powder will be precipitated ; from which, when it has thoroughly subsided, the clear part of the fluid must be poured off, and fresh water put in its place, Qiid stirred well about with the green powder ; and 1 tSEFJL RECEIPTS; ! hiker a proper tunc of settling this water must be poured off like the first. Take then of spirits of \lt, double the weight of the green vitriol, which s contained in die tpmr. of solution of vitriol *\nd allum added to the lixivium, which will soon turn the green toaC&r^d'la'-W&e^aWufrf *an8%fter mie time, add a proper quantity of water, and wash the colour in the same manlier as has been directed for lake, &c. and when properly washed, proceed in the same manner to dry it in lumps of convenient size. IT is necessary, in all painting, that all paints, when mixed together with the oil, to grind it till it . a perfect salve, so as when you, rub it between your fingers you cannot feel any roughness with it, but feel perfectly smooth as oil ; then it is ground fit for use — then add oil, and stir it together what is ne- cessary, or according to your Irking. Oil must be foiled in all painting. 4> 39, FOR MMCLYG BLACK LVK. TAKE one quart of rain water, or water with npe walnut shooks soaked in it, or the water soaked 2itr w v strain H ° ffcieiin ' th ™ m ™ To eool C ^^ blUC *** tW ° ** cts oi good copperas, and two ounces of gum ara- 16 USEFUL RECEIPTS. bic ; put it in a bottle, stop tight, then shake it well every day till the ink is fit for use—but the older the better. The above articles must all be pulverised, before they are applied to the water. To keep ink from freezing, apply a little spirits of any kind. To keep ink from moulding, apply a little salt therein. -4- 23. FOR RED INK. TAKE three pints of sour beer (rather than vine- gar) and four ounces of ground brazil-wood ; sim- mer them together for an hour ; then strain off and bottle, well stopped, for use. Or you may dissolve half an ounce of gum Sene- gal, or arable, in half a pint of water ; then put in a penny worth of vermillion ; put into a small earth- en vessel and pour the gum water to it, and stir it well till it is well mixed together, and it will be fit for use in twenty-four hours — but requires stirring before using, in the same manner and form. You may make it from any other coloured ink, as blue, green ; yellow, purple, &c. USEFUL RECEIPTS. 17 24. MEMOIR On a method of Painting with Milk — by A. J. Ca* det de Vaux : JMember of the jlcademical Society of Sciences. — From the " Decade Phifasofihique*" I PUBLISHED in the " Feiulle de Cultiva- teur," but at a time when the thoughts of every pne were absorbed by the public misfortunes, a singu- lar economical process for painting, which the want of materials induced me to substitute instead of painting in distemper. Take skimmed miik,two quarts. Fresh slacked lime, six ounces. Oil of carraway, or linseed, or nut, four ounces Spanish white, five ounces. Put the lime into a vessel of stoneware, and pour upon it a sufficient quantity of milk to make a smooth mixture ; then add the oil by degrees, stir- ring the mixture with a small wooden spatula ; then add the remainder of the milk, and finally the Spa- ish white. Skimmed milk, in summer, is often curdled ; but this is of no consequence to our pur- pose, as its fluidity is soon restored by its contact with lime. It is, however, absolutely necessary i hat it should not be sour ; for in that case it would form with the lime a kind of calcareous acctite, sus- • cptible of attracting moisture. The lime is slacked by plunging it into water, drawing it out, and leaving it to fall to pieces in the M 2 m USEFUL RECEIPTS, air. It is indifferent which uf the three oils above- mentioned we use ; however, for painting white, tiic oil of carraway is to be preferred, as it is colourless For M mting the ochres, the commonest lamp oil may be used. The oil, when mixed with the milk and lime, disappears ; being entirely dissolved by the lime, with which it forms a calcareous soap. The Spanish white must be crumbled, and gently spread upon the surface of the liquid, which it gradually imbibes, and at last sinks ; it must then be stired with a stick. This paint is coloured like distemper, with charcoal levigated in water, yellow ochre, &c. It is used in the same manner as distemper. The quantity above mentioned is sufficient for painting Vlie first layer of six toises, or fathoms. One ©f the properties of my paint, which we may term milk distemper paint, is, that it will keep for whole months, and require neither lime nor fire, nor even manipulation ; in ten minutes we may prepare enough of it to paint a whole house. One may sleep in a chamber the night after it has been painted. A single coating is sufficient for places that have alrea- dy been painted. It is nor necessary to lay on two, unless where grease spots repel the first coating ; these should be removed by washing them with strong lime water or a ley of soap, or scraped off. New wood requires two coatings. One coating is sufficient for a stair-case, passage, or deling. I USEFUL RECEIPTS. have since given a far greater degree of solidity to this method of painting : for it has been my aim? not only to substitute it in the place of painting in distemper,but also of oil paint. 25. Resinous Milk Paint. FOR work out of doors I add to the proportions of the milk distemper painting, two ounces of slacked lime, two ounces of oil, and two ounces of white Burgundy pitch. The pitch is to be melted in oil by a gentle heat, and added to the smooth mixture of milk and oil. In cold weather the milk ought to be warmed to prevent its cooling the pitch two suddenly, and to facilitate its union with the milk of lime. This painting has some analogy with that known by the name of encaustic. I have employed the resinous milk paint for out- side window shutters, that had been previously been painted with oil. The cheapness of the articles for this paint, makes it an important object for those people that have large wooden houses and fences.— An experiment has been made with this paint in this country, and it at present appears to answer per- ftctly the discretion of the inventor, v 20 USEFUL RECEIPTS. 26. vfo easy and c/ieafi Method to stain Cherry a Mahogany Colour. TAKE common whitewash of lime and wafer white wash the wood, let it stand perhaps twenty- four hours, then rub it off, after polishing the wood apply linseed oil. By using a small piece of wood you may find when the colour suits. <^>- 27. To Stain any kind of White- Wood a Dark Rs.L TAKE two ounces of drugs called dragon's blood, make it fine ; put it into a pint of double-rectified spirits of wine ; let it stand six or seven days, shake it often, brush it on the wood till the shade suits. •P&! 28. To make Green, or any kind of White Wood. TAKE a yellow liquor as described in receipt 6th, add the vitriol and indigo, less or more, to make what shade is wanted. In all shades, it is ne- cessary to repeat colouring three or four times, leaving time for the wood to dry betwixt each co- louring ; the colour grows darker by standing.—* The wood will not do to varnish short of six or se- ven days after staining. "TETSETUL RECEIPTS- SI 09. To make a Cherry lied, on White Wood of any kind. TAKE of the brightest of logwood two pounds, boil out the strength, take out the chips, add a table spoonful of the raspings of gallant gill root, boil this one hour, stain the dye and boil it down to one quar- ter of the quantity ; brush it on the wood when hot? repeat it till the colour suits. -*fe" 30. To stain White Wood the colour of Mahogany* or Black Walnut* TAKE logwood liquor, as described in No. 7, be- fore the dye is set, then add to one gallon of water eight ounces of madder, let it stand twelve hours, keeping it warm, strain it off, then mix it with an equal quantity of the logwood liquor ; it is applied as other stains, -4" 3 1 . The best Red Stain for Wood* THIS is made by boiling two pounds of redwood in two gallons of water, in the same manner as log- •wood, Sec is boiled ; it is necessary to boil this in brass ; when boiled down to a proper quantity, add 22 tSE^UL RECEIPTS, one ounce of cochin^, and two ounces of cream of tartar made fine ; boil this half an hour, or till there is but one quart of the liquor ; apply It warm, and •add a tea-spoonful of aquafortis. 32. To stain Wood 'Bladk. TAKE logwood liquor to give the ground work; then take two ounces of English nutgalls made fine, put this in one quart of water, let it stand four days, shake -it often, then brush it on, three or fcur times ; when almost dry, rub it over two or three times with strong copperas water ; like other stains it grows darker by standing. ■ p^^*"" 33, To colour Hats Green en the under side, TAKE two pounds of fustick, chip it fine, put it into two gallons of soft 'water, bo;l it four hours in brass, keeping nearly the quantity of water j take out the chips, add two ounces cf curkemy root, and one ounce of allum ; boil this to three pints, brush this on the hats twice over, then add to one quart of this yellow liquor, three tea-spconfuls of the in- digo and vitriol, (as mentioned in a former receipt) VSKFUL RECEIPTS. n tnis w ill make it green, brush this on the hat two or three times, leaving time between for the hat to be nearly dry. ■<&■ 34. Varnish for Wood either Stained or Painted. THIS is made the same as in receipt 2d, except, ■instead of three ounces of gum shellapk, take of it one ounce and a half, and one ounce and a half oi gum sandrick ; it must be laid with f soft brush, and several times repeated ; after it }ias stood three or four days, take rotten stone made fine and sifted, niix it with water, then with a sponge or soft linefy rub it on till sufficiently polished. 'Hr 35. Varnish. AN excellent varnish has recently been discover cd, made of one part of sandarac not pulverised, and two parts of spirits of wine, made cold and the solu? Jion promoted by frequent shaking. ■* AS the method of preparing Copal Varnish, is generally kept secret by those who are acquainted \vith it, and as a tradesman who is desirous of 24 USEFUL RECEIPTS. knowing 5t, is obliged to give some times an hun- dred dollars to another, to let him into the secret, and that upon condition of not imparting it to any tody else*— the following to some may not be unac- ceptable* 36. To make Amber or Copal Varnish: TAKE of white rosin four drachms, melt it over a fire in a glazed vessel, after which put in two ounces of the whitest amber you can get, finely pow- dered : this last is to be put in gradually, stirring it all the while with a small stick over a gentle fire, till it dissolves ; pouring in now and then a little oil of turpentine, as you find it growing stiff, and con- tinue this till your amber is melted. When the varnish has been thus made, pour it into a coarse linen bag, and press it between two hot boards of oak, or flat plates of iron. Great care must be ta- ken in making the varnish, to not set the house on fire; for the vapour of the oil of turpentine will e- ven take fire by heat.— If it should happen so to do, immediately cover the pot with a board or any thing that will suffocate it j by which means it will be put put. USETV* RECEIPTS. 25 $7. J Composition for giving a beautiful Po- lish TO MAHOGANY FURNITURE. DISSOLVE bees-wax (equal parts) in oil of turpentine, until the mixture attain the consistency of paste.— After the wood intended to be polished is well cleansed, let it be thinly covered with the a- bove composition, and well rubbed with a piece of oil carpet, until no dirt will adhere to its surface. 38. TO SOFTEN STEEL— FOR ENGRAVING, &C. MAKE a very strong lye, of unslacked lime and white oak ashes, of each an equal quantity ; put in .the steel, let it lay fourteen days— it will be so soft as easily to be cut with a knife. ■4° i. The Chinese method for rendering Cloth WATER PROOF. TAKE one ounce of white wax, (melted) add one quart of spirits of turpentine ; when thorough- mixed and cold, then dip the cloth into the liquid nd hang it up to dry till it is thoroughly dry. By the above cheap and easy method, muslin, as 1 v ell as the strongest cloths, will be rendered quite N w 26 USEFUL fcECElFTS. impenetrable to the hardest rains ; and that with, out the ingredients used either filling up the pores' of the cloth or injuring, in the least, its texture, or damaging, at all, the most brilliant colours. 4-0. A Receipt to make an excellent American Wine : communicated to the Burlington Society for promo* ting Agriculture and Domestic Manufactories ; by Joseph Cooper, esq, of Gloucester county, Mw* Jersey, I PUT a quantity of the comb, from which the honey had been drained, into a tub ; to which I ad* tied a barrel of cider immediately from the press : This mixture was well stirred, and left to soak for one night. It was then strained, before a fermen- tation had taken place ; and honey w r as added until the strength of the liquor was sufficient to bear an e-gg- It was then put into a barrel ; and after the fermentation commenced, the cask was filled every day, for three or four days, that the filth might work out of the bung hole* When the fermentation mo- derated, I put the bung in loosely, lest stopping it tight might cause the cask to burst. At the end of five or six weeks the liquor was drawn off into a tub, and the white of eight eggs, well beat up, with a pint of clean sand, were put into it. — I then added a gallon of cider spirit j and after mixing the whole w \ r^ * i ■-. 27 ,KFVL tlKCEIPTS. . lilLi ,.,, ;UMl pi.eed it m a piopei of April following I drew it o# into kegs, lor use , and found it equal, hi my opinion, to almost any for- eign wine. In the opinion of many judges, it was superiour. This success has induced me to repeat the exper- imgnt for three years ; and I am persuaded, that bv using the clean honey, instead of the comb, as a- b'ove described, such an improvement might be made, as would enable the citizens of the U. States to supply themselves with a truly federal and whol- mme wine, which would not cost one quarter of a d .,i^*£™ • on^l ovpniiF, and often wet hi9 ancles, reei morning ana c\emn b , and wrists with it. Give him three or four doses of the lollop ,ne- to in the course of three weeks, that *, as n! in five or six days :-C,.lomel e#t ten as one in n\e 01 -i , h f our ounces, to eacn uo^> USEFUL RECEITTS. 35 molasses ; also, give him a deccction of tea, made of sarsaphanlla root and guiacum chips, (common- ly called lignum vitx dust). If the patient is actu- ally labouring under the symptoms of the hydropho- bia, give the several remedies more frequently ; if soon after the bite, as above. If the patient actual- ly has the disorder, when first attended to, repeat the remedies until he recovers ; if immediately af- ter the bite, it will be necessary to attend him for three weeks, which generally clears him from in- fection. His diet must be licrlit and easv of di^es- tion generally, though he may make a moderate use of animal food ; but he must strictly avoid the use of spirituous liquors. The above is the ge^ nerai plan I follow. LOT TRIP. 46. Cure for the Bite of a Mad Dog* THE roots of elecampane, (the plant star- wort) pounded soft, boiled in new milk, and given plenti- fully to any thing that is bitten, during forty-eight hours, (keeping the #ibject from all other food) have been found an effectual remedy for this dread- fill and frequently fatal malady V. Y. Paper. M S15 USEFUL RECEIPTS. 47. Cure for the Bite of a Mad Dog. THE following remedy for the bite of a mad clog is recommended in the French papers :— A new laid egg is to be beaten up and put into a frying-pan, with oil of olives, cold drawn, and dressed, but not too dry. Into this is to be put a great quantity of powder of calcined oyster shells, which is to be sprinkled in such quantities as the mixture will ab- sorb This is to be given as a dose which is to be repeated for nine days festing ; and the wound is at the same time to be washed with salt water. 1 he author of it professes to have tried it with repeated success, on man, dogs, and other animals. ,BOM A CHARLESTON PAPER. 4,8. The Infallible Cure for the Dysentery. I HAVE been acquainted with it nearly forty , . \t ¥h fail I have cured all vears, and never knew it to tan. ral times. Not forty days past, I was afflicted ^Zentery, and cured my self with the = un- cler written. About thirty years ago, I cured t souTm Charleston, who had been under the care ef tC physicians, and it had baffled their art and VSEFUL RECEIPTS. St drill; yet this receipt cured them in a few days* The public may rely on the efficacy and infallibility of the receipt, viz.— -As soon as you find the flux is bad, if possible before it comes to the dysentery, drink three or four tea-cupfuls of melted suet dai- ly, say a cup full every three or four hours ; let the food be the flour of well parched Indian corn made into a pap with new milk, and sweetened with leaf sugar ; and let the drink be nothing else but a strong tea made with chipped logwood, or red oak bark, and sweetened with loaf sugar, though it will tlo without sweetening. When you find it is check- ed, make the tea weaker ; should it stop too sud- -den, take a little salts. With the alpove simples, I can cure thousands without the loss of one. The. •cure will be effected in five, six or seven days, j*^. ■«£- 49. Cure for (he Dysentery. TAKE of the roots of the low-running blackber- ry vine, one large handful ; make a strong tea of em in the same manner as you would make other tea, only let it stand on the coals a little longer Give two tea-cups full to an adult, and one to a (!:ild. After it has operated, give the patient a plenty of low balm tea, or cold water if preferred. Be careful when the appetite returns, to give them. o 8 USEFUL RECEIPTS. but a little to eat at a time, and that as often as the appetite calls, and no often er. This blackberry root tea operates as a thorough but gentle purge in this complaint, and as soon as it operates, it changes the nature of the stools ; that is, instead of blood, Sec. the stools will be of a greenish froth, and so will continue to be until they become natural. — «** ® «•*— 50. Cure for the Dysentery. TAKE new churned butter without salt, and just skimming off the curdy part, when melted over a clear fire, give two spoonfuls of the clarified re- mainder, twice or thrice within a day, to the per- son so affected. Thi* has never failed to make al- most an instant cure. ,ff lc 8 51. For the Dysentery W Colera, or Vomiting TAKE oil of pennyroyal, two drops to a table- spoonful of molasses, syrup or honey ; after being well stirred up, let one tea-spoonful be administer- eel every hour until it has the desired effect, which from experience, I can safely assure the public, will be found in every case of the above disorder, to USEFUL RECEIPTS. 39 be a snecdv and certain cure. For a grown P crson > the close raay be Joub^I, and given in the same From an Did Lathj* manner. »flo9 — ** 52. An Infidllbls Cure for the St. Anthony's Fire. I AM neither physician, surgeon, apothecary nov nostrum-monger, (says a correspondent) but totally ignorant of the materia mectica, except that I have o swallowed large draughts of it, to cure me of pain- ful returns of St Anthony's Fire at spring and fall. In vain, alas ! did I- swallow ; for the saint w r as cou- nt in his visit at the accustomed time, notwith- standing the repeated prophecies of my doctor and -othecaries to the contrary. Fortunately for ine, ten years since, I was favoured with a visit from a good lady, during the spring confinement, who told me, if I would at the time, take the elder tree blos- soms and in the spring of the year, at each season, for a month, drink every morning lasting, half a pim of elder flower tea, and the same in the after- noon, that it would drown the saint. The next season of the elder tree blossoming, I followed her advice, as also the spring following, and have done so these nine years ; since which time, the saint has hot tormented me in the least. I have recommend- ed this tea, from my experience of its eilkacy, to 40 USEFUL HECEIPT.9. ten of my fellow-sufferers since my own case, every one of whom has found it a specific remedy* When the elder tree is in blossom, a sufficient quantity of the flowers should be gathered, in a dry day, and dried with great care for the spring use. The tea is made, by pouring a quart of boiling wa- ter on two handfuls of elder flowers, when green ; a less quantity will do when dry. It may be drank hot or cold, as best suits the stomach. Each sin- gle blossom is not to be picked off, but the head* from the main stalks. 53/ For St, Anthony 9 s Fire. TAKE a purge ; and anoint with the marrow of mutton. ■Hfc? 54. An admirable Recipe for a Consumption, TAKE of Madeira, (or good generous moun- tain) wine, two quarts ; balsam of Giiead, two ounces ; albanum in tears, (grossly powdered) two ounces, flowers of Eenjamin half an ounce, let the mixture stand three or four days near the fire, fre- quently shaking ; then add ihereto,of Narbonne honey v err RECEIPTS. 4l • -r ounces, extract of Canadian maiden hair eight the buttle Well, and strain off the li- . The dose two tea-spoonfuls, to he taken in four hours, in colt-foot tea or water, sweet- bd with capiHaire. v. B. The Canadian maiden-lrair, which we now import from t :e in great plenty is infinitely su- r to that which grows in England. A strong infusion made of this herb, sweetened with honey sugar candy, is the best ptizari Which can possi- drank by consumptive people, and will of it- s< re any recent cough. «&»■ 55. Cure for the Heart-Burn. EAT two or three meats of peach-stones, of any l:ind of peach, and it will effect a cure immediately. Those which ave dry are preferable. .^, FROM A VIRGINIA PAPER. I fallible and Effectual Cure for the Stone. THROUGH the channel of your paper I request a publication of the following cure for the stone by O 2 ^K 42 VSEFUL RECEIPTS. dissolution. The gentleman by whose consent and desire, and upon whose authority the subsequent facts are offered to the public, is a Mr. Richard Major, of Loudon county, in this state, minister of the baptist society ; a man of integrity, and much respected. Being in company with him a few days ago, I had the following relation from his own mouth :~ That having for a number of years been afflicted with that painful disease, he was at length inform- ed that a certain physician, his name unknown, la- bouring under the same disease, being at Berk- ley spring, a negro man there prorTtrred to cure him : This he at first disregarded, but expecting a speedy dissolution unless some aid could be obtained, afterwards sent for the negro* who agreed to cure him for three pounds. He ac- cordingly undertook, and in a short time effectually eradicated the disorder. The physician then gave him his choice of freedom by purchase in lieu of the contract betwixt them, on condition he would disclose the means of the cure ; to whichthe slave agreed. The receipt is the expressed juice of horse-mint and red onions ; one gill of each to be taken morning and evening till the complaint be re- moved. That he, Mr. Major, being urged to a tri- al of the above-mentioned remedy, submitted to if, though with some reluctance, as he conceived his VSEFUL RECEIPTS, 43 term of life to be but short at most. Not having it in his power to procure green mint, so as to get the juice, he used instead thereof, a strong- decoc- tion of the dried herb : in other respects strictly ad? hering to the. prescription, which had the desired effect. He began the experiment in August, and within a week he had occular demonstration of dis- solution by the slightest touch of a particle that had passed from him, which continued so to do without pain or the least obstruction, until the stone was en- tirely dissolved, and the cure compleatly effected before the ensuing spring. That from the time the disorder b J to yield as aforesaid, he daily reco- vered his health, strength and flesh, and was in as good plight as ever, age excepted, being at the time seventy two years of age, with an appearance corresponding with his own account ; and as he farther said, without the slightest attack of the dis- order from the time he began to use the above means of cure. This, at his request, is communi- cated to the public by DANIEL ROBERDIEU. ■4- 57. Indian Method of Curing Spitting of Blood. [Communicated in a letter to the late Doctor Mead.] THE following case is a very extraordinary one j >K 44 USEFUL P.FXEltfTS. but I knew the gentleman to be a man of veracity, and had this account from His own mouth. Ie was of a thin, hectic constitution, znd laboured un- der a troublesome pulmonary* cough for some years ; at last he was taken with an kremoptce, ibr which he had die best advice he could get in Maryland, but grew rather worse under the care of two physicians who attended him for several months ; and at last he was prevailed upon to put himself under the care of a negio fellow, who is the Ward of Maryland : for he has the reputation of performing some extra- ordinary cures, though nature has the chief claim to them : but indeed this was not the cfse here,—- . In short, he advised the gentleman to go into a warm bath twice a day, and sit up to Ins chin in it, for two or three minutes at a time, and to wear flannel next to his skin. This method soon reliev- ed the gentleman ; and when I left Maryland, which was about seven or eight years after the cure, he re- mained free from his hscmoptos, eased very much of his cough, and went through a good deal of exer- cise. 58. A Receipt for Bitters to prevent the Fever and Ague, and all other Fall Fevers. TAKE of common meadow calamus cut into small pieces, of rue, wormwood and camomile, USEFUL RECEIPTS. AS or centaury, or hoar-bound, of each two ounces, add to thera a quart of spring water, and take a wme glass full of it every morning fasting. This cheap d excellent infusion is far more effectual than raw spirits, in preventing fevers, and never subjects the person who uses it, to an offensive breath, or to the dancer of contracting a love for spirituous liquors. ■4* 59. A certain Cure for Corns. t TAKE two ivy leaves and put them into vinega for twenty-four hours ; apply one of them to the corn, and when you find its virtue extracted, apply the other, and it will effectually and speedily re- move the corn without the least pain. 60. To make the moot cheep, and simple Electric Machine. TAKE a piece of plank eighteen or twenty inch- es square, place two small posts at a distance that will take the length of a bottle that will hold perhaps a quart ; the bottle must be round, and of flint glass, (they may be had at the apothecaries for 3s* or 3s. 6d.) put in a hard wooden stopple, at the oth- er end stick on a piece of hard wood with any giu- ! 46 USEFUL k'ECfclJ tmous matter, such as shoemaker's wax or the like - make a small hole in the center of this wood, and the stopple, to receive two points which come thro 1 the posts ; thus the bottle being hung in a rolling position, let a band go round the neck, and he con- veyed to a wired, eight or nine inches over, which turns with a crank. Then take an etgfit ounce vi- al, coat it inside and out with tin foil ; this may be stuck on with st'ff^ghrc or candied oil ; the vial must have a large nose, or it will be difficult to coat the inside ; ccrk it tight, having a wire run through the -middle of the cork with a common leaden bullet on the top ; bind the wire so that the ball may come within half an inch o \ cylinder or large bottle ; place it in the center of the cylinder, then having a piece of dee: - skin leather sewed up and stuffed in form of a pincushion, having amal- gam rubbed on one side, bold it to the cylinder i posite to the ball ; put th ee in , and the fire will collect a ~ ' ' 62. Cure for the rfguc. DRINK the decoction, (that is the boiling of any 48 rSETUL RECEIPTS. herb) of camomile, and sweeten it with treacle ; which drink when warm in ted, and sweat two hours. Or, to the wrists apply a mixture of rue, mustard, and chimney soot, by way of plaister. ■*$v €3. Cure for Almonds of the Ears fallen down. TAKE a little bole armeniac in powder, and with it mix some Venice turpentine, and spread it on sheep's leather, as broad as a stay, and apply it un- cle r the throat from ear to ear. ® 64. A Cure for Frost Bitten Feet, TAKE the fed of a dung-hill fowl, and rub the place or places affected with it, morning and even,- ing, over a warm fire ; at the same time wrapping a piece of woollen cloth, well greased with the said fat, round the frost bitten parts. In two or three days they will feel no pain, and in live or six days will be quite cured. Note.— If the inner bark of elder, or the leaves of plantain, are first simmered in said fat, it will be the better. USEFUL RECEIPTS, 49 65, To Cure the Asthma, or Shortness of Breath. TAKE a quart of aqua vit*, one ounce of anni- 5 eed bruised, one ounce of liquorice sliced, and half a pound of stoned raisins ; let them steep ten days in the abovementioned, then pour it off into a bottle, with two spoonfuls of fine sugar, and stop it very close. said 66, Method of making Afijite Brandy. THE following receipt far making Apple Bran- dy, was communicated by Joseph Cooper, esq. of Gloucester county, New-Jersey, accompanied with a specimen of the liquor, made in the manner he represented. The liquor is mild, mellow and pleas- ant ; and greatly superiour to apple spirits procured by the common process. Put the cider, previous to distilling, into vessels free rom mustor srael!?andkeeI) k ■ . nthe st -iHclns commonly called good, sound cider; feut not tdl sour, as that lessens the auanHtv 1 f • • 0* **, of the spirit. In in T " run perfectly cool L J 1 lhe *«»Uati«,, let it time of diJL W0Pm ' aWl * «* first tuning, not longer th^ u ^,- u « , f* on the still head aJ -7 * flash whe » Wl and n a ^ candle appKe d USEFUL RECEIPTS. * under it. In the second distillation, shift the vessel as soon as the spirit runs below proof, or has a dis- agreeable smell or taste, and put what runs after with the low wines. Ry this method, the spirit, if distilled from good cider, will take nearly or quite one third of its quantity to bring it to proof ; for which purpose, take the last running from a cheese of good water cider, direct from the press, unfer- mented, and in forty-eight hours the spirit will be milder and better flavoured than in several years standing if * manufactured in the common way. v When the spirit is drawn off, which may be done in five or six days, there will be a jelly at the bottom, which may be distilled again, or put into the best cider, or used for making cider royal, it being bet- ter for the purpose than the clear spirit, as it will greatly facilitate in refining the liquor. JOSEPH COOPER, 67. A most excellent Method of making Butter, as now practised W England, which effectally pre- vents its changing and becoming rank. THE clay before churning, scald the cream in a clean iron kettle, over a clear fire, taking care that it does not boil over. As soon as it begins to boil, or is sufficiently scalded, strain it, when the paru- VSEFUL RECEIPTS. 51 cles of milk which tend to sour and change the but- ter are separated and left behind. Put the vessel in which it was strained in a tub of water, in a cellar, till next morning, when it will be ready for churn- ing, and become butter in less than a quarter of the time required by the common method. It will also be hard, with a peculiar additional sweetness, and will not change. The labor in this way is less than the other, as the butter comes so much sooner, and saves ao much labor in working out the buttermilk. Bv this method, good butter may be made in the hottest weather. «*■ 68. Good Cider as easily made as bad. TO make cider of early or late fruit, that will 1 eep a length of time, without the trouble of fre* qaent drawing off — Take the largest cask you have on your farm, from a barrel upwards ; put a fevf sticks in the bottom, in the manner that house-wives set a lye cask, so as to raise a vacancy of two op three inches from the bottom of the cask ; then lay over these sticks either a clean old blanket, or if thai be not at hand, a quantity of swindling flax, so as to make a coat of about a quarter of an inch thick, thtti put in so much cleaned washed sand, from a beach or road, as will cover about six or eight inches 52 USEFUL HECEIPTS. in depth of your vessel ; pass all your cider from the press through a table cloth, suspended by the cor- ners, which will take out the pummice ; and pour the liquor gently upon the sand, through which it must be suffered to filter gradually, and as it rung off by a tap inserted in your vessel, in the vacancy made by the sticks at the bottom, it will be found by this easy method, as clear as cider can be ex* pected by the most laborious process of refining • and all the mucilaginous matter, which causes the fermentation and souring of cider, will be se- parated so as to prevent that disagreeable conse- quence. N. B. Other methods may be easily invented for passing the cider through the sand, which is the on- ly essential part of the above process. II » > » H|| i»l | P » 69. A Method of making Currant Wine, which has been firaciised by many and found to be genuine* [Extracted from the Transactions of the Philosophical Society of Philadelphia.] GATHER your currants wh en full ripe ; break them well in a tub or vat ; press and measure your juice ; add two thirds water, and to each gallon of mixture, (juice and water) put three pounds of USEFUL RECEIPTS. $2 nniscovado sugar, the cleaner and drier the better ; very coarse sugar, first clarified, will do equally as well : stir it well, till the sugar is well dissolved, and then bung it up. Your juice should not stand o- ver night if you can possibly help it, as it should not ferment before mixture. Observe that your cask be sweet and clean. Do not be prevailed on to add more than one third of juice, as above prescrib- ed, for that would render it infallibly hard and un- pleasant : nor yet a greater proportion of sugar, as it will certainly deprive it of its pure vinous taste. 1 VI Or MAKING SUNDRY SORTS OF BRITISH WINES. 70. Currant Wine. PICK the currants (when they are full ripe) clean From the stalks, then put them into an earthen ves- l, and pour on them fair and clean hot water, that is, a quart of Water to a gallon of currants ; then bruise or marsh them together, and let them stand and ferment ; then cover them for twelve hours, strain them through line linen into a large earthen crock, (as they say in Sussex) and then put the li- quor into a cask, and thereto put a little ale -yeast \ P % 54 USEFUL RECEIPTS, and when worked and settled, bottle it off. This is exceeding' pleasant, and very wholesome for cool- ing the blcod. In a week's time it will be fit for bottling. 71. Artificial Claret* TAKE six gallons of water, two gallons of the best cider, and thereto put eight pounds of the best Malaga raisins bruised ; lei them stand close cover- ed in a warm place for two weeks, stirring them eve- ry two days well together ; then press out the liquor into a vessel again, and add to it a quart of the juice cf barberries, (which perhaps is best) to which put a pint of the juice of black cherries : work it up with mustard seed covered with bread paste for three or four days, by the fire side ; after which, let it stand a week ; then bottle it off, and it will be- come near as good, if not so as to exceed, common «kret. °*$&~ 72. Gooseberry Wine. THE best way is to take for every three iC unds of fruit one pound of sugar, and a quart of fair water ; boil the water very well, but you must put in the aforesaid quantity of VSEFUL RECEIPTS. 55 sll o. a r when it is boiled ; bruise the fruit, and steep it twenty-four hours in the water ; stir it some time, then strain it off, and put the sugar to it, and let it stand in a runlet close stopped for a fort- night ; then draw it off, and set it up in a cellar, and, in two months, it will be fit to drink. 4v 73. Raspberry Wine, TAKE the raspberries clear from the stalks ; to a gallon of Which put a bottle of white-wine, and let them infuse in an earthen vessel two or three days close covered ; then bruise the berries in the wine, and strain them through fine linen gently ; then let it simmer over a moderate fire ; skim off the froth, and then strain it again, and, with a quarter of a pound of loaf sugar to a gallon, let it settle ; then, in half a pint of white wine, boil an ounce of well scented cinnamon, and a little mace, and put the wine, strained from the spice, into it, and bottle it up. 4,. 74. Damson Wine. DRY He - 78. Black Cherry Wine. IN the same manner, take a gallon or more of Je juice of black cherries, and keep it. in a vessel dose stopped till it works ; and after it is fine, add ~ce of sugar to each quart, and a pint of whit. 3C3 USEFUL RECEIPTS, 79. Mead. TAKE six gallons of water, and thereto put sin quarts of honey, stirring it till the honey be tho- roughly mixed ; then set it over the fire, and when ready to boil, scum it very well : then put to it a quarter of an ounce of mace, and as much ginger, and half an ounce of nutmegs, some sweet marjo- ram, thyme, and sweet briar, together a handful : then boil them in the liquid, then let it stand by till cold 5 and then barrel it up for use. »$£*»- SO. To make Beer^ without Malt. TAKE thirteen gallons of water, boil aiod scum it, put two pounds of brown sugar and two pounds of treacle to it ; boil them together half an hour, strain the liquor thro' a sieve, and put to it a penny worth or two ofbaum, when cold ; work it a day and a night, then turn it : let it stand m the barrel a day and a night, then bottle it, and put into each bottle a tea-spoon full of brown sugar. Z J? 8 1 . For preserving Jpjues thro 9 the winter, THE secret of preserving apples through tht USEFUL RECEIPTS. 59 winter, in a sound state, is of no small importance. ime say that shutting them up in a tight cask is an ef! il method, and it seems probable ; for they soon rot in open air. But an easier method, and what lias recommended itself to me by the expeii- cncc of several years, is as follows : — I gather them about noon, at the full of the moon, in the ' r part of September or beginning of Oc- tober. Then spread them in a chamber or garret, where they lie till about the last of November . Then remove them into casks or boxes, in the cel- lar, out of the way of the frost ; but I prefer a cool part of the cellar. With this management I find I can keep them till the last of May, so well that not one in fifty will rot. 82. To pickle Cucumbers, vrcen. WASH them, and dry them in a cloth ; then take water, vinegar, salt, fennel tops, some dill-tops, and a little mace ; make it sharp enough for taste ; then boil it awhile, then take it off and let it stand till cold ; then put it in the cucumbers and stop the vessel close,and within a week they v, ill be fit for use. '■ 60 USEFUL RECEIPTS. oo. To fiickle French Beans. • TAKE them while young, and cut off the stalk?, then take good vinegar and boil it with pepper and salt ; season it to your palate, and let it stand till cold ; then take the beans and put them into a stone jar, placing dill between the layers, and then put in the pickle, and cover them close for three weeks ; then take the pickle and boil it again, and put it into the beans boiling hot ; cover them close, and when cold they will be fit to eat. Or, French beans may be pickled thus : Take your beans and string them, boil them tender, then take them off and let them stand till cold ; then put them into pickle of vinegar, pepper, salt, cloves, mace, and a little ginger. ® 84. To fiickle Walnuts, to eat like mangoes. TAKE green walnuts, before the shell has grown to any hardness in them ; pick them from the stalks and put them into cold water, and set them on a gentle fire, till the outward skins begin to peel off ; then, with coarse cloth, wipe it off ; then put them into a jar, and put water and salt therein, shift- ing it once a day for ten days, till the bitterness and y USEFUL RECEIPTS. 61 discolouring of the water be gone ; then take agdod quantity of mustard seed, which beat up with vine- gar, till it becomes coarse mustard ; then take some clove of garlic, some ginger, and a little cloves and mace ; make a hole in each nut, and put in a little of this ; then take white-wine vinegar, and boil them together, which put to the nuts boiling hot, with some | )per, ginger, cloves and mace, as also, some of t lie mustard seed and garlicky which keep <*lose stopped for use. 85. To Pickle Mushrooms: FIRST blanch them over the crowns, and barb them beneath ; then put them into a kettle of boil- ing water, then take them forth and let them drain ; when they are cold, put them into your jar or glass, and put to them cloves, mace, ginger, nutmeg and Whole-pepper ; then take white-wine, a little Vine- gar, and salt ; then pour the liquor into the mush- rooms, and stop them close for use. -&v 86. To Pickle Lemon and Orange Peel. BOIL them in vin< and sugar, and put them into the same pickle : observe to cut them into O 62 USEFUL RECEIPTS* small long thongs, the length of half the peel of your lemon ; it ought to be boiled in water, beforg it is boiled in vinegar and sugar. .<£. 87. To Preserve Fruit green, TAKE pippins, apricots, pears, plumbs, or peaches, when they are green ; scald them in hot water, and peel them ; then put them into another water, not so hot as the first ; then boil them very tender, and take the weight of them in sugar, and put to them as much water as will make a syrup to cover them ; then boil the syrup till it be somewhat thick, and when cold, put them together. '€&' 88. To Preserve Basfiberries? TAKE good raspberries that are not too ripe, but very whole ; takeaway the stalks, and put them in- to a flat bottomed earthen pan \ boil sugar, and pour it over your raspberries, then let them stand to be cool ; and when they are cold, pour them softly in- to your preserving kettle and let them boil till your s\rup be boiled pretty thick : scum them very -well in the boiling ; this done, put them in pots,aiK} when cold, covor them up close for use. Etui fciC'B'ftM. S3 8V) 'f p f Barberries. TAK mhd of barberries picked from the i, pat thun in upoltk-put, and set it in a brass i full of hot water, and when they arc stewed, strain them, and put to the barberries one and an half pounds of sugar! and to them put a pint of rose- . and boil them a little j then take half a pound of the fairest clusters of barberries you can get, and dip them in the syrup while it is boiling ; then take the barberries out, and boil the syrup till it is thick, and when cold, put them in glasses with the syrup. * \)0. To Preserve Currants. 1 AY a layer of currants, and then a layer of su- frr, and then boil them together as before prescribe <*d for raspberries ; scum them in boiling till the p Ls pretty thick ; then take them off, and when. ate pretty cold, put them in gallypots or glass- es closely stopped. ■*• 91. To Preserve Walnuts green. BOIL the walnuts till the water t. hitter, then take them off, and put them in cold water ; C4 VSEFXir. RECEIPTS. peel off the bark, and weigh as much sugar as they weigh, and a little more water will then wet the su- gar : set them on the fire, and when they boil up, take them off ; let them stand two days, and theft boil again. 4* •> 92. To Preserve Cherries. FIRST take some of the worst cherries, and boil them in fair water, and when the liquor is well co- loured, strain it ; then take some of the best cher- ries, with their weight in beaten sugar ; then lay one layer of sugar, and another of cherries, till all is laid in the preserving kettle ; then pour a little li- quor of the worst of cherries into it, and boil the cherries till they are well coloured : then take them up and boil the syrup till they will button on the side of a plate ; and when they are cold, put them up in a glass close covered for use, $3. To Candy Cherries. TAKE cherries before they be full ripe, and take out the stones : then take clarified sugar boiled to a height, and pour it on them. USEFUL RECEIPTS. 65 54. To CanJy Pears, l'lumbs, J/tricots, &C. TAKE them, and give every one a cut half ih: i ; then cast sugar on them, and bake them in an oven, as hot as for manchet, close stopped ; let them stand half an hour, then Lay them one by one upon glass plates to dry, and they will appear very Bne and clear : in this manner you may candy any other fruit. O .. Of Jellies. LET them be of apples, currants, raspberries, S:c. Take out theclear liquor when squeezed, and boil it with :• till it is as thick as a jelly* Then put into g Sj and cover it close. •4" 96, - of Preserving Egg*, E( SGS ke< p very well when you can exclude air ; which is b< -V placing a grate in any run- ning water, and putting eggs, lis the hens lay them, on the upper side of the grate, and there let them 1 1 c 3 covered with \ ., till you are goinp; to use O 2 66 VSEFUL HECfclTTS, iV them, when you will find them as good as if they had been lain that day. This way answers much better than greasing ; as sometimes one place is missed which spoils the whole egg : even those that are fresh never eat so well. In places where peo- ple are afraid their eggs will be stolen, they should, make a chest with a number of slits in it, that the water may get in freely ; the top rf which being above the water, may be locked down. Mill-dams are the most proper for these chests or grates. N. B. The water must continually cover the eggs, or they will spoil. '«&' 97. To Cure Hams, as is practised in Virginia. TAKE 6 pounds of fine salt, 3 pounds of brown sugar, or 3 pints of molasses, 1 pound of sait-petre powdered ; Mix all these together, to serve for twenty-four hams : rub each ham well all over with this mix- ture, and pack them down in a cask or tub, and let them so remain for five or six days ; then turn them, and sprinkle some salt lightly over them, and so let them remain five or six days more, then add brine or pickle strong enough to bear an eg^ r and let them remain covered with it for a months when they will be fit to smoak* USEFUL RECEIPTS, 6? 98. Another Mode, equally as good and simple* TO four gallons of soft river water, add one pound of brown sugar, four ounces of salt-petre, and eight pounds of coarse salt. Uoil all these togeth- er, and carefully take off the scum as it rises ; when clear, let it remain till cold, then pour it over the meat till covered, and the quantity of pickle must be increased according to the quantity of meat ; the meat must not be pressed, but put lightly into a cask, and remain in for six or seven weeks, when it will be fit to smoke. ■4" 99. For a water to Destroy Bugs, Flies-, „4nt$) and other insects, on tender /Hants. _ Invented by C. Tatin, Seedsman and Florist at Paris.] THE receipt for this valuable composition, and whieh-obtaincd for the ingenious author a reward from the Bureau de Consultant who desired it might be made as public as possible, is thus given in the celebrated Annales de Chimic : — Take of black soap four ounces, Pk>Qr of sulphur foui -:, Mushrooms of an} •unccs ; oe USEFUL RECEIPTS. ; Water wherein dung has been soaked, two gallons : and thus in proportion. Divide the water into equal parts ; pour one part into a barrel, vat or any vessel of convenient size ; which should be used only for this purpose ; let the black soap be stirred in it till it is dissolved, and then add to it the mushrooms after they have been slightly bruised. Let the remaining half of the wa- ter be made to boil in a kettle : put the whole quan- tity of sulphur into a coarse linen cloth, tie it up with a thread in form of a parcel, and fasten it to a stone or other weight, to make it sink to the bot- tom. During twenty minutes, being the time that the boiling should continue, stir it well with a stick, and let the packet of sulphur be squeezed so as to make it yield to the water all its power and colour. The effect of the water is not rendered more pow- erful by increasing the quantity of ingredients. The water, when taken off the fire, is to be pour- ed into the vessel, with the remaining water, where it is to be stirred a short time with a stick ; this stirring must be repeated every day, till the mix- ture becomes foetid, (or putrid) in the highest de- gree. Experience shews, that the older and more foetid the composition is, the more quick is its ac- tion. It is necessary to take care to stop the ves- sel well every time the mixture is stirred. When we wish to make use of this water, we need only 15SETUL RECEIPTS 6* Sprinkle it on the plants, or plunge their branches into it : but the best manner of using it, is to eject it on them with a syringe, or squirt gun. -rA sp- 100. To Kill Lice on Cattle. TAKE a broad woollen list, as broad as your hand, that will go round about his neck ; then wet the list well in train oil, and sew it about the beasts neck, and the lice will come to it, and it will kill them if there were ever so many ; daub some about the breast in several places, and they will come ta it, and it will kill them. No flies in summer will come near any wound or sore, where this is ap^ plied, for it will kill them. "£- 101. To Destroy Bugs, and rid Houses of than. TO remove these noisome and troublesome ver- min, take oil of turpentine, wash over the walls and bedsteads with it, or particularly where there are any crevices, cracks or crannies, and they will die away, and the room, after some time using it, nq more be pestered with them. The juice of wormwood and rue is very good to 7a USEFUL &&C£l?TS, wash the bedsteads, crevices, or any place wliele you suppose they are, and if yon would lie safe a* mong thousands in a room, rince your sheets in water, wherein sassafras has been well steeped, and they will not enter upon them ; or you may lay that wood in slices among your linen, and it will have the same effect. Keep your rooms airy and clean always. AGRICULTURAL. To Farmers* 102. An easy method to preserve Wheat and Bye from the WeaviL AS you stack wheat, on every two or three lay- ers of sheaves, spread some elder leaves and branch- es. This was communicated to me by a farmer, who tried the experiment with success last year. The same informant adds, that he has read in histo- ry, that the same remedy has been applied in Eu- rope, when they have occasion to lay up a seven year's store, Sec. As the remedy is easy, it is to be hoped that farmers will avail themselves of the ad- vantage. Exporters of flour from the states have mothing so much to fear. Inspectors^ flour ought VSEFUL RECEIPTS. *S to be guarded against this evil ; no such flour ought to be suffered to leave the states. The cre- dit of our flour abroad depends on the inspectors. N. B. Lime, applied as above, will produce the same effect. ■*&' i03. To preserve Indian Corn from Birds^ iff*, TO prevent your Indian corn when planted, from being taken up by birds or destroyed by worms or insects, take about one pint of tar to a bushel of ed corn, and in the like proportion for a greater quantity, and stir it well together till every grain eives a part of the tar. This will effectually an*- swer the purpose required. -#- It 101. For Inoculating Fruit Tree*. AUGUST and September are the proper months i innoculale or bud most kinds of fruit trees ; an operation that every landholder should have some knowledge of. When a tree has finished its growth for the year, a bud is formed at the very tip or end of the twig ; which denotes that it is in a proper ate to bud or inoculate. Some trees are indeed *2 USEFUL RECEIPTS. an exception, as they continue growing almost the whole season, and may be budded through all July and August. With a sharp knife, slit the bark of any twig not more than half an inch thick, and not less than a quarter of an inch. Carefully cut through the bark, but not to wound the wood under it. Let the slit be rather more than an inch long. In like manner cut half an inch long across this slit, at the bottom, so that the tw T o cuts through the bark will resemble a x bottom upwards. Then take a bud of the fruit you wish to propagate, with its bark near an inch Ions, taking care to loosen it from the woody part of the stem, so as to put it off from your thumb and finger, separating the bark and the eye under the bud from the wood. If the eye is left oh the wood, you must throw by the bud and take another. Then insert the bud under the x> before described, and bind it down with woollen strings, or well soaked strips of bark of bass wood, leaving the eye of the bud to the air. In two or three weeks, the bud will unite with the stalks, when the string must be loos- ened. The stocks may be cut away the next spring. This method is on many accounts better than graft- ino-. It gives the farmer another chance, provided his grafts fail in the spring. Stone fruits succeed only° or best with inoculation. Small twigs, too small for common grafting, answer well— and above i'FUL HECEirTS. M all, ill this way, very little injury is done to the stock. In a fruit country, this method ought to be well understood. A correspondent says, that cow- dung; with the addition of a very little salt, is a good plaister for the wounds of fruit trees. When large limbs are cut off, the stumps should be cover- ed to keep out the air. Too much salt will spoil the tree. 105. To take Film off a Horse's Eyc % BLACK Pepper, finely ground, and sifted tliro* a piece of gauze ; add thereto fine ground salt, of each as much as will lay on the point of a case knife, mixing them well together ; then take as much dough as will thinly cover an ounce ball, make it fiat, place the pepper and salt thereon, and roll them up, making the same about the size of an ounce ball ; then put it as low down as possible in the off car, fisUningthe ear so as to prevent its falling out. The above takes off the worst of films and no way injures the horse. This receipt has been used many years in this place with the great- est success. R 74 USEFUL RECEIPTS. 106. A Cure for Sheep-Biting. AN intelligent farmer in New-Jersey seized a dog which often worried and bit his sheep. He tied the leg of the dog by a tether to the leg of a strong active ram, and placed them on the top of a hill. The ram immediately began to kick and butt the dog, who after a little snapping, attempted to fly. The tether held him, so that the ram easily over- took, kicked and butted him. After a short time, the ram, excited to exertion, raced down the hill, and forced the dog after him. When the dog was so punished as not to forget it, he was let loose, and would never touch a sheep afterwards. 107. An easy and mr Method to find due Mrth and South. TAKE a smooth piece of board, draw an it fcu* five or six circles, fasten it on the top of a post, sdck a Pin in the center which the circles are drawn r wSeach other ; observe in the forenoon oo Ihich circle the shadow of the head of the par • I • ui. r.Ecr.irTS. 75 „, and mike , &* l t^ in the afternoon ,ve when it strikes on the other Side of the ;nc circle ; then find the » on the circle, then Btrifre a line from one to the other, which cannot fail of being north and south. F/.V/.V. INDEX, ® Pagb> 9 10 12 15 16 rn JL O set a Blue Vat of twelve Barrels, Form of a Vat and other Utensils for Dying, To fit Cloths for Dying, Another method for Blue, Another do. Directions to be observed in common Colouring, 16 n> /-ra Ii Brown, 1 or Snuff Brown, F< r dark Snuff Brown, i i B it-wing Brown, Irowhj or Lead Frown, rl or Silver Grey, For Light Brown, For Ash Brown, ' For Drab Brown, r Dn Fpr 1 ; ►r Liver Dral r Light Liver Drab, F( ler Drab, For a < , Drab, r a Reddish Drab, Tor Light Drab, Fpr >w Drab, For a Yellow Drab, bark, r a Tores: Brown, R2 41 41 42 43 CamM -L> Nicara gua5 46 ■wood, 47 48 49 49 50 5i 5i 51 £0 5 3 53 54, DO, 56 54 57 58 ^8 1 so 60 60 61, 62 63 63 63 64 64 65 65 65 66 For a Dark Forest Brown, 66 For Paris Mud, 65 For a Raven Colour, 6 * lor Crow with Copperas, 6S For Crow, with Bluing or Compound, 68 For Crow, with Blue Vitriol, &* For Black, 69,71,72,7* Receipts for Cotton and Linen. 74 Blue, 75 do. Cold, ^^ do. Hot, T . To take the Colour out of Silk, Cotton or Linen, when spotted, or another colour is wished— Hot, 7t> For Green on Silk—Hot. Green on Cotton or Linen — Hot, Yellow — Hot, Orange Colour, Flesh Colour— Hot,, . f Red— Cold, Reddish Brown— Hot, For Plumb Colour or Purple on bilks Purple on Cotton and Linen— Cold, Brown— Cold, Dove or Lead Colour— Cold, Olive— Cold, do. on Silk, Cotton or Linen- Light Olive on Cotton and Linen Slate Colour-— Hot, Black— Hot r do. Cold, (General Observations, Directions for Dressing Cloth) Por Fulling Cloth, For thin Cloths, -Hot, ■Hot, —Hot, ilk and Cotton, &c. cm 17 78 78 78 79 79 79 80 80 81 82 83 84 84 84 85 85 87 88 88 91 91 9 o. To dress suk. anu ^uuwj — n rnlAllM Observations on the component parts of Colours ^ and Dye-Stuffs, n ^ Colouring Silk, Dying Cotton and Linen, Observations on the present Situation of the Dyer's Business, Observations on Manufacturing Cloth, 115 116 117 ■«&- i Part Second. To Jack or harden Leather for Caps, Sec. To make Varnish for Leather, To prepare Feathers, Fur, and Hair, to receive Red, Yellow or Green, To colour Feathers, Fur, Sec. Red, To colour Feathers, Fur, Hair, and Woollen or Silk, Blue, of any shade, To colour Feathers, Sec. Yellow and Green, To colour Feathers, &c. Black, To Lacker Brass and Tin- Ware, To make Oil-Cloth for Hats, Umbrellas, &c. To make Oil-Cloth for Carpets, To boil Oil for Pain tin g, To make Stone Colour, To make Pearl Colour, To make deep Blue, To make Sea Green, Verdigrease Green, Orange Colour for Carpets, To slack Verdigreasei To make Vermillion, Of Rose Lake, commonly called Rose Pink, For Prussian Blue, For making Black Ink, For Fed Ink, aiming with Milk, Resinous Milk Paint, To stain Cherry a Mahogany Colour, 3 4 4 4 5 6 6 7 8 8 8 9 9 9 10 10 10 10 11 12 13 15 16 17 19 20 ■ To stain any kind of While Wood a Dark Red, To colour any kind of White Wood Green, To make White Wood a Cherry Red, To stain White Wood Mahogany Colour, The best Red Stain for Wood, To stain Wood Black, To colour Hats Green on the under side, Varnish for Wood either stained or painted, Varnish, To make Amber or Copal Varnish, Polish for Mahogany Furniture, To soften Steel, for Engraving, Sec. The Chinese method for rendering Clotli Water proof. To make an excellent American Wine, 34, 36, 27, 30, 35, sr, 39, Cure of the Dropsy, Remedy for the Cancer, For the Bite of a Mad Dog, Cure for the Dysentery, For the St. Anthony's Fire, For the Consumption, For the Heart-Burn, For the Stone, For Spitting of Blood, Bitters to prevent the Fever and Agtre, and all other Fall Fevers, A certain Cure for Corns, To make the most cheap and simple Electric Machine, To cure Children in the worst stage of Intoxi- cation, Cure for the Ague, For Almonds of the Ears fallen down, For Frost-Bitten Feet, For the Asthma, or Shortness of Breath, Method of making Apple Brandy, Excellent Method of making Butter, Good Cider as easily made as bad, 20 20 21 21 21 22 22 23 23 24 25' 25 25 26 29 33 36 38 40 40 41 41 43 44» 45 45 47 4Y 48 48 49 49 50 51 To make Currant Wine, 52, 53 Artificial Claret, 54 Gooseberry Wine, 54 Raspberry Wine, 55 Damson Wine, 55 Wine of Grap< 56 Wine of Strawberries or Raspberries, 57 A short way for Cherry Wine, 57 k Cherry Wine, 57 Mead, 58 To make Beer, with Malt; 53 For preserving Apples through the winter, 58 To pickle Cucumbers, green, 59 To pickle French Beans, 60 To pickle Walnuts to eat like Mangoes, 60 To pickle Mushrooms, 61 To pickle Lemon and Orange Peel, 61 To preserve Fruit green, 62 To preserve Raspberries, 62 To preserve Barberries, 63 To preserve Currants, 63 To preserve Walnuts green, 63 To preserve Cherries, 64 To candy Cherries, 54 To candy Pears, Plumbs, Apricots, Sec. 65 Of Jellies, 65 A method of preserving Eggs, 65 To cure Hams, 66 ? 57 To destroy In . on Plants, 67 To kill Lice on Cattle, 69 To destroy Bugs, and rid Houses of them, 69 An easy method to preserve Wheat and Rye from the Weavil, 70 To preserve Indian Corn from Birds, Sec. 7\ - inoculating Fruit Tree 71 To take t ilm off a Horse's Eye, 73 A cui 1 for She* p-Bitin 74 An 1 I sure method to find due North and South, 74 -- E M It A T M J AGE 13, line 5, for dressings read dtfifiingyti Paee 15, line £, for cracking read smutting. In 9th receipt/ 7th line, read air and add. Receipt 671ft, first line, for pound, read fieck. Receipt 69, for sap; read rose. Receipt 77, for thirty read three. Receipt; 82, after madder, add two ounces of Camwood ;■ and 1 for stir read air. Receipt 84, for twenty ounces read two ounces. Receipt 94,. for cracking and crack, read smutting and smut. Receipt 96, for elder read alder, for rack, smut. Receipt 103, for , coal read. hot. Receipt 118 s for cracking read smuifttig. Y*m 88, for nap read knots. Page 8ft for dSfefcg retd dressing. Page 1 00, for weak read mila. 1 age 10»,. for otteiss read others. second &Th ¥*, PAGE 44, line 16, after the word time, msert and as soon as he came out to dash cold water irveral times on his breast. 1 f V ^N 1 ***<*)** ■^V* v** i>nFW*> **