oa

 
 

 

CORNELL UNIVERSITY.

 

THE

Roswell P. Flower Library
THE GIFT OF
ROSWELL P. FLOWER
FOR THE USE OF

THE N. Y. STATE VETERINARY COLLEGE
1897

 

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SF 961.U5

Special report o}

ii

581908 University Library

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Issued February 15, 1909.

U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE,

BUREAU OF ANIMAL INDUSTRY,
A. D. MELVIN, CHIEF OF BUREAU.

SPECIAL REPORT

ON

DISEASES OF CATTLE.

BY

Drs. ATKINSON, DICKSON, HARBAUGH, HICKMAN, LAW, LOWE, MOHLER,
MURRAY, PEARSON, RANSOM, SALMON, SMITH, and TRUMBOWER.

REVISED EDITION, 1908.

 

WASHINGTON:
GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE.

1909.
pa oe
PCy so”

ORGANIZATION OF THE BUREAU OF ANIMAL INDUSTRY.

Chief: A. D. MExyin.

atssistant Chief: A. M. FarrinaTon.

Chief Clerk: CHARLES C. CARROLL.

Biochemie Division: M. Dorset, chief; James A. Emery, assistant chief.

Dairy Division: Ep. H. Wesster, chief; C. B. Lanz, assistant chief.

Inspection Division: Ricz P. Steppom, chief; Morris Woopen, R. A. Ramsay, and
Ausert E. Beankxe, associate chiefs.

Pathological Division: JouN R. Mouter, chief; Henry J. WasHBury, assistant chief.

Quarantine Division: RicHarp W. Hickman, chief.

Zoological Division: B. H. Ransou, chief.

Experiment Station: E. C. ScHRoEDER, superintendent; W. E. Corton, assistant.

Animal Husbandman: GEORGE M. RomMsE..

isditor: James M. Pickens.

2
LETTER OF TRANSMITTAL.

U. S. Department ofr AGRICULTURE,
Bureau oF ANIMAL INDUSTRY,
Washington, D. C., September 21, 1908.

Str: I have the honor to transmit herewith the manuscript of a
revised edition of the Special Report on Diseases of Cattle, in accord-
ance with the following resolution, approved May 23, 1908:

Resolved by the Senate and House of Representatives of the United States of America in
Congress assembled, That there be printed and bound one hundred thousand copies
of the Special Report on the Diseases of Cattle, the same to be first revised and
brought to date under the supervision of the Secretary of Agriculture; thirty thou-
sand copies for the use of the Senate, sixty thousand copies for the use of the House
of Representatives, and ten thousand copies for distribution by the Department of
Agriculture.

This work was originally issued in 1892, since which time there has
been such a demand for copies that several editions have been printed
by order of Congress. It was revised in 1904, and has again been
revised in accordance with the resolution above quoted. The changes
made in the present edition consist mainly in the revision of the chap-
ters on diseases of the digestive organs and infectious diseases and the
substitution of a new chapter on animal parasites for the chapter on
that subject in the edition of 1904.

While the work is of a popular character, and is intended primarily
for the use of the farmer and the stock owner, it will doubtless also
continue to be found useful to the student and the veterinary prac-
titioner.

Very respectfully, A. D. MELviy,
; Chief of Bureau.
Hon. James WILSON,
Secretary of Agriculture.
CONTENTS.

Page.
Administration of medicines. By Lronarp Prarson......-..-.--------+---- 9
Diseases of the digestive organs. By A. J. Murray ...--...-.--.----------- 14
Poisons and poisoning. By V. T. ATKINSON ___.....-........-------------- 53
Diseases of the heart, blood vessels, and lymphatics. By Lronarp Pearson. 70
Noncontagious diseases of the organs of respiration. By Wituiam Herperr
IDO Wi Bis crn tiginthietecn Santana soeneecece Con aaeeee oes oeeeemescamees 85
Diseases of the nervous system. By W. H. HarsauaH.............-------- 99
Diseases of the urinary organs. By JamEs Law..-----.-------------------- lit
Diseases of the generative organs. By James Law ..--....---.------------- 141
Diseases following parturition. By James Law .._..--.....-.--..---------- 210
Diseases of young calves. By James LAw......-....--.-------.--------++- 244
Bones: Diseases and accidents. By V. T. ATKINSON ......-----.------------ 261
Surgical operations. By Wiiiram Dickson and Wituiam Hervert Lowe...-- 285
Tumors affecting cattle. By Jonn R. Mower ..-.-.-.-.-----2---2--------- 304
Diseases of the skin. By M. R, Trumpower ...-.....----.----------------- 320
Diseases of the foot. By M. R. TrumBower...-...--.---------------------- 335
Diseases of the eye and its appendages. By M. R. Trumpower.....----.---- 340
Diseases of the ear. By M. R. TRuMBOWER .....-..---------.-------------- 3854
Infectious diseases of cattle. By D. E. Sataon and THEopaLp SMITH .....--- ub7
The animal parasites of cattle. By B. H. Ransom.....-........-..--.------ 495
Mycotic stomatitis in cattle. By Joun R. Moauer ......-......--.---.----- 517
Puate I.
Il.

III.

Iv.

V.

VI.
VII.
VIII.
EX.

X.

XI.
XII.
XIII.
XIV.
KV
SVE
XVII.
XVIII.

XIX.
AX,
XXI.
XXII.
XXIII.
SUXIV..
XXYV.
XXVI.
XXVII.
XXVIII.
XXITX,
NAN
AXA:
XAAT:
AXAIII,
XXXIV.
XXXY.
MV,
NANXVII.
XAXXVIIL.
AXNXIX.

XL.

ILLUSTRATIONS,

PLATES,

Showing the position of the rumen ..--..-----.----------------
Stomach of ruminants... s-.vs2s cessed.) -sote a seerereeecs ses
Instruments used in treating diseases of digestive organs ..-..----
Microscopic anatomy of the liver -.-...-.---------.---. 2+ eee
TETOOUIN NOW 2.c)2nto- ease wed access dogine ceaceememwinssecisscs
YO OUSHI. sie ercuns SoG cicat Sai asmis aesinen cataseeeeeceeaaeiies
Diasranhot the. cireulatiOtc.ccc.nocc2cescccccees to leceneeemsoeae
Showing the position of the lung. ..........----.-----------+-+--
RAGHeY BHC GEN TAUVE:OFGANG acs seater e seen cians seme eciecies
Microscopic anatomy of the kidney ..-..-.....-----------------
Caleuli of kidney and bladderinc... ss-.vesciic isis s oeieececessces
Fetal calf within its membranes -...-..------.-----------------

Normal position of calf in utero ...-....----.-2---.------------
Abnormal position of calf in utero......-2-2--2-----------------
Abnormal position of calf in utero............-2-...----2-------
Abnormal position of calf in utero; surgical instruments and

SULUT OS stant ott bhoassacseacen mis ousnemce Otel nc rs

Supports for prolapsed uterus. ._--....--..-..2222---202 2202 eee
Supports for prolapsed uterus..............-222220202-02----0--
Instruments used in diseases following parturition
Skeleton of the cow

Upper, or dorsal, surface of the lungs of the ox
Broncho-pneumonia

6

52

192
192
208
208
242
242
242
284
302
802
302
364
376
376
376
376
416
416
416
416
426
426
426
426
ILLUSTRATIONS. 7

Page.

Puate XLI. Actinomycosis...........2222 22222 c eee eee eee eee eee eens 438
XLII. Actinomycosis of the lungs.........-.-.22.--.-2-2022eee eee ee 438
XLIII. Actinomycosis of the jaw...-.......-2.---------- eee eee eee 438
XLIV. Section of muscle from a blackleg swelling.............-------- 448
XLV. Necrotic stomatitis (calf diphtheria) _.................-.-.---- — 448
XLVI. Fig. 1.—Spleen in Texas fever. Fig. 2.—Normal spleen....-.-- 486
XUV Dexas fever? ic sactnee secs smemasecacsacauececsews seewesecee 486

XLVIII. The cattle tick (Margaropus annulatus)—the carrierofTexasfever. 486
XLIX. Portion of asteer’s hide showing the Texas fever tick (Marga-

Fie.

ropus annulatus) of the United States............--.-..------ 486
L. Figs. 1 and 2.—Dorsal and ventral views of male Texas fever tick
(Margaropus annulatus). Figs. 8 and 4.—Dorsal and ventral
views of replete female Texas fever tick (Margaropusannulatus). 486
LI. Map showing district infected with Texas fever of cattle........ 486
LIT. Verminous bronchitis..-..--.22--.. 2222.22 eee eee eee eee eee 514

TEXT FIGURES.

1. Cleaning cattle and soil by the “‘ feed-lot’’ method ............----- 479
2. Cleaning cattle and soil by pasture rotation .-....-..-....-..-.---2- 481
8. Horn fly (Hematobia serrata) in resting position ....-............-- 496
4. Horn flies (Hematobia serrata) on cow horn ...........------------ 497
5. pullaloenatcacek sare ecco oak ele wet toace eee satan tenes 498
6. Screw worm (larva of Chrysomyia macellaria)........--------------- 498
7. Screw-worm fly Chrysomyia macellaria)....--.---..------0----+---- 498
8. The warble fly (Hypoderma lineata) .....----2 2-22.22 eee eee eee 499
9. Short-nosed blue louse (Hamatopinus eurysternus) of cattle .....-.... 501
10. Long-nosed blue louse (Haematopinus vituli) of cattle.......--..----- 501
11. Red louse ( Trichodectes scalaris) of cattle ...........---.2.----0+--- 501
12. Egg of short-nosed blue louse (Hematopinus eurysternus) attached to
O: Wal sos esiestiee ss i dee ewes ss oeelwhest vst eceideeen tose cece 501
13. Mite which causes psoroptic scab of sheep -....----....------------ 502
14. Portion of the wall of the first stomach with conical flukes (Paramphis-
tomum cervi) attached ......---------------- 2-222-222-2222 eee eee ee 505
15. Twisted stomach worms (Hemonchus contortus)......--------------- 506
16. Twisted stomach worms (Hemonchus contortus) ..........---------- 506
17. Embryo of twisted stomach worm (Hemonchus contortus) coiled on
tipsoterass blade. so.) cel sace s sscitee us tee Ghee rsa ess yaeeeinas 507
18. A drenching tube made from an ordinary tin funnel, a piece of rub-
ber hose, and a piece of brass pipe ...--.--..---------------+--+- 508
19. Piece of lining of fourth stomach showing cysts of the encysted stom-
ach worm (Ostertagia ostertagi)....---.-2------ 2-22 eee eee eee eee 510
20. A tapeworm (Moniezia planissima) which infests cattle.........-.--- §11
21. The common liver fluke ( Fasciola hepatica) ...--.--..-------.------ 512
22. The large American fluke (Fasciola magna) ..-..--.-.-----.-------- 512
23. Portion of grass stalk bearing three encysted cercarize of the common
liver fluke (Fasciola hepatica) ...--.----------------------------- 513
24. Hydatids (Echinococcus granulosus) in portion of hog’s liver .....-..- 514
25. Thin-necked bladder worm (Tenia hydatigena) from abdominal cavity
Of StCCl ence sisacece ce quasecaedsewanuereeds aahoueeede ahbaeebece 514
26. Section of a pork tongue heavily infested with pork measles.......-- 515
27. Lung worms (Dictyocaulus viviparus) of cattle........-------------- 516
SPECIAL REPORT

ON

DISHASES OF CATTLE.

ADMINISTRATION OF MEDICINES.

By Lronarp Prarson, B.8., V. M. D.,

Dean of the Veterinary Department, University of Pennsylvania, and State
Veterinarian of Pennsylvania.

Medicines may be administered to cattle in many ways. The chan-
nel and method of administration depend on whether a general or local
effect is desired, the condition of the animal, and the nature of the med-
icine that is to be given. It is the easiest method, and therefore cus-
tomary, to give ordinary remedies by the mouth, either with the food,
or with drink, or separately. There are, however, some conditions in
which medicines administered in this way will not act promptly
enough, or wherein a desired effect of the medicine on a distant part
of the body is wholly lacking, unless it is applied in some other way.

The various methods of administering medicines to cattle will be
considered below.

By THE MOUTH.—The simplest way to give medicines by the mouth
is to mix them with the food or water. This can be done when the
medicine is in the form of a powder or fluid, if but a small quantity
is to be given, if it does not have a taste that is disagreeable to the
animal and is not so irritant as to injure the lining membranes of the
mouth and throat.

The usual method of administering bulky or unpalatable doses is to
mix them with a fluid vehicle, such as water, milk, molasses, or beer, and
give from a bottle. A dose given in this way is known as a ‘“‘drench.”’
In administering a drench the head of the animal should be elevated
a little by an assistant. This is best accomplished when standing on
the left side of the cow’s head and by grasping the nose with the thumb
and fingers of the right hand inserted in the nostrils; with the left
hand beneath the chin the head is further raised and supported. If
the animal is unruly, it may be tied in a stall or placed in a stanchion.

9
10 DISEASES OF CATTLE.

The medicine can now be poured into the mouth by inserting the neck
of the bottle between the lips on the right side. Care must be taken
to avoid getting the bottle between the back teeth. The mouth of the
bottle should be inserted as far as the middle of the tongue and the
contents poured slowly. If the cow coughs, the head must at once
be lowered to permit the fluid to escape from the larynx. If one per-
sists in giving medicine during coughing, some of the dose may pass
down the windpipe to the lungs and cause a severe or a fatal pneu-
monia. This accident is especially to be guarded against when the
throat is partly paralyzed or insensitive, as in parturient paresis (milk
fever). In this disease it has often happened that drenches have been
poured into the lungs, thus killing the cow.

The amount of fluid to be given in a drench depends upon the effect
that is sought and the nature of the medicine. In impactions of the
stomach very large quantities of fluid may be given—as much as a
gallon or several gallons at atime. Usually, however, it is not cus-
tomary or desirable to give more than from 1 to 2 quarts at a dose,
and not more than a pint unless it be necessary on account of the
irritant quality of the drug that has to be shielded with a large quan-
tity of the vehicle.

Medicines that are soluble should be completely dissolved before
they are given. Insoluble medicines should be finely divided by
powdering or by shaking, and should be well agitated and mixed
immediately before they are given. In the latter case a menstruum
with considerable body, such as molasses or flaxseed tea or milk, will
help to hold solids or oils in suspension until swallowed.

Balls are large pills adapted for the larger animals. Powders or
gums are sometimes mixed with an adhesive substance and rolled
into balls for the purpose of convenience of administration. Balls
are not so much used and are not so well adapted to the medica-
tion of cattle as of horses. The process of solution is slower in the
paunch of a cow than in the stomach of a horse; and if the cow is so
sick as to have stopped ruminating, a ball may become covered up
and lost in the mass of material in the paunch and so lie for days,
producing no effect whatever.

Capsules are shells or envelopes made of soluble gelatine in which
powders or liquids may be inclosed. Capsules and balls are adminis-
tered by being placed on the tongue well back in the mouth while
the tongue is drawn forward and the mouth is held open by a block
of wood between the back teeth. The ball should be dropped, the
tongue released, and the block removed as nearly simultaneously as
possible, so that the backward carriage of the tongue will throw the
ball into the throat and lead to its being swallowed. Care must be
taken to avoid having the hand cut or crushed while introducing the
ball. After a little experience it is possible to do away with the block
of wood between the teeth for keeping the mouth open.
ADMINISTRATION OF MEDICINES, 11

BY THE STOMACH.—Medicines are introduced directly into the first
stomach by the use of an esophageal tube or through the canula of a
trocar passed into the paunch through the side. This method is used
in the treatment of diseases of digestion.

BY THE RECTUM.—Medicines are usually administered by the rec-
tum for the purpose of controlling the bowels and for the treatment
of local diseases. Sometimes, however, medicines that have a gen-
eral effect are given in this way when, for any reason, it is not possi-
ble or convenient to give them through the mouth. Only drugs that
are readily absorbed should be given per rectum for a general effect
and in somewhat larger dose or more frequently than when given by
the mouth. Such stimulants as ether, alcohol, or the aromatic spirits
of ammonia, diluted with from four to six times their bulk of warm
water, may be used in this way.

Rectal injections, or enemata, are used in the treatment of consti-
pation. If it is the purpose of the injection to soften hardened fecal
masses, the water should be comfortably warm and it may have a
little clean soap init. If it is the purpose of the injection to stimu-
late sluggish bowels to contraction, the water may be cold.

In giving rectal injections a rectal syringe may be used, or, better,
a piece of one-half to three-quarter inch rubber hose 5 feet long with
a tin funnel attwched to one end. The hose is soaped or oiled and
introduced slowly and gently into the rectum 2 or 3 feet. The fluid
is then slowly poured into the funnel and allowed to gravitate into
the rectum. The same apparatus may be used for feeding by the
rectum.

BY THE VAGINA.—Medicines are inserted into the vagina, and
through the vagina into the womb, in a manner similar to that of
rectal administration. Most of the medication made use of in this
way is for the local treatment of these organs. Following calving,
during outbreaks of abortion, and in an infectious disease of the
vagina, such injections become necessary.

BY THE UDDER.—Injections into the udder are now regularly made
in the treatment of parturient paresis (milk fever). For this pur-
pose a 1 per cent solution of iodid of potash is commonly employed,
although some other solutions and oxygen gas are alsoused. In mak-
ing this injection there are so many precautions necessary in relation
to the sterilization of the apparatus and the teats and skin that this
work should be left in the handsof askilled veterinarian. The result
of the introduction of even a minute quantity of infectious dirt may
be the loss of the udder. For making this injection one may use one
of the prepared sets of apparatus or a milking tube and funnel con-
nected by a piece of small rubber hose. The apparatus should be
boiled and wrapped in a clean towel until needed. The udder and
teats and the hands of the operator must be well disinfected, and
the solution must be freshly made with recently boiled water kept
192 DISEASES OF CATTLE.

in a sterile bottle. The udder should be emptied of milk before the
injection is made. After all these precautions have been observed
the milking tube may be inserted and through it one-half pint of solu-
tion introduced by gravity air pressure or by syringe. There is prac-
tically no danger in this mode of treatment if it is properly carried out.

Injections into the udder are sometimes made in the treatment of
garget, but so far with indifferent success.

By THE NOSTRILS.—An animal may be caused to inhale medicine
in the form of gas or vapor or to snuff up a fine powder. Sometimes,
for the purpose of local treatment, fluids are injected into the nose.

A medicine inhaled may have a local effect alone or a general effect.

Medicated steam, carrying the volatile products of creolin, carbolic
acid, balsam of Peru, compound tincture of benzoin, tincture of
iodine, etc., may be liberated beneath the nostrils of a cow so that
she must inhale these soothing vapors; but such treatment is not so
common for cattle as for horses. In producing general anesthesia, or
insensibility to pain, the vapor of chloroform or ether is administered
by the nostrils. As a preliminary to this it is necessary to cast and
confine the animal. Great care is necessary to avoid complete stop-
page of the heart or breathing.

BY THE TRACHEA.—Medicines are injected into the trachea, or
windpipe, in the treatment of some forms of diseases of the lungs,
and especially in that form of bronchitis or pneumonia that is caused
by lungworms. For this injection a large hypodermic syringe is used
that is fitted with a very thick, strong needie. The needle is to be
inserted about the middle of the neck and between the cartilaginous
rings of the trachea. ‘

By THE SKIN.—Although a number of drugs, notably mercury, are
so readily absorbed by the skin of cattle as to render poisoning easy,
medicines are not given in this way for their general or constitutional,
but only for their local effect.

Diseases of the skin and superficial parasites are treated or
destroyed by applications in the forms of washes, ointments, dips,
and powders. Liniments and lotions are applied to the skin for the
relief of some near-lying part, such as a muscle, tendon, or joint.
Blisters are applied to the skin for the purpose of obtaining the effect
of counterirritation upon a neighboring region or organ. Cold water
may be applied to the skin to reduce the temperature and to diminish
congestion or inflammation in a superficial area or to reduce the tem-
perature of the whole body. High fever and heat strokes are treated
in this way.

BY THE TISSUE BENEATH THE SKIN.—Hypodermic or subcutaneous
injections are often made for the purpose of introducing a drug
reagent, or vaccine directly into the connecting tissue beneath tite
skin. Introduced in this way, the substance is quickly absorbed,
ADMINISTRATION OF MEDICINES. 13

none of it is lost, and its whole effect is obtained, often within a few
minutes.

There are numerous precautions necessary in making a subcutane-
ous injection, most of which have to do with cleansing and steriliza-
tion. It is also important to select a proper site for the injection, so
that blood vessels, joints, and superficial nerves, organs, or cavities
may all be avoided. With due regard for the necessary precautions,
there is practically no danger in such an injection, but it should be
attempted only by those who are able to carry it through ina surgi-
cally clean way. Only certain drugs can be given subcutaneously,

-and dosage must be accurately graduated.

BY THE VEINS.—Certain medicines act most promptly and surely
when introduced directly into the blood by injecting them into avein.
The jugular vein is usually selected for this purpose. Some vaccines
and antitoxins are administered in this way. Intravenous injection
should be practiced only by experienced veterinarians.
DISEASES OF THE DIGESTIVE ORGANS.

By A. J. Murray, M. R.C. V.5.

[Revised in 1904 by LEONARD PEARSON, B. S.,V. M. D., and in 1908 by R. W. HickMAn, V. M. D.]
CHARACTER OF FEEDS AND FEEDING.

Diseases of the digestive organs are very common among cattle, and
may often be traced to defects in feeding. The first three stomachs
of the larger ruminants hold the feed for a long time, during which
period it is subjected to macerating, mixing, and straining processes
in preparation for entrance into the fourth or true stomach. The
straining is accomplished through the medium of the manyplies or
book, while the paunch, with its adjunct, the waterbag, is concerned
in the macerating, kneading, and mixing, as well as in regurgitation

-for rumination, or the chewing of the cud. The action of the three
first stomachs is merely preparatory to digestion. Thus it would
seem that as a result of their complex anatomical and functional
arrangement, the feed of the ox, when of good quality and whole-
sorie, is in the most favorable condition possible for the digestive
process when it reaches the fourth stomach. It is in the fourth
stomach that true digestion first takes place. If the feed is of improper
character, or is so given that it can not be cared for by the animalina
normal way, false fermentations arise, causing indigestion, and pos-
sibly, later, organic disease. In feeding cattle there are a number of
important considerations apart from the economy of the ration, and
some of these are noted below.

Feeds must not be damaged by exposure to the weather, by frost,
by molds, or by deleterious fermentations.

Damaged feeds retard or prevent digestion, and sometimes they
contain or cause to be generated substances that irritate the digestive
tract or are distinctly poisonous to the animal. For example, hay
that was rained on severely during curing has not only lost a part of
its nutritive value through a washing-out process, but what remains
is not so readily available as in good hay. Roots that have been
frozen are likely to irritate and injure the digestive tract. Grass
eaten with the frost on it may cause severe indigestion. Moldy feeds
are not all injurious, for some molds appear to have no influence on
the process of digestion, but molds of other. species may not only
retard digestion and cause local injury to the digestive organs, but
they may also cause general poisoning of a severe or fatal type.
DISEASES OF THE DIGESTIVE ORGANS. 15

The following molds have been shown (Dammann) to be dangerous
in respect of the production of the morbid conditions enumerated:

Tilletia caries grows chiefly in wheat, and may be found with the
grain thus appearing in the bran or meal. It causes paralysis of the
throat and spinal cord and irritation of the digestive tract. The
rusts, such as Puccinia graminis, P. straminis, P. coronata, and P.
arundinacea, cause colic and diarrhea, and in some cases partial
paralysis of the throat. The rusts that occur on clovers, beans, and
peas cause very severe irritation of the lining membrane of the mouth
and throat, resulting sometimes in gangrene of this tissue.

Polydesmus excitans grows on the leaves of rape and turnips,
appearing in early summer. This fungus is very irritating to the
mouths and feet of cattle, causing severe inflammation and the for-
mation of 4 false membrane. In some instances this condition has
been mistaken for foot-and-mouth disease, but it can be differentiated
by the absence of the blister that is characteristic of foot-and-mouth
disease and by the further fact that it is nontransmissible.

Polytrincium trifolii, which grows on clover, causing it to become
black, causes severe irritation of the stomach and intestines of cattle
feeding upon it.

Feeds must not contain too large a proportion of woody fiber or
indigestible substances. If the dry matter ingested or the bulk of
the feed be very great on account of the small proportion of digesti-
ble matter, it is impossible for the great mass to be properly mois-
tened with and attacked by the digestive juices. In consequence of
this, abnormal fermentations arise that cause indigestion and irrita-
tion of the digestive organs. On the other hand, a ration too con-
centrated, and especially too rich in proteim, is not suitable, because
the animal must have, after a meal, a certain feeling of fullness in
order to be comfortable and quiet, and the digestive organs require a
relatively large volume of contents to fill them to the point where
secretion is properly stimulated and their activity is most efficient.
If too much protein is in the ration there is a waste of expensive feed,
and the tendency is for the animal to become thin. It is evident that
a cow can not thrive on concentrated feeds alone, even though these
contain in assimilable form all of the nutritive materials needed for
perfect support. It is because bulk is necessary that the standard of
about 25 pounds of dry matter per cow per day has been reached by
experimentalists. There is no objection to feeding grain or meal
separately to a cow, provided enough bulky feed be fed at another
time in the day to keep the digestive tract sufficiently distended.

In changing the ration, and especially in making radical changes,
as at the beginning and end of the pasturing season, the change should
be made gradually, so that the digestive organs may accommodate
themselves to it. After the digestive organs and juices have from
long practice become adjusted to the digestion of a certain feed, which
16 DISEASES OF CATTLE.

ig then suddenly withheld and another of quite different character
and properties is substituted, the second feed is not well digested; it
may even irritate the digestive canal. Itis often observed that cattle
lose from 25 to 100 pounds when turned onto pasture from dry stable
feed. This loss can readily be prevented by avoiding the shock to
the digestive organs of a sudden change of diet.

Regularity in feeding has much to do with the utilization of the
ration, and gross irregularity may cause indigestion and serious
disease.

Water for live stock should be as free from contamination and as
pure as that used for household purposes. In the winter when prac-
ticable it is well to warm the water to about 50°F. It is well to allow
cattle to drink often.

DISEASES OF THE MOUTH.
WOUNDS AND CONTUSIONS OF THE LIPS, AND SNAKE BITE.

The lips may become inflamed from contusions, which are some-
times produced by a blow from the horns of another animal, or, in the
case of working oxen, by a blow from the driver. While cattle are
grazing they may be bitten in the lips by either insects or serpents,
more especially when they are pastured in woods.

Symptoms.—As a result of a contusion the lips become thick and
swollen, and if treatment is neglected the swelling may become hard
and indurated, or an abscess may form. This condition renders it
difficult for the animal to get food into its mouth, on account of the
lips having lost their natural flexibility. In such cases an ox will use
his tongue more in the prehension of food to make up for the inca-
pacity of the lips. In cases of snake bite the swelling is soft.or puffy
and its limits are not well defined.

Treatment.—When we have to deal with a bruise, the affected part
should be bathed with hot water two or three times daily. In recent
cases no other treatment will be required, but if the swelling is not
recent and has become hard or indurated, then the swollen part
should be treated each day by painting it with tincture of iodin. In
snake bite a straight incision penetrating into the flesh or eaeaie
should be made across the center of the swelling and in the direction
of the long axis of the face. After this has been done a small wad of
cotton batting should be pressed against the wounds until the bleed-
ing has almost stopped. Afterwards the following lotion may be
applied to the wounds several times a day: Permanganate of aS
half a dram; distilled water, 1 pint. As snake bites are fea
attended with considerable depression, which may terminate in gt :
por, it is advisable to give doses of whisky at intervals. Half a a
of whisky mixed with a pint of water should be given, and the a.
DISEASES OF THE DIGESTIVE ORGANS. 17

should be repeated in half an hour if the animal is sinking into a
‘stupefied and unconscious condition. The repetition of the dose
must depend on the symptoms which the animal shows. It must be
borne in mind that the object of treatment is to ward off the stupor,
which is one of the results of snake bite, and that in administering
whisky the object is to produce a stimulating and not an intoxicating
or stupefying effect. The swelling from an insect bite should be
bathed as soon as noticed with ammonia water and then treated with
frequent applications of hot water.

SALIVATION,

Salivation is a symptom of some general or local disorder. It may
be a symptom of a general disease, such as rabies or the foot-and-
mouth disease, or it may be a purely local trouble, as when copious
secretion of the salivary glands is produced by the eating of irritat-
ing plants, such as wild mustard. In cases where saliva is observed
to dribble from the mouth, that part must be carefully examined by
introducing an instrument like a balling-iron into the mouth, or, if
such an instrument is not at hand, by grasping the tongue and par-
tially withdrawing it from the mouth, and by placing a block of
wood between the back teeth, while all parts of the mouth are exposed
to a good light, so that the presence of any foreign substance may be
detected. The cause will sometimes be found to depend on a short
piece of wood becoming fixed on the palate, its two ends resting on
the upper molar teeth of each side; or it may depend on a needle,
thorn, or spinter of wood becoming embedded in the tongue. Some-
times a sharp piece of tin or other metal may become partially em-
bedded in the inner surface of the cheek. Hay occasionally possesses
some quality, usually dependent upon its having heated in the mow
or having become moldy, which produces salivation. Second-crop
clover and some irritant weeds in the pasture or forage may cause
salivation. Cattle rubbed with mercurial ointment may in licking
themselves swallow enough mercury to bring about the same result.
(See ‘‘Mercury poisoning,” p. 59.) Such cases, of course, arise from
the constitutional action of mercury, and indicate the danger of using
such a preparation externally on account of the common habit which
the animals have of licking themselves. Mercury is also readily -
absorbed through the skin, and, as cattle are very susceptible to its
action, it is thus easy for them to be poisoned by it even without lick-
ing it from the surface.

Treatment.—If salivation depends on the irritation and inflamma-
tion set up by the ingestion of acrid plants, or forage possessing some
peculiar stimulating property, the food must be changed and a lotion
composed of an ounce of powdered alum dissolved in a quart of water
may be syringed into the mouth twice a day, using half a pint of the

61386—08——2
18 DISEASES OF CATTLE.

solution each time. If, however, the salivation depends on the
presence of a thorn, splinter of wood, or any other foreign substance
embedded in the cheek or tongue, remove the offending object and
wash the mouth occasionally with a weak solution (2 per cent) of car-
bolic acid and tepid water. When salivation is produced by mercu-
rial poisoning or by the foot-and-mouth disease, the treatment appro-
priate to those general conditions of the system, as well as the local
treatment, must be applied. 7

IRREGULARITIES OF THE TEETH.

Irregularities of the teeth may be occasioned by the unequal wear-
ing of some of the teeth or by some of the incisors being broken, which
may happen when cattle are pastured on sandy or gravelly soil. The
molar teeth may also show irregular wear from similar causes, or from
a disease or malformation of the jaw. Their edges may become sharp,
or it may happen that a molar tooth has been accidentally factured.
It may also occur that a supernumerary tooth has developed in an
unusual position, and that it interferes with the natural and regular
mastication of the food.

Treatment.—The mouth may be examined by grasping the animal’s
tongue with one hand and partially withdrawing it from the mouth,
so as to expose the incisor and molar teeth to inspection. When it
is desired, however, to examine the molar teeth with the fingers, so as
to obtain amore precise idea of their condition, an instrument like
the balling iron which is used for the horse should be introduced into
the mouth, so as to separate the jaws and keep them apart while the
examination is being made. Any sharp edges of the molars must be
removed by the tooth rasp, such as is used for horses. Any super-
numerary tooth which interferes with mastication or any tooth which
is fractured or loose should be extracted. In performing such oper-
ations it is desirable to throw, or cast, the animal, and to have its
head held securely, so as to enable the operator to do what is neces-
sary without difficulty.

CARIES OR DECAY OF THE TEETH.

The presence of caries may be suspected if the mouth exhales a bad
odor and if the animal occasionally stops during mastication as if it
werein pain. The existence of caries in a molar tooth may be ascer-
tained by examining the mouth in the manner already described. If
one of the molars is found to be carious, it should be extracted
When the crown of the tooth has been destroyed and only the stump
or root is left, extraction will be impracticable. In such cases it is
best to sell the animal to the butcher unless it have special value in
which case the root stumps may be removed by a veterinarian by is
operation of trephining.
DISEASES OF THE DIGESTIVE ORGANS. 19
ACTINOMYCOSIS OF THE JAWBONES (BIG JAW OR LUMPY JAW).
[See Actinomycosis p. 430.]

INFLAMMATION OF MUCOUS MEMBRANE OF MOUTH (STOMATITIS).

The membrane of the mouth may be become inflamed by cattle eating
some irritating substance or plant, or little vesicles may form in the
mouths of calves when they are affected with indigestion, constitu-
ting what is termed aphtha.

Symptoms.—The saliva dribbles from the mouth, and when the
mouth is examined the surface of the tongue and other parts will
appear red and inflamed. When young animals are affected with
the form of disease termed aphtha, small red elevations will be observed
on the tongue and other parts of the mouth, having little white points
on their centers, which consist of the epithelium of the mucous mem-
brane raised into vesicles. These white patches are succeeded by
ulcerated surfaces, which are caused by the shedding of the white
patches of epithelium.

Treatment.—W hen there is merely a reddened and inflamed condi-
tion of the mucous membrane of the mouth, it will suffice to syringe
it out several times a day with 4 ounces of the following solution:
Alum, 1 ounce; water, 2 pints. When the edges of the tongue and
other parts of the mouth are studded with ulcers, these should be
painted over once a day until the affected surface is healed, with the
following solution: Permanganate of potash, 20 grains; water, 1 ounce.
When indigestion is associated with an ulcerated condition of the
mouth, separate treatment is required.

ULCERATIVE STOMATITIS (OR ULCERS IN THE MOUTHS OF YOUNG CALVES),
[See N ecrotic stomatitis, p. 451.]
INDURATION OF THE TONGUE (ACTINOMYCOSIS).
[See Actinomycosis, p. 430.]
DISEASES OF THE PHARYNX AND GULLET.
PHARYNGITIS (SORE THROAT).

This is an inflammation of the mucous membrane lining the pharynx.
It is frequently associated with inflammatory diseases of the respira-
tory tract, such as laryngitis and bronchitis or pleurisy.

Symptoms.—The muzzle is dry and the saliva dribbles from the cor-
ners of the mouth; the animal either does not swallow or swallows with
difficulty, and holds its neck in a stiff, straight position, moving it as
little as possible. The eyelids are half closed, the white of the eye is
bloodshot, and the animal occasionally grinds its teeth. After masti-
20 DISEASES OF CATTLE,

cating the food the animal drops it out of its mouth as if to avoid the
pain of swallowing, and also evinces pain when pressure is applied on
the pharynx externally and tries to prevent such pressure being
applied.

Causes.—Pharyngitis may be produced by a sudden cooling of the
surface of the body, as when cattle are exposed to a cold wind or a
cold rain; or by swallowing irritant substances.

Treatment.—The throat should be syringed three times a day with
an ounce of the following solution: Nitrate of silver, 14 drams, dis-
tilled water, 1 pint. Bland and soothing drinks, such as linseed tea
or oatmeal and water, should occasionally be offered. Diet should
consist of soft food, such as bran mashes with a little linseed meal
mixed in them. Dry hay and fodder should be avoided. Fresh
green grass or sound ensilage may be fed in small quantities. The
upper part of the throat and the space between the jaws should be
well rubbed once a day with the following liniment: Liquor ammonia
fortior, 4 ounces; oil of turpentine, 4 ounces; olive oil, 4 ounces;
mix. When evidence of blistering appears the application of the lin-
iment should be stopped and the skin anointed with vaseline. Under
the above treatment the inflammation of the throat will gradually
subside and the animal will be able to swallow as usual in five or six
days. We need hardly say that during its treatment the sick animal
should be kept in a comfortable stable.

PAROTITIS.

Inflammation of the parotid gland may arise from the inflammation
extending to it when an ox is affected with pharyngitis or laryngitis,
or the inflammation may commence in the salivary ducts and may
depend on some influence the nature of whichis unknown. Parotitis
sometimes arises from a blow or contusion which is severe enough to
set up inflammation in the structure of the gland. Tuberculosis and
actinomycosis may infrequently be characterized by the lodgment of
their parasitic causes in the parotid glands, in which case parotitis
may be a symptom of either of these diseases.

Sympioms.—There is an elongated painful swelling, beginning at
the base of the ear and passing downward along the posterior margin
of the lower jaw. The swelling is sometimes limited to one side, and
when both sides are swollen it is generally larger on one side than on
the other. The secretion of saliva is increased, the appetite is poor
the neck is stiff, so that it is painful to raise the head, and food is
swallowed with difficulty. In many cases the swelling of those glands
when submitted to proper treatment, disappears in a comparatively
short time. In other cases, however, the gland remains enlarged
even after the animal recovers its appetite. In tuberculosis ittie
phatic glands beneath the parotid glands are sometimes enlarged. thus
causing the appearance of enlarged parotid glands. °
DISEASES OF THE DIGESTIVE ORGANS. 21

Treatment.—A warm bran poultice, made by mixing bran with a
hot 2 per cent solution of creolin in water, should be applied on the
swollen gland, maintained in place by means of a bandage. When-
ever the poultice has cooled it should be replaced by a new one.
This treatment should be continued until the pain is less and the swell-
ing is reduced or until there is evidence of pus formation, which may
be ascertained by examining the surface of the gland with the fingers;
and when, on pressing any part of the surface, it is found to fluctuate
or ‘‘give,” then we may conclude that there is at that place a collec-
tion of pus. It is well not to open the abscess until the fluctuation
is well marked, as at this stage the pus or matter is near the surface
and there is less trouble in healing the wound than if the pus is deep
seated. The abscess should be opened with a clean, sharp knife.
The poulticing should then be continued for two or three days, but
the form of the poultice should be changed, by replacing the bran
with absorbent cotton and pouring the creolin solution on the cotton.
At all times the wound should be kept clean and the cavity injected
once or twice daily with a solution of 1 dram of carbolic acid in 8
ounces of water. Under this treatment the pus may cease and the
wound heal without complications. Saliva may issue from the orifice
and result in the formation of a salivary fistula. This requires oper-
ative treatment, which should be performed by a qualified veterina-
rian. When poulticing fails to reduce the swelling or produce
softening, the inflamed area may be rubbed once daily with camphor-
ated oil, compound iodin ointment, or painted twice daily with Lugol’s
solution of iodin. The diet should be as recommended under
Pharyngitis (p. 20).

PHARYNGEAL POLYPI.

Tumors form not infrequently in the pharynx, and may give rise to
a train of symptoms varying according to their size and location.
The tumor may be so situated that by shifting its position a little it
may partially obstruct the posterior nares (nostrils), when, of course,
it will render nasal breathing very noisy and labored. In another
situation its partial displacement may impede the entrance of air into
the larynx. In almost any part of the pharynx, but especially near
the entrance of the gullet, they will interfere with the act of swal-
lowing. As these tumors are frequently attached to the wall of the
pharynx by a pedicel, or stalk, it will be seen that they may readily
be displaced in different directions so as to produce the symptoms
before described. Enlarged postpharyngeal lymphatic glands are not
rare in tuberculosis and by pressing upon the wall of the pharynx
and restricting the lumen of this organ they cause difficulty in both
breathing and swallowing. Such enlarged glands may be differenti-
ated from tumors by passing the hand into the cow’s throat after the
jaws are separated by a suitable speculum or gag.
22 DISEASES OF CATTLE.

Treatment.—The method of treatment followed in such cases is to
separate the animal’s jaws with an instrument termed a gag, and then,
after drawing the tongue partially forward, to pass the hand into the
pharynx and to gently twist the tumor from its attachment. One
veterinarian who has had considerable practice in treating this form
of disease scrapes through the attachment of the tumor gradually
with-his thumb nail. In cases where the attachment is too strong to
be severed in this way an instrument like a thimble, but possessing
a sharp edge at the end, might be used to effect the same purpose, or
the base of the tumor may be severed by the use of a crushing instru-
ment known as an écraseur.

CHOKING,

This accident usually happens from attempting to swallow too large
an object, such as a turnip, potato, beet, or an apple or pear, though
in rare cases choking may occur from bran, chaff, or some other finely
divided food lodging in and filling up a portion of the gullet. This
latter form of the accident is most likely to occur in animals which
are greedy feeders.

Symptoms.—The symptoms will vary somewhat according to the part
of the gullet or throat in which the obstruction is located. In most
cases there is a discharge of saliva from the mouth; the animal coughs
frequently, and when it drinks the water is soon ejected. The cow
stops eating and stands back from the trough, the expression is
troubled, breathing is accelerated, and oftentimes the animal bloats
asa result of the retention of gas in the paunch. These symptoms,
however, are not always present, for if the obstacle does not com-
pletely close the throat, or gullet, gas and water may pass, thus amel-
iorating the discomfort. If the obstruction is in the neck portion of
the gullet, it may be felt as a lump in the left jugular gutter.

Treatment.—If the object is in the throat, it is advisable to puta
gag in the animal’s mouth, and, while the head isheld in a horizontal
direction by two assistants, to pass the hand into the pharynx, grasp
the foreign body, and withdraw it gradually and steadily. When the
substance is lodged in the upper part of the gullet, pressure should
be made by an assistant in an upward direction against the object
while the operator passes his hand into the pharynx, and if the assist-
ant can not by pressure dislodge the substance from the gullet, the
operator may by passing his middle finger above and partly behind
the substance gradually slide the object into the pharynx and then
withdraw it bythe mouth. The presence of an obstructing substance
in the cervical portion of the gullet may be ascertained by passing the
hand along the left side of the neck, when a hard and painless swell-
ing will be found to indicate the presence of the foreign body. In
such cases we must endeavor by gentle and persevering pressure with
DISEASES OF THE DIGESTIVE ORGANS. 23

the thumb and two next fingers to slide the obstructing substance
gradually upward to the pharynx. To facilitate this it is well to give
the animal a half pint of raw linseed or olive oil before the manipu-
lations described are commenced. When the substance has been
brought into or nearly into the pharynx, then the mouth gag should
be used, the tongue drawn partially forward with the left hand, and
the right should be passed backward into the pharynx to withdraw
the obstruction. When bran or chaff causes the trouble it is best
to give a small quantity of oil to lubricate the walls of the gullet and
then by gentle and persevering pressure to endeavor to separate and
divide the mass and to work it downward toward the stomach.
This will be assisted by pouring small quantities of oil-and water
down the animal’s throat. It is not advisable to use the probang to
push down any soft material, such as oats or chaff, as this generally °
condenses and renders firmer the obstructing substance by pressing
its particles or elements together, so that it forms a solid, resisting
mass which can not be moved.

In some cases, either because located in the chest portion of the
esophagus, and so beyond reach, or because too firmly seated, the
foreign body can not be dislodged from the neck by pressing and
manipulating that part externally. In such an event we must resort
to the use of the probang. (PI. III, figs. 2 and 3.) A probang is a
flexible instrument, and adapts itself to the natural curvature of the
gullet, so that if it is used cautiously there is not much risk of injury.
Before passing the probang, a gag which has an aperture at each
end, from which straps pass to be buckled at the back of the head
below the horns, is intreduced into the mouth. (PI. III, fig. 4.) The
probang should then be oiled, and, the head and neck being held in a
straight line by two assistants, the tongue must be partly drawn out
of the mouth, the probang cautiously passed along the roof of the
mouth into the pharynx and thence into the gullet, through which it
is passed down. If resistance is met, gentle and continuous pressure
must be employed, under the influence of which the agent will gener-
ally in a short time pass into the stomach. One must be careful not
to pass the probang into the larynx and thence into the windpipe of
the cow. An animal may readily be killed in this way. This accident
is indicated by efforts to cough and by violently disturbed breathing.
If such symptoms arise the probang must be withdrawn at once. To
avoid a wrong passage, the end of the tube should be pressed through
the throat very slowly until its presence in the esophagus is assured.
After it is once in the esophagus care is still necessary, because the
walls of this tube may easily be torn.

Some writers have advised that when the obstruction is lodged in
the cervical (neck) portion of the gullet it should be struck with a
24 DISEASES OF CATTLE.

mallet, so as to crush it and thus alter its shape, so that it may easily
slip down into the stomach. If the obstructing substance is hard,
this will be a dangerous operation, but if soft—as in case of a ripe
pear, for example—this proceeding may be safely adopted.

In all cases where pressure applied on the neck fails to move the
obstruction and the probang also fails to move it, it may be divided
by a subcutaneous operation or the gullet may be opened and the
obstructing substance removed through the wound. In such cases
the assistance of a veterinarian or a surgeon must be obtained.

WOUNDS AND INJURIES OF THE GULLET.

Sometimes from the rash and too forcible use of the probang the
walls of the gullet may be more or less lacerated or abraded, and the
* animal consequently swallows with pain and difficulty. In such eases
dry feed must be withheld for five or six days, so as to allow the
injured parts to heal, and the diet must be limited to linseed tea, hay
tea, and thin oatmeal gruel and molasses. The same kind of diet
must be fed after the operation of cutting into the gullet has been
performed.

Sometimes the gullet is ruptured and lacerated to such an extent
that treatment of any kind ishopeless. This has been known to occur
when the handle of a pitchfork or a buggy whip has been pushed
down a cow’s throat to remove an obstruction. Where,such treat-
ment has been applied it is best to slaughter the animal without delay,
as the flesh may be utilized so long as there is no fever or general dis-
ease, and remedial treatment would be hopeless. In this connection
it may be mentioned that whatever substitute may be used for a pro-
bang, which sometimes is not at hand, it should be flexible and should
possess a smooth surface. A piece of new rope, with the end closely
wrapped and waxed and then oiled, or a piece of thin garden hose, or
a well-wrapped twisted wire may be used in emergencies.

DISEASES OF THE STOMACH.
ACUTE TYMPANITES (HOVEN, OR BLOATING),

This disease is characterized by swelling of the left flank, and is
caused by the formation of gas in the rumen, or paunch. (See Pls.
I and II.)

Causes.—Tympanites may be caused by any kind of food which pro-
duces indigestion. When cattle are first turned into young clover
they eat so greedily of it that tympanites frequently results; turnips
potatoes, and cabbage may also cause it; middlings and corn naeAl
also frequently give rise to it. In this connection it may be stated
that an excessive quantity of any of the before-mentioned foods may
DISEASES OF THE DIGESTIVE ORGANS. 25

bring on this disorder, or it may not be due to excess, but to eating
too hastily. Sometimes the quality of the food is at fault. Grass or
clover when wet by dew or rain frequently disorders digestion and
brings on tympanites;.frozen roots or pastures covered with hoar
frost should also be regarded as dangerous. When food has been
eaten too hastily, or when it is cold and wet, the digestive process is
imperfectly performed, and the food contained in the paunch fer-
ments, during which process large quantities of gas are formed. The
same result may follow when a cow is choked, as the obstruction in
the gullet prevents the eructation or passing up of gas from the stom-
ach, so that the gas continues to accumulate until tympanites results.
Symptoms.—The swelling of the left flank is very characteristic, as
in well-marked cases the flank at its upper part rises above the level
of the backbone and when struck with the tips of the fingers emits a
drum-like sound. The animal has an anxious expression, moves
uneasily, and is evidently distressed. If relief is not obtained in time,
it breathes with difficulty, reels in walking or in standing, and ina
short time falls down and dies from suffocation. The distention of
the stomach may become so great that it pushes the diaphragm for-
ward against the lungs so as to squeeze and stop their movement,
thus preventing the animal from breathing, and in some instances
the case may be complicated by rupture of the stomach.
Treatment.—If the case is not extreme, it may be sufficient to drive
the animal at a walk for a quarter or half an hour; or cold water by
the bucketful may be thrown against the cow’s sides. In some cases
the following simple treatment is successful: A rope or a twisted
straw band is coated with pine tar, wagon grease, or other unsavory
substance, and is placed in the cow’s mouth as a bit, being secured
by tying behind the horns. The efforts of the animal to dislodge this
object result in movements of the tongue, jaws, and throat that stim-
ulate the secretion of saliva and swallowing, thus opening the esoph-
agus, which permits the exit of gas, and at the same time peristalsis
is stimulated reflexly. In urgent cases the gas must be allowed to
escape without delay, and this is best accomplished by the use of the
trocar. The trocar is a sharp-pointed instrument ineased in a sheath,
which leaves the sharp point of the trocar free. (See Pl. III, figs. 5a
and 50.) In selecting the point for using the trocar, a spot on the
left side equally distant from the last rib, the hip bone, and the trans-
verse processes of the lumbar vertebre must be chosen. Here an
incision about three-fourths of an inch long should be made with a
knife through the skin, and then, the sharp point of the trocar being
directed downward, inward, and slightly forward, is thrust into the
paunch. (Pl. I.) The sheath of the trocar should be left in the
paunch so long as any gas continues to issue from it. If the canula
26 DISEASES OF CATTLE.

or sheath of the trocar is removed while gas is still forming in the
paunch and the left flank becomes considerably swollen it may be
necessary to insert it again. It is well, accordingly, to observe the
canula closely, and, if gas is found to be issuing from it, it should not
be removed. When gas issues from the canula in considerable quan-
tity the sound accompanying its escape renders the exact condition
obvious. It is occasionally necessary to keep the canula in the stom-
ach for several hours. When this is necessary, a piece of stout cord
should be passed round the neck of the canula immediately below the
projecting rim and then be passed round the animal’s body and tied
in a secure knot, and a careful attendant must remain with the cow
during the entire period that the instrument is.in place. The rim
surrounding the mouth of the canula should be in contact with the
skin. Whenever the person in charge of the cow is satisfied that gas
has ceased to issue from the canula the instrument should be removed.

The canula is to be employed only in extreme or urgent cases,
though everyone who has had experience in treating indigestion in
cattle will realize that he has saved the lives of many animals by its
prompt application. When the tympanitic animal is not distressed
and the swelling of the flank is not great, or when the most distress-
ing condition has been removed by the use of the trocar, it is best to
resort to the administration of internal medicine. Two ounces of
aromatic spirits of ammonia should be given every half hour ina
quart of cold water, or half an ounce of chlorid of lime may be dis-
solved in a pint of tepid water and the dose repeated every half hour
until the bloating has subsided, or 1 ounce of creolin in 2 quarts of
tepid water may be given at one dose or carefully injected through
the canula directly into the paunch to inhibit fermentation and the
recurrent formation of gas. It is generally necessary to give a dose
of purgative medicine after bloating has subsided, as animals fre-
quently show symptoms of constipation after attacks of indigestion.
For this purpose 1 or 14 pounds of Glauber’s salts may be used.

CHRONIC TYMPANITES,

Cattle, especially those which have been kept in the stable all win-
ter, are liable to suffer from chronic tympanites. In this form the
animal bloats up after feeding, but seldom swells so much as to cause
any alarm. The chronic form of indigestion may also follow an acute
attack like that previously described. This is also a symptom of
tuberculosis in those cases in which the lymphatic glands lying be-
tween the lungs are so enlarged as to press upon and partly occlude
the esophagus.

Treatment.—Treatment should be preceded by a moderate dose of
purgative medicine: 1 pound of sulphate of magnesia (Epsom salts)
DISEASES OF THE DIGESTIVE ORGANS. 27

or sulphate of soda (Glauber’s salts), half an ounce of powdered
Barbados aloes, 1 ounce of powdered ginger, 1 pint of molasses. The
salts and aloes should be dissolved by stirring for a few minutes in
2 quarts of lukewarm water, then the molasses should be added,
and after all the ingredients have been stirred together for about
ten minutes the dose should be administered. It will generally be
necessary after the operation of the purgative to give some tonic
and antacid preparation to promote digestion, which is imperfectly
performed in such cases. The following may be used: Powdered
gentian, 3 ounces; powdered bicarbonate of potash, 3 ounces; pow-
dered ginger, 3 ounces; powdered capsicum, 1 ounce. Mix and
divide into twelve powders, one of which should be given three
times a day before feeding, shaken up with half a pint of whisky
and a pint of water. It is also advantageous in such cases to give
two heaped teaspoonfuls of wood charcoal, mixed with the animal’s
feed three times a day. The animal should also go out during the
day, as want of exercise favors the continuance of this form of
indigestion. If the dung is hard, the constipation should be over-
come by feeding a little flaxseed twice daily or by giving a handful of
Glauber’s salts in the feed once or twice daily, as may be necessary.
Roots, silage, and other succulent feeds are useful in this connection.
If tuberculosis is suspected as the cause of the chronic bloating, a
skilled veterinarian should be employed to make a diagnosis, using
the tuberculin test if necessary. Until it is settled that the cow has
not tuberculosis, she should be kept apart from the other members of
the herd.

DISTENTION OF RUMEN, OR PAUNCH, WITH FOOD.

This form of indigestion is caused by the animal gorging itself with
food, and arises more from the animal’s voracious appetite than from
any defect in the quality of the food supplied to it. The condition
is, however, more severe if the food consumed is especially concen-
trated or difficult of digestion. In cases of this kind there is com-
paratively no great formation of gas, and the gas which is formed is
diffused through the stomach instead of accumulating in a layer in
its upper part. On pressing the flank with the closed fist the indent
of the hand remains for a short time in the flank, as if the rumen
were filled with a soft, doughy mass.

This form of indigestion should be treated by stimulants, such as
alcohol, wine, or aromatic spirits of ammonia.

If the formation of gas is not great and the distention with solid
material is somewhat limited, the animal may be drenched through
a piece of ordinary garden hose, one end inserted in the mouth, like
the neck of a bottle, and the other end fitted with a funnel, giving
14 pounds of sulphate of magnesia, or sulphate of soda, dissolved in
28 DISEASES OF CATTLE.

2 gallons of water, at a single dose. Immediately after this treat-
ment, the left side of the animal, extending below the median line of
the abdomen, should be powerfully kneaded with the fist, so that the
impacted food mass will be broken, allowing the water to separate it
into small portions, which can be carried downward for the process
of digestion. But if the treatment applied fails and the impacted or
overloaded condition of the rumen continues, it may become neces-
sary to make an incision with a sharp, long-bladed knife in the left
flank, commencing at the point where it is usual to puncture the
stomach of an ox, and prolong the incision in a downward direction
until it is long enough to admit the hand. When the point of the
knife is thrust into the flank and the blade cuts downward, the wall
of the stomach, the muscle, and the skin should all be cut through
at the sametime. Two assistants should hold the edges of the wound
together so as to prevent any food slipping between the flank and
the wall of the stomach, and then the operator should remove two-
thirds of the contents of the rumen. This having been done, the
edges of the wound should be sponged with a little carbolized warm
water, and, the lips of the wound in the rumen being turned inward,
they should be brought together with catgut stitches. The wound
penetrating the muscle and the skin may then be brought together
by silk stitches, which should pass through the entire thickness of
the muscle and should be about 1 inch apart. The wound should
afterwards be dressed once a day with a lotion and the animal cov-
ered with a tight linen sheet, to protect the wound from insects and
dirt. The lotion to be used in such a case is made up as follows:
Sulphate of zinc, 1 dram; carbolic acid, 2 drams; glycerin, 2 ounces;
water, 14 ounces; mix. It is clear that this operation requires special
skill and it should be attempted only by those who are competent.

IMAGINARY DISEASES.

HOLLOW HORN; LOSS OF CUD; WOLF IN THE TAIL

It would appear quite in place here, in connection with the diseases
of the stomach and bowels of cattle, to consider the three old fallacies
or superstitions known by the above names, since these names, when
and wherever used, seem to be invariably applied to some form of
digestive derangement or disease having its origin in the stomach
and bowels.

HOLLOW HORN.—In the first place it should be noted that the horns
of all animals of the ox tribe are hollow. The horn cores are elonga-
tions of the frontal bones of the skull, and the frontal sinuses, which
are the larger of the air spaces of the head, are prolonged into the
horn cores. When a cow is sick, if the horns are hot it is an evi-
DISEASES OF THE DIGESTIVE ORGANS. 29

dence of fever; if they are cold it indicates impaired circulation of
the blood, but these manifestations of sickness are to be regarded as
symptoms of some constitutional disorder and do not in themselves
require treatment. The treatment should be applied to the disease
which causes: the abnormal temperature of the horns. The usual
treatment for the supposed hollow horn, which consists of boring the
horns with a gimlet and pouring turpentine in the openings thus
made, is not only useless and cruel, but is liable to set up an acute
inflammation and result in an abscess of the sinus.

Loss oF cuD.—The so-called loss of cud is simply a cessation of -
rumination, frequently one of the first indications of sickness in any
kind of a ruminant animal, since ruminants generally stop chewing
the cud when feeling much out of condition. A restoration of the
cud may be confidently looked for with an approaching return of the
animal to a state of normal health. This may be facilitated by the
intelligent application of the remedies indicated in the treatment of
the disordered condition responsible for the cessation of rumination.
No local treatment is required.

WOLF IN THE TAIL.—The so-called wolf in the tail is most gener-
ally treated by those who are possessed of this fallacious belief by
splitting the end of the tail with a knife, filling the cut with salt, and
binding with a cloth. This imagined trouble is nothing more than a
debilitated condition of the system, resulting in a relaxed or softened
condition of the tail, especially at its extremity. It is evident that
it is the constitutional disorder which requires treatment and not the
relaxed tail.

When the immense volume and complicated arrangement of the
gastric pouches of the cow is considered, together with the great
quantities of aliment required in the elaboration of milk and for the
animal’s nutrition, it is small wonder, in view of the carelessness so
often apparent as to both the kinds and quality of food, that disease
of the digestive organs in these animals is of more frequent occur-
rence than other diseases. And it is believed that a recognition of
the facts contained in the foregoing statements will not only tend to
dissipate any remaining belief in these old fallacies, but to a more
humane and rational treatment of the various forms of indigestion or
dyspepsia, of which those manifestations giving rise to impressions
of hollow horn, loss of cud, and wolf in the tail are but symptoms.

VOMITING.

This is not to be confounded with rumination, though some writers
have advanced the opinion that vomiting is merely a disordered
and irregular rumination. It is not of common occurrence in cattle,
though it sometimes occurs.
30 DISEASES OF CATTLE.

Symptoms.—Animals which vomit are frequently in poor condition.
After having eaten tranquilly for some time the animal suddenly
becomes uneasy, arches the back, stretches the neck and head, and
then suddenly ejects 10 or 12 pounds of the contents of the rumen.
After having done this the uneasiness subsides, and in a short time
the animal resumes eating as if nothing had happened.

Cause.—The cause of this disordered state of the digestive system
in cattle is usually obscure, but has in some cases been traced to a
partial closure of the opening into the second stomach or to a disten-
tion of the esophagus. It has been found to occur when there was
cancerous disease of the fourth stomach, and experimentally it has
been shown that a suspension of digestion or great derangement of
the fourth stomach produces considerable nervous disorder of the
rumen and sometimes vomiting or attempt to vomit.

Treatment.—Easily digested food and plenty of water should be
given. Fear and excitement, chasing, or hurrying animals after eat-
ing heartily are apt to bring on this result. In order to overcome
irritation which may produce vomiting, the following draft should be
given: Hydrate of chloral, half an ounce; whisky, 8 ounces; water,
1 pint. The dose must be repeated when the condition of the animal
seems to require it. As a rule, treatment is not successful.

DEPRAVED APPETITE (PICA).

Cattle suffering from this disease have a capricious and variable
appetite as regards their ordinary food, but evince a strong desire to
lick and eat substances for which healthy cattle show no inclination.
Alkaline and saline-tasting substances are especially attractive to
cattle having adepraved appetite, and they frequently lick lime, earth,
coal, gravel, and even the dung of other cattle. Cows in calf and
young cattle are especially liable to develop these symptoms. Ani-
mals affected in this way lose condition, their coat is staring, gait
slow, and small vesicles containing yeilow liquid form under the
tongue; the milk given by such cows is thin and watery. Such ani-
mals become restless and uneasy, as is indicated by frequent bellow-
ing. The disease may last for months, the animal ultimately dying
emaciated and exhausted. Depraved appetite frequently precedes the
condition in which the bones of cattle become brittle and fracture
easily, which is known as osteomalacia.

Causes.—It is generally believed, from the fact that this disease is
largely one of regions, that some condition of the soil and water and
of the local vegetation is responsible forit. Itis more prevalent some
years than others and is most common in old countries, where the soil
is more or less depleted. Cattle pastured on low, swampy land become
predisposed to it. It occasionally happens, however, that one indi-
DISEASES OF THE DIGESTIVE ORGANS. 31

t

vidual in a herd suffers though all are fed alike; in such cases the
disease must arise from an imperfect assimilation by the affected ani-
mal of the nutritive elements of the food which is supplied to it.

Treatment.—The aim in such cases must be to improve the process
of digestion and to supply the animal with a sufficiency of sound and
wholesome food. The following should be given to the cow three
times a day, a heaping tablespoonful constituting a dose: Carbonate
of iron, 4 ounces; finely ground bone or “‘bone flour,” 1 pound; pow-
dered gentian, 4 ounces; common salt, 8 ounces; powdered fenugreek,
4 ounces; mix. In addition to this, 3 tablespoonfuls of powdered
charcoal may be mixed with the animal’s food three times a day, and
a piece of rock salt should be placed where the animal can lick it at
will. German veterinarians have had brilliant results from the treat-
ment of this disease with subcutaneous injections of apomorphine in
doses of 1} to 5 grains for three or four days.

HAIR CONCRETIONS.

These concretions, or hair balls, result from the habit which some
cattle have of licking themselves or other animals. As a result the
hairs which are swallowed are carried round by the contractions
of the stomach and gradually assume the form of a small pellet, or
ball. This increases in size as fresh quantities of hair are introduced
into the stomach, which become adherent to the surface of the hair
ball. These hair balls are found most frequently in the reticulum, or
second stomach (Pl. II), though sometimes in the rumen. In calves
hair balls are generally found in the fourth stomach. There are no
certain symptoms by which we can determine the presence of hair
balls in the stomach, and therefore no treatment can be recommended
for such cases. In making post-mortem examinations of cattle, we
have sometimes found the walls of the reticulum transfixed with nails
or pieces of wire, and yet the animal during life had not shown any
symptoms of indigestion, but had died from maladies not involving
the second stomach.

INDIGESTION (DYSPEPSIA, OR GASTRO-INTESTINAL CATARRH).

Tympanites, already described, is a form of indigestion in which the
chief symptom and most threatening condition is the collection of gas
in the paunch. This symptom does not always accompany indiges-
tion, so it is well here to consider other forms under a separate head.
If indigestion is long continued the irritant abnormal products devel-
oped cause catarrh of the stomach and intestines—gastro-intestinal
eatarrh. Or, on the other hand, irritant substances ingested may
cause gastro-intestinal catarrh, which, in turn, will cause indigestion.
Hence it results that these several conditions are usually found
existing together.
32 DISEASES OF CATTLE.

Causes.—Irritant food, damaged food, overloading of the stomach,
and sudden changes of diet may cause this disease. Want of exer-
cise predisposes to it, or food which is coarse and indigestible may
after a time produce this condition. Food which possesses astringent -
properties and tends to check secretion may also act as an exciting
cause. Food in excessive quantity may lead to disorder of digestion
and to this disease. It is very likely to appear toward the end of
protracted seasons of drought, therefore a deficiency of water must be
regarded as one of the conditions which favor its development.

Symptoms.—Diminished appetite, rumination irregular, tongue
coated, mouth slimy, dung passed apparently not well digested and
smelling badly, dullness, and fullness of the flanks. The disease
may in some cases assume a chronic character, and in addition to the
foregoing symptoms slight bloating, or tympanites, of the left flank
may be observed; the animal breathes with effort and each respira-
tion may be accompanied by a grunt, the ears and horns are alter-
nately hot and cold, rumination ceases, the usual rumbling sound in
the stomach is not audible, the passage of dung is almost entirely
suspended, and the animal passes only a little mucus occasionally.
Sometimes there is alternating constipation and diarrhea. There is
low fever in many cases.

The disease continues a few days or a week in the mild cases, while
the severe cases may last several weeks. In the latter form the ema-
ciation and loss of strength may be very great. There is no appe-
tite, no rumination, or peristalsis. The mouth is hot and sticky, the
eyes have receded in their sockets, and milk secretion has ceased. In
such cases the outlook for recovery is unfavorable. The patient falls
away in flesh and becomes weaker, as is shown by the fact that one
frequently finds it lying down.

On examining animals which have died of this disease it is found
that the lining membrane of the fourth stomach and the intestines,
particularly the small intestine, is red, swollen, streaked with deeper
red or bluish lines, or spotted. The lining of the first three stomachs
is more or less softened, and may easily be peeled off. The third
stomach (psalter) contains dry, hard food masses closely adherent to
its walls.

In some cases the brain appears to become disordered, probably
from the pain and weakness and from the absorption of toxins gener
ated in the digestive canal. In such cases there-is weakness and an
unsteady gait, the animal does not appear to take notice of and will
consequently run against obstacles; after a time it falls down and
gives up to violent and disordered movements. This delirious condi-
tion is succeeded by coma or stupor, and death ensues.
PLATE 1,

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INSTRUMENTS USED IN TREATING DISEASES OF DIGESTIVE ORGANS.

 
DISEASES OF THE DIGESTIVE ORGANS. 33

Treatment.—Small quantities of roots, sweet silage, or selected grass
or hay should be offered several times daily: Very little food should
be allowed. Aromatic and demulcent drafts may be given to produce
a soothing effect on the mucous lining of the stomachs and to promote
digestion. Two ounces of chamomile flowers should be boiled for
twenty minutes in a quart of water and the infusion on cooling should
be given to the affected animal. This may be repeated about three
times a day. When constipation is present the following purgative
may be administered: One pound of Glauber’s salts dissolved in a
quart of linseed tea and a pint of molasses. After this purgative has
acted, if there is a lack of appetite and the animal does not ruminate
regularly, the powder mentioned in remarks on the treatment of
chronic tympanites may be given according to directions. The diet
must be rather laxative and of a digestible character after an attack
of this form of indigestion. Food should be given in moderate quan-
tities, as any excess by overtaxing the digestive functions may bring
onarelapse. Ice-cold water should be avoided.

INDIGESTION FROM DRINKING COLD WATER (COLIC).

This disorder is produced by drinking copiously of cold water,
which arrests digestion and produces cramp of the fourth stomach,
probably of the other stomachs, and also of the bowels.

Causes.—It is not customary for the ox to drink much water at once.
In fact, he usually drinks slowly and as if he were merely tasting the
water, letting some fall out at the corners of his mouth at every mouth-
ful. It would, therefore, seem to be contrary to the habits of the ox
to drink largely; but we find that during hot weather, when he has
been working, andis consequently very thirsty, if he drinks a large
quantity of cold water he may be immediately taken with a very severe
colic. Cows which are fed largely on dry hay drink copiously, like
the working ox, and become affected in precisely the same manner.

-In such cases they are seized with a chill or fit of trembling before the
cramps come on.

Symptoms.—There is some distention of the abdomen, but no accu-
mulation of gas. As the distention and pain occur immediately after
the animal has drunk the water, there can be no doubt as to the
exciting cause.

Treatment.—W alk the animal about for ten minutes before admin-
istering medicine, as this allows time for a portion of the contents of
the stomach to pass into the bowel, and renders it safer to give medi-
cine. In many cases the walking exercise and the diarrhea bring
about a spontaneous cure of this disorder, but as in some instances
the cramps and pains of the stomachs persist, one may give 1 ounce

61386—08——3
34 DISEASES OF CATTLE.

of sulphuric ether and 1 ounce of tincture of opium, shaken up with
a pint of warm water, and repeat the dose in half an hour if the ani-
mal is not relieved. In an emergency when medicine is not to be had,
half a pint of whisky may be substituted for medicine, and should be
given mixed with a pint of warm water; or a tablespoonful of pow-
dered ginger may be administered in the same way as the remedies

already mentioned.

INDIGESTION IN CALVES (GASTRO-INTESTINAL CATARRH, DIARRHEA, OR SCOUR).

Sucking calves are subject to a form of diarrhea to which the above
designations have been applied.

Causes.—Calves which suck their dams are not frequently affected
with this disease, though it may be occasioned by their sucking at
long intervals, and thus overloading the stomach and bringing on indi-
gestion, or from improper feeding of the dam on soft, watery, or
damaged foods. Suckling the calf at irregular times may also cause it.
Exposure to damp and cold is a potent predisposing cause. Calves
which are separated from their dams and which receive considerable
quantities of cold milk at long intervals are liable to contract this
form of indigestion. Calves fed on artificial food, used as a substi-
tute for milk, frequently contract it. Damaged food, sour or rotten
milk, milk in dirty cans, skim milk from a dirty creamery skim-milk
vat, skim milk hauled warm, exposed to the sun, and fed from
unclean buckets, may all cause this disease.

Symptoms.—The calf is depressed; appetite is poor; sometimes
there is fever; the extremities are cold. The dung becomes gradually
softer and lighter in color until it is cream colored and little thicker
than milk. It has a most offensive odor and may contain clumps of
curd. Later it contains mucus and gas bubbles. It sticks to the
hair of the tail and buttocks, causing the hair to drop off and the skin
to become irritated. There may be pain on passing dung and also
abdominal or colicky pain. The calf stands about with the back
arched and belly contracted. There may be tympanites. Great weak-
ness ensues in severe cases, and without prompt and successful treat-
ment death soon follows.

Treatment.—Remove the cause. Give appropriate food of best
quality in small quantities. Make sure that the cow furnishing the
milk is healthy and is properly fed. Clean all milk vessels. Clean
and disinfect the stalls. For the diarrhea give two raw eggs, or a cup
of strong coffee, or 2 ounces of blackberry brandy. If the case is
severe, give 1 ounce of castor oil with a teaspoonful of creolin and
20 grains of subnitrate of bismuth. Repeat the bismuth and ereolin
with blackberry brandy and flaxseed tea every four hours,

Tannopi
may be used in dose of 15 to 30 grains. =
DISEASES OF THE DIGESTIVE ORGANS. 35

Calves artificially fed on whole or skim milk should receive only
such milk as is sweet and has been handled in a sanitary manner.
Milk should always be warmed to the body temperature before feed-
ing. When calves artificially milk fed develop diarrhea, the use of
the following treatment has given excellent results in many cases.
Immediately after milking, or the separation of the skim milk from
the cream, formalin should be added to the milk which is used for
feeding in the proportion of 1 to 4,000, which may be closely approxi-
mated by adding 4 drops of the formalin to each quart of milk. This
medicated milk should be fed to the calf in the usual ‘quantity.
When the diarrhea is not controlled by this treatment in three or
four days, the additional use of some of the agents recommended
above may assist in a recovery.

INFECTIOUS DIARRHEA; WHITE SCOUR.
[See chapter on Diseases of Young Calves, p. 244.]

GASTRO-ENTERITIS.

This consists of an inflammation of the walls of the stomachs and
of the bowel.

Gastro-enteritis, or inflammation of the walls of the stomachs and
intestines, follows upon irritations more severe or longer continued
than those that producd gastro-intestinal catarrh.

Causes.—Severe indigestion may be followed by gastro-enteritis, or
it may be caused by swallowing irritant poisons, such as arsenic or
corrosive sublimate or irritant plants. Exposure to cold or inclement
weather may produce this disease, especially in debilitated animals
or animals fed improperly. It is claimed that if cattle feed on vege-
tation infested with some kinds of caterpillars this disease may result.

Symptoms.—Dullness; drooping of the ears; dryness of the muzzle;
dry skin; staring coat; loins morbidly sensitive to pressure; fullness
of the left flank, which is owing to the distention of the fourth stomach
by gas. The pulse is small, the gait is feeble and staggering; each
step the animal makes is accompanied by a grunt, and this symptom
is especially marked if the animal happens to walk in a downward
direction. There is loss of appetite, and rumination is suspended.
The passages at first are few in number, hard, and are sometimes
coated with mucus or with blood. Later a severe diarrhea sets in,
when the passages contain mucus and blood and have an offensive
odor. There isevidence of colicky pain, and the abdomen is sensitive
to pressure. Pain may be continuous. There is fever and accelera-
tion of pulse rate and respirations. Mental depression and even
insensibility occur before death. The disease is always severe and
often fatal.

Post-mortem appearances.—The mucous membrane of the fourth
36 DISEASES OF OATTLE.

stomach has a well-marked red color and sometimes presents ulcera-
tions. The wall is thickened and softened, and similar conditions
are found in the walls of the intestines. The red discoloration extends
in spots or large areas quite through the wall, showing on the outside.

Treatment.—Very small quantities of carefully selected food must
be given and the appetite must not be forced. Protect the animal
well from cold anddampness. Internally, give linseed tea, boiled milk,
boiled oatmeal gruel, or rice water. These protectives may carry the
medicine. Tannopin in doses of 30 to 60 grains is good. Subnitrate
of bismuth in doses of 1 to 2drams may be given. Pulverized opium
may be used, if the diarrhea is severe, in 1 to 2 dram doses. If the
bowel movements are not free, one may give from a pint to a quart of
castor or raw linseed oil.

TRAUMATIC INFLAMMATION OF THE STOMACH.

This disease results from the presence of a foreign body. This
condition is not rare in cattle, because these animals have the habit of
swallowing their food without careful chewing, and so nails, screws,
hairpins, ends of wire, and other metal objects may be swallowed
unconsciously. Such objects gravitate to the second stomach, where
they may become caught in the folds of the lining mucous membrane,
and in some instances the wall of this organ is perforated. From this
accident, chronic indigestion results. The symptoms, more or less
characteristic, are pain when getting up or lying down; grunting and
pain upon sudden motion, especially down hill; coughing; pain on
pressure over the second stomach, which lies immediately above the
cartilaginous prolongation of the sternum. If the presence of such a
foreign body is recognized, it may be removed by a difficult surgical
operation; or, as is usually most economical, the animal may be killed
for beef, if there is no fever. :

DISEASES OF THE BOWELS.

DIARRHEA AND DYSENTERY.
[See also Gastro-intestinal catarrh, p. 34.]

The word “‘ dysentery,” as it is commonly used in relation to the dis-
eases of animals, signifies a severe form of diarrhea.

Causes.—Diarrhea is a symptom of irritation of the intestines,
resulting in increased secretion or increased muscular contractions,
or both. The irritation is sometimes the result of chilling from
exposure, improper feeding, irritant foods, indigestion, organic dis-
eases of the intestines, or parasites.

Symptoms.—Passages from the bowels are frequent, at first con-
sisting of thin dung, but as the disease continues they become watery
and offensive-smelling, and may be even streaked with blood. At
first the animal shows no constitutional disturbance, but Inter it
becomes weak and may exhibit evidence of abdominal pain by look-
DISEASES OF THE DIGESTIVE ORGANS. 37

ing around to the side, drawing the feet together, lying down, or
moving restlessly. Sometimes this malady is accompanied by fever,
great depression, loss of strength, rapid loss of flesh, and it may
terminate in death.

Treatment.—When the disease depends on irritating properties of
the food which has been supplied to the animal, it is advisable to give
a mild purgative, such as a pint of castor or linseed oil.’ When the
secretions of the bowels are irritating, an ounce of carbonate of mag-
nesia and half an ounce of tincture of opium should be shaken up in
a quart of linseed tea and given to the animal three times a day until
the passages present a natural appearance. When there is debility,
want of appetite, no fever, but a continuance of the watery discharges
from the bowels, then an astringent may be given. For such cases
the following is serviceable: Tannic acid, 1 ounce; powdered gentian,
2 ounces; mix and divide into twelve powders, one powder to be
given three times a day until the passages present a natural appear-
ance. Each powder may be mixed with a half pint of whisky or
blackberry brandy and a pint of water. Tannopin is a new remedy
that is most useful in such cases. The dose is from 30 grains to
2 drams. Useful household remedies are raw eggs, strong coffee,
parched rye fiour, or decoction of oak bark. In all cases the food
must be given sparingly, and it should be carefully selected to insure
good quality. Complete rest in a box stall is desirable. When
diarrhea is a symptom of a malady characterized by the presence of
a blood poison, the treatment appropriate to such disease must be
applied.

SIMPLE ENTERITIS.
[See Gastro-enteritis, p. 35.]

CROUPOUS ENTERITIS.

Under certain conditions, severe irritation of the digestive canal
may, in cattle, cause a form of inflammation of the intestines (enter-
itis) that is characterized by the formation of a false membrane upon
the surface of the lining membrane of the intestines, and particularly
the large intestines. /

Symptoms.—There is fever, depression, loss of appetite, diarrhea,
and in the fecal masses shreds of leathery false membrane may be
found. These shreds are sometimes. mistaken for parasites or for
portions of the wall of the intestine.

Treatment.—Give a pound of Glauber’s salts, followed by bicar-
bonate of soda in doses of 2 ounces four times daily.

ENTERITIS (OBSTRUCTION RESULTING FROM INVAGINATION, OB INTUSSUSCEPTION,
TWISTING, AND KNOTTING OF THE BOWELS).

Inflammation may arise from a knot forming on some part of the
small intestine, from the portion of the bowel becoming twisted on
itself, or from one part of the bowel slipping into another, which is
88 DISEASES OF OATTLE.

termed invagination. This form of enteritis occurs occasionally in
animals of the bovine species. .

Causes.—The small intestine, which in the ox rests on the right
side of the rumen, is, from the position which it occupies, predisposed
to this accident. It has been ascertained that animals which have
shown symptoms of this malady have trotted, galloped, or made
other violent exertions in coming from drinking, or that they have
been chased by dogs or by animals of their own species while at pas-
ture. The accident is most likely to occur among cattle on very hilly
pastures. The danger of jumping or running is greatest when the
rumen is distended with food.

Symptoms.—This form of enteritis or obstruction is manifested by
severe colicky pains; the ox scrapes and strikes the ground with his
front and hind feet alternately; keeps lying down and getting up
again; he keeps his tail constantly raised and turns his nose fre-
quently to his right flank; he is frequently bloated, or tympanitic, on
that side. He refuses food and does not ruminate, and for some
hours suffers severe pains. At first he frequently passes thin dung,
and also urinates frequently, but passes only a little urine at a time.
On the second day the pains have become less acute; the animal
remains lying down; moans occasionally; his pulse is small and
quick; he refuses food and does notruminate. At this stage he does
not pass any dung, though sometimes. a small quantity of bloody
mucus may be passed. The animal passes very little urine. This
condition may continue for a considerable time, as cattle so affected
may live for fifteen or even twenty days.

Post-mortem appearance.—At death the bowels are found to be mis-
placed or obstructed, as mentioned above, and inflamed, the inflam-
mation always originating at the point where the intestine has been
invaginated, twisted, or knotted. Sometimes the part is gangrenous,
the compression of the blood vessels preventing circulation, and thus
causing the death of the tissues.

Treatment.—Purgatives, anodynes, and other remedies are of no
service in such cases, and bleeding also fails to produce any benefit.
Indeed, it is usually true that in such cases treatment is useless.
Some cases are recorded in which an incision has been made in the
flank, so as to enable the operator to restore the intestine to its normal
position or to remove the kink.

CONSTIPATION,

Constipation is to be regarded rather as a symptom of disease or of
faults in feeding than as a disease in itself. It occurs in almost all
general fevers unless the bowels are involved in Jocal disease. in
obstructions of all kinds, from feeding on dry, bulky food, ete. In
order to remove the constipation the treatment must be applied to
remove the causes which give rise toit. Calves sometimes suffer from
DISEASES OF THE DIGESTIVE ORGANS. , 39

constipation immediately after birth when the meconium that accumu-
lates in the bowels before birth is not passed. In such cases, give a
rectal injection of warm water and an ounce of castor oil shaken up
with an ounce of new milk. The mother’s milk is the best food to
prevent constipation in the new-born calf, as it contains a large
amount of fatty matter, which renders it laxative in its effects.

It is usually better to treat habitual constipation by a change of diet
-than by medicine. Flaxseed is a good food laxative. If the consti-
pation has lasted long, repeated small doses of purgatives are better
than a single large dose.

INTESTINAL WORMS,

[See chapter on “ The animal parasites of cattle.’’]
RUPTURES (VENTRAL HERNIA),

Ventral hernia, or rupture, is an escape of some one of the abdominal
organs through a rupture in the abdominal muscles, the skin remain-
ing intact. The rumen, the small intestine, or part of the large intes-
tine, and the fourth stomach are the parts which usually form a ventral
hernia in bovine animals.

Causes.—Hernia is frequently produced by blows of the horns,
kicks, and falls. In old cows hernia may sometimes occur without
any direct injury.

HERNIA OF THE RUMEN.—Hernia of the rumen is generally situated
on the left side of the abdomen, on account of the situation of the
rumen. In exceptional cases it may take place on the right side, and
in such cases it also generally happens that some folds of the intes-
tine pass into the hernial sac. Hernias have been classified into simple
or complicated, recent or old, traumatic (from mechanical injury) or
spontaneous.

In recent traumatic hernia there is swelling on the left side of the
lower part of the abdomen. The swelling is greatest in the cases of
hernia which are situated on the lower part of the abdomen. . Unless
an examination is made immediately after the injury has been inflicted
it is difficult, and sometimes impossible, to ascertain the exact extent
of the rupture, owing to the swelling which subsequently takes place.
Frequently there is no loss of appetite, fever, or other general symp-
toms attending the injury. From the twelfth to the fifteenth day the
swelling has generally subsided to such an extent that it is possible
by an examination to determine the extent of the rupture.

Tn old cows what is termed spontaneous hernia may sometimes take
place without any direct injury. The occurrence of this form of
hernia is explained by the increase in the size of the abdomen, which
takes place in an advanced stage of pregnancy, causing a thinning
and stretching of the muscular fibers, which at last may rupture, or
give way. Such hernias frequently occur about the end of the period
of gestation, and in some instances have contained the right sac of
40 DISEASES OF CATTLE.

the rumen, the omentum, the small and large intestines, a portion of
the liver, and the pregnant uterus.

In old hernias the swelling is soft and elastic, and if they have not
contracted adhesions to the sides of the laceration, they can be made
to disappear by pressure carefully applied. Sometimes this accident
is complicated by a rupture of the rumen, constituting a complicated
hernia. If a portion of the contents of the rumen escape into the
abdomen, the case will be aggravated by the occurrence of peritonitis.

HERNIA OF THE BOWEL.—When the intestines (PI. ITI, fig. 6) form
the contents of the hernia, it will be situated at the right side of the
abdomen. In an intestinal hernia the swelling is usually not painful,
of a doughy consistence or elastic, according as the intestine does or
does not contain alimentary matter. This swelling can generally be
made to disappear by pressure, and when it has been reduced one
can easily recognize the direction and extent of the hernial opening.
Hernias:of the bowel which are situated at the upper and right side
of the abdomen are usually formed by the small intestine. They are
less easily reduced than a hernia in a lower situation, but when
reduction has been effected they are less readily reproduced than
those occurring lower. In hernias of the small intestine, adhesion of
the protruding parts to the walls of the opening, or strangulation,
are complications which sometimes take place. If adhesion has taken
place the hernia can not be reduced by pressure, and when strangu-
lation has occurred the animal shows symptoms of pain—is restless,
turns its nose to the painful part, and shows those symptoms which
are usually collectively designated under the term colic. If relief is
not afforded, the animal will die.

HERNIA OF THE RENNET, OR FOURTH STOMACH.—This disease occa-
sionally occurs in calves and is usually caused by a blow from a cow’s
horn on the right flank of the calf. After such an accident a swell-
ing forms on the right flank near the last rib. This swelling may be
neither hot nor painful, even at first, and is soft to the touch. Itcan
be made to disappear by careful pressure, when the sides of the aper-
ture through which it has passed can be felt. The application of
pressure so as to cause the disappearance of the hernia is best made
immediately after the occurrence of the accident, or when the edema
which accompanies the swelling has disappeared.

Preatment. —When a hernia is reducible—that is, can be pushed
back into the abdomen—then, if it is of recent occurrence, it is advis-
able to maintain the natural position of the parts by bandaging and
to allow the walls of the laceration to grow together. The bowels
should be kept reasonably empty by avoiding the use of bulky food
and the animal must be kept quiet.

The following method of bandaging is recommended by Bouley:

First prepare a bandage (must be of strong material), about 10
: ’ yards ]
between 8 and 4 inches broad, and a flexible and solid piece of pasteboard eat
~

a. = =a = EF a

Ba =>

DISHASES OF THE DIGESTIVE ORGANS. 41

in size to the surface of the hernia. The protruding organ must then be replaced
in the abdomen and maintained in that position during the application of the
bandage. This being done, a layer of melted pitch and turpentine is quickly spread
on the skin covering the seat of the hernia, so as to extend somewhat beyond that
space. This adhesive layer is then covered with a layer of fine tow, then a new
layer of pitch and turpentine is spread on the tow, and the piece of pasteboard is
applied on the layer of pitch, its outer surface being covered with the same prep-
aration. Lastly, the bandage, adhering to the piece of pasteboard, to the skin, and
to the different turns which it makes around the body, is carefully applied so as to
form an immovable, rigid, and solid bandage, which will retain the hernia long
enough for the wound in the abdominal walls to heal permanently.

If the hernia is old and small it may be treated by injecting a strong
solution of common salt about the edges of the tear. This causes
swelling and inflammation, which, respectively, forces the protruded
organ back and closes the opening. There is some risk attached to
this method of treatment.

In small, old ventral hernias the method of compressing and slough-
ing off the skin has been used successfully. If the hernia is large a
radical operation will be necessary, and this is also true when the
symptoms indicate that a hernia is strangulated. This operation is
performed by cutting down on the hernia, restoring the organ to the
abdominal eavity, and then closing the wound with two sets of
stitches; the inner stitches, in the muscular wall, should be made
with catgut and the outer stitches, in the skin, may be made with silk
or silver wire. The strictest surgical cleanliness must be observed.
Bleeding vessels should be tied. Then a compress composed of ten
or twelve folds of cloth must be placed smoothly over the seat of
injury and a bandage applied around the body, the two ends being
fastened at the back. In the smaller kinds of hernia, nitric acid may
sometimes be applied with success. This treatment should not be
applied until the swelling and inflammation attending the appearance
of the hernia have subsided; then, the contents of the hernia having
been returned, the surface of skin corresponding to it is sponged over
with a solution composed of 1 part of nitric acid to 2 parts of water.
This treatment acts by exciting considerable inflammation, which has
the effect of causing swelling, and thus frequently closing the hernial
opening and preventing the contents of the sac from returning. A
second application should not be made until the inflammation excited
by the first has subsided. In what is termed spontaneous hernia it
is useless to apply any kind of treatment.

UMBILICAL HERNIA.—The umbilicus, or navel, is the aperture
through which the blood vessels pass from the mother to the fetus,
and naturally the sides of this aperture ought to adhere or unite after
birth. In very young animals, and sometimes in new-born calves,
this aperture in the abdominal muscles remains open and a part of
the bowel or a portion of the mesentery may slip through the open-
ing, constituting what is called umbilical hernia. The wall of the sac
42 DISEASES OF CATTLE.

is formed by the skin which is covered on the inner surface by a layer
of cellular tissue, and within this there is sometimes, but not always,
a layer of peritoneum. The contents of the hernia may be formed by
a part of the bowel, by a portion of the peritoneum, or may contain
portions of both peritoneum and bowel. When the sac contains only
peritoneum it has a doughy feel, but when it is formed by a portion
of the bowel it will be more elastic on applying pressure.

Causes.—In the new-born animal the opening of the navel is gener-
ally large, and this opening may sometimes give way to the pressure
of the bowel on account of the weak and relaxed condition of the
abdominal muscles. This defective and abnormal condition of the
umbilicus is frequently hereditary. It may be occasioned by roughly
pulling away the umbilical cord; through kicks or blows on the belly;
through any severe straining by which the sides of the navel are
stretched apart. We may mention in this connection that it is best
in new-born calves to tie the umbilical cord tightly about 2 inches
from the navel, and then to leave it alone, when it will drop off ina
few days in most cases, leaving the navel in a closed condition.

Treatment.—It is well to bear in mind that many, and especially the
smaller, umbilical hernias will heal spontaneously; that is, nature
effects a cure. As the animal gets older the abdominal muscles get
stronger and possess more power of resistance to pressure, the bowels
become larger and do not pass so readily through a small opening, so
that from a combination of causes there is a gradual growing together
or adhesion of the sides of the navel. In eases of umbilical hernia
where there are no indications that a spontaneous cure will take
place, the calf should be laid on its back, and immediately on this
being done the hernia will often disappear into the abdomen. If it
does not its reduction may be brought about by gentle handling,
endeavoring, if need be, to empty the organs forming the hernia
before returning them into the abdomen. After the hernia has been
returned the hair should be clipped from the skin covering it and a
compress composed of ten or twelve folds of linen or cotton should be
applied, first smearing the skin with pitch and then a bandage
about 3 inches wide should be passed round the body so as to retain
the compress in position. The lower part of the compress should be
smeared with pitch, and also those portions of the bandage which
pass over it, so as to keep it solid and prevent it from shifting. In
some cases it will be found that the contents of the sac can not be
returned into the abdomen, and this generally arises from the fact
that some part of the contents of the sac has grown to or become
adherent to the edges of the umbilical opening. In. such a case the
skin must be carefully laid open in the long direction, the adhesions
ee es

returned into the abdomen, the

sides of the umbilicus must be freshened if necessary by paring, and
>
DISEASES OF THE DIGESTIVE ORGANS. 43

then the edges of the opening brought together by catgut stitches;
the wound in the skin must then also be brought together by stitches.
The wound must be carefully dressed every day and a bandage passed
round the body so as to cover and protect the part operated on.

In sinall hernias nitric acid has been used successfully in the same
_ manner as has been described in speaking of the treatment of ventral
hernia. Sulphuric acid has also been used for a similar purpose, dilut-
ing it to the extent of 1 part of acid to 3 or 5 of water. In thin-
skinned animals the weaker preparations ought to be preferred, and
caution must be exercised in using such preparations so as not to
destroy the tissues on which they are applied.

Another method of treatment is, after the contents of the sac have
been returned into the abdomen, to tie a piece of strong waxed cord
round the pendulous portion which formed the outer covering of the
hernia. The string is apt to slacken after two or three days, when a
new piece of cord should be applied above the first one. The constric-
tion of the skin sets up inflammation, which generally extends to the
umbilicus and causes the edges to adhere together, and by the time
the portion of skin below the ligature has lost its vitality and dropped
off, the umbilicus is closed and there is no danger of the abdominal
organs protruding through it. This is what takes place when this
method has afavorable result, though if the umbilicus does not become
adherent and the skin sloughs, the bowels will protrude through the
opening.

GUT-TIE (PERITONEAL HERNIA).—In peritoneal hernia of the ox a
loop or knuckle of intestine enters from the abdomen into a rent in
that part of the peritoneum which is situated at the margin of the
hip bone or it passes under the remains of the spermatic cord, the
end of which may be grown fast to the inner inguinal ring. The
onward pressure of the bowel, as well as the occasional turning of the
latter round the spermatic cord, is the cause of the cord exercising
considerable pressure on the bowel, which occasions irritation,
obstructs the passage of excrement, and excites inflammation, which
terminates in gangrene and death.

The rent in the peritoneum is situated at the upper and front part
of the pelvis, nearer to the sacrum than the pubis. (PI. IL.)

Causes.—Among the causes of peritoneal hernia considerable impor-
tance is attached to a method of castration which is practiced in cer-
tain districts, viz, the tearing or rupturing of the spermatic cord by
main force instead of dividing it at a proper distance above the testi-
cle in a surgical manner. After this violent and rough method of
operating, the cord retracts into the abdomen and its stump becomes
adherent to some part of the peritoneum, or it may wind around the
bowel and then the stump becomes adherent so that strangulation of
the bowel results. The rough dragging on the cord may also cause a
tear in the peritoneum, the result of which need not be described. The
44 DISEASES OF CATTLE.

severe exertion of ascending hills and mountains, drawing heavy
loads, or the straining which oxen undergo while fighting each other
may also give rise to peritoneal hernia. 5

Symptoms.—The ox suddenly becomes very restless, stamps with his
feet, moves backward and forward, hurriedly lies down, rises, moves
his tail uneasily, and kicks at his belly with the foot of the affected
side. The pain evinced may diminish, but soon returns again. In the
early stage there are frequent passages of dung, but after the lapse of
eighteen to twenty-four hours this ceases, the bowel apparently being
emptied up to the point of strangulation, and the passages now con-
sist only of a little mucus mixed with blood. When injections are
given at this time the water passes out of the bowel without even
being colored. The animal lies down on the side where the hernia
exists and stretches out his hind feet in a backward direction. These
two particular symptoms serve to distinguish this affection from enter-
itis and invagination of the bowel. As time passes, the animal becomes
quieter, but this cessation of pain may indicate that gangrene of the
bowel has set in, and may, therefore, under certain circumstances, be
considered a precursor of death. Gangrene may take place in from
four to six days, when perforation of the bowel may occur and death
result in a short time.

Treatment.—The ox should in the first place be examined by oiling
the hand and arm and passing it into the rectum; the hand should be
passed along the margin of the pelvis, beginning at the sacrum and
continuing downward toward the inguinal ring, when a soft, painful
swelling will be felt, which may vary from the size of an apple to that
of the two fists. This swelling will be felt to be tightly compressed by
the spermatic cord. It very rarely happens that there is any similar
swelling on the left side, though it is best in such cases to make a
thorough examination. The bowel has sometimes been released from
its position by driving the ox down a hill, by causing him to jump
from a height of 2 feet to the ground, and the expedient of trotting
him has been resorted to with the hope that the jolting movement
might bring about a release of the bowel. If the simple expedients
mentioned have been tried and failed, then the hand being passed into
the rectum should be pressed gently on the swelling in an upward and
forward direction, so as to endeavor to push the imprisoned portion of
the bowel back into the abdomen. While this is being done the ox’s
hind feet should stand on higher ground than the front, so as to favor
the slipping out of the bowel by its own weight, and at the same time
an assistant should squeeze the animal’s loins, so as to cause it to bend
downward and so relax the band formed by the spermatic cord. If
the imprisoned portion of gut is freed, which may be ascertained by
the disappearance of the swelling, the usual sounds produced by the
bowels moving in the abdomen will be heard, and in a few hours the
feces and urine will be passed as usual. If the means mentioned fail
 

 

DISEASES OF THE DIGESTIVE ORGANS. 45

in releasing the imprisoned portion of the gut, then an incision about
4 inches long must be made in the right flank in a downward direc-
tion, the hand introduced into the abdomen, the situation and condi-
tion of swelling exactly ascertained, and then a probe-pointed knife
inserted between the imprisoned bowel and band compressing it, and

‘turned outward against the band, the latter being then cautiously

divided and the imprisoned gut allowed to escape, or, if necessary, the
bowel should be drawn gently from its position into the abdomen.
The wound in the flank must be brought together in the same way as
in the case of the wound made in operating for impaction of the rumen.

WOUNDS OF THE ABDOMEN.

A wound of the abdomen may merely penetrate the skin; but as
such cases are not attended with much danger, nor their treatment
with much difficulty, we propose to consider here merely those wounds
which penetrate the entire thickness of the abdominal walls and
expose to a greater or less extent the organs contained in that cavity.

Causes.—Such accidents may be occasioned by falling on fragments
of broken glass or other sharp objects. A blow from the horn of
another animal may produce a wound which penetrates the abdomen.
Exposure and protrusion of some of the abdominal organs may also be
occasioned by the incautious use of caustics in the treatment of
umbilical or ventral hernia. The parts which generally escape through
an abdominal wound are the small intestine and floating colon.

Symptoms.—W hen the abdominal wound is small, the bowel exposed
presents the appearance of asmallround tumor, but in a few moments
a loop of intestine may emerge from the opening. The animal then
shows symptoms of severe pain by pawing with his feet, which has the
effect of accelerating the passage of new loops of intestine through
the wound, so that the mass which they form may even touch the
ground. The pain becomes so great that the ox now not only paws
but lies down and rolls, thus tearing and crushing his bowels. In
such cases it is best to slaughter the animal at once; but in the case
of a valuable animal in which tearing and crushing of the bowels has
not taken place, the bowels should be washed with freshly boiled
water, reduced to the temperature of the body, and returned, and the
wounds in the muscle and skin brought together in a manner some-
what similar to that which was described in speaking of ventral hernia.

DISEASES OF THE LIVER AND SPLEEN.
JAUNDICE (THE YELLOWS, OR CONGESTION OF THE LIVER).
[Plate IV.]

When jaundice exists, there is a yellow appearance of the white of
the eyes and of the mucous membrane of the mouth. A similar aspect
of the skin may also be observed in animals which are either partly
46 DISEASES OF CATTLE. |

or altogether covered with white hair. Jaundice is then merely a
symptom of disease and ought to direct attention to ascertaining, if
possible, the cause or causes which have given rise to it. A swollen
condition of the mucous membrane of that part of the bowel called
the duodenum may produce jaundice, as that mechanically closes the
orifice of the biliary duct. In constipation there is an inactive or tor-
pid condition of the bowel, and the bile which passes into the intes-
tine may be absorbed and cause the yellow staining of jaundice.
Jaundice is one of the symptoms of Texas fever. It may also arise
from the presence of parasites or gallstones in the ducts, forming a
mechanical obstruction to the onward flow of bile. The conditions
under which jaundice most commonly calls for treatment are when
cattle have been highly fed and kept ina state of inactivity. Atsuch
atime there is an excess of nutritive elements carried into the blood,
which is associated with increased fullness of the portal vein and
hepatic artery. When continued high feeding has produced this
congested state of the liver, the functions of that organ become dis-
ordered, so that a considerable portion of the bile, instead of being
excreted and passing into the intestine, is absorbed by the hepatic
veins.

Symptoms.—This disease, although rare, occurs most frequently
among stall-fed cattle. Pressure along the margin of the short ribs
on the right side produces pain; the appetite is poor and the animal
shows hardly any inclination to drink; the mucous membranes of the
eye and mouth are yellow, the urine has a yellow or brown appear-
ance, the animal lies down much and moves with reluctance, moans
occasionally, and has a tottering gait. The ears and horns are alter-
nately hot and cold; in cows the secretion of milk is much diminished,
and that which is secreted has a bitter taste; sometimes the animal
has a dry, painful cough and presents a dull, stupefied appearance.

Treatment.—In such cases it is advisable to produce a free action of
the bowels, so as to remove the usually congested condition of the
portal vein and liver. For this purpose we recommend the adminis-
tration of the following dose: Sulphate of soda, 16 ounces; molasses,
1 pint; warm water, 1 quart. The sulphate of soda is dissolved by
stirring it up in tepid water. Following this the animal should have
a heaping tablespoonful of artificial Carlsbad salts in the food three
times daily. This treatment may be assisted by giving occasional
injections of warm water and soap. The diet should be laxative and
moderate in quantity, and may consist of coarse bran mash, pulped
roots, grass in the season, and hay in moderate quantity. ,

HEPATITIS (INFLAMMATION OF THE LIVER).

Hepatitis is an inflammation of the liver, and usually occurs as a
complication of some infectious disease. It may also occur as a com-
plication of gastro-intestinal catarrh, or in the hot weather from ov
heating or damaged (putrid or fermented) foods. a
DISEASES OF THE DIGESTIVE ORGANS. 47

Symptoms.—The symptoms are sometimes obscure, and their real
significance is frequently overlooked. The most prominent symp-
toms are yellowness of the white of the eye and of the membrane
lining the mouth, the appetite is poor, the body presents an emaci-
ated appearance, the feces are light colored, while the urine is likely
to be unusually dark; there is thirst, and pain is caused by pressing
over the liver. The gait is weak, and the animal lies down more
than usual, and while doing so frequently has its head turned round
resting on the side of its chest.

Treatment.—Give a purge of Glauber’s salts, and after it has operated
give artificial Carlsbad salts in each feed, as advised under “‘Jaun-
dice.” Give green food and plenty of water. Oil of turpentine should.
be rubbed in well once a day over the region of the liver. The skin
on which it should be applied extends from the false ribs on the right
side to 6 inches in front of the last one, and from the backbone to 12
inches on the right side of it.

THE FLUKE DISEASE.
[See chapter on “ The animal parasites of cattle.’”]
SPLENITIS (INFLAMMATION OF THE SPLEEN).

This disease occurs almost solely as a result of the existence of
some infectious disease, and the symptoms caused by it merge with
the symptoms of the accompanying causative disease. The spleen is
seriously involved, and becomes enlarged and soft in Texas fever,
anthrax, and blood poisoning.

DISEASES OF THE PERITONEUM.
PERITONITIS.

Peritonitis consists in an inflammation of the peritoneum, which is
the thin, delicate membrane that lines the abdomen and covers the
abdominal organs.

Couses.— Wounds are the usual cause in cattle. The wound may
be of the abdominal wall or of the intestines, stomach, or uterus; or
inflammation may extend from one of the organs of the abdominal
cavity to the peritoneum; so this disease may complicate enteritis or
inflamed womb. A sharp metal body may perforate the second
stomach and allow the gastric contents to escape, irritating the peri-
toneum. This disease may follow castration or operation for hernia.

Symptoms.—A continuous or occasional shivering; the animal lies
down, but appears uneasy; it frequently turns its head toward its
belly and lows plaintively; pressure on the flanks produces pain; has
no appetite; muzzle is dry and no rumination; while standing its legs
are placed well under its body; pulse small and hard. The evacua-
tions from the bowels are dry and hard. If this disease is complicated
_ by the presence of inflammation of the bowels, the pain is more severe
48 DISEASES OF OATTLE.

and the animal is more restless. The skin is cold and dry in the early
stage of this disease, but in a more advanced stage this condition may
be succeeded by heat of the skin and quick breathing. The fits of
trembling, uneasiness, small and hard pulse, and tension of the left
flank are symptoms the presence of which should enable one to reach
the conclusion that peritonitis exists.

Post-mortem appearance.—The membrane lining the abdomen and
covering the surface of the bowels is reddened to a greater or less
extent, and there is usually considerable serous, or watery, fluid col-
lected in the abdomen.

Treatment.—W hen we have to do with the form of peritonitis result-
ing from an injury, as when the horn of another animal has been
thrust through the abdominal walls, this lesion must be treated in
accordance with directions before given, but the general treatment
must be similar to that which follows. Peritonitis resulting from
castration or from parturition fever must also be treated in connec-
tion with the special conditions which give rise to it, as the general
treatment of this disease must be modified to some extent by the
exciting cause.

The aim must be to discover and remove the cause. The cause
must be treated according to its nature. Harms strongly recommends
borax in the treatment of peritonitis. He gives 6 ounces in the first
twenty-four hours, divided into three doses, and afterwards he gives
6 drams three times daily. Opium in doses of 2 to 3 drams may be
given. To bring on evacuations of the bowels it is better to give
rectal injections than to administer purges. The strength may be
sustained by coffee, whisky, or camphor.

The body should be warmly clothed, and it is advisable, when prac-
ticable, to have a blanket which has been wrung out of hot water
placed over the abdomen, then covered by several dry blankets, which
are maintained in position by straps or ropes passing round the body.
The wet blanket must be changed as it cools—the object of treatment
being to warm the surface of the body and to determine as much blood
to the skin as possible. The diet should consist of laxative food. and
drinks, such as linseed tea. If peritonitis assumes chronic form the
diet should be nutritious, such as selected clover hay, linseed cake,
grass, etc., and iodide of potassium should be given in dram doses dis-
solved in a pint of water three times a day.

DROPSY OF THE ABDOMEN (ASCITES),
In this disease there is a serous, or watery, effusion in the cavity of
the abdomen.

Causes.—When old animals are fed on innutritious food or when
an animal is reduced by disease, they become anemic; or, in other
words, their blood becomes impoverished and dropsy may follow this
DISEASES OF THE DIGESTIVE ORGANS. 49

condition. An innutritious and insufficient diet will produce the
same effect in young animals. It is one of the results of peritonitis,
and may also arise from acute or chronic inflammation of the liver,
such as is of common occurrence when flukes are present in the liver
in large numbers. Heart disease and chronic lung disease may be
followed by ascites. It is sometimes, in calves, a symptom of infes-
tation with worms.

Symptoms.—A gradual increase in the size of the abdomen at its
lower part, while the flanks becomes hollow; pallor of the mucous
membrane of the mouth and eye; weak and sluggish gait; want of
appetite, and irregularity in ruminating. On percussion, or tapping
the surface of the abdomen with the fingers, a dull sound is produced.
If the hand and arm are oiled and passed into the rectum so far as
possible, on moving the hand from one side to the other the fluctua-
tion caused by the presence of fluid in the abdomen may be felt.

Treatment.—The cause must be discovered if possible and removed.
The diet should be nutritious, and in those cases where we have
merely to deal with anemia (the bloodless state) arising from insuffi-
cient diet, the use of tonics and diuretics, at the same time keeping
the skin warm, may bring about a gradual absorption of the fluid
contained in the abdomen. One of the following powders may be
mixed with the animal’s food three times a day; or, if there is any
uncertainty as to its being taken in that way, it should be mixed with
sirup, so as to form a paste, and smeared well back on the animal’s
tongue with a flat wooden spoon: Carbonate of iron, 3 ounces; pow-
dered gentian, 3 ounces; powered nitrate of potash, 3 ounces; mix
and divide into twelve powders. The administration of purgatives
which promote a watery discharge from the mucous surface of the
bowels, also tends, by diminishing the serum of the blood, to bring
about absorption and a gradual removal of the fluid contained in the
abdomen. Large doses should not be given, but moderate doses
should be administered morning and night, so as to produce a laxa-
tive effect on the bowels for some days. To attain this end the fol-
lowing may be used: Sulphate of soda, 8 ounces; powdered ginger,
half an ounce; mix in 2 quarts of tepid water, and then give at one
dose.

61386—08——4
DISEASES OF THE DIGESTIVE ORGANS.

DESCRIPTION OF PLATES.

Puate I:

Position of the first stomach (paunch, rumen) on the left side: a, the situation
-of the rumen; b, the spleen or milt resting on it; c, the skin and muscles
removed from the ribs to show position of the lungs and their relation to

the paunch.

PuateE IT:

Fig. 1. Stomach of a full-grown sheep, } natural size. After Thanhoffer, from
R. Meade Smith’s Physiology of Domestic Animals: a, rumen, or first
stomach; b, reticulum, or second stomach; c, omasum, or third stomach;
d, abomasum, or fourth stomach; e, esophagus, or gullet, opening into first
and second stomachs; f, opening of fourth stomach into small intestine;
g, opening of second stomach into third; h, opening of third stomach into
fourth.

The lines indicate the course of the food in the stomachs. The incompletely
masticated food passes down the esophagus, or gullet, into the first and
second stomachs. in which a churning motion is kept up, carrying the
food from side to side and from stomach to stomach. From the first
stomach regurgitation takes place; that is, the food is returned through
the gullet to the mouth to be more thoroughly masticated, or chewed, and
this constitutes what is known as ‘‘chewing the cud.’’ From the second
stomach the food passes into the third, and from the third into the fourth,
or true, stomach, and from there into the intestines.

Fig. 2. Stomach of ox. After Colin, from R. Meade Smith’s Physiology of
Domestic Animals: a, rumen; b, reticulum; c, omasum; d,abomasum; e,
esophagus; f, opening of fourth stomach into small intestine.

Firstenberg calculated that in an ox of 1,400 pounds weight the capacity of
the stomachs is as follows:

Per cent.
Rumen, 149.25 quarts, liquid measure_....___..._...___. 62.4
Reticulum, 23.77 quarts ..-........._._....-__..... 10
Omasum, 36.98 quarts... .....--8-- 15
Abomasum, 29.05 quarts......-.-..----..- 12.6
According to Colon— Quarts
The capacity of a beef’s stomachis_...___.......____. 266. 81
Small intestine... ccs 2 cece ee 69, 74.
CUT pe CORA ees Oh ee Bac tha ang ecetan 9. 51
Colon and rectum. _._.--- 222. 2880 25. 58

50
DISEASES OF THE DIGESTIVE ORGANS. 51

Puate IIT:

Fig. 1. Clinical thermometer, ¢ natural size. This is used to determine the
temperature of the animal body. The thermometer is passed into the
rectum after having been moistened with a little saliva from the mouth,
or after having had a little oil or lard rubbed upon it to facilitate its pas-
sage. There it is allowed to remain two or three minutes, then with-
drawn, and the temperature read as in any ordinary thermometer. The
clinical thermometer is made self-registering; that is, the mercury in the
stem remains at the height to which it was forced by the heat of the body
until it is shaken back into the bulb by taking hold of the upper portion
of the instrument and giving it a short, sharp swing. The normal tem-
perature of cattle varies from 100° to 103° F. In young animals it is
somewhat higher than in old. The thermometer is a very useful instru-
ment and frequently is the means by which disease is detected before the
appearance of any external sign.

Fig. 2. Simple probang, used to dislodge foreign bodies, like apples, potatoes,
eggs, etc., which have become fastened or stuck in the esophagus, or
gullet.

Fig. 3. Grasping or forceps probang. This instrument, also intended to
remove obstructions from the gullet, has a spring forceps at one end in
the place of the cup-like arrangement at the end of the simple probang.
The forceps are closed while the probang is being introduced; their blades
are regulated by a screw in the handle of the instrument. This probang
is used to grasp and withdraw an article which may have lodged in the
gullet and can not be forced into the stomach by use of the simple
probang.

Fig. 4. Wooden gag, used when the probang is to be passed. The gag isa
piece of wood which fits in the animal’s mouth; a cord passes over the
head to hold it in place. The central opening in the wood is intended for
the passage of the probang.

Figs. 5a and 5b. Trocar and canula; 5a shows the trocar covered by the
canula; 5b, the canula from which the trocar has been withdrawn. This
instrument is used when the rumen or first stomach becomes distended
with gas. The trocar covered by the canula is forced into the rumen,
the trocar withdrawn, and the canula allowed to remain until the gas has
escaped.

Fig. 6. Section at right angles through the abdominal wall, showing a hernia
or rupture. Taken from D’Aborval, Dict. de Méd., de Chir. et de Hyg.:
aa, The abdominal muscles cut across; v, opening in the abdominal wall
permitting the intestines i ¢ to pass through and outward between the
abdominal wall and the skin; p p, peritoneum, or membrane lining the
abdominal cavity, carried through the opening o by the loop of intestine
and forming the sac S, the outer walls of which are marked b f b.

Puate IV:

Fig. 1. The liver iscomposed of innumerable small lobules, from 3; to #5 inch
in diameter. The lobules are held together by a small amount of fibrous
tissue in which the bile ducts and larger blood vessels arelodged. Fig. 1 of
the diagram illustrates the structure of a lobule; v v, interlobular veins or
the veins between the lobules. These are branches of the portal vein,
which carries blood from the stomach and intestines to the liver; ¢ c,
capillaries, or very fine blood vessels, extending as a very fine network
between the groups of liver cells from the interlobular vein to the center
of the lobule and emptying there into the intralobular vein to the center
52 DISEASES OF CATTLE.

of the lobule; vc, intralobular vein, or the vein within the lobule. This
vessel passes out of the lobule and there becomes the sublobular vein;
v s,sublobular vein. This joins other similar veins and helps to form the
hepatic vein, through which the blood leaves the liver; d d, the position
of the liver cells between the meshes of the capillaries; A A, branches of
the hepatic artery to the interlobular connective tissue and the walls of
the large veins and large bile ducts. These branches are seen at rr, and
form the vena vascularis; v v, vena vascularis; 7 7, branches of the hepatic
artery entering the substance of the lobule and connecting with capillaries
from the interlobular vein. The use of the hepatic artery is to nourish
the liver, while the other vessels carry blood to be modified by the liver
cells in certain important directions; g, branches of the bile ducts,
carrying bile from the various lobules into the gall bladder and into the
intestines; # w, intralobular bile capillaries between the liver cells.
These form a network of very minute tubes surrounding each ultimate
cell which receives the bile as it is formed by the liver cells and carried
outward as described.

Fig. 2. Isolated liver cells: ¢, blood capillary; a, fine bile capillary channel.

PLATE V:

Appearance of ergot in hay: 1, blue grass; 2, timothy; 3, wild rye; 4, red top.

Ergot is a fungus which may affect any member of the grass family. The
spore of the fungus, by some means brought in contact with the unde-
veloped seed of the grass, grows, obliterates the seed, and practically takes
its place. When hay affected with ergot is fed to animals itis productive
of a characteristic and serious affection or poisoning known as ergotism.

PuatTeE VI:

Dlustrates the effects of ergot. The lower part of the limb of a cow, showing
the loss of skin and flesh in a narrow ring around the pastern bone, and
the exposure of the bone itself.
DiSEASES OF CATTLE.

 

PLATE IV,

              

 

 

 

 

 

AB GRAHAM CO LITH WASH. OC

MICROSCOPIC ANATOMY OF THE LIVER.

Pew reas, af! her Sandor, Lol 188646. Tenye TOD
DISEASES OF CarTLe.

PLATE V.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Marx from Nature.

ERGOT IN HAy.
DISEASES OF CATTLE PLATE vi

 

Marx,from nature JULIUS BIEN & CO.NY

ERGOTISM.
POISONS AND POISONING.

By V. T. Arxinson, V. 8.
[Revised in 1904 by Leonard Pearson, B. S., V. M. D.]

DEFINITION OF A POISON.

To clearly define the meaning of the word ‘‘ poison” would be some-
what difficult. Even in law the word has never been defined, and
when a definition is attempted we are apt to include either too much
or too little. The following is perhaps as satisfactory a definition
as may be given: A poison is a chemical substance having an inher-
ent deleterious property rendering it capable in small quantities of
producing serious functional disturbances upon gaining access to
the system by the usual channels; or it is a substance which, when
introduced into the system or applied externally, injures health or
destroys life irrespective of mechanical means or thermal changes.
The common conception of a poison is any substance which, in
small quantity, will destroy life, excepting such as act by purely
mechanical means, as, for example, powdered glass.

Some substances that are not usually looked upon as poisons may
destroy life if given in large doses, such as common salt. Other sub-
stances which are perfectly harmless when taken into the body in the
usual way are poisons if injected into the circulation, such as distilled
water, milk, or glycerine. Living organisms are not ‘‘chemical sub-
stances,” and are not considered in this connection.

SOURCES OF POISONING.

Poisoning may come from many causes, among the chief of which
are the following:

(1) Errors in medication.—By using the wrong substance or too
large dose an animal may be poisoned.

(2) The exposure of poisons used for horticultural, technical, or
other legitimate purposes.—Poisons used for spraying plants, disin-
fecting, poisoning vermin, dipping sheep, painting, smelting, dyeing,
or other purposes, may be so handled as to come within the reach of
animals.

(3) Damaged food.—Food that has undergone putrefaction or cer-
tain kinds of fermentation or heating, or food that is infested with

53
54 DISEASES OF CATTLE.

insects, may have become poisonous, producing forage poisoning, meat
poisoning, cheese poisoning, ete.
(4) Poisonous plants in the pasture or forage.
(5) The bite or sting of a poisonous insect or the bite of an animal.
(6) Malicious poisoning.

THE ACTION OF POISONS.

This may be either local, and exerted directly on the tissues with
which they come in contact, or remote, acting through the circula-
tion or the nervous system; or both local and remote action may be
exerted by the same drug. Poisons which act locally generally either
destroy by corrosion the tissues with which they come in contact or
by inhalation set up acute inflammation. When any corrosive agent
is taken into the stomach in poisonous quantities, a group of symp-
toms is developed which is common to all. The tissues with which
the agent comes in contact are destroyed, sloughing and acute inflam-
mation of the surrounding structures take place; intense pain in the
abdomen and death ensue. In a like manner, but with less rapidity,
the same result is reached if the agent used be not of a sufficiently
corrosive nature to destroy the tissues, but sufficiently irritating to set
up acute inflammation of the mucous membrane of the digestive tract.
If the poison exerts a remote influence alone, the action is quite differ-
ent, little or no local effect being produced upon the digestive organs.

To produce an effect on some part of the body distant from the
channel of entrance, a poison must have been absorbed and carried
in the blood to the central nervous system or other region involved.
The poisonous effect of any substance is modified by the quantity
used; by its chemical combinations; by the part of the animal struc-
ture with which it comes in contact; by the physical condition of the
subject; and also by the rapidity with which the poison is excreted.
As an illustration, opium may be given with safety in much larger
doses to an animal suffering from acute pain than to one free from
pain, and to an adult animal with greater safety than to a young one.
The rapidity with which the poison is absorbed, owing to the part of
the body with which it is brought in contact, is also an important
factor. So marked is this quality that some agents which have the
power of destroying life with almost absolute certainty when intro-
duced beneath the skin, may be taken into the stomach without caus-
ing inconvenience, as curara, the arrow poison, or the venomous secre-
tion of the snake. Other agents in chemical combination may tend
to intensify, lessen, or wholly neutralize the poisonous effect. For
example, arsenic in itself has well-marked poisonous properties, but
when brought in contact with dialyzed iron it forms an insoluble com-
pound and becomes innocuous. Idiosyncrasies are not so noticeable
in cattle practice as in practice among human beings, but the uncer-
tainty with which some drugs exert their influence would lead us to
POISONS AND POISONING. 55

believe that well-marked differences in susceptibility exist. Even in
some cases a tolerance for poison is engendered, so that in a herd of
animals equally exposed injurious or fatal effects do not appear with
uniformity. For example, among cattle that are compelled to drink
water holding in solution a salt of lead the effects of the poisoning
will be found varying all the way from fatality to imperceptibility.

GENERAL SYMPTOMS OF POISONING.

It is not always easy to differentiate between poisoning and some
disease. Indeed, examination during the life of the animal is some-
times wholly inadequate to the formation of an opinion as to whether
the case is one of poisoning or, if it is, as to what the poison may be.
A chemical and physical examination after the death of the animal
may be necessary to clear up the doubt. On the other hand, the
symptoms may be of such a nature as to point unmistakably to poi-
soning with a certain agent. In general, the following classes of
symptoms may be regarded as indicative of poisoning: Sudden onset
of the disease without visible cause, a number of animals similarly
affected at once, severe gastro-intestinal disorder or derangement of
the nervous system, or both. Sudden alteration of heart action in
relation to frequency, force, or rhythm. Local irritation, dyspnea,
or change in the urine or urination.

After death lesions of the greatest variety may be found, and, it is
necessary for one to be skilled in anatomy and pathology to determine
their significance. Oftentimes the stomach and intestines are red,
have thick walls, and contain blood. This signifies a severe irritant,
such as arsenic or corrosive sublimate. Other alterations sometimes
found are inflammation of the kidneys or bladder, points of hemor-
rhage in various organs, changes in the blood, congestion of the lungs,
and certain microscopic changes.

GENERAL TREATMENT,

The treatment of animals suffering from poison must vary accord-
ing to the nature of the toxic agent. There are a few general plans
of action, however, which should be followed so far as possible. In
man and in some of the smaller animals it is possible to eliminate
unabsorbed poison by the use of the stomach pump or by causing
vomiting. These proceedings are impracticable in cattle. It is
well, therefore, in many cases to endeavor to expel the unabsorbed
poison by emptying the digestive tract, so far as may be, with a non-
irritating purge. Castor oil in doses of 1 pint to 2 quarts is best
adapted to this purpose. If the poison is known to be nonirritant—
as a narcotic plant—from 10 to 20 drops of croton oil may be given
with a quart of castor oil. To protect the mucous membrane from
the action of strong irritants one may give flaxseed tea, barley water,
the whites of eggs, milk, butter, olive oil, or fresh lard. Chemical
56 DISEASES OF OATTLE.

antidotes may sometimes be used for special poisons, as advised
below. In general, if an acid has been taken it may be neutralized
with an alkali, such as chalk, magnesia, bicarbonate of soda (baking
soda), ammonia (diluted), or soap. If the poison is an alkali, such
as caustic soda or potash (lye), or ammonia, an acid, such as diluted
(1 per cent) sulphuric acid or vinegar, may be administered. Special
treatments and antidotes are considered below.

A poisonous agent may be so gradually introduced into the system
as to slowly develop the power of resistance against its own action.
In other cases, where the poison is introduced slowly, the poisonous
action becomes cumulative, and although there is no increase in the
quantity taken, violent symptoms are suddenly developed, as if the
whole amount, the consumption of which may have extended over a
considerable period, had been given in one dose. Other agents,
poisonous in their nature, tend to deteriorate some of the important
organs and, interfering with their natural functions, are productive of
conditions of ill health which, although not necessarily fatal, are
important. Such a class might properly be called chronic poisons.
Poisons of themselves dangerous when administered in large doses
are used medicinally for curative purposes, and a very large percent-
age of the pharmaceutical preparations used in the practice of medi-
cine if given in excessive quantities might produce serious results.
In the administration of medicines, therefore, care should be exer-
cised not only that the animal is not poisoned by the administration
of an excessive dose, but that injury is not done by continued treat-
ment with medicines the administration of which is not called for.

MINERAL POISONS.
ARSENIC POISONING.

Of the common irritant and corrosive poisons, arsenic, especially
one of its compounds (Paris green, Scheel’s green, or cobalt), is likely
to be the most dangerous to our class of patients. The common prac-
tice of using Paris green as an insecticide for the destruction of potato
beetle and other insect enemies of the farmer and fruit grower has
had the effect of introducing it into almost all farming establish-
ments. White arsenic is also a principal ingredient in many of the
popular sheep-dipping preparations, and poisoning from this source
occasionally takes place when, after dipping, the flock are allowed
to run in a yard in which there is loose fodder. The drippings from
the wool of the sheep falling on the fodder render it poisonous, and
dangerous to animal life if eaten. Familiarity with its use has in
many instances tended to breed contempt for its potency as a poison.
Rat poisons often contain arsenic. The excessive use of arsenic asa
tonic, or of ‘‘condition powders” containing arsenic, has been the
means of poisoning many animals. This is the common poison used
POISONS AND POISONING. 57

by malicious persons with criminal intent. The poison may also be
absorbed through wounds or through the skin if used as a dip or bath.

If a large dose is given, at once acute poisoning is produced; if
repeated small doses are given, chronic poisoning may result. The
poisonous dose for an ox is from 3 drams to 1 ounce.

Symptoms.—The symptoms of acute poisoning first appear as those
of colic; the animal is restless, stamping with the feet, lying down
and getting up. There is tenderness on pressure over the abdomen.
The acute symptoms increase; in a few hours violent diarrhea is
developed; in many cases blood and shreds of detached mucous
membrane are mixed with the evacuations. There is irregular and
feeble pulse and respiration, and death is likely to supervene
between the eighteenth hour and the third day. If the latter period
is passed, there is a reasonable hope of recovery.

In chronic poisoning the symptoms are similar to those of chronic
gastro-intestinal catarrh, with indigestion, diarrhea, and general
weakness and loss of condition.

Treatment.—The antidote for arsenic is a solution of hydrated
oxid of iron in water. It should be prepared fresh by mixing a solu-
tion of sulphate of iron, made by dissolving 4 ounces of sulphate of
iron in one-half pint water with a suspension of 1 ounce of magnesia
in one-half pint water. This quantity is sufficent for one dose for a
cow and may be repeated in an hour, if much arsenic was taken. A
solution of calcined magnesia or powdered iron or iron filings or iron
scale from a blacksmith’s forge may be given in the absence of other
remedies. Powdered sulphur is of some value as an antidote. One
must also administer protectives, such as linseed tea, barley water,
whites of eggs, ete.

LEAD POISONING.

Lead poisoning of cattle usually comes from their having licked
freshly painted surfaces, and thus swallowing compounds containing
white lead. In several instances cattle have been poisoned by silage
from a silo painted inside with lead paint shortly before filling.
Sugar of lead has been administered by mistake for Glauber’s salts.
Lead poisoning may be acute or chronic. The fatal dose of sugar of
lead is from 1 to 4 ounces. Water drawn from lead pipes or held in
a lead-lined tank may cause poisoning.

Symptoms.—Symptoms are generally dullness, lying down with the
head turned toward the flank, colic, rambling in the abdomen, loss
of control of the limbs when walking, twitching, champing of the
jaws, moving in a circle, convulsions, delirium, violent bellowing, fol-
lowed by stupor and death. The symptoms generally extend over
considerable time, but may end in death after twenty-four hours.

Treatment.—The treatment should first be directed toward removing
the cause. A large dose of purgative medicine should be given, and
58 DISEASES OF CATTLE.

the brain symptoms be relieved by giving bromid of potassium in
half-ounce doses every four or five hours and the application of cold
water to the head. Dilute sulphuric acid in half-ounce doses should
be given with the purgative medicine. In this case sulphate of mag-
nesia (Epsom salts) is the best purgative, and it may be given in doses
of from 1 to 2 pounds dissolved in warm water. After the acute symp-
toms have abated, iodide of potassium may be given, in doses of 2
drams each, three times a day for a week.

Chronic lead poisoning occasionally occurs in districts where lead
mining is the principal industry. The waste products of the mine
thrown into streams contaminate the water supply, so that the min-
eral is taken into the system gradually, and a very small per cent of
any of the salts taken into the system in this way is pernicious.
Water which contains any salt of lead to the extent of more than one-
tenth of a grain to the gallon is unfit to drink. Such water when
used continually is likely to produce colic from the resulting intesti-
nal irritation, and in aggravated cases paralysis more or less severe
is likely to be developed. A blue line on the margin of the gums,
the last symptom, is regarded as diagnostic and its presence as con-
clusive evidence of the nature of the disorder. The free use of pur-
gatives is indicated with iodid of potassium.

Treatment.—No treatment is likely to be of avail until the cause is
removed.

COPPER POISONING.

The soluble salts of copper, though used as a tonic in the medicinal
treatment of cattle, are poisonous when taken in large quantities.
Like lead and arsenic, they have an irritant effect upon the mucous
membrane with which they come in contact in a concentrated form.
Cattle are not very likely to be poisoned from this cause unless
through carelessness. The salts of copper—the most common of
which is the sulphate of copper, commonly called blue vitriol—is
occasionally used for disinfecting and cleansing stables, where it
might inadvertently be mixed with the food. It is also used largely
for making the Bordeaux mixture used in spraying fruit trees. The
general symptoms produced are those of intestinal irritation, short
breathing, stamping, and tender abdomen.

Treatment.—Give powdered iron, or iron reduced by hydrogen, or
calcined magnesia. Sulphur may be used. This should be followed

by a liberal supply of demulcents, linseed infusion, boiled starch,
whites of eggs, ete.

ZINC POISONING,

Several of the soluble salts of zinc are irritant poisons. The chlorid
and sulphate are those in most common use. In animals which have
power to vomit they aré emetic in their action. In others, when
retained in the stomach, they set up more or less irritation of the
POISONS AND POISONING. 59

mucous membrane and abdominal pain, producing symptoms already
described in the action of other poisons which produce the same result.

Treatment.—The treatment should be the same as for copper poi-
soning.

PHOSPHORUS POISONING.

Only one of the forms of phosphorus in common use—the ordinary
yellow—is poisonous. Phosphorus in this form is used for the destruc-
tion of rats and mice and other vermin, and is largely used in the
manufacture of matches.

Symptoms.—The symptoms are loss of appetite, colic, diarrhea,
irritation of the mouth and throat, and paralysis of the throat. There
is also weakness, difficult breathing, and rapid pulse. The course of
the poisoning is usually rapid, terminating in either recovery or death
within three days. The toxic dose for cattle is from 5 to 30 grains.
If taken in large quantities, the excreta are occasionally noticed to be
luminous when examined in the dark.

Treatment.—Turpentine given in an emulsion with flaxseed tea in
a single dose of from 2 to 8 ounces. Permanganate of potash may be
given in a one-fourth of 1 per percent solution. Stimulants, such as
alechol and ether, should be administered. Oils and milk must not
be given. .
MERCURY POISONING.

Mercury poisoning is not rare in cattle from the fact that these ani-
mals have a special susceptibility to the action of this substance.
Antiseptic washes or injections containing the bichloride of mercury
(corrosive sublimate) must be used on cattle with great care. Mer-
curial disinfecting solutions or salves must be used cautiously. Cal-
omel can not be given freely to cattle.

Symptoms.—The symptoms are salivation, sore mouth, indigestion,
diarrhea, skin eruption, paralysis of local groups of muscles, and
nephritis.

‘Treatment.—The treatment consists in administering sulphur in
large doses (2 to 4 ounces) or iron powder. Both make insoluble com-
pounds with mereury. Follow with the whites of eggs mixed with
water and with linseed tea. If the case does not terminate promptly,
give iodid of potash in 1 dram doses twice daily.

POISONING BY ACIDS.

MINERAL ACIDS.—The mineral acids—nitric, sulphuric, hydrochlo-
ric, etc.—when used in a concentrated form, destroy the animal tissues
with which they come in contact, and in this respect differ from most
of the poisons previously described. When taken into the stomach
the mucous membrane of the mouth, pharynx, esophagus, and stom-
ach is apt to be more or less completely destroyed. If taken in large
60 DISEASES OF CATTLE.

quantities death is likely to result so speedily that nothing can be done
to relieve the patient, and even if time is allowed and the action of
the acid can be arrested it can not be done until considerable and,
perhaps, irreparable damage has been done. The mucous membrane
with which the acid has come in contact in the esophagus may be
destroyed by its corrosive action and carried away, leaving the mus-
cular tissues exposed. The raw surface heals irregularly, the cica-
trice contracting causes stricture, and an animal so injured is likely
to die of starvation. In the stomach even greater damage is likely to
be done. The peristaltic action of the esophagus carries the irritant
along quickly, but here it remains quiet in contact with one surface,
destroying it. It is likely to perforate the organ, and coming in
contact with the abdominal lining or other organ of digestion soon
sets up a condition that is beyond repair. In a less concentrated
form, when the acid is not sufficiently strong to be corrosive, it exerts
an irritant effect. In this form it may not do much harm unless taken
in considerable quantity. When it is, the mucous membrane of the
stomach and intestines becomes inflamed; pain and diarrhea are
likely to result.

Treatment.—Any of the alkalies may be used as an antidote. Most
convenient of these are chalk, baking soda, marble dust, magnesia,
lime, soap, or plaster from a wall. Mucilaginous drinks should be
given in large quantities.

VEGETABLE ACIDS.—Oxalic acid in particular is corrosive in its
action when taken in concentrated solution, losing its corrosive effect
and becoming irritant when more dilute. It also exerts a specific
effect on the heart, frequently causing death from syncope. Taken
in the form either of the crystals or solution, it is likely to cause death
in a very short time. Failure of heart action and attendant small
pulse, weakness, staggering, and convulsions are the more noticeable
symptoms.

Treatment.—Limewater or lime or plaster should be given promptly.
Acetic acid is irritant to the gastro-intestinal tract, and may cause
sudden paralysis of the heart. It should be counteracted by the use
of alkalies, as advised above, by protectives to the digestive tract, and
by stimulants.

POISONING BY ALKALIES.

The carbonates of potash and soda and the alkalies themselves in
concentrated form cause symptoms of intestinal irritation similar to
those produced by mineral acids. Ammonia, caustic soda, and caus-
tic potash (lye) are those to which animals are most exposed. The
degree of their caustic irritant effects depends on their degree of con-
centration. When they reach the stomach the symptoms are nearly
as well marked as in the case of the acids. The irritation is even more
noticeable, and purgation is likely to be a more prominent symptom.
POISONS AND POISONING. 61

If death is not caused soon, the irritation of the gastro-intestinal tract
and malnutrition will last for a long time. Treatment consists in
neutralizing the alkali by an acid, such as dilute sulphuric acid (1
per cent) or strong vinegar. The administration of such an antidote
and its action must be carefully watched during administration. In
the chemical change which takes place when the acid and alkali are
combined, carbonic-acid gas is liberated, which may be to an extent
sufficient to cause considerable distention of the abdomen, even to
asphyxia from pressure forward on the diaphragm. Should this dan-
ger present itself,it may be averted by opening the left flank, permit-
ting the gas to escape. (See ‘‘Acute tympanites, or Bloating,” p. 24.)

Treatment.—Flaxseed or slippery-elm decoction must be given to
soothe the inflamed mucous surface. Opium may be used to allay
pain.

COAL-OIL POISONING.

Coal oil is sometimes administered empirically as a treatment for
intestinal parasites. If given in large doses it produces poisonous
effects, which are likely to be manifest some time after the adminis-
tration. It acts as an irritant to the digestive tract, causing dribbling
of ropy saliva from the mouth, diarrhea, tenesmus, and loss of appe-
tite, with increased temperature and cold extremities. Visible mucous
membranes are injected, pupils of the eyes contracted, watery dis-
charge from the eyes and nostrils. Remotely it exerts a depressing
influence on the functions of the brain and slight coma, and occasion-
ally convulsions, from which the animal is easily aroused. The
kidneys also suffer. The urine is dark colored and has the charac-
teristic odor of coal oil. Death may result from gastro-enteritis or
convulsions.

Treatment.—The patient's strength should be fostered by the fre-
quent administration of mild stimulants, of which aromatic spirits of
ammonia is perhaps the best. The animal should be encouraged to
eat soft food and given mucilaginous drinks.

Crude coal oil is sometimes applied to the skin to kill parasites. If
too much is used, especially in hot weather, great weakness and depres-
sion may be caused and in some cases death may result.

CARBOLIC-ACID POISONING.

Although one of the most valuable antiseptic remedies, carbolic acid
in a concentrated form, when taken internally or used over a large
surface externally, is likely to produce poisonous effects. It causes
whitening, shrinking, and numbness of the structures with which it
comes in contact, and, besides its irritant effect, exerts a powerful
influence on the nervous system. Being readily absorbed, it produces
its effect whether swallowed, injected into the rectum, inhaled, or
applied to wounds, or even to a large tract of unbroken skin. Used
62 DISEASES OF CATTLE.

extensively as a dressing, it may produce nausea, dizziness, and smoky
or blackish colored urine. The last symptom is nearly always notice-
able where the poisonous effect is produced. In more concentrated
form, or used in larger quantities, convulsions, followed by fatal coma,
are likely to take place. Even in smaller quantities, dullness, trem-
bling, and disinclination for food often continues for several days.
In a tolerably concentrated solution it coagulates albumen and acts
as an astringent.

Treatment.—As an antidote internally, a solution of sulphate of
soda or sulphate of magnesia (Glauber’s or Epsom salts) may be given.
The white of egg is also useful. Stimulants may be given if needed.
When the poisoning occurs through too extensive applications to
wounds or the skin, as in treatment of mange, cold water should be
freely applied so as to wash off any of the acid that may still remain
unabsorbed. As a surgical dressing a 3 per cent solution is strong
enough for ordinary purposes. Water will not hold more than 5 per
cent in permanent solution. No preparation stronger than the satu-
rated solution should be used medicinally under any circumstances.

SALTPETER POISONING.

Both nitrate of soda and nitrate of potash are poisonous to cattle.
These substances are used for manure and for preserving meats.
They may be administered in a drench by error in place of Glauber’s
salts, or they may be exposed within reach of cattle and thus be eaten.
The toxic dose depends upon the condition of fullness of the stomach.
If in solution and given on an empty stomach, as little as 3 ounces of
saltpeter (nitrate of potash) may be fatal toacow. More of the Chile
saltpeter (nitrate of soda) is required to cause serious trouble.

Symptoms.—Severe gastro-enteritis, colic, tympanites, diarrhea,
excessive urination, weakness, trembling, convulsions, collapse.

Treatment.—Same as for poisoning by common salt.

POISONING BY COMMON SALT.

A few pounds (3 to 5) of common salt will produce well-marked
signs of poisoning in cattle. So much salt as this will not be taken
by cattle except under unusual conditions. If the food is poor in
salt, and if none has been given for a, long time, an intense ‘salt hun-
ger” may occur that may lead an animal to eat a poisonous quantity
if it is not restricted; or an overdose of salt may be given by error as
a drench.

Herring and mackerel brine and pork pickle are also poisonous, and
are especially dangerous for hogs. In these substances there are, in
addition to salt, certain products extracted from the fish or meat
which undergo change and add to the toxicity of the solution. Some-
times saltpeter is present in such brines.
POISONS AND POISONING. 63

Symptoms.—The symptoms are great thirst, abdominal pain, diar-
rhea, poor appetite, redness and dryness of the mouth, increased uri-
nation, paralysis of the hind legs, weak pulse, general paralysis, coma,
and death in from six to eight hours.

Treatment.—Allow as much warm water as the animal will drink.
Give protectives, such as linseed tea, etc. Linseed or olive oil may
be given. To keep up the heart action give ether, alcohol, camphor,
digitalis, or coffee. To allay pain,.give opium.

VEGETABLE POISONS.

_These may be divided into two classes—those that are likely to be
administered to the animal as medicine or such as may be taken in
the food, either in the shape of poisonous plants, or as plants or foods
of vegetable origin that have been damaged by fungi or by bacterial
action, producing fermentation or putrefaction.

VEGETABLE POISONS USED AS MEDICINE.
OPIUM POISONING.

Opium and its alkaloid, morphia, are so commonly used in the
practice of medicine that the poisonous result of an overdose is not
uncommon. The common preparations are gum opium, the inspis-
sated juice of the poppy; powdered opium, made from the gum;
tincture of opium, commonly called laudanum, and the alkaloid or
active principle, morphia. Laudanum has about one-eighth the
strength of the gum or powder. Morphia is present in good opium
to the extent of about 10 per cent. In medicine it is a most useful
agent in allaying pain. It has an effect of first producing a stimulat-
ing action, which is followed by drowsiness, a disposition to sleep or
complete anesthesia, depending on the quantity of the drug used.
In poisonous doses a state of exhilaration is well marked at first.
This is particularly noticeable in cattle and in horses. The animal
becomes much excited, and this stage does not pass into insensibility
unless an enormous dose has been given. If the dose is large enough,
a second stage sometimes supervenes, in which the symptoms are
those of congestion of the brain. The visible membranes have a blu-
ish tint (cyanotic) from interference with the air supply. The breath-
ing is slow, labored, and later stertorous; the pupils of the eyes are
very much contracted; the skin dry and warm. Gas accumulates in
the stomach, so that tympanites is a prominent symptom. The
patient may be aroused by great noise or the infliction of sharp pain,
when the breathing becomes more natural. A relapse into the coma-
tose condition takes place when the excitement ceases. Later, there
is perfect coma and the patient can no longer be aroused from the
insensible condition. The contraction of the pupil becomes more
marked, the breathing intermittent and slower, there is perspiration,
64 DISEASES OF CATTLE.

the pulse more feeble and rapid, till death takes place. Poisoning o:
cattle with opium or its products rarely goes beyond the stage o.
excitement, because the quantity of the drug required for the late:
effects is so great. Seventy-five grains of morphia administered sub
cutaneously has sufficed merely to excite for twelve hours.

Treatment.—Give strong coffee, 1 to 4 quarts, aromatic spirits o:
ammonia or carbonate of ammonia. Atropia is the physiologica
antidote.

STRYCHNINE POISONING.

Strychnine is a vary concentrated poison and produces its effec
very quickly, usually only a few minutes being necessary if given it
sufficient dose and in such a way that it will be at once absorbed.
The first noticeable symptom is evidence of unrest or mental excite
ment, at the same time the muscles over the shoulder and croup may
be seen to quiver or twitch and later there occurs a more or less well.
marked convulsion; the head is jerked back, the back arched and
leg extended, the eyes drawn. The spasm continues for only a few
minutes, when it relaxes and another occurs in a short time. The
return is hastened by excitement and in a short time again disap-
pears, continuing to disappear and reappear until death results. As
the poisonous effect advances the intervals between the spasms
become shorter and less marked and the spasms more severe until
the animal dies in violent struggles.

Treatment.—The best method is to put the patient under the influ-
ence of chioral, chloroform, or ether, and keep it there continuously
until the effect of the poison has passed off. Alcohol may be given
in large doses.

ACONITE POISONING.

In recent years tincture of aconite has for some unknown reason
become a popular stable remedy. In the hands of some breeders it
seems to be used as a panacea for all the ills flesh is heir to. If an
animal is ailing, aconite is given whether indicated or not. Fortu-
nately the dose used is generally small, and for this reason the dam-
age done is much less than it would otherwise be. Aconite is one of
the most deadly poisons known. It produces paralysis of motion and
sensation, depresses the heart’s action, and causes death by paralysis
of respiration. In large doses it causes profuse salivation, champing
of the jaws, and attempts at swallowing. If not sufficient to cause
death, there is impaired appetite with more or less nausea for some
time after. In poisonous doses it causes the animal to tremble vio-
lently, to lose power to support itself, and it brings on slight con-
vulsions, with perspiration. The pulse is depressed, irregular, and
afterwards intermittent.

Treatment.—The chemical antidote is tannic acid, which forms an
insoluble compound with the aconitin. The depressing effect on the
POISONS AND POISONING. 65

heart should be counteracted by the use of ammonia, digitalis, aleohol,
camphor, or other diffusible stimulants, which have a physiological
effect opposite to aconite.

TURPENTINE POISONING.

Many conifers, but especially some species of pines, contain tur-
pentine. In the winter and early spring the ends of the branches of
such trees may be eaten by cattle. If a sufficient quantity is con-
sumed, poisoning may result.

Symptoms.—The symptoms signify more or less severe irritation of
the digestive and urinary tracts. There is poor appetite, abdominal
pain, emaciation, dark urine, which may contain blood, difficulty in
passing urine, constrained attitude, and sensitiveness to pressure
over the loins. Later there may be excitation followed by depression
of the nervous system.

Treatment.—Change food. Give linseed tea, barley gruel, or slip-
pery-elm bark infusion. For the excitement give chloral hydrate or
bromid of potash.

DIETETIC POISONS.

A small but important group of poisons may be classed under this
head. In some cases it is poison naturally belonging to the plant; in
other cases the poisonous principle is developed in what would other-
wise be harmless plants as a plant disease, or as a fermentation or
putrefaction due to bacterial growth and observed in forage, grain, or
meal that has heated, become damaged, or ‘‘spoilt.”

LOCO WEED POISONING.—The ‘‘loco weed” isa term applied to legu-
minous plants of several genera, all of which are supposed to have
certain similar effects on horses and cattle. Itis found on the Plains
and in the natural pastures of some of our Western States and Terri-
tories. The plant grows on high, gravelly; or sandy soil. It has a
rather attractive appearance, and retains its soft, pale green color all
winter. Of one of the most common species (Astragallus mollissimus)
it may be said that a mass of leaves 4 to 10 inches high grow from the
very short stem. The leaves are pinnate, similar in form to those of
a locust tree, with ten pairs of leaflets and an odd terminal one. The
flower scape grows from the center of the plant. The flowers, shaped
like pea blossoms, appear in June or July, and are yellow tinted with
violet. The seeds are contained in a pod about half an inch long.
It is said that a stalk-boring larva has attacked the plant and seems
to be doing much toward eradicating it.

Horses and cattle seem to acquire a taste for loco weeds, although
it is not a plant that would be considered as a food or that would be
eaten with a relish the first time. In the early spring, when herbage
is scarce, its green appearance may attract the animal, and the habit
of eating it be thus acquired. Its effect is not noticeable till a con-

61886—08——5
66 DISEASES OF CATTLE.

siderable quantity has been eaten. It seems to exert its influence on
the nervous system. The gait is slow and measured, the step high,
the eyes glassy and staring, the vision defective. Sudden excitement
will frequently produce convulsions, which, if the disease is well
advanced, have a temporarily prostrating effect upon the animal.
Although loco poisoning is a nervous affection, emaciation is one of
the most noticeable symptoms. The taste for the weed becomes
stronger, the victim preferring it to other food. When it is taken in
large quantities delirium is produced and the animal becomes vicious.
If the cause be removed before too much injury is done, recovery is
likely to take place.

Treatment.—Medicinal treatment seems to be of little avail. Com-
fortable stabling, quiet, and a liberal supply of wholesome food tend to
counteract the poisonous effect of the plant and build up the depleted
forces.

LAUREL POISONING.—The mountain laurel, the rhododendron, and
the bay tree are poisonous for cattle. The foliage of these plants is
most likely to be eaten in the late winter or spring, when there is
little forage available. The effect is to cause great mental excite-
ment, salivation, retching, colic, diarrhea, nerve exhaustion, and
paralysis.

Treatment.—The treatment consists in administering protectives to
soothe the gastro-intestinal mucous membrane, and stimulants to keep
up the action of the heart and general strength. For this purpose
one may use coffee, whisky, or ammonia.

OTHER POISONOUS PLANTS.—Other poisonous plants are the box,
water hemlock, equisetum, lupine (under special conditions), tobacco,
green acorns (when eaten in excessive quantities by horses or cattle),
green sorghum and Kafir corn forage (when stunted or frosted), lily
of the valley, aconite, oleander, jimson weed, green potatoes and
potato sprouts, and poison rye grass (Lolium temulentum).

Ercotism.—The poisonous effects of ergot (Pls. V, VI) appear
chiefly in the winter and spring of the year and among eattle. It is
developed among grasses grown on rich soil in hot, damp seasons.
Rye seems more liable to ergot than any of our other crops. Of the
grasses which enter into the composition of hay, bluegrass is the
most likely to become affected. Ergot may also affect redtop, oats,
grasses, and grains. On the plant the fungus manifests itself on
the seeds, where it is easily recognized when the hay is examined in
the mow. The ergotized seeds are several times larger than the
natural seeds—hard, black, and generally curved in shape.

The effect of the protracted use of ergot in the food is pretty well
understood to be that of producing a degeneration and obstruction of
the smaller arterial branches. The result is to shut off the blood sup-
ply to the distal parts of the body, where the circulation is weakest,
and thus to produce a mummification or dry gangrene of the extrem-
POISONS AND POISONING. 67

ities, as the ears, tail, feet, etc. Cattle seem to be more susceptible
than other animals to the influence of ergot, possibly on account of
the slowness of the heart’s action. When the effect of the poison has
become sufficient to entirely arrest the circulation in any part, the
structures soon die. The disorder manifests itself as lameness in one
or more limbs; swelling about the ankle which may result in only a
small slough or the loss of a toe, but it may circumscribe the limb at
any point below the knee or hock by an indented ring, below which
the tissues become dead. The indentation soon changes to a crack,
which, like it, extends completely round the limb, forming the line
of separation between the dead and living structures. The crack
deepens till the parts below drop off without loss of blood, and fre-
quently with very little pus. Ergot may cause serious irritation of
the digestive tract, or by acting upon the nervous system it may cause
lethargy or paralysis. It also operates to cause contraction of the
uterus, and may thus cause abortion.

Treatment.—Regarding the treatment, change of food and local
antiseptics are, of course, indicated. The former may be useful as a
preventive, but when the symptoms have appeared the animal is nec-
essarily so completely saturated that recovery is likely to be tedious.
Tannin may be given internally in doses of one-half dram twice daily
for a few days to neutralize the unabsorbed alkaloids of the ergot.
At the same time give castor oil. To dilate the blood vessels give
chloral hydrate. Bathe the affected parts with hot water. If slough-
ing has gone far, amputation must be resorted to.

OTHER POISONOUS FUNGI.

Many other fungi poison herbivora. In some instances, however,
where fungi are blamed for causing disease their presence on the food-
stuff or herbage is but coincidental with some other and more potent
disease-producing factor. For example, if the conditions are favor-
able to the growth of fungi they are also favorable to the growth of
bacteria, and bacteria may produce pvisons in foods. In general it
may be said that any food that is moldy, musty, or putrid is possibly
dangerous. Silage, properly cured, does not belong to this class,
because the curing of silage is not a bacterial process. But spoiled
silage and silage matted with mold is dangerous and should not be fed.

POISONING BY ANIMAL PRODUCTS.
SNAKE BITES,

The poison contained in the tooth glands of certain venomous rep-
tiles, particularly some of the snakes, which is injected into or under
the skin of an animal bitten by the reptile, is a very powerful agent.
It is likely to produce a serious local irritation, and in the case of the
more poisonous snakes serious constitutional disturbances, even to
68 DISEASES OF OATTLE.

causing death, which it may do in either of two ways. First, when
very strong, by exerting a narcotic influence similar to that of some of
the powerful poisons, checking heart action. Second, by diffused
inflammation of the areolar tissue, gangrene, and extensive sloughing.

Symptoms.—The symptoms of snake bite are a local swelling caused
by an intense local inflammation, pricks showing where the fangs pene-
trated, depression, weakness, feeble pulse, difficult breathing, bluish
discoloration of the visible mucous membranes, stupor, or convulsions.
If the poison is not powerful or plentiful enough to produce death, it
is, at any rate, likely to cause severe local abscesses or sloughs.

Treatmenit.—The treatment may be divided into local and general.
Locally every effort should be made to prevent absorption of the
poison. If discovered at once the bitten part had better be excised. If
that is impracticable and a ligature can be applied, as in the case of
a bite to one of the limbs, no time should be lost in applying it above
the injury. It should be made sufficiently tight to so far as possible
arrest circulation in the bitten part. The wound should be freely
incised, so that it will bleed freely, and the poison should be extracted
by cupping or pressed out by squeezing with the fingers. Perman-
ganate of potash in 5 per cent solution should be applied to and
injected into the wound. The depressing effect of the poison on the
general system should be counteracted by liberal drenching with
stimulants, such as alcohol, coffee, digitalis, or the aromatic spirits
or carbonate of ammonia. In animal practice the alcoholic stimu-
lants and local treatment above described are likely to meet with best
success. A special antitoxin for use in treating snake bite is now
prepared and may be had from the leading druggists. It is quite
effective if used promptly.

WASP AND BEE STINGS.

Wasps and bees secrete a poisonous substance which they are able
to insert through the skin of an animal by the aid of their sharp
stings. This poison is a severe local irritant, and may even cause
local gangrene. It also has a depressing effect upon the central nerv-
ous system, and destroys the red-blood corpuscles. To produce these
general effects it must be introduced in very large quantities, as when
an animal is stung by a swarm of bees or wasps.

Treatment.—The treatment is to wash the parts with diluted ammo-

nia or permanganate of potash solution and to give stimulants inter-
nally. If there is so much swelling about the head and nostrils as to
, interfere with breathing, tracheotomy may be necessary.

POISONING BY INSECTS ON THE FORAGE.

Cattle grazing on forage heavily infested with caterpillars have
been known to develop acute indigestion, colic, and, in a few cases,
POISONS AND POISONING. 69

to die as a result of this poisoning. Plant lice cause irritation of the
mouth and throat if eaten in large numbers. Some insects secrete a

chemical poison which, taken in this way, causes serious digestive
disturbance.

POISONING WITH SPANISH FLY.

Spanish fly, in the form of powdered cantharides, may be given in
an overdose, or when applied as a blister to too large a surface of
skin enough may be absorbed to poison. If given by the mouth it
causes severe irritation of the gastro-intestinal tract, shown by sali-
vation, sore throat, colic, bloody diarrhea, ete. It also produces,
whether given by the mouth or absorbed through the skin, irritation
of the urinary tract, as shown by frequent and painful urination. If
death results, it is due to respiratory paralysis.

Treatment.—Give protectives and the white of egg, with opium. Do
not give oils or alcohol.
DISEASES OF THE HEART, BLOOD VESSELS,
AND LYMPHATICS.

By W. H. Harpauay, V. Ss.
[Revised in 1904 by Leonard Pearson, B. §., V. M. D.]

The heart, blood vessels, and lymphatics may be described as the
circulatory apparatus.

The heart is located in the thoracic cavity (chest). It is conical in
form, with the base or large part uppermost, while the apex, or point,
rests just above the sternum (breastbone). It is situated between
the right and left lungs, the apex inclining to the left, and owing to this
circumstance the heart beats are best felt on the left side of the chest

‘pehind the elbow. The heart may be considered as a hollow muscle,
containing four compartments, two on each side. The upper com-
partments are called auricles and the lower ones are called ventricles.
The right auricle and ventricle are completely separated from the
left auricle and ventricle by a thick septum or wall, so that there is
no communication between the right and left sides of the heart.

At the bottom of each auricle is the auriculo-ventricular opening,
each provided with a valve to close it when the heart contracts to
force the blood into-the arteries. In the interval between the con-
tractions these valves hang down into the ventricles.

The muscular tissue of the heart belongs to that class known as
involuntary, because its action is not controlled by the will.

The cavities of the heart are lined by serous membrane, called the
endocardium. The endocardium may be considered as continued into
the veins and the arteries, forming their internal lining. The walls
of the ventricles are thicker than those of the auricles, and the walls
of the left ventricle are much thicker than those of the right.

The heart is enveloped by a fibrous sac (or bag), called the pericar-
dium, which assumes much of the general shape of the outer surface
of the heart.

The action of the heart is similar to that of a pump and its function
1s to keep the blood in circulation. The auricles may be considered as
the reservoirs or receivers of the blood and the ventricles as the pump
chambers. During the interval between contractions, the heart being
in momentary repose, the blood pours into the auricles from the veins;
the auriculo-ventricular orifices being widely open, the ventricles also
receive blood; the auricles contract and the ventricles are filled; con-

70
DISEASES OF HEART, BLOOD VESSELS, AND LYMPHATICS. 71

traction of the ventricles follows; the auriculo-ventricular valves are
forced up by the pressure of the blood and close the auriculo-ventric-
ular openings and prevent the return of blood into the auricles; the
contraction of the ventricles forces the blood from the right ventricle
into the lungs through the pulmonary artery and its branches, and
from the left ventricle into the aorta and all parts of the body through
the arteries. After the contraction of the ventricles the heart is again
in momentary repose and being filled with blood, while the valves in
the aorta and pulmonary artery close to prevent the return of blood
into the ventricles. (See Pl. VII.)

The average weight of the heart of an ox is said to be from 34 to 5
pounds, but, of course, the weight must be very variable in different
animals, owing to the many breeds and sizes of cattle.

The vessels that convey the blood from the heart to all parts of
the body are called arteries; the vessels which return the blood to
the heart are called veins. Between the ultimate ramifications of the
arteries and the beginning of the veins there is an intermediate system
of very minute vessels called capillaries, which counect.the arterial
with the venous system of the circulation. The walls of the arteries
are possessed of a certain amount of rigidity, sufficient to keep the
tubes open when they are empty.

The blood leaves the left ventricle through a single vessel, the com-
mon aorta, which divides into the anterior and posterior aortas, which
in turn give off the large arteries.

The arteries divide and subdivide (like the branches of a tree),
become smaller and smaller, and ultimately ramify into every part of
the body, terminating in a network of very small tubes called capil-
laries, which can only be recognized by the aid of a microscope. The
capillaries terminate in veins.

The veins take the blood from the capillaries in all parts of the body.
They begin in very small tubes, which unite to become larger in size
and less in number as they approach the heart.

In its course an artery is usually accompanied by a vein and in many
situations by a nerve. The more impgrtant arteries are placed deep
within the body; but in those cases where they are superficial they
are generally found where least exposed to injury, as, for example, on
the inner side of the legs. Arteries are less numerous than veins, and
the total capacity of the arteries is much less than that of the veins.
A great number of veins are in the tissue immediately beneath the
skin, and these are not generally accompanied by arteries.

The blood througheut its course, in the heart, arteries, capil‘aries,
and veins, is inclosed within these vessels. There is no opening into
the course of the blood, except where the large lymphatics empty into
the venous blood.

All the arteries, except the pulmonary artery and its branches,
carry bright-red blood, and all the veins, except the pulmonary veins,
72 DISEASES OF CATTLE.

carry dark-red blood. The impure dark-red blood is collected from
the zapillary vessels and carried to the right auricle by the veins; it
passes down into the right ventricle and thence into the pulmonary
artery, and through its branches to the capillaries of the lungs, where
the carbonic-acid gas andother impurities are given up to the air in the
air cells of the lungs (through the thin walls between the capillaries
and the air cells), and where it also absorbs from the air the oxygen
gas necessary to sustain life, which changes it to the bright-red, pure
plood. It passes from the capillaries to the branches of the pulmonary
veins, which convey it to the left auricle of the heart; it then passes
through the auriculo-ventricular opening into the left ventricle, the
contraction of which forces it through the common aorta into the pos-
terior and anterior aortas, and through all the arteries of the body
into the capillaries, where it parts with its oxygen and nutritive ele-
ments and where it absorbs carbonic-acid gas and becomes dark col-
ored. (See theoretical diagram of the circulation, Pl. VII.)

The branches of certain arteries in different parts unite again after
subdividing. This reuniting is called anastomosing, and assures a
quota of blood to a part if one of the anastomosing arteries should be
tied in case of hemorrhage, or should be destroyea by accident or
operation.

BLOOD.

The various kinds of food, after being digested in the alimentary
canal, are absorbed and carried into the blood by the lymphatics, and
by the blood to the places where nutrition is required. The blood
takes from all parts of the body all that is useless and no longer
required, and carries it to the different organs where it is eliminated
from the body. It contains within itself all the elements which nour-
ish the body.

The blood may be considered a fluid holding in solution certain
inorganic elements and having certain bodies suspended in it. To
facilitate description, the blood may be considered as being made up
of the corpuscles and the liquor sanguinis. The corpuscles are of
two kinds, the red and the white, the red being the most numerous.
The color of the blood is due to the coloring matter in the red cor-
puscles. The red corpuscles are the oxygen carriers. Both kinds
are very minute bodies, which require the aid of the microscope to
recognize them. The liquor sanguinis is composed of water contain-
ing in solution salts, albumen, and the elements of fibrin.

The lymphatics, or absorbents, are the vessels which carry the lymph
and chyle in the blood. They begin as capillaries in all parts of the
body, gradually uniting to form larger trunks. Placed along the
course of the lymphatic vessels are glands, and in some situations
these glands are collected into groups; for example, in the groin, ete.
These glands are often involved in inflammation arising from the
absorption of deleterious matter.
DISEASES OF HEART, BLOOD VESSELS, AND LYMPHATICS. 73

Absorption is the function of the lymphatics. The liquor sanguinis
passes from the blood capillaries to supply nutrition to the tissues.
All excess of the liquor sanguinis that is not required is absorbed by
the lymphatic vessels and conveyed back to the blood by the lym-
phatic ducts. The lymphatics which proceed from the intestines con-
vey the chyle into the blood during digestion. As a rule, the lym-
phatic vessels follow the course of the veins. All of the absorbent
vessels convey their contents to the thoracic duct and right great
iymphatie vein, which empty into the anterior vena cava, where the
lymph and chyle mix with the venous blood, and thus maintain the
supply of nutritive elements in the blood.

PULSE.

As fully explained, the heart pumps the blood throughout the arte-
rial system. The arteries are always full and each contraction of
the ventricle pumps more blood into them, which distends their elastic
walls and sends a wave along them which gradually becomes less per-
ceptible as it nears the very small arteries, and is lost before the
capillaries are reached. This wave constitutes the pulse. The sen-
sation or impression given to the finger when placed upon the artery
shows the force exerted by the heart and some important facts con-
cerning the condition of the circulation. In cattle the average num-
ber of pulsations in a minute (in adults) is from 50 to 60. The pulse
is faster than normal after exercise, excitement, on hot days, from
pain, and as a result of fullness of the stomach. In old animals it is
slower than in the young and in males slightly slower than in females.
In fevers and inflammations and in local diseases of the heart the
pulse rate is increased. If the rate is greater than 100 or 110 to the
minute the outlook for recovery is not good.

Other variations of the pulse are known as infrequent pulse, which
means that the number of pulsations in a given time is less than nor-
mal. The irregular or the intermittent pulse is when the pulsations
do not follow in regular order. The large pulse and the small pulse
refer to the volume of the pulse, which may be larger or smaller than
usual. The strong pulse and the feeble pulse refer to the strength or
weakness of the pulsation. The pulse is said to be hard when the
vessel feels hard and incompressible. The soft pulse is the reverse
of the hard one. By dicrotic pulse is meant that kind of pulsation
which makes each beat seem double, and therefore it is generally
called the double pulse.

The venous or “‘jugular pulse” is the pulsation so frequently
observed in the jugular vein of cattle. It is particularly noticeable
while they are ruminating—‘‘chewing the cud.” It is not always
associated with disease, but may be a symptom of some disease of the
heart; in such cases the jugular pulse is continuous.

The location selected for feeling the pulse in cattle is where the sub-
maxillary artery winds around the lower jaw bones, just at the lower
74 DISEASES OF CATTLE.

edge of the flat muscle on the side of the cheek; or, if the cow is lying
down, the metacarpal artery on the back part of the fore fetlock is
very convenient for the purpose.

THE EXAMINATION OF THE HEART.

Corresponding with the beats of the heart two sounds are emitted,
which are of a definite type in healthy animals. The first is pro-
duced by the contraction of the heart and the flow of blood out of it;
the second is caused by the rebound of blood in the aorta and the
closure of the valves that prevent it from flowing backward into the
heart, whence it came. The first sound is the longer and louder of
the two, though of low pitch. The second sound is sharper and
shorter, and is not always easy to hear in cattle. There is a brief
interval between them.

To appreciate these sounds, the ear is placed against the left side of
the chest, a little above the point where the elbow rests when the
animal is standing in a natural position and about opposite the sixth
rib. The heart sounds are both reduced in intensity when the animal
is weak or when the heart is forced away from the chest wall by col-
lections of fluid or by tubercular or other growths. Nonrhythmical
heart sound is often caused by pericarditis or by disease of the
valves. It may also be due to overfilling of the heart upon the right
side, as occurs in severe congestion of the lungs and in some febrile
diseases.

In pericarditis scraping, rubbing, or splashing sounds may be heard,
entirely apart from the two normal sounds above described.

The impulse of the heart, as felt by placing the hand against the
chest, is of some consequence in arriving at a conclusion in respect to
disease of the heart; but it must be remembered that the impulse
may be very much increased by diseases otber than those of the heart,
as, for example, inflammation of various organs, severe pains, etc.
The impulse may also be increased (when disease does not exist) by
work, exercise, fright, or any cause of excitement, or, in general, by
anything that causes acceleration of the pulse.

The impulse of the heart may be felt and the sounds may be heard
fairly well in lean cattle, but in fat ones it is difficult and often
impossible to detect either impulse or sound with any degree of satis-
faction.

PALPITATION.

When the impulse of the heart is excessive—that is, when it beats
more or less tumultuously—the familiar expression “ palpitation of the
heart” is applied; and by many it is called “‘thumps.” The hand or
ear placed against the chest easily detects the unnatural beating. In
some cases it is so violent that the motion may be seen at a distance.
Palpitation is but a symptom, and in many instances not connected
DISEASES OF HEART, BLOOD VESSELS, AND LYMPHATICS. 75

with disease of the structure of the heart or its membranes. An
animal badly frightened may have palpitation. When it comes on
suddenly and soon passes away, it depends on some cause other than
disease of the heart; but when it is gradually manifested, and becomes
constant, although more pronounced at one time than another, heart
disease may be suspected, especially if other symptoms of heart dis-
ease are present.

INJURY TO THE HEART BY FOREIGN BODIES.

Cattle are addicted to-the habit of chewing and swallowing many
objects not intended as articles of food. Every veterinarian of expe-
rience has met with instances to remind him of this, and it is well
known to butchers. Among the great variety of things that have
thus found their way into the stomachs of cattle the folowing have
been noticed: Finger rings, knitting needles, old shoes, table knives,
wood, pieces of leather, pieces of wire, buttons, hairpins, brushes,
nails, coins, etc. The more sharply pointed objects sometimes pene-
trate the wall of the stomach, during which they may or may not
cause enough irritation of the stomach to produce indigestion, gradu-
ally work their way through the diaphragm toward the heart, pierce
the pericardium (bag inclosing the heart), wound the heart, and
prove fatal to the animal. Cases are recorded in which the foreign
body has actually worked its way into one of the cavities of the heart.
However, instances are known in which the object took a different
course, and finally worked its way toward the surface and was
extracted from the wall of the chest. While it is possible that the
object may pierce the wall at different parts of the alimentary canal,
as it frequently does that of the rumen (paunch), it is thought that
in the great majority of cases it passes through the wall of the reticu-
lum (smaller honeycombed compartment, or second stomach) and is
drawn toward the heart by the suction-like action of the chest. Post-
mortem examinations have demonstrated the course it pursued, as
adhesions and other results of the inflammation it caused were plainly
to be seen. All manner of symptoms may precede those showing
involvement of the heart, depending upon the location of the foreign
body and the extent of inflammation caused by it. Severe indigestion
may occur; stiffness and difficulty in moving about, due to the prods
of the sharp body following muscular contraction; pain on pressure
over the front, lower, and right sides of the abdomen; coughing and
difficult, quick breathing. In most cases the foreign body does not
penetrate to the heart, nor even to the pericardium.

Symptoms.—The symptoms are as follows: The animal is disin-
clined to move actively, the step is restricted and cautious, sudden
motion causes grunting, the attitude is constrained, the feet are
drawn somewhat together, the back is arched, the face has an anxious
expression. If the disease is of some days’ standing, there is likely to
76 DISEASES OF CATTLE.

be soft swelling (edema) beneath the neck, in the dewlap, and under the
chest, between the fore legs. Breathing is short and difficult; it may
clearly be painful. The pulse is rapid, 80 to 120 per minute. The mus-
cles quiver as though the animal were cold. Rumination and appetite
are depressed or checked. The dung is hard, and to void it appears
to cause pain. These symptoms usually develop gradually, and, of
course, they vary considerably in different animals, depending upon
the size and location of the foreign body and the irritation caused by it.

As a matter of course, treatment in such cases is useless, but when
it is possible to diagnose the case correctly the animal could be turned
over to the butcher before the flesh becomes unfit for use; that is,
before there is more than a little suppuration and before there is
fever. Knowing that cattle are prone to swallow such objects, ordi-
nary care may be exercised in keeping their surroundings as free of

them as possible.
PERICARDITIS.

Inflammation of the pericardium (heart bag) is often associated
with pneumonia and pleurisy, rheumatism, and other constitutional
diseases, or with an injury. It also occurs as an independent affec-
tion, due to causes similar to those of other chest affections, as expos-
ure to cold or dampness and changes of the weather.

Symptoms.—It may be ushered in with a chill, followed by fever, of
more or less severity; the animal stands still and dull, with head
hanging low, and anxiety expressed in its countenance. The pulse
may be large, perhaps hard; there is also a venous pulse. The hand
against the chest will feel the beating of the heart, which is often
irregular, sometimes violent, and in other instances weak, depending
in part upon the amount of fluid that has transuded into the peri-
cardial sac. Legs are cold, the breathing quickened, and usually
abdominal; if the left side of the chest be pressed on or struck, the
animal evinces pain. There may be spasms of the muscles in the
region of the breast, neck, or hind legs. After a time, which variesin
length, the legs may become swollen, and swelling may also appear
under the chest and brisket.

In those animals in which the heart sounds may be heard somewhat
distinctly, the ear applied against the chest will detect a to-and-fro
friction sound, corresponding to the beats of the heart. This sound
is produced by the rubbing of the internal surface of the heart bag
against the external surface of the heart. During the first stages of
the inflammation these surfaces are dry, and the rubbing of one
against the other during the contraction and relaxation of the heart
produces this sound. The dry stage is followed by the exudation of
fluid into the heart sac, and the friction is not heard until the fluid
is absorbed sufficiently to allow the surfaces to come in contact again.
But during the time the friction sound is lost a sound which has been
called a ‘‘churning noise” may take its place.
DISEASES OF HEART, BLOOD VESSELS, AND LYMPHATICS. 177

The friction sound of pericarditis can not be mistaken for the fric-
tion sound of pleurisy if the examination is a careful one, because
in the heart affection the sound is made in connection with the heart
beats, while in the pleuritice affection the sound is synchronous with
each respiration or breath of air taken in and expelled from the lungs.

Treatment.—W hen pericarditis is complicated with rheumatism or
other diseases the latter must be treated as directed in the description
of them. The animal must be kept in a quiet, comfortable place,
whereit will befreefrom excitement. Warm clothing should be applied
to the body and the legs should be hand-rubbed until the circulation in
them is reestablished, and then snugly bandaged. The food should
be nutritive and in moderate quantity. Bleeding should. not be per-
formed unless the case is in the hands of an expert.

At the beginning, give as a purgative Epsom salts—1 pound to an
average-sized cow—dissolved in about a quart of warm water and
administered asa drench. When thereis much pain, 2 ounces of lau-
danum may be given, diluted with a pint of water, every three hours,
until relief is given. Do not give the laudanum unless demanded by
the severity of the pain, as it tends to constipation. Give one-half
ounce of nitrate of potassium (saltpeter), dissolved in drinking water,
four or five times aday. After the attack has abated, mustard mixed
with water may be rubbed well over the left side of the chest to stim-
ulate the absorption of the fluid contained within the pericardium.
The other medicines may be discontinued and the following adminis-
tered: Sulphate of iron, 2 ounces; powdered gentian, 6 ounces; mix

-and make eight powders. Give one powder every day at noon, mixed
with food, if the animal will eat it, or shaken up with water in a bot-
tle asa drench. Also the following: Iodid of potassium, 2 ounces;
nitrate of potassium, 8 ounces; mix and make sixteen powders. Give
one in drinking water or in drench every morning and evening. The
last two prescriptions may be continued for several weeks if necessary.

If at any time during the attack much weakness is manifested, give
the following drench every three hours: Spirits of nitrous ether, 3
ounces; rectified spirits, 4 ounces; water, 1 pint; mix and giveasa
drench.

In extreme cases tapping the pericardium with a trocar and canula
to draw off the fluid is resorted to, but the operation requires exact
anatomical knowledge.

After death from pericarditis there is always more or less fluid found
in the pericardium; the surfaces are rough and covered with a yellow-
colored exudate. There are also, in many cases, adhesions, to a greater
or less extent, between the heart and pericardium.

MYOCARDITIS.

Inflammation of the muscular structure of the heart occurs in lim-
ited, circumscribed areas, as evidenced by post-mortem examination,
78 DISEASES OF CATTLE.

and it is probably always somewhat involved in connection with peri-
carditis and endocarditis. It may readily be inferred that if the
whole organ were inflamed death would ensue immediately. Usually
myocarditis results from the preexistence of blood poisoning or some
infectious febrile disease.

Symptoms.—The chief symptoms are those of heart weakness. The
heart beat is fast, weak, and often irregular. Respiration is difficult
and rapid. There is great general weakness and depression. Death
comes on suddenly.

Treatment.—Treatment consists in supporting the animal by the
use of stimulants, such as alcohol, ammonia, coffee, digitalis, camphor,
ete. Complete quiet must be provided, and the general care should
be as in pericarditis.

ENDOCARDITIS.

When the membrane which lines the cavities of the heart—the endo-
cardium—suffers inflammation, the disease is called endocarditis. The
cause is another disease, during which there is produced and admit-
ted into the circulation substances that irritate the lining of the heart.
These substances are usually living organisms, or it is possible that
in some cases they are chemical irritants. Endocarditis occurs as a
complication or sequel to pneumonia, blood poisoning, inflammation
of the womb, rheumatism, or severe wounds or abscesses. The symp-
toms are much the same as those of pericarditis, and it is difficult to
discriminate between the two affections. There is a jugular pulse,
the legs may become dropsical, and there is a tendency to faint if the-
head is elevated suddenly. The bellows-like sound is more distinct
than it is in pericarditis. It is the most fatal of heart diseases,
because of the liability of the formation of clots, which may adhere
to the valves, change in the structure of the valves, and often a com-
plication with an abnormal condition of the blood. Clots may be
formed in the heart, and, being carried to other parts, prove fatal by
interrupting the circulation in some vital organ.

Similar treatment to that advised for myocarditis may be followed
in this disease.

 

VALVES OF THE HEART.

The valves are subject to abnormal growths and structural changes
in chronic endocarditis or as a result of acute endocarditis. Some-
times valves are torn by sudden extreme muscular effort, or an abnor-
mality may be congenital. Cases are also reported in which they have
been found ruptured.

Symptoms.—The general symptoms are those of heart weakness,
accompanied by congestion of the lungs and edema.

Treatment.—Relief is sometimes afforded, but usually temporarily,
by the use of stimulants, especially digitalis.
DISEASES OF HEART, BLOOD VESSELS, AND LYMPHATICS. 79
RUPTURE OF THE HEART.

Sudden effort, blows, or disease may lead to rupture of the heart of
the ox. The first cause does not operate so often in cattle as in horses.
Tuberculosis or ulceration from other causes, such as a foreign body,
is the most common source of this accident. Rupture is shown by
sudden fainting, followed very shortly by death.

HYPERTROPHY AND DILATATION OF THE HEART.

This is an enlargement of the heart, and may consist of the thicken-
ing of the walls alone, or at the same time the cavities may be either
enlarged or diminished in size. Dilatation of the cavities has been
noticed as existing independently of thickened walls. In hypertrophy
the sounds of the heart are loud and pronounced, and may be heard
on both sides of the chest distinctly, and palpitation occurs to a
greater or lessextent. Luckily both conditions are very rare in cattle.

ATROPHY.

Atrophy is the technical term for wasting of the muscular tissue.
Atrophy of the heart is very rare among cattle, and is usually a result
of other diseases.

FATTY DEGENERATION OF THE HEART.

This condition of the heart is met with in some cattle that are very
fat, but it must be understood that the accumulation of fat around
the heart is not referred to by this designation. In fatty degenera-
tion the elements of the muscular tissue are replaced by fatty or oily
granules. The muscle becomes weak, the heart contractions are
insufficient, and heart weakness is shown by general weakness, short-
ness of breath, and weak, rapid pulse.

CYANOSIS.

Owing to the most prominent symptom, this condition is also called
“blue disease.” It is seen occasionally in new-born calves. It is
recognized by the blue color ef the mucous membrane (easily seen by
looking within the mouth and nostrils), the coldness of the surface of
the body, and rapid, labored breathing. It is due to nonclosure of
the foramen ovale, connecting the right with the left side of the heart,
and the consequent mixing of the venous with the arterial blood.
Calves so affected live but a short time.

MISPLACEMENT OF THE HEART.

Cases are recorded in which the heart has been found out of its
natural position, sometimes located outside of the chest. This is a
congenital condition, for which there is no remedy. A heifer calf
80 DISEASES OF CATTLE.

with the heart entirely outside of the thoracic cavity and contained
beneath the skin in the lower part of the neck was kept at the veteri-
nary hospital of the University of Pennsylvania for two years, during
which time it matured into a well-developed cow.

WOUNDS OF ARTERIES AND VEINS.

When a blood vessel is opened it may be told at a glance whether
it is an artery or a vein by simply bearing in mind that bright-red
blood comes from arteries and dark-red from veins. When a vein or
a very small artery is severed the blood flows from the vessel in a con-
tinuous and even stream, but when one of the larger arteries is severed
the blood comes from it in intermitting jets, or spurts, corresponding
to the beats of the heart. It is well to call attention to the fact that
the dark-red blood which flows or oozes from a wound soon becomes
bright-red, because it gives up its carbonic-acid gas to the air, and
absorbs oxygen gas from the air, which is exactly the change it under-
goes in the capillaries of the lungs.

The general treatment of wounds will be found in another section;
here it is only necessary to refer briefly to some of the most practical
methods used to arrest hemorrhages, as instances occur where an
animal may lose much strength from the loss of blood, or even bleed
to death unless action is prompt.

BLEEDING (HEMORRHAGE).

The severity of a hemorrhage depends upon the size of the vessel
from which the blood escapes, though it may be stated that it is more
serious when arteries are severed. If the wound in an artery isin the
direction of its length, the blood escapes more freely than if the vessel
is completely severed, because in the latter instance the severed ends
retract, curl in, and may aid very much in arresting the flow. When
the blood merely oozes from the wound, and even in cases where it
flows in a small stream, the forming of the clot arrests the hemorrhage
in a comparatively short time.

Slight hemorrhages may be checked by the continuous application
to the wound of cold water, ice, or snow, as cold causes contraction of
the small vessels. The water may be thrown ona wound from a hose,
or dashed on it from the hand or a cup, or folds of cotton cloths may
be held on the wound and kept wet. Ice or snow may be held against
the wound, or they may be put in a bag and conveniently secured in
position.

Hot water of an average temperature of 115° to 120° F. injected into
the vagina or womb is often efficient in arresting hemorrhages from
those organs. Tow, raw cotton, lint, or sponges may be forced intoa
wound and held or bound there with bandages. This is an excellent
method for checking the flow of blood until the arrival of an expert.
If the flow persists, these articles may be saturated with tinctureof iron,
DISEASES OF HEART, BLOOD VESSELS, AND LYMPHATICS. 81

but it is not advisable to use the tincture of iron if it can be avoided,
as it is a caustic, and retards healing by causing a slough. The arti-
cles may be saturated with vinegar in cases of necessity, or tannic acid
or alum dissolved in water may be used instead. The article (which-
ever is used) should be left in the wound sufficiently long to make sure
that its removal will not be followed by a renewal of the hemorrhage.
It must remain there one or two days in some instances.

An iron heated until it is white and then pressed on the bleeding ves-
sel for three or four seconds is occasionally used. It should be at white
heat and applied for a moment only, or else the charred tissue will
come away with the iron and thus defeat the purpose of its application.

Compression may be applied in different ways, but only the most
convenient will be mentioned. To many wounds bandages may easily
be applied. The bandages may be made of linen, muslin, ete., suffi-
ciently wide and long, according to the nature of the wound and the
region to be bandaged. Bed sheets torn in strips thefull length make
exceilent bandages for this purpose. Cotton batting, tow, or a piece
of sponge may be placed on the wound and firmly bound there with
the bandages. ,

In many instances ligating the vessel is necessary. A ligature is a
piece of thread or string tied around the vessel. Ligating is almost
entirely confined to arteries. Veins are not ligated unless very large
(and even then only when other means are not available) on account
of the danger of phlebitis, or inflammation of avein. The ligature is
tied around the end of the artery, but in some instances this is diffi-
cult, and it is necessary to include some of the adjacent tissue, although
eare should be taken that a nerve is not included. To apply a liga-
ture, it is necessary to have artery forceps (tweezers or small pincers
may suffice) by which to draw out the artery in order to tie the string
around it. To grasp the vessel it may be necessary to sponge the
blood from the wound so that the end will be exposed. In case the
end of the bleeding artery has retracted, a sharp-pointed hook, called
a tenaculum, is used to draw it out far enough to tie. The ligature
should be drawn tightly, so that the middle and internal coats will be
cut through.

Another method of checking hemorrhage is called torsion. It con-
sists in catching the end of the bleeding vessel, drawing it out a little,
and then twisting it around a few times with the forceps, which lacer-
ates the internal coats so that a check is effected. This is very effec-
tual in small vessels, and is to be preferred to ligatures, because it
leaves no foreign body in the wound. .A needle or pin may be stuck
through the edges of a wound, and astring passed around between the
free ends and the skin (Pl. XXVIII, fig. 10), or it may be passed
around in the form of a figure 8, as is often done in the operation of

bleeding from the jugular vein.
61386—08——6
82 DISEASES OF OATTLE.
ANEURISM.

A circumscribed dilatation of an artery, constituting a tumor which
pulsates synchronously with the beats of the heart, is called aneurism.
It is due to disease and rupture of one or two of the arterial coats.
The true aneurism communicates with the interior of the artery and
contains coagulated blood. They are so deeply seated in cattle that
treatment is out of the question. These abnormalities are due to
severe exertion, to old age, to fatty or caleareous degeneration, or to
parasites in the blood vessels. Death is sudden when due to the rup-
ture of an aneurism of a large artery, owing to internal hemorrhage.
Sometimes spontaneous recovery occurs. As arule no symptoms are
caused in cattle by the presence of deep-seated aneurisms, and their
presence is not suspected until after death.

A false aneurism results from blood escaping from a wounded artery
into the adjacent tissue, where it clots, and the wound, remaining
open in the artery, causes pulsation in the tumor.

THROMBOSIS (OBSTRUCTION) OF THE ARTERIES.

Arteries become obstructed as a result of wounds and other injuries
to them, as those resulting from the formation of an abscess or the
extension of inflammation from surrounding structures to the coats
of an artery. Arteries are also obstructed by the breaking off of par-
ticles of a plug or clot, partly obstructing the aorta or other large
artery. These small pieces (emboli) are floated to an artery that is
too small to permit them to pass and are there securely held, produc-
ing obstruction. Such obstructions are shown by loss of power in the
muscles supplied by the obstructed artery and by excitation of the
heart and respiration after exercise. The loss of power may not come
into evidence until after exercise.

Symptoms.—While standing still or when walking slowly the ani-
mal may appear to be normal, but after more active exercise a group
of muscles, a leg, or both hind legs, may he handled with difficulty,
causing lameness, and later there is practically a local paralysis.
These symptoms disappear with rest. In some cases the collateral cir-
culation develops in time, so that the parts receive sufficient blood
and the symptoms disappear.

INFLAMMATION OF VEINS (PHLEBITIS).

When bleeding is performed without proper care or with unclean
fleam or lancet, inflammation of the vein may result, or it may be
caused by the animal rubbing the wound against some object. When
inflammation follows the operation, the coats of the vein become
enlarged; so much so that the vessel may be felt hard and knotted
beneath the skin, and when pressed on pain isevinced. A thin, watery
discharge, tinged with blood, issues from the wound. When the pin
DISEASES OF HEART, BLOOD VESSELS, AND LYMPHATICS. 83

is taken out it is found that the wound has not healed. The blood
becomes coagulated in the vessel. In inflammation of the jugular the
coagulation extends from the wound upward to the first large branch.
Abscesses may form along the course of the vein. The inflammation
is followed by obliteration of that part in which coagulation exists.
This is of small import, as cattle have an accessory jugular vein which
gradually enlarges and accommodates itself to the increased quantity
of blood it must carry.

Treatment.—The treatment for inflammation of the vein is to clip
the hair from along the course of the affected vessel and apply a
blister, the cerate of cantharides. Abscesses should be opened as
soon as they form, because there is a possibility of the pus getting
into the circulation.

In the operation of bleeding the instruments should be clean and
free from rust. If the skin is not sufficiently opened, or when closing
the wound the skin is drawn out too much, blood may accumulate in
the tissue, and if it does it should be removed by pressing absorbent
cotton or a sponge on the part. Care should also be used in opening
the vein, so that the instrument does not pass entirely through both
sides of the vein and open the artery beneath it. (See ‘‘ Bleeding, or
Blood-letting,” p. 290.)
DISEASES OF THE HEART, BLOOD VESSELS, AND LYMPHATICS.

DESCRIPTION OF PLATE.

PuatE VII:

Diagram illustrating the circulation of the blood. The arrows indicate the
direction in which the blood flows. The valves of the heart, situated
between the right auricle and ventricle, and left auricle and ventricle,
and between the ventricles and large arteries, are represented by curved
lines. These valves are intended to prevent the flow of blood in a direc-
tion contrary to that indicated by the arrows.

84 .
PLATE VII,

DISEASES OF CATTLE.

 

  

is ane Right
\ Tentricle.

  

 

    

Left
Vontricle

 

  

 

Posterior Aorta.

      

\
mea

Portal Vein unLiver:

 

  

   

rence. of
Hepatic Vern into
the Posterior Vena Cava

     

 

 

Haines del, modified from Miller:

A GB.GRAHAM CO LITH WASH. D.C.

DIAGRAM OF THE CIRCULATION.
NONCONTAGIOUS DISEASES OF THE ORGANS
OF RESPIRATION.

By Wictiam Herpert Lowe, D. V. 8.
[Revised in 1904 by the author. ]

In the determination of disease in the human being the physician is
aided by both subjective and objective symptoms in making his diag-
nosis; but the veterinary physician, in a very large majority of cases,
is obliged to rely almost solely upon objective symptoms, and perhaps
in no class of diseases is this more true than in the exploration of those
under consideration. This condition of affairs has astrong tendency to
develop observation and discernment in the veterinarian, and not infre-
quently do we find that the successful veterinary practitioner isa very
accurate diagnostician. But in order to make a differential diagnosis
it is not only necessary to have a knowledge of the structure and func-
tions of the organs in health, but to adopt a rigid system of details of
examination, without which successful results can not be reached.

History.—The history of a case should always be ascertained so far
as possible. The information obtained is sometimes unsatisfactory
and not to be depended upon, but even when such is the case it is
advisable to weigh the evidence from every point of view.

In connection with the history of every case it is always of primary
importance to ascertain the cause of illness. A knowledge of the
origin and development of a disease is important, both in making a
diagnosis and in formulating the treatment. Exposure to cold and
dampness is frequently the exciting cause of affections of the organs
of respiration.

The experienced practitioner is always sure to ascertain whether the
particular animal he is called on to attend is the only one in the stable
or on the premises that is similarly affected. If several animals are
similarly affected the disease may have a common cause, which may
or may not be of an infectious nature.

Another thing that the experienced practitioner ascertains is what
previous treatment, if any, the animal has had. Medicine given in
excessive doses sometimes produces symptoms resembling those of

disease.
85
86 DISEASES OF OATTLE.

The hygienic and sanitary conditions have always to be considered
in connection with the cause as well as the treatment of disease.
Much of the disease which occurs in large dairies, as well as else-
where, could be prevented if owners and those in charge of animals
had proper regard for the fundamental laws of animal hygiene and
modern sanitation. Disregard for these laws is the cause of most of
the diseases under consideration in this chapter.

Attitude and general condition.—The feeling of pain in animals
suffering from serious affections of the organs of respiration is
expressed to the close observer in no uncertain language—by their
flinching when the painful part is touched; by the care with which
they move or lie down; by walking or standing to ‘‘favor” the part;
by the general attitude and expression of the eye; by the distress and
suffering apparent in the face of the sick animal; and by other
evidences.

The general physical condition and attitude of the sick animal tell
much to the careful observer that aids him in making a diagnosis and
prognosis. Cows suffering from affections of the organs of respira-
tion usually assume a position or attitude that is characteristic, well
known to experienced stockmen as well as to veterinarians. When
an animal has a fever or is suffering from an inflammation, the skin
is one of the first parts of the body to undergo a change that is
apparent to the average observer. The skin soon loses its elasticity
and tone and the hair becomes dry and staring.

From the general condition or state of nutrition one is able to judge
the effect that the disease has already had upon the animal and to
estimate the amount of strength remaining available for its restora-
tion to health; from the amount of emaciation one can approximate as
to the length of time the animal has been ill. The age and breed of
the animal, as well as its constitution and temperament, are among the
things that have to be taken into account in making a diagnosis and
in overcoming the disease.

The mucous membrane.—The mucous membrane should in all cases
be examined. It can be readily seen by everting the eyelids or by
an inspection of the lining membrane of the nostrils.

Paleness of the mucous membrane indicates weak circulation or
poor blood. It may result from inappropriate food, from disease, or
from hemorrhage.

In healthy animals increased redness of the mucous membrane
occurs from pain, excitement, severe exertion, and in such instances
is always transitory. In certain pathological conditions, such as fevers
and inflammation, this condition of the mucous membrane will also be
found. The increased redness of the mucous membrane lasts during
the duration of the fever or inflammation.

A bluish or blue mucous membrane indicates that the blood is
imperfectly oxidized, and contains an excess of carbon dioxid, and
NONOONTAGIOUS DISEASES OF RESPIRATION ORGANS. 87

is seen in serious diseases of the respiratory tract, such as pneumonia
and in heart failure.

The secretions.—The secretions may be either diminished, increased,
or perverted. In the early stage of an inflammation of a secretory
organ its secretion is diminished. In the early stage of pleurisy the
serous membrane is dry, and as the disease advances the membrane
becomes unnaturally moist. The products of secretion are some-
times greatly changed in character from the secretion in health,
becoming excessively irritant and yielding evidence of chemical and
other alterations in the character of the secretion.

Cough.—Cough depends upon a reflex nervous action, and may be
primary when the irritation exists in the lungs or air passages, or sec-
ondary when due to irritation of the stomach, intestines, or other
parts having nervous communications with the respiratory apparatus.
A cough is said te be dry, moist, harsh, hollow, difficult, paroxysmal,
suppressed, sympathetic, etc., according to its character. Cough is
a very important symptom, often being diagnostic in diseases of the
respiratory organs; but this is a subject which can be more satisfac-
torily treated in connection with the special diseases of the organs in
question.

Respiration.—In making an examination of an animal observe the

depth, frequency, quickness, facility, and the nature of the respira-
tory movements. They may be quick orslow, frequent or infrequent,
deep or imperfect, labored, unequal, irregular, etc., each of which has
its significance to the educated and experienced veterinarian.

Sleep, rumination, pregnancy in cows, etc., modify the respiratory
movements even in health. Respiration consists of two acts—inspira-
tion and expiration. The function of respiration is to take in oxygen
from the atmospheric air, which is essential for the maintenance of
life, and to exhale the deleterious gas known as ‘‘carbon dioxid.”

The frequency of the respiratory movements is determined by
observing the motions of the nostrils or of the flanks. The normal
rate of respiration for a healthy animal of the bovine species is from
fifteen to eighteen times per minute. The extent of the respiratory
system renders it liable to become affected by contiguity to many
parts, and its nervous connections are very important.

Rapid, irregular, or difficult breathing is known as dyspnea, and
the animal in all such cases has difficulty in obtaining the amount of
oxygen that it requires. Among the conditions that give rise to dysp-
nea may be mentioned restricted area of active lung tissue, due to
filling of portions of the lungs with inflammatory exudate, as in pneu-
monia; painful movements of the chest, as in rheumatism or pleurisy;
fluid in the chest cavity, as in hydrothorax; adhesions between the
lungs and chest walls; compression of the lungs or loss of elasticity;
excess of carbon dioxide in the blood; weakness of the respiratory
passages; tumors of the nose and paralysis of the throat; swellings of
88 DISEASES OF CATTLE.

the throat; foreign bodies and constriction of the air passages leading
to the lungs; fevers, ete.

As already alluded to, it is only the careful and constant examina-
tion of animals in health that will enable one properly to appreciate
abnormal conditions. One must become familiar with the frequency
and character of the pulse and of the respirations, must know the tem-
perature of the animal in health, before changes in abnormal condi-
tions can be properly appreciated.

Temperature.—The temperature should be taken in all cases of sick-
ness. Experienced practitioners can approximate the patient’s tem-
perature with remarkable accuracy, but I would strongly recommend
the use of the self-registering clinical thermometer, which is a most
valuable instrument in diagnosing diseases. (See Pl. III, fig. 1.)
It is advisable that a tested instrument be procured, as some ther-
mometers in the market are inaccurate and misleading. The proper
place to insert the thermometer is in the rectum. The instrument
should be rested against the walls of the cavity for about three
minutes. The normal temperature of the bovine is 101° to 102° F.,
which is higher than that of the horse. A cow breathes faster, her
heart beats faster, and her internal temperature is higher than that
of the horse. Ordinary physiological influences—such as exercise,
digestion, ete.—give rise to slight variations of internal temperature;
but if the temperature rises two or three degrees above the standard,
some diseased condition is indicated.

Pulse.—The pulse in a grown animal of the bovine species in a state
of good health beats from forty-five to fifty-five times per minute.
Exercise, fright, fear, excitement, overfeeding, pregnancy, and other
physiological conditions, as well as disease, may affect the frequency
and character of the pulse. It assumes various characters according
to its rapidity of beat, frequency of occurrence, resistance to pres-
sure, regularity, and perceptibility. Thus we have the quick and
slow, frequent and infrequent, hard and soft, full and imperceptible,
large and small pulses, the characters of which may be determined
from their names; also that form known as the intermittent, either
regular or irregular. We may have a dicrotic, or double, pulse; a
thready pulse, which is extremely small and scarcely perceptible;
the venous, or jugular, pulse; the ‘“‘running down” pulse, and so on.
(See p. 73.)

In cattle the pulse is conveniently felt over the submaxillary artery
where it winds around the lower jawbone, just at the lower edge of
the flat muscle on the side of the cheek. If the cowis lying down the
pulse may be taken from the metacarpal artery on the back part of the
fore fetlock. The pulsations can be felt from any superficial artery,
but in order to ascertain the peculiarities it is necessary to select an
artery that may be pressed against a bone. There is a marked dif-
ference in the normal or physiological pulse of the horse and that of
NONCONTAGIOUS DISEASES OF RESPIRATION ORGANS. 89

the cow, that of the horse being full and rather tense, while in the
cow it is soft and rolling. The pulse is faster in young and in old
cattle than it is in those of middle age.

Auscultation.—Auscultation and percussion are the chief methods
employed to determine the various pathological changes that occur
in the respiratory organs. Auscultation is the act of listening, and
may be either mediate or immediate. Mediate auscultation is accom-
plished by aid of an instrument known as the stethoscope, one
extremity of which is applied to the ear and the other to the chest of
the animal. In immediate auscultation the ear is applied directly to
the part. Immediate auscultation will answer in a large majority of
cases. Auscultation is resorted to in cardiac and certain abdominal
diseases, but it is mainly employed for determining the condition of
the lungs and air passages. Animals can not give the various phases
of respiration on demand, as can the patients of the human practi-
tioner. The organs themselves are less accessible than in man,
owing to the greater bulk of tissue surrounding them and the pectoral
position of the fore extremities, all of which render it more difficult
in determining pathological conditions. (See Pl. VIII.)

The air going in and out of the lungs makes a certain soft, rustling
sound, known as the vesicular murmur, which can be heard distinctly
in a healthy state of the animal, especially upon inspiration. Exer-
cise accelerates the rate of respiration and intensifies this sound.
The vesicular murmur is only heard where the lung contains air and
its function is active. The vesicular murmur is weakened as inflam-
matory infiltration takes place and when the lungs are compressed by
fluids in the thoracic cavity, and disappears when the lung becomes
solidified in pneumonia or the chest cavity filled with fluld as in hydro-
thorax. The bronchial murmur is a harsh, blowing sound, heard in
normal conditions by applying the ear over the lower part of the
trachea, and may be heard to a limited extent in the anterior portions
of the lungs after severe exercise. The bronchial murmur when
heard over other portions of the lungs generally signifies that the
lung tissue has become more or less solidified or that fluid has col-
lected in the chest cavity.

Other sounds, known as mucous rales, are heard in the lungs in
pneumonia after the solidified parts begin to break down at the end
of the disease and in bronchitis where there is an excess of secretion,
as well as in other conditions. Mucous rales are of a gurgling or
bubbling nature. They are caused by air rushing through tubes con-
taining secretions or pus. They are said to be large or small as they
are distinct or indistinct, depending upon the quantity of fluid that
is present and the size of the tubes in which the sound is produced.
According to their character they are divided into dry and moist.
The friction sound is produced by the rubbing together of roughened
surfaces and is characteristic of pleurisy.
90 DISEASES OF OATTLE.

Percussion.—Percussion is that mode of examination by which we
elicit sounds by striking or tapping over the part. It may be direct
or indirect. If the middle finger of the left hand is placed firmly on
the chest and smartly tapped or struck with the ends of the first three
fingers of the right hand, the sound will be noticed to be more reso-
nant and clear than when the same procedure is practiced on a solid
part of the body. This is because the lungs are not solid, but are
always, in health, well expanded with air. But in certain pulmonary
diseases, aS in pneumonia, they fill up and become solid, when the
sound given out by percussing them is dull, like that on any other
solid part of the animal. When fluid has collected in the lower part
of the chest cavity the sound will also be dull on percussion. Where
there is an excess of air in the chest cavity, as in emphysema, or in
pneumothorax, the percussion sound becomes abnormally loud and
clear. By practice on healthy animals the character and boundaries
of the sounds can be so well determined that any variations from them
will be readily detected, and will sometimes disclose the presence of a
diseased condition when nothing else will.

Percussion is sometimes practiced with the aid of a special percus-
sion hammer and an object to strike upon known as a pleximeter. A
percussion hammer is made of rubber or has a rubber tip, so that
when the pleximeter, which is placed against the side of the animal,
is struck the impact will not be accompanied by a noise. A percus-
sion hammer and pleximeter can be purchased from any veterinary
instrument maker.

CATARRH (COLD IN THE HEAD).

Nasal catarrh is an inflammation of the mucous membranes of the
nostrils and upper air passages. Simple catarrh is not aserious disease
in itself, but if neglected is liable to be complicated with laryngitis,
bronchitis, pneumonia, pleurisy, and other diseases of the respiratory
organs, which are of a serious nature and sometimes fatal. Catarrh
is a common disease among cattle. It is often due to sudden expo-
sure to wet and cold after they have been accustomed to shelter. It
may arise from inhalation of irritating gases. It is sometimes due to
certain specific atmospheric conditions, and may assume an enzodtic
form. It is very debilitating, and requires prompt and judicious
treatment.

Symptoms.—Redness of the mucous membranes of the nose, redness
and watering of the eyes. The mucous membrane first becomes dry;
afterwards a watery discharge appears, and later on in severe cases
the discharge becomes mucopurulent. In mild cases there is little or
no fever, but in severe cases the fever may run high. The animal
becomes dull, languid, and is not inclined to move about, and the
appetite may become impaired; there is variable temperature of the
horns and ears. If in a cow giving milk, the secretion diminishes;
NONCONTAGIOUS DISEASES OF RESPIRATION ORGANS. 91

the mucus from the eyes and nose becomes thicker and yellower.
Afterwards, as the symptoms increase in severity, the discharge
becomes mucopurulent.

Treatment.—The animal should be housed in a well-ventilated place,
with good hygienic surroundings. In cold and damp weather it
should be kept warm with blanketing. Give hot, medicated inha-
lations in severe cases. Ifthe fever is high this may be reduced by
giving nitrate of potassium, from 1 to 2 ounces, in the drinking water,
three times daily. Diffusible stimulants are beneficial in most cases.
Too much importance can not be attached to good nursing. There is
no necessity to resort to the old system of bleeding, purging, or the
use of powerful sedatives.

EPISTAXIS (BLEEDING FROM THE NOSE).

Bleeding from the nostrils is rather rare in cattle. It may arise
from any one of a variety of causes, but usually results from disease
or injury to the mucous membranes, or to violent exertions in cough-
ing and sneezing. Itisseldom serious. The bleeding generally occurs
in drops from one nostril only, accompanied by sneezing, and without
frothing. Bleeding from the lungs comes from both nostrils, is bright
red, frothy, and accompanied by a cough.

Treatment.—In many cases the bleeding will cease spontaneously,
and all that is necessary is to keep the animal quiet and bathe the
head and nostrils with cold water. Ascertain the cause of the bleed-
ing and be governed accordingly in the treatment. In severe and
exceptional. cases, where the hemorrhage is persistent and long con-
tinued, tie the animal’s head to a high rack or beam and apply cold
water, ice, or have recourse to styptic injections. If the hemorrhage
is profuse and persistent, give either a drench composed of 14 drams
of acetate of lead dissolved in a pint of water or 1} drams of gallic
acid dissolved in a pint of water.

LARYNGITIS (SORE THROAT).

Laryngitis consists of an inflammation of the mucous membrane
lining the larynx. It may be either a primary or a secondary disease,
complicated or uncomplicated. In the majority of cases it is due to
some form of exposure, a sudden change from warm to cold surround-
ings, or exposure to cold storms. It may also arise from inhaling
irritating gases. It may be the result of external violence. In an
acute attack of laryngitis there is an elevation of temperature, pain
on pressure over the region of larynx, violent paroxysms of coughing,
difficult and noisy respiration. The nostrils are dilated, the nose
extended, and the animal has a frightened expression. There is
marked difficulty in swallowing.

Treatment.—This consists of fomentations and hot applications
92 DISEASES OF CATTLE.

over the throat. Stimulating liniments, mustard mixed with cold
water and well rubbed in with a stiff brush, or other forms of counter-
irritation may be applied in severe cases. Hot inhalations should be
frequently resorted to, and often afford much relief to the suffering
animal. In this disease medicines should be given sc far as possible
in the form of electuaries (soft solid), on account of the difficulty of
deglutition. Large drafts of medicines have a tendency to produce
violent spells of coughing, and in this way retard recovery. The
subjoined formula for an electuary will be found to answer the pur-
pose in ordinary cases: Chlorate of potassium, pulverized, 8 ounces;
fluid extract of belladonna, 2 ounces; powdered opium, 1 ounce; pow-
dered licorice root, 8 ounces; sirup, sufficient quantity; mix. At
frequent intervals place a small tablespoonful of the mixture on the
tongue or back teeth. Or the following may be used instead: Aloes,
powdered opium, and gum camphor in equal parts; mix. Ruban
ounce on the molar teeth every four or five hours. The bowels should
be kept open and the diet should be such as the patient can easily
swallow. Warm, sloppy mashes, boiled oatmeal gruel, linseed tea,
and the like are the most suitable substances. If suffocation be
threatened during the course of the disease tracheotomy should
be performed without delay. The detaiis of the operation are fully
described under the head of ‘‘Surgical operations.” (See p. 292.)
When the disease assumes a chronic form strong counterirritation
is indicated. A cantharides blister may be applied, or the following
ointment may be used: Biniodid of mereury 1 part, lard 6 parts;
mix. In some cases it will be found necessary to repeat the above
application. ;
BRONCHITIS.

Bronchitis is an inflammation of the mucous membrane of the
bronchial tubes. When a primary disease it is generally the result
of what is commonly known as ‘‘catching cold.” It may be secondary
to or complicated with many of the diseases of the respiratory system.
It may also be caused by breathing irritating gases; or by the intro-
duction of foreign bodies into the bronchial tubes, which sometimes
results from injudicious and careless drenching when the larynx is in
a temporarily relaxed state. It may be acute or chronic, and is
divided, according to the seat of the inflammation, into bronchitis
proper where the large tubes are affected, or capillary bronchitis
where the smaller tubes are affected.

Symptoms.—Loss of appetite, elevation of temperature, generally
104° or 105° F. The inspiration is incomplete, short, and painful,
and the expiration is prolonged. The pulse is increased in frequency
and is hard. A characteristic and painful cough is present, but it is
paroxysmal and incomplete. Auscultation and percussion greatly
aid usin a diagnosis. A normal sound is observed on percussion.
NONOONTAGIOUS DISEASES OF RESPIRATION ORGANS. 93

On auscultation, in the early stages, rhonchus rales are detected if
the larger tubes are affected, and sibilant rales if the smaller tubes
are affected. Later on mucous rales are noted, and sometimes all
sounds in certain parts are absent, which is due to the plugging up
of the tubes. This plugging of the tubes, if extensive enough, is
sometimes the cause of death, or death may result from extension of
the disease to the lungs or pleura.

Treatment.—The animal should be placed in a light, well-ventilated
box, and the bowels kept in a soft condition by enemas, ete. Avoid
violent purgatives. The body should be kept warm by blanketing. In
the early stages give three times daily a draft composed as follows:
Fxtract of belladonna, 2 drams; solution of acetate of ammonium, 4
fluid ounces; water, one-half pint. In the later stage of the disease
substitute the following formula, which may be given twice daily: Car-
bonate of ammonium, 3 drams; liquor hydrochlorate of strychnine, 2
fluid drams; spirits of nitrous ether, 1 fluid ounce; water, one-half
pint.

In some cases the following is preferable to either of the above, and
may be given in a pint of linseed tea every four hours: Spirits of
nitrous ether, 1} ounces; aromatic spirits of ammonia, 2 ounces :
powdered camphor, 2 drams. The food should be light and nutritious.

Bronchitis is liable to assume a chronic form if not properly treated
in the earliest stage. Remedial treatment is of little value when the

‘disease becomes chronic.

PLEURISY.

Pleurisy is an inflammation of the serous membrane lining the
chest cavity and enveloping the lungs. It is somewhat rare as an
independent disease, but it often complicates pneumonia; indeed, it is
often due to the same germ that causes pneumonia—pneumococcus. It
may arise from exposure to cold or wet or from external violence and
is usually present in some degree in cases where the ribs have been
fractured with or without a penetrated wound.

Symptoms.—In the first stage there is great pain aggravated by
movement, and the animal is usually stiff as though foundered, the
pulse is quick and hard, the breathing abdominal, the chest being fixed
so far as possible, the inspiration short and jerky, the expiration
longer. The pain is due to the friction of the dry, inflamed pleural
surfaces of the lung and chest on each other. At this stage the ear
detects a dry friction murmur resembling somewhat the sound made
by rubbing two pieces of sole leather together. Pressure between
the ribs gives pain and usually causes the animal to flinch and grunt.
The muzzle is hot and dry, the mouth slimy, and the secretions scanty.
After a day or two the severity of the symptoms is much lessened,
the temperature, which during the first days may have been as high
as 106° F., falls to 108° or 104°, the pain decreases, the stiffness dis-
94 DISEASES OF CATTLE.

appears, and the patient eats a little. The pulse softens, but remains
quicker than normal. Now, day by day the patient loses a little
strength, the friction sound disappears as the exudation moistens
the pleural surfaces; percussion now shows a horizontal line of dull-
ness, which day by day rises higher in the chest, the respiration grows
more frequent and labored, the countenance is anxious and haggard,
the eyessink somewhatin their sockets, and in unfavorable cases death
occurs during the second or third week, either from asphyxia or heart
failure.

In pleurisy, as in pneumonia, the elbows are usually turned outward.
Care must be taken to differentiate pleurisy from traumatic pericar-
ditis (which see). In the latter condition the area of dullness of the
heart is much increased, and usually a splashing sound is heard at
each beat of the heart. Another diagnostic symptom of value is that
in traumatic pericarditis respiration is painful, not difficult, and the
respiratory rate is very much increased on movement. In both con-
ditions a considerable swelling of the dewlap may be noticed in the
later stages.

Treatment.—Give the same general care as recommended in bron-
chitis or pneumonia. In the early stages give a febrifuge to reduce
the fever, as directed for pneumonia. For relief of the cough give
electuary formula, which will be found in the treatment of laryngitis.
The bowels must be kept relaxed and the kidneys secreting freely.
In the stage of effusion give the following three times daily: Digitalis
tincture, 1 ounce; iodid of potassium, 30 to 60 grains; mix. Apply
strong counterirritant to chest and put seton in dewlap. (See “‘Seton-
ing,” p. 291.) If collapse of the lung is threatened, a surgical opera-
tion is sometimes performed, termed paracentesis thoracis, which
consists in puncturing the chest cavity and drawing off a part of the
fluid. The instruments used are a small trocar and canula, which
are introduced between the eighth and ninth ribs. Draw the skin
forward so that the external wound may not correspond with the
puncture of the chest, to prevent the entrance of air. Only a portion
of the fluid should be removed. The animal gets immediate relief,
but it is generally only temporary, as there is a tendency for the fluid
to accumulate again.

PNEUMONIA.

This is an inflammation of the lung substance. It is divided into
three different forms, viz: First, croupous pneumonia; second,
catarrhal pneumonia; and third, interstitial pneumonia. But these
various forms can only be differentiated by the expert, and I there-
fore deem it necessary for the purposes of the present work to treat
the subject under the general head of pneumonia.

The causes of pneumonia in general are the same as those of the
NONOONTAGIOUS DISEASES OF RESPIRATION ORGANS. 95

various other inflammatory diseases of the respiratory tract. The
germ is called the pneumococcus. It mostly follows congestion of
the lungs, but may in rare cases have a parasitic origin.

Symptoms.—In the first stage, that of corgestion, the disease is
usually ushered in by a chill, although this may not always be
observed by the attendant. This is followed by an elevation of tem-
perature, usually 105° to 106° F., or it may be even higher. The
. respirations are quick and shallow; the nostrils are dilated; the pulse
is full and hard. Cough may or may not appear in this stage. The
nose is hot and dry; the tongue sometimes protrudes and is slimy;
the coat is staring, and the skin dry and harsh. The urine is usually
diminished in quantity, high colored, and the bowels constipated.
The animal stands with the fore legs wide apart to facilitate respira-
tion. On auscultation crepitation will be observed over the portion
of the lung affected. The sounds elicited on percussion are practi-
cally normal in this stage.

In the second stage the temperature generally drops one or two
degrees, and respiration is performed with much difficulty. The
cough is frequent and painful. The animal still stands with the fore
legs wide apart and the elbows turned outward. If it assumes the
recumbent position it rests on the sternum. All secretions are more
or less suspended, particularly the milk in cows. The animal hasa
haggard appearance, and the pulse becomes small and wiry at this
period. The extremities are hot and cold alternately; the crepitation
which was present in the first stage is now absent, and no sound on
auscultation will be heard, except it be a slight wheezing or whistling
noise. On percussion dullness over the diseased lung is manifested,
indicating consolidation. The lung has now assumed a characteristic
liver-like appearance.

In the third stage, if the disease is going to terminate favorably,
the cough becomes loose, the animal improves, the appetite returns,
and the symptoms above detailed rapidly subside; but if, on the
other hand, resolution is not progressing, the lung substance is broken
down, is heavy, and will sink in water. In fatal cases the breath has
a peculiar fetid, cadaverous odor, and is taken in short gasps; the
horns, ears, and extremities become cold and clammy, and the pulse
is imperceptible. On auscultation, when suppuration is taking place
and the lung structure is breaking down, a bubbling or gurgling crepi-
tation, caused by the passage of air through pus, will be heard.

Treatment.—Good hygienic surroundings and good nursing are
essential in connection with the medical treatment. The probability
of recovery depends largely on the extent of the lung tissue involved,
as well as on the intensity of the inflammatory process. In the early
stage, when the fever is high, give febrifuges. If the pulse be strong
and full, aconite (Fleming’s tincture, 1 to 2 drams, every four or five
96 DISEASES OF OATTLE.

hours) may be given for a short time, but should be discontinued as
soon as the fever begins to abate. Aconite is a valuable drug in the
hands of the intelligent practitioner, but my experience leads me tc
believe that not infrequently animals are lost by its injudicious use,
for in many febrile conditions it is positively contraindicated, owing
to its action upon the heart. In a plethoric animal, with a strong,
bounding pulse, bleeding may be resorted to instead of administering
aconite. If the bowels are constipated, give calomel, 1 to 3 drams,
which acts as a cathartic and a febrifuge. In the second stage dif.
fusible stimulants are required, viz: Spirits of nitrous ether, 2 ounces:
aromatic spirits of ammonia, 1 ounce; mix, and give in gruel three times
daily. If the above is not at hand, give an alcoholic stimulant. Hall
a pint of brandy or whisky may be given in a quart of gruel three
times daily. In some cases carbonate of ammonia, 2 to 5 drams, has
been found beneficial. Most practitioners apply counterirritants
externally, such as mustard plasters, turpentine, and ammonia lini-
ment, or cantharides.

EMPHYSEMA (HEAVES).

Emphysema consists of a rupture of the minute air vesicles of the
lung substance, and may be either interlobular or vesicular. There
is an extreme interference with respiration, inspiration being short
and expiration prolonged. Itis a nonfebrile condition, in which the
appetite is not decreased and the milk secretion is kept up. It may
be caused by an attack of asthma. or may result from chronic bron-
chitis. The disease can be diagnosed by the marked interference
with respiration. The animal, as a rule, is emaciated, has a staring
coat, and is hidebound. If percussion is resorted to, the animal’s
chest will give a tympanic, drum-like sound. The normal resonant
sound is exaggerated.

Treatment.—The disease is incurable, and only a palliative form of
treatment can be carried out. The destruction of the animal is often
advisable, from a humane as well as from a financial point of view.

PULMONARY CONGESTION.

Cattle that are overdriven or overworked are liable to pulmonary
congestion in an acute form, and sometimes pulmonary apoplexy. In
such cases the animal should be allowed to rest, and if the weather be
hot put in a shady place. Give stimulants internally, unload the
venous side of the heart by bleeding, and apply stimulating applica-
tions to the legs, and bandage.

HEMOPTYSIS.

This is a term used to signify bleeding from the lungs. The trouble
may result from a previous congestion of the lungs, or from a break:
ing down of the lung substance, or from specific disorders.
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NONOCONTAGIOUS DISEASES OF RESPIRATION ORGANS. 97

Bleeding from the lungs comes from both nostrils and from the
mouth. The blood is bright red, frothy, and accompanied by a cough,
the flow being scmewhat profuse and intermingled with mucus. It
may cease of its own accord. Internally hemostatics are indicated,
and locally over the sides cold applications have a tendency to check
the hemorrhage. Give the animal a drench composed of 13 drams of
gallic acid dissolved in a pint of water.

ABSCESS OF THE LUNG.

Abscesses of the lung sometimes form during the course of or sub-
sequent to tuberculosis or other diseases. An animal affected with
abscess of tie iung usually has a protracted, feeble cough and a gen-
eral appearance of emaciation and anemia. The pulse is feeble and
the breath foul. An offensive discharge from the lungs frequently
occurs. Percussion and auscultation will aid in making a diagnosis
in this condition. The appetite is poor. Such animals go from bad
to worse, and their prompt destruction would, as a rule, be to the
interest of the owner.

HYDROTHORAX,

Hydrothorax, or dropsy of the chest, is not a disease in itself, but
is simply a condition where an effusion takes place in the chest cavity,
and is the result or effect of some disease, mostly pleurisy. This con-
dition can be easily diagnosed by physical signs. A loss of the res-
piratory murmur will be noticed on auscultation, and on percussion
dullness or flatness on a line as high as the effusion has taken place.
When there is a large amount of effusion present, tapping with the
trocar and canula is generally resorted to. The proper method of per-
forming this operation will be found under the head of ‘“‘Pleurisy.”

PNEUMOTHORAX.

An accumulation of gas in the pleural sac is known as pneumo-
thorax. The presence of air may either result from an injury of the
lung or a wound communicating from the exterior. The indications
for treatment are to remove any foreign body that may have pene-
trated, to exclude the further entrance of the air into the cavity by
the closure of the external opening, and to employ antiseptics and
adhesive dressings. The air already in the cavity will in most cases
be absorbed.

VERMINOUS BRONCHITIS.

This is a disease that sometimes attacks young cattle when pas-
tured in low-lying meadows near rivers subject to flood. It is caused
by a small worm, Strongylus micrurus, which lodges in large num-
bers in the trachea and bronchial tubes, giving rise to considerable

61386—08——7
98 DISEASES OF CATTLE.

irritation of the air passages and inflammation. Sometimes the
strongyles lodge in large numbers in the windpipe, forming them-
selves into a ball, and thus choke the animal to death.

Symptoms.—It is liable to attack a number of animals at once, and
the weakest are the first to give way. The animal has a remarkably
forcible cough, distressing, and of a special hacking and paroxysmal
eharacter. A stringy mucus is sometimes expelled during the spells of
coughing. This mucus contains the Strongylus micrurus, which can
be detected, or their ova observed, under a low power of the micro-
scope. The attack has a subacute character and proves very exhaust-
ing. The parasites, by becoming entwined in balls, seriously impede
respiration, which is always remarkably labored in this disease.

Treatment.—The affected calves should be placed in a dry stable,
protected from dampness, and subjected to fumigations of sulphurous
anhydrid or chlorin gas. The liberation of chlorin gas is brought
about by the action of sulphuric acid, either on a mixture of chlorid
of sodium and black oxid of manganese or on bleaching powder.
Sulphurous anhydrid may be procured by burning sulphur. Some
practitioners prescribe small doses of spirits of turpentine in linseed
oil. The system requires good support, and the diet should therefore
be liberal and nutritious. Equal parts of sulphate of iron, gentian,
and ginger make an excellent tonic.

Prevention.—Avoid pastures notorious for generating verminous
bronchitis.

PLEURODYNIA.

This is a term applied to rheumatism of the intercostal muscles.
The apparent symptoms are quite similar to those of pleurisy. The
animal is stiff and not inclined to turn around, and the ribs are kept
in a fixed stateas much as possible. Pleurodynia may be distinguished
from pleurisy by the coexistence of rheumatism in other parts and
by the comparative absence of fever, cough, the friction sound, and
the effusion into the chest. The treatment for this affection is the
same as that for rheumatism affecting other parts.
DISEASES OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEM.

By W. H. Harsauas, V. 8.
[Revised in 1904 by Leonard Pearson, B. 8., V. M. D.]

The nervous system is the distinguishing feature of animal life;
withont it there can be no intelligence, no instinct, no sensibility, no
perception; in fact, existence would be nothing more than vegetable
life.

The senses—touch, taste, sight, hearing, smell—all depend on the
nervous system. Motion depends on it. A muscle can not contract
without receiving the stimulus from the nervous system. For exam-
ple, if a nerve passing from a nerve center to a muscle is severed, the
particular muscle that is supplied by the cut nerve is paralyzed.

The nervous system is often studied in two divisions—the cerebro-
spinal division and the sympathetic division.

The cerebro-spinal division consists of the brain and spinal cord,
nerves, and ganglia. The nerves of this division convey the impulses
of motion and sensation, and supply all parts which are under the
control of the will. For example, the voluntary muscular tissue
includes all the muscles which act as the will directs. Another
example, if anything comes in contact with any part of the skin, the
impression is immediately perceived. All the special senses belong
to this division.

The sympathetic division consists of nerves and ganglia. The mus-
cular tissue, which acts independently of the will—as, for example, the
stomach, intestines, womb, blood vessels, ducts, etc.—is called invol-
untary muscular tissue, and receives nervous stimulus from the sym-
pathetic division.

The brain, spinal cord, and the ganglia are the central organs of the
nervous system. The nerves conduct the nervous influence. The
nerves terminate differently according to their function. The termi-
nations are called end organs. The terminal end organs in the skin
and other parts endowed with sensation receive the impressions, which
are conveyed to the brain, where they are appreciated. They are so
sensitive that the most gentle zephyr is perceived. They are so abun-
dant that the point of the finest needle can not pierce the skin with-
out coming in contact with them, and the sensation of pain is instantly
conveyed to the brain. The terminal end organs of the nerves that
supply the muscles are different, as they give the impulse which is

99
100 DISEASES OF CATTLE.

conveyed by the motor nerves to the elements which constitute the
muscle, and this impulse is the excitation which causes the muscle to
contract. The termina! end organs of the special senses of taste,
smell, etce., receive their special impressions, and their respective
nerves carry the impressiors to the brain.

There are two divisions of nerves, the afferent and efferent.

The afferent nerves ave those which convey the impression tc the
nerve centers. Ail the sensory nerves belong to this division.

The efferent nerves are those which convey the nervous impulse out-
ward from the nerve centers, and they are further classified according
to the function of their respective centers. Forexample: Motor fibers
carry the impulse from the nerve center to a muscle to cause contrac-
tion. Vaso-motor fibers carry the impulse to the museular tissue in
the blood vessels, which regulates their caliber. The secretory fibers
ecnvey the impulse to the cells of the glands and excite the activity
of the gland, and its particular product is secreted or evolved, as, for
instance, milk in the mammary gland. Inhibitory fibers control or
inhibit the action of the organ to which they are distributed, as, for
instance, the heart.

Nerve centers may be considered as a collection or group of nerve
cells. Both the cerebro-spinal and the sympathetic divisions have
nerve centers. The centers derive their special names from their
functions. The brain is the great center of the nervous system, as it
is the center of intelligence and perception. The centers of all the
special senses, as well as the centers of various functions, are located
in different parts of the brain. Nerve centers also exist in the spinal
cord and in connection with the sympathetic system.

A nerve is a cord consisting of a certain number of fibers of nerve
tissue, inclosed in a sheath of connective tissue. Nerves divide and
subdivide, sending off branches, which ramify in all parts of the
body, and, as they near their terminations, they contain but one or
two fibers.

The brain and spinal cord are contained within a bony canal, which
forms a protective covering for them.

The spinal cord, or spinal marrow, lodged within the spinal canal,
or hollow of the backbone, is continuous with the brain anteriorly,
and terminates in a point in the sacrum (that part of the spinal
column which immediately precedes the tail). The spinal cord gives
off branches at each of the spaces between the segments of the back-
bone. These branches form nerve trunks which carry both sensory
and motor impressions and impulses. The spinal cord is a grand
nerve trunk to carry messages to or from the brain and to and from
the reflex centers contained within itself.

The brain is contained within the cavity of the skull and is con-
tinuous with the spinal cord; there is nothing to mark the place
where one leaves off and the other begins. The brain is the seat of
DISEASES OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEM. 101

reason and intelligence. Voluntary effort originates from the brain.
Coordination, or harmony of movement, is controlled by the rear
portion of the brain, knewn as the cerebellum.

The meninges are the membranes, three in number, which envelop
the brain and spinal cord, and separate them from the bones which
form the walls of the cranial cavity and spinal canal.

The sympathetic, also called the ganglionic, division of the nervors
system consists of two chains of ganglia, reaching from the head to
the tail, situated beneath the spinal column, one on either side. The
presence of the ganglia or enlargements on the cords give them their
chain-like appearance.

The sympathetic nerves are closely connected with the cerebro-
spinal nerves, but are not under the contro! of the will.

INFLAMMATION OF THE BRAIN AND ITS MEMBRANES (STAGGERS).

Inflammation of the brain is technically termed encephalitis and
of its membranes cerebral-meningitis, but as both conditions usually
occur together, and since it is practically impossible to distinguish
one from the other by the symptoms shown by the diseased animal,
they may as well be considered together here as varieties of the same
disease. Staggers, coma, frenzy, etc., are terms that are sometimes
applied to this disease in its different forms or stages.

Causes.—Severe blows on the head with a hard object, or the head
coming violently in contact with the ground or other hard substance
in a fall, may be followed by encephalitis. Irritation caused by
tumors in the brain may produce inflammation. Food containing
deleterious matters—for example, ergot (see Pl. V) and other fungi
which contain a narcotic principle—is the most frequent cause of this
affection, and hence it is often called ‘‘ grass staggers” and ‘‘stomach
staggers.” Highly nitrogenous foods are blamed for causing this dis-
ease. Parasites, mineral and narcotic poisons, hot weather, and
severe exertion or excessive excitement may cause this condition.
Inflammation of the brain may occur as a complication of some infec-
tious disease or may follow some forms of indigestion. In many
localities certain plants have the reputation of causing staggers.

Symptoms.—The symptoms vary much, but a careful observer will
detect a trouble connected with the nervous system without much
uncertainty. The first signs may be those of frenzy, but generally
at the start the animal is dull and sleepy, with little or no inclination
to move about; the head may be pressed against the wall or fence
and the legs kept moving, as if the animal were endeavoring to walk
through the obstruction; the body, especially the hind part, may be
leaned against the side of the stall or stable, as if for support. The
bowels are constipated; the urine, when passed, is small in quantity
and darker in color than natural. There may be trembling and even
spasms of muscles in different parts. In the dull stage the animal
102 DISEASES OF OATTLE.

may breathe less frequently than is natural, and each breath may be
accompanied with a snoring-like sound. The pulse may be large and
less frequent than normal. If suddenly aroused from the drowsy
state, the animal appears startled and stares wildly. When moving
about it may stagger, the hind quarters swaying from side to side.

If delirium ensues, the cow is commonly said to be mad. She may
bellow, stamp her feet, run about wildly, grate the teeth, froth at the
mouth. If she is confined in the stable, she rears and plunges; the
convulsions are so violent in many instances that it is really danger-
ous for one to attempt to render aid. The body may be covered with
perspiration. She may fall; the muscles twitch and jerk; often the
head is raised and then dashed against the ground until blood issues
from the nose and mouth; the eyes may be bloodshot and sighitless;
the limbs stiff and outstretched, or they may be kicked about reck-
lessly; the head may be drawn back and the tail drawn up; the urine
may be squirted out in spurts; often the ‘‘ washer” (membrane nicti-
tans) is forced over the eye. When the convulsions cease they may be
followed by a period of quiet unconsciousness (coma) which is more
or less prolonged, when the animal may gradually regain conscious-
ness, get up on its feet, and perhaps quietly partake of food, if there
be any within reach, while at other times it arises with much difficulty
and staggers blindly about the stall or field.

It must be remembered that all the foregoing symptoms are not
always seen in the same case. In those cases usually designated
“sleepy staggers” the general symptoms of drowsiness are presented,
while in other cases the symptoms of frenzy cause the affection to be
called ‘‘mad staggers.” In other cases there are symptoms of paraly-
sis, swaying of the hind quarters, inability to rise, etc., and sometimes
these symptoms of paralysis are the most striking manifestations and
continue until death. Acute cases are accompanied by fever.

It is well to remark that when the disease follows injuries to the
head the symptoms may net be manifested until two or three days
(or longer) after the accident.

Treatment.—Recoveries are rare in spite of careful attention. To
be of any service whatever the treatment must be prompt and begin
with the disease. In the early stage when the pulse is large most cases
will admit of bleeding. Eight or 9 quarts of blood should be taken
from the jugular vein. This should be followed immediately by a
purgative, the following for a cow of average size: Epsom salts, 24
ounces; pulverized gamboge, one-half ounce; croton oil, 20 drops;
warm water, 3 quarts; mix all together and give at once as a drench.
About 2 quarts of warm water or warm soapsuds should be injected
with a syringe into the rectum every three or four hours. It is best
to keep the animal in a quiet, sheltered place, where it will be free
from noise or other cause of excitement. All the cold water the animal
will drink should be allowed, but food must be withheld, except bran
DISEASES OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEM. 103

slops occasionally in small quantities, or grass, if in season, which
may be cut and carried fresh to the patient.

The skull must be examined and if sign of injury is found appro-
priate surgical treatment should be given.

During the convulsions all possible efforts should be made to pre-
vent the animal injuring itself. The head should be held down on
the ground and straw kept under it. Cold water may be continuously
poured on the head, or bags filled with ice broken in small pieces
may be applied to the head. Different authors recommend different
remedies to allay the convulsions, but for two reasons it will be found
extremely difficult to administer medicines during the convulsions:
(1) While the animal is unconscious the power to swallow is lost, and
therefore the medicine is more liable ‘o go down the windpipe to the
lungs than it is to go to the paunch; (2) The convulsions are often
so violent that it would be utterly useless to attempt to drench the
animal; and furthermore it must be borne in mind that during this
stage the functions of digestion and absorption are suspended, and as
a consequence the medicine (provided it finds its way to the paunch)
is likely to remain there unabsorbed and therefore useless.

A blistering compound, composed of mustard, 1 ounce; pulverized
eantharides, one-half ounce; hot water, 4 ounces, well mixed together,
may be rubbed in over the loins, along the spine, and back of the
head on each side of the neck. This is occasionally attended with
beneficial effect, and especially so in those cases when paralysis is
present.

If the purgative acts and the animal shows signs of improvement
in the course of two or three days, 2 drams of iodid of potassium may
be given every night and morning, dissolved in a half bucketful of
drinking water, if the animal will drink it, or it may be dissolved in a
half pint of water and givenasadrench. Great care must be observed
in regard to the food, which should be nutritive, but not coarse, and at
first in small quantities, gradually increased as the patient improves.
After some progress is made toward recovery 1} drams of pulverized
nux vomica may be given twice a day, added to the iodid of potas-
sium drench. This should be administered so long as a staggering
gait continues.

In those rare cases when recovery takes place it is only partial as a
- rule, as there is generally a sequel which remains, such as partial
paralysis. However, this is but a slight drawback in cattle, because
when it is seen to persist the medicine should be stopped and the ani-
mal fattened for butchering.

Postmortem examinations discover congestion of the brain and its
membranes. In those cases which have exhibited much paralysis of
the hind legs before death the cord may be congested in the lumbar
region (loins). When the disease has been caused by injury to the
head, the congestion and extravasated blood may be found inside of
104 DISEASES OF OATTLE.

the cavity in the location corresponding to the place where the injury
was inflicted externally. In some cases pus is also discovered. It
remains to be said that in all animals that have died from this affec-
tion the lungs are found very much congested. This may lead the
superficial observer to suppose that the disease was a lung affection,
but in fact it is only a natural consequence when death ensues from
brain disease.
APOPLEXY.

That form of congestion of the brain known as parturient apoplexy,
or parturient paresis, which is so frequently associated with the period
of calving, is described in another part of this work. (See ‘‘ Milk
fever,” p. 222.)

Cerebra! apoplexy, not connected with parturition, is a rare disease
among cattle. However, it may be due to degeneration and consequent
rupture of a blood vessel in the brain.

The attack is sudden, the animal in most cases falling as if it had
received a blow on the head. It may stagger and reel some time before
going down. After falling, there are convulsive movements of the
legs or the animal sinks into insensibility. There may be remissions
in the severity of the symptoms, but the pressure from the continued
escape of blood soon causes death. Rest, quiet, friction to the legs
and surface, frequent turning of the animal and cold to the head are
to be practiced, if treatment is attempted.

CONGESTION OF THE BRAIN.

There is a form of congestive apoplexy affecting cattle which are
in a plethoric condition. The congestion, or overfilling with blood,
causes pressure on the brain substance and disorganizes its function.
It occurs mostly in hot weather. In this disease the symptoms are
somewhat similar to those exhibited when the animal has encephalitis,
but the onset is more sudden, the duration is shorter, and there is less
fever. There may be frenzy or coma or alternations, one with the
other. The intelligence is diminished, staring eyes, bracing with the
legs, pressing against the stall partition or manger, red mucous mem-
branes. This condition usually terminates in recovery.

In such cases bleeding should be resorted to immediately, and when
the power of swallowing is not lost purgatives should be administered.
Cold applications to the head, and the general treatment recommended
for encephalitis are indicated.

CONCUSSION OF THE BRAIN.

Severe blows on the head, striking the head against some hard object
while running, or falling on the head, may cause concussion of the

brain. The injury may fracture bones of the cranium and produce
compression of the brain.
DISEASES OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEM. 105

Symptoms and treatment.—The symptoms and the treatment that
is indicated differ very little from what has been said under conges-
tion of the brain and under encephalitis. In some cases it may be
necessary te operate to remove a piece of bone that is pressing on the
brain or to remove a clot of blood under the area which received the
blow.

EPILEPSY.

This affection 1s characterized by the occurrence of sudden convul-
sicns. The animal may appear to be in a fair state of health usually,
but at any time, in the stable or in the field, it may have a convulsion
in which it will fall and lose consciousness. Epilepsy must not be
confounded with vertigo—the fainting which is an effect of heart
troubles.

The exact cause of epilepsy in the majority of cases is unknown.
Post-mortem examinations in many instances have failed to discover
any lesion in connection with the brain or nervous system; while in
other instances disease of the brain has been found in the form of
thickening of the membranes, abscesses, and tumors, and in some
cases the affection has been manifested in connection with a diseased
condition of the blood. The cause has also been traced to reflex irri-
tation, due to teething, worms, and chronic indigestion.

Treatment.—When the affection is due to the last-named causes
treatment may be successful if the cause is removed. If there are
symptoms of worms or of indigestion, follow the general treatment
advised for those troubles under their proper heads. If due to irrita-
tion caused by teething, the inflamed gums must be lanced. Exami-
nation of the mouth often develops the fact that one of the temporary
teeth causes much irritation by remaining unshed, and thereby inter-
fering with the growth of a permanent tooth. The offending tooth
should be extracted. When the cause of epilepsy can not be dis-
covered, it must be confessed that there is no prospect of a cure.
However, some benefit may be expected from the occasional admin-
istration of a purgative dose of medicine. A pound of Epsom salts
dissolved in a quart of warm water, for a cow of average size, may be
given as a drench once or twice a month. In addition to the purga-
tive, 4 drams of bromid of potassium, dissolved in the drinking
water, three times a day, has proved very beneficial in some cases.

SUNSTROKE (PROSTRATION FROM HEAT).

Owing to the fact that cattle are seldom put to work at which they
would have to undergo severe exertion, especially in vollars, they are
not frequently prostrated by the extreme heat of the summer months.
When at pasture they select the coolest places in the shade of trees,
in water, etc., when the heat becomes oppressive, and thereby avoid,
as much as possible, the effects of it.
106 DISEASES OF OATTLE.

It does happen, however, that cattle that have been kept up for the
purpose of fattening, when driven some distance in very hot weather,
are sometimes prostrated, but it must be remembered that it is not
really necessary for the animal to be exposed to the rays of the sun, as
those confined in hot, close places may suffer. This often happens in
shipping, when they are crowded together in cars.

Symptoms.—The premonitory signs are those of exhaustion—dull-
ness, panting, frothing at the mouth, tongue hanging out, irregular
gait, uneasiness, palpitation—when, if the circumstances which tend
to the prostration are not mitigated, the animal staggers or sways
from side to side, falls, struggles for a while, and then gradually
becomes quiet, or the struggles may continue, with repeated but inef-
fectual efforts to regain a standing position. In serious cases the
attack may be very sudden, unconsciousness occurring witbout ¢evn-
tinued or distressing premonitory symptoms.

Treatment.—At first, when not very serious, removal to a quiet,
sheltered place, with a few days on a reduced diet, is all that need be
done. Whenthe animal has fallen, apply cold water or ice tothe head;
rub the body and limbs with cloths or wisps of straw, and continue
the rubbing for a considerable time. If the power of swallowing is
not lost (which may be ascertained by pouring a little cold water into
the mouth), give 3 drams of stronger liquor ammonia, diluted with a
quart of cold water. Be very careful in drenching the animal when-
lying down. Repeat the drench in a half hour, and an hour after the
first one has been given. Instead of the ammonia, a drench composed
of 3 ounces of spirits of nitrous ether in a pint of water may be given,
if more convenient, but the ammonia drench is preferable. If uncon-
sciousness continues, so that a drench can not be administered, the
same quantity of ammonia and water may be injected with a syringe
intotherectum. The popular aquaammonia, commonly called “‘harts-
horn,” will do as well as the stronger liquor ammonia, but as it is
weaker than the latter the dose for a cow is about 14 ounces, which
should be diluted with a quart of water before it is given to the animal,
either as a drench or an enema. When ammonia can not be obtained
a pint of whisky in a quart of water or an ounce of tincture of digi-
talis may be given.

As soon as the animal is able to rise it should be assisted and moved
to the nearest shelter. All the cold water it will drink should be
allowed. The ammonia or spirits of nitrous ether drench should be
administered every three hours so long as there is much failure of
strength. The diet should be limited for several days—bran slops and
a little grass. When signs of returning strength are presented, 12
ounces of Epsom salts dissolved in a quart of warm water may be
given in those cases which have been down and unconscious, but do
not give it while much weakness remains, which may be for several
days after the attack. The flesh of an animal that is suffering from
DISEASES OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEM. 107

heat stroke should not be prepared for use as food. On account of
the fever with which the animal suffers, the flesh contains toxins that
may render it poisonous to the consumer.

INJURIES TO THE SPINAL CORD.

The spinal cord is liable to concussion from blows and falls, and
paralysis, to a greater or less extent, may be the result. Fracture,
with displacement of the bones (vertebre) which form the spinal col-
umn, by compressing the spinal cord, produces paralysis, which varies
in its effect according to the part of the cord that is compressed. If
the fracture is above the middle of the neck, death soon follows, as
communication between the brain and diaphragm (the essential
muscle of inspiration) is stopped. When the fracture is farther
down in the neck, posterior to the origin of the phrenic nerve, the
breathing continues, but there is paralysis in all parts posterior to the
fracture, including the fore and hind legs. When the fracture is in
the region of the loins the hind legs are paralyzed, but the fore legs
are not. If the fracture is in the sacrum (the division of the spinal
column between the loins and the tail), the tail alone is paralyzed.

‘As a matter of course, when the back is broken there is no remedy;
the animal should be killed at once.

PARALYSIS.

Paralysis, or loss of motion in a part, may be due to a lesion of the
brain, of the spinal cord, or of a nerve. It may also be caused by
reflex irritation. When the paralysis affects both sides of the body,
posterior to a point, it is further designated by the name paraplegia.
When one side of the body (a lateral half) is paralyzed, the term
hemiplegia is applied to the affection. When paralysis is caused by
a lesion of a nerve, the paralysis is confined to the particular part
supplied by the affected nerve.

As already pointed out, paralysis may be due. to concussion of the
spine, fracture of a bone of the spinal column with consequent com-
pression of the spinal cord, concussion of the brain, or compression of
the brain. An injury to one side of the brain may produce paralysis
of the same side of the head, and of the opposite side of the body hemi-
plegia. Paralysis may occur in connection with parturient apoplexy,
lead poisoning, ergotism, etc.

CONGESTION OF THE SPINAL CORD.

Paraplegia, or paralysis of the rear part of the body, is the domi-
nant symptom in congestion or inflammation of the spinal cord. The
cause is not known, but the disease is probably due to chilling. It is
thought by some that some toxic influence (poison) may be responsi-
ble for its development.
108 DISEASES OF CATTLE.

Symptoms.—The symptoms usually appear suddenly, and consist
in inability to stand. Sometimes this is preceded by a period of
excitement. The animal usually lies quietly, but sometimes it groans
and tosses its head about in a way that indicates pain. Cows heavy
with calf are sometimes affected with a form of paraplegia, which
usually attacks them from about a month to a few days before caiv-
ing. Apparently they are in good health in every respect except the
inability to stand up, on acecunt of the paralysis of the hind quar-
ters. This form is generally attributed to feeding on foods containing
insufficient protein and ash. Itis most likely to occur in cows that are
weak and thin. With good care and food recovery usually occurs.

Treatment.—The animal must be given a soft, dry bed under shelter
and in a quiet, airy place. It is well to apply mustard along the
spine. The action of the mustard may be intensified by rubbing the
skin with ammonia orturpentine. Internally givea purge of Glauber’s
salts. Nux vomica or strychnia (1 to 2 grain doses) may be given.
Turn the cow two to four times daily and rub the legs well each time.

There are instances when cows will persist in lying down (in spite
of all efforts that are made to compel them to stand up), when it can
not really be said that they are paralyzed. They have sensation in
all parts; they can move ail their feet; they can change their position;
and in fact every function seems to be normally performed, but they
obstinately refuse to rise, or even make an effort todo so. Cases of
this kind have been killed, as it was an utter impossibility to get
the animal on its feet. However, there are instances when a cow,
after refusing to rise when all other means had been tried, quickly
jumped to her feet and showed fright upon the appearance of a dog
or other terrifying object.

RABIES (HYDROPHOBIA).
[See discussion of this disease in chapter on ‘‘ Infectious diseases, p. 394.]

LIGHTNING STROKE (ASPHYXIA ELECTRICA).

When an animal is struck by lightning the shock is instantaneously
expended on the nervous system, and as a rule death occurs immedi-
ately, but when the shock is not fatal animation is suspended toa
greater or less extent, as evidenced by prostration, unconsciousness,
and paralysis.

Symptoms.—W.hen not fatal, the symptoms vary much, according to
the severity of the shock. The animal usually falls, as from an apo-
plectic attack, and, as a matter of course, the symptoms are such as are
generally manifested in connection with concussion of the brain. The
muscular system may be completely relaxed; the legs limber; the
muscles flabby and soft to the touch, or there may be convulsions,
spasms, and twitching of the muscles. The breathing is generally
labored, irregular, or interrupted, and slower than normal.
DISEASES OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEM. 109

In most instances the electrical fluid leaves its mark by singeing the
hair, or by inflicting wounds, burns, or blisters. ‘‘Sir B. Brodie tells
a curious story of two bullocks, pied white and red, which were struck
in different storms. In bcth cases the white hairs were consumed,
while the red ones escaped.”

Treatment.—So long as the beating of the heart is perceptible, the
endeavor to resuscitate the animai should be continued. Dash cold
water over the head and body; rub the body and legs; smartly whip
the body with wet towels or switches. Mustard, mixed with water,
should be well rubbed over the legs and back of the head on each side
of the neck. Inject into the rectum 4 drams of stronger liquor ammo-
nia, or 14 ounces of hartshorn diluted with a quart of warm water.
Cautiously hold an uncorked bottle of hartshorn to the nostxils, so that
some of it is inhaled, but care should be taken that too much is not
suddenly inhaled.

In desperate cases artificial respiration should be tried, as follows:
With both hands spread out to cover a large surface, press on the
abdomen (behind the ribs) and then on the chest (behind the shoul-
ders), and continue in this manner, first on the abdomen and then on
the chest in regular order, so that the chest and the abdomen are each
pressed on alternately about twenty times a minute. The pressure
should be slow and steady, so that the movement given by it to the
walls of the chest and abdomen will resemble their motion in breath-
ing. A hand bellows may be used as an aid to the foregoing method,
as follows: Each time after the chest is pressed on the nozzle is inserted
in the nostril and air slowly and gently forced in by the bellows.

‘When the animal revives sufficiently to be able to swallow, 4 drams of
the stronger liquor ammonia, diluted with a quart of cold water, should
be given as a drench, and the dose should be repeated inan hour. One
and one-half ounces of ordinary hartshorn may be used instead of the
stronger liquor ammonia, but, like the latter, it should be diluted with
a quart or more of water, and even then care should be exercised in
drenching.

In cases when the shock has not caused complete insensibility,
recovery may be hastened by the ammonia and water drench, or 4
ounces of brandy diluted with a quart of water, or 8 ounces of whisky
diluted with a quart of water. These doses may be given every three
or four hours, if necessary. After recovery from the more serious
symptoms, 2 drams of sulphate of quinine should be given twice a
day until health is restored. If any paralysis remains, 1} drams of
pulverized nux vomica should be given twice a day with the quinine.

The foregoing treatment is also applicable when the electrical shock
is given by telephone, electric car, or electric-light wires, etc. The
wounds, burns, or blisters should be treated according to the anti-
septic method of treating wounds.
110 DISEASES OF CATTLE.
TUMORS IN THE BRAIN, ETC.

Tumors of different kinds have been found within the cranial cav-
ity, and in many cases there have been no well-marked symptoms
exhibited during the life of the animal to lead one to suspect their
existence. Cases are recorded where bony tumors have been found
in the brain of cattle that died suddenly, but during life no signs of
disease were manifested. Post-mortem examinations have discovered
tubercles in the membranes of the brain. (See ‘‘Tuberculosis,” p.
398.) Abscesses, usually the result of inflammation of the brain,
have been found post-mortem. For the description of hydrocephalus,
or dropsy of the brain, of calves, the reader is referred to the section
on parturition. (See ‘‘ Water in the head,” p. 176.)

Chorea, constant twitching and irregular spasmodic movements of
the muscles, has been noticed in connection with, or as a sequel to,
other affections, as, for example, parturient apoplexy.

Various diseases, the description of which will be found in other
sections of this work, affect the nervous system to a greater or less
extent—for* example, ergotism, lead poisoning, uremia, parturient
apoplexy, colic, and other affections associated with cramps, or spasms,
ete. Disease of the ovaries or of the spinal cord, by reflex irritation,
may cause estromania (see ‘“‘Excess of venereal desire,” p. 145), con-
stant desire for the bull.
DISEASES OF THE URINARY ORGANS.

By Jamus Law, F. R. C. V.S.,
Professor of Veterinary Science, etc., in Cornell University.

Of the materials that have served their purpose in building up the
animal body or in sustaining the bodily temperature, and that are
now to be thrown out as waste, the greater part are expelled from the
system through the lungs and the kidneys, but the agents that pass
out by either of these two channels differ in the main from those
passing by the other. Thus from the lungs in the form of dioxide of
carbon—the same gas that comes from burning of coal or oil—there
escapes most of the waste material resulting from the destruction in
the system of fats, sugars, starch, and such other foods as are want-
ing in the element nitrogen, and do not form fibrous tissues, but go
mainly to support animal heat or maintain functional activity. From
the kidneys, on the other hand, are thrown out the waste products
resulting from the destruction of the foods and tissues containing
nitrogen—of, for instance, albumen, fibrine, gluten, casein, gelatine,
woody tissue, ete. While much of the waste material containing
nitrogen leaves the body by the bowels, this is virtually such only of
the albuminoid food as has failed to be fully digested and absorbed,
and this has never formed a true constituent part of the body itself
or of the blood, but is so much waste food, like that which has come
to the table and been carried away again unused. Where the albu-
minoid food element has entered the blood, whether or not it has been
built up into a constituent part of the structure of tha body, its waste
products, which contain nitrogen, are in the main expelled through
the kidneys, so that these organs become the principal channels for
the expulsion of all nitrogen-containing waste.

It would be an error, however, to infer that all nitrogenous food,
when once digested and absorbed into the blood, must necessarily
leave the system in the urine. On the contrary, in .he young and
growing animal all increase of the fibrous structures of the body is
gained through the building up of those flesh-forming constituents
into their substance; in the pregnant animal the growth of the off-
spring and its envelopes has a similar origin, and in the dairy cow
the casein or curd of the milk is a means of constant elimination of
these nitrogen-containing agents. Thus, in the breeding cow and,
above all, in the milking cow, the womb or udder carries on a work in
one sense equivalent to that otherwise performed by the kidneys. Not
only are these organs alike channels for the excretion of albuminous
products, but they are also related to each other structurally and by

111
112 DISEASES OF OATTLE.

nervous sympathy, so that suffering in the one is liable to induce some
measure of disorder in the other.

This nitrogenous waste matter is mainly present in the urine of
cattle, as of other mammals, in the form of urea, but also, to some
extent, as hippuric acid, a derivative of vegetable focd which, in the
herbivora, replaces the uric acid found in the urine of man and car-
nivora. Uric acid is, however, found in the urine of sucking calves
which have practically an animal diet, and it may alsc appear in the
adult in case of absolute and prolonged starvation, and in diseases
attended by complete loss of appetite and rapid wasting of the body.
Tn such cases the animai lives on its own substance, and the preduct
is that of the wasting flesh.

The other products containing nitregen are only present in smali
amount, and need not be specially referred to. The urine of cattle
contains much less of carbonates than does that of the horse, and
effervesces less on the addition of an acid. As the carbonates form
a large proportion of the solid deposits (gravel, stone) from the horse’s
urine, the ox may thus be held less liable; yet even in the ox the car-
bonates become abundant or scanty, according to the nature of the
food, and therefore gravel, formed by carbonate of lime, is not infre-
quent in cattle. When fed on beets, clover hay, or bean straw, car-
bonates are present in large amount, these aliments being rich in
organic acids and alkaline carbonates; whereas upon oat straw, barley
straw, and, above all, wheat straw, they are in small amount. In
calves fed on-milk alone no carbonates are found in the urine.

Phosphates, usually in combination with lime, are, as a rule, pres-
ent only in traces in the urine of cattle; yet, on a dietary of wheat,
bran, or other aliment rich in phosphates, these may be present in
large amount, so that they render the liquid cloudy or are deposited
in solid erystals. The liquid is rendered transparent by nitric acid.

The cow’s urine, on a diet of hay and potatoes, contained:

 

Parts.
ORCS oes oo nese ew tenes eee sees eeeeeeeresiseeces 18.5
Potassic hippurate.. <-...s2-5s-es-4ssscceteeteckee seen 16.5
Alkaline lactates= <2 sccccccecee cuescececicctecesncmeseemeets 17.2
Potassium 0iCarHonate.. -.0522.cseecceancecescemeceeesceees 16.1
Magnesiun: carbonate-.-----.------------------------+----- 4.7
Tinie Cathon ates ca. cctswsenss cose setae coma cadeas ee waeGerd 0.6
Potassitim sulphate. 1006-2 sccencnwiwweees aeenemcvesscenn 3.6
COMMON SAP aus nintiea tales cee masleisiesasssiom > aslo elec coceety 1.5
PUT Cesar d yet eterna eee cence ek bese sae me ctatsare Trace.
Phosphates .~o-c.cens see ite ce Suen eteeseeeeeemccdeesescs 9.0
Water and undetermined substances. ......------------.---- 921.3

Gta sees aegacue soca osades eaucaemaaecesine sees 1,000

The following table after Tereg@ gives the different conditions of
the urine, and especially the amount of urea and hippuric acid under

 

@Encyklop. der Thierheilk., Vol. IV, p. 208.
DISEASES OF THE URINARY ORGANS. 113

different rations. The subjects were two oxen, weighing, respectively,
1,260 pounds and 1,060 pounds:

 

 

 

A ay : ro

nj d ag | ¢] ys [3
Food day ( ds) é 83 : 3 of

‘ood per day (pounds). . : ? ‘
glelatele beg) # | & |EB
o) 2/218) 8| 2 [228/21] 2 18s

BFlpb|}a|a/H]o5 |& e |b |i
Lbs. | Lbs. \Pr.ct.|\Pr.ct.\Pr.ct.| Per ct.|Pr.ct.| Ozs. | Ozs.

16.90 wheat straw, and 1.30 bean

MOO) esc ote atacsanroaees 46.46 | 7.40 | 1,036 | 8.41 | 2.66)1.83| 0.88 | 0.94 | 1.63] 3.28

14.700at straw, and 2.30 bean meal.| 61.10 | 15.26 | 1,039 | 6.98 | 2.091 0.84) 0.55] 0.49}2.2 | 5.38
10.4 wheat straw, 10.4 clover hay,
0.6 bean meal, and 2.6 starch -..| 71.76 | 12.86 | 1,043 | 8.05 | 0.95 | 1.85 0.93 | 0.94 | 8.83 | 1.96
10.4 wheat straw, 10.4 clover hay,
2.7 bean meal, 1.4 starch, and 0.8

SUSE P ost so dacncgratcendeamouns 80.54 | 12.46 | 1,044 | 8.29 | 8.07] 2.41 | 1.19/1.11 15.8 | 2.1
10.4 wheat straw, 10.4 clover hay,

5 bean meal, and 0.8 sugar...-..| 78.96 | 17.62 | 1,043 | 8.41 | 0.74 | 3.12 1.45 | 1.24 | 9.17 | 2.17
10 wheat straw, 10 clover hay, 6.4 .

bean meal, 1.7 starch, 4 sugar,

and 0.4 rape oil ........-.-.-.-.-- 110, 12 | 25.86 | 1,088 | 7.00 | 0.81 | 2.49) 1.19] 1.25 [10.9 | 1.38

10 wheat straw, 10 clover hay, 9.4
bean meal, 3.1 sugar, and 0.4
TAP Ol scsssessvesscnsscs veccieens 101.80 | 27.04 | 1,037 | 7.14 | 0.20 | 2.95 1,89 | 1.58 |13.3 | 0.9

10 wheat straw, 10 clover hay, 11.7
bean meal, 2.8 starch, and 0.6

TRDS Ole ccandnnsienenssendcwenues: 1119.00 | 23.20 | 1,088 | 7.74 | 0.21 | 4.06 1.91 | 1.69 }15.4 | 0.8
17.86 bean straw, and 1.6 bean meal] 54.84 | 12.60 | 1,043 | 7.06 | 0.40 | 2.53 1.21 | 1.15 | 5.3 | 0.83
14.88 bean straw .----.--.---------- 55.76 | 16.84 | 1,036 | 5.45 | 0.1L} 1.41] 0.67 | 0.64] 3.83 | 0.3
16.90 meadow hay .-.....-....--..-- 86.26 | 15.14 | 1,042 | 7.91 | 1.30 | 1.78 0.91 | 0.92 | 4.37 | 3.3

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

The varying amount of urea (from 1.6 to 15.4 ounces) is most sug-
gestive as to the action of the more or less nitrogenous food and the
resulting concentration of the urine and blood. Hippuric acid, on
the other hand, is most abundant when the animal is fed on hay and
straw.

The specific gravity of the urine of cattle varies from 1,030 to 1,060
in health, water being 1,000. Itis transparent, with a yellowish tinge,
and has acharacteristic musky smell. The chemical reaction is alka-
line, turning red litmus paper blue. The quantity passed in twenty-
four hours varies greatly, increasing not only with the amount of
water drunk, but with the amount of albuminoids taken in with the
food and the amount of urea produced. If a solution of urea is
injected into the veins the secretion of urine is greatly augmented.
Similarly the excess of salts like carbonate of potash in the food, or
of sugar, increases the action of the kidneys. Only about 20 per cent
of the water swallowed escapes in the urine, the remaining 80 per cent
passing mostly from the lungs, and to a slight extent by the bowels.
The skin of the ox does not perspire so readily nor so freely as that
of the horse; hence the kidneys and lungs are called upon for extra

61386—08——8
114 DISEASES OF OATTLE.

work. The influence of an excess of water in the food is most remark-
able in swill-fed distillery cattle, which urinate profusely at frequent
intervals and yet thrive and fatten rapidly.

Among the other conditions that increase the flow of urine is over-
filling of (internal pressure in) the blood vessels of the kidneys.
Hence the contraction of the blood vessels of the skin by cold drives
the blood inward, tends to dilate the blood vessels of the kidneys,
and to increase the secretion of urine. Nervous disorders, such as
excitement, fear, congestions, or structural injuries to the back part
of the base of the brain have a similar result. Hence, doubtless, the
action of certain fungi growing in musty hay or oats in producing
profuse flow of urine, whereas other forms of musty fodder cause
stupor, delirium, or paralysis. Bacteria and their products are mainly
expelled by the kidneys, and become sources of local infection, irrita-
tion, and disease.

The amount of urine passed daily by an ox on dry feeding averages
7 to 12 pints, but this may be increased enormously on a watery diet.

The mutual influence of the kidneys and other important organs
tends to explain the way in which disease in one part supervenes on
preexisting disorder in another. The introduction of albuminoids in
excess into the blood means the formation of an excess of urea, and a
more profuse secretion of urine, of a higher specific gravity, and with
a greater tendency to deposit its solid constituents, as gravel, in the
kidneys or bladder. A torpid action of the liver, leaving the albumi-
noids in transition forms, less soluble than the urea into which they
should have been changed, favors the onset of rheumatism or nerveus
disorder, the deposit of such albuminoid products in the kidneys, the
formation of a deep-brown or reddish urine, and congestion of the
kidneys. Any abnormal activity of the liver in the production of
sugar—more than can be burned up in the circulation—overstimulates
the kidneys and produces increased flow of a heavy urine with a
sweetish taste. This increased production of sugar may be primarily
due to disease of the brain, which, in its turn, determines the disorder
of the liver. Disease of the right side of the heart or of the lungs,
by obstructing the onward flow of blood from the veins, increases the
blood pressure in the kidneys and produces disorder and excessive
secretion. Inactivity of the kidneys determines an increase in the
blood of waste products, which become irritating to different parts,
producing skin eruptions, itching, dropsies, and nervous disorders.
Sprains of the loins will produce bleeding from the kidneys and dis-
ease of the spinal cord, and determine sometimes albuminous or
milky-looking urine.

The kidney of the ox (Pl. IX, fig. 1) is a compound organ made up
of fifteen to twenty-five separate lebules like so many separate kid-
neys, but all pouring their secretion into one common pouch (pelvis)
situated in an excavation in the center of the lower surface. While
DISEASES OF THE URINABY ORGANS. 115

the ox is the only domesticated quadruped which maintains this
divided condition of the kidney after birth, this condition is common
to all while at an early stage of development in the womb. The
cluster of lobules making up a single kidney forms an ovoid mass flat-
tened from above downward, and extending from the last rib back-
ward beneath the loins and to one side of the solid chain of the back-
bone. The right is more firmly attached to the loins and extends
farther backward than the left. Deeply covered in a mass of suet,
each kidney has a strong outer white, fibrous covering, and inside
this two successive layers of kidney substance, of which the outer is
that in which the urine is mainly separated from the blood and poured
into the fine microscopic urinary ducts. (Pl. X, fig. 1.) These lat-
ter, together with blood vessels, lymph vessels, and nerves, make up
the second, or internal, layer. The outer layer is mainly composed of
minute globular: clusters of microscopic intercommunicating blood
vessels (Malphigian bodies), each of which is furnished with a fibrous
capsule that is nothing else than the dilated commencement of a
urine tube. These practically microscopic tubes follow at first a
winding course through the outer layer (Ferrein’s tubes), then form
a long loop (doubling on itself) in the inner layer (Henle’s loop), and
finally pass back through the inner layer (Bellini’s tubes) to open
through a conical process into the common pouch (pelvis) on the
lower surface of the organ. (Pl. X; figs. 1, 2, 3.)

The tube that conveys the urine from the kidney to the bladder is
like a white, round cord, about the size of a goose quill, prolonged from
the pouch on the lower surface of the kidney backward beneath the
loins, then inward, supported by a fold of thin membrane, to open
into the bladder just in front of its neck. The canal passes first
through the middle (muscular) coat of the bladder, and then advances
perceptibly between that and the internal (mucous) coat, through
which it finally opens. By this arrangement in overfilling of the
bladder this opening is closed like a valve by the pressure of the
urine, and the return of liquid to the kidney is prevented. The blad-
der (Pl. IX, fig. 2) is a dilatable egg-shaped pouch, closed behind by
a strong ring of muscular fibers encircling its neck, and enveloped by
looped muscular fibers extending on all sides around its body and
closed anterior end. Stimulated by the presence of urine, these last
contract and expel the contents through the neck into the urethra.
This last is the tube leading backward along the floor of the pelvic
bones and downward through the penis. In the bull this canal of the
urethra is remarkable for its small caliber and for the S-shaped bend
which it describes in the interval between the thighs and just above
the scrotum. This bend is due to the fact that the retractor muscles
are attached to the penis at this point, and in withdrawing that organ
within its sheath they double it upon itself. The small size of the
canal and this S-shaped bend are serious obstacles to the passing of a
116 DISEASES OF CATTLE.

catheter to draw off the urine, yet by extending the penis out of its
sheath the bend is effaced, and a small gum-elastic catheter, not over
one-fourth of an inch in diameter, may with care be passed into the
bladder. In the cow the urethra is very short, opening in the median
line on the floor of the vulva about 4 inches in front of its external ori-
fice. Even in the cow, however, the passing of a catheter is a matter
of no little difficulty, the opening of the urethra being very narrow
and encircled by the projecting membranous and rigid margins, and on
each side of the opening is a blind pouch (canal of Gartner) into which
the catheter will almost invariably find its way. In both male and
female, therefore, the passage of a catheter is an operation which
demands special skill.

General symptoms of urinary disorders.—These are not so promi-
nent in cattle as in horses, yet when present they are of a similar kind.
There is a stiff or straddling gait with the hind limbs and some diffi-
culty in turning or in lying down and rising, the act drawing forth
agroan. The frequent passage of urine in driblets, the continuous
escape of the urine in drops, the sudden arrest of the flow when in
full stream, the rhythmic contraction of the muscles under the anus
without any flow resulting, the swelling of the sheath, the collection
of hard, gritty masses on the hair surrounding the orifice of the sheath,
the occurrence of dropsies in the limbs, under the chest or belly, or
in either of these cavities, and finally the appearance of nervous
stupor, may indicate serious disorder of the urinary organs. The
condition of the urine passed may likewise lead to suspicion. It may
be white, from crystallized carbonate of lime; brown, red, or even
black, from the presence of blood or blood-coloring matter; yellow,
from biliary coloring matter; it may be frothy, from contained albu-
men; cloudy, from phosphates; glairy, from pus; or it may show
gritty masses, from gravel. In many cases of urinary disorder in the
ox, however, the symptoms are by no means prominent, and unless
special examination is made of the loins, the bladder, and the urine
the true nature of the malady may be overlooked.

DIURESIS (POLYURIA, DIABETES INSIPIDUS, EXCESSIVE SECRETION OF
URINE).

A secretion of urine in excess of the normal amount may be looked
on as disease, even if the result does not lead to immediate loss of
condition. Cattle fed on distillery swill are striking examples of such
excess caused by the enormous consumption of a liquid food, which
nourishes and fattens in spite of the diuresis; but the condition is
unwholesome, and cattle that have passed four or five months in a
swill stable have fatty livers and kidneys, and never again do well on
ordinary food. Diuresis may further occur from increase of blood
pressure in the kidneys (diseases of the heart or lungs which hinder
the onward passage of the blood, the eating of digitalis, English broom,
DISEASES OF THE URINARY ORGANS. 117

the contraction of the blood vessels on the surface of the body in cold
weather, etc.); also from acrid or diuretic plants taken with the food
(dandelion, burdock, colchicum, digitalis, savin, resinous shoots,
etc.); from excess of sugar in the food (beets, turnips, ripe sorghum);
also from the use of frozen food (frosted turnip tops and other vege-
tables), and from the growths of certain molds in fodder (musty hay,
mow-burnt hay, moldy oats, moldy bread, etc.). Finally, alkaline
waters and alkaline incrustations on the soil may be active causes.
In some of these cases the result is beneficial rather than injurious,
as when cattle affected with gravel in the kidneys are entirely freed
from this condition by a run at grass, or by an exclusive diet of roots
or swill. In other cases, however, the health and condition suffer,
and even inflammation of the kidneys may occur.

Treatment.—The treatment is mainly in the change of diet to a more
solid aliment destitute of the special offensiveingredient. Boiled flax-
seed is often the best diet or addition to the wholesome dry food, and,
by way of medicine, doses of 2 drams each of sulphate of iron and
iodide of potassium may be given twice daily. In obstinate cases, 2
drams ergot of rye 01 of catechu may be added.

BLOODY URINE (RED WATER, MOOR-ILL, WOOD-ILL, HEMATURIA,
HEMAGLOBINURIA).

This is a common affection among cattle in certain localities, above
all on damp, undrained lands, and undér a backward agriculture. It
is simply bloody urine or hematuria when the blood is found in clots,
or when under the microscope the blood globules can be detected as
distinctly rounded, flattened disks. It is smoky urine—hemaglobinu-
ria—when no such distinct clots nor blood disks can be found, but
merely a general browning, reddening, or blackening of the urine by
the presence of dissolved blood coloring matter. The bloody urine is
the more direct result of structural disease of the kidneys or urinary
passages (inflammation, stone, gravel, tumors, hydatids, kidney worms,
sprains of the loins), while the stained urine (hemaglobinuria) is usu-
ally the result of some general or more distant disorder in which the
globules are destroyed in the circulating blood and the coloring mat-
ter dissolved in and diffused through the whole mass of the blood and
of the urine secreted from it. As in the two forms, blood and the ele-
ments of blood escape into the urine, albumen is always present, so

that there is albuminuria with blood-coloring matter superadded. If
due to stone or gravel, gritty particles are usually passed, and may
be detected in the bottom of a dish in which the liquid is caught. If
due to fracture or severe sprain of the loins, it is likely to be associ-
ated not only with some loss.of control over the hind limbs and with
staggering behind, but also with a more or less perfect paralysis of
the tail. The blood-stained urine without red globules results from
specific diseases—Texas fever (Pl. XLVII, fig. 3), anthrax, spirillosis,
118 DISEASES OF OATTLE.

and from eating irritant plants (broom, savin, mercury, hellebore,
ranunculus, convolvulus, colechicum, oak shoots, ash, privet, hazel,
hornbeam, and other astringent, acrid, or resinous plants, etc.). The
maybug or Spanish fly taken with the food or spread over a great extent
of skin as a blister has a similar action. Frosted turnips or other roots
will bring on the affection in some subjects. Among conditions which
act by the direct destruction of the globules in the circulating blood
may be named an excess of water in that fluid; the use of water from
soils rich in decomposing vegetable matter and containing alkaline
salts, particularly nitrites; and the presence in the water and food of
the ptomaines of bacteria growth. Hence the prevalence of ‘‘red
water” in marshy districts and on clayey and other impervious soils.
Hence, too, the occurrence of bloody urine in the advanced stages of
several contagious diseases. Some mineral poisons—such as iodin,
arsenic, and phosphorus taken to excess—may cause hematuria, and
finally the symptoms may be the mere result of a constitutional predis-
position of the individual or family to bleeding. Exposure of the body
to cold or wet will cause the affection in some predisposed subjects.

The specific symptom of bloody or smoky water is a very patent one.
It may or may not be associated with fever, with the presence or absence
of abdominal tenderness on pressure, with a very frothy state of the
milk or even a reddish tinge, with or without marked paleness of the
mucous membranes, and general weakness. When direct injury to
the kidneys is the immediate cause of the disease the urine will be
passed often, in small quantity at a time, and with much straining.
When there is bloodlessness (a watery blood) from insufficient nourish-
ment, fever is absent and the red water is at first the only symptom.
When the active cause has been irritant plants, abdominal tenderness,
colics, and other signs of bowel inflammation are marked features.

Treatment.—Treatment will vary according as the cause has been
a direct irritant operating on a subject in vigorous health or a micro-
bian poison acting on an animal deficient in blood and vigor. In the
first form of red water a smart purgative (1 pound to 14 pounds
Glauber’s salts) will clear away the irritants from the bowels and allay
the coexistent high fever. It will also serve to divert to the bowels
much of the irritant products already absorbed into the blood, and
willthus protect the kidneys. In many such cases a liberal supply of
wholesome, easily digestible food will be all the additional treatment
required. In this connection demulcent food (boiled flaxseed, wheat
bran) is especially good. If much blood has been lost, bitters (gen-
tian, one-half ounce) and iron (sulphate of iron, 2 drams) should be
given for a week.

For cases in which excess of diuretic plants has been taken, it may
be well to replace the salts by 1 to 2 pints olive oil, adding 1 ounce
laudanum and 2drams gum camphor. Also to apply fomentations or
a fresh sheepskin over the loins. Buttermilk or vinegar, one-half
DISEASES OF THE URINARY ORGANS. 119

pint, or sulphuric acid, 60 drops in a pint of water, may also be
employed at intervals as injections. In cases due to sprained or
fractured loins, to inflamed kidneys, or to stone or gravel, the treat-
ment will be as for the particular disease in question.

In hematuria from anemia (watery blood), whether from insuffi-
cient or badly adjusted rations or from the poisonous products of
fermentations in impervious or marshy soils, the treatment must be
essentially tonic and stimulating. Rich, abundant, and easily diges-
tible food must be furnished. The different grains (oats, barley,
wheat, bran, rye) and seeds (rape, linseed, cotton seed) are especially
called for, and may be given either ground or boiled. As a bitter,
sulphate of quinia, one-half dram, and tincture of muriate of iron, 2
drams, may be given in a pint of water thrice a day. In some cases
1 or 2 teaspoonfuls of oil of turpentine twice daily in milk will
act favorably.

But in this anemic variety prevention is the great need. The drain-
age and cultivation of the dangerous soils is the main object. Until
this can be accomplished young and newly purchased cattle, not yet
inured to the poisons, must be kept from the dangerous fields and
turned only on those which are already drained naturally or artificially.
Further, they should have an abundant ration in which the local prod-
uct of grass, hay, etc., is supplemented by grain or other seeds.
Another point to be guarded against is the supply of water that has
drained from marshes or impervious soils, rich in organic matter, as
such is charged with nitrites, ptomaines, etc., which directly conduce
to the disorder. Fence out from all such waters, and supply from liv-
ing springs or deep wells only.

ALBUMEN IN THE URINE (ALBUMINURIA).

In bloody urine albumen is always present as an important con-
stituent of the blood, and in congested and inflamed kidneys it is
present as a part of the inflammatory exudate. Apart from these,
albumen in the urine represents in different cases a variety of diseased
conditions of the kidneys or of distant organs. Among the additional
causes of albuminuria may be named: (1) An excess of albumen in the
blood (after easy calving with little loss of blood and before the secre-
tion of milk has been established, or in cases of sudden suppression
of the secretion of milk); (2) under increase of blood pressure (after
deep drinking, after doses of digitalis or broom, after transfusion of
blood from one animal to another, or in disease of the heart or lungs
causing obstruction to the flow of blood from the veins); (3) after
cutting (or disease) of the motor nerves of the vessels going to the
kidneys, causing congestion of these organs; (4) violent exertion,
hence long drives by road; the same happens with violent muscular
spasms, as from strychnia poisoning, lockjaw, epilepsy, and convul-
sions; (5) in most fevers aud extensive inflammations of important
120 DISEASES OF CATTLE.

organs, like the lungs, or liver, the escape of the albumen being vari-
ously attributed to the high temperature of the body and disorder of
the nerves, and to resulting congestion and disorder of the secreting
cells of the kidneys; (6) in burns and some other congested states of
the skin; (7) under the action of certain poisons (strong acids, phos-
phorus, arsenic, Spanish flies, carbolic acid, and those inducing bloody
urine); (8) in certain conditions of weakness or congestion of the
secreting cells of the kidneys, so that they allow this element of the
blood to escape; (9) when the food is entirely wanting in common
salt, albumen may appear in the urine temporarily after a full meal
containing an excess of albumen. It can also be produced experi-
mentally by puncturing the back part of the base of the brain (the
floor of the fourth ventricle close to the point the injury to which
causes sugary urine). Inabscess, tumor, or inflammation of the blad-
der, ureter, or urethra, the urine is albuminous.

It follows, therefore, that albumen in the urine does not indicate
the existence of any one specific disease, and excepting when due to
weakness or loss of function of the kidney cells, it must be looked on
as an attendant on another disease, the true nature of which we must
try to find out. These affections we must exclude one by one until
we are left to assume the noninflammatory disorder of the secreting
cells of the kidney. It is especially important to exclude inflamma-
tion of the kidney, and to do this may require a microscopic examina-
tion of the sediment of the urine and the demonstration of the entire
absence of casts of the uriniferous tubes. (See ‘‘Nephritis,” p. 121.)

To detect albumen in the urine, the suspected and frothy liquid
must be rendered sour by adding a few drops of nitric acid and then
boiled in a test tube. if a solid precipitate forms, then add a few
more drops of nitric acid, and if the liquid does not clear it up it is
albumen. A precipitate thrown down by boiling and redissolved by
nitrie acid is probably phosphate of lime.

Treatment.—-Treatment will usually be directed to the disease on
which it is dependent. In the absence of any other recognizable dis-
ease, mucilaginous drinks of boiled flaxseed, slippery elm, or gum
may be given, tannic acid one-half dram twice daily, and fomenta-
tions or even mustard poultices over the loins. When the disease is
chronic and there is no attendant fever (elevation of temperature),
tonics (hydrochloric acid, 6 drops in a pint of water; phosphate of
iron, 2 drams, or sulphate of quinia, 2 drams, repeated twice daily)
may be used. In all cases the patient should be kept carefully from
eold and wet; a warm, dry shed, or in warm weather a dry, sunny
yard or pasture, being especially desirable.

SUGAR IN URINE (DIABETES MELLITUS).

This is a frequent condition of the urine in parturition fever, but is
practically unknown in cattle as a specific disease, associated with
DISEASES OF THE URINARY ORGANS. : 121

deranged liver or brain. As a mere attendant on another disease it
will demand no special notice here.

INFLAMMATION OF THE KIDNEYS (NEPHRITIS).

This has been divided according as it affects the different parts of
the kidneys, as: (1) Its fibrous covering (perinephritis); (2) the
secreting tissue of its outer portion (parenchymatous); (8) the con-
nective tissue (interstitial); (4) the lining membrane of its ducts
(catarrhal); and (5) its pelvis or sac receiving the urine (pyelitis).
It has also been distinguished according to the changes that take
place in the kidney, especially as seen after death, according to the
amount of albumen present in the urine, and according as the affec-
tion is acute or chronic. For the purposes of this work it will be con-
venient to consider these as one inflammatory disease, making a
distinction merely between those that are acute and those that are
chronic or of long standing.

The causes are in the main like those causing bloody urine, such as
irritant and diuretic plants, Spanish flies applied as a blister or other-
wise, exposure to cold and wet, the presence of stone or gravel in the
kidneys, injuries to the back or loins, as by riding each other, the
drinking of alkaline or selenitious water, the use of putrid, stagnant
water, or of that containing bacteria and their products, the consump-
tion of musty fodder, etc. (See ‘‘Hematuria,” p. 117.)

The length of the loins in cattle predisposes these to mechanical
injury, and in the lean and especially in the thin working ox the kid-
ney is very liable to suffer. In the absence of an abundance of loose
connective tissue and of fat, the kidneys lie in close contact with the
muscles of the loins, and any injury to these may tend to put the kid-
ney and its vessels on the stretch, or to cause its inflammation by direct
extension of the disease from the injured muscle to the adjacent kidney.
Thus, under unusually heavy draft, under slips and falls on slippery
ground, under sudden unexpected drooping or twisting of the loins
from missteps or from the feet sinking into holes, under the loading
and jarring of the loins when animals ride each other in cases of
‘‘heat,” the kidneys are subject to injury and inflammation. A hard
run, as when chased by a dog, may be the occasion of such an attack.
A fodder rich in nitrogenous or flesh-forming elements (beans, peas,
vetches ( Vicia sativa), and other leguminous plants) has been charged
with irritating the kidneys through the excess of urea, hippuric acid,
and allied products eliminated through these organs and the tendency
to the formation of gravel. It seems, however, that these foods are
most dangerous when partially ripened and yet not fully matured, a
stage of growth at which they are apt to contain ingredients irritating
to the stomach and poisonous to the brain, as seen in their inducing
so-called ‘‘stomach staggers.” Even in the poisoning by the seeds of
ripened but only partially cured rye grass (Lolium perenne), and
122 DISEASES OF CATTLE,

darnel (Loliwm temulentum), the kidneys are found violently con-
gested with black blood. Also in the indigestions that result from
the eating of partially ripened corn and millet some congestion of
the kidneys is an attendant phenomenon.

Cruzel claims that the disease as occurring locally is usually not
alone from the acrid and resinous plants charged with inducing hema-
turia, but also from stinking chamomile (Anthemis cotula) and field
poppy when used in the fresh, succulent condition; also from the great
prevalence of dead caterpillars on the pasture, or from dead Spanish
flies in the stagnant pools of water. The fresh plants are believed to
be injurious only by reason of a volatile oil which is dissipated in dry-
ing. In the case of the stagnant water it may be questioned whether
the chemical products of the contained ferments (bacteria) are not
more frequently the cause of the evil than the alleged Spanish flies,
though these are hurtful enough when present.

Inflammation of the kidneys may further be a form or an extension
of a specific contagious disease, such as erysipelas, rinderpest, septi-
cemia, or even of poisoning by the spores of fungi. Rivolta reports
the case of a cow with spots of local congestion and blood staining in
the kidney, the affected parts being loaded with bacteria. Unfortu-
nately he neither cultivated the bacteria nor inoculated them, and
thus the case stands without positive demonstration that these were
the cause of disease.

The symptoms of nephritis are in certain cases very manifest, and
in others so hidden that the existence of the affection can only be cer-
tainly recognized by a microscopic examination of the urine. In vio-
lent cases there is high fever, increase of the body temperature to
103° F. and upward; hurried breathing, with catching inspiration;
accelerated pulse; dry, hot muzzle; burning of the roots of the horns
and ears, loss of appetite, suspended rumination, and indications of
extreme sensitiveness in the loins. The patient stands with back
arched and hind legs extended backward and outward, and passes
water frequently, in driblets, of a high color and specific gravity, con-
taining albumen and microscopic casts: (Pl. XI, fig. 5.) When made
to move, the patient does so with hesitation and groaning, especially if
turned ina narrow circle; and when pinched on the flank, just beneath
the lateral bony processes of the loins, especially on that side on which
the disease predominates, it flinches and groans. If the examination
is made with the oiled hand introduced through the last gut (rectum),
the pressure upward on the kidneys gives rise to great pain and
efforts to escape by moving away and by active contractions of the
rectum for the expulsion of the hand. Sometimes there is a distinct
swelling over the loins or quarter on one or both sides. In uncas-
trated males the testicle on the affected side is drawn up, or is alter-
nately raised and dropped. In all thereisa liability to tremors of
the thigh on the side affected.
DISEASES OF THE URINARY ORGANS. 123

In some severe cases colicky pains are as violent as in the worst
forms of indigestion and spasms of the bowels. The animal fre-
quently shifts from one hind foot to the other, stamps, kicks at the
belly, looks anxiously at its flank at frequent intervals, moans plain- °
tively, lies down and quickly gets up again, grinds its teeth, twists
its tail, and keeps the back habitually arched and rigid and the hind
feet advanced under the belly. The bowels may be costive and the
feces glistening with a coat of mucus, or they may be loose and irri-
table, and the paunch or even the bowels may become distended with
gas (bloating) as the result of indigestion and fermentation. In some
animals, male and female alike, the rigid arched cendition of the back
will give way to such undulating movements as are sometimes seen
in the act of coition.

The disease does not always appear in its full severity; but for a
day, or even two, there may be merely loss of appetite, impaired rumi-
nation, a disposition to remain lying down; yet when the patient is
raised, it manifests suffering by anxiously looking at the flanks, shift-
ing or stamping of the hind feet, shaking of the tail, and attempts to
urinate, which are either fruitless er lead to the discharge of a small
quantity of high-colored or perhaps bloody urine.

In some recent slight cases, and in many chronic ones, these symp-
toms may be absent or unobserved, and an examination of the urine
will be necessary to reach a safe conclusion. The urine may contain
blood, or it may be cloudy from contained albumen, which coagulates
on heating with nitric acid (see Albuminuria); it may be slightly
glairy from pus, or gritty particles may be detected in it. In seeking
for casts of the uriniferous tubes, a drop may be taken with a fine
tube from the bottom of the liquid after standing and examined under
a power magnifying 50 diameters. If the fine cylindroid filaments
are seen they may then be examined with a power of 200 or 250 diam-
eters. (Pl. XI, fig. 5.) The appearance of the casts gives some clue to
the condition of the kidneys. If made up of large rounded or slightly
columnar cells, with a single nucleus in each cell (epithelial), they
imply comparatively slight and recent disease of the kidney tubes,
the detachment of the epithelium being like what is seen in any
inflamed mucous surface. If made up largely of the small disk-
shaped and nonnucleated red-blood globules, they imply escape of
blood, and usually a recent injury or congestion of the kidney—it may
be from sprains, blows, or the ingestion of acrid or diuretic poisons.
If the casts are made of a clear, waxy, homogeneous substance (hya-
line), without any admixture of opaque particles, they imply an
inflammation of longer standing, in which the inflamed kidney tubules
have been already stripped of their cellular (epithelial) lining. If the
casts are rendered opaque by the presence of minute spherical granu-
lar cells, like white-blood globules, it betokens active suppuration of
the kidney tubes. In other cases the casts are rendered opaque by
124 DISEASES OF CATTLE.

entangled earthy granules (carbonate of lime), or crystals of some other
urinary salts. In still other cases the casts entangle clear, refran-
gent globules of oil or fat, which may imply fatty degeneration of the
kidneys or injury to the spinal cord. The presence of free pus giv-
ing a glairy, flocculent appearance to the urine is suggestive of inflam-
mation of the urinary pouch at the commencement of the excretory
duct (pelvis of kidney) (Pl. IX, fig. 1), especially if complicated with
gritty particles of earthy salts. This condition is known as pyelitis.
In the chronic cases swelling of the legs or along the lower surface of
chest or abdomen, or within these respective cavities, is a common
symptom. So, also, stupor or coma, or even convulsions, may super-
vene from the poisonous action of urea and other waste or morbid
products retained in the blood.

Treatment.—In the treatment of acute nephritis the first considera-
tion is the removal of the cause. Acrid or diuretic plants in the
food must be removed, and what of this kind is present in the stom-
ach or bowels may be cleared away by a moderate dose of castor or
olive oil; extensive surfaces of inflammation that have been blistered
by Spanish flies must be washed clean with soapsuds; sprains of the
back or loins must be treated by soothing fomentations or poultices,
or by a fresh sheepskin with its fleshy side applied on the loins, and
the patient must be kept in a narrow stall in which it can not turn even
itshead. The patient must be kept in a warm, dry building, so that
the skin shall be kept active rather than the kidneys. Warm blan-
keting is equally important, or even mustard poultices over the loins
will be useful. Blisters of Spanish flies, turpentine, or other agent
which may be absorbed and irritate the kidneys must be avoided. The
active fever may be checked by 15 drops tincture of aconite every four
hours, or by one-third ounce acetanilid. If pain is very acute 1 ounce
laudanum or 2 drams solid extract of belladonna will serve to relieve.
When the severity of the disease has passed, a course of tonics
(quinia, 2 drams, or gentian powder, 4 drams, daily) may be given.
Diuretics, too, may be cautiously given at this advanced stage to
relieve dropsy and give tone to the kidneys and general system (oil
of turpentine, 2 teaspoonfuls; bicarbonate of soda, 1 teaspoonful,
repeated twico a day). Pure water is essential, and it should not be
given chilled; warm drinks are preferable.

In the chronic forms of kidney inflammation the same protection
against cold and similar general treatment are demanded. Tonics,
however, are important to improve the general health (phosphate of
iron, 2drams; powdered nux vomica, 20 grains; powdered gentian root,
4 drams, daily). In some instances the mineral acids (nitric acid, 60
drops, or nitro-muriatic acid, 60 drops, daily) may be employed with the
bitters. Mustard applied to the loins in the form of a thin pulp made
with water and covered for an hour with paper or other impervious
envelope, or water hotter than the hand can bear, or cupping may be
DISEASES OF THE URINARY ORGANS. 125

resorted to as a counterirritant. In cupping shave the loins; smear
them with lard, then take a narrow-mouthed glass, expand the air
within it by smearing its interior with a few drops of alcohol, setting
it on fire and instantly pressing the mouth of the vessel to the oiled
portion of the skin. As the air within the vessel cools it contracts,
tending to form a partial vacuum, and the skin, charged with blood,
is strongly drawn up within it. Several of these being applied at once
a strong derivation from the affected kidneys is secured. In no case
of inflamed or irritable kidney should Spanish flies or oil of turpentine
be used upon the skin.

PARASITES OF THE KIDNEY.

As the kidney is the usual channel by which the bacteria leave the
system, this organ is liable to be implicated when microphytes exist
in the blood, and congestions and blood extravasations are produced.
In anthrax, Southern cattle fever (Texas fever), and other such affec-
tions bloody urine is the consequenee. Of the larger parasites attack-
ing the kidney may be specially named the cystic form of the echino-
coccus tapeworm of the dog, the cystic form of the unarmed or beef
tapeworm of man, the diving bladderworm—the cystic form of the
marginate tapeworm of the dog, and the giant strongyle—the largest
of the roundworms. These give rise to general symptoms of kidney
disease, but the true source of the trouble is only likely to be detected,
if the heads or hooklets of the tapeworm or the eggs of the round-
worm are found on microscopic examination of the urine.

TUMORS OF THE KIDNEY (HYPERTROPHY OR ATROPHY).

The kidney may be the seat of cancerous or simple tumors, and it
may be unnaturally enlarged or reduced in size, but though there may
be signs of urinary disorder the true nature of the disease is seldom
manifest until after death. The passing of blood and of large multi-
nucleated cells in the urine (to be detected under the microscope) may

betray the existence of an ulcerated cancer of the kidney. The pres-
ence of cancerous enlargement of (superficial) lymphatic glands may
further assist and confirm the decision.

RETENTION OF URINE.

Inability to pass urine may come from any one of three conditions—
- first, spasm of the neck of the bladder; second, paralysis of the body
of the bladder; third, obstruction of the channel of outlet by a stone
(calculus) (see Pl. XI) or other obstacle.

In spasm of the neck of the bladder the male animal may stand with
the tail slightly raised and making rhythmical contractions of the
muscle beneath the anus (accelerator urine) (see Pl. IX, fig. 2), but
without passing a drop of liquid. In the female the hind legs are
126 DISEASES OF CATTLE.

extended and widely parted, and the back is arched as if to urinate,
but the effort is vain. If the oiled hand is introduced into the rectum
or vagina in the early stages of the affection, the bladder may be felt
beneath partially filled, but not overdistended with liquid, and its neck
or mouth firmand rigid. In the more advanced stages of the affection
the organ is felt as a great, tense, elastic bag, extending forward into
the abdomen. In this condition the overdistended muscular coat of
the bladder has lost its power of contraction, so that true paralysis has
set in, the muscle closing the mouth of the sack alone retaining its
contractile power.

In paralysis of the body of the bladder attention is rarely drawn to
the urinary disorder until the bladder has been distended to full reple-
tion and is almost ready to give way by rupture and to allow the
escape of the contained liquid into the abdomen. Overdistention is
the most common cause of the paralysis, yet it may occur from inflam-
mation of the muscular wall of the bladder, or even from injury to
the terminal part of the spinal marrow. In this last condition, how-
ever, the tail is likely to be powerless, and the neck of the bladder
may also be paralyzed, so that the urine dribbles away continuously.

Causes.—Among the causes of spasm of the neck of the bladder may
be named the lodgment of small stones or gravel, the feeding on irri-
tant diuretics (see ‘‘ Bloody urine, or nephritis”), the enforced reten-
tion of urine while at work or during a painful or difficult parturition.
The irritation attendant on inflammation of the mucous membrane
of the bladder may be a further cause of spasm of the neck, as may
also be inflammation of the channel (urethra) back of the neck. Exten-
sive applications of Spanish flies to the skin, the abuse of diuretics,
and the occurrence of indigestion and spasms of the bowels are
further causes. So long as spasmodic colic is unrelieved, retention of
water from spasm of the neck of the bladder usually persists.

Treatment.—Treatment will depend largely on thecause. In indiges-
tion the irritant contents of the bowels must be got rid of by laxatives
and injections of warm water; Spanish-fly blisters must be washed from
the surface; a prolonged and too active exertion must be intermitted.
The spasm may be relaxed by injecting one-half ounce solid extract
of belladonna in water into the rectum or by a solution of tobacco.
Chloroform or ether may be given by inhalation, or chlerai hydrate (1
ounce) may be given in water by the mouth. Fomentations of warm
water may be made over the loins and between the thighs, and the
oiled hand inserted into the rectum may press moderately on the
anterior part of the bladder, which can be felt as an elastic fluctuat-
ing bag of an oval shape just beneath.

All other measures failing, the liquid must be drawn off through a
tube (catheter). This is, however, exceedingly difficult, alike in male
and female, and we can not expect an amateur to succeed in accom-
plishing it. In the cow the opening into the bladder is found in the
DISEASES OF THE URINARY ORGANS. 127

median line of the floor of the generative entrance, about 4 inches in
front of the external opening, but it is flanked on either side by a blind
pouch, into which the catheter will pass, in ninety-nine cases out of a
hundred, in the hands of any but the most skilled operator. In the
bull or steer the penis, when retracted into its sheath, is bent upon
itself like the letter S, just above the scrotum and testicles (see Pl. IX,
fig. 2), and unless this bend is effaced by extending the organ forward
out of its sheath it is quite impossible to pass a catheter beyond this’
point. When, however, the animal can be tempted by the presenta-
tion of a female to protrude the penis so that it can be seized and
extended, or when it can be manipulated forward out of the sheath, it
becomes possible to pass a catheter of small caliber (one-third inch or
under) onward into the bladder. Youatt advised to lay open the
sheath so as to reach and extend the penis, and others have advocated
opening the urethra in the interval between the thighs or just beneath
the anus, but such formidable operations are beyond the stock owner.
The incision of the narrow urethra through the great thickness of mus-
cular and erectile bleeding tissue just beneath the anus is especially an
operation of extreme delicacy and difficulty. Drawing off the liquid
through the tube of an aspirator is another possible resort for the pro-
fessional man. The delicate needle of the aspirator is inserted in
such cases through the floor of the vagina and upper wall of the
bladder in the female, or through the floor of the rectum (last gut)
and roof of the bladder in the male, or finally through the lower and
back part of the abdominal wall, just in front of the bones of the
pelvis (pubie bones), and thence through the lower and anterior part
of the bladder near its blind anterior end. After relief has been
obtained the administration of belladonna in 2-dram doses daily for
several days will tend to prevent a recurrence of the retention.
When the body of the bladder has become benumbed or paralyzed
by overdistention, we may seek to restore its tone by doses of one-half
a dram of powdered nux vomica repeated daily, and by mustard plas-
ters applied over the loins, on the back part of the belly inferiorly,
or between the thighs. Small doses (2 drams) of balsam of copaiba are
sometimes useful in imparting tone to the partly paralyzed organ.

INCONTINENCE OF URINE (PALSY OF THE NECK OF THE BLADDER).

This may occur from disease or injury to the posterior part of the
spinal cord or from broken back, and in these cases the tail is likely
to be paralyzed, and it may be also the hind limbs. In this case the
urine dribbles away constantly, and the ciled hand in the vagina or
rectum will feel the half-filled and flaccid bladder beneath and may
easily empty it by pressure.

Treatment.—Treatment is only successful when the cause of the
trouble can be remedied. After these (sprains of the back, etc.) have
recovered, blisters (mustard) on the loins, the lower part of the. abdo-
128 DISEASES OF CATTLE.

men, or between the thighs may be resorted to with success. T'wo
drams daily of copaiba or of solid extract of belladonna or 2 grains
Spanish flies may serve to restore the lost tone. These failing, the
use of electric currents may still prove successful.

URINARY CALCULI (STONE, OR GRAVEL).
[Pl. XI, figs. 1, 2, 3.J

Stone, or gravel, consists in hard bodies mainly made up of the solid
earthy constituents of the urine which have crystallized out of that
liquid at some part of the urinary passage, and have remained as
small particles (gravel), or have concreted into large masses (stone,
calculus). In cattle it is no uncommon thing to find them distending
the practically microscopic tubes in the red substance of the kidney,
having been deposited from the urine in the solid form almost as soon
as that liquid has been separated from the blood. These stones appear
as white objects on the red ground formed by cutting sections of the
kidney, and are essentially products of the dry feed of winter, and
most common in working oxen, which are called upon to exhale more
water from the lungs and skins than are the slop-fed and inactive
cows. Little water being introduced into the body with the food, and
a considerable amount being expelled with the breath and perspira-
tion in connection with the active life, the urine becomes small in
amount, but having to carry out all waste material from the tissues
and the tissue-forming food, it becomes so charged with solids that it
is ready to deposit them on the slightest disturbance. If, therefore,
a little of the water of such concentrated urine is reabsorbed at any
point of the urinary passages, the remainder is no longer able to hold
the solids in solution, and they are at once precipitated in the solid
form as gravel or commencing stone. In cattle, on the other hand,
which are kept at pasture in summer, or which are fed liberally on
roots, potatoes, pumpkins, apples, or ensilage in winter, this concen-
trated condition of the urine is not induced, and under such circum-
stances, therefore, the formation of stone is practically unknown.
Nothing more need be said to show the controlling influence of dry
feeding in producing gravel and of a watery ration in preventing it.
Calculus in cattle is essentially a disease of winter, and of such cattle
as are denied succulent food and are confined to dry fodder as their
exclusive ration. While there are exceptions, they are so rare that
they do not invalidate this generalrule. It is true that stone in the kid-
ney or bladder is often found in the summer or in animals feeding at
the time on a more or less succulent ration, yet such masses usually date
_back to a former period when the animal was restricted to a dry ration.

In this connection it should be noted that a great drain of water
from the system by any other channel than the kidneys predisposes
to the production of gravel or stone. In case of profuse diarrhea, for
example, or of excessive secretion of milk, there is a corresponding
DISEASES OF THE URINARY ORGANS. 129

diminution of the water of the blood, and as the whole amount of the
blood is thus decreased, and as the quantity of urine secreted is largely
influenced by the fullness of the blood vessels and the pressure exerted
upon their walls from within, it follows that with this decrease of the
mass of the blood and the lessening of its pressure outward there
will be a corresponding decrease of urine. The waste of the tissues,
however, goes on as before, and if the waste matter is passed out
through the kidneys it must be in a more concentrated solution, and
the more concentrated the urine the greater the danger that the solids
will be deposited as small crystals or calculi.

Again, the concentrated condition of the urine which predisposes
to such deposits is favored by the quantity of lime salts that may be
present in the water drunk by the animal. Water that contains 20
or 30 grains of carbonate or sulphate of lime to the gallon must con-
tribute a large addition of solids to the blood and urine as compared
with soft waters from which lime is absent. In this connection it is a
remarkable fact that stone and gravel in the domesticated herbivora
are notoriously prevalent on many limestone soils, as on the limestone
formations of central and western New York, Pennsylvania, Ohio,
and Michigan; on the calcareous formations of Norfolk, Suffolk, Der-
byshire, Shropshire, and Gloucestershire, in England; in Landes in
France, and around Munich in Bavaria. It does not follow that the
abundance of lime in the water and fodder is the main cause of the
calculi, since other poisons which are operative in the same districts
in causing goiter in both man and animal probably contribute to the
trouble, yet the excess of earthy salts in the drinking water can hardly
fail to add to the saturation of both blood and urine, and thereby to
favor the precipitation of the urinary solids from their state of solution.

The known results of feeding cattle a generous or forcing ration in
which phosphate of lime is present to excess adds additional force to
the view just advanced. In the writer’s experience, the Second Duke
of Oneida, a magnificent product of his world-famed family, died as
the result of a too liberal allowance of wheat bran, fed with the view
of still further improving the bone and general form of the Duchess
strain of Shorthorns. Lithotomy was performed and a number of
stones removed from the bladder and urethra, but the patient suc-
cumbed to an inflammation of the bowels, induced by the violent
purgatives given before the writer arrived, under the mistaken idea
that the straining had been caused by intestinal impaction. In this
case not only the Second Duke of Oneida, but the other males of the
- herd as well, had the tufts of hairs at the outlet of the sheath encased
in hard, cylindroid sheaths of urinary salts, precipitated from the
liquid as it ran over them. The tufts were in reality resolved into a
series of hard, roller-like bodies, more or less constricted at intervals,

as if beaded.
61386—08——9
1380 DISEASES OF CATTLE.

When it is stated that the ash of the whole grain of wheat is but 3
per cent, while the ash of wheat bran is 7.3 per cent, and that in the
case of the former 46.38 per cent of the ash is phosphoric acid, and in
that of the latter 50 per cent, it can easily be understood how a too
liberal use of wheat bran should prove dangerous if fed dry. The
following table shows the relative proportion of ash and phosphoric
acid in wheat bran and in some common farm seeds:

Ash and phosphoric acid in bran and some common farm seeds.

 

 

  

+. | Phosphoric
Kind of grain. Ash. enone a an ee
Per ct.| Per cent. Per cent.
We eR A prs ncenmemencnumakpoeanien ae exndasiatety aaa aeeene 7.3 50 3.65
Wheat, grain .......---.-.-----------5 e222 eee eee cent een eee 3 5 46. 38 1.3914
Oats, grain_-....---2.. ------2-- -----2 ee eee eee ee tcc 2.50 2.5 - 6625
Barley, grain ...-.--...----------------- ------ 2-222 eee eect 3.10 39.6 1.2276
Bean, grain 3.10 81.9 - 9864
Peas, grain. ...--------------------++-- 2.75 34.8 957
Tare, grain 3 36.2 1.086
Indian corn, grain 1.5: || sosee eset ereodl asecee escesces
Fie, BVA cncascancccaae sees enecanncu nanan Steen MEER SR ERNE EM 1.6 39.9 - 6384

 

 

 

 

Wheat bran, it will be observed, contains three times as much phos-
phoric acid as is found in any of the other grains, and four times as
much as oats, beans, pease, or rye; so that if fed in excess it will
readily overcharge the urine with phosphates.

There is another point to be considered, however, in estimating this
danger. Wheat bran contains a far greater amount of albuminoids
and other nitrogen-containing constituents than the common grains
(these being made up mainly of starch, which contains no nitrogen);
and, all nitrogen-bearing products contained in the blood and tissues
being expelled from the body mainly through the kidneys in the form
of urea and (in cattle) hippuric acid, it follows that the excess of
urea formed when such food is consumed must load the urine with
solids and bring it constantly nearer to the point of saturation, when
such solids (or the least soluble of them) must be deposited.

The following table will show the relative amounts of the nitrogen-
bearing products in wheat bran and some of our common grains:

Nitrogenous matter in wheat bran and some common farm seeds.

Albuminoids| Woody fiber| Total nitrog

 

Kind of grain. (nitroge- (nitroge- | enous-bear-
ing constit-
nous). nous), uents,
Percent. Percent. Per cent.

Wiheat brated 5. ecg iceasseasse baie sk ooeesenaeaeud 16.1 8 2.1
Wheat, grain 12.5 1.8 14.3
Barley, grain_.-.......--...- 12.4 2.7 15.1
Oats, grain ee is 11.8 9.5 21.3
Ry, CAN 2.205. ecccnds cede nse asses senettescemsae s 10.6 17 12.3

 

TUGIA CORN we cesereweeseetecuesdhc Uiieaneweeeriw canes aeseen 10.1 1.7 11.8

 

 

 

 
DISEASES OF THE URINARY ORGANS. 131

It will be observed that, with the exception of oats, none of the
grains contain more than two-thirds of the nitrogenous material
present in the wheat bran, while in the case of rye and maize there is
practically but one-half. Even in the case of oats the albuminoids,
which are the more digestible principles, and therefore those that
are the most easily and speedily converted into urea, are present only
to the amount of two-thirds of that which exists in the wheat bran.
With such an excess of ash, of phosphates, and of nitrogenous (urea-
forming) constituents in wheat bran, its tendency to favor the forma-
tion of caleuli is fully explained. It must not, however, be inferred
that wheat bran is not a valuable foodstuff. The inference is only
that it should be fed with an abundance of water, as a sloppy mash,
or in combination with an abundance of roots, potatoes, pumpkins,
or other succulent aliment.

In this connection the presence of magnesia in the food or water
must be named as favoring calculous formations in the urinary pas-
sages. The explanation is that while the phosphate of magnesia
thrown out in the urine is soluble in water, the compound phosphate
of ammonia and magnesia is insoluble, and, accordingly, if at any
time ammonia is introduced into urine containing the phosphate of
magnesia, there is instantly formed the ammonio-magnesium phos-
phate, which is as promptly deposited in the solid form. The com-
mon source of ammonia in such cases is from decomposition of the
urea in fermenting urine. But in order to produce this a ferment is
necessary, and therefore, as an additional prerequisite, the presence
of bacteria, or fungi, in the urine is essential. These ferments may
make their way from without along the urinary passage (urethra),
and their propagation in the bladder is greatly favored by the pro-
longed retention of urine, as in case of spasm of the neck of the
bladder or obstruction by an already existing stone. Another mode
of entrance of the ferment is an uncleanly catheter used to draw off
the urine. Still another is the elimination through the kidneys of
the bacteria of infectious diseases, or of such as, without producing
a general infection, yet determine fermentation in the urine. The
precipitation is favored not only by the production of ammonia, but
also by the formation of viscid (colloid) products of fermentation. In
this sense bacteria are most important factors in causing gritty
deposits in the urine.

Another insoluble salt which enters largely into the composition of
many urinary calculi of the ox is carbonate of lime. This is derived
mainly from the lime in the food and water and from the carbon dioxid
formed by the oxidation of the organic acids in the fodder. These
organic acids, being composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen (with-
out nitrogen), are resolved by the addition of oxygen into carbon
dioxid (CO,) and water (H,O). The carbon dioxid unites with the
lime in the blood to form carbonate of lime, and in this state passes
182 DISEASES OF CATTLE.

into the urine. Now, carbonate of lime is soluble in water containing
free or uncombined carbon dioxid, but is precipitated whenever the
latter is withdrawn. It is only necessary, therefore, to have in the
urine sufficient lime or other available base to unite with all the free
carbon dioxid in order to bring about the precipitation of the dis-
solved carbonate of lime in the solid crystallized form. Hence it is
that, of all sediments in the urine of herbivora, this is the most fre-
quent and usually the most abundant.

A less common constituent of urinary calculi is the insoluble oxalate
of lime. In this case the lime is derived as before from the food or
water, or both, while the oxalic acid is a product of the oxidation of
organic acids of the food, less oxygen having been used than in the
formation of carbon dioxid. The final product of the complete oxida-
tion of these acids is carbon dioxid, but when less oxygen is furnished
owing to some disease of the lungs or a disease of the nerve centers,
which lessens the activity of the breathing, then oxalic acid may be
produced. Then if this oxalic acid comes in contact with lime, it is
instantly precipitated as crystals of oxalate of lime.

Another inorganic substance at times found in urinary calculi is
silica (SiO,). This contributes largely to giving stiffness to the stems
of growing plants, and in most of our cereals and grasses makes up a
large proportion of the ashes of the burnt plant. It is found in the
soluble form in combination as silicate of potash, but at times is dis-
placed by oxalic or other acid and then appears as gritty, sandy par-
ticles in the stem. This gritty, insoluble silica is especially noticeable
among the horsetails (Hquisetacee), bamboos, and sedges. The per-
centage of silica in the ash of several common fodder plants is given
below:

Silica in ash of various fodder plants.

 

 

Ash of— Silica. Ash of— Silica.
Percent. Per cent.
WHALE SRA W nc eenecnnncnnnneneneensne 67.6 || Rye-grass hay..-....--.----.-------.- 64. 57
Oss 6nd DWE cccanwageewencmusngweune O86 1 Wheat hall 2.60 cncuecesuauneneeesvxes 81.2
Oatistraw cncscsaecsseediush sess eceooese 35.4 || Oat chaff .....--..-------.-------2----- 59.9
Barley STW s...cccene cess weavers Bick | Bavley QW tec nucs eine nectieameensaan> 70.7
Rye: BtraAw’ sccmcwssmeececsseeseecemesss 64.4

 

 

 

 

It is only soluble silica that is taken up into the system, and it is in
this form (usually as silicate of potash or soda) that it enters the urine,
but all that is wanted to precipitate it in crystalline form as a gritty
sand is the presence of oxalic or other acid having a stronger affinity
for its base (potash or soda).

Other conditions, however, enter largely into the causation of stone,
or gravel. A high density of urine resulting from a highly saturated
condition is often present for a length of time without any precipita-
tion of solid materials. Urea and carbonates may be present in
DISEASES OF THE URINARY ORGANS. 133

excess, the food may be given dry, and drinking water may be deficient
in amount without any deposition of stone, or gravel. The presence
of noncrystalline organic matter in the urine becomes in such cases an
exciting cause. Rainey and Ord have shown experimentally that col-
loid (nonerystallizable) bodies like mucus, epithelial cells, albumen,
pus, blood, hyaline casts of the kidney tubes, etc., not only determine
the precipitation of crystallizable salts from a strong solution, but they
determine the precipitation in the form of globular masses, or minute
spheres, which, by further similar accessions, become stones, or calculi,
of various sizes. The salts that are deposited by mere chemical reac-
tion without the intervention of colloids appear in the form of sharply
defined angular erystals, and hence the rough, jagged crystals of oxa-
late of lime or ammonio-magnesium phosphate. Heat intensifies the
action of the colloids in causing precipitation of the dissolved salts, so
that the temperature of the kidneys and bladder constitute favorable
conditions. Colloids that are undergoing decomposition are also spe-
cially powerful, so that the presence of bacteria, or fungi, causing fer-
mentation is an important factor.

In looking, therefore, for the immediate causes of urinary calculi we
must accord a high place to all those conditions which determine the
presence of excess of mucus, albumen, pus, blood, kidney casts, blood-
coloring matter, etc., in the urine. <A catarrhal inflammation of the
pelvis of the kidney, of the ureter, or of the bladder, generating excess
of mucus or pus; inflammation of the kidneys, causing the discharge
into the urinary passages of blood, albumen, or hyaline casts; inflam-
mation of the liver, lungs, or other distant organ, resulting in the
escape of albumen in the urine; disorders of the liver or of the blood-
forming functions, resulting in hematuria or hemoglobinuria; sprains
or other injuries to the back, or disease of the spinal marrow, which
cause the escape of blood with the urine; the presence in the bladder
of a bacterian ferment, which determines the decomposition of the
mucus and urea, the evolution of ammonia and the consequent
destruction of the protecting cellular (epithelial) lining of the blad-
der, or the irritation caused by the presence of an already formed
ealeulus, may produce the colloid or uncrystallizable body that proves
so effective in the precipitation of stone or gravel. It has long been
known that calculi will almost infallibly form around any foreign
body introduced into the kidney or bladder, and I have seen a large
calculous mass surrounding a splinter of an arrow that had penetrated
and broken off in the body of adeer. The explanation is now satis-
factory—the foreign body carries in with it bacteria, which act as fer-
ments upon the urine and mucus in addition to the mechanical injury
caused by its presence. If such a body has been introduced through
the solid tissues, there is, in addition, the presence of the blood and
lymph derived from the wounded structures.
1384 DISEASES OF OATTLE.
CLASSIFICATION OF URINARY CALCULI.

Urinary calculi are most conveniently divided according to the local-
ity in which they are found. Thus we find first renal calculi, formed
in the kidney (Pl. XI, fig. 1), and which for cattle must be again
divided into calculi of the wriniferous tubes and calculi of the pelvis.
The second class are named ureteral calculi, because they are found in
the duct leading from the kidney to the bladder (ureter). The third
elass are the vesical calculi, from the bladder or vesicle in which they
are found. The fourth class are the urethral calculi, and are found in
the duct leading outward from the bladder through the penis (urethra).
The fifth and last class are the preputial calcul, since they are found
within the sheath of the penis (prepuce).

Calculi may also be classed according to their chemical composition,
and this has the advantage of suggesting the special cause of each as
found in the food, water, soil, or general condition of health. This
classification affords no guide to their location or symptoms, as caleuli
of the same chemical composition may be found at any part of the uri-
nary passages, as those formed in the kidney may pass on through all
the various passages outward, unless it is found at any point of their
progress that they have grown so large that the passage will not admit
them. The following are among the coneretions found in the various
parts:

(1) Coralline calcult.—These are of a dull-white color and irregular
surface, like coral. They are made up of hard and resistant layers
evenly deposited around a central nucleus. (Pl. XI, fig. 3.) Their
specific gravity is 1.760, water being 1.000, and they contain 74 per cent
of carbonate of lime with some carbonate of magnesia, organic matter,
and a trace of carbonate of iron. Yellowish white, smooth, round cal-
euli of the same chemical composition are met with.

(2) Pearly caleuli.—These are more frequent than the first-named
variety. They are very hard and smooth on the surface, reflecting a
play of various colors after the fashion of a pearl. This peculiarity
appears to be caused by the thinness and semitransparency of the
superposed layers. They have a specific gravity of 2.109 to 2.351, and
nearly the same chemical composition as the coralline variety. Gold-
ing Bird found a specimen of this kind formed of carbonate of lime
and organic matter only.

(3) Green calculi (metalloid calculi).—These are usually small and
numerous, as they are exceedingly common. They are of a very hard
consistency, and have a clear, polished, greenish surface of almost
metallic brilliancy. They have a specific gravity of 2.301, and a com-
position almost identical with the second variety.

(4) White calculi.—Pure, white, smooth, lustrous ealeuli are rare.
They have a specific gravity of 2.307, and contain as much as 92 per
cent of carbonate of lime with carbonate of magnesia and organic
matter.
DISEASES OF THE URINARY ORGANS. 185

(5) Ammonio-magnesium caleuli.—These are of a grayish color and
a very rough crystalline surface, which proves very irritating to the
mucous membrane. They have a specific gravity of 1.109 to 1.637,
and are composed chiefly of ammonio-magnesium phosphate, oxalate
of lime, and organic matter, with some little carbonate of lime and
magnesia.

(6) Stliceous calculi.—These are clear, smooth, and hard, and usu-
ally spherical. They have a specific gravity of 1.265 to 1.376, and
contain 57 per cent of silica with carbonates of iron and magnesia,
organic matter, and traces of iron. In other specimens of siliceous
ealculi there was a specific gravity of 3.122, and there was 79 to 85
per cent of carbonate of lime together with carbonate of magnesia,
and iron, silica, and organic matter. Others are almost exclusively
made of silica.

(7) Oxalate of lime calculi (mulberry calcult) (Pl. XI, fig. 2).—These
are characterized by their extremely rough, angular surface, formed
py the octahedral crystals of oxalate of lime. Their specific gravity
may be 3.441, and they contain oxalate of lime to the extent of 81
per cent, together with carbonates of lime and magnesia and organic
matter.

(8) Gravel (pultaceous deposits).—Simple crystals may be met with
at any point from the kidneys to the external opening at the end of
the prepuce (sheath), and they may appear singly, as crystals, or they
may accumulate in masses of fine spherical crystals almost like dirty
powdered chalk suspended in water. In the ox this is especially com-
mon as a collection in the sheath, distending that into a soft, doughy
swelling.

FORMS OF CALCULI IN DIFFERENT SITUATIONS.

Apart from the rough crystalline surfaces of the calculi of oxalate
of lime and ammonio-magnesium phosphate, the general tendency is
to a smooth, round outline. At times, however, they show more or
less flattening with rounded angular edges, caused by the contact and
mutual friction of two caleuli. Sometimes two or more stones lying
together become united into one by a new external deposit, and the
resulting mass then shows rounded swellings on opposite sides. The
large caleuli occupying the pelvis of the kidneys usually shows a
central part having the outline of the main cavity of the pelvis and
two or more projections that have been molded into corresponding
branches or channels which lead to corresponding lobes of the kidney.
In winter and spring small concretions in the form of plates are often
met with in the branches of the pelvis, having been formed and
molded in the confined space between the projecting papilla and the
surrounding cup-like branch of the pelvis. Finally, the pulp-like
deposits in the sheath and elsewhere are made up of globular masses,
individually so small as to be often practically microscopie.
136 DISEASES OF CATTLE.

STONE IN THE KIDNEY (RENAL CALCULI).
[Pl. XI, fig. 1.]

In an animal leading the quiet, uneventful life of the ox, stones of
large size may be present in the kidney without producing any dis-
order appreciable to the people about him. In cattle fattened on dry
food in winter, on our magnesian limestone of New York, it is excep-
tional to find the substance of the kidney free from calculi about the
size of a grain of wheat or less, and standing out as white objects in
the general red of the cut surface of the organ. Similarly around the
papille in the cup-like arms of the pelvis we find minute flattened or
more or less rounded yellowish white concretions. Even the large
concretions may prove apparently harmless. I have a calculus sev-
eral ounces in weight which filled the entire pelvis of the kidney, which
was found by accident in a fat carcass while being dressed. In work
oxen, however, such concretions may give rise to symptoms of kidney
disease, such as stiffness of the loins, shown especially in the acts
of rising or turning, weakness of the hind parts when set to pulla
heavy load, an irritability of the kidneys, shown by the frequent pas-
sage of urine in small quantity, tenderness of the loins, shown when
they are pinched or lightly struck, and it may be the passage of blood
or minute gritty masses with the urine. If the attack is severe, what
is called ‘‘ renal colic” (kidney colic) may be shown by frequent uneasy
shifting of the hind limbs, shaking or twisting of the tail, looking
round at the flanks, and lying down and rising again at short inter-
vals without apparent cause. The frequent passage of urine, the
blood or gritty masses contained in it, and perhaps the hard, stony
cylinders around the tufts of hair of the sheath, show that the source
of the suffering is the urinary organs. In bad cases active inflamma-
tion of the kidneys may set in. (See ‘“‘Nephritis,” p. 121.)

URETERAL CALCULI.

These are small stones which have passed from the pelvis of the -

kidney into the canal (ureter) leading from the kidney to the bladder,
but, being too large to pass on easily, have blocked that canal and
forced the urine back upon the kidney. The result is the production
of symptoms more violent than in renal caleuli, though not varying,
save in intensity, from those of renal colic. In case of complete and
unrelieved obstruction, the secretion of the kidney on that side is
entirely abolished, and it becomes the seat of passive congestion, and
it may even be absorbed in greater part or as a whole, leaving only a
fibrous sac containing fluid with a urinous odor. In small cattle, in
which the oiled hand introduced into the last gut may reach the
affected part, the distended ureter may be felt as a tense, elastic cord,
extending forward from the point of obstruction on the lateral wall of
the pelvis and beneath the loins toward the kidney. If relief is

-
DISEASES OF THE URINARY ORGANS. 137

obtained by the onward passage of the stone a free flow of urine
usually follows, in the midst of which may often be found gritty
masses. If the outlets from both kidneys are similarly blocked, the
animal becomes poisoned by the retention in the blood of the elements
of the urine, and by their reabsorption after secretion.

Treatment of renal and ureteral calculi.—Treatment is not very suc-
cessful, as only the smallest calculi can pass through the ureter and
enter the bladder, and even if they should do so they are liable to a
progressive increase there, so that later they may cause the symptoms
of stone in the bladder. Fortunately, ordinary dairy, growing, or
fattening cattle rarely show evident symptoms of illness, and though
they should do so they can usually be fattened and slaughtered before
the health is seriouslyimpaired. In work oxen the case is different, and
acute symptoms may develop, but even then the animal may often be
fitted for the butcher. When treatment is demanded it is primarily
soothing and antispasmodic. Fomentations with warm water over the
loins should be persisted in without intermission until relief -has been
secured. The soothing effect on the kidney will often relieve inflam-
mation and irritation, should the stone be in that situation, while if in
the ureter the warm fomentations will at once soothe irritation, relax
spasm of the muscular coat of the canal, and favor an abundant secre-
tion from the kidney, which, pressing on the obstructing stone, may
slowly push it on into the bladder. Large doses of laudanum (2
ounces) or of solid extract of belladonna (2 drams) will not only soothe
the pain but relax the spasm and favor the onward passage of the
ealeulus. The animal should be encouraged to drink large quantities
of cool water to favor the free secretion of a very watery urine, which
will not only serve to obviate irritation and continued deposit caused
by a highly concentrated urine, but will press the stone onward toward
the bladder, and even in certain cases will tend to disintegrate it by
solution of some of its elements, and thus to favor its crumbling and
expulsion. This is a principle which must never be lost sight of in
the treatment of calculi. The immersion of the stone in a liquid of a
lower specific gravity than that in which it has formed and growntends
to dissolve out the more soluble of its component parts, and thus to
destroy its density and cohesion at all points, and thereby to favor its
complete disintegration and expulsion. This explains why cattle
taken from a herd on our magnesian limestone in spring, after the
long dry feeding of winter, usually furnish renal calculi, while cattle
from the same herd in the fall, after a summer’s run on a succulent
pasture, are almost always free from concretions. The abundance of
liquid taken in the green food and expelled through the kidneys and
the low density or watery nature of the urine have so opened the
texture and destroyed the density of the smaller stones and gravel
that they have all been disintegrated and removed. This, too, is the
main reason why benefit is derived from a prolonged stay at mineral
138 DISEASES OF OATTLE.

springs by the human victims of gravel. If they had swallowed the
same number of quarts of pure water at home and distributed it at
suitable intervals over each day, they would have benefited largely
without a visit to the springs.

It follows from what has been just said that a succulent diet, includ-
ing a large amount of water (gruels, sloppy mashes, turnips, beets,
potatoes, apples, pumpkins, ensilage, succulent grasses), is an impor-
tant factor in the relief of the milder forms of stone and gravel.

Prevention.—Prevention of calculus especially demands this supply
of water and watery rations on all soils and in all conditions in which

here is a predisposition to this disease. It must also be sought by
attempts to obviate all those conditions mentioned above as causative
of the malady. Sometimes good rain water can be furnished in lime-
stone districts, but putrid or bad smelling rain water is to be avoided
as probably more injurious than that from the limestone. Unsuccess-
ful attempts have been made to dissolve calculi by alkaline salts and

‘ mineral acids, respectively, but their failure as a remedy does not

necessarily condemn them as preventives. One dram of caustic
potash or of hydrochloric acid may be given daily in the drinking
water. In diametrically opposite ways these attack and decompose
the less soluble salts and form new ones whick are more soluble
and therefore little disposed to precipitate in the solid form. Both
are beneficial as increasing the secretion of urine. In cases where
the diet has been too highly charged with phosphates (wheat bran,
etc.), these aliments must be restricted and water allowed ad libitum.
Where the crystals passed with the urine are the sharp angular
(octahedral) ones of oxalate of lime, then the breathing should be
made more active by exercise, and any disease of the lungs subjected
to appropriate treatment. If the crystals are triangular prisms of
ammonia-magnesium phosphate or star-like forms with feathery rays,
the indications are to withhold the food or water that abounds in
magnesia and check the fermentation in the urine by attempts to
destroy its bacteria. In the latter direction plenty of pure water,
diuretics, and a daily dose of oil of turpentine in milk, or a dose thrice
a day of a solution containing one-tenth grain each of biniodide of
mercury and iodide cf potassium would be indicated.

In considering the subject of prevention, it must never be forgotten
that any disease of a distant organ which determines the passage from
the blood into the urine of albumen or any other colloid (unerystalliz-
able) body is strongly provocative of calculus, and should, if possible,
be corrected. Apart from cases due to geological formation, faulty
feeding, and other causes, the grand preventive of calculus is a long
summer’s pasturage of succulent grasses, or in winter a diet of ensilage
or other succulent food.

The caleuli formed in part of silica demand special notice. This
agent is secreted in the urine in the form of silicate of potash and is
DISEASES OF THE URINARY ORGANS. 1389

thrown down as insoluble silica when a stronger acid displaces it by
combining with the potash to its exclusion. In cases of siliceous
calculi, accordingly, the appropriate chemical prevention is caustic
potash, which being present in the free state would attract to itself
any free acid and leave the silica in its soluble condition as silicate of
potash.

STONE IN THE BLADDER (VESICAL CALCULUS, OR URETHRAL CALCULUS).

Stone in the bladder may be of any size, but in the ox does not
usually exceed half an inch in diameter. There may, however, be a
number of small calculi; indeed, they are sometimes so small and
numerous as to form a small pulpy magma by which the bladder is
considerably distended.

Symptoms.—The symptoms of stone in the bladder may be absent
until one of the masses escapes into the urethra, but when this occurs
the escape of urine is prevented, or it is allowed to pass in drops or
driblets only, and the effect of such obstruction becomes manifest.
The point of obstruction is not always the same, but it is most fre-
quently at the S-shaped curve of the penis, just above the testicles or
scrotum. In cows and heifers the urethra is so short and becomes so
widely dilated during the urination that the calculi easily escape in
the flow of liquid and dangerous symptoms practically never appear.

Even in the male the signs of illness are at first very slight. A
close observer may notice the cylinders of hard, earthy materials
encircling the tufts of hair at the opening of the prepuce. It may
further be observed that the stall remains dry and that the animal has
not been seen to pass water when out of doors. The tail may at times
be gently raised and contractions of the muscle (accelerator urine)
beneath the anus (PI. IX, fig. 2) may take place in a rhythmical or
pulsating manner. But as a rule no symptom is noticed for a couple
of days, only the animal is lacking in his usual spirits. By this time
the constantly accumulating urine has distended the bladder beyond
its power of resistance and a rupture occurs, allowing the urine to
escape into the cavity of the abdomen. Then dullness increases; the
animal lies down most of his time; he becomes stupid and sometimes
drowsy, with reddish brown congestion of the lining membrane of the
eyelids; pressure on the abdomen causes pain, flinching, and perhaps
groaning, and the lowest part of the belly fluctuates more and more as
the escaping urine accumulates in greater and greater amount. If at
this stage the oiled hand is introduced into the rectum (last gut), the
animal flinches when pressure is made downward on the floor of the
pelvis, and no round, distended bladder is felt. If the same examina-
tion is made prior to the rupture the rounded, tense, elastic bladder
is felt extending forward into the abdomen, containing one or two
gallons of liquid. There may be uneasy shifting of the hind limbs
140 DISEASES OF OATTLE.

and twisting of the tail, also frequent lying down and rising, but
these symptoms are exceptional.

When the obstruction is low down between the thighs (at the S-
shaped flexure), the line of the pulsating urethra from the anus down-
ward may be felt distended with liquid, and though it is seldom easy
to distinguish the exact seat of the stone by the hard swelling of the
urethra, yet there is usually tenderness at the point of obstruction,
and from this it may be accurately located.

Treatment.—The treatment of stone in the bladder or urethra con-
sists in the removal of the stone by incision and the use of forceps.
(Pl. XI, fig. 4.) When the stone has been arrested at the S-shaped
flexure just above the scrotum, the patient being lean, the thickened
tender part of the penis may be seized between the fingers and thumb
of the left hand, while the calculus is exposed by a free incision with
the knife held in the right. If there is no otber obstruction between
this point and the bladder, and if the latter has not yet ruptured, a
flow of urine should take place from the opening. If there is no escape
of liquid a catheter or sound, one-fourth of an inch in diameter, must
be passed up through the canal (urethra) until it is arrested by the
next stone, on which a similar incision should then be made to effect
its extraction. In case the stone has been arrested in the portion of
the urethra which is in front of the arch of the hip bone and inside
the pelvis, it can only be reached by making an opening into the ure-
thra beneath the anus and over the arch of the hip bone, and from
this orifice exploring the urethra with fine forceps to the neck of the
bladder or until the stone has been reached and extracted. The opera-
tion requires a very accurate knowledge of the parts, owing to the
small size of the canal (urethra) to be opened and the great thickness
of erectile tissue to be cut through, while the free flow of blood is
blinding to the operator. A staff should always be passed up through
the urethra from the lower wound, if such has been made, or, in case
of its absence, through the whole length of the penis, that organ hav-
ing been drawn out of its sheath until the S-shaped curve has been
effaced and the course of the canal rendered straight. Upon the end
of this staff the incision can be made with far more confidence and
certainty. The operation can only be undertaken by a skilled veter-
inary anatomist, but the hints given above may be valuable in show-
ing the stock owner when he is being properly served in such a case.

In outlying districts, where no skilled operator can be had, a trans-
verse incision may be made with a clean sharp knife through the root
of the penis, just over the arch of the hip bone, when the urine will
flow out in a full stream. The attendant bleeding may be ignored, or
if. profuse it, may be checked by packing the wound firmly with cotton
wool forsome hours. The urine will continue to escape by the wound,
and the ox should be fattened for the butcher.
DISEASES OF THE URINARY ORGANS. 141

The immediate relief is not to be looked upon as a permanent cure,
as the calculi in the affected ox are usually numerous and later attacks
are therefore to be looked for. Hence it is desirable to fatten and
kill such cases after a successful operation. If a breeding animal is
too valuable to be killed, he should be subjected to preventive meas-
ures, as laid down under ‘‘Stone in the kidney,” page 136.

It should be added that when the bladder is filled with a soft magma
a catheter may be introduced through the whole length of the urethra,
to be employed in pumping water into the bladder. This water is
extracted through the same channel when it has been charged with
the suspended solids by manipulations of the bladder with the oiled
hand introduced through the rectum.

Calculi, or gravel, in the prepuce, or sheath.—This is usually a collec-
tion of gravel, or a soft, putty-like material which causes a distinct
swelling of the sheath and gives it a soft, doughy feeling when handled.
It may be removed in part by the oiled fingers introduced into the
cavity, assisted by manipulation from without, or a tube may be
inserted until the end extends behind the collection and water
pumped in until the whole mass has been evacuated. Should even
this fail of success the sheath may be slit open from its orifice back
in the median line below until the offending matter can be reached
and removed. In all such cases the interior of the sheath should be
finally lubricated with sweet oil or vaseline. It is unnecessary to
stitch up the wound made in the sheath. (See ‘‘Infiammation of the
sheath,” p. 149.)
DISEASES OF THE URINARY ORGANS.

DESCRIPTION OF PLATES.

Puate IX:

Fig. 1. Kidney of the ox. Taken from Handbuch des Vergleichenden Anat-
omte des Haus Séugethiere, vol. 7, 1890: A, renal artery carrying blood
into the kidney; V, renal vein carrying blood from the kidney back to the
heart; H, ureter, the tube carrying the urine from kidney to bladder. It
is formed by the union of a number of branches which begin as cups
(calices), each inclosing the tip of a conical mass of tissue from which
the urine exudes. 1, Showing such papilla through the cup, or calyx,
surrounding it; 2, papilla with the cups inclosing them cut in half to
show their relation to each other.

Fig. 2. The male genital organs of the ox. Taken from Leisering, Mueller &
Ellenberger, Handbuch des Verg. Anat. des Haus Sdéugethiere: 1, scrotum,
or the pouch containing the testicles; 2, tunica vaginalis, the serous mem-
brane enveloping the testicles; 3', right testicle, outer view; 3’, left testi-
cle, inner view; 4, epididymis, or the beginning of the excretory canal of
the testicle; 4', globus major, or the head of the epididymis; 4’, globus
minor, or the tail of the epididymis; 5, vas deferens, the duct through which
the seminal fluid reaches the ejaculatory ducts; 5’, pelvic dilatation of the
vas deferens; 6, vesicula seminalis. The vesicule seminales are two oval
pouches, which, in addition to their own secretions, receive the semen
conveyed by the seminal ducts and hold it in reserve until copulation; 7,
membranous or intrapelvic portion of the urethral canal covered by Wil-
son’s muscle; 8, part of the prostate gland covered by Wilson’s muscle;
9, Cowper’s gland. This gland, like the prostate gland, secretes a fluid
which is thrown into the urethral canal in abundance immediately before
ejaculation; the expulsion of the semen is by this means facilitated; 10,
ejaculator seminis, or accelerator urine muscle; 11, penis; 11’, cut portion
of same; 12, cut suspensory ligaments of penis; 13, sheath, or prepuce
laid open; 14, retractor muscles of sheath; 15, cremaster muscle cut at
superior extremity; 16, duplicature of peritoneum; 17, ureters carrying
urine from the kidneys to the bladder.

PLaTE X:

Fig. 1. In this figure the minute apparatus for the secretion, collection, and
discharge of the urine into the pelvis of the kidney (see preceding plate)
is shown. The course is as follows: The urine is secreted from the blood
vessels in the little round bodies called glomeruli (12),and by the minute
cells in the curved tubes (11, 9, 10,8), and passes through the convoluted
and straight tubes (7, 6) into the larger tube (1), and then out into the
pelvis, thence through the ureters into the bladder. The fluid and salts
dissolved in the urine are taken from the blood, and the minute blood
vessels are therefore very abundant in the kidneys, as is shown by the
branches and network on the left of the figure. The blood passes into tho
kidney in the artery (18), then divides into branches which pass into the

142
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DISEASES OF THE URINARY ORGANS. 143

PLatE X—Continued.
glomeruli (12) and also form networks around the secreting tubules (11, 9).
The urine and salts pass from these vessels through the cells lining the
tubules into the latter, and are discharged as described above. The blood
is again collected in veins drawn black in the figure.

Fig. 2. Illustrates the manner in which the blood is distributed in the glom-
erulus /, and also to the secreting tubules (e).

Fig. 8. Shows the relation between the blood vessel in the glomerulus (e) and
the tubule which conducts the urine therein secreted from the blood ves-
sel; (c) represents 2 glomerulus from which the urinary tubule has been
removed.

PuaTE XI:

Fig. 1. Calculus, or stone, from the kidney. These are located in the pelvis or
portion of the ureter receiving the urine. The prolongations are casts of
the branches of the pelvis. See the plates of the kidney for further
description.

Fig. 2. Calculus made up of oxalate of lime magnified 215 times.

Fig. 3. Phosphatic calculus containing a nucleus of uric acid, sawn through
to show concentric layers.

Fig. 4. Straight forceps used in removing stones from the bladder.

Fig. 5. Casts of the minute tubules of the kidney found in the urine in various
kinds of kidney disease. Highly magnified.
DISEASES OF THE GENERATIVE ORGANS.

By James Law, F. R. C. V.8.,
Professor of Veterinary Science, etc., in Cornell University.

Diseases of the generative organs are practically confined to animals
which are kept for reproduction and the dairy. The castration of .
the bull condemns these organs to inactivity and protects them from
the many causes of injury attendant on the engorged blood vessels
in the frequent periods of sexual excitement, on the exposure to
mechanical violence, and on the exposure to infective inoculation.
Jn three respects the castrated male is especially subject to disease:
(1) To inflammation and tumefaction of the cut end of the cord that
supported the testicle and of the loose connective tissue of the scro-
tum; (2) to inflammation of the sheath and penis from the accumu-
lation of gravel in the former, from which the penis is not usually
protruded in passing water; and (3) to bruising, abrasion, and inflam-
mation of the sheath and penis during suspension in the stocks for
the purpose of shoeing. Apart from these, the ox is practically almost
exempt from the inflammations and injuries of the genital organs.
The same applies to the castrated heifer. Inflammation may occur in
the broad ligament of the womb whence the ovary has been removed,
or infective inflammation in the abdominal cavity (peritonitis) in case
the operation has been performed through the flank, as it usually is
in the young heifer. Apart from these, the castrated heifer is prac-
tically immune from any trouble of the generative apparatus. Even
the virgin heifer is little subject to such troubles, though she is not
exempt from inflammations, and above all, morbid growths in the
ovaries which are well developed and functionally very active after
the first year, or in precocious animals after the first few months of
life. The breeding cow, on the other hand, is subjected to all the
disturbances attendant on the gradual enlargement of the womb, the
diversion of a large mass of blood to its walls, the constant drain of
nutrient materials of all kinds for the nourishment of the fetus, the
risks attendant and consequent on abortion and parturition, the dan-
gers of infection from the bull, the risks of sympathetic disturbance
in case of serious diseases of other organs, but preeminently of the
urinary organs and the udder, and finally the sudden extreme
derangements of the circulation and of the nervous functions which
attend on the sudden revulsion of a great mass of blood from the
walls of the contracting womb into the body at large immediately
after calving.

144
DISEASES OF THE GENERATIVE ORGANS. 145

In reviewing this class of diseases, therefore, we have to note, first,
that they are almost exclusively restricted to breeding animals, and,
second, that in keeping with the absolute difference of the organs in
the male and female we find two essentially distinct lists of diseases
affecting the two sexes.

EXCESS OF VENEREAL DESIRE (SATYRIASIS IN MALE, OR NYMPHO-
MANIA IN FEMALE).

This may occur in the male from too frequent sexual intercourse, or

from injury and congestion of the base of the brain (vaso-dilator cen-
ter in the medulla), or of the posterior end of the spinal cord, or it
may be kept up by congestion or inflammation of the testicles or of
the mucous membrane covering the penis. It may be manifested by
a constant or frequent erection, by attempts at sexual connection,
and sometimes by the discharge of semen without connection. In bad
cases the feverishness and restlessness lead to loss of flesh, emacia-
tion, and physical weakness.
_ It is, however, in the female especially that this morbid desire is
most noticeable and injurious. It may be excited by the stimulating
quality of the blood in cows fed to excess on highly nitrogenous food,
as the seeds of the bean, pea, vetch, and tare, and as wheat bran,
middlings, cotton seed, gluten meal, etc., especially in the case of such
as have no free exercise in the fields, and are subject to constant asso-
ciation with a vigorous young bull. A more frequent cause is the
excitation or congestion of some part of the genital organs. Disease
of the ovaries is preeminently the cause, and this may be by the forma-
tion of cysts (sacs containing liquid) or of solid tumors or degenera-
tions, or, more commonly than all, the deposition of tubercle. Indeed,
in case of tuberculosis attacking the abdominal organs of cows, the
ovaries or the serous membranes that support and cover them (the
broad ligaments of the womb) are peculiarly subject to attack and
the animal has constant sexual excitement, incessantly riding or
being ridden by other cattle, having no leisure to eat or chew the cud,
but moving restlessly, wearing the flesh off its bones, and gradually
wasting. In some localities these cows are known as ‘‘bullers,”
because they are nearly always disposed to take the bull, but they do
not conceive, or, if they do, they are subject to early abortions. They
are, therefore, useless alike for the dairy and for the feeder, unless
the removal of the ovaries subdues the sexual excitement, when, in
the absence of tuberculous disease elsewhere, they may be fattened
for the butcher.

Among the other sources of irritation charged with causing nympho-
mania are tumors and cancers of the womb, rigid closure of the neck of
the womb so that conception can not occur and the frequent services
by the male stimulate the unsatisfied appetite, and inflammation, and
a purulent discharge from the womb or vagina.

61386—08——10
146 DISEASES OF OATTLE.

Treatment.—The treatment in each case will vary with the cause
and is most satisfactory when that cause is a removable one. Over-
feeding on richly nitrogenous food can be stopped, exercise in the open
field secured, diseased ovaries may be removed (see ‘‘ Castration,” p.
300), catarrhs of the womb and passages overcome by antiseptic
astringent injections (see ‘‘Leucorrhea”’), and tumors of the womb may
often be detached and extracted, the mouth of that organ having been
first dilated by sponge tents or otherwise. The rubber dilator (impreg-
nator) though sometimes helpful in the mare is rarely available for
the cow, owing to the different condition of the mouth of the womb.

DIMINUTION OR LOSS OF VENEREAL DESIRE (ANAPHRODISIA).

This will occur in either sex from low condition and ill health.
Long standing chronic diseases of important internal organs, leading
to emaciation and weakness, or a prolonged semistarvation in winter
may be sufficient cause. It is, however, much more common as the
result of degeneration or extensive and destructive disease of the
secreting organs (testicles, ovaries) which elaborate the male and
female sexual products, respectively. Such diseases are, therefore, a
common cause of sterility in both sexes. The old bull, fat and lazy,
becomes sluggish and unreliable in serving, and finally gets to be use-
less for breeding purposes. This is not due to his weight and clum-
siness alone, but largely to the fatty degeneration of his testicles and
their excretory ducts, which prevents the due formation and matura-
tion of the semen.

If he has been kept in extra high condition for exhibition in the
show ring, this disqualification comes upon him sooner and becomes
more irremediable.

Similarly the overfed, inactive cow, and above all the show cow,
fails to come in heat at the usual intervals, shows little disposition to
take the bull, and fails to conceive when served. Her trouble is the
same in kind, namely, fatty degeneration of the ovaries and of their
excretory ducts (Fallopian tubes), which prevents the formation or
maturation of the ovum or, when it has formed, hinders its descent
intothe womb. Another common defect in such old fat cows is a rigid
closure of the mouth of the womb, which prevents conception, even
if the ovum reaches the interior of that organ and even if the semen
is discharged into the vagina.

Preventive.—The true preventive of such conditions is to be found
in a sound hygiene. The breeding animal should be of adult age,
neither overfed nor underfed, but well fed and moderately exercised;
in other words, the most vigorous health should be sought, not only

‘that a strong race may be propagated, but that the whole herd, or
nearly so, may breed with certainty. Fleming gives 79 per cent as
the general average of cows that are found to breed in one year.
Here more than a fifth of the progeny is sacrificed and a fifth of the
DISEASES OF THE GENERATIVE ORGANS. 147

product of the dairy. With careful management the proportion of
breeders should approach 100 per cent. The various local and gen-
eral obstacles ‘to conception should be carefully investigated and
removed. The vigorous health which comes from a sufficiently lib-
eral diet and abundant exercise should be solicited, and that compara-
tive bloodlessness and weakness which advances with undue fattening
should be sedulously avoided. In bull or cow which is becoming
unduly fat and showing indications of sexual indifference, the treat-
ment must be active. Turning out on a short pasture where it must
work hard for a living will often suffice. The bull which can not be
turned out to pasture may sometimes be utilized in the yoke or tread
power, or he may be kept a part of his time in a field or paddock
chained by the ring in his nose to a strong wire extending from one
side of the lot to the other, and attached securely to two trees or posts.
The wire should be higher than the back of the bull, which will move
from end to end at frequent intervals. If he is indisposed to take
sufficient exercise in this way he may be safely driven. An instance
of the value of exercise in these incipient cases of fatty degeneration
is often quoted. The cow Dodona, condemned as barren at Earl
Spencer’s, was sold cheap to Jonas Webb, who had her driven by road
a distance of 120 miles to his farm at Wilbraham, soon after which
she became pregnant. Inadvanced cases, however, in which the fatty
degeneration is complete, recovery is impossible.

In ease of rigid closure of the mouth of the womb the only resort is
dilatation. This is far more difficult and uncertain in the cow than in
the mare. The neck of the womb is longer, is often tortuous in its
course, and its walls so approximated to each other and so rigid that
it may be all but impossible to follow it, and there is always danger
of perforating its walls and opening into the cavity of the abdomen,
or short of that of causing inflammation and a new rigid fibrous for-
mation which, on healing, leaves matters worse than before. The
opening must be carefully made with the finger, and when that has
entered the womb further dilatation may be secured by inserting a
sponge tent or by careful stretching with a mechanical dilator. (Pl.
XX, fig. 6.)

STERILITY FROM OTHER CAUSES.

The questions as to whether a bull is a sure stock getter and whether
a cow is a breeder are so important that it would be wrong to pass
over other prominent causes of sterility. Breeding at too early an age
is a common source of increasing weakness of constitution which has
obtained in certain breeds. Jerseys have especially been made the
victims of this mistake, the object being to establish the highest milk-
ing powers in the smallest obtainable body which will demand the
least material and outlay for its constant repair of waste. With suc-
cess in this line there has been the counterbalancing disadvantage of
148 DISEASES OF CATTLE.

impaired vigor, with too often lessened fertility as well as increased
predisposition to disease. When the heifers of the race have for gen-
eration after generation been bred under a year old, the demand for
the nourishment of the fetus is too great a drain on the immature
animal, which accordingly remains small and stunted. As it fails to
develop in size, so every organ fails to be nourished to perfection.
Similarly with the immature bull put to too many cows; he fails to
develop his full size, vigor, or stamina, and transfers his acquired
weakness to his progeny. An increasing number of barren females
and an increasing proclivity to abortions are the necessary results of
both courses. When this early breeding has occurred accidentally it
is well to dry up the dam just after calving, and to avoid having her
served again until full grown.

Some highly fed and plethoric females seem to escape conception by
the very intensity of the generative ardor. The frequent passage of
urine, accompanied by contractions of the womb and vagina and a
profuse secretion from their surfaces, leads to the expulsion cf the
semen after it has been lodged in the genital passages. This may be
remedied somewhat by bleeding the cow shortly before putting to the
bull, so as to diminish the richness and stimulating quality of the
blood; or better by giving 1; pounds of Epsom salts a day or two
before she comes in heat, and subjecting her at the same time to a
spare diet. Should the excessive ardor of the cow not be controlla-
ble in this way, she may be shut up for a day or two, until the heat is
passing off, when under the lessened excitement the semen is more
likely to be retained.

The various diseases of the ovaries, their tubes, the womb, the tes-
ticles and their excretory ducts, as referred to under ‘‘ Excess of gen-
erative ardor,” are causes of barrenness. In this connection it may
be named that the discharges consequent on calving are fatal to the
vitality of semen introduced before these have ceased to flow; hence
service too soon after calving, or that of a cow which has had the
womb or genital passages injured so as to keep up a muco-purulent
flow until the animal comes in heat, is liable to fail of conception.
Any such discharge should be first arrested by repeated injections as
for leucorrhea, after which the male may be admitted.

Feeding on a very saccharine diet, which greatly favors the deposi-
tion of fat, seems to have an even more direct effect in preventing
conception during such regimen. Among other causes of barrenness
are all those that favor abortion, ergoted grasses, smutty wheat or
corn, laxative or diuretic drinking water, and any improper or musty
feed that causes indigestions, colics, and diseases of the urinary
organs, notably gravel; also savin, rue, cantharides, and all other
irritants of the bowels or kidneys.

Ilermaphrodites are barren, of course, as their sexual organs are
not distinctively either male or female. The heifer born as a twin
DISEASES OF THE GENERATIVE OEGANS. 149

with a bull is usually hermaphrodite and barren. But the animals
of either sex in which development of the organs is arrested before
they are fully matured remain as in the male or female prior to
puberty, and are barren. Buils with both testicles retained within
the abdomen may go through the form of serving a cow, but the serv-
ice is unfruitful; the spermatozoa are not fully elaborated. So Ihave
examined a heifer with a properly formed but very small womb and
an extremely narrow vagina and vulva, the walls of which were very
muscular, that could never be made to conceive. A post-mortem
examination would probably have disclosed an imperfectly formed
ovary incapable of bringing ova to maturity.

A bull and cow that have been too closely inbred in the same line for
generations may prove sexually incompatible and unable to generate
together, though both are abundantly prolific when coupled with ani-
mals of other strains of blood.

Finally a bull may prove unable to get stock, not from any lack of
sexual development, but from disease of other organs (back, loins, hind
limbs), which renders him unable to mount with the energy requisite
to the perfect service.

CONGESTION AND INFLAMMATION OF THE TESTICLES (ORCHITIS).

This usually results from blows or other direct injuries, but may be
the result of excessive service or of the formation of some new growth
(tumor) in the gland tissue. The bull moves stiffly, with straddling
gait, and the right or left half of the scrotum in which the affected
testicle lies is swollen, red, and tender, and the gland is drawn up
within the sac and dropped down again at frequent intervals. It may
betreated by rest; by 14 pounds Epsom salts given in 4 quarts of water;
by arestricted diet of some succulentfood; by continued fomentations
with warm water by means of sponges or rags sustained by a sling
passed around the loins and back between the hind legs. The pain
may be allayed by smearing with a solution of opium or of extract of
belladonna. Should a soft point appear, indicating the formation of
matter, it may be opened with a sharp lancet and the wound treated
daily witha solution of a teaspoonful of carbolic acid in a half pint of
water. Usually, however, when the inflammation has proceeded to
this extent the gland will be ruined for purposes of procreation and
must be cut out. (See “Castration,” p. 300).

INFLAMMATION OF THE SHEATH.

While this may occurin bulis from infection during copulation and
from bruises, blows, and other mechanical injuries, the condition is
more common in the ox in connection with the comparative inactivity of
the parts. The sheath has avery small external opening, the mucous
membrane of whichis studded with sebaceous glands secreting a thick,
unctuous matter of a strong, heavy odor. Behind this orificeis a dis-
150 DISEASES OF OATTLE.

tinct pouch, in which this unctuous matter is liable to accumulate when
the penisishabitually drawn back. Moreover, the sheath has two mus-
cles (protractors) which lengthen it passing into it from the region of
the navel, and two (retractors) that shorten it passing into it from the
lower surface of the pelvic bones above. (Pl. IX, fig. 2.) The pro-
tractors keep the sheath stretched so that it habitually covers the
penis, while the retractors shorten it up in the act of service, so that
the penis can project to its full extent. In stud bulls the frequent
protrusion of the erect and enlarged penis and the retraction and
dilatation of the opening of the sheath serve to empty the pouch and
prevent any accumulation of sebaceous matter or urine. In the ox,
on the other hand, the undeveloped and inactive penis is usually
drawn back so as to leave the anterior preputial pouch empty, so that
the sebaceous matter has space to accumulate and is never expelled by
the active retraction of the sheath and protrusion of the erect penis
in service. Again, the ox rarely protrudes the tip of the penis in
urination, the urine is discharged into the preputial pouch and lodges
and decomposes there, so that there is a great liability to the precipi-
tation of its earthy salts in the form of gravel. The decomposing
ammoniacal urine, the gritty crystals precipitated from it, and the
fetid, rancid, sebaceous matter set up inflammation in the delicate
mucous membrane lining the passage. The membrane is thickened,
reddened, rendered friable, and ultimately ulcerated, and the now
narrowed sheath is blocked by the increasing mass of sebaceous and
urinous material and the decomposing mucus and pus. The penis
can no longer be protruded, the urine escapes in a small stream
through the narrowing sheath, and finally the outlet is completely
blocked and the urine distends the back part of the sheath. This
will fluctuate on being handled, and soon the unhealthy inflammation
extends on each side of it, causing a thick, doughy, tender swelling
under the belly and between the thighs. The next step in the morbid
course is overdistention of the bladder, with the occurrence of col-
icky pains, looking at the flanks, uneasy movements of the hind
limbs, raising or twisting of the tail, pulsatory contractions of the
urethra under the anus, and finally a false appearance of relief, which
is caused by rupture of the bladder. Before this rupture takes place
the distended bladder may press on the rectum and obstruct the pas-
sage of the bowel dejections. Two mistakes are therefore probable—
first, that the bowels alone are to be relieved, and, second, that the
trouble is obstruction of the urethra by a stone. Hence the need of
examining the sheath and pushing the finger into its opening to see
that there is no obstruction there, in all cases of retention of urine, over-
distended bladder, or blocked rectum in the ox. The disease may be
acute or chronic—the first by reason of acute adhesive inflammation
blocking the outlet, the second by gradual thickening and ulceration
of the sheath and blocking by the sebaceous and calculous accretions.
DISEASES OF THE GENERATIVE ORGANS. 151

* Treatment.—The treatment of this affection will depend on the
stage. If recent and no instant danger of rupture of the bladder, the
narrow opening of the sheath should be freely cut open in the median
line below, and the sac emptied out with a finger or spoon, after
which it should be thoroughly washed with tepid water. To make
the cleansing more thorough a catheter or a small rubber tube may
be inserted well back into the sheath, and water may be forced
through it from a syringe or a funnel inserted into the other end of
the tube and considerably elevated. A fountain syringe, which
should be found in every house, answers admirably. The sheath
may be daily washed out with tepid water, with a suds made with
Castile soap, or with a weak solution of sulphate of zinc (one-half
dram to a quart of water). If these attentions are impossible, most
cases, after cleansing, will do well if merely driven through clean
water up to the belly once a day.

In case the disease has progressed to absolute obstruction, with the
bladder ready to rupture any moment, no time must be lost in open-
ing into the urethra with a sharp knife over the bony arch under the
anus, where the pulsations are seen in urinating. This incision is
best made in the median line from above downward, but in the
absence of a skillful operator a transverse incision with a sharp knife
over the bone in the median line until the urine flows with a gush is
better than to let the patient die. Considerable blood will be lost and
the wound will heal tardily, but the ox will be preserved. Then the
slitting and cleansing of the sheath can be done at leisure, as described
above. If the bladder is ruptured, the case is hopeless.

INFLAMMATION OF THE SHEATH AND PENIS FROM BRUISING.

This also is an affection of work oxen, caused by the pressure and
friction of the sling when the animals are held in the stocks for shoe-
ing. This crushing of both sheath and penis for half an hour or more
leads to the development, some hours later, of a hard, hot, and pain-
ful swelling, extending from the scrotum as far as the opening of the
sheath. Fever sets in, with dry muzzle, red eyes, hard, full, rapid
pulse, accelerated breathing, and elevated temperature. The ox
stands obstinately with his hind legs drawn apart and urine falling
drop by drop from the sheath. Appetite and rumination are sus-
pended. In twenty-four hours there may be indications of advancing
gangrene (mortification), the swelling becomes cold, soft, and doughy;
it may even crack slightly from the presence of gas; a reddish brown
fetid liquid oozes from the swelling, especially around the edges, and
if the animal survives it is only with a great loss of substance of the
sheath and penis.

Prevention.—The prevention of such an injury is easy. It is only
necessary to see that the slings shall not press upon the posterior
part of the abdomen. They must be keep in front of the sheath.
152 DISEASES OF OATTLE.

Treatment.—Treatment, to be effective, must be prompt and judi-
cious. Puta strap around the patient with soft pads in contact with
the affected parts, constantly soaked in cold water for at least twenty-
four hours. A pound or two of Epsom salts in 4 quarts of hot water
should also be given. The second day the parts may be washed with
1 quart of witch-hazel (extract), 2 drams sugar of lead, and 1 ounce
laudanum, or the cold water irrigations may be continued if the active
inflammation persists. In case the swelling continues hard and resist-
ant, it may be pricked at the most prominent points to the depth of
one-third of an inch with a lancet first dipped in dilute carbolic acid,
and the whole surface should be washed frequently with chlorin
water or other antiseptic.

When softening occurs in the center of a hard mass and fluctuation
can be feit between two fingers pressed on different parts of such soft-
ening, it should be freely opened to let out the putrid pus, and the
cavity should be syringed often with chlorin water.

In bad cases extensive sloughs of dead skin, of the whole wall of the
sheath, and even of the penis, may take place, which will require care-
ful antiseptic treatment. The soaking of the urine into the inflamed
and softened tissue and the setting up of putrefactive action not only
endanger great destruction of the tissues from putrid inflammation,
but even threaten life itself from a general blood poisoning (septice-
mia). Every case should have skillful treatment to meet its various
phases, but in the severe ones this is most urgently demanded.

INFLAMMATION OF THE URETHRA (GONORRHEA).

Like other males, the bull sometimes suffers from inflammation of
the canal which conveys the urine through the penis, and forms a con-
sequent whitish muco-purulent discharge. It may have originated in
gravel, the excitement of too frequent service, infection from a cow
with leucorrhea, or from extension of inflammation from the sheath.
Besides the oozing of the whitish liquid from the end of the penis and
sheath, there is tenderness and pain when handled, and while there is
no actual arrest of the urine, its flow is subject to frequent voluntary
checks, as the scalding liquid irritates the tender surface.

Treatment.—If recognized before the discharge sets in, a ‘dose of 1y
pounds of Epsom salts and local warm fomentations would be appro-
priate. After the onset of the whitish discharge a daily injection
into the penis of a solution of 20 grains of permanganate of potash in
a pint of water will be beneficial.

WARTS AND PAPILLARY GROWTHS ON THE PENIS.

These are not frequent in bull or ox. They may interfere with the
protrusion of the organ from its sheath or with service, and always
give rise to a bad smelling discharge.
DISEASES OF THE GENERATIVE ORGANS. 153

Treatment.—They may be twisted off with the thumb and fore-
finger or cut off with a pair of scissors, and the seat burned with a
pencil of lunar caustic. To get hold of the penis in the bull, bring him
up toa cow. In the ox it will be necessary to push it out by manip-
ulation through the sheath. In difficult cases the narrow opening of
the sheath may be slit open.

WOUNDS OF THE PENIS.

The most common wounds are those sustained by blows of horns,
sticks, etc. The blood vessels and sacs are ruptured to a greater or
less extent and considerable swellings filled with coagulated blood
and inflammatory products occur, leading to distortion of the organ,
and it may be to the impossibility of protruding it.

Treatment.—A lotion of a dram of alum in a quart of water may be
applied (injected into the sheath, if necessary), and a large sponge
constantly irrigated by a stream of cold water may be kept applied by
means of a surcingle to the outer side of the sheath. Incisions are
rarely applicable to an organ of this kind, but in case of the existence
of an extensive clot which is unlikely to be absorbed the lancet may
be resorted to. If the injury leads to paralysis of the penis and hang-
ing out of its sheath, it should be supported in a sling and astringents
used freely until inflammation subsides. Then the restoration of
power may be sought by a blister between the thighs, by the use of
electricity, or by the careful use of nerve stimulants, such as strychnia
(2 grains daily).

ULCERS ON THE PENIS..

Sores on the penis of the bull may result from gravel or sebaceous
masses in the sheath or from having served a cow having leucorrhea.

Treatment.—These may be treated by frequent injections into the
sheath of a lotion made with 1 dram sugar of lead, 60 drops carbolie
acid, and 1 quart water.

POLYPUS OF THE VAGINA OR UTERUS.

A polypus is a tumor growing from the mucous membrane, and
often connected to it by a narrow neck. A definite cause can not
always be assigned. If growing in the vagina, a polypus may project
as a reddish, rounded tumor from the vulva, especially during the
act of passing water. It can be distinguished from descent of the
womb by the absence of the orifice of that cavity, which can be felt
by the oiled hand beyond the tumor in the depth of the vagina. From
a vaginal hernia caused by the protrusion of some abdominal organ
enveloped by the relaxed wall of the vagina it may be distinguished
by its persistence, its firm substance, and the impossibility of return-
ing it into the abdomen by pressure. A hernia containing a portion
154 DISEASES OF CATTLE.

of bowel gurgles when handled and can be completely effaced by
pressure, the gat passing back into the abdomen.

A polypus in the womb is less easily recognized. At the time of
calving it may be felt through the open mouth of the womb and
recognized by the educated touch (it must be carefully distinguished
from the mushroom-formed cotyledons (Pl. XII, fig. 2), to which in
ruminants the fetal membranes are attached). At other times, unless
the womb is opened in the effort to expel it, the polypus can only be
detected by examining the womb with the oiled hand introduced
through the rectum.

Polypi may cause a muco-purulent discharge or they may only be
suspected when they prove an obstacle to parturition. The best way
to remove them is to put the chain of an ecraseur around the neck, or
pedicle, of the tumor and tear it through; or the narrow neck may be
torn through by the emasculator, or in an emergency it may be twisted
through by rotating the tumor on its own axis. The removal of the
tumor will allow calving to proceed; after which the sore may be treated
by a daily injection of one-half dram sulphate of zine, 1 dram car-
police acid, and 1 quart milk-warm water.

SIGNS OF PREGNANCY.

If a cow remains for three or four weeks after service without show-
ing signs of heat (bulling), she is probably pregnant. There are very
exceptional cases in which the well-fed cow will accept the bull weeks
or months after actual conception, and others equally exceptional in
which the well-thriven but unimpregnated female will refuse the male
persistently, but these in no way invalidate the general rule.

The bull, no matter how vigorous or how ardent his sexual instinct,
can not be made to pay any attention to a cow which is not in heat;
hence indications of pregnancy can be had from both the male and
female side. When she has conceived, the cow usually becomes more
quiet and docile, and lays on flesh and fat more rapidly, especially
during the first four months of gestation. The stimulus to digestion
and nutrition created by the demands of the growing fetus, added to
the quieter and more uneventful life, contributes to this result. Some
feeders avail of this disposition to prepare heifers and cows speedily
for the butcher.

The enlargement of the abdomen, and its dropping so that it bulges
below and to each side, while it falls in at the flank, between the outer
angle of the hip bone and the last rib, are significant features which,
though they may be caused by abdominal tumor or dropsy, are
usually marks of pregnancy. From the same increasing weight of
the abdomen the spine in the region of the loins sinks so that the
bones of the croup seem to rise, especially back toward the root of the
tail. In the early stages of pregnancy the udder develops slowly, and
toward its completion quite rapidly. For a long time there is merely
DISEASES OF THE GENERATIVE ORGANS. 155

a sense of greater fullness when handled; the wrinkles in the skin
become shallower and are effaced, and the teats are materially enlarged.
Beginning a few weeks after conception, this tends to a steady develop-
ment, though slight alternations in the sense of successive growth and
shrinkage are not uncommon. In milking cows this does not hold, as
the milk usually tends to a steady diminution and the udder shrinks
slowly until near the completion of the period, when it undergoes its
sudden remarkable development, and yields at first a serous liquid
and then the yellow colostrum, which coagulates when heated. As
pregnancy advances the mucous membrane lining the vulva becomes
swollen and of a darker bluish red hue, and the mucous secretion
increases, becoming very abundant just before calving. When the
feeding has not been altered or restricted, a steady diminution of the
salts of lime excreted in the urine is an attendant on pregnancy, the
lime being demanded for the growing body of the fetus.

After the fifth month the movements of the calf may often be
observed in the right flank, nearly in front of the stifle, when the cow
is drinking cold water. The sensation of cold on the side of the first
stomach, which lies to the left and directly below the womb (PI. 1),
stimulates the calf to active movements, which are detected on the
sudden jerking outward of the abdominal wall as if from blows deliy-
ered from within. In a loose pendent abdomen in the latter months
of gestation the skin may often be seen pushed out at a sharp angle,
irrespective of the period of drinking.

Another mode of examination through the flank is by touch. The
palm of the hand is pressed strongly inward, about 8 inches in front of
the stifle and a little below, several times in succession, and is then
brought to rest with the pressure maintained. Presently there are felt
distinct and characteristic movements of the fetus, which has been
disturbed and roused to action. Another mode is to press the closed
fist strongly inward in the same situation and hold it so, forming a
deep indentation in the abdominal wall. Presently the knuckles are
felt to be struck by a solid body, which is no other than the fetus that
had heen displaced to the left by the push of the hand, and now floats
back in its liquid covering (amniotic fluid; see Pl. XII) downward
and to the right.

Of all the modes of examination by touch, that done through the
rectum gives the earliest satisfactory indications. The handand arm
well oiled are introduced, and the excrement having been removed if
necessary, the palm of the hand is turned downward and the floor of
the pelvis carefully examined. There will be felt in the median line
the pear-shaped outline of the bladder, more or less full, rounded or
tense, according to the quantity of urine it contains. Between this
and the hand will be felt a soft, somewhat rounded tubular body,
which divides in front into two smaller tubes or branches, extending to
the right and left into the abdomen. This is the womb, which in its
156 DISEASES OF CATTLE.

virgin, or unimpregnated, condition is of nearly uniform size from
before backward, the main part or body being from 1} to 2 inches
across, and the two anterior branches or horns being individually little
over an inch wide. Immediately after conception the body and one
of the horns begin to enlarge, the vacant horn remaining dispropor-
tionately small, and the enlargement will be most marked at one point,
where a solid rounded mass indicates the presence of the growing
embryo. In ease of twins, both horns are enlarged. At a more
advanced stage, when the embryo begins to assume the form of the
future animal, the rounded form gives place to a more or less irregu-
lar nodular mass, while later still the head, limbs, and body of the
fetus may be distinctly made out. The chief source of fallacy is found
in the very pendent abdomen of certain cows, into which in advanced
gestation the fetus has dropped so low that it can not be felt by
the hand in the rectum. The absence of the distinct outline of the
vacant womb, however, and the clear indications obtained on external
examination through the right flank will serve to prevent any mis-
take. The fetus may still be felt through the rectum if the abdomen
is raised by a sheet passed from side to side beneath it.

Still another sign is the beating of the fetal heart, which may be
heard in the latter half of pregnancy when the ear is pressed on the
flank in front of the right stifle, or from that downward to the udder.
The beats, which are best heard in the absence of rumbling, are about
120 per minute, and easily distinguished from any bowel sounds by
their perfect regularity.

DURATION OF PREGNANCY.

From extended statistics it is found that the average duration of
pregnancy in the cow is two hundred and eighty-five days. A calf
born at the two hundred and fortieth day may live, and a ease is
reported by Dietrichs of a calf born on the three hundred and thirty-
fifth day, and another by the American Journal of Medical Science
as born on the three hundred and thirty-sixth day. It is the general
observation that in the majority of prolonged pregnancies the offspring
is male. Lord Spencer found a preponderance of males between the
two hundred and ninetieth and the three hundredth days, but strangely
enough all born after the three hundredth day under his observation
were females. It might be reasonably inferred that while the pre-
vailing tendency is to carry the males overtime, yet that the smaller
and comparatively much less developed female sometimes fails to
stimulate the womb to contraction until very far beyond the regular
date.

HYGIENE OF THE PREGNANT Cow.

Among domestic animals considerations of hygiene must be made
subservient to profit, and therefore the first consideration is not to
DISEASES OF THE GENERATIVE ORGANS. 157

secure the most robust health, but such a measure of vigor and stamina
as is compatible with the most profitable utilization of the animal.
The breeding cow must carry a calf every year, and this notwith-
standing that she is at the same time suckling another large growing
ealf. The dairy cow must breed every year, and at the same time
must furnish a generous flow of milk from nine to eleven months
yearly. If her health is lowered thereby or her life shortened, the
question of profit must still hold sway, and she must yield her place
to another when disqualified. There are exceptions, of course, but
this rule generally holds.

There are certain points, however, in which the interests of hygiene
may be considered. The pregnant cow should have exercise, and as
regards both exercise and food, nothing is better than a run ona
smooth pasture. She should be withheld from all violent excitement,
hunting with dogs, riding or being ridden by cows in heat, driving in
herd rapidly through narrow gateways, causing to jump ditches or
fences, subjecting to blows with the horns of pugnacious cattle, driv-
ing on icy or otherwise slippery ground, carrying in railroad cars,
kicking by vicious attendants, and fastening or throwing down for
operations. The diet should be good, not of a kind to fatten, but
with a generous amount of nitrogenous constituents which will favor
at once the yield of milk and the nourishment of the fetus. Aliments
rich in lime and phosphates, like wheat bran, middlings, etec., can be
used to advantage, as there is a constant drain of earthy salts for the
building of the body of the calf, and thereby the danger of undue
concentration of the urine is lessened.

Hard, innutritious, and indigestible aliments, musty grain or hay,
partially ripened rye grass, millet, Hungarian grass, vetches, peas, or
maize are objectionable, as they are liable to cause indigestion or
even paralysis; and corn or hay affected by smut or ergot, or that has
been spoiled by wet, overripened, and rendered fibrous and innutri-
tious, are equally objectionable. The food should be in the main
laxative, as costiveness and straining are liable to cause abortion.
Roots and green food that have been frosted are objectionable, as
being liable to cause indigestion, though in their fresh condition most
wholesome and desirable. Ice-cold water should be avoided, as cal-
culated to check the flow of milk, to derange digestion, and to cause
abortion. A good temperature for the drink of the dairy cow is 55° F.

In the case of plethoric and heavy milking cows of mature age and
in the prime of life, the hitherto liberal diet must be changed at the
last week for the scantiest possible fare, and the bowels must be kept
open by laxatives, if need be, if the owner would avoid milk fever.
The pregnant cow should be kept away from the sight and odor of
dead carcasses, from the smell of decomposing animal matter, and
from stagnant and corrupting water. Her stall should not incline
downward from shoulder to croup, lest the pressure of the abdominal
158 DISEASES OF CATTLE.

organs should produce protrusion or abortion. She should be kept
aloof from all causes of acute diseases, and all existing diseases should
be remedied speedily and with as little excitement of the abdominal
organs as possible. Strong purgatives and diuretics are to be espe-
cially avoided, unless it be in the very last days of gestation in very
plethoric cows.

Finally, in the case of pure breeds, close association with animals
of other breeds or crosses, or with animals of other colors, forms, or
with defects, is to be carefully guarded against. The effects shown
in the progeny may be exceptional, yet they are none the less sources
of preventable loss.

PROTRUSION OF THE VAGINA (PROLAPSUS VAGINA),

This is common during pregnancy from chronic relaxation of the
vaginal walls and from lying in stalls that are lower behind than in
front. The protrusion is of a rounded form and smooth, and if it
embraces both sides of the canal it is double, with a passage between.
It may sometimes be remedied by raising the hind part of the stall
higher than the front part. This failing, a truss may be applied as for
eversion of the womb, and worn until the period of calving approaches.
(Pls. XXII, XXIII.)

HERNIA (BREACH) OF THE UTERUS.

This occurs usually in advanced pregnancy from a gradual relaxa-
tion and distention of the lower wall of the abdomen in the region of
the udder, so that the latter is displaced downward, and in the sac
above and in front of it may be felt the form and movements of the
fetus. In other cases the womb escapes through a great laceration of
the abdominal muscles to one side of the udder, and the hernial mass
extends down to one side of that organ. However unsightly, this
often allows the animal to complete its pregnancy naturally, and a
broad supporting bandage placed around the abdomen is about all
that can be recommended. After calving it is best to fatten the cow.

CRAMPS OF THE HIND LIMBS.

The compression by the womb and fetus of the nerves passing
through the pelvis sometimes causes cramp and inability to move the
limb, but it disappears under friction and motion and is never seen
after calving.

DROPSY OF THE HIND LIMBS AND BETWEEN THE THIGHS.

In the latter months of pregnancy the hind legs may swell beneath
the hocks, or a soft swelling which pits on pressure with the finger
appears from the vulva down between the thighs to the udder and in
front. It is mainly due to the pressure of the enlarged womb on the
blood vessels, is not dangerous, and disappears after calving.
DISEASES OF THE GENERATIVE ORGANS. 159

DROPSY OF THE MEMBRANES OF THE FETUS (DROPSY OF THE
WOMB).

The unimpregnated womb may be filled with a dropsical fluid, but
the pregnant womb is more liable to become overdistended by an excess
of fluid in the inner water bag in which the fetus floats. (PI. XII.)
From an unhealthy state of this membrane or of the blood of the fetus
(watery blood) this liquid may go on accumulating until the cow seems
almost as broad asshe islong. If the trouble has not originated in the
illhealth of the cow, the result is still to draw on her system, overtax her
strength, and derange her digestion, so that the result may prove fatal
to both mother and offspring. On the other hand, I have known
extreme cases come to the natural term without help and produce a
living calf, after which the dam did well. The natural resort is to
draw off a portion of the fluid through a hollow needle passed through
the neck of the womb or through its tense wall adjacent. This may
be repeated several times, as demanded, to relieve the cow from the
injurious distention.

PARALYSIS OF THE HIND PARTS.

In ill-fed, weak, unthrifty cows palsy of the hind limbs and tail may
appear in the last weeks of pregnancy. The anus and rectum may
participate in the palsy so far as to prevent defecation, and the rectum
is more or less completely impacted. Exposure to wet and cold are
often accessory causes, though the low condition, general weakness,
and the pressure on the nerves going to the hind limbs are not to be
forgotten. Something may be done for these cases by a warm, dry bed,
an abundant diet fed warm, frictions with straw wisps or with a liniment
of equal parts of oil of turpentine and sweet oil on the loins, croup, and
limbs, by the daily use of ginger and gentian, by the cautious adminis-
tration of strychnia (2 grains twice daily), and by sending a current of
electricity daily from the loins through the various groups of muscles
in the hind limbs. The case becomes increasingly hopeful after calv-
ing, though some days may still elapse before the animal can support
herself upon her limbs.

EXTRA-UTERINE GESTATION (FETUS DEVELOPING OUTSIDE THE WOMB).

These curious cases are rare and are usually divided into three types:
(1) That in which the fetus is formed in or on the ovary (ovarian gesta-
tion); (2) that in which it is lodged in the Fallopian tube, or canal
between the ovary and womb (tubal gestation); and (3) that in which
it is lodged in the abdominal cavity and attached to one or more of its
contents from which it draws its nourishment (abdominal gestation).
Undoubted cases of the first and last varieties are recorded as occurring
in the cow. The explanation of such cases is to be found in the fact
that the actively moving sperm cells (spermatozoa) thrown into the
160 DISEASES OF CATTLE.

womb have made their way through the Fallopian tubes to the ovary.
If they met and impregnated an ovum in the tube, and if the conse-
quent growth of that ovum prevented its descent and caused its impris-
onment within the tube, it developed there, getting attached to and
drawing nourishment from the mucous walls. Such product has its
development arrested by compression by the undilatable tube, or, burst-
ing through the walls of the tube, it escapes into the abdomen and
perishes. If, on the contrary, the spermatozoa only meet and impreg-
nate the ovum on or in the ovary, the development may take place in
the substance of the ovary trom which the fetus draws its nourish-
ment, or the impregnated ovum escaping between the ovary and the
open end of the tube falls intc the abdominal cavity and becomes
adherent to and draws nourishment from some of the abdominal
organs (womb, bowel, liver, stomach, etc.).

Symptoms.—The symptoms are those of pregnancy, which may be
suddenly complicated by inflammation (peritonitis), owing to rupture
of the sac containing the fetus; or at full term signs of calving
appear, but no progress is made; an examination with the oiled hand
in the vagina or rectum finds the womb empty and its mouth closed.
Further examination will disclose the fetal sac attached in some part
of the abdominal cavity, and containing the more or less perfectly
developed body of a calf. In the most hopeful cases the fetus per-
ishes at an early stage of gestation, becomes inclosed in a fibrous sac,
and is slowly absorbed, its soft parts becoming liquefied and removed
and the bones remaining encysted. In some cases the bones have
finally sloughed into the rectum or through an artificial opening in
the side of the belly.

Treatment.—Little can be done in such cases except to quiet pain
and excitement by anodynes (opium, chloral, etc.) and leave the rest
to nature. <A fistula discharging bones may be dilated and the bones
extracted, the sac being then washed out with a solution of 10 grains
bichloride of mercury in a quart of water. In certain cases with a
live calf a skillful operator might be justified in cutting into the abdo-
men and extracting the calf with its membranes, using the lotion just
named as an antiseptic.

PROLONGED RETENTION OF THE FETUS.

Even when the fetus has developed within the womb it may fail to
be delivered at the proper time; labor pains have quickly subsided
and the cow resumed her usual health. In such cases the calf dies,
and its soft parts are gradually liquefied and absorbed, while its bones
remain for years in the womb inclosed in the remains of the fetal
membranes. These may be expelled at any time through the natural
channels, or they may remain indefinitely in the womb, not interfer-
ing with the general health, but preventing conception.

If the true condition of things is recognized at the time of the sub-
DISEASES OF THE GENERATIVE ORGANS. 161

sidence of the labor pains, the mouth of the womb may be dilated by
the fingers, by the insertion of sponge tents, or by a mechanical
dilator (Pl. XX, fig. 6) the fetal membranes may be ruptured and the
calf extracted. After the removal of the calf and its membranes the
danger of putrid poisoning may be obviated by injecting the anti-
septic solution advised in the paragraph above.

ABORTION (SLINKING THE CALF).

Technically, abortion is the term used for the expulsion of the off-
spring before it can live out of the womb. Its expulsion after it is
capable of an independent existence is premature parturition. Inthe
cow this may be after seven and one-half months of pregnancy. Earl
Spencer failed to raise any calf born before the two hundred and forty-
second day. Dairymen use the term abortion for the expulsion of the
product of conception at any time before the completion of the full
period of a normal pregnancy, and in this sense it will be employed
in this article.

Abortion in cows is either contagious or noncontagious. It does not
follow that the contagium is the sole cause in every case in which it is
present. We know that the organized germs of contagion vary much
in potency at different times, and that the animal system also varies
in susceptibility to their attack. The germ may therefore be present
in a herd without any manifest injury, its disease-producing power
having for the time abated considerably, or the whole herd being ina
condition of comparative insusceptibility. At other times the same
germ may have become so virulent that almost all pregnant cows suc-
cumb toits force, or the herd may have been subjected to other causes
of abortion which, though of themselves powerless to actually cause
abortion, may yet so predispose the animals that even the weaker
germ will operate with destructive effect. In dealing with this dis-
ease, therefore, it is the part of wisdom not to rest satisfied with the
discovery and removal of one specific cause, but rather to exert one-
self to find every existent cause and to secure a remedy by correcting
all the harmful conditions.

CAUSES OF NONCONTAGIOUS ABORTION.

As abortion most frequently occurs at those three-week intervals
at which the cow would have been in heat if nonpregnant, we may
assume a predisposition at such times due to a periodicity in the
nervous system and functions. Poor condition, weakness, and a too
watery state of the blood is often a predisposing cause. This in its
turn may result from poor or insufficient food, from the excessive
drain upon the udder while bearing the calf, from the use of food
deficient in certain essential elements, like the nitrogenous constitu-
ents or albuminoids, from chronic wasting diseases, from roundworms

61386—08——11
162 DISEASES OF OATTLE.

or tapeworms 1n the bowels, from flatworms (flukes, trematodes) in the
liver, from worms in the lungs, from dark, damp, unhealthy build-
ings, ete. In some such cases the nourishment is so deficient that the
fetus dies in the womb and is expelled in consequence. Excessive
loss of blood, attended as it usually is by shock, becomes a direct
cause of abortion.

Acute inflammations of important organs are notorious causes of
abortion, and in most contagious fevers (lung plague, rinderpest,
foot-and-mouth disease) it isacommon result. Affections of the chest
which prevent due aeration of the blood induce contractions of the
womb, as shown experimentally by Brown-Sequard. Pregnant women
suffocated in smoke aborted in many cases. (Retoul.)

Chronic diseases of the abdominal organs are fertile sources of abor-
tion, especially those that cause bloating (tympany of the first stom-
ach) or diarrhea, or the diseases of the ovaries, kidneys, or bladder.
The presence of gravel, or stone, in the kidneys, bladder, or urinary
canals is an especial predisposing or even an exciting cause in mag-
nesian limestone districts and in winter. The presence of tubercles
in the ovaries, the broad ligaments of the womb, and even on the
outer surface of the womb itself, must be added as efficient causes.

Fatty degeneration of the heart, a common disease in old cows of
improved beef breeds, lessens the circulation in the placenta (and
fetus) and, arresting nutrition, may cause abortion.

Indigestions of all kinds are especially dangerous, as they are usu-
ally associated with overdistention of the first stomach (paunch) with
gas. As this stomach lies directly beneath and to the left side of the
womb, any disorder, and above all an excessive distention of that
organ, presses on or affects the womb and its contents dangerously. It
further causes contractions of the womb by preventing aeration of the
blood. Hence all that tends to indigestion is to be carefully guarded
against. Privation of water, which hinders rumination and digestion;
ice-cold water, which rouses the womb to contraction and the calf to
vigorous movement; green, succulent grass, to which the cow has been
unaccustomed; clover which has just been wet with a slight shower;
all green food, roots, potatoes, apples, pumpkins that are frozen or -
have been, or that are simply covered with hoar frost; food that has
been grown in wet seasons or that has been badly harvested; growing
corn, oats, etc., if the animal is unused to them; a too dry food or a
too stimulating food (wheat bran, pease, maize, and cotton seed) fed
too lavishly may, any one of them, induce abortion. The dry and
stimulating foods last named bring on constipation with straining,
and also elevated temperature of the body, which, in itself, endangers
the life of the fetus.

Putrid, stagnant water is hurtful both to digestion and the fetus,
and abortions in cows have been repeatedly traced to this source and
DISEASES OF THE GENERATIVE ORGANS. 163

have ceased when pure water was supplied. Ergoted grasses have
long been known as a cause of widespread abortion in cows. The
ergot is familiar as the dark purple or black, hard, spur-like growths
which protrude from the seeds of the grasses at the period of their
ripening. (Pl. V.) Itis especially common in damp localities and
cloudy seasons on meadows shaded by trees and protected against the
free sweep of the winds. The same is toa large extent true of smut.
Hence, wet years have been often remarkable for the great prevalence
of abortions. Abortions have greatly increased in New Zealand
among cows since the introduction of rye grass, which is specially
subject to ergot. As abortion is more prevalent in old dairying dis-
tricts, the ergot may not be the sole cause in this instance.

The smut of maize, wheat, barley, and oats is fostered by similar
conditions and is often equally injurious. It should be added that
the ergots and smuts of certain years are far more injurious than those
of others. This may be aftributed to the fact that they have grown
under different conditions, and therefore have developed somewhat
different properties, a habit of fungi which has been often observed;
or that in certain seasons the cows have been more powerfully predis-
posed by other operative causes of abortion.

Both ergot and smut vary in potency according to the stage of
growth. Doctor Kluge found that the ergot gathered before the grain
had fully ripened was much more powerful than that from the fully
ripened grain. MceGugen found the ergot of wheat more potent than
that of rye. It should be added that both ergot and smut are robbed
somewhat of their deleterious properties if fed with an abundance of
water, so that they may prove harmless if fed with roots, ensilage,
etc., whereas they will prove hurtful when fed in the same amount
with dry hay. They are also more liable to injure if fed for a long
time in succession in winter, though it may be in smaller quantity.

Rust is also charged with causing abortions.“ That other crypto-
gams found in musty fodder are productive of abortion has been
well established. In Germany and France the wet years of 1851,
1852, and 1853 were notorious for the prevalence of abortions.’
‘Fodders harvested in such seasons are always more or less musty,
and musty hay and grain have been long recognized as a prolific
cause of digestive, urinary, and cerebral disorders. Impactions and
bloatings of the stomachs, excessive secretion of urine (diuresis), and
red-water are common results of such musty fodder, and we have
already seen that such disorders of the digestive and urinary organs
are very liable to affect the pregnant wonrb and induce abortion.

The riding of one another by cows is attended by such severe mus-
cular exertion, jars, jolts, mental excitement, and gravitation of the
womb and abdominal organs backward that it may easily cause
abortion in a predisposed animal.

@Gerlach, Haselbach. > Baumeister, Rueff, Rondaud, Trelut.
164 DISEASES OF CATTLE.

Keeping in stalls that slope too much behind (over 2 inches) acts in
the same way, the compression due to lying and the gravitation back-
ward proving more than a predisposed cow can safely bear.

Deep gutters behind the stalls, into which one or both hind limbs
slip unexpectedly, strain the loins and jar the body and womb most
injuriously. Slippery stalls in which the flooring boards are laid
longitudinally in place of transversely, and on which no cleats or
other device is adopted to give a firm foothold, are almost equally
dangerous. Driving on icy ground or through a narrow doorway
where the abdomen is liable to be jammed are other common causes.
Offensive odors undoubtedly cause abortion. To understand this one
must take into account the preternaturally acute sense of smell pos-
sessed by cattle. By this sense the bull instantly recognizes the’
pregnant cow and refrains from disturbing her, while man, with all
his boasted skill and precise methods, finds it difficult to come to a
just conclusion. The emanations from a cow in heat, however, will
instantly draw the bull from a long distance. Carrion in the pas-
ture fields or about slaughterhouses near by, the emanations from
shallow graves, dead rats or chickens about the barns, and dead
calves, the product of prior abortions, are often chargeable with the
occurrence of abortions. Aborting cows often fail to expel the after-
birth, and if this remains hanging in a putrid condition it is most
injurious to pregnant cows in the near vicinity. So with retained
afterbirth in other cows after calving. That some cows kept in filthy
stables or near-by slaughterhouses may become inured to the odors and
escape the evil results is no disproof of the injurious effects so often
seen in such cases.

The excitement, jarring, and jolting of a railroad journey will often.
cause abortion, especially as the cow nears the period of calving, and
the terror or injury of railway or other accidents prove incomparably
worse.

All irritant poisons cause abortions by the disorder and inflamma-
tion of the digestive organs, and if such agents act also on the kidneys
or womb, the effect is materially enhanced. Powerful purgatives or
diuretics should never be administered to the pregnant cow.

During pregnancy the contact of the expanding womb with the
paunch, just beneath it, and its further intimate connection through
nervous sympathy with the whole digestive system, leads to various
functional disorders, and especially to a morbid craving for unnatural
objects of food. In the cow this is shown in the chewing of bones,
pieces of wood, iron bolts, articles of clothing, lumps of hardened
paint, ete. An unsatisfied craving of this kind, producing constant
excitement of the nervous system, will strongly conduce to abortion.
How much more so if the food is lacking in the mineral matter, and
especially the phosphates necessary for the building up of the body of
both dam and offspring, to say nothing of that drained off in every
DISEASES OF THE GENERATIVE ORGANS. 165

milking. This state of things is present in many old dairy farms, from
which the mineral matters of the surface soil have been sold off in the
milk or cheese for generations and no return has been made in food
or manure purchased. Here is the craving of an imperative need, and
if it is not supplied the health of the cow suffers and the life of the
fetus may be sacrificed.

Among other causes of abortion must be named the death or the vari-
ous illnesses of the fetus, which are about as numerous as those of the
adult; the slipping of a young fetus through a loop in the navel string
so as to tie a knot which will tighten later and interrupt the flow of
blood with fatal effect, and the twisting of the navel string by the
turning of the fetus until little or no blood can flow through the con-
torted cord. There is in addition a series of diseases of the mucous
membrane of the womb, and of the fetal membranes (inflammation,
effusion of blood, detachment of the membranes from the womb, fatty
or other degenerations, ete.), which interfere with the supply of blood
to the fetus or change its quality so that death is the natural result,
followed by abortion.

CAUSE OF CONTAGIOUS ABORTION,

While any one of the above conditions may concur with the con-
tagious principle in precipitating an epizootic of abortion, yet it is
only by reason of the contagium that the disease can be indefinitely
perpetuated and transferred from herd to herd. When an aborting
cow is placed in a herd that has hitherto been healthy, and shortly
afterwards miscarriage becomes prevalent in that herd and continues
year after year, in spite of the fact that all the other conditions of life
in that herd remain the same as before, it is manifest that the result
is due to contagion. When a bull, living in a healthy herd, has been
allowed to serve an aborting cow, or a cow from an aborting herd, and
when the members of his own herd subsequently served by him abort
in considerable numbers, contagion may be safely inferred. Mere
living in the same pasture or building does not convey the infection.
Cows brought into the aborting herd in advanced pregnancy carry
their calves to the full time. But cows served by the infected bull, or
that have had the infection conveyed by the tongue or tail of other
animals, or by their own, or that have had the external genitals brought
in contact with wall, fence, rubbing post, litter, or floor previously
soiled by the infected animals, will be liable to suffer. The Scottish
abortion committee found that when healthy, pregnant cows merely
stood with or near aborting cows they escaped, but when a piece of
cotton wool lodged for twenty minutes in the vagina of the aborting
cow was afterwards inserted into the vagina of a healthy, pregnant
cow orsheep, these latter invariably aborted within a month. So Roloft
relates that in two large stables at Erfurt, without any direct inter-
communication, but filled with cows fed and managed in precisely
166 DISEASES OF OATTLE.

the same way, abortion prevailed for years in the one, while not a sin-
gle case occurred in the other. Galtier finds that the virus from the
aborting cow causes abortions in the sow, ewe, goat, rabbit, and
guinea pig, and that if it has been intensified by passing through
either of the two last-named animals it will affect also the mare, bitch,
and cat.

It does not appear that it is always the same organism which causes
contagious abortion. In France, Nocard found in the aborting mem-
branes and the mucous membrane cocci, or globular bodies, singly
or in chains, and a very delicate rod-shaped organism by which the
disease was propagated and which survived in the womb through the
interval between successive pregnancies. The Scottish commission
found as many as five separate kinds of bacteria. Bang, in Denmark,
found a very delicate rod-shaped organism showing its most active
growth at two different depths in nutrient gelatin, and which produced
abortion in twenty-one days when inoculated on the susceptible preg-
nant cow. In America, Chester, of Delaware, and Moore, of New
York, constantly found organisms differing somewhat in the two
States, but evidently of the same group with the colon germ (Bacillus
colt communis). These were never found in the healthy pregnant
womb, but in the cow that had aborted they continued to live in that
organ for many months after the loss of the fetus.

We may reasonably conclude that any micro-organism which can
live in or on the lining membrane of the womb producing a catarrhal
inflammation, and which can be transferred from animal to animal
without losing its vitality or potency, is of necessity a cause of con-
tagious abortion. As viewed, therefore, from the particular germ
that may be present, we must recognize not one form only of conta-
gious abortion, but several, each due toits owninfecting germ, and each
differing from others in minor particulars, like duration of incubation,
infection of the general system, and the like. In Europe the germs
discovered seem to affect the general system much more than do those
found in America. Bang’s germ caused abortion in twenty-one days;
the New York germ, inoculated at service, often fails to cause abor-
tion before the fifth or seventh month.

Symptoms of abortion.—As occurring during the first two or three
months of gestation, symptoms may escape detection, and unless the
aborted product is seen the fact of abortion may escape notice. Some
soiling of the tail with mucus, blood, and the waters may be observed
or the udder may show extra firmness, and in the virgin heifer or dry
cow the presence of a few drops of milk may be suggestive, or the
fetus and its membranes may be found in the gutter or elsewhere as
a mere clot of blood or as a membranous ball in which the forming
body of the fetus is found. In water the villi of the outer membrane
(chorion, Pl. XII) float out, giving it a characteristically shaggy
appearance.
DISEASES OF THE GENERATIVE’ ORGANS. 167

In advanced pregnancy abortion is largely the counterpart of par-
turition, so that a special description is superfluous. The important
thing is to distinguish the early symptoms from. those of other dis-
eases, so that the tendency may be arrested and the animal carried
to full time if possible. A cow is dull, sluggish, separate from the
herd, chewing the cud languidly, or there may be frequent lying down
and rising, uneasy movements of the hind feet or of the tail, and
slightly accelerated pulse and breathing, and dry muzzle. The im-
portant thing is not to confound it with digestive or urinary disor-
der, but in a pregnant cow to examine at once for any increase of
mucus in the vagina, or for blood or liquid there or on the root of the
tail; for any enlargement, firmness, or tenderness of the udder; or in
dry cows examine for milk; and above all for any slight straining
suggestive of labor pains.

In many cases the membranes are discharged with the fetus; in
others, in advanced pregnancy, they fail to come away, and remain
hanging from the vulva, putrefying and falling piecemeal, finally
resulting in a fetid discharge from the womb. According to the size
of the herd, contagious abortions will follow one another at intervals
of one to four or more weeks, in the order of their infection or of the
recurrence of the period of activity of the womb which corresponds
to the occurrence of heat.

Prevention.—Weakness and bloodlessness are to be obviated by
generous feeding, and especially in aliments (wheat bran, rape cake,
cotton seed, oats, barley, beans, pease, etc.), rich in earthy salts,
which will also serve to correct the morbid appetite. This will also
regenerate the exhausted soil if the manure is returned to it. In the
same way the application of ground bones or phosphates will correct
the evil, acting in this case through the soil first and raising better
food for the stock. The ravages of worms are to be obviated by
avoiding infested pastures, ponds, streams, shallow wells, or those
receiving any surface leakage from land where stock go, and by feed-
ing salt at will, as this agent is destructive to most young worms.

The tendency to urinary calculi in winter is avoided by a succulent
diet (ensilage, steamed food, roots, pumpkins, apples, potatoes, slops),
and by the avoidance of the special causes named under ‘‘ Gravel.”
(See p. 128.) Furnishing water inside the barn in winter in place of
driving once a day to take their fill of ice-cold water will obviate a
common evil. Putrid and stagnant waters are to be avoided. Sud-
den changes of food are always reprehensible, but much more so in
the pregnant animal. Let the change be gradual. Carefully avoid
the use of spoiled or unwholesome food.

In case of prevalence of ergot in a pasture it should be kept eaten
down or cut down with a mower so that no portion runs to seed.
(See Pl. V.) In case of a meadow the grass must be cut early before
the seeds have filled. The most dangerous time appears to be between
168 DISEASES OF OATTLE.

the formation of the milky seed and the full ripening. Yet the ergot
is larger in proportion to the ripeness, so that the loss of potency is
made up in quantity. The ripe seed and ergot may be removed by
thrashing and the hay safely fed. It may also be noted that both
ergot and smut may be safely fed in moderate quantity, provided it
is used with succulent food (ensilage, roots, etc.) or with free access
to water, and salt is an excellent accessory as encouraging the animal
to drink. Both ergot and smut are most injurions in winter, when the
water supply is frozen up or accessible only at long intervals. The
ergoted seed when thrashed out can not be safely sown, but if first
boiled it may be fed in small amount or turned into manure. The
growth of both ergot and smut may be to a large extent prevented by
the time-honored Scotch practice of sprinkling the seed with a satu-
rated solution of sulphate of copper before sowing.

Fields badly affected with ergot or smut may be practically renewed
by plowing up and cultivating for a series of years under crops (tur-
nips, beets, potatoes, buckwheat, etc.) which do not harbor the fungus
and which require much cultivation and exposure of the soil. Drain-
age and the removal of all unnecessary barriers to the free action of
sunshine and wind are important provisions.

Other precautions concerning separation from cows in heat—a
proper construction of stalls, the avoidance of carrion and other
offensive odors, protection from all kinds of mechanical injuries,
including overdriving and carrying by rail in advanced pregnancy,
the exclusion of all irritants or strong purgatives and diuretics from
food or medicine, and the guarding against all causes of indigestion
and bloating—have been sufficiently indicated under ‘‘Causes”
(p. 165). For protection of the womb and fetus against the various
causes of disease, available methods are not so evident. For cows
that have aborted in the last pregnancy, chlorate of potash, 3 drams
daily before the recurrence of the expected abortion, has been held
to be useful.

TREATMENT OF NONCONTAGIOUS ABORTION.

Although the first symptoms of abortion have appeared, it does not
follow that it will go on to completion. So long as the fetus has not
perished, if the waters have not been discharged, nor the water bags
presented, attempts should be made to check its progress. Every
appreciable and removable cause should be done away with, the cow
should be placed in a quiet stall alone, and agents given to check the
excitement of the labor pains. Laudanum in doses of 1 ounce for a
small cow or 2 ounces for a large one should be promptly administered
and repeated in three or four hours, should the labor pains recur.
This may be kept up for days or even weeks if necessary, though that
is rarely required, as the trouble either subsides or abortion occurs.
If the laudanum seems to lack permanency of action, use bromid of
DISEASES OF THE GENERATIVE ORGANS. 169.

potassium, or, better, extract of Viburnum prunifolium (40 grains),
at intervals of two or three hours until five or six doses have been
given.

PREVENTION AND TREATMENT OF CONTAGIOUS ABORTION,

So far as this differs from the treatment of sporadic abortion, it
consists in separation and the free use of germicides or disinfectants.

(1) Separate all aborting cows in isolated building, yard, and pas-
ture, allowing no other cows to have access even to their manure,
liquid or solid. Not even breeding ewes, goats, sows, rabbits, or
mares should be allowed to go from the isolated to the noninfected
premises. Separate attendants and utensils are desirable.

(2) Scrape and wash the back part of the stall and gutter and water
it with a solution cf 5 ounces sulphate of copper (bluestone) in 1 gal-
lon pure water. Repeat this cleaning and watering at least once a
week. This should in all cases be applied to every stall where an
aborting cow has stood and to those adjacent. To treat the whole in
the same way would be even better, as it is impossible to say how
many of the cows harbor the germ. This is the more needful as that
in one to three years, if the aborting cow is kept on, she becomes
insusceptible and carries her calf to full time. A cow may therefore
be infecting to others though she herself no longer aborts.

(3) Dissolve 1 dram corrosive sublimate, 1 ounce each of alcohol and
glycerin, and shake this up in a gallon of water, to use as an injection
into the vagina and a wash for the parts about the vulva and root of
the tail. Being very poisonous, it should be kept in a wooden barrel
out of the way of animals or children. Every morning the vulva,
anus, back of the hips, and root of the tail should be sponged with this
liquid, and this is best applied tothe whole herd. A 1 per cent solu-
tion of carbolic acid is a good substitute.

(4) When any ease of abortion has occurred the fetal membranes
must be removed by the hand without delay, and, together with the
fetus, destroyed by burning or boiling, or buried deeply, and the stall
should be cleansed and watered freely with the copper solution. Then
the womb should be washed out with 14 gallons of the corrosive
sublimate solution injected through a rubber tube introduced to the
depth of the womb and with a funnel in its outer elevated end. This
should be repeated daily for a week. In the case of the other non-
pregnant cows of the herd one injection of the same kind should be
made into the vagina, after which they need only have their external
parts and tail washed with the solution daily.

(5) Do not breed aborting cows for two or three months, then use a
separate bull, injecting his sheath and washing his belly before and
after each service with the carbolic-acid solution. Exclude all out-
side cows from service by the regular herd sire and, in purchasing
170 DISEASES OF CATTLE.

breeding animals, subject them to quarantine and treatment before
placing them in the sound herd.

As a certain number of the cows will harbor the germ in the womb
when treatment is started, it is not to be expected that abortions will
cease at once, but by keeping up the treatment the trouble may be
got rid of in the following year. As an aborting cow is usually of
little use for the dairy, it is best to separate and fatten her and apply
treatment to those that remain. In this, as in other delicate manipu-
lations, the stock owner will consult his own interest by employing an
accomplished veterinarian and avoiding such as have not had the
privileges of a thorough professional education. In addition to the
above, the removal of all manure and contaminated litter and the
sprinkling of the surface with the sulphate of copper solution is called
for. Drains should no less be thoroughly rinsed and disinfected.
Milking stools and other implements may be treated in the same way,
or with carbolic acid or boiling water. Great care should be taken to
guard against bull or cows from an aborting herd or district; streams
even may be suspected if there is an aborting herd near by and higher
up on that stream. Cows sent to bull from an aborting herd are to be
positively denied, and workmen that have attended on such a herd
should be made to wash and disinfect their clothes and persons.

SYMPTOMS OF CALVING.

In the cow the premonitions of calving are the enlargement of the
udder, which becomes firm and resistant to the touch, with more or
less swelling in front, and yields a serous milky fluid; the enlarge-
ment and swelling of the vulva, which discharges an abundant stringy
mucus; the drooping of the belly, and the falling in of the muscles at
each side of the root of the tail, so as to leave deep hollows. When
this last symptom is seen calving may be counted on in twenty-four
hours or in two or three days. When the act is imminent, the cow
becomes uneasy, moves restlessly, leaves off eating, in the field leaves
the herd, lies down and rises again as if in pain, shifts upon her hind
feet, moves the tail, and may bellow or moan. When labor pains
come on the back is‘arched, the croup drooped, the belly is drawn up,
and straining is more or less violent and continuous. Meanwhile
blood may have appeared on the vulva and tail, and soon the clear
water bags protrude between the lips of the vulva. They increase
rapidly, hanging down teward the hocks, and the fore or hind feet
can be detected within them. With the rupture of the bags and
escape of the waters the womb contracts on the solid angular body of
the fetus and is at once stimulated to more violent contractions, so
that the work proceeds with redoubled energy to the complete expul-
sion. This is the reason why it is wrong to rupture the water bags if
the presentation is normal, as they furnish a soft, uniform pressure
for the preliminary dilation of the mouth of the womb and passages,
DISEASES OF THE GENERATIVE ORGANS. 171

in anticipation of the severe strain put upon them as the solid body
of the calf passes.

The cow often calves standing, in which case the navel string is
broken as the calf falls to the ground. If, however, she is recumbent,
this cord is torn through as she rises up. The afterpains come on
three or four hours later and expel the membranes, which should
never be left longer than twenty-four hours.

NATURAL PRESENTATION.

When there is but one calf the natural presentation is that of the
fore feet with the front of the hoofs and knees turned upward toward
the tail of the dam and the nose lying between the knees. (PL XV.)
If there are twins the natural position of the second is that of the hind
feet, the heels and hocks turned upward toward the cow’s tail. (Pl.
XVIII, fig. 1.) In both of these natural positions the curvature of the
body of the calf —the back arched upward—is the same with the curva-
ture of the passages, which descend anteriorly into the womb, ascend
over the brim of the pelvis, and descend again toward the external
opening (vulva). Any presentation differing from the above is
abnormal.

OBSTACLES TO PARTURITION.

With a well-formed cow and calf and a natural presentation as above,
calving is usually prompt and easy. Obstacles may, however, come
from failure of the mouth of the womb to dilate; from twisting of
the neck of the womb; from tumors in the vagina; from dropsy in
the womb or abdomen; from over distension of the rectum or bladder;
from undue narrowing of the passages; from excess of fat in the walls
of the pelvis; from the disturbance of a nervous cow by noises; from
stone or urine in the bladder; from wrong presentation of the calf,
its back being turned downward or to one side in place of upward
toward the spine of the dam; from the bending backward into the
body of the womb of one or more limbs or of the head; from presen-
tation of the back, shoulder, or croup, all four limbs being turned
back; from presentation of all four feet at once; from obstruction
caused by an extra head or extra limbs, or double body on the part of
the offspring (Pl. XIX); from dropsy or other disease of the calf; from
excessive or imperfect development of the calf; from the impaction
of twins at the same time into the passages; or it may be at times
from the mere excessive volume of the fetus.

GENERAL MAXIMS FOR THE ASSISTANT CONCERNING DIFFICULT PAR-
TURITION.

Do not interfere too soon. ‘‘Meddlesome midwifery is bad” with
animals as with women. After labor pains set in, give a reasonable
time for the water bags to protrude and burst spontaneously, and only
172 DISEASES OF OATTLE.

interfere when delay suggests some mechanical obstruction. If there
is no mechanical obstruction, let the calf be expelled slowly by the
unaided efforts of the cow. Bruises and lacerations of the passages
and flooding from the uncontracted womb may come from the too
speedy extraction of the calf. When assistance is necessary, the oper-
ator should dress in a thick flannel shirt from which the sleeves have
been cut off clear up to the shoulders. This avoids danger of expos-
ure, and yet leaves the whole arm free and untrammeled. Before
inserting the hand, it and the arm should be smeared with oil, lard,
or vaseline, care being taken that the oil or lard is fresh, neither
salted nor rancid, and that it has been purified by boiling or rendered
antiseptic by the addition of a teaspoonful of carbolie acid to the
pound.

This is a valuable precaution against infecting the cow by intro-
ducing putrid ferments into the passages, and against poisoning of
the arm by decomposing discharges in case the calving is unduly pro-
tracted. When labor pains have lasted some time without any signs
of the water bags, the dropping in at the sides of the rump, and the
other preparations for calving being accomplished, the hand should
be introduced to examine. When the water bags have burst and
neither feet nor head appear for some time, examination should be
made. When one fore foot only and the head appears, or both fore
feet without the head, or the head without the fore feet, examine. If
one hind foot appears without the other, make examination. The
presenting limb or head should be secured by a rope with a running
noose, so that it may not pass back into the womb andsget lost during
the subsequent manipulations, but may be retained in the vagina or
brought up again easily. In searching for a missing member, it is
usually better to turn the head of the cow down hill, so that the gravi-
tation of the fetus and abdominal organs forward into the belly of
the cow may give more room in which to bring up the missing limb
or head. If the cow is lying down turn her on the side opposite to
that on which the limb is missing, so that there may be more room
for bringing the latter up. Even if a missing limb is reached it is
vain to attempt to bring it up during a labor pain. Wait until the
pain has ceased, and attempt to straighten out the limb before the
next pain comes on. If the pains are violent and continuous, they
may be checked by pinching the back or by putting a tight surcingle
round the body in front of the udder. These failing, 1 ounce or 14
ounces of chloral hydrate in a quart of water may be given to check
the pains. If the passages have dried up or lost their natural lubri-
cating liquid, smear the interior of the passages and womb, and the
surface of the calf so far as it can be reached, with pure fresh lard;
or pure sweet oil may be run into the womb through a rubber tube
(fountain syringe). In dragging upon the fetus apply strong traction
only while the mother is straining, and drag downward toward the
DISEASES OF THE GENERATIVE ORGANS. 173

hocks as well as backward. The natural curvature of both fetus and
passages is thus followed, and the extraction rendered easier.

LABOR PAINS BEFORE RELAXATION OF THE PASSAGES.

Any of the various causes of abortion may bring on labor pains
before the time. Straining comes on days or weeks before the time,
and there is not the usual enlargement, swelling, and mucous dis-
charge from the vulva. There is little or no falling in by the sides
of the root of the tail; the abdomen has not dropped to the usual
extent, and the udder is less developed and yields little or no milk.
In spite of the pains no water bags appear, and the oiled hand cau-
tiously introduced into the vagina finds the neck of the womb firmly
closed, rigid, and undilatable. If it is known that the cow has not
reached her proper time of calving, the examination through the
vagina should be omitted and the animal should be placed in a dark,
quiet place by herself, and be given 1 to 2 ounces laudanum. Vibur-
num prunifolium, 1 ounce, may be added, if necessary, and repeated
in three hours. The pains will usually subside.

In some instances the external parts are relaxed and duly prepared,
but the neck of the womb remains rigidly closed. In such a case the
solid extract of belladonna should be smeared around the constricted
opening and the animal left quiet until it relaxes.

DISEASED INDURATION OF THE MOUTH OF THE WOMB.

From previous lacerations or other injuries the neck of the womb
may have become the seat of fibrous hardening and constriction, so as
to prevent its dilatation when all other parts are fully prepared for
ealving. The enlarged, flabby vulva, the sinking at each side of the
rump, the full udder‘and drooping abdomen indicate the proper time
for calving, but the labor pains secure no progress in the dilatation of
the mouth of the womb, and the oiled hand introduced detects the
rigid, hard, and, in some cases, nodular feeling of the margins of the
closed orifice, which no application of belladonna or other antispas-
modic suffices to relax. Spongetents may be inserted or the mechan-
ical dilator (Pl. XX, fig. 6) may be used if there is opening enough to
admit it, and if not, a narrow-bladed probe-pointed knife (Pl. XXIV,
fig. 2) may be passed through the orifice and turned upward, down-
ward, and to each side, cutting to a depth not exceeding a quarter of
an inch in each case. This done, a finger may be inserted, then two,
three, and four, and finally all four fingers and thumb brought
together in the form of a cone and made to push in with rotary motion
until the whole hand can be introduced. After this the labor pains
will induce further dilatation, and finally the presenting members of
the calf will complete the process.
174 DISEASES OF CATTLE.
TWISTING OF THE NECK OF THE WOMB.

This is not very uncommon in the cow, the length of the body of
the womb and the looseness of the broad ligaments that attach it to
the walls of the pelvis favoring the twisting. It is as if one were to
take a long sack rather loosely filled at the neck and turn over its
closed end, so that its twisting should oceur in the neck. The twist
may be one-quarter round, so that the upper surface would come to
look to one side, or it may be half round, so that what was the upper
surface becomes the lower. The relation of the womb of the cow to
the upper and right side of the paunch favors the twisting. The
paunch occupies the whole left side of the abdomen and extends
across its floor to the right side. Its upper surface thus forms an
inclined plane, sloping from the left downward and to the right, and
on this sloping surface lies the pregnant womb.

It is easy to see how, in the constant movements of the paunch upon
its contents and the frequent changes of position of the growing fetus
within the womb, to say nothing of the contractions of the adjacent
bowels and the more or less active movements of the cow, the womb
should roll downward to the right. And yet in many cases the twist
is toward the left, showing that it is not the result of a simple rolling
downward over the paunch, but rather of other disturbances. The
condition may be suspected when labor pains have continued for some
time without any sign of the water bags, and it is confirmed when the
oiled hand, introduced through the vagina, finds the mouth of the
womb soft and yielding, but furnished with internal folds running for-
ward in a spiral manner. If the folds on the upper wall of the orifice
run toward the right, the womb is twisted to the right; if, on the con-
trary, they turn toward the left it indicates that the womb is turned
over in that direction. The direction of the twist must be known
before treatment can be undertaken. Then, if the twist is toward the
right, the cow is laid upon her right side with her head downhill, the
hand of the operator is introduced through the spirally constricted
neck of the womb, and a limb or other portion of the body of the calf
is seized and pressed firmly against the wall of the womb. Meanwhile
two or three assistants roll the cow from her right side over her back
to her left side. The object is to hold the womb and ealf still while
the body of the cow rolls over. If successful, the twist is undone, its
grasp on the wrist is slackened, and the water bags and calf press into
the now open passage. If the first attempt does not succeed, it is to
be repeated until success has been attained. If the spiral folds on the
upper wall of the opening turn toward the left, the cow is laid on her
left side and rolled over on her back and onto the right side, the hand
being, as before, within the womb, and holding the fetus, so that all
may not rotate with the cow. In introducing the hand it will usually
be found needful to perforate the membranes, so that a limb of the calf
DISEASES OF THE GENERATIVE ORGANS. 175

may be seized direct and firmiy held. Among my occasional causes
of failure with these cases have been, first, the previous death and
decomposition of the fetus, leading to such overdistention of the womb
that it could not be made to rotate within the abdomen, and, second,
the occurrence of inflammation and an exudate on the twisted neck
of the womb, which hindered it from untwisting.

In obstinate cases, in which the hand can be made to pass through
the neck of the womb easily, additional help may be had from the use
of the instrument shown in Pl. XX, fig. 5. T'wo cords, with running
nooses, are successively introduced and made fast on two limbs of the
ealf; the cords are then passed through the two rings on the end of the
instrument, which is passed into the womb and the cords drawn tight
and fixed round the handle. Then, using the handle as a lever, it is
turned in the direction opposite to the twist. The hand should mean-
while be introduced into the womb and the snared limbs seized and
pressed against its walls so as to secure the rotation of the uterus along
with the body of the fetus. The relaxation of the constriction and
the effacement of the spiral folds will show when success has been
gained, and the different members at one end of the body should then
be brought up so as to secure-a natural presentation.

NARROW PELVIS FROM FRACTURE OR DISEASE.

In a small cow the pelvis may be too narrow to pass a calf sired by
a bull of a large breed, but this is exceptional, as the fetus usually
accommodates itself to the size of the dam and makes its extra growth
after birth. When the pelvic bones have been fractured repair takes
place with the formation of a large permanent callus, which, projecting
internally, may be a serious obstacle to calving. Worse still, if the
edge of the broken bone projects internally as a sharp spike or ridge,
the vaginal walls are cut upon this during the’ passage of the calf,
with serious or fatal result. In other cases, where the cow has suffered
from fragility of bone (fragilitas ossium) the thickening of the bone
causes narrowing of the long passage of the pelvis and the crumb-
ling fractures poorly repaired, with an excess of brittle new material,
may form an insuperable obstacle to parturition. Cows affected in any
of these ways should never again be bred, but if they do get pregnant
and reach full time a careful examination will be necessary to deter-
mine whether natural parturition can take place, or if the calf must
be extracted in pieces. (See ‘‘Embryotomy,” p. 198.)

OBSTRUCTION BY MASSES OF FAT.

This is not unknown in old cows of the beef breeds, the enormous
masses of fat upon and within the pelvis being associated with weak-
ness or fatty degeneration of the muscles. If the presentation is nat-
ural, little more is wanted than a judicious traction upon the fetus to
compress and overcome the soft resisting masses.
176 DISEASES OF CATTLE.
OBSTRUCTION BY A FULL BLADDER OR RECTUM OR BY STONE.

In all cases of delayed or tardy parturition the evacuation of rectum
and bladder is important, and it is no less so in all difficult parturi-
tions. Stone in the bladder is fortunately rare in the cow, but when
present it should be removed to obviate crushing and perhaps perfora-
tion of the organ during calving.

CALVING RETARDED BY NERVOUSNESS.

In a public fair ground I have seen labor pains begin early in the
day and keep up in a weak and insufficient manner for many hours,
until the stall was thoroughly closed in and the cow secluded from
the constant stream of visitors and the incessant noise, when at once
the pains became strong and effective and the calf was soon born.

COAGULATED BLOOD UNDER THE VAGINAL WALES.

This is common after calving, but will sometimes occur before, as
the result of accidental injury. The mass may be recognized by its
dark hue and the doughy sensation to the touch. It may be cut into
and the mass turned out with the fingers, after which it should be
washed frequently with an antiseptic lotion (carbolie acid 1 dram in
1 quart of water).

CONSTRICTION OF A MEMBER BY THE NAVEL STRING.

In early fetal life the winding of the navel string round a limb may
cause the latter to be slowly cut off by absorption under the constrict-
ing cord. So at calving the cord wound round a presenting member
may retard progress somewhat, and though the calf may still be born
tardily by the unaided efforts of the mother, it is liable to come still-
born, because the circulation in the cord is interrupted by compres-
sion before the offspring can reach’ the open air and commence to
breathe. If, therefore, it is possible 1.0 anticipate and prevent this
displacement and compression of the navel string it should be done,
but if this is no longer possible, then the extraction of the calf should
be effected as rapidly as possible, and if breathing is not at once
attempted it should be started by artificial means.

WATER IN THE HEAD (HYDROCEPHALYS) OF THE CALF.

This is an enormous distention of the cavity holding the brain, by
reason of the accumulation of liquid in the internal cavities (ventri-
cles) of the brain substance. The head back of the eyes rises into a
great rounded ball (Pl. XIX, figs. 4 and 5), which proves an insuper-
able obstacle to parturition. The fore feet and nose being the parts
presented, no progress can be made, and even if the feet are pulled
upon, the nose can not by any means be made to appear. The oiled
DISEASES OF CATTLE. PLATE XII

 

 

 

 

 

AB.GRAHAM CO LITH.WASH. OC

 

 

Meines,after Coton
FETAL CALF WITHIN ITS MEMBRANES.

 
DISEASES OF CarTTLe. é PLATE XIV.

 

 

 

 

 

- A.B GRAHAM CO. LITH. WASH. D.C
VESSELS OF UMBILICAL CORD.
 

PLATE XV.

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Diseases or Cartte.

 

 

 

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A.B. GRAHAM CO. LITH.WASH.9.C.

 

NORMAL POSITION OF CALF IN UTERO,
DISEASES OF THE GENERATIVE ORGANS. 177

hand introduced into the passages will feel the nose presenting between
the fore limbs, and on passing the hand back over the face the hard
rounded mass of the cranium is met with. A sharp-pointed knife or
a canula and trocar should be introduced in the palm of the hand and
pushed into the center of the rounded mass so as to evacuate the water.
The hand is now used to press together the hitherto distended but thin
and fragile walls, and the calf may be delivered in the natural way.
If the enlarged head is turned backward it must still be reached and
punctured, after which it must be brought up into position and the
calf delivered.

If the hind feet present first, all may go well until the body and
shoulders have passed out, when further progress is suddenly arrested
by the great bulk of the head. If possible, the hand, armed with a
‘knife or trocar, must be passed along the side of the shoulder or neck
so as to reach and puncture the distended head. Failing in this, the
body may be skinned up from the belly and cut in two at the shoulder
or neck, after which the head can easily be reached and punctured.
If in such a case the fore limbs have been left in the womb, these may
now be brought up into the passage, and when dragged upon the col-
lapsed head will follow.

If the distention is not sufficient to have rendered the bony walls of
the cranium thin and fragile, so that they can be compressed with the
hand after puncture, a special method may be necessary. <A long
incision should be made from behind forward in the median line of
the cranium with an embryotomy knife (Pl. XXI, fig. 1) or with a long
embryotome (Pl. XX, fig. 3). By this means the bones on the one side
are completely separated from those on the other and may be made
to overlap and perhaps to flatten down. If this fails they may be cut
from the head all around the base of the rounded cranial swelling, by
means of a guarded chisel (Pl. XX, fig. 8) and mallet, after which
there will be no difficulty in causing them to collapse.

DROPSY OF THE ABDOMEN OF THE CALF (ASCITES).

This is less frequent than hydrocephalus, but no less difficult to deal
with. With an anterior presentation the fore limbs and head may come
away easily enough, but no effort will advance the calf beyond the
shoulders. The first thought should be dropsy of the belly, and the
oiled hand introduced by the side of the chest will detect the soft and
fluctuating yet tense sac of the abdomen. If there is space to allow
of the introduction of an embryotomy knife, the abdomen may be
freely cut with this, when the fluid will escape into the womb and
parturition may proceed naturally. If this can not be effected, a long
trocar and canula may be passed between the first two ribs and
straight on beneath the spine until it punctures the abdomen. (PI.
XVIII, fig. 2.) Then the trocar is to be withdrawn and the liquid

61386—08——12
178 DISEASES OF CATTLE.

will flow through the canula and will be hastened by traction on the
fore limbs. In the absence of the trocar and canula, two or three of
the first ribs may be cut from the breastbone, so that the hand may be
introduced through the chest to puncture the diaphragm with an
embryotomy knife and allow an escape of the water. In some slighter
cases a tardy delivery may take place without puncture, the liquid
bulging forward into the chest as the abdomen is compressed in the
pelvic passages. With a posterior presentation the abdomen may be
punctured more easily either in the flank or with a trocar and canula
through the anus.

GENERAL DROPSY OF THE CALF.

This occurs from watery blood or disease of some internal organ,
like the liver or kidney, and is recognized by the general puffed up-
and rounded condition of the body, which pits everywhere on pressure
but without crackling. If not too extreme a case, the calf may be
extracted after it has been very generally punctured over the body,
but usually the only resort is to extract it in pieces. (See ‘‘Embry-
otomy,” p. 198.)

SWELLING OF THE CALF WITH GAS.

This is usually the result of the death and decomposition of the
fetus when extraction has been delayed for a day or more after the
escape of the waters. It is impossible to extract it whole, owing to
its large size and the dry state of the skin of the calf, the membranes,
and the wall of the womb. These dry surfaces stick with such tenac-
ity that no attempt at traction leads to any advance of the calf out of
the womb or into the passages. When the fetus is advanced the
adherent womb advances with it, and when the strain is relaxed both
recede to where they were at first. The condition may be helped
somewhat by the free injection of oil into the womb, but it remains
impossible to extract the enormously bloated body, and the only resort
is to cut it in pieces and extract it by degrees. (See ‘‘Embryotomy,”
p. 198.) ,

RIGID CONTRACTIONS OF MUSCLES.

In the development of the calf, as in after life, the muscles are sub-
ject to cramps, and in certain cases given groups of muscles remain
unnaturally short, so that even the bones grow in a twisted and dis-
torted way. In one case the head and neck are drawn round to one
side and can not be straightened out, even the bones of the face and
the nose being curved around to that side. In other cases the flexor
muscles of the fore legs are su shortened that the knees are kept con-
stantly bent and can not be extended by force. The bent neck may
sometimes be sufficiently straightened for extraction by cutting across
the muscles on the side to which it is turned, and the bent knees by
cutting the cords on the back of the shank bones just below.the knees.
DISEASES OF THE GENERATIVE ORGANS. 179

If this fails, there remains the resort of cutting off the distorted limbs
or head. (See ‘‘Embryotomy,” p. 198.)

TUMORS OF THE CALF (INCLOSED OVUM).

Tumors or new growths grow on the unborn calf as on the mature
animal, and by increasing the diameter of the body render its prog-
ress through the passage of the pelvis impossible. In my experience
with large fleshy tumors of the abdomen, I have cut open the chest,
removed the lungs and heart, cut through the diaphragm with the
knife, and removed the tumor piecemeal by alternate tearing and
cutting until the volume of the body was sufficiently reduced to pass
through. Where this failed it would remain to cut off the anterior
part of the body, removing as much of the chest as possible, and cut-
ting freely through the diaphragm; then, pushing back the remainder
of the body, the hind limbs may be seized and brought into the pas-
sages and the residue extracted thus. The tumor, unless very large,
will get displaced backward so as not to prove an insuperable obstacle.

In many cases the apparent tumor is a blighted ovum which has
failed to develop, but has grafted itself on its more fortunate twin
and from it has drawn its nourishment. These are usually sacs con-
taining hair, skin, muscle, bone, or other natural tissues, and only
exceptionally do they show the distinct outline of the animal.

MONSTROSITY IN THE CALF.

As a monstrous development in the calf may hinder calving, it is
well to consider shortly the different directions in which these devi-
ations from the natural form appear. Their origin and significance
will be rendered clearer if we divide them according to the fault of
development in individual cases. Monsters are such— ,

(1) From absence of parts—absence of head, limb, or other organ—
arrested development.

(2) From some organ being unnaturally small, as a dwarfed head,
limb, trunk, ete.—arrested development.

(3) From unnatural division of parts—cleft lips, palate, head, trunk,
limbs, etc.—abnormal growth.

(4) From the absence of natural divisions—absenve of mouth, nose,
eye, anus, the cloven foot of ox or pig becomes solid like that of the
horse, ete.—confluence of parts which are rightfully separate.

(5) From the fusion of parts—both eyes replaced by central one,
both nostrils merged into one central opening, etc.—confluence of parts.

(6) From unnatural position or form of parts—curved nose, neck,
back, limbs, etc.—lack of balance in the growth of muscles during
development.

(7) From excessive growth of one or more organs—enormous size of

- head, double penis, superfluous digits, ete.—redundancy of growth at
given points.
180 DISEASES OF OATTLE.

(8) From imperfect differentiation of the sexual organs—hermaphro-
dites (organs intermediate between male and female), male organs
with certain feminine characters, female organs with certain well-
marked male characters.

(9) From the doubling of parts or of the entire body—double mon-
sters, double heads, double bodies, extra limbs, etc.—redundant
development. (Pl. XIX, figs. 1, 2, 3.)

Causes.—The causes of monstrosities are varied. Some, like extra
digits, lack of horns, ete., run in families, which produce them with
absolute certainty when bred in the direct, line, although they were
originally acquired peculiarities, which have merely been fixed by
long habit in successive generations. The earliest horse had five toes,
and even the most recent fossil horse had three toes, of which the two
lateral ones are still represented in the modern horse by the two splint
bones. Yetif our horse develops an extra toe it is pronounced a
monstrosity. A more genuine monstrosity is the solid-hoofed pig, in
which two toes have been merged intoone. Another of the same kind
is the solid shank bone of the ox, which consists of two bones united
into one, but which are still found apart in the early fetus. Though
originally acquired peculiarities, these now breed as invariably as
color or form.

Other monstrosities seem to have started in too close breeding, by
which the powers of symmetrical development are impaired, just as
the procreative power weakens under continuous breeding from the
closest blood relations. A monstrosity consisting in the absence of
an organ often depends on a simple lack of development, the result
of disease or injury, as a young bone is permanently shortened by
being broken across the soft part between the shaft and the end, the

- only part where increase in length can take place. As the result of
the injury the soft growing layer becomes prematurely hard and all
increase in length at that end of the bone ceases. This will account
for some cases of absence of eye, limb, or other organ.

Sometimes a monstrosity is due to the inclosure of one ovum in
another while the latter is still but a soft mass of cells and can easily
close around the first. Here each ovum has an independent life, and
they develop simultaneously, only the outer one having direct con-
nection with the womb and being furnished with abundant nourish-
ment advances most rapidly and perfectly, while the inclosed and
starved ovum is dwarfed and imperfect often to the last degree.

In many cases of excess of parts the extra part or member is mani-
festly derived from the same ovum, and even the same part of the
ovum, being merely the effect of a redundancy and vagary of growth.
Such cases include most instances of extra digits or other organs,
and even of double monsters, as manifested by the fact that such
extra organs grow from the normal identical organs. Hence the
extra digit is attached to the normal digit, the extra head to the one
DISEASES OF THE GENERATIVE ORGANS. 181

neck, and extra tail to the croup, extra teeth to the existing teeth,
and even two similarly formed bodies are attached by some point
common to both, as the navels, breastbones, back, ete. (Pl XIX,
figs. 1, 2, 3.) This shows that both have been derived from the same
primitive layer of the embryo, which possessed the plastic power of
building up a given structure or set of organs. An inclosed ovum,
on the other hand, has no such identity or similarity of structure to
the part with which it is connected, showing an evident primary
independence of both life and the power of building tissues and
organs. The power of determining extra growth along a given
natural line is very highly developed in the early embryo, and is
equally manifest in the mature example of some of the lower forms
of animal life. Thus a newt will grow a new tail when that member
has been cut off, and a starfish will develop as many new starfishes
as the pieces made by cutting up the original one. This power of
growth in the embryo and in the lower forms of animals is compa-
rable to the branching out again of a tree at the places from which
branches have been lopped. The presence of this vegetable-like
power of growth in the embryo accounts for most double monsters.
The influence of disease in modifying growth in the early embryo,
increasing, decreasing, distorting, ete., is well illustrated in the
experiments of St. Hilaire and Valentine in varnishing, shaking, or
otherwise disturbing the connections of eggs, and thereby producing
monstrosities. One can easily understand how inflammations and
other causes of disturbed circulation in the womb, fetal membranes,
or fetus would cause similar distortions and variations in the growing
offspring. It is doubtless largely in the same way that certain men-
tal disturbances of a very susceptible dam affect the appearance of
the progeny. The monstrosities which seriously interfere with
calving are mainly such as consist in extra members or head, which
can not be admitted into the passages at the same time; where some
organ of the body has attained to extra size; where a blighted ovum
has been inclosed in the body of a more perfect one, or where the
body or limbs are so egntracted or twisted that the calf must enter
the passages doubled up. .
Treatment.—Extraction is sometimes possible by straightening the
distorted members by the force of traction; in other cases the muscles
or tendons must be cut across on the side to which the body or limbs
are bent to allow of such straightening. Thus, the muscles on the con-
cave side of a wry neck or the cords behind the shank bones of a con-
tracted limb may be cut to allow of these parts being brought into the
passages, and there will still be wanting the methods demanded for
bringing up missing limbs or head, for which see paragraphs below.
In most cases of monstrosity by excess of overgrowth it becomes nec-
essary to cut off the supernumerary or overdeveloped parts, and in
182 DISEASES OF CATTLE.
this the same general principles must be followed as laid down in
“Embryotomy ” (p. 198).

TABLE OF WRONG PRESENTATIONS OF THE CALF.

Simultaneous presentation of twins.

 

Limbs curved at the knee. Flexor tendons shortened.

i Limb crossed over the back of the neck.

7 Limb bent back at the knee.

g Limb bent back from the shoulder.
z Head bent downward on the neck.
4 Head and neck turned downward beneath the breast.
2 | Head Head turned to one side upon the side of the neck.
Beet ee wey Head and neck turned back on the side of the chest and
= abdomen.
- Head turned upward and backward on the back.
3 Hind limbs rotated outward. Toes and stifles turned out-
<q |Hind limbs------ | ward.

Hind limbs bent forward, their feet resting in the pelvis.

Transerse - ------ Back of the calf turned to the right or left side.

Inverted ___.-..- Back of the calf turned to the floor of the pelvis and udder,
ei g Hind limb bent on itself at the hock. Hock and buttocks
=e Hind limbs------ | present.
2a Hind limb bent at the hips. Buttocks present.

& 2 Transverse -_---- Back of calf turned to the right or left side.
& (Inverted -....--- Back of calf turned to the floor of the pelvis and udder.

Head up toward the spine,
croup toward udder.

Head down toward udder,
croup toward spine.

Head toward the right side,

Position of calf transverse -- Oil Ulales eteniae de,

croup toward the right.
Head toward right side,

croup toward left.

ead toward left side, croup

toward right.

Back and loins

presented \Position of calf vertical-_---

Breast and abdo-
men presented.

Trunk presentations.

\Position of calf transverse -- H

 

These include all general presentations, yet other subsidiary ones
will at once occur to the attentive reader. Thus, in each anterior or
posterior presentation, with the back of the calf turned downward or
to one side, the case may be complicated by the bending back of one
or more members as a whole or at the joint just above the shank
bones (knee or hock). So also in such anterior presentation the head
may be turned back.

HEAD AND FORE FEET PRESENTED—BACK TURNED TO ONE SIDE.

The calf has a greater diameter from above down (spine to breast-
bone) than it has from side to side, and the same is true of the passage
of the pelvis of the cow, which measures. on an average, 8,4 inches
from above downward and 7% inches from side to side. Hence the
DISEASES OF THE GENERATIVE ORGANS. 183

calf passes most easily with its back upward, and when turned with
its back to one side calving is always tardy and may be difficult or
impossible. The obvious remedy is to rotate the calf on its own axis
until its spine turns toward the spine of the cow. The operation is
not difficult if the body of the calf is not yet fixed in the passages.
The presenting feet are twisted over each other in the direction
desired, and this is continued until the head and spine have assumed
their proper place. If the body is firmly engaged in the passages the
skin of the whole engaged. portion should be freely lubricated with
lard, and the limbs and head twisted over each other as above. The
limbs may be twisted by an assistant where the head is manipulated
by the operator, who drags on the rope turned halfway round the
limbs and assists in the rotation with his other hand in the passages.

HEAD AND FORE FEET PRESENTED—BACK TURNED DOWN TOWARD
THE UDDER.

This position (Pl. XVI, fig. 6) is unnatural, and the parturition is
difficult for two reasons: First, the natural curvature of the fetus is
opposed to the natural curvature of the passages; and, second, the
thickest part of the body of the calf (the upper) is engaged in the
narrowest part of the passage of the pelvis (the lower). Yet unless
the calf is especially large and the pelvis of the cow narrow, parturi-
tion may usually be accomplished in this way spontaneously or with
very little assistance in the way of traction on the limbs. If this can
not be accomplished, two courses are open: First, to rotate the calf as
when the back is turned to one side; and, second, to push back the
presenting fore limbs and head and search for and bring up the hind
limbs, when the presentation will be a natural posterior one. ,

PRESENTATION OF THE HIND FEET WITH THE BACK TURNED TO ONE
SIDE OR DOWNWARD.

These are the exact counterparts of the two conditions last described,
are beset with similar drawbacks, and are to be dealt with on the
same general principles. (Pl. XVII, fig. 4.) With the back turned
to one side the body should be rotated until the back turns toward
the spine of the dam, and with the back turned down it must be
extracted in that position (care being taken that the feet do not per-
forate the roof of the vagina) or it must be rotated on its own axis until
the back turns upward, or the hind limbs must be pushed back and
the fore limbs and head advanced, when the presentation will be a
natural anterior one.

IMPACTION OF TWINS IN THE PASSAGE.

It is very rare to have twins enter the passages together so as to
become firmly impacted. As a rule each of the twins has its own sep-
arate membranes, and as the water bags of the one will naturally first
enter and be the first to burst, so the calf which occupied those mem-
184 DISEASES OF CATTLE.

branes will be the first to enter the passage and the other will be
thereby excluded. When the membranes of both twins have burst
without either calf having become engaged in the pelvis, it becomes
possible for the fore legs of the one and the hind legs of the other to
enter at one time, and if the straining is very violent they may become
firmly impacted. (Pl. XVIII, fig. 1.) The condition may be recog-
nized by the fact that two of the presenting feet have their fronts
turned forward, while the two others have their fronts turned back-
ward. If the four feet belonged to one natural calf, they would all
have the same direction. By means of this difference in direction we
can easily select the two feet of one calf, place running nooses upon
them just above the hoofs or fetlocks, and have an assistant drag upon
the ropes while the feet of the other calf are pushed back. In select-
ing one of the twins to come first several considerations should have
weight. The one that is most advanced in the passage is, of course,
the first choice. Though the fore feet of one are presented, yet if the
head is not in place the calf presenting by its hind feet is to be chosen
as being less likely to obstruct. Again, if for either calf one limb only
is presented and the other missing, the one presenting two feet should
be selected to come first. As soon as the one calf has been advanced
so as to occupy the pelvis the other will be crowded back so that it will
not seriously obstruct.

FORE LIMBS CURVED AT THE KNEE—LIMBS SPRAWLING OUTWARD.

In this case not only are the knees somewhat bent in a curve, but
the calf has a position as if it rested on its breastbone, while the legs
were drawn apart and directed to the right and left. The shoulder
blades being drawn outward from the chest and the elbows turned
out, the muscles extending from the trunk to the limb are unduly
stretched and keep the knees bent and the feet directed outward so
as to press on the sides of the passages. They become retarded in
their progress as compared with the more rapidly advancing head,
and may bruise or even lacerate the walls of the vagina. It would
seem easy to rectify this by extending the legs, but the already tense
and overstretched muscles operate against extension in the present
position, and it is not easy to rotate the limbs so as to apply the shoul-
der flat against the side of the chest. Under these circumstances a
repeller (Pl. XX, fig. 7) may be planted in the breast, and the body
of the calf pushed backward into the womb, when the limbs will
extend easily under traction and the presentation becomes at once
natural.

FORE LIMBS CURVED AT KNEE—FLEXOR TENDONS SHORTENED.

In this case the feet will press against the floor of the pelvis though
the limb has no outward direction, and the shoulder meanwhile
presses against the roof of the same passage. Unless the knees can
DISEASES OF THE GENERATIVE ORGANS. 185

‘be sufficiently straightened by force a knife must be employed to cut
across the cords behind the knee, when the limbs may be straightened
sufficiently.

FORE LIMBS FLEXED AT KNEE—FLEXOR TENDONS UNSHORTENED.

This is mostly seen in cases in which the body of the calf is in the
proper position, its back being turned up toward the back of the dam,
and in cows with a drooping abdomen. The feet have been supposed
to catch beneath the brim of the pelvis, and being retarded while the
head advances into the passages, they get bent at the knee and the
nose and knees present. (Pl. XVI, fig. 2.) The calf, however, is not
an inanimate body advanced by the mere contraction of the womb,
but it moves its limbs freely under the stimulus of the unwonted com-
pression, and in moving the feet as they are advanced they slip down
over the pelvic brim and finding no other firm support they bend back
until, under the impulsion, they can no longer straighten ont again.
The knees, therefore, advance with the neck and head, but the feet
remain bent back. The result is that the upper part of the limb is
also flexed, and the shoulder blade and arm -bone with their masses of
investing muscles are carried backward and applied on the side of the
chest, greatly increasing the bulk of this already bulky part. As the
elbow is carried back on the side of the chest, the forearm from elbow
to knee further increases the superadded masses of the shoulder and
renders it difficult or impossible to drag the mass through the pas-
sages. When the fore limbs are fully extended, on the contrary, the
shoulder blade is extended forward on the smallest and narrowest part
of the chest, the arm bone with its muscles is in great part applied
against the side. of the back part of the neck, and the forearm is con-
tinued forward by the side of the head so that the nose lies between
the knees. In this natural presentation the presenting body of the
ealf forms a long wedge or cone, the increase of which is slow and
gradual until it reaches the middle of the chest.

The difficulty of extending the fore limbs will be in proportion to
the advance of the head through the pelvic cavity. In the early stage
all that is necessary may be to introduce the oiled hand, the left one
for the right leg or the right one for the left, and passing the hand from
the knee on to the foot to seize the foot in the palm, bend it forcibly on
the fetlock, and lift it up over the brim of the pelvis, the knee being,
of course, pressed upward against the spine. As soon as the foot has
been raised above the brim of the pelvis (into the passage) the limb
can be straightened out with the greatest ease.

When, however, the shoulders are already engaging in the pelvis
the feet can not thus be lifted up, and to gain room a repeller (Pl. XX,
fig. 7) must be used to push back the body of the calf. This is an
instrument with a long straight stem, divided at the end into two short
branches (2 to 3 inches long) united to the stem by hinges so that they
186 DISEASES OF CATTLL.

can be brought into a line with the stem for introduction into the womb
and then spread to be implanted in the breast. In the absence of a
repeller a smooth, round fork handle may be used, the prongs having
been removed from the other end. A third device is to have an assist-
ant strip his arm to the shoulder and, standing back to back with the
operator, to introduce his right arm into the passages along with the
operator’s left (or vice versa) and push back the body of the calf while
the operator seeks to bring up a limb. The repeller or staff having
been planted safely in the breast of the calf, an assistant pushes upon
it in a direction either forward or slightly upward, so as not only to fol-
low the natural curve of the body and favor its turning in the line of
that curve within the womb, but also to carry the shoulders upward
toward the spine and secure more room for bringing up the missing
feet. Itis good policy to first put a halter (Pl. XXI, figs. 4a and 4b) on
the head or a noose (Pl. XXI, fig. 3) on the lower jaw and a rope round
each limb at the knee, so as to provide against the loss of any of these
parts when the body is pushed back into the womb. This offers the
further advantage that by dragging upon these ropes the body can be
advanced in the passage until the foot is reached, when the rope must
be slackened and the repeller used to secure room for bringing up the
foot. If the cow is lying, the operator should first secure the foot on
the upper side and then, if necessary, turn the cow on its opposite side
so as to bring up the other.

In using the instruments some precautions are demanded. They

. must be invariably warmed before they are introduced, and they should
be smeared with lard or oil to make them pass easily and without fric-
tion. The assistant who is pushing on the instrument must be warned
to stop if at any time resistance gives way. This may mean the turn-
ing of the fetus, in which case the object of repulsion has been accom-
plished; but much more probably it implies the displacement of the
instrument from the body of the fetus, and unguarded pressure may
drive it through the walls of the womb.

When thé calf enters the passage with its back turned down toward
the belly and udder, the bending back of the fore limbs is rare, prob-
ably because the feet can find a straighter and more uniform surface
of resistance in the upper wall of the womb and the backbone, and
do not slide over a crest into an open cavity as they do over the brim
of the pelvis. The weight of the calf, too, gravitating downward,
leaves more room for the straightening of the bent limbs, so that the
‘desired relief is much more easily secured. The manipulation is the
same in principle, only one must add the precaution of a steady trac-
tion on the feet in extraction, lest, owing to the adverse curvature of
the fetus, the hoofs be suddenly forced through the roof of the vagina,
and, perhaps, the rectum as well, during a specially powerful labor
pain.

When the back of the calf is turned to the right side or the left the
DISEASES OF THE GENERATIVE ORGANS. 187

» main difference is that in addition to straightening the limbs the fetus
must be rotated to turn its back upward before extraction is attempted.
In this case, too, it may be difficult to bring up and straighten the
lower of the two limbs until the body has been rotated into its proper
position. Cord the upper straightened limb and head, then rotate the
body and search for the second missing limb.

FORE LIMBS BENT BACK FROM THE SHOULDERS.

This is an exaggeration of the condition just named, and is much
more difficult to remedy, owing to the distance and inaccessibility of
the missing limb. It usually happens with the proper position of the
body, the back of the calf being turned toward the back of the mother.
The head presents in the passage and may even protrude from the
vulva during an active labor pain, but it starts back like a spring
when the straining ceases. Examination with the oiled hand in the
intervals between the pains fails to detect the missing limbs. (PI.
XVI, fig. 1.) If, however, the hand can be introduced during a pain
it may be possible to reach the elbow or upper part of the forearm.
In the absence of a pain a halter or noose on the head may be used to
advance the whole body until the forearm can be seized just below
the elbow. This being firmly held and the head or body pushed back
into the womb, room may be secured for.bringing up the knee. The
forearm is used as a lever, its upper part being strongly forced back
while its lower part is pressed, forward. If a pain supervenes the
hold must be retained, and whatever gain has been made must be
held if possible. Then during the next pain, by pushing back the
body: and continuing to operate the forearm as a lever, a still farther
advance may be made. As the knee is brought up in this way, the
hand is slid down from the elbow toward the knee, which is finally
brought up over the brim of the pelvis and into the passage. It is
now corded at the knee, and the subsequent procedure is as described
in the last article. Ina large, roomy cow with a small calf the latter
may pass with one or both fore legs bent back, but this is a very
exceptional case, and, as early assistance is the most successful, there
should never be delay in hope of such a result.

ONE FORE LIMB CROSSED OVER THE BACK OF THE NECK.

This is a rare obstacle to calving, but one that is not altogether.
unknown. The hand introduced into the passage feels the head and
one forefoot, and farther back on the same side the other foot, from
which the limb can be traced obliquely across the back of the neck.
(PL. XVI, fig. 3.) This foot, projecting transversely, is liable to bruise
or tear the vagina. If still deeply engaged in the vagina, it may be
seized and pushed across to the opposite side of the neck, when the
presentation will be natural.
188 DISEASES OF OATTLE.
HEAD BENT DOWN BENEATH THE NECK.

In this case, with drooping belly and womb allowing the brim of the
pelvis to form a ridge, the advancing calf, having unduly depressed
its nose, strikes it on the brim of the pelvis, and the neck advancing,
the head is bent back and the poll and ears either enter the pelvis or
strike against its brim. The two forefeet present, but they make no
progress, and the oiled hand introduced can detect no head until the
poll is felt at the entrance of the pelvis, between the forearms. The
two forefeet must be fixed with running nooses and dragged on mod-
erately while the oiled hand seeks to bring up the head. The hand
is slid down over the forehead and brim of the pelvis until the nose is
reached, when it is passed into the mouth, the muzzle resting in the
palm of the hand. The legs are now pushed upon, and in the space
thus gained the muzzle is drawn up so as to enter it into the pelvis.
In doing this the operator must carefully see that the mouth does not
drop open so that the sharp front teeth cut through the floor of the
womb. Should this danger threaten, the hand should be made to
cover the lower jaw as well. The lessened security of the hold is
more than compensated by the safety of the procedure. With the
nose in the pelvis, it, has only to be drawn forward and the parturition
is natural.

HEAD BENT DOWN BENEATH THE BREAST.

This is an exaggerated condition. of that last named. The head,
arrested by the brim of the pelvis and already bent back on the neck,
is pressed farther with each successive throe until it has passed
between the fore legs and lodges beneath the breast bone. (Pl. XVI,
fig. 4.) On examination, the narrow upper border of the neck is felt
between the forearms, but as a rule the head is out of reach below.
Keeping the hand on the neck and dragging on the feet by the aid of
ropes, the hand may come to touch and seize the ear, or, still better,
one or two fingers may be inserted into the orbit of the eye.

Then, in pushing back upon the limbs, with or without the aid of a
repeller applied against the shoulder, space may be secured to draw
the head into a vertical position, and even to slip down the hand so
as to seize the nose. Should it prove impossible to draw up the head
with the unassisted fingers, a blunt hook (Pl. XXI, fig. 6) may be
inserted into the orbit, on which an assistant may drag while another
pushes upon the limbs or repeller. Meanwhile the operator may
secure an opportunity of reaching and seizing the nose or of passing
a blunt hook into the angle of the mouth. Success will be better
assured if two hooks (Pl. XXI, fig. 7) are inserted in the two orbits,
so as to draw up the head more evenly. In other cases a noose may
be placed on the upper jaw, or even around both jaws, and traction
made upon this and on the hooks in the orbits while the legs are
pushed back, and while the operator pushes back on the poll or fore-
DISEASES OF THE GENERATIVE ORGANS. 189

‘ head. In still more difficult cases, in which even the orbits can not
be reached, a sharp hook on the end of a straight iron rod (Pl. XX,
fig. 2) may be inserted over the lower jaw as far forward as it can be
reached, and by dragging upon this while the body is pushed back
the head will be brought up sufficiently to allow the operator to reach
the orbit or nose. If even the jaw can not be reached, the hook may
be inserted in the neck as near to the head as possible and traction
employed so as to bring the head within reach.

In all such cases the cow’s head should be turned downhill, and in
case of special difficulty she should be turned on her back and held
there until the head is secured. In old standing cases, with the womb
closely clasping the body of the calf, relaxation may be sought by the
use of chloroform or a full dose of chloral hydrate—2 ounces; and the
free injection of warm water into the womb will also be useful.

HEAD TURNED BACK ON THE SHOULDER.

With a natural anterior presentation this may happen because of
the imperfect dilation of the mouth of the womb. Under the throes
of the mother the fore feet pass through the narrow opening into the
vagina, while the nose, striking against it and unable to enter, is
pressed backward into the womb and turns aside on the right or left
shoulder. The broad muzzle of the calf forms an especial obstacle to
entrance and favors this deviation of the head. The worst form of
this deviation is the old standing one with shortening of the muscles
of the neck on that side, and oftentimes distortion of the face and
neck bones, as noticed under ‘‘ Monstrosities” (p. 179).

When the head is bent on the shoulder the feet appear in the natural
way, but no progress is made, and examination reveals the absence of
the nose from between the knees, and farther back, from above and
between the elbows, a smooth rounded mass is felt extending to the
right or left, which further examination will identify with the neck.
Following the upper border of this the hand reaches the crown of the
head with the ears, and still farther the eyes, or even in a small calf
the nose.

As the bulky head of the calf can not be extracted along with the
shoulders, it becomes necessary to push back the body of the fetus and
straighten out the head and neck. The cow should be laid with its
head downhill and with that side up toward which the head is turned.
If the throes are very violent, or the womb strongly contracted on the
calf, it may be best to seek relaxation by giving chloroform, or 2 ounces
of laudanum, or 2 ounces chloral hydrate. If the calf or the passages:
are dry, sweet oil may be injected, or the whole may be liberally
smeared with fresh lard. In the absence of these, warm water ren-
dered slightly slippery by Castile soap may be injected into the womb
in quantity. Ropes with running nooses are placed on the presenting
feet and the oiled hand introduced to find the head. If, now, the fin-
190 DISEASES OF OATTLE.

-gers can be passed inside the lower jawbone, and drag the head upward
and toward the passage, it unwirtds the spiral turn given to the neck
in bending back, and greatly improves the chances of bringing forward
the nose. If, at first, or if now, the lower jaw can be reached, a noose
should be placed around it behind the incisor teeth and traction made
upon this, so that the head may continue to be turned, forehead up,
toward the spine and jaws down, thereby continuing to undo the
screw-like curve of the neck. If,on the contrary, the nose is dragged
upon by a cord passing over the upper border of the neck, the screw-
like twist is increased and the resistance of the bones and joints of the
neck prevents any straightening of the head. As soon as the lower
jaw has been seized by the hand or noose, a repeller (Pl. XX, fig. 7),
planted on the inside of the elbow or shoulder most distant from the
head, should be used to push back the body and turn it in the womb,
so that the head may be brought nearer to the outlet. In this way
the head can usually be brought into position and the further course
of delivery will be natural.

But sometimes the lower jaw can not be reached with the hand, and
then the orbit or, less desirably, the ear, may be availed of. The ear
may be pulled by the hand, and by the aid of the repeller on the other
shoulder the calf may be so turned that the lower jaw may be reached
and availed of. Better still,a clamp (Pl. XVIII, figs. 3 and 4) is firmly
fixed on the ear and pulled by a rope, while the repeller is used on the
opposite shoulder, and the hand of the operator pulls on the lower
border of the neck and lifts it toward the other side. To pull on the
upper border of the neck is to increase the spiral twist, while to raise
the lower border is to undo it. If the outer orbit can be reached, the
fingers may be inserted into it so as to employ traction, or a blunt fin-
ger hook (Pl. X XI, fig. 8) may be used, or a hook with a rope attached,
or, finally, a-hook on the end of a long staff. Then, with the assistance
of the repeller, the body may be so turned and the head advanced that
the lower jaw may be reached and availed of.

In case not even the ears nor orbit can be reached, a cord should be
passed around the neck of the calf as near to the head as possible,
and traction made upon that while the opposite shoulder is pushed
toward the opposite side by the repeller, assisted by the hand drag-
ging on the lower border of the neck. To aid the hand in passing a
rope round the neck a cord carrier (Pl. XXI, fig. 5) isin use. It fails,
however, to help us in the most difficult part of the operation—the
passing of the cord down on the deep or farthest side of the neck—and
to remedy this I have devised a cord carrier, furnished with a ring
at the end, a joint 6 or 8 inches from the end, and another ring on the
handle, close to this joint. (Pl. XX, fig. 4.) A cord is passed through
both rings and a knot tied on its end, just back of the terminal ring.
The instrument, straightened out, is inserted until it reaches just
beyond the upper border of the neck, when, by dragging on the cord
DISEASES OF THE GENERATIVE ORGANS. ° 191

the movable segment is bent down on the farther side of the neck,
and is pushed on until it can be felt at its lower border. The hand
now seizes the knotted end of the cord beneath the lower border of
the neck and pulls it through while the carrier is withdrawn, the cord
sliding through itsrings. The cord, pushed up as near to the head as
possible, is furnished with a running noose by tying the knotted end
round the other, or, better, the two ends are twisted around each other
so as to give a firm hold on the neck without dangerously compress-
ing the blood vessels. By pushing on the opposite shoulder with
the repeller, and assisting with the hand on shoulder, breastbone, or
lower border of the neck, such a change of position will be secured
as will speedily bring the head within reach. Afterwards proceed as
described above.

‘These cases are always trying, but it_is very rarely necessary to
resort to embryotomy. When absolutely required, first remove one
fore limb, and then, if still unsuccessful, the other, after which the
head can easily be secured. (See ‘‘Embryotomy,” p. 198.)

HEAD TURNED UPWARD AND BACKWARD

In this case the face rests upon the spine; the fore feet appear alone
in the passage, but fail to advance, and on examination the rounded
inferior border of the neck can be felt, extending upward and back-
ward beneath the spine of the dam, and if the calf is not too large the
hand may reach the lower jaw oreven the muzzle. (Pl. XVI, fig. 5.)
A repeller is planted in the breast and the body of the calf pushed
backward and downward so as to make room and bring the head
nearer to the passage; or in some cases the body may be pushed
back sufficiently by the use of the fore limbs alone. Meanwhile the
head is seized by the ear or the eye socket, or, if it can be reached,
by the lower jaw, and pulled downward into position as space is
secured forit. If the hand alone is insufficient, the blunt hooks may
be inserted in the orbits or in the angle of the mouth, or a noose may
be placed on the lower jaw, and by traction the head will be easily
advanced. In case of a large fetus, the head of which is beyond
reach, even when traction is made on the limbs, a rope may be passed
around the neck and pulled, while the breastbone is pressed down-
ward and backward by the repeller, and soon the change of position
will bring the orbit or lower jaw within reach. With the above posi-
tion the standing position is most favorable for success. But if the
calf is placed with its back down toward the udder, and if the head
is bent down under the brim of the pelvis, the best position for the
cow is on her back, with her head downhill...

In neglected cases, with death and putrefaction of the fetus and
dryness of the passages, it may be necessary to extract in pieces. (See
‘““Embryotomy,” p. 198.)
192 ‘ DISEASES OF CATTLE.
OUTWARD DIRECTION,OF THE STIFLES—ABDUCTION OF HIND LIMBS.

As an obstacle to parturition, this is rare in cows. It is most likely
to take place in cows with narrow hip bones, and when the service
has been made by a bull having great breadth across the quarter,
The calf, taking after the sire, presents an obstacle to calving in the
breadth of its quarters, and if at the same time the toes and stifles
-are turned excessively outward and the hocks inward the combined
breadth of the hip bones above and the stifles below may be so great
that the pelvis will not easily admit them. After the fore feet, head,
and shoulders have all passed out through the vulva, further progress

’ suddenly and unaccountably ceases, and some dragging on the parts
already delivered does not serve to bring away the hind parts. The
oiled hand introduced along the side of the calf will discover the
obstacle in the stifle joints turned directly outward and projecting
on each side beyond the bones which circumscribe laterally the front
entrance of the pelvis. The evident need is to turn the stifles inward,
and this may be attempted by the hand introduced by the side of the
ealf, which is meanwhile rotated gently on its own axis to favor the
change of position. To correct the deviation of the hind limb is, how-
ever, very difficult, as the limbs themselves are out of reach and can
not be used as levers to assist. If nothing can be done by pushing
back the body of the calf and rotating it and by pressure by the hand
in the passages, the only resort appears to be to skin the calf from
the shoulder back, cut it in two as far back as can be reached, then
push the buttocks well forward into the womb, bring up the hind
feet, and so deliver.

THE HIND LIMBS EXCESSIVELY BENT ON THE BODY AND ENGAGED IN
THE PELVIS.

In this case the presentation is apparently a normal anterior one;
fore limbs and head advance naturally and the parturition proceeds
until half the chest has passed through the external passages, when
suddenly progress ceases and no force will secure farther advance.
An examination with oiled hand detects the presence in the passages
of the hind feet and usually the hind legs up to above the hocks.
(Pl. XVII, fig. 1.)

The indications for treatment are to return the hind limbs into the
body of the womb. If they have not advanced too far into the pelvis,
this may be done as follows: A rope with running noose is passed over
each hind foot and drawn tight around the lower part of the hock;
the ropes are then passed through the two rings in the small end of
the rotating instrument (Pl. XX, fig. 5) which is slid into the passages
until it reaches the hocks, when the ropes, drawn tight, are tied round
the handle of the instrument. Then in the intervals between the
pains the hocks are pushed forcibly back into the womb. If by this
PLATE XVI.

DISEASES OF CaTTLE.

 

 

 

 

 

ABNORMAL POSITION OF CALF IN UTERO.

A.B. GRANAM CO. LITH.WASH D.C.
PLATE XVII.

DISEASES OF CarTLe,

 

 

 

 

 

Var . , le 2 A-B.GRAHAM CO. LITH.WASH, 0-C
ABNORMAL POSITION OF CALF IN UTERO.
DISEASES OF CATTLE. PLATE XVIII.

 

 

 

 

 

A.B GRAHAM Co LITH WASH D.C

ABNORMAL POSITION OF CALF IN UTERO.
SURGICAL INSTRUMENTS AND SUTURES.
PLATE XIX.

DISEASES OF CarTLE.

 

 

 

 

 

MONSTROSITIES.

A.B.GRAHAM CO. LITH.WASH. 0.6

 
DISEASES OF THE GENERATIVE ORGANS. 193

means flexion can be effected in hocks and stifles, success will follow;
the hind feet will pass into the womb and clear of the brim of the
pelvis, and the body may now be advanced without hindrance, the
hind limbs falling into place when the hip joints are extended. At
the same time the pressure upon hind limbs must not be relaxed until
the buttocks are engaged in the pelvis, as otherwise the feet me
again get over the brim and arrest the progress of delivery.

When the hind limbs are already so jammed into the pelvis that it
is impossible to return them, the calf must be sacrificed to save the
mother. Cords with running nooses are first put on the two hind feet.
The body must be skinned from the shoulders back as far as can be
reached, and is to be then cut in two, if possible, back of the last rib.
The remainder of the trunk is now pushed back into the body of the
womb, and by traction upon the cords the hind feet are brought up
into the passages, and the extraction will be comparatively easy.

HIND PRESENTATION WITH ONE OR BOTH LEGS BENT AT THE HOCK.

After the bursting of the water bags, though labor pains continue,
no part of the fetus appears at the vulva unless it be the end of the
tail. On examination the buttocks are felt wedged against the spine
at the entrance of the pelvis, and beneath them the bent hock joints
resting on the brim of the pelvis below. (PI. XVII, fig. 3.) The calf
had been caught by the labor pains while the limb was bent beneath
it, and has been jammed into or against the rim of the pelvis so that
extension of the limb became impossible. With the thigh bent on the
flank, the leg on the thigh, and the shank on the leg, and all at once
wedged into the passage, delivery is practically impossible.

The obvious remedy is to push the croup upward and forward and
extend the hind legs, and in the early stages this can usually be accom-
plished in the cow. A repeller (Pl. XX, fig. 7) is planted across the
thighs and pointed upward toward the spine of the cow, and pushed
forcibly in this direction during the intervals between labor pains.
Meanwhile the oiled hand seizes the shank just below the hock and
uses it as a lever, pushing back the body and drawing forward the
foot, thus effectually seconding the action of the repeller. Soon a
distinct gain is manifest, and as soon as the foot can be reached it is
bent back strongly at the fetlock, held in the palm of the hand and
pulled up, while the repeller, pressing on the buttocks, assists to make
room forit. In this way the foot may be brought safely and easily
over the brim of the pelvis without any risk of laceration of the womb
by the foot. After the foot has been lifted over the brim, the whole
limb can be promptly and easily extended. In cases presenting
special difficulty in raising the foot over the brim, help may be had
by traction on a rope passed around in front of the hock, and later
still by a rope with a noose fastened to the pastern. In the worst

61386—08——13
194 DISEASES OF CATTLE.

cases, with the buttocks and hocks wedged deeply into the passages,
it may prove difficult or impossible to push the buttocks back into the
abdomen, and in such a case the extension of the hind limb is practi-
cally impossible without mutilation. In some roomy cows a calf may
be dragged through the passages by ropes attached to the bent hocks,
but even when this is possible there is great risk of laceration of the
floor of the vagina by the feet. The next resort is to cut the ham-
string just above the point of the hock and the tendon on the front of

the limb (flecor metatars?) just above the hock, and even the sinews
behind the shank bone just below the hock. This allows the stifle

and hock to move independently of each other, the one undergoing
extension without entailing the extension of the other; it also allows
both joints to flex completely, so that the impacted mass can pass
through a narrower channel. If now, by dragging on the hocks and
operating with the repeller on the buttocks, the latter can be tilted
forward sufficiently to allow of the extension of the stifle, the jam will
be at once overcome, and the calf may be extracted with the hock
bent, but the stifle extended. If even this can not be accomplished,
it may now be possible to extract the whole mass with both hocks and
stifles fully bent. To attempt this, traction may be made on the rope
around the hocks and on a sharp hook (PI. XX, fig. 2) passed forward
between the thighs and hooked on to the brim of the pelvis. Every-
thing else failing, the offending limb or limbs may be cut off at the
hip joint and extracted, after which extraction may proceed by drag-
ging on the remaining limb, or by hooks on the hip bones. Very little
is to be gained by cutting off the limb at the hock, and the stifle is
less accessible than the hip, and amputation at the stifle gives much
poorer results.

HIND LIMBS BENT FORWARD FROM THE HIP—BREECH PRESENTATION.

This is an exaggeration of the condition last described, only the
hocks and stifles are fully extended and the whole limb carried for-
ward beneath the belly. (Pl. XVII, fig. 2.) The water bags appear
and burst, but nothing presents unless it may be the tail. Examina-
tion in this case detects the outline of the buttocks, with the tail and
anus at its upper part.

The remedy, as in the case last described, consists in pushing the
buttock upward and forward with a repeller, the cow being kept stand-
ing and headed down hill until the thigh bone can be reached and
used asa lever. Its upper end is pushed forward and its lower end
raised until, the joints becoming fully flexed, the point of the hock
can be raised above the brim of the pelvis. If necessary a noose may
be passed around the leg as far down toward the hock as possible and
pulled on forcibly, while the hand presses forward strongly on the
back of the leg above. When both hocks have been lodged above the
DISEASES OF THE GENERATIVE ORGANS. 195

brim of the pelvis the further procedure is as deseribed under the last
heading.

If, however, the case is advanced and the buttocks wedged firmly
into the passages, it may be impossible to safely push the fetus back
into the womb, and the calf must either be dragged through the pas-
sage as it is or the limbs or the pelvis must be cut off. To success-
fully extract with a breech presentation the cow must be large and
roomy and the calf not too large. The first step in this case is to
separate the pelvic bones on the two sides by cutting from before
backward, exactly in the median line below and where the thighs
come together above. This may be done with a strong embryotomy
knife, but is most easily accomplished with the long embryotome.
(Pl. XX, fig. 3.) The form which I have designed (Pl. XX, fig. 1),
with a short cutting branch jointed to the main stem, is to be pre-
ferred, as the short cutting piece may be folded on the main stem so
that its cutting edge will be covered, and it can be introduced and
extracted without danger. This is pushed forward beneath the calf’s
belly, and the cutting arm opened and inserted in front of the brim
of the pelvis and pulled forciby back through the whole length of the
pelvic bones. The divided edges are now made to overlap each other
and the breadth of the haunch is materially reduced. Oneend of the
cord may then be passed forward by means of a cord carrier (Pl. XXI,
fig. 5) on the inner side of one thigh until it can be seized at the stifle
by the hand passed forward on the outer side of that thigh. This end
is now pulled back through the vagina, and the other end passed
through the cord carrier and passed forward on the inner side of the
other thigh until it can be seized at the stifle by the hand passed for-
ward outside that thigh. This end is drawn back through the vagina
like the first, and is tied around the other so as to form a running
noose. The rope is now drawn through the ring until it forms a tight
loop, encircling the belly just in front of the hind limbs. On this
strong traction can be made without interfering with the full flexion
of the limbs on the body, and if the case is a suitable one, and the
body of the fetus and the passages are both well lubricated with oil or
lard, a successful parturition may be accomplished. A less desirable
method is to put a rope around one thigh or a rope around each and
drag upon these, but manifestly the strain is not so directly on the
spine, and the limbs may be somewhat hampered in flexion.

This method being inapplicable, the next resort is to cut off one or
both hind limbs at the hip joint. Free incisions are made on the side
of the haunch so as to expose the hip joint, and the muscles are cut away
from the head of the thigh bone down to its narrow neck, around which
a rope is passed and firmly fixed with a running noose. The joint is
now cut into all around, and while traction is made on the cord the
knife is inserted into the inner side of the joint and the round ligament
severed. Thecord may now be dragged upon forcibly, and the muscles
196 DISEASES OF CATTLE.

and other parts cut through as they are drawn tense, until finally th«
whole member has been extracted. Traction on the rope round th
other thigh will now suffice to extract, in the majority of cases, but if i
should fail the other limb may be cut off in the same manner, and ther
hooks inserted in front of the brim of the pelvis or in the openings ir
the bones of its floor (obturator foramina) will give sufficient purchase
for extraction. Another method is to insert a knife between the bone
of the rump (sacrwm) and the hip bone and sever their connections
then cut through the joint (symphysis) between the two hip bones in the
median line of the floor of the pelvis, and then with a hook in the open-
ing on the pelvic bones (obturator foramen) to drag upon the limb and
cut the tense soft parts until the limb is freed and extracted.

PRESENTATION OF THE BACK.

In this presentation straining may be active, but after the rupture of
the water bags no progress is made, and the hand introduced will
recognize the back with its row of spinous processes and the springing
ribs at each side pressed against the entrance to the pelvis. (Pl. XVII,
fig. 6.) The presence or absence of the ribs will show whether it is
the region of the chest or the loins. By feeling along the line of spines
until the ribs are met with we shall learn that the head lies in that
direction. If, onthe contrary, we follow the ribs until they disappear,
and a blank space is succeeded by hip bones, it shows that we are
approaching the tail. The head may be turned upward, downward,
to the right side, or to the left.

The object must be to turn the fetus so that one extremity or the
other can enter the passage, and the choice of which end to bring for-
ward will depend on various considerations. If one end is much nearet
the outlet than the other, that would natural'y be selected for extrac-
tion, but if both ends are equidistant the choice would fall on the hind
end, as having only the two limbs to deal with, without any risk of
complication from the head. When the head is turned upward and
forward it will usually be preferable to bring up the hind limb, since,
owing to the drooping of the womb into the abdomen, rotation of the
fetus will usually be easier in that direction, and if successful the
resulting position will be a natural posterior presentation, with the
back of the calf turned toward the rump of the cow. Similarly with
the croup turned upward and forward, that should be pushed on for.
ward, and if the fore feet and head can be secured it will be a natura’
anterior presentation, with the back of the calf turned upward towar¢
the rump of the cow.

The womb should be injected with warm water or oil, and the turn.
ing of the calf will demand the combined action of the repeller and the
hand, but in all such cases the operator has an advantage that the
body of the fetus is wholly within the body of the womb, and there.
fore movable with comparative ease. No part is wedged into the
DISEASES OF THE GENERATIVE ORGANS. 197

pelvic passages as a complication. The general principles are the
same as in faulty presentation fore and hind, and no time should be
lost in making the manipulations necessary to bring the feet into the
pelvis, lest they get in bent or otherwise displaced and add unneces-
sary complications.

With a transverse direction of the calf, the head being turned to
one side, the pressure must be directed laterally, so that the body will
glide around on one side of the womb, and the extremities when
reached must be promptly seized and brought into the passages.
Sometimes a fortunate struggle of a live fetus will greatly aid in rec-
tifying the position.

BREAST AND ABDOMEN PRESENTED—ALL FOUR FEET IN THE PASSAGES,

In this form the calf lies across the womb with its roached-back
turned forward and its belly toward the pelvis. All four feet may be
extended and engaged in the passages, or one or more may be bent
on themselves so as to lie in front of the pelvis. The head, too, may
usually be felt on the right side or the left, and if detected it serves
to identify the exact position of the fetus. The position may further
be decided upon by examination of the feet and limbs. With the
limbs extended the front of the hoofs and the convex aspect of the
bent pasterns and fetlocks will look toward that flank in which lie the
head and shoulders. On examination still higher the smooth, even
outline of the knee and its bend, looking toward the hind parts, char-
acterize the fore limb, while the sharp prominence of the point of the
hock and the bend on the opposite side of the joint, looking toward
the head, indicate the hind limb. (Pl. XVII, fig. 5.)

The remedy for this condition is to be sought in repelling into the
womb those limbs that are least eligible for extraction, and bringing
into the passages the most eligible extremities. The most eligible will
usually be those which project farthest into the passages, indicating
the nearer proximity of that end of the calf. An exception may,
however, be made in favor of that extremity which will give the most
natural presentation. Thus if, owing to obliquity in the position of
the fetus, the hind extremities promised a presentation with the back
of the fetus turned down toward the udder, and the anterior extremi-
ties one with the back turned up toward the spine, the latter should
be selected. Again, if the choice for the two extremities is evenly
balanced, the hind may be chosen as offering less risk of complication,
there being no head to get displaced.

Treatment.—The first step in the treatment is to place a running
noose on each of the four feet, marking those of the fore limbs to dis-
tinguish them from those of the hind. In case it is proposed to bring
the anterior extremities into the passage, a noose should also be placed
on the lower jaw. Thenrun the ropes attached to the two feet that are
to be pushed back through the ring of a cord carrier (Pl. XXI, fig. 5),
passing the rings down to the feet, and by the aid of the carrier push
198 DISEASES OF CATTLE.

them well back into the womb and hold them there. Meanwhile drag
upon the ropes attached to the two other feet so as to bring them into
the passage (or in case of the anterior extremity on the two foot ropes
and the head one). The other feet must be pushed back into the
womb until the body of the calf is fully engaged in the passages.
After this they can no longer find an entrance, but must follow as the
body escapes.

NEGLECTED AND AGGRAVATED CASES.

In laying down the above rules for giving assistance in critical cases
of calving it is not intimated that all cases and stages can be success-
fully dealt with. Too often assistance is not sought for many hours
or even days after labor pains and the escape of the waters intimate
the danger of delay, and not seldom the long delay has been filled up
with unintelligent and injurious attempts at rendering assistance, vio-
lent pulling when resistance is insurmountable without change of posi-
tion, injuries to the vagina and womb by ill-considered but too forcibly
executed attempts to change the position, the repeated and long-con-
tinued contact with rough hands and rougher ropes and hooks, the
gashes with knives and lacerations with instruments in ignorant hands,
the infecting material introduced on filthy hands and instruments, and
the septic inflammations started in the now dry and tender passages
and womb, and not infrequently the death, putrefaction, and bloating
of the calf in the womb, rendering thé case extremely unpromising, and
making it impossible to apply successfully many of the measures above
recommended. The labor pains of the cow may have practically ceased
from exhaustion; the passages of the vagina may be so dry, tender,
friable, red, and swollen that it requires considerable effort even to
pass the oiled hand through them, and the extraction of the calf or
any portion of it through such a channel seems a hopeless task; the
womb may be equally dry and inflamed and swollen, so that its lining
membrane or even its entire thickness is easily torn; the fetal mem-
branes have lost their natural unctuous and slippery character, and
cling firmly to the dry walls of the womb, to the dry skin of the calf,
or to the hands of the operator; the dead and putrefying calf may be
so bloated with gases that the womb has been overdistended by its
presence, and the two adhere so closely that the motion of the one on
the other is practically impossible. In other cases reckless attempts
to cut the calf in pieces have left raw surfaces with projecting bones
which dangerously scratch and tear the womb and passages.

In many cases the extreme resort must be had of cutting the fetus
to pieces (embryotomy), or the still more redoubtable one of Cesarean
section (extraction through the flank).

DISSECTION OF THE UNBORN CALF (EMBRYOTOMY).

In some cases the dissection of the calf is the only feasible means
of delivering it through the natural passages; and while it is espe-
DISEASES OF THE GENERATIVE ORGANS. 199

cially applicable to the dead calf, it is also on occasions called for in
the case of the living. As a rule, the living calf should be preserved,
if possible, but if this threatens to entail the death of the cow it is
only in the case of offspring of rare value that its presentation is to
be preferred. To those acquainted with the toil, fatigue, and discom-
fort of embryotomy, no dissuasion is necessary so long as there is a
prospect of success from the simple and generally easier method of
rectifying the faulty position of the calf. But when the correction of
the position is manifestly impossible, when distortions and monstrosi-
ties of the fetus successfully obstruct delivery, when the pelvic pas-
sages are seriously contracted by fractures and bony growths, when
the passages are virtually almost closed by swelling, or when the calf
is dead and excessively swollen, no other resort may be available. In
many cases of distortion and displacement the dismemberment of the
entire calf is unnecessary, the removal of the offending member being
all that is required. It will be convenient, therefore, to describe the
various suboperations one by one and in the order in which they are
usually demanded.
AMPUTATION OF THE FORE LIMB.

In eutting off a fore limb it is the one presenting that should be
selected, since it is much more easily operated on, and its complete
removal from the side of the chest affords so much more space for
manipulation that it often makes it easy to bring the other missing limb
or the head into position. The first consideration is to skin the limb
from the fetlock up and leave the skin attached to the body. The rea-
sons for this are: (a) That the skin is the most resistant structure of
the limb, and when it has been removed the entire limb can be easily
detached; (b) the tough skin left from the amputated limb may be
used as a cord in subsequent traction on the body of the calf; (c) the
dissection and separation of the limb are far more safely accomplished
under the protection of the enveloping skin than if the operator’s
hands and instruments were in direct contact with the walls of the
passages or womb; (d) the dissection can be much more easily effected
while the skin is stretched by the left hand, so as to form a compara-
tively firmer resistant point for the knife, than when it is attempted
to cut the soft, yielding, and elastic tissues which naturally offer little
solid resistance, but constantly recede before the cutting edge of the
instrument. The preservation of the skin is therefore a cardinal
principle in the amputation of all parts in which it is at all
feasible.

The presenting foot is inclosed in a noose and drawn well out of the
passages. Then a circular incision through the skin is made around
the limb just above the fetlock. From this the skin is slit up on the
inner side of the limb to the breast. Then the projecting part of the
limb is skinned up to the vulva, traction being made on the foot by
an assistant so as to expose as much as possible. The embryotomy
200 DISEASES OF CATTLE.

knife may now be taken (PI. XXI, fig. 2), and a small hole having
been cut in the free end of the detached portion of skin, that is seized
by the left hand and extended while its firm connections with the
deeper structures are cut through. The looser connections can be
more quickly torn through with the closed fist, or the tips of the four
fingers held firmly together in a line, or with the spud, of which there
are several kinds. Much of the upper part of the limb can be skinned
more speedily without the knife, but that must be resorted to to cut
across tough bands whenever these interrupt the progress. The skin-
ning should be carried upward on the outer side of the shoulder blade
to the spine, or nearly so. Then with the knife the muscles attach-
ing the elbow and shoulder to the breastbone are cut across, together
with those on the inner side of the shoulder joint, and in front and
behind it so far as these can be reached. Steady traction is now made
upon the foot, the remaining muscles attaching the shoulder blade to
the trunk are torn through with a crackling noise, and the whole
limb, including the shoulder blade and its investing muscles, comes
away. If the shoulder blade is left the bulk of the chest is not dimin-
ished, and nothing has been gained. Before going further it is well
to see whether the great additional space thus secured in the passages
will allow of the missing limb or head to be brought into position.
If not, the other presenting part, limb or head, is to be amputated
and extracted. For the limb the procedure is a repetition of that

just described.
AMPUTATION OF THE HEAD.

The head is first seized and drawn well forward, or even outside the
vulva, by a rope with a running noose placed around the lower jaw
just behind the incisor teeth, by a sharp hook inserted in the arch of
the lower jaw behind the union of its two branches and back of the
incisor teeth, or by hooks inserted in the orbits, or, finally, in case
the whole head protrudes, by a halter. (Pl. XXI, fig. 4a and 40.)

In case the whole head protrudes, a circular incision through the
skin is made just back of the ear, and the cut edge being held firmly
by the left hand, the neck is skinned as far as it can be reached.
Then the great ligamentous cord above the spine is cut across at the
farthest available point, together with the muscles above and below
the spine. Strong traction on the head will then detach it at this
point and bring it away, but should there still be too much resistance
the knife is inserted between the bodies of two vertebree just behind
one of the prominent points felt in the median line below, and their
connecting fibrous cartilage is cut through, after which comparatively
moderate pulling will bring it away. The detached neck and body
at once slip back into the womb, and if the fore limbs are now brought
up and pulled they are advanced so far upon the chest that the trans-
verse diameter of that is greatly diminished and delivery correspond-
ingly facilitated.
DISEASES OF THE GENERATIVE ORGANS. 201

If the head is still inclosed in the vagina two methods are avail-
able: (1) The removal of the lower jaw and subsequent separation of
the head from the neck; (2) the skinning of the whole head and its
separation from the neck.

To remove the lower jaw the skin is dissected away from it until
the throat is reached. Then the muscles of the cheeks and side of
the jaw (masseters) are cut through and those connecting the jaw
with the neck. When traction is made on the rope round the lower
jaw it will usually come away with little trouble. Should it resist,
its posterior extremity on each side (behind the grinding teeth) may
be cut through with bone forceps or with a guarded bone chisel.
(Pl. XX, fig. 8.) After the removal of the lower jaw the way will be
open to separate the head from the neck, the knife being used to cut
into the first or second joint from below, or the bone forceps or chisel
being employed to cut through the bones of the neck. Then traction
is made on the head by means of hooks in the orbits, and the hand,
armed with an embryotomy knife, is introduced to cut through the
tense resisting ligament and muscles above the bones. Theskin and
the strong ligamentous cord attached to the poll are the essential
things to cut, as the muscles can easily be torn across. Unless there
are great difficulties in the way it is well to skin the head from the
eyes back, and on reaching the poll to cut through the ligament and
then bring the head away by pulling.

If it is decided to remove the entire head at once, it may be skinned
from the front of the eyes back to behind the lower jaw below and
the poll above, then cut through the muscles and ligaments around
the first joint and pull the head away, assisting, if need be, in the
separation of the head by using the knife on the ligament of the
joint.

If the calf is a double-headed monster, the skinning of the head.
must be carried backward until the point has been reached where
both heads branch from the single neck, and the separation must be
made at that point. The muscles and ligaments are first to be cut
through; and if the part can not then be detached by pulling, the
bodies of the vertebre may be separated by passing the knife through
the joint. The second head may now be secured by a noose round
the lower jaw or hooks in the orbits and brought up into place, the
body being pushed back toward the other side by a repeller, so as to
make room.

It should be added that, excepting in the case of a double-headed
monster, or in case of the head protruding or nearly so, and one or
both fore limbs presenting, it is rarely desirable to undertake ampu-
tation of the head. The space desirable in the passages can usually
be secured by the much simpler and easier procedure of removing
one or both fore limbs.
202 DISEASES OF OATTLE.
AMPUTATION OF THE HIND LIMBS.

This is sometimes demanded on the one extended limb when the
other can not be brought up and delivery can not be effected; also in
case of monsters having extra hind limbs; in cases where the calf is
dead, putrid, and bloated with gas, and in some cases of breech
presentation, as described under that head.

When the limb is extended the guiding principles are as in the case
of the fore limbs. The skin is cut through circularly above the fet-
lock and slit up to beneath the pelvic bones on the inner side of the
thigh. It is then dissected from the other parts as high as it has been
slit on the inner side and to above the prominence (trochanter major)
on the upper end of the thigh bone on the outer side of the joint. In
this procedure the hands and spud can do much, but owing to the
firmer connections the knife will be more frequently required than in
the case of the fore limb. The muscles are now cut through all
around the hip joint, and strong traction is made by two or three men
on the limb. If there is still too much resistance, a knife is inserted
into the joint on the inner side and its round ligament cut through,
after which extraction will be comparatively easy. This accom-
plished, it will often be possible to extract the fetus with the other
leg turned forward into the womb. If the calf is bloated with gas, it
may be necessary to remove the other leg in the same way, and even
to cut open the chest and abdomen and remove their contents before
extraction can be effected. In the case of extra limbs it may be pos-
sible to bring them up into the passages after the presenting hind
limbs have been removed. If this is not practicable, they may be
detached by cutting them through at the hip joint, as described under
‘* Breech presentation,” page 194.

Another method of removing the hind limb is, after having skinned
it over the quarter, to cut through the pelvic bones from before back-
ward, in the median line below, by knife, saw, or long embryotome
(Pl. XX, fig. 1), and then disjoint the bones of the spine (sacrum)
and the hip bone (iliwm) on that side with embryotome, knife, or
saw, and then drag away the entire limb, along with all the hip bones
on that side. This has the advantage of securing more room and
thereby facilitating subsequent operations. Both limbs may be re-
moved in this way, but on the removal of the second the operator is
without any solid point to drag upon in bringing away the remainder
of the fetus.

DIVISION ACROSS THE MIDDLE OF THE BODY.

In cases of extra size, monstrosity, or distortion of one end of the
body it may be requisite to cut the body in two and return the half
from the passages into the womb, even after one-half has been born.
The presenting members are dragged upon forcibly by assistants to
bring as much of the body as possible outside. Then cut through the
DISEASES OF THE GENERATIVE ORGANS. 203

skin around the body atsome distance from the vulva, and with hand,
knife, and spud detach it from the trunk as far back into the passages
as can be reached. Next cut across the body at the point reached,
beginning at the lower part (breast, belly) and proceeding up toward
the spine. This greatly favors the separation of the backbone when
reached, and further allows of its being extended so that it can be
divided higher up. When the backbone is reached, the knife is
passed between the two bones, the prominent ridges across their ends
acting as guides, and by dragging and twisting the one is easily
detached from the other. With an anterior presentation the separa-
tion should, if possible, be made behind the last rib, while with a
posterior presentation as many of the ribs should be brought away as
ean be accomplished. Having removed one half of the body, the
remaining half is to be pushed back into the womb, the feet sought
and secured with nooses, and the second half removed in one piece
if possible; and if not, then after the removal of the extra limb or
other cause of obstruction.

REMOVAL OF THE CONTENTS OF CHEST OR ABDOMEN,

If the body of the calf sticks fast in the passages by reason of the
mere dryness of its skin and of the passages, the obstacle may be
removed by injecting sweet oil past the fetus into the womb through
a rubber or other tube, and smearing the passages freely with lard.
When the obstruction depends on excess of size of the chest or abdo-
men, or thickening of the body from distorted spine, much advantage
may be derived from the removal of the contents of these great cavi-
ties of the trunk. We have already seen how the haunches may be
narrowed by cutting the bones apart in the median line below and
causing their free edges to overlap each other. The abdomen can be
cut open by the embryotomy knife or the long embryotome in the
median line, or at’ any point, and the contents pulled out with the
hand, the knife being used in any case when especial resistance is
encountered. If the abdomen is so firmly impacted that it can not be
dealt with in this way, one hind limb and the hip bone on the same
side may be removed as described under ‘‘Amputation of the hind
limbs,” page 202. This will allow the introduction of the hand into
the abdomen from behind, so as to pull out the contents. By intro-
ducing an embryotomy knife in the palm of the hand and cutting
through the muscle of the diaphragm the interior of the chest can
be reached in the same way and the heart and lungs removed.

When, in dealing with an anterior presentation, it becomes neces-
sary to remove the contents of the chest, the usual course is to cut
through the connections of the ribs with the breastbone (the costal
cartilages) close to the breastbone on each side, and from the abdo-
men forward to the neck. Then cut through the muscles connecting
the front of the breastbone with the neck and its hinder end with the
204 DISEASES OF CATTLE.

belly, and pull out the entire breastbone. Having torn out the heart
and lungs with the hand, make the rib cartilages on the one side over-
lap those on the other, so as to lessen the thickness of the chest, and
proceed to extract the body. If it seems needful to empty the abdo-
men as well, it is easy to reach it by cutting through the diaphragm,
which separates it from the chest.

DELIVERY THROUGH THE FLANK (CHSAREAN SECTION, OR
LAPAROTOMY).

This is sometimes demanded, when the distortion and narrowing of
the hip bones are such as to forbid the passage of the calf, or when
inflammation has practically closed the natural passages and the
progeny is more valuable and worthy of being saved than the dam;
also in cases in which the cow has been fatally injured, or is ill beyond
possibility of recovery and yet carries a living calf. It is too often a
last resort after long and fruitless efforts to deliver by the natural
channels, and in such cases the saving of the calf-is all that can be
expected, the exhausted cow, already the subject of active inflamma-
tion, and too often also of putrid poisoning, is virtually beyond hope.
The hope of saving the dam is greatest if she is in good health and
not fatigued, in cases, for example, in which the operation is resorted
to on account of broken hip bones or abnormally narrow passages.

The stock owner will not attempt such a serious operation as this.
Yet, where the mother has just died or is to be immediately sacrificed,
no one should hesitate at resorting to it in order to save the calf. If
alive it is important to have the cow perfectly still. Her left fore leg
being bent at the knee by one person, another may seize the left horn
and nose and turn the head to the right until the nose rests on the
spine just above the shoulder. The cow will sink down gently on her
left side without shock or struggle. One may now hold the head
firmly to the ground, while a second, carrying the end of the tail from
behind forward on the inside of the right thigh, pulls upon it so as to
keep the right hind limb wellraised from the ground. If time presses
she may be operated on in this position, or if the cow is to be sacri-
ficed a blow on the head with an ax will secure quietude. Then the
prompt cutting into the abdomen and womb and the extraction of the
calf requires no skill. If, however, the cow is to preserved, her two
fore feet and the lower hind one should be safely fastened together
and the upper hind one drawn back. Two ounces chloral hydrate,
given by injection, should induce sleep in twenty minutes and the
operation may proceed. In case the cow is to be preserved, wash the
right flank and apply a solution of 4 grains of corrosive sublimate in
a pint of water.

Then, with an ordinary scalpel or knife dipped in the above solu-
tion, make an incision from 2 inches below and in front of the outer
angle of the hip bone in a direction downward and slightly forward to
a distance of 12 inches. Cut through the muscles, and more carefully
DISEASES OF THE GENERATIVE ORGANS. 205

through the transparent lining membrane of the abdomen. (perito-
neum), letting the point of the knife lie in the groove between the first
“two fingers of the left hand as they are slid down inside the membrane
and with their back to the intestines. An assistant, whose hands, like
those of the operator, have been dipped in the sublimate solution,
may press his hands on the wound behind the knife to prevent the
protrusion of the intestines. The operator now feels for and brings
up to the wound the gravid womb, allowing it to bulge well through
the abdominal wound, so as to keep back the bowels and prevent any
escape of water into the abdomen. This is seconded by two assistants,
who press the lips of the wound against the womb. Then an incision
12 inches long is made into the womb at its most prominent point,
deep enough to penetrate its walls, but not so as to cut into the water
bags. In cutting, carefully avoid the cotyledons, which may be felt
as hard masses inside. By pressure the water bags may be made to
bulge out as in natural parturition, and this projecting portion may
be torn or cut so as to let the liquid flow down outside of the belly.
The operator now plunges his hand into the womb, seizes the fore or
hind limbs, and quickly extracts the calf and gives it to an attendant
to convey to a safe place. The womb may be drawn out, but not until
all the liquid has flowed out, and the fetal membranes must be sepa-
rated from the natural cotyledons, one by one, and the membranes
removed. The womb is now emptied with a sponge, which has been
boiled or squeezed out of a sublimate solution, and if any liquid has
fallen into the abdomen it may be removed in the same way. -A few
stitches are now placed in the wound in the womb, using carbolized
catgut. They need not be very close together, as the wound will
diminish greatly when the womb contracts. Should the womb not
contract at once it may have applied against it a sponge squeezed out
of a cold sublimate solution, or it may be drawn out of the abdominal
wound and exposed to the cold air until it contracts. Its contraction
is necessary to prevent bleeding from its enormous network of veins.
When contracted the womb is returned into the abdomen and the
abdominal wound sewed up. One set of stitches, to be placed at
intervals of 2 inches, is passed through the entire thickness of skin
and muscles and tied around two quills or little rollers resting on the
skin. (Pl. XXVIII, fig. 7.) These should be of silver, and may be
cut at one end and pulled out after the wound has healed. The super-
ficial stitches are put in every half inch and passed through the skin
only. They, too, may be of silver; or pins may be inserted through
the lips and a fine cord twisted round their ends like a figure 8. (PI.
XXVIII, fig. 9.) The points of the pins may be snipped off with
pliers. The edges may be still further held together by the applica-
tion of Venice turpentine, melted so as to become firmly adherent, and
covered with a layer of sterilized cotton wool. Then the whole should
be supported by a bandage fixed around the loins and abdomen.
DISEASES OF THE GENERATIVE ORGANS.

DESCRIPTION OF PLATES.
PLATE XII: 7

Fetus with its membranes at mid term. The uterus is opened on the left side.
In the uterus the fetus is surrounded by several membranes, which are
known as the amnion, or inner layer, the allantois, or central layer, and the
chorion, or outer layer. The amnion, or inner membrane, is nearest the
fetus, and forms a closed sac around it, filled with a fluid known as liquor
amnii, in which the fetus floats.

The allantois is the central membrane, and is composed of two layers which
form a closed sac in connection with the urachus, or the tube which extends
from the fetal bladder through the umbilical cord. The one layer of the
allantois is spread over the outer surface of the amnion and the other
over the inner surface of chorion. The allantois also contains a fluid which
is known as the allantoid liquid.

The chorion is the outer envelope or membrane of the fetus, completely inclos-
ing the fetus with its other membranes. On the outer surface of this
membrane are found the fetal placentule, or cotyledons, which, through
their attachment to the maternal cotyledons, furnish the fetus with the
means of sustaining life. The relation of the fetal and maternal cotyle-
dons to each other is illustrated on the following plate.

PLATE XIII:

Fig. 1. Uterus of the cow during pregnancy, laid open to show the cotyledons
(d) on the internal surface of uterus (c). The ovary (a) is shown cut
across, and the two halves laid open to show the position of the discharged~
ovum at a’.

Fig. 2. Illustrates the relation of the fetal and maternal parts of a cotyledon.
A portion of the uterus (A) is shown with the maternal cotyledon (BB)
attached to it. The fetal portion (D) consists of a mass of very minute
hairlike processes on the chorion (£), which fit into corresponding depres-
sions or pits of the maternal portion. Each portion is abundantly supplied
with blood vessels. so that a ready interchange of nutritive fluid may take
place between mother and fetus.

PLATE XIV:

Fig. 1. Taken from Fiirstenberg-Leisering, Anatomie und Physiologie des
Rindes. Fetal calf with a portion of the wall of the abdominal cavity of
the right side and the stomach and intestines removed to illustrate the
nature of the umbilical or navel cord. It consists of a tube (1-1') into
which pass the two umbilical arteries (3) carrying blood to the placenta
in the uterus or womb and the umbilical vein (4) bringing the blood back
and carrying it into the liver. The cord also contains the urachus (2),
which carries urine from the bladder (2) through the cord. These vessels
are all obliterated at birth. 5, liver; 5’, lobe of same, known as the lobus
Spiegelii; 5’, gall bladder; 6, right kidney: 6’, left kidney; 6”, ureters, or
the tubes conducting the urine from the kidneys to the bladder; 7, rectum,
where it has been severed in removing the intestines; 8, uterus of the
fetus, cut off at the anterior extremity; 9, aorta; 10, posterior vena cava.

206
 

DISEASES OF THE GENERATIVE ORGANS. 207

Piate XITV—Continued.

Fig. 2. Taken from Quain’s Anatomy, Vol. 1, showing the blood vessels
passing through the umbilical cord in a human fetus: L, liver; K, kidney;
I, intestines; UC, umbilical cord; Ua, umbilical arteries. The posterior
aorta coming from the heart passes backward and gives rise to the internal
iliac arteries, and of these the umbilical arteries are branches. Uv, umbil-
ical vein; this joins the portal vein, passes onward to the liver, breaks up

into smaller vessels, which reunite in the hepatic vein; this empties into
the posterior vena cava, which carries the blood back to the heart.
PLatTe XV:

Showing the most favorable position of the calf or fetus in the womb at birth,
and the position in which it is most frequently found. This is known as
the normal anterior position. The back of the fetus is directly towards
that of the mother, the fore legs are extended back towards the vulva of
the mother, and the head rests between them. The birth of the calf in
this position usually takes place without artificial assistance.

PuatTEe XVI:

Fig. 1. Anterior presentation; one fore limb completely retained. From
Fleming’s Veterinary Obstetrics. The retained limb must be reached if
possible, and brought forward joint by joint and the fetus then extracted.

Fig. 2. Anterior presentation; fore limbs bent at knee. From Fleming’s
Veterinary Obstetrics. The limbs must be extended before delivery can
be accomplished.

Fig. 3. Anterior presentation; fore limb crossed over neck. From Fleming’s
Veterinary Obstetrics. The leg should be grasped a little above the fet-
lock, raised, drawn to its proper side, and extended in the genital canal.

Fig. 4. Anterior presentation; downward deviation of head. After St. Cyr,
from Hill’s Bovine Medicine and Surgery. The head must be brought
into position seen in Plate XV before delivery can take place.

Fig. 5. Anterior presentation; deviation of the head upwards and backwards.
From Fleming’s Veterinary Obstetrics. Retropulsion is the first indica-
tion, and will often bring the head into its normal position.

Fig. 6. Anterior presentation; head presenting with back down. From D’Ar-
boval, Dict. de Med. et de Chir. The fetus should be turned by pushing
back the fore parts and bringing up the hind so as to make a posterior
presentation.

Puate XVII:

Fig. 1. Anterior presentation, with hind feet engaged in pelvis. A very serious
malpresentation, in which it is generally impossible to save the fetus if
delivery is far advanced. The indications are to force back the hind feet.

Fig. 2. Thigh and croup presentation, showing the fetus corded. From
Fleming’s Veterinary Obstetrics. The cord hasa ring or noose at one
end. The two ends of the cord are passed between the thighs. brought
out at the flanks, and the plain end passed through the noose at the top
of the back and brought outside the vulva. The fetus must be pushed
back and an attempt made to bring the limbs properly into the genital
passage.

Fig. 3. Croup and hock presentation. From Fleming’s Veterinary Obstetrics.
The indications in this abnormal presentation are the same as described
for Fig. 2.

Fig. 4. Posterior presentation; the fetus on its back. From D’Arboval, Dict,
de Med. et de Chir. Turn the fetus so as to make a normal anterior
presentation. :
208 DISEASES OF CATTLE.

Puate XVII—Continued.

Fig. 5. Sterno-abdominal presentation. From D’Arboval, Dict. de Med. et
Chir. The fetus is on its side with limbs crossing and presenting. T
limbs least eligible for extraction should be forced back into the uterus.

Fig. 6. Dorso-lumbar presentation; the back presenting. From D’Arbov:
Dict. de Med. et de Chir. The fetus must be turned so that one or t
other extremity can enter the passage.

PuaTEe XVIII:

Fig. 1. Twin pregnancy, showing the normal anterior and posterior present
tions. From Fleming’s Veterinary Obstetrics.

Fig. 2. Abdominal dropsy of the fetus; normal presentation; fore limbs corde
After Armatage. The drawing illustrates the method of puncturing tl]
abdomen through the chest with a long trocar and canula. The fluid
represented escaping from the canula after the withdrawal of the troca

Fig. 3. Tallich’s short, bent, crotchet forceps. The forceps have bent ar
toothed jaws, which are intended to take hold of the fetus where neith:
cords nor hooks can be applied, as the ear, nose, or skin of cheek.

Fig. 4. Clamp for ear, skin; etc: 1-1, blades with hooks and correspondiz
holes; 2, ring to close the blades; 3, stem with female screw for handl
4, handle, which may be either straight or jointed and flexible.

PLATE XIX:

This plate illustrates various malformations and diseases of the fetus whi
act as the cause of difficult parturition.

Figs. 1,2,3. Pepresent the fetuses with portions of their bodies double. Fi
1 (from Fleming’s Veterinary Obstetrics), double head, neck, and fo
limbs. Fig. 2 (from Encyclop. der Gesam. Thierheilkunde, 1886), dout
head, neck, fore limbs, and body. Fig. 3 (from Fleming’s Veterina
Obstetrics), double faced.

Fig. 4. Fetus with head very much enlarged. From Fleming's Veterina
Obstetrics. This affection is known as hydrocephalus, or dropsy of t'
brain, and is due to a more or less considerable quantity of fluid in t
cranial cavity of the fetus.

Fig. 5. Skull of the calf represented in Fig. 4. The roof of the skull is abser
From Fleming’s Veterinary Obstetrics.

PLaTE XX:

Fig. 1. Long embryotome with joint.’ /

Fig. 2. Long sharp hook. This instrument is about 3 feet in length, includin
the handle. Hooks of this kind, both blunt and sharp, are applied direct
to the fetus to assist in delivery.

Fig. 3. Ginther’s long-handled embryotome. This instrument and that re
resented in Fig. 1 are of special value in cutting through muscular tiss:
and in separating the limbs from the trunk when the fetus can not
removed entire. These embryotomes are usually 30 inches long, but m:
be made either longer or shorter.

Fig. 4. Jointed cord-carrier, used in difficult parturition to carry a cord in
regions which can not be reached by the arm.

Fig. 5. Instrument used to rotate or turn the fetus, known as a rotator.

Fig. 6. Dilator of the neck of the womb, used when conception can not tal
place owing to a contracted condition of the neck of the womb.

Fig. 7. Repeller. Aninstrument from 2 to 3 feet long, used to force the fet;
forward into the womb. This operation is generally necessary when t¢)

presentation is abnormal and the fetus has advanced too far into the na
row inlet to the uterus to be moved.
Diseases OF CarTLe.

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INSTRUMENTS USED IN DIFFICULT ~LABOR.
DISEASES OF THE GENERATIVE ORGANS. 209

PLATE XX—Continued.

Fig. 8. Cartwright’s bone chisel. Including the handle this instrument is
about 82 inches in length, the chisel portion is a little more than 2 inches
long and 1 to 14 broad. Only the middle portion is sharp, the projecting
corners are blunt and the sides rounded. This instrument is used for
slitting up the skin of a limb and as a bone chisel when it is necessary to
mutilate the fetus in order to effect delivery.

PLaT=e XXI:

Fig. 1. Embryotome, an instrument used when it is necessary to reduce the
size of the fetus by cutting away certain parts before birth can be effected.
This instrument may be long or short, straight or curved.

Fig, 2. Alsoan embryotome. The blade can be made to slide out of or into
the handle. The instrument can thus be introduced into or withdrawn
from the genital passage without risk of injury to the mother.

Fig. 3. Schaack’s traction cord. This is merely a cord with a running noore
at one end and a piece of wood at the other, to offer a better hold for the
hand.

Figs. 4a and 4b. Reuff’s head collar for securing the head of the fetus.

Fig. 5. Curved cord-carrier, used in difficult parturition to carry a cord into
regions which can not be reached by the arm.

Fig. 6. Blunt hook, used in difficult parturition.

Fig. 7. Short hook forceps, used in difficult parturition.

Fig. 8. Blunt finger hook.

61886—08——14
DISEASES FOLLOWING PARTURITION.

By Jamres Law, F. R.C. V.5.,
Professor of Veterinary Science, etc., in Cornell University.

FLOODING (BLEEDING FROM THE WOMB).

Though not so common in the cow as in the human female, flooding
is sufficiently frequent to demand attention. It may depend on a too
rapid calving, and a consequent failure of the womb to contract when
the calf has been removed. The pregnant womb is extraordinarily
rich in blood vessels, and ‘especially in large and tortuous veins,
which become compressed and all but obliterated under contraction,
but remain overfilled and often bleed into the cavity of the womb
should no contraction take place. Cox records cases in which the
labor pains had detached and expelled the fetal membranes, while
the calf, owing to large size or wrong presentation, was detained in
the womb, and the continued dilatation of the womb in the absence
of the fetal membranes led to a flow of blood which accumulated in
clots around the calf. Other causes are laceration of the cotyledons
of the womb, or from an antecedent inflammation of the placenta, and
the unnatural adhesion of the membranes to the womb, which bleeds
when the two are torn apart. Weakness of the womb from overdis-
tention, as in dropsy, twins, etc., isnot without its influence. Finally,
eversion of the womb (casting the withers) is an occasional cause of
flooding. The trouble is only too evident when the blood fiows from
the external passages in drops or in a fine stream. But when it is
retained in the cavity of the womb it may remain unsuspected until
it has rendered the animal almost bloodless. The symptoms in such
a case are paleness of the eyes, nose, mouth, and of the lips of the
vulva, a weak, rapid pulse, violent and perhaps loud beating of the
heart (palpitations), sunken, staring eyes, coldness of the skin, ears,
horns, and limbs, perspiration, weakness in standing, staggering
gait, and finally inability to rise, and death in convulsions. If these
symptoms are seen, the oiled hand should be introduced into the
womb, which will be found open and flaccid and containing large
blood clots.

Treatment.—Treatment consists in the removal of the fetal mem-
branes and blood clots from the womb (which will not contract while
they are present), the dashing of cold water on the loins, right flank,
and vulva, and if these measures fail the injection of cold water into

210
DISEASES FOLLOWING PARTURITION. 911

the womb through a rubber tube furnished with a funnel. In obsti-
nate cases a good-sized sponge soaked in tincture of muriate of iron
should be introduced into the womb and firmly squeezed, so as to
bring the iron in contact with the bleeding surface. This is at once
an astringent and a coagulant for the blood, besides stimulating the
womb to contraction. In the absence of this agent astringents (solu-
tion of copperas, alum, tannic acid, or acetate of lead) may be thrown
into the womb, and one-half-dram doses of acetate of lead may be
given by the mouth, or 1 ounce powdered ergot of rye may be given
in gruel. When nothing else is at hand, an injection of oil of tur-
pentine will sometimes promptly check the bleeding.

EVERSION OF THE WOMB (CASTING THE WITHERS).

Like flooding, this is the result of failure of the womb to contract
after calving. If that organ contracts naturally, the afterbirth is
expelled, the internal cavity of the womb is nearly closed, and the
mouth of the organ becomes so narrow that the hand can not be
forced through, much less the whole mass of the matrix. When,
however, it fails to contract, the closed end of one of the horns may
fall into its open internal cavity, and under the compression of the
adjacent intestines, and the straining and contraction of the abdomi-
nal walls, it is forced farther and farther; until the whole organ is
turned outside in, slides back through the vagina, and hangs from
the vulva. The womb can be instantly distinguished from the pro-
truding vagina or bladder by the presence over its whole surface of
fifty to one hundred mushroom-like bodies (cotyledons), each 2 to 3
inches in diameter, and attached by a narrow neck. (Pls. XII,
XIII.) When fully everted, it is further recognizable by a large,
undivided body hanging from the vulva, and two horns or divisions
which hang down toward the hocks. In the imperfect eversions the
body of the womb may be present with two depressions leading into
the two horns. In the cases of some standing the organ has become
inflamed and gorged with blood until it is as large as a bushel basket,
and its surface has a dark-red, blood-like hue, and tears and bleeds
on the slightest touch. Still later lacerations, raw sores, and even
gangrene are shown in the mass. At the moment of protrusion the
general health is not altered, but soon the inflammation and fever
with the violent and continued straining induce exhaustion, and the
cow lies down, making no attempt to rise.

Treatment.—Treatment will vary somewhat, according to the degree
of the eversion. In partial eversion, with the womb protruding only
slightly from the vulva and the cow standing, let an assistant pinch
the back to prevent straining while the operator pushes his closed fist
into the center of the mass and carries it bac< through the vagina,
assisting in returning the’surrounding parts by the other hand. In
more complete eversion, but with the womb as yet of its natural bulk
212 DISEASES OF CATTLE.

and consistency, and the cow standing, straining being checked by
pinching the back, a sheet is held by two men so as to sustain the
everted womb and raise it to the level of the vulva. It is now sponged
clean with cold water, the cold being useful in driving out the blood
and reducing the bulk, and finally it may be sponged over with
laudanum or with a weak solution of carbolic acid (1 dram to 1 quart
water).

The closed fist may now be planted in the rounded end of the largest
horn and pushed on so as to turn it back within itself and carry it on
through the vagina, the other hand being used meanwhile to assist in
the inversion and in pushing the different masses in succession
within the lips of the vulva. In case of failure, resort should be had
at once to a plan which J have successfully followed for many years.
Take a long linen or cotton bandage, 5 or 6 inches wide, and wind it
around the protruding womb as tightly as it can be drawn, beginning
at the free end and gradually covering the entire mass up to the vulva.
By this means the greater part of the blood will be forced out of the organ
and its bulk greatly reduced, so that its reduction is much facilitated.
An additional advantage is found in the protection given to the womb
by its investing bandage while it is being pushed forward into the
vagina and abdomen. In manipulating the exposed womb there is
always danger of laceration, but when the organ is covered with a
sheet it is next to impossible to tear it. The subsequent manipula-
tion is as in the other case, by pushing the blind end forward within
itself with the closed fist and carrying this on through the vagina
into the abdomen with the constant assistance of the other hand. It
will often be found convenient to use the edge of the left hand to
push the outer part of the protruding mass inside the lips of the vulva,
while the right hand and arm are carrying the central portions for-
ward through the vagina. An intelligent assistant, pushing with the
palms of both hands on the outer portion of the mass, will also afford
material assistance. As the womb is turned within itself the wrap-
ping bandage will gradually loosen, but once the great mass has
entered the passages it is easy to compel the rest to follow, and the
compression by the bandage is no longer so important. When the
womb is fully replaced the bandage is left in its interior in a series of
loose folds, and can be easily withdrawn. It is well to move the hand
from side to side to insure that the two horns of the womb are fully
extended and on about the same level before withdrawing the arm
and applying a truss. :

When the womb has been long everted and is gorged with blood,
inflamed, and friable there is often the additional disadvantage that
the animal is unable or unwilling to rise. When lying down the
straining can not be controlled so effectually, and the compression of
DISEASES FOLLOWING PARTURITION. 2138

the belly is so great as to prove a serious obstacle to reduction, even
in the absence of straining. The straining may be checked by 2 or 3
ounces of laudanum or 2 ounces of chloral hydrate, or by inhalation
of chloroform to insensibility, and then by raising the hind parts on
straw bundles the gravitation of the abdominal organs forward may
be made to lessen the resistance. If success can not be had in this
way, the cow may be further turned on her back, and if return is still
impossible, the hind limbs may be tied together and drawn up to a
beam overhead by the aid of a pulley. In this position, in place of
the pressure backward of the bowels proving a hindrance, their gravi-
tation forward proves a most material help to reduction. In seeking
to return the womb the sponging with ice-cold water, the raising
on a sheet, and the wrapping in a tight bandage should be resorted
to. Another method which is especially commendable in these
inflamed conditions of the womb is to bring a piece of linen sheet,
30 by 36 iuches, under the womb, with its anterior border close up to
the vulva, then turn the posterior border upward and forward over
the organ, and cross the two ends over this and over each other above.
The ends of the sheet are steadily drawn, so as to tighten its hold on
the womb, which is thus held on the level of the vulva or above, and
cold water is constantly poured upon the mass. The reduction is
further sought by compression of the mass with the palms applied
outside the sheet. Fifteen or twenty minutes are usually sufficient
to cause the return of the womb, provided straining is prevented by
pinching of the back or otherwise. :

In old and aggravated cases, with the womb torn, bruised, or even
gangrenous, the only resort is to amputate the entire mass. This is
done by tying a strong waxed cord around the protruding mass close
up to the vulva, winding the cord around pieces of wood, so as to draw
it as tightly as possible, cutting off the organ below this ligature,
tying a thread on any artery that may still bleed, and returning the
stump well into the vagina.

Retention of the returned womb is the next point, and this is most
easily accomplished by a rope truss. Take two ropes, each about 18
feet long and an inch in thickness. Double each rope at its middle,
and lay the one above the other at the bend so as to form an ovoid of
about 8 inches in its long diameter. Twist each end of the one rope
twice around the other, so that this ovoid will remain when they are
drawn tight. (Pls. XXII and XXIII.) Tie astrap or rope around the
back part of the neck and a surcingle around the body. Place the rope
truss on the animal so that the ovoid ring shall surround the vulva,
the two ascending ropes on the right and left of the tail and the two
descending ones down inside the thighs on the right and left of the
udder. These descending ropes are carried forward on the sides of
the body and tied to the surcingle and to the neck collar. The
ascending ropes proceed forward on the middle of the back, twisting
214 DISEASES OF CATTLE.

over each other, and are tied to the surcingle and collar. the upper
and lower ropes are drawn so tightly that the rope ring is made to
pross firmly all around the vulva without risk of displacement. This
should be worn for several days, until the womb shall have closed
and all risk of further eversion is at an end. Variations of this
device are found in the use of a narrow triangle of iron applied
around the vulva and fixed by a similar arrangement of ropes, sur-
eingle, and collar (Pl. XXIII, fig. 3), a common crupper similarly
held around the vulva (Pl. XXII, fig. 1), stitches through the vulva,
and wires inserted through the skin on the two hips (Pl. XXIII, fig. 2),
so that they will cross behind the vulva; also pessaries of various
kinds inserted in the vagina. None of these, however, presents any
advantage over the simple and comparatively painless rope truss
described above. Such additional precautions as keeping the cow in
a stall higher behind than in front, and seeing that the diet is slightly
laxative and nonstimulating may be named. I=fstraining is persistent,
ounce doses of lJaudanum may be employed twice a day, and the same
may be injected into the vagina.

If the womb has been cut off, injections of a solution of a teaspoon-
ful of carbolic acid in a quart of water should be employed daily, or-
more frequently, until the discharge ceases.

EVERSION OF THE BLADDER.

A genuine eversion of the bladder is almost unknown in the cow,
owing to the extreme narrowness of its mouth. The protrusion of the
bladder, however, through a laceration in the floor of the vagina sus-
tained in calving, and its subsequent protrusion through the vulva, is
sometimes met with. In this case the protruding bladder contains
urine, which can never be the case in a real eversion, in which the
inner surface of the bladder and the openings of the ureters are both
exposed outside the vulva. The presence of a bag containing water,
which is connected with the floor of the vagina, will serve to identify
this condition. If the position of the bladder in the vulva renders it
impracticable to pass a catheter to draw off the urine, pierce the
organ with the nozzle of a hypodermic syringe, or even a very small
trocar and canula, and draw off the water, when it will be found an
easy matter to return the bladder to its place. The rent in the vagina
can be stitched up, but as there would be risk in any subsequent
calving it is best to prepare the cow for the butcher.

RUPTURE OF THE BLADDER.

This has been known to occur in protracted parturition when the
fetus finally passed while the bladder was full. The symptoms are
those of complete suppression of urime and tenderness of the abdo-
men, witha steady accumulation of liquid and fluctuation on handling
DISEASES FOLLOWING PARTURITION. 215

its lower part. If the hand is introduced into the vagina it is felt to
be hot and tender, and perhaps slightly swollen along its floor. Asa
final test, if the lower fluctuating part of the abdomen is punctured
with a hypodermic needle, a straw-colored liquid of an urinous odor
flows out. The condition has been considered as past hope. The
only chance for recovery would be in opening the abdomen, evacuat-
ing the liquid, and stitching up the rent in the bladder, but at such
a season and with inflammation already started there would be little

to hope for.
RUPTURE OF THE WOMB.

When the womb has been rendered friable by disease this may occur
in the course of the labor, but much more frequently it occurs from
violence sustained in attempting assistance in difficult parturition.
It is also liable to occur during eversion of the organ through efforts
to replace it.

If it happens while the calf is still in the womb, it will usually bleed
freely and continuously until the fetus has been extracted, so that the
womb can contract on itself and expel its excess of blood. Another
danger is that in case of a large rent the calf may escape into the cav-
ity of the abdomen and parturition become impossible. Still another
danger is that of the introduction of septic germs and the setting up of
a fatal inflammation of the lining membrane of the belly (peritoneum).
Still another is the escape of the small intestine through the rent and
on through the vagina and vulva, so as to protrude externally and
receive perhaps fatal injuries. In case of rupture before calving, that
act should be completed as rapidly and carefully as possible, the fetal
membranes removed and the contraction of the womb sought by dash-
ing cold water on the loins, the right flank, or the vulva. If the calf
has escaped into the abdomen and can not be brought through the
natural channels it may be permissible to fix the animal and extract
it through the side, as in the Cesarian section. If the laceration has
happened during eversion of the womb it is usually less redoubtable,
because the womb contracts more readily under the stimulus of the
cold air sorecently applied. In case the abdomen has been laid open
it is well to stitch up the rent, but if not it should be left to nature, and
will often heal satisfactorily, the cow even breeding successfully in
after years.

LACERATIONS AND RUPTURES OF THE VAGINA.

Rupture of the floor of the vagina has been already referred to as
allowing the protrusion of the bladder. Laceration of the roof of this
passage is also met with as the result of deviations of the hind limbs
and feet upward when the calf lies on its back. In some such cases
the opening passes clear into the rectum, or the foot may even pass
out through the anus, so that that opening and the vulva are laid open
into one.
216 DISEASES OF CATTLE.

Simple superficial lacerations of the vaginal walls are not usually
serious, and heal readily unless septic inflammation sets in, in which
case the cow is likely to perish. They may be treated with soothing
and antiseptic injections, such as carbolic acid, 1 dram; water, 1
quart.

The more serious injuries depend on the complications. Rupture
ot the anterior part of the canal, close to the mouth of the womb, may
lead to the introduction of infecting germs into the cavity of the abdo-
men, or protrusion of the bowel through the rent and externally, either
of which is likely to prove fatal. If both these conditions are escaped
the wound may heal spontaneously. Rupture into the bladder may
lead to nothing worse than a constant dribbling of urine from the
vulva. The cow should be fattened if she survives. Rupture into
the rectum will entail a constant escape of feces through the vulva,
and, of course, the same condition exists when the anus as well has
been torn open. I have successfully sewed up an opening of this
kind in the mare, but in the cow it is probably better to prepare for
the butcher.

CLOTS OF BLOOD IN THE WALLS OF THE VAGINA.

During calving the vagina may be bruised so as to cause escape of
blood beneath the mucous membrane and its coagulation into large
bulging clots. The vulva may appear swollen, and on separating its
lips the mucous membrane of the vagina is seen to be raised into
irregular rounded swellings of a dark-blue or black color, and which
pit on pressure of the finger. If the accumlation of blood is not
extensive it may be reabsorbed, but if abundant it may lead to irri-
tation and dangerous inflammation, and should be incised with a
lancet and the clots cleared out. The wounds may then be sponged
twice a day with a lotion made with 1 dram sulphate of zine, 1 dram
carbolic acid, and 1 quart water.

RETAINED AFTERBIRTH.

The cow, of all our domestic animals, is especially subject to this
accident. This may be partly accounted for by the firm connections
established through the fifty to one hundred cotyledons (Pl. XIII,
fig. 2) in which the fetal membranes dovetail with the follicles of the
womb. It is also most liable to occur after abortion, in which prepa-
ration has not been made by fatty degeneration for the severance of
these close connections. In the occurrence of inflammation, causing
the formation of new tissue between the membranes and the womb,
we find the occasion of unnaturally firm adhesions which prevent the
spontaneous detachment of the membranes. Again, in low conditions
of health and an imperfect power of contraction we find a potent
cause of retention, the general debility showing particularly in the
indisposition of the womb to contract, after calving, with sufficient
DISEASES FOLLOWING PARTURITION. ye’

energy to expel the afterbirth. Hence we find the condition common
with insufficient or innutrious food, and in years or localities in which
the fodder has suffered from weather. Ergoted (Pl. V), smutty, or
musty fodder, by causing abortion, is a frequent cause of retention.
Old cows are more subject than young ones, probably because of
diminishing vigor. A temporary retention is sometimes due to a too
rapid closure of the neck of the womb after calving, causing strangu-
lation and imprisonment of themembranes. Conditions favoring this
are the drinking of cold (iced) water, the eating of cold food (frosted
roots), and (through sympathy between udder and womb) a too
prompt sucking by the calf or milking by the attendant.
Synvptoms.—The symptoms of retention of the afterbirth are usu-
ally only too evident, as the membranes hang from the vulva and rot
away gradually, causing the most offensive odor throughout the build-
ing. When retained within the womb by closure of its mouth and
similarly in cases in which the protruded part has rotted off, the
decomposition continues and the fetid products escaping by the vulva
appear in offensively smelling pools on the floor, and mat together the
hairs near the root of the tail. The septic materials retained in the
womb cause inflammation of its lining membrane, and this, together
with the absorption into the blood of the products of putrefaction,
leads to ill health, emaciation, and drying up of the milk.
Treatment.— Treatment will vary according to the conditions.
When the cow is in low condition or when retention is connected
with drinking iced water or eating frozen food, hot drinks and hot
mashes of wheat bran or other aliment may be all sufficient. If,
along with the above conditions, the bowels are somewhat confined,
‘an ounce of ground ginger, or half an ounce of black pepper,
given with a quart of sweet oil, or 14 pounds of Glauber’s salts,
the latter in at least 4 quarts of warm water, will often prove effect-
ual. A bottle or two of flaxseed tea, made by prolonged boiling,
should also be given at frequent intervals. Other stimulants, like
rue, savin, laurel, and carminitives like anise, cumin, and coriander
are preferred by some, but with very questionable reason, the more
so that the first three are not without danger. Ergot of rye, 1 ounce,
or extract of the same, | dram, may be resorted to to induce contrac-
‘tion of the womb. The mechanical extraction of the membranes is,
however, often called for; of this there are several methods. The
simplest is to hang a weight of 1 or 2 pounds to the hanging portion,
and allow this, by its constant dragging and Dy its jerking effect
when the cow moves, to pull the membranes from their attachments
and to stimulate the womb to expulsive contractions. But in the
neglected cases, when the dependant mass is already badly decom-
posed, it is liable to tear across under the added weight, leaving a
portion of the offensive material imprisoned in the womb. Again,
this uncontrolled dragging upon a relaxed womb will (in exceptional
218 DISEASES OF CATTLE.

cases only, it is true) cause it to become everted and to protrude
in this condition from the vulva.

A second resort is to seize the dependant part of the afterbirth
between two sticks, and roll it up on these until they lie against the
vulva; then, by careful traction, accompanied by slight jerking move-
ments from side to side, the womb is stimulated to expulsive contrac-
tions and the afterbirth is wound up more and more on the sticks
until finally its last connections with the womb are severed and the
remainder is expelled suddenly en masse. It is quite evident that
neglected cases with putrid membranes are poor subjects for this
method, as the afterbirth is liable to tear across, leaving a mass in
the womb. During the progress of the work any indication of tear-
ing is the signal to stop and proceed with greater caution or alto-
gether abandon the attempt in this way.

The third method (that with the skilled hand) is the most promptly
and certainly successful. For this the operator had best strip and
dress as for a parturition case. Again, the operation should be under-
taken within twenty-four hours after calving, since later the mouth
of the womb may be so closed that it becomes difficult to introduce
the hand. The operator should smear his arms with carbolized lard
or vaseline to protect them against infection, and particularly in
delayed cases with putrid membranes. An assistant holds the tail to
one side while the operator seizes the hanging afterbirth with the left
hand, while he introduces the right along the right side of the vagina
and womb, letting the membranes slide through his palm until he
reaches the first cotyledon to which they remain adherent. In case
no such connection is within reach, gentle traction is made on the
membranes with the left hand until the deeper parts of the womb are
brought within reach and the attachments to the cotyledons can be
-reached. Then the soft projection of the membrane, which is attached
to the firm fungus-shaped cotyledon on the inner surface of the womb,
is seized by the little finger, and the other fingers and thumb are closed
on itso as to tear it out from its connections. To explain this it is
only necessary to say that the projection from the membrane is cov-
ered by soft conical processes, which are received into cavities of a
corresponding size on the summit of the firm mushroom-shaped cotyle-
don growing from the inner surface of the womb. To draw upon the
former, therefore, is to extract its soft villous processes from within
the follicles or cavities of the other. (Pl. XIII, fig. 2.) If it is at
times difficult to start this extraction it may be necessary to get the
finger nail inserted between the two, and once started the finger may
be pushed on, lifting all the villi in turn out of their cavities. This
process of separating the cotyledons must be carefully conducted, one
after another, until the last has been detached and the afterbirth
comes freely out of the passages. I have never found any evil result
from the removal of the whole mass at one operation, but Shaack
DISEASES FOLLOWING PARTURITION. 219

mentions the eversion of the womb as the possible result of the nec-
essary traction, and in cases in which those in the most distant part
of the horn of the womb can not be easily reached, he advises to attach
a cord to the membranes inside the vulva, letting it hang out behind,
and to cut off the membranes below the cord. Then, after two or
three days’ delay, he extracts the remainder, now softened and easily
detached. If carefully conducted, so as not to tear the cotyledons of
the womb, the operation is eminently successful; the cow suffers little,
and the straining roused by the manipulations soon subsides. Keep-
ing in a quiet, dark place, or driving a short distance at a walking
pace, will serve to quiet these. When the membranes have been with-‘
drawn, the hand, half closed, may be used to draw out of the womb
the offensive liquid that has collected. If the case is a neglected one,
and the discharge is very offensive, the womb must be injected as for
leucorrhea.

INFLAMMATION OF THE VAGINA (VAGINITIS).

This may occur independently of inflammation of the womb, and
usually as the result of bruises, lacerations, or other injuries sustained
during calving. It will be shown by swelling of the lips of the vulva,
which, together with their lining membrane, become of a dark-red or
leaden hue, and the mucous discharge increases and becomes whitish
or purulent, and it may be fetid. Slight cases recover spontaneously,
or under warm fomentations or mild astringent injections (a teaspoon-
ful of carbolic acid in a quart of water), but severe cases may go on
to the formation of large sores (ulcers), or considerable portions of the
mucous membrane may die and slough off. Baumeister records two
ceases of diphtheritic vaginitis, the second case in a cow four weeks
calved, contracted from the first in a newly calved cow. Both proved
fatal, with formation of false membranes as far as the interior of the
womb. In all severe cases the antiseptic injections must be applied
most assiduously. The carbolic acid may be increased to one-half
ounce to a quart, or chlorine water, or peroxide of hydrogen solution
may be injected at least three times a day. Hyposulphite of soda, 1
ounce to a quart of water, is an excellent application, and the same
amount may be given by the mouth.

LEUCORRHEA (MUCOPURULENT DISCHARGE FROM THE PASSAGES).

This is due to a continued or chronic inflammation of the womb, or
the vagina, or both. It usually results from injuries sustained in calv-
ing, or from irritation by putrid matters in connection with retained
afterbirth, or from the use of some object in the vagina (pessary) to
prevent eversion of the womb. Exposure to cold or other cause of
disturbance of the health may affect an organ so susceptible as this
at the time of parturition so as to cause inflammation.

Symptoms.—The main symptom is the glairy white discharge flow-
220 DISEASES OF CATTLE.

ing constantly or intermittently (when the cow lies down), soiling the
tail and matting its hairs and those of the vulva. When the lips of
the vulva are drawn apart the mucous membrane is seen to be red,
with minute elevations, or pale and smooth. The health may not suffer
at first, but if the discharge continues and is putrid the health fails,
the milk shrinks, and flesh is lost. If the womb is involved the hand
introduced into the vagina may detect the mouth of the womb slightly
open and the liquid collected within its cavity. Examination with the
oiled hand in the rectum may detect the outline of the womb beneath,
somewhat enlarged, and fluctuating under the touch from contained
fluid. In some cases heat is more frequent or intense than natural,
but the animal rarely conceives when served, and, if she does, is likely
to abort.

Treatment.—Treatment with the injections advised for vaginitis is
successful in mild or recent cases. In obstinate ones stronger solu-
tions may be used after the womb has been washed out by a stream
of tepid water until it comes clear. A rubber tube is inserted into
the womb, a funnel placed in its raised end, and the water, and after-
wards the solution, poured slowly through this. If the neck of the
womb is so close that the liquid can not escape, a second tube may
be inserted to drain it off. As injections may be used chlorid of
zine, one-half dram to the.quart of water, or sulphate of iron, 1 dram
to the quart. Three drams of sulphate of iron and one-half ounce
ground ginger may also be given in the food daily.

INFLAMMATION OF THE WOMB (METRITIS, INFLAMMATION OF WOMB
AND ABDOMEN, OR METROPERITONITIS).

Inflammation of the womb may be slight or violent, simple or asso-
ciated with putrefaction of its liquid contents and general poisoning,
or it may extend so that the inflammation affects the lining membrane
of the whole abdominal cavity. In the last two cases the malady is a
very grave one.

Causes.—The causes are largely the same as those causing inflam-
mation of the vagina. Greater importance must, however, be attached
to exposure to cold and wet and septic infection.

Symptoms.—The symptoms appear two or three days after calving,
when the cow may be seen to shiver, or the hair stands erect, espe-
cially along the spine, and the horns, ears, and limbs are cold. The
temperature in the rectum is elevated by one or two degrees, the pulse
is small, hard, and rapid (70 to 100), appetite is lost, rumination
ceases, and the milk shrinks in quantity or is entirely arrested, and
the breathing is hurried. The hind limbs may shift uneasily, the tail
be twisted, the head and eyes turn to the right flank, and the teeth
are ground. With the flush of heat to the horns and other extremi-
ties, there is redness of the eyes, nose, and mouth, and usually a dark
redness about the vulva. Pressure on the right flank gives manifest
DISEASES FOLLOWING PARTURITION. 221

pain, causing moaning or grunting, and the hind limbs are moved
stiffly, extremely so if the general lining of the abdomen is involved.
In severe cases the cow lies down and can not be made to rise. There
is usually marked thirst, the bowels are costive, and dung is passed
with pain and effort. The hand inserted into the vagina perceives
the increased heat, and when the neck of the womb is touched the
cow winces with pain. Examination through the rectum detects
enlargement and tenderness of the womb. The discharge from the
vulva is at first watery, but becomes thick, yellow, and finally red or
brown, with a heavy or fetid odor. Some cases recover speedily and
may be almost well in a couple of days; a large proportion perish
within two days of the attack, and some merge into the chronic form,
terminating in leucorrhea. In the worst cases there is local septic
infection and ulceration, or even gangrene of the parts, or there is
general septicemia, or the inflammation involving the veins of the
womb causes coagulation of the blood contained in them, and the
washing out of the clots to the right heart and lungs leads to blocking
of the vessels in the latter and complicating pneumonia. Inflamma-
tions of the womb and passages after calving are always liable to
these complications, and consequently to a fatal issue. Franck
records three instances of rapidly fatal metritis in cows, all of which
had been poisoned from an adjacent cow with retained and putrid
afterbirth. Others have had similar cases.

Treatment.—Treatment in the slight cases of simple inflammation
does not differ much from that adopted for vaginitis, only care must.
be taken that the astringent and antiseptic injections are made to
penetrate into the womb. After having washed out the womb a solu-
tion of chloride of lime or permanganate of potash (one-half ounce to 1
quart of water), with an ounce each of glycerin and laudanum to ren-
der it more soothing, will often answer every purpose.. It is usually
desirable to open the bowels with 14 pounds Glauber’s salts and 1
ounce ginger in 4 quarts of warm water and to apply fomentations of
warm water or even mustard poultices or turpentine to the right flank.

In the violent attacks with high temperature and much prostration,
besides the salts agents must be given to lower the temperature and
counteract septic poisoning. Salicylate of soda one-half ounce, or
quinia 2 drams, repeated every four hours, will help in both ways, or
ounce doses of hyposulphite of soda or dram doses of carbolic acid
may be given at equal intervals until six doses have been taken.
Tincture of aconite has often been used in 20-drop doses every six
hours. If the temperature rises to 106° or 107° F., it must be met by
the direct application of cold or iced water to the surface. The animal
may be covered with wet sheéts and cold water poured on these at
intervals until the temperature in the rectum is lowered to 102° F.
In summer the cow may be allowed to dry spontaneously, while in
winter it should be rubbed dry and blanketed. Even in the absence

x
222 DISEASES OF CATTLE.

of high temperature much good may be obtained from the soothing
influence of a wet sheet covering the loins and flanks and well cov-
ered at all points by a dry one. This may be followed next day by a
free application of mustard and oil of turpentine. When the animal
shows extreme prostration alcohol (1 pint) or carbonate of ammonia
(1 ounce) may be given to tide over the danger, but such cases usually
perish.

In this disease, even more than in difficult and protracted parturi-
tion or retained placenta, the attendants must carefully guard against
the infection of their hands and arms from the diseased parts. The
hand and arm before entering the passages should always be well
smeared with lard impregnated with carbolic acid.

MILK FEVER (PARTURITION FEVER, PARTURIENT APOPLEXY, OR PAR-
TURIENT COLLAPSE).

This disease is not only peculiar to the cow, but it may be said to ~
be virtually confined to the ‘improved and plethoric cow. It further
occurs only at or near the time of calving. Indeed, these two factors,
calving and plethora, may be set apart as preeminently the causes of
this disease. It is the disease of cows that have been improved in
the direction of early maturity, power of rapid fattening, or a heavy
yield of milk, and hence it is characteristic of those having great
appetites and extraordinary power of digestion. The heavy milking
breeds are especially its victims, as in these the demand for the daily
yield of 50 to 100 pounds of milk means even more than a daily increase
of 2 to 3 pounds of body weight, mainly fat. The victims are not
always fat when attacked, but they are cows having enormous powers
of digestion, and which have been fed heavily at the time. Hence
the stall-fed, city dairy cow, and the farm cow on a rich clover pas-
ture in June or July, are especially subject. The condition of the
blood globules in the suffering cow attests the extreme richness and
density of the blood, yet this peculiarity appears to have entirely
escaped the notice of veterinary writers. I have never examined the
blood of a victim of this disease without finding the red-blood globules
reduced to little more than one-half their usual size. Now, these
globules expand or contract according to the density of the liquid in
which they float. If we dilute the blood with water they will expand
until they burst, whereas if solids, such as salt or albumen, are added
they shrink to a large extent. Their small size, therefore, in parturi-
tion fever indicates the extreme richness of the blood, or, in other
words, plethora.

Confinement in the stall is an accessory cause, partly because stabled
cattle are highly fed, partly because the air is hotter and fouler, and
partly because there is no expenditure by exercise of the rich prod-
ucts of digestion.

High temperature is conducive to the malady, though the extreme
a

DISEASES FOLLOWING PARTURITION. 223

colds of winter are no protection against it. Heat, however, conduces
to fever, and fever means lessened secretion, which means a plethorie
state of the circulation. The heats of summer are, however, often
only a coincidence of the real cause, the mature rich pastures, and
especially the clover ones, being the greater.

Electrical disturbances have an influence of a similar kind, disturb-
ing the functions of the body and favoring sudden variations in the
circulation. A succession of cases of the malady often accompany or
precede a change of weather from dry to wet, from a low to a high
barometric pressure.

Costiveness, which is the usual concomitant of fever, may in a case
of this kind become an accessory cause, the retention in the blood of
what should have passed off by the bowels tending to increase the
fullness of the blood vessels and the density of the blood.

Mature age is a very strong accessory cause. The disease never
occurs with the first parturition, and rarely with the second. It
appears with the third, fourth, fifth, or sixth—after the growth of the
cow has ceased and when all her powers are devoted to the produc-
tion of milk.

Calving is an essential condition, as the disturbance of the circula-
tion consequent on the contraction of the womb and the expulsion
into the general circulation of the enormous mass of blood hitherto
circulating in the walls of the womb fills to repletion the vessels of
the rest of the body and very greatly intensifies the already existing
plethora. If this is not speedily counterbalanced by a free secretion
from the udder, kidneys, bowels, and other excretory organs, the most
dire results may ensue. Calving may thus be held to be an exciting
cause, and yet the labor and fatigue of the act are not active factors.
It is after the easy calving, when there has been little expenditure of
muscular or nervous energy, and no loss of blood, that this malady is
seen. Difficult parturitions may be followed by metritis, but they are
rarely connected with parturition fever.

All these factors coincide in intensifying the one condition of pleth-
ora, and point to that as a most essential cause of this affection. It
is needless to enter here into the much-debated question as to the
mode in which the plethora brings about the characteristic symptoms
and results. As the results show disorder or suspension of the nerv-
ous functions mainly, it may suffice to say that this condition of the
blood and blood vessels is incompatible with the normal functional
activity of the nerve centers. How much is due to congestion of the
brain and how much to bloodlessness may well be debated, yet in a
closed box like the cranium, in which the absolute contents can not
be appreciably increased or diminished, it is evident that, apart from
dropsical effusion or inflammatory exudation, there can only be a
given amount of blood; therefore, if one portion of the brain is con-
gested another must be proportionately bloodless, and as congestion
224 DISEASES OF CATTLE.

of the eyes and head generally, and great heat of the head are most
prominent features of the disease, congestion of the brain must be
accepted. This, of course, implies a lack of blood in certain other
parts or blood vessels.

The latest developments of treatment indicate very clearly that the
main cause is the production of poisonous metabolic products (leuco-
mains and toxins) by secreting cells of the follicles of the udder, act-
ing on the susceptible nerve centers of the plethoric, calving cow.
Less fatal examples of udder poisons are found in the first milk (colos-
trum), which is distinctly irritant and purgative, and in the toxic
qualities of the first milk drawn from an animal which has been sub-
jected to violent overexertion or excitement. Still more conclusive as
to the production of such poisons is the fact that the full distention
of the milk ducts and follicles, and the consequent driving of the
blood out of the udder and arrest of the formation of depraved prod-
ucts, determines a speedy and complete recovery from the disease.
This does not exclude the other causes above named, nor the influ-
ence of a reflex nervous derangement proceeding from the udder to
the brain.

Symptoms.—There may be said to be two extreme types of this dis-
ease, with intervening grades. In both forms there is the characteris-
tic plethora and more or less sudden loss of voluntary movement and
sensation, indicating a sudden collapse of nervous power; but in one
there is such prominent evidence of congestion of head and brain that
it may be called the congestive form, par excellence, without thereby
intimating that the torpid form is independent of congestion.

In the congestive form there is sudden dullness, languor, hanging
back in the stall, or drooping the head, uneasy movements of the hind
limbs or tail; if the cow is moved, she steps unsteadily, or even stag-
gers; she no longer notices her calf or her food; the eyes appear red
and their pupils dilated; the weakness increases and the cow lies
down or falls and is thenceforward unable to rise. At this time the
pulse is usually full and bounding and the temperature raised, though
not invariably so; the head, horns, and ears being especially hot and
the veins of the head full, while the visible mucous membranes of
nose and eyes are deeply congested. .

The cow may lie on her breastbone with her feet beneath the body
and her head turned sleepily round, with the nose resting on the right
flank; or, if worse, she may be stretched full on her side, with even
the head extended, though at times it is suddenly raised and again
dashed back on the ground. At such times the legs, fore and hind,
struggle convulsively, evidently through unconscious nervous spasm.
By this time the unconsciousness is usually complete; the eyes are
glazed, their pupils widely dilated, and their lids are not moved when
the ball of the eye is touched with the finger. Pricking the skin with
a pin also fails to bring any wincing or other response. The pulse,
DISEASES FOLLOWING PARTURITION. 925

at first from 50 to 70 per minute, becomes more accelerated and
weaker as the disease advances. The breathing is quickened, becom-
ing more and more so with the violence of the symptoms, and at first
associated with moaning (in exceptional cases, bellowing), it may,
before death, become slow, deep, sighing, or rattling (stertorous).
The temperature, at first usually raised, tends to become lower as
stupor and utter insensibility and coma supervene. The bowels,
which may have moved at the onset of the attack, become torpid or
completely paralyzed, and, unless in case of improvement, they are not
likely to operate again. Yet this is the result of paralysis and not of
induration of the feces, as often shown by the semiliquid pultaceous
condition of the contents after death. The bladder, too, is paralyzed
and fails to expel its contents. A free action of either bladder or
bowels, or of both, is always a favorable symptom. The urine con-
tains sugar, in amount proportionate to the severity of the attack.

In nearly all cases the torpor of the digestive organs results in gas-
tric disorder; the paunch becomes the seat of fermentation, produc-
ing gas, which causes it to bloat up like a drum. There are frequent
eructations of gas and liquid and solid food, which, reaching the par-
alyzed throat, pass in part into the windpipe and cause inflammations
of the air passages and lungs.

In the torpid form of the disease there is much less indication of
fever or violence. There may be no special heat about the horns,
ears, or forehead, nor any marked redness or congestion of the eyes
or nose, nor engorgement of the veins of the head. The attack comes
on more slowly, with apparent weakness of the hind limbs, dullness,
drowsiness, suspension of rumination and appetite, and a general
indifference to surrounding objects. Soon the cow lies down, or falls
and is unable to rise, but for one or two days she may rest on the
breastbone and hold the head in the flank without showing any disor-
derly movements. Meanwhile there is is not only loss of muscular
power and inability to stand, but also considerable dullness of sensa-
tion, pricking the skin producing no quick response, and even touch-
ing the edge of the eyelids causing no very prompt winking. Unless
she gets relief, however, the case develops all the advanced symptoms
of the more violent form, and the animal perishes.

In advanced and fatal cases of either form the insensibility becomes
complete; no irritation of skin or eye meets any response; the eye
becomes more dull and glassy; the head rests on the ground or other
object; unless prevented, the cow lies stretched fully on her side; the
pulse is small, rapid, and finally imperceptible; the breathing is slow,
deep, stertorous, and the expirations accompanied by puffing out of
the cheeks, and death comes quietly or with accompanying struggles.

For such fatal disease prevention is of far more consequence than
treatment. Among the most efficient preventives may be named a

61386—08——15
226 DISEASES OF CATTLE.

spare diet (amounting to actual starvation in very plethoric, heavy-
milking cows) for a week before calving and at least four days after.
A free access to salt and water is most important, as the salt favors
drinking and the water serves to dilute the rich and dense blood.
Iced water, however, is undesirable, as a chill may favor the onset of
fever. A dose of Epsom salts (1 to 2 pounds) should be given twelve
to twenty-four hours before calving is due, so that it may operate at
or just before that act. In case calving has occurred unexpectedly
in the heavy milker, lose no time in giving the purgative thereafter.
A most important precaution in the fleshy, plethoric cow, or in one
that has been attacked at a previous calving, is to avoid drawing any
milk from the bag for twelve or twenty-four hours after calving.
Breeders on the island of Jersey have found that this alone has almost
abolished the mortality from milk fever. If Epsom salts is not at
hand use saltpeter (1 ounce) for several days. Daily exercise is also of
importance, and, excepting in midsummer, when the heat of the sun
may be injurious, the value of open air is unquestionable. Even in
summer an open shed or shady grove is incomparably better than a
close, stuffy stall. A rich pasture (clover especially), in late May,
June, or July, when at its best, is to be carefully avoided. Better
keep the cow indoors on dry straw with plenty of salt and water than
to have access to such pastures.

Old treatment.—If the cow is seen before she goes down, the
abstraction of blood is demanded, and may usually be carried to the
extent of 4 or even 6 quarts. The fullness and force of the pulse
must determine the amount; if it is weak and rapid or scarcely per-
ceptible the vein must be instantly closed, and it may even be neces-
sary to give ammoniacal stimulants. If the cow is lying down,
unable to rise, and, above all, if no winking is caused by touching the
eyeball, bleeding must be done, if at all, with great precaution. A
pint or a quart may be all that can be safely taken, and in case the
pulse has been small and weak no more should be drawn unless the
pulse beat strengthens. The fatal collapse already threatening is
often precipitated by unguarded bleeding. The jugular vein may be
opened as coming directly from the brain, and as the object is to
lessen the density of the blood and the tension in the blood vessels
without shock, it is not so essential to draw it in a full stream as in
other cases of bloodletting. As the blood is withdrawn the place is
speedily taken by liquids (mainly water), absorbed from all available
parts of the body, and thus the blood is helpfully diluted.

It is a good practice to give a dose of purgative medicine (Epsom
salts 2 pounds, carbonate of ammonia one-half ounce, nux vomica one-
half dram). If it is absorbed it will find its way to the bowels and
start active secretion, thereby relieving the plethora; if it is not
absorbed it willdo no harm. Enemas of warm water and soap or oil
may be beneficially employed.
DISEASES FOLLOWING PARTURITION. 927

Iced water or bags of ice to the head (tied around the horns and
covering the forehead and upper part of the neck) are of the very
greatest value in cases in which the heat of the horns, ears, and head,
the redness of the eyes, and fixed dilatation of the pupils are marked
features. Like bleeding, it may be unealled for in those cases in
which the heat and general congestion of the head are absent.

In these congestive cases, too, benefit is often derived from large
and frequent doses (20 drops every four hours) of tincture of aconite.
It acts not alone as a sedative to the heart and circulation, but also by
favoring a free circulation in the skin. In what may be called the
noncongestive cases it is of little avail.

Harms claims excellent results from large doses of tartar emetic—1l
ounce for the first dose, 3 drams more after four hours, and 2 drams
after four hours. If absorbed it will act after the manner of aconite
as a sedative by causing a free circulation in the skin.

This increased circulation in the skin serves to draw away blood
from the internal organs, and thus to relieve the brain, and to secure
the same result a variety of resorts are had with varying success in
different eases. .The application of hot (almost scalding) water to the
back and loins, or to the limbs, actsin this way. So do mustard plas-
ters, frictions with oil of turpentine, the prolonged movement over the
part of a hot smoothing iron with a thin cloth between it and the skin,
or finally the application of strong liquor ammonia, covered up for
fifteen minutes with a close rug.

In cases with a high body temperature an excellent plan is to wrap
the whole body in a blanket slightly wrung out of cold water, and cover
this closely at all points with dry blankets to exclude the air and pre-
vent evaporation and cooling. In fifteen or twenty minutes a reaction
will have taken place, the whole body will have been cooled somewhat
by the blood returning from the skin since the blanket was applied, and
the free perspiration will now serve to relieve both by cooling and by
carrying off waste matters from the blood. This may be repeated sev-
eral times a day if the temperature rises again. In cold weather the
skin should be rubbed dry on each occasion.

A similar method of drawing off the blood from the brain is by fre-
quent rubbing of the udder and drawing off the milk.

In case of extreme prostration and weak pulse one-half ounce car-
bonate of ammonia may be given, and repeated at the end of an hour
or two if needed. It may be given as a roller-formed bolus made
up with a very little flour to give it consistency, or if the cow can not
swallow, it may be dissolved in water and poured through a probang
(Pl. III, fig. 2), or tube, introduced into the stomach.

Bloating of the left side (paunch) isa common and dangerous com-
plication of the disease, as it at once aggravates the pressure on the
brain, partly by expression of blood from the abdominal organs and
partly by nervous action through the vagus and sympathetic nerves.
228 DISEASES OF CATTLE.

It may often be checked by the use of carbonate of ammonia; or
hyposulphite of soda (one-half ounce) may be substituted, or oil of
turpentine (1 ounce). In obstinate cases the paunch should be punc-
tured in the upper part of the left flank by a trocar and canula
(Pl. ITI, figs. 5a and 5b) and the latter left in place until it is no
longer needed.

Another most important precaution is to draw off the urine from
the bladder several times a day, as a full bladder greatly aggravates
the case.

A weak induction current of electricity may be sent through the
brain for ten minutes at a time in cases of extreme insensibility, and
through the affected limb in case of remaining paralysis.

In the torpid or noncongestive form of the disease the treatment is
the same as regards purgatives, stimulants, nux vomica, antiseptics
for bloating, attention to the bladder and udder, counterirritants to
spine or limbs, and even bleeding. The cold, wet sheets and even
the ice to the head may often be dispensed with.

One other precaution may be named applicable to all cases, but
especially so to the more distinctly congestive ones. This is to keep
the head above the level of the body and prevent injury from the
striking of it on the ground or other hard body. The-cow is to be
packed up with bundles or bags of straw against the shoulders and
hips, so as to let her rest on her breast and belly with her limbs
under her. Then the head and neck are to be similarly supported,
so as to keep them elevated and give them a soft, yielding cushion if
dashed from side to side. It may be even desirable to support the
head by a rope round the horns, or a halter, the end of which is
passed over a beam above.

New treatment.—Treatment of milk fever has been completely revo-
lutionized, with the result that a former mortality of 50 to 70 per cent
has been practically abolished. Formerly the most vigorous treat-
ment was practiced by bleeding, purging, the increase of peristalsis
by eserin or pilocarpin, enemas, cold to the head, counterirritanis,
aconite, tartar emetic, sponging, wet-sheet packing, ete. The gross
mortality, however, was not materially reduced, and nearly all that
were attacked within the first two days after calving perished.

The first step in the modern treatment was made in 1897, when
J. Schmidt published his successful treatment by the injection of the
teats and milk ducts with a solution of iodid of potassium (1$ drams
to 1 quart of water). This reduced the mortality to 17 per cent.
Others followed this lead by the injection of other antisepties (lysol,
creolin, creosol, chinosol, common salt, etherized air, oxygen).
These succeeded as well as the iodid solution. With the injection
of gases, however, a fuller distention of the udder was usually
secured, and virtually every case recovered. This suggested the full
distention of the udder with common atmospheric air filtered and
DISEASES FOLLOWING PARTURITION. 229

sterilized, and this with the most perfect success. With sterile air
Schmidt-Kolding claimed 96.7 per cent recoveries in 914 cases. In
America the full distention of the udder, whether with oxygen or fil-
tered air, has proved invariably successful in all kinds of cases, inelud-
ing the violent ones that set in within a few hours after calving. In
one or two hours after the injection the cow has got up, had free pas-
sages from the bowels and bladder, bright expression of countenance,
and some return of appetite. In my cases which had made no response
for eight hours to the iodid injection, the injection of the udder to
full repletion with the gas (oxygen or air) has had immediately bene-
ficial results.

A similar full distention of the bag with a common-salt solution
(0.5 to 100), or even with well-boiled water, is equally effective, but in
these cases the weight of the liquid causes dragging upon the udder
and a measure of discomfort which is esvaped under the treatment
with gas. The value of each method depends on the fullness of dis-
tention of the udder and the arrest in larger part of the circulation
and chemical changes in its tissues. This distention acts like magic,
and seems to hardly admit of failure in securing a successful outcome.

It can not, however, be recommended as absolutely devoid of dan-
gers and serious complications. To get the best results it should be
applied only by one who has been trained in the careful antiseptic
methods of the bacteriological laboratory. Some readers will recall
the case of the injection of the udders of show cows at Toronto to
impose upon the judges. The cows treated in this way had the udders
infected and ruined, and several lost their lives. There is no better
culture medium for septic and other germs than the first milk (colos-
trum) charged with albumen and retained inthe warm udder. Already
in the hands of veterinarians even the Schmidt treatment has produced
a small proportion of cases of infective mammitis. How many more
such cases will develop if this treatment shall become a popular
domestic resort, applied by the dairyman himself in all sorts of sur-
roundings and with little or no antiseptic precaution. But even then
the losses will by no means approach the past mortality of 50 to 70 per
cent, so that the economy will be immeasurable under even the worst
conditions. A fair test and judgment of this treatment, however, can
only be obtained when the administrator is a trustworthy and pains-
taking man, well acquainted with bacteriological antisepsis and with
the general and special pathology of the bovine animal.

The necessary precautions may be summarized as follows:

(1) Provide an elastic rubber ball and tubes, furnished with valves
to direct the current of air, as in a common Davidson syringe.

(2) Fill the delivery tube for a short distance with cotton, sterilized
by prolonged heating in a water bath.

(3) In the free end of the delivery tube fit a milking tube to be
inserted into the teat.
230 DISEASES OF CATTLE.

(4) Sterilize this entire apparatus by boiling for thirty minutes, and,
without touching the milking tube, wrap it in a towel that has been
sterilized in a water bath or in live steam and dried.

(5) Avoid drawing any milk from the teats; wash them and the
udder thoroughly with warm soapsuds; rinse off with well-boiled and
cooled water, and apply to the teats, and especially to their tips, a 5
per cent solution of creolin or lysol, taking care that the teats are not
allowed to touch any other body from the time they are cleansed until
the teat tube is inserted. It is well to rest the cleansed and disin-
fected udder on a sterilized pad of cotton or a boiled towel.

(6) The injecting apparatus is unwrapped, the teat tube, seized by its
attached end and kept from contact with any other body, is inserted
into the teat, while an assistant working the rubber pump fills the
quarter as full as it will hold. The tube is now withdrawn and a
broad tape is tied around the free end of the teat to prevent escape of
the air.

(7) The teat tube, which has been carefully preserved from possible
contact with other bodies, is dipped in the creolin solution and in:erted
in a second teat, and the second quarter is inflated, and so with the
third and fourth.

(8) The reeumbent cow is kept resting on her breast bone, with the
head elevated, even if it should be necessary to pack her around with
straw bundles or to suspend the head bya halter. Lying on her side,
she is liable to develop fatal bloating and to have belching of gas
and liquids, which, passing down the windpipe, cause fatal broncho-
pneumonia.

(9) If in two hours the cow has not got on her feet, if there is no
brighter or more intelligent expression, if she has passed no manure
or urine, and if the air has become absorbed, leaving the udder less
tense, the injection of the bag may be repeated, under the same seru-
pulous and rigid precautions as at first. In all cases, but especially
in severe ones, it is well to keep watch of the patient, and repeat the
distention on the first indication of relapse. Should there not be a
free discharge of feces and urine after rising, indicating a natural
resumption of the nervous functions, the case should be all the more
carefully watched, so that the treatment may be repeated if necessary.

Accessory treatment may still be employed, but is rarely necessary.
A dose of purgative medicine (14 pounds Epsom salts) in warm water
may be given in the early stages, while as yet there is no danger of its
passing into the lungs through paralysis of the throat. Eserin or
pilocarpin (14 grains) may be given under the skin to stimulate the
movements of the bowels. Sponging of the skin, and especially of
the udder, with cool water may be resorted to in hot weather.

Bloating may demand puncture of the paunch, in the left flank,
with a canula and trocar, the evacuation of the gas, and the intro-
duction through the tube of a tablespoonful of strong liquid ammonia
in a quart of cold water or other antiferment.
DISEASES FOLLOWING PARTURITION. 931

The economic value of the new treatment of milk fever is enormous.
The United States has over 16,000,000 milch cows. If we could
raise the quality of these by preserving and propagating the highest,
heaviest, and richest milkers, in place of losing the best by milk
fever, as in the past, and if we could thus secure an average increase
of 10 quarts a day, the proceeds at 14 cents a quart would reach
$250,000,000 a year.

PALSY AFTER CALVING (DROPPING AFTER CALVING).

This consists in a more or less complete loss of control of the hind
limbs occurring after calving, and due either to low condition, weak-
ness, and exposure to cold or to injurious compression of the nerves
of the hind limbs by a large calf passing through the pelvis. Its
symptoms do not differ from those of palsy of the hind limbs, occur-
ring at other times, and it may be treated in the same way, excepting
so far as bruises of the vagina may demand special soothing treatment.

CONGESTION OF THE UDDER (GARGET).

In heavy milkers, before and just after calving, it is the rule that
the mammary gland is enlarged, hot, tense and tender, and that a
slight exudation or pasty swelling extends forward from the gland on
the lower surface of the abdomen. This physiological congestion is
looked upon as a matter of course, and disappears in two or three days
when the secretion of milk has been fully established. This breaking
up of the bag may be greatly hastened by the sucking of a hungry
calf and the kneading it gives the udder with its nose, by stripping
the glands clean thrice daily, and by active rubbing at each milking
with the palm of the hand, with or without lard or, better, with cam-

phorated ointment.

, The congestion may be at times aggravated ‘by standing in a draft
of cold air or by neglect to milk for an entire day or more (overstock-
ing, hefting) with the view of making a great show of udder for pur-
poses of sale. In such cases the surface of the bag pits on pressure,
and the milk has a reddish tinge or even streaks of blood, or it is par-
tially or fully clotted and is drawn with difficulty, mixed, it may be,
with a yellowish serum (whey) which has separated from the casein.
This should be treated like the above, though it may sometimes
demand fomentations with warm water to ward off inflammation, and
it may be a week before the natural condition of the gland is restored.

INFLAMMATION OF THE UDDER (SIMPLE MAMMITIS).

Congestion may merge into active inflammatio~, or it may arise
direct, in connection with exposure to cold or wet, with standing in a
cold draft, with blows on the udder with clubs, stones, horns, or feet,
with injury from a sharp or cold stone, or the projecting edge of a
232 DISEASES OF CATTLE.

board or end of a nail in the floor, with sudden and extreme change:
of weather, with overfeeding on rich albuminous food like cotton seed
beans, or pease, with indigestions, with sores on the teats, or with insuf
ficient stripping of the udder in milking. In the period of full milk
the organ is so susceptible that any serious disturbance of the genera
health is liable to fall upon the udder.

Symptoms.—The symptoms and mode of onset vary in differen’
cases. When following exposure there is usually a violent shivering
fit, with cold horns, ears, tail, and limbs, and general erection of the
hair. This is succeeded by a flush of heat (reaction) in which thi
horns, ears, and limbs become unnaturally warm and the gland swell
up and becomes firm and solid in one, two, three, or all four quarters
There is hot, dry muzzle, elevated temperature, full, accelerated pulse
and excited breathing, impaired or suspended appetite, and rumina
tion with more or less costiveness, suppression of urine, and a lessene¢
yield of milk, which may be entirely suppressed in the affectec
quarter.

In other cases the shivering escapes notice, the general disorder o:
the system is little marked or comes on late, and the first observec
sign of illness is the firm swelling, heat, and tenderness of the bag
As the inflammation increases and extends, the hot, tender udde:
causes the animal to straddle with its hind limbs, and when walkin;
to halt on the limb on that side. If the cow lies down it is on th
unaffected side. With the increase in intensity and the extension o
the inflammation the general fever manifests itself more prominently
In some instances the connective tissue beneath the skin and be
tween the lobules of the gland is affected, and then the swelling i
uniformly rounded and of nearly the same consistency, pitting every
where on pressure. In other cases it primarily attacks the secretin;
tissue of the gland, and then the swelling is more localized anc
appears as hard, nodular masses in the interior of the gland. Thi
last is the usual form of inflammation occurring from infection enter
ing by the teats.

In all cases, but especially in the last-named form, the milk is sup
pressed and replaced by a watery fluid colored with blood (sometime
deeply) and mingled with masses of clotted casein. Later it become
white and purulent, and in many cases of an offensive odor.

The course of the disease is sometimes so rapid and at others s:
slow that no definite rule can be laid down. In two or three days, o
from that to the end of the week, the bag may soften, lose its heat an
tenderness, and subside into the healthy condition, even resuming th
secretion of milk. The longer the inflammatory hardness continue
the greater the probability that its complete restoration will not b
effected. When a portion of the gland fails to be restored in thi
way, and has its secretion arrested, it usually shrinks to a smalle
size. More commonly a greater amount of the inflammatory produc
DISEASES FOLLOWING PARTURITION. 233

remains in the gland and develops into a solid fibrous mass, causing
permanent hardening (induration). In other cases, in place of the
product of inflammation developing into a fibrous mass, it softens and
breaks down into the white creamy liquid pus (abscess). This abscess
may make its way to the surface and escape externally, or it may
burst into a milk duct and discharge through the teat. It may break
into both and establish a channel for the escape of milk (fistula). In
the worst types of the disease gangrene may ensue, a quarter or half
or even the whole udder, losing its vitality, and sloughing off if the
cow can bear up against the depressing influence. These gangrenous
cases are probably always the resuli of infection and sometimes run
a very rapidly fatal course. I recall one to which I was called as
soon as the owner noticed it, yet I found one quarter dark blue, cold,
and showing a tendency to the formation of blebs containing a bloody
secretion. The cow, which had waded through a depth of semiliquid
manure to reach her stall, died within twenty-four hours.

Treatment.—Treatment will vary with the type and the stage of the
disease. If the case is seen in the shivering fit, every effort should
be made to cut that short, as the inflammation may be thereby greatly
moderated, if not checked. Copious drinks of warm water thrown in
from horn or bottle; equally copious warm injections; the application
of heat in some form to the surface of the body (by a rug wrung out
of hot water; by hanging over the back and loins bags loosely filled
with bran, sand, salt, chaff, or other agent previously heated in a
stove; by the use of a flatiron or the warming of the surface by a hot-
air bath), or by active friction with straw wisps by two or more
persons; the administration of a pint of strong alcoholic liquor, or of
1 ounce of ground ginger, may serve to cut short the attack. After
half an hour’s sweat rub dry and cover with a dry blanket.

If, on the other hand, there is little or no fever, and only a slight
inflammation, rub well with camphorated ointment or a weak iodine
ointment, and milk three, four, or six times a day, rubbing the bag
thoroughly each time. Milking must be done with great gentleness,
squeezing the teat in place of pulling and stripping it, and if this
causes too much pain, the teat tube (Pl. XXIV, fig. 4) or the spring
teat dilator (Pl. XXIV, fig. 3) maybeemployed. Antiseptic injections
of the teats and udder are often useful, and iodoform in water has
been especially recommended. It may be replaced by one of the
injections advised for parturition fever, used with the same careful
precautions.

In cases in which the fever has set in and the inflammation is more
advanced, a dose of laxative medicine is desirable (Epsom salts, 1 to 2
pounds; ginger, 1 ounce), which may be followed, after the purging
has ceased, by daily doses of saltpeter, 1 ounce. Many rely on cooling
and astringent applications to the inflamed quarter (vinegar, sugar-of-
lead lotion, cold water, ice, etc.), but a safer and better resort is con-
234 DISEASES OF CATTLE.

tinued fomentation with warm water. A bucket of warm wate1
replenished as it cools, may be set beneath the udder, and two person
can raise a rug out of this and hold it against the udder, dipping i
anew whenever the heat is somewhat lost.. Ora sheet may be passe:
around the body, with four holes cut for the teats and soft rags packer
between it and the udder, and kept warm by pouring on water as warr
as the hands can bear every ten or fifteen minutes. When this ha
been kept up for an hour or two the bag may be dried, well rubbe
with soap, and left thus with a soapy coating. If the pain is great
extract of belladonna may be applied along with the soap, and a dr,
suspensory bandage with holes for the teats may be applied. Stron;
mercurial ointment is very useful in relieving pain and softening th
bag. This is especially valuable when the disease is protracted ani
induration threatens. It may be mixed with an equal amount o
soap and half the amount of extract of belladonna. In cases of threat
ened induration excellent results are sometimes obtained from ;
weak induction current of electricity sent through the gland daily fo
ten minutes.

If abscess threatens it may be favored by fomentation and opene
as soon as fluctuation from finger to finger shows the formation o
matter at a point formerly hard. The wound may bleed freely, anc
there is a risk of opening a milk duct, yet relief will be secured, an
a dressing twice daily with a lotion of carbolic acid, 1 part, water, 2!
parts, and glycerin, 1 part, will suffice to keep the wound clean anc
healthy.

Gangrene of the affected part is often fatal. It demands antisep
ties (chlorid of zinc, 1 dram to 1 quart water) applied frequently t
the part, or, if the case can not be attended, smear the affected quar
ter with melted Venice turpentine, or even wood tar. Antisepti:
tonics (tincture of muriate of iron, 4 drams) may also be given fou
times daily in a quart of water.

CONTAGIOUS MAMMITIS (CONTAGIOUS INFLAMMATION OF THE UDDER)

As stated in the last article, that form of inflammation of the udde
which attacks the gland ducts and follicles, causing deep-seated, hard
nodular swellings, is often contagious. Franck has demonstrate:
this by injecting into the milk ducts in different cows (milking an
dry) the pus from the bags of cows affected with mammitis, or th
liquids of putrid flesh, or putrid blood, and in every case he producec
acute inflammation of the gland tissue within twenty-four hours
He thinks that in ordinary conditions the septic germ gains access b?
propagating itself through the milk, filling the milk canal and oozin;
from the external orifice. He points to this as a reason why dry cow
escape the malady, though mingling freely with the sufferers, ani
why such dry cows do not suffer from inflammation of the gland tissu
when attacked with foot-and-mouth disease. In this last case it i
4 DISEASES FOLLOWING PARTURITION. 235

evident that it is not simply the inoculation with the milker’s hand
that is lacking, for the skin of the bag is attacked, but not its secret-
ing glandular parts. Now that in any case of abscess we look for the
cause in the chain forms of globular bacteria (Streptococcus pyogenes),
in the cluster form of white globular bacteria (Staphylococcus pyogenes
albus), and in the golden and citron-yellow forms of clustered globu-
lar bacteria (Staphylococcus pyogenes aureus and Staphylococcus
pyogenes citreus), the formation of pus gives presumptive evidence
of the action of one or more of these germs. So in cases of mortifica-
tion of the bag; in the very occurrence there is fair circumstantial
evidence of the presence of erysipelas micrococcus or other germ
which kills the local tissues. Again, in tuberculosis affecting the bag
(a not uncommon condition), the active local cause is without doubt
the tubercle bacillus.

It has been found that false membranes have formed in certain
cases of mammitis in the cow, and Klein, after inoculating the diph-
theria of man on the cow, found an ulcerous sore in the seat of inoc-
ulation and blisters on the teats and udder, in which he found what
he believed to be the bacillus of diphtheria. The results are doubt-
ful, even in the absence of false membranes. Léffler, too, in the
diphtheria of calves, found that the germ was more delicate and
longer than that of man, and that its pathogenesis for rodents was
less, guinea pigs having only a nonfatal abscess. The presence of
false membranes in one form of mammitis in cows does not neces-
sarily imply its communicability to man.

It has been claimed that scarlet fever has been transmitted from
the cow to man, and it can not be denied that in many cases the infec-
tion has been disseminated through the milk. The facts, however,
when brought out fully have shown that in almost every case the
milk had first come in contact with a person suffering or recovering
from scarlet fever, so that the milk was infected after it left the cow.
The alleged exceptional cases at Hendon and Dover, England, are
not conclusive. In the Hendon outbreak inoculations were made on
calves from the slight eruption on the cow’s teats, and they had a
slight eruption on the lips and a form of inflammation of the kidneys,
which Doctor Klein thought resembled that of scarlatina. The cows
that had brought the disease to the Hendon dairies were traced back
to Wiltshire, and cows were found there suffering from a similar mal-
ady, but there was no sign of scarlet fever resulting. In the Dover
outbreak, the dairyman first denied any disease in his cows, and
brought the certificate of a veterinarian to prove that they were sound
at the time of the investigation; then later he confessed that the cows
had had foot-and-mouth disease, and consequent eruption on the teats
some time before. So the question remains whether the man who
denied sickness in the cows to begin with, and adduced professional
evidence of this, did not later acknowledge the foot-and-mouth dis-
236 DISEASES OF CATTLE.

ease as a blind to hide the real source of the trouble in scarlatina in
his own family or the family of an employee.

In America Doctor Stickler claimed that he had produced scarlatina
in children by inoculation with imported virus of foot-and-mouth dis-
ease, but his contention is negatived by the facts that with foot-and-
mouth disease constantly present in Europe searlatina does not accom-
pany it, and that in America, with scarlatina constantly prevailing at
some point, foot-and-mouth disease is unknown except at long inter-
vals locally and as the result of the importation of infected animals
or their products. Man is susceptible to foot-and-mouth disease, but
this never appears during the frequent epidemics of scarlatina.

Among other contagious forms of mammitis I may name one which
I have encountered in large dairies, starting as a sore and slight swell-
ing at the opening of the teat and extending up along the milk duct
to the gland structure in the bag, all of which become indurated, nodu-
lar, and painful. The milk is entirely suppressed in that quarter of
the bag, and from that it may extend to the others as it does from
cow to cow through the milker’s hands.

Another form almost universally prevalent in this district of cen-
tral New York in 1889 broke out over the teats and udder as blisters
strongly resembling cowpox, but which were not propagated when
inoculated on calves. It was only exceptionally that this extended
through the teat to the gland tissue, yet in some instances the bag
was lost from this cause. Scarlatina in man was very prevalent at
the time (many schools were closed in consequence), but no definite
connection seemed to exist between this and the cow disease, and on
different dairy farms there were families of young children that had
never had scarlet fever and who did not at that time contract it.

The most common cause of contagious mammitis in cattle is a
spherical bacterium in chain form (Streptococcus). (Moore, Ward.)
Yet it is clear that contagious mammitis is not a single affection, but
a group of diseases which have this in common, that they attack the
udder.

Prevention.—Prevention is to be especially sought in all such cases.
In purchasing new cows see that they come from a herd where the
teats and udder are sound. If anew cow with unknown antecedents
comes from a public market, let her be milked for a week by a person
who does not milk any other cows. Keep her in a separate stall from
others, so that there may be no infection from litter or flooring.
Wash the udder with soap and water, and wet with a solution of two
teaspoonfuls carbolic acid in a pint of water before letting the regular
milker of the other cows take her. If any cow in the herd shows the
indurated end of the teat or the inflammation and nodular tender
character of the gland, separate her at once and give her a separate
milker. If another cow is to be put into the stall she occupied, first
clean and scrape it, and wet it with a strong solution of bluestone,
DISEASES FOLLOWING PARTURITION. 9387

5 ounces in a gallon of water. The milk may be drawn off with a
teat tube, or spring teat dilator (Pl. XXIV, figs. 3 and 4), and the
milk ducts injected frequently with a solution of peroxide of hydro-
gen or iodoform. I have had little success in checking the upward
progress of the disease through the teat with carbolic acid or boracic
acid solutions. Used on the outside of the other teats, however,
these may serve to prevent them from becoming infected. In the
absence of peroxid of hydrogen the affected teat may be injected
with a solution of 1 grain corrosive sublimate in a pint of water,
and the same may be used on the other teats, provided it is washed
off every time before milking.

As additional precautions, no cow with a retained afterbirth or
unhealthy discharge from the womb should be left with the other
cows. Such cows doubtless infect their own udders and those of- the
cows next them by lashing with the soiled tail. If milkers handle
retained afterbirth or vaginal discharge, or unhealthy wounds, or-
assist in a difficult and protracted parturition, they should wash the
hands and arms thoroughly with scap and warm water and then rub
them with the corrosive sublimate solution, or if not, at least with
one of carbolic acid. Clothes stained with such offensive products
should be washed.

The general treatment of contagious mammitis does not differ from
that of the simple form, except that antiseptics should be given by
the mouth as well as applied locally (hyposulphite of soda, one-half
ounce daily).

COWPOX.

This is another form of contagious inflammation of the udder which
does not spread readily from animal to animal except by the hands
of the milker. It is held to occur spontaneously in the cow, but this
is altogether improbable, and so-called spontaneous cases are rather
to be looked on as instances in which the germs have been preserved
dry in the buildings or introduced in some unknown manner. Itis
not uncommon in the horse, attacking the heels, the lips, or some
other inoculated part of the body, and is then easily transferred to
the cow, if the same man grooms and dresses the horse and milks the
cow. It may also appear in the cow by infection, more or less direct,
from a person who has been successfully vaccinated. Many believe
that itis only a form of the smallpox of man modified by passing
through the system of cow or horse. It is, however, unreasonable to
suppose that this alleged modified smallpox could have been trans-
mitted from child to child (the most susceptible of the human race)
for ninety years, under all possible conditions, without once revert-
ing to its original type of smallpox. Chauveau’s experiments on both
cattle and horses with the virus of smallpox and its inoculation back
on the human subject go far to show that in the climate of western
238 DISEASES OF CATTLE.

Europe, at least, no such transformation takes place. Smallpox
remains smallpox and cowpox, cowpox. Again, smallpox is com-
municable to a person who visits the patient in his room but avoids
touching him, while cowpox is never thus transferred through the air
unless deliberately diffused in the form of spray. The demonstration
of a protozoan germ in smallpox implies a similar microbe in cowpox.

The disease in the cow is ushered in by a slight fever, which, how-
ever, is usually overlooked, and the first sign is tenderness of the teats.
Examined, these may be redder and hotter than normal, and at the end
of two days there appear little nodules, like small peas, of a pale-red
color, and increasing so that they may measure three-fourths of an inch
tolinch in diameter by the seventhday. Theyield of milk diminishes,
and when heated it coagulates slightly. From the seventh to the tenth
day the eruption forms into a blister with a depression in the center
and raised margins, and from which the whole of the liquid can not be
drawn out by asingle puncture. The blister, in other words, is cham-
bered, and each chamber must be opened to evacuate the whole of the
contents. If the pock forms on a surface where there is thick hair, it
does not rise as a blister, but oozes out a straw-colored fluid which con-
cretes on the hairs in an amber-colored mass. In one or two days after
the pock is full it becomes yellow from contained pus, and then dries
into a brownish yellow scab, which finally falls, leaving one or more
distinct pits in theskin. Upon the teats, however, this regular course
is rarely seen; the vesicles are burst by the hands of the milker as soon
as liquid is formed, and as they continue to suffer at each milking they
form raw, angry sores, scabbing more or less at intervals, but slow to
undergo healing.

The only treatment required is to heal the sores; and as milking is
the main cause of their persistence, that must be done as gently as
possible, or even with the teat tube ordilator. (Pl. XXIV, figs. 3 and 4.)
It is essential to check the propagation of the germ, and for this pur-
pose the sore teats may be washed frequently with a solution of half
an ounce hyposulphite of soda in a pint of water. This will usually
check the inflammation and cut short the malady.

SUPPRESSION OF MILK.

The absence of milk in the udder may result from ill health, debility,
emaciation, chronic disease of the bag, wasting of the gland from pre-
vious disease, or insufficient food, but sometimes it will occur suddenly
without any appreciable cause. The treatment will consist in remov-
ing the cause of the disease, feeding well on rich albuminoid food made
into warm mashes, and giving ounce doses of aromatic carminatives,
like anise-seed, fennel-seed, ete. Rubbing and stripping the udder
are useful; and the application of oil of lavender or of turpentine, or
even a blister of Spanish flies, will sometimes succeed.
DISEASES FOLLOWING PARTURITION. 239
BLOODY: MILK.

Blood may escape with the milk when the udder has been injured
by blows, also when it is congested or inflamed, when the circulation
through it has been suddenly increased by richer and more abundant
food, or when the cow is under the excitement of heat. The milk
frothing up and assuming a pink tinge is often the first sign of red-
water, and it may result from eating acrid or irritant plants, like the
Ranunculacesx, resinous plants, ete. Deposits of tubercle or tumors
in the udder, or induration of the gland, may be efficient causes, the
irritation caused by milking contributing to draw the blood. Finally,
there may be a reddish tinge or sediment when madder or logwood has
been eaten.

In milk which becomes red after it is drawn it may be due to the
presence in it of the Micrococcus prodigiosus. This also grows on
bread, and is the explanation of the supposed miracle of the ‘‘ bleed-
ing host.”

The treatment will vary with the cause. In congested glands give
1 pound of Epsom salts, and daily thereafter one-half ounce saltpeter,
with a dram of chlorate of potash; bathe the bag with hot or cold
water, and rub with camphorated lard. If the food is too rich or
abundant it must be reduced. If from acrid plants these must be
removed from pasture or fodder. Induration of the udder may be
met by rubbing with a combination of iodin ointment 1 part, soft
soap 2 parts; or mercurial ointment and soap may be used. Careful
milking is imperative.

BLUE MILK.

Watery milk is blue, but the presence of a germ (Bacillus cyanogenes)
causes a distinct blue shade even in rich milk and cream. It may
reach the milk after it has been drawn, or it may find its way into the
opening of the milk ducts and enter the milk as itis drawn. In the
latter case, frequent milking and the injection into the teats of a solu-
tion of 2 drams of hyposulphite of soda in a pint of water will serve

to destroy them.
STRINGY MILK.

This may be caused by fungi developing in the liquid, and that the
spores are present in the system of the cow may be safely inferred
from the fact that in a large herd two or three cows only will yield
such milk at a time, and that after a run of ten days or a fortnight
they will recover and others will be attacked. I have found that such
affected cows had the temperature raised one or two degrees above the
others. Like most other fungi this does not grow out into filaments
within the body of the cow, ‘but in five or six hours after milking the
surface layers are found to be one dense network of filaments. If a
needle is dipped in this and lifted, the liquid is drawn out into a long
240 DISEASES OF CATTLE.

thread. In one case which J investigated near Ithaca, N. Y., th
contamination was manifestly due to a spring which oozed out of
bank of black muck soil and stood in pools mixed with the dejec
tions of the animals. Inoculation of pure milk with the water as i
flowed out of this bank developed in it the fungus and the string
characters. By fencing in this spring and giving the affected cow
each 2 drams bisulphite of soda daily, the trouble was arreste:
promptly and permanently.

CHAPPED TEATS.

These may be caused by anything which irritates them. The power
ful sucking of the calf, the sudden chilling of the teat in winter afte
the calf has just let it go or after the completion of milking with ;
wet hand; contact with cold water, or stagnant putrid water, or wit]
filth or irritants when lying down; slight congestions of the skin ii
connection with overstocking, and, indeed, any source of loval irrita
tion may cause chapping. This may be slight or extend into grea
gaping sores and induce retention of milk or even mammitis. Sooth
ing applications of vaseline, or a combination of equal parts of sper
maceti and oil of sweet almonds may be applied. If healing is tardy
add 10 grains balsam of Peru to the ounce of ointment. If the irri
tation is very great, wash first with a solution of 1 dram sugar of lea
in 1 pint of water, and then apply benzoated oxide of zine ointment

WARTS ON THE TEATS.

These are often very troublesome, yet they may be greatly benefite:
or entirely removed by smearing them thickly after each milking witl
pure olive oil. If they persist they may be cut off with a sharp pai
of scissors and the sore touched with a stick of lunar caustic. The:
may now be oiled and the caustic repeated as demanded to preven
their renewed growth.

Scabby teats may be smeared with vaseline containing enough car
bolic acid to give it an odor.

TEAT BLOCKED BY CONCRETION OF CASEIN,

Under unhealthy conditions of the gland or milk ducts, clots o
casein form, and these, pressed clear of most of their liquid and rolle:
into rounded masses, may block the passage. They can be moved w:
and down by manipulation of the teat, and if they can not be presse:
out they may be extracted by using the spring teat dilator (Pl. XXIV
fig. 3), being held surrounded by its three limbs. Before extractio:
is attempted an ounce of almond oil, -previously boiled, should b
injected into the teat.
DISEASES FOLLOWING PARTURITION. 241

TEAT BLOCKED BY CALCULUS.

When the calcareous matter of the milk has been precipitated in
the form of a smooth, rounded stone, a rough conglomerated concre-
tion, or a fine, sand-like débris, it may cause obstruction and irrita-
tion. These bodies are felt to be much harder than those formed by
casein, and the milk usually contains gritty particles. Extraction
may be attempted by simple milking in the case of the finely divided
gritty matter, or with the spring dilator (Pl. XXIV, fig. 3) in the case
of the larger masses. Should this fail the teat may be laid open with
the knife and sewed up again or closed with collodion, but such an
operation is best deferred until the cow is dry.

TEAT BLOCKED BY A WARTY OR OTHER GROWTH INSIDE.

In this case the obstruction may be near the orifice of the teat or
higher up, and the solid mass is not movable up and down with the
same freedom as are concretions and calculi. The movement is lim-
ited by the elasticity of the inner membrane of the teat from which it
grows, and is somewhat freer in certain cases because the growth has
become loose and hangs by a narrow neck. In the case of the looser
growths they may be snared by a fine spring wire passed as a loop
through a fine tube (like a teat tube open at each end), and introduced
into the teat. When this can not be done, the only resort is to cut
in and excise it while the cow is dry.

THICKENING OF THE MUCOUS MEMBRANE AND CLOSURE OF THE
MILK DUCT.

As a result of inflammation extending from without inward, a
gradual narrowing of the milk duct may occur from thickening and
narrowing of its lining membrane. This may be limited to a small
area near the lower,end, or it may extend through the whole length
of the teat. The stream of milk becomes finer and finer until it
finally ceases altogether, and a firm cord is felt running through the
teat. If the constriction is only at the outlet, the teat may be seized
and distended by pressing the milk down into it from above, and an
incision may be made with a sharp penknife in two directions at right
angles to each other and directly in the original opening. The knife
should be first cleansed in boiling water. The opening may be kept
from closing by a dumb-bell shaped bougie of gutta-percha (Pl. X XIV,
fig. 5) or by the spring dilator. If the obstruction is more extended
it may be perforated by Liithi’s perforating sound. (Pl. XXIV, fig.
laand 1b.) This is a steel wire with a ring at one end, and at the
other is screwed on to the wire a conical cap with sharp cutting edges
at the base, which scrapes away the thickened masses of cells as it is
drawn back. This may be passed again and again to sufficiently

61386—08——16
242 DISEASES OF CATTLE.

enlarge the passage, and then the passage may be kept open by wear-
ing a long dumb-bell bougie, a thick piece of carbolized catgut, or a
spring dilator. If the passage can not be sufficiently opened with the
sound it may be incised by the hidden bistoury. (Pl. XXIV, fig. 2.)
This is a knife lying alongside a flattened protector with smooth
rounded edges, but which can be projected to any required distance
by a lever on the handle. The incisions are made in four directions
and as deep as may be necessary, and the walls can then be held
apart by the spring dilator until they heal. In case the constriction
and thickening of the canal extend the whole length of the teat, it is
practically beyond remedy, as the gland is usually involved so as to
render it useless.

CLOSURE OF THE MILK DUCT BY A MEMBRANE.

In this form the duct of the teat is closed by the constriction of its
lining membrane at one point, usually without thickening. The clos-
ure usually takes place while the cow is dry; otherwise its progress is
gradual, and for a time the milk may still be pressed through slowly.
In such a case, if left at rest, the lower part of the teat fills up and the
milk flows in a full stream at the first pressure, but after this it will
not fillup again without sufficient time for it to filter through. This is
to be cut open by the hidden bistoury (Pl. XXIV, fig. 2), which may
be first passed through the opening of the membrane, if such exists.
If not it may be bored through, or it may be pressed up against the
membrane at one side of the teat and opened toward the center, so as
to cut its way through. Incisions should be made in at least two
opposite directions, and the edges may be then held apart by wearing
the spring dilator until healing has been completed.

Tn all cases of operations on the teats the instruments must be thor-
oughly disinfected with hot water, or by dipping in carbolic acid and
then in water that bas been boiled.

OPENING IN THE SIDE OF THE TEAT (MILK FISTULA).

This may occur from wounds penetrating the milk duct and failing
to close, or it may be congenital, and then very often it leads to a dis-
tinct milk duct and an independent portion of the gland. In the first
form it is only necessary to dissect away the skin leading into the open-
ing for some distance down, to close the orifice with stitches, and to
cover the whole with collodion. A teat tube or spring dilator may be
worn to drain off the milk and prevent distention and reopening of the
orifice. In case of an independent milk duct and gland one of two
courses may be selected—to open the one duct into the other by inci-
sion and then close the offending opening, or to inject the superfluous
gland through its duct with a caustic solution, so as to destroy its
secreting power. In both cases it is desirable to wait until the cow
goes dry.
DISEASES OF CATTLE.

PLATE XXII.

 

 

 

 

SUPPORTS FOR PROLAPSED UTERUS.

A.B GRAHAM CO LITH WASH. 0.c

 
PLATE XXII.

DISEASES OF CATTLE.

 

 

A @ GRAHAM CO LITH WASH. 0.C.

 

 

 

SUPPORTS FOR PROLAPSED UTERUS.
Diseases OF CATTLE, PLATE XXIV.

 

 

©

  

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

A:B.GRAHAM CO. LITH.WASH. 0.6

INSTRUMENTS USED IN DISEASES FOLLOWING PARTURITION.
DISEASES FOLLOWING PARTURITION.

DESCRIPTION OF PLATES,

Puates XXII, XXII:

Dlustrate various appliances used in prolapse or inversion of the uterus. The
uterus should first be returned to its proper situation and then some appa-
ratus applied to prevent a recurrence of the inversion or protrusion.

PLATE XXII:

Fig. 1. Crupper, strap truss—taken from Hill’s Bovine Medicine and Surgery.

Fig. 2. Renault’s rope truss. The rope for this truss should be from 25 to 30
feet long and about the thickness of the little finger.

Puate XXIII:

Fig. 1. Cow to which Delwart’s rope truss has been applied.

Fig. 1a. Shows the loop of Delwart’s truss.

Fig. 2. Zundel’s labial sutures. These consist of two wires passed through
the. lips of the vulva in a horizontal direction, and two additional wires
passed through the loops at the ends of the horizontal wires in order to
hold them in place.

Fig. 3. Iron truss for holding the vagina or uterus in place after calving.
The cords are passed through the eyes at the corners of the triangular
iron; the base of the triangle fits under the tail. The truss is from 5 to 7
inches long and about 2} inches wide.

PuaTE XXIV:

Fig. 1. Lithi’s perforating sound, for opening the milk canal through the
teat when this has become occluded; A, the sound one-half the natural
size; B, section of head of sound, natural size, showing cutting edge.

Fig. 2. Bistouri caché. A blade hidden in its sheath which by pressure of the
finger may be made to protrude a certain distance. This distance is
regulated by the screw near the handle. The instrument is used to open
the milk canal when closed up. It is introduced into the milk canal with
its blade in the sheath and withdrawn with the blade protruding.

Fig. 3. Spring teat dilator, about one-half natural size, for dilating the milk
canal.

Fig. 4. Ring teat syphon, for withdrawing milk when the teat is sore or
injured.

Fig. 5. Guttapercha bougie, for dilating the opening of the teat.

Fig. 6. Truss applied to calf for umbilical, or navel, hernia. From Fleming's
Veterinary Obstetrics.

Fig. 7. Armatage’siron clam for umbilical, or navel, hernia. When this clam
is applied care must be taken not to include a portion of the bowel.

243
DISEASES OF YOUNG CALVES.

By James Law, F. B.C. V.5.,.
Professor of Veterinary Science, etc., in Cornell University.

SUSPENDED BREATHING.

The moment the circulation through the navel string is stopped the
blood of the calf begins to get overcharged with carbon dioxid (CO,),
and unless breathing is speedily established death promptly follows.
Fortunately the desire to breathe, roused by the circulation of the
venous blood and the reflex action from the wet and chilling skin,
usually at once starts the contractions of the diaphragm and life is
insured. Among the obstacles to breathing may be named suffoca-
tion before or during birth from compression of the navel cord and
the arrest of its circulation; the detachment of the fetal membranes
from the womb before the calf is born; a too free communication
between the two auricles of the heart (foramen ovale) by which the
nonaerated blood has mixed too abundantly with the aerated and
induced debility and profound weakness; a condition of ill health
and debility of the calf as a result of semistarvation, overwork, or
disease of the cow; fainting in such debilitated calf when calving has
been difficult and prolonged; the birth of the calf with its head envel-
oped in the fetal membranes, so that it has been unable to breathe,
and the presence of tenacious phlegm in the mouth and nose, acting
in the same manner.

Besides the importance of proper care and feeding of the cow as a
preventive measure, attention should be given at once to relieve the
newborn calf of its investing membrane and of any mucus that has
collected in mouth or nostrils. Wiping out the nose deeply with a
finger or feather excites to sneezing, hence to breathing. Blowing
into the nose has a similar effect. Sucking the nostril through a tube
applied to it is even more effective. Slapping the chest with the palm
of the hand or with a towel dipped in cold water, compression and
relaxation alternately of the walls of the chest, may start the action,
and ammonia or even tobacco smoke blown into the nose may suffice.
Every second is precious, however, and if possible the lungs should
be dilated by forcibly introducing air from a bellows or from the
human lungs. As the air is blown in through bellows or a tube the
upper end of the windpipe must be pressed back against the gullet,
as otherwise the air will go to the stomach. In a large dairy a piece

244
DISEASES OF YOUNG CALVES. 245

of elastic tubing one-third of an inch in bore should be kept at hand
for sucking and blowing in such cases.

BLEEDING FROM THE NAVEL.

This may occur in two conditions—when the cord is cut off too
close to the navel and left untied and when it tears off at the navel.
(Pl. XIV.) It may also bleed when torn across naturally, if it is
sucked by the dam or another calf. In an animal with little plas-
ticity to its blood it will flow under almost any circumstances.
Where any cord is left it is always safe to tie it, and it is only when
it is swollen and may possibly contain a loop of the bowel that there
is danger in doing so. By pressing upward any bulky contents such
danger is avoided. If torn or cut too close to be tied the bleeding
may be checked by applying alum, copperas, or for a fraction of a
second the end of an iron rod at a dull-red heat. If much blood has
been lost it may be requisite to transfuse several ounces of blood or
of a weak common-salt solution into the open umbilical vein.

URINE DISCHARGED THROUGH THE NAVEL (PERSISTENT URACHUS).

Before birth the urine passes from the bladder by a special tube
through the navel and navel string into the outer water bag (allan-
tois). (Pl. XII.) This closes at birth, and the tube shrinks into a
fine cord up to the bladder. It is only in the bull calf that it is likely
to remain open, doubtless because of the long, narrow channel through
which the urine must otherwise escape. The urethra, too, is some-
times abnormally narrow, or even closed, in the male. If part of the
cord remains tie it and allow the whole to wither up naturally. If
the cord has been removed and the tube (urachus) protrudes, dis-
charging the urine, that alone must be tied. If there is nothing
pendent the urachus must be seized, covered by the skin, and, a
curved needle being passed through the skin and above the duct, it
may be tied along with this skin. A blister of Spanish flies, causing
' swelling of the skin, will often close the orifice. So with the hot iron.
If the urethra of the male is impervious it can rarely be remedied.

INFLAMMATION OF THE URACHUS (NAVEL URINE DUCT).

This may originate in direct mechanical injury to the navel in
ealving, or shortly after, with or without the lodgment of irritant and
septic matter on its lacerated or cut end. The mere contact with
healthy urine, hitherto harmless, can now be looked on as becoming
suddenly irritating. The affection is usually marked by the presence
of redness and swelling at the posterior part of the navel and the
escape of urine and a few drops of whitish serous pus from the orifice
of the urachus. In those cases in which urine is not discharged a
tender swelling, like a thick cord extending upward and backward
246 DISEASES OF CATTLE.

from the navel into the abdomen, may be identified. The nave
enlargement may be considerable, but it is solid, does not gurgle or
handling, and can not be done away with by pressing it back into the
abdomen, as in a case of hernia. i

In cases at first closed the pus may burst out later, coming from the
back part of the navel and the swelling extending backward. Ir
other cases whitish pus may pass with the urine by the ordinary chan.
nel, showing that it has opened back into the bladder. In other case:
the umbilical veins become involved, in which case the swelling
extends forward as well as backward. Thus the disease may result ir
destructive disorders of the liver, lungs, and, above all, of the joints

The disease may usually be warded off or rendered simple and com:
paratively harmless by applying antiseptics to the navel string ai
birth (carbolic acid 1 part, water and glycerin 5 parts each, or wooc
tar). Later, antiseptics may be freely used (hyposulphite of soda ‘
drams, water 1 quart) as an application to the surface and as al
injection into the urachus, or even into the bladder if the two stil
communicate. If they no longer communicate, a stronger injectio1
may be used (tincture of perchlorid of iron 60 drops, alcohol 1 ounce)
Several weeks will be required for complete recovery.

ABSCESS OF THE NAVEL.

As the result of irritation at calving or by the withered cord, or b:
licking with the rough tongue of the cow, inflammation may attacl
the loose connective tissue of the navel to the exclusion of the urachu
and veins, and go on to the formation of matter. In this case a firn
swelling appears as large as the fist, which softens in the center ani
may finally burst and discharge. The opening, however, is usual]
small and may close prematurely, so that abscess after abscess i
formed. It is distinguished from hernia by the fact that it can no
be returned into the abdomen, and from inflammations of the vein
and urachus by the absence of swellings forward and backward alon;
the lines of these canals.

Treatment.—Treatment consists in an early opening of the absces
by a free incision and the injection twice a day of an astringent anti
saptie (chlorid of zinc one-half dram, water 1 pint).

INFLAMMATION OF THE NAVEL VEINS (UMBILICAL PHLEBITIS).

In this affection of the navel the inflammation may start directl
from mechanical injury, as in either of the two forms just described
but on this are inoculated infective microbes, derived from a retaine
and putrefying afterbirth, an abortion, a metritis, a fetid discharg
from the womb, an unhealthy open sore, a case of erysipelas, fror
overcrowding, from filthy floor or bedding, or from an offensiv
accumulation of manure, solid or liquid. As the microbes vary i
different cases, given outbreaks will differ materially in their nature
DISEASES OF YOUNG CALVES. 247

One is erysipelatoid; another purulent infection with the tendency to
secondary abscesses in the joints, liver, lungs, etc.; another is due to
aseptic germ and is associated with fetid discharge from the navel
and general putrid blood poisoning. In estimating the causes of the
disease we must not omit debility of the calf when the mother has
been underfed or badly housed or when either she or the fetus has
been diseased.

Symptoms.—The symptoms will vary. With the chain-form germs
(streptococci) the navel becomes intensely red, with a very firm, pain-
ful swelling, ending abruptly at the edges in sound skin and extend-
ing forward along the umbilical veins. The secondary diseases are
circumscribed black engorgements (infarctions) or abscesses of the
liver, lungs, kidneys, bowels, or other internal organs, and sometimes
disease of the joints.

With the ordinary pus-producing germs (Staphylococcus pyogenes
aureus and Streptococcus pyogenes) the local inflammation in the
navel causes a hot, painful swelling, which rapidly advances to the

- formation of matter (pus), and the raw, exposed surface, at first bright
red, becomes dark red or black, soft, friable, and pultaceous. If the
pus is white, creamy, and comparatively inoffensive in odor, the sec-
ondary formations in internal organs and joints are mainly of the same
purulent character (secondary abscesses).

If, on the other hand, the discharge is very offensive and the pus
more serous or watery or bloody, there is reason to suspect the pres-
ence of some of the septic bacteria, and the results on the general
system are a high fever and softening of the liver and spleen and no
tendency to abscesses of the internal organs. Diarrhea is a common
symptom, and death ensues early, the blood after death being found
unclotted.

Complicated cases are common, and in all alike the umbilical veins
usually remain open and can be explored by a probe passed at first
upward and then forward toward the liver.

Prevention is sought by applying a lotion of carbolic acid or iodine
solution to the navel string at birth, or it may be smeared with com-
mon wood tar, which is at once antiseptic and a protective covering
against germs. In the absence of either a strong decoction of tea of
oak bark may be used.

Local treatment consists in the application of antiseptics to the sur-
face and their injection into the vein. As a lotion use carbolic acid,
1 ounce in a quart of strong decoction of oak bark, or salicylic acid
or salol may be sprinkled on the surface. The interior of the vein
should be swabbed out with a probe wrapped around with cotton wool
and dipped in boracié¢ or salicylic acid.

If complications have extended to the liver or other internal organs,
or the joints, other treatment will be demanded. In acute cases of
general infection an early fatal result is to be expected.
248 DISEASES OF CATTLE.

PYEMIC AND SEPTICEMIC INFLAMMATION OF JOINTS IN CALVES
(JOINT-ILL).

This occurs in young calves within the first months after birth; it
persists in the joints when once attacked, and is usually connected
with disease of the navel. Rheumatism, on the other hand, rarely
occurs in a calf under a month old. It tends to shift from joint to
joint and is independent of any navel disease. Rheumatism, again,
affects the fibrous structures of the joints, and rarely results in the
formation of white matter, while the affection before named attacks
the structures outside as well as inside the joints and, above all, the
ends of the bones, and tends to the destruction and crumbling of
their tissue and even to the formation of open sores, through which
the fragile bones are exposed. The microbes from the unhealthy and
infected wound in the navel pass into the system through the veins,
or lymphatics, and form colonies and local inflammations and
abscesses in and around the joints.

Symptoms.—The symptoms are swelling of one or more joints, which ,
are very hot and tender. The calf is stiff and lame, lies down con-
stantly, and cares not tosuck. There is very high fever and acceler-
ated breathing and pulse, and there is swelling and purulent dis-
charge (often fetid) from the navel. There may be added symptoms
of disease of the liver, lungs, heart, or bowels, on which we need not
here delay. The important point is to determine the condition of the
navel in all such cases of diseased and swollen joints beginning in
the first month of life, and in all cases of geneial stiffness, for besides
the diseases of the internal organs there may be abscesses formed
among the muscles of the trunk, though the joints appear sound.
Cases of this kind, if they do not speedily die, tend to become emaci-
ated and perish later in a state of weakness and exhaustion.

Prevention.—Prevention must begin with the purity of the build-
ings and the navel, as noted in the last article.

Treatment.—Treatment is in the main antiseptic. The slighter
forms may be painted daily with tincture of iodin; or an ointment of
biniodid of mercury (1 dram) and lard (2 ounces) may be rubbed on
the affected joints daily until they are blistered. In case of swellings
containing matter this may be drawn off through the nozzle of a hypo-
dermic syringe and the following solution injected: Compound tine-
ture of iodine, 1 dram; distilled (or boiled) water, 2 ounces. Inter-
nally the calf may take 5 grains quinia twice daily and 15 grains
hyposulphite of soda, or 20 grains salicylate of soda three times a day.

UMBILICAL HERNIA (BREACH AT THE NAVEL).

This may exist at birth from imperfect closure of the muscles around
the opening; it may even extend backward for a distance, from the
two sides failing to come together. Apart from this, the trouble rarely
appears after the calf has been some time on solid food, as the paunch
DISEASES OF YOUNG CALVES. 249

then extends down to the right immediately over the navel, and thus
forms an internal pad, preventing the protrusion of intestine.

Symptoms.—The symptoms of umbilical hernia are a soft swelling
at the navel, with contents that usually gurgle on handling, and can
be entirely returned into the abdomen by pressure. The diseases of
the navel hitherto considered have not gurgling contents, and can not
be completely returned into the abdomen. The only exception in the
case of the hernia is when the walls of the sac have become greatly
thickened; these will, of course, remain as a swelling after the bowel
has been returned; and when the protruding bowel has contracted
permanent adhesions to the sac it is impossible to return it fully with-
out first severing that connection.

Treatment.—Treatment is not always necessary. A small hernia,
like an egg, in a new-born calf, will usually recover of itself as the
animal changes its diet to solid food and has the paunch fully devel-
oped as an internal pad.

In other cases apply a leather pad of 8 inches square attached around
the body by two elastic bands connected with its four corners, and an
elastic band passing from its front border toa collar encircling the
neck, and two other elastic bands from the neck collar along the two
sides of the body to the two bands passing up over the back. (PI.
‘XXIV, fig. 6.)

For small hernias nitric acid may be used to destroy the skin and
cause such swelling as to close the orifice before the skin is separated.
For a mass like a large goose egg one-half ounce of the acid may be
rubbed in for three minutes. No more must be applied for fifteen
days. For large masses this is inapplicable, and with too much loss
of skin the orifice may fail to close and the bowels may escape.

The application of a clamp like those used in castration is a most
effective method, but great care must be taken to see that all the con-
tents of the sac are returned so that none may be inclosed in the
clamp. (Pl. XXIV, fig. 7.)

Another most effective resort is to make a saturated solution of com-
mon salt, filter and boil it, and when cool inject under the skin (not
into the sac) on each side of the hernia a dram of the fluid. A band-
age may then be put around the body. In ten hours an enormous
swelling will have taken place, pressing back the bowel into the abdo-
men. When this subsides the wound will have closed.

DROPSY OF THE NAVEL.

A sac formed at the navel, by contained liquid accumulated by rea-
son of sucking by other calves, is unsightly and sometimes injurious.
After making sure that it is simply a dropsical collection it may be
deeply punctured at various points with a large-sized lancet or knife,
fomented with hot water, and then daily treated with a strong decoc-
tion of white-oak bark.
250 DISEASES OF CATTLE.
THE BLUE DISEASE (CYANOSIS).

This appearing in the calf at birth is due to the orifice between the
two auricles of the heart (foramen ovale) remaining too open, allowing
the nonaerated (venous) blood to mix with the aerated (arterial) blood,
and it is beyond the reach of treatment. It is recognized by the blue-
ness of the eyes, nose, mouth, and other mucous membranes, the cold-
ness of the surface, and the extreme sensitiveness to cold.

CONSTIPATION.

At birth the bowels of the calf contain the meconium, a tenacious,
gluey, brownish yellow material largely derived from the liver, which
must be expelled before they can start their functions normally. The
first milk of the cow (colostrum, beestings), rich in albumen and
salts, is nature’s laxative to expel this now offensive material and
should never be withheld from the calf. If, for lack of this, from the
dry feeding of the cow, or from any other cause, the calf is costive,
straining violently without passage, lying down and rising as in colic,
and failing in appetite, no time should be lost in giving relief by an
ounce dose of castor oil, assisting its action by injections of soapsuds
or oil. Whatever meconium is within reach of the finger should be
carefully removed. It is also important to give the cow a sloppy, laxa-
tive diet.

INDIGESTION.

This may occvr from many different causes, as costiveness; a too
liberal supply of milk; milk too rich; the furnishing of the milk of a
cow long after calving to a very young calf; allowing a calf to suck
the first milk of a cow that has been hunted, driven by road, shipped
by rail, or otherwise violently excited; allowing the calf too long time
between meals, so that impelled by hunger it quickly overloads and
clogs the stomach; feeding from the pail milk that has been held over
in unwashed (unscalded) buckets, so that it is fermented and spoiled;
feeding the milk of cows kept on unwholesome food; keeping the
calves in cold, damp, dark, filthy, or bad-smelling pens; feeding the
calves on artificial mixtures containing too much starchy matter; or
overfeeding the calves on artificial food that may be appropriate
enough in smaller amount. The licking of hair from themselves or
others and its formation into balls in the stomach will cause obstinate
indigestion in the calf.

Symptoms.—The symptoms are dullness, indisposition to move, un-
easiness, eructations of gas from the stomach, sour breath, entire loss
of appetite, lying down and rising as if in pain, fullness of the abdo-
men, which gives out a drumlike sound when tapped with the fingers.
The costiveness may be marked at first, but soon it gives place to
diarrhea, by which the offensive matters may be carried off and health
DISEASES OF YOUNG CALVES. 251

restored. In other cases it becomes aggravated, merges into inflam-
mation of the bowels, fever sets in, and the calf gradually sinks.

Prevention.—Prevention consists in avoiding the causes above
enumerated or any others that may be detected.

Treatment.—Treatment consists in first clearing away the irritant
present in the bowels. For this purpose 1 or 2 ounces of castor oil
with 20 drops of laudanum may be given, and if the sour eructa-
tions are marked a tablespoonful of limewater or one-fourth ounce
calcined magnesia may be given and repeated two or three times a
day. Ifthe disorder continues after the removal of the irritant, a
large tablespoonful of rennet, or 30 grains of pepsin, may be given at
each meal along with a teaspoonful of tincture of gentian. Any return
of constipation must be treated by injections of warm water and soap,
while the persistence of diarrhea must be met as advised under the
article following this. In case of the formation of loose hair balls
inclosing milk undergoing putrid fermentation temporary benefit may
be obtained by giving a tablespoonful of vegetable charcoal three or
four times a day, but the only real remedy for these is to cut open the
paunch and extract them. At this early age they may be found in
the third or even the fourth stomach; in the adult they are confined
to the first two, and are comparatively harmless.

DIARRHEA (SCOURING) IN CALVES (SIMPLE AND CONTAGIOUS).

As stated in the last article, scouring is a common result of indi-
gestion, and at first may be nothing more than an attempt of nature
to relieve the stomach and bowels of offensive and irritating contents.
As the indigestion persists, however, the fermentations going on in
the undigested masses become steadily more complex and active, and
what was at first the mere result of irritation or suspended digestion
comes to be a genuine contagious disease, in which the organized fer-
ments (bacteria) propagate the affection from animal to animal and
from herd to herd. More than once I have seen such epizootic diar-
rhea start on the headwaters of a creek, and, traveling along that
stream, follow the watershed and attack the herds supplied with
water from the contaminated channel. In the same way the disease,
.once started in a cow stable, is liable to persist for years, or until the
building has been thoroughly cleansed and disinfected. It may be
carried into a healthy stable by the introduction of a cow brought
from an infected stable when she is closely approaching calving.
Another method of its introduction is by the purchase of a calf from
a herd where the infection exists.

In enumerating the other causes of this disease we may refer to
those noted above as inducing indigestion. As a primary considera-
tion, any condition which lowers the vitality or vigor of the calf must
be accorded a prominent place among factors which, apart from con-
tagion, contribute to start the disease de novo. Other things being
252 DISEASES OF CATTLE.

equal, the strong, vigorous races are the least predisposed to the mal-
ady, and in this respect the compact form, the healthy coat, the clear
eye, and the bold, active carriage are desirable. Even the color of
the hair is not unimportant, as in the same herd I have found a far
greater number of victims among the light colors (light yellow, light
brown) than among those of a darker tint. This constitutional pre-
dispositien to indigestion and diarrhea is sometimes fostered by too
close breeding, without taking due account of the maintenance of a
robust constitution, and hence animals that are very much inbred
need to be especially observed and cared for unless their inherent
vigor has been thoroughly attested.

The surroundings of the calf are powerful influences. Calves kept
indoors suffer to a greater extent than those running in the open air
and having the invigorating influences of sunshine, pure air, and exer-
cise; but close, crowded, filthy, bad-smelling buildings are especially
causative of the complaint. The presence in the air of carbon diox-
ide, the product of breathing, and of the fetid gaseous products of
decomposing dung and urine diminish by about one-fourth of their
volume the life-giving oxygen, and in the same ratio hinder the aera-
tion of the blood and the maintenance of vigorous health. Worse
than this, such fetid gases are usually direct poisons to the animal.
breathing them; for example, sulphureted hydrogen (hydrogen sul-
phide 2 SH,) and various alkaloids (ptomaines) and toxins (neutral
poisonous principles) produced in the filth fermentations. These
lower the general health and stamina, impair digestion, and by lead-
ing to the accumulation in stomach and bowels of undigested mate-
rials they lay the foundation for offensive fermentations within these
organs, and consequent irritation, poisoning, and diarrhea. They
further weaken the system so that it can no longer resist and overcome
the trouble.

The condition of the nursing cow and her milk is another potent
cause of trouble. The food of the cow is important. The influence
of this is shown in the following tables:

Becquerel and Vernois.

 

Casein ite

and ex- i

Character of feed. Water. | tractive sugar. Butter. | Salts,
matter.

 

 

Cows on wanten feed: Parts in| Parts in |\Parts in| Parts in |Parts in
Trefoil or lucern, 12-13 pounds; oat straw, 910 | 1,000. 1,000. 1,000. 1,000. 1,000.

pounds; beets, 7 pounds; water, 2 buckets ...| 871.26 47,81 33.47 42.0% 5.34
Cows on summer feed:
Green trefoil, lucern, maize, barley, grass, 2

IbUGKSGtS! Water... ccoscseckeceesegaesaeeeadentes 859, 56 54.70 | 36.88 42.76 6.80
Goat's milk on different feed:

On straw sand tretoll .n.100 eecussmnwnamaacwwnnwnn 858, 68 47.38 | 35.47 52. 54 5.98

OD SC sacitis ccensuctimemi ve oemad in mimennene 888.77 33.81 38,02 33. 68 5.72

Norma] meat: = <22.2s--escueceteasseeeeerecceeeces. 844.90 35.14 36. 90 56. 87 6.18

 

 

 

 

 

 
DISEASES OF YOUNG CALVES. 953

In these examples the deterioration of the milk in casein on the less
nutritious winter feeding is very marked, although the relative amount
of butter remains almost unchanged. In the case of the goat the
result is even more striking, the beet diet giving a very large decrease
of both casein and butter and an increase of milk sugar.

The following table, condensed from the Iowa Agricultural Experi-
ment Station Bulletin, gives the results in butter and total solids when
the same cows were fed on different rations in succession. Each cow
was fed a daily ration of 12 pounds corn fodder and 4 pounds clover
hay, besides the test diet of (1) 124 pounds corn and cob meal, and (2)
10 pounds sugar meal—a product of the glucose manufacture. This
special feed was given seven days before the commencement of each
test period to obviate the effects of transition. The analyses of the
special rations are given below:

 

3 Corn and Sugar
Constituents. cob meal. meal.

 

Per cent. | Per cent.

18.37 6.10
1.43 1.17
2.81 11.16

65. 99 52.6
8.03 8. 64
8.37 20.27

 

 

 

The great excess of fat and nitrogenous or flesh-forming principles
in the sugar meal is very evident.

 

 

; Ratio of fat
Animal. Milk. | Fat. |Solids.| Fat. | Solids. pepelica not
‘at.
Grade Shorthorn cow: Pounds. | P.ct.| Per ct. |Pounds. |Pounds.
First period, 21 days, corn and cob meal.| 631.25 | 3.43 | 11.57 21.67 %8.02 | 422.0: 1,000
Second period, 21 days, sugar meal -...-- 641.50 | 4.04 | 12.53 25.93 | -83.38 | 476.2 : 1,000

Third period, 21 days, corn and cob meal.| 559.00 | 3.22 | 11.86 17.97 66, 32 | 371.7 : 1,000
Grade Shorthorn cow:
First period, 21 days, corn and cob meal_| 604.75 | 3.57 | 11.95 21.56 72,28 | 425.1 : 1,000
Second period, 21 days, sugar meal _..... 582.00 | 3.91 | 12.37 22. 74 92.57 | 456.3 : 1,000
Third period, 21 days,corn and cob meal.| 527.00 | 3.37 | 12.05 17.78 63.48 | 389.1: 1,000
Grade Shorthorn cow:

 

 

 

 

 

 

First period, 21 days, sugar meal ..._.... 753.50 | 3.97 | 12.48 29. 94 93.67 | 469.8: 1,000

Second period, 2idays,cornandcobmeal| 601.50 | 3.15 | 11.45 18,97 68.89 | 380.0: 1,000

Third period, 21 days, sugar meal--..---. 560.50 | 3.85 | 12.16 21.58 68.16 | 463.3: 1,000
Grade Holstein cow:

First period, 21 days, sugar meal __.__.-- 487.50 | 4.15 | 13.27 20, 25 64.69 | 455.6: 1,000

Second period,21days,cornandcobmeal| 379.00 | 3.51] 12.69 13.30 48.09 | 382.3 : 1,000

Third period, 21 days, sugar meal..._._.- 374.50 | 3.72 | 13.01 13.95 48.74 | 401.0: 1,000

 

Here we see in every instance a marked relative increase of the but-
ter, and to a less extent of the other milk solids whenever the sugar
meal—rich in fat and albuminoids—was furnished. The opposite
254 DISEASES OF CATTLE.

theory having been largely taught, it becomes needful to thus sustain
the old and well-founded belief of the dairymen.

Not only does the richness of the milk vary with the nature of the
food, but it varies also according to the time of the day when it is
drawn, the morning milk giving 74 per cent of cream and the evening
milk 94 per cent (Hassall). Boedecker found that the morning milk
had 10 per cent of solids, while the evening milk had 13 per cent.
Again, the milk first drawn at any milking is always poorer than the
last drawn. The first may have only one-half, or in extreme cases
one-fourth, the cream of the last. Once more, when the cow is in heat
the milk becomes richer in solids (casein and butter), and contains
granular and white blood cells like the colostrum, and often disagrees
with the young animal living on it. Now, while these various modifi-
cations in the amount of solid matters may prove harmless to a strong
and vigorous calf, they can easily be the occasion of intestinal dis-
order in a weaker one, or in one with health already somewhat
impaired by sickness, exposure, or unwholesome buildings. The
casein of the cow’s milk coagulates in one solid mass, and is much less
easily penetrated by the digesting fluids than the fine flaky coagula of
woman’s or mare’s milk. An excess of casein, therefore, thrown on
an already overtaxed stomach can all the more readily induce dis-
order. Sowith butter fat. While a most important element in nutri-
tion, it may be present in the stomach in such amount as to interfere
with the action of the gastric juice ou the casein, and with the inter-
ruption of the natural stomach digestion the fats themselves undergo
decomposition with the production of offensive and irritating fatty
acids.

The milk of the very young cow is usually more watery than that of
the mature animal, and that of the old cow has a greater liability to
become acid. It varies much with the breed, the Channel Island cattle
being notorious for the relatively large amount of cream, while the
Holsteins, Ayrshires, and Shorthorns are remarkable rather for the
amount of casein. The milk of cows fed on potatoes and grass is very
poor and watery; that from cows fed on cabbage or Swedish turnips
has a disagreeable taste and odor (from the former an offensive liquid
has been distilled).

Cows fed on overkept, fermented, and soured rations have acid
milk which readily turns and coagulates. Thus old, long-kept brew-
er’s grains, swill, the refuse of glucose factories, and ensilage which
has been put up too green, all act in this way. The same may come
from disease in the cow’s udder, or any general disease of the cow with
attendant fever, and in all such cases the tendency is to rapid change
and unwholesomeness. If the milk is drawn and fed from a pail there
is the added danger of all sorts of poisonous ferments getting into it
and multiplying; it may be from the imperfect cleansing and scalding
of the pail; from rinsing the pails with water that is impure; from the
DISEASES OF YOUNG CALVES. ; 255

entrance of bacterial ferments floating in the filthy atmosphere of
the stable, or from the entrance of the volatile chemical products of
fermentation.

In addition to the dangers coming through the milk, the calf suffers
in its digestive powers from any temporary illness, and among others
from the excitement attendant on the cutting of teeth, and impaired
digestion means fermentations in the undigested masses and the exces-
sive production of poisonous ptomaines and toxins.

Whatever may be the starting or predisposing cause of this malady,
when once established it is liable to perpetuate itself by contagion and
to prove a veritable plague in a herd or a district.

Symptoms.—The symptoms of diarrhea may appear so promptly
after birth as to lead to the idea that the cause already existed in the
body of the calf, and it usually shows itself before the end of the
second week. It may be preceded by constipation, as in retained
- meconium, or by fetid eructations and colicky pains, as in acute indi-
gestion. The tail is stained by the liquid dejections, which are at first
simply soft and mixed with mucus with a sour odor, accompanied by
a peculiar and characteristic fetor (suggesting rotten cheese), which
continually grows worse. The amount of water and mucus steadily
increases, the normal predominance of fatty matters becoming modi-
fied by the presence of a considerable amount of undigested casein,
which is not present in the healthy feces, and in acute cases death
may result in one or two days from the combined drain on the system
and the poisoning by the absorbed products of the decomposition in
the stomach and bowels. When the case is prolonged the passages,
_ at first five or six per day, increase to fifteen or twenty, and pass with
more and more straining, su that they are projected from the animal
in a liquid stream. The color of the feces, at first yellow, becomes a
lighter grayish yellow or a dirty white (hence the name white scour),
and the fetor becomes intolerable.

At first the calf retains its appetite, but as the severity of the disease
increases the animal shows less and less disposition to suck, and has
lost all vivacity, lying dull and listless, and, when raised, walking
weakly and unsteadily. Flesh is lost rapidly, the hair stands erect,
the skin gets dry and scurfy, the nose is dry and hot, or this condition
alternates with a moist and coolone. By this time the mouth and
skin, as well as the breath and dung, exhale the peculiar penetrating,
sour, offensive odor, and the poor calf has become an object of disgust
to all that approach it. At first, and unless inflammation of the
stomach and bowels supervene (and unless the affection has started in
indigestion and colic), the belly is not bloated or painful on pressure,
symptoms of acute colicky pains are absent, and the bowels do not
rumble, neither are bubbles of gas mingled with the feces. The irritant
products of the intestinal fermentations may, however, irritate and
excoriate the skin around the anus, which becomes red, raw, and
256 DISEASES OF CATTLE.

broken out in sores for some distance. Similarly, the rectum, exposed
by reason of the relaxed condition of the anus, or temporarily in
straining to pass the liquid dejection, is of a more or less deep red,
and it may be ulcerated. _Fever, with rapid pulse and increased
breathing and temperature, usually comes on with the very fetid char-
acter of the feces and is more pronounced as the bowels become
inflamed, the abdomen sore to the touch and tucked up, and the feces
more watery, and even mixed with blood. ;
Prevention.—The prevention of these cases is the prevention of con-
stipation and indigestion, with all their varied causes as above enu-
merated, the selection of a strong, vigorous stock, and, above all, the
combating of contagion, especially in the separation of the sick from
the healthy, and in the thorough purification and disinfection of the
buildings. The cleansing and sweetening of all drains, the removal
of dung heaps, and the washing and scraping of floors and walls, fol-
lowed by a liberal application of chlorid of lime (bleaching powder),
4 ounces to the gallon, are indicated. Great care must be exercised
in the feeding of the cow to have sound and wholesome food and
water, so apportioned as to make the milk neither too rich nor too
poor, and to her health, so that the calf may be saved from the evil
consequences of poisonous principles that may be produced in the
body of the cow. The calves should be carefully kept apari from all
calving cows and their discharges. Similarly, each calf must have
special attention to see that its nurse gives milk which agrees with it,
and that this is furnished at suitable times. If allowed to suck, it
should either be left with the cow or it may be fed three times a day.
If it becomes hungry twice a day it is more likely to overload and
derange the stomach, and if left too long hungry it is tempted to take
in unsuitable and unwholesome food, for which its stomach is as yet
unprepared. So,if fed from the pail, it is safer to do so three times
daily than twice. The utmost cleanliness of feeding dishes should be
secured and the feeder must be ever on the alert to prevent the strong
and hungry from drinking the milk of the weaker in addition to their
own. In case the cow nurse has been subjected to any great excite-
ment by reason of travel, hunting, or carrying, the first milk she
yields thereafter should be used for some other purpose and only the
second allowed to the calf. Indeed, one and all of the conditions
above indicated as causes should be judiciously guarded against.
Treatment.—Treatment will vary according to the nature and stage
of the disease. When the disease is not widespread, but isolated
cases only occur, it may be assumed to be a simple diarrhea and is
easily dealt with. The first object is to remove the irritant matter
from stomach and bowels, and for this 1 or 2 ounces of castor oil
may be given, according to the size of the calf. Reduce the milk by
one-half or two-thirds. If the stools smell particularly sour, it may
be replaced by 1 ounce calcined magnesia, and in any case a table-
DISEASES OF YOUNG CALVES. 257

spoonful or two of limewater must be given with each meal. Greati
harm is often done by giving opium and astringents at the outset.
These merely serve to bind up the bowels and retain the irritant
source of the trouble; literally, ‘‘to shut up the wolf in the sheep-
fold.” When the offending agents have been expelled in this way,
carminatives and demulcent agents may be given—1 dram anise water,
1 dram nitrate of bismuth, and 1 dram gum arabic, three times a day.
Under such a course the consistency of the stools should increase
until in a day or two they become natural.

If, however, the outbreak is more general and evidently the result
of contagion, the first consideration is to remove all sources of such
contamination. Test the milk of the cow with blue litmus paper, and,
if it reddens, reject the milk of that cow until by sound, dry feeding,
with perhaps a course of hyposulphite of soda and gentian root, her
milk shall have been made alkaline. The castor oil or magnesia will
still be demanded to clear away the (now infecting) irritants, but they
should be combined with antiseptics, and, while the limewater and the
carminative mixture may still be used, a most valuable addition will be
found in the following: Calomel, 10 grains; prepared chalk, 1 ounce;
creosote, 1 teaspoonful; mix, divide into ten parts, and give one four
times a day. Or the following may be given four times a day: One
dram Dover’s powder, 6 grains powdered ipecacuanha; mix, divide
into ten equal parts. Injections of solutions of gum arabic are often
useful, and if the anus is red and excoriated, one-half dram of copperas
may be added to each pint of the gummy solution. All the milk given
must be boiled, and if that does not agree, eggs made into an emulsion
with barley water may be substituted. Small doses (tablespoonful)
of port wine are often useful from the first, and as the feces lose
their watery character and become more consistent, tincture of gen-
tian in doses of 2 teaspoonfuls may be given three or four times a
day. Counterirritarts, such as mustard, ammonia, or oil of turpen-
tine, may be rubbed on the abdomen when that becomes tender to
the touch. ‘

ACUTE CONTAGIOUS SCOURING IN THE NEWBORN.

The most violent and deadly form of diarrhea in the newborn calf
deserves a special mention. This may appear immediately after birth,
and shows itself almost invariably within the first or second day. The
most intense symptoms of white scour are complicated by great dull-
ness, weakness, and prostration, sunken eyes, retracted belly, short,
hurried breathing, and very low temperature, the calf lying on its
side, with the head resting on the ground, lethargic and unconscious
or regardless of all around it. The bowel discharges are profuse,
yellowish white, and very offensive. As a rule, death ensues within
twenty-four to thirty-six hours.

61386—08——17
258 DISEASES OF OATTLE.

A marked characteristic of this form of illness is that it attacks
almost every calf born in the herd, or in the building, rather, and if
the calf escapes an attack in the first two or three days of its life it
usually survives. Those that recover from an attack, however, are
liable to suffer from an infective inflammation of the lungs one or two
weeks later. The infection clings to a stable for years, rendering it
impossible in many cases to preserve and raise the calves. It has
frequently coincided with abortions and failures to conceive in the
same herd, so thai it has been thought that the same infective germ
produces one type of abortion. On the other hand, the remcval of
the calving cow from the herd to calve in a separate building, hitherto
unused and therefore uninfected, usually secures the escape and sur-
vival of the offspring.

The disease has been traced by Nocard and Ligniéres to a small
bacillus having the general characters of those which produce hemor-
rhagic septicemia, which is usually combined with a variety of others,
but is in some cases alone and in pure culture, especially in the
joints. The theory of Ligniéres is that this bacillus is the primary
offender, and that once introduced it so depresses the vital powers of
the system and tissue cells that the healthy resistance to other bac-
teria is impaired or suspended, and hence the general and deadly
invasion of the latter.

Inoculations with this bacillus killed guinea pigs or rabbits in six
to eighteen hours, and calves in thirty hours, with symptoms and
lesions of hemorrhagic septicemia, including profuse fetid diarrhea.

The predominance of the early and deadly lesions in the alimen-
tary tract would seem to imply infection through the food, and the
promptitude of the attack after birth, together with the frequent coin-
cidence of contagious abortion in the herd, suggest the presence of
the germ in the cow; yet the escape of the calf when the cow ealves
in a fresh building is equally suggestive of the infection through
germs laid up in the building. This conclusion is further sustained
by the observation that the bacillus evidently enters by the raw,
unhealed navel, that it is diffused in the blood, and that a very care-
ful preservation of the navel against infection gives immunity from
attack.

Prevention.—The disease is so certainly and speedily fatal that it is
hopeless to expect recovery, and therefore prevention is the rational
resort.

When a herd is small, the removal of the dam toa clean, unused
stable a few days before calving and her retention there for a week
usually succeeds. But itis in the large herd that the disease is mainly
to be dreaded, and in this it is impossible to furnish new and pure
stables for each successive group of two or three calving cows. The
thorough disinfection of the general stable ought to succeed; yet I
DISEASES OF YOUNG OALVES. 259

have seen the cleanest and purest stable repeatedly disinfected with
corrosive sublimate without stopping the malady. It would appear
as if the germ lodged on the surface or in the bowels of the cow and
tided the infection over the period of stable disinfection. But though
insufficient of themselves, the supply of separate calving boxes and
the frequent thorough cleaning and disinfection of both these and the
stables should not be neglected. The most important measure, how-
ever, is the disinfection of the navel.

The cow should be furnished with abundance of dry, clean bedding,
sprinkled with a solution of carbolicacid. As soon as calving sets in,
the tail and hips, anus and vulva, should be sponged with a carbolic-
acid solution (one-half ounce to the quart), and the vagina injected
with a weaker solution (2 drams to the quart). Fresh carbolized bed-
ding should be constantly supplied, so that the calf shall be dropped on
that and not on soaked litter nor manure. The navel string should
be at once tied with acord that has been taken from a strong solution
of carbolic acid. The stump of the cord and the adjacent skin should
then be washed with the following solution: Iodin, one-half dram;
iodid of potassium, one-half dram; water, 1 quart. When dry, it
may be covered with a coating of collodion or tar, each containing 1
per cent of iodin.

Whenever a calf shows any sign of scouring, it should be instantly
removed to another pen and building, and the vacated one should be
thoroughly cleaned and disinfected. Different attendants should
take care of the sound calves and the infected ones, and all utensils,
litter, ete., kept scrupulously apart.

After one week the healthy calves may usually be safely herded
together or they may be safely placed in the cow stable.

OTHER AILMENTS OF THE CALF.

Among these may be named several congenital imperfections, such as
imperforate anus, vulva, or prepuce, which are to be recognized by the
inability to pass dung or urine, in spite of straining, and the formation
of swellings in the anus, vulva, or sheath. Each must be carefully
incised with the knife, taking care not to injure the muscles which cir-
cumscribe the respective openings. Also tongue-tie, in which the thin
flaccid mucous membrane passing from the median line of the lower
surface of the tongue binds the latter too closely to the floor of the
mouth and renders the tongue unfit for gathering in the food in after
life. This must be cut with knife or scissors, so as to give the tongue a
reasonable amount of liberty.

Aphtha, or thrush, is another trouble of the sucking calf, showing
itself as a white, curdy elevation on the tongue, lips, cheeks, or gums,
and when detached leaving araw,red,angry surface. It is due to the
growth of a vegetable parasite long recognized as the Oidium albicans
¥60 DISEASES OF CATTLE.

(Saccharomyces albicans). It is easily removed by rubbing with
powdered borax, but inasmuch as other colonies are likely to staré
either in the mouth or lower down in the pharynx, gullet, or stomach,
it is well to give a dose of one-half dram of hyposulphite of soda in
water day by day for several days.

Rickets is not a common disease in calves, and comes on, if at all,
later than those we have been considering. It consists in softening
and friability of the bones from a deficiency of lime salts, and appears
to be mainly connected with an inherited weakness of constitution,
unsuitable feeding, cold, close, damp buildings, microbian infection,
and other conditions inimical to health. The prevention and treat-
ment of rickets consists essentially in the improvement of the diges-
tion and general health; hence sunshine, open air, exercise, nourish-
ing food, and tonics are indicated.
BONES: DISEASES AND ACCIDENTS.

By V. T. Atkinson, V. S.
(Revised in 1904 by John R. Mohler, V. M. D.]

Some knowledge of the skeleton is advisable to facilitate the study
of diseases of bones and the accidental injuries to which they are
exposed. The skeleton of the adult ox is made up of the following
number of bones:

Spinal column <oen cee enw hesceecioceexceseacs 45

ET aa Chieyel Ste A ete ee 8 oD oh oe ts 28

Chests Scouse segue bocce cea ces Q7

Shoulder _._....-22.22 2-2 eee ee eee 2— 1 on each side.

ATM oe ascececensoeacacestsaaesieceticeeease 2— 1 on each side.

HOP ATI eGo eco es oa emeecese seeesese 4— 2 on each side.

Ore 1600: scans nianase sea Soden cas oe ies nag 40—20 on each side.

MPO WAS scretde diet then tte a aoettete a ence ae 2— 1 on each side.

PP oh ee Sie eee esaaee saosin see eeaes 2— 1 on each side.

Glee! <2 eules eed Bae eee oe ae ate 6— 3 on each side.

Hind foot _.....---.-.-.---------------------- 88—19 on each side.
Ota oc ccecmasedala odes Soneeesake tomas 196

Without attempting to burden the reader with the technical names
and a scientific classification of each, it appears desirable to describe
some of the characteristics of forms in general, and of a few classes
into which they may be divided, leaving the special study of individual
bones to the illustrations of the skeleton (Pl. XXV), which will serve
better than any amount of writing to fix in the mind of the reader the
location, relation, and function of each one. In early fetal life the
place of bone is supplied by temporary cartilage, which gradually
changes to bone. For convenience of study, bones may be said to be
composed of a dense form of connective tissue impregnated with lime
salts and contain two elementary constituents—the organic, or animal,
and the inorganic, or earthy. In young animals the former predomi-
nates; with increasing years the relative proportions of the two change,
so that when advanced age is reached the proportion of inorganic far
exceeds the organic. The gradual change with advancing years from
organic to inorganic has the effect of rendering the bone harder and
more brittle, and though it is stronger the reparative process is slower
when injury does occur.

The bones are nourished in two ways: First, from the outside through
their covering, called the periosteum—the thin, strong membrane that

261
262 DISEASES OF OATTLE

covers every part of the bone except the articular surface of the
joints—and, second, from within through the minute branches of
blood vessels which pass into the bones through holes (foramen) on
their surface and are distributed in the soft structure (medulla) of
the inside. The structure of the bone is divided into two parts—the
compaet or hard material of the outside, which gives strength and is
more abundant in the shafts of long bones, and the cancellated softer
tissue of the inside, which affords accommodation to the blood vessels
necessary for the nourishment of that part of the structure.

In shape bones are divided into three classes—long, flat, and short.
The long bones are the ribs and those mostly found in the limbs; the
flat bones are found in the head, the shoulder, and the pelvis; and the
short bones in the spinal column and in the lower portions of the
limbs.

With this little introduction, which seems almost indispensable, we
will proceed at once to the consideration of diseases of bones, for they
undergo diseased processes like any other living tissue.

OSTEITIS.

Inflammation of the compact structure of bones (osteitis) may be
either acute or chronic, and may involve the whole extent of the bone
affected or may be confined to only a portion of it. This inflamma-
tion results from injury, such as concussion, laceration, or a crushing
bruise; also from specific influences, as in actinomycosis or cases of
foul foot. The latter affection frequently involves the bones, and for
this reason the pastern is the most frequent seat of osteitis. There
is dull pain on pressure and a painful swelling of bone when pus is
present. Suppuration may involve the overlying soft tissues, causing
an abseess, which may finally break through the skin. The inflam-
matory condition sometimes assumes an ulcerated form (caries) or
from interrupted nutrition of the part deprived of the blood neces-
sary to its nourishment may cause death of a large section of bone
(necrosis), and this dead fragment (sequestrum), becoming separated
from the main portion of bone, acts as a foreign body.

Treatment.—This consists in resting the affected part and in giving
vent at the earliest possible moment to whatever pus may be present.
Free drainage should then be maintained. Apply dressings of lactic
acid or inject with 5 per cent zine chloride solution and pack with
tampons of cotton soaked in antiseptic solutions. A laxative to keep
the bowels moving freely is the only internal treatment necessary.

PERIOSTITIS.

This disease is an inflammation of the external covering of bone
(periosteum) and is usually produced by wounds, pressure, or crush-
ing of the part. The periosteum is well supplied with sensitive nerve
BONES: DISEASES AND AOOCIDENTS. 2638

endings and when inflamed is very sensitive to pressure and may
cause lameness. This condition is often difficult to determine, and
even an acute observer may fail to locate the point of its existence.
There are three forms of periostitis—aseptic, purulent, and fibrous.

ASEPTIC PERIOSTITIS.

Aseptic periostitis when it becomes chronic causes such a bony
enlargement (exostosis) as is seen in the callous formation following
the fracture of a bone. The formation of such a tumor or enlarge-
ment on the surface of a bone is liable to occur in any part of the
bone covered with periosteum, and when found in the neighborhood
of a joint involving two or more bones it is likely to result in their
union (anchylosis).

Treatment.—Applications of cold water to check the inflammatory
processes is indicated for the first few days in aseptic periostitis, fol-
lowed by hot fomentations to hurry resorption of fluids. Massage
should then be given with camphor ointment, mercurial ointment,
soap liniment, or Lugol’s solution. In the chronic form point firing
or a biniodide of mercury blister will be found beneficial.

PURULENT PERIOSTITIS.

Purulent periostitis follows wounds which reach the periosteum
and become infected, as observed in compound fractures, or it may
result from advancing purulent conditions in neighboring structures,
as in foul foot. It may also occur in the course of an infectious dis-
ease, when small abscesses are formed under the periosteum (subperi-
osteal abscess). It may lead to necrosis of the bone cr a fistulous
track from the bone to the surface. ~There is usually much pain and
fever present, and the odor from the wound is offensive.

Treatment.—In this form of periostitis the periosteum should be
freely incised, followed either by continuous irrigation or frequent
injection of the wound with antiseptic solutions.

FIBROUS PERIOSTITIS.

This form of the disease consists in the thickening of the outer
layer of the periosteum from the inflammation reaching it from neigh-
boring structures. This newly formed fibrous tissue may become
ossified or may transmit the inflammation to the deeper bony struc-
tures. It is frequently seen in cases where there has been an intense
inflammation of the skin close to an underlying bone.

‘Treatment.—The treatment should follow that recommended for
aseptic periostitis.

OSTEO-MYELITIS.

This term refers to an inflammation of the bone marrow, which is
most commonly seen following the bacterial infection of a compound
fracture and usually results in pus formation. The bone is melted
264 DISEASES OF CATTLE.

away, and pus escapes from the bone under the periosteum, involving
the soft tissues. Ié is principally confined to the long bones and sel-
dom affects more than one.

Treatment.—The bone should be opened for the purpose of aueee
ting out the diseased portion of the marrow cavity and removing all
the necrotic pieces of bone. This-should be undertaken only by a
competent veterinarian. The after treatment consists in tamponing
the wound with pledgets of iodoform gauze or injecting a 2 per cent
solution of sulphuric acid or hydrochloric acid of similar strength or
pure lactic acid or a mixture of iodoform 1 part and glycerine 4 parts.
The wound in the soft tisssue should be kept open until the cavity in
the bone has filled with granulation tissue.

RICKETS.

This disease, also called ‘‘rachitis,” is an inflammatory affection of
young, growing bones, ana involves the ribs and long bones of the
legs mostly. It consists in a failure of the organism to deposit lime
salts in bone, and for this reason the bones do not ossify as rapidly as
they should. The cartilaginous ends of the bones grow rapidly, but
ossification does not keep pace with it. The bones become long and
their ends bend at the joints, the legs become crooked, and the joints
are large and irregular. All the bones affected with this disease are
thicker than normal, and the gait of the animal is stiff and painful.
A row of bony enlargements may be found where the ribs articulate
with the cartilages connecting them with the breastbone and is called
the ‘‘ beaded line.” A catarrhal condition of the digestive tract is
usually observed. The disease may result from an inherited weak-
ness of constitution, poor hygienic surroundings, or improper diet.
Calves and foals are less frequently affected with rickets than dogs
and pigs.

Treatment.—The affected animal should be given nourishing food
containing a proper amount of lime salts. Outdoor exercise and
plenty of fresh air are indispensable. Limewater should be given
once daily for drinking purposes and ground bone meal mixed with
the food. Phosphorus, one-fortieth of a grain, and calcium phos-
phate, 1 dram, given twice daily to a 2-months-old calf, and propor-
tionally increased for older animals, has proved efficacious in this
disease. In some cases the long bones of the limbs are too weak at
birth to support the weight of the animal and temporary splints,
carefully padded and wrapped on with some soft bandages, become
necessary.

OSTEOMALACIA (CREEPS).
This is a condition of bone brittleness or softening of bone found °

usually in adult life. It consists of the decalcification of mature
bone, with the advancing diminution of the compact portion of bone
BONES: DISEASES AND AOCIDENTS. 265

by absorption. The periosteum strips very easily from the bone’
This disease is seen in milch cows during the period of heavy lacta-
tion or in the later stages of pregnancy, and the greater the yield of
milk the more rapid the progress of the disease. Heifers with their
first calf are frequently affected, as these animals require a consider-
able quantity of animal salts for their own growth and for the nourish-
ment of their calves.

Symptoms.—In marked cases there is a gradual emaciation and
symptoms of gastro-intestinal catarrh, with depraved appetite, the
animal eating manure, decayed wood, dirt, leather, etc. Muscular
weakness is prominent, together with muscle tremors, which simulate
chills, but are not accompanied by any rise of temperature. The
animal has a stiff, laborious gait, there is pain and swelling of the
joints, and constant shifting of the weight from one leg to another.
The restricted movements of the joints are frequently accompanied
by a crackling sound, which has caused the name of ‘‘creeps” to be
applied to the disease. The coat is dull and rough and the skin dry
and hidebound. The animal is subject to frequent sprains or fracture
of bones without apparent cause, as in lying down or turning around,
and when such fractures occur they are difficult to unite. The bones
principally involved are the upper bones of the legs, the haunch bone,
and the middle bones of the spinal column. The disease in this
country is confined to localized areas in the Southwest, known as the
‘alkali districts,” and in the old dairy sections of New York. The
cause of this affection is the insufficiency or total absence of lime salts
in the food, also to feeding hay of low, damp pastures, kitchen slops,
and potatoes, or to overstocking landg. It occurs on old, worn-out soil
devoid of lime salts, and has also been observed to follow a dry season.

Treatment.—This should consist in a change of food and the artifi-
cial feeding of lime salts, such as magnesium and sodium phosphate.
Foods containing mineral salts may be given, such as beans, cowpeas,
oats, cotton-seed meal, or wheat bran. Cotton-seed meal is one of the
best foods for this purpose, but it should be fed carefully, as too large
quantities are injurious to cows. Phosphorus may also be given in
one-fourth grain doses twice daily, together with a tablespoonful of
powdered bone meal or crude calcium phosphate at each meal. Ordi-
nary lime dissolved in drinking water (limewater) will also be found
efficacious in cambating this diséase, and can be provided at slight
expense. A change of pasture to a locality where the disease is
unknown and a free supply of common salt and bone meal will be the
most convenient method of treating range cattle.

SPRAINS.

The most common accident occurring to bones and joints is a sprain
of the ligaments uniting the bones, or the tendons uniting the muscles
and bones. A sprain is the result of asudden forcing of a joint in an
266 DISEASES OF CATTLE.

unnatural direction; or, if in a natural direction, beyond the power of
the ligament or tendon to restrain it properly, so that part of the fibers
of either are ruptured. When such an accident occurs pain is imme-
diately inflicted, varying in degree with the extent of theinjury, which
is soon followed by swelling, with more or less heat and tenderness,
If the seat of the injury be in any of the limbs, lameness is likely to
result. Of the causes of sprain, slipping on ice or a wet fioor, play-
ing, or fighting with another animal are the most common.

SPRAIN OF THE SHOULDER JOINT.

This is likely to occur from any of the causes mentioned above or
from the animal slipping suddenly into a rut or hole. When such an
accident occurs, sudden lameness will attract attention. The animal
will be noticed to drag the leg when walking and to carry it in a cir-
cular direction, outward and forward, at each step. The leg should
be carefully examined, pressure over the joint causing the animal to
evinee pain. If the person making the examination is in doubt, it is
well to make a comparison between the shoulders by pressing first on
one and then the other. After such an accident the animal should be
tied up so as to limit so far as possible the use of the injured joint.
Soft food should be given with a view to keeping the bowels acting
freely.

Treatment.—During the first three days the treatment should con-
sist of cold-water irrigation to check the inflammation and relieve the
pain. Hot fomentations may then be applied to hasten the absorption
of the inflammatory fluids. When the pain has somewhat abated,
equal parts of mercurial ointmeut and green soap may be rubbed into
the swollen tissue. Should lameness continue after the tenth day,
good results will be obtained from the application of a blister. This
may be done by carefully clipping the hair off over the joint, includ-
ing a surface of 4 or 5 inches in circumference, and rubbing in the
following preparation:

Powdered cantharides ._...._...-..2--22--2------2- eee dram... 1
Biniodide of mercury ..._.._..--...--2.2--222-----------e do.... 1
Viaseling: ooo a dcee eet ace denst oeeee Goan tA deeb anor A ounce.. 1

The animal’s head should be carefully tied until the third day to
prevent its licking the blister. The blistered surface should then be
smeared with lard or vaseline every other day until the scabs fall off.
Gentle exercise should be allowed after the fourth or fifth day from
the application of the blister. If the lameness still remains the blister
may be repeated in three weeks or a month.:

SPRAIN OF THE FETLOCK.

This may occur from misstep when the animal is moving rapidly,
and the twisting or wrenching of the foot is sufficient to rupture par-
tially the ligaments which bind the bones together at that part. Such
an accident also frequently occurs by the foot becoming fastened in
BONES: DISEASES AND ACCIDENTS. 267

a hole in the floor, and the wrenching is the result of the animal’s
attempt to liberate it. Lameness, followed by swelling of the joint
and pain when it is handled, or when the animal moves the joint, and
heat, are the more noticeable symptoms. If the sprain be very severe
the animal occasionally does not bear its weight on the limb.

Treatment.—The most important consideration in the treatment of
this affection is rest, which is best enforced by keeping the animal in
the stall and placing strong muslin bandages about the inflamed joint.
As in the sprain of the shoulder, cold water in the form of douches,
continuous irrigation with hose or soaking tub, or finely chopped ice
poultices is indicated for the first three days. Following this apply a
Priessnitz bandage*® moderately tight about the joint, which not only
conduces to rest, but also favors absorption. Massage with stimulat-
ing liniments, such as soap or camphor liniment, may later be applied
to the affected parts.

If the lameness has not disappeared by the tenth day, the blister
advised for the sprain of the shoulder should be applied, and the
same precautions observed as to tying the animal’s head and subse-
quent smearing with vaseline. When a blister is applied in this
locality, the back part of the heel should be first filled With lard or
vaseline, and care taken to prevent any of the blistering preparation
from coming in contact with the skin of that part. If this precaution
isnot observed, scratches may ensue and prove troublesome.

SPRAIN OF THE HIP.

This is likely to result from the animal slipping in such a way as to
spread the hind feet wide apart. The patient goes stiff with the hind
legs, or lame with one hind leg, walking with a straddling gait and
swinging the leg outward as it is carried forward. Tenderness may
occasionally be detected on pressure, but owing to the heavy covering
of muscles outside of the joint this test is not always reliable.

In the acute cases, give rest and cold local applications. After the
fourth or fifth day the blister mentioned for sprain of the shoulder
may be applied with advantage, and if this proves insufficient, we
may fire in points over the joint as a last resort.

SPRAIN OF THE BACK,

Sprain of the back, particularly in the region of the loins, is not an
uncommon accident among cattle. It is likely to occur from the ani-

 

aA Preissnitz bandage is a dressing which combines the three properties of
keeping a part warm, moist, and subjecting it to uniform pressure. It consists of
three layersof material. The inner layer is composed of absorbent cotton or some
other material which is capable of holding moisture. This is soaked in water and
wrapped around the part. The second layer consists of a substance which is
impervious to moisture, as oiled silk or oiled paper, and is applied about the inner
layer to prevent evaporation. The third or outside layer is composed of a flannel
or woolen bandage to prevent the radiation of heat and thus keep the moist inner
layer at the temperature of the body.
\

268 DISEASES OF OATTLE.

mal slipping with both hind feet sideways so as to twist the back, or
the feet slipping violently backward so that great stress is thrown on
the loins. The patient moves with difficulty, using the hind parts in
a guarded manner as if afraid of causing severe pain. Occasionally,
if the sprain is severe, the animal wili rise with difficulty. Pressure
on the back in the immediate region of the loins causes pain. Such
cases may be mistaken for paralysis, and, in fact, in severe cases,
although the nerve supply is not interfered with, the injury to the
muscles and resulting pain is so great that the condition is almost
equal to paralysis during the early stages of the injury, although
likely to be attended with more favorable results. Hot applications,
such as blankets wrung out of hot water and changed at short inter-
vals, will be likely to afford relief during the earlier stages. After-
wards the blister mentioned for sprain of the shoulder may be applied
with advantage.

FRACTURES (BROKEN BONES)

Bones may be accidentally broken in many ways and from different
causes. Fractures in general are likely to be produced by external
force suddenly and violently applied, either directly to the part or at a
distance, the force being transmitted through the stronger bones until
it expends itself by breaking a weaker one remote from the seat of
the injury. Occasionally violent contraction of muscles is sufficient
to break a bone. Certain bones, those of the limbs in particular, are
more liable to fracture than others, owing to their exposed position.
The bones of some animals are more easily fractured than those of
others, owing to certain predisposing causes, such as age, habit, or
hereditary constitutional weakness. The bonesof an animal advanced
in years are more subject to fracture because of the preponderance
of inorganic matter rendering them more brittle. They are also occa-
sionally rendered liable to fracture by a previously existing diseased
condition. Fractures are divided into four classes—partial, simple,
compound, and comminuted.

PARTIAL FRACTURES.

Partial fractures are those which are likely to occur in a young
animal in which the preponderance of animal matter or the semicarti-
laginous condition of the bone renders it tough, so that even when
considerable force is applied the bone bends, breaking on the side
opposite that to which the force was applied, after the manner in
which a green stick would bend and break.

SIMPLE FRACTURES,

Simple fracture is one in which the bone is severed in two parts,
either transversely, longitudinally, or obliquely, without serious injury
to the adjoining structures.
BONES: DISEASES AND ACCIDENTS. 269
COMPOUND FRACTURES.

Compound fracture is one in which there is an open wound per-
mitting the air to communicate with the ends of the broken bones.

COMMINUTED FRACTURES.

Comminuted fracture is one in which the bone is shattered or divided
into a number of fragments.

COMPLICATED FRACTURES.

Complicated fracture is one where other structures surrounding the
bones are injured.

GENERAL SYMPTOMS OF FRACTURE.

When a fracture of one or more of the large bones of a limb oecurs,
symptoms are sure to be well marked. After the accident the animal
refuses to touch the foot to the ground and, if compelled to move,
does so with great pain and reluctance. There is more or less short-
ening of the limb, with trembling of the muscles in the vicinity of
the injury; deformity, and increased mobility, so that, instead of the
natural joints of the limb and the natural muscular control of their
motion, a new joint is formed where the fracture occurred, over which
the animal has no control. As the leg hangs dependent from the
body, shortened by the ends of the bones being forced past one another
from the muscular contraction which invariably takes place, it swings
in an awkward and unnatural manner, permitting the toe and foot to
assume positions in their relations to other parts of the body which
otherwise would be impossible. If the fractured bone is so situated
that the parts may be moved one upon another, a grating sound,
known as erepitus, will be observed.

GENERAL TREATMENT OF FRACTURES.

When a fracture occurs, the advisability of attempting treatment
must first be determined. If the animal be young, valuable, and of
* reasonably quiet temperament, and the fracture not too great in
extent, the chances of recovery are fair. On the other hand, if the
animal should be of little value, irritable, advanced in years, and the
fracture a serious compound or comminuted one, the wiser course
would generally be to put the creature out of its misery. Having
determined to attempt treatment, no time should be lost in restoring
the parts as nearly as possible to their natural position and retaining
them there. If the ends of the bones have been drawn past one
another, they should, by firm and continuous tension, be drawn out
until they again assume the position in which they were before the
aceident. All this can better be done before the swelling (which is
gure to result) takes place. If the swelling has occurred before the
270 DISEASES OF CATTLE.

injury is noticed, do not attempt to treat it, but proceed at once to
treat the fracture as though the swelling were not present, for no step
can be taken toward recovery until the ends of the bone have been
restored to their proper position. When that is done and proper
appliances have been used to prevent them from being again mis-
placed, the swelling, which is the result of irritation, will be relieved.
In selecting the appliances to be used in the treatment of fracture
the judgment and ingenuity of the operator are of much importance.
Splints, made of wood shaped to fit the limb and padded with soft
material where they come in contact with bony prominences, and held
in position by means of bandages, are the oldest method, and with
some are still the most popular. The fracture pads used in human
surgery, and for sale in surgical depots, are very convenient. After
being dipped in water they may be molded to fit the limb and be
retained by means of bandages. Heavy sole leather is also used after
being soaked in warm water and molded to the shape of the limb and
holes cut in it to fit over any sharp irregularities in the natural shape
of the bones. Gutta-percha sheets are also used and answer well.
They are prepared and used in the same way as the leather.

Another and perhaps the simplest of all methods is the application
of a plaster of Paris bandage, which is made as follows: Strips of thin
cheese cloth 3 inches wide and 8 or 9 feet long are laid flat on a board
and on them is spread a layer of plaster of Paris about one-eighth of an
inch thick, then, starting at one end, roll carefully so as to gather
the plaster in between the layers of the bandage. It is of course
important that the cloth be thin and the plaster of Paris fresh and
active. After preparing four or five of such bandages the operator
is ready to dress the fracture, which, after the parts have been brought
into position, should be done by covering all that part of the limb to
which the plaster of Paris bandage is to be applied with a single layer
of the dry bandage, letting it extend both above and below the part to
which the plaster of Paris bandage is to be applied and including under
the folds of the dry bandage at each end a layer of absorbent cotton,
which is intended to form a pad to prevent the ends of the plaster of
Paris bandage from chafing theskin beneath. When thisisdoneone of
the plaster of Paris bandages should be placed in a vessel of water and
allowed to remain till the air bubbles have ceased to rise from it, which
will generally indicate thatit is soaked through. Then, taking it in the
hand, wind it carefully around and around the limb, unrolling the band-
age as it is wound around the limb, occasionally smoothing down the
plaster of Paris. Should it form roughly or in ridges, the hand may be
dipped in water to impart increased moisture to it. When about
finished with one bandage, place another one in the water, so that

the winding operation may be continued without delay. The bandages.

should be applied till the cast is from one-half to three-quarters of an
inch thick, then gently restrain the animal for one-half or three-
BONES: DISEASES AND AOCIDENTS. 271

quarters of an hourtill the plasteris hardened. Any of the appliances
used should be so manipulated as to prevent absolutely any motion of
the detached parts. Ifthe fracture is near a joint, it is generally best
to include the joint in the appliance. The part of the limb below the
bandage should be carefully and firmly wrapped with an ordinary
cotton bandage all the way from the plaster bandage down to the
hoof. This last bandage will tend to prevent swelling, which is likely
to occur, the result of the dependent position in which the animal is
forced by nature to keep the injured limb.

When plaster of Paris bandages are applied to a compound fracture,
the injured part may be previously dressed with a small, thick pad of
cotton immediately over the wound. In applying the bandage the
operator may with.a little care so arrange it as to keep the folds of
the bandages off the cotton, or have only a thin layer over it, which
may be easily cut out and the cotton removed, leaving a convenient
opening through which to dress the wound without removing the
bandage. The ends of the bandage or other appliance should be
carefully watched to see that the skin does not become chafed, par-
ticularly at the lower end. If the bandage should become weak or
broken at any part, it may be strengthened without removal by apply-
ing other bandages immediately over it. If swelling has taken place
before the bandage has been applied, there is likely to be some loosen-
ing as it disappears, and even without the swelling there is likely to
be a tendency of the bandage to slide downward. This may be over-
come by fastening it to a suspender attached to a surcingle or passed
over the body and attached to the opposite leg. If the looseness can
not be overcome in this way, the space may be filled by pouring in a
thin paste of plaster of Paris. A better method, however, is to
remove the bandage and apply another. Owing to the hardness of
the bandage it will be removed with some difficulty. A deep groove
should be cut down completely through it on the opposite sides. This
may be done with a chisel and a small hammer, if the bandage is
carefully held by an assistant so that the concussion of the blows is
not transmitted to the injured bones. The patient should have a
roomy stall and should be tied by the head to prevent any attempts
to move around. In some eases slings have been used. Ordinarily,
however, they are not satisfactory in cattle practice, and if applied
should only be for a few days at a time and with a view to lessen the
animal’s disposition to lie down, rather than to prevent it. When
they are used continuously, the pressure on the abdomen is likely to
interfere with digestion and the general health of the animal.

Modes of union.—The animal should be kept as quiet as possible
and given such food as will have a tendency to keep the bowels slightly
relaxed. The success of the operation will depend chiefly on the skill
of the operator, but not alone in the selection and use of the appli-
ances; for as much attention must be given to subsequent manage-
2792 DISEASES OF CATTLE.

ment. The patients are unreasonable, and a single awkward motion
may undo the work of weeks so far as the union of the parts of the bone
is concerned. Union takes place after the same process and, if the
conditions are favorable, with greater rapidity than in the human
being. The injury that caused the fracture is almost sure to have
extended to some of the adjacent tissues, and, even though the frac-
ture may be of the simplest type, there is almost sure to be consider-
able hemorrhage around the ends of the broken bone. This, however,
is unimportant if the skin remains intact, unless a very large vessel
should be injured, or the fracture should open some of the important
cavities of the body, in which case a fatal hemorrhage might result. If,
on the other hand, the fracture be acompound one, the external open-
ing furnishes a fertile field for the lodgment of disease-producing germs.

Unless great care is exercised in such cases a suppurative process
is likely to be established which will seriously interfere with, if not
entirely arrest, the process of union between the bones; or it may
become so serious as to endanger the general health of the animal
and even be attended with fatal results. This last danger is greater
where the injury has occurred to the bones of the arm or thigh. In
such cases, owing to the dense covering of fascia which ensheathes
the muscular covering, pus is likely to be imprisoned, and, burrowing
downward, saturate the whole structure, not only endangering the
limb, but, by absorption, may set up blood poisoning and seriously
interfere with the general health of the patient, even to causing death.
In order so far as possible to prevent such an unfortunate complica-
tion, the wound should be carefully cleansed with a mild solution of
earbolic acid, then dusted over with iodoform before the bandages
are applied, and cleansed and dressed daily in the same way. After
dressing always cover with absorbent cotton. In the early process of
union an exudation of lymph takes place, which is at first fluid, grad-
ually becoming thicker and firmer till it forms a callus in the shape
of a ring or ferrule surrounding the detached portions of the bone,
known as the external or ensheathing callus. It occasionally happens
that this callus only forms at the ends of the bones, filling the spaces
that exist between them, when it is known as the intermediate callus.
The process of union may be divided into five stages. In the first
stage, including the first eight days, the detached portions of the bone
and the sharp projections that are not sufficiently nourished are
absorbed; the blood which escaped into the surrounding tissues, the
result of the injury, is gradually absorbed, and the effused lymph,
which is ultimately to constitute the temporary cartilage, takes its
place. In the second stage, from the tenth to the twentieth day, the
tumor or callus is formed and fibrocartilage is developed inside and
around the exposed end of the bone. In the third stage, extending
from the twentieth to the fortieth or fiftieth day, according to the age
and strength of the animal, the fibrocartilaginous structure under-
BONES: DISEASES AND ACOIDENTS. 273

goes a change and is gradually converted into bone, forming a ferrule
on the outside and a plug on the inside, which serve to hold the part
in position. In the fourth stage, extending to about the sixth month,
the whole cf the new structure is converted into bone. The fifth
stage, extending up to the end of the first year, the callus is absorbed,
being no longer necessary, and the connection between the cavities
of the two bones is again established.

Common conrplications.—The process of union just described is
healthy and normal. Diseased conditions may at any time supervene
during the treatment and render the operation unsuccessful. In the
case of compound fracture, the open wound communicating with the
ends of the bones, a septic condition is apt to arise which may become
so serious as to endanger the animal’s life and bring about conditions
which in human surgery would indicate amputation. Although that
operation is not a general one in veterinary practice, there is no rea-
son why it should not be attempted as a last resort, particularly if the
animal be valuable or one whose existence is necessary in order to
perpetuate some valuable strain. Even in the simplest form of frac-
ture, if the splints or bandages are improperly applied and the frac-
tured bone left so loosely guarded that the broken ends move one upon
another, the formation of the calluses previously described is likely
to be interfered with, and in place of a strong, rigid, and healthy
union a formation of elastic cartilage is the result. This false struc-
ture unites the broken ends of the bones in sucha way that they move
one upon another, depriving the bone of its stability and usefulness.
When once the healthy process of union is interrupted in the manner
just described, it is with great difficulty that it can be again estab-
lished. It no longer does any good to continue the restraining power;
in fact, the change of the temporary cartilage into bone is more likely
to be reestablished if the parts move violently upon one another for a
short time so as to set up and renew the process of inflammation.
Then if the restraint be again applied there is some chance of union.
In order so far as possible to avoid this danger, care should be exer-
cised that the bandage fits closely and that it is kept on till there is
no longer any danger but that a perfect union has taken place. It is
impossible to say at just what time the splints or bandages can safely
be removed. Ina young and healthy animal of quiet temperament,
where the parts have been firmly held in position throughout. the
whole time, from thirty to forty days may be regarded as reasonably
safe. Under more unfavorable conditions as to age, vitality, and
restraint, the period would better be extended up to sixty days if the
general condition of the animal is such as to permit of so long a con-
tinuance. After the appliance has been removed the animal should
be allowed to stand quiet for a few days, then given very gentle exer-
cise, gradually increased over a period of a week or ten days, by

61386—08——18
274 DISEASES OF CATTLE.

which time the patient will be so far recovered as to be placed in pas-
ture. It should, however, be alone for a time, so as not to take any
chance of injury from fighting or other accidents that association with
other animals might involve.

SPECIAL FRACTURES.

FRACTURE OF THE HORNS.—Of the special fractures liable to oceur,
that of the horn is perhaps the most common. It is always the result
of violent mechanical means, such as blows, injury occurring while
fighting, or from the animal getting its head locked in some manner
while feeding from a rack. When it occurs there are two ways in
which the injury is likely to affect the animal. First and most com-
mon, the horny crust is likely to be stripped from the bony projection
which it covers. Second, the crust and bone may both be broken or
bent down, the fracture occurring in that case at the root of the horn
and involving part of the bones of the head in the immediate vicinity.
In the first case, where the horny covering is knocked off, little
attention is necessary. The animal may be relieved from suffering
by smearing the stump with pine tar and wrapping it in cloth. If
the core is much lacerated, perhaps it would be better to amputate.
The necessity for such an operation must be determined by the con-
dition of the injury, influenced to some extent by the ideas of the
owner on the subject. When the operation is performed, it should be
done with a sharp, fine-toothed saw, and by sawing the horn off close
enough to include a little of the skin and hair around its base. The
practice of dehorning has grown popular in many parts of the coun-
try. It is a simple operation, and, although attended with some
immediate suffering, does not produce serious constitutional disturb-
ance. The advisability of performing the operation on all cattle is a
question of expediency and must be justified by the expectation of
benefit on the part of the feeder. If the horn should be broken so
that the core and crust are bent out of shape without the detachment
of one from the other, it may be restored to its normal position and
retained there by means of a splint made to fit-across the back of the
head, so as to be laced to both horns, the sound horn serving to hold
the broken one in position. Such a splint may be fastened on by
means of either wire or cord and allowed to remain six weeks or two
months.

If the horn and core have both been broken off, bleeding is usually
severe and should be checked by astringents, such as alum, or by
pressure. After the hemorrhage has ceased the exposed portion of
the fracture should be covered with pine tar, with or without a ban-
dage. An imperfect growth of horn will in due time cover the exposed
bone.

FRACTURES OF THE BONES OF THE FACE.—These occasionally occur,
and when over the cavities of the nose produce depression, disfigure-
BONES: DISEASES AND ACOIDENTS. 275

ment, and impeded respiration, owing to the lessening of the caliber
of the nasal passages.

When such an accident occurs, the depressed bone should be gently
forced back to place by introducing the finger in the nostril, or if the
fracture be too far up for this, a probe may be passed and the parts
retained by placing a plaster of thin leather or strong canvas smeared
with tar immediately over it, extending out to the sound surround-
ings, taking care to embed the hair over the fractured portion in the
tar of the plaster so it will be firmly held and prevented from again
becoming depressed. If only one nostril should be involved, the
depressed portion may be held in position by packing the nostril on
that side with absorbent cotton. This practice, however, has the
objection of giving the animal great discomfort, and in some cases a
disposition to aggravate the injury.

FRACTURE OF THE SKULL (CRANIUM).—Fractures of the bones
forming the cavity in which the brain is situated are, owing to their
strength, comparatively rare among cattle. Such an accident can
only be the result of external violence, and it is hardly possible that
it could occur without some fragment of the broken bone pressing
upon the brain so as to cause coma or other severe nervous derange-
ment, or even (eath. :

If the animal survives the first shock, the efforts should be directed

toward relieving the pressure, which may be done by making an open-
ing in the bone (trephining) and with a hook drawing the depressed
part outward. Interference is not so likely to be attended with good
results as to be warranted in all cases. The effects of a very severe
shock which may not have -produced a fracture, although the symp-
toms were alarming, will in many cases pass off, leaving the animal
in a better condition than if an operation had been performed.
_ FRACTURE OF THE LOWER JAW.—This occasionally occurs, and is
more likely to result from the kick of a horse than from any other
cause. The front part of the jaw is likely to be split or shattered in
any direction in which the force may have been applied. Bloody dis-
charges from the mouth and failure to eat or ruminate are symptoms
most likely to attract attention.

The treatment is simple, and consists of first removing detached
pieces of bone, then drawing the parts together and retaining them by
means of pieces of copper wire fastened around the teeth, and feeding
the animal on sloppy food until recovery takes place. The wound
should be dressed once or twice a day with a 3 per cent solution of
carbolic acid, forced gently in with a syringe, so as to remove any food
which may have become impacted and interfere with the healing
process.

FRACTURE OF THE VERTEBRA (SPINAL COLUMN).—This is not so
common among cattle as other animals. If the fracture should be
through the body of the bone there is likely to be pressure on or lace-
276 DISEASES OF CATTLE.

ration of the spinal cord, causing paralysis of all parts posterior to the
seatofinjury. Fractures of the prominences on the vertebra occasion-
ally occur without interfering with the canal in which the spinal cord
islocated. Such accidents are likely to pass unnoticed, for, although
the animal may suffer considerable pain, it is not likely to be mani-
fested in such a way as to attract attention, and the deep covering of
muscles serves to effectually conceal the injury. When the fracture
occurs in the upper part of the neck, paralysis of the muscles used in
respiration must result, and death from asphyxia very shortly ensues.
The more common accident is to the loins, and when a fracture of the
body of the vertebra occurs in this region so as to produce pressure
on the spinal cord, paralysis of the hind legs and quarters is the result.
Diagnosis of such an accident is more difficult than in the case of any
other fracture. The parts can not be moved one upon another so that
crepitus is noticeable. The heavy coating of muscles conceals irregu-
larities of shape which would otherwise be likely to attract attention.
About the only reliable symptom is paralysis or loss of use and sensa-
tion of the parts posterior to the injury. Careful examination may
reveal the seat of the injury. If it was the result of a blow, there is
likely to be some abrasion of the skin. The diagnosis is only impor-
tant as an aid in determining the proper course to pursue.

If paralysis is present and a depression or irregularity of the spinal
column is so apparent as to leave no doubt of the existence of a
fracture, the only alternative is to destro,, the animal, for of recovery
there can be no hope. If, on the other hand, the paralysis is incom-
plete and there is no depression or irregularity of the spinal column or
other evidence of fracture, the patient should be made as comfortable
as possible by being placed in a well-bedded box stall and a few days
permitted to elapse before the case is abandoned. The symptoms last
described might possibly be the result of a severe strain of the muscles
of the loins, in which case an improvement will soon be noticeable.

FRACTURES OF THE PELVIS.—The pelvis, or bony framework which
gives shape to the posterior part of the body, is liable to fracture in
many ways. A common oneis bya separation of the two bones which
constitute the whole pelvis along the bottom and center line (symphysis
pubis). In early life the two bones are separate and distinct. The
union between them, which is at first cartilaginous, undergoes a change
and is converted into bone, so that in adult life the whole pelvis is
practically one bone. The point on which the two bones are united is.
weaker than the adjoining parts of the bone. When an animalslips vio-
lently, spreading the legs wide apart, the weaker materials give way and
the bones are divided. If the accident is noticed when it occurs, it is
likely to throw light on the nature of the injury. The animal willimme-
diately go stiff behind, the legs being spread apart. Further examina-
tion may be made by introducing the hand, previously carefully oiled,
into the rectum or vagina and pressing down along the central line,
BONES: DISEASES AND ACOIDENTS. 277

which will cause the patient to evince acute pain. In this case no
appliance can be used to advantage. The animal should be tied in a
stall until the parts become reunited and the lameness disappears.

Fracture of the posterior part of the bone (ischium) which forms
the point of the buttocks occasionally occurs. The buttock on the
injured side will be less prominent than the other. Careful manipu-
lation will generally move the parts so that crepitus may be recog-
nized. If the fracture is through the posterior part of the bone, it is
unimportant’ and deserving of no more attention than placing the
animal in such a position as to insure it against subsequent injury
until the bones are united. Some distortion is i Likely to result, but
not sufficient to warrant interference.

Fracture through the body of the bone on a line with the hip joint
(acetabulum) occasionally, though rarely, occurs, and is nearly always
associated with dislocation of the hip joint and the forcing of the head
of the upper bone of the leg (femur) upward, far out of its place.
The violent contraction of powerful muscles of the hip renders it
impossible to reduce the dislocation, and even if it were possible the
fractured pelvis could not be held in position, so that the case becomes
at once a hopeless one. It may be recognized by the animal stand-
ing on three legs, the leg on the injured side seeming shorter than
its fellow and hanging pendulous, the muscles of the hip violently
contracted and hard to the touch. The animal evinces great pain
when the limb is moved. There is likely to be some apparent distor-
tion in the relations between the point of the hip and the point of the
buttock. This will be more readily noticed by comparing the injured
side with the other. The parts may be moved so as to produce
crepitus. The examination may be completed by introducing the
oiled hand into the vagina or rectum, when the two sides of the pelvis
will reveal well-marked differences.

FRACTURE OF THE POINT OF THE HIP.—The anterior and external
part of the pelvis (iliuam), commonly known as the point of the hip,
is liable to fracture, which stock owners describe as ‘“‘hipping,” or
being ‘‘hipped,” or having the hip ‘‘ knocked down.” This accident
is likely to be the result of crowding while passing through a narrow
door, of falling violently on the point of the hip, or from a violent
blow directed downward and forward against it. The lesion generally
extends across the flat surface of the bone from its outer and posterior
edge forward and inward. Distortion is likely to be the only notice-
able symptom. The detached portion varies in size in different
cases and with it the resulting deformity. The animal is noticed to
be slightly lame, but this symptom soon disappears. The detached
portion of the bone is drawn downward and away from the main part
by the action of the muscles below, which are so powerful as to render
return impossible. ._The bones therefore remain permanently sepa-
rated, union taking place by fibrous callus. The animal suffers very
278 DISEASES OF CATTLE.

little inconvenience, and for practical use may be serviceable as before
the accident, though the distorted appearance depreciates its value.

FRACTURE OF THE RIBS.—Such an occurrence can take place only

_ a8 the result of a direct injury, as from blows or crowding. The pos-
terior ribs, being more exposed, are more liable to fracture. Pain in
moving, slight swelling over the seat of injury, and difficult breathing
are obvious symptoms. If the fracture be complete, crepitation may
be occasionally noticed by placing the hand flat over the injured part,
observing carefully the motion as the chest contracts and expands
during respiration. This symptom is more noticeable when the animal
coughs. Unless the point of the broken bone penetrates the cavity
of the chest the fracture is usually unimportant and calls for no treat-
ment other than quiet. If the breathing is very labored and attended
with much pain, motion may be limited by applying a wide bandage
firmly around the chest. The animal should be restricted in the
amount of food and water for a few days, the stomach being kept as
nearly empty as possible. Sloppy food should be given to encourage,
as much as possible, free action of the diaphragm in breathing. -

FRACTURE OF BONES OF THE LIMBS.—On this subject much has
been said in the preceding remarks on general fractures. As a rule,
fracture through one of. the large bones of the shoulder (scapula) or
thigh (femur) is very difficult to manage. The powerful contraction
of the muscles and the changing shape of the limb resulting from
their action renders it impossible to retain the detached parts of the
bone in proper position. Therefore, though the union should take
place, there is almost sure to be considerable deformity and more or
less lameness. Fracture of the arm (humerus) or leg (tibia) is likely
to be attended with better results. The muscular covering is not so
thick, the sheath in which they are held is more tense, and the change
in the shape of the limb from muscular action not so noticeable, the
muscular force not so great, all of which facilitate replacing in posi-
tion the dislodged ends and retaining them.

FRACTURE OF THE KNEE (CARPUS) AND HOCK (TARSUS).—Unless it
is the result of a very violent injury this seldom occurs, and is gener-
ally associated with other injury and serious complications. Dis-
placement does not generally occur to any considerable extent. The
treatment, of course, will consist in holding the limb perfectly quiet
in a natural position, which may be done by the application of long
wooden splints retained by bandages, or a plaster of Paris bandage.

FRACTURES BELOW THE KNEE.—Fracture of the long bone below the
knee (metacarpus) and hock (metatarsus) ismore common. In young
animals of quiet temperament the treatment of simple fractures here
is likely to be attended with good results. On the other hand, a
compound fracture in this region becomes a serious matter. The
structures which surround the bones are so thin that a very small
degree of sloughing will expose parts of the bones and be likely to
lead to serious complications and probably fatal results.
BONES: DISEASES AND ACCIDENTS. 279

FRACTURES OF BONES BELOW THE FETLOCK.—These fractures are
comparatively unimportant unless associated with other serious
injury. The parts can generally be held in position without much
difficulty, and union generally takes place quite rapidly:

APPLIANCES.—Of the appliances used in the treatment of the frac-
ture of limbs above the knee, splints made of wood or iron strips and
bandages are likely to serve best. Below the knee plaster of Paris
bandages are preferable. The writer is well aware that many of the
standard authors deprecate the use of the latter, but an extensive
experience leads me to believe that they have many advantages over
any of the other appliances when used alone, and they may in many
ways be used with advantage in combination with others.

DISLOCATIONS.

Luxation, or displacement of the bones forming a joint without
fracture, is comparatively rare among cattle. It most frequently
oceurs in the stifle joint, where dislocation of the kneepan (patella)
takes place. A glance at the skeleton (Pl. XXV) will show the rela-
tions better than they can be described. It will be observed that the
small irregularly shaped bone (patella) plays on the anterior rounded
part of the lower end of the thigh bone (femur) and between it and the
upper end of the shank bone (tibia). The outer ridge on the lower
end of the thigh bone is less prominent than the inner one, so that dis-
placement, when it does take place, is by slipping outward. Such an
accident may occur from direct injury or external force, as a blow, or
from slipping. When it does occur the symptoms produced are some-
what alarming. The animal is unable to draw the leg forward, and
either stands with it thrown back with the toe pointing downward or,
if it should succeed in getting its weight upon it, holds it firmly on the
ground, fearing to move it. Examination of the outside of the joint
will disclose the situation of the patella outside of its proper place.
If the operator is not familiar with the normal appearance of the joint,
it is well to make a comparison between the injured and the sound
one. If compelled to move, the animal does so with great difficulty,
jerking the leg which it is unable to bring forward, hopping with the
other and partially dragging the injured one.

Treatment.—The treatment is simple. A rope 20 feet long should
be applied around the fetlock of the affected leg, passed forward
between the front legs and up over the opposite side of the neck, back
over the withers, and wrapped once behind the elbow around that por-
tion of the rope which passes between the front legs. The leg is then
drawn away from the body and forcibly pushed forward by an assist-
ant, while another person tightens up the slack in the rope until the
affected leg is off the ground in front of the supportingleg. The rope
is then drawn taut and the assistant grasps the tail and pulls the cow
toward the affected side. The animal makes a lurch to keep from
falling, contracts the muscles, and the patella slips into place with a
280 DISEASES OF CATTLE.

sharp click, and the animal walks off as if nothing had happened. If
the animal resists this method of handling, it may suffice to manipu-
late the dislocated kneepan by shoving it inward and forward with
the heel of the hand while the affected leg is drawn well forward.
Unless some precaution is taken the accident is liable to recur, as the
ligaments have been stretched by the dislocation till they no longer
hold the bone with that firmness necessary to retain it. The animal
should be tied and the foot fastened forward, so that the patient can
just stand on it comfortably, by means of a rope or strap around the
fetlock carried forward between the front legs around the neck and
tied on the breast.

Should this accident occur more than once it is a good practice to
apply a blister around the joint, as in the formula recommended for
sprain of shoulder, and observe the precautions as to restraint and subse-
quent treatment there recommended. Withthisone exception, disloca-
tions in the ox occurring independently of other complications are rare.

Dislocation with fracture may occur in any of the joints, and where
one is suspected or discovered, examination should always be made
for the other before treatment is applied. When a fracture occurs in
the vicinity of a joint the force sufficient to rend the bone is likely to be
partly exerted on the iminediate tissues, and when the bone gives way
the structures of the joints are likely to beseriouslyinjured. It occa-
sionally happens that the injury to the joint becomes the most impor-
tant complication in the treatment of a fracture. In order clearly to
understand the reason for this a few words are necessary in relation
to the structure of joints. ,

The different pieces constituting the skeleton of the animal body
are united in such a manner as to admit of more or less motion one
upon another. In some of the more simple joints the bones fitting
one into another are held together by the dense structures around
them, admitting of very little or no movement at all, as the bones of
the head. In other joints the bones are bound together by dense car-
tilaginous structures, admitting of only limited motion, such as the
union of the small bones at the back part of the knee and hock
(metacarpal and metatarsal). In the more perfect form of joint the
power of motion becomes complete and the structures are more com-
plex. The substance of the bone on its articular surface is not cov-
ered with periosteum, but is sheathed in a dense, thin layer of carti-
lage, shaped to fit the other surfaces with which it comes in contact
(articular). This layer is thickest toward its center when covering
bony eminences, and is elastic, of a pearly whiteness, and resisting,
though soft enough to be easily cut. The bones forming an articula-
tion are bound together by numerous ligaments attached to bony
prominences. The whole joint is sealed in by a band or ribbon-like
ligament (capsular ligament) extending around the joint and attached
at the outer edge of the articular surface, uniting the bones and her-
BONES: DISEASES AND ACCIDENTS. 281

metically sealing the cavities of the articulation. This structure and
the articular surface of the bone is covered by a thin, delicate mem-
brane, known as the ‘‘synovial membrane,” which secretes the joint
oil (synovia). This fluid is viscid and colorless, or slightly yellow,
and although it does not possess a large amount of fat, its character
somewhat resembles oil, and it serves the same purpose in lubri-
cating the joints that oil does to the friction surfaces of an engine.
Although the tissues of the joint when used in a natural way are able
to withstand the effect of great exertion, when unnaturally used, as
they are very delicate and complex, they are liable to inflammatory
and other changes of a very serious nature. The synovial membrane,
and in fact: the whole structure of the joint, is susceptible to injury
and serious inflammatory derangement, and the capsular ligament is
liable to be distended from excessive secretion of synovia. The lat-
ter process may be almost noninflammatory, and attended with little
inconvenience or importance other than a blemish to the animal,
which in cattle is not serious. It may occur on the back part of. the
leg above the fetlock or on the inner and fore part of the hock, cor-
responding in its location to windgalls and bog spavin of the horse.
Continuous support by bandages will generally force reabsorption,
and as the limb is not subjected to violent action, as in the case of the
horse, the affection is not so liable to recur.

SPAVIN.

Occasionally working oxen that are used in the lumber woods and
made to pull heavily, with bad footing, are afflicted with this condi-
tion. When it occurs lameness is the first symptom. During the
early stages of the disease the lameness is most severe in the morning
and disappears after the animal is exercised; it gradually becomes
more severe as the disease advances, so that when the disease is well
established the animal is lame continuously. Shortly after the lame-
ness appears a bunch (exostosis) will be noticed on the inner and fore
part of the affected joint. This bunch differs from bog spavin in that
it is hard, while bog spavin is soft. It increases in size as the disease
advances till the animal is too lame to be used for labor. As the dis-
ease is always attended with considerable pain there is more or less
loss of flesh. In the most advanced stage the animal will step with
difficulty, frequently holding the foot from the ground, or, if forced
to take a few steps, stands with it elevated, twitching with pain. In
the earlier stage of the disease only a small portion of the fore part
of the lower, or second, articulation is involved, but the inflammatory
process gradually extends over the whole surface of the lower joints
of the hock. The structures of the joint are broken down and the
bones are united (anchylosis). This process may include any or all
of the three lower joints of the hock. The joint of motion which is
situated on the lower end of the leg bone is seldom involved.
282 DISEASES OF OATTLE.

Treatment.—Treatment of spavin in the ox, as in the horse, is
likely to be tedious, and not always resulting in perfect cure. Usu-
ally it is best to fatten the animal for slaughter. If, however, treat-
ment is decided upon, it should consist of complete rest and counter-
irritation of the part either by sharp blisters or the firing iron. It
is advisable to try the effect of blistering first, and for this purpose
the following mixture is recommended:

Powdered cantharides .........----.------------------ drams.- 3
Biniodid of mercury .n.2. 2 jase ons eesaeseeeses ees aotese do... &
"Vaseling 2,43 jee es So i ed es ae es ee ounces... 14

Clip the hair off and apply over the inner and fore part of the joint,
covering the surface an inch and a half in every direction from the
enlargement, or over an area three to four inches across. Fasten the
animal’s head so that it can not reach the part to lick it; after the third
day grease with lard every other day until the scabs come off. This
blister may be repeated three or four times at intervals of three
weeks. The lameness will generally begin to disappear about the
third or fourth month if the above treatment proves beneficial.
Should lameness persist, firing in points by a qualified veterinarian
may effect: the desired result and should be tried as a last resort.

In a case of spavin the cure is not effected by restoring the dis-
eased parts to their natural condition, but by uniting the bones and
obliterating the joints. If this union extends over the whole articular
surface of the joints affected and is sufficiently strong to prevent any
motion of the bones, the animal will again go sound. The joints that
are obliterated, not being those of motion, are not important, so that
the animal suffers no inconvenience in their loss.

RHEUMATISM.

Rheumatism is a constitutional disease due to a specific condition
of the blood and characterized by inflammation of the fibrous struc-
tures of the body. ‘It is usually accompanied by stiffness, lameness,
and fever. The parts affected are usually swollen, but swelling may
be lacking. The inflammation may be transitory—that is, it changes
from place to place. The parts usually affected are the fibrous struc-
tures of the joints, tendons, ligaments, and muscles. The serous mem-
branes and heart may also be affected. According to its location,
rheumatism is specified as articular or muscular. According to its
course, it is designated as acute or chronic.

Cause.—Among the factors which are actively causative of rheuma-
tism may be mentioned exposure to dampness and cold, especially
while the animal is perspiring or fatigued after severe physical exer-
tion. Among other causes often mentioned are acidity of the blood,
nervous derangement, microbes, and injuries. It occasicnally follows
another disease, such as pleurisy. The influence of age and heredity
 

BONES: DISEASES AND ACCIDENTS. 283

may be considered as secondary or predisposing causes. Sometimes
the disease appears without any apparent cause. On the whole, it may
be said that any of the above-mentioned factors may have more or less
influence on the production of rheumatism, but the specific cause is
as yet unknown.

Symptoms @f articular rheumatism.—The symptoms appear sud-
denly and with varying degrees of severity. The animal presents a
downcast appearance, with staring coat, horns and ears cold, and the
mouth and muzzle hot and dry. Appetite and rumination may be
impaired and followed later or be accompanied at the same time by
constipation. Constipation may be followed by impaction of the
stomach or bowels. Thirst is increased, but the amount of urine
voided is scanty. Respiration and pulse are accelerated, and there is
usually a fever, rising sometimes as high as 108° F. The animal pre-
fers to lie down, and when forced to rise stands with its back arched.
The movements are stiff and lame and cause great pain. The disease
may attack one or more joints at the same time; in fact, it is often
symmetrical. One joint may improve while another becomes affected,
thus showing the shifting tendency of the inflammation. The affected
joints, including their tendons, ligaments, and synovial membranes,
may be swollen, hot, and distended with liquid. They are very ten-
der, and, if treated carelessly or injured, may become infected, thus
leading to suppuration. While rheumatism attacks perhaps more fre-
quently the knees and fetlocks, it has no special affinity for any joint
and may attack the stifle, hip, shoulder, or elbow joint. In mild
eases of articular rheumatism, the animal may fully recover in a few
days. —

In chronic articular rheumatism there is less tendency of the dis-
ease to shift about, but there is a greater liability of structural change
in the affected joints. This change may consist of induration, exos-
tosis, or even anchylosis. These structural changes about the joints
may lead to permanent deformity, such as bending of the neck.
Fever is not so constant in the chronic form as in the acute, and the
latter may lapse into the former.

Symptoms of muscular rhewmatism.—This form of rheumatism may
appear under the same general conditions as the articular form. The
general appearance of the animal is the same in both forms. The cow
usually assumes a recumbent position, and all the movements made
are stiff and lame. The method of rising or of locomotion indicates
pain in certain muscles or groups of muscles, as of the croup, shoulder,
or neck. As in the case of articular rheumatism, the tendons, liga-
ments, and synovialmembranes may become involved. The constitu-
tional symptoms in both articular and muscular rheumatism are sim-
ilar, so that it is often perplexing to differentiate between the two
forms. 2

Prevention.—It is somewhat difficult to procure preventive treat-
284 DISEASES OF CATTLE.

ment for cattle, especially when there are large numbers with little
or no shelter. In general it is advisable to protect the animals so far
as possible from inclement weather conditions, such as cold rains,
heavy dews, and frosts. This is more particularly necessary for ani-
mals in poor condition, or those which are perspiring or fatigued after
long physical exertion. Careful feeding is also essential.

Treatment.—In attempting to treat cattle for rheumatism the first
step is to procure proper shelter and environment. The animal
should be quartered in a large, clean, dry stall with plenty of light
and fresh air, but protected from strong drafts. There should be an
abundance of clean, dry bedding. The food should besoft and easily
digestible and slightly laxative, and the animal should have access to
clean, pure, cool water.

For general or constitutional treatment of acute rheumatism,
sodium salicylate is indicated. In order to gain the best results from
this drug, it should be administered with the idea of rapidly saturat-
ing the system. To cattle it may be given in doses of one-half ounce
every two hours for ten hours or until immediate relief is obtained.
This drug should not be continued indefinitely, but may be given
once a day after immediate relief has been obtained, and this single
dose continued daily until permanent relief ensues, when it should
be stopped. The use of sodium salicylate in chronic rheumatism is
not advisable on account of the danger of depressing the heart, whose
action is already somewhat impaired by the lesions which have
attacked it. In this case one-half ounce doses of potassium nitrate or
bicarbonate may be given three times a day. Besides the constitu-
tional treatment, it may be necessary to give special attention to the
bowels in order to relieve constipation. Cattle may be given saline
laxatives at the outset, such as 1 pound of Epsom salts for an
ordinary-sized cow, and the bowels kept regular by an occasional
smaller dose.

In chronic rheumatism the best course of treatment is to give tonics
and local treatment. Local treatment may also be advisable in acute
rheumatism in addition to the constitutional treatment already pre-
scribed.

External treatment depends solely on the local conditions and should
be applied judiciously. Among the various remedies may be men-
tioned hot or cold moist packs, hot air and vapor baths, friction, ete.
Anodynes are often applied locally with good results. Blisters are
occasionally indicated. As anodynes may be mentioned liniments
and ointments containing salicylic acid or sodium salicylate in com-
bination with laudanum, aconite, or chloral hydrate. Camphorated
spirit, soap liniment, and essential oils also afford some relief when

applied locally. Of blisters, those containing cantharides are most
effective.
PLATE XXV,

DISEASES OF CaTTLE.

 

 

 

 

 

Mens after Chauvewe!

SKELETON OF THE Cow.

A.B. GRAHAM CO. LITH.WASH. B.C.
SURGICAL OPERATIONS.

_By Wiuuiam Dickson and WiLu1am HerBert Lowe, D. V. §..
[Revised in 1904 by William Herbert Lowe.]

Surgery is both a science and an art. The success of surgical
operations depends upon the judgment, skill, and dexterity, as well
as upon the knowledge, of the operator. The same fundamental
principles underlie and govern animal and human surgery, although
their applications have a wide range and are very different in many
essential particulars. We must not lose sight of the fact that hygiene
and sanitation are essential to the best results in veterinary as well
as in human surgery.

Asepsis is an ideal condition which, although not always possible
in animal surgery, is highly important in connection with the mechan-
ical details of all surgical operations in proportion to the nature and
seriousness of the same. Aseptic surgery may be said to be such as
is preserved from contamination by poisonous materials, whether
such poisons be applied directly to it or be generated in it by the
action of germs that gain access to it and find within it the conditions
favorable to their growth. It should be borne in mind that there are
three ways that a wound may be kept aseptic; by the protection it
receives from the first, at the hands of the surgeon, from the access
of septic agents; by the power of living tissue to resist and destroy
septic agents, and by application to the wound of substances which
destroy them. :

Local and general anesthesia should be resorted to in painful and
serious surgical operations, as operations upon all living creatures
should be humanely performed and all unnecessary pain and suffering
avoided. Anesthesia is necessary where absolute immobility of the
patient is essential, and where entire muscular relaxation is indispen-
sable. The anesthetic condition is also favorable for the reduction of

displaced organs.
285
286 DISEASES OF CATTLE.

Large animals have to be cast and secured before an anesthetic is
administered. For complete anesthesia chloroform is generally em-
ployed; sometimes ether and chloroform. A sponge is wet with the
anesthetic and placed in a nosebag and the animal allowed to inhale
the fumes. The amount of chloroform required to produce insensi-
bility to external impressions varies much in different cases and must
be regulated, as well as the admixture of air, by a competent assistant.

If the probability of the success of an operation is remote and the
animal is in a healthy physical condition, so that its flesh is good for
human food, it is more advisable to let the butcher have the animal
than to attempt a surgical operation that offers little encouragement
to the owner. The best judgment has to be exercised in determining
a matter of this kind, for no animal suffering from inflammation or
that is in a feverish condition is fit for human food.

All cases of major operative surgery require the skill and dexterity
of the experienced veterinary surgeon, and no one else should attempt
such an operation, for unnecessary suffering must be prevented as
well as the success of the operation attained. Nevertheless, the more
knowledge and understanding an owner of animals has of surgical
operations and manipulations, the better for all concerned. In the
first place, such an owner will appreciate more fully the skill of the
qualified veterinarian, and, in the second place, he will be the better
prepared and equipped to render assistance to his suffering dumb
dependents where no practitioner is accessible and in cases of emer-
gency. There are, moreover, sundry operations upon cattle, some of
which can hardly be classed as surgical, that the stockman and farmer
should be able to perform himself.

In the performance of any operation upon an animal of the size and
strength of the bull or cow, the first consideration is to secure the ani-
mal in such a manner as to preclude the possibility of its injuring
either itself or those taking any part in the operation, for two or more
are invariably necessary. The nature and time likely to be occupied
by an operation must, of course, largely determine the method to be
adopted.

The majority of operations with which the present chapter is con-
cerned are usually performed on the animal in a standing position.4
To secure the cow in this position, grasp the nose, the finger and
thumb being introduced into the nostrils, and press against the carti-
lage which makes a division between them. If she has horns, grasp
one of them with the disengaged hand. If this is insufficient the ani-
mal should be secured to a post, the side of a building or putin a
stanchion. A very excellent method of restraint is to tie a long rope
in a slip noose over the horns, pass it around the chest just behind
the fore legs, taking a half hitch on itself, taking another half hitch
in front of the hind limbs, passing the free end under the tail, bring-

 

 

@A bull should always be held by a staff attached to the ring in his nose.
SURGIOAL OPERATIONS, 287

ing it forward and making it fast either to the head or one of the
hitches. The head should be raised to the level of the back before
the final knot is tied, so as to render it too serious and painful a mat-
ter for her to repeat the first attempt she makes to lower it. Should
the nature or extent of the operation be likely to take up a consider-
able length of time, it is invariably the best plan to throw the animal.
In the case of the ox this is very easily done, either by use of horse
hobbles, should they be at hand, or by the application of a simple
rope. If the horse hobbles are used, they should be fastened on the
leg just above the fetlocks (ankle joints), as they are in that position
less liable to come off than if placed around the pastern.

Of the many ways of applying the rope for this purpose we will
describe two only, which we consider the best and simplest:

First. Take along, strong rope (one which has been used a few times
is more flexible), double it, and at 2 or 3 feet from the doubled end,
according to the size of the animal, make a knot and pass the collar
thus formed over the animal’s head, allowing it to rest on what would
be the collar place in ahorse. Now pass the ends of the rope between
the fore legs, carry one around each hind leg just above the fetlock
joint, from outside in, under itself once, and bring the free ends for-
ward, passing each through the collar loop on its own side and bring-
ing the slack back toward and beyond the hind quarters. (Pl. XXVI,
fig. 2.) Twoor three stout men should then take hold of each rope and
at a given signal pull. The animal’s hind legs being drawn forward,
the balance is lost, and if the animal does not fall or lie down he can
be readily pushed over on his side and secured in the desired position.

Second. The three half hitches. Take a rope 30 or more feet long,
make a slip noose at the end and-pass it over the animal’s horns,
leaving the knot in the loop between the horns; then pass the rope-
backward along the neck to the withers, just in front of which take a
half hitch on it, passing it along the back, take one half hitch just
behind the forelegs and a second in front of the hind limbs round the
flank. (Pl. XXVI, fig. 1.) The free end of the rope is taken hold of
by one or two assistants while another holds the animal’s head. By
pulling firmly on the rope, or inducing the animal to make a step or
two forward while steady traction is made on the rope, the beast will
quietly lie down, when his feet can be secured in the way most con-
venient for the operator.

There are numerous other methods, involving more or less complete
restraint, which may be equally efficacious, but one or other of the
ways indicated will doubtless be feund to meet fully all ordinary cases.

RINGING THE BULL.

This is usually and ought always to be done before the calf has
attained sufficient weight or strength to make his restraint a matter
of serious difficulty. An ordinary halter is usually all that is required,
288 DISEASES OF CATTLE.

the strap being secured to a tree or post. A jointed steel or copper
ring is ordinarily used. Those made of the latter metal are prefer-
able.

The common method of punching a round piece out of the nasal
septum for the introduction of the ring is, I think, open to objection,
as portions of the fine nervous filaments are destroyed. The sensi-
bility of the parts is thus lessened and the object of ringing to some
extent defeated. The insertion of the ring by means of a trocar and
canula is preferable, as the method is not open to this objection.

For some years we have used a little instrument which can be made
by any worker in metal, consisting of a steel point riveted into a short
canula made to fit on one end of the ring while open. (Pi. XXVIII,
fig. 11.) When attached to the ring it is easily and quickly passed
through the septum, the half of the ring following as a matter of
course. It can then be removed, and the ends of the ring brought
together and fastened by means of the screw for that purpose. By
this means any animal can readily be ringed by anyone in less time
than it takes to describe the process; whereas, by any other method
which necessitates first puncturing or piercing the septum and subse-
quently introducing the ring, the operation is, even when the animal’s
struggles do not complicate matters, necessarily rendered tedious and
uncertain. by the fact that the openings through the skin and cartilage
are not in apposition.

DEHORNING.

In this and other countries for some years past controversies have
from time to time been carried on not only as to the advisability
of dehorning, but also as to the propriety of the proceeding. The
advocates of wholesale removal of horns in many cases exaggerate
alike the necessity and the advantages accruing from the practice; on
the other hand, their opponents are backed by the ultra humanitarian
who stigmatizes the operation as barbarous, or worse. In some coun-
tries these views are upheld even by courts of law whose legal acumen
is able to detect in the procedure grave cruelty to animals.

In this country owners are left to decide matters of this sort for
themselves, but a work of this kind would hardly be complete without
some expression of an opinion on the subject which might be helpful
to the dubious when the matter comes up for decision. J ustly, then,
does the operation amount to Gruelty? We answer distinctly, It does
not. Cruelty to animals is defined as the infliction of unnecessary
pain. Now, the operation of dehorning causes pain certainly, as all
surgical operations necessarily do, but it is not by any means more
painful than many other operations (notably castration), to which we
regularly subject individual animals without a second thought. More-
over, the pain is transient as well as slight, and, as a matter of fact,
pales into insignificance before the severe and lasting torture inflicted
SURGICAL OPERATIONS. 289

as a matter of everyday occurrence by animals upon each other when
left to wear in confinement their weapons of offense, which, although
doubtless of utility in a wild state, are, in a state of domesticity, a men-
ace to their companions and a dangerous incumbrance to themselves.

The matter has acquired enhanced importance from the fact that,
owing to the strenuous efforts made by the United States Department
of Agriculture, the invidious discrimination which barred the entrance
to Europe of American stockers has been removed, and our cattle
now make lengthened journeys by land and sea. The removal of
their horns will, then, not only lessen the owner’s risk, but will also
add materially to the comfort and safety of the animals themselves.

But there is fortunately within the reach of all an open avenue of
escape from that portion of the operation which supplies the only
cogent argument against the practice under discussion.

The owner of the two or three days old calf, if he wishes it to all
intents and purposes a ‘‘moolly,” can dehorn it, or, more correctly
speaking, prevent horns ever developing, by means of a chemical prep-
aration which reduces the pain to a minimum, while it is even more
effectual than either the saw or forceps. There are several chemical
dehorners advertised in the open market, most or all of them effective,
but the cheapest and simplest consists of a stick of caustic potash.

The operation is performed as follows, and is uniformly successful,
if performed before the calf is three days old: The little animal is
caught and gently laid over on its side, in which position it is easily
held by one assistant while the operator clips the hair off the trifling
prominence on the frontal bone which marks the spot on the upper-
most side of the head where the horn would be developed if not inter-
fered with. He then takes his stick of potash, dips it in cold water,
and carefully rubs it over the part just clipped for the space of, say,
ten seconds. The calf is now turned over, the corresponding portion
of the frontal bone on the other side clipped and thoroughly rubbed
with the moistened potash the same way as the first. By this time
the side first: treated is dry and ready for a second application of the
caustic, which should conform exactly to the first. Follow the same
procedure on the remaining side, where the matrix of the embryo
horn has been located, and, if the caustic has been properly applied,
no horns will ever make their appearance.

For animals intended to be kept either for steers or dairy cows,
nothing can be more effectual, but it were well to discriminate between
these and the head of the herd, the bull, and for this reason: We
dehorn our cows and steers chiefly to protect them from each other,
whereas our main object in dehorning the bull is to protect ourselves.
For this reason our end in the case of the latter is more effectually
accomplished if we leave him in possession of his horns until he has
learned to rely upon them as his weapons of offense and defense and

61386—08——19
290 DISEASES OF CATTLE.

then deprive him of his armament. If we employ in his case chem-
ical dehorning at the early age recommended for the steer and cow,
necessity becomes a second nature, and the animal intuitively adopts
the catapult-like tactics of the ‘‘moolly.” These, although, compara-
tively speaking, less harmful as between the animals themselves, are
equally dangerous when directed against their owner; for captious
indeed would be the critic who discriminated between being butted
to death or hooked to death.

Instances have been cited to prove that the effects of the deprivation
of his horns are only temporary in the case of the animal that has once
become dangerous or unruly, but a lengthened and varied experience
convinces me that such is not the general fact. The moral effect of
throwing the animal and depriving it of its natural weapons is both
great and lasting, and with proper treatment the advantages thus
obtained need neither be lost nor lessened. The animal, shorn of its
weapons, dreads the very approach of man, and its impulse is to go
from him instead of forhim. Animals have more retentive memories
than they are generally credited with.

In performing the operation the precaution of the greatest impor-
tance is to see that the animal is secured so that it can not struggle
enough to hurt itself. The animal may be thrown by any of the
methods already indicated. The only additional accessories for the
above purpose are a strong halter and a long rope, fastened around its
girth before it is cast. The free end of this is then passed through
the ring on the halter and the head pulled back against the ribs. A
hitch underneath the tail should bring the rope forward to the halter,
where it may be fastened, so as to be readily loosed when the first
horn has been removed. To remove the second horn loose the head,
turn the animal over, and refasten the head as before.

The exponents of dehorning have attempted to envelop the opera-
tion in a mist of a technical absurdities, and insist on the necessity
of an apparatus as intricate as a self-binder and about as easy to
move around as the average elevator. But the above method will
answer all practical purposes. The only instrument needed is an
ordinary jointing saw, which should be used as quietly and quickly
as possible.

Animals may be dehorned any time except in fly time, or when the
mercury is liable to drop to the neighborhood of zero, and cold water
is the only dressing needed. It is a good practice to deprive the ani-
mal of food for twelve hours before operating.

BLEEDING (BLOOD-LETTING).

Although nowadays this operation has fortunately become less fre-
quent than when it was generally considered the panacea for all ills,
there are beyond doubt some cases in which the operation is admit-
tedly the quickest and surest means of affording relief.
SURGIOAL OPERATIONS. 291

In cattle the operation is usually performed on the left jugular vein,
which is large and is easily rendered so prominent as to prevent the
possibility of mistake by tying a cord around the neck below the
place where the incision is to be made. (Pl. XXVII, fig. 4.) The
rope should be tied in a slip knot, so as to admit of its heing easily
undone, or a rope used with a loop at one end and a series of good-
sized knots at the other, the loop and knots to be used as buttons and
button holes. The proper instrument to use is a large-bladed fleam.
(Pl. XXVII, fig. 3.) After the animal is secured the operator stands
by the shoulder, holds the fleam in his left hand, the blade just short
of touching the skin and parallel to the direction of the vein, and the
stick or mallet with which to strike it in his right; one quick, sharp
blow should be sufficient. If the hair is long, it is a wise precaution
to moisten and smooth it down.

When sufficient blood has been withdrawn the rope is removed and
the orifice closed by means of a pin inserted through the lips of the
incision in the skin only, and a piece of fine string or tow wound either
over or under it in the shape of a figure 8, or in a circle between the
skin and the pin (Pl. XXVIII, fig. 10), the point of which should be
clipped off. To prevent the animal from rubbing the part and tearing
or dislodging the pin, it is advisable to tie the head up for a couple of
days, providing the animal’s health will admit of it, after which the
pin may be removed and the wound left to heal in the usual manner.

Before leaving the subject it may be well to add that as the good
effects derived from bleeding depend more on the quickness with
which the blood is drawn than on the quantity extracted, it is of
importance that a liberal opening should be made into the blood vessel
and the blood allowed to flow until a perceptible impression has been
made on the pulse.

SETONING.

Setons are used in cattle for various purposes, of which perhaps the
most common is as a preventive in anthrax or blackleg, when a seton
is usually inserted in the dewlap. This is not done to afford exit to
any poisonous discharge from the system, as is generally supposed,
but to cause a sufficient amount of inflammation to increase the
coagulating properties of the blood, which in these diseases becomes
altered (as described elsewhere), notably losing its viscidity and in
consequence oozing through the walls of the blood vessels. For this
purpose the seton should be deeply inserted and should be dressed
daily with turpentine or common blister.

The ordinary use of a seton is for a different object, as, for instance,
to keep up constant drainage from a cavity containing matter, or to
act as a stimulant or counterirritant. To insert a seton, the place of
entrance and exit having been decided on, with the finger and thumb
make a small fold of the skin transverse to the direction the seton 1s
292 DISEASES OF CATTLE.

to be inserted, and cut it through, either with a sharp knife or a pair
of scissors (this should be done at both the entrance and exit); then
with a steady pressure and slight lateral movement insert the seton
by means of aseton needle. (Pl. XXVIII, figs. 1 and 2.) The seton
should consist of a piece of strong tape, varying in breadth according
to circumstances, and should be kept in place either by a knot on
each end or by tying the ends together.

Setons should be gently moved once a day after suppuration is set
up, and they should not be allowed to remain in over three weeks, or
a month at the outside.

TRACHEOTOMY.

This operation consists of making an opening in the trachea, or
windpipe. It is indicated whenever there is an obstruction from any
cause in the upper part of the respiratory tract which threatens the
death of the animal by asphyxia (suffocation). The mode of pro-
cedure is as follows: Have an assistant extend the animal’s head as
far as possible to make the trachea tense and prominent; make a
longitudinal incision about 2 to 24 inches long through the skin and
deeper tissues and trachea at the most prominent part of the trachea,
which is about the middle or upper third, and then insert the tracheot-
omy tube. (Pl. XXVII, figs. 1 and 2.) The latter should be removed
once or twice daily and cleansed, and the wound dressed antisep-
tically. To ascertain when it is time to discontinue the use of the
tube and to allow the wound to close, the hand should be held over
the opening, which will necessitate the animal to use its natural pas-
sages in breathing. Observe if it is performed in a natural manner;
and if so, remove the tube and allow the wound to close. This is the
general mode of procedure where the surgeon has all the necessary
instruments and a moderate amount of time at his disposal. Often
it has to be performed in great haste without the proper instruments
and under great disadvantages, the operator having to quickly cut
down and open the trachea and spread the parts, using some instru-
ment improvised by him at the time. This operation only gives the
animal relief in breathing, and therefore the proper remedial treat-
ment should be adopted at the onset of the attack and continued
until the cause (the disease) has been overcome.

CHOKING.

Choking, or the lodging of foreign bodies in the gullet, is divided
into pharyngeal, cervical, and thoracic, according to location of the
obstruction. The symptoms in general are uneasiness on the part of
the patient, involuntary movement of the jaws, grinding of the teeth,
a profuse escape of saliva, and tympanites of the rumen. If the
obstruction is in the pharynx, the mouth speculum should be intro-
duced and the oiled hand and arm of the operator inserted and
SURGICAL OPERATIONS. 293

an effort made to remove the obstruction. Many cases of choking q
may be relieved by giving a few ounces of any bland oil at frequent
intervals and pulling the gullet on the stretch by forcible extension of
the neck. If this should be unsuccessful it will probably be necessary
to have recourse to the probang (PI. III, fig. 2), which should be care-
fully introduced and the obstruction slowly pushed downward toward
the rumen, care being taken not to lacerate the coats of the esophagus.
An operation known as esophagotomy may be performed in case the
above efforts have failed. I will briefly describe the steps to be taken
in such an emergency.

ESOPHAGOTOMY.

In case the obstruction is in the cervical portion of the esophagus,
the best procedure is to cut through the skin and subcutaneous mus-
cle of the neck onto, but not into, the esophagus. “The foreign body
may then be pushed upward until it can be reached and removed
through the mouth. The incision should be long; indeed, it may be
made the whole length of the neck if necessary, as it is practically
but a subcutaneous wound and heals readily.

PUNCTURING THE RUMEN.

This is an operation that when indicated has to be performed at once
or the animal may be lost. It is indicated in severe cases of acute
tympanites in cattle, commonly known as hoven, which is due to the
generation of gas resulting from fermentation. Recurrent attacks of
hoven are usually due to tubercular infiltration of the mediastinal and
bronchial glands. To relieve this distention an ordinary cattle trocar
and canula (PI. III, figs. 5a and 5b) are inserted into the rumen, the
most distended portion of the left side of the animal being the part
selected. The trocar is withdrawn and the canula left in until the
gas has fully escaped.

Puncturing is not a serious operation in cattle, and in cases of great
distention should be perfermed without hesitancy or delay. Relief is
almost instantaneous in many cases. Of course, the proper remedial
agents should be administered to arrest further fermentation. (See
‘‘Tympanites,” p. 26.)

RUMENOTOMY.

The opening of the paunch, or rumen, in cattle and the removal of
a part or the whole of the ingesta through said opening is termed
rumenotomy. The operation should be performed in severe cases only,
where the rumen is excessively overloaded and distended. The ani-
mal is placed with its right side against a wall and firmly held in posi-
tion by strong assistants. The incision is made in the same place that
the trocar is inserted for puncturing that organ in cases of hoven.
The opening is increased in size until the operator’s hand can be
294 DISEASES OF CATTLE.

inserted into the rumen. Before any of the contents are removed
from that organ a linen cloth should be placed from the outer wound
into the rumen in order to prevent any of the ingesta from getting
into the abdominal cavity. After removing a portion of the contents
of the rumen some practitioners introduce such medicine as may be
indicated before closing the wound. Clean the wound and close tho
opening in the rumen with uninterrupted (Pl. XXVIII, fig. 8) car-
bolized catgut sutures. Next close the external wound, consisting of
the integument, muscle, and peritoneum, with stout, interrupted (PI.
XXVIII, fig. 6) metallic sutures. No food should be given for several
hours after the operation, and then gruels only. (See ‘‘Distention of
rumen with food,” p. 27.)

TREATMENT OF ABSCESSES.

An abscess may be detected, if situated externally, by heat, pain,
redness, and swelling in the early stages, and, if further developed,
by the fluctuation which will be present. When any of these symp-
toms are absent, the suppuration should be encouraged by the means
of hot fomentations and poultices. Care must be taken that the
abscess is not opened too soon, or it may to some extent cause it to
scatter and the escape of pus will be lessened. The time to open
an abscess is just before it is ready to break, and should be done with
a sharp lance, a crucial incision sometimes being necessary. The
cavity should be syringed out with an antiseptic solution. Care
should be taken not to allow the wound to close too rapidly, and
to prevent this a tent of lint or oakum should be introduced.

WOUNDS.

It is probably not going too far to say that asa general rule wounds
of the boyine species, unless sufficiently serious to endanger the ani-
mal’s life, are left uncared for. The poor suffering creaiures are too
often, even in fly time, left to endure untold torture from wounds not
at first of much importance, but which, from the constant irritation
caused by flies, dirt, etc., often develop into hideous, unhealthy
sores, which can not fail, even when they do heal, to leave extensive
and lasting blemishes as records of the owner’s thriftlessness and
inhumanity.

The comparatively low market value of all but the full-blood and
pedigreed animal precludes an owner (save in a few exceptional cases,
inspired by a higher than ordinary sense of humanity) from entertain-
ing professional assistance. It is more than doubtful whether the sut-
fering creature does not go from bad to worse when its case is made
over to the tender mercies of the ignorant local cowleech, to whom
‘“‘wolf in the tail” is a terrifying living presence and “hollow horn” a
solid fact, and whose sole claim to erudition in such matters consists
SURGICAL OPERATIONS. 995

of conceited ability to manufacture on scientific prescriptions an arti-
ficial substitute for the cud supposed to be “‘lost.”

There is yet another class of owners who entertain a blind belief in
liniments and patent nostrums, many of which are not only an unnec-
essary expense, but may by their very action retard rather than expe-
dite the process by which nature repairs the injured tissues, tendons,
and bony structure.

It should always be borne in mind that although some applications
are stimulating, and therefore serve as a useful ally in the process of
restoration, it is, after all, to nature we must look to renovate the
injured parts, and all that the most skillful can do is to aid her intel-
ligently by combating those conditions which are calculated to inter-
fere with her beneficent endeavors. All that the most suitable appli-
cations can accomplish in the case of wounds is, in the first place, to
prevent the access of those poisonous germs which exist in the sur-
roundings of the animal, such as the soil and the manure, and, in the
second place, when the process of repair is for some reason temporarily
inactive or altogether arrested, to incite that curative inflammation
which is the invariable method by which the cure is effected.

Some owners may urge that it has always been their practice to use
some shotgun prescription that has earned for itself a reputation,
because it was supposed to have routed arash on the youngest baby,
and proved equally efficacious on a wire cut on the last-dropped calf,
without even pausing to think that either case might have done
equally well or even better if confided unanointed to the healing
hands of Nature.

For the purposes of the present work wounds may be divided into
three classes: (1) Incised; (2) punctured; (3) lacerated or contused.

INCISED WOUND.—This is one with clean-cut edges, and may be
either superficial or deep. In wounds of all descriptions there is
necessarily more or less bleeding, and this is especially liable to be
the case in incised wounds, particularly when they penetrate to a con-
siderable depth, or when inflicted on a part where arteries of any size
approach the surface. To arrest the hemorrhage must, therefore, be
the first consideration. If slight, a generous use of cold water will be
all that is necessary, but if one or more vessels of any size have been
wounded or entirely severed, they should be taken up and ligated.
If the blood flows continuously and is dark in color, it proceeds from
a vein, but if bright-colored and jerky in its flow, it is arterial.

There is nothing very formidable or difficult in taking up an artery.
It simply means tying up the bleeding vessel, which should be accom-
plished as follows: To discover the bleeding artery take a sponge, dip
it in cold water, and by gentle pressure on the wound clear it of the
accumulated blood. The jet of fresh blood reveals the end of the
vessel, which is readily recognized by its whitish yellow, or buff, color.
It should be seized with a forceps or pincers and slightly drawn clear
296 DISEASES OF CATTLE.

of the surrounding tissues. Now take the thread and place the middle
of it under the artery, fetch up the ends, tie one simple knot tightly,
pressing down the thread with the forefinger so as not to include the
forceps, then a second one over it, cut off the ends, and the thing is
done. The bleeding being arrested, the operator can now carefully
clean and inspect the wound, taking care to remove all blood and for-
eign matters and clip the hair around the edges before proceeding to
stitch it up. If the wound is superficial, the lips may be brought
together by a series of independent stitches (Pl. XXVIII, fig. 6), about
three-fourths of aninch to an inch apart. The stitches should not be
drawn tightly; it is sufficient to bring the edges of the wound in
apposition.

If the wound is deep the needle should be introduced perpendicularly
at as great a distance from the lip of the wound as the depth it is to
be inserted, so as to give the thread sufficient hold. All the stitches
should be as nearly as possible at equal distances from the border of
the wound, to prevent unequal strain, and the knots should be made
at the side, not over the wound. (Pl. XXVIII, fig. 6.) When the
wound is large and deep, care should be taken to have an opening in
the lowest part to allow for the escape of the discharges.

In deep wounds which run crosswise of a limb or muscle it will often
be advisable to use what is technically known as the ‘‘quilled suture,”
which is most readily described by Plate XXVIU, fig. 7. To accom-
plish this method a curved needle with an eye in the point and a
strong double thread should be used. The needle thus threaded is
introduced perpendicularly at least an inch from the wound on one
side, carried across below and brought out the same distance from
the border of the cut on the opposite side, the thread being seized and
held in position while the needle is withdrawn, leaving a loop of
thread protruding on one side and two loose ends on the other side of
each stitch. When a sufficient number of stitches have been made,
take a light piece of wood about the size of a lead pencil, correspond-
ing in length to the size of the wound or slightly longer, and insert it
through each of the loops, drawing up the free ends of the threads,
which should in turn be tied securely on a similar piece of wood on
that side.

PUNCTURED WoOUNDS.—Owing to the uncertainty of their depth and
the structures they may involve, punctured wounds are by far the
most dangerous and difficult to treat. Not only is the extent of the
damage hidden from view, but the very character of the injury, as can
be readily understood, implies at least the possibility of deep-seated
inflammation and consequent discharge of pus (matter), which, when
formed, is kept pent up until it has accumulated to such an extent
that it burrows by simple gravity, as no other exit is possible. In
this way foreign matters, such as a broken piece of the stake or snag,
or whatever caused the wound, may be carried to an indefinite depth,
SURGICAL OPERATIONS. 297

or the cavity of a joint may be invaded and very serious, if not fatal,
consequences supervene.

The danger is especially marked when the injury is inflicted on
parts liable to frequent and extensive motion, but all cases of punc-
tured wounds should receive unusual care, as no judgment can be
accurately formed from the external appearance of the wound. While
a probe can ascertain the depth, it throws but little light on the
extent or exact nature of the internal injury. For this reason all
punctured wounds should invariably be carefully searched by means
of a probe or some substitute devised for the occasion, such as
a piece of wire with a smooth blunt end, or a piece of hard wood
shaped for the purpose. Stitching is not admissible in the case of
punctured wounds.

If a punctured wound is not very deep, and when the bruising and
laceration are slight, it is possible for healing to take place by adhe-
sion, and this should always be encouraged, as the process of repair
by this method is far superior to that by granulation, which will be
referred to later. With this object in view, the animal should be kept
as quiet as possible. A dose of physic, such as a pound of Glauber’s
or Epsom salts, should be administered, and warm fomentations or
poultices, when this is practicable, applied, the surface of the wound
being dressed twice a day with the ordinary white lotion, which is
made as follows:

Acetate of lead ....--.--.------------------------------ ounce-- 1
Sulphate Of 7ine 2nen ecccedee wie s dees ebiceas ses ts lee drams__- 6
SWieite nit vate all ital ee a el eos She quart _- 1

The lead and zinc should be put in a quart bottle with a pint of rain
water and well shaken, when the balance of the water may be added.

In wounds of this description the process of repair may be complicated
by the appearance of exuberant granulations, popularly known as
“proud flesh” or ‘‘dead flesh,” but really an overgrowth of new tis-
sue—granulation tissue; but these should not be interfered with
unless they should continue after the acute stage of inflammation has
been subdued. If, after this, they persist, they may be treated witha
solution of sulphate of copper (bluestone) or nitrate of silver (lunar
caustic) and water. Irritation, caused by an overinterference with
the process of repair, and injudicious bandaging are potent factors in
bringing about this condition, and the discontinuance of either or both
will often leave no necessity for special treatment.

CONTUSED OR LACERATED WOUNDS.—These are usually caused by
a blow with some blunt instrument, by the breaking of the flooring, or
when an animal gets one of its limbs through or over the partition
between the stalls. The seriousness depends largely on the depth of
the injury, and treatment should be directed to allaying the inflamma-
tion and preventing the consequent tendency to sloughing. To this
208 DISEASES OF CATTLE.

end soothing applications, such as fomentations and poultices, are
plainly indicated.

METHODS OF HEALING.—Technically these may be divided into a
number of distinct processes, but practically we may speak of them as
two only, namely, by primary union, or adhesion, and by granulation.
As suppuration is not so liable to occur in cattle as in the horse, healing
by the former and more speedy process is much more common in the
first-named species, more particularly in clean-cut or incised wounds,
provided they have been stitched within twelve hours from the time
the injury which caused them was inflicted; that they have been kept
clean and that the patient has by some means been kept fairly still.
This latter stipulation is probably hardest to comply with. Quiet is
an important factor in the process of repair among the lower animals
as well as their masters, and the rule is none the less good because,
unfortunately, it is more frequently honored in the breach than in the
observance. Healing by this method is in some cases extraordinarily
quick, union between the divided parts having been known to take
place as soon as twenty-four hours after their adjustment by the
surgeon.

The second method of healing, namely, by granulation, which is,
however, the manner in which most wounds in animals heal, takes much
longer time. In punctured wounds of any depth healing necessarily
takes place in this,;way only, and the treatment should be directed
largely to alleviating pain and moderating inflammation. The former
can be accomplished by opium applied locally in the form of the diluted
tincture, or given internally in repeated small doses; and the latter by
aconite or fluid extract of gelsemium, 25 to 30 drops of either of which
are given in the drinking water or dropped on the tongue at intervals,
depending on the severity of the fever.

AFTER-TREATMENT AND DRESSING OF WOUNDS.—The dressing of
wounds, whether they have been attended to by a veterinarian or not,
is a matter which, in case of cattle, invariably devolves upon the
owner or his employees. It must not, however, be inferred from this
that the matter is of secondary importance. The dressing of wounds
is one of the most important branches of veterinary surgery, and one
of the most constant difficulties that the practicing veterinarian has to
contend with lies in the want of appreciation on the part of owners of
the great importance of care and attention in the after treatment
of wounds. It is for this reason that the writers are averse to closing
this portion of their task without pointedly calling attention to the
fact that it is very largely to skillful, patient, and careful dressing
that satisfactory recovery from most serious accidents is due, and this
unswerving vigilance and solicitude we would bespeak not only for
the injured parts, but for the general care of the animal and its
surroundings.

The first and foremost consideration in the dressing of a wound is
SURGICAL OPERATIONS. 299

the observance of scrupulous cleanliness. The most subtle medica-
ments and antiseptics are worse than wasted if dirt claims a 50 per
cent interest in the business, as is too often the case upon the farm
where the care of an animal is relegated to ignorant and thought-
less hired help. Unless an animal is in slings, straw and other foreign
bodies as well as blood and necessary discharges usually adhere to a
wound when it comes to be dressed. These should be carefully freed
from the wound by means of a sponge dipped in a 2 per cent solution
of carbolic acid. The sponge should not be brought into actual con-
tact, but should be wrung out just above it, the water being allowed
to trickle over the injured part. When the wound and the parts
surrounding it have been thoroughly cleansed it may be dressed either
with the ‘“‘white lotion,” the formula for which has already been
given, or with a solution of chlorid of zinc, 1 ounce to a quart of
pure cold water. In cold weather the parts may be dressed with the
following: Oxid of zine ointment, 4 ounces; compound tincture of
benzoin, 2 drams; mix and keep the box covered.

A single fold of ordinary cotton batting gently pressed over the
ointment will cause it to remain adherent to the wounded part. In
superficial excoriated wounds in cattle a very excellent first dressing
(after thoroughly cleansing the wound) consists of iodoform (a com-
pound of iodin and chloroform) blown on to the wound through a
quill or a folded piece of stiff paper. This should be followed by a
second dressing of pulverized aloes applied in the same way, which
not only forms an artificial scab, but possesses the additional advan-
tage of keeping off flies.

There are several other applications which are efficacious, such as
bichlorid of mercury, 1 part to 800 of water; boracic acid, 1 part to
20 parts of water; carbolic acid, 1 part to water 30 parts; but the fore-
going will be found as good as any.

No good purpose can be served by applying to healthy wounds irri-
tating mixtures of oils and acids, and an owner may safely make up
his mind to the fact that whatever mixture he may use; no matter how
successful it may have been, he is pretty sure to have a neighbor who
will want to know the reason why he did not use something else.
Whatever antiseptic is used, always recollect that cleanliness, rest,
and attention constitute 50 per cent of the contest, and that the other
half may safely be left to the restoring touch of Nature.

BARBED-WIRE CUTS.— We have specified these simply because there
exists in some sections of the country a fixed idea that there is a
specific poison in barbed wire, causing injuries which require treat-
ment differing from that which is applicable to ordinary wounds.
Barbed-wire cuts differ from ordinary wounds only in the parts being
often lacerated and torn, and the treatment already indicated for
wounds of that description is applicable to them.
300 DISEASES OF CATTLE.
CASTRATION.

Castration consists of the removal of the essential organs of genera-
tion. It is performed upon both the male and the female. In the
male the organs removed are the testicles and in the female the ovaries.

Castration in the male is performed for several different purposes.
It may be necessary, as is the case in certain diseased conditions of
the testicles and in strangulated hernia, but the usual object of the
operation is to enhance the general value of the animal. For example,
if the animal is intended for burden, the operation will better fit him
for his work by so modifying his temperament and physical condition
that he may easily be controlled by his master. Again, if he is merely
to be used for beef purposes, the operation will improve the quality of
the flesh.

The operation upon the female may be performed on account of
diseased conditions, but we may say that the chief object of the
operation is to make the animal one of more profit to its owner by
altering the lacteal secretion and also the physical condition. Advo-
cates of this operation claim that a spayed cow will milk under favor-
able conditions for a number of years continuously, and that the milk
is greatly increased in richness. Careful tests, however, indicate that
the value of this operation with dairy cows has been exaggerated.
When the cow is spayed it does away with all trouble attending
estrum, or heat, gestation, and parturition with its accidents and ail-
ments. The flesh of the spayed cow is more tender and juicy than
that of the entire animal.

The operation upon the male may be either the uncovered or the cov-
ered. In the former the incision is made down to the testicle proper,
and in the latter the cut is made through the scrotum or the outside
covering and through the dartos, or the next coat, care being taken to
cut no deeper tissues or coats. The age at which the operation is per-
formed varies, but usually it is performed between the second and third
month. If done in early life there is less danger of complications, the
organs not being fully developed and in a latent condition. There are
many different methods of operating, the principal ones of which we
shall mention. Inthe uncovered operation a good free incision should
be made, exposing the testicle completely. Now it may be removed by
simply cutting it off. The only danger of doing this is that hemor-
rhage is likely to follow. To obviate this, before the division of
the spermatic cord it should be twisted several times in the follow-
ing manner: Take hold of the spermatic cord with the left hand, hay-
ing the cord between the thumb and the index finger. Now twist the
free portion several times with the right hand, all the time being care-
ful to push with the left hand toward the body of the animal. In this
way the danger of injury to the cord during the animal’s struggles
will be overcome. The hemorrhage will be none, or very little, if it
SURGIOAL OPERATIONS. 301

haz been done properly. This is the most simple manner of torsion.
There are forceps and other instruments made to perform the opera-
tion in this manner. Instead of practicing torsion in any of its ways
to prevent hemorrhage, a ligature may be applied either directly to the
spermatic artery from which the hemorrhage comes, or to the entire
cord. Either a silk or a catgut ligature may be used. The actual
cautery is an old method, but we shall not describe it, as we consider
that we have bettermethods now. The next method with the clamps,
although extensively used upon the horse, is not practiced to any
great extent upon the bovine at the present time. It is a very old
method, and is considered very safe. Clamps are used in the covered
and uncovered operations.

But more simple and better methods are now known for the castra-
tionofthebull. Amore modern method is by theécraseur. Thechain
of the instrument is placed around the spermatic cord and tightened
so as to crush the tissues and thus prevent hemorrhage. The clamp
and ligature are the methods principally employed in the covered
operation, and in order thoroughly to understand this procedure it
will be necessary for the reader to have at least a crude anatomical
knowledge of the parts. The former, or the uncovered, is the usual
mode of operating, except in certain abnormal conditions.

The operation of ‘‘mulling,” or crushing, the spermatic cord is an
unscientific and barbarous procedure, causing unnecessary pain and
suffering.

The above methods apply only to the animal in a normal condition.
Before operating always examine and be sure that everything is as it
should be. If otherwise, a special operative procedure will be neces-
sary. Whichever modeof operation be adopted from a practical stand-
point, the principal precautions to be taken in order to attain success
are as follows: First, thorough cleanliness under strict aseptic and
antiseptic precautions; second, a free and boldly made incision; third,
the avoidance of undue pulling or tension upon the spermatic cord;
fourth, free drainage, which can be maintained, provided the original
incision has been properly made.

CASTRATION OF THE FEMALE.

OVARIOTOMY (SPAYING).—The operation should be performed when
the cow is in her prime and giving her greatest flow of milk, care being
taken that she is in good health and moderate condition, not too ple-
thoric; or, on the other hand, she must not be at all anemic, and also
that she be not in heator pregnant. This operation may be performed
in one of two ways—namely, by the flank or by the vagina—each opera-
tion having its special advantages. In the flank operation the animal
may be operated upon either while standing or while in the recumbent
position. If standing, she should be placed against a wall or a parti-
802 DISEASES OF OATTLE.

tion, and her head held by a strong assistant. The legs also must be
secured to prevent the animal from kicking. A vertical incision should
be made in the left flank, about the middle of the upper portion, care
being taken not to make the opening too far down, in order to avoid
the division of the circumflex artery which traverses that region. The
operator should now make an opening through the peritoneum, which
is best done with the fingers. Next introduce the hand and arm into
the abdominal cavity and direct the hand backward toward the pel-
vis, searching for the horns of the uterus. Follow them up and the
ovaries will easily be found. They should then be drawn outward.
and may be removed either by the écraseur or by torsion. Clos-
ing and suturing the wound will complete the operation. An adhesive
plaster bandage can be beneficially applied.

The operation by the vagina is more complicated and requires spe-
cial and expensive instruments. The mode of procedure in brief is as
follows: A speculum is introduced into the vagina and an incision is
made into the superior wall of that passage about 2 inches from the
neck of the uterus, cutting from below upward and from before back-
ward. Makean incision which should not exceed 34 inches in length.
The next step is to get possession of the ovaries. They are situated
in a fold of the broad ligament and should be drawn carefully into
the vagina through the incision. Now take the long-handled scissors ,
specially made for this purpose, with which the thick border of the
broad ligament is divided. The torsion forceps are introduced and
applied to the broad ligament above the ovary. The left hand is then
introduced and the thumb and the index finger grasp hold of the
broad ligament above the forceps. Now commence with the right
hand to apply torsion and thus remove the ovary. The other ovary
may be removed in the same manner.

The operation of castration is by no means a serious one, and when
properly performed there is little danger from complications. Although
the danger is trifling, the complications which may arise are sometimes
of a serious nature. Hemorrhage, either primary or secondary, teta-
nus, or lockjaw, abscesses, hernia, or rupture, gangrene, and peritonitis
are the most serious complications that follow castration. Whichever
complication arises will require its own special treatment, which we
will not go into here, as it will be fully dealt with under another head-
ing. We would add, however, that, generally speaking, the animal,
after being castrated, should either be regularly exercised or be allowed
freedom so that it can exercise itself. Drafts of cold air or sudden
changes of the temperature are dangerous. The animal should be fed
moderately, but of a diet easily digestible.

Other surgical operations, not described in this chapter, may be
found in other parts of this work by reference to the index.
6 Ee

aN

DISEASES OF CATTLE.

PLATE XXVI.

 

 

 

 

 

 

DEVICES FOR CASTING CATTLE.

A.B GRAHAM CO. LITH.WASH.0.C,
Diseases OF CaTTLE, PLATE XXVII.

 

Le

 

 

 

 

 

 

A.B GRAHAM CO. LITH WASH OC.

TRACHEOTOMY AND VENESECTION.
PLATE XXVII.

Diseases oF Carte.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

A.G.GRAHAM CO. LITH WASH.0-G

SURGICAL INSTRUMENTS AND SUTURES.

Maines’ afew Royndet ‘and. Honing?
SURGICAL OPERATIONS.

DESCRIPTION OF PLATES.

Piatt XXVI:

Fig. 1. Reuff’s method of throwing, or casting, the ox. From Fleming’s Oper-
ative Veterinary Surgery.

Fig. 2. Miles’ method of throwing, or casting, the ox. From Fleming’s Oper-
ative Veterinary Surgery.

Puate XXVII:

Fig. 1 a front and fig. 1 b side view of a simple tracheotomy tube. After
Armatage, from Hill’s Bovine Medicine and Surgery. Thistubecisinserted
in the trachea, or windpipe, in cases of threatened suffocation from obstruc-
tions in the upper portion of the air passage.

Fig. 2 shows the tracheotomy tube applied and held in position by straps
around the neck. After Armatage, from Hill’s Bovine Medicine and
Surgery.

Fig. 3 represents an ordinary fleam with blades of different sizes.

Fig. 4. Cow prepared for bleeding. A cord is tied firmly about the lower
portion of the neck, causing the jugular vein to become distended with
blood and swell out.

PuaTE XXVIII:

Figs. 1 and 2. Seton needles. These may be either long or short, straight or
curved, according to the locality in which a seton is to be inserted.

Fig. 8. Various forms of surgical needles.

Fig. 4. Suture forceps or needle holder, for passing needles through thick and
dense tissues.

Fig. 5. Knot properly tied.

Figs. 6,7, 8,9, 10. Various forms of sutures. Fig. 6, interrupted suture; 7,
quilled suture: 8, uninterrupted suture; 9, twisted suture, made by passing
suture pins through the parts to be held together and winding the thread
about them so as to represent the figure 8; 10, single-pin suture.

Fig. 11. Appliance for ringing the bull, one-fourth natural size.

Fig. 12. Nose clamp, with spring and keeper.

308
TUMORS AFFECTING CATTLE.

By Joun R. Mouter, A. M., V. M. D.,
Chief of Pathological Division, Bureau of Animal Industry.

[Synonyms: New growth, neoplasm, neoformation, pseudoplasm, swelling, and
hyperplasia. ]

Definition.—Tumors¢ are abnormal masses of tissue, noninflamma-
tory and independent in character, arising, without obvious cause,
from cells of preexistent tissue, possessing no physiologic function,
and characteristically unrestrained in growth and structure.

Tumors are abnormal masses of tissue. The application of the
term ‘‘tumor” is directly connected with the fact that they produce
local enlargement.

They are noninflammatory; that is, the process of inflammation is
not directly the cause or accompaniment of them. An inflammatory
new growth tends to disappear upon the subsidence of the inflamma-
tory process, while spontaneous disappearance of a tumor is compar-
atively rare.

Tumors are independent. For instance, their nutrition bears no
relation to the nutrition of the body. A lipoma, or fatty tumor, in
the subcutaneous tissue may go on increasing to huge bulk while the
body is steadily emaciating. Again, the tissues of the aged gradually
undergo atrophy, yet cancers arise at this time and grow rapidly.

Tumors are unrestrained in growth and structure. In the develop-
ment of an animal we know at what period of its existence the mass
of tissue called liver will develop—what its site, structure, and size
will be. We know that it will remain only in that locality, and not,
as it were, colonize throughout the system. With tumors it is differ-
ent; there are no laws by which we can forecast the time, place,
nature, or size of development of them. There is no cartilage in the
kidney or parotid gland, yet a chondroma, or cartilage tumor, may
develop in either. Even when a new growth of tissue is started by

 

«The term ‘‘ tumor ”’ literally means a swelling, and thus has been applied to
the prominence caused by an overdistended bladder, to the enlargement of preg-
nancy, to the swelling produced by an abscess, to the overgrowth of tissue (hyper-
plasia) associated with injury and consequent inflammation, and to numerous
other phases of tissue enlargement directly connected with recognized disease
processes. For this reason itis becoming more common for scientists to apply
the word ‘neoplasm ’’ to the new growths described in this chapter. Because of
the still popular use of the word ‘“‘tumor,’’ it is retained in this chapter for the
designation of those new growths to which the sevenfold characterization of our
descriptive definition applies.

804
TUMORS AFFECTING CATTLE. 305

an injury and consequent inflammation—as, for instance, proud flesh—
there is a limitation of its size. But the controlling influences which
govern the size of an organ or normal mass of tissue and limit the
extent of an inflammatory overgrowth are all absent in the case of
tumors. They are unrestrained, lawless.

Metastasis expresses the lawlessness of tumors as regards: being
limited to the original site of development. Small particles of tumors
enter the blood vessels or lymph streams and are carried to distant
parts of the body, where they lodge and start new tumor formations.
Expansion by colonization in this manner is arule with many tumors;
and, since they exercise no function of use to the organism, this dis-
semination of actively growing particles becomes a menace to the
system by numerically increasing the body’s burden, opening new
channels of drain upon the system, and adding new centers for the
absorption of putrefactive materials when the secondary tumors shall
have degenerated. It is this which makes metastasis such an impor-
tant element in the malignancy of tumors.

Tumors possess no physiological function. They are absolutely
useless. Fibrous tumors bind no parts of the organism together; bony
tumors add nothing to the supporting framework of the body; the
tissue of fatty tumors never serves as a storehouse of food and energy;
the cells of an adenoma, or gland tumor, furnish no secretion; a
tumor composed of muscle tissue secures no increase to the strength
of the individual—its muscle cells are not contractile.

Tumors arise from cells of preexistent tissue. Tumor tissue is not
a new variety of tissue. Whatever the structure of a tumor, its
counterpart is found among the tissues of the body, the lawlessness
of the tumor, however, showing itself in more or less departure from
the normal type. This departure is usually a reversion to a more
elementary or embryonic stage, so that the tumor tissues may be said
to be structurally immature.

Tumors arise without obvious cause. Concerning the ultimate
cause of tumor formation we are absolutely ignorant. Various
theories have been advanced from time to time, but none of them
have been applicable to more than a limited number of cases. The
most important theories may be briefly mentioned.

(1) The theory of tumor diathesis.—Bilroth taught that tumors are
due to a peculiar predisposition consisting of a diseased state of the
fluids of the body. This constitutional taint might be acquired, but,
having been acquired, is also hereditary. This theory is known also as
the heredity hypothesis; but, while it is true that heredity appears to
play some réle in the causation of certain neoplasms, its application
is too limited to make it of value.

(2) The mechanical or irritant theory.—Virchow assumed that
tumors arise as the result of previous irritation of the part. This has

61386—08——20
806 DISEASES OF CATTLE.

been noticed particularly in the case of certain cancers. They fre-
quently develop on the edges of old ulcers, thus being dependent
apparently on chronic irritation. Cancer of the lip in pipe smokers
is a casein point. Cancerous tumors of the skin often develop on
the arms of workers in paraffin, tar, and soot, the chemical irritation
of these substances being the cause. On the contrary, the proportion
of those thus affected among the exposed is very small and forces the
conclusion that if the real cause were in the irritation vastly more
cases would occur.

(3) The theory of nervous influence.—This is based upon (a) the
observed fact that tumors occur more frequently in man and the
higher animals than in those lower in the scale, among which the
nervous system is less highly developed; (b) that certain formations
seem to be directly connected with nerve distribution, while others
have been associated with alternations in neighboring nerve trunks.

(4) The embryonal theory.—This is known also as Cohnheim’s
hypothesis. In early fetal life there occurs a production of cells in
excess of what is required for the construction of the various parts of
the body, so that a certain number of them are left over in the fully
developed tissue or become misplaced during the sorting of cells for
future development of tissues and organs. These cells lie dormant
until favorable conditions arise or some sufficient stimulus is applied,
when, released from their inactivity, they begin to reproduce and
grow. Not being normally related to their site, they lack the control-
ling and limiting influences of the part, and, their embryonic character
induing them with a most potent proliferating power, they develop
in a lawless and unrestrained manner. There are tumors whose exist-
ence can be explained only on these grounds. Still, this theory falls
far short of answering the question as to the origin of tumors.

(5) The parasitic theory.—This is not only one of the latest, but,
merely as a hypothesis, it is the most attractive and plausible of all.
The serious objections to it, however, are the almost uniform failure
that has met the attempts to transplant these tumors from one animalto
another and the absence of any constant variety of organism in them.
Several forms of parasites have been found in certain tumors, but
nothing definite has been shown with reference to the relation they
bear to the causation of the neoplasm.

CLASSIFICATION.

In Senn’s work on tumors occurs the following: ‘A uniform system
of classification of tumors is one of the great wants of modern pathol-
ogy, and all attempts in this direction have proved failures.” It would
be folly, therefore, to burden the pages of a work of this kind with
one or several of the proposed systems which have, admittedly, at
some important point, failed of their purpose. Since the value of
this chapter depends chiefly upon its practical character, which in
TUMORS AFFECTING OATTLE. 307

turn is measured by its aid in diagnosis, prognosis, and treatment,
the old but important clinical division is here adopted.

Tumors are either malignant or benign. The essential difference
between the two classes is that while BENIGN TUMORS DEPEND FOR
THEIR ILL EFFECTS ENTIRELY UPON THEIR SITUATION, MALIGNANT
NEOPLASMS WHEREVER LOCATED INEVITABLY DESTROY LIFE. The
clinical features of each group are in many cases sufficiently marked
to distinguish them.

MALIGNANT TUMORS.

(1) These are invariably pernicious and from the beginning tend
to destroy life.

(2) The cellular element predominates, therefore they grow rapidly.

(3) Possessing no capsule, they infiltrate surrounding tissues.

(4) They infect adjacent lymph glands.

(5) They recur even after complete removal.

(6) They give metastasis; that is, they become disseminated in
different organs.

(7) Their presence develops a progressive emaciation.

BENIGN TUMORS.

(1) These in and of themselves do not tend to produce death.

(2) As the cellular element is not apt to predominate, they grow
slowly.

(3) They are encapsulated, and when diffuse do not infiltrate sur-
rounding tissues.

(4) They do not infect adjacent lymph glands.

(5) They do not recur after complete removal.

+ (6) They do not manifest metastasis.

Benign tumors, though harmless, may, by the accident of their
location, indirectly produce death. Mere pressure on the brain sub-
stance of an otherwise innocent tumor, compression of the blood sup-
ply for vital organs, growth in such manner as to cause obstruction
in the alimentary tract or pressure upon nerves, may cause death, or,
prior to death, so combine the effects of anemia (deficiency of blood),
starvation, and pain, with its consequent restlessness, as to produce a
veritable cachexia.

On the other hand, a malignant tumor in its primary growth may
so implicate a vital organ as to destroy life before metastasis can
occur or even before cachexia can develop. Thus, to the untrained
observer, environment may so operate as to cause these two classes
of new growths to simulate each other. The boundary lines may
seem to overlap. It is here that the microscope, as the court of last
appeal, adjudicates positively in the diagnosis between these two
clearly marked divisions.

It may almost be asserted that a true classification of tumors can
308 DISEASES OF CATTLE.

not be made until we know more about the cause of them. The
arrangement here presented is offered to meet the practical needs of
the veterinarian, student, and farmer rather than the pathologist.

We may roughly divide the tissues of the body into structural and
lining tissues. The structural tissues are composed of the tissues of
special function and simple connective tissues. The lining or cover-
ing tissues, both internal and external, are known as epithelium.

Section A of the table below contains the true tumors or proper
neoplasms. .

Section B includes the cysts, some of which are true tumors, while
others are false tumors, but the latter are added because of their gross
resemblance to the true tumors and the consequent necessity of con-
sidering them at the same time.

TUMORS AND CYSTS.

A. TUMORS.
BENIGN:

I.—Tumors composed of tissues resembling those of special function.

1. Type of muscle tissue -..---------------------------------------- Myoma.
2. Type of nerve tissue --_.-_-----.------------------------+------- Neuroma.
3. Type of vascular tissue .---.---.------------------------------- Angioma.
4, Type of gland tissue. ........---.---. -------------------------- Adenoma.
Il.—Tumors composed of fully developed connective tissue.
1, Type Of fibrous tis6U6: 0 --  neosnw seca det ewee eee eee eet Fibroma.
2. Type of adipose, or fat, tissue _._.--.---.------------------------ Lipoma.
8. Type of cartilage tissue... _...-.---------------------------- Chondroma.
4. Type of osseous, or bone, tissue_-_.......----------------------- Osteoma.
5. Type of neuroglia, or nerve, sheath _____._..-..------------------ Glionia.
6. Type of mucoid, or mucous, tissue_......----------------------- Myxoma.
MALIGNANT: -

IIIl.—Tumors composed of embryonic or immature connective tissues.

1. Type of immature connective tissue __.........--.-------------- Sarcoma.
2. Type of endothelial tissue -..-..--..--.--2+2-----25-5--2+ +e Endothelioma.

IV.—Tumors in which epithelial elements predominate.
1. Type of various epithelial cells and associated tissues_-_-..-__--- Carcinoma.
B. Cysts.
I.—Cysts which develop in preexisting cavities.

D caneneeeeceeemasasesess Fees Md coe Ge et aemb ee cecal Retention cysts.
ee ..-Proliferation cysts.

II.—Cysts which are of congenital origin and are true tumors.

ol cs bain dines Hoe aeeaae eee aoe eebEs ese tems eared acemE Ne eee ee Dermoid cysts.
TUMORS AFFECTING CATTLE. 809

IiI.—Cysts which originate independently as the result of pathological changes and
are nontumorous.

1. Cysts formed by the softening and disintegration of lesions. ----- Softening cysts.
2. Cysts formed around parasites......._.......-..-.------------ Parasitic cysts.
8. Cysts formed by an outpouring of blood and lymph into the tissue spaces with

subsequent encapsulation of the fluid -.......-..------- Extravasation cysts.

TERMINOLOGY.—The principle of naming tumors is quite simple.
The Greek word ‘‘oma” (plural ‘‘omata”) means tumor. This word
‘‘oma” is added to the stem of the word ordinarily used to designate
the kind of tissue of which the tumor is composed. Thus a tumor
formed after the type of fibrous tissue is a fibroma. The only excep-
tion to this is in the naming of the two large classes of malignant neo-
plasms. There the names were formed from the flesh-like appearance
of the one and the crab-like proliferations of the other—namely, Sar-
coma (sarks=flesh), carcinoma (karkinos=crab).

DiaGnosis.—In the diagnosis of tumors note is taken of (1) clinical
history and (2) examination of the tumor.

(1) Clinical history.—Circumstances connected with the origin of
the tumor and its rapidity of growth may point to an inflammatory
swelling rather than a tumor. The location of the tumor at its com-
mencement is important, as, for instance, in diagnosing between
lipoma and carcinoma, the former being more or less movable under
the skin, while a carcinoma develops in the skin. While tenderness
on pressure. may be caused by compression of a sensitive nerve by a
tumor or by tumors of the nerve or nerve sheaths, as a rule this
symptom is indicative of inflammatory swelling rather than the exist-
ence of a tumor.

(2) Direct examination of the twumor.—In the application of this
diagnosis the trained observer will note color, size, shape, and surface
structure, transmission of light, movableness, consistence, resistance,

~ pulsation, and crepitation. Percussion, auscultation, and exploration
are also available methods. Finally, miscroscopic examination of the
growing portions of the tumor by a pathologist will be found most
satisfactory.
GENERAL TREATMENT OF TUMORS.

For benign tumors treatment is required only when it damages the
animal’s value or when merely for sake of appearance. When it is
possible, the removal of the tumor by an operation is indicated. If
the tumor has a small constricted base, remove by tortion, ligation, or
with an écraseur. Ligation following the incision of the skin with a
knife avoids the pain of pressing on the sensitive nerves of the skin
and is suitable for tumors of broad base and small bodies. A firing
iron, such as is used in line or feather firing, may also be used in
removing tumors with small attachments. This not only stops the
bleeding, but forms a firm scab under which healing may occur rapidly.
810 DISEASES OF CATTLE.

Those tumors that can not be removed by the above methods may be
treated with caustics or acids, such as sulphuric acid, hydrochloric
acid, caustic potash, arsenic, silver nitrate, or chromic acid, but it is
difficult to limit the action of these drugs. The injection into the
tumor of certain chemicals, such as analine dyes, alcohol, acetic acid,
citric acid, or ergotine is of doubtful value, as is also the injection of
the germs of erysipelas—thought by some to be a specific. Certain
specific tumors, such as actinomycosis and potryomycosis, may be
successfully treated by the internal administration of potassium
iodid, together with the injection into the tumor or the painting of
its surface with Lugol’s solution or the tincture of jiodin. The most
reliable means of treating tumors is by extirpation with cutting instru-
ments. Dissect the tumor from the surrounding tissue, ligating all
the larger blood vessels, and tearing the tissues with the fingers rather
than cutting with a knife. The bleeding may be stopped with a hot
iron. The after-treatment is the same as for any ordinary wound of
similar size.
DESCRIPTION OF INDIVIDUAL TUMORS.

Although a full list of the tumors that may be found in bovines has
been given above, there are anumber that warrant a detailed descrip-
tion, and the following mention will be made of the most important
of them:

° MYOMA,

These tumors are after the type of muscle. They are sharply cir-
cumscribed, and, as a rule, are very hard, a condition due usually to
combination with fibroma, and are then known as fibromyoma. In
fact, the clinical differentiation between myoma and fibroma is almost
impossible. Myomas are found in the uterus, vagina, stomach, intes-
tines, gullet, and bladder of cattle. They grow very large, but, as a
rule, are benign. Treatment should consist of their removal. e

NEUROFIBROMA.

A true neuroma built up of nerve fibers and nerve cells is infre-
quent, if it ever occurs, in cattle. False neuromas, or neurofibromas,
are knotty spreading tumors of the size of a large potato, which are
developed within the nerve sheaths and composed of nerve fibers and
connective tissue bands interlaced. The commingling of these varied
fibers is often so intricate that separation is practically impossible.
This tumor is most frequently found upon the shoulder of cattle.
Treatment is surgical.

ANGIOMA.
The angiomas are tumors composed mainly of blood vessels or blood

spaces, and are observed on the skin of man, where they are called
‘‘pirthmarks” or ‘‘ mother marks.” Cavernous angiomas are seen in
TUMORS AFFECTING OATTLE. 311

cattle, affecting the liver and the mucous membrane of the nasal sep-
tum. In the liver they appear as smooth, flat, nonprojecting tumors
of a dark-red or purple color and of about the size of a silver 10-cent
piece. They are somewhat softer in consistency than the adjoining
liver substance, into which they are gradually fused. These tumors
are frequently observed by meat inspectors in livers of slaughtered
cattle. Treatment of angioma is unnecessary.

ADENOMA.

The structure of this tumor is after the type of gland tissue. It is
rarely seen in cattle except in combination with cancer or sarcoma.
A growth which occurs more frequently in bovines, especially calves,

_and which in some instances bears a striking resemblance to an ade-
noma, is the so-called goiter.

GOITER (STRUMA).

This is a noninflammatory enlargement or a hyperplasia of the thy-
roid gland. While it can not be definitely classed among tumors,
yet, owing to its resemblance to the latter, it will be discussed at this
time. -The cause of goiter has never been definitely ascertained.
Among the most probable causes may be mentioned heredity, insuffi-
cient and improper diet, close confinement, unhygienic surroundings,
and an unknown toxie substance which is supposed to obtain in those
localities rich in magnesium and lime salts. Certain organisms found
in goiter have been suspected of producing this trouble, but their
relation to the disease has not béen satisfactorily proved. A goiter
may consist of (1) simple enlargement of the follicles which are filled
with albuminous matter (follicular goiter); (2) an increase of con-
nective tissues between the follicles, causing the swelling to be dense
and resistant (fibrous goiter); (3) a great increase in size of one or
more follicles, forming a cyst (cystic goiter); (4) great dilatation of
the blood vessels in the gland accompanied by pulsation with each
heart beat (vascular goiter).

Symptoms.—Goiter may be observed at the side of the throat,
reaching the size of a fist or even larger, or it may hang down below
the windpipe. In cattle the two thyroid glands are close together, and
when the disease affects both there may be but one uniform swelling
placed in front of the windpipe below the angle of the jaw. This
swelling may be hard, soft, or doughy in consistence, and it may pul-
sate like an artery with each beat of the heart. It may cause labored
breathing by pressure on the windpipe, and death may result from
pressure on this structure, on the gullet, or on the adjoining large
vessels.

Treatment.—In young animals the treatment is usually satisfactory,
and consists in giving the animal a complete change of food and
plenty of exercise in the open air. If the condition appears enzootic
312 DISEASES OF OATTLE.

in the district, remove the animal to another location when possible.
Iodine should be applied to the swelling, either in the form of oint-
ment or the tincture. Injections of iodine solution, 5 grains of iodine
in 1 dram of 25 per cent alcohol, may also be made into the substance
of the gland. When the swelling which follows this injection has
subsided it may be repeated. Potassium iodid should be given
internally in 14-dram doses twice daily for a cow, orin 20-grain doses
twice a day for a calf. Extirpation of all but a small section of the
swelling may be accomplished by a qualified veterinarian with good
results; but if it should be entirely removed, myxedema and death

follow.
FIBROMA.

Fibromas are tumors made up chiefly of connective tissue and are
usually confined to the skin and subcutaneous tissue. Indurative
fibromas of the skin appear as tumors of gelatinous connective tissue
or as firm white vascular connective tissue growths, which are more or
less sharply outlined, move readily over the underlying tissues in
company with the skin, and owe their origin to mechanical injuries,
perforating wounds, repeated abrasions, or the invasion of pus cocci
or botryomyces into the tissues. ;

These tumors in cattle are frequently found upon the dewlap as
solid lumps, hard as stone to the touch, lying loosely between the
layers of skin, and gradually losing themselves in the softer tissues of
the neck above, or as smooth, hard tumors of glistening white sub-
stance with interlacing lines of softer tissue. They may also be found
located in the region of the knee or at the elbow. The skin over the
growths, in accordance with the originating cause, will be found
chafed, covered with scabs, or even ulcerated and accompanied by
collateral edema.

These connective tissue tumors grow slowly, but reach enormous
size. They sometimes follow injuries to the region of the throat, and
form there as hard, firm growths, even reaching the size of a child’s
head.

A fibroma located upon the larynx is not an infrequent occurrence
in the ox. These tumors are always sharply outlined and have a
roughened surface. They may be differentiated from actinomycotie
tumors (see chapter on ‘‘Infectious diseases of cattle ”) in the same
location by their firm fibrous structure and by the absence of pus
from the interior.

A tumor is sometimes met upon the muzzle of cattle, which assumes
a diameter equaling the width of the muzzle. It is a voluminous con-
nective tissue formation known by the name of “ fibroma diffusum.”

Another form is sometimes observed upon the tongue. It grows
upon a broad, spreading base, becoming very hard. It is almost
lacking in blood vessels, although the few that are present are plainly
in view, and in consequence is poorly supplied with fluids. It is of
TUMORS AFFECTING OATTLE. 313

a smooth contour, white or whitish yellow in color, is sharply limited
from the normal substance of the tongue, may be covered with-mucous
membrane, on which prominent papille are located, or only by a thin,
delicate layer of epithelium, and is usually found in the middle part
of the tongue, where it may reach the size of two fists.

Pedunculate, or stemmed, fibrous, tumors are frequently noticed
growing upon or near the extremity of the tails of cows. These are
apparently of traumatic origin, such as tying the tail fast while milk-
ing or shaving it too closely while trimming the animal for show pur-
poses, and usually contain bloody or gelatinous material within, or,
again, they may be strongly edematous throughout.

Treatment.—The treatment of large fibromas is surgical, and con-
sists of the operative removal ofthe tumor, followed by suturing of
the wound. Small external tumors may be painted with zine chloride,
chromic acid, or a concentrated solutien of bichloride of mercury.

PAPILLOMA (WART).

When fibromas develop from the lining or covering tissues they
frequently form papillary. growths, more or less thickly covered with
epithelium, and are then called papillomas, or warts.

Papillomas consist of villous-like projections, resulting from a
proliferation of the outer layer (epithelium) of the skin or mucous
membrane. These growths are also called ‘‘angle berries,” and
may assume a variety of forms. Sometimes there is a preponder-
ance of epidermis in the formation, and the tumor then appears
as a hard, dense, insensititive, club-like growth, or wart. Again
the swelling is chiefly located in the derm, or true skin, and we
have what is known asa flesh wart (verucca carnea). In other
cases the growth of papillar bodies projects in great cauliflower-like
tumors with deeply furrowed and lobulated surface, over which a
covering of epidermis may or may not be present. These are usually
much softer and are well supplied with blood vessels. It is not
uncommon for them to be pedunculate or stemmed, and in this case
considerable rotary motion or twisting is possible. Their color is
cloudy gray or grayish red, with white bands of connective tissue
radiating from the-center. Their consistence varies. They undergo
upon their surfaces and within their clefts and fissures retrogressive
‘changes, softening, bleeding, or ulcerations.

A favorite location for the papilloma in cattle is the udder and
teats, where they may develop in such numbers as to cover completely
the entire surface and make the animal troublesome to milk. The
sides of the head, neck, and shoulder also afford satisfactory con-
ditions for their growth, and are frequently seen to be affected by
them.

Treatment.—Warts may be removed with the scissors or twisted off
with the fingers or ligatured by means of a rubber band or horse hair.
314 DISEASES OF CATTLE.

Their roots should then be cauterized with tincture of iron, glacial
acetic acid, or lunar caustic. Acids should never be used in remov-
ing warts about the eyes or in the mouth. Papillomas of the eyelids
sometimes change to cancers and should be removed by taking out a
wedge-shaped section of the eyelid. Young cattle should be given
arsenic internally in the form of Fowler’s solution, 1 tablespoonful
twice a day for a 6-months-old calf.

\

POLYPS.

These are usually fibromas or myxomas, occurring on the mucous
membrane of the nasal passages or genital track. They grow upon
a narrow stem, bleed readily when injured, and often contain a.
center of thin, limpid fluid. A bloody discharge is sometimes seen
coming from the affected nostril, but this is not always easy of detec-
tion in cattle, owing to the pliancy of their tongues and to their habit
of licking an irritated nostril. Usually these tumors grow down-
ward, and may project from the nostril, causing snoring sounds and
uneasy breathing. They may occasionally force themselves backward
into the throat, where they interfere seriously with respiration, the
patient being obliged to breathe with an effort, and even forced to
cough in order to dislodge temporarily the obstruction from the
larynx. Such tumors, when located near the nostril, may easily be
removed by the use of forceps or a loop made of baling wire. Serious
bleeding is not liable to follow their removal, but an astringent wash,
such as a solution of the perchlorid of iron, if applied to the cut sur-
face will be found very beneficial. In case the tumor is not within
easy reach, the services of a qualified veterinarian should be obtained
to perform the necessary operation.

LIPOMA.

*

This is a tumor consisting chiefly of fat cells. The growth is irreg-
ularly rounded and distinctly lobulated, very soft and almost fluc-
tuating. It is insensitive, grows slowly, and is always inclosed in a
distinct fibrous capsule, from which it can be easily shelled out. It
may become very large and often hangs pendulous from a long elastic
pedicle. In cattle this tumor may be found in the subcutaneous tis-
sues, especially of the back and shoulders, uterus, omentum, and
intestines, and in the latter position it may cause strangulation, or
“out tie,” by winding around a loop of the intestine.

Treatment.—When found on the skin the tumor may be readily
removed with a knife or by a ligature. Causties and the cautery pro-
duce wounds that heal slowly and can not be recommended in the
treatment of this tumor.

CHRONDROMA.

This tumor formation is composed of cartilage cells. Itis a rounded
and very often unevenly nodular and sharply described tumor. Itig
TUMORS AFFECTING CATTLE. 815

very hard, dense, elastic, and painless, and develops principally where

we find normal cartilage cells. It is rarein cattle, but has been found

in the subcutaneous tissues and nasal cavities.
Treatment.—Extirpation.

OSTEOMA (BONY TUMOR).

Bones may occasionally grow in such a profuse and irregular man-
ner that the product, or osteophyte, assumes the character of a tumor.
The bone tissue may possess either spongy or compact properties
and grow either from the periphery of the bone or within its interior.
These tumors most frequently appear about the head of the animal,
either upon the jawbones, within the nasal passages, or in connection
with the horns. They are usually of bony hardness, painless, benign,
and sharply outlined.

Treatment.—The treatment consists in either removing them with
a saw, chisel, or trephine, or preventing their further development by
counterirritation with blisters or firing iron.

MYXOMA,

Characteristic myxomas are mucoid tumors, which chiefly originate
from the mucous membrane and are especially to be found within the
nasal passages and uterus of cattle. They can reach a size of three
fists, are smooth or velvet-like, or may be lobulated, broad at the |
base, and consist of a glassy looking mass of connective tissue, which
usually shows a distinctive yellowish color. Being homogeneous and
elastic, the moist, jelly-like tissue composing the tumor may be easily
destroyed or crushed. When cut through, these tumors soon collapse
from the loss of their fluids. They sometimes inclose elliptical cavi-
ties filled with slimy, gelatinous masses.

Treatment.—Extirpation.

SARCOMA.

This is a malignant tumor after the type of embryonal tissue, and
consists of several varieties, such as the round cell, spindle cell,
giant cell, alveolar, and melano sarcoma. They grow by preference
in connective tissue and are quite vascular. Sarcomas appear either
as single or multiple nodules, varying in size from a hempseed toa
hazelnut, or else as a moderate number of tumors of the size of hen
eggs. Their surface, at first smooth, becomes later lumpy and tuber-
ous from internal degeneration. Secondary nodules may appear near
the primary tumor. The outer skin is not involved as soon as in
cancer, nor does ulceration follow so rapidly. Sarcoma is about the
most frequent and dangerous tumor that isfoundin cattle. It occurs
in young animals, and is found on the serous membranes, in the
glandular organs, and on the outer skin, especially of the neck and
shoulders—in fact, in nearly every tissue and in almost every part of
316 DISEASES OF CATTLE.

the body. This tumor is often found in places exposed to trauma-
tisms and at seats of sears, or of irritations from pressure and
inflammation. Oo

Treatment.—Treatment should consist in early and complete removal
by the knife, including one-half or three-quarters of an inch of the
sound tissue adjoining the tumor. If there isa possibility that sarco-
matous tissue still remains, either cauterize the wound with a hot
iron or powder the walls of the cavity with arsenious acid.

CANCER (CARCINOMA).

Cancers are tumors of epithelial tissues and are malignant. There
are several varietiés of cancers, such as hard, soft, and colloid, but
only those growing on the surface will be mentioned here. These
malignant tumors of the superficial organs develop primarily from
the epidermis or from the glands of the skin. They appear second-
arily as spreading infections fyvom milk glands, thyroids, anal glands,
or asembolisms. In such cases their sole character depends wholly
upon the kind of cancer from which they have sprung. The infil-
trating cancer begins as an elevation of the skin, which progresses
until it becomes rough and nodular. The surface later becomes
attacked and an ulcer results, whose edges are outlined by a hard
firm zone.

The ulcerations may remain limited by cicatricial tissue, but it is
more likely that the infiltration and destruction of tissue will spread
out wider and deeper until a rodent ulcer (so called) is formed. One
of the most frequent sites of vancer in cattle is in the eye, where
they are called fungus hematodes, but they also occur on the skin,
on the genitals, in the stomach, and within the organs.

Fungus hematodes.—This starts at the inner corner of the eye as a
papillary elevation or as small nodules which become fused. They
grow larger and become papillomatous, with superficial ulcerations
and a tendency toward hemorrhage. In some cases the eye is dis-
placed by the growing tumor or is attacked by the cancer cells and
entirely destroyed.

Cancerous growths upon the external genitals and the anus usually
present a rough, irregular surface from which there is a constant
sloughing of decomposed tissue accompanied by a penetrating, disa-
greeable odor.

The diagnosis of cancér may be made clinically by noting the simul-
taneous infection of the lymph glands which surrownd the primary
lesion. Deeply burrowing and infiltrating forms which appear as
lumps and ulcerations cause marked disfiguration of the affected part.
The surface becomes a soft, greasy mass; later it cracks open and
from the fissures blood-colored pus exudes, being continually formed
by the moist degeneration of the tissues beneath. At first the general
health of the animal does not appear affeeted, but later the cancer
TUMORS AFFECTING CATTLE. 317

nodules spread to important organs and give rise to marasmus and
progressive.emaciation. Cancer is not a frequent tumor of cows.
Froéhner states, that of seventy-five cases of tumors which came under
his observation in cattle two, or 2.6 per cent, were found to be cancers,
while twenty, or 26.6 per cent, were sarcomas.

Treatment.—Treatment consists in the early and complete removal
of the tumor, taking care to include a wide border of healthy tissue.
This has been most successful in such superficial cancers as those of
the eye, penis, anus, testicle, vulva, and sheath. If the disease has
advanced too far, this treatment may not prove efficacious, owing to
the great malignancy of the cancer and its tendency to recur. In
such cases the animal may be slaughtered, but the flesh should be
used for food only after inspection by a competent veterinarian.

CYSTS.

Cysts may be true or false tumorsand consist of a capsule contain-
ing a fluid or semisolid content. Among the most important cysts,
which have been briefly referred to in a previous table, the following
are probably the most noteworthy, owing to the frequency with which
they are found in bovines:

SOFTENING CYSTS.

Softening cysts, which result from the degenerative liquefaction of
normal or diseased tissues, especially of tumors of different kinds,
followed by the encapsulation of the fluid.

PARASITIC CYSTS.

Parasitic or foreign-body cysts, due to the inflammatory reaction
induced by such parasites as the echinococcus (hydatid cyst) or by
the presence of various kinds of foreign bodies.

EXTRAVASATION CYSTS.

Extravasation cysts, caused by injuries which rupture blood vessels,
followed by an increase of fibrous tissue which forms a capsule about
the fluid. The hygromata in front of the knee in cattle, so-called
tumor of the knee, and serous cysts belong to this variety.

Hygromata, or tumors of the knee.—These consist in the simplest
form of a collection of serous fluid mixed with fibrin within a dis-
tended bursa. The walls surrounding the fluid become firm, smooth,
and dense.

Outwardly the tumor appears fluctuating, though tense, while the
skin which covers it may be normal, denuded of hair, or covered with
hard epidermal scales, possibly half an inch in thickness, forming a
hard, horny plate. The cavity which contains the fluid may have the
dimensions of ‘a hen’s egg, an apple, or a child’s head. Its walls are
318 DISEASES OF OATTLE.

formed by the diseased secreting membrane of the bursal sac, and are
readily detachable from the subcutis of the skin. Their internal sur-
faces are often uneven or supplied with projections or tufted growths
which support a fibrous network within the tumor.

Tumors of the knee may also assume a granular type, as the result
of chronic inflammation or following operative or spontaneous evacua-
tion of pus from the part. They are either firmly connected with the
skin or are detachable from it, and, when laid open, disclose a whitish
red, pork-like tissue surrounding a central nucleus of pus, or a fistu-
lous tract leading to the outer surface. They are caused by the
chronic inflammation which follows the bruises received by cattle in
lying down and in rising or they may be due to falls on uneven, hard
ground. .

Treatment for hygromata.—When the swelling first appears cold
water should be applied, followed later by bandaging with cloths
wrung out of warm water. If the swelling is soft, it should be punc-
tured at the lowest point, and afterwards the cavity should be syringed
with Lugol’s solution. If the tumor is hard and nonfluctuating, a
mercurial blister might cause absorption and at the same time pre-
vent further injury to the part by making it more painful, thus
sparing it.

Serous cysts.—These swellings are another variety of extravasation
cysts, and are due to such injuries as butting, running against hard
objects, and shipping bruises, which are followed by an outpouring
of blood and lymph into the tissue spaces. These cysts develop rap-
idly and may reach the size of a man’s head or even larger. They are
soft, edematous, and hot at first and contain a serous or blood-
tinged fluid. Later partially organized clots and shreds of a fibrin-
ous nature and of a gelatinous consistence are formed within, and
the temperature of the swelling is reduced. They appear on the sur-
face of the body, especially on the belly and flank of cattle.

Treatment of serous cysts.—Treatment consists in opening the cyst
at the most dependent point with a sharp knife. The cavity should
be injected out twice daily with a 5 per cent solution of carbolic acid
and drainage encouraged by keeping the incision open.

DERMOID CYSTS.

These cysts have a wall which is almost an exact duplicate of the
structure of the skin, and frequently contain epidermal structures,
such as hair and teeth, which, in the development of the embryo, have
been misplaced. Thus we may find in an ovary or testicle a dermoid
cyst, containing a tooth or a ball of hair. Dental eysts are included
in the above class.

Dental cysts.—It occasionally happens that the teeth of cattle, instead
of developing normally within strong supporting alveole, remain
inclosed within a cystic membrane, which assumes a tumor-like charac-
TUMORS AFFECTING CATTLE. 319

ter. One tooth may be included alone in the cyst or a number may be
inclosed together. However this may be, the malformation progresses,
especially if confined to the incisor teeth, until the remaining teeth, that
began to develop normally, are crowded out of position and rendered
useless. The tumor may reach the size of a man’s fist. It appears
to be fleshy and dents upon pressure, but it may also appear on closer
examination as though it contained irregular sections of thin bone.
The outer surface is always smooth, and no indication of purulence,
softening, or scab formation is ever exhibited. Upon being laid open
with the knife’ the tumor is seen to,be surrounded by a firm, smooth
membrane which limits it completely from the adjoining tissues. It is
filled with material which possesses partly edematous, partly fleshy,
and partly bony properties. It is supposed that this mass is composed
of rudiments of the jawbone or of the alveolar walls which, becoming
spongy, lose themselves in the soft, fleshy mass contained within the
capsule of the tumor. It occasionally happens that the tumor is hol-
low and that the cavity extends back into the body of the lower jaw
for a considerable distance.

Tumors of this kind, being of congenital origin, are very naturally
observed most frequently in young cattle, but they may continue to
expand for a period of several months after the birth of the calf, even
until they become troublesome and unsightly.

Treatment for dental cysts.—Treatment consists in the complete
extirpation of the cyst and the destruction of the lining pouch by

curetting.
RETENTION CYSTS.

Retention cysts arise from the retention of normal secretions, due
to obstruction of a duct leading from a gland. The mucous cysts
found in the mouth, udder, and vestibule of cows are samples of this
form.

Mucous cysts.—Sac-like dependent tumors, caused by retention of
the secretions from the mucous glands, sometimes develop in the
mouth, nose, pharynx, and vulvaof cattle. They are called ‘‘mucous
cysts.” These are of sizes varying from pease to pigeon eggs, are
roundish and translucent, and surrounded by a delicate vascular mem-
brane. They contain a sirup-like substance more or less thick and
transparent and whitish yellow in color.

Treatment for mucous cysts.—Treatment consists in the puncturing
of the swelling, if accessible, and the destruction of the cyst walls by
the injection of Lugol’s solution.

PROLIFERATION CYSTS.

These are found especially in the ovaries of cows, called “cystic
ovaries,” and may produce nymphomania (chronic bulling).

Treatment for proliferation cysts.—The treatment indicated in this
case is the removal of the diseased ovaries.
DISEASES OF THE SKIN.

By M. R. TrumBower, D. V. 58.

{Revised in 1904 by Leonard Pearson, B. S., V. M. D.]

The skin consists of two parts—a superficial layer, the epidermis, or
cuticle; and the deep, or true, skin, the dermis, cutis vera, or corium.

The epidermis, cuticle, or scarf skin, is an epithelial structure, form-
ing a protective covering to the corium. It varies in thickness, is
quite insensible and nonvascular, and consists of a sheet of cells.

The epidermis is divided into a firm and transparent superficial and
a deep soft layer. The latter is the rete mucosum, in whose cells the
pigment exists which gives color to the skin. Thedeep surface of the
epidermis is accurately molded on the papillary layer of the true skin,
and, when removed by maceration, presents depressions which corre-
spond to the elevations on the dermis. From the cuticle tubular pro-
longations pass into the sebaceous and sudorific glands; thus the
entire surface of the body is inelosed by the cutizle.

The dermis, or true skin, is vascular and highly sensitive, contain-
ing the tactile ends of the nerves of touch. It is covered by epi-
dermis, and attached to the underlying parts by a layer of areolar
tissue, which usually contains fat. The cutis consists of fibro-areolar
tissue and vessels of supply. It is divided into two layers, the deep
or true corium and the upper or papillary. The corium consists of
strong interlacing fibrous bands, chiefly white; its meshes are larger
and more open toward the attached surface, giving lodgment to the
sweat glands and fat. The papillary, or superficial, layer is formed of
a series of small conical eminences or papillx, which are highly sen-
sitive, and consist of a homogenous transparent tissue. The blood
vessels form dense capillary plexuses in the corium, terminating by
loops in the papille. The papillary nerves run in a waving manner,
usually terminating in loops.

Hair is an appendage of the skin and forms its external covering.
It is a special modification of epidermis, having the same essential
structure. It consists of a root, shaft, and point. The root hasa bulb-
ous extremity, is lighter and softer than the stem, and lodged ina
recess or hair follicle, which may either be in the corium or subcuta-
neous areolw. The follicle is dilated at the bottom to correspond with
the root bulb, and the ducts of one or more sebaceous glands open into
it. At the bottom of each follicle is a conical vascular papilla, similar
in every respect to those on the surface of the dermis; this papilla fits
into a corresponding depression in the root of thehair. The shaft con-

820
DISEASES OF THE SKIN. 321

sists of a center, or medulla, a surrounding fibrous portion, and an
external coating, or cortex. The medulla consists of cells containing
pigment or fat, isopaque, and deeply colored. All kinds of hair do not
have this medulla. The fibrous portion occupies the bulk of the stem,
and the cortex is merely a single layer of thin, flat, imbricated scales.

The sebaceous glands, lodged in the corium, are most abundant in
parts exposed to friction. They generally open into the hair follicles,
occasionally on the surface of the body. Each gland consists of a
small duct, which terminates in a lobulated recess. These lobules
vary, and are, as is the duct, lined with epithelium. They are filled
with sebaceous matter which, as it is secreted, is detached into the
sacs. ‘They are very plentiful between the claws of cattle.

The sudorific glands, or sweat glands, are situated in the subcuta-
neous areolar tissue, surrounded by a quantity of fat. They are small,
round, reddish bodies, each of which consists of one or more fine tubes
coiled into a ball, the free end of the tube being continued up through
the true skin and cuticle, and opening on the surface. Each sweat
gland is supplied with a cluster of capillary blood vessels which vary
in size, being very large when perspiration isexcessive. The contents
of the smaller ones are fluid, and of the larger, semifluid.

The skin may be regarded as an organ supplementary in its action
to the lungs and kidneys, since the skin by its secretion is capable
of removing a considerable quantity of water from the blood, small
amounts of carbon dioxide, and small amounts of salts, and in certain
instances during suppression of the renal secretions, a small amount
of urea. The skin is also the chief organ for the regulation of animal
heat, by or through conduction, radiation, and evaporation of water,
permitting of loss of heat, while it also, through other mechanisms, is
able to regulate the amount of heat lost. The hair furnishes protec-
tion against extreme and sudden variations of temperature by the
fact that hairs are poor conductors of heat, and inclose between them
a still layer of air, itself a nonconductor of heat. The hairs are also
furnished with an apparatus by which the loss of heat may be regu-
lated; thus, in cold weather, through the contraction of unstriped
muscular fibers of the skin, the hairs become erect and the external
coat becomes thicker. Cold, too, acts as a stimulus to the growth of
hair, and we find, in consequence, a thicker coat in winter than in
summer. The hairs also furnish protection against wet, as they are
always more or less oily from the secretion of sebaceous glands, and
thus shed water. The hairs, through their elasticity, furnish mechani-
cal protection, and through the thickness of the coat, to a certain
degree, resist the attacks of insects. Finally, the hairs assist the
sense of touch.

The sweat glands are constantly discharging a watery secretion in
the form of insensible perspiration, and by their influence act as

61386—08——21
322 DISEASES OF CATTLE.

regulators of the temperature of the body. Hence, in warm weather,
the secretion of the skin is increased, which tends to prevent the
overheating of the body. Sweating, in addition to regulating heat, is
also an active agent in removing effete material from the blood; there-
fore this secretion can not be checked without danger to the animal.
If the skin be covered with an impermeable coating of grease or tar,
death results from blood poisoning, due to the retention of materials
destined to be excreted by the skin.

The total amount of secretion poured out by the skin is not only
modified by the condition of the atmosphere, but also by the char-
acter and quantity of the food, by the amount of exercise, and espe-
cially by the quantity of fluid taken.

The sebaceous secretion is intended to lubricate the skin and hairs.
It consists of soft, fatty material suspended in water, and is charac-
terized by a special odor peculiar to the animal by which it is secreted.

I will not attempt to classify the various diseases of the skin, for in
a work of this kind it would serve only to confuse the reader.

We shall first consider aclass of diseases which are of an inflamma-
tory type; next, those due to faulty secretion and abnormal growth;
then, diseases of parasitic origin; and, lastly, local injuries of the skin.

PRURITIS (ITCHING).

We shall consider pruritis first as a distinct subject. It is not a dis-
ease, only a sensation, and therefore a symptom. It is one of the
symptoms accompanying the majority of the diseases which we will
consider in this chapter. It is, then, a functional affection produced
by slight irritation from without or by an internal cause acting
upon the sensory nerves of the skin. Nothing characteristic is seen
except the secondary lesions, produced mechanically by scratching or
rubbing.

There are various forms of itching, the result of specific skin dis-
eases, where the pruritis is a secondary symptom. In such cases it
should not be regarded as an independent affection.

Causes.—Many causes may induce the condition which we recog-
nize here as pruritis. The most common one is dirt on the skin,
resulting from insufficient care. If the ceiling of the stable is open,
so that dust and straw may fall down, the skin is irritated and pru-
ritis results. It also occurs in some forms of indigestion.

The parts of the body most exposed to this condition are the croup,
the back, the top of the neck, and the root of the tail.

Another cause is found in affections of the liver and of the kidneys,
when an increase of effete material has to be thrown off by the skin.
Morbid materials circulating in the blood may produce a tickling or
smarting sensation of the skin in their passage from the blood to the
free surface of theskin. Certainirritating substances when eaten may
be excreted by the skin, and coming thus in direct contact with the
DISEASES OF THE SKIN. 323

sensory nerves produce itching, or may go further and cause dis-
tinet inflammation of the skin. In another class of cases the pruritis
may be due to an atrophy, contraction, or hardening of the skin, when
the nerves become irritated by the pressure. These conditions may be
so slightly marked inathick skin like that of the ox that they can not
be recognized. It isfrequently noticed that cattle willrub themselves
as soon as they pass from the stable into the open air—changing from
a warm to a cold atmosphere. Again, we may find an animal which
does all its rubbing inthe stall. Wemay look for lice, but fail to find
them. These conditions are generally attributable to high feeding and
to too close confinement. They may be associated with inflammatory
irritation or not; certainly we fail to discover any morbid changes in
the skin. There is to some extent a delightful sensation produced by
rubbing, and it may partly become a habit of pleasure.

Treatment.—We must place our chief reliance upon a change of food,
plenty of exercise, and in most cases the administration of an active
cathartic—1 to 14 pounds of Epsom salts, a handful of common salt, a
tablespoonful of ginger or pepper, mixed with 2 quarts of water, all
of which is to be given at one dose. Afterwardshalf an ounce of hypo-
sulphite of soda may be giventwice a day for a week, mixed with the
feed. For anexternal application, when the skin is abraded or thick-
ened from rubbing, a solution of borax, 4 ounces tothe quart of water,
may be used. Carbolic acid, 4 ounce to a quart of water, will give
relief in some cases.

INFLAMMATORY DISEASES OF THE SKIN.
“ERYTHEMA.

This is the simplest form of inflammation of theskin. It consistsof
an increased redness, which may occur in patches or involve consider-
able surface. The red coloration disappears when pressed upon by
the finger, but soon returns after the pressure is removed. There is
seldom much swelling of the affected part, though often a glutinous
discharge may be noticed, which dries and mats the hair or forms a
thin scale upon the skin. In simple erythema the epidermis alone is
affected; when it becomes chronic, fissures form, which extend into
the corium, or true skin.

Causes.—Simple erythema, consisting of an inflammatory irrita-
tion, is witnessed in very young calves, in which the navel leaks.
The discharge being urine, it causes an irritation of the surrounding
skin. Chafing, which is another form of erythema, is occasionally
seen on the udder of cows from rubbing by the legs; chafing between
the legs is not uncommon among fat steers. Chronic erythema is
found in the form of chapped teats of cows and chapped lips in suck-
ing calves. It frequently occurs in cows when they are turned out
in winter directly after milking, and in others from chafing by the
3824 DISEASES -OF CATTLE.

calf in sucking. Some cows are peculiarly subject to sore teats. The
fissures when neglected in the early stage of formation become deep,
very painful, often bleeding at the slightest touch, and cause the
animal to become a kicker when milked in that condition. Occasion-
ally the lower portions of the legs become irritated and chapped when
cattle are fed in a muddy or wet yard in winter, or if they are com-
pelled to wade through water in frosty weather. Another form of
erythema occurs in young cattle highly fed and closely stabled for a
long winter. The erythema appears in patches, and as it is most
coramon near the end of the winter it is known as the ‘‘spring erup-
tion” or ‘“‘spring itch.”

Treatment.—In ordinary cases of erythema the removal of the cause
and the application of benzoated oxide of zine ointment, carbolized
cosmoline, or a mixture of creolin, 1 ounce to a pint of water, applied
a few times, will restore the skin to a healthy condition.

When there are fissures the zine ointment is the best. If at the
teats, a milk siphon (Pl. XXIV, fig. 4) should be used instead of
milking by hand, and the ealf, if there is one suckled, should be taken
away. When the calf’s mouth is affected it should be fed by hand.
When the legs are irritated or chapped, dry stabling for a few days
and the application of tar ointment will soon heal them.

URTICARIA (NETTLE RASH, OR SURFEIT).

This is a mild inflammatory affection of the skin, characterized by
sudden development of patches of various sizes, from that of a nickel
to one as large as the hand. The patches of raised skin are marked
by an abrupt border and are irregular in form. Ail the swelling may
disappear in a few hours, or it may go away in one place and reappear
on another part of the body. It is always accompanied by a great
desire to rub the affected part. In its simplest type, as just described,
it is never followed by any serous exudation or eruptions, unless the
surface of the skin becomes abraded from scratching or rubbing.

Causes.—Derangements of the digestive organs are the most com-
mon causes, such as overloading the stomach when the animal is
turned out to graze in the spring, certain constituents of food, and
high feeding among fattening stock. When the kidneys are func-
tionally deranged, urticaria may appear. Spinal irritation and other
nervous affections may cause it. The disease consists in a paralysis
of the nerve ends that control the volume of the capillary vessels in
certain areas of skin, thus permitting the vessels to expand, their
contents in part to exude, and thus produce a soft, cireumscribed
swelling.

Treatment.—Administer a full dose of Epsom salts. Give soft, easily
digested food, and wash the affected parts with a solution of bicar-
bonate of soda—common baking soda—8 ounces to the gallon of water
twice a day, or diluted glycerin may be applied to the skin. If it
DISEASES OF THE SKIN. | 825

assumes a persistent tendency, give a tablespoonful of the following
powder in the feed three times a day: Cream of tartar, sulphur, and’
nitrate of potash, equal parts by weight; mix.

ECZEMA.

Eczema is a noncontagious inflammation of the skin, characterized
by any or all of the results of inflammation at once or in succession,
such as erythema, vesicles, or pustules, accompanied by more or less
infiltration and itching, terminating in a watery discharge, with the
formation of crusts or in scaling off. The disease may run an acute
course and then disappear, or it may become chronic; therefore, two
varieties are recognized, vesicular, or pustular, and chronic eczema.

Causes.—Eczema is not so common among cattle as in horses and
in dogs, in which it is the most common of all skin diseases. Among
cattle it is occasionally observed under systems of bad hygiene, filthi-
ness, lousiness, overcrowding, overfeeding, excessively damp or too
warm stables. It is found to develop now and then in cattle that are

-fed upon sour substances, distillery swill, house or garden garbage,
etc. Localized eczema may be caused by irritant substances applied

‘to the skin—turpentine, ammonia, the essential oils, mustard, Spanish
fly ointment, ete. Occasionally an eruption with vesiculation cf the
skin has been induced by the excessive use of mercurial preparations
for the destruction of lice. It is evident that eczema may arise from
local irritation to the skin or from an auto-intoxication. Cattle fed
on the refuse from potato-starch factories developg most obstinate and

' widespread eczema, beginning on the legs.

Symptoms.—In accordance with the variety of symptoms during the
progress of the disease we may divide it into different stages or periods:
(1) Swelling and increased heat uf the.skin; the formation of vesicles,
which are circumscribed, rounded elevations of the epidermis, varying
in size from a pin head to a split pea, containing a clear, watery fluid;
(2) exudation of a watery, glutinous fluid, formation of crusts, and
sometimes suppuration, or the formation of vesicles containing pus
(pustules); (3) scaling off (desquamation), with redness, and thicken-

‘ing of the skin. From the very beginning of the disease the animal
will commence to rub the affected parts; hence the various stages may
not always be easily recognized, as the rubbing will produce more or
less abrasion, thus leaving the skin raw—sometimes bleeding. Neither

-do these symptoms always occur in regular succession, for in some
cases the exudation will be most prominent, being very profuse, and
serve to spread the disorder over a large surface. In other cases the
formation of incrustations, or rawness of the skin, will be the most
striking feature. The disease may be limited to certain small areas,
or it may be diffused over the greater part of the body; the vesicles,
or pustules, may be scattered in small clusters, or a large number run
together. The chronic form is really only a prolongation of the disease,
326 DISEASES OF CATTLE.

successive crops of pustules appearing on various portions of the body,
frequently invading fresh sections of the skin, while the older surtaces
form seabs, or crusts, upon the raw, indurated skin.

In old standing cases the skin will break, forming fissures, especially
on portions of the body that bend—the neck and limbs. Thus the dis-
ease may be prolonged indefinitely. When eczema reaches its latest
period, either acute or chronic, desquamation of the affected parts
is the most prominent feature. The formation and shedding of these
successive crops of scales constitute the character of the disease fre-
quently denominated psoriasis.

Treatment.—The treatment of eczema is often anything but a pleas-
ant task. There is no one method of treatment which will always
prove successful, no matter how early it is begun or how small an
area is involved. We must endeavor to remove the cause by giving
attention to the general health of the animal and to its environment.
Feeding should be moderate in quantity and not too stimulating in
character—green feed, bran mashes, ground oats, clean hay, plenty
of salt. If the animal has been fed too high, give an active purga-
tive—Epsom salts preferred—once a week, if necessary, and half an
ounce of acetate or nitrate of potash may be given in the feed twice a
day. If the animal is in poor condition and debilitated, give a table-
spoonful of the following mixture in feed twice a day: Powdered cop-
peras, gentian, sulphur, and sassafras bark, equal parts by weight.
If the animal is lousy, the parasite must be destroyed before the
eczema can be cured. The external treatment must vary with the
character of the lesions; no irritating application is to be made while
the disease is in its acute vesicular, or pustular, stage, and, in the
chronic stage, active stimulants must be used. Much washing is
harmful, yet crusts and scales must be removed in order to obtain
satisfactory results from the external applications. Both objects,
however, can be attained by judiciously combining the curative
agents with such substances as will at the same time cleanse the
parts.

In the vesicular stage, when the skin is feverish and the epidermis
peeling off, exposing the exuding dermis, an application of boracic acid
solution, 2 drams of the acid to 8 ounces of water, will often relieve
the smarting or itching, and also serve to check the exudation and
dry the surface. If this fails to have the desired effect, use creolin,
1 ounce to a quart of water, asa wasn. Either of these washes may
be used several times a day until incrustation is well established.
Then use creolin, 1 ounce to a pint of sweet oil, or the benzoated oxid
of zine ointment, giving the affected surfaces a thorough application
once a day. When the eczema is not the result of an external irri-
tant, it takes usually from one to two weeks before the healing is
completed. :

In chronic eczema, where there is a succession of scabs, or scales,
® DISEASES OF THE SKIN. 827

indolent sores or fissures, the white precipitate ointment, nitrate of
mercury ointment, or blue ointment, mixed with equal parts of cos-
moline or fresh lard, may be applied every second day, taking care to
protect the parts so anointed that the animal can not lick it off.

In some cases the use of the following mixture will do well: Oil of
tar one-half ounce, glycerin 1 ounce, aleohol 1 pint. Rub this in
after cleansing the parts with warm water and soap. The internal
administration of arsenic often yields excellent results in chronic
eczema. ‘ake 1 dram of arsenic, 1 dram of carbonate of potash, 1
pint of boiling water, and give 1 ounce of this twice a day in water,
after feeding. An alkali internally may be of service. As such, one
may give 2 ounces of bicarbonate of soda twice daily. Sublimed sul-
phur may also be tried in ounce doses twice daily.

PUSTULES (IMPETIGO).

Impetigo is an inflammatory disease of the skin, characterized by
the formation of distinct pustules, about the size of a pea or a bean,
unattended by itching. The pustules develop from the papular layer
of the skin, and contain a yellowish white pus. After reaching
maturity they remain stationary for a few days, then they disappear
by absorption and dry up into crusts. Later the crusts drop off, leav-
ing upon the skin a red spot which soon disappears. Occasionally the
crusts remain firmly adherent for a long time, or they may be raised
and loosened by the formation of matter underneath. The dry crusts
usually have a brown or black appearance.

Causes.—Impetigo affects sucking calves, in which the disease
appears upon the lips, nostrils, and face. It is attributed to some
irritant substance contained in the mother’s milk. Impetigo is also
witnessed among grazing animals, regardless of age, and it especially
attacks animals with white hair and skin. The mouth, face, and
limbs become covered with pustules, which may rupture in a few
hours, followed by rapid and successive incrustations; the scabs fre-
quently coalesce, covering a largesurface; pus may form under them,
and the whole thickness of the skin become involved in the morbid
process. This form of the disease is attributed to the local irritant
properties of plants growing in the pasture, such as St. John’s
wort (Hypericum perforatum), smartweed (Polygonum hydropiper),
vetches, honeydew, etc. Buckwheat, at the time the seeds become
ripe, is said to have caused it, also bedding with buckwheat straw.

Treatment.—Sucking calves should be removed from the mother,
and the latter should have a purgative to divert the poisonous sub-
stance secreted with the milk. When the more formidable disease
anong grazing cattle appears, the pasturage should be changed, and
the affected parts of the animal thoroughly anointed once a day with
sweet oil, containing 2 drams of carbolic acid to the pint. Thisshould
‘be continued until the crusts soften and begin to drop off, then the
328 DISEASES OF OATTLE. .

parts may be cleansed thoroughly with warm water and soap. Sub-
sequently apply the white precipitate ointment or carbolized cosmoline
daily until the parts are healed.

PEMPHIGUS (WATER BLISTERS).

This is an inflammatory disease of the skin, characterized by suc-
cessive formations of rounded, irregularly shaped water blisters, vary-
ing in size from a pea to a hen’s egg.

Causes.—Obscure.

Symptoms.—The formation of a blister is preceded by a congestion
or swelling of the skin. Yellowish colored water collects beneath the
cuticle, which raises the latter from its bed in the form of a blister.
The blisters appear in a succession of crops; a8 soon as one crop dis-
appears another forms. They usually occur in clusters, each one being
distinct, or they may coalesce. Each crop usually runs its course in
a week. Itching or burning sensations attend this disease which
cause the animal to rub, thereby frequently producing excoriations
and formation of crust on the affected region.

Treatment.—Give a tablespoonful of the following mixture in feed
twice a day: Saltpeter, cream of tartar, and sulphur, equal parts by
weight. The blisters should be opened as soon as formed, to allow
the escape of the serum, then apply a wash composed of chlorid of
zine, 1 dram to 15 ounces of water. When there is any formation of
crusts, apply carbolized cosmoline.

FURUNCULUS (BOILS).

This is an acute affection of the skin, usually involving its whole
thickness, characterized by the formation of one or more abscesses,
originating generally in a sebaceous gland, sweat gland, or hair
follicle. They usually terminate by absorption, or by the formation
of a central core, which sloughs out, leaving a deep, round cavity that
soon heals.

Causes.—Impoverished state of the blood, the result of kidney dis-
eases, or of local friction or contusions.

Symptoms.—Boils in cattle usually appear singly, not in clusters;
they may attain the size of a hen’s egg. The abscess begins as a
small round nodule, painful to pressure, gradually increases in size
until death of the central portion takes place, then the surface of the
skin gives way to internal pressure, and the core is released and
expelled. Constitutional symptoms are generally absent, unless the
boils occur in considerable numbers, or by their size involve a great
amount of tissue.

Treatment.—Poulticing to ripen the abscess. If this can not be
done, apply camphorated oil two or three times a day until the core
is formed. As soon as the central or most prominent part becomes
soft, the abscess should be opened to release the core. Then use car-
@ DISEASES OF THE SKIN. 829

bolized cosmoline once a day until the healing is completed. If the
animal is in poor condition, give tonics—copperas, gentian, ginger,
and sulphur, equal parts by weight, 1 tablespoonful twice a day. If
the animal manifests a feverish condition of the system, administer
half an ounce of saltpeter twice a day, continuing it several days or
a week.

FAULTY SECRETIONS AND ABNORMAL GROWTHS OF THE SKIN.
PITYRIASIS (SEBORRHEA, DANDRUFF, OR SCURF).

This is a condition characterized by an excessive secretion of seba-
ceous matter, forming upon the skin in small crusts, or scales.

Causes.—It is due to a functional derangement of the sebaceous
glands, usually accompanied by dryness and loss of pliancy of the
skin. The animal is hidebound, as it is commonly termed, thin in
flesh, inclined to rub, and very frequently lousy. The condition is
observed most often toward the spring of the year. Animals that are
continually housed, and the skins of which receive no cleaning, gen-
erally present a coat filled with fine scales, composed of epithelium
from the epidermis and dried sebaceous matter. This, however, is a
physiological condition, and compatible with perfect health.

Symptoms.—Pityriasis may affect the greater portion of the body,
though usually only certain parts are affected—the ears, neck, rump,
etc. The skin becomes scurfy, the hairy coat filled with bran-like
gray or whitish scales.

Treatment.—Nutritious food, such as oil-cake meal, bran, ground
oats, and clean hay. In the spring the disease generally disappears
after the animal is turned out to pasture. When lice are present they
should be destroyed.

ELEPHANTIASIS (SCLERODERMA).

This condition consists in a chronic thickening of the skin, which
may affect one or more limbs, or involve the whole integument. It is
characterized by recurrent attacks of swelling of the skin and sub-
cutaneous areolar tissue. After each attack the affected parts remain
infiltrated to a larger extent than before, until finally the skin may
attain a thickness of an inch, become wrinkled and fissured. In cat-
tle this disease is confined to hot climates. The predisposing cause
is unknown.

EDEMA (ANASARCA OF THE SKIN).

This is a dropsical condition of the skin and suscutaneous areolar
tissue, characterized by pitting under pressure, the fingers leaving a
dent which remains a short time.

Causes.—Kdema generally results from a weakened state of the
system, arising from previous disease. It may also be dependent
upon a functional derangement of the kidneys, upon weak circula-
330 DISEASES OF CATTLE.

tion, or obstruction to the flow of blood through the lungs. In debili-
tated animals and in some animals heavily infested with parasites
there is swelling of the dewlap or of the fold of skin between the jaws.

Symptoms.—Painless swelling of a limb, udder, lower surface of
abdomen, or lower jaw becomes apparent. This may increase in di-
mensions for several days, or may attain its maximum in less than
twenty-four hours. Unless complicated with some acute disease of a
specific character, there is not much, if any, constitutional disturb-
ance. The deep layer of the skin is infiltrated with serum, which
gives it the characteristic condition of pitting under pressure.

Treatment.—When the cause can be ascertained and removed, we
will have a reasonable expectation of seeing the edema disappear.
When no direct specific cause can be discovered and the animal is
debilitated, give generaltonic. If, on the contrary, it is in good flesh,
give a purgative, followed by haif an ounce of acetate of potash twice
aday. External applications are useless.

Edema may be distinguished from erysipelas or anthrax by the
absence of pain and fever.

DERMOID AND SEBACEOUS OYSTS (WENS).

A dermoid cyst is formed by an involution of the skin, with a growth
of hair on the inner wall of the sac. It may become embedded deeply
in the tissues subcutaneously, or may just penetrate the thickness of
the skin, where it is movable and painless. They are generally found
within the ear or at its base, although they may form on any part of
the body. Usually they have a small opening, from which a thick,
cheesy matter can be squeezed out. The rational treatment is to dis-
sect them out.

Sebaceous cysts appear not unlike the former. They are formed by
a dilatation of the hair follicle and sebaceous duct within the skin,
and contain a gray or yellowish sebaceous mass. The tumor may
attain the size of a cherry stone or a walnut. Generally they are
round, movable, and painless, soft or doughy in consistency, and
covered with skin and hair. They develop slowly. The best treat-
ment is to dissect out the sac with contents entire.

VERRUCA (WARTS).

Cattle are affected with two varieties of warts. One, the verruca
vulgaris, is composed of a cluster of enlarged papille, covered with a
thickened epidermis, the number of papilla determining the breadth
and their length its height. They are generally circular in figure,
slightly roughened on the surface, and spring from the skin by a broad
base. Occasionally large numbers of very thin, long, pedunculated
warts grow from the skin of the ear, lips, about the eyes, and vulva.
Another variety, the verruca acuminata, sometimes erroneously
denominated epithelial cancers, are irregularly shaped elevations,
DISEASES OF THE SKIN. 3381

tufi.d or club-shaped, occasionally existing as thick, short, fleshy
excrescences, giving the growth the appearance of granulation tissue.
Their color is red or purplish, and oftentimes by friction they become —
raw and bleeding, emitting then a very offensive odor. They usually
grow in clusters and their development is rapid.

Causes.—An abnormal nutrition of theskin, determined by increased
energy of growth operating upon a healthy skin; at other times, upon
a weak or impoverished skin.

Treatment.—When they are small and pedunculated they may be
snipped off with shears, and the stump touched with nitrate of silver.
When they are broad and flattened they can be dissected out, and the
wound cauterized, if necessary. If they are large and very vascular,
they may be ligated, one by one, by taking a strong cord and tying it
as firmly around the base as possible. They will then shrivel, die, and
drop off. If there is a tendency to grow again, apply a red-hot iron,
or nitric acid with a glass rod. Very often warts will quickly disap-
pear if they are kept soft by daily applications of sweet or olive oil.

KELIS.

Kelis is anirregularly shaped flat tumor of the skin, resulting from
hypertrophy—increased growth of the fibrous tissue of the corium,
producing absorption of the papillary layer.

Causes.—It may arise spontaneously, or follow a sear after an
injury.

Symptoms.—Kelis generally appears below the knee or hock. It
may occur singly or in numbers. There are no constitutional symp-
toms. Its growth is very slow and seldom causes any inconvenience.
It appears as a flattened, irregular, or spreading growth within the
substance of the skin, is hard to the touch, and is-especially charac-
terized by divergent branches or roots, resembling the claws of a crab,
and hence the name. Occasionally some part of it may soften and
result in an abscess. It may grow several inches in- length and
encircle the whole limb.

Treatment.—So long as it causes the animal no inconvenience it is
best not to meddle with it; when it does, the animal ought to be fat-
tened for beef, the meat being perfectly harmless to the consumer.

PARASITIC DISEASES OF THE SKIN.

MANGE, ITCH, SCAB.
[See discussion in chapter on ‘* The animal parasites of cattle.’’]
LOUSINESS.
[See discussion of lice in chapter on The animal parasites of cattle.’’]
WARBLES, OR GRUB IN THE SKIN.

[See discussion in chapter on ‘“‘ The animal parasites of cattle.”’]
332 DISEASES OF CATTLE.

BUFFALO GNATS.
[See discussion of these parasites in chapter on ‘‘ The animal parasites of cattle.’’]
HORN FLY (HASMATOBIA SERRATA) 3
[See discussion of this parasite in chapter on ‘‘The animal parasites of cattle.”]
TICKS.
[See discussion of these parasites in chapter on ‘‘ The animal parasites of cattle.’’]
FLIES.

[See discussion of these parasites in chapter on ‘‘ The animal parasites of cattle.’’]
RINGWORM (TINEA TONSURANS AND TINEA FAVOSA) “

Ringworm is an affection of the skin, due to a vegetable parasite.
Tinea tonsurans is due to the presence of a minute or microscopic fun-
gus—the Trichophyton tonsurans. Itaffects the hair and the epidermic
layer of the skin, and is highly contagious, being readily transmitted
from one animal to another. This fungus consists of spores and fila-
ments. The spores, being the most numerous, are round, nucleated,
and seldom vary much in size. They are very abundant in the hair
follicle. The filaments are articulated, waving, and contain granules.
This disease is productive of changes in the root and shaft of the
hair, rendering it brittle and easily broken off.

Synptoms.—This disease becomes manifest by the formation of
circular patches.on the skin, which soon becomes denuded of hair.
The cuticular layer of the skin is slightly inflamed, and vesication
with exudation occurs, followed by the formation of scaly, brittle
erusts. The patches appear silvery gray when incrusted, and are
mostly confined to the head and neck. It isa common disease among
young cattle in the winter and spring. Very early in the development
of the patches the hairs split, twist, and break off close to the skin.
This disease is attended with more or less itching. It is communicable
to man.

Tinea favosa is due to another fungus, the Achorion schénleinit.
This enters the hair follicle and involves the cuticle surrounding it,
small crusts form which increase in diameter and thickness and then
become elevated at their margin, forming a cup-shaped seab, the
javus cup, which gives the disease its distinctive character. The
number of these cups varies from a few to many hundreds. The hairs
involved become brittle and broken, fall off with the crusts, leaving
small bald patches. The crusts are of a pale or sulphur-yellow color
at first; as they grow older they turn darker, or to a brown color.
This form of ringworm has a peculiar odor, resembling that of mice
or musty straw. It is occasionally communicated to cattle by man,
mice, cats, etc., all being subject to this disease.
DISEASES OF THE SKIN. 3338

Treatment.—Remove all crusts by washing with soap and water,
then apply acetic acid, sulphur ointment, tincture of iodine or nitrate
of mercury ointment once a day. Cleanse the stable and whitewash
it to destroy the spores scattered by the crusts.

WOUNDS OF THE SKIN.

SNAKE BITES.

[See discussion of this subject in chapter on ‘‘ Poisons and poisoning.” ]

VENOMOUS STINGS.

[See discussion of this subject in chapter on “ Poisons and poisoning.”’]
BURNS AND SCALDS.

This is arare accident among cattle, yet in cases of fire it may occur.
The application of heat, whether dry or moist, unless sufficient instantly
to destroy the life of a part, is always followed by the development of
vesicles, or blisters, which contain a thin, watery fluid. The blisters
may be isolated and not very large, or one blister may cover a very
large surface. When the burn is very severe the skin may be wholly
devitalized, or the injury may extend into the deeper structures
beneath the skin. Then sloughs will occur, followed by a contraction
of the parts in healing; if on a limb, this may render the animal stiff.
When the burn or scald has been a severe one, the resulting pain is
great and the constitutional disturbance very marked. :

Treatment.—For a superficial burn use a mixture of equal parts of
limewater and linseed oil, or common white paint—white lead ground
in oil. This will exclude the atmosphere and protect the inflamed
skin. If it is not convenient to obtain this, chimney soot, flour, or
starch may be spread on the wound (dry), and covered with cotton
batting and light bandage if possible. The blisters should be opened
to let the contained fluid escape, but do not pull off the thin cuticle
which has been raised by the blister. When the burn is extensive
and deep sloughing occurs, the parts should be treated, like other
deep wounds, by poulticing, astringent washes, etc. When the sys-
tem has sustained much shock, stimulants may be required internally,
such as 4 ounces of whisky or 2 drams of carbonate of ammonia every
hour until the animal rallies. When the pain is very great, hypo-
dermic injections of 6 grains of morphia may be administered every
six hours.

Frostbite on any portion of the body may be treated as recommended
in the article on diseases of the ears.

EMPHYSEMA (AIR OR GAS UNDER THE SKIN).

Emphysema of the skin is not a true disease of the skin, but we shall
mention it as a pathological condition. It is characterized by a dis-
334 DISEASES OF CATTLE.

tention of the skin with air or gas contained in the subcutaneous
areolar tissue. It may depend upon a septic condition of the blood,
as in anthrax or blackleg; or air may be forced under the skin about
the head, neck, and shoulders, as a result of rupture of the windpipe.
It occurs in the region of the chest and shoulders from penetrating
wounds of the chest «and lung, and octasionally follows puncture of
the rumen, when the escaping gas is retained under the skin.

Symptoms.—The skin is enormously distended over a greater or
less portion of the body; thus any region of the body may lose its
natural contour and appear like a monstrosity. There is a peculiar
crackling beneath the skin when the hand is passed over it, and on
tapping it with the fingers a resonant drum-like sound is elicited.

Treatment.—Puncture the distended skin with a clean broad-bladed
knife and press out the contained air. Further treatment must be
directed with a view to the removal of the cause.
DISEASES OF THE FOOT.

By M. R. TrumBoweEr, D. V. 5.

[Revised in 1904 by Leonard Pearson, B. S., V. M. D.]
LAMINITIS (FOUNDER).

Laminitis denotes an active inflammation of the sensitive structures
within the wall of the hoof, which may in severe cases result in sup-
puration and the loss of one or more claws. Owing to the simplicity
of the structure of the foot of the ox compared with that of the horse,
this disease is rarely seen in an acute form, but a mild form, commonly
-ealled ‘‘foot soreness,” is not of infrequent occurrence.

Causes.—Laminitis in cattle may be caused by overfeeding, over-
heating, continued standing without exercise on a stone or cement
floor without sufficient bedding, or by driving long distances over
rough or stony soil.

Symptoms.—An unwillingness to maintain the standing position;
the animal persists in lying down. The feet will be found unnaturally
hot, and frequently some swelling may be noticed above the hoof.
Pressure upon the hoof with blacksmiths’ hoof-pincers causes pain
and flinching. The general body temperature is increased and the
breathing accelerated Ordinarily the animal eatsanddrinks. When
it is madeto move ex essive tenderness of the feet becomes manifest,
as is shown by reluctance to walk and by the very short, hesitating
step. Founder affects the hind as well as the fore feet, although the
front feet are more often exposed.

Treatment.—Cold packs to the feet, or if the animal can be made to
stand in a stream of running water, having a soft bottom, this will
often relieve the inflammation without the necessity of any additional
treatment. It may be well, however, to give a full dose of Epsom
salts, 1 to 14 pounds, followed by half-ounce doses of saltpeter two or
three times a day.

SORENESS (FOOT SORENESS).

Cattle that are driven over stony roads, especially such as have
been stabled or pastured on soft ground, soon wear down the soles of
their feet and become lame from foot soreness. Draft oxen, for this
reason, require to be shod. When the soreness is excessive it may
develop into an active inflammation of all the sensitive structures of
the foot—laminitis, or into a local bruise commonly called a ‘“‘ corn.”

335
336 DISEASES OF CATTLE.

Treatment.—Rest, poulticing the feet with moistened clay, followed
by astringent washes—strong white-oak bark or alum water.

If the pain and heat last several days, it is probable that pus has
formed beneath the wall of the hoof. In this case it is necessary to
cut through the wall, usually at the most prominent part of the sole,
to allow the accumulation to drain out. The animal should then be
caused to stand for several hours daily in a tub containing creolin
solution (3 per cent). When not in the creolin solution the foot should
be dressed with pine tar and cotton and bandaged with bagging.

LOSS OF HOOF.

Cattle sometimes become fastened between planks or otherwise and
pull off the wall of one or both claws in the effort to extricate them-
selves. The claws of one or more feet may be shed as the result of
acute laminitis.

Treatment.—W ash the bleeding surface with an antiseptic and then
with an astringent, as a weak solution of alum, then apply a thick
coating of pine tar; cover this with a layer of oakum or absorbent
cotton; apply another coat of tar over this, and then bandage closely
and firmly. This may remain without disturbance until the new
growing wall becomes sufficiently strong to sustain the pressure and
weight of the animal. If, however, at any time it becomes manifest
by oozing or bad smell that pus is forming under this dressing, the
bandage should be removed and the suppurating surface freshly
cleaned and dressed. This may have to be repeated every few days,
and should be continued so long as there is any pus formation. If
the loss of hoof is due to suppurative laminiti~, the parts denuded of
the horny covering must be thoroughly cleanse 1 and disinfected with
carbolic acid, creolin, lysol, or other antiseptic. Then apply a mod-
erately thick layer of absorbent cotton, and apply the tar and bandage
over this. After this the antiseptic solution may be poured in at the
top of the dressing daily. It will thus soak in and saturate the dress-
ing and inflamed tissue. It may become necessary to remove the
whole of the dressing at daily or longer intervals to give the parts a
fresh cleaning, and then to reapply it.

FOUL IN FOOT (FOOT ROT).

A variety of causes may produce inflammation of the foot between
the claws or toes. It may be due to overgrowth of the claws and
inward pressure, as in ingrowing nail of man; or it may be caused by
the irritation of stable filth, to impaction and hardening of soil
between the claws, or to other foreign substances becoming wedged
in and causing inflammation and softening or ulceration of the skin
in the interdigital space. Under some conditions several cattle in the
same herd become affected, and this has led some to think that the
DISEASES OF THE FOOT. 337

disease may be contagious. Occurrences have been reported where
foot rot of cattle has appeared within a short time among a large pro-
portion of the cattle in a farming district. This disease is most fre-
quently seen in the hind feet, though all four feet may become
affected.

Symptoms.—The animal is observed to limp in walking. On exami-
nation of tho foot we discover heat, and swelling above the hoof and
of the soft parts between the claws which frequently spreads the
claws apart to a considerable extent; or the inflammation may have
advanced to softening and sloughing of the interdigital membrane.
If the disease is neglected at this stage, deep abscesses may form and
the pus burrow under the horny wall, or the joint within the hoof
may become inflamed and the articular attachments destroyed, in
which case the treatment will become difficult and recovery will be
very tedious.

Treatment.—In the earlier stages of the disease, before pus burrows
beneath the horn, a thorough cleansing and an application of a car-
bolic-acid solution—1 ounce to a pint of water—clean stabling, and
laxative food will usually remedy the evil. Creolin is an excellent
remedy at this stage. It should be applied to the suppurating and
putrefying tissue between the claws in its pure or undiluted state. It
is best applied by means of a cotton swab ona thin stick. Care must
be exercised to keep the creolin from contact with the skin about the
coronary band or heels. If deep sloughing has taken place the ecar-
bolic solution or creolin should be used, and a wad of oakum or cot-
ton smeared with pine tar should be secured firmly in the cleft. This
can be done by taking a strip of strong cloth, 2 inches wide, passing
the middle between the claws, then tying the ends after winding them
in opposite directions above the hoof. Sometimes warm poulticing
with flaxseed meal or bran becomes necessary to relieve excessive
fever and pain. If the pus burrows under the horn, its channel must
be followed by paring away the horn until the bottom is reached.
The after-treatment will be the same as that already recommended.
If the joint becomes diseased, an amputation of that toe will be the
quickest and surest method to relieve the suffering of the animal, and
offers the best chance for an early recovery.

ULCERATION OF THE HEEL.

Occasionally we find ulcers at the junction of the hair with the hoof
at the heel, which present an elevated, raw, or ragged surface, and
cause considerable lameness. This is generally due to a bruise of the
fibrous cushion of the back part of the foot. Subsequent sloughing
or necrosis may occur, or pus may form deep down within the wall
and gain an exit at the margin of the heel. Sometimes large pieces
of skin slough from the heel and pastern from no visible cause. This

61386—08——22
338 DISEASES OF CATTLE.

condition is caused by an infection with certain microorganisms
(streptococci, necrosis bacilli) and may be contagious.

Treatment.—lIf there is a deep opening, inject carbolic solution once
a day until it closes. If the uleer is only superficial, wash with car-
polic or creolin solution and apply a mixture of equal parts of blue
vitriol and alum in dry powder.

FISSURE OF THE WALL (SPLIT HOOF).

This is rarely seen among cattle. It may occur in weak walls, in
heavy-bodied cattle, by stepping on an uneven surface, especially
when the point of the toe is grown out long. One may find the point
of the toe broken and the wall split almost up to the hair.

Treatment.—The divided sections may be brought into approxima-
tion and held in place by drilling a small hole from one side into and
through the other, commencing half an inch back of the fissure on
each side; then drive a light horseshoe nail through the hole and
clinch it. Pare the injured claw as short as it will bear.

INTERDIGITAL FIBROMA.

Hard, nodular, fibrous tumors sometimes grow in the cleft of the
foot, and cause inconvenience, lameness, absorption, or ulceration of
the contiguous parts.

Treatment.—They should be dissected out, and the wound dressed
with carbolic-acid lotion and pine tar once a day until healing is
completed.

DEFORMITIES.

Deformities in the feet of cattle usually consist in overgrowth of
horn, generally due to want of wear in animals which are stabled.
The hoof may turn inward, outward, or upward, and may give rise to
lameness, inability to walk, foul foot, etc. Bulls which are continu-
ally stabled and dairy cows very frequently have misshapen feet for
want of an occasional trimming, and this deformity may eventually
lead to permanent injury.

Treatment.—Cut the superabundant growth of horn down with saw,
knife, or rasp, until the foot assumes its natural form.

PRICKS AND WOUNDS.

If an animal suffers with a penetrating wound from prick of fork or
nail, the orifice of the wound should be enlarged to permit a free dis-
charge of pus; then soak the foot in a creolin solution (3 per cent)
in a tub, or apply a flaxseed poultice, changing it three times a day
until the fever has abated. The foot should be kept bandaged and
dressed with pine tar and oakum, and the animal must be kept on a
DISEASES OF THE FOOT. 339

clean floor until the wound is closed and all or nearly all lameness
has disappeared. ~

If an animal is cut in the foot with barbed wire, piece of glass, or
any other substance, dress the wound, after proper cleansing, with
carbolic-acid solution, 1 ounce to 20 of water. lf any uneven edges
of horn or skin or lacerated flesh project, trim them off, and in all
cases when it can be done a tarred bandage should be applied. This
will serve to sustain the cut surfaces in their place, exclude dirt, and
protect against flies, maggots, ete.

When the wound has extended into a joint, surgical treatment may
become necessary, which will require the services of an educated
veterinarian.

Occasionally an animal becomes fastened by the foot in some crevice
and sustains severe bruising, wrenching, or fracture of some part of
the foot. In such cases cold-water packs to the injured member will
be of service until the fever and swelling disappear. Afterwards
allow the animal rest until the usefulness of the foot is restored.
Sometimes such an accident, causing fracture, renders necessary
plaster bandages or amputation.
DISEASES OF THE EYE AND ITS APPENDAGES.

By M. R. Trusmpower, D. V. 8.
[Revised in 1904 by Leonard Pearson, B. 8., V. M. D J

For the sake of gaining a clear comprehension of the diseases of the
eye it becomes necessary to review the anatomy of this important
organ. The essential organ of vision, or globe of the eye, will be first
described, then the receptacle of this globe or orbital cavity, the mus-
cles that move it, the protective membranes, or eyelids, the membrana
nictitans, or aecessory eyelids, and, lastly, the lachrymal apparatus.

The globe, or ball, of the eye approaches thé spherical inform. On
closer inspection, however, it will appear to be made up of two com-
bined portions from spheres of different sizes. The posterior portion,
forming about five-sixths of the ball, is a sphere of comparatively
large size with a small segment cut off it in front, and at this point
there is applied to it the anterior portion, which, being a segment of
a smaller sphere, projects at the front of the ball with a greater con-
vexity than the posterior portion.

The eyeball consists of concentrically arranged coats and of refract-
ing media inclosed within these coats. The coats are three in num-
ber, namely, (1) an external protective tunic made up of the sclerotic
and cornea; (2) a middle vascular and pigmentary tunic, the choroid;
(3) an internal nervous layer, the retena. The sclerotic is the white,
opaque part of the outer tunic, of which it forms about the posterior
five-sixths, being coextensive with the larger sphere already men-
tioned. The cornea forms the remaining one-sixth of the outer tunic,
being coextensive with the segment of the smaller sphere. It is dis-
tinguished from the sclerotic by being colorless and transparent. The
choroid coat will be recognized as the black layer lying subjacent to
the sclerotic, It does not line the cornea, but terminates behind the
line of junction of that coat with the sclerotic by a thickened edge—
the ciliary processes. At the line of junction of the sclerotic and
cornea the iris passes across the interior of the eye. This (which may
be viewed as a dependency of the choroid) is a muscular curtain per-
forated by an aperture termed the pupil. The retina will be recog-
nized as a delicate glassy layer, lining the greater part of the choroid.

The refracting media of the eye are three in number, namely, (1)
the aqueous humor, a watery fluid inclosed in a chamber behind the
cornea; (2) the crystalline lens and its capsule, a transparent, soft solid

340
DISEASES OF THE EYE, ETO. 341

of a biconvex form, and placed behind the iris; (3) the vitreous humor,
a transparent material with a consistence like thin jelly, and occupy-
ing as much of the interior of the eye as is subjacent to the choroid.

The sclerotic is a strong, opaque, fibrous membrane, which, in a
great measure, maintains the form of the eyeball and protects the
more delicate structures within it. Its anterior portion, which is cov-
ered by the ocular conjunctiva, is commonly known as the ‘‘ white of
the eye.” In form it is bell-shaped, and the optic nerve pierces it
behind like a handle, the perforation being a little to its inner side.
In front the rim of the bell becomes continuous with the cornea. The
outer surface of the membrane receives the insertion of the muscles
of the eyeball. The coat is thickest over the posterior part of the eye-
ball, and is thinnest a little behind its junction with the cornea.

The cornea is the anterior transparent portion of the outer coat of
the eyeball. It may be viewed as a part of the sclerotic specially
modified to permit the passage of light into the interior of the eye.
Its outline is elliptical, approaching the circular, and its greatest
diameter is transverse. At its periphery it joins the sclerotic by con-
tinuity of tissue, and as the edge of the cornea is slightly beveled and
has the fibrous sclerotic carried for a little distance forward on its
outward surface, the cornea is generally said to be fitted into the scle-
rotic like a watch glass into its rim. The venous canal of Schlemm
runs circularly around the eyeball at the line of junction of the scle-
rotic and cornea. The anterior surface of the cornea is exquisitely
smooth, and is kept moist by the lachrymal secretion. Its posterior
surface forms the anterior boundary of the chamber in which the
aqueous humor is contained. The cornea is of uniform thickness and
is of a dense, almost horny, consistence. Save a few capillary loops
of blood vessels at its margin the corneais without vessels. Its strue-
ture is comprised of five distinct layers.

The aqueous humor occupies a chamber which is bounded in front
by the posterior surface of the cornea and behind by the capsule and
suspensory ligament of the lens and by the ends of the ciliary proe-
esses. It is across this chamber that the iris extends. The aqueous
humor is composed of water, with a small proportion of common salt
in solution.

The iris is a muscular, pigmented curtain extending across the inte-
rior of the eye and having about its center an aperture termed the
pupil. By variations in the size of this aperture the amount of light
transmitted to the retina is regulated. It varies somewhat in color,
but is most frequently of a yellowish brown tint. Its anterior face is
bathed by the aqueous humor. The greater part of the posterior sur-
face is in contact with the capsule of the lens and glides on it during
the movements of the curtain. The circumferential border is attached
within the junction of the sclerotic and cornea. The inner border
circumscribes the pupil, which varies in outline according to its size.
842 DISEASES OF CATTLE.

When much contracted the pupil is a very elongated ellipse, the long
axis of which is in the line joining the nasal and temporal angles of
the eyelids. It contains muscular tissue, which, by contracting or
relaxing, lessens or dilates the pupillary opening.

The choroid coat is a bell-shaped, dark membrane which lines the
sclerotic. Its outer surface has a shaggy appearance, due to the tunica
fusca, which unites the two coats. Between the two the ciliary ves-
sels and nerves pass forward. Behind it is pierced by the optic nerve;
in front it is continued as the ciliary processes, which form, as it were,
the rim of the bell. The ciliary processes form a fringe around the
slightly inverted rim of the choroid.

The retina is the most delicate of the coats of the eyeball. It is
formed by the expansion of the optic nerve on the inner surface of
the choroid, and, like that coat, it is bell-shaped. Its inner surface
is molded on the vitreous humor. The nervous structures of the
retina terminate at a wavy line, the ora serrata, behind the ciliary proc-
esses. Ten distinct layers are described as composing the thickness
of the retina.

The lens is situated behind the pupil, and is contained within a cap-
sule of its own.

The capsule is a close-fitting, firm, transparent membrane. The
anterior surface forms the posterior boundary of the cavity in which
the aqueous humor is contained, and the iris in its movement glides
on it. The posterior surface is in contact with the vitreous humor.

The vitreous humor occupies four-fifths of the interior of the eye-
ball. It is globular in form, with a depression in front for the lodg-
ment of the lens. It is colorless, transparent, and of a consistency
like thin jelly. It is enveloped by a delicate capsule—the hyaloid
membrane—which is connected in front with the suspensory ligament
of the lens, and ends by joining the capsule behind the lens.

The orbital cavity, situated at the side of the head, is circumscribed
by a bony margin; posteriorly, however, there are no bony walls, and
the cavity is confounded with the depression above and behind the
orbit—the temporal fossa. A fibrous membrane completes this cavity
and keeps it distinct from the temporal fossa. This membrane—the
ocular sheath or periorbita—is attached posteriorly around the open-
ing in the back part of the orbital cavity (the orbital hiatus) and ante-
riorly to its inner face; then it becomes prolonged beyond the margin
to form the fibrous membrane of the eyelids. The orbital cavity has
the form, when complete, of a regular hollow cone, open at its base and
closed at the apex. The opening of this cone is directed forward,
downward, and outward. Independently of the globe of the eye, this
cavity lodges the muscles that move it, the membrana nictitans, and
the lachrymal gland.

The muscles of the eye are seven in number—one retractor, four
Straight, and two oblique. The retractor oculi envelops the optic
DISEASES OF THE EYE, ETC. 3438

nerve between the brain and the ball of the eye, and becomes attached
upon the external face of the selerotic tunic. Wheu this muscle con-
tracts, it draws the globe back into the orbit, away from the light.
The superior, inferior, external, and internal recti or straight muscles
are attached to the back part of the orbital sheath, and spread forward
in four bundles over the globe of the eye, where they become inserted
by a fibrous expansion into the sclerotic at the margin of the cornea.
When they act singly they turn the globe either upward, downward,
inward, or outward. The great oblique, by its action, pivots the eye
inward and upward in the orbit. The small oblique turns the eye
outward and downward.

The eyelids are two movable curtains, superior and inferior, which
cover and protect the eye in front. They are attached to the circum-
ference of the orbit, and have a convex external face formed by the
skin and a concave internal face molded on the anterior surface of
the eye, and are lined by the conjunctiva, which is reflected above and
below on the eyeball. The border of each.lid is slightly beveled on the
inner side, and shows the openings of the Meibomian glands. These
glands secrete an unctuous fluid, which is thrown out on the border
of the lids, the function of which is to facilitate their movements and
enable them to retain the tears in the ocular cavity. The eyelid is
composed of a fibrous inner membrane ending in a stiff arch near the
border, a muscle to close the lid, another to open it, the skin externally,
and the conjunctival mucous membrane internally. The border of
each lid is covered and protected by long hairs, to prevent floating

‘particles of matter in the atmosphere gaining entrance to the eye.

The membrana nictitans, which is also named the third eyelid, wink-
ing eyelid, haw, etc., is placed at the inner angle of the eye, whence
it extends over the eyeball to relieve it from foreign bodies which may
fall upon it. It has for its framework a fibro-cartilage, irregular in
shape, thick, and nearly prismatic at its base, and thin anteriorly
where it is covered by the conjunctiva; behind, it is loosely attached
to a fatty cushion.

The lachrymal gland is situated between the orbital process and the
upper part of the eyeball. It secretes the tears destined to lubricate
the anterior surface of the eye. This fluid escapes upon the organ at
the outer angle of the lids, and is carried between them and the eye-
ball toward the inner angle.

The caruncula lachrymalis is a small round body, frequently entirely
or partially black, situated in the inner angle of the eye, and is designed
to direct the tears toward the puncta lachrymalia.

The puncta lachrymalia are two little openings, situated one in each
eyelid, a short distance from the inner corner, which admit the tears
into the lachrymal ducts leading to the lachrymal canal, from whence
they are emptied into the nasal passages.
344 DISEASES OF CATTLE.
CONJUNCTIVITIS (SIMPLE OPHTHALMIA).

This is an inflammation of the conjunctival mucous membrane of the
eyeball and lids; in severe cases the deeper coats of the eye become
involved, seriously complicating the attack.

Causes.—It may result from a bruise of the eyelid; from the intro-
duction of foreign matters into the eye, such as chaff, hayseed, dust,
gnats, ete.; from exposure to cold; poisonous or irritating vapors aris-
ing from filthiness of stable. Dust, cinders, or sand blown into the
eyes during transportation frequently induce conjunctivitis.

Symptoms.—A profuse flow of tears, closure of the eyelids from
intolerance of light, retraction of the eyeball and corresponding pro-
trusion of the haw, disinclination to move, diminution of milk secre-
tion, ete. On parting the lids the lining membrane is found injected
with an excess of blood, giving to it a red and swollen appearance;
the sclerotic, or white of the eye, is bloodshot and the cornea may be
cloudy. If the disease advances, keratitis results, with its train of
unfavorable symptoms.

Treatment.—Careful examination should be made to discover par-
ticles of chaff, etc., which may have lodged in the eye, and upon the
discovery of such a cause prompt removal is indicated. This may be
accomplished by flushing the eye with warm water by means of a
syringe, or, if the foreign substance is adherent to the eyeball or lid, it
may be scooped out with the handle of a teaspoon or some other blunt
instrument. To relieve the congestion and local irritation, a wash
composed of boracic acid in freshly boiled water, 20 grains to the
ounce, or acetate of zinc, 5 grains to the ounce of pure soft water,
may be used, to which may be added 20 drops of laudanum. A
few drops of this should be placed in the eye with a camel’s-hair pen-
cil or soft feather three or four times daily. The animal should be
placed in a cool, darkened stable, and then a cloth folded into several
thicknesses should be fastened to the horns in such a manner as to
reach below the eyes. This should be kept wet with cold water dur-
ing the day and removed at night. If there is much fever and con-
stitutional disturbance it becomes advisable to administer 1 pound of
Epsom salts dissolved in 1 quart of water.

INFECTIOUS CATARRHAL CONJUNCTIVITIS (SPECIFIC OPHTHALMIA).

This generally appears in an enze tic or epizootic form, and affects
quite a number in the herd. It is distinctly a contagious disease and
may be brought into a previously healthy herd by one animal with
sore eyes. It may continue in a herd for a season or for several years,
affecting all newly purchased animals. It is seldom seen in the win-
ter months. It affects old and young animals alike.

Symptoms.—This form of catarrhal conjunctivitis is characterized
chiefly by a mucopurulent discharge from the eyes, an intense degree
DISEASES OF THE EYE, ETC. 345

of inflammation of the mucous membrane, accompanied by swelling
of the eyelids and an early opacity of the cornea. The flow of tears
is mixed with pus, sometimes streaked with blood, and the skin of the
face is kept moist and soiled. The eyes are kept continually closed.
The implication of the cornea in the disease frequently blinds the
animal for a time, and occasionally suppurative keratitis, ulcers of
the cornea, or staphyloma supervene. The attack is marked from the
onset by fever, partial loss of appetite, partial loss of milk, suspended
rumination, and separation from the herd.

Treatment.—The animal should be housed in a cool, dark stable,
supplied with plenty of fresh water to drink and soft succulent food.
Administer 1 pound of Epsom salts—if a very large animal, use 14
pounds—dissolved in 2 or 8 pints of water. For an eyewash take
boracic acid, 1 dram, and pour 4 ounces of boiling water over it. Use
this wash as often as convenient, applying it directly to the eye. In
the majority of cases improvement becomes manifest in a few days,
and the eye will become clear and free from inflammation in ten days
or two weeks. Where the disease develops ulceration of the cornea,
or well-marked deep-seated keratitis, the treatment recommended for
those conditions should be adopted.

Prevention.—Whenever this affection appears in a herd all the
unaffected animals should be moved to another locality—that is, to
fields which possess a different character of soil and feed. The water
should also be changed, especially if they have been obtaining their
drinking water from a stagnant pond.

KERATITIS (CORNEITIS).

This is an inflammation of the cornea proper, although the sclerotica
at the corneal border becomes involved to some extent. It may be
divided into diffuse and suppurative.

Causes.—The cornea constitutes the most prominent portion of the
eyeball, hence it is subject to a variety of injuries—scratches, pricks,
contusions, lacerations, etc. Inflammation of the cornea may also be
due to the extension of catarrhal conjunctivitis or intraocular dis-
ease, and it may occasionally occur without any perceptible cause.

Symptoms.—Diffuse keratitis is characterized by an exudation into
and an opacity of the cornea. The swelling of the anterior part of
the eyeball may be of an irregular form, in points-resembling small
bladders, or it may commence at the periphery of the cornea by an
abrupt thickening, which gradually diminishes as it approaches the
center. If the whole cornea is affected it has a uniform gray or gray-
ish white appearance. The flow of tears is not so marked as in con-
junctivitis, nor is the suffering so acute, though both conditions often
exist together. Both eyes usually become affected, unless it is due to
an external injury.

In favorable cases the exudate within the cornea begins to disappear
346 DISEASES OF CATTLE.

within a week or ten days, the eye becomes clearer, and regains its
transparency, until it eventually is fully restored. In unfavorable
cases blood vessels form and are seen to traverse the affected part from
periphery to center, vision becomes entirely lost, and permanent
opacity (albugo or leucoma) remains. When it arises from constitu-
tional causes recurrence is frequent, leaving the corneal membrane
more cloudy after each attack, until the sight is permanently lost.

Suppurative keratitis may be a sequel of diffuse keratitis; more
commonly, however, it abruptly becomes manifest by a raised swelling
on or near the center of the cornea that very soon assumes a yellow,

‘turbid color, while the periphery of the swelling fades into an opaque
ring. Suppurative keratitis is seldom noticed for the first day or two—
not until distinct pus formation has occurred. When it is the result
of diffuse keratitis, ulceration and the escape of the contained pus is
inevitable; otherwise the pus may be absorbed. When the deeper
membranes covering the anterior chamber of the eye become involved,
the contents of this chamber may be evacuated and the sight perma-
nently lost.

Treatment.—Place the animal in a darkened stable, give green or
sloppy food, and administer 4 ounces of Glauber’s salts (sulphate of
soda) dissolved in a quart of water once a day. If the animal is
debilitated a tablespoonful of tonic powder should be mixed with the
feed three times a day. This may be composed of equal parts by
weight of powdered copperas (sulphate of iron), gentian, and ginger.
As an application for the eye nitrate of silver, 3 grains to the ounce
of soft water, with the addition of 1 grain sulphate of morphia, may
be used several times a day. If ulceration occurs, it is well to dust
powdered calomel into the eye twice daily, or to the eyelids apply a
salve of yellow oxide of mercury, 5 per cent in lanolin. Some of this
may go onto the cornea and beneath the lids. Apply twice daily.
(See ‘“‘ Ulcers of the cornea.”’)

To remove opacity, after the inflammation has subsided, apply a
few drops of the following solution twice a day: Iodide of potassium,
15 grains; tincture sanguinaria, 20 drops; distilled water, 2 ounces;
mix.

Sometimes keratitis exists in a herd as a transmissible disease,
spreading like infectious conjunctivitis. Calomel, applied to the eye,
is especially useful in such cases.

ULCERS OF THE CORNEA.

An ulcer comes from erosion or is the consequence of the bursting
of a small abscess, which may have formed beneath the delicate layer
of the conjunctiva, continued over the cornea; or, in the very sub-
stance of the cornea itself, after violent keratitis, or catarrhal con-
junctivitis. Atother times the ulcer is produced by bruises, scratches,
and other direct injury of the cornea.
DISEASES OF THE EYE, ETC. 347

Symptoms.—The ulcer is generally at first of a pale gray color, with
its edges high and irregular, discharges instead of pus an acrid
watery substance, and has a tendency to spread widely and deeply.
If it spreads superficially upon the cornea, the transparency of this
membrane is lost; if it proceeds deeply and penetrates the anterior
chamber of the aqueous humor, this fluid escapes, the iris may pro-
lapse, and the lens and the vitreous humor become expelled, thus pro-
ducing a destruction of the whole organ.

Treatment.—It is of the greatest importance, as soon as an ulcer
appears upon the cornea, to prevent its growing larger. The corrod-
ing process must be converted into a healthy one. For this purpose
nothing is more reliable than the use of solid nitrate of silver. A
stick of nitrate of silver should be scraped to a point; the animals
head should be firmly secured; an assistant should part the lids; if
necessary the haw must be secured within the corner of the eye and
then all parts of the ulcer should be lightly touched with the silver.
After waiting a few minutes the eye should be thoroughly washed out
with a very weak solution of common salt. This operation generally
has to be repeated once more at the end of three or four days. If
healthy action succeeds, the ulcer assumes a delicate fleshy tint, and
the former redness around the ulcer disappears in proportion as the
ulcer heals.

In superficial abrasions of the cornea, where there is no distinct
excavation, this caustic treatment is not needed. The eye should bo
bathed with sulphate of zinc, 30 grains to half a pint of soft water,
several times a day, and protected against exposure to cold air ancl
sunlight. Excessive ulceration sometimes assumes the form of fun-
gous excrescence upon the cornea, appearing to derive its nourish-
ment from loops of blood vessels of the conjunctiva. Under thesc
circumstances the fungoid mass must be cut away, and the wound
cauterized with the nitrate of silver, or else the eye will soon be
destroyed. When ulcers of the cornea appear indolent, with a tend-
ency to slough, in addition to the treatment already prescribed, tonic
powders should be given twice a day mixed with the feed; powdered
copperas, gentian, and ginger, equal parts by weight. Dose, ono
tablespoonful.

o

STAPHYLOMA.

This is a disease of the eyeball, in which the cornea loses its trans-
parency, rises above the level of the eye, and even projects beyond the
eyelids in the form of an elongated, whitish, or pearl-colored tumor,
which is sometimes smooth, at other times uneven.

Causes.—Inflam mation is the only known cause, although it may not
occur immediately; it frequently follows catarrhal conjunctivitis and
keratitis as a sequela.

Treatment.—In a few cases restoration of sight may be effected by
348 DISEASES OF CATTLE.

puncturing the projecting tumor, and treating it afterwards with nitrate
of silver in the same manner as prescribed for ulceration of the cor-
nea. In some cases spontaneous rupture has occurred, and healing
without any treatment at all.

CATARACT.

In cataract the crystalline lens becomes opaque and loses its trans-
parency, the power of refraction is lost—the animal can not see.

Cuuses.—Cataract generally arises from a diminution (atrophy) or
other change in the nutrition of the lens; it may occur as a result of
inflammation of the deep structures of theeye. Cataract may be sim-
ple, or complicated with amaurosis, adhesions, ete.

Symptoms.—It is known by the whiteness or loss of transparency
of the lens, although the pupil dilates and contracts. Sight may be
totally lost; however, evidence is usually manifested that the animal
distinguishes light when brought out of a darkened stable. For the
most part the formation of cataract takes place slowly, the cases in
which it originates very quickly being but few.

Treatment.—There is only one method for the treatment of cata-
raci—a surgical operation for the removal of the lens; but this is not
advisable, for the sight can not be perfectly restored, and objects
would be seen imperfectly without the aid of glasses.

AMAUROSIS.

A paralysis of the nerve of sight or the expansion of the retina.

Causes.—This is the result of concussion from a blow upon the fore-
head, fracture of bone over the eye (causing downward pressure), rheu-
matic inflammation of the optic nerve, or from extension of deep
inflammation of the eye involving the retina. It sometimes occurs as
the result of excessive loss of blood or of great debility.

Symptoms.—In this disease seldom any observation is made until
the animal in its gait and by its action indicates blindness. Gener-
ally both eyes are affected. The eyeball remains clear, and the pupil
permanently dilated. No response to light is manifested.

Treatment.—If due to debility, loss of blood, or associated with
rheumatism, general blood tonies may be given in the feed, namely,
powderel sulphate of iron, 1 dram; gentian, 2 drams; nux vomica,
one-half dram; to be given twice a day. In cases of rheumatism,
one-half ounce of saltpeter may be added.

FILARIA OCULI (WORM IN THE EYE).

Filaria oculi (provisionally taken as the larva of F. cervina).—This
is a small white worm, and is found in the eye, swimming in the
aqueous fluid in the anterior chamber. It-may be apparently harm-
less for a long time, but will eventually induce keratitis with inflam-
matory exudations.

Treatment.—Vhe cornea may be punctured at its upper and outer
ae

DISEASES OF THE EYE, ETO. 349

margin, and the worm squeezed out with the aqueous humor. The
latter will be formed again. This operation will result disastrously
unless the greatest care and skill are employed.

CORNEAL DERMATOMA (HAIRY TUMOR ON THE EYEBALL).

In a few instances this has been seen as a congenital growth. The
tumor arises from the cornea or the sclerotic, covered by its respective
membrane, with a growth of hair upon itssurface. These tumorsmay
be quite prominent or flattened, and are dark in color; the hair may
protrude between the eyelids, giving the animal the appearance of
having a double eyelid.

Treatment.—A surgical operation becomes necessary for their re-
moval—one requiring a skilled operator.

STRABISMUS (SQUINTING).

This is a very rare affection among cattle. Strabismus may be
either single or double—affecting one eye or both. It is due to a
paralysis, or a weakening of one of the straight muscles of the eye-
ball. Generally it is a congenital defect, and the squinting is toward
the nose—strabismus convergens. It is best not to attempt to remedy
the defect, as the risk in an operation is greater than the chances of
success warrant.

PTERYGIUM.

This term is applied to a fleshy-colored membrane, triangular in
form, which most frequently grows from the inner angle of the eye

_and extends over the cornea, thus interfering with vision. It may

grow from the outer angle, or even from the superior or inferior hem-
isphere of the eyeball. The figure is invariably that of a triangle,
with its base on the white of the eye, and its apex more or less
advanced over the cornea toward its center.

The distinguishing characteristics are the constancy of the triangu-
lar form, and the facility with which the whole of it may be taken
hold of with a pair of forceps and raised into a fold on the cornea,
Every other kind of excrescence attached to this membrane continues
firmly adherent to it, and can not be folded and raised from the sur-
face of the cornea in any manner whatever.

Treatment.—Raise the fold and dissect it away from all points of
attachment.

TRICHIASIS (INVERSION OF THE EYELASHES).

In the simplest form the eyelashes bend inwardly, touching the
eyeball, causing irritation and simple conjunctivitis. It may be also
associated with entropion.

Treatment.—The offending eyelashes should be cut off or pulled
out. In cases where the natural growth of the eyelashes is directed
inward an operation similar to that for entropion becomes necessary.
350 DISEASES OF CATTLE.

ENTROPION (INVERSION OF THE EYELID).

In inversion of the eyelid the eyelashes soon irritate the anterior
face of the cornea and produce more or less inflammation and opacity.
The inversion may be due to the growth of a tumor within or without
the lid, to abscess, laceration, or injury, causing the lid to lose its
natural conformity to the eyeball, ulcerations, etc. Surgical inter-
ference, in either case, becomes necessary to restore the lid to its
natural direction.

ECTROPION (EVERSION OF THE EYELID).

This serves to injure the eye by permitting dust and other foreign
substances to gain admission to the eye, and interferes with the
natural removal of such substances.

Treatment.—A delicate surgical operation—the removal of an ellip-
tic section of the palpebral conjunctiva—may remedy the defect.

TUMORS OF THE EYELIDS.

Occasionally tumors form upon or within the substance of the eye-
lid. These may be of afibroid nature, and arise from the follicles of the
hair as sebaceous tumors, or may be in theformof an abscess. In debili-
tating diseases the lids sometimes become swollen and puffy, a condi-
tion which might possibly be taken for the growth of a tumor. This
generally disappears with the improvement of the health of the animal.
Warts not uncommonly appear on or about the eyelids of cattle.

Treatment.—The removal of a tumor in the vicinity of so delicate
an organ as the eye should not be attempted by anyone not qualified
for the operation.

LACERATION OF THE EYELID.

This accident is not uncommon where cattle are fenced in by barbed
wire; an animal may be caught under the eyelid by the horn of another;
it may occur in the stable by means of a projecting nail or splinter of
wood.

Treatment.—The edges of the wound should be brought together
closely and correctly, by means of pins pushed through very nearly
the whole thickness of the lid, extending through each lip of the torn
part; then a waxed silk or linen thread must be wound over each end
of the pin, crossing the torn line in the form of the figure 8 (Pl. XXVIII,
fig. 9); the pins should be placed about three-eighths of an inch apart.
The projecting ends of the pins should be cut off closeo the ligature,
and the parts kept anointed with vaseline, to which has been added 5
per cent of creolin. In place of a pin suture, silver wire, catgut, or
strong linen thread may be used in the way of an ordinary suture.

FOREIGN BODIES IN THE EYE.

Splinters of wood, hedge thorns, pieces of cornstalk or leaves, stems
of hay or straw, twigs of trees, or weeds may penetrate into the eye,
DISEASES OF THE EYE, ETC. 851

break off and remain, causing inflammation, blindness, abscess, etc.
These substances may penetrate the eyeball, but more frequently they
glide off and enter between the eye and the ocular sheath.

Treatment.—Their removal becomes often a very difficult task, from
the fact that the organ is so extremely sensitive, and the retracting
power so strong as to necessitate casting the animal, or even the
administration of sufficient chloroform to render it completely insen-
sible. The removal, however, is of paramount importance, and the
after treatment depends upon the extent and location of the injury—
cold water compress over the injured eye, the application of mild
astringent and cooling washes, such as acetate or sulphate of zine, 5
grains to the ounce of water. When there is extreme suffering from
pain a 5 per cent solution of atropia or morphia, 5 grains to the ounce
of water, may be dropped into the eye, alternating with the cooling
wash.several times a day. When abscesses form within the orbit a
free opening must be maintained for the discharge of pus. In deep
penetrating wounds of the eye there is a great tendency to the forma-
tion of a fungus growth, which often necessitates the enucleation of
the whcle eyeball.

ORBITAL AND PERIORBITAL ABSCESS.

Orbital abscess may form outside of the globe and within the orbital
sheath, as the result of a previous wound of the parts, or from frac-
ture of the bony orbit, etc. Periorbital abscess commences outside of
the ocular sheath, beneath the periosteal membrane covering the bone,
and is usually the result of a diseased or fractured bone which enters
into the formation of the orbital cavity.

Symptoms.—Orbital abscess is manifested by a pushing forward of
the eyeball (exophthalmos), a swelling of the conjunctiva and eyelids.
The bulging out of the eye is in proportion to the size of the abscess;
the movement of the eye is fixed, due to the painfulness of any volun-
tary movement of the eyeball. Periorbital abscess generally pushes
the eye to one side; otherwise the symptoms are similar to the forego-
ing. The pain generally is very great; paralysis of the nerve of sight
may occur, and death may be caused by the abscess extending to the
brain.

Treatment.—The treatment for either orbital or periorbital abscess
is the same as that for abscess occurring in any other part of the
body—a free opening for the escape of imprisoned pus. This should
be made as soon as the true nature of the disease is recognized.
Afterwards antiseptic injections may be needed to stimulate healthy
granulation and to prevent septic infection of the ocular membranes:
For this purpose a saturated solution of boracic acid may be used, or
listerine 1 part to 10 of water. When the fever runs high, Glauber’s
salts (sulphate of soda) may be given in 4-ounce doses once a day.
The animal should be kept in a darkened stable, on soft or green feed.
852 DISEASES OF CATTLE.
FRACTURE OF THE ORBIT.

This accident occasionally oceurs among belligerent animals, or as
the result of blows delivered by brutalattendants. The orbital process
above the eye may be entirely crushed in, pressing down upon the eye-
ball. In such an event the depressed bone should be elevated into its
proper place, and if it fails to unite it may have to be removed with saw
or chisel. The margin of the orbit may be crushed at any point and
cause periorbital abscess, or necrosis may result from the presence of a
splinter of bone or the excessive destruction of bone. In all cases of
fracture the animal should be taken out of the herd and kept by itself
until the injured part heals.

NECROSIS OF THE BONY ORBIT.

As the result of fracture of the margin of the orbit a part of the
injured bone may become necrosed (dead), and periostitis and perior-
bital abscess will follow as a consequence. The discovery of this dis-
ease will at first resemble abscess, but on making an examination with
a probe after the abscess is open we will find the bone rough and
brittle at the point of disease. The discharge will have a peculiar
fetid odor, and is often mixed with blood.

Treatment.—The affected bone must be laid bare and all diseased por-
tions removed by scraping, or if necessary with saw or chisel, disre-
garding the extent of the injury or the size of the wound necessary to
be inflicted. A large portion of the bony orbit may be removed with-
out serious danger to the eye, provided the eyeball itself has not been
previously affected by the disease or involved in the original injury.

TUMORS OF THE ORBIT.

Afungous tumor of the eyeball or orbit occasionally appears, which
is designated fungus hematodes. This may arise without any appre-
ciable cause, or as the result of a wound. It frequently commences
within the eyeball as a small, red mass, eventually bursts through, and
pushes its way outside of the orbit as a large, dark-red mass, bleed-
ing at the slightest touch. It has a peculiar fetid odor, and early in
its appearance destroys sight, involving all the contents of the orbit,
not infrequently the bony wall itself.

Unless the tumor is totally removed in its early stage of growth,
together with the eyeball, the disease will eventually cause emaciation
and death of the animal. The enucleation of the eyeball should not be
undertaken by anyone unacquainted with the anatomical structures
involved in such an operation. When the operation is performed
early enough the result is generally satisfactory.

Bony tumors of the orbit are occasionally present in cattle, the result
of bruises, fractures, ete. They may encroach upon the contents of
the orbit, causing paralysis of the optic nerve—the condition known
DISEASES OF THE EYE, ETO. 8538

as amaurosis—or by pressure upon the posterior surface of the eyeball
force it forward, or produce atrophy (shrinking). They may displace
the eye in any direction, with or without disturbing vision.

Fibrous tumors growing within the orbit will produce symptoms
similar to those of bony tumors.

Treatment.—W hen the outlines of the tumor, whether fungoid, bony,
or fibrous, can be detected, an operation for its removal should be
undertaken as soon as the sight of the eye is in any manner disturbed.

DISLOCATION OF THE EYEBALL.

The eyeball may be torn out of its socket by the horns of another
animal in a fight, or it may be crowded out with the blunt end of a
club, cane, or probe in the hands of a brutal attendant.

Treatment.— When the optic nerve is not lacerated and the retractor
muscles at the back of the eye are intact, an attempt at reduction is
advisable. This, however, must follow very soon after the injury—
before swelling takes place. Divide the outer corner of the eyelid to
enlarge the orifice, then by pressure with the fingers of both hands
placed upon the sides of the eye the ball may be put back into its
place. Apply a firm compress over the injured eye and keep it con-
stantly wet with cold water containing 1 dram of sugar of lead to each
quart.

If the attempt at reduction proves unsuccessful the artery at the
back of the eye should be ligated, and then the whole mass cut off as
deep within the orbit as possible. The orbital cavity should be packed
daily with fresh absorbent cotton after washing it out with a 3 per
cent solution of carbolic acid or 10 per cent dilution of creolin.

INFLAMMATION AND ENLARGEMENT OF THE HAW.

The haw, or membrana nictitans, is subject to inflammation and
swelling from the extension of conjunctivitis, or direct injury by for-
eign substances. It presents a red, swollen appearance, accompanied
by considerable pain and a profuse flow of tears. A slight searifica-
tion with a sharp knife and the application of a cooling lotion, such
as recommended for conjunctivitis, will soon reduce the swelling and
restore it to its normal function.

There is, however, a tendency for an inflammation of this membrane
to take on a chronic character, which may eventually result in a per-
manent enlargement, resembling a tumor. When it attains sufficient
size to protrude itself permanently over the eye, or project between
the lids so as to obstruct the sight, its removal may become necessary.
A threaded needle is passed through the body of the enlarged mass, by
which the membrane is drawn out as far as possible, then with a blunt
pair of scissors it may be dissected away from its attachments. The
eye is afterwards treated with simple cooling lotions.

61386—08——23
DISEASES OF THE EAR.

By M. R. TRumBower, D. V. 5S.
{Revised in 101 by Leonard Pearson, B. S., V. M. D.]

Diseases of the ears of cattle are not very common, for the reasons,
probably, that they are not subjected to the brutality of drivers so
much as horses and that the horns to a great extent protect them
against external violence.

OTITIS (INFLAMMATION OF THE INTERNAL EAR).

Inflammation of the deep part of the ear is often difficult to recog-
nize in cattle. It may be caused by disease of bone in that region,
from blows inflicted by drivers, or from injury by other cattle. Occa-
sionally the ear becomes involved in actinomycosis, or the inflamma-
tion may be the result of a tuberculous affection.

Symptoms.—The animal will hold its head to one side, or shake it,
while the ear itself is held immovable. The movement of the jaws in
eating usually gives rise to a manifestation of pain; the base of the ear
may be feverish and swollen, and very sensitive to the touch. If the
inflammation has advanced toasuppurative stage, matter will flow from
the ear, which generally emits a very offeusive odor.

Treatment.—At first hot fomentations to reduce pain and fever, fol-
lowed by a sharp blister below the ear. Laudanum, 1 part to 10
parts of sweet oil, may be injected into the ear to relieve pain and to
soften the secretions. If there is a discharge from the ear, it should be
washed thoroughly out by injecting warm soapsuds until all the matter
has been washed away; then inject the following mixture twice a day:
Sulphate of morphia, 20 grains; water, 1 pint; glycerin, 4 ounces.

ABSCESS.

Abscesses sometimes form about the base of the ear, either inside
or outside, caused by contusions. <A serous cyst is found occasionally
between the cartilage and the skin on the base of the ear, which may
be due to a similar cause.

Treatment.—Make a free incision with the knife into the most promi-
nent part of the abscess or cyst, then wash out the sac with carbolized
water, using a syringe for the purpose. If the abscess recurs, open it
again, wash it out, and inject tincture of iodin, or fill it with iodoform.

FUNGOID GROWTHS.

As a result of laceration or wound of any kind, fungous growths
may develop on the ear, characterized by a raw, bleeding, granulating
surface, with a tendency to become pendulous.

354
DISEASES OF THE EAR. 355

Treatment.—The whole tumor or diseased structure should be cut
away, and the wound treated daily with a dressing of carbolized cos-
moline or turpentine and sweet oil, 1 part of the former to 4 of the
latter.

FOREIGN BODIES IN THE EAR.

Bugs have been known to gain entrance into the ear of an animal.
I once removed an acorn from the ear of a cow that had been roaming
in the woods. Accidentally, pieces of wood from a stanchion may
become lodged in the ear.

Symptoms.—A continuous uneasiness or frequent shaking of the
head, occasionally the manifestations of exceeding great pain. The
animal may rub the head and ear against trees or other objects in an
endeavor to dislodge the offending body.

Treatment.—A careful examination will reveal the offending cause,
which may be removed with a pair of forceps or scraped out with a
hairpin or piece of wire bent atoneend. If much inflammation exists,
the ear may be swollen so that the foreign substance will be hidden
from sight; then a probe may be inserted to feel for the object, which,
when located, should be removed, even if it becomes necessary to
split the ear at the base to do so. Afterwards treat the ear with fre-
quent warm water fomentations and the injection of soapy water or
oil and water.

SCURFY EARS.

Cattle are subject to scurfy ears, which may be due to a general
morbid condition of the skin, or may be confined to the ears alone.
The affected animal shows an inclination to rub the ear; thick scales
of scurf collect on it, which sometimes have the appearance of hard,
dry, horny scales. This condition is chiefly due to a faulty secretion
of the sebaceous glands of the ear. Thoroughly clean the ear with a
stiff brush, then anoint it, so far as affected, with vaseline 4 parts to
1 part of white precipitate ointment. If the scurfy ears are only a
part of a general scurfiness of the skin, the condition of the animal
needs attention. (See ‘‘ Pityriasis,” p. 329.)

FROSTBITE.

It is not uncommon among young cattle which are poorly nourished
and exposed outdoors to storms and extreme cold to suffer frostbite
of the ear, which may constitute actual freezing of the part.

Symptoms.—Frostbite presents naturally every degree of severity
-from the mere chilling of the tip of the ear to positive freezing and
death of aportion. In aday or twoafter the freezing has occurred the
ear will become swollen and very painful; the dead part will remain
cold and begin to shrivel; a line of separation then forms between the
inflamed and the dead or dying portion, and finally the piece destroyed
356 DISEASES OF CATTLE.

drops off, leaving a raw healing surface. When the ear is only
slightly affected by the cold, an excoriation or peeling off of super-
ficial skin takes place, accompanied by some pain and itching.

Treatment.—A good liniment for frozen ears will be found in a
mixture of turpentine, ammonia, and chloroform, of each 1 part,
added to 6 parts of sweet oil. Rub this on the ear several times a
day. It will relieve pain and stimulate the circulation, thus favoring
a recovery of the injured structures.

LACERATIONS OF THE EAR.

Aggressive dogs are the most frequent cause of lacerated ear, gen-
erally leaving a torn, ragged edge and bruised cartilage.

Treatment.—If the wound is extensive a trimming of the ragged
edges becomes necessary; then fasten the edges together with silver
wire, catgut, or strong, thick, linen thread, taking a deep hold. Apply
pine tar.

DISEASE OF THE CARTILAGE AND NECROSIS.

Occasionally the cartilages of the ear become affected, usually the
result of a deep bruise; pus forms, which burrows under the skin, and
may find a discharge from any part of the ear more or less distant from
the seat of the disease. When the cartilage has been extensively
injured, pieces of it may become dead (necrosed) and dissolve, to be
carried away with the pus, or it may lead to extensive sloughing and
the formation of numerous running sores. In the disease of the car-
tilage there is seldom much swelling or great pain. The discharge is
usually very offensive, and occasionally streaked with blood. When-
ever there is a long-continued, persistent discharge from one or more
openings in the ear, disease of the cartilage may be suspected.

Treatment.—The sinus formed by the passage of matter should be
probed and searched to the bottom for the presence of a foreign sub-
stance or the evidence of decaying cartilage. When the probe touches
necrosed cartilage it will feel like the presence of a piece of dry leather
or partially softened wood. A counter opening must then be made
at this place, and all diseased cartilage cut away with the knife. The
subsequent treatment consists in keeping the artificial wound open
for the discharge of pus, and the injection of chloride of zine, 5 grains
to the ounce of water, once or twice a day, until the wound is healed.

ENCHONDROMA OF THE EAR.

This is an excessive growth of cartilage, found at the base of the
ear in the form of a hard, painless tumor, firmly attached to the mov-
able ear. The only recourse for its removal is the knife in the hands
of one acquainted with the anatomy of the part involved in the
operation.
INFECTIOUS DISEASES OF CATTLE.

By Drs. D. E. SaLmMon and THEOBALD SMITH.

{Revised in 1908 by John R. Mohler, A. M., V. M. D.]
GENERAL INTRODUCTION.

The importance to the farmer and stock raiser of a general knowl-
edge of the nature of infectious diseases need not be insisted on, as it
must be evident to all who have charge of farm animals. The grow-
ing facilities for intercourse between one section of a country and
another, and between different countries, cause a wide distribution of
the infectious diseases once restricted to a definite locality. Not only
the animals themselves, but the cars, vessels, or other conveyances
in which they are carried may become agents for the dissemination of
disease. The growing tendency of specialization in agriculture, which
leads to the maintenance of large herds of cattle, sheep, and hogs,
makes infectious diseases more common and more dangerous. Fresh
animals are being continually introduced which may be the carriers
of disease from other herds, and when disease is once brought into a
large herd the losses become very high, because it is difficult, if not
impossible, to check it after it has once obtained a foothold.

These considerations make it plain that only by the most careful
supervision by intelligent men who understand the nature of infectious
diseases and their causes in a general way can these be kept away.
We must likewise consider how incomplete our knowledge concerning
many diseases is, and probably will be for some time to come. The
suggestions and recommendations offered by investigators may, there-
fore, not always be correct, and may require frequent modification as
our information grows more comprehensive and exact.

An infectious disease may be defined as any malady caused by the
introduction into the body of minute organisms of a vegetable or
animal nature which have the power of indefinite multiplication and
of setting free certain peculiar poisons which are chiefly responsible
for the morbid changes.

This definition might include diseases due to certain animal para-
sites, such as trichine, for example, which multiply in the digestive
tract, but whose progeny is limited to a single generation. By com-
mon consent the term ‘‘infectious” is restricted to those diseases
caused by the invasion and multiplication of certain very minute uni-
cellular organisms included under the general classes of bacteria and

357
358 DISEASES OF CATTLE.

protozoa. Nearly all the diseases of cattle for which a definite cause
has been traced are due to bacteria. Among these are tuberculo-
sis, anthrax, blackleg, and tetanus (or lockjaw). Some diseases, such
as Texas fever and nagana, are traceable to protozoa, while others,
like actinomycosis and aspergillosis, are caused by fungi. Those dis-
eases of which the cause is unknown or imperfectly worked out are
pleuro-pneumonia, rinderpest, foot-and-mouth disease, rabies, cow-
pox, malignant catarrh, and dysentery.

Bacteria may be defined as very minute, unicellular organisms of a
plant-like character. Their form is very simple, as may be seen from
an inspection of the various species depicted on Plate XXIX. The
description of these figures will be found at the end of this article.
The magnification there given will furnish the reader some idea of
their very minute size. They multiply in two ways. The bacterium
elongates and then divides in the middle to form 2 daughter cells.
These go through the same process at once, and thus 4 cells are pro-
duced. The division of these leads to 8, the division of 8 to 16, and so
on indefinitely. The rapidity with which this multiplication takes
place depends upon the nature of the bacterium. The bacillus of
tuberculosis multiplies very slowly, while that of anthrax multiplies
with great rapidity, provided both are in the most favorable condition.
Another mode of reproduction, limited to certain classes of bacteria,
consists in the formation of a spore within the body of the bacterium.
Spore formation usually takes place when the conditions pertaining to
the growth of the bacteria become unfavorable. The spores are much
more resistant to destructive agents than the bacteria which produced
them. The anthrax spore may live several years in a dried state, but
the anthrax bacillus perishes in a few days under like conditions.
This matter will be referred to again when we come to discuss the sub-
ject of disinfection.

Of the protozoa which cause disease very little is at present known.
The one which produces Texas fever is pictured on Plate XLVII, in
figs. 4 and 5. These parasites have a more complex life history than
bacteria; and as they can not be grown in artificial media, their
thorough investigation is at present hampered with great difficulties.

The differences in the symptoms and lesions of the various infectious
diseases are due to differences in the respective organisms causing
them. Similarly the great differences observed in the sources from
which animals become infected and the mannerin which infection takes
place are due to differences in the life history of these minute organ-
isms. Much discussion has taken place of late years concerning the
precise meaning of the words ‘‘infection” and “contagion.” But these
words are now wholly inadequate to express the complex processes of
‘infection, and it may be said that each species of bacterium or proto-
zoon has its own peculiar way of invading the animal body, differing
more or less from all the rest. There are, however, a few broad dis-
INFECTIOUS DISEASES OF CATTLE. 359.

tinctions which may be expressed with the help of these old terms.
Infection, as laid down above, refers at present in a comprehensive
way to all microorganisms capable of setting up disease in the body.
Some microorganisms are transmitted directly from one animal to
another, and the diseases produced may be called contagious. Among
these are included pleuro-pneumonia, rinderpest, foot-and-mouth dis-
ease, rabies, cowpox, and tuberculosis. Again, certain organisms are
perhaps never transmitted from one animal to another, but may come
from the soil. Among these are tetanus, blackleg, anthrax to a large
extent, and perhaps actinomycosis in part. These diseases, accord-
ing to some authorities, may be called miasmatic. There isa third class
of infectious diseases of which the specific bacteria are transmitted
from one animal to another, as with the contagious diseases, but the
bacteria may, under certain favorable conditions, find enough food in
the soil and the surroundings of animals to multiply to some extent
after they have left the sick and before they gain entrance into a
healthy animal.

This general classification is subject to change if we take into con-
sideration other characteristics. Thus tuberculosis would not by
many be considered contagious in the sense that foot-and-mouth
disease is, because of the insidious beginning and slow course of the
disease. Yet the bacillus must come from preexisting disease in
either case. The disease of rabies, or hydrophobia, is not contagious
in the sense that rinderpest is, because the virus of rabies must be
inoculated into a wound before it can take effect. Yet in both cases
the virus passes without modification from one animal to another,
though in different ways.

Again, all the diseases under the second group, which seem to come
from the soil and from pastures, are in one sense contagious in that
the virus may be taken from a sick animal and inoculated directly
into a healthy animal with positive result. Other illustrations may
be cited which show that these old terms are not in themselves satis-
factory. There are so many conditions which enter into the process
of infection that no single classification will give a sufficiently correct
or comprehensive idea of it. These statements will be easily under-
stood if the different infectious diseases in the following pages be
studied with reference to the way or ways in which each disease may
be contracted. Enough has been said, therefore, to show that, if we
wish to make ourselves acquainted with the dangers of any given
disease, we must study that disease and not rely upon any single word
to tell the whole story.

Infectious diseases have, as a yeneral rule, a period of incubation,
which comprises the time elapsing between the exposure to the infec-
tion and the actual appearance of the’disease. This period varies
with the malady. The most common symptom of this class of diseases
is fever. The severity of the fever is measured by the temperature
360 DISEASES OF CATTLE.

of the animal, and this is readily and accurately ascertainable by
the clinical thermometer. (See PI. III, fig. 1.) The other symptoms
are variable and depend upon the particular organ or organs most
implicated. Loss of appetite, cessation of rumination and milk secre-
tion, and general dullness are symptoms quite invariably present in
most infectious diseases.

During the course of infectious diseases secondary diseases or com-
plications may arise which are largely due to bacteria other than those
producing the original malady. These complications are often so
severe as to become fatal. In general it may be stated that they are
due to filthy surroundings, and hence cleanliness may become an
important aid to recovery.

The treatment of infectious diseases is given under each malady so
far as thisis allowable or advisable. These diseases are not, as a rule,
amenable to treatment. When the symptoms have once appeared the
disease is apt to run its course in spite of treatment, and, if it is one
from which animals usually recover, all that can be done is to put
them into the most favorable surroundings. Many infectious diseases
lead sooner or later to death, and treatment is useless so far as the
sick are concerned, and it may be worse than useless for those not
yet infected. All animals suffering with infectious diseases are a
menace to all others more or less directly. They represent for the time
being manufactories of disease germs, and they are giving them off
more or less abundantly during the period of disease. They may
infect others directly or they may scatter the virus about, and the
surroundings may become a future source of infection for healthy
animals. This leads us to the subject of prevention as the most
important of all which claim our attention. In this place only a few
general remarks will suffice to bring the subject before the reader.

The most important thing is to keep disease away from a herd or
farm. To do this all sick or suspicious animals should be avoided.
A grave form of disease may be introduced by apparently mild or
trivial cases brought in from without. It is generally conceded that
continual change and movementof animals are the most potent means
by which infectious diseases are disseminated.

With some cattle diseases, such as anthrax, rinderpest, and pleuro-
pneumonia, preventive inoculation is resorted to in some countries.
This may be desirable when certain diseases have become stationary
in any locality, so that eradication is impossible. It should not be
practiced in territories where a given disease may still be extirpated
by ordinary precautions. Preventive inoculation is applicable to only
a few maladies, and therefore its aid in the control of diseases is a
limited one.

When an infectious disease has gained foothold in a herd the course
to be pursued in getting rid of it will depend upon the nature of the
malady. <A good rule is to kill diseased animals, especially when the
INFECTIOUS DISEASES OF CATTLE. 361

disease is likely to run a chronic course, as in tuberculosis. The next
important step is to separate the well from the sick by placing the
former on fresh ground. This is rarely possible; hence the destruc-
tion or removal of the sick, with thorough disinfection of the infected
locality, is the next thing to be done. As to the disinfectants to be
used, special directions are given under the various diseases, to which
the reader is referred. Here we will simply call attention briefly to
the general subject.

Disinfection consists in the use of certain substances which possess
the power to destroy bacteria or their spores, or both. Those which
are cheapest and most available for animal diseases are ordinary
freshly slaked lime or unslaked in powder, chlorid of lime, crude car-
bolic acid, corrosive sublimate, formaldehyde gas, formalin, creolin,
and lysol.

(1) Slaked lime is perhaps the most easily procured, but its disin-
fecting power is limited. While it is capable of destroying all bac-
teria in their vegetative state, it is unable to destroy spores such
as those of anthrax and blackleg. It is probable, however, that in
incrusting spores it may destroy their vitality sooner or later. It is
regarded as safe practice to use only spore-destroying substances for
the virus of those diseases of which we have no definite knowledge.
Nevertheless, in the absence of other disinfectants, lime is very useful.
It may be employed as a whitewash on wood and stone and sprinkled
as a dilute wash or in powder over yards, manure heaps, and over
carcasses before they are buried and over the ground on which they
have lain, to prevent other animals from carrying the infection away.

(2) Chlorid of lime is more efficient than simple slaked or unslaked
lime, since it destroys spores. It is the ordinary bleaching powder
of commerce; and is quite unstable; hence old preparations, unless
sealed, are of little value. A 5 per cent solution is sufficiently strong
for all spore-bearing bacteria (3 ounces in 2 quarts of water). It may
be efficiently applied to the walls and floor of an infected stable by
mixing with limewash in the proportion of 6 ounces of the chlorid of
lime to each gallon of limewash. The ceilings and those portions of
the walls which can not be reached should be disinfected by means
of chlorin gas liberated from the chlorid of lime by crude carbolic
acid. This is accomplished by making a cone of 5 or 6 pounds of
chlorid of lime, in the top of which a deep crater is made for the
placement of from 1 to 2 pints of crude carbolic acid. The edge of
the crater is thereupon pushed into the fluid, when a lively reac-
tion follows. Owing to the heat generated, it is advisable to place
the chlorid of lime into an iron crucible and to have nothing inflam-
mable within a radius of two feet. The number and location of
these cones of chlorid of lime depend on the size and structure of
the building to be disinfected. Asarule it may be stated that chlorin
gas liberated from the above-sized cone will be sufficient for disin-
3862 DISEASES OF OATTLE.

fecting 5,200 cubic feet of air space. The fumes of chlorine are
strongly irritating to the respiratory tract, and therefore all live stock
should be removed before the work is started.

(3) Crude earbolic acid. The ordinary purified carbolic acid is too
expensive to be used on a large scale, and. the crude product is a very
good substitute. This is made more powerful by mixing with it an
equal volume of commercial sulphuric acid. While the sulphuric acid
is being added to the erude carbolic acid much heat is evolved, and if
the glass jar in which the two are mixed together is placed in cold
water, the resulting product is said to have a higher disinfecting power.
The mixture is added to enough water to make a 5 per cent solution
(about 7 ounces to 4 quarts of water). This is strong enough for all
purposes. It may be kept in wood or glass, but notin metal, owing to
the corroding action of the acid. It should be used freely on wood-
work and on infected floors, and a force pump of the kind used by
orchardists will be found very convenient as a means of applying this
disinfectant. If the solution is warm when applied, it will penetrate
the woodwork better than when it is cold, especially if the spraying
is done during cold weather. The addition of air-slaked lime in any
quantity that will dissolve in water to the above solution (say 14
pounds of lime to 7 ounces of crude carboli¢ acid to each gallon of
water) is preferred by many, as it makes any neglected places at once
visible and leaves a cleaner and purer atmosphere within the build-
ings. In most cases where its application becomes desirable—and
this rule should apply to all disinfections—ithe disinfected stables,
stalls, etc., should remain vacant as long as possible before cattle are
again stabled therein.

(4) Mercuric chlorid, or corrosive sublimate, is a powerful disin-
fectant, but it is likewise very poisonous; hence its uses are limited.
Cattle are especially susceptible to the action of mercuric chlorid
and caution must be used in its application. A solution of one-tenth
of 1 per cent is usually sufficient (1 ounce to 8 gallons water). Mer-
curie chlorid should not be placed in wooden pails, as we have the
tannate of mercury formed, which is a weak antiseptic; nor should
expensive metal pails be used, owing to its corrosive action. Agate
vessels or tin pails are to be preferred. All solutions should be
labeled ‘“‘poison,” and to avoid accidents none should be kept on
band.

(5) Formalin and formaldehyde gas have been found very effica-
cious as sanitary agents. Formalin is the commercial name for the
40 per cent solution of formaldehyde gas in water, and is one of the
most powerful antiseptics and disinfectants that we possess. Solu-
tions of this strength are manufactured by different commercial
houses, and sold by the drug trade under the name of ‘‘formalose”
and “formal.” In this connection it should be mentioned that
while the 40 per cent solution of formaldehyde gas and formalin are
INFECTIOUS DISEASES OF CATTLE. 363

exactly the same thing, the former can be purchased at 334 to 64 per
cent less than the latter. Formalin may be applied, diluted with
water in the proportion of 1 part of formalin to 30 parts of water,
or 4 ounces of formalin to each gallon of water, and it may thus be
used as a wash or as a spray on all paints, metals, and woodwork, as
well as on clothing and other fabrics, without exerting any injurious
influence on the objects treated. It may also be applied to floors,
walls, and woodwork in whitewash by mixing 1 part of formalin to 30
parts of lime wash, or 4 ounces of formalin to each gallon of lime wash.
Formalin has the appearance of water and in the strong solution is
poisonous, but when diluted as recommended above it is not danger-
ous. The fumes given off by it, however, are very disagreeable and
irritating to the eyes and nasal mucous membranes. One and one-
half ounces of formalin added to 1 gallon of water is a valuable agent
for the disinfection of the skin or septic wounds, but is somewhat
painful and irritating to raw surfaces.

Formaldehyde is a gas which is soluble in 24 parts of water (40
parts of formaldehyde gas to 100 parts of water), and this solution
constitutes the formalin of commerce. _ The use of formaldehyde gas
is in most cases impracticable for stable disinfection. In case the
stable is not too large and can be made almost air-tight the generation
of formaldehyde gas, after removing all the animals, will be found
very serviceable. It penetrates all parts of the stable—the walls,
crevices, floors, ceiling—and is probably the best fumigating disinfect-
ant that we have. This gas may be generated by a specially con-
structed apparatus devised for this purpose, but this method of dis-
infection, while practicable in the house, is rather inapplicable for
stables and should only be used by experienced persons.

(6) Some coal-tar products, such as creolin and lysol, are cheap,
effective, and easily applied disinfectants, their action being due to
the carbolic acid and creosote in their composition. They may be
used in 3 to 5 per cent solution. Creolin forms a milky solution in
water, while the aqueous solution of lysol is clear and oily.

When it is desired to apply any of these above-mentioned agents to
the stable or barnyard, a preliminary cleaning up of all débris and

‘litter is advisable, together with the scraping of the floor, mangers,
and walls of the stable with hoes and the removal of all dust and
filth. This should be followed by the burning of all such accumula-
tions, inasmuch as this material likewise contains the infectious prin-
ciple and is best destroyed by heat. Heat may be applied to the
surface of the affected pen, byre, or barnyard by means of a cyclone
burner, which consists of a tank, pump, hose, and cyclone nozzle for
spraying with paraffin (gas oil). The latter is ejected in the form of
spray, which when ignited gives a very hot and effective flame to be
applied to the infected ground. Where such burning is impracticable
the surface soil of the yard and surroundings should be removed to a
364 DISEASES OF CATTLE.

depth of 5 or 6 inches and then placed in a heap and thoroughly
mixed with air-slaked lime. The fresh surface of the soil thus exposed
may then be sprinkled with any of the above-mentioned disinfectants.

In addition to these artificial substances there are several natural
sanitary agents of great importance as destroyers of virus. These are
cleanliness, ventilation, drying, and sunshine. All virus, excepting
such as may live in the soil, is killed sooner or later by drying and
sunshine, and the importance of these factors in the daily life of ani-
mals need not be insisted on here. Finally, all sanitary measures
which contribute to the healthfulness of animal surroundings are
directly or indirectly inimical to disease germs, and all carelessness
in the keeping of animals may be regarded as an ally of these destruc-
tive organisms.

CONTAGIOUS PLEURO-PNEUMONIA.

Definition and history.—This disease has been eradicated from the
United States, and it is not probable that it will ever be seen in this
country again. As, however, much interest was manifested in regard
to it for a number of years, and as our cattle are still prohibited from
some foreign markets on account of its previous existence here, the
subject is treated at greater length than would otherwise be necessary.

The contagious pleuro-pneumonia of cattle is a specific epizootic

 

VARIOUS BACTERIA WHICH PRODUCE BACTERIA IN CATTLE.

[Description of Pl. XXIX.]

The bacteria on this plate are partly from tissues, partly from cultures, and
stained artificially with aniline colors (fuchsin or methylene blue). Figs. 6 and 7
are copied from Friinkel and Pfeiffer'’s atlas. All but fig. 7 are magnified 1,000
times; fig. 7, 500 times.

Fig. 1. Bacteria from pneumonia in cattle. These are also the cause of hemor-
rhagic septicemia and are closely related to swine-plague bacteria. These bacteria
were drawn from a piece of spleen pulp (rabbit).

Fig. 2. Micrococci (streptococcus) which produce inflammation of the lining
meinbranes of the abdomen, thorax, heart, brain, and joints. Frequently associ-
ated with the preceding bacteria in abscesses.

Fig. 3. Micrococci (staphylococcus) which produce inflammation and suppura-
tion,.also pyemia.

Fig. 4. Bacilli of blackleg. The pale oval bodies as well as the light spots in
one end of the bacilli represent spores.

Fig. 5. Bacilli which produce tetanus, or lockjaw. The light spot in the enlarged
end of each rod represents a spore.

Fig. 6. Bacilli of tuberculosis. Microscopic sections of a pearly nodule from
the lining membrane of the chest cavity. The bacilli are staiced red and appear
as small straight rods within the cells of the nodule, or tubercle.

Fig. 7. Bacilli of anthrax. Bacilli from the spleen of a mouse inoculated with
a culture. The bacilli were obtained from the blood of a cow which died of
anthrax in Mississippi. The bacilli appear as rods stained blue. The round bodies
are blood corpuscles, also stained artificially.
PLATE XxIX

DISEASES OF CATTLE

 

Fig. 3

 

Fig. 4

 

Fig. 6

JULIUS BIEN & CONY.,

Haines del.

VARIOUS BACTERIA WHICH PRODUCE DISEASE IN CATTLE.
INFECTIOUS DISEASES OF CATTLE. 365

disease which affects bovine animals, and from which other species are
exempt. It is characterized, when the disease results from exposure
in the usual manner, by an inflammation of the lungs and pleure,
which is generally extensive, and which has a tendency to invade por-
tions of these organs not primarily affected and to cause death of the
diseased portion of the lung. This disease is frequently called the.
lung plague, which corresponds with its German name of Lungen-
seuche. In French it is spoken of as the péripneumonie contagieuse.

The history of the contagious pleuro-pneumonia of cattle can-not be
traced with any certainty to a period earlier than the beginning of the
eighteenth century. No doubt it existed and ravaged the herds of
Europe for many years and perhaps centuries before that time, but
veterinary knowledge was so limited that the descriptions of the
symptoms and postmortem appearances are too vague and too limited
to admit of the identification of the maladies to which they refer. It
has been supposed by some writers that certain passages in the writ-
ings of Aristotle, Livy, and Virgil show the existence of pleuro-pneu-
monia at the time that their works were composed, but their references-
are too indefinite to be seriously accepted as indicating this rather
than some other disease.

As early as 1713 and 1714 it seems quite plain that pleuro-pneumonia
existed in Suabia and several Cantons of Switzerland. Even clearer
accounts are in existence of its prevalence in Switzerland in 1732, 1743,
and 1765. In 1769 a disease of cattle was investigated in Franche-
Comté by Bourgelat which was called murie, but which undoubtedly
was identical with the pleuro-pneumonia of to-day. From that period
we have frequent and well-authenticated accounts of its existence in
various parts of Europe. During the period from 1790 to 1812 it was
spread throughout a large portion of the continent of Europe by the
cattle driven for the subsistence of the armies, which marched and
countermarched in all directions. It was generally prevalent in Italy
in 1800. It appears to have been unknown, however, in the Depart-
ment of the Nord, France, until 1826, but during the years from 1820
to 1840 it penetrated into most parts of that country. During the
same period it was introduced into and allowed to spread over Bel-
gium and Holland.

This contagion is said to have been carried to Ireland from Holland
in 1839, and is reported as existing in England in 1842. The disease
was brought to the United States at several different times. Prob-
ably the first introduction of the contagion was with a diseased cow
sold in Brooklyn, N. Y., in 1843. It came to New Jersey by import-
ing affected animals in 1847. Massachusetts was infected in the same
way in 1859.

South Africa was infected by a bull brought from Holland in 1854,
and Australia likewise received the contagion with an English cow in
1858. It is also reported as existing in various parts of the continent
366 DISEASES OF CATTLE.

of Asia, but the time of its first appearance and the extent of its dis-
tribution are very uncertain.

Some countries, which had only been infected for a short time, such
as Norway, Sweden, and Denmark, have succeeded in eradicating the
disease without much difficulty by slaughtering all affected and exposed

_animals. Other countries long infected and in which the contagion
was thoroughly established, like Australia, South Africa, Italy, France,
Belgium, and parts of Germany, have labored long, in some cases
making no progress and in others being only partially successful.
Holland was one of the first of the thoroughly infected countries to
free itself from the contagion.

In the United States, Massachusetts eradicated pleuro-pneumonia
during the period from 1860 to 1866. New York and New Jersey made
an attempt to eradicate it in 1879, but were not successful. Late in
1883 the contagion was carried to Ohio, probably by Jersey cattle
purchased in the vicinity of Baltimore, Md., to which place it had
extended previous to 1868. From the herd then infected it was spread
by the sale of cattle during 1884 to a limited number of herds in IIli-
nois, to oue herd in Missouri, and to two herds in Kentucky. The
alarm caused among the stock owners of the United States by this
widespread dissemination of a disease so much dreaded led to the
adoption of active measures for its control and eradication. By coop-
eration between the United States Department of Agriculture and the
authorities of the affected States it was found possible to prevent the
further spread of the contagion and to eradicate it after a few months’
delay.

In 1886 pleuro-pneumonia was discovered in some of the large dis-
tillery stables of Chicago and among cows on neighboring lots. This
led to renewed efforts to secure the complete extirpation of this dis-
ease from the country. Congress in 1887 enlarged the appropriation
available for this purpose, and gave more extended authority. Dur-
ing the same year the disease was stamped out of Chicago, and has
not since appeared in any district west of the Alegheny Mountains.

The work of eradication was at the same time commenced in all of
the infected States. Before the end of the year 1889 Pennsylvania,
Delaware, Maryland, the District of Columbia, and Virginia had been
freed from the disease. More difficulties, however, were encountered
in the States of New York and New Jersey, on account of the larger
territory infected and the density of the population. The long strug-
gle was crowned with success, however, and the last animal in which
the disease appeared in the State of New York was slaughtered early
in 1891, and the last one affected in New Jersey met the same fate
early in the spring of 1892.

During these same years a supreme effort had been made to stamp
out this lung plague from Great Britain. From the official reports it
appears that the number of infected districts and of diseased animals
INFECTIOUS DISEASES OF CATTLE. 367

had rapidly diminished, but it was not until 1898 that the infection
was finally eradicated.

The other infected European countries, though they maintain a
veterinary sanitary service, are not making satisfactory progress in
eradicating the disease. This is due partly to delays in carrying out
the provisions of the laws and partly to mistaken ideas as to the
measures which are necessary to accomplish the object. The United
States was the last of the countries, having old infected districts,
which undertook to stamp out this contagion, and,-excepting Hol-
land, it was the first to reach success.

The cause (etiology) of plewro-pneumonia.—This is a contagious dis-
ease, and only arises by contagion from a previously affected animal;
consequently it can never be seen here except as the result of import-
ing affected animals from the Old World. When thoroughly stamped
out it does not reappear, and if imported animals continue to be
properly inspected and quarantined we have every reason to believe
that pleuro-pneumonia will never again be seen affecting the cattle
of this country.

The exact nature of the virus or contagion of lung plague has never
been determined. Various investigators have from time to time
claimed the discovery of the specific germs of the disease, but it was
not until 1898 that Nocard and Roux, by an ingenious method of culti-
vation, succeeded in obtaining a very feeble growth of an exceedingly
minute microorganism. With these cultures the disease was pro-
duced in cattle.

Some investigators and writers are of the opinion that the disease
can only be contracted by an animal coming near enough to a living
diseased animal to receive the contagion directly from it. They hold
that the contagion is expired with the air from the affected lungs,
and that it must be almost immediately inspired by another animal in
order to produce the disease. Some experimental attempts to infect
animals by placing them in stables where diseased animals have been,
and by placing the diseased lungs of slaughtered animals in their
feeding troughs have failed, and, consequently, apparently confirm
this view. /

On the other hand, it is known that the serum from affected lungs
retains its virulence and-may be used successfully for inoculation
weeks or months after the death of the animal from which iit was
taken. This is particularly the case when this liquid is hermetically
sealed in glass tubes. Other investigators state that they have sue-
cessfully infected cattle by placing in the nostrils sponges or pledgets
of cotton saturated with such serum. Cattle have.also, according to
the best evidence obtainable, been infected from the clothing of
attendants, from horns used in drenching, and from smelling about
‘wagons which have been used to transport carcasses of animals
affected with this disease. In the work of eradicating pleuro-pneu-
868 DISEASES OF CATTLE.

monia from the United States, many stables were found in which the
disease would appear and reappear after the slaughter of affected
herds, and in spite of any precautions which could be adopted. These
were always old stables, with woodwork in a decaying condition and
with floors underlaid with filth which could not be thoroughly
removed or disinfected. In every one of these cases the destruction
of the stable, the burning of the lumber of which it was constructed,
the removal of the accumulations beneath the floors, and the thorough
disinfection prevented the recurrence of the plague in new stables
built upon the same premises. This experience conclusively shows
that under certain conditions, at least, stables may retain the infec-
tion for a considerable time, and that when restocked the disease may
break out again from such infection.

As a rule, however, the disease is acquired by a healthy animal
being near to an affected one and receiving the contagion direct.
Affected animals may give off the contagion in the early stages of the
disease before the symptoms are apparent to the observer, and they
may retain this infectious character, if they survive the attack, for
six months and probably for a year after all symptoms of the disease
have disappeared.

Incubation.—The time which elapses between exposure to the con-
tagion of pleuro-pneumonia and the first appearance of the symptoms
of this disease varies greatly with different individuals and with dif-
ferent outbreaks of the disease. Ordinarily the symptoms of disease
make their appearance within three to six weeks after exposure;
but they may be observed within two weeks or they may not become
apparent until nearly or quite three months. It is this long period of
incubation, and the great length of time that an animal may dissemi-
nate the contagion after apparent recovery, which give the plague
that insidious character so often spoken of, and which greatly
increases the difficulties of eradication.

Symptoms.—The symptoms are such as would be expected with
inflammation of the lungs and pleure, but they vary considerably
according to the type which the disease manifests. If the attack is
an acute one, as is frequently seen in hot weather, the symptoms
appear suddenly; the breathing becomes rapid and difficult, the animal
grunts or moans with each expiration, the shoulders stand out from
the chest, the head is extended on the neck, the back is arched, the
temperature is 104° to 107° F., the milk secretion is suspended, there
is no appetite, rumination is stopped, the animal may bloat and later
be affected with a severe diarrhea. Such cases are generally fatal in
seven to twenty days.

Very often the attack comes on slowly and the symptoms are much
less clear. In the mildest cases there is a cough for a week or two,
but no appreciable loss of appetite or elevation of temperature. The
lungs are but slightly affected and recovery soon follows. Such
INFECTIOUS DISEASES OF OATTLE. 369

animals may disseminate the contagion for a long time without being
suspected, and for that reason are the most dangerous of all.

A more severe type of the plague is the most frequently seen. In
these cases the cough is frequent, more or less painful, the back
somewhat arched, and the milk secretion diminished. The promi-
nence of these symptoms increases, the appetite is affected, the animal
loses flesh, the breathing becomes more rapid, the cough more painful,
pressure of the fingers between the ribs shows tenderness, the hair
loses its gloss and stands erect, the skin becomes adherent, little if
any milk is secreted, and the temperature rises, varying in different
animals from 103° to 107° F. Animals thus affected may continue to
grow worse and die in from three to eight weeks, or they may after a
time begin to improve and make an apparent recovery. The inflam-
mation of the lung does not, as a rule, subside and the organ return
to its normal condition as is the case in ordinary pneumonia, but with
this disease the life of the affected portion of the lung is destroyed,
the tissue dies and a fibrous wall is formed around it to shut it away
from the living;parts of the body. The tissue, thus encysted, gradu-
ally softens, becomes disintegrated and breaks down into pus: The
recovery, therefore, is not complete; it is only apparent and partial.

To those accustomed to examining the lungs of cattle, other and
extremely important symptoms may be apparent during the course of
the disease. By applying the ear over the walls of the chest an area
of a certain extent may be found where the natural breathing sound
is diminished or entirely lost. This represents the diseased portion
of the lungs. In other cases a loud blowing sound may be heard,
quite different from any sound produced when the lung is in a healthy
condition. In some cases crepitation is heard near the border line of
the diseased area, and friction sounds produced by the roughened
pleura; but these can only be appreciated by those whose ears have
been trained to distinguish between the different sounds which reach
the ear when applied to the chest wall. By percussion—that is, by
pressing the fingers of the left hand firmly against the wall of the
chest and tapping upon the middle finger with the ends of the fingers
of the right hand—an area of dullness may be discovered correspond-
ing to the portion where the respiratory murmur has disappeared.
This loss of respiration detected by auscultation, and the dullness
brought out by percussion, are the most important evidences of an
inflamed or consolidated lung.

Seriously affected animals remain standing if they have sufficient
strength, but those which lie down always lie on the affected side.

The proportion of animals which become affected after being
exposed varies according to the virulence of the outbreak, the sus-
ceptibility of the animals, and the length of time during which expos-
ure is continued. Sometimes not over 15, 20, or 30 per cent wil!

61386—08——24
370 DISEASES OF CATTLE.

contract the disease when a large herd is exposed; but, on the other
hand, 80 or 90 per cent may be affected. The proportion of cases in
which the disease proves fatal also varies greatly—it may not exceed
10 per cent and it may reach 50 per cent. In general, it may be said
that about 40 per cent of the exposed animals will contract the dis-
ease and about one-half of these cases will prove fatal.

Post-mortem appearances.—Owing to the complexity of the struc-
ture of the lung tissue, its ramifications of bronchial tubes and blood
vessels and its abundant supply of lymphatics, the pathological
changes in pleuro-pneumonia are interpreted with great difficulty.
Furthermore there are certain kinds of pneumonia which present
some resemblances to- pleuro-pneumonia and which may therefore be
confused with it in some of its phases.

If we kill an animal affected with acute pleuro-pneumonia and
examine the cavity of the chest and lungs, the following appearances
will be noted:

The thorax may contain more or less serum, which may be clear or
clouded. There inay be firm adhesions of different parts of the lungs
to the chest wall, the extent of which depends on the stage and
severity of the disease. The diseased lobes are unusually large and
exceedingly firm to the touch. The weight of a single large lobe may
reach 40 pounds. Usually only one side is affected, often but a single
lobe, and this most commonly the large or principal lobe. The pleura
may be covered with one or more layers of a firm, elastic, grayish
membrane, which varies in thickness and which sometimes may be
pulled away entirely. Sometimes it isabsent. The pleura, however,
is opaque and apparently very much thickened. This is due to the
diseased condition of the connective tissue beneath the pleura, as
will be explained later. When an affected lobe is cut through at
right angles to its long diameter, the cut surface will present a variety
of interesting changes. In the first place the spaces between the
small subdivisions of the lung (the lobules), which in the healthy
lung are barely visible, are distended with a yellowish white, usually
quite firm, substance, which is coagulated fibrin. The cut surface
thus appears divided up into small fields by yellowish white bands of
varying thickness running in various directions through the lung tis-
sue and beneath the pleura. (Pl. XXXII.) These bands may appear.
honeycombed and the spaces filled with yellowish fluid (serum) or they
may be uniformly solid. It will also be noticed that the space immedi-
ately outside of and around the artery, vein, and air tube is similarly
broadened by fibrinous deposits. Some authorities look upon these
bands as constituting the so-called ‘‘ marbling” of pleuro-pneumonia.

In addition to these changes which have taken place in the connec-
tive tissue between the lobules, the lung tissue itself may be mark-
edly altered. Certain areas of the cut surface may be very firm in
texture and brownish red in color. The cut surface is granular or
INFECTIOUS DISEASES. OF CATTLE. 371

roughened, not smooth to the eye. Other areas equally firm may be
more grayish yellow in color and still others may be blackish. (PL
XXXIII.) Besides these areas which represent solidified (hepatized)
lung tissue there may be others which approach the normal lung tis-
sue in color and which are soft and float in water. From these a
milky purulent fluid may often beexpressed. These different shades
are represented in Plate XXXII, fig. 2, within asmallcompass. Some
authorities are inclined to consider these variations in color on the
same cut surface as the so-called marbling of pleuro-pneumonia. It
matters not whether we regard the bands between the lobules or the
varying shades of the lobules themselves as the marbling, provided
either or both are peculiar to contagious pleuro-pneumonia. If we
examine the blood vessels appearing on such cut surface they will
usually be found plugged within the firmly hepatized regions. The
artery contains a dark, soft, removable clot, the vein a grayish pink,
granular, fragile plug (thrombus), which adheres firmly to the wall of
the vein, and if this be slit open indications of a diseased condition
of the inner coat will be readily detected. When large regions of the
lung tissue are hepatized the main air tube and its branches are
usually filled with grayish, cylindrical branched masses of fibrin easily
removed, as they do not adhere to the mucous membrane.

The views of pathologists differ as to the nature of the earliest
changes in pleuro-pneumonia, and it is not within the scope of this
work to present imperfectly developed or controverted theories. In
the foregoing description we have taken as a type the acute pleuro-
pneumonia in its fully developed phase, which can scarcely be
mistaken for any other disease. We have seen that there is an inflam-
matory condition of the connective tissue between the lobules, result-
ing in the exudation of coagulable lymph. This inflammation is
equally marked around the blood vessels and air tubes. It leads to
inflammatory changes in the inner wall of the veins, and these cause
the deposition of thrombi or plugs in the vessels, which prevent the
return of the blood. The blood pumped into the lung tissue through
the artery, but unable to get out by way of the vein, leaves the mesh-
work of capillaries around the air vesicles, enters the latter, and pro-
duces the firm hepatized condition so characteristic of this disease.
It will be easily understood how the different shades of color from
dark red to grayish or yellowish red are produced if we bear in mind
that the veins in different parts of the lung tissue are plugged at dif-
ferent times, and that therefore the affected regions are in different
stages of disease.

The complete plugging of the veins may lead to the death of cir-
cumscribed masses of lung tissue. A line of separation forms between
the living and the dead tissue and a thick cyst wall of fibrous tissue
forms around the latter. The dead tissue for a time preserves the
appearance of lung tissue, then undergoes disintegration and lique-
872 DISEASES OF OATTLE.

faction. The softened mass is finally absorbed and the walls of the
cyst, or capsule around it, gradually collapse and form a cicatrix.
This favorable termination takes place only when the dead mass is not
too large. It may, however, involve over a half of one of the large
lobes. Under such circumstances recovery is improbable. A more
favorable termination is the abundant growth of fibrous tissue around
and into the hepatized masses. The formation of fibrous tissue may
extend to the pleura, or lung covering, and cause firm adhesion of the
lungs to the chest wall and to the pericardium, or heart case.

The same peculiar inflammatory changes which take place between
the lobules of the lung and around the bronchi and vessels may invade
the pleural cavity, cause extensive membranous and spongy deposits
on the pleura and firm deposits around the heart and large arteries,
the gullet, and windpipe.

These are the main features of the lung disease caused by contagious
pleuro-pneumonia. In the typical acute cases there are a sufficient
number of peculiarities to enable us to make a positive diagnosis.
There are, however, many cases in which the disease is restricted to
small areas, or to the interlobular tissue, or in which the changes are
as yet imperfectly developed, or else so far advanced that doubts may
arise as to the true nature of the affection. In such cases all obtain-
able facts, including the history of the case, the symptoms during life,
and the pathological changes observed on postmortem examination
must be taken into consideration. Only one who has made a careful
study of the disease is fitted to decide in such cases.

Other kinds of lung disease may be confounded with pleuro-pneu-
monia because of certain features common to most lung diseases of
cattle. The inflammation of the connective tissue between the lobules
is not infrequently observed in so-called interstitial pneumonia and
may lead to theformation of whitish bands intersecting the lung tissue
in various directions. On the cut surface these bands may give rise
to adecidedly marbled appearance. Again, in traumatic pneumonia,
due, as its name implies, to the entrance of foreign bodies into
the lung tissue, generally from the paunch, the connective tissue
around the place of disease becomes inflamed and thickened and the
disease itself may simulate pleuro-pneumonia in its retrogressive
stages when it is confined to a small portion of lung tissue. The fill-
ing up of the interlobular spaces with fibrin and connective tissue of
inflammatory origin is not thus limited to pleuro-pneumonia, but may
appear in a marked degree in other lung diseases. It must not be
inferred from this statement that these interlobular changes are nec-
essarily the same as those in pleuro-pneumonia, although they may
appear the same to the naked eye. We simply note their presence
without discussing their nature,

In general the distinction between pleuro-pneumonia and broncho-
pneumonia istnot difficult tomake. In the latter disease the pneuino-
INFECTIOUS DISEASES OF CATTLE. 3738

nia generally invades certain lobes as indicated by the dotted line on
Pl. XXX. The disease atitacks the smaller lobes in their lowest por-
tions first and gradually extends upward, i. e., toward the root of the
lung or the back of the animal and backward into the large principal
lobes. Again both lungs, in advanced cases, are often symmetrically
affected, as shown by the dotted line on both lungs in the plate referred
to. In contagious pleuro-pneumonia the large principal lobe of one
side is most frequently affected, and a symmetrical disease of both
lungs is very rare, if, in fact, it has ever been observed. The lung
tissue in broncho-pneumonia is not enlarged, but rather more con-
tracted than the normal tissue around it. This is well illustrated in
Plate XXXI. Normal air-containing lobules may be scattered among
and around the hepatized portion in an irregular manner. In pleuro-
pneumonia the diseased and healthy portions are either sharply divided
off, one from the other, or else they shade into each other by interme-
diate stages.

The hepatized lung tissue in broncho-pneumonia when the cut sur-
face is examined is usually of a more or less dark flesh color with paler
grayish yellow dots regularly interspersed, giving it a peculiar mottled
appearance. In the more advanced stages it becomes more firm, and
may contain nodular and firmer masses disseminated through it. The
air tubes usually contain more or less soft creamy or cheesy pus or a
turbid fluid quite different from the loose fibrinous casts of acute
pleuro-pneumonia. The interlobular tissue may or may not be
affected. It sometimes contains loose fibrinous plugs, or it may be
greatly distended with air, especially in the still normal portions of
the lung. The pleura is seldom seriously diseased. If we contrast
with these features the firm dark-red hepatizations, the plugging of
the veins, the extensive interlobular deposits, and the well-marked
pleuritis in pleuro-pneumonia, there is little chance for confusion
between well-developed cases of these two lung diseases.

It should not be forgotten, however, that the lesions of the disease
known as contagious pleuro-pneumonia may be confined to the serous
membranes of the thorax, or they may be confined to the parenchyma
of the lungs; they may affect a whole lobe, or only a small portion of
the lobe; they may or may not cause the so-called marbled appear-
ance. In the same way broncho-pneumonia may vary as to the parts
of the lung affected, the extent of the lesions, the degree and kind of
pathological changes in the interlobular tissue, the color of the lung
on cross section and the amount of hepatization. In individual cases,
therefore, it is often necessary to take into account the history of the
animal, the course of the disease, and the communicability of the
affection before a diagnosis can be made between the two diseases.

Prevention and treatment.—The prevention of pleuro-pneumonia, as
of other contagious diseases, consists in keeping animals so that they
will not be exposed to the contagion. As the disease only arises by
874 DISEASES OF CATTLE.

contagion, there is no possibility of an animal becoming affected with
it unless it has been exposed. If, therefore, pleuro-pneumonia exists
in a locality the owner of healthy cattle should make every effort to
keep his animals from coming near those which are affected or near
any which have been exposed. He should be equally particular not.
to allow any person who has been on the infected premises to visit
his own pastures, stables, or cattle.

If pleuro-pneumonia breaks out in a herd every animal in that herd
should be slaughtered, the stables should be thoroughly cleaned and
disinfected, and no other cattle should be allowed on the premises
until a period of ninety days has elapsed.

Medical treatment of affected animals is unavailing and should not
beattempted. No matter how valuable the diseased animals may have
been before they contracted the disease, they should at once be
destroyed and the contagion eradicated. This is the best policy for
the individual as well as for the community.

The eradication of this disease by local or national governments can
only be successful when the same principles are adopted and carried
out as are here recommended for individual stables. It is then adiffi-
cult undertaking, simply because the contagion is generally widely dis-
seminated before any measures are adopted, and because a great
majority of cattle owners will never report the existence of the dis-
ease. Regulations must therefore be enforced which will insure the
prompt discovery of every herd in which the disease appears, as well
as the destruction of all diseased and exposed animals and the thor-
ough disinfection of the premises.

To discover pleuro-pneumonia sufficiently early for this purpose, the
district supposed to be infected should be clearly defined and a suffi-
cient force of inspectors should be constantly employed to inspect
every herd in that district at least once in two weeks, or, better, once
aweek. No bovine animal should be allowed to go out of the defined
district alive, and all which enter it should be carefully inspected to
insure their freedom from disease. As an assistance to the discovery
of diseased herds, every animal which dies in the infected district
from any cause, and every animal which is slaughtered, even if appar-
ently in good health, should be the subject of a careful post-mortem
examination. Many affected herds will be found in this way.

In addition to these measures it is also necessary to guard against
the removal of animals from one stable to another, and the mixing of
herds upon common pastures or in the public highways. The object
must be to isolate every individual’s cattle as completely as possible,
or otherwise a single affected animal may infect a dozen or more herds.
To prevent surreptitious sale or trading of cattle, each animal must
in some way be numbered and recorded in the books kept by the offi-
cial in charge of the district. In the work of the United States
Department of Agriculture a numbered metal tag was fastened to
INFECTIOUS DISEASES OF CATTLE. 875

each animal’s ear, and index books were so arranged that with a
number given the owner could be at once ascertained, or from the
owner’s name the cattle for which he was responsible could be at once
learned. In this way if an animal was missing from a stable the fact
became apparent at once, or if one animal too many was found in a
stable the number in its ear would indicate where it came from. .

When pleuro-pneumonia is discovered by these means, the entire
herd should be slaughtered as soon as the formalities of appraisement
can be arranged. In country districts the carcasses should be buried,
as itis generally impracticable to dispose of them in any other way. In
city districts the animals may be taken to a slaughterhouse, with such
precautions as are possible to prevent dissemination of the contagion.
The animals should be slaughtered under the supervision of an inspector.
The healthy carcasses may be utilized for food, but the blood, entrails,
and all diseased carcasses should be heated to a temperature equal to
or above boiling water, and then used for the manufacture of fertilizers.

The disinfection of premises should be thorough and should be car-
ried out by a trained corps of men employed for that purpose. The
floors of stables should be removed, the accumulations removed from
beneath them, the contents of haylofts should be destroyed, and the
woodwork and soil beneath the stables should be thoroughly drenched
-with a solution of bichlorid of mercury, 1 part to 2,000 of water.
After the flooring is replaced the woodwork should be coated with
limewash, containing one-fourth pound of chlorid of lime to the gallon
of mixture.

Usually in these cases the owners are dependent upon their herd of
cows for a living, and consequently it is difficult or impossible to
‘hold the stables vacant for any considerable period. In a majority of
instances cattle may be admitted at once to stables so disinfected,
without the reappearance of the disease. Occasionally, however, it
will reappear without apparent cause. For this reason the inspection
and other measures must be maintained in the infected district for six
months ora year after the last case of disease has been disposed of.

Many people have objected to the slaughter of diseased and exposed
animals as an unscientific and expensive method of eradicating this
disease. To these it may be answered that itis the only method which
has ever proved successful, and that in the end it is much more eco-
nomical than temporizing measures.

Inoculation has been adopted in many countries, and has undoubt-
edly lessened the death rate, but the disease is kept up and spreads
where this practice is allowed. For this reason it should be prohibited
wherever there is a possibility and disposition to eradicate the con-
tagion.

RINDERPEST.

Rinderpest, also known as cattle plague, is an acute, infectious dis-
ease of cattle, in which the digestive organs are mainly involved.
876 DISEASES OF CATTLE.

Though unknown in this country, the importance of having near at
hand a few definite facts concerning this disease, should it ever reach
our shores, will be at once appreciated. A knowledge of such facts
may aid in an early recognition of the disease. It must not be for-
gotten, on the other hand, that a superficial knowledge of diseases,
such as the layman may gain through reading, not infrequently leads
to confounding comparatively harmless, noninfectious maladies with

 

PLEURO-PNEUMONIA.
[Description of plates. ]

Puate XXX. The dorsal, or upper, surface of the lungs of the ox reduced to
one-sixth of the natural size: a, a’, the right and the left principal lobes. These
are the largest and are situated posteriorly, resting upon the diaphragm; D, b’, the
ventral lobes, situated between the principal lobes, and ¢, c’, c’, the most anterior,
or cephalic, lobes; ¢, ¢c’, c’’. anterior, or cephalic, lobes. The right anterior is divided
into two lobes (c, c’), the left is single (c’); d, trachea, or windpipe.

Those portions of the lung tissue lying outside of the dotted lines are the ones
most commonly affected in the ordinary types of pneumonia. In the majority of
the lungs examined in the laboratory of the Bureau, which were affected with
contagious pleuro-pneumonia, the principal lobes (a, a’) were primarily affected.

Pate XXXI. The ventral, or middle. lobe of the right lung affected with col-
lapse and beginning broncho-pneumonia. The light yellowish portions represent
healthy lung tissue; the red represents the disease. It will be noticed that the
lines between the lobules are quite faint, indicating little or no inflammation of
the connective tissue between the lobules. The healthy lung tissue is seen to be
raised above the level of the diseased portion. In contagious pleuro-pneumonia
the exact reverse is the case, the diseased portions being very much larger than
the healthy.

PLaTE XXXII. Appearance of a cow’s lung affected with contagious pleuro-
pneumonia when sections or slices are made of it and cut surfaces examined.
Fig.1. Transverse section through the right principal lobe in a case of acute pleuro-
pneumonia. The area drawn includes the air tubes, veins, and arteries. and illus-
trates the great thickening of the interlobular connective tissue into broad whitish
bands, and of the walls of the air tubes, veins, and arteries: a. air tube cut
obliquely; a’, air tube cut directly across; b, arteries cut across: c, large vein com-
pletely occluded by a thrombus, or plug, formed during life. The great thicken-
ing of the walls of the artery and vein in this disease is especially brought out by
stating that in the healthy lung they are so thin as to be easily overlooked. Fig. 2.
Transverse section of the principal lobe in a case of acute pleuro-pneumonia,
illustrating the different kinds of hepatization or consolidation of the lung. These
are indicated by the different colors from dark red to reddish yellow. This varia-
tion of color is regarded by some as the real marbling characteristic of pleuro-
pneumonia, while the whitish bands penetrating the lung tissue in all directions
constitute th: true marbling according to other observers.

PLATE XXXII illustrates what are called infarctions in pleuro-pneumonia.
The right half of the figure shows nearly normal lung tissue. The left represents
a blackish mass in which the lung tissue is filled with blood and solidified. This
is caused by the plugging of the vein carrying away the blood from this portion.
The heart forces the blood through the artery into the tissue at considerable pres-
sure, but, owing to the fact that its return is prevented, the minute blood vessels

rupture and the air vesicles become distended with blood, which coagulates and
causes the firmness of the tissue.
PLATE XXX

DISEASES OF CATTLE

 

Haines del. JULIUS BIEN & CONY.

UPPER,OR DORSAL, SURFACE OF THE LUNGS OF THE Ox.

(Y2 NATURAL SIZE.)
DISEASES OF CATTLE PLATE XxxI

 

Haines del. JULIUS BIEN & CO.N.Y.

BRONCHO-PNEUMONIA.
DISEASES OF CATTLE PLATE XXXII

 

2 hig 2
Haines del bg JULIUS BIEN & CON,

CONTAGIOUS PLEURO- PNEUMONIA.
PLATE Xxxilt

DISEASES OF CATTLE

   

Haines del.

 

tOUS PLEURO-PNEUMONIA.

 

JULIUS BIEN & CO.NY.
INFECTIOUS DISEASES OF OATTLE. 377

such as are truly dangerous (foot-and-mouth disease, rinderpest, ete. ),
and causes temporary panics among stock owners.

Rinderpest has its home, according to some authorities, in the terri-
tory around the Black Sea and the Volga River in Russia; according to
others, in Central Asia. Thence it has been conveyed it various times
by cattle to nearly every country of Europe and Asia, where it has
proved a veritable bovine scourge. It probably visited Europe as
early as the beginning of the Christian era, and the migrations of
people from the far East have since then introduced the disease from
time to time. Especially during the eighteenth century it was more
or less prevalent in Europe, owing to the frequent wars, during which
herds of cattle were brought from eastern Europe and Asia to supply
the demands of the armies. It prevailed in Europe during the Franco-
Prussian war. At present it exists in Russia, South Africa, and the
Philippines.

The virus is conveyed from one country to another chiefly by means
of infected cattle, although infected hides, wool, and food may play
an important part in its dissemination. The railroad facilities of the
present, which furnish the means of such rapid communication, are
particularly liable to aid in the spread of the disease.

In the past rinderpest has been supposed to be identical with various
human diseases, among them smallpox and typhoid fever. These sup-
positions are unfounded, and the view of authorities to-day is that it
is a disease of a peculiar kind, not identical with any other known
infectious disease.

The contagion of rinderpest.—The cause of rinderpest must be
looked for among micro-organisms—most likely bacteria. However,
the investigations made thus far for this causal factor have been
fruitless, although certain recent experiments would indicate that
the unseen microbe is of such dimensions that it is withheld by the
dense bacterial filters, but passes through the more porous ones. It
was formerly supposed by various authorities that rinderpest virus
appeared spontaneously under the influence of deteriorated food and
long and exhausting drives, also during unusual meteorological con-
ditions. This view, however, is no longer maintained. It is probable
that the disease in its home in Asia is perpetuated by continual infec-
tion of fresh animals, and some authorities even go so far as to believe
that the disease would be entirely stamped out, even in its native
haunts, by a destruction of all sick and infected herds. However this
may be, the success of such an undertaking would largely depend on
the nature of the cause. If astrictly parasitic organism, like the con-
tagion of pleuro-pneumonia, it might be completely extirpated in thic
way. If, however, the germs or bacteria may live and multiply out-
side of the bovine body, in the soil, water, or in some other animal,
extirpation would be impossible.

The virus may be transmitted from sick to healthy animals in 2.
878 DISEASES OF OATTLE.

variety of ways, both direct and indirect. It is said to be present in
the various excreta of the diseased, such as the discharges from the
nose, and the saliva, the urine, andthe manure. It retains its vitality
outside of the body in a moist state for months, and the disease is
reported to hav : developed after feeding hay a year after it has lain
in an infected stable. Hence manure and the fodder and bedding
soiled with the discharges may convey the disease. Persons may
carry the virus on their shoes, clothing, and implements. Even small
animals, such as cats and rats, which frequent barns and stables have
been looked upon as carriers of the virus.

Cattle are very susceptible to the disease, and in its virulent type
all those exposed are said to become infected. Buffaloes, sheep, and
goats are likewise susceptible, but in a less degree.

It is also claimed that animals after having passed through one
attack are able to resist successfully future attacks. Inoculation with
virus is said to produce immunity, but the process of inoculation itself
is followed by death in many cases.

Symptoms.—The symptoms of rinderpest are not very characteristic,
and hence the diagnosis of a suspected case in the beginning of an
invasion is attended with difficulties. Certain appearances which are
characteristic of one epizootic may be absent in another. Different
observers are not quite agreed as to the most constant and important.

The period of incubation, i. e., the time elapsing between the expo-
sure to infection and the earliest outward symptoms, varies from three
toninedays. Thenthe firstsign isa very high fever temperature, which
may reach 107° F. The heat of the skin varies in different parts of
the body, and may be felt at the base of the ears and horns. Repeated
chills are frequently observed. The pulse reaches 50 to 60 beats per
minute, and may rise to 90 or 100 in very severe attacks.

The animal manifests great debility. The head droops and rests
on some object of support. One or both ears may droop. The coat
is staring and the muzzle dry. ‘Ihe secretion of milk diminishes very
rapidly. Within twelve to twenty hours the usual quantity may have
become reduced one-half or two-thirds. The back is arched, and the
four limbs are brought together under the body.

As the disease progresses, symptoms with reference to the digestive
and respiratory organs become prominent. The mucous membrane
of the mouth and the nose, as well as that of the rectum and vagina,
becomes reddened, either in patches or diffusely, and assumes a scarlet
hue. The discharges, at first firm, become softer, and soon diarrhea
sets in. This is said to be one of the most constant symptoms. The
rectum may become everted and paralyzed, and the bowels move
spontaneously. The discharges become fetid, viscid, and streaked
with blood. Coughing is acommon symptom, and by some considered
characteristic. It is associated with discharges from the nose and
vagina and dribbling of saliva from the mouth. The eyes also are
INFECTIOUS DISEASES OF CATTLE. 379

affected. There is an increased formation of a viscid secretion which
flows down the face.

Another series of changes prominent in some epizootics and mild or
absent in others are the ulcers, or so-called ‘‘erosions,” in the mouth.
These begin as red patches and streaks. The mucous membrane in
such localities is converted into a grayish white slough, which, when
shed, leaves asmall erosion, or ulcer. Atthe same time similar changes
may go on in the skin of the thighs, the udder, or the scrotum, and
about the vagina, which lead to small sloughs.

In severe cases, which are the most common in the susceptible cattle
of western Europe, death ensues four to seven days after the first
appearance of the disease, and is preceded by great emaciation and
debility, fetid, purulent discharges from nose and mouth, and the
relaxed rectum and vagina.

After death, if the animal be opened and the organs carefully exam-
ined, the chief changes will be found in the digestive organs. The
lining membrane of the mouth and pharynx is covered with mucus,
is reddened in spots, and shows superficial yellowish gray, cheesy
patches, which represent dead tissue and when removed expose ulcer-
ated depressions. The same reddening in spots and the yellowish
gray, cheesy deposits or patches are found in the fourth stomach, the
small intestines, and more rarely in the cecum, while the third stom-
ach, or manyplies, is mere or less impacted with dry, hard food. Simi-
lar changes may be found on the mucous membrane of the nasal cavity,
larynx, trachea, the uterus, vagina, and rectum. The lungs may be
injected, edematous, or pneumonic. The heart muscle is pale and
flabby, and frequently hemorrhages are observed in its internal mem-
brane. The liver may be pale or injected with blood, and at times
shows hemorrhages beneath its capsule. The bile is thin and watery
in consistence. The kidne}s may be inflamed or contain small hem-
orrhages within their substance or under the capsule. The lymphatic
glands may be swollen and injected or even hemorrhagic.

Treatment.—On account of the danger of spreading the infection,
neither medicinal treatment nor inoculation is permitted in European
countries, with the exception of Russia, where the disease is more
generally diffused. The most effective method of exterminating rin-
derpest in those districts in which the disease is not indigenous has
been found to be the slaughter of all affected and exposed animals.
Where the disease is general, successful efforts adopted for its con-
trol have followed the immunization by inoculation of the exposed
animals and a strict application of appropriate sanitary measures.
This protective inoculation has been. practiced with very gratifying

‘results in Russia, South Africa, and in the Philippine Islands. An
active immunity ‘is thus induced in susceptible animals which lasts
until the danger from exposure to the disease is over. This immu-
nity may be attained (1) by the inoculation of pure bile from an animal
380 DISEASES OF OATTLE.

which recently died of rinderpest, (2) by the inoculation of glycerinated
bile, followed by pure bile or virulent blood, or (3) by the simultaneous
inoculation of strong standardized serum and virulent blood.

The latter method has been adopted by the United States Govern-
ment in its endeavor to exterminate the disease in the Philippines
and to protect the cattle and carabaos against rinderpest after their
importation into those islands. Owing to the existence of this and
other infectious diseases in the Philippine Islands, an order has been
issued by the Department of Agriculture prohibiting the landing of
any live stock or animals of any kind from the Philippines at any of
the ports of the United States or the dependencies thereof. This pro-
hibition removes the greatest source of danger to which the United
States is exposed as the result of its intercourse with the Philippine
Islands. The introduction of rinderpest from those countries from
which we import animals is rendered extremely improbable, especially
in live animals, owing to its short period of incubation and to the
sixty-day quarantine for cattle (counting from date of shipment) and
fifteen-day (counting from date of landing) quarantine for sheep and
other ruminants and swine which are at present enforced in the United
States at all ports of entry.

FOOT-AND-MOUTH DISEASE.

This disease is also known as epizootic aphtha, aphthous fever, infec-
tious aphtha, eczema epizootica, and may be defined as an acute,
highly contagious fever of a specific nature, characterized by the erup-
tion of vesicles, or blisters, in the mouth, around the coronets of the
feet, and between the toes.

The tremendous ravages of the disease are seen in the number and
variety of species attacked. While it may be regarded as essentially
a disease of cattle, hogs would seem to be as easy a prey. Almost in
the same grade of receptivity come sheep and goats. Next in order of
liability come the buffalo, American bison, camel, deer, chamois,
llama, giraffe, and antelope. Horses, dogs, cats, and even poultry
have been victims of the infection, the last three classes being par-
ticularly dangerous as carriers of the contagion. Man himself is not
immune, and the frequency of his infection by coming in contact with
the diseased animals themselves is established by numerous observa-
tions. Children suffer asa result of drinking the unboiled milk from
infected cattle. In such cases the symptoms resemble those observed
in animals. There is fever and difficulty in swallowing, followed by
an eruption of blisters in the mouth and very rarely by similar ones
on the fingers. The disease is very seldom fatal, and chiefly restricted
to children and to those adults who handle sick animals or drink large
quantities of unboiled milk. Some veterinarians regard the human
affection as by no means uncommon in countries where foot-and-mouth
disease prevails, but that the disturbance of health is usually too
slight to come to the notice of the family doctor.
INFECTIOUS DISEASES OF CATTLE. 881

The disease prevails in European countries and occasions great
losses. Although the actual mortality is quite low, serious losses
result from the diminution of the milk secretion and consequent inter-
ference with the business of the dairy. There is likewise more or less
loss of flesh in animals. \

Every appearance of foot-and-mouth disease upon American soil
has been quickly followed by the total suppression of the disease, and
it will therefore be necessary to go abroad for evidences of the devas-
tation which always follows in the wake of an outbreak of this scourge
and for estimates of the loss which it entails upon the farmers and
stock owners in affected districts.

According to the very accurate statistics collected by the German
Empire, 431,235 head of cattle, 230,868 sheep and goats, and 153,808
swine were affected with the disease in that country in 1890. The
infection, quite insignificant in 1886, had been gradually spreading
until it reached the enormous figures given above in 1890. During
this same year it prevailed in France, Italy, Belgium, Austria-
Hungary, Switzerland, Roumania, and Bulgaria.

The losses from this disease in England in the year 1883 were esti-
mated at $5,000,000. An English practitioner of wide experience states
that it is none too high to place the loss upon each animal that becomes
infected but that ultimately recovers at $20, when milch cows or feed-
ing cattle that are nearly finished are under consideration. On store
cattle and calves the loss is proportionally less.

Estimating the losses upon the surviving animals from this basis
and adding the value of those that die, it will be seen that an outbreak
of this disease may quickly result in direct losses of many millions of
dollars. In addition to this, a considerable spread of the contagion
in this country would entail the entire loss of our export trade in live
animals, interruptions of domestic commerce, and quarantines, which
would surpass the loss caused by the ravages of the disease.

Unlike most other infectious diseases, foot-and-mouth disease may
attack the same animals repeatedly. The immunity or protection
conferred is thus only of limited duration. Hence protective inoc-
ulation with the virus, in whatever manner it may be practiced,
is not only of no use, but decidedly dangerous, as it will introduce the
disease. It is, however, not uncommon in European countries to
practice inoculation after the disease has appeared in a herd in order
to hasten its progress. This is highly recommended by some, since
it not only hastens the infection, but the disease is apt to be milder
and limited to the mouth. It consists in rubbing with the finger or a
piece of cloth a little of the mucus from the mouth of a diseased ani-
mal upon the inner surface of the upper lip of those to be inoculated.
From 50 to 75 per cent of the inoculated animals take the disease.

Cause.—As with other communicable diseases, the source and ori-
gin of foot-and-mouth disease has given rise to much speculation.
882 DISEASES OF OATTLE.

The disease had been known in Europe for centuries, but it was not
until a comparatively recent date that the erroneous conceptions of
its spontaneous origin asa result of climatic and meteorological condi-
tions, exhausting journeys, etc., were abandoned. It is now con-
ceded that foot-and-mouth disease is propagated by a specific virus
and that every outbreak starts from some preexisting outbreak.

The causative agent of this disease has not been isolated, although
numerous attempts have been made to cultivate and stain it. Experi-
ments have shown that the virus will pass through standard germ-
proof filters, thus indicating its minute size and the reason it has not
been detected by the staining methods. The contagion may be found
in the serum of the vesicles on the mouth, feet, and udder; in the
saliva, milk, and various secretions and excretions; also in the blood
during the rise of temperature.

A wide distribution of the virus and a rapid infection of a herd is
the result. Animals may be infected directly, as by licking, and in
calves by sucking, or indirectly by fomites, such as infected manure,
hav, utensils, drinking troughs, railway cars, animal markets, barn-
yards, and pastures. Human beings may carry the virus on their
clothing and transmit it on their hands when milking, since the udder
is occasionally the seat of the eruption. Milkin araw state may also
transmit the disease to animals fed with it.

The observations made by some veterinarians would lead us to sup-
pose that the virus is quite readily destroyed. It is claimed that
stables thoroughly cleaned become safe after drying for a short time.
Hence litter of all kinds, such as manure or soiled hay and straw,
may remain infective for a longer time because they.do not dry out.
Other authorities maintain that the virus is quite tenacious and may
live in stables even so long as a year. They also state that animals
which have passed through the disease may be a source of infection
for several months after recovery.

Symptoms.—In three to six days after the exposure of the ani-
mal to the infection the disease makes its appearance. It is first
indicated by the animal suffering from a chill, quickly followed
by an invasion of fever, which may cause the temperature to rise as
high as 106° F. Following this in one or two days it will be noticed
that small vesicles about the size of hemp seeds or peas are making
their appearance upon the mucous membranes of the mouth at the
border and upper surface of the tongue near the tip, the inside of the
cheeks, on the gums and the inner surface of the lips, or on the mar-
gin of the dental pad. These little blebs contain a yellowish watery
fluid and gradually become more extensive as the disease advances.
Soon after the eruptions have appeared in the mouth of the animal it
will be noticed that there is considerable swelling, redness, and ten-
derness manifest about the feet, at the coronet and between the digits
of each foot. Eruptions similar to those within the mouth make their
INFECTIOUS DISEASES OF CATTLE. 383

appearance upon these swollen regions of the foot a day or two later,
and at this stage it is usual to find that like lesions have made their
appearance upon the perineum of the victim. In the case of milch
cows the udder and more particularly the teats show the same vesicu-
lar eruption, but the latter as the result of milking soon become cov-
ered with reddened spots deprived of the superficial layer of skin and
may develop deep, obstinate fissures.

As soon as the disease has become well established the patient
evinces pain when attempting to eat; in fact, the appetite is often so
seriously affected that all food is refused and the animal uneasily
opens and shuts its mouth with a characteristic smacking sound,
while strings of cohesive, ropy saliva hang suspended from the lips.
With the advance of the disease the vesicles have widened and
extended until they may reach a diameter ranging from that of a dime
to that of a silver dolar. These rupture soon after their appearance,
sometimes on the first day, more rarely on the second or third day.
After they have ruptured the grayish white membrane forming the
blister may remain attached for a day or more or disappear speedily
and leave deeply reddened sensitive spots or erosions behind, both
within the mouth and upon the coronet and between the claws of the
feet. The same ulceration may be noticed in cases in which the teats
of milch cows have become affected, and instances are reported in
which sloughing of the tegument immediately around the ulcer upon
the udder has occurred. Owing to the tough, fibrous nature of the
bovine skin, it is exceeding rare for sloughing to occur upon any part
of the body other than those mentioned.

The attack upon the feet of an animal is frequently manifested in
all four feet at once, but one or more of the feet may entirely escape
and remain unaffected throughout the course of the disease. As the
feet become sensitive and sore the animal lies down persistently, and
it has been found that bed sores develop with amazing rapidity in all
such cases and wholly baffle all attempts at treatment until after the
patient has regained its feet.

The disease may attack some of the internal organs before it
appears upon any of the external tissues. These cases are very liable
to prove quickly fatal. The animal dies from paralysis of the heart
due to the formation of poisonous principles within the system, or it
may suffocate by reason of the action of these same poisons upon the
tissues of the lungs, or it may choke to death as a result of paralysis
of the throat.

In cases of serious affection of the udder the erosions will often be
found located within the passages of the teats, resulting in a ‘‘caked”
udder, and the same toxic poisoning, which is the cause of death in
the apoplectiform types just mentioned, may arise from this source.
In any event the milk from such cases will be found dangerous for
use, causing fatal diarrhea in sucking calves or young pigs and
384 DISEASES OF CATTLE.

serious illness in human consumers. The milk obtained from cows
suffering with foot-and-mouth disease is not readily converted into
either butter or cheese, but remains thick, slimy, and inert in spite of
churning and attempts at curdling. The ulceration of the interdigital
tissue may extend to the ligaments of the fetlock or produce disease
of the joint or bone. Pregnant animals may abort. In pigs, sheep,
and goats the lesions in the foot are most common, but both forms
may be observed or only the mouth lesions.

When the disease has become fully established it will be found that
the duration of the attack will vary greatly with different animals.
From ten to twenty days are usually required for the recovery of the
normal appetite and spirits in mild outbreaks, while the return to a
full flow of milk, in the case of milch cows, is seldom witnessed before
the arrival of the following season.

In the malignant type of the disease it requires from three months
to a year for an animal to recover. The mortality is not great, gen-
erally about 1 to 3 per cent, but in severe outbreaks it may reach 5
per cent. It is more fatal in young animals that have been fed on
infected milk, and produces death in from 60 to 80 per cent of these
cases as a result of gastro-enteritis.

Diagnosis.—The recognition of this affection should not, as a rule,
be difficult, especially when the disease is known to be in the vicin-
ity; in fact, the group of symptoms form a clinical picture too decided
to be doubted. ‘The combination of high fever, vesicular inflamma-
tion of the mouth, and hot, painful, swollen condition of the feet,
followed in twenty-four to forty-eight hours by the appearance of
numerous small vesicles varying ia size from that of a pea to that of
a hazel nut on the udder and feet and in the mouth should prevent any
serious or long-continued error in the diagnosis. However, in the inoc-
ulation of calves we have a certain and final test. In twenty-four to
seventy-two hours after inoculation the calves present the character-
istic vesicles. Such inoculation should be practiced, however, only by
officials who are properly authorized to deal with contagious diseases.

Differential diagnosis.—It can be asserted positively that no dis-
ease of cattle closely simulates the symptoms of the eruption of aph-
thous fever on the lining membrane of the mouth. Cowpox or horse-
pox may be accidentally transmitted by inoculation. But the eruption
in the ‘‘pox” goes on to the development of a pustule, while in foot-
and-mouth disease the eruption is never more than a vesicle, even
though the contained fluid may become turbid.

The inoculation test in the case of cowpox does not respond with
fever and eruption for at least ten days, and often longer.

In mycotic stomatitis or inflammation of the lining membrane of
the mouth the entire buecal cavity is inflamed and in a few days the
croupous membrane forms, peels off, and exposes a raw, bleeding sur-
face, while the thin skin between the toes may also be inflamed. The
INFECTLOUS DISEASES OF OATTLE. 385

previous history of the case; the failure of the vesicles, if any appear,
to spread extensively; the absence of vesicular eruptions on other
portions of the body, notably the udder and teats, and, characteris-
tically, the hoof, together with the absence of infection in the herd
and the complete negative character of inoculation of calves, distin-
guish between the local disease named and foot-and-mouth disease.

The lesion resulting from ergotism may be differentiated from those
of foot-and-mouth disease by the lack of eruptions in the mouth and
by the location of the disease at the tips of the ears, end of the tail,
or upon the lower part of the legs, usually below the knees or hocks.
The lesion of ergotism does not take the form of pustules or blisters,
but manifests itself first as a swelling about the ankle, which later
may slough and circumscribe the limb, forming a deep crack extend-
ing entirely around the limb and forming a distinct line of demarca-
tion between the healthy skin above and the diseased below. The
absence of ulcerous sores on the coronet and between the claws,
together with a healthy condition of the membranes of the mouth
and the knowledge that the lesion upon the limb in question extends
uninterruptedly around it, should point conclusively to a diagnosis
of ergotism and to the exclusion of all fears of foot-and-mouth disease.

In foul foot or ground itch of cattle the inflammation of the skin
and toes is general and not in certain spots as in foot-and-mouth dis-
ease; the mouth remains unaffected, and the presence of the disease
may be traced to filth and poor drainage.

The severer forms of the disease might be confounded with certain
general diseases. Where gastro-intestinal symptoms predominate
acute gastric catarrh or inflammation of the intestines might be
thought of. Involvement of the lungs might lead to a diagnose of
acute congestion of the lungs or pneumonia. The distinction is
apparent in these diseases by the lack of vesicular eruption on the
mucous membrane or skin, and also by lack of evidences of infection
in the herd or neighboring animals.

Prophylaxis.—The measures to be adopted to prevent the spread of.
the affection must take into consideration the highly infectious nature
of the disease, its ease of dissemination, and the liability of the virus
to live a saprophytic life for long periods. Great care should there-
fore be observed in keeping healthy animals unexposed to the con-
tagion. When an outbreak occurs in a community the owner should
make every effort to keep other animals from coming in contact with
his diseased cattle. This especially applies to dogs, cats, goats, and
poultry, which usually have access to the stables and barnyards and
in this way furnish excellent means for disseminating the infectious
principle. He should be equally particular in prohibiting any person
from coming onto his premises, especially an attendant or owner or
other person in any way connected with cattle. Such a herd may

61386—08——25
386 DISEASES OF CATTLE.

be placed under quarantine, with an inspector appointed to keep the
premises under constant surveillance.

This method of quarantine alone, while very satisfactory in many
instances, is rather tardy in obtaining the desired result. For this
reason when the disease breaks out in a country like the United
States, where the contagion is likely to spread rapidly by means of
infected cars, manure, hay, and other feed, and where the loss attend-
ant upon its obtaining a firm foothold would result so disastrously, it
seems that this method of temporizing is rather tedious, and more
radical steps are required in order to suppress and eradicate completely
the infection in the quickest and most thorough manner possible.

It would therefore appear better to concentrate the expense incident
to the extermination of foot-and-mouth disease by purchasing and
slaughtering all affected and exposed cattle after judicious appraise-
ment. The carcasses of these animals should be totally destroyed,
preferably by cremation, or otherwise by burying them in a hole six
feet deep and covering them with air-slaked lime. The infected stable
should be disinfected by thoroughly cleaning it, scrubbing the floor
with hot water, brushing down all loose dust from the walls, and tear-
ing off all woodwork which is partly decayed. Then the whole interior
of the stable should be covered with a good coat of limewash contain-
ing 1 part of a 40 per cent solution of formaldehyde (which is sold
by the drug trade under the commercial name of formalin) to 30 parts
of the limewash, or four ounces of formalin to each gallon of lime-
wash. Another efficient wash for this purpose may be prepared by
adding 6 ounces of chlorid of lime to each gallon of limewash. All
stable utensils should be thoroughly cleaned and disinfected by the
application of a solution containing 4 ounces of formalin to a gallon
of water, or 6 ounces of crude carbolic acid to each gallon of water.
The manure should be burned or spread over ground (other than
meadow land) that is to be turned under. No other cattle should be
purchased for at least thirty days after the complete disinfection of the
premises.

The method of eradicating the outbreak of foot-and-mouth disease
in New England in 1902-3 consisted in the rigid quarantine of all
infected premises and of the animals upon them, in slaughtering the
diseased and exposed animals at the earliest practicable moment, and
in thoroughly disinfecting the stables and the contents of the build-
ings in which they had been sheltered. The progress of this work,
the confinement of the disease to four of the New England States, and
its complete eradication in a comparatively short time demonstrate
in a striking manner the efficacy of slaughtering and the futility of
relying upon quarantine alone in stamping out the disease.

Inoculation has been adopted in some countries in order to have
the disease spread quickly through the herds, and while this practice
has undoubted value where the disease is indigenous, it is not desirable
in this country and should not be adopted.
INFECTIOUS DISEASES OF CATTLE. 387

Medicinal treatment.—In some mild attacks of foot-and-mouth
disease great) benefit may be derived from a judicious attempt to
relieve the symptoms and thus assist nature in overcoming the dis-
ease, but the great danger attached to the presence of an infectious
disease in any noninfected locality for twelve to twenty days, while
the disease is running its course, must appeal to the sanitarian and
prevent indiscriminate medicinal treatment.

However, beneficial results have been obtained by the local applica-
tion of disinfecting and astringent lotions. A teaspoonful of alum,
chlorate of potash, boracic acid, or one-half teaspoonful of the tine-
ture of aloes and myrrh placed in the mouth has proved efficacious.
The infected animals may be made to stand from five to ten minutes
in a shallow trough containing medicinal agents such as a 1-to-1,000
solution of bichlorid of, mercury or a 3 per cent earbolic acid or creo-
lin solution. Where the teats and udder are affected the application
of carbolized vaseline, camphor: ointment, or borated glycerin has
given excellent results. If the symptoms of heart weakness are
manifest, give digitalis, camphor, or alcohol, while excessive fever
may be reduced with phenacetin.

The complications that may follow the disease are usually the result
of contaminating bacteria, and it is therefore desirable to have the
animals and their surroundings kept in as cleanly a condition as pos-
sible. The cattle should be fed on soft meal or grain and given a
plentiful supply of clean water. ,

SEPTICEMIA AND PYEMIA.

These two names are applied to diseased conditions which are so
nearly alike in their symptoms that it is sometimes difficult to distin-
guish the one from the other. Indeed, the name pyosepticemia, or
septicopyemia, is often applied where it is impossible to make a dis-
tinction between septicemia and pyemia or where each is equally
responsible for the diseased condition. The name septicemia is
derived from two Greek words meaning ‘‘ poison” and ‘‘ blood,” and
signifies that the germ lives in the blood, hence the use of the term
‘‘piood poisoning” for this disease. Pyemia is likewise derived from
two Greek words, meaning ‘‘ pus” and ‘‘blood,” and is that form of
septicemia caused by pus-producing organisms and characterized by
secondary abscesses.

Causes.—Neither of these diseases is brought about, strictly speak-
ing, by any specific organism, hence neither can be looked upon as a:
specific disease.. The organisms most frequently found in cases of
septicemia are, on the whole, the same as those of pyemia, and may
be either pus cocci, the bacillus coli, or other pus-producing organ-
isms. These organisms are often found as secondary invaders in
other diseases, such as advanced cases of tuberculosis, in which
cases they are responsible for the formation of pus.

Aside from the causative organism, or, in other words, the active
388 DISEASES OF CATTLE.

cause, there are many secondary causes. The most important of
these in pyemia is a break in continuity of the protective covering, as
a wound, which affords an entrance into the tissues for the organisms.
Among the different varieties of wounds may be mentioned cuts,
bruises, punctures, burns, chemical or frozen wounds, and compound
fractures of bones. Injuries received during parturition, stoppage
of the milk ducts, and infection of the umbilicus in the newly born
are also frequent causes of pyemia. Septicemia usually follows sur-
gical wounds, localsuppuration, enteritis, bronchitis—in fact, wherever
there is a local lesion of any kind permitting germs to enter the blood.
Septicemia was formerly applied to designate the condition in which
the organisms were localized, but in which their toxins were diffused
in the blood. Pyemia was made to represent that condition where the
organisms were localized, but. in which the pus was transported by
the blood. These terms now are applied to conditions in which both
the organisms and their toxins, or the pus, are present in the blood.
The term septicemia is indicated where intoxication is the more pro-
nounced symptom and pyemia where pus formation and metastatic
or secondary abscess formation are observed.

Symptoms.—The symptoms of both diseases include primarily a
high fever (104° to 107° F.). Coupled with this there is disinclination
to move, the animal is depressed and not cognizant of its surround-
ings. The pulse is rapid, small, and feeble, respiration increased,
mucous membrane injected, swollen, and of a yellowish tinge. Appe-
tite is lost and death follows in the case of septicemia in from two to
fourdays. In pyemia the symptoms come on more slowly and are not
so intense as in septicemia, while the course of the disease is longer,
lasting from six days to four weeks. The mortality is not so great as
in septicemia, but the period of convalescence is always long.

Lesions.—Septicemia is characterized by the destructive changes in
the blood, which is chocolate color, noncoagulable, and swarms with
bacteria. The lining membranes of the heart are studded with red
spots, often running together to form a large hemorrhagic area. The
lungs, liver, and kidaeys may also show these hemorrhages. The
spleen is enlarged and full of black blood. The cadaver decomposes
very rapidly and in some cases forms great quantities of fetid gas.
In pyemia, in addition to these lesions, there are abscesses formed in
the various organs throughout the body. If the disease develops
slowly a postmortem shows these abscesses to be the chief altera-
tions. The pus content is usually greenish, stained with blood, and
contains strings of fibrous tissue and necrosed matter.

Treatment.—Treatment is almost futile in advanced cases of either
disease. Septicemia is usually fatal and pyemia frequently so. Pre-
vention, and the immediate treatment of local infections, are the
surest means of combating these diseases. For local treatment of
wounds the usual antiseptics are indicated, such as 5 per cent creolin,
«

INFECTIOUS DISEASES OF OATTLE. 389

or ecarbolic acid, or one one-thousandth bichloride of mercury solu-
tion. For pyemia, where the abscesses are near the skin, open them
and treat antiseptically by injecting any of the previous mentioned
germicides. General and heart stimulants are indicated, such as a
drench containing digitalis 2 drams and alcohol 2 ounces. Quinine
and calomel in repeated small doses of one-half dram each three times
a day are sometimes beneficial. Camphor in the form of oil of cam-
phor (camphor dissolved in 10 parts of sweet oil) is a good stimulant
and has some antiseptic properties, which makes it a valuable drug in
combating these diseases when given in doses of 2 drams three times
daily.
HEMORRHAGIC SEPTICEMIA.

Hemorrhagic septicemia is a name applied to a highly fatal, infec-
tious disease existing in various species of domestic and wild animals,
due to a micro-organism having definite biological characters and pos-
sessing the properties of producing clearly defined and characteristic
lesions.

This causal agent, Bacterium bovisepticum, belongs to the same
group of cocco-bacilli as those causing chicken cholera, swine plague,
and rabbit septicemia, and may be described as an ovoid, nonmotile,
polar staining bacterium with rounded ends, sg4,, of an: inch wide by
zotos Of an inch long, sometimes seen in pairs and sometimes in chains.

Various names have been applied to this disease, and though the
causative agent and the distinctive lesions are well known it is more
than likely that the affection is seldom recognized. It was described
by Bollinger in 1878, and named Wild und Rinderseuche, from its
having affected deer, wild boars, cattle, and horses in an epizootic
which swept over Germany at that time. However, before this sev-
eral epizootics of what was evidently the same disease had been well
described, notably that which occurred in England in 1854. Since
then it has occurred in epizootic and enzootic forms in many sections
of Europe, Asia, Africa, and America. In this country the disease
has been observed in Texas, Tennessee, New York, Minnesota, Penn-
sylvania, District of Columbia, South Dakota, and Wisconsin. Other
names given to it are game and cattle disease, buffalo disease, bar-
bone, pasteurellosis bovina, ghotwa, and infectious pneumoenteritis.

In earlier times it was evidently confounded with gloss anthrax, and
even now it is probably mistaken in a great many instances for anthrax,
blackleg, cornstalk disease, and cerebro-spinal meningitis.

The disease is essentially a septicemia, or blood poisoning, and the
microbie invasion occurs from inoculation probably either through
abrasions of the skin or by injury to the mucous membranes from
coarse fodder, etc. Moore and Smith have found bacteria belonging
to this group in the mouths and nasal cavities of healthy animals,
including cattle; but these organisms proved to be nonpathogenic.
+

390 DISEASES OF CATTLE.

As is well known, however, many pathogenic germs at times exist in
a saprophytic state, and it is not hard to conceive how a microbe may
cease such existence and assume parasitic or pathogenic properties
when the surroundings are eminently favorable. This may be a con-
necting link in the etiology of sporadic outbreaks of the disease where
every other hypothesis as to its genesis seems untenable. The disease
seems to occur most frequently in swampy or mucky localities or in pas-
tures receiving the overflow from infected fields. It is said to occur
usually in the spring of the year, when the melting snows and rains
bring to the surface the subterranean waters from rich soils contain-
ing nitrogenous materials in which the bacteria have been existing.
In a great many instances there does not seem to be any plausible
explanation for an outbreak of the disease and one can only surmise
as to its origin.

Symptoms.—Three forms of the disease are recognized, based upon
the distribution of the lesions—the superficial, or cutaneous, the pec-
toral, or thoracic, and the intestinal form. The latter is a usual
accompaniment of the other two, and may be mild or severe. Natu-
rally, the symptoms vary according to the violence of the attack and
to the particular form of disease with which the animal is affected.
In the superficial, or cutaneous, form the presence of a swollen tongue,
throat, and dewlap, or even of the lower portion of the legs, gives us a
clew to the trouble. An entire loss of appetite occurs, and in milch
cows there is a diminution of the milk secretion. The temperature
may be only slightly elevated, but it is usually very high. Salivation
is set up due to the inflammation of the mouth and pharynx. Unsuc-
cessful efforts at eating and swallowing are made. There may be
difficulty in breathing, depending on the amount of involvement of
the larynx, trachea, bronchi, or lungs. There may be a blood-stained
discharge from the nostrils, and the mucous membrane of the same
will often show punctiform hemorrhages. The pulmonary form
shows the same symptoms as croupous pneumonia with a frequent
suffocative cough and oppressed breathing, or dyspnea. When the
intestines are involved the patient strains to defecate, and passes
shreds of intestinal mucus along with blood-stained feces. The urine
may also be tinged with blood. Finally a severe diarrhea takes place,
the animal becomes correspondingly weak, and death takes place in
twenty-four to thirty-six hours. Cases may die in as short a period
as six to eight hours, while in the pectoral form of the disease the
animal may linger six or eight days. Cases have been reported which
became chronic and in which death did not take place for a month
or more. In some of the cases running an acute course, symptoms
of toxemia are present; there is a lack of sensation of the skin, stag-
gering gait, trembling, eyes fixed, neck at times bent to one side, and
the eyes showing a wild expression. At times the animals appear as
if in pain and look around at the flanks. In the pectoral form they
INFECTIOUS DISEASES OF OATTLE. 391

may stand with the fore legs wide apart in evident effort to breathe
more freely. Sometimes there is a champing of the jaws and a very
free flow of glairy saliva dropping from the mouth.

The prognosis is decidedly unfavorable and 80 to 90 per cent of
the cases result fatally.

Lesions.—The characteristic lesions of hemorrhagic septicemia
consist of hemorrhagic areas in the subcutaneous, subserous, and
muscular tissues, the lymph glands, and the viscera; in fact, they are
distributed more or less widely throughout the body and vary in size
from a mere speck to the diameter of a half dollar or even larger.
The superficial form presentsitself first as a doughy tumefaction of
the skin about the region of the throat, neck, dewlap, or legs, and
which pits on pressure. This tumefaction consists essentially of a
sero-gelatinous exudate into the subcutaneous and intermuscular
tissues.

Bloody extravasations may take place in subcutaneous tissues in
various localities, but they are usually seen about the lower portion
of the neck. The mucous membranes and submucous tissues of the
mouth, tongue, pharynx, and larynx become involved in the process
and are greatly thickened, inflamed, and infiltrated with serum. The
mucous membrane becomes reddish purple, and that of the nostrils
may in addition show hemorrhagic spots on its surface. The lym-
phatic glands in this region are also swollen and infiltrated with bloody
serum. The salivary glands are pale and dry. The pectoral type,
though at times existing alone, may coexist with the cutaneous form.

‘The inflammatory edema of the mouth extends to the mucous mem-
brane of the trachea and bronchi, producing an extensive thickening
and a yellowish infiltration. The lung shows interstitial thickening,
due to the outpouring of serum into its meshes. It may become
pneumonic.

The diaphragm, heart sac, and heart walls show numerous hemor-

-rhagic points and larger bloody extravasations. Semetimes there is
a serous pleurisy, with more or less fibrinous exudate. In the intes-
tinal form the submucous and subperitoneal tissues show alterations
from a few hemorrhagic spots to large bloody suffusions, or even
gelatinous infiltrations. This latter is seen about the region of the
pancreas and in the folds of the mesentery. There is a severe hemor-
rhagic inflammation of the intestines and a staining of the intestinal
contents with blood. The muscular system throughout shows hemor-
rhagic areas. The abdominal viscera, liver, spleen, and kidneys often
present hemorrhagic lesions.

Differential diagnosis.—Aunthrax, which presents superficial swell-
ings, like hemorrhagic septicemia, may be distinguished from that
affection on postmortem examination by the enlargement and engorge-
ment of the spleen, the contents of which are soft and tarry. The
blood of anthrax animals is very dark, and does not become light red
392 DISEASES OF CATTLE.

on exposure to air, nor does it coagulate, while in hemorrhagic septi-
cemia the blood is normal in appearance and coagulates. The detec-
tion of the anthrax bacillus in the blood would be final.

In blackleg the animals affected are usually under 2 years of age.
The swellings are quite evident, and usually occur on the legs, above
the knees or hocks, and are distended with gas, which crackles, or
crepitates, when pressed upon. If one of these,tumors be opened,
a bloody serum will exude, and the contained gas gives off the
odor of rancid butter. The internal hemorrhages are not general,
although they may occur. A microscopic examination of the juices
from the tumefaction will show the blackleg bacillus.

In cerebro-spinal meningitis the causative agent is unknown, but
probably exists in the food. It may occur in any locality and at any
season of the year. There are no local swellings, and cattle are not
frequently affected.

Cornstalk disease may be differentiated from this affection from
the fact that it always occurs after the cattle are turned into a corn-
stalk field, by its sudden onset, the absence of any characteristic
symptoms or postmortem lesions, and the failure to find the causative
agent in the blood.

In making a postmortem examination of animals affected with
hemorrhagic septicemia, it would be well to examine the articular
surfaces of the long bones, as it has been reported that they are fre-
quently ulcerated. This should apply especially to those cases that
have shown lameness.

Treatment.—Treatment is absolutely useless, so far as we know at
present, and for all practical purposes prophylaxis alone should be
relied upon. The same sanitary precautions, such as isolation, dis-
infection, and burial or burning of all dead carcasses, should be
observed as for anthrax and other highly infectious diseases. Sepa-
rate the apparently well animals from the sick by placing them in a
separate, noninfected lot. Leave them here for a few days, and if
any new cases develop change the well ones again. Thoroughly dis-
infect all the premises, barns, stalls, litter, and stable utensils.

VESICULAR ERUPTION OF THE GENITAL ORGANS.

This contagious disease is called coital exanthema or vesicular
exanthema, and is more or less prevalent on the Continent. It has
also been observed in the breeding districts of the United States. It
is the subject of legislation in Germany, and governmental statistics
are published annually concerning its distribution in the Empire.
According to the reports from Hungary, 492 head of cattle were
attacked during 1898, 587 in 1899, and 207 in 1900. ,

A similar or perhaps identical disease of horses has the same dis-
tribution and is transmissible from horses to cattle and vice versa.
 

INFECTIOUS DISEASES OF CATTLE. 393

The disease may be defined as a highly contagious eruption situated
upon the external genital organs of both sexes and accompanied with
little or no general disturbance of health. The contagion, the nature of
which remains still unknown, is transmitted mainly during copulation.
The bull may have the disease and convey it to all the cows with
which he comes in contact; or he may become infected by one cow,
and, although not showing the disease, he may transmit it for several
days after to all other cows during copulation. Simple contact
between one cow and another may convey the disease, or the sponges
used in cleaning the diseased may carry the virus to the healthy. It
has also been conveyed to healthy cows by these animals lying with
their hind quarters against infected wooden troughs.

Symptoms.—The period elapsing between the infection and the
appearance of symptoms is somewhat variable. It is usually given as
three to six days. It may be briefer or much longer. In cows the
mucous membrane of the vagina and the vulva become swollen,
inflamed, very tender, and covered with dark-red spots. The secre-
tion is very abundant and consists at first largely of serum and mucus
resembling the white of an egg. Small vesicles then appear, which
rapidly burst and are converted into excoriations or deeper ulcera-
tions. The secretion becomes more purulent and is apt to dry in
crusts about the root of the tail. The eruption is accompanied with
much itching and difficulty in urinating. The walk may be stiff and
awkward. In bulls the eruption is situated on the prepuce and the end
of the penis, and consists of pimples, vesicles, and ulcers, as in cows.
It is accompanied by a little purulent discharge from the prepuce,
itching, and difficulty in urinating. In severe cases the inflammation
and swelling may extend backward to the scrotum and forward upon
the abdomen.

The disease lasts from one to four weeks and always terminates
in recovery. The acute stage lasts only four or five days, while
the complete healing of the inflammation is slow. The eruption is
usually accompanied by very little general disturbance. If the pain
and irritation are severe, there may be some slight loss of appetite
and diminished milk secretion in cows. The disease rarely causes
abortion. Chronic catarrh of the vagina and permanent sterility fre-
quently follow as sequele.

Treatment need not be resorted to excepting in severe cases. The
secretion and exudation should be washed off and a mild antiseptic
applied, such asa1 percent solution of carbolic acid (1 ounce to 3 quarts
of water) or 2 per cent solution of lysol or creolin in water. Care
must be taken not to carry the disease from the sick to the well by
sponges, etc., which have come in contact with the affected organs.
These should be destroyed. To prevent the spread of the disease the
infected animals should be kept isolated until they have recovered.
394 ' DISEASES OF CATTLE.
RABIES OF CATTLE.

Rabies is a disease preeminently affecting the canine race, although
all warm-blooded animals, including man, are susceptible to the mal-
ady, which is always communicated through bites from a preceding
case. It has required many years of patient scientific research to lead
the ablest investigators to a clear comprehension of the cause, nature,
and characteristics of this affection. It was known and described sev-
eral centuries prior to the beginning of the Christian era, and from
the earliest dawn of history the disease has been feared and dreaded.
Its terrible manifestations have always been surrounded with an
atmosphere of awe and mystery, and it is not surprising that myths,
fallacies, and misconceptions in regard to it have been common and
widely accepted. As the investigations by which we have come to a
tolerably clear understanding of the facts concerning rabies have
been comparatively recent and have appeared for the most part in
scientific periodicals, fallacies in regard to the disease continue to
have a strong hold upon the public mind. For instance, it is still a
widely prevalent belief that if persons or animals are bitten by a dog
they are liable to become rabid if the dog should contract the disease
at any future time. There is no foundation for this impression, and
it would be a great comfort to many people who are now and then
bitten by animals if the fallacy of this idea were appreciated. All
experience, both scientific and practical, goes to show that rabies is
transmitted only by animals that are actually diseased at the time
the bite is inflicted. Rabies is an infectious disease involving the
nervous system and characterized by extreme excitability and other
nervous disorders and always terminating in death. The contagion of
this disease has never been isolated, but the fact that it is caused by
a specific organism principally found in the nervous system is indis-
putable. For instance, if an emulsion of the brain of a rabid animal
is filtered through a germ-proof filter, the filtrate will be harmless.
This fact indicates that the infectious principle is not in solution, but
is an organism withheld from the filtrate by the filter. This conta-
gion can only be propagated in the body of an animal. It is trans-
mitted naturally from one animal to another solely by bites, and the
old idea of spontaneous appearance of the disease is absolutely falla-
cious. It may be produced artificially by inoculating susceptible
animals with an emulsion of the brain or spinal cord,*as well as the
saliva, milk, and other secretions of the affected animal. The blood,
on the contrary, seems to be free from the infectious principle. The
saliva contains the virus, which, under natural conditions, is intro-
duced into or under the skin on the tooth of the rabid animal. The
disease is widespread, being found in many countries of Europe,
Asia, and Africa and in certain sections of the United States.

Owing to the rigid quarantine regulations enforced against dogs
imported into Australia, that country remains absolutely free from the
 

INFECTIOUS DISEASES OF CATTLE. 395

disease. Following the canine race, cattle seem to be the most fre-
quently affected, probably because rabid dogs, next to their morbid
desire to attack other members of their own race, have a better oppor-
tunity to bite grazing cattle than any other species of animal. The
relative frequency of rabies in these two species of animals is indi-
cated by the carefully compiled statistics of the German Empire, which
show that 904 dogs and 223 cows died of rabies in 1898, while in 1899
there were 911 cases in dogs ‘and 171 in cattle. The latter receive
pites most frequently on the hind legs and in the hips and about the
lower jaw. These places are most accessible to dogs, owing to the
habit of cattle to drive their tormentors away by lowering their heads
and using their horns. Every animal bitten does not necessarily
develop the disease, but the percentage of fatalities has been vari-
ously estimated and averages from 25 to 30 per cent of the bitten cat-
tle. This, however, depends on the location and size of the wound, as
well as the amount of hemorrhage produced, and various other condi-
tions. In general, the nearer the bite is located to the central nervous
system and the deeper the wound inflicted, the greater the danger of
a fatal result. In cases where the hemorrhage resulting from the
bite is profuse, there is a possibility that the virus will be washed out
of the wound and thus obviate the danger of subsequent appearance
of the disease.

The virus after being deposited in the wound remains latent for an
extremely variable period of time, which also depends on the size and
depth of the wound as well as its location and the amount of the
virulent saliva introduced. Experiments have proved that the virus
follows the course of the nerves to the spinal cord and along the lat-
ter to the brain before the symptoms appear. Gerlach having col-
lected the statistics from 133 cases has found this time, known as the
period of incubation, to vary from fourteen to two hundred and eighty-
five days. The great majority of cases, however, contract the dis-
ease in one to three months after the bite has been inflicted.

Symptoms.—As in dogs, both furious and dumb rabies are met
with, the former being more common in cattle. However, a sharp
line of distinction can not be drawn between these two forms of the
disease, as the furious form usually merges into the dumb, due to the
paralysis which always appears prior to death. The typical cases of
dumb rabies are those where the paralysis appears at the beginning of
the attack and remains until the death of the animal. The disease
first manifests itself by a loss of appetite and rumination and stop-
ping of the secretion of milk, great restlessness, anxiety, manifesta-
tion of fear, and change in the disposition of the animal. This
preliminary stage is followed in a day or two by the stage of excita-
tion, or madness, which is indicated by increasing restlessness, loud
roaring at times with a peculiar change in the sound of the voice,
violent butting with the horns and pawing the ground with the
396 DISEASES OF CATTLE.

feet, with an insane tendency to attack other animals, although the
desire to bite is not so marked in cattle as in the canine race. A con-
stant symptom is the increased secretion of saliva with a consequent
frothing at the mouth, or the secretion may hang from the lips in long
strings. Constipation is marked, and there is manifested a continual, -
although unsuccessful, desire to defecate. Spasms of the muscles in
different parts of the body are also seen at intervals. About the
fourth day the animal usually becomes quieter and the walk is stiff,
unsteady, and swaying, showing that the final paralysis is coming
on. This is called the paralytic stage. The loss of flesh is extremely
" rapid, and even during the short course of the disease the animal
becomes exceedingly emaciated. The temperature is never elevated,
it usually remaining about normal orevensubnormal. Finally, there
is complete paralysis of the hind quarters, the animal being unable
to rise, and but for irregular convulsive movements lies in a comatose
condition, and dies usually from the fourth to the sixth day after the
appearance of the first symptom.

Anatomy.—If animals which have succumbed to rabies be exam-
ined postmortem, very slight evidence of disease will be found in any
of the organs, and, indeed, the absence of any specific lesions may be
considered as characteristic. The blood is dark and imperfectly
coagulated. The throat is frequently reddened, and there may be
small spots of extravasated blood in the intestines. The stomachs
are usually empty. In the spleen there may be hemorrhagic enlarge-
ments (infarcts). The cadavers rapidly undergo decomposition.

Differential diagnosis.—It is not an easy matter to decide definitely
that a given animal has rabies, since the symptoms given above belong
in part to a variety of other diseases, among which may be mentioned
the excitement seen in young animals following close confinement,
certain vegetable and mineral poisons, acute enteritis, and alterations
of the central nervous system in cattle, the most common of which is
tuberculosis of the brain and its covering membranes. However, the
postmortem lesions should assist in making a correct diagnosis.
Tetanus may readily be differentiated from rabies by the persistence
of muscular cramps, especially of the face and abdomen, which cause
these muscles to become set and as hard as wood. In tetanus there
is also an absence of a depraved appetite or of a wilful propensity to
hurt other animals or to damage the surroundings. The cow remains
quiet and the general muscular contraction gives the animal a rigid
appearance. There is an absence of paralysis which marks the
advanced stage of rabies. The dumb form of rabies in dogs is char-
acterized by the paralysis and pendency of the lower jaw, while in
tetanus the jaws are locked. This locking of the jaws in cattle ren-
ders the animal incapable of bellowing as in rabies. Finally, tetanus
may be distinguished from rabies by the fact that the central nervous
system does not contain the infectious principle, while in rabies the
INFECTIOUS DISEASES OF CATTLE. 397

inoculation of test rabbits with the brain or cord of a rabid animal
will produce the disease with characteristic symptoms after an inter-
val of fifteen to twenty days. This period of incubation is much longer
than in tetanus, since the inoculation of rabbits with tetanus cultures
invariably results in death after a short period and usually within
three days. The positive evidence that a rabid dog has been near
cattle would greatly assist in making a decision in doubtful cases.
The disease in dogs is pretty well recognized by most people, but in
case a suspected dog is killed it is desirable to open the animal and
examine the contents of the stomach. While food is absent, a variety
of odd things may be present which the abnormally changed appetite
of the rabid dog has induced it to swallow. Among such things may
be straws, sticks, glass, rags, earth, pieces of leather, and whatever
the animal may have encountered small enough to be swallowed.
This miscellaneous collection in the stomach of dogs, together with
absence of food, is regarded by authorities as a very valuable sign,
and may be made use of by laymen in case of doubt. In important
cases, however, the head of the dog, cow, or other suspected animal
should be removed and sent to the nearest biological laboratory, where
a positive diagnosis can be made within thirty-six hours by the histo-
logical examination of the plexiform nerve ganglia, and within two
or three weeks by the intracerebral inoculation of rabbits with an
emulsion of the brain of the suspected animal.

Treatment.—This is useless after the first appearance of symptoms.
When, however, a wound inflicted by a rabid animal can be discov-
ered, it should be immediately cauterized or even completely extir-
pated, care being taken to cut entirely around the wound in the
healthy tissues. For cauterizing the wound, fuming nitric acid, the
hot iron, and 10 per cent solution of zine chloride are the most effica-
cious. To afford an absolute protection, this should be done within a
few moments after the bite has been inflicted, although even as late
as a few hours it has been known to thwart the development of the
disease.

Pasteur has originated and perfected a system of preventive inocu-
lation against this disease which has greatly reduced the mortality in
human subjects. Its application to animals, however, is more diffi-
cult, requiring considerable time and expense, and is therefore only
economically applicable in cases where very valuable animals are bit-
ten by dogs known to be mad. Sanitary regulations which seek to
control effectively the disease by exterminating it among dogs are most
likely to prove successful. The measures which are adopted to this
end can not be discussed in this place, but it is a striking fact that
where the muzzling of all dogs has been rigidly enforced, as in Eng-
land and in certain German districts, the disease has been practically
stamped out. ;
398 DISEASES OF CATTLE.

TUBERCULOSIS.
(Plates XXIX, fig. 6; KX XIV to XL, inclusive.)

Tuberculosis is an infectious and communicable disease charac-
terized by the formation in various organs of the body of minute
nodules, or tubereles, which contain the Bacillus tuberculosis, the
cause of the disease.

The disease, in its various manifestations, has been known for many
centuries, and legislative enactments having reference to the destruc-
tion of affected animals and forbidding the use of the flesh date far back
into the middle ages. The opinions entertained regarding the nature
and the cause of the malady varied much in different periods, and very
markedly influenced the laws and regulations invogue. Thus, in the
sixteenth century, the disease was considered identical with syphilisin
man. In consequence of this belief very stringent laws were enacted,
which made the destruction of tuberculous cattle compulsory. In the
eighteenth century this erroneous conception of the nature of the dis-
ease was abandoned and all restrictions against the use of meat were
removed. Since that time, however, the communicable nature of this
disease has been established by many investigators, and the tide of
opinion has again turned in favor of repressing the disease and pro-
hibiting the sale of contaminated products.

Occurrence.—The statistics concerning tuberculosis show that it isa
disease prevalent in all civilized countries. In some countries, such
as the northern part of Norway and Sweden, on the steppes of eastern
Europe and Russia, in Sicily and Iceland, and in Algiers, it is said to
be quite rare. 2

The returns from testing British cattle with tuberculin, supplied by
the Royal Veterinary College, as stated in March, 1900, showed that
among 15,392 animals tested 4,105, or 26 per cent, reacted.

During the slaughter of cattle for pleuro-pneumonia careful exami-
nations of the carcasses were made for tuberculosis. Of 300 head
killed near Edinburgh 120, or 40 per cent, were tuberculous. Of
4,160 killed in England 20 per cent were tuberculous. Of one of
these lots of cattle (451 animals), the president of the Lancashire
Farmers’ Association testified that they were fairly representative
cattle—cows, heifers, and growing stock—a thoroughly mixed lot;
20 per cent of these animals had tuberculosis.

Of 398 bovine animals taken haphazard in the city of Manchester,
120, or 30 per cent, were tuberculous. Among these animals were 168
cows, 69, or 41 per cent, being tuberculous, and 2 having diseased
udders. ,

The result of testing the Queen’s herd at Windsor was that 36 out
40, or 90 per cent, were found tuberculous.

The investigations made by the British Dairy Farmers’ Association
deserve particular attention, coming as they do directly from a cattle
INFECTIOUS DISEASES OF CATTLE. 399

owners’ organization. The council of this association ‘‘resolved to
submit the general consideration of the question to a committee, with a
view to some more definite understanding as to the possible extent
to which tuberculosis exists in dairy cattle.” The secretary was
instructed to write to a number of dairy farmers, being members of
the association, asking their cooperation and the use of their herds
for the application of the tests. Of the herds offered, 9 were selected,
containing 461 cows and 12 bulls, and 188 of these animals reacted,
being 40.8 per cent. There were among these cattle 335 Shorthorns,
of which 119, or 35 per cent, reacted; 67 crossbreds, of which 28, or
42 per cent, reacted; 47 Ayrshires, of which 37, or 80 per cent, reacted.

Another experiment of much irterest is that of the Cheshire
County council. The technical instruction committee set aside £250
to be used by a joint committee from the agricultural and horticultural
schools and Worleson Dairy Institute for applying the tuberculin test
to their herds. The tests were made February 15, 1899. The results
were: Worleson herd of 54 animals, 16 diseased, or 29.6 per cent;
agricultural school herd of 17 animals, 4 diseased, or 23.5 per cent.
The Worleson herd consisted of Shorthorn cows. In each herd the
purebred Shorthorn bull was tuberculous. The results of the tuber-
culin test were confirmed by the slaughter of the animals and exami-
nation of the carcasses. :

Sir T. D. G. Carmichael, member of Parliament for Midlothian, gave
evidence before the royal commission that his Polled Angus herd was
tested in the spring of 1895. ‘‘The results of the test were fearfully
unexpected and alarming.” Of 30 tested 13 showed decided reaction—
43 per cent. Again, he speaks of having 41 animals tested the same
spring and 16 reacted—39.5 per cent.

Of 80 Shorthorn cattle, intended for export, which were tested, 34
reacted, or 42 per cent.

Of a herd of 25 British Shorthorns recently tested in quarantine, 40
per cent were found tuberculous.

The addition of these animals above referred to gives 20,930 head
examined and 5,441, or 26 per cent, pronounced tuberculous. And
these herds were not selected because they were supposed to be tuber-
culous, but represent the general cattle stock of the country. These
animals included at least 470 head of Shorthorns, of which 170, or 34
per cent, were tuberculous.

To these facts may be added the evidence of Professor Bang that
tuberculosis was brought to Denmark in the first half of the nineteenth
century by cattle from Switzerland, Schleswig, and England, and that
the same thing is now going on in Sweden and Norway, particularly
through English cattle. Also the evidence of M. Sivori, chief of sec-
tion at the ministry of agriculture, Argentina, who has investigated
tuberculosis in that country, and who says that ‘‘thirty or forty years
ago tuberculosis was unknown in Argentine cattle, and it is still
400 DISEASES OF CATTLE.

unknown among the native (criollo) cattle. Its appearance dates from
the introduction of pure breeding animals. Statistics prove that
tuberculosis is observed among the grades—above all among those of
the Durham and less among the Hereford.”

Moreover, the reports of the royal commission of Victoria, Australia,
and of the New Zealand department of agriculture, show a large pro-
portion of tuberculous cattle in those colonies, where the disease was
almost certainly carried by British cattle.

In the same manner that tuberculosis has been carried from Great
Britain to Denmark, Sweden, Norway, Argentina, and Australia, it
has also been taken to Canada. In one herd of imported cattle
slaughtered in the Canadian quarantine station, 13 of the 14 animals
were found tuberculous. One of the largest Shorthorn herds in
Canada was some time ago tested because an animal from it was
condemned when offered for shipment to the United States. This
herd was found to be very badly affected, and an effort is being made
to eradicate the disease by the Bang method. A Canadian official
publication says of another Shorthorn herd, which at one time had a
very high reputation, that when an investigation in regard to tuber-
culosis was recently made the disease was found among ordinary cattle
wherever animals from this herd had been introduced, and that this
herd, which had been looked upon as one of the greatest benefits to
the farming community, was really a danger, because it disseminated
tuberculosis among the farmers’ herds. Still another well-known
herd recently attracted attention because four animals from it offered
for export to the United States were all tuberculous.

From December 23, 1900, to February 19, 1901, the period that the
Department inspector tested all Canadian cattle intended for shipment
to the United States, 140 purebred Shorthorns and 3 Shorthorn grades
were tested, and of the total number of 26, or 18 per cent, reacted.
During the first month that this inspection was enforced, and when it
may be assumed that the condition of the cattle most nearly repre-
sented what it had previously been, 74 cattle were offered for importa-
tion, and 18, or 24.3 per cent, were found tuberculous.

In justice to Shorthorn cattle it should be said in this connection
that they are probably no more susceptible to tuberculosis than are
other breeds, but the disease has been allowed to spread in certain
nerds and families to such an extent as to give a wrong impression
concerning the breed as a whole.

The slaughterhouse statistics of Prussia show 14.6 per cent of the
cattle and 2.14 per cent of the hogs to be tuberculous. In Saxony
the percentage is 29.13 with cattle and 3.10 with hogs. In the city
of Leipzig the figures are 36.4 for cattle and 2.17 for hogs. (Siedam-
grotzky.) Of 20,850 animals in Belgium tested with tuberculin in
1896, 48.88 per cent reacted. (Stubbe.) Of 25,439 tested in Denmark
from 1893 to 1895, 49.3 per cent reacted; and of 67,263 tested from
1896 to 1898, 32.8 per cent reacted. (Bang.)
INFECTIOUS DISPASES OF CATTLE. 401

Figures available in the United States do not cover a sufficient area
_of our territory to allow us to make a reliable estimate of the extent
of tuberculosis with milch cows. There is little doubt, however, but
that the disease has been increasing both with dairy cattle and hogs.
From a review by Russell and Hastings, of the Wisconsin Agricultural
Experiment Station, of tests of cattle for tuberculosis which have
been made in the United States, the following summary is presented:

Statistics of tests for tuberculosis in the United States.

 

 

 

 

State. ae tuberen tuberew
NOPMODEG 222 oe eck cc kc wdeu sc cdsde ter aasnceacobadtosceseecweceseeses 60, 000 2,390 3.9
Massachusetts qc-csocociio50 ode cece tce ees seceuse Seeeueiee ese Sel 24,685 12, 443 50.0
Massachusetis, entire herds 4,093 1,080 26.4
Connecticut... ccc ees ee ee ere 65300 cook cseane 14.2
New Work, 16044... é.ucscceessexsicesi dat cuz scdvsecee secon 947 66 6.9
IN GW: WOEIE, 1807208 coe seo act ehicenadcasew hex orecinsecetionsisacesess 1,200 163 18.4
Pennsylvanian =i. si cee se cele eo eee ese eee 34,000 4,800 14,1
NEW JONG OF once occa tesa nd emedanpapiyaneseg cuneneweenaeseeees 2000 | sewece sensi 21.4
TNINO1S; 1807208) s ek Semene bees o sem suaceeaass sacesessesese eet es O20) | seseecces css 12.0
MUGNOIS) 1890 aac sone ee feeee eee see eel ysees se she seid ode sceece! 8, 655 560 15.32
Michigan’ 22 j osc ces cect et saue nected vases seaweed see ites cw fe ene ase tegls 13.0
Mann@s0ta-cecsccetccetes ccs eccrsaccecencieeieusecncecescmesseen ee 3,480) |anasceses cee 11.1
NOW Ai no cinjcnie cunt tevasicnencte Sos cneRieeataeietew ew ccoteucesseecsee 873 122 13.8
Wisconsin:
Experiment Station tests—
PUBDOC TOT OPI oe oon cco nesnensencnecanebanesencacen 323 115 35.6
Nonsuspected herds 935 84 9.0
State veterinarian’s tests—
*Buspected herds 25-0522. co ess eheseeccewesdacccadsccares 588 191 82.5
Tests of local veterinarians under State veterinarian, cat-
tle intended for shipment to States requiring tuberculin
COMING ATE so cee e Soest. Settee eebesueeaestccacaasecae 8,421 6 2.2

 

 

 

 

The State veterinarian of Pennsylvania, Dr. Pearson, thinks that
not over 2 per cent of the cattle of that State are tuberculous, and
probably if a general test of all the cattle of the other States men-
ticned were made we should find a very much smaller proportion
tuberculous than is indicated by this tabular statement.

Reports of tuberculin tests made on 400,000 cattle in the United
States during the years 1893 to 1908 by federal, state, and other
officers with tuberculin prepared by the Bureau of Animal Industry
show 37,008 reactions, or 9.25 per cent. These were mostly dairy
cattle, and in some cases herds were suspected of being diseased.

The beef cattle of the United States show a much smaller propor-
tion of the disease than dairy cattle, though the percentage of cattle
found tuberculous in the government meat-inspection service has
increased considerably in recent years. This increase is due partly,

618S6—08——26
402 DISEASES OF CATTLE.

but not wholly, to move stringent inspection. Of 7,116,275 adult
eattle slaughtered under federal inspection during the fiscal year end-
ing June 30, 1908, 68,395 were found tuberculous, a percentage of 0.96.

It has been observed that tuberculosis increases in frequency with
the age of the animals. If we take the number of cases of animals
of a year and under affected with tuberculosis as the unit of com-
parison, animals from 1 to 8 years old furnish 10 times, those 3 to 6
years old 30 times, and those over 6 years 40 times the number of
cases.

From the statistics above referred to and other data, it appears
that in the more densely populated areas of Europe and America
from 5 to 50 per cent of the dairy cattle are mere or less affected with
tuberculosis, while the proportion of beef cattle affected is distinctly
less, ranging from 0.14 to 30 per cent. This difference is due to a
number of causes. Beef cattle average younger when slaughtered.
They are not so frequently stabled, and are for that reason less liable
to infection, and, as the males constitute a large proportion of this
class of animals, the effect of milk secretion in lowering the vital
forces is not so apparent.

Cause and nature of the disease.—The cause of tuberculosis is the
tubercle bacillus, which gains entrance to the body, lodges somewhere
in the tissues, and begins to grow and multiply at that point. As this
bacillus vegetates and increases in numbers it exeretes substances
which act as irritants and poisons and which lead to the formation of
a small nodule, called a tubercle, at the point of irritation. As the
bacilli are disseminated through the animal body they affect many
points and cause the formation of an enormous number of tubercles.
By the union of such tubercles masses of tubercular material are
formed, which in some cases are of great size. The disease is called
tuberculosis beeause it is characterized by the formation of these
peculiar nodules, and the bacillus which causes the disease is for the
same reason known technically as the Bacillus tuberculosis.

There are undoubtedly predisposing conditions which contribute
toward the development of the disease; some of these are found in
the animal body and others in the environment. An enfeebled
condition due to insufficient food, exposure to great extremes of
atmospheric temperature and insanitary surroundings, or the drain
occasioned by heavy production of milk appears to aid the develop-
ment of the bacillus, and there is also a special individual suscepti-
bility in some cases which may be otherwise deseribed as an inability
of the animal tissues to resist and destroy the bacilli when they have
penetrated to the inner recesses of the body.

Among the conditions of environment which aid the development
of tuberculosis may be meuticned stabling with lack of ventilation,
damp buildings, the keeping of many anima!s together, drafts of air
which cause colds and catarrhs, and, in general, everything which
 

INFECTIOUS DISEASES OF CATTLE. 403

prevents the animals from developing and maintaining the highest
condition of health. None of these conditions of body cr environ-
ment are sufficient to cause the disease, however, unless the animals
are exposed to the Bacillus tuberculosis and this bacillus penetrates
the tissues of their bodies.

The ways in which the tubercle bacilli find their way into the body,
in the order of their importance, may be considered under four heads:
(1) By inhalation into the lungs; (2) by taking into the digestive
tract in the milk of tuberculous cows or with other contaminated
food; (3) during coition when the sexual organs are tuberculous;
(4) from the tuberculous mother to the fetus in the uterus. Inhala-
tion appears to be by far the most common mode of infection. The
bacilli ean only reach the lungs by inhalation when they are thor-
oughly dried and pulverized and in a condition to be carried by cur-
rents of air. :

It is well known that the bacilli withstand drying for months before
they lose their power of producing disease. They leave the body of
diseased animals in several ways. There may be a little discharge
oceasionally coughed up from the diseased lungs, or there may be
ulcers of the intestines from which many bacilli escape and are car-
ried off with the excrement, or milk may be spilt, or there may be a
discharge from the vagina when the genital organs are tuberculous.
The bacilli from these sources may become dried and pulverized and
carried in the air of the stable and into the lungs of still healthy cattle,
where the disease then develops.

The disease of the stomach, intestines, and mesenteric glands is very
probably the result of food infection. Tubercle bacilli may have been
scattered upon the feed by diseased animals. But the most common
source of such infection is the milk of tuberculous cows. Calves may
become infected in this way. The disease may remain latent until
the animal becomes older. The not infrequent cecurrence of tuber-
culosis of the uterus and ovaries makes it probable that the disease
may be transmitted by a diseased bull or carried by a healthy bull
from a diseased cow to a number of healthy cows.

The source of infection is always some previous case of the disease,
for the latter can never arise spontaneously. Hence, in those stables
in which there is frequent change of cattle the introduction of tuber-
culosis by cattle coming from other infected stables is the most fre-
quent source of infection. Since the bacilli when dried can be ear-
ried by the air, it is not necessary that healthy animals should come
in direct contact with cases of disease to become infected. In general
the greatest number of cases occurs in the immediate environment of
cities, where there are not only abundant opportunities for infection,
owing to the frequent introduction of new animals into herds, but
where the sanitary conditions may be regarded as the poorest.

The bacillus of tuberculosis was discovered by Robert Koch in 1882.
404 DISEASES OF CATTLE.

It (see Pl. X XIX, fig. 6) is a slender, rod-like body from one-third to
two-thirds the diameter of a red-blood corpuscle in length. As already
explained, when the bacillus has become lodged in any organ or tis-
sue it begins to multiply, and thereby causes an irritation in the tissue
around it which leads to the formation of the so-called tubercle. The
tubercle, when it has reached its full growth, is a little nodule about
the size of a millet seed. It is composed of several kinds of tissue
cells. Soon a change takes place within the tubercle. Disintegration
begins, and a soft, cheesy substance is formed in the center which
may contain particles of lime salts. When these tubercles continue
to form in large numbers they run together, forming masses of vari-
ous sizes. The disintegration which attacks them leads to the forma-
tion of large cheesy masses of a yellowish color, containing more or
less of lime salts in the form of gritty particles. These large, tuber-
culous masses are surrounded by or embedded in layers of fibrous
tissue, which in some cases becomes very dense and thick.

The disease is thus a development of these tubercles in one or more
organs of the body. The distribution and number of the tubercles
determine the course of the disease.

In a large number of cases the changes are limited to the lungs and
the serous membranes of the thorax and abdomen. Pathologists
have been in the habit of calling the lung disease tuberculosis and
the disease of the serous membranes ‘‘ pearly disease.” Statistics have
shown that in about one-half of the cases both lungs and serous mem-
branes are diseased, in one-third only the lungs, and in one-fifth only
the serous membranes. At the same time the lymphatic glands near
the diseased organs are usually involved. Other organs, such as the
liver, not infrequently coutain tubercles. Though the disease may
remain restricted to a single organ, it now and then is found general-
ized, affecting all organs of the body.

In the lungs (Pl. XXXIV) the changes observed vary according to
the age and intensity of the disease process. They usually begin with
the appearance of very minute tubercles. These may appear in large
numbers on the surface of the lungs or within the lung tissue. Later
the contents become cheesy and parily calcified. Whenthese tubercles
are sufficiently numerous to become confluent, large masses may be
formed, which undergo the same retrogressive changes of caseation
and calcification. In addition to the formation of tubercles in the
lung tissue, certain other changes take place. There is usually pres-
ent bronchitis with abundant catarrhal secretion. This plugs up the
smaller air tubes, and the lung tissue supplied with air by these tubes

 

«These membranes comprise the smooth, very delicate, glistening lining of the
large Lody cavities. In the thorax the serous membrane (pleura) covers the ribs
and diaphragm as well as the whole lung surface. In the abdomen a similar
membrane (peritoneum) lines the interior of the cavity and covers the bowels,
liver, spleen, etc.
INFECTIOUS DISEASES OF CATTLE. 405

collapses. Subsequently it becomes filled with yellowish, cheesy mat-
ter, which greatly distends the small air tubes and air vesicles (bron-
cho-pneumonia). The connective tissue between the lung lobules,
around the tubercles, and around the air tubes becomes thickened and
indurated. In the larynx and the bronchi tubercles may vegetate
‘upon the mucous membrane, and ulcers may result from their break-
ing down. The inflammatory irritation which the growth of the
tubercles on the surface of the lungs arouses gives rise to adhesion of
the lungs to the ribs and diaphragm. This adhesion is sometimes so
firm and extensive that the lungs appear grown to the chest wall.

’ When, therefore, the lungs in advanced stages of the disease are
cut open we observe large, yellowish masses, from one-quarter to three-
quarters of aninchin diameter, of a cheesy texture, in which calcified,
gritty particles are embedded and which are surrounded by very firm
connective tissue. The neighboring lung tissue, when collapsed and
involved in broncho-pneumonia, has the color and consistency of pale-
red flesh. The air tubes, large and small, stand out prominently on
the cut surface. They are distended with a pasty, yellowish, cheesy
mass, surrounded and enveloped in thick mucus, and their walls
greatly thickened. The larger bronchi may be sacculated, owing to
the distention produced by the cheesy contents.

The disease usually attacks the bronchial glands, which are situated
on the trachea and bronchial tubes at the bifurcation. The changes
in the glands are the same as those going on in the lung tissue, and
they frequently reach an enormous size.

The tubercle formation on the serous membranes covering the lungs
and chest wall (Pl. XX XIX, fig. 2), which may go on at the same time
with the lung disease or independent of it, has been called ‘pearly

-disease,” on account of the peculiar appearance of the tubercles.
These begin as very minute, grayish nodules, which give the originally
-smooth, lustrous membrane a roughened appearance. These minute
._ tubercles enlarge, become confluent, and project above the surface of
_the membrane as wart-like masses, attaining the size of pease. In this
stage their attachment to the membrane is by means of delicate fibers.
The attachment is loose, so that the tubercle hangs by a short pedicle
or neck and may be moved slightly to and fro. Large masses are fre-
quently formed by a coalescence of many tubercles and the secondary
formation of the same. These may be found on the lungs, the ribs,
and the diaphragm. These tubercles likewise undergo degenerative
changes. The center partly softens and partly calcifies into a grayish
-mortar-like mass, and are gritty. Associated with the formation of
tubercles on the pleura, those glands situated back of the center of the
lungs between the two main lobes (posterior mediastinal) become greatly
enlarged and the center cheesy. (Pl. XXXVI.) They may compress
. the esophagus and interfere with swallowing. The size attained by
these tumors and new growths is well illustrated by the fact that,
406 DISEASES OF CATTLE.

taken together, they not infrequently weigh from 60 to 80 pounds.
The bronchial glands, which in the healthy state are not so large as
horse-chestnuts, have been found to attain a weight of over 10 pounds.

In the abdominal cavity tubercles may be found, both in the organs
and on the serous membranes covering them. They are situated pref-
erably on the omentum, or caul (see Pl. XX XVII, Pl. XX XVIII, fig.
2), the diaphragm, and the walls of the abdomen. In the liver large
and small tubercular masses are occasionally encountered. (See Pl.
XXXV.) The mesenteric glands (see Pl. XX XVIII, fig. 1) are occa-
sionally enlarged and tuberculous; likewise the glands near the liver.
Tuhercies may also develop in the spleen, the kidneys, the uterus and
ovaries, and the testicles.

Tubercular affection of the intestines seems to be euite rare, although
ulcers of the large intestines have been observed. Nodules may also
form under the serous covering of the intestines.

The brain and spinal cerd are occasionally found tuberculous. Of
40 cases, Semmer found tubereulosis of the brain in 4. It is not
improbable that, cwing to the infrequeney of exposing the brain and
spinal co:d, tuberculosis may have escaped the attention of pathole-
gists, and it may be that it is not so uncommon as is generaily sup-
posed. The tubercles occur on the membranes of the brain as well as
in the substanee of the brain itself. They project into the ventricles
as masses, Varying in size from a pin’s head to a hen’s egg. They
finally lead to various inflammatory changes. Jéhne has observed
numerous small tubercles on the membranes of the spinal cord.

Very rarely tuberculous lesions have been observed in the bones
and muscles of the body. Not sorare, however, is the affection of the
lymphatie glands embedded in the muscular tissue and those which
ean be felt beneath the skin. These are situated at the joints, under
the jaw, and along the neck.

Tubercular disease of the udder in cows (Pl. XL) has received con-
siderable attention of late from sanitarians, owing to the infection of
the milk with the virus of tuberculosis. According to those who have
given this subject special attention, the udder becomes swollen uni-
formly and quite firm. This swelling, which is painless, frequently
attacks but one quarter, more rarely two, these being usually the hind
quarters. The larger milk duets contain yellowish, cheesy particles,
in which are many tubercle baciili. Later on, larger nodules ean be
felt within the udder, which undergo the various changes to which
tubercles ave subject. The udder may grow very hard tothe touch
and become very large, weighing in some cases up to 40 pounds. The
milk, at first normal, becemes thin and watery after a menth or so,
and is mixed with fiakes and tubercle bacilli.

As regards the frequeney of the tubercular processes in the different
organs, the following carefully compiled statisties of the disease in
Bavaria and Baden may serve as a guide:
INFECTIOUS DISEASES OF OATTLE. 407

Bavaria: Per cent.
Tuberculosis of lungs and serous membranes ...--.-.-------------------- 41
Tuberculosis of lungs alone______.-..-- ..-------------- <2 2-2 ee ret 33
Tuberculosis of serous membranes alone (pearly disease) -.-..------------ 17
Tuberculosis of other organs ._.___....---------- ------+---+--- 2-2-2200 7 8

Baden:

Tuberculosis of lungs alone_._.......------------------- 2-22-22 21
Tuberculosis of serons membranes alone__-_------------------------------ 28
Both: combined:s. co. /s sh-decea eau os Siseepssemee bees ede LE baeeees e 39
Generalized tuberculosis ......_..--.------------------------------------ 9
Tuberculosis of the sexual organs alone.___-----.------------------------ 3

Symptoms.—The beginning of the disease usually passes unnoticed,
inasmuch as it is very slow and insidious and rarely accompanied by
fever. When the lungs are involved a dull, short cough is noticed,
which may later on become prolonged, convulsive, and very trouble-
some tothe animal. The cough is more frequent in the morning after
movement and drinking. The breathing varies. Only when nach of
the lung tissue is diseased, it is labored and accompanied by active
movements of the chest and nostrils. Discharge from the nose is rare
or absent. Ai times, however, when the tubercles have broken down
and cavities containing cheesy masses have formed in the lung tissue,
or when the air tubes have beeome filled with cheesy and mucous
masses, coughing will dislodge these and cause their discharge. In
advanced stages the breath may have a disagreeable odor. Pressure
on the chest wall may give rise to pain.

The general effect on the body is at first slight. In fact, animais |
may remain in good flesh for a considerable time. Invariably, as the
disease progresses, loss of flesh and appetite and paleness of the
mucous membranes become manifest. These are accompanied by a
gradual diminution of the milk secretion. The debilitated condition
of the animal is also manifested by a staring coat and a tough, dry,
harsh skin (hidebound). Digestive disturbances are indicated by
tympanites, or distention of the rumen by gas, colic, and diarrhea,
alternating with constipation. The animal generally dies from exhaus-
tion after a period of sickness which may last months and years.

Tuberculosis in the abdominal organs is often signalized by abor-
tion and by abnormal sexual manifestations. When the brain is
involved the disease may cause convulsions, unconsciousness, paraly-
sis, as well as peculiar movements in a circle, oblique position of the
head, ete. Lydtin quotes the following description of the disease as
taken from a Swiss sanitary order:

A dry, short, interrupted, hoarse cough, which the sick animals manifest espe-
cially in the morning at feeding time, still more after somewhat violent exertion.
At first these animals may be full-blooded and lay on a considerable amount of fat
when well fed. As the disease progresses they grow thin and show more and
more those appearances which indicate diseased nutrition, scch as a staring, lus-
terless, disheveled coat; dirty, tense skin, which appears very pale in those regions
frce from hair. The temperature of the skin is below normal. The loss of fat
408 DISEASES OF CATTLE.

causes sinking of the eyes in their sockets. They appear swimming in water, and
their expression is weak. The cough is more frequent, but never or very rarely
accompanied with discharge. The body continues to emaciate even with plenty
of food and a good appetite, so that the quantity of milk issmall. At times in
the early stages of the disease, still more in the later stages, the diseased animals
manifest considerable tenderness when pressure is applied to the front or the
sides of the chest, by coughing, moaning, etc. Often symptoms are wanting in
spite of the existence of the disease.

Lydtin also quotes at length a description of the abnormal sexual
desire occasionally observed among cows when affected with this
disease. s

Diagnosis.—A disease so varied in its attack upon the different
organs of the body and in the extent of the disease process must nec-,
essarily lead to mistakes when diagnosis is attempted by ordinary
means of examination. It has been confounded with the later stages
of pleuro-pneumonia, with parasitic diseases of the brain, the lungs,
the intcstines, and with actinomycosis. A careful examination of the
lungs by ausculation and percussion enables the expert to locate large
tubercular masses, owing to dullness, loss of respiratory murmur, and
abnormal sounds, such as blowing, whistling, and creaking. How-
ever, the majority of cases of tuberculosis in cattle, including many
in which the lungs are quite seriously involved, can not be detected
in this manner.

THE TUBERCULIN TEST.

The tuberculin test, which is marvelously accurate in its indica-
tions, has been almost universally adopted for the detection of
tuberculosis. Tuberculin is a drug prepared by sterilizing, filtering,
and concentrating the liquids in which the tubercle bacillus has been
allowed to vegetate. It contains the cooked products cf the growth
of these bacilli, but not the bacilli themselves. Consequently, when
this substance is injected under the skin of an animal it is absolutely
unable to produce the disease, cause abortion, or otherwise injure the
animal. In case the injected animal is normal there is no more effect
upon the system than would be expected from the injection of sterile
water. However, if the animal is tuberculous, a decided rise of tem-
perature will follow the use of tuberculin. This substance, discov-
ered by Koch, has the effect, when injected into the tissues of a
tuberculous animal, of causing a decided rise of temperature, while it
has no such effect upon animals free from the disease. The value of
tuberculin for this purpose was tested during the years 1890 and 1891
by Guttman, Roeckl and Schiitz, Bang and Salomonsen, Lydtin,
Jéhne and Siedamgrotzky, Nocard, and many others. It was at once
recognized as a most remarkable and accurate method of detecting
tuberculosis even in the early stages and when the disease had yet
made but little progress.
INFECTIOUS DISEASES OF CATTLE. 409

The tuberculin test came into existence through the most careful
and thorough scientific experimentation. In practice it is applied by
first taking the temperature of the animal to be tested, at intervals
of about two hours, a sufficient number of times to establish the nor-
mal temperature of the body under the ordinary conditions of life.
The proper dose of tuberculin is then injected under the skin with a
hypodermic syringe between 8 and 10 p. m. on the day of taking the
preliminary temperatures. On the following day the temperatures
are taken every two hours, beginning at 6 a. m. and continuing until
twenty hours following the injection, if the fullest information is
desired. From average temperatures calculated by De Schweinitz
in 1896 of about 1,600 tests of tuberculous cows, it appears that in
general the rise of temperature begins from five and one-half to six
hours after the tuberculin is injected, reaches its greatest height from
the sixteenth to the twentieth hours, and then gradually declines,
reaching the normal again by the twenty-eighth hour.

As a result of this method an accurate diagnosis may be Asiatidied
in over 97 per cent of the cases tested. The relatively few failures
in diagnoses are included among two classes of cattle. The first class
contains those that are tuberculous, but which do not react either be-
cause of the slight effect of an ordinary-sized dose of tuberculin on
an advanced case of the disease with so much natural tuberculin
already in the system, or on account of a recent previous test with
tuberculin which produces a tolerance to this material lasting for
about six weeks. The second elass includes those that are not tuber-
culous, but which show an elevation of temperature as a result of
(a) advanced pregnancy, (b) the excitement of cestrum, (c) concur-
rent diseases, as inflammation of the lungs, intestines, uterus, udder,
or other parts, abortion, retention of afterbirth, indigestion, etc.,
(d) inclosure in a hot, stuffy stable, especially in summer, or exposure
to cold drafts or rains, (e) any change in the method of feeding, water-
ing, or stabling of the animal during the test. Notwithstanding all
these possibilities of error, the results of thousands of tests show that
in less than 3 per cent of the cases tested do these failures actually
occur. In the first class the chances of error are decidedly reduced by
the skilled veterinarian by making careful physical examination and
diagnosing clinically these advanced cases, and by the injection of
double or triple doses into all recently tested cattle, with the taking
of the after temperatures, beginning two hours following the injection
and continuing hourly for twenty hours.

 

«The oculo-tuberculin test and the cuto-tuberculin test, as their names imply,
consist in the application of the tuberculin to the eye and to the scarified skin of
the animal to be tested. These methods will not be discussed at present, as they
are still in the experimental stage.
410 DISEASES OF CATTLE.

It is therefore apparent that tuberculin should only be applied by
or under the direction of a competent veterinarian, capable not only
of injecting the tuberculin but also of interpreting the results, and
particularly of picking out all clinical cases by physical examination.
The latter observation is extremely important and should always be
made on every animal tested.

In the second class errors are avoided by eliminating those cases from
the test that are nearing parturition or are in heat or show evidence of
the previously mentioned diseases or exhibit temperatures sufficiently
high to make them unreliable for use as normal. Then, in reading
after temperatures it is advisable not to recognize as a reaction an
elevation of temperature less than 2° F. and which at the same
time must go above 103.8° F., and the temperature reaction must
likewise have the characteristic rainbow curve. (Those cases which
approximate but do not reach this standard should be considered
as suspicious and held for a retest six weeks later.) In addition,
a satisfactory tuberculin must be used, also an accurate thermometer
and a reliable syringe, in order that a sufficient dose of tuberculin may
be given. Finally, the number of apparent errors of the tuberculin
test will be greatly diminished if a careful post-mortem examination
is made, giving especial attention to the lymph glands. This low per-
centage of failures being the case, cattle owners should weleome the
tuberculin test, not only for their own interest but for the welfare of
the public as well. Where this method of diagnosing the disease has
been adopted tuberculosis is gradually being eradicated, while it is
spreading rapidly and becoming widely disseminated in those districts
where the tuberculin test has not been employed. Without its use
the disease can not be controlled and the cattle owner is confronted
with serious and continuous losses; with its use the disease can be
eradicated from the herd, a clean herd established in a few years
without very serious loss or hardship, and the danger of its spread to
man removed. Tuberculin may therefore be considered a most bene-
ficial discovery for the stock raiser. Strange to say, many of these
men have been incredulous, antagonistic, or prejudiced against the
tuberculin test by misinterpreting published statements, by incor-
rect, unsubstantiated, or exaggerated reports, and by alleged injurious
effects to healthy cattle.

Law has clearly stated the question when he says—

Many stock owners still entertain an ignorant and unwarranted dread of the
tuberculin test, It is true that when recklessly used by ignorant and careless
people it may be madea root of evil, yet as employed by the intelligent and careful
expert itis not only perfectly safe, but it isthe only known means of ascertaining
approximately the actual number affected in agiven herd. In most infected herds
living under what are in other respects good hygienic conditions two-thirds or
three-fourths are not to be detected without its aid, so that in clearing a herd
from tuberculosis and placing both herd and products above suspicion the test
INFECTIOUS DISEASES OF CATTLE. 411

becomes essential. * * * Inskilled hands the tuberculin test will show at
least nine-tenths of all cases of tuberculosis when other methods of diagnosis
will not detect one-tenth.

It is perfectly natural that there should be objection to its use
among those who are not acquainted with its method of preparation
or its properties, but it is difficult to explain the antagonism of farmers
who are familiar with the facts connected with the manufacture and
use of tuberculin. Probably the most popular objection to tuberculin
is that it is too searching, since it discovers cases in which the lesions
are small and obscure. While this fact is admitted, it should also be
borne in mind that such a small lesion to-day may break down and
become widely disseminated in a relatively short period. Therefore
any cow affected with tuberculosis even to a slight degree must be
considered as dangerous not only to the other animals in the herd
but also to the consumer of her products.

In 1898, Bang, of Copenhagen, one of the highest Huropean author-
ities, in his paper presented to the Congress for the Study of Human
and Animal Tubereulosis, at Paris, said:

Numerous tests made in almost every civilized country have demonstrated that
in the majority of cases tuberculin is an excellent means for diagnosing the exist-
ence or the nonexistence of the disease, but giving us no positive information as
to the extent to which the disease has progressed. When tuberculin produces a
typical reaction we may be almost sure that there exists in the body of the animal
a tubercular process. The cases in which a careful examiner has not succeeded in
finding it are very rare, and I am led to believe that when, notwithstanding all
the pains taken, it has escaped discovery, the reason is that it is located in a por-
tion of the body that is particularly inaccessible. Nevertheless, it is not to be
denied that a fever, entirely accidental and of short duration, may in some rare
cases have simulated a reaction. However this may be, the error committed in
wrongly condemning an occasional animal for tuberculosis is of no practical
consequence.

A worse aspect of the case is that there are some diseased animals in which
tuberculin fails to discover the existence of tuberculosis. In most of these, no
doubt, the deposits are old, insignificant, and generally calcified, or they are cases
where the disease is arrested and perhaps in process of recovery, and which are
possibly incapable of disseminating the contagion. But it is known that there are
cases, not altogether rare, where tuberculin fails to cause a reaction in a highly
tuberculous animal, and consequently one in which the disease exists in an
extremely contagiousform. For this reason a clinical examination should always
be made of an animal which does not give a reaction, but which shows symptoms
indicating that notwithstanding the test it may suffer from tuberculosis.

Nocard, of Paris, wrote also in 1898 as follows:

The degree of certainty of the indications furnished may be stated in precise
terms. The observation of a clear reaction to tuberculin is unequivocal; the ani-
mal is tuberculous. The pretended errors imputed to the method are explained
by the extreme sensitiveness of the reagent, which is capable of detecting the
smallest lesion. HH, often requires prolonged and minute researches in the depths
of all the tissues te discover the few miliary centers, the presence of which bas
412 DISEASES OF CATTLE,

been revealed. The reaction is absolutely specific. In those cases where it is
observed with animals which show lesions of another disease (actinomycosis,
hydatid disease, verminous bronchitis, distomatosis), it may be affirmed that
there exists, in addition to these conspicuous changes, a tuberculous center which
alone has provoked the reaction.

The failure to react does not necessarily imply absence of tuberculosis. Such
failures of tuberculin are very exceptional. They are seen most frequently with
animals affected with tuberculosis in a very advanced stage and made evident by
plain external signs. Sometimes, also, there are found at the post-mortem exam-
ination of animals which have not reacted small fibrous or calcified lesions in
such a condition that one is tempted to believe them cured. Whether sterile or
not these lesions have no tendency to increase, and they are not very dangerous
from the point of view of contagion.

These opinions of two eminent authorities, living in different coun-
tries, after long experience of their own and after studying the results
of the many tests made in different parts of the world, should have
great weight. They are essentially the same throughout.

In 1897 Voges compiled statistics of tuberculin tests the accuracy of
which had been determined by post-mortem examination. Of 7,327
animals tested it appeared that errors had been made with 204, or
2.78 per cent. In the work of the Pennsylvania Live Stock Sanitary
Board post-mortem examinations were made on about 4,400 reacting
cattle and the disease was found in all but eight of those which had
given characteristic reactions.

The results of a much larger number of tests might be compiled at
this time but they would not materially change the average of those
already mentioned. It is plain that tuberculin is a remarkably accu-
rate test of tuberculosis; that the animals which react may be safely
considered as tuberculous and that when a careful clinical examina-
tion is practiced in addition to the test there are few animals in a
dangerous condition which escape detection.

* The first questions asked by those who oppose the adoption of the
tuberculin tests are: Is this test infallible? and, If it is not infallible,
why should it be forced upon the cattle owners of the country?

In answer to these questions it may be said that tuberculin is not
absolutely infallible, and yet it is by far the best method of diag-
nosing tuberculosis that has been discovered. It is much better
than any test known for pleuro-pneumonia when that disease was
eradicated.

Practically all the animals that react are affected with tuberculosis
and should be separated from the herd, not only in the interest of the
public but in the interest of the owner of the herd. The best authori-
ties admit, after studying many thousands of tests, that there are
few, if any, mistakes made in condemning cattle which show a typical
tuberculin reaction. The errors are principally in the other direc-
tion—that is, some tuberculous animals are not discovered by the
INFECTIOUS DISEASES OF CATTLE. 418

tuberculin test, but as the most dangerous of these may be picked
out by ordinary clinical examination this fault of tuberculin is not
so serious as it at first sight appears. This being the case, it should
not be necessary to force the tuberculin test upon owners. They
should be anxious to adopt it in their own interests and for the pro-
tection of their patrons. ‘There is to-day no greater danger to the
cattle and hog industries than that which confronts them in the form
of tuberculosis, a disease already widespread and rapidly extending.
Furthermore, tuberculin must be considered as harmless for healthy
animals in view cf the results revealed by numerous tests covering
vast numbers of animals. And it has also been clearly demonstrated
that tuberculin interferes in no way with the milking function in
healthy cattle; neither in the quantity of milk nor.in butterfat
value has any variation been detected. The conclusions of some of
the best authorities on the subject of its harmlessness to healthy
animals are given below.
Nocard and Leclainche state:

Direct experiments and observations collected by thousands show that the
tuberculin injections have no unfavorable effect. With healthy animals the sys-
tem is indifferent to the inoculation; with tuberculous animals it causes slight
changes which are not at all serious,

Bang has written as follows on this question:

We will now consider the following question, a very important one, in the appli-
cation of tuberculin, viz: Can the reaction produce a worse condition in tubercu-
lousanimals than before existed? Hess emphatically states that it can, and on this
account he earnestly warns against its application. My attention has heen directed
to this question from the beginning. In my first publication on tuberculin injec-
tion I reported two cases in which acute miliary tuberculosis was proved in two
high-grade tuberculous cows several weeks after the tubercu'in injection. I then
stated my suspicion that perhaps the tuberculin injection had some connection
with this, just as is often supposed to be the case in human practice. With my
present very large amount of material for observation at hand I may express the
following opinion: Such an acute development of tuberculosis as a result of tuber-
culin injection is to be feared only exceptionally, and then in cases of advanced
tuberculosis. Jt must not be forgotten that acute miliary tuberculosis by no means
rarely accompanies an advanced tuberculosis of long standing. It is therefore
impossible to offer strict proof of the causal connection with the injection, and only
oft-repeated observation could make this probable. In support of my view I offer
the following: In the course of the last three years I have made careful post-
mortem examinations of 83 tuberculous animals, which have been removed from
my experiment farm, Thurebylille. Among these were 18 (or, strictly speaking,
23) high-grade tuberculous animals, Ihave been able to prove miliary tuberculcsis
in only 4 of these. Among the others, which showed less developed tuberculosis,
I have never found miliary tuberculosis, and with very many I have never found
any sign of a more rapid development of the process. On the contrary, it has

been proved that the disease was restricted locally, often for years, in spite of
yearly repeated injections. Dissections were made at very different periods after
‘the injections—in 17 cases from four to twelve days after the last test. In all of
414 DISEASES OF CATTLE.

these cases earlier tests had been made months or years before. In 28 cases the
injecticn took place from nineteen days to two months before the butchering; in
8 of these cases earl’er injections had been made. In 88 cases from two and
one-half months to one year intervened between the last injection and the dissec-
tion. Dissection gives the best explanation of this question, but a clinical obser-
vation, continued for years, of a herd tested with tuberculin can render very
essential aid. If Hess’s opinicn is correct, it is to be assumed that tuberculosis
must take an unusually vicious course in such herds, but this I have been unable
tc prove. At Thurebylille there has existed for three years a reacting division,
consisting originally of 131 head and now of 69. Although these animals are
yearly tested, and although most of them react every year, the division certainly
appears to be made up of healthy animals, and the farm inspector has expressed
the decided opinion that the tuberculosis in this division is no more developed
than at the beginning of the experiment. The testimony of many owners of large
herds of cattle which have long ago been injected is to the same effect. I will
adduce statements from several. A farm tenant whose cattle were injected twenty
months previously, when 82 per cent of the grown animals reacted, wrote me
recently as follows: ‘‘ Only 2 cows from the division of 100 head had been sold as
decidedly tuberculous. The majority appeared afterwards, just as before, entirely
healthy. The fat animals which had been siaughtered had been pronounced
healthy by the butchers.”? Another farm tenant with a herd injected in 1894 had
not been obliged to remove a single animal from the tuberculosis division, num-
bering 70 head. A large farm owner in Jutland stated in September that he had
traced no undesirable result from theinjection. His herd of 350 had been injected
in ebruary and about 75 per cent reacted. Similar answers have been given by
other owners and veterinarians,

A veterinarian who had injected 600 animals, among them a herd of a large
farm, eighteen months previously, expressed the belief that the injection had pro-
duced in no single case an unusually rapid or vicious course of tuberculosis. In
spite cf a demand made months ago, I have received thus far no report from any
veterinarian of an undesirable result. 7

On a large farm, on which before the injection tuberculosis had appeared in a
vicious form, the owner had the impression that the severe cases had afterwards
become more numerous. He had, however, not suffered severe losses, and eight
montks later the large reacting division by no means made a bad impression.
Finally, it is to be noticed that tuberculin has been employed on a large scale in
Denmark for years, and still the demand from farmers constantly increases. This
could certainly not be the case if the injections were generally followed by bad
results.

Paige said, after the tests of the herd of the Massachusetts Agri-
cultural College, that ‘‘its use is not followed by any ill effects of a
serious or permanent nature.”

Lamson, of the New Hampshire College Agricultural Experiment
Station, said: ‘‘There is abundant testimony that its use is not in any
way injurious to a healthy animal.”

Conn, who made a special study of the present attitude of Euro-
pean science toward tuberculosis in cattle, reached the following
conclusions:

It has been, from the first, thought by some that the use of tuberculin produces
a direct injury upon the inoculated animals. This, however, is undoubtedly a
mistake, and there is no longer any belief anywhere on the part of scientists that
the injury thus produced is worthy of note. In the first place, the idea that it
may produce the disease in a perfectly healthy animal by the inoculation is abso-
INFECTIOUS DISEASES OF CATTLE. A415

lutely fallacious, The tuberculin does not contain the tubercle bacillus, and it is
absolutely certain that it is impossible to produce a case of tuberculosis in an
animal unless the tubercle bacilli are present. The use of tuberculin, therefore,
certainly can never produce the disease in the inoculated animal.

It has been more widely believed, however, that the inoculation of an animal
with this material has a tendency to stimulate an incipient case of tuberculosis.
It has been thought that an animal with a very slight case of the disease may,
after inoculation, show a very rapid extension of this disease and be speedily
brought to a condition where it is beyond any use. The reasons given for this
have been the apparent activity of the tuberculosis infection in animals that have
been slaughtered shortly after inoculation. This has been claimed, not only by
agriculturists who have not understood the subject well, but also by veterinarians
and bacteriologists. But he-e too, we must recognize that the claim has been
disproved, and that there is now a practical unanimity of opinion on the part of
all who are best calculated to judge, that such an injurious effect does not occur.
Even those who have been most pronounced in the claim that there is injury thus
resulting from tuberculin have, little by little, modified their claim, until at the
present time they say either that the injury which they formerly claimed does
not occur, or that the stimulus of the disease is so slight that it should be abso-
lutely neglected, in view cf the great value which may arise from the use of tuber-
culin. Apart from two or three who ho'd this very moderate opinion, ail bacte-
riologists and veterinarians unite in agreeing that there is no evidence for believ-
ing that any injury results. In Denmark, especially, many hundreds of thousands
of animals have been inoculated, and the veterinarians say there is absolutely no
reason in all their experience for believing that the tuberculin incculation is fol-
lowed by any injurious resziis,

In 1898 tuberculosis was found in the large Shorthorn herd belong-
ing to W. C. Kdwards, of Canada, who with commendable promptness
and public spirit had his animals tested, and at once proceeded to
separate the diseased from the healthy animals. These were all finely-
bred animals, and the very class which we have been told are most
susceptible to the injurious effects of tuberculin. After using this
test regularly for two years, Mr. Edwards wrote as follows:

I have seen nothing to lead me to believe that the tuberculin test had any inju-
rious influence on the course of the disease. Itis by no means our opinion that
the disease has been stimulated or aggravated by the application of the tuberculin
test. All animals that we have tested two or three times continue as hale and
hearty as they were previously, and not one animal in our herds has broken down
or failed in any way since we began testing.

Mr. Edwards, in December, 1901, verbally stated to the writer that
his views as to the harmlessness of tuberculin remained unchanged,
and that he had not seen the least ill effect with any of his cattle from
its use.

Those who have had most experience with tuberculin have failed to
observe any injurious effects following its use upon healthy cattle.
With tuberculous cattle it produces a fever of short duration, and in
the great majority of cases all derangement of the system which it
causes disappears within forty-eight hours after the tuberculin is
administered. There appear to have been a very few cases in which
the disease was aggravated, and a greater number in which it was
416 DISEASES OF CATTLE.

benefited by the injection of tuberculin. The cases of abortion fol-
lowing the tuberculin test have not been numerous, even when cows
were tested within a few weeks of the normal time of calving. The
few cases of abortion which have occurred may be explained by the
fact that abortion in cattle is a very common occurrence, and that it
would inevitably happen sometimes after the tuberculin test as a
mere coincidence, and without any relation between the test and the
loss of the calf. The cases of abortion which have been cited appear
to be no more numerous than might be expected to have occurred
among the same number of cattle within the same period if the test
had not been applied.

Most of the objections to tuberculin would probably be removed
if some method of compensation for the reacting animals could be
devised. Thus, in Pennsylvania, where tuberculosis is being eradi-
eated with more success than in any other State, and where there are
usually three times as many voluntary requests on file for the appli-
cation of the test as can be made, ali reacting animals are paid for
by the State. As the suppression of tuberculosis is a public health
measure it would appear perfectly logical for the state governments
to reimburse cattle owners for animals condemned and slaughtered.

Provision could be made to pay 70 per cent of the appraised value
of the condemned animals, not to exceed $30 per head for common
stock or $60 for registered stock. Such legislation should also include
a requirement for the testing of all cattle coming into the State.

All tuberculous animals should be slaughtered in abattoirs having
federal inspection, and the money obtained from carcasses which are
inspected and passed for food, and from the hide and offal of those
carcasses condemned as unfit for food, should be applied as part pay-
ment on the indemnity for their respective owners. The payment of
indemnity for tuberculous animals is a good business policy and would
do more toward making the tuberculin test popular with cattle owners
than any other possible action. And asa corollary of the latter more
testing would be performed, and more tuberculous cattle would be
discovered at the start, but the gradual suppression of the disease
would soon be manifest, as has been noted in Pennsylvania and Den-
mark. Furthermore, as Stiles has mentioned, if tuberculosis can be
eradicated from dairy herds with but slight loss to the owner, the
increase in the price of milk would naturally be inhibited, and the
children of poor families would consequently be in less danger of
having this very important article of their diet decreased.

From the investigations and observations that have been mentioned,
it may be safely concluded—

1. That the tuberculin test is a wonderfully accurate method of
determining whether an animal is affected with tuberculosis.

2. That by the use of tuberculin the animals diseased with tuber.
culosis may be detected and removed from the herd, thereby eradi-
cating the disease.
UISEASES OF CATTLE. PLATE XXXIV

 

JULIUS BIEN & CO NY

PORTIONS OF TUBERCULOUS LUNGS OF CATTLE.
DISEASES OF CATTLE PLATE XXXV

 

Haines del JULIUS BIEN & CO.NY,

TUBERCULOUS LIVER OF Cow.
PLATE XXXVI

DISEASES OF CATTLE

 

Haines del.

TUBERCULOUS LYMPHATIC GLAND.

JULIUS BIEN & CO.N.Y,
 

DISEASES OF CaTTLE. PLATE XXXVI

 

 

 

 

a A.B GRAHAM CO. LITH WASH O.C.

TUBERCULOSIS OF THE OMENTUM (CAUL.)
INFECTIOUS DISEASES OF CATTLE. 417

3. That tuberculin has no injurious effect upon healthy cattle.

4. That the comparatively small number of cattle which have
aborted, suffered in health, or fallen off in condition after the tuber-
culin test were either diseased before the test was made or were
affected by some cause other than the tuberculin.

SUMMARY OF DIRECTIONS FOR MAKING THE TUBERCULIN TEST.

1. Stable cattle under usual conditions and among usual surround-
ings, feed and water in the customary manner.

2. Make a physical examination of each animal, and give to each
one some designation by which the animal will be known throughout
the test.

3. Take each animal’s temperature at least three times at two or
three hour intervals on the day of injection; for instance, at 2, 5,
and 8 p. m.

4. At 8 or 10 p. m. inject a dose of tuberculin under the skin in the
region of the shoulder, using a sterile hypodermic syringe after dis-
infecting the skin at the seat of injection with a 5 per cent solution of
carbolic acid or a similar antiseptic solution. ,

5. Tuberculin is not always concentrated to the same degree and
therefore the dose, wh:ch should always appear on the label, varies
considerably. The dose of imported tuberculin is 0.25 c.c. for an
adult cow, and before injection is diluted with sterile water to 2 ¢. c.
The tuberculin made by the Bureau of Animal Industry is prepared
so that it will not be necessary to dilute it, and the dose is 2 c. c. for
anadultanimal. Yearlings and 2-year-olds, according to size, should
receive from 1 to 14¢. ¢., while bulls and very large animals may
receive 3 ¢. ¢.

6. The next day, at 6a. m., commence taking temperatures, and con-
tinue every two or three hours unt‘] the twentieth hour after injection,
at which time if there is no tendency for the temperature to rise the
test may cease.

7. A rise of two or more degrees Fahrenheit above the maximum
temperature observed on the previous day, providing this temperature
exceeds 103.8° F., should be regarded as an indication of tuberculosis.
Those cases which approximate but do not reach this standard should
be considered as suspicious and held for a retest six weeks later,

giving Gouble the original dose.

TREATMENT OF TUEERCULOSIS.

Treatment of the disease is not seriously considered by any authori-

ties at the present time.
The measures to be adopted to prevent the spreading of the disease

61386—08 —-27
418 DISEASES OF CATTLE: =: ~

must take into consideration not only the tubercle bacillus, but like-
wise all those circumstances which make cattle more susceptible to.
the disease which have already been dwelt upon. It would be useless
to repeat here all that has been said above on the transmission of
tubercle bacilli from one animal to ancther, and on the dangers of cer-
tain debilitating influences. A careful study of these will show how
tuberculosis may, at least in some cases, be prevented. Great care
should be bestowed upon the breeding, the surroundings, and the
food of the animal, so that the latter may be put into a condition to
resist infection even when exposed toit. A tuberculin test should be
. applied to ail strange catiis before they are introduced into the herd,
and those which show a reaction should be refused.

A rigid exclusion of tuberculous animals is all that is necessary to
prevent the appearance of the disease, provided cattle are not infected
by consumptive persons and animals, though it is probably unusual,
because the bacilli from man are, in the majority of cases, attenuated
and harmless for cattle.

Tuberculosis in cattle must also be considered as bearing upon
tubereulosis of other domesticated animals, particularly hogs. In
Europe and the United States this disease is not so uncomnicn among
hogs, and appears to be on the increase. The reason for its existence
may be looked for in the feeding of pigs with skim milk, buttermilk,
and whey in dairies, with the offal of the abattoirs, behind tuberculous
cattle, and the household refuse generally. If tuberculosis is com-
mon among cattle it is likely to be transmitted to hogs kept in this way.

The carcasses of animals which have died of tuberculosis should be
buried deeply so that they can not be eaten by other animals. This
is likewise true of all organs or tissues of slaughtered animals con-
taining tubercles. These should never be fed to other animals, such
as hogs, dogs, and cats, and should either be destroyed by fire or
deeply buried.

When any of the animals in a herd of cattle show evident symp-
toms of tuberculosis, or when they are proved to be affected with this
disease by the tuberculin test, the best method of procedure in most
cases is to have the affected animals slaughtered and the stables dis-
infected. A large proportion of the animals which are slightly affected
yield carcasses which are perfectly wholescme and fit for human food,
but in all such cases there should be an inspection by an expert at
the time of slaughter to determine which carcasses may be used and
which should be destroyed.

The disinfection of stables may be accomplished by thoroughly
cleaning them, scrubbing the floors with hot water, brushing dcewn all
loose dust from the walls, and tearing off all weodwork which is partly
decayed. Then the whole interior of the stable should be covered
with a good coat of lime wash containing 1 part ef formalin (which is
a 40 per cent watery solution of formaldehyde) to 30 parts of the lime
wash, or 4 ounces of formalin to each gallon of lime wash.
INFECTIOUS DISEASES OF CATTLE. 419

Similar precautions should be observed in removing the manure of
the infected herd from the barnyard and other places accessible to
-eattle, since it is known that tuberculous cattle frequently eliminate
large numbers of tubercle bacilli from their bodies through the feces.
The ground under the manure pile could then be disinfected either
by applying the above-mentioned formalin solution or unsiaked lime
thickly sprinkled over the soil.

If all the animals which react are destroyed and the stables dis-
infected in this manner, the herd should remain free from the disease
unless other affected animals are added to it. The introduction of
the disease in this manner may be avoided by requiring a tuberculin
test of all new animals admitted on the premises.

It is unfortunately a fact that animals with tuberculosis which have
been tested several times may become so accustomed to tuberculin
that they will no longer react; consequently it is always advisable to
purchase cattle from some one who is known to be reliable, as other-
wise tubercular animals may be treated with tuberculin for the pur-
pose of hiding the disease.

In the case of very valuable thoroughbred animals it may be more
advantageous to retain the reacting animals which are in good con-
dition, in order to breed from them, and in that manner avoid the
excessive loss which would follow from their immediate slaughter.
This may be done safely if proper precautions are adopted. The
healthy animals should be separated from the diseased ones, and the
stable in which the diseased animals have been should be frequently
disinfected. When calves are dropped by the tubercular cows they

-should be immediately removed, or at least not allowed to drink the
mother’s milk more than once or twice, and after that fed upon the
milk of healthy cows. The milk from the animals which have reacted
should not be used until after it has been boiled and the tubercle
basiilli thus destroyed. The young animals which are raised from
tubercular dams should be tested when they are about six months
old, and all of those which react should be immediately slaughtered.
It has been found that by following the plan suggested above not
more than 1 or 2 per cent of the calves will develop tuberculosis. It
is of course some trouble to follow this method, but it enables the
owner of a purebred herd to retain the strains of blood which he has
been breeding and gradually to eliminate the disease. At the end of
ix or eight years he should have a herd of cattle free from tubercu-

1a

losis and be prepared to destroy all of those which have reacted.
BOVINE TUBERCULOSIS AND THE PUBLIC HEALTH.

The increasing amount of evidence pointing to the identity of
human and animal tuberculosis, combined with the extraordinary
42() DISEASES OF CATTLE."

mortality of human beings from this disease, often amounting to 10
to 14 per cent, has raised the question in all civilized countries as
to how far animal, and especially bovine, tuberculosis was to blame
for this high mortality. The medical and veterinary professions have
approached this problem with equal zeal, and much has come to light
within recent years which enables us to come to some conclusion. If
this disease is transmitted from animals to man, how does the trans-
mission take place? As comparatively few people come in direct
contact with tuberculous cattle, it must be either through the meat,’
the milk, the butter, the cheese, or through all of these products that
the virus enters the human body. The question has thus narrowed
itself down to the food products furnished by cattle.

It has become a very urgent question, especially in the poorer coun-
tries of Europe, whether all flesh from tuberculous animals is unfit for
human food. It is argued there that if it can be shown that in the
majority of cases of.tuberculosis the bones and the muscular system
are free from infection, there is no reason why the meat should not
be put on sale under certain restrictions. The question may be
resolved: into two divisions: (1) How frequently does the disease
invade those parts of the body which are used asfood? (2) When the
disease process is manifestly restricted to the internal organs do
tubercle bacilli circulate in the blood and lymph? and can they be
detected in the muscular tissue?

(1) Disease of the bones is not unknown, although very rare.
According to Walley it appears chiefly in the spongy bones of the
head and backbone and in the long bones of thelimbs. Occasionally
the ends of the bones, where they are covered by the synovial mem-
brane of the joints, are dotted with tubercles. The muscular system
itself is very rarely the seat of tubercular deposits, although the
lymphatic glands lying nearand among the muscles may be not infre-
quently diseased.

(2) Whether tubercle bacilli are found in muscle juice independent
of any tubercular deposits is a question which must be approached
experimentally. There is on record a great variety of opinions on
this matter, some authorities considering all flesh from tuberculous
animals unfit for food, while others hold a contrary view. Experi-
ments have shown that in rare cases the flesh of tuberculous cattle
contains a small number of tubercle bacilli. In Germany the flesh of
animals in which the disease is just beginning, or in which it is
restricted to one or more related organs, is not rejected. When,
however, the disease has affected the muscles, or bones, or lymphatic
glands situated on or between them, the flesh is condemned as unfit
and dangerous. Animals are also rejected in which it is evident,
from the general distribution cf tubercles throughout the various
organs, that the bacilli have been distributed by the blood and may
have been carried into the muscular system (generalized tuberculosis).
INFECTIOUS DISEASES OF CATTLE. 491

Concerning the infectious nature of milk secreted by tuberculous
cows, authorities have universally agreed that when the udder itself
is in the slightest degree involved the milk possesses infectious
properties, and is therefore dangerous. Tubercle bacilli have been
found in large numbers in the milk and the udder under such cir-
cumstances. Unlike other affections of the udder, tuberculosis of
this organ does not at once change the appearance and the quality of
‘the milk secreted. Bang states that for at least a month after the
disease has appeared the milk is normal in appearance and may be
consumed and sold without arousing the suspicion of the owner.
There is, therefore, considerable danger involved in this disease, and
the necessity for the careful inspection of dairy cows seems more
urgent than ever before.

Authorities are, however, not fully agreed as to whether the milk
from tuberculous cows in which the udder is apparently not invaded
by the disease should be considered dangerous or not. Some are
inclined to believe that the milk secreted by healthy udders is never
infectious, even when the lungs or other organs are affected; that,
in other words, the tubercle bacilli are rarely, if ever, separated from
the lesions which they produce, and that the udder itself must be
diseased before tubercle bacilli-can appear in the milk. - Experi-
ments made with the milk of tuberculous cows in which there were
no indications of udder disease do not bear out this theory, since
tubercle bacilli have béen found in the milk of such cows. Some
authorities still believe that the udder is diseased when the milk is
infected, but that the disease escapes observation. However this may
be, the fact that the udder may be diseased and the disease not rec-
ognizable, simply casts suspicion upon all milk from tuberculous
animals. We know that the milk of tuberculous cattle may or may
not contain tubercle bacilli when the udder is apparently free from
disease. But we have no rapid method of determining whether, in
any given case, the milk contains tubercle bacilli or not. Moreover,
the bacilli may be absent at one time and present at another in milk
from the same cow. When we consider, therefore, the extent of tuber-
culosis and the hidden character of the disease, a certain amount of
suspicion rests upon allmilk. Fortunately tubercle bacilli are readily
destroyed by the temperature of boiling water, and hence both meat
and milk are made entirely safe, the former by the various processes
of cooking, the latter by boiling for a few moments. Until better
means of diagnosis are at hand it is incumbent upon all communities
to have dairy cows examined or inspected, at least to the extent of
finding out whether the udder shows any signs of disease. If this is
detected, the affected animal should be killed at once, or else all
opportunity for the sale of such milk removed by appropriate meas-
ures. The dangers from infected milk might by these means be very
materially lessened.
499 DISEASES OF CATTLE. ~~

Recently there has been much discussion of the question as to
whether human and animal tuberculosis are identical diseases and
as to the possibility of the tuberculosis of animals being transmitted
to man or that of man being transmitted to animals.

The fact that tubercular material from human subjects often failed
te produce serious disease in cattle was observed by a number of the
earlier investigators who experimented with such virus. It was the
experiments and comparative studies of Theobald Smith, however,
which attracted special attention to the difference in virulence shown
by tubercle bacilli from human and bovine sources when inoculated
upon cattle. Smith mentioned also certain morphological and cul-
tural differences in bacilli from these two sources, and in the location
and histology of the lesions in cattle produced by such bacilli. He did
not conclude, however, that bovine bacilli could not produce disease
in the human subject, but said:

It seems to me that, ace2pting the clinical evidence on hand, bovine tuberculosis
may be transmitted to children when the body is overpowered by large numbers

ef bacilli, as in udder tuberculosis, or when certain unknown favorable conditions
exist.

Koch, however, in his address at the British Congress on Tubercu-
losis, went far beyond this and maintained that ‘‘ human tubercuicsis
differs from bovine and can not be transmitted te cattle.” As to the
susceptibility of man to bovine tuberculosis, he said it was not yet
absolutely decided, but one was ‘“‘ nevertheless already at liberty to
say that, if such a susceptibility really exists, the infection of human
beings is but a very rare occurrence.” He emphasized this view in
the following language:

I should estimate the extent of infection by the milk and flesh of tubercular
cattle and the butter made of their milk as hardly greater than that of hereditary
transmission, and I therefore do not deem it advisable to take any measures
against it.

This conclusion was so radically different from the views cf most
experimenters and sv out of harmony with facts which had apparently
been demonstrated by others that it at once aroused oppositica in the
congress, followed by the adoption of dissenting resolutions, and led
to numerous investigations in various countries. Koch’s conclusions
were based upon his failure to produce tuberculosis in cattle and other
animals by inoculating them with tubercular material of human origin,
and his success in causing progressive and fatal tuberculosis in the
same kinds of animals when inoculated with tubercular material of
bovine origin. With such positiveness did he hold to the constant
and specific difference between the human and bovine bacillus that he
promulgated an experimental method of discriminating between them.
Speaking of the etiology of intestinal tuberculosis in man, he said:

Hitherto nobody could decide with certainty in such a case whether the tuber-
culosis of the intestine was of human or of animal origin. Now we can diagnose
INFECTIOUS DISEASES OF CATTLE. 423

them. All that is necessary is to cultivate in pure culture the tubercle bacilli
found in the tubercular material, and to ascertain whether they belong to bovine
tuberculosis by inoculating cattle with them. For this purpose I recommend
subcutaneous injection, which yields quite specially characteristic and convincing
results.

These important and comprehensive conclusions fcllowed from a
comparatively few experiments upon animals, and apparently no effort
had been made to learn to what extent human tubercle bacilli might
differ in their virulence for cattle or what grades of virulence there
might be among bacilli of bovine origin. Vagedes had already shown
that bacilli were sometimes present in human lesions which were as
virulent as bovine bacilli, but his work was wholly ignored by Koch.

A considerable number of investigators, including Chauveaa,
Vagedes, Ravenel, de Schweinitz, Mohler, De Jong, Delépine, Orth,
Stenstrém, Fibiger and Jensen, Max Wclf, Nocard, Arloing, Behring,
Dean and Todd, Hamilton and Young, the German Tuberculosis
Commission, and Theobald Smith, have found tubercle bacilli in the
bodies of human beings that died of tuberculosis, which proved to
have about the same virulence for cattle as had the bacilli from
bovine animals affected by the disease.

Kossel, in a preliminary report, stated that the German commission
had tested 7 cultures of tuberculosis from cattle and hogs—4 from
cattle and 3 from hogs. Two of these cultures proved acutely fatal
in eattle after eight to nine weeks; 4 of the cultures likewise pro-
duced a generalized tuberculosis, but which certainly had a more
chronic course, while 1 of the cultures caused only an infiltration
at the point of inoculaticn, with some caseous foci in the adjoining
prescapular gland and in one of the mediastinal glands, and there
was lacking the spreading of the tuberculosis over the entire body,
which they were accustomed to see after the injection of cultures of
bovine tuberculosis. ‘‘ Hence,” says Kossel, “‘among bovine tuber-
culosis bacilli there can also occur differences with regard to the
virulence.”

The German commission also tested 39 different freshly made cul-
tures from tuberculous disease in man. Nineteen of these cultures
did not produce the slightest symptoms in cattle; with 9 others the
eattle exhibited after four months very minute foci in the prescapu-
lar glands, which were mostly encapsuled and showed no inclination
to progress; with 7 other cases there was somewhat-more marked
disease of the prescapular glands, but it did not go so far as a mate-
rial spreading of the process to the glands next adjoining. There were
4 cultures, however, which were more virulent and caused generalized
tuberculosis in the cattle inoculated with them.

It would appear, therefore, that hereafter everyone must admit that
it is impossible always to tell the source of a culture of the tubercle
bacillus by its effects when it is inoculated upon cattle. One of the
bovine cultures failed to produce generalized tuberculosis in cattle,
424 DISEASES OF CATTLE. -‘*) "

and some of the human cultures did produce this form of the disease
in such animals. Moreover, while some of the human cultures caused
no disease at all, others led to the development of minute foci in the
prescanular glands, and still others to somewhat more marked disease
of these glands. There were, consequently, four degrees of virulence
noted in these 39 cultures of bacilli from human sources and three
degrees of virulence in the 7 cultures from animal sources.

Now, if we accept the views of Koch as to the specific difference
between human and bovine tubercle bacilli, and that the human bacilli
produce only localized lesions in cattle, while bovine bacilli produce
generalized lesions in these animals, must we not conclude that the
one nonvirulent bovine culture was in reality of human origin, and
that the animal from which it was obtained had been infected from
man? This is a logical deduction, but reverses the dictum laid down
at London that human tuberculosis is not transmissible to cattle.
Again, how are we to explain the human cultures of medium virulence?
Are they human bacilli which, for some unknown reason, are increas-
ing in virulence and approaching the activity of the bovine bacillus?
Or are they really bovine bacilli which have multiplied in the human
body until their virulence has become attenuated? In whatever
manner these questions are decided it would seem that the findings of
the German commission, instead of supporting Koch’s views that we
can decide with certainty by the inoculation of cattle as to the source
of any given bacillus, really show that this method of diagnosis is
extremely uncertain in the present condition of our knowledge.

It is definitely admitted that 4 of the human cultures caused gen-
eralized tuberculosis in cattle; but Kossel suggests that it might be
possible that the bacilli in cases of human tuberculosis under certain
circumstances could likewise attain a very high pathogenic activity
for cattle without being for that reason bovine bacilli. Undoubtedly
the German commission is confronting the two horns of a dilemma,
either one of which is fatal to the views of Koch as stated with such
positiveness at London. If we accept this suggestion thrown out by
Kossel, we must conclude that Koch was wrong in his claim that
human tuberculosis can not be transmitted to cattle, and thus with
one blow we destroy the entire experimental support which he had for
his argument before the British Congress on Tuberculosis. And if,
on the other hand, we accept the conclusion which follows from the
principle laid down by Koch for the discrimination between human
and bovine bacilli, and which appears to be favored by Kossel, we
must admit that bovine tuberculosis is an extremely important factor
in the etiology of human tuberculosis. Of the 39 cases of human
tuberculosis tested, 4, or over 10 per cent, were virulent for cattle
and would be classified as of bovine origin; but these 4 cases were all
found among the 16 cases of tuberculosis in children which the com-
mission investigated; hence it is plain that 25 per cent of the cases
INFECTIOUS DISEASES OF CATTLE. 425

tested of tuberculosis in children would by Koch’s method be classified
as of bovine origin.

In the Bureau of Animal Industry two distinct lines of experiments
have been carried on, in order that one might serveas a check against
the other. There has been, however, no discrepancy in the results.
De Schvweinitz, in the Biochemic Division, Bureau of Animal Indus-
try, has isolated .9 cultures from human tuberculosis. Two of these
werc derived from human sputum, 3 from cases of generalized tuber-
culosis in adults, and 4 from cases of generalized tuberculosis in chil-
dren. By comparing these cultures with a newly isolated virulent
culture of bovine tuberculosis, there were found among them 2 cultures
from children which were identical in their cultural and morphological
characters with the bovine bacillus. These cultures also killed rabbits
and guinea pigs in as short a time as did the bovine bacillus. Hogs
which were inoculated subcutaneously with these 2 cultures from chil-
dren died of generalized tuberculosis. Two calves weighing over 300
pounds each were inoculated subcutaneously with these virulent human
cultures, and as a result developed generalized tuberculosis. A year-
ling heifer inoculated with 1 of the cultures showed generalized tuber-
culosis when kilied three months after inoculation. Both the. cattle
and the hogs had been tested with tuberculin and found to be ‘free
from tuberculosis before the inoculations were made. It is important:
to observe in this connection that 2 out of 4, or 50 per cent, of the
cultures obtained from cases of generalized tuberculosis in children
proved virulent for cattle.

Mohler, working in the Pathological Division, Bureau of Animal
Industry, has obtained 3 very virulent cultures of tubercle bacilli
from the human subject. A goat inoculated subcutaneously with 1
of these cultures died in thirty-seven days with miliary tuberculosis of
the lungsinvolving the axillary and prescapular glands. This bacillus
was obtained from the mesenteric gland of a boy. Of still greater
interest is a bacillus isolated by Mohler from humansputum. A goat
inoculated subcutaneously with a culture of this germ died in ninety-
five days of pulmonary tuberculosis. A cat inoculated in the same
manner died in twenty-three days of generalized tuberculosis. A
rabbit similarly inoculated died in fifty-nine days of pulmonary
tuberculosis. Another rabbit inoculated with a bovine culture for
comparison lived ten days longer than the one inoculated with this
sputum germ. Mohler also inoculated subcutaneously a 1-year-old
heifer with a culture derived from the tubercular mesenteric gland of
a boy 4 years of age. This culture was always refractory in its growth
under artificial conditions, and the bacilli were short, stubby rods,
corresponding in appearance with the bovine type. At the autopsy,
held one hundred and twenty-seven days after the inoculation, the
general condition was seen to be poor and unthrifty, and large, hard
tumors were found at the points of inoculation. On the right side
426 DISEASES OF CATTLE. = ~

the swelling measured 5} by 5 inches, and the corresponding lymph
gland was 2? inches long by 13 inches in diameter. This gland con-
tained numerous calcareous foci; one of these at the apex was an
inch in diameter. The lesicns on the leftshouiderof the azimal were
very similar to those found on ths right side, but the dimensions of
the tumor were slightly icss. The lungs presented an irregular mass
of tubercular nodules, and 7 or 8 grape-like nodules were seen on the
parictalpleura. Bronchialand mediastinal lymph glands ccntained

 

TUBERCULOSIS,
!Description of plates. ]

PLatTe XXXIV. Tuberculosis of the lungs. The upper figures represent a large
cheesy mass, surrounded by a capsule of connective tissue, the whole embedded
in healthy lung tissue. The lower figure illustrates in section a mass of tubercles
which have undergone cheesy degeneration, and some of which are surrounded
by dense connective tissue.

PLATE XXXV. Tuberculosis of the liver. A large portion of the lobe repre-
sented in the plate has undergone tuberculous changes. Numercus nodules are
shown in various stages of the disease, the majority cf which, however, contain
the yellowish, partly cheesy, partly gritty areas characteristic of advanced ttber-
culous degeneration. This large mass involves the surface of the liver, and also
extends into the liver substance.

PLATE XXXVI. A lymph gland from the region of the thorax behind cr above
the esophagus, or gullet (posterior, or dorsal, mediastinum). The gland is shown
eut through and laid open. It is very much enlarged, and the yellowish cheesy
masses which represent tissue undergoing tuberculous changes are well shown on
the cut surface. :

PLATE XXXVI. Represents the omentum, or caul, of a tuberculous cow. The
preparation had been in alcohol for some time. The projecting masses are the
tubercles, whence the name ‘' pearly disease’’ for that form of the malady in
which these tubercles are present. They are mainly restricted to the lining
membrane of the thorax and abdomen.

PLATE XXXVIII. Fig. 1. Lymphatic gland of the mesentery (the fold of mem-
brane to which the small intestines are attached) cut open. The gland is very
much enlarged. The yellowish portions represent tissue which has undergone
tuberculous changes.

Fig. 2. Omentum, or caul, resting upon the paunch. The reddish nodules with
which the membrane is beset are tubercles, the product of the disease. Both
specimens are from the same animal, a Jersey cow.

PLATE XXXIX. Fig. 1. Tuberculosis of the sirloin and porterhouse cuts of beef,
The grape-like tuberculous growths are mainly restricted io the lining membrane
of the abdomen.

Fig. 2. Tuberculosis of the pleura of cow, so-called ‘‘ pearly disease.”’ Notice
the grape-like clusters of tubercular nodules scattered over the lining membrane
of the chest (pleura).

PLats XL, Tuberculosis of a cow's udder which appeared uniformly swollen
and quite firm. Small cheesy foci and yellowish lines of tuberculous material
foilow the course of the milk ducts. The muccus membrane cf the milk cistern
(a) is ulcerated and covcred with yellowish cheesy particles. The supramammary
lymphatic gland (b) is greatly enlarged and contains many miliary tubercular
foci.
DISEASES OF CATTLE PLATE XXXVill

 

 

Haines del. JULIUS BIEN & CO.N.Y.

TUBERCULOSIS OF LYMPHATIC GLAND
AND OF OMENTUM (CAUL.)
Diseases oF CATTLE. PLATE XXXIX.

 

 

 

 

Fia. 1.—TUBERCULOSIS OF THE SIRLOIN AND PORTERHOUSE CUTS
or BEEF.

 

 

 

 

 

Fia. 2.—TUBERCULOSIS OF PLEURA OF COW—SO-CALLED PEARLY
DISEASE.
DISEASES OF CATTLE , PLATE XL

 

Haines del. JULIUS BIEN & CON Y

TUBERCULOUS UDDER OF Cow.
INFECTIOUS DISEASES OF CATTLE. 497

numerous tubercular foci, and the pericardium, peritoneum, spleen,
and liver were also affected.

In order to throw some light, if possible, upon the morphological
constancy of the different types of tubercle bacilli, Mohler has made
comparative studies of bacilli from various sources, and which had
been passed through various species of animals, by making the cul-
tures upon dog serum after the method described by Theobald Smith. —
Some important results have been obtained. One culture of human
bacilli which had morphological and cultural peculiarities similar to
those of the bovine bacillus, and which only produced local lesions in
cattle, was passed through a series cf five cats. It was then found to
be completely changed in its morphological characters, the rods being
elongated, slender, more or less beaded, and entirely of the human
type. But far from decreasing in virulence, as might be expected
from its merphological appearance, this bacillus had so increased in
its pathogenic activity that it now produced generalized tuberculosis
inacow. This cow was inoculated subcutaneously in front of each
shoulder with 2c. c. of a salt solution emulsion of the tuberculous
omentum of the last cat of the series. The cow rapidly lost flesh,
had a temperature of 104° F., with the point of inoculation and adja-
cent glands greatly swollen. The autopsy revealed generalized tuber-
eulosis, involving the lungs, mediastinal glands, spleen, liver, and
kidneys. Tubercle bacilli of the bovitie type obtained from the
mesenteric glands of a sheep, hog, and cow were similarly trans-
formed in their morphological appearance after being passed through
a series of cats and recovered on dog serum. These bacilli also
increased in virulence, as the last cat in the series invariably sue-
cumbed in a shorter time than the first of the series.

These experiments and observations indicate that the types of
tubercle bacilli are very inconstant, and that under suitable condi-
tions they readily change both in morphology and in virulence. A
similar conclusion was reached by other investigators in working
with the avian and piscine types of tubercle bacilli several years ago,
and was reasonably to have been expected with the human and bovine
types.

It aust be plain to all, from these recent developments, that too
much has been made of the slight differences in cultural character-
isties, in morphology, and in virulence which have been observed in
some cases in comparing the human and the bovine bacilli. The
observations were interesting, and it was important that they should
be followed up until their signifivance was made entirely clear; but
it was an almost unpardonable error, from a sanitary point of view,
to promulgate sweeping generalizations caleulated to arrest and
abolish important measures for preventing human tuberculosis before
the soundness of these generalizations had been established by a
thorough course of experimentation.

When Koch said in the British Congress on Tuberculosis that he
428 DISEASES OF CATTLE. *

should estimate the extent of infection by the milk and flesh of tuber-
cular cattle and the butter made of their milk as hardly greater than
that of hereditary transmission, and that he therefore did not deem
it advisable to take any measures against it, he went far beyond what
was justified by any experiments or observations which he reported,
and he did an immense amount of harm, which will be manifested for
years to come to those who endeavor to guard the human race from
the dangers of animal tuberculosis. The researches which have been
alluded to make these dangers more definite and certain than they
have appeared before, and sanitarians should therefore most ear-
nestly endeavor to counteract the erroneous and harmful impression
which was made by Koch’s address at London and his subsequent
address at the International Conference on Tuberculosis at Berlin.

VARIOLA.

Variola of cattle, commonly known as ‘‘cowpox,” is a contagious
disease of cattle which manifests its presence through an elevation of
temperature, a shrinkage in milk production, and by the appearance
of characteristic pustular eruptions, especially upon the teats and
udders of dairy cows. Although this is a contagious disease strictly
speaking, it is so universally harmless and benign in its course that
it is robbed of the terrors which usually accompany all spreading dis-
eases, and is allowed to enter a herd of cattle, run its course, and dis-
appear without exciting any particular notice.

The disease is quite common in this country, especially in the
eastern States.

The contagion of cowpox does not travel through the air from animal
to animal, but is only transmitted by actual contact of the contagious
principle with the skin of some susceptible animal. It may be carried
in this manner, not alone from cattle to cattle, but horses, sheep,
goats, and man may readily contract the disease whenever suitable
conditions attend their inoculation. ;

An identical disease frequently appears upon horses, attacking their
heels, and thence extending upward along the leg, producing, as it
progresses, inflammation and swelling of the skin, followed later by
pustules, which soon rupture, discharging a sticky, disagreeable secre-
tion. Other parts of the body are frequently affected in like manner,
especially in the region of the head, where the eruptions may appear
upon lips and nostrils, or upon the mucous surfaces of the nasal cay-
ities, mouth, or eyes.

Variola of the horse is readily transmitted to cattle, if both are
cared for by the same attendant, and, conversely, variola of cattle may
be carried from the cow to the horse on the hands of a person who
has been milking a cow affected with the disease.

The method of vaccination with material derived from the eruptions
of cowpox as a safeguard against the ravages of smallpox in members
INFECTIOUS DISEASES OF CATTLE. 429 -

of the human family is well known. The immunity which such vac-
cination confers upon the human subject has led many writers to
assert that cowpox is simply a modified form of smallpox, whose
harmless attack upon the human system is due to a certain attenua-
tion derived during its passage through the system of the cow or
horse. The result of numerous experiments, which have been car-
ried out for the purpose of determining the relationship existing
between variola of the human and bovine families, seems to show,
however, that although possessing many similar characteristics, they
are nevertheless distinct, and that in spite of repeated inoculations
from cattle to man, and vice versa, no transformation in the real
character of the disease ever takes place. :

Symptoms.—The disease appears in four to seven days after natural
infection, or may evince itself in two or three days as the result of
artificial inoculation. Young milch cows are most susceptible to an
attack, but older cows, bulls, or young cattle are by no means immune.
The attack causes a slight rise in temperature, which is soon followed
by the appearance of reddened, inflamed areas, principally upon the
teats and udder, and at times on the abdominal skin or the skin of
the inner surface of the thighs. In a few cases the skin of the throat
and jaws has been found similarly involved. If the affected parts are
examined on the second day after the establishment of the inflamma-
tion numerous pale red nodules will be found, which gradually expand
until they reach a diameter of one-half inch or even larger. within
afew days. At this period the tops of the nodules become trans-
formed into vesicles which are depressed in the center and contain a
pale serous fluid. They usually reach their maturity by the tenth
day of the course of the disease and are then the size of a bean.
From this time the contents of the vesicles become purulent, which
requires about three days, when the typical pox pustule is present,
consisting of a swelling with broad, reddened base, within which is an
elevated, conical abscess varying from the size of a pea to that of a
hazelnut.

The course of the disease after the full maturity of the pustule is
rapid where outside interference has not caused a premature rupture
of the small abscess at the apex of the swelling. The pustules gradu-
ally become darker colored and dryer until nothing remains but a
thick scab, which at last falls off, leaving only a slight whitish scar
behind. The total duration of the disease covers some twenty days
in each animal, and, owing to the slow spread of the infection from
animal to animal, many weeks may elapse before a stable can be fully
freed from it. The fallen scabs and crusts may retain their conta-
gious properties for several days when mixed with litter and bedding
upon the floor of the stable, and during this period they are at any
time capable of producing new outbreaks should fresh eattle be
brought into the stalls and thus come into actual contact with them.
430 DISEASES OF CATTLE.

Again, the pustules may appear, one after another, cna single animal,
in which ease the duration of the disease is materially iengthened.

Treatment.—In herds of cattie that regularly receive careful han-
dling, no special treatment will be found necessary beyond the appli-
cation of softening and disinfecting agents to such vesicles upon the
teats as may have become ruptured by the hands of the milker. Car-
bolized vaseline or iodoform ointment will be found well suited te this
work. In more persistent cases it may be found desirabie to use a
milking tube in order to prevent the reveated opening of the pustules
during the operation of milking. "Washing tho sores twice daily with
a weak solution of zine chloride (24 per cent solution) has been found
te assist in checking the inflammation and to cleanse and heal the
parts by its germicidal action. When the udder is hard, swollen, and
painful, support it by a bandage and foment frequentiy with hot
water. If calves are allowed to suckle the cows the pustules become
confluent, and the ulcerations may extend up into the teat, causing
garget and ruining the whole quarter of the udder.

As young cows are most susceptible to variola, the miiker must
exercise constant patience with these affected animais so long as their
teats sr udders are sore and tender, else the patient may contract
vicious habits while resisting painful handling. The flow of milk is
usually lessened as scon as the fever becomes established, but returns
to normal with the return of perfect health.

The practice of thorough cleanliness in handling or milking affected
cattle may, in many instances, prevent the dissemination of the
trouble among the healthy portion of the herd, but even the greatest
care may prove insufficient to check the spread until it has attacked
each animal of the herd in turn.

ACTINOMYCOSIS.
(Pls. XLI to XLIH, inclusive.)

Actinomycosis, also knewn as lumpy jaw, big jaw, wooden tongue,
etc., is a chronic infectious disease characterized by the formation of
peculiar tumors in various regions of the body, more particularly the
head, and due to the specific action of a certain fungus (actinomyces).
This fungus is an organism which occurs in the tissnes in the form
of rosettes, and it has therefore been termed the ‘‘ray fungus.” The
disease is not directly transmitted from one animal to another, but it
seems apparent that the fungus is conveyed into the tissues by vari-
ous focdstuffs through slight wounds of the mucous membrane of the
mouth, decayed teeth, or during the shedding of milk teeth. The
ray fungus is found in nature vegetated on grasses, on the awns of
barley, the spears of oats, and on other grains. Quantities of the
fungi have been found between the vegetable fizers of barley which
had penetrated the gums of cattle and on the awns of grain embedded
in the tongues of cows.
INFECTIOUS DISEASES OF CATTLE. 431

Although actinomycotic tumors on eattié had been the cbject of
study for many years, it was not until 1877 that the constant presence
of actinomyces was pointed out by Bollinger, of Munich, and since
that time considered the cause. This fungus has been observed in
these tumors as early as 1860 by Rivolta, and by others subsequently,
without having been suspected as causing them.

Since Bollinger’s publication a large amount of work has been done,
many observations made, and many hitherto obscure disease proc-
esses brought into relation with this fungus. Furthermore, a similar
disease in man was first definitely shown to be associated with the
same fungus in 1878 by Israel, and in the foliowing year Ponfick
peinted out that the disease described by Bollinger in animals and
that found by Israel in man were due to the same cause; that is, that
the fungi described by these observers were ons and the same.

The tumors and abscesses wherever they may be situated are all found
to be the same in origin by the presence of the aetinomyces fungus.
When they are incised, a very close scrutiny with the naked eye, or at
most a hand lens, wilkreveal the presence of minute grains which vary
from a pale-yellow toasulphur-yellow color. They may be very abun-
dant or so few as to be overlooked. They are embedded in the soft
tissue composing the tumor or in the pus of theabscess. With» needle
they are easily lifted out from the tissue,and then they appear as
roundish masses about one-half millimeter (;) inch) indiameter. To
anyone familiar with the use of a microscope the reccgnition of these
grains or particles without any previous preparation is a compara-
tively easy task.

When examined in the fresh condition under a microscope magnify-
ing up to 250 diameters the general structure is made out without
much difficulty. These grains consist of collections of minute round-
ish masses. Their outer surface is made up of club-shaped bodies all
radiating from the center of the mass (see Pl. XLI, fig. 2), some-
what like a rosette. If the fungus is crushed, the interior is foun
made up of bundles of very fine filaments, which are probably con-
tinuous into the club-shaped bodies. The addition of a dilute solu-
tion of caustic soda or potash greatly aids the examination, since it
removes the layer of cells adhering to the fungus, which obseures the
structure. Now and then these grains are found to be in a calcified
condition. The exterior is incrusted in lime salts, which are dis-
solved by adding some weak dilute acid, like acetic acid. Only by
this precedure can the fungus be definitely recognized when in a mum-
mified condition.

These are the bodies whose presence causes sufficient irritation in
the tissues into which they find their way to set up inflammatory
growths. These growths increase as the fungus continues to multiply
until they reach enormous dimensions, if the affected animal is per-
mitted to live long enough. The true nature of this parasite is not
432 DISEASES OF CATTLE.

yet definitely settled, although many excellent observers have occu-
pied themselves with it. According to earlier observers it is a true
fungus. Later ones are inclined to place it among the higher bac-
teria. Further investigations will be necessary to clear up this
subject.

Whatever be the situation of the disease caused by actinomyces,
its nature is fundamentally the same and peculiar to the fungus.
The pathological details which make this statement clear can not be
entered upon in this place, nor would they be cf any practical value
to the farmer. We will simply dwell upon a few obvious characters.

The consistency of the tumor varies in different situations accord-
ing to the quantity of fibrous or connective tissue present. When
very little cf this is present the tumor is of a very soft consistency.
As the quantity of connective tissue is increased the tumor is firmer
and of a more honeycombed appearance. The individual actino-
myces colonies are lodged in the spaces cr interstices formed by the
meshwork of the connective tissue. There they are surrounded by
a mantle of cellular elements which fill up the spaces. By scraping
the cut surface of such a tumor these cell masses inclosing the fungi
come away, and the latter may be seen as pale-yellow or sulphur-
yellow specks, as described above.

Location of the disease.—Iin cattie the disease process may be located
both externally, where it is readily detected, and in internal organs.
Its preferred seat is on the bones of the lower and upper jaw, in the
parotid salivary gland in the angle of the jaw, and in the region of
the throat. It may also appear under the skin in different parts of
the body. Internally it may attack the tongue and appear in the
form of a tumor in the mouth, pharynx, and larynx. It may cause
extensive disease of the lungs, more rarely of the digestive tract.

It appears, furthermore, that in certain districts or countries the
disease seems to attack by preference certain parts. Thus in Eng-
land actinomycosis of the tongue is most prevalent. In Denmark the
soft parts of the head are most prone to disease, while in Russia the
lips are the usual seat. In certain parts of Germany actinomycotie
tumors of the throat (pharynx), in others disease of the jawbones, is
most frequently encountered. ’

A description of actinomycosis of the jaw (lumpy jaw) and of the
tongue has already been given in a previous chapter, and hence they
will be dealt with here only very briefly. When the disease attacks
the soft parts of the head a rather firm swelling appears, in which are
formed one or more smaller projecting tumors, varying from the size
of a nut to that of anegg. These push their way outward and finally
break through the skin as small, reddish, fungus-like bodies covered
with thin sloughs. Or the original swelling, in place of enlarging in
the manner described, may become transformed into an abscess which
finally bursts to discharge creamy pus. The abscess cavity, however,
 

INFECTIOUS DISEASES OF CATTLE. 433:

does not disappear, but is soon filled with fungus-like growths which
force their way outward through the opening.

When the tumors are situated within the cavity of the pharynx
they have broken through from some gland, perhaps beneath the-
mucous membrane, where the disease first appeared, and hang or pro-
ject into the cavity of the pharynx, either as pendulous masses with.
a slender stem or as tumors with a broad base. Their position may
be such as to interfere with swallowing and with breathing. In either
case serious symptoms will soon appear.

The invasion of the bones of the jaws by actinomycosis must be-
regarded as one of the most serious forms of the disease (Pls. XLI,
XLII, fig. 1.) It may start in the marrow of the bone and by a slow
extension gradually undermine the entire thickness of the bone itself..
The growth may continue outward and after working its way through.
muscle and skin finally break through and appear externally as stink--
ing fungoid growths. The growth may at the same time work its way
inward and appear in the mouth. The disease may also begin in the
periosteum, or covering of the bone, and destroy the bone from without.
inward.

Actinomycosis of the lungs is occasionally observed, and it is not
improbable that it has been mistaken at times for tuberculosis. The
actinomyces grains are, however, easily observed if the diseased tissue-
be carefully examined. The changes in the lungs as they appear to
the naked eye vary considerably from case to case. Thus, in one
animal the lungs were affected as in ordinary broncho-pneumonia as.
to the location, extent, and appearance of the disease process. The-
affected lobes had a dark-red flesh appearance, with yellowish areas.
sprinkled in here and there. (See Pl. XLII, figs. 1,2.) These latter
areas were the seat of multiplication of the actinomyces fungus. In
another case, of which only a small portion of the lungs were sent to.
the laboratory, these were completely transformed into a uniformly
grayish mass, very soft and pulpy to the touch, and appearing like.
‘very soft and moist dough. (Pl. XLII, fig. 3.) The actinomyces
grains were exceedingly abundant in this tissue, and appeared whem
the tissue was incised as minute sulphur-yellow grains, densely
sprinkled through the tissue, which readily came away and adhered
to the knife blade. In still another case a portion of the lung tissue:
was converted into large, soft masses from 1 to 3 inches in diameter,
each partly inelosed in very dense connective tissue. These soft,
grayish-yellow masses likewise resembled moist dough in their consist-
ency, and the actinomyces grains, though neither very distinct nor at.
all abundant, were easily fished cut and identified assuch. <A portion.
of this growth, which was as large as a child’s head, was converted.
into an abscess filled with creamy semiliquid pus.

This case differed from the preceding in that all appearance of lung
tissue had disappeared from the diseased mass. Only on the exterior

61386-—-08——28
434 DISEASES OF CATTLE.

the lung tissue could be recognized, although even there it had been
largely converted into very dense, whitish, connective tissue inelosing
the fungoid growth. In the other case the external form of the lung
and the shape and outline of the lobules were preserved, but the lung
tissue itself was not recognizable as such. In the case first mentioned
she changes were still less marked, and actinomycosis would not have
been suspected by asimple inspection. These few illustrations suffice
to show that actinomycosis of the lungs may appear under quite dif-
ferent forms, and that the nature of the disease can be accurately
determined only by finding the fungus itself. Rarely actinomycosis
attacks the body externally in places other than the head and neck.
Crockshank describes the case of a bull in which the flank was
attacked and subsequently the scrotum became diseased. A large
portion of the skin of the flank was destroyed and covered with a
leathery crust. When this was pulled away the pus beneath it showed
the actinomyces grains to the naked eye.

Actinomyeosis may also involve the udder, the spermatic cord of
castrated animals, vagina, and, when it becomes generalized, the brain,
liver, spleen, and muscular tissue.

Actinomycosis may in some cases be confounded with tuberculosis.
The diagnosis does not offer any difficulties, since the presence of the
actinomyces fungus at once removes any existing doubts. As has
already been intimated, these grains, simulating sulphur bails, are
visible to the naked eye, and their nature is readily determined with
the aid of a microscope.

The course of the disease is quite slow. As the tumors grow they
may interfere with the natural functions of the body. According to
their situation, mastication, rumination, or breathing may be inter-
fered with, and in this way the animal may become emaciated. Acti-
nomycosis of the jawbones leads to destruction of the teeth and
impedes the movements necessary to chewing the food. Similarly,
when the disease attacks the soft parts of the head obstructions may
arise in the mouth by an inward growth of the tumor. If tumors
exist in the pharynx they may partially obstruct the movements
necessary to breathing, or close the air passages and cause partial
suffocation. Actinomycosis of the tengue, in interfering with the
many and varied movements of this important organ, is also a serious
matter. There is no reason to suppose that the localized disease
interferes with the general health in any other way than indirectly
until internal organs, such as the lungs, become involved.

A very small proportion of the cases may recover spontaneously,
the tumors being encysted or undergoing calcification. In most cases
the disease yields readily to proper treatment, and about 75 per cent
of the affected animals may be eured.

Prevention.—The question as to how and where animals take this
disease is one concerning which we are still in the stage of conjecture,
INFECTIOUS DISEASES OF CATTLE. 485

because we possess as yet very little information concerning the life
history of the actinomyces itself. The quite unanimous view of all
observers is that animals become infected from the food. The fungus
is lodged upon the plants and in some way enters the tissues of the
head, the lungs, and the digestive tract, where it sets up its peculiar
activity. It is likewise generally believed that the fungus is, as it
were, inoculated into the affected part. This inoculation is performed
by the sharp and pointed parts of plants which penetrate the mucous
membrane and carry with them the fungus. The disease is therefore
inoculable rather than contagious. The mere presenceof the diseased
animal will not give rise to disease in healthy animals unless the acti-
nomyces grains pass directly from the diseased into some wound or
abrasion of the healthy or else drop upon the food which is consumed
by the healthy. Not only are these views deducible from clinical
observation, but they have been proved by the positive inoculation of
calves and smaller animals with actinomyces. The danger therefore
of the presence of actinomyces for healthy animals is a limited ono.
Nevertheless an animal affected with this disease should not be
allowed to go at large or run with other animals. if the fungus is
being scattered by discharging growths we certainly can not state at
this stage of our knowledge that other animals may not be infected by
such distribution, and we must assume, until more positive informa-
tion is at hand, that this actually occurs.

It is, however, the opinion of the majority of authorities that when
actinomycosis appears among a large number of animals they all con-
tract it in the same way from the food. Much speculation has there-
fore arisen whether any particular plant or group of plants is the
source of the infection and whether any special condition of the soil
favors it. Very little positive information is at hand on these ques-
tions. It would be very desirable for those who live in localities
where this disease is prevalent to make statistical and other cbserva-
tions on the occurrence of the disease with reference to the season of
the year, the kind of food, the nature of the soil (whether swampy or
dry, recently reclaimed or cultivated for a long time) tpon which the
animals are pastured or upon which the food is grown.

It is highly probable that such investigations will lead to an under-
standing of the source of the fungus and the means for checking
the spread of the disease itself. Veterinarian Jensen, of Denmark,
made some observations upon an extensive outbreak of actinomycosis
a number of years ago, which led him to infer that the animals
were inoculated by eating barley straw harvested from pieces of
ground just reclaimed from the sea. While the animals remained
unaffected as long as they pastured on this ground or ate the hay
obtained from it, they became diseased after eating the straw of
cereals from the sameterritory. Others have found that cattle grazing
upon lew pastures along the banks of streams and subject to inunda-
486 DISEASES OF CATTLE.

-

tions are more prone to the disease. It has also been observed that
food gathered from such grounds may give rise to the disease even
after prolonged drying. Actinomycosis is not infrequent in south-
western cattle and is generally supposed to be the result of eating
the prickly fruit of the cactus plant, causing wounds of the mucous
“membrane and subsequent infection with the parasite. Much addi-
tional information of a similar kind must be forthcoming befere the
source and manner of infection in this disease and its dependence
upon external conditions will be known. It is not at all improbable
that these may vary considerably from place to place.

Treatment.—This has been until recently almost entirely surgical.
When the tumors are external and attached to soft parts only, an
early removal may lead to recovery. This, of course, can only be
undertaken by a trained veterinarian, especially as the various parts
of the head and neck contain important vessels, nerves, and ducts
which should be injured as little as possible in any operation. Unless
the tumor is completely removed it will reappear. Disease of the
jawbones is at best a very serious matter, and treatment is likely to
be of no avail.

In March, 1892, an important contribution to our knowledge of this
subject was made by M. Nocard, of the Alfort Veterinary School, in a
communication to the French Central Society of Veterinary Medicine.
He showed clearly that the actinomycosis of the tongue, a disease
which appears to be quite common in Germany, and is there known
as ‘“‘wooden tongue,” could be quickly and permanently cured by the
administration of icdid of potassium. M. Nocard calls attention to
the success of M. Thomassen, of Utrecht, who recommended this treat-
ment as long ago as 1885, and who has since treated more than 80 cases,
all of which have been cured. A French veterinarian, M. Godbille,
has treated a number of cases of actinomycosis in the tongue with the
same remedy, all of which have been cured. M. Nocard also gives
details of a case which was cured by himself.

All of the cases referred to were of actinomycosis of the tongue, and
no one appears to have attempted the cure of actinomycosis of the
jaw until this was undertaken by Doctor Norgaard, of the Bureau of
Animal Industry. He selected a young steer in April, 1892, in fair
condition, which had a tumor on the jaw measuring 154 inches in cir-
cumference and from which a discharge had already been established.
This animal was treated with iodid of potassium, and the result was
a complete cure.

The iodid of potassium is given in doses of 14 to 24 drams once
a day, dissolved in water, and administered as a drench. The dose
should vary somewhat with the size of the animal and with the
effects that are produced. If the dose is sufficiently large there appear
signs of iodism in the course of a week or ten days. Theskin becomes
scurfy, there is weeping from the eyes, catarrh of the nose, and loss of
INFECTIOUS DISEASES OF CATTLE, 437

appetite. When these symptoms appear the medicine may be sus-
pended for a few days and afterwards resumed in the same dose.
The cure requires from three to six weeks’ treatment. Some animals
do not improve under treatment with iodid of potassium, and these
are generally the ones which show no signs of iodism.

If there is no sign of improvement after the animals have been
treated four or five weeks, and the medicine has been given in as
large doses as appear desirable, it is an indication that the particular
animal is not susceptible to the curative effects of the drug, and the
treatment may therefore be abandoned. :

It is not, however, advisable to administer iodid of potassium to
milch cows, as it will considerably reduce the milk secretion or stop it
altogether. Furthermore, a great part of the drug is excreted through
the milk, making the milk unfitfor use. It should not be given to ani-
mals in advanced pregnancy, as there is danger of producing abortion.

The best results are cbtained by pushing the drug until you see its
effect. The many tests to which this treatment has been subjected
have proved with few exceptions its specific curative value. In addi-
tion to this the tumor should be painted externally with the tincture
of iodin or Lugol’s solution, or one of these solutions should be injected
subcutaneously into the tumor.

M. Godbille has given as much as 4 drams of potassium iodid in
one day to a steer, decreasing the dose one-fourth dram each day until
the dose was 14 drams, which was maintained until the twelfth day
of treatment, when the steer appeared entirely cured.

M. Nocard gave the first day 14 drams in one dose to a cow; the
second and succeeding daysa dose of 1 dram in the morning and even-
ing, in each case before feeding. This treatment was continued for
ten days, when the animal was cured.

Actinomycosis and the public health._—The interest which is shown
concerning this cattle disease is largely due to the fact that the same
disease attacks human beings. Its slow progress, its tendency to
remain restricted to certain localities, and the absence of any directly
contagious properties have thus far not aroused any anxiety in other
countries as to its influence on the cattle industry, not even to the
point of placing it among the infecticus diseases of which statistics
are annually published. Its possible bearing on public health has,
however, given this disease a place in the public mind which it hardly
aeserves.

It has already been stated that the actinomyces fungus found in

-human disease is considered by authorities the same as that occurring
in bovine affections. Itis therefore of interest to conclude this article
with a brief discussion of the disease in man and its relation to acti-
nomycosis in cattle.

In man the location of the disease process corresponds fairly well
with that in cattle. The majority of cases which have been reported
438 DISEASES OF CATTLE.

in different parts of the world—and they are now quite numerous—
indicate disease of the face. The skin, tongue, or the Jawbones may
become affected, and by a very slow process it may extend downward
upon the neck and even into the cavity of the chest. In many cases
the tecth have been found in a state of more or less advanced decay
and ulceration. In a fei7 cases disease of the lungs was observed
without coexisting disease cf the bones or soft parts of the head. In
such cases the fungus must have been inhaled. The disease of the
lungs after a time extends upon the chest wall. Here it may corrode the
ribs and work its way through the muscles and the skin. An abscess
is thus formed discharging pus containing actinomyces grains. Dis-.
ease of the digestive organs caused by this fungus has also been
observed in a few instances.

Granting the identity of the disease in man and cattle, the question
has been raised whether cattle are responsible for the disease in man.
Any transmission of the infectious agent may be conceived of as taking
place during the life of the animal and after slaughter from the meat.
That human beings have contracted actinomycosis by coming in con-
tact with diseased cattle is not shown by the cases that have hitherto

 

ACTINOMYCOSIS.
[Description of plates. ]

d

Puate XLIL Fig. 1. Actinomycosis of the jaw. The lower jawbone has been
extensively eaten away by the disease. Fig. 2. Actinomyces fungus from a tumor
of the jawbone in cattle, magnified 550 times. Both figures are taken from Jéhne
(Encyklopidie d. ges. Thierheilkunde).

PriatE XLII. Actinomycosis of the lungs, Fig. 1. Transverse section of the
ventral lobe of the right lung, from a case studi din the laboratory. The yeliow-
ish dots represent the places where the actinomyces fungus is lodged. The larger
yellowish patches are produced by the confiuence of a number of isolated centers.
The entire lobe is of a dark flesh-red color, due to collapse and broncho-pneumonia.
Fig. 2. The cut surface of a portion of the principal lobe of the same lung, show-
ing the recent invasion of antinomycosis from the other lobe: a, large air tube;
b, artery; c, a pneumonic lobule; d, lobule containing minute yellowish dots. In
these the actinomyces fungus is lodged. Fig. 3. Cut surface of asmall portion of
another lung, showing a few lobules a. The fungus is sprinkled throughout the
lung tissue in the form of yellowish grains, as shown in the illustration. The
pleural covering of the lung tissue is shown in profile above.

PuaTe XLII. Actinomycesis of the jaw (lumpy jaw, etc.}, reduced one-half.
(From Jéhne, in Encyklopiidie d. gesaramt. Thierheilkunde.) The lower jawis
sawn through transversely, i. e., from right to left, and shows the disease within
the jawbone itself; a, within the mouth, showing the papillon the mucous mem-
brane of the cheek; b, front view of a molar tooth; c, the skin covering the lower
surface of the jawbone; d, the jawbore hollowed out and enlarged by the forma-
tion of cavities within it, which are filled with the soft growth of the actinomy-
cotictumor. Thesection makesit appear asif the bone were broken into fragments
and these forced apart; e, a portion of the tumor which has broken through the
bone and the sEin and appears as a tumor on the cheek. The little roundish masses
represent the granulomata (minute tumors) ix which the fungus vegetates.
DISEASES OF CarTLe.

PLATE XLI.

 

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PLATE XLII

DISEASES OF CATTLE

 

ACTINOMYCOSIS OF THE LUNGS.

JULIUS BIEN & CO.N.Y.

Haines del
DISEASES OF CATTLE.

 

_PLATE XLII.

 

 

A.B GRAHAM CO. LITH.WASH 0.¢.

 

 

ACTINOMYCOSIS OF THE JAW.
 

INFECTIOUS DISEASES OF CATTLE, 439

been reported, for the occupations of moat of the patients did not bring
them into any relation whatever with cattle. While the possibility of
such direct transmission is not denied, nevertheless it must be consid-
ered extremely rare. Practically the same position is maintained at
present by most authorities as regards the transmission of the disease to
man by eating meat. {srael, who has studied this question carefully,
found the disease in Jews who never ate pork? and who likewise were
protected by the rigorous meat inspection practiced by their sect from
bovineactinomycosis. Furthermore, it must be bornein mind that acti-
nomycosis is a local disease, causing great destruction of tissue where
thefungus multiplies, but very rarely becoming generally disseminated
over the body from the original diseasefocus. The fungus is only found
in piaces where the disease process is manifest to the eye or becomes
so in a very short time after the lodgment of the fungus. Only the
greatest negligence would allow the actually diseased parts to be sold
and consumed. Finally, this parasite, like all others, would be
destroyed in the process of cooking. The majority of authorities thus
do not believe that actinomycosisin man is directly traceable to the dis-
ease in animals, but are of the opinion that both man and animals are
infected from a third source. This source has already been discussed
above. How far these views may be modified by further and more
teliing investigations cf the parasitic fungus itself no one can predict.
There are still wide gaps in our knowledge, and the above presonta-
tion simply summarizes the prevailing views, to which there are, of
course, dissenters. An attempt to give the views of both sides on this
question would necessitate the summarizing and impartial discussion
of all the experiments thus far made—a task entirely beyond the
scope of the present work.

Whether an animal affected with actinomycosis should be used for
human food after all diseased organs and tissues have been thoroughly
removed is a question the answer to which depends on a variety of
circumstances. Among these may be mentioned the thoroughness
of the meat inspection itself, which allows no really diseased animal
to pass muster; the extent of the disease, and the general conditicn
of the animal affected. ©

If the tumors in the ecareass are smaii, and not generalized, the
affected parts should be destroyed and the remainder may be used
for human food. When, however, the disease is sufficiently developed
to cause large swellings and abscesses which are freely discharging
pus into the alimentary canal, and when the general health of the
animal is affected, the carcass should be condemned, as the meat is
not in a proper condition for food. The earcass should also be
destroyed when the lungs or internal lymphatic glands are affected, or
when there are a large number of centers of disease scattered through-
out the body.

 

a Hogs are subject to actinomycosis.
440 DISEASES OF CATTLE.

ANTHRAX.

Anthrax, er charbon, may be defined as an infectious disease which
is caused by specific bacteria, known as anthrax bacilli, and which is
more or less restricted by conditions of soil and moisture to definite
geographical localities. While it is chiefly limited to cattle and sheep,
it may be transmitted to goats, horses, cats, and certain kinds of
game. Smaller animals, such as mice, rabbits, and guinea pigs,
speedily succumb to inoculation. Dogs and hogs are slightly sus-
ceptible, while fowls are practically immune. The variety of domes-
ticated animals which it may attack renders it one of the most dreaded
scourges of animal life. It may even attack man. Of this more will
be stated farther on.

Cause.—The cause of anthrax is a microscopic organism known as
the anthrax bacillus. (See Pl. XXIX, fig. 7.) In form it is cylindri-
cal or rod-like, measuring zj55 to s757 inch in length and 33},;7 inch in
diameter. Like all bacteria, these rod-like bodies have the power of
indefinite multiplication, and in the body of infected animals they
produce death by rapidly increasing in numbers and producing sub-
stances which poison the body. In the blood they multiply in num-
ber by becoming elongated and then dividing into two, each new
organism continuing the same process indefinitely. Outside of the
body, however, they multiply in a different way when under condi-
tions unfavorable to growth. Oval bodies, which are called spores,
appear within the rods, and remain alive and capable of germina-
tion after years of drying. They also resist heat to a remarkable
degree, so that boiling water is necessary to destroy them. The
bacilli themselves, on the other hand, shew only very little resistance
to heat and drying. It has long been known that the anthrax virus
thrives best under certain conditions of the soil and on territeries
subject to floods and inundaticns. The particular kinds of soil
upon which the disease is observed are black, loose, warm, humous
soils, also those containing lime, marl, and ciay, finally peaty, swampy
soils resting upon strata which hold the water, or, in other words, are
impervious. Hence fields containing stagnant pools may be the
source of infection. The infection may be limited to certain farms,
or even to restricted areas on such farms. Even in the Alps, over
3,000 feet above sea level, where such conditions prevail in secluded
valleys, anthrax persists among herds.

Aside from these limitations to specific conditions of the soil, anthrax
is a disease of world-wide distribution. It exists in most countries of
Europe, in Asia, Africa, Australia, and in our own country in the
lower Mississippi Valley, the Gulf States, and in some of the Eastern
and Western States. It seems to be gradually spreading in this coun-
try and occurs in new districts every year.

Meteorological conditions also have an important share in determin-
ing the severity of the disease. On those tracts subject to inunda-
INFECTIOUS DISEASES OF CATTLE. 441

tions in spring a very hot, dry summer is apt to cause a severe outbreak,
The relation which the bacillus bears to these conditions is not posi-
tively known. It may be that during and immediately after inunda-
tions or instagnant water the bacilli find enough nourishment in the
water here and there to multiply and produce an abundant crop of
spores, which are subsequently carried, in a dry condition, by the
winds during the period of drought and disseminated over the vege-
tation. Animals feeding upon this vegetation may contract the dis-
ease if the spores germinate in the body.

Another source of the virus, and one regarde" by many authorities
as perhaps the most important, is the body cf an animal which has
died of anthrax. It will be remembered that in such bodies the
anthrax bacilli are present in enormous numbers, and wherever blood
or other body fluids are exposed to the air on the surface of the carcass
there the formation of spores will go on in the warm season of the year
with great rapidity. It will thus be readily understood how this dis-
ease may become stationary in a given locality and appear year after
year and even grow in severity if the carcasses of animals which have
succumbed to it are not properly disposed of. These should be buried
deeply, so that spore formation may be prevented and no animal have
access to them. By exercising this precaution the disease will not be

_ disseminated by flies and other insect pests.

We have thus two agents at work in maintaining the disease in any
locality—the soil and meteorological conditions and the carcasses of
animals that have died of the disease. Besides these dangers, which
are of immediate consequence to cattle on pastures, the virus may be
carried from place to place in hides, hair, wool, hoofs, and horns, and
it may be stored in the hay or other fodder from the infected fields and
cause an outbreak among stabled animals feeding upon it in winter.
In this manner the affection has been introduced into far distant
localities.

How cattle are infected.—We have seen above that the spores of the
anthrax bacilli, which correspond in their functions to the seeds of higher
plants, and which are the elements that resist the unfavorable conditions
in the soil, air, and water longest, are thechiefagentsofinfection. They
may be taken inte the bedy with the food and produce disease which
begins in the intestinal tract; or they may come in contact with
scratches, bites, or other wounds of the skin, the mouth, and tongue,
and produce in these situations sweilings or carbuncles. From such
swellings the bacilli penetrate into the blood and produce a general
disease.

It has likewise been claimed that the disease may be transmitted by
various kinds of insects which carry the bacilli from the sick and inoc-
ulate the healthy as they pierce the skin. When infection of the blood
takes place from the intestines the carbuncles may be absent. It has
already been stated that since the anthrax spores live for several years,
449 DISEASL3 OF CATTLE.

the disease may be contracted in winter from food gathered on per-
manently infected fields.

The disease may appear sporadically, i. e., only one or several ani-
mals may be infected while the rest of the herd remain well, or it may
appear as an epizodtic attacking a large number at about the same
time.

Symptoms.—Thke symptoms in cattle vary considerably, according as
the disease begins in the skin, in the lungs, crin the intestines. They
depend also on the severity of the attack. Thus we may have what is
ealled anthrax peracutus or apeplectiform, when the animal dies very
suddenly as if from apoplexy. Such cases usually eccur in the begin-
ning of an outbreak. The animal, without having shown any signs of
disease, suddenly drops down in the pasture and dies in convulsions,
or an animal apparently well at night is found dead in the morning.

The second type (anthrax acutus), without any external swellings, is
the one most commonly observed in catile. The disease begins with
a high fever. The temperature may reach 106° to 107° F. The pulse
beats from 80 to 100 per minute. Feeding and rumination are sus-
pended. Chills and muscular tremers may appear and the.skin show _
wneven temperature. The ears and base of the horns are cold, the coat
staring. Theanimaisaredulland stupid and manifest great weakness.

To these symptoms others are added in the course of the disease.
The dullness may give way to great uneasiness, champing of the jaws,
spasms of the limbs, kicking and pawing the ground. The breathing
may become labored. The nostriis then dilate, the mouth is open, the
head raised, and all muscles of the chest are strained duriug breath-
ing, while the visible mucous membranes (nose, movth, rectum, and
vagina) become bluish. If the disease has started in the howeis, there
is much pain, as shown by the moaning of the animal; the discharges,
at first firm, become softer and covered with serum, mucus, and blood.

As the disease approaches the fatal termination the weakness of the
animal increases. It leans against supports or liesdown. Blood ves-
sels may rupture and give rise to spots of blood on the various mucous
membranes and blcody discharges from nose, mouth, rectum, and
vagina. The urine not infrequently contains bleod (red-water).
Death ensues within one or two days.

A third type of the disease (anthrax subacutus) includes those
cases in which the disease is more prolonged. It may last from three
to seven days and terminate fatally or end in recovery. In this type,
which is rarely observed, the symptoms are practically as described
in the acute form, only less marked.

In connection with these types of intestinal anthrax, swellings may
appear under the skin in different parts of the body, or the disease
may start from such a swelling, caused by the inoculation of anthrax
spores in one cf the several different ways already described. If the
disease begins in the skin it agrees in general with the subacute form
INFECTIOUS DISEASES OF CATTLE. 443

‘in prolonged duration, and it may occasionally terminate in recovery
if the swellings are thoroughly incised and treated.

Lesions.—These swellings appear as edemas and carbuncles. The
former are doughy tumors of a more or less flattish form passing grad-
ually into tho surrounding healthy tissue. They are situated asa rule
beneath the skin in the fatty layer, and the skin itself is at first of
healthy appearance, so that they are often overlooked, especially when
covered with a good coat of hair. When they are eut open they are
found to consist of a peculiar jelly-like mass of a yellowish cclor and
more or less stained by blood. The carbuneles are firm, hot, tender
swellings, which later become cool and painless and undergo mortifi-
eation. The edemas and carbuneles may also appear in the mouth,
pharynx, larynx, in the tongue, and in the rectum.

The bodies of cattle which have died of anthrax soon lose their
rigidity and beceme bloated, because decompositicn sets in very rap-
idly. From the mouth, nose, and anus blood-stained fiuid flows in
small quantities. When such carcasses are opened and examined, it
will be found that nearly all organs are sprinkled with spots of blood
or extvavasations of various sizes. The spleen is enlarged from two
to five times, the pulp blackish and soft and occasionally disinte-
grated. The blood is of tarry consistency, not firmly coagulated, and
blackish in coler. In the abdomen, the thoracie cavity, and in the
pericardium, or bag surrounding the heart, more or less blood-stained
fiuid is present. In addition to these characteristic signs, the car-
buncles and swellings under the skin, already described, will aid in
determining the true nature of the disease. The most reliable method
of diagnosis is the examination of the blood and tissues for anthrax
bacilli. This requires a trained bactericlogist. The fatal cases of
anthrax number from 70 to 90 per cent, and are usually more numer-
ous at the first outbreak of the disease.

Differential diagnosis.—The diagnosis from blackleg may be made
by noting the subcutaneous swellings which appear upon the patient.
Those of blackleg are found to crackle under pressure with the finger,
owing to the presence of gas within the tissues, while the tumors of
anthrax, being due to the presence of serum, are entirely free from
this quality and have a somewhat doughy consistence. The tumors
of blackleg usualiy loeate on the shoulder or thigh and are not found
so frequently about the neck and side of the body as are the swellings
of anthrax. The blood of animals dead of blackleg is normal, and
the spleen does not appear swollen or darkened, as in animals affected
with anthrax. ‘The chief differences between anthrax and Texas fever
are that the course of the former is more acute and the biced of the
animal is dark and of a tar-like consistence, while in the case of Texas
fever it will be found thinner than normal. The presence of Texas
fever ticks on the cattle would also lead one to suspect Texas fever in
regions where cattle are not immune from this disease.
444 DISEASES OF CATTLE.

Treatment.—This is as a rule ineffectual and useless, excepting por-
haps in cases which originate from external wounds. The swellings
should be opened freely by long incisions with a sharp knife and
washed several times daily with carbolic acid solution (1 ounce toa
quart of water). Care should be taken to disinfect thoroughly any
uid discharge that may follow such incision. When suppuration has
set in, the treatment recommended in the chapter on wounds should be
carried out.

Prevention.—Since treatment is of little or no avail in this disease,
‘prevention is the most important subject demanding consideration.
The various means to be suggested may be brought under two heads:
(1) The surreundings of the animal, and (2) protective inoculation.

(1) What has already been stated in the foregoing pages on those
conditions of the pastures which are favorable to anthrax will suggest
to most minds, after a little thought, some of the preventive measures
which may be of service in reducing losses in anthrax localities. All
that conduces to a better state of the soil should be attempted. The
State or Nation should do its share in preventing frequent inundations,
by appropriate engineering. If pools of stagnant water exist on the
pastures, or if any particular portions are known by experience to give
rise to anthrax, they should be fenced off: Efforts should likewise be
made toward the proper draining of swampy lands frequented by cat-
tle. Scmetimes it has been found desirable to abandon for a season
any infected and dangerous pastures. This remedy can not be carried
out by most farmers, and it is liable to extend the infected territory.
In some instances withdrawal of cattle from pastures entirely and
feeding them in stables is said to have reduced the losses. .

It is of the utmost importance that carcasses of animals which have
died of anthrax should be properly disposed of, since every portion of
such animal contains the bacilli, ready to form spores when exposed to
the air. Perhaps the simplest means is to bury the carcasses deep,
where they can not be exposed by dogs or wild animals. It may be
necessary to bury them on the pasture, but itis better to remove them
to places not frequented by susceptible animals and to a point where
drainage from the graves can not infect any water supply.

If they are moved some distance it must be borne in mind that the
ground and all objects which have come in contact with the carcass
should be disinfected. This is best accomplished with chlorid of lime.
For washing utensils, etc., a 5 per cent solution may be prepared by
adding 3 ounces to 2 quarts of water. This should be prepared fresh.
from the powder, and it is but little trouble to have a small tin measure
of known capacity to dip out the powder, to be added to the water
whenever necessary. The carcass and the ground should be sprin-
kled with powdered chlorid, or, if this be not at hand, an abundance
of ordinary unslaked lime should be used in its place.

The removal of carcasses to rendering establishments is always
INFECTIOUS DISEASES OF CATTLE, 445

fraught with danger, unless those who handle them are thoroughly
aware of the danger of scattering the virus by careless handling in
wagons which are not tight. As arule, the persons in charge of such
transfer have no training for this important work, so that deep burial
is to be preferred. Burning large carcasses is not always feasible.
It is, however, the most certain means of destroying infectious mate-
rial of any kind, and should be resorted to whenever practicable and
economical. All carcasses, whether buried, rendered, or burned,
should be disposed of without being opened. When stables have
become infected they should be thoroughly cleaned out, and the solu.
tion of chloride of lime freely applied on floors and woodwork. The
feed should be carefully protected from contamination with the
manure or other discharges from the sick.

(2) Preventive inoculation.—One of the most important discoveries
in connection with this disease was made by Louis Pasteur in 1881,
and consisted in the new principle of producing immunity by the
inoculation of weakened cultures of the bacillus causing the disease.
This method has been quite extensively adopted in France, and to
some extent in other European countries, and in the United States.
The fluid used for inoculation consists of bouillon in which modified
anthrax bacilli have multiplied and are present in large numbers.
The bacilli have been modified by heat so that they have lost toa
certain degree their original virulence. Two vaccines are prepared.
The first or weaker for the first inoculation is obtained by subjecting
the bacilli to the attenuating effects of heat for a longer period of time
than is the case with the second or stronger vaccine for a second
incculation some twelve days later.

These vaccines have been used for cattie and sheep. Their vower

‘to prevent a subsequent attack of anthrax has been the subject of
controversy ever since their use began. The French claim that the
vaccines are successful in protecting cattle and sheep and that the
lcsses from anthrax in France have been much reduced by their per-

- sistent application. According to other observers there are several
difficulties inherent in the practical application of anthrax vaccina-
tion. Among these may be mentioned the variable degree of attenua-
tion of different tubes of the vaccine and the varying susceptibility
of the animals to be inoculated. Nevertheless, the use of this vac-
cine is increasing and has reduced the mortality in the affected Gis-
tricts from an average of 10 per cent with sheep to less than 1 per
cont, and from 5 per cent with cattle to less than one-half of 1 per cent.

It is very important to call attention to the possibility of distribut-
ing anthrax by this method of protective inoculation, since the bacilli
themselves are present in the culture liquid. It istrve that they have
been modified and weakened by the process adopted by Pasteur, but
it is not impossible that such modified virus may regain ita original
virulence after it has been scattered broadcast by the inoculation of
446 DISEASES OF CATTLE.

large herds. No vaccination should therefore be permitted in locali-
ties free from anthrax. It is also obviously unsafe to have such vae-
cine injected by a layman; instead, it should be handled only by a
competent veterinarian.

Aathrax is an entirely different disease from blackleg, and there-
fore blackleg vaccine does not act as a preventive against anthrax.

ANTHRAX IW MAN (MALIGNANT PUETULE, CR CAREUNCLE).

Anthrax may be transmitted to man in handling the carcasses and
hides of animals which have succumbed to the disease. The infection
usually takes place through some abrasion or slight wound of the
skin into which the anthrax spores, er bacilli, find their way. The
point of ineculation appears at first as a dark point or patch, com-
pared by some writers to the sting of a flea. After a few hours this
is changed into a reddened pimple, which bears on its summit, usually
around a hair, a yellowish blister, or vesicle, which later on becomes
red or bluish in color. The burning sensaticn in this stage is very
great. Later on, this pimple enlarges, its center becomes dry, gan-
grenous, and is surrounded by an elevated discolored swelling. The
center becomes Grier and more leather-like, and sinks in as the whole
increases in size. The skin around this swelling, cr carbuncle, is
stained yellow or bluish, and is not infrequently swollen and doughy
to the touch. The carbuncle itself rarely grows larger than a pea or
asmali nut, and is but slightly painful.

Anthrax swellings, or edemas, already described as cecurring in eat-
tle, may also be found in man, and they are at times so extensive as to
produce distortion in the appearance of the part of the bocy on which
they are located. The color of the skin over these swellings varies
according to the situation and thickness of the skin and the stage of
the disease, and may be white, red, bluish, or blackish.

As these carbuncles and swellings may lead, sconer or later, to an
infection of the entire body, and thus be fatal, surgical assistance
should at once be called if there is well-grounded suspicion that any
swellings resembling those described above have been due to inceula-
tion with anthrax virus. Inasmuch as physicians differ as to treat-
ment of such accidents in man, it would be out of place to make any
suggestions in this connection,

To show that the transmission of anthrax to man is not so very
uncommon, we take the following figures from the report of the German
Government for 1890: One hundred and eleven cases were brought to
the notice of the authorities, of which 11 terminated fatally. The
largest number of inoculations were due to the slaughtering, opening,
and skinning of animals affected with anthrax. Hence the butchers
suffered most extensively. Of the 111 thus affected, 38 belonged to
this craft.

In addition to anthrax of the skin (known as malignant pustule),
INFECTIOUS DISEASES OF CATTLE. 447

human beings are subject, though very rarely, to the disease of the
lungs and the digestive organs. In the former case the spores are
inhaled by workmen in establishments in which wool, hides, and rags
are worked over, and it is therefore known as wool-sorter’s disease.
In the latter case the disease is contracted by eating the flesh of dis-
eased animals which has not been thoroughly cooked. These forms
of the disease are more fatal than those in which the disease starts
from the skin.

BLACKLEG.?

Blackleg, blackquaiter, quarter-ill, symptomatic anthrax, charbon
symptomatique of the French, Rauschbrand of the Germans, is a
rapidly fatal infectious disease of young caitle, associated with external
swellings which emit a crackling sound when handled. This disease
was formerly regarded identical with anthrax, but investigations car-
ried out by various scientists in recent times have definitely proved
the entire dissimilarity of the two affections, both from a clinical and
causal standpoint. The disease is produced by a specific bacillus,
readily distinguishable from that causing anthrax. (Pl. X XIX, fig. 4.)
Cattle between 6 months and 2 years of age are the most susceptible.
Sucking calves under 6 months are rarely attacked, ner are they as
susceptible to inoculation as older animals. Cattle over 2 years of
age may become affected, but such cases are infrequent. Sheep and
goats may also contract the disease, but man, horses, hogs, degs,
cats, and fowls appear to be immune.

Like anthrax, blackleg is more or less restricted to definite localities.
There are certain pastures tpon which the disease regularly appears
in the summer and fall cf the year. As to any peculiarities of the
soil nothing is Gefinitely known. Some authors are inclined to regard
moist, undrained, and swampy pastures favorable to this disease, but
these theories will hardly hold, as it is fourd in all kinds of soils, in
all altitudes, at all seasons of the year, and under various climatic
conditions. It occurs in this country from the Atlantic to the Pacific
and from Mexicc to Canada, but itis more prevalent in the Western
and Southwestern States. In Europe it exists in France, variouws
parts of Germany, in Belgium, Norway, Denmark, Italy, and on the
Alps of Switzerland. In Africa it occurs in Algeria and to some
extent in Natal and bordering countries. In South America it pre-
vails quite extensively throughout Argentina. Cattle in Cuba and
Australia also suffer.

The cause of the disease is a bacillus resembling in some minor
respects the anthrax bacillus and differing but little from it in size,
It also possesses the power of forming within itself a spore. In

 

«¢¥or datailed information regarding blackleg and the free distributicn cf black-
leg vaccine, write tc this Department for Bureau of Animal Industry cirerlars
Nos. 23 and 21.
448 DISEASES OF CATTLE.

Plate XXIX, fig. 4, this is represented as an uncolored spot located in
one end of the rod, which is enlarged so that the rod itself appears
more or less club-shaped. What has already been stated concerning
the significance of the spore of the anthrax bacillus applies equally
well to these bodies. They resist destructive agents for a consider-
able length of time, and may still produce disease when inoculated
after several years of drying. This fact may account for the occa-
sional appearance of blackleg in stables. In order to meet the
requirements for the development of the spores, which only takes
place in the absence of the atmosphere, it is necessary that the wound
be very small and deep enough to penetrate the subcutaneous tissue. |

Several observers have found this organism in the mud of swamps.
By placing a little of this mud under the skin the disease has been
called forth.

Since the disease may be produced by placing under the skin mate-
rial containing the specific bacilli and spores, it has been assumed
that cattle contract the disease through wounds, principally of the
skin, or very rarely of the mouth, tongue, and throat. Slight wounds
into which the virus may find access may be caused by barbed wire,
stubbles, thorns, briers, grass burs, and sharp or pointed parts of food.

The symptoms of blackleg may be either of a general or a local
nature, though more frequently of the latter. The general symptoms
are very much like those belonging to other acute infectious or bac-
terial diseases. ‘They begin from one to three days after the infec-
tion has taken place with loss of appetite and of rumination, with
dullness and debility, and a high fever. The temperature may rise to
107° F. To these may be added lameness or stiffness of one or more
limbs, due to the tumor or swelling quite invariably accompanying
the disease. After a period of disease lasting from one to three days
the affected anima! aimost always succumbs. Death is preceded by
increasing weakness, difficult breathing, and occasional attacks of
violent convulsions.

The most important characteristic of this disease is the appearance
of a tumor or swelling under the skin of the affected animal a few
hours after the setting in of the constitutional symptoms described
above. In some cases it may appear first. This tumor may be
located on the thighs (hence ‘‘ blackleg,” “‘blackquarter”), the neck,
the shoulder, the breast, the fanks, or the rump; never below the
carpal (or knee) and the hock joint. It more rarely appears in the
throat and at the base of the tongue. The tumor, at first small and
painful, spreads very rapidly both in depth and extent. When it is
stroked or handled a peculiar crackling sound is heard under the
skin. This is due to a collection of gas formed by the bacilli as they
multiply. At this stage the skin becomes dry, parchment-like, and
cool to the touch in the center of the tumor. If the swelling is eut
into, a frothy, dark-red, rather disagreeably smelling fluid is digs.
DISEASES OF CATTLE PLATE XLIV

 

Haines del : JULIUS BIEN & CO.NY

SECTION: OF MUSCLE FROM A BLACKLEG SWELLING.
a, GAS BUBBLES.
b, CAVITIES DUE TO GAS FORMATION.
 

PLATE XLV

DISEASES OF CATTLE

 

Sv wget

1 Da be

 

ee

JULIUS BIEN & CO.NY.

Haines del *

NECROTIC STOMATITIS (CALF DIPHTHERIA)
WITH LESIONS INVOLVING TONGUEAND CHEEK.
INFECTIOUS DISEASES OF CATTLE. 449°

charged. The animal manifests little or no pain during the:
operation.

As it is frequently desirable to know whether the disease is anthrax
or blackleg, a few of the most obvious postmortem changes may™
here be cited. The characteristic tumor with its crackling sound.
when stroked has already been described. If after the death of the-
animal it be more thoroughly examined, it will be noted that the tissue-
under the skin is infiltrated with blood and yellowish, jelly-like mate-.
rial and gas bubbles. The muscular tissue beneath the swelling may
be brownish or black, shading into dark red. (Pl. XLIV.) It is soft.
and easily torn and broken up. The muscle tissue is distended with.
numerous smaller or larger gas-filled cavities, often to such an extent.
as to produce a resemblance to lung tissue. Upon incision it does:
not collapse perceptibly, as the gas cavities are not connected with
each other.

In the abdomen and the thorax blood-stained fluid is not infre—
quently found, together with blood-staining of the lining membrane of
these cavities. Blood spots (or ecchymoses) are also found on the heart.
and lungs. The liver is congested, but the spleen is always normal.

Differential diagnosis.—Among the features of this disease which
distinguish it from anthrax may be mentioned the unchanged spleen.
and the ready clotting of the blood. It will be remembered that in.
anthrax the spleen (milt) is very much enlarged, the biood tarry,
coagulating feebly. The anthrax carbuncles and swellings differ from-
the blackleg swellings in not containing gas, in being hard and solid,
and in causing death less rapidly.

It is difficult to distinguish between the swellings of blackleg and
malignant edema, since they resemble each other very closely and.
both are distended with gas. Malignant edema, however, generally
starts from a wound of considerable size; it usually follows surgical
operations, and does not result from the small abrasions and pricks.
to which animals are subjected in pastures. Inoculation experiments.
of guinea pigs, rabbits, and chickens will also disclose the differences.
between the above three diseases, since all of these species are killed
by the germ of malignant edema, only the first two species by the
anthrax bacillus, while the guinea pigs alone will succumb to the:
blackleg infection. Hemorrhagie septicemia may be differentiated:
from blackleg by its affeeting cattle of all ages, by the location of the-
swelling usually about the region of the throat, neck, and dewlap, by the
soft, doughy character of these swellings without the presence of gas.
bubbles, and finally by the characteristic hemorrhages widely dis-
tributed throughout the body. Other means of diagnosis, which have
reference to the specific bacilli, to the inoculable character of the
virus upon small animals, and which are of decisive and final impor-
tance, can be utilized only by the trained bactericlogist and veteri-
narian.

61386—08-——29
450 DISEASES OF CATTLE.

Treatment.—-In this disease remedies have thus far proved una-
vailing. Some writers recommend the use of certain drugs, which
seem to have been beneficial in a few cases, but a thorough trial has
shown them to be valueless. Others advise that the swelling be
opened by deep and long incisions and a strong disinfectant, such as
a 5 per cent solution of carbolic acid, applied to the exposed parts, but
this procedure can not be too strongly condemned. Since nearly all
those attacked die in spite of every kind of treatment, and in view of
the fact that the germs of the disease are scattered over the stables or
pastures when these tumors are opened, thus becoming a source cf
danger to other cattle, it is obvious that such measures do more harm
than good and should be put aside as dangerous. Bleeding, nerving,
roweling, or setoning have likewise some adherents, but the evidence
indicates that they have neither curative nor preventive value and
therefore should be discarded for the method of vaccination which
has been thoroughly tried out and proved to be efficacious in prevent-
ing the disease.

Prevention.—The various meaus suggested under ‘‘Anthrax” to pre-
vent the spread or recurrence of this disease are equally applicable to
blackleg, and hence do not need to be repeated here in full. They
consist of the removal of the animals from the infected pasture to a
noninfected field, the draining of the swampy ground, the burial or
burning of the carcasses to prevent the dissemination of the germs
over vast areas through the ageney of dogs, wolves, buzzards, and
erows, the disinfection of the stables and the ground where the ani-
mals lay at the time of death, and, if possible, the destruction of the
germs on the infected pastures. One of the most effective methods
for freeing an infected pasture from blackleg is to allow the grass to
grow up high, and, when sufficiently dry, to burn it off. One burn-
ing off, however, is not sufficient to redeem an infected pasture, but
the process should be repeated several years in succession. This
metnod, however, is in many instances impracticable, as few cattle
owners can afford to practice it, and the only means left for the pro-
tection of the animals is vaccination.

immunization by vaccination.—Three French veterinariaus, Arlo-
ing, Cornevin, and Thomas, were the first to discover that cattle may
be protected against blackleg by inoculation with virulent material
obtained from animals which have died of this disease. Later they
devised a method of inoculation with the attenuated or weakened
blackleg spores which produced immunity from natural or artificial
inoculation of virulent blackleg germs. Their method has undergone
various modifications both in regard to the manufacture of the vac-
cine and in the mode of its application. Kitt, a German scientist,
modified the method so that but one inoculation of the vaccine was
required instead of two, as was the case with that made by the French
investigators. The vaccine prepared and distributed by the Bureau
INFECTIOUS DISEASES OF CATTLE, 451

of Animal Industry combines the principle of Arloing, Cornevin, and
Thomas and the modification of Kitt.

By vaccination we understand the injection into the system of a
minute amount of attennated—that is, artificially weakened—blackleg
virus. This virus is obtained from animals which have died from
blackleg, by securing the affected muscles, cutting them into strips,
and drying them in the air. When they are perfectly dry they are
pulverized and mixed with water to form a paste, smeared in a thin
layer on flat dishes, placed in an oven, and heated for six hours at a
temperature close to that of boiling water. The paste is then trans-
fcrmed into a hard crust, which is pulverized and sifted and distrib-
uted in packages containing either 10 or 25 doses. This constitutes
the vaccine, the strength of which is thoroughly tested on experiment
animais before it is distributed among the cattle owners. This vac-
cine, which is in the form of a brownish dry powder, is mixed with
definite quantities of sterile water, filtered, aud the filtrate injected by
means of a hypedermie syringe under the skin in front of the shonl-
der of the anima! to be vaccinated. The incculation is usuaily fol-
lowed by insignificant symptems. In a few eases there is a slight
rise of temperature, and by close cbservaticn a minute swelling may
be noted at the point of inoculation. The immunity conferred in
this way may last for eighteen months, but animals vaccinated before
‘they are 6 months old and those in badly infected districts shouid be
revaccinated before the following blackleg season.

The effect ef the vaecine prepared by this Bureau in preventing
outbreaks of the disease and in immediately abating outbreaks already
in progress has been highly satisfactory, and it is not to be doubted
that thousands of young cattle have been saved to the stock owners
during the six and a half years in which the vaccine has been dis-
tributed. More than 7,700,000 doses have been sent out during this
period, and from reports received it is safe to conclude that more than
one-half of this quantity has actually been injected, whereby the per-
centage of loss from blackleg has been reduced from 10, 15, or 20 per
eent, which annually occurred before using, to less than 1 per cent per
annum. With these figures before us it is plain that the general
introduction of preventive vaccination must be of material benefit to
the cattle raisers in the infected districts. Moreover, there is every
reason to believe that with the continued use of blackleg vaccine in
all districts where the disease is known to occur and an earnest effort
on the part of the stock owners to prevent the reinfection of their
pastures by following the directions given, blackleg may be kept in
eheck and gradually eradicated.

NECROTIC STOMATITIS (CALF DIPHTHERIA).

Necrotic stomatitis is an acute, specific, highly contagious inflam-
mation of the mouth, occurring in young cattle and characterized,
452 DISEASES OF CATTLE.

locally, by the formation of ulcers and caseo-necrotic patches and by
constitutional symptoms, chiefly toxic.

This disease has also been termed calf diphtheria, gangrenous
stomatitis, ulcerative stomatitis, malignant stomatitis, tubercular
stomatitis, and diphtheric patches of the oral mucous membrane.

History.—During the last few years farmers and cattlemen in this
country, especially in Colorado, Texas, and South Dakota, have
increasingly noted the occurrence of enzooties of ‘‘sore mouth” among
the young animals of their herds. Instead of healing, like the usual
forms, of themselves, these cases, if untreated, die. Careful study of
some of them has resulted in their identification with cases renorted
in 1877 by Dammann, from the shore of the Baltic; in 1878 by Blaze-
kowic, in Slavonia; in 1879 by Vollers, in Holstein; in 1880 by Leng-
len, in France; in 1881 by Macgillivray, in England, and in 1884 by
Loffler, who isolated and described the micrcorganism which produces
the disease. Bang obtained this organism from the diphtheritic lesions
of calvesin 1890, and Kitt likewise recovered the bacillus from similar
lesions of the larynx and pharynx of calves and pigs in 1893.

Etiology.—The cause of necrotic stomatitis, as demonstrated by
Loffler and since confirmed by other investigators, is Bacillus necro-
phorus, often spoken of as the bacillus of necrosis. This organism
varies in form from a ececoid rod to long, wavy filaments, which may
reach a length of 10¢ yu; the width varies from 0.75 wto1 yw. Hence
it is described as polymorphic. It does not stain by Gram, but takes
the ordinary aniline dyes, often presenting, especiaily the longer ferms,
a beaded appearance. A characteristic of the organism, of great
moment when we come to treatment, is that it grows only in the
absence of oxygen, frem which fact it is described as an obligate
anaerobe.

Very few organisms exhibit a wider range of pathogenesis. Accord-
ing to clinical observation up to the present time, Bacillus necrophorus
is pathogenic for cattle, horses, hogs, sheep, reindeer, kangaroos, ante-
lope, and rabbits. Experimentally it has been proved pathogenic for
rabbits and white mice. The dog, cat, guinea pig, pigeon, and chicken
appear to be absolutely immune. It is not pathogenic for man.

The importance of this bacillus is far beyond even its relation to
necrotic stomatitis. Besides this disease it has been demonstrated as
the causative factor in foot rot, multiple liver abscesses, disseminated
liver necrosis, embolic necrosis of the lungs, necrosis of the heart, in
cattle; gangrenous pox of the teats, diphtheria of the uterus and
vagina, in cows; diphtheritic inflammation of the small intestine of
calves. Among horses it is the agent in the production of necrotic
malanders, quittor, and diphtheritic inflammation of the large intes-
tine. In hogs it has caused neerotie or diphtheritic processes in the
mucous membrane of the mouth, necrosis of the anterior wall of the
INFECTIOUS DISEASES OF CATTLE. 453

nasal septum, and pulmonary and intestinal necrosis, accompanying
hog cholera. Abscesses of the liver, gangrenous processes of the lips
and nose, and gangrenous affections of the hoof have all been caused
in sheep by this organism.

Pathology.—The principal lesions in necrotic stomatitis oceur in the
mucous membrane of the mouth and pharynx. The alterations may
extend to the nasal cavities, the larynx, the trachea, the lung, the
escphagus, the intestines, and to the hoof. The oral surfaces affected
are, in the order of frequency, tongue, cheeks, hard palate, gums,
lips, and pharynx. In the majority of cases the primary infection
seems to occur in the tongue. (Pi. XLV.)

Infection takes place by inoculation. Some abrasion or break in
the continuity of the mucous membrane of the mouth occurs. Very
likely the origin may be connected with the eruption of the first teeth
after birth, or, in animals somewhat older, the entrance of a sharp-
pointed particle of food. Gaining an entrance at this point, the bacilli
begin to multiply. During their development they elaborate a toxin,
or poisonous substance, which causes the death, or necrosis, of the epi-
.thelial, or superficial, layer of the mucous membrane and also of the
white blood cells which have sallied forth through the vessel walls te
the defense of the tissues against the bacillary attack. This destruc-
tion of the surface epithelium seems to be the essential factor in the
production of the caseous patch, often calied the false membrane.
From the connective tissue framework below is poured forth an inflam-
matory exudate highly albuminous or rich in fibrin-forming elements.
When this exudate and the. necrosed cellular elements come in con-
tact, the latter furnish a fibrin ferment which transforms the exudate
into a fibrinous mass. This process is known as coagulation necrosis,
and the resulting fibroid mass, containing in its meshes the necrosed
and degenerated epithelium and leucocytes, constitutes the diphtheric
or false membrane. Did the process cease at this point it would be
properly called a diphtheric inflammation. But it does not. <A case-
ating ferment is supplied by the bacilli, and this, acting upon the
fibroid patch, transforms it into a dry, finely granular, yellowish mass
of tissue detritus resembling cheese. 1

‘Frequently this caseous inflammation results in the formation of
one or more ulcers with thickened, slightly reddened borders, sur-
mounted by several layers of this necrosed tissue. The floor of the
ulcer is formed by a grayish yellow, corroded surface, under which
the tissue is transformed into a dry friable or firm cheesy mass.
In the tongue this may progress to two fingers’ thickness into the
muscular portion; in the cheek it may form an external opening,
permitting fluids to escape from the mouth; upon the palate it fre-
quently reaches and inciudes the bone in its destructive course; upon
the gums it has produced necrosis of the tooth sockets, causing loss
of the teeth. In the advanced forms, caseous foci may be seen in the
454 DISEASES OF CATTLE.

lung and in the liver and necrotic patches observed on the mucous
membrane of the gastro-intestinal tract.

Symptoms.—Necrotic stomatitis is both a local and a systemic
affection. Primarily itislocal. The local lesion is the caseo-necrotic
patch or ulcer developed as a result of the multiplication of the
bacilli at the point of inoculation. The general affection is an intoxi-
eation, or poisoning, of the whole system produced by a soluble toxin
elaborated by the bacilli.

The stage of incubation is from three to five days. The first symp-
toms noted are a disinelination to take nourishment, some drooling
from the mouth, and an examination of the mouth wiii show on some
portion of its mucous membrane a circumscribed area of infiltration
and redness, possibly an erosion. The latter gradually extends in
size and depth, forming a sharply circumscribed area of necrotic
inflammation. It may measure anywhere from the size of a five-cent
piece to that of a dollar or even larger. It has the appearance cf a
corroded surface, under which the mucous membrane or muscular
tissue seems transformed into a dry friable or firm cheesy mass. It
is grayish yellow in color and is bordered by a zone of thickened tissue
slightly reddened and somewhat granulated. The necrotic tissue is
very adherent and can be only partially peeled off. It is homogene-
ous, cheesy, and mayextend two fingers’ depth into the tissues beneath.
The general symptoms are languor, weakness, and slight fever. In
spite of plenty of good food the calf is seen to be failing. It stcps
sucking, or, if older, altogether refuses to eat. The temperature at
this time may be from 104° to 107° F. The slabber becomes pro-
fuse, swallowing very difficult, opening of the mouth quite painful,
and a most offensive odor is exhaled. The tongue is swollen and its
motion greatly impaired. Sometimes the mouth is kept open, permit-
tin the tumefied tongue to protrude. One or more of the above
symptoms direct the attention tc the mouth as the seat of disease;
or, having noticed the debility and disinclination to eat, an examina-
tion of the animal may show a lump under the neck or swelling of
the throat or head. The following extract from a letter is character-
istic:

I noticed my calves beginning to fail about the first week in December, but
could not account for it, as they were getting plenty of grain and hay. My atten-
tion was first attracted by a swelling under the neck of one of the calves. I cast
the animal and found it was food that had collected and the animal couidn’t
swallow it. I removed it, and in so doing noticed a large ulcer on the tongue and
a very offensive odor. This was the first knowledge I had of anything being

wrong with the calves’ mouths. They may have been sick for some time before
this.

Out of a herd of 100 belonging to this man, 70 were affected, and the
letter emphasizes the insidious character of the onset.
The general affection at this time manifests itself by dejectedness,
INFECTIOUS DISEASES OF CATTLE. 455

extreme weakness and emaciation, constant lying down, with stiffness
and marked difficulty in standing.

The disease frequently extends to the nasal cavities, producing a
thin, yellowish or greenish yellow, sticky discharge which adheres
closely to the borders of the nostrils. Their edges also show caseous
patches similar to those in the mouth. Sometimes the nasal passage
is obstructed by great masses of the necrosed exudate, thus causing
extreme difficulty in breathing. When the caseous process involves
the larynx and trachea there result cough, wheezing, and dyspnea,
together with a yellowish mucopurulent expectoration.

When life is prolonged three cr four weeks, caseous foci may be
established in the lung, giving rise to ail the signs of a brencho-pneu-
monia. Many of these cases are asscciated with a fibrinous pleurisy.
The invasion of the gastrointestinal tract is announced by diarrheal
symptoms. This disease principally attacks sucklings not over 6
weeks of age, but calves 8 and 10 months old are frequently affected,
and several cases in adult cattle have been reported to this office.

In its very acute form many of the cases run their course in from
five to sight days. In these the local lesions are not strongly marked,
and death seems due to an aente intoxication. In other enzootics
the majority of the affected animals live from three to five weeks.
These are the cases that occasionally present the puimonary and intes-
tinal symptoms, and sometimes develop also caseonecrotic lesions in
the liver.

Ordinarily eases show no tendency to spontanecus cure. Left to
themselves they die. On the contrary, if taken in hand early the dis-
ease is readily amenable to treatment. In the latter event the pros-
pects of recovery are excellent.

Differential diagnosis.—Necrotic stomatitis may be differentiated
from foct-and-mouth disease by the fact that in tho latter disease
there isa rapid infection of the entire herd, including the adult cattle,
as well as the infection of hogs and sheep. The characteristic lesion
ef foot-and-mouth disease is the appearance of vesicles containing a
sercus fizid upon the mucous membrane of the mouth and upon the
udder, teats, and feet of the affected animals. In necrotic stomatitis
vesicles are never formed, necrosis occurring from the beginning and
followed by the formation of yellowish cheesy patches principally
found in the mouth. Mycotic stomatitis occurs in only a few animals
of the herd, chiefly the adult cattle, and the lesions produced consist
of an inflammation of the mouth and lips and of the thin skin between
the toes, followed in a few days by small irregular ulcers in the mouth.
This disease appears sporadically, usually in the early fall after a dry
summer, does not run a regular course, and can not be inoculated.

Prevention.—Prophylaxis should be carried out along three lines:

(1) Separation of the sick from the healthy animals.

(2) Close scrutiny and thorough disinfection once or twice daily for
456 DISEASES OF CATTLE.

five days of the mouths and nasal passages of those animals that have
been exposed.

(3) Complete disinfection of all stalls and sheds.

The disease appears to break out in winter and hold over to spring.
It is conceivable that exposure to cold might so disturb the normal
circulation of the oral tissues as to make the mucous membrane an
excellent location for the causative factor of the disease. There is
another possibility, however, which bears on the third line of prophy-
laxis. The so-called diphtheric inflammations of the vagina and
uterus in cows are caused by the same organism that induces necrotic
stomatitis. A recent European writer has pointed out the almost
constant relation of such attacks to previous occurrences of foul foot
or foot rot in the same or other cattle on the place.

In all likelihood the stalls and sheds are the harberers, in such cases,
of this germ. It is possible that many of these outbreaks of necrotic
stomatitis have some relation to preceding cases of the above-men-
tioned diseases and the greater use in winter of the stalls and sheds,
thus harboring the Bacillus necrophorus.

Treatment.—The treatment consists almost solely in careful and
extensive cleansing and disinfection of the mouth and other affected
surfaces. The mucous membrane of the mouth should be copiously
irrigated with a 2 per cent solution of creolin in warm water. This
should be performed at least twice daily. Since exposure to oxygen
kills the bacilli, one need have no fear about disturbing or tearing off
the caseous patches or necrotic tissue during irrigation. The irriga-
tion of the sores should then be followed by the application with a
brush or rag ona stick of a paste made with 1 part of salicylic acid
and 10 parts of water, or the affected areas may be painted with
Lugol’s solution of iodin (iodin, 1; potassium icdid, 5; water, 200).
Frequent injections into the mouth of 1 per cent carbolic-acid solu-
tion make an excellent treatment. The internal administration of 2
grams of salicylic acid and 3 grams of chlorate of potash three times

a day has also proved very beneficial when accompanied by local
antiseptic treatment.

MALIGNANT CATARRH.

Malignant catarrh, or infectious catarrhal fever, isan acute infectious
disease of cattle preeminently involving the respiratory and digestive
tracts, although the sinuses of the head, the eyes, and the urinary
and sexual organs are very frequently affected. It is relatively rare
in this country, being more common on the continent of Europe.
Outbreaks have occurred, however, in Minnesota, New York, and
New Jersey. The causal agent of the disease has as yet never been
isolated, and inoculation experiments with the view of artificially
reproducing the disease have proven negative in every case. In spite
of the foregoing statements the consensus of opinion of eminent
INFECTIOUS DISEASES OF CATTLE. 457

investigators points to malignant catarrh as being of specific origin;
that is, due to some form of microorganism the contagious character
of which is poorly developed. This accounts for the slew transmissi-
bility of the disease from one animal to another. In fact, malignant
catarrh is a type of that class of affections which are scientifically
known as miasmatic diseases; that is, they remain stationary in
stables with damp floors, low ceilings, poor ventilation, and bad sani-
tary conditions in general. Such places furnish a favorable seat of
propagation for the infective material, and it will remain active for a
long period of time, causing the loss of a few animals each year.
One European veterinarian reports an instance where this disease
remained for twenty-five years on the same farm, attacking in all 225
animals, with a mortality of about 98 per cent.

The disease is most common in late winter and early cpring, at all

. altitudes, and has a special preference for young, well-nourished
cattle, although older animals are not immune. The time elapsing
between the entrance of the infective principle into the body of the
animal and the appearance of the first symptoms is relatively very
long and, according to German investigators, averages from twenty to
thirty days. Fortunately, it is not a disease which spreads to any
great extent, or which causes severe losses, and hence legislative
enactments do not seem to be necessary for its restriction.

Synyptoms.—These are extremely variable according to the point of
localization of the lesions. It is usually ushered in with a chill, fol-
lowed by a marked rise of temperature (104° to 107° F.). The head
droops, the skin is hot and dry, and the coat staring. Quivering of
the muscles in various parts of the body is frequently observed.
Marked duliness of the animal passing, according to some observers,
into an almost stupefied condition later on, is quite common. The
secretion of milk stops in the beginning of the disease, and loss of
flesh, invariably associated with the disease, is extremely marked and
rapid. The lesions of the eyes may best be likened to moon blindness
(periodic ophthalmia) in horses.

There is first an abundant secretion of tears, which run down over
the face. The lids are swollen and inflamed, and indeed this may be so
marked as to cause involuntary eversion, exposing the reddened con-
junctiva to view. Sunlight is painful, as is shown by the fact that
the animal keeps the eyes continuously closed. This inflammation
may extend_to the cornea, causing it to assume a slight clouded
appearance in mild cases or a chalky whiteness in more severe affec-
tions. Cases of ulceration of the cornea followed by perforation and
subsequent escape of the aqueous humor, leading to shrinking of the
eyeball and permanent loss of sight, have been recorded; but these
are relatively rare, although slight inflammation of the deeper struc-
tures of the eye (iris) are more frequent. This inflammation may
undergo complete resoiution in mild cases, but more frequently per-
458 DISEASES OF CATTLE.

manent cloudiness of the cornea either diffuse or in spots (leucoma)
is the result. The mucous membrane of the mouth, nose, sinuses of
the head, throat, and lower respiratory passages are also involved. It
is first catarrhal in character, but soon a false or diphtheritic mem-
brane is formed, with the production of shaliow ulcers. There is
dribbling of saliva from the mcuth and discharge from the nose, which
is at first watery, becoming thicker and mixed with blood and small
masses of cast-off croupous membrane, causing a very fetid odor.
These croupous areas when they form in the throat, larynx, or wind-
pipe may lead to narrowing of these passages, with consequent diffi-
cult breathing and even suffocation. Various respiratory murmurs
may also be heard, caused by the to-and-fro movement of mucus and
inflammatory deposits along the air passages. There is also inflam-
mation of the horn core with consequent loosening of the horn shell,
and the horns are thus readily knocked off by the uneasy, blind suf-
ferer. The animal may refuse all food from the time cf the initial rise
of temperature, or in less severe cases, and especially when the lesions
of the digestive tract are not so marked, the appetite may remain
until the disease is well advanced. Constipation is quite common at
the commencement of the attack, followed by diarrhea and severe
straining, the evacuations becoming very soft, fetid, and streaked
with biood. Cases have been reported of the evacuation of desqua-
mated patches of diphtheritic membrane from the intestinal mucosa
6 to 9 feet in length. The kidneys and bladder are usually inflamed,
the urine being voided with difficulty and the animai evineing signs
of pain. Inflammatory elements, as albumen, casts, etc., may be seen
on examination of the urine. In cows the mucous membrane of the
vestibule is congested, swollen, and may contain ulcers and an exces-
sive quantity of mucus. Abortion is not infrequent, following a
severe attack during advanced pregnancy. In connection with these
various symptoms there may be much uneasiness on the part of the
animal, leading in some cases to madness and furious delirium, in
others to spasins and convulsions or paralysis. A vesicular eruption
ef the skin may oceur, seen principally between the toes and on the
inside of the flank and in the armpits, with subsequent loss of hair
and epidermis.

Like other infectious diseases, malignant catarrh pursues a longer
er shorter course in accordance with the severity of the attack. In
acute cases death is said to take place three to seven days after the
appearance of symptoms. Recovery, if it occurs, may take three or
four weeks. According to statistics, from 50 to 90 per cent of the
affected animals die.

If animals which have died of this disease be examined, there will.
be occasionally found, in addition to the changes of the mucous mem-
brane of ‘mouth and nasal cavities referred to above, shallow ulcers in
these situations. These necrotic processes may pass beneath the

|
INFECTIOUS DISEASES OF CATTLE. 459

mucous membrane and even involve the underlying bony stracture.
In severe cases membranous (croupous) deposits are found in the
throat. Similar deposits have been found upon the mucous mem-
brane of the fourth stomach and intestine, which is always inflamed.
There is more or less infammation of the membranes of the brain,
kidneys, liver, and some fatty degeneration of the voluntary muscles.
In countries where rinderpest occasionally appears it may be difficult
to distinguish between it and malignant catarrh, cwing to a general
similarity of the symptems. The principal points to be cdserved in
differentiating between the two diseases are the very slight transmis-
sibility of the latter as compared with the intense ccniagiousness of
the former, and the tendency cf malignant catarrh to run a more
chronic course than rinderpest, which usually resuits fatally in a very
few Gays. Only a trained veterinarian who takes into consideration
all the different symptoms and lesions of both diseases should decide
in such cases.

Treatment.—There is no specific treatment fcr this affection. How-
ever, copious blood letting in the earliest stages has been highly rec-
ommended, as this has a tendency to deplete the system and lessen
the exudation of inflammatory products. Antiseptic washes, as cre-
olin, 2 to 4 per cent solution, or lysol, 5 per cent solution, appticd to
the nose, eyes, and mouth with ice poultices over the crest of the
head and frontal region have also proved efficacious. Calomel sheuld
also be given in 1-dram doses twice a day for three days, and in
severe cases, involving the respiratery tract, a powder containing
ferrous sulphate, quinine, and subnitrate of bismuth, given twice a
day, will be found beneficial. At the same time it must be remem-
bered that much greater success is to be looked for in the preventive
treatment. This consists in the removal of the healthy from the
infected animals (not vice versa) and thorough cleaning and disin-
fecting of the contaminated stables. If the floors are low and damp,
they should be raised and made dry. If this can not be done, place
a layer of cement under the stable floor to prevent water from enter-
ing from below. The stable should be well ventilated and the soil in
the pastures thoroughly drained. If this is carefully carried cut, the
contagion should be destroyed and the danger of the reappearance of
the disease in a great measure lessened.

MALIGNANT EDEMA.

Malignant edema, also termed gangrenous septicemia, is an acute
inflammatory disease of domestic and wild animals, resulting from
the introduction of a specific organism into the deep connective tissues
of a susceptible animal and proving fatal in many instances within
twenty-four to forty-eight hours. The disease may be inoculated from
one animal to another, but only by inserting the virus deeply belew the
skin. It is infrequently met with in cattie, but may follow operating
460 . DISEASES OF CATTLE.

wounds, as roweling, castration, and phlebotomy, which have become
infected with septic matter, soil, or unclean instruments. The organ-
ism has also been obtained in this laboratory from the infected muscles
of a calf that was supposed to have died of blackleg, and, as a result,
all blackleg virus is thoroughly tested before it is made into blackleg
vaccine in order to exclude the malignant edema organism. The essen-
tial cause of malignant edema is a long, slender, motile, spore-bearing
bacillus, resembling the bacillus of blackleg, and which can only
develop in the absence of the atmosphere. Unlike the bacilli of
anthrax and blackleg, which are confined to certain districts, this
organism is widely distributed and found in ordinary garden soil, foul
water, and in the norma intestinal tract of the herbivora. It may be
brought to the surface of the soil by growing plants, rains, winds, or
burrowing insects and rodents. In animals that have succumbed to
the disease the germ is confined to the seat of infection, but a few
hours after death it may migrate to other parts of the body through
the blood channels. The bacillus may attack man, horses, asses,
goats, sheep, pigs, cats, dogs, and poultry. Adult cattle, although
refractory to experimental inoculation, suffer from natural infection,
while ealves are susceptible to both of these methods of exposure.
(Kitt). The introduction of the bacillus into abrasions of the skin
and superficial sores rarely does any harm, because the germ is quickly
destroyed by contact with air. If, however, the organisms are inserted
deeply into the subcutaneous tissues of susceptible animals, they
quickly develop, producing a scluble poison, which is the fatal agent.

In lamb-shearing season, or after docking or castraticn, the mor-
tality is higher among these animals because of wounds inflicted at
such times. The application of antiseptics to wounds thus made will
reduce the percentage of deaths to a minimum.

Symptoms.-—Usually the first symptoms are overlooked. In the
early stages the animal appears listless, disinclined to move about,
and seeks the shady and quiet places to lie down. If forced to move
about, the hind legs are drawn forward with a peculiar stiff dragging
movement and there may be slight muscular trembling all over the
body, which becomes more intense as the disease progresses. When
driven, the animal shows signs of fatigue, ultimately dropping to the
ground completely exhausted. Breathing becomes fast and painful,
with frequent spasmodic jerks.

The pulse is quick and weak and the temperature is 106° to 107° F.
An edematous, doughy, and painful swelling appears at the point of
infection. This tumefaction spreads more and more and will crackle
on pressure. In case of an open wound a fetid, liquid, and frothy
discharge is observed. The center of the swelling may appear soft
and jelly-like, while the margin is tense, hot, and painful. Thesymp-
toms increase rapidly, resulting in coma and death.

Lesions.—After death the fat and subcutaneous tissues surrounding

Seabee Bona
INFECTIOUS DISEASES OF CATTLE. 461

the infected area are infiltrated with a yellow gelatinous material con-
taining an orange-colored foam, due to the presence of gas bubbles.
The muscles at this point are friable, spongy, and of a uniform brown-
ish tint, disassociated by gas and a blocd-tinged exudate. This gan-
grenous tissue, when present before death, can be removed without
pain tothe animal. The intestines are generally normal, but they,
together with the peritoneum, may be inflamed, and the lungs are
usually the seat of an edema. The spleen, liver, and kidneys retain
their normal appearance, in marked contrast with anthrax.

Differential diagnosis. —Unlike blackleg this disease never appears
as an epizootic but in isolated cases. It may also be @ifferentiated
from the former by the history of a recent parturition or surgical
operation, by the presence of an external injury at the site of the swell-
ing accompanied by a fetid liquid discharge, and the gangrenous
appearance of the tumefaction. Man is susceptible to malignant
edema, but not to biackleg. Malignant eaema may also be easily dif-
ferentiated from anthrax in that the blood and spleen are normal in
appearance, while in the latter disease the blood is dark and of a tar-
like consistency and thespleen appears swollen, injected, and softened.
Tho local tumor in malignant edema contains gas bubbles, while in-
anthrax swellings these are absent. Inoculation experiments of guinea
pigs, rabbits, and chickens will also disclose the differences among
the above three diseases, since all of these species are killed by the
germ of malignant edema, only the first two species by the anthrax
bacillus, while the guinea pigs alone will succumb to the blackleg
infection.

Treaiment.—Treatment is chiefly surgical and consists in laying
the infected areas wide open by free incision, followed by a liberal
application of a 30 per cent solution of hydrogen dioxide and subse-
quently a 5 per cent solution of carbolic acid. Usually the disease
when observed has advanced to such an extent that medicinal inter-
ference is without avail. Preventive treatment is by far the most
desirable, and consists, essentially, in a thorough disinfection of all
accidental and surgical wounds, the cleansing of the skin, and the
exclusion of soil, filth, and bacteria during surgical operations of any
nature. Sheds, barns, and stables should receive a thorough applica-
tion of quicklime or crude carbolic-acid wash after all rubbish has
been removed and burned. Ali animals should be burned or deeply
buried and covered well with quicklime.

SOUTHERN CATTLE FEVER (TEXAS FEVER).

(Pls. XLVI to LI, inclusive.)

This disease, which is more commonly known as splenetic, or Texas,
fever, is a specific fever communicated by cattle which have recently
been moved northward from the infected district, or which is con-
tracted by cattle taken into the infected district from other parts of
462 DISEASES OF CATTLE.
af

the world. It is characterized by the peculiarity among animal dis-
eases that the animals which disseminate the infection are apparently
in good health, while those which sicken and die from it do not, as a
rule, infect others.

. It is accompanied by high fever, greatly enlarged spicen, destruction
of the red-blood corpuscles, escape of the coloring matter of the blood
through the kidneys, giving the urine a deep-red color, by a yellowness
of the mucous membranes and fat, which is seen more especially in fat
cattle, by a rapid loss of strength, and by fatal results in a large pro-
portion of cases.

This disease has various names in different sections of the country
where it frequentiy appears. It is often called Spanish fever, acclima-
tion fever, red water, black water, distemper, murrain, dry murrain,
yellow murrain, biocdy murrain, Australian tick fever, and tristeza
of South America.

The earliest accounts we have ef this disease date back to 1814, when
it was stated by Dr. James Mease, before the Philadelphia Society for
Promoting Agriculture, thai the cattle from a certain district in South
Carolina so certainly disease all others with which they mix in their
progress to the North that they are prohibited by the people of Vir-
ginia from passing through the State; that these cattle infect others
while they themselves are in perfect health, and that cattle from
Europe or the interior taken to the vicinity of the sea are attacked
by a disease that generally proves fatal. Similar observations have
been made in regard to a district in the southern part of the United
States indicated by the shaded area on the map, Plate LI. The
northern limits of this area are changed yearly as a result of the dis-
semination or eradication of the cattle tick along the border, but the
infected area has gradually decreased, owing to the successful en-
deavors pushed forward to eliminate the ticks.

It was the frequent and severe losses following the driving of cattle
from the infected district in Texas into and across the Western States
and Territories which led to the disease being denominated Texas
fever. It is now known, however, that the infection is not peculiar to
Texas or even to the United States, but that it also exists in southern
Europe, Central and South America, Australia, South Africa, and the
West Indies.

When cattle from other sections of the country are taken into the
infected district they contract this disease usually during the first
summer, and if they are adult animals, particularly milch cows or fat
cattle, nearly all die. Calves are much more likely to survive. The
disease is one from which immunity is acquired, and therefore calves

ae recover are not again attacked, as a rule, evenafter they become
adult.
INFECTIOUS DISEASES OF CATTLE. 463

When the infection is disseminated beyond the permanently infected
district, the roads, pastures, pens, and other inclosures are dangerous
for susceptible animals until freezing weather. The infection then
disappears, and cattle may be driven over the grounds or kept in the
inclosures the succeeding summer and the disease will not reappear.
There ara some exceptions to this rule in the section just north of the
boundary line of the infected district. In this locality the infection
sometimes resists the winters, especially when these are mild.

In regard to the manner in which the disease is communicated,
experience shows that this does not occur by animals coming near or
in contact with each other. It is an indirect infection. The gattle
from the infected district first infect the pastures, roads, pens, cars,
ete., and the susceptible cattle cbtain the virus second hand from
these. Usually animais do not contract this disease when separated
from infected pastures by a fence. If, however, there is any drain-
age or washing ty rains across the line of fence thisruis does not hoid
good.

The investigations made by the Bureau of Animal Industry demon-
strate that the ticks which adhere to cattle from the infected district
are the only known means of conveying the infection to the bodies of
susceptible cattle. The infection is net spread by the saliva, the
urine, or the manure of cattle from the infected district. In studying
the causation and prevention of this disease, attention must there-
fore be largely given to the ticks, and it now seems apparent that if
cattle could be freed from this parasite when leaving the infected dis-
trict they would not be able te cause the malady. The discovery of
the connection of the ticks with the production of the disease has
played avery important part in determining the methods that should
be adopted in preventing its spread. It established an essential neint
and indicated many lines cf investigation which have yielded and aro
still likely to yield very important results.

Nature of the disease. —Texas fever is caused by an organism which
Hyves within thered-blood corpuscles and breaksthem up. It is there-
fore simply a blood disease. The organism does noi belong to the
bacteria but to the protezea. i is nct, ia other words, a microscopic
plant, but it belongs te the lowest forms of the animal kingdom,
This very minute organism multiplies very rapidly in the body of the
infected animal, and in acute cases causes an enormous destruction
of red corpuscles in a few days. How it gets into the red corpuseie
it is not possible to state, but it appears that it enters as an exceed-
ingly minute body, probably endowed with motion, and only after it
has succeeded in entering the corpuscle does it begin to enlarge.
Plate XLVII, fig. 4, illustrates an early stage of this blood parasite.
The xed corpuscle contains a very minute roundish body which is
stained blue to bring it into view. The body is, as a rule, situated
necr the edge of the corpuscle. Fig. 5 illustrates an older stage in
464 DISEASES OF CATTLE.

the growth of the parasite, in fact the largest which has thus far been
detected. It will be noticed that there are usually two bodies ina
corpuscle. These bedies are in general pear-shaped. The narrow
ends are always toward each other when two are present in the same
corpusele. If we bear in mind that the average diameter of the red-
bicod corpuscles of cattle is from z)!5 to z¢sy inch, the size of the
contained parasite may be at once appreciated by a glance at the fig-
ures referred to.

The various disease precesses which go on in Texas fever, and
which we may observe by examining the organs after death, all result
from the destruction of the red corpuscies. This destruction may be
extremely rapid cr slow. When itis rapid we have the acute, usu-
ally fatal, type of Texas fever, which is always witnessed in the height
of the Texas-fever season; that is, during the latter weeks of August
and the early weeks of September. When the destruction of corpus-
cies is slower, a mild, usually nonfatai, type of tae disease is called
forth, which is only witnessed iate in autumn or more rarely in July
and the early part of August. Cases of the mild type occurring thus
early usually become acute later on and terminate fatally.

The acute disease is fatal in most cases, and the fatality is due not
so much to the less cf blocd corpuscles as to the difficuity which the
organs have in getting rid of the waste products arising from this
wholesale destruction. How great this may be a simple calculation
will serve to illustrate. If we take a steer weighing 1,000 pounds, the
blood in its body will amount to about 50 pounds, if we assume that
the blood represents one-twentieth of the weight of the body, a rather
low estimate. According to experimental determination at the Bureau
Station, which consists in counting the number of blood corpuscles
in a given quantity of blood from day to day in such an animal, the
corpuscles contained in from 5 to 10 pounds of bloed may be destroyed
within twenty-four hours. The remains of these corpuscles and the
coloring matter inthem must either be converted into bile or excreted
unchanged. The result of this effort on the part of the liver causes
extensive disease of this organ. The bile secreted by the live cells
contains so much solid material that it stagnates in the finest bile
cauals and chokes these up completely. This in turn interferes with
the nutrition of the liver cells and they undergo fatty degeneration
and perish. The functions of the liver are thereby completely sus-
pended and death is the result. This enormous destruction of corpus-
cies takes place to a large extent in the kidneys, where a great number
of corpuscles containing the parasites are always found in acute cases.
This accounts largely for the blood-colored urine or red water which
is such a characteristic feature of Texas fever. The corpuscles them-
selves ara not found in the urine; it is the red coloring matter, or

hemoglobin, which leaves them when they break up and passes into
the urine.
INFECTIOUS DISEASES OF CATTLE. 465

Symptoms.—After a period of exposure to infected soil, which may
vary from thirteen to ninety days, and which will be more fully dis-
cussed further on under the subject of cattle ticks as bearers of the
Texas-fever parasite, the disease first shows itself in dullness, loss of
appetite, and a tendency to leave the herd and stand or lie down alone.
A few days before these symptoms appear the presence of a high fever
may be detected by the clinical thermometer. The temperature rises
from a normal of 101° to 103° F. to 106° and 107° F. There seems to
be little or no change in temperature until recovery or death ensues.
The period of high temperature or fever vacies considerably. As it
indicates the intensity of the disease process going on within, the
higher it is the more rapid the fatal end. Whenit does not rise above
104° F. the disease is milder and more prolonged.

The bowels are mostly constipated during the fever; toward the
end the feces may become softer and rather deeply tinged with bile.
The urine shows nothing abnormal during the course of the disease
until near the fatal termination, when it may be deeply stained with
the coloring matter of the blood. (Hemoglobinuria; see Pl. XLVII,
fig. 3.) Although this symptom is occasionally observed in animals
which recover, yet it may generally be regarded as an indication of
approaching death. The pulse and respiration are usually much more
rapid than during health.

Other symptoms in addition to those mentioned have been described
by observers, but they do not seem te be constant, and only the above
are nearly always present. As the end approaches emaciation becomes
very marked, the blood is very thin and watcry, and the closing of
any wound of the skin by clots is retarded. The animal manifests
increasing stupor and may lie down much of the time. Signs of
delirium have been observed in some cases. Death occurs most fre-
quently in the night.

The course of the disease is very variable induration. Death may
ensue in from three days to several weeks after the beginning of the
fever. Those that recover ultimately do so very slowly, owing to the.
great poverty of the blood in red corpuscles. The flesh is regained
but very gradually, and the animal may be subjected to a second
though mild attack later on in the autumn, which pushes the full
recovery onward to the beginning of winter.

In the mild type of the disease, which occurs in October and Novem-
ber, symptoms of disease are well-nigh absent. There is little if any
fever, and if it were not for loss of flesh and more or less dullness the
disease might pass unnoticed, as it undoubtedly does in a majority of
eases. If, however, the blood corpuscles be counted from time to
time a gradually diminishing number will! be found, and after several
weeks only about one-fifth or one-sixth of the normal number are
present. It is, indeed, surprising how little impression upon the ani-
mal this very impoverished condition of the blood appears to make.
It is probable, however, that if two animals kept under the same con-

61386—08——30
466 DISEASES OF CATTLE.

ditions, one healthy and the other at the end of one of these mild
attacks, be weighed, the difference would be plainly shown.

Pathoiogical changes observable afier death.—In the preceding pages
some of these have already been referred to in describing the nature
of the disease. It is very important at times to determine whether a
certain disease is Texas fever or some other disease, like anthrax, for
example. This fact can, as arule, be determined at once by a thorough
microscopic examination of the blood. The necessary apparatus and
the requisite qualifications for this task leave this method entirely in
the hands of experts. There is, however, a considerable number of
changes caused by this disease which may be detected by the naked
eye when the body has been opened. These, put together, maze a
mistake quite impossible. The presence of smail ticks on the skin of
the escutcheon, the thighs, and the udder is a very important sign in
herds north of the Texas-fever line, as it indicates that they have been
brought in some manner from the South and carried the disease with
them, as will be explained later. Another very important sign is the
thin, watery condition of the blood, either just before death or when
the fever has been present for four or five days. A little incision into
the skin will enable anyone to determine this point. Frequently the
skin is se poor in blood that it may require several incisions to draw
a drop or more.

The changes in the internal crgans, as found on postmortem exami-
nations, are briefly as foliows: The spleen, er milt, is much larger than
in healthy animals. It may weigh three orfourtimesasmuch. When
it is incised the contents or pulp is blackish (see Pl. XLVI, fig. 1), and
may even well out as a disintegrated mass. The markings of the
healthy spleen (fig. 2) are all effaced by the enormous number of biood
corpuscles which have collected in the spleen and tc which the enlarge-
ment is due. Next to the spleen the liver will arouse our attention.
(See Pl. XLVI, fig. 2.) It is larger than in the healthy state, has lost
its natural brownish color (fig. 1), and new has on the surface a paler
yeliowish hue. When it is incised this yellowish tinge or mahogany
eoler, as it has been called by some, is still more prominent. This is
due to the large amount of bile in the finest bile capillaries, and as
these are not uniform!y filled with it the cut surface has a msre or less
mottled appearance. This bile injection causes in many cases a fatty
degeneration of the liver cells, which makes the organ appear still
lighter in color.

Tn all cases the gall bladder should be examined. This is distended
with bile, which holds in suspension a large quantity of yellow flakes,
so that when it is poured into a tall bottle to settle fully one-half or
more of the column of fluid will be occupied by a iayer of flakes. If
mucus is present at the same time, the bile may become so viscid that
when it is poured from one glass to ancther it forms long bands. The
pile in health is a limpid fluid containing no solid particles.

If the animal has not been observed during life to pass urine colored
INFECTIOUS DISEASES OF CATTLE. 467

with blood or red water, the bladder should be opened. This quite
invariably, in acute cases, contains urine which varies in color from a
deep port wine to a light claret. In many cases the color is so dense
that light will not pass through even a thin layer. (Pl. XLVIL, fig. 3.)
The kidneys are always found congested in the acute attack. The
disease exerts but little effect on the stomach and intestines beyond
more or less reddening of the mucous membrane; hence an exami-
nation of these may be safely omitted. The lungs are, as a rule, not
diseased. The heart usually shows patches of blood extravasation on
the inside (left ventricle), and less markedly on the outer surface.

We have ecbserved jaundice of the various tissues but very rarely.
It has been observed by some quite regularly, however.

During the hot season about 90 per cent of the susceptible mature
animals from a noninfected district die, but later, in the cool weather,
the disease assumes a milder type, with a consequent decrease in the
number of deaths.

The cattle tick, Margaropus annulatus, as the carrier of Texas fever.
(Pls. XLVITII, XLIX, and L.)—The cattle tick is, as its name indi-
cates, a parasite of cattle in the southern part of the United States.
It belongs to the group of Arthropoda and to the genus Margaropus
(Boophilus), which is included in the order Acarina. Tis life history
is quite simple and easily traced from one generation to another. It
is essentially a parasite, attaching itself to the skin (Pl. XLIX) and
drawing the blood of its host. It is unable to come to maturity and
reproduce its kind unless it becomes attached to the skin of cattle,
whence it may obtain its food.

The eggs laid on the ground after the female has dropped from the
host begin to develop at once. When the embryo is fully formed
within the shell it ruptures this and gains its freedom. The time
required from the laying of the eggs to their hatching varies consid-
erably, according to the temperature. In the laboratory in the heat
of midsummer this was accomplished in. about thirteen days. In the
late fall, under the same conditions, it required from four te six weeks.
The larva after emerging from the egg is very minute, six-legged, and
just visible to the naked eye. (Pl. XLVIII, fig. 3.) If these larve
be kept on a layer of moist sand or earth in a covered dish, they may
remain alive for months, but there is no appreciable increase in size.
As soon, however, as they are placed upox cattle growth begins.

_On pastures these little creatures soon find their way onto cattle,
They attach themselves by preference to the tender skin on the
escutcheon, the inside of the thighs, and on the base of the udder,
Yet when they are very numerous they may be found in small num-
bers on various parts of the body, such as the neck, the chest, and
the ears. (Pl. XLIX.)

The changes which they undergo during their parasitic existence
468 DISEASES OF CATTLE.

were first studied by Dr. Cooper Curtice in 1889. The young tick
within a week molts, and the second or nymphal stage of the para-
site’s life is thus ushered in. After this change ‘t has four pairs of
legs. Within another week another molt takes place by which the
tick passes from the nymphal to the sexual, or adult, stage. Impreg-
nation now takes place, and, with the development of the ova in the
body, the animal takes an increased quantity of blood, so that it
becomes very much larger ina few days. That the rapid growth is
due to the blood taken in may be easily proved by crushing one. The
intestine is distended with a thick, tarry mass composed of partly
digested blood. When the female has reached a certain stage of
maturity she drops to the ground and begins to lay a large number of
eggs, which hatch in the time given above.

The life of the cattle tick is thus spent largely on cattle, and
although the young, or larve, may live for a long time on the ground
in the summer season, they can not mature excepting as parasites on
cattle and horses. We have purposely omitted various details of the
life history, including that of the male, as they are not necessary to
an understanding of our present subject—Texas fever. How this is
transmitted we will proceed to consider.

Southern cattle sent North during the spring and summer months
earry on their bodies large numbers of the cattle tick. These when
matured drop off and lay their eggs on Northern pastures. These
hatch, and the young tick soon gets upon any Northern cattle which
happen to be on the pasture. As soon as they have attached thein-
selves to the skin they inoculate the cattle, and Texas fever breaks
out a week or more thereafter. For many years there had been a
growing stispicion that the cattle tick was in some way concerned in
the spread of Texas fever, and the facts which supported this suppo-
sition finally became so numerous and convincing that a series of
experiments were inaugurated by the Bureau of Animal Industry
which served to show that the tick was abundantly able to carry the
disease to a herd of healthy cattle, and in fact was probably the only
agent concerned in the transmission of the disease from Southern
cattle to susceptible Northern animals.

The regulations which have been enacted by the Department of
Agriculture for the control of cattle shipments from the infected dis-
tricts have for their initial purpose the prevention of the transporta-
tion of cattle ticks from infected regions to those that are noninfected,
either upon cattle or in stock cars or other conveyer, and the exclu-
sion of these parasites from noninfected territory has in every instance
been found a certain method of excluding Texas fever.
INFECTIOUS DISEASES OF CATTLE. 469

INJURIOUS EFFECTS OF CATTLE TICKS.

Many cattle owners who have always been accustomed to see both
ticks and ticky cattle on their farms are unfortunately not inclined
to attach much importance to cattle ticks, and, as a rule, through
lack of appreciation of their damaging effects, placidly consider them
as of little consequence. That ticks may be detrimental to their hosts
in several ways has probably not suggested itself to these stockmen,
who are most vitally affected, and it therefore seems necessary to
emphasize the fact that, in addition to their relation to Texas fever,
they may also be injurious to cattle as external parasites. While
the power of transmitting Texas fever is undoubtedly the most dan-
gerous property possessed by the cattle tick and is the principal
cause for adopting stringent measures in securing its complete eradi-
cation, nevertheless there still remain other good reasons for the
accomplishment of this achievement. These secondary objections to
the presence of ticks on cattle consist in the physical harm they do
to the host aside from the production of the specific disease of
Texasfever. True, a few parasites may remain on cattle indefinitely
without causing any noticeable effect, but it is not uncommon to
notice bovine animals on pastures with their hides heavily infested
with these pests. In such cases it can readily be seen that the contin-
uous sucking of blood causes more or less impoverishment of the
circulation. The animal must therefore be fed heavier in order to
meet the demands of the parasites in addition to the ordinary needs
of the host. If the ticks be removed from the body, the bites inflicted
are often distinguished by small inflamed or reddened areas some-
what swollen, with perforations of the skin which may allow the
entrance of various kinds of disease germs, and showing that more
or less irritation of the hide is produced by these parasites. This
condition, together with the loss of blood, frequently induces an irri-
table state and evidences of uneasiness commonly known as ‘‘tick
worry,” which results in the loss of energy and other derangements of
the animal’s health. It may in some cases become so pronounced,
especially in hot weather, that the animal will lose flesh in spite of
good pasturing, thereby reducing the vitality and rendering it more
susceptible to the inroads of disease. Moreover, if the infestation of
ticks is not controlled, the cattle may be so reduced in condition that
growth is retarded, and, in the case of young animals, they may never
become fully developed, but remain thin, weak, and stunted—a con-
dition that has been termed ‘“‘tick poverty ””—and easily succumb to
other diseases as a result of lowered vitality. In milch cows this
debilitating influence of the numerous ticks is shown in a greatly
reduced milk supply. This should not appear strange when it is con-
sidered that some animals harbor several thousand of these blood-
470 DISEASES OF CATTLE.

sucking parasites. If these parasites are crushed, it will be found
that their intestines are completely filled with a dark, thick mass of
blood abstracted from the animal host and containing nutriment that
should go to the formation of milk, flesh, and the laying on of fat.
In some rare cases the large number of bites over a limited area of
skin may be followed by infection with pus-producing organisms,
giving rise to small abscesses which may terminate in ulcers. The
discharge from such sores, or in some cases the mere oozing of blood
serum through the incision made by the mouth parts of the ticks,
keeps the hair moist and matted together, and the laying and hatch-
ing of fly eggs in these areas give rise to infestation with destructive
maggots, causing ulcers and other complications that require medical
treatment. Thesestatements regarding the secondary injurious effects
of cattle ticks also apply to those ticks which have been previously
spoken of as harmless in so far as Texas fever is concerned, and, in
fact, to all external parasites. Therefore, it is just as important to
eradicate the cattle ticks for reasons other than those associated with
Texas fever as it is to exterminate lice, fleas, and other vermin.
Furthermore, cattle ticks, aside from the losses sustained by their
purely parasitic effects, are the greatest menace to the profitable rais-
ing and feeding of cattle in the South, because they are an obstacle
to cattle traffic between the infected and noninfected districts.

LOSS OCCASIONED BY CATTLE TICKS.

The economic aspect of the tick problem is unquestionably of the
greatest practical interest, since the fundamental importance of all the
other questions which surround it depends upon the actual money
value involved. It would therefore seem advisable to furnish a few
statistics showing the financial loss sustained by the country as a
result of the presence of this parasite. It is well known that those
animals, coming from an infected district and sold in the “‘ southern
pens” of northern stockyards, bring an average of one-fourth to one-
half a cent less per pound than the quoted market price. The handi-
cap that is placed on the southern cattle raiser as a result of this
decrease in value of his stock will average at the former figure at
least $1.50 per head, allowing an individual weight of 600 pounds for
all classes of animals, so that the loss on the estimated 705,000
southern cattle, including stock, beef, and dairy animals, marketed
yearly under these conditions will sum up a loss of $1,057,500 per
annum. Carrying this estimate still further it will be found that this
decreased value reacts and fixes the valuation of all cattle which
remain in the infected territory, thereby reducing the assets of the
cattle industry of that section by this ratio per head for the four and
a half millions of cattle east of the Mississippi River and the eleven
INFECTIOUS DISEASES OF CATTLE. 471

millions of cattle west of the Mississippi River; or, altogether, the
enormous shrinkage in value of $23,250,000 directly chargeable to the
cattle tick. This sum, however, should not be considered in determin-
ing the yearly devastation caused by the cattle tick, but rather as an
unnecessary reduction in the assets of the infected country. This last
loss does not include the decrease in flesh and lack of development of
southern cattle occasioned by the parasitic life of the ticks from with-
out and by the blood-destreying and enervating properties of the
protozoan parasites from within, an additional loss which is so very
great that a conservative estimate would place it equal to the loss
above mentioned, or $23,250,000.

The shrinkage in the milk production of cattle harboring many
ticks will average 1 quart per day, and the loss occasioned thereby at
3 cents per quart for the 875,000 ticky dairy cattle out of more than
4,000,000 dairy cattle below the quarantine line would amount to
$26,250 per day, or, counting three hundred milking days for each
cow to the year, $7,875,000 per annum. The damage resulting to the
southern purchaser of northern purebred or high-grade cattle is
another item of nosmallmoment. About 10 per cent of all such cattle
taken South die of Texas fever even after they are immunized by
blood inoculations, and about 60 per cent of these cattle succumb to
Texas fever when not so treated. Since they are usually very expen-
sive animals and of a highly valued strain of blood, the loss in certain
cases is excessive and in others almost irreparable owing to the pos-
sible extinction of some particular type especially selected for the
improvement of the herd. Thus of the approximate 4,600 of such
cattle brought South each year, at least 460 die of Texas fever. The
loss entailed would naturally depend on the value of each animal, and
since the prices paid for such well-bred cattle range from $100 to
$1,000 or even more, it can readily be conceived that the yearly loss
from this item alone varies from $46,000 upward.

Another instance where it is difficult to figure the injury done by
the ticks is in the case of death of nonimmune cattle in the tick-free
pastures of the South. Such animals are as susceptible to Texas
fever as nonimmune northern cattle, and, inasmuch as there are in
many States only one out of every four farms infested with ticks,
the cattle on the remaining farms will in many cases contract Texas
fever when exposed to the fever tick. These losses can scarcely be
computed, as the death rate depends so much on the season of the
year when exposure occurs and on the age of the animal affected.
However, the deaths among such cattle are considerable, although
this fact is little appreciated or understood by many outside of the
infected area. Thus, if we consider one-tenth of the cattle below
the line as nonimmunes which contract the disease on exposure to
ticks, and if we figure on the death rate of 25 per cent of these
472 DISEASES OF CATTLE.

animals—a conservative estimate—the loss would amount to 387,500
animals, which, at an estimated value of $15 per head, would amount
to a loss of $5,812,500 per annum. And this sum, excessive as it
may seem, represents a smaller percentage of loss on the total valu-
ation of neat cattle than has been determined by several of the
infected States.

On rare occasions a small outbreak of Texas fever occurs north
of the quarantine line as a result of improperly disinfected cars, of
unscrupulous dealers breaking the quarantine regulations, or of
some accidental condition. Such damage, however, is slight, but
should be given consideration in summing up the loss occasioned by
the fever tick.

The advertisement which a breeder obtains and the sales which are
made by having his stock in the show ring are usually lost to the
southern cattle raiser who aspires to display his animals in the
North, as they are barred from most of these exhibitions. On the
other hand, the southern farmer is not given an opportunity to see
and be stimulated by the fine specimens of northern cattle which
might be shown at southern stock exhibits, for the reason that the
danger of contracting Texas fever is too patent to warrant such
exposure. The expense incurred by the Government in enforcing
the regulations that apply to the quarantine line reaches about $42,000
per annum, while the cost to the various States for similar work
along their individual quarantine lines amounts to a very modest
sum in some States, but to large figures in others, aggregating about
$23,000 yearly.

Another loss which is indirectly sustained by the southern cattle
industry through increased freight rates is the cost to the railroad
companies of cleaning and disinfecting the cars that carry southern
cattle and in providing separate pens for these animals at various
locations. This sum. may be calculated at not less than $29,000 per
annum.

If all the above-mentioned losses are added it will be found that
the Texas-fever tick is responsible for about $40,000,000 of loss
annually to the people of the infected country, and that it also lowers
the assets of the South by an additional $23,250,000. These figures
are not given as accurate in any particular, but they are sufficiently
close to indicate that the loss to the quarantined section from the
cattle tick is something enormous and represents about 16 per cent of
the total valuation of the cattle in that region. It must be admitted
that this is by far too great a barrier to the successful operation of any
business. Such a series of encumbrances as those recorded could be
carried by the cattle industry of no other section of the country but
the South, whose excellent pastures, rich soil, and sulubrious climate
are the only reasons for its ability to overcome such obstacles in meet-
INFECTIOUS DISEASES OF CATTLE. 473

ing the competition of the West. And it is the inherent capacity of
the South for greatly increasing its herds and enlarging its pasture
lands that makes the actual loss even secondary to the potential loss
due to restrictions necessitated by the presence of the cattle tick.
This potential loss may be described as the difference between the
value of the cattle industry of the South to-day and the extent to
which this industry would be increased if farmers and ranchmen
were assured that their lands and cattle would not become infested
with fever ticks.. Could this assurance be given, the beneficial effects
would extend over the entire country, because the market of the
northern breeder would thereby become greatly extended.

These appalling losses and annual sacrifices of the cattle raisers of
the infected district can be entirely effaced, and this at a small pro-
portionate cost; for, with enthusiastic stockmen, satisfactory State
legislation, sufficient money, and a trained corps of inspectors, the
cattle tick may be exterminated, and every dollar expended in this

“work will be returned many fold during each succeeding year.

The so-called period of incubation.—After the young ticks have
attached themselves to cattle the fever appears about ten days there-
after, in midsummer. When the weather is cool, as in autumn, this
period may be a little longer. The actual period of incubation may
be shorter than this, for if blood from a case of Texas fever be
injected into the blood vessels of healthy cattle the fever may appear
within five days. When cattle graze upon pastures over which south-
ern cattle have passed, the time when the disease appears varies
within wide limits. When the animals have been put upon pastures
immediately after southern cattle have infected them with ticks, it
may take from thirty to sixty days, or even longer, before the disease
appears. This will be readily understood when we recall the life
history of ticks. The southern cattle leave only matured ticks which
have dropped from them. These must lay their eggs and the latter
be hatched before any ticks can get upon native cattle. The shortest
period is thus not less than thirty days if we include ten days for the
period of incubation after the young tick has attached itself to native
cattle. When the infection of pastures with ticks has taken place
early in the season, or when this is cold, the period will be much
longer, because it takes longer for the eggs to hatch.

If native cattle are placed upon pastures which have been infected
some time before with ticks, the disease will appear so much sooner,
because the young ticks may be already hatched and attack the cattle
at once. It will be evident, therefore, that the length of time elaps-
ing between the exposure of native cattle on infected fields and the
appearance of the disease will depend on the date of original infec-
tion, and on the weather, whether cold or hot. When native cattle
are placed upon fields on which young ticks are already present,
they will show the fever in thirteen to fifteen days if the season be hot.
474 DISEASES OF CATTLE.

The fever appears before the ticks have matured. In fact, they are
still small enough to be overlooked. In any case very careful search
should be made for them in those places upon which they prefer to
locate—the thighs, escutcheon, and udder. After the acute stage of
the fever has passed by, the ticks begin to swell up and show very
plainly. (Pl. XLVITI, figs. 6 and 7.)

PREVENTION.

It is generally accepted that if southern cattle are entirely free from
that species of tick known as Margaropus ( Boophilus) annulatus, they
can be allowed to mingle with the most susceptible animals without
danger. Furthermore, it has been learned from the study of the life
history of the cattle tick and from the fact that this tick infests pas-
tures only transiently, never permanently, and will not mature except
upon cattle or equines, that its extermination is possible, and that
the disease it causes may be prevented. The various methods with
these results in view should be directed toward the destruction of
ticks on cattle as well as their eradication from the pastures.

HOW TO FREE CATTLE OF TICKS,

Among the most important measures to be adopted in eradicating
these parasites from cattle in the infested districts may be mentioned:
(1) Picking or brushing them off; (2) smearing or spraying the animals
with a disinfecting solution, and (3) dipping the ‘“‘ticky” animals in a
vat containing a solution capable of killing the ticks without injury
to the cattle.

The systematic application of one or more of these methods, together
with appropriate measures for eradicating or destroying the cattle
ticks upon pastures, has been successfully adopted in certain sections,
and has thus diminished the area of the infested district.

Picking or brushing ticks off cattle-—Where the herd is small a
very effective but laborious method is to pick off these parasites by
hand or to scrape them off with a dull knife or a currycomb. This
should be done at least three times a week in order to find all the
adults before they mature and fall off, as by this system the smaller
ticks which at first escaped detection will be found before they are
fully developed. After removing the ticks they should be destroyed,
preferably by burning. ‘Care should be taken -to go over all parts
of the animal frequented by the ticks, especially under the belly,
around the tail and udder, and inside the legs. After the ticks are
picked or brushed off, the cattle should not be neglected, but should
be carefully examined later for the presence of ticks which have been
picked up in the meantime. If this work is thoroughly performed
and no ticks are allowed to fall off and lay eggs from June 1 to the
end of November, the cattle will be free of ticks, and the pastures
will have had an opportunity of becoming cleaned.
INFECTIOUS DISEASES OF CATTLE. 475

Smearing or spraying cattle with a disinfecting solution.—Greasing
the legs and sides of cattle with cotton-seed oil, fish oil, or Beaumont
crude petroleum will assist in preventing the ticks from crawling up
onthe body. In small herds, smearing the cattle with a mixture of 1
gallon of kerosene, 1 gallon of cotton-seed oil, and 1 pound of sulphur,
or with a mixture composed of equal parts of cotton-seed oil and
crude petroleum, or with Beaumont crude oil alone, has proved effi-
cacious when applied to the skin two or three times weekly during
the tick season. For this purpose sponges, syringes, brushes, mops,
or brooms may be used. This method not only kills the older ticks
on the cattle by mechanically plugging up their breathing pores, but
also makes the legs so slippery that the seed ticks are unable to get a
foothold in order to crawl up on the eattle. Where a large number
of animals are to be treated, but not sufficient to make it advisable to
construct a dipping vat, spraying the infested animals has given very
favorable results. The animals should be placed in a chute or a stall,
or tied to a tree, and then sprayed with Beaumont oil or a 5 per cent
solution of any of the standard coal-tar dips. The solution may be
applied by means of a force pump, such as is used by orchardists to
spray fruit trees, or by placing the solution in a barrel upon a wagon
or on a platform above the animals and allowing the fluid to gravi-
tate through a hose, to the end of which is attached an ordinary
sprinkling nozzle. The solution is then allowed to flow over the skin
of the animal, especially upon the legs and under portions of the
body. If the cattle are on tick-infested pastures, this treatment—
either smearing or spraying—must be continued through the whole
season, and if thoroughly done it will leave the fields free from ticks
the following year.

Dipping in a vat.—Many efforts have been made to discover a
practical method for dipping cattle to destroy ticks without injury to
the cattle, and the bureau has experimented for years with this object
in view. Numerous kinds of dips have been used and many failures
have been recorded, but apparently a successful one has been found in
the crude oil—so-called Beaumont oil—obtained from certain Texas
wells. This oil has now been used on a rather large scale, and it has
been very successful in killing ticks without at the same time mate-
rially affecting the health of the cattle when the proper precautions
have been observed. In fact, it is distinctly superior to any of the other
dips that have been tested. In these experiments it was found that a
light oil heavily charged with sulphur is the most desirable for
dipping cattle, as the heavy oils injure the animals dipped in them.
An oil with 40 per cent of its bulk capable of boiling between 200°
and 300° C., having a specific gravity between 223° and 244° Beaumé,
and containing 14 to 14 per cent of sulphur is most desirable, and
these requirements should be stipulated before purchase. Ina recent
dipping of 57,000 head of cattle on the Kansas and Osage Indian
476 DISEASES OF CATTLE..

yeservations the results were very highly satisfactory, both as regards
the eradication of the cattle tick and the after results of the dipping,
since the loss from all causes was less than 0.75 per cent. This loss
represented in dollars and cents wouid amount to a very small portion
(about one-twelfth) of the loss incurred by the sale of these animals
as ‘‘ticky” cattle in the stock yards of the North. Other cattle
dipped in the same oil, but under conditions that can not be con-
sidered parallel, suffered more severely. In order to obtain the best
results, the animals, after dipping, should not be unduly exposed to
the hot sun nor driven any considerable distance, but should receive
plenty of food and good water. They should be allowed to stand
for four or more days after dipping and prior to shipment. Dip-
ping should not be attempted until after they shall have shed their
winter coats, as a large percentage of all cattle dipped before the
heavy coat is lost suffer from a severe irritation of the skin. The
method usually adopted in dipping cattle is to construct a narrow
swimming tank with a chute at one end for the entrance of the
cattle and a sloping exit at the other end where the cattle emerge
after getting a uniform coating of oil in passing through the vat. A
drip chute, or floor, is connected with the exit where the excess of.oil
is allowed to drip off the animals and to drain into the vat. Plans
and specifications for installing a dripping plant suitable for either
small farms or large ranges are published in Farmers’ Bulletin No.
152, which may be obtained from this department. It is relatively
more expensive to dip cattle in the South, where the farms and plan-
tations contain a small number of cattle, than in the range country
of the Southwest, where this method of eradicating ticks becomes nct
only plausible and practicable, but also economical. When cattle
have been properly dipped in Beaumont crude petroleum or any other
approved petroleum under the supervision of a veterinary inspector
and by him found free of infection, they may be shipped to any point
above the quarantine line, subject only to such restrictions as may be
imposed at the point of destination. Such cattle must be shipped in
clean, disinfected cars, and must not be driven through the quaran-
tined area or be unloaded therein, except at those points designated
by the Secretary of Agriculture. It is earnestly recommended that
such shipments shall not occur earlier than four to eight days after
the dipping is performed.

By the ‘‘ soiling” method.—This method of freeing cattle of ticks
was suggested by Curtice. It is based upon a knowledge of the life
history of these parasites. The time required for the female tick to
lay eggs and the latter to hatch—in other words, the time spent on
the ground—is rarely less than three weeks, and the period required
by the seed ticks to molt and mature—or the time spent on the ecattle—
is usually from twenty to forty-five days. When cattle infested with
ticks are to be cleaned for any reason—as, for instance, before being
INFECTIOUS DISEASES OF CATTLE, AT?

placed on noninfested pastures—it is recommended that the cattle be
kept in a small tick-free inclosure for three weeks, when many of the
ticks will have fallen off. They should then be removed and placed
in a similar paddock for another three weeks. At this time the cattle
should be examined, and if found free from ticks they may be placed
in the noninfested pasture at once. On the other hand if any ticks
are observed the cattle should be placed in a third pen for two weeks
more. By this time even the youngest ticks that were on the cattle
at the start will have matured and dropped off; and as the animals
are removed from each pen before they could possibly become rein-
fested with the seed ticks that hatch from the eggs of the females
that fell off, they are now tick free. The same pens can not be used
repeatedly for this purpose without thorough disinfection, as they
become infested with young ticks, which will at once attack cattle if
given an opportunity to do so. Care should be taken that hay fed
the animals in these pens is from noninfested fields.

HOW TO FREE PASTURES OF TICKS.

How to rid pastures of ticks without destroying the vegetation on
them was for a long time a problem. While this may be impossible
on large ranches, it has been successfully accomplished on small
farms by systematic efforts based upon a knowledge of the life his-
tory and the habits of the cattle ticks. The most satisfactory as well
as the most practicable methods have been found to be as follows:

By excluding cattle for a definite period.—The removal of animals
from an infested pasture for a stated period will cause ali ticks pres-
ent therein to starve, and the pasture will thus become tick-free.
One method of accomplishing this result is to divide the pasture into
two parts by a double line of fence. This fence should be board-
tight at the bottom to prevent ticks from crawling out, and there
should be a 10-foot space between the two lines so that the ticks
would be unable to crawl across to the opposite pasture if they should
perchance get out. One of these pastures is then kept free from
cattle, horses, mules, and asses from spring to late fall, or, better,
until January. By this time it will be free of ticks and ready for
tick-free cattle that have been cleaned by any of the methods above
described; then the other pasture is abandoned for the same period
of time.

Butler states that the pasture may be kept free of ticky animals for
a shorter period with equally beneficial results, and recommends the
following method:

The tick-infested cattle should be removed from their pasture on
September 1, cleaned of ticks by any of the methods previously men-
tioned, and placed ina cultivated field or pasture where no ticky ani-
mals have been for at least six months and where they can not come
in contact with ticky animals or ticky soil. The original pasture
478 DISEASES OF CATTLE.

should not be restocked until the following spring (April), at which
time all the eggs laid there before September 1 will have hatched,
the seed ticks will have starved, and the pasture will be free of ticks.
It may then be used for cattle that have no ticks upon them. In
case the cattle are not free of ticks when placed in the cultivated field
or noninfested pasture on September 1, they will infect this field and
will carry ticks to the original pasture if placed there in the spring.

By cultivation.—Another method of destroying ticks on pastures
is to cultivate the soil for a year without permitting any ticky cattle,
horses, or mules on the ground during this period. After this treat-
ment the field will be without any Texas-fever ticks and may be re-
stocked with cattle not infested with these parasites.

By burning off the grass.—Pastures that are too large to be disin-
fected by the above measures or those grazing lands that are open
and can not be inclosed, or ranches where a division of the pasture is
impracticable, may be freed from ticks by burning them off in the
spring or fall and then keeping tick-infested animals from the land.
It is advisable to burn off the grass in the spring when practicable,
as this permits the pasture to recover quickly and to supply feed in
several weeks.

HOW TO FREE CATTLE AND PASTURES OF TICKS AT THE SAME TIME,

By the ‘‘feed-lot” method.—The ‘‘feed-lot” method has been re-
cently recommended by Morgan after conducting field experiments
in Louisiana and has for its object the ridding at the same time cf
pastures and cattle of the fever tick. This plan, like the ‘‘soiling”
method, suggested by Curtice, is based upon the length of time the
tick lives upon cattle and the period required for the eggs to be laid
and hatched and the seed ticks to attach themselves to their host.
For carrying out this idea take a field which has been sown to corn,
millet, sorghum, or other forage and fence off three lots within such
a field, in one of which the ticky eattle are placed on June 1 by
removal from their customary pasture.“ (See fig. 1.) In the first
feed lot the greater number of ticks drop off and lay eggs. After an
interval of twenty days ayd before these eggs have had time to
hatch, the cattle are moved to the second inclosure, where they are
kept another twenty days, when they will in many instances be free
of ticks and can be turned into the forage field. However, in case
ticks are still present, the cattle should be placed in a third paddock
for fifteen days longer. All the ticks that were on the animals when
placed in the feed lots will have dropped off now, and, as the cattle
leave each feed lot before they can become reinfested by the seed ticks
which hatch from the eggs of the ticks that fall off, they will be clean

 

“From our experience the two lots recommended by Morgan would not be
sufficient under all conditions.
479

INFECTIOUS DISEASES OF CATTLE.

 

JUNE /.

\

 

 

 

y

AHEEP /N THIS LOT
YUNE 1 TO SUNE 20
BY WATCH TIME
MAME TICS WILL

 

 

 

 

 

HAVE DROPPED
OFF. =P
/
MILLET, SORGHUM, OFP
FORAGE FIELD
CONTAINING THREE FEED LOTS. WEA SIELOF
FROM SUNE 20 TO
SULY 10 ANO IF
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WOT OVSAPPLEAPED
PLACE IN THIFO ted
LOT BUT IF TICA-|\SUNE 20
FREE PUT /N g
FORAGE FIELD.
TN
HEEP VICH=FFEL CATTLE IN [— :
THIS FIELD AFTER RENOVING | UeGITe PE NOT
FROM FEFO LOTS UNTIL LOT HEEP HERE
NOVEMBER 15, BF WHICH TIME FROK SULY 10: TO
THE OFIGINAL PASTURE WILL Ue eo RE
ae SEE T1CH-F REE AND sr
SHOULO BE PLACED) JULY 10
IN FORAGE FIELO
aa
YSULY 25
SF

 

 

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CAFOEWV

 

COMMENGE 8)
REMOVING T/CHY
CATTLE FIPONT THIS
INFECTEO PASTURE
YUNVE 7.

PAS TUPPER

THIS FIELD HAVING NO
ANMIAAALS ON IT FRONT
YUNE / TO NOVEMBER 15
BECOMES TICK PEE.

a

 

Fia. 1.—Cleaning cattle and soil by ‘* feed-lot ” method.

J NOVEMBER 5,

 
480 DISEASES OF CATTLE.

and safe. These tick-free cattle are then pastured in the sorghum,
corn, or millet field containing the feed lots and the latter are plowed
immediately after the cattle are taken out, their edges are sprayed
with Beaumont oil, petroleum, or other disinfectant substances, and
the soil is cultivated. The cattle are kept in the forage field until
November 15, or even later, when all the ticks on the regular pasture
will have died of starvation from the exclusion of cattle since June 1,
and the tick-free animals can then be replaced on this tick-free pas-
ture. In adopting this method it is essential that the feed lots be
inclosed by a fence which is board-tight along the ground, and that
this fence be watched carefully and disinfected occasionally to pre-
vent the ticks from getting into the forage field; a single furrow
could be thrown up on both sides of the fence for the same purpose.
These feed lots should be situated along the edge of the field in order
that the cattle in changing from one lot to the other may pass, as
directly as possible, through a portion of an adjoining cultivated or
tick-free field, so that if the ticks fall off during this drive they will
not infest the forage field and later the cattle when pastured therein.
The cattle should be fed on the annual crops while in these lots, but
never upon crops obtained from infested pastures, as such food may
contain seed ticks. Water may be supplied by piping from a well,
spring, or creek, by carting it to the feed lots in barrels, or by placing
the fence so as to include a spring or portion of a creek, provided
the latter does not flow through an infected pasture a short distance
above.

By pasture rotation.—A very satisfactory method for freeing cattle
as well as pastures of the cattle tick is by pasture rotation, which
combines the suggestions of Curtice, Butler,and Morgan. It is based
upon the knowledge that by severing the relation of the fever ticks
and the animals upon which they develop these ticks will perish. To
advpt this plan first divide the infected pasture into two parts, which
is best accomplished by a double line of fence with a 10-foot space
between the lines to prevent ticks crossing from one pasture to an-
other (fig. 2). In order to observe all possible precautions, this fence
should have either a furrow thrown up against it or a board or rail
placed tightly along the bottom to help keep the ticks within. All
animals that carry the cattle tick are excluded from the first half of
the pasture, which may be termed pasture No. 1, from June 1 until
November 10, at which time all the ticks that were there will have
perished from want of a host and the field will be ready for receiving
tick-free cattle. The ticky cattle, on being removed from pasture
No. 1 on June 1, are placed in the other half of the original pasture,
which may be called pasture No. 2, where they are kept from June 1
to September 10. They may now be partly cleaned of ticks by plac-
ing them at the latter date (September 10) in a cultivated field—for
instance, a rye or vetch or wheat and vetch field—and by keeping
481

INFECTIOUS DISEASES OF CATTLE.

 

NOVEMBER of

Ly

 

|

COMMENCE br
REMOVING TICH CATTLE]
FROM THIS INFECTEO
PASTURE SUNE /.

—am | O/

(NO ANIA ALS SHOULD
BE ALLOWED HERE
FRON SUNE / TON
EMBER 10,)

 

ORIGINAL PASTURE O1V1O-
£0 BY A OOUBLE LINE
OF FENCE (OF APART.

 

AEEP CATTLE IN THIS
PASTURE FROM SUNE/
70 SEPTENIGEPR 10

(THIS PASTURE BECONIES|
WCA-F REE BY THE FOL
LOWING MAAK ANO CAV
THEN BE 4ODED TO A4S-
TURE NOS.)

>

 

>

 

2

PENMOVE CATTLE ON
SEPT-/O TO FIELD NO. 3.

 

 

 

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HOUSE

 

GARDEN

 

 

PYE ANO VETCH

» AELP CATTLE IN THIS

4FUELO FROM SEPT. 10
70 SEPTEMGELR Fo.

|

CORN AND SOP GHUNM

HEEP IN THIS FIELO
FRON SEP TENIBLEP? FO
7O OCTOSEP 20.

 

CO7-70N ANO FALE

AELP IN THIS FIELO
FROM OC7TOBGEF 2070
NOVENIBER? 10, WHEN
THE CATILE Will BE
FITEE OF TIC 4S AND
AIAY THEN BE TAHEN
INTO TICH-FREE
PASTURE NO

 

 

 

J SEPTEMBER /0.

Fia. 2.—Cleaning cattle and soil by pasture rotation.

61386—08——31
482 DISEASES OF CATTLE.

them therein for twenty days, when a large number of ticks will have
fallen off. The partly cleaned cattle may then be removed on Sep-
tember 30 to a field sown to corn and sorghum, corn and cowpeas, or
a combination of corn, sorghum, and cowpeas, or other forage crops.

In this field most of the remaining ticks, if not all of them, will
have dropped from the animals within twenty days, but.in a few in-
stances the cattle may still be infested, so the animals should be moved
on October 20 to a cotton field in which rape or crimson clover had
been sown at the last cultivation for the purpose of furnishing food
for the cattle while there. The crops should have been gathered from
all these fields before turning in the cattle. Here they are kept for
another twenty days (to November 10), not because they would not
be free of ticks at an earlier date but on account of the desire to
keep cattle away from pasture No. 1 until November 10. On this
date these clean cattle are returned to pasture No. 1, which will now
be tick-free as a result of the exclusion of animals since Junel. These
cattle should be kept in this pasture until May, by which time the
ticks in pasture No. 2 will have starved owing to the absence of
animals therefrom since September 10. Both the cattle and pastures
will now be tick-free and the double line of fence between the two
fields can be removed and the original pasture restored. This plan,
as represented by the diagram, is merely a suggestion of arrangement
and may easily be varied with regard to the selection of crops and the
location of pastures to suit the demands of individual farms. To
prevent ticks from crawling under either of the fences between fields
3 and 4 and fields 4 and 5 it is necessary to have a board or rail
placed tightly on the ground along these lines of fence, or to throw up
a single furrow along both sides of the fences. To avoid the danger
of infestation from the outside, care should be taken to feed the
animals, in those cases where the pastures or fields are overstocked,
on bay cut from tick-free fields, and to keep out work oxen, mules,
and horses that may harbor fever ticks, thus preventing reinfestation
of the pasture. When the cultivated fields are on a slope it is ad-
visable to use the lowest field first, in order that the ticks dropped
within may not be washed by drainage upon the adjoining fields
which are later to hold the cattle. For the same reason, where a
stream runs through the fields upon which the cattle are to be placed,
the field farthest removed from the head water should be used first.
Where an endeavor is made to rid a farm of ticks, it is essential that
the work animals (oxen, mules, and horses) used in cultivating the
fields be curried to keep off the ticks and prevent the latter from
being carried into these fields. Cats should also be kept from the
pastures and fields; for, although they do not harbor the mature
ticks, seed ticks have been found ou them, and while these seed ticks
remain only for a short period, this time may be sufficient to allow
them to be carried into the disinfected pastures, where they may fall
off and reinfest the soil. If a farm or plantation consists of a pasture
INFECTIOUS DISEASES OF CATTLE. 483

and but one field under cultivation, the above plan can be made appli-
cable by fencing off three inclosures in the latter and by rotating the
cattle in them every twenty days in the manner just described. The
same precautions should be observed in changing the cattle from one
lot to another and in preventing ticks from getting into the cultivated
field as are mentioned above.

IMMUNIZATION OF SUSCEPTIBLE CATTLE,

By blood inoculation.—It is often desirable to ship well-bred cattle
into infested districts, that they may be used to improve the quality
of the native cattle already there. Previous to the discovery of the
cause of Texas fever it was found to be well-nigh impossible to
introduce pure bred cattle from the North into any of the infected
regions without suffering great loss—sometimes as high as 90 per
cent—within a few months of their arrival at their southern destina-
tion. Aé first it was thought that the fatalities were due to climatic
changes, but later the discovery was made that Texas fever was
causing these numerous deaths.

It has now been found practicable to immunize this class of cattle
so perfectly that the losses which follow their transportation to a
tick-infested region are reduced toa minimum. Young animals six
to fifteen months old should, so far as possible, be selected for this
purpose, as they are more readily immunized than adults, are more
easily handled, and the dangers which may arise from pregnancy
while undergoing the immunizing treatment are thus avoided.

Immunity in these cattle is obtained by introducing the micro-
parasite of the blood into their systems. It may be done by direct
artificial inoculation or by placing virulent young ticks upon the
animals and allowing them to perform the inoculation in the natural
manner. The subcutaneous injection of a small amount of defibri-
nated virulent blood has been found, by means of prolonged experi-
ment, the preferable method, as the number of micro-organisms intro-
duced can be more accurately gauged from the syringe than by
allowing the infection to be produced by bites of ticks. Two or three
inoculations, if repeated at proper intervals, are accomplished with
greater safety to the animal than would be possible by means of a
single inoculation. The amount first injected should be small and
then gradually increased in the succeeding treatments.

The inoculation always results in a more or less serious attack of
Texas fever. Besides having a fever, there is great diminution of
red blood corpuscles, and in about 3 per cent of the cases a fatal ter-
mination; but the proportion of deaths resulting from the inoculation
is small when compared with the fatalities among untreated animals
taken into infested districts. To this number should be added those
animals (less than 7 per cent) that do not receive sufficient immunity
by this method and which succumb when exposed to infested pastures.
Combining these failures it will be seen that by this method of
484 DISEASES OF CATTLE.

immunization, instead of a loss of 90 per cent among breeding stock
taken South more than 90 per cent can besaved. The animals should
be carefully nursed through the attack and their symptoms treated
as indicated on page 487.

Immunizing inoculations are now being made by the veterinarians
of most of the agricultural experiment stations of the Southern States
without cost for the services rendered, a charge being made merely
for the actual value of food consumed and attendants’ wages. These
veterinarians have also issued station bulletins which describe fully
the necessary steps to be taken in securing the blood and injecting it
into the animals to be immunized, so that the stock owner can follow
the instructions with prospects of getting good results.

This operation is not a difficult one, and excellent results will follow
where absolute cleanliness and ordinary care have been used, but
undoubtedly the best results will be obtained by those who have
thoroughly familiarized themselves with the nature of the disease
and are experienced in extracting blood from animals. Two methods
are in use and will be described separately. One consists in drawing
the blood from the jugular vein of an immune animal and immedi-
ately injecting it into the cattle to be immunized. It is compara-
tively simple, requires few instruments, and can be satisfactorily
carried out where a small number of animals are to be immunized
and if a suitable immune animal is close at hand. First, select an
immune animal which is in good health and which is infested with
fever ticks or had them the preceding year. Fasten the animal
securely, either by tying, throwing, or by placing in a chute. Clip
the hair from a space about 4 inches in diameter over the jugular vein
on the upper third of the neck, wash the skin thoroughly with a 5 per
cent solution of carbolic acid, and then fasten a strap or rope around
the neck below the hairless area and draw it tight in order that the
blood in the vein will be stopped, causing distension. With a large
hypodermic syringe needle, previously sterilized in a 5 per cent car-
bolic-acid solution, puncture the vein ata slight angle, directing the
point forward. When the needle enters the vein the point can be
rotated freely in contrast to the restricted movements if still in the
tissues, and the blood will either drop or flow from the opening in the
needle. Attach the disinfected syringe to the needle with piston in
and gradually draw out the piston until the chamber of the syringe
is full of blood, when the needle is withdrawn. The blood, before it
has had time to clot, is immediately injected into the animals to be
immunized and which have been previously tied or restrained, the
hair clipped, and the skin disinfected at the seat of injection in the
region of the shoulder. Inject then from 1 to 3 ¢, ¢c., according to
the age of the animal, under the skin of each animal until the blood
is exhausted. When more animals are to be inoculated than one
syringeful will inject, the operation may be repeated in the same
manner. The only objection to this method is the possibility of the
INFECTIOUS DISEASES OF CATTLE. 485

blood clotting in the syringe, but with practice and promptness this
can be easily overcome.

The second method is better suited for the inoculation of a large
number of cattle or where the immune animal is at a distance from
the cattle to be immunized.

The preliminary steps—the clipping of the hair, disinfection of
the skin, placing the rope around the neck to distend the jugular
vein, and restraining the animal—are the same as for the first method.
In puncturing the vein it is advisable to use a small trocar and canula
after sterilization in a5 per cent carbolic-acid solution, and, when
the vein has been entered, to draw out the trocar, allowing the blood
to flow through the canula into a perfectly clean and sterile vessel.
After sufficient blood has been drawn for the animals to be injected,
a clean stick, previously sterlized by boiling in water, is placed in
the vessel containing the blood and the latter is stirred for ten min-
utes or so or until the fibrin in the blood is whipped out. The remain-
ing blood, known as defibrinated blood, is then inoculated under the
disinfected skin of the animals to be immunized, as in the first
method. This blood should be used as early as possible after draw-
ing, to prevent it from becoming contaminated and decomposed.
The place where this injection is made isimmaterial, but for conven-
ience a point just behind the shoulder is usually chosen. The dose
and number of injections vary with the individual animals. Asa
rule, it may be stated that 1 cubic centimeter should be injected into
an old animal coming into the infested district, 2 cubic centimeters for
a 2-year-old, and 3 cubic centimeters for an animal 9 to 15 months old.
It will be observed that, unlike the usual custom of applying treat-
ment, the older animals take less than the young ones owing to their
greater susceptibility to the disease. Where an animal has reacted
well to a first injection and shows a very high temperature, great
reduction of red blood cells, or other symptoms indicative of reac-
tion, it will not be necessary to repeat the injection, but in those
cases where the reaction is slight, a second injection should follow
after an interval of forty days, and, if need be, a third injection after
a similar lapse of time, always increasing the size of dose 50 per cent.
A thermometer, to indicate the course and severity of the disease,
is indispensable in this work. Usually, after three to ten days, some-

‘times longer, the inoculated animals show a mild type of Texas fever,
which runs a course of from six to eight days and is followed in about
thirty days after the injection with a second attack of a milder
character than the first. After forty days, when the animal has
entirely recovered from the inoculation, a second injection may be
given to increase its immunity. In some cases a very severe type of
fever follows the first inoculation, requiring careful nursing and
treatment, as suggested above. A second, milder attack follows
usually in about thirty to forty days, after which the animal need
have no further inoculations. It is advisable to prevent any ticks
486 DISEASES OF CATTLE.

from getting on the cattle until sixty days after their inoculation or
until they have fully recovered, at which time a few ticks may be
placed upon them in order to reenforce their immunity. Naturally
this time varies according to the type of the attack. As the best
results with these immunizing experiments have been obtained in
cool weather and with young cattle, it is recommended that animals
from 6 to 15 months old be selected for inoculation, and that they be
immunized during the late fall or winter months, in order that they
may enter tick-infested pastures in the spring without danger.

 

TEXAS FEVER.
[Description of plates. ]

PLATE XLVI. Fig. 1. Spleen of an acute fatal case of Texas fever. The narrow
end of the spleen is here represented. Fig. 2. Spleen of healthy steer. Though
the latter animal weighed one-half more than the former, the weight of the diseased.
spleen (6{ pounds) was nearly three times that of the healthy spleen (23 pounds).

PLATE XLVII. Fig. 1. The cut surface of a healthy liver taken from a steer
slaughtered for beef, Fig. 2. The cut surface of the liver in Texas fever. Fig. 3.
Appearance of the urine in an acute fatal case of Texas fever. Fig. 4. Red cor-
puscles, magnified a thousand diameters, containing the parasite of Texas fever.
This appears as a blue point a near the edge of the corpuscle. The blood was
taken from a skin incision. The case was nonfatal and occurred late in fall.
Fig. 5. Red corpuscles from the blood of an acute fatal case, twenty hours before
death. The Texas fever microbes a are shown as pear-shaped bodies, stained with
methylene blue, within the red corpuscles. The larger body on the right b isa
white blood corpuscle, also stained with methylene blue. Magnified a thousand
diameters.

PLATE XLVIII. The cattle tick, the carrier of Texas fever. Fig. 1. A series of
ticks, natural size, from the smallest, just hatched from the egg, to the mature
female, ready to drop off and lay eggs. Fig. 2. Eggs, magnified 5 times. Fig. 3.
The young tick just hatched, magnified 40 times. Fig. 4. The male after the last
molt, magnified 10 times. Fig. 5. The female after the last molt, magnified 10
times. Fig.6. A portion of the skin of the udder, showing the small ticks. From
a fatal case of Texas fever produced by placing young ticks on the animal. Nat-
ural size. Fig. 7. A portion of the ear of the same animal, showing same full-
grown ticks ready to drop off. Natural size.

PLATE XLIX. Portion of a steer’s hide, showing the Texas fever tick (Mar-
garopus annulatus) of the United States. Natural size. Original.

PuaTE L, Fig. 1. Dorsal view of male Margaropus annulatus of the United
States, greatly enlarged. Original. Fig. 2. Ventral view of male Margaropus
annulatus of the United States, greatly enlarged. Original. Fig. 3. Dorsal
view of replete female Murgaropus annulatus, greatly enlarged. Original. Fig. 4.
Ventral view of same.

Puate LI. Map of the United States, showing the region infected with Texas
fever. The shaded and black portions show the area quarantined on account of
this disease. Cattle may not be shipped interstate from the shaded area between
January 31 and November 1 except for immediate slaughter. In the black areas
the infection is slight, as a result of the work being done for the extermination of
the cattle ticks, and cattle officially inspected and found free from infection may
be shipped interstate therefrom for any purpose. As the quarantined area is sub-
ject to change at any time, this map should be compared with the latest regula-
tions, which may be obtained at any time on application to the Secretary of
Agriculture.
PLATE XLVI

DISEASES OF CATTLE

Haines del

ig.1

Fig.1 SPLEEN IN TEXAS FEVER.
Fig.2 NORMAL SPLEEN.

 

JULIUS BIEN & CO.N.Y,
DISEASES oF CATTLE

PLATE XLVI

 

 

 

TEXAS FEVER.

iti

 

 

YULIUS BIEN A CONY
DiSEASES OF CATTLE PLATE XLVI

ab ts % me iF XK tk AF ‘Ap 44

 

 

Fig. 7
JULIUS BIEN & CO-N.Y.

Haines del

THE CATTLE TICK (MARGAROPUS ANNULATUS)

-THE CARRIER OF TEXAS FEVER.
PLATE XLIX.

DisEASES OF CATTLE.

 

 

Res Ro

 

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Sa

 

a SAP
Neato MF
be, SN

Ae :
eo

 

 

PorTION OF A STEER’S HIDE, SHOWING THE TEXAS-FEVER TICK (MARGAROPUS ANNULATUS)

NATURAL SIZE. ORIGINAL.

OF THE UNITED STATES.
 

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INFECTIOUS DISEASES OF CATTLE. 487

By infesting with ticks.—Immunity may also be induced in suscep-
tible animals by placing a limited number of fever ticks upon their
bodies in order to produce the disease naturally. For this purpose
only animals less than 1 year of age should be used, as the method is
not applicable for older and more susceptible animals. Upon the
bodies of these young cattle from twenty-five to fifty seed ticks should °
be placed, which in the course of about ten days will oceasion a rise
of temperature and a mild form of Texas fever. . When the animal
has entirely recovered from this attack, a second crop—double the
number first used—should be applied to the animal in order to in-
crease its power of resistance when pastured on infested soil. In
order to carry out this method successfully, a constant supply of seed
ticks must be at hand. This can be accomplished by placing the
mature females in a Mason fruit jar among some dirt and leaves and
keeping them in a warm place. In afew weeks the eggs will have
been laid and hatched, and a number of seed ticks will be present for
use in infesting the cattle to be immunized. By placing a few adult
females in the jar every two months there will always be a supply of
these young ticks. This method of producing immunity by controlled
tick infestation is not so safe as blood inoculation, since the quantity of
germs injected can be more accurately regulated by means of a syringe.

Treatment.—When the disease has broken out, all animals, the
sick as well as the healthy, should at once be removed to another
noninfected pasture. While this may not cut short the disease, it
may save the lives of some by removing them from the possibility of
being attacked by more young ticks. Removal from infected pas-
tures likewise prevents a second later attack in October or early in
November, which is caused by another generation of ticks. It is true
that sick natives infect with a new generation of ticks the pasture to
which they are removed, but these usually appear so late that they
have but little opportunity to do any damage. Hence, sick natives
do not, as a rule, cause visible disease in other natives.

It is of importance to remove all ticks, as far as this is possible,
from sick animals, since they abstract a considerable amount of
blood and thereby retard the final recovery.

Medical treatment of the sick has generally been unsatisfactory,
although in chronic cases and those occurring late in the fall bene-
ficial results have followed. If the animal is constipated, a drench
containing 1 pound of Epsom salts dissolved in 1 quart of water should
be administered, followed by the sulphate of quinine in doses of 30 to
90 grains, according to the size of the animal, four times a day until
the system is well saturated with it. Tincture of digitalis one-half
ounce and whisky or alcohol 2 ounces may be combined with the qui-
nine, according to indications of individual cases. An iron tonic con-
taining reduced iron 2 ounces, powdered gentian 4 ounces, powdered
nux vomica 2 ounces, powdered rhubarb 2 ounces, and potassium
nitrate 6 ounces will be found beneficial in the convalescent stage
488 DISEASES OF CATTLE.

when the fever has run its course. This tonic should be given in
heaping tablespoonful doses three times a day in the food. Good
nursing is essential in treating these cases, and the animal should be
given a nutritious laxative diet with plenty of clean and cool drinking
water, and allowed to rest in a quiet place. If the stable or pasture
is infested with ticks the animal should be placed in a tick-free
inclosure to prevent additional infestation with these parasites and
the introduction of fresh infection into the blood. Furthermore,
remove from the sick cattle all ticks that can be seen, as they keep
weakening the animal by withdrawing a considerable quantity of
blood, and thereby retard recovery.

The sanitary regulations which have been enacted by the Depart-
ment of Agriculture for the control of cattle shipments from the
infected districts have for their initial purpose the prevention of the
transportation of cattle ticks from infected regions to those that are
not infected, either upon cattle or in stock cars or other conveyer,
during the season of the year when infection is possible. They are
based upon the fact that Texas fever is carried north only by the
cattle tick, and the exclusion of this parasite from the noninfected
territory has in every instance been found a certain method of
excluding Texas fever. The regulations governing the movement of
cattle from below the quarantine line are made yearly by the Secre-
tary of Agriculture, and they define the boundary of infected dis-
tricts. The infected area as now determined includes the territory
south of an imaginary line which commences in North Carolina, on
the Atlantic coast, and passes in a westerly direction through a few
counties in the middle of Virginia, North Carolina, Georgia, southern
portion of Tennessee, along the northern border of Arkansas, the
middle of Oklahoma, and the western part of Texas to the Rio Grande
and the Mexican border, whence it passes along the southern boun-
dary of New Mexico and Arizona and across the lower portion of
California to the Pacific slope (see Pl. LI). This year (1908) cattle
may be moved from the quarantined district for purposes other than
immediate slaughter during November, December, and January into
the noninfected area within the States of Georgia, Tennessee, Texas,
and California, and to the States of Missouri and Kansas and the
Territories of Arizona and New Mexico, as may be provided for in
the regulations of these States and Territories, and after inspection
by and upon written permission of an inspector of the Bureau of
Animal Industry or a duly authorized inspector of the State or Terri-
tory to which the cattle are destined, and after permission shall have
been obtained from the proper officer of the said State or Territory.

During the months of January and February, the first fifteen daysof
March, and the last sixteen days of December in each year, cattle of
the quarantined area of any State or Territory may be moved inter-
state therefrom for purposes other than immediate slaughter under the
above-mentioned restrictions into those portions of the States of Vir-
INFECTIOUS DISEASES OF CATTLE. 489

ginia and North Carolina not included in the quarantined area. Dur-
ing the month of January and the last seventeen days of December in
each year cattle of the quarantined area of any State or Territory may
be moved interstate therefrom for purposes other than immediate
slaughter under the above-mentioned restrictions into that portion
of the State of Oklahoma not included in the quarantined area. ‘

All cattle from the quarantined district destined to points outside
of the States and Territories above named may be shipped without
inspection between November 1 and January 31, inclusive (the open
season), without restrictions other than may be enforced by local
regulations at the point of destination. At the present time no cattle
may go out of quarantine from the shaded area shown on the map in
Plate LI, except for immediate slaughter, during that portion of the
year included between the dates of February 1 and October 31, and
known as the closed season. These cattle must be slaughtered after
arrival at their destination, and the regulations of the Secretary
of Agriculture concerning their handling and movement shall be
enforced.

Cattle may be shipped interstate from the black area indicated in
Plate LI to points outside the quarantined area for purposes other
than immediate slaughter, provided they are first examined and cer-
tified by an inspector of the Bureau of Animal Industry to be free
from infection, but cattle from the shaded area may enter the black
area only for immediate slaughter or during the open season. The
following is an abstract of the regulations in force March 20, 1908:

Cattle coming from the infected districts during the closed season
can not be driven, but must be conveyed in cars or boats placarded
as containing ‘‘Southern cattle,” and bills of lading, waybills, and
conductors’ manifests shall have this information written upon them.
When the cattle are unloaded for feeding, watering, or other pur-
pose, they must be placed in pens reserved for such animals only, in
which native stock is not allowed, and a large sign with the words
“Quarantine pens” or ‘Quarantine yards” must be conspicuously
placed on all such inclosures. On unloading at their destination,
only the chutes, alleyways, and pens reserved for southern cattle
shall be used. Before the cars or boats which carried these animals
are again used their entire interior must be thoroughly washed with
water after the removal of all litter and manure and then disinfected
with a mixture made of 14 pounds of lime and one-fourth pound of
100 per cent carboliec acid to each galion of water, or with any coal-tar
creosote dip permitted in the official dipping of sheep for scabies,
provided the same is used at one-fifth the maximum dilution (five
times the minimum strength) specified for dipping sheep. The litter
and manure may be disinfected as above, or, if not disinfected, it
shall be stored away where cattle can not reach it during the period
from February 1 to October 31 of each year. All chutes, alleyways,
and pens used en route and at destination but not reserved for the
490 DISEASES OF CATTLE.

exclusive use of southern cattle shall be similarly disinfected. Where
these animals are yarded adjacent to cattle from above the line at
least a 10-foot space not occupied by cattle must be left between, on
the inside of which shall be a tight board fence not less than 6 feet
high, and on the outside a similar fence not less than 5 feet high.
The yards or portions of yards reserved for cattle of the quarantined
area shall be so located, or such drainage facilities shall be provided
therefor, that water therefrom will not flow on to the adjacent prop-
erty. Furthermore, provision has been made for noninfected animals
to come out of the infested area at any season of the year, but like
the ticky cattle they are subject to the restriction that they be dipped
in Beaumont crude petroleum or other crude oil to prevent them from
becoming infested in passing through the quarantined district. And
they must also be shipped in clean, disinfected cars, and must not be
driven through the infected area or unloaded therein except at points
designated by this department.

In consequence of the enforcement of these quarantine regulations,
Texas fever has been practically prevented in the noninfected dis-
tricts during the last several years, and little or no hardship has been
caused to those stockmen handling cattle from the infected areas.
Previous to their adoption the tick-infested district was rapidly ex-
tending northward, but since the quarantine line was established and
rational regulations enforced it has gradually been moved farther
south. This problem of still further reducing the infected area is of
the greatest importance to the cattlemen of the South—in fact, to
those on both sides of the line—and one which is receiving special
consideration by this department as well as by many of the interested
States.

As an indication of what may be accomplished by hearty coopera-
tion between the State and Federal Governments, it is only necessary
to mention that as a result of a Congressional appropriation of $82,500
in 1906 and $150,000 in 1907, the Bureau of Animal Industry, cooper-
ating with the local authorities, succeeded in cleaning up a large
number of counties in several States, and has released from quaran-
tine the following areas from July 11, 1906, to June 30, 1908:

 

 

 

Stata: | Whole | Fractional Area in

| counties. counties square miles.
VAR SII 35s ie daccancay adie cinerea 0 ceeeaei setae Anaad BETS At le scaneas canes 7, 626
NGTUH CATON As. on GAA caine be aigadiainosardalenlnatetaeena 19 1. 8, 655
DENNESSECS .,jccrnungudiens Paanaginr san Rademy BSIemeeRE Ta MESS 11 8 6, 022
RGA UL apy & eyecare ceva asta ihs cissosaptusy viva Sleek denieeeoaavasteetaners 2 |pageme se aaa 841
AMPICANBAS' a gigiersssiaary. pavanisp.ing aypiaye we Neuean ays MERSIN aN Hehe Gai naern | ssnayadviseieceibearne 2, 482
VEG AN ccc gash es bby oye eon 3 bed edisuosn asd uaa esas aeaaadaretonem merece 2 4 2,612
PORES siaacsnacanimnaen ao.ereay rede Saban en eALeN AUS TARE oy STs cissessensneseter eeeistiony 660
ITB OTS sy sissaiar sind vss iss euaioisboaora’e45) sa deena tual eva nb eeandidied Sateen 5 2 £7, 630

TNO EE hao cannscigosa-eeasish ceauerata pre ang tardcenase ls xs teaioeevtas ais eamaeaRDaerENTe

G1 15 56, 528

 

 
INFECTIOUS DISEASES OF CATTLE. 491

The amount thus released covers 56,528 square miles, an area larger
than the entire State of Virginia.

Congress again this year has shown its desire to sustain adequately
these operations by an appropriation of $250,000, so if the States will
do their part in appropriating money and enforcing satisfactory laws
in the infected districts, it would become merely a matter of a rela-
tively short period of time before the fever tick would be extermi-
nated and southern cattle permitted to reach the more favorable
markets cf the North at any time of the year without restraint.
Prices would then be higher, the demand greater, and the odium
attached to ticky cattle at the stock yards removed. Purebred
northern cattle could then be brought into the South to improve the
native breed without danger of death from Texas fever, southern
animals could enter the show rings of the North without restriction,
and the total cost of tick extermination would be far less than the
amount saved in the first year after it had been accomplished. How-
ever, much cooperation must be had between the farmer and the State
and Federal Governments before such a desirable result is possible.
And in the meantime, with such conditions attainable, laxity should
not be allowed in enforcing the present regulations, national, state,
and local, and equal care should be taken to enlighten the stock
raisers of the infected district as to the benefits which will follow
their thorough understanding of Texas fever and their intelligent
assistance in its eradication.

CHRONIC BACTERIAL DYSENTERY.

Chronic bacterial dysentery is a chronic infectious disease of
bovines caused by an acid-fast bacillus simulating the tubercle
bacillus and characterized by marked diarrhea, anemia, and emacia-
tion, terminating in death.

Recently this disease has been observed in the United States for
the first time by Pearson in Pennsylvania cattle, and later by Mohler
in Virginia cattle, and in an imported heifer from the island of Jersey
at the Athenia quarantine station of the Bureau of Animal Industry.

The former has proposed the name chronic bacterial dysentery for
this affection, and it has also been termed Johne’s disease, chronic
bacterial enteritis, chronic hypertrophic enteritis, and chronic bovine
pseudotuberculosis enteritis by various European investigators. The
disease was first studied in 1895 by Johne and Frothingham in
Dresden, but they were inclined to attribute the cause of the peculiar
lesions of enteritis which they observed to the avian tubercle bacillus.
In 1904 Markus reported this disease in Holland, and subsequently it
was observed in Belgium, Switzerland, Denmark, and Great Britain.

Cause.—The bacillus, which has been invariably demonstrated in
the intestinal lesions and mesenteric lymph glands in this disease, is
arod about 2 to 3 microns long and 0.5 micron wide. It stains more
492 DISEASES OF CATTLE.

or less irregularly like the tubercle bacillus, and moreover the simi-
larity goes further in that the organism is also strongly acid-fast,
which facts led Johne and Frothingham to surmise that the disease
was caused by avian tubercle bacilli. However, it has now been
plainly demonstrated that the bacillus of chronic bacterial dysentery
is readily distinguished from the latter organisms, for while it
resembles the tubercle bacillus in form and staining qualities, no
one has succeeded in growing it in culture media or in reproducing
the disease by injecting experiment animals.

Symptoms.—Probably the first symptom noticed is that the animal
is losing condition despite the fact that its appetite is good and the
food nourishing. This is soon followed by a diarrhea which, while
moderate at first, soon becomes excessive and may be either irregular
or persistent, the feces being of the consistency of molasses and passed
frequently. In the meantime the hair becomes dry and harsh and
the animal falls off considerably in weight. The temperature, how-
ever, remains about normal. The appetite does not seem to be greatly
impaired until the last few weeks of life, but nevertheless emaciation
coutinues, the animal becomes more and more anemic, great muscu-
lar weakness and exhaustion are manifested, and death follows,
apparently as the result of the persistent diarrhea and great emacia-
tion. The disease may continue for four or five weeks or may last
for a year or even longer before death intervenes.

Lesions.—The lesions observed on post-mortem are remarkably
slight and out of all proportion to the severity of the symptoms mani-
fested. The disease appears to start in the small intestines, especially
in the lower portion, where the lesions are usually the most marked,
but it also involves the large intestines, including the rectum. The
mucous membrane may alone be affected, although usually in the
long-standing cases the submucosa is also invaded and the entire
intestinal wall is then much thicker than normal and the tissue
infiltrated with an inflammatory exudate. The mucous membrane
or inside lining membrane is markedly wrinkled or corrugated, show-
ing large coarse folds with more or less reddening or hemorrhagic
patches or spots on the summits of the ridges, especially noticeable
in the large intestines. The mesenteric lymph glands are usually
somewhat enlarged and appear watery on section. The other organs
do not appear to be affected except from the anemia present in the
later stages of the disease.

Differential diaynosis.—The principal disease with which bacterial
dysentery may be confused is tuberculosis, but the application of the
tuberculin test will readily diagnose the latter disease, while no reac-
tion will be noted in case the injected animal is suffering with the
former affection. The disease may also be mistaken for the parasitic
affections resulting from stomach worms (verminous gastritis) and
INFECTIOUS DISEASES OF CATTLE. 493

intestinal parasites, especially uncinariasis, but a microscopic exami-
nation of the feces is necessary in order to establish definitely the
diagnosis.

Treatment.—As with all other forms of infectious disease, it is
advisable to separate immediately the diseased and suspected cattle
from the healthy animals. The feces passed by the former animals
should be placed on cultivated soil where healthy cattle would not
be exposed to them, as the bacilli producing the disease are readily
found in such manure. The stalls, stables, and barnyards should
also be thoroughly disinfected, as has been described under ‘‘ Tuber-
culosis,” in this chapter, special attention being given to those places
which have been soiled by feces. The administration of medicines
has thus far been quite unsatisfactory, although treatment should be
directed toward disinfecting the intestines with intestinal antisep-
ties, such as creolin in 2 teaspoonful doses twice daily or tannopin in
1 dram doses twice daily, and strengthening the animal by the use
of stimulants such as strychnin in half-grain doses given twice daily
hypodermically. Salol, turpentine, or subnitrate of bismuth in a
starch or wheat-flour gruel may also give temporary relief, but the
diarrhea is likely to reappear and cause the death of the animal. In
all cases the food must be carefully selected to assure good quality,
and should consist preferably of nutritious dry feed.

NAGANA.

Nagana, also called tsetse fly disease, is an infectious fever occur-
ring chiefly in horses and cattle, characterized by alternating par-
oxysms and intermissions and produced by a specific flagellate proto-
zoan (Trypanosoma Brucet) in the blood. It is probably transmitted
from animal to animal solely by the bites of the tsetse fly. This
insect is something like a large house fly, and when it settles on a
diseased animal sucks the blood and infects its proboscis, it is enabled
on biting a second animal to infect the latter by direct inoculation.
This disease is found throughout a large portion of central and
southern Africa, along the low-lying and swampy valleys. It has
never occurred in the United States, nor is it known to be present in
the Philippines, but its relation to surra and the possibility of its
appearance in one of our island dependencies are the reasons for
including a few remarks at this time.

Symptoms.—The chief symptoms in addition to the fever, which is
usually about 104° to 105° F., are the muscular wasting, progressive
anemia, and loss of power, together with the edema most marked
about the head, legs, abdomen, and genital organs. The urine is
yellow and turbid, and occasionally contains albumen and blood.
There is paralysis of one or both of the hind legs, difficult urination
and defecation, labored breathing, discharge from the eyes and nose,
494 DISEASES OF CATTLE.

extreme thirst, and gradual extension of paralysis to other parts of
the body. The disease runs a chronic course, lasting from three to
six weeks in horses, and from one to six months in cattle. Besides
these animals, the mule, ass, buffalo, antelope, hyena, camel, and dog
contract the disease naturally, and sheep, goats, cats, and small
laboratory animals succumb to artificial inoculation.

Lesions.—The spleen and lymphatic glands are enlarged. There
are sero-fibrinous exudates in the body cavities, the liver is enlarged
and engorged, heart flabby, and a catarrhal condition is present in the
respiratory passages. Pathological changes occur in the spinal cord.
The finding of the trypanosoma by microscopic examination of the
blood will be conclusive evidence for diagnosis.

Treatment.—Treatment has not proved satisfactory. Quinine,
arsenic, methylene blue, and other drugs have been used, but without
success. Endeavors thus far made to produce immunity from this
disease have likewise been unavailing.

CATTLE FARCY.

This is a chronic disease of cattle occurring in France and the
island of Guadeloupe, West Indies. It is characterized by caseating
nodular swellings, first of the skin and afterwards of the superficial
lymphatic vessels and glands, finally proving fatal within a year by
extension to the viscera. The swellings rupture and discharge a
purulent yellowish fluid, which contains the causative organism.
This affection, called farcin du boeuf by the French, resembles cuta-
neous glanders or farey of horses, but is caused by an entirely differ-
ent organism, the streptothrix of Nocard. Moreover, cattle are im-
mune from glanders and for this reason the name, unfortunately
applied to this disease, should not lead to any confusion with the
cutaneous glanders or farey of horses. Although the disease has
only been described as occurring in Guadeloupe and France, the
possibility of its occurrence in our new possessions warrants its men-
tion in this chapter.

Treatment.—Treatment consists in making incisions into the swell-
ines and syringing them out with 5 per cent creolin or carbolic acid.
The cavities may then be packed with cotton soaked in 5 per cent
zine chlorid solution. The swollen lymphatics may also be bathed
or covered with cloths wrung out in this solution.

NOTE.

The following are also infectious diseases of cattle, a discussion of
which will be found in previous chapters:

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Infectios opthalmia (pink eye) -----...-.--.---------.--------- 344
THE ANIMAL PARASITES OF CATTLE.

By B. H. Ransom, Ph. D.,
Chief of Zoological Division, Bureau of Animal Industry.

The animal parasites of cattle comprise more than a hundred dif-
ferent species, belonging to various groups of the animal kingdom.
Fortunately not all of these parasites occur in this country—many are
uncommon, and many are comparatively harmless. Some forms,
however, occur frequently, and some are of distinct importance to
the American stockman on account of the damage for which they are
responsible. It is these parasites particularly which will be consid-
ered in the present article, and although some forms are discussed
which are rare or apparently of little economic importance, most of
the minor and unusual parasites and species not found in this country

have been neglected.
FLIES.

Of the various species of flies which infest cattle some are injurious
on account of the annoyance, pain, and loss of blood due to their
bites, and sometimes also on account of diseases or parasites which
are thus transmitted from the blood of diseased animals to the blood
of healthy cattle, while others, which in the winged adult state do not
bite, are injurious because they live parasitic in cattle during their
larval stages.

Remedies for flies.—There are various remedies to be had, which
are more or less efficient in protecting cattle from the attacks of flies.
Most of them have to be applied frequently and few, if any, will keep
flies away for more than a day or two following their application. The
following mixtures may be made at an average cost of 35 to 50 cents
per gallon. The numerous proprietary fly repellants to be found on
the market are usually more expensive, and often less efficient.

At the Minnesota Experiment Station rancid lard, 1 pound, and kero-
sene, one-half pint, mixed thoroughly until a creamy mass forms, was
found to give excellent results as a fly repellant, lasting for two or
three days, when rubbed not too thickly over the backs of cows with
a cloth or with the bare hand. Similar good results were obtained by
applying a mixture of three parts of fish oil and one of kerosene, with
asmall spray pump. A mixture of two parts of crude cotton-seed oil
or fish oil, with one part of pine tar, applied with a large paint brush,

@ Further information may be found in a very full report on “‘ Insects Affecting
Domestic Animals,” issued as Bulletin 5, new series, of the Bureau of Entomology

of this department.
495
496 DISEASES OF CATTLE.

was found to be very successful at the Mississippi Experiment Station,
the effects persisting for several days. A mixture of one part of crude
carbolic acid to about ten parts of fish oil will repel flies for two
or three days when applied by means of a cloth or sponge dipped into
the liquid, squeezed partly dry and passed lightly over the hair. It
should not be rubbed in, as it is liable in that case to cause blistering.

The following mixture proved the most useful fly repellant of any
tried at the South Dakota Experiment Station: Fish oil, 100 parts;
oil of tar, 50 parts; crude carbolic acid, 1 part. This was applied by
means of a small hand spray pump. One application proved efficient
for two days.

THE STABLE FLy (STOMOXYS CALCITRANS).

This fly very closely resembles the house fly, but unlike the latter
it is a biting fly. It is common about stables and often enters dwell-
ings, especially in cloudy
weather. It is the agent of
transmission of a parasitic
roundworm of cattle (fila-
ria_ labiato-papillosa, see
p. 515). Thisspecies has also
been accused of transmit-
ting anthrax from diseased
to healthy animals, and
there is some evidence to
show that it may transmit
surra, a disease due to a
blood parasite which affects
horses, cattle, and other live
stock.

The annoyance suffered
by cattle and horses from
stable flies is much lessened
if the stables are darkened.

 

Fia. 3.—Hornfly (Hematobia serrata) in resting posi- 4 >
tion. (From Bureau of Entomology.) This fly breeds in manure,

especially fresh horse ma-
nure. By promptly disposing of manure dropped in stables and
barnyards the number of stable flies about the premises can be
greatly reduced.

Tur HoRNFLY (H4MATOBIA SERRATA).

This fly, now found nearly everywhere in the United States, was
introduced into this country from Europe about the year 1885. Horn-
flies have the habit of clustering about the base of the horn (fig. 4),
whence the name by which they are popularly known. They do not
damage the horn and congregate there only to rest. They are fre-
quently seen in a resting position on other parts of the body as well.
THE ANIMAL PARASITES OF CATTLE. 497

When resting, their wings are held down close to the body (fig. 3);
when feeding, their wings are held out nearly at right angles ready
for flight. They puncture the skin and suck blood, usually attacking
the upper parts of the body, particularly those parts which are out
of reach of the animal’s head or tail. Unlike most flies, they remain
on the animal more or less constantly day and night. Due probably
to the irritation and annoyance caused by these flies, cattle often do
not thrive as they should during seasons when hornflies are numerous.
The hornfly has also been charged with transmitting diseases, such
as anthrax.

The fly lays its eggs in freshly dropped cow manure. They hatch
in about twenty-four hours, and the larve or maggots in four or five
days develop to the pupal stage, which lasts a week or ten days.
From the pupal stage the mature fly emerges. The entire process of
development from the deposition of the egg to the appearance of the
mature fly therefore requires on an average about two weeks. To

 

Fie. 4.—Hornflies (Hematobia serrata) on cow horn. (From Bureau of Entomology.)

protect cattle from the attacks of the hornfly they may be treated
with one of the remedies mentioned above (p. 495). Scattering the
droppings of cattle with a shovel, or with brush dragged over pastures,
in order to insure the rapid drying of the manure and consequent
destruction of the larve, is, when practicable, an efficient means of
reducing the number of these flies.

BUFFALO GNaTS.

These small flies, also known as black flies, are about one-eighth of
an inch long and have a characteristic “humped” back (fig. 5).
They breed in running water and appear in swarms during spring
and summer, often in enormous numbers, causing great annoyance to
stock and human beings, on account of their bites and their entrance
into the eyes, nose, mouth, and other openings of the body. Their
bites appear to be poisonous and in seasons especially favorable to
the gnats heavy losses of horses and cattle often occur.

61386—08——32
498 DISEASES OF CATTLE.

Buffalo gnats are more troublesome in bright, sunny weather than
when it is cloudy, and animals which have not shed their winter coats
suffer more from their attacks than those with smooth coats. Cattle
kept in darkened stables are not molested. The application of one
of the fly repellants already mentioned (p. 495) will help to protect
animals from buffalo gnats. The
burning of smudges is also a useful
means of protecting stock from the
attacks of these flies.

Screw Worms.

Screw worms (fig. 6) are the mag-
gots of a fly (Chrysomyia macellaria),
so called from their fancied resem-
blance to ascrew. The adult fly (fig.
7) is about one-third of an inch long,
with a bluish-green body, red eyes,
and with three dark longitudinal
stripes on the back (thorax). At-

  

Fia. 5.—Buffalo gnat. (From Bureau of
Entomology.) Fig. 6.—Screw worm (larva of Chrysomyia macel-
laria). (From Bureau of Entomology.)

tracted by odors of decay it deposits
its eggs, 300 to 400 at a time, in cuts,
sores, castration wounds, ete. The
bursting of a tick on the skin com-
monly results in screw-worm infec-
tion at that point. The eggs hatch
in a few hours and the larve or
maggots, or so-called screw worms,
begin to burrow into the flesh and
continue burrowing and feeding
from four to six days, after which
they leave the wound and crawl
into the earth, there transforming
into the quiescent pupal stage.
After this stage has lasted for one
to two weeks, the mature fly appears. From two to three weeks are
therefore required for the entire life cycle.

Besides cattle, the screw-worm fly attacks sheep, horses, hogs, and
man. In the case of hogs it is generally the ears which are affected.

 

Fig. 7.—Screw-worm fly (Chrysomyia macel-
laria). (From Bureau of Entomology )
THE ANIMAL PARASITES OF CATTLE. 499

The fly also breeds in dead animals, and all carcasses should there-
fore be buried deeply or burned.

Treatment for screw worms.—For proper treatment an animal suf-
fering from screw worms should be caught and thrown. Pour chloro-
form into the wound, taking care that it penetrates thoroughly into
all the burrows of the screw worms, if necessary using a slender stick
or a small bunch of twisted hay as a probe. The animal should be
held for several minutes in order to insure the continued action of

 

Fia. 8.—The warble fly (Hypoderma lineata): u, adult female; b, eggs attached to a hair, x 25;
c, larva as seen in egg; d, larva from esophagus of an ox; e, next stage of larva from beneath
the skin of the back; /, larva at the stage when it leaves the back of cattle and falls to the
ground—all enlarged (after Riley).

the chloroform. Finally the wound should be dressed with a car-
bolic or cresylic ointment to promote healing and thus prevent fur-
ther infection, or the wound may be painted with pine tar.

GRUBS, WARBLES, Bots.

The common parasites known as grubs, warbles, bots, ete. (fig. 8),
found under the skin of the backs of cattle, where they form more or
less conspicuous lumps during the latter part of winter and spring,
500 DISEASES OF CATTLE.

are the larvae of a fly known as the heel fly or warble fly. This fly
(Hypoderma lineata) is about one-half inch long, very hairy, and
somewhat resembles a small black bee in appearance. The flies
appear early in the summer and are more or less prevalent until the
beginning of cold weather. They deposit their eggs on the skin of
cattle, fastening them to the hairs. Many eggs are deposited on the
heels above the hoofs, hence the name ‘‘heel fly.” :

Although the flies are unable to bite, cattle seem to be much afraid
of them and apparently are sometimes stampeded by them. Either
the eggs or the tiny maggots hatching from them are carried into the
mouth by the cattle licking themselves. In the former event the
eggs hatch in the mouth orinthe paunch. In either case the maggots
or larve migrate into the esophagus, or gullet, and penetrate into its
walls, where they undergo a portion of their development. From the
esophagus the larvee migrate through the tissues of the body toward
the back, and according to one investigator enter the spinal canal,
where they spend a certain period. Finally they appear about Jan-
uary beneath the skin of the back, forming the well-known swellings.
The posterior end of the grub is near the small opening in the hide,
through which the grub breathes and discharges its excrement, and
through which, when its development is complete, it finally escapes.
The anterior end of the grub is at the bottom of the tumor, where
the mucus collects upon which it feeds. By spring or early summer
the grub is full grown and forces its way out of the skin, falling to
the ground, into which it burrows for a short distance and transforms
into the pupal stage. In about a month the mature fly emerges.

Grubs weaken cattle, cause them to fall off in flesh and milk, and
decrease the value of the hide. The beef in the immediate vicinity
of a grub becomes slimy and of a greenish color, and is known to the
butchers as ‘‘ licked beef.”

The total loss to this country on account of the warble fly is esti-
mated at $35,000,000 to $50,000,000 a year.

Treatment for warbles.—During the winter press out the grubs and
destroy them, using a knife if necessary to enlarge the opening; or
inject a few drops of kerosene into the swelling through the opening,
using a machinist’s oil can for the purpose. ‘To keep off the flies
during the summer, the cattle may be frequently treated with one of
the fly repellants already mentioned (p. 495).

LICE.@

Three species of lice, two of them sucking lice (Hematopinus eury-
sternus, the short-nosed cattle louse, and H. vituli, the long-nosed
cattle louse), commonly known as blue lice, and one biting louse
(Trichodectes scalaris), commonly known as red louse, affect cattle.

 

@¥For further information see Bulletin 5, new series, Bureau of Entomology.
THE ANIMAL PARASITES OF CATTLE. 501

The blue lice (figs. 9,10) suck the blood of cattle and are more
injurious than the red lice (fig. 11). Unless very abundant the latter
cause little injury. If numerous they irritate and

worry their host probably more by their sharp
claws than by their bites, as their food seems to
consist entirely of particles of hair and dead skin.

Cattle lice reproduce by means of eggs or nits
(fig. 12) which they fasten to the hair. The blue
lice infest chiefly the neck and shoulders; red lice,
when present, may be found almost anywhere on
the body, but are usually
most numerous on neck,
shoulders, and at the root

of the tail.

Treatment for
lice.—Cattle infested
Tie, cane nore bee Jeoe with lice should be

(From Bureau of Entomology.) dipped in the spring
and again in the fall,

using a coal-tar or tobacco dip, or Beaumont
oil emulsion (see p. 504). If only a few cattle
are to be treated the dip may be applied with
a brush or cloth, or with a small spray pump,
or a mixture of kerosene one-half pint and
lard 1 pound may be
smeared on the body.

 

MANGE, ITCH, SCAB.@

Cattle are subject
to four kinds of
mange, of which
common mange or

roptic man is
Fig. 12.—Egg of short-nosed blue psoroptle 7 ge
louse (Hoematopinus eurysternus) the most important.

 

On account of the itch-
ing due to the lice, in- louse (Hzmatopinus
fested cattle rub against
posts, trees, etc., and lick _ mology.)
themselves, the hair some-
times coming out and the skin becoming
thickened so that mange may be suspected.

 

Fie. 9.—Short-nosed blue

eurysternus) of cattle.
(From Bureau of Ento-

 

Fic, 11.—Red louse (Trichodectes
scalaris) of cattle. (From Bu-
reau of Entomology.)

attached toa hair. (From Bu. =§ Psgroptic mange of cattle is caused by a

reau of Entomology.)

species of small mites (fig. 13) which multi-

 

«For a fuller discussion see Farmers’ Bulletin 152, issued by the United States

Department of Agriculture.
502 DISEASES OF CATTLE.

ply rapidly and are spread from diseased to healthy cattle by bodily
contact, or by pens, stables, railroad cars, etc., recently occupied by
mangy cattle. The mites attack the skin and cause it to become
thickened and covered with crusts and scabs, with a consequent loss
of hair. Intense itching accompanies the disease and affected cattle
are more or less constantly rubbing and licking themselves. Pso-
roptic mange commences at the root of the tail, or on the neck, or
withers, and gradually extends over the back up to the head, over
the sides, and may
finally affect nearly
the entire body ex-
cept the legs. In
serious cases. the
skin may become
ulcerated; the ani-
mals become greatly
weakened and ema-
ciated, and finally
die. By taking
scrapings from the
edges of scabby
patches and placing
them on a piece of
black paper in a
warm place the
mites may be seen
as tiny white objects
crawling over the
paper, more dis-
tinctly if a magnify-
ing glass is used.
Mange may be con-
fused with lousi-
ness, ringworm, or

Fie. 13.—Mite which causes psoroptic scab of sheep—enlarged with any eondition

about 100 times. The mite of psoroptic cattle mange isalmost . hich h c
identical in appearance. in which there is

itching or loss of
hair, but if mites are found there is no question of the diagnosis.
The disease is worse during cold, wet weather. Mangy cattle when
on good pasture during the summer often seem to recover, but in the
fall the disease again appears in a severe form.

Treatment for psoroptic mange.—The most generally used and most
satisfactory method of treating cattle mange consists in dipping the
animals in a vat filled with a liquid of such a nature that it will kill the
parasites without injuring the cattle. Wats for dipping cattle are built
of wood, stone, or concrete, and vary in length from 30 to 100 feet or

 
THE ANIMAL PARASITES OF CATTLE. 503

more. They vary in width from 4 to7 feet at the top, and 2 to 3 feet
at the bottom, and the depth may be from 7 to 10 feet. A narrow chute
through which the cattle are driven leads up to one end of the vat, where
a steep slide pitches the cattle into the dipping fiuid, through which
they swim, and climb out of the vat at the other end, which is built
sloping and provided with cross cleats to give the animals a foothold.
A draining pen with floor sloping back toward the vat is generally
provided. The dip should be used warm, 100° to 110° F., and the
cattle should be held in the vat for two minutes to insure thorough
action of the dip. The head of each animal should be ducked at least
once. Care should be taken that the vat contains a sufficient depth
of fluid to swim the animals to be dipped. The dipping fluid may be
heated from a steam boiler by pipes or hose, or water heated in large
iron cauldrons or tanks may be used for charging the vat, and hot
water with a proper quantity of dip added from time to time as the
dipping fluid becomes cool.

If Beaumont oil emulsion be used one treatment will be sufficient.
With other dips two treatments are required, the second treatment
being given ten days after the first. The second treatment is neces-
sary to kill the few parasites which sometimes escape at the first
treatment, either in the egg stage or as fecundated females.

The following dips are approved by the Department of Agriculture
for dipping mangy cattle which are to enter interstate commerce:

LIME-AND-SULPHUR DIP.

The lime-and-sulphur dip is made in the proportion of 12 pounds of unslaked
lime, 24 pounds of the flowers of sulphur, and 100 gallons of water.

Directions for preparing 100 gallons of dip.—Weigh out the lime, 12 pounds,
and sulphur, 24 pounds. Place the unslaked lime in a shallow, water-tight box
similar to a mortar box, or some suitable vessel, and add enough water to slake
the lime and form a lime paste or lime putty. Siftinto this lime paste the flowers
of sulphur and stir well; then place the lime-and-sulphur paste in a kettle, boiler, or
tank containing 30 gallons of water, the water being first heated nearly to the boil-
ing point. Boil the mixture for two hours at least, stirring frequently; add water
occasionally to maintain the original quantity. Allow the mixture to settle in the
tank or draw the entire contents of the kettle or boiling tank into a large tub or
barrel placed near the dipping vat and provided with a bunghole about 4 inches
from the bottom, and then allow ample time to settle—from two to three hours or
more if necessary. When fully settled, draw off the clear liquid into the dipping
vat, taking care not to allow any of the sediment to accompany it, as the sediment
will injure the wool. The clear liquid thus obtained only requires the addition
of sufficient clear warm water to bring the total up to 100 gallons. Flowers of
sulphur must be used, and the lime must be of good quality.

TOBACCO-AND-SULPHUR DIP.

The tobacco-and-sulphur dip is made with sufficient extract of tobacco, or nico-
tine solution, to give a mixture containing not less than five one-hundredths of
1 per cent nicotine and 2 per cent flowers of aulphur. Sufficient nicotine would
therefore be furnished for 96 gallons (about 800 pounds) of dip by 1 pound of a
504 DISEASES OF CATTLE.

40 per cent solution of nicotine. The formula for this dip would be: Nicotine,
four-tenths of a pound; flowers of sulphur, 16 pounds; water, 96 gallons.

To calculate how much nicotine solution or extract of tobacco should be used
for 96 gallons of water, divide the quantity of nicotine required in the dip by the
proportion of nicotine in the extract. For example, suppose the nicotine solution
contains 25 per cent nicotine, we have 0.40+-0.25=1.6. Therefore in this case it
would require 1.6 pounds of nicotine solution for the 96 gallons of dip. Or, ifa
tobacco extract is used, having for example 2.4 per cent of nicotine, the formula
would be as follows: 0.40+-0.024=16.66, and therefore 16.66 pounds would be
required for 96 gallons of dip. Donotuse any preparation the strength of which
is not given on the outside of the package.

In preparing these dips the tobacco solution and sulphur should be mixed to-
gether with water before adding them to the water in the dipping vat. The dip
should on no account be heated above 110° F. after the nicotine solution is added,
as heat is liable to evaporate the nicotine and weaken the dip.

BEAUMONT OIL EMULSION.

Directions for making 100 gallons. —Dissolve with the aid of heat 5 pounds of
hard soap (ordinary laundry soaps are satisfactory) in 5 gallons of soft water; to
this solution add 20 gallons of Beaumont crude petroleum or a similar oil which
may or may not contain sulphur, mixing with a spray pump, or otherwis:, ina
thorough manner. To this concentrated emulsion aid sufficient soft water to
bring the total up to 100 gallons, keeping the whole mass thoroughly agitated.

When properly prepared the concentrated emulsion will stand indefinitely with-
out any tendency t ward a separati n of the oil and water, and can b2 diluted in
any proportion with cold soft water.

Chorioptic mange, due to a different species of mite from that caus-
ing common cattle mange, is confined almost entirely to the region at
the root of the tail and may persist for years if not treated. The
treatment is the same as for psoroptic mange.

Demodectic mange, which is due to a small parasite that lives in the
hair follicles, causing pustules, especially on the neck and shoulders,
occurs occasionally among cattle in this country and is of impor-
tance on account of the injury to the hide. When tanned, hides
infested by this parasite are pitted, the pits, in some cases, being so
deep that they form holes. No practicable treatment is known for
this disease.

TICKS.@

About 10 species of ticks have been reported as parasites of cattle
in the United States. The most common and the most important is
the species known as Margaropus annulatus, which transmits Texas
fever. Information concerning this tick and Texas fever has been
given elsewhere in this volume (p. 461).

 

«For a more complete discussion consult Farmers’ Bulletin 258, and Bulletin 72
of the Bureau of Entomology, both issued by the United States Department of
Agriculture.
THE ANIMAL PARASITES OF CATTLE. 505

The ear tick (Ornithodoros megnini) is frequently found in the
ears of cattle in the western United States.

Treatment for ear ticks. —On account of their protected location
ear ticks are not affected by dipping or spraying. Ear ticks are very
difficult to kill, and remedies strong enough for this purpose are
liable to injure the cattle, but the parasites may be expelled by pour-
ing into the ear noninjurious substances such as cotton-seed oil,

linseed oil, 20 per cent emulsion of crude petroleum, or almost any
stock dip diluted as for use in dipping.

BLOODSUCKERS OR LEECHES.

These worms are sometimes taken up by cattle when drinking from
ponds. They may attach themselves to the inner surface of the
mouth or nose, and sometimes reach the upper part of the windpipe
or of the gullet. Bleeding at the mouth or
nose may be noticed, the membranes where
the leech is attached are liable to be swollen
and congested, and as a result of the loss of
blood a condition of anemia may result.

Treatment for bloodsuckers.—If the worm
can be reached it may be destroyed by cut-
ting it in two with a pair of scissors, or it
may be removed with forceps or with the fin-
gersafter wrapping a towel around the hand so
that the worm can be held without slipping.

 

. F1a@. 14.—Portion of the wallof
Fumigation with tobacco or tar may cause _ the first stomach with con-

ical flukes (Paramphisto-

the worm to release its hold if it cam not jim cervi) attached.

be removed by other means. Ponds may
be rid of infestation with bloodsuckers by the introdyction of eels.

PARASITES OF THE STOMACH.

The stomach of cattle consists of four compartments, of which the
first and fourth are most likely to be the seat of parasitic infestation.
The first stomach, or paunch, contains large numbers of minute para-
sites known as protozoa, which are too small to be seen with the
naked eye. These small organisms apparently are in no way injuri-
ous. <A species of fluke (Paramphistomum cervi) is occasionally
found in North American cattle, especially grass-fed cattle, attached
to the inner surface of the first stomach (fig. 14). This worm is about
one-half inch long, and somewhat conical in shape, hence the name,
conical fluke, by which it is sometimes known. Although this
parasite has been accused of producing serious effects, it is generally
considered harmless.

Several species of roundworms may occur in the fourth stomach.
Two of these are of special importance.
506 DISEASES OF CATTLE.

THE TwisTtED STOMACH WorM (HA&MONCHUS CONTORTUS).2

The twisted stomach worm (Hemonchus contortus, figs. 15, 16,17) is
sometimes found in enormous numbers in the fourth stomach of cattle.
Sheep, goats, and other ruminants may also be infested

Sears with it. Among the symptoms caused by this para-
site may be mentioned anemia, loss of flesh, general

Se weakness, dullness, capricious appetite, excessive
Fig. 15.—Twisted thirst, and diarrhea. The anemic condition is seen

somach ror im_the pale-
tortus.) ness of the
skin and
mucous membranes of the
mouth and eye, and in the
watery swellings which often
develop under the lower jaw
(‘‘poverty jaw”). If the
fourth stomach of a dead ani-
mal be cut open and the con-
tents carefully examined, the
parasites, which are from
one-half inch to 14 inches in
length and about as thick as
an ordinary pin, may be seen,
if present in any considerable
number, actively wriggling
about like little snakes.
Cattle become infected
with these parasites by graz-
ing on pastures on which in-
fested cattle, sheep, or goats
have grazed and scattered
their droppings. The worms
in the stomach produce a
multitude of eggs (fig. 16c) of
microscopic size, which pass
out of the body in the feces.
In warm weather these eggs
hatch in afewhours. If the
temperature is below 40° F,
they remain dormant, and if
below freezing they soon die.
The eggs are also killed by
dryness, moisture on the
other hand favoring their

 

 

Fia. 16.—Twisted stomach worms (Hemonchus
contortus),

«A more extended discussion of this parasite appears in Circulars 93 and 102 of

the Bureau of Animal Industry.
THE ANIMAL PARASITES OF CATTLE. 507

development. The embryos which hatch from the eggs are micro-
scopic in size, and like the eggs are susceptible to freezing and drying.
In very warm weather the embryos complete their development, so
far as they are able to develop outside the body, in two or three days.
In cooler weather the time required for this development is longer,
and at temperatures below 70° F. ten days to several weeks may ba
necessary. The embryos are then ready to be taken into the body.
The eggs and early stages of the embryos apparently do not develop
if swallowed, hence only this latter stage seems to be infectious.
In this stay> they migrate up grass stalks (fig. 17) or other objects,
showing activity whenever the air is saturated
with moisture; that is, during rains, fogs, and
dews. When the air becomes dry and the
moisture evaporates from the grass the young
worms cease their activity, resuming their mi-
grations when the air again becomes overladen
with moisture. Embryos which have developed
to the infectious stage, unlike the eggs and
earlier embryonic stages, are able to survive
long periods of freezing and dryness. In two
weeks to a month after the embryos are swal-
lowed they reach maturity and begin producing
eggs.

TREATMENT FOR TWISTED STOMACH WORMS—
Preventive measwres.—Preventive measures are
important. As moisture favors the develop-
ment of the embryos, high sloping ground is
preferable for pastures. If low ground is uesd
it should be properly drained. Do not over-
stock pastures. Burning over the pasture will
destroy most of the young worms on the grass

 

—_—

Olmm and on the ground, and, if possible, this means
Fig. 17.-Embryooftwistea Of disinfection should be used at least once a
stomach worm (Hemon- year. Change the herd to fresh pasture as

chus contortus) coiled on

in of ermasi inde, often as possible. Cattle should be supplied

with water from wells, springs, or flowing
streams, preferably in tanks or troughs raised above the ground.
To a slight degree, salt serves to protect cattle against infection
with internal parasites, and plenty of it should therefore be kept
accessible.

Medicinal treatment.—Among the remedies used to remove stomach
worms may be mentioned coal-tar creosote, bluestone, and gasoline.
Itis advisable to treat not only the animals which are seriously affected,
but the rest of the herd as well, since the parasites with which they
are infested will remain as a source of reinfection to the others. The
cattle should be removed to fresh pasture after treatment, if possible.
508 DISEASES OF CATTLE.

The animals to be treated should be deprived of feed for twelve to
sixteen or even twenty-four hours before they are dosed, and if blue-
stone is used should receive no water on the day they are dosed, either
before or after dosing. In drenching, a long-necked bottle or a drench-
ing tube may be used. In case a bottle is used the dose to be given
may be first measured off, poured into the bottle, and the point marked
on the outside of the bottle with a file, so that subsequent doses may
be measured in the bottle itself. A simple form of drenching tube
(fig. 18) consists of a piece of rubber tubing about 3 feet long and
one-half inch in diameter, with an ordinary tin funnel inserted in one
end and a piece of brass or iron tubing 4 to 6 inches long and of
suitable diameter inserted in the other end. In use the metal tube is
placed in the animal’s mouth between the back
teeth, and the dose is poured into the funnel,
which is either held by an assistant or fastened toa
post. The flow of liquid through the tube is con-
trolled by pinching the rubber tubing near the
point of union with the metal tube. It is impor-
tant not to raise the animal’s head too high on
account of the danger of the dose entering the
lungs. The nose should not be raised higher
than the level of the eyes. The animal may be
dosed either standing on all fours or lying on the
side. It has been found by experiment that if
the dose is taken quietly most of it will pass

   
   
  
 
 
 
   
 
   

Aamo

Fia. 18,—A drenching tube made from an ordinary tin funnel, a piece of rubber hose, and a piece
of brass pipe.

directly to the fourth stomach when the animal is dosed in a stand-
ing position, and that when the animal is dosed lying down little or
none of the dose passes immediately to the fourth stomach. From
this it is evident that the position on all fours is preferable, as more
of the dose passes to the place where its action is required.

Great care should be used not only in dosing to avoid the entrance
of the liquid into the lungs, but also in the preparation and adminis-
tration of the remedy so that the solution may not be too strong or
the dose to large. ;

Coal-tar creosote.—Good results have been obtained from a single dose of a1
per cent solution of a coal-tar creosote. This solution ismade by shaking together

1 ounce of coal-tar creosote and 99 ounces (6 pints 3 ounces) of water. The doses
of this 1 per cent mixture are as follows:

Calves 3 to 8 months old ...__---..---2-----22 22-22. 5 to 10 ounces,
Mearling steere jwise cet 2: Soest ie eedemnewamsen 1 pict.
Two-year-olds and above._-.-.....----.2 2-222 .-L.- 1 quart.
THE ANIMAL PARASITES OF CATTLE. 509

Serious objections to the use of coal-tar creosote have been found in that the sub-
stance known by this name varies considerably in composition and in that some
trouble is often experienced in obtaining it in many parts of the country. Com-
plaints have been made that the substance dispensed by some druggists as coal-
tar creosote has failed to give satisfactory results.

Biuestone.— Bluestone, or copper sulphate, has been extensively used in South
Africa in the treatment of sheep and cattle for stomach worms and is recom-
mended by the colonial veterinary surgeon of the Cape Colony as the best and
safest remedy. To prepare the solution take 1 pound ( avoirdupois) of pure blue-
stone, powder it fine and dissolve in 9} gallons of warm water. It is better to first
dissolve th» bluestone in 2 or 3 quarts of boiling water, then add the remaining
quantity of cold water, and mix thoroughly. This solution may be given to
cattle in the following-sized doses:

CANVOS; S255 - cer Gace outta awa rn tee D Ds Tom 84 to 4 ounces.
Warnes <asntte el che A tee el 6 ounces.
Two-_ear-olds and above _._.__........----_______. 12 to 16 ounces.

In making up the solution only clear blue crystals of bluestone should be used.
Bluestone with white patches or crusts should be rejected. It is especially im-
portant that the bluestone and water be accurately weighed and measured, and
that the size of the dose be graduated according to the age of the animal.

Gasoline.—Gasoline is one of the most popular remedies for stomach worms
which have been used in this country, and has the particular advantage of being
readily obtained. It is important to repeat the dose if the gasoline treatment is
employed, and it is usual to administer the treatment on three successive days,
as follows:

The evening before the first treatment is to be given the animals are shut up
without feed or water and are dosed about 10 o’clock the next morning. Three
hours later they are allowed feed and water, and at night they are again shut up
without feed or water. The next morning the second dose is given, and the
third morning the third dose, the treatment before and after dosing being the
same in each case. The sizes of the doses are as follows:

CONV ES 3x4 se ah RRs hay ah $s hele ca ae noone + ounce.
Mearline steers. o2s2ce0 = cee te comdeeee sae eee 1 ounce.

The dose tor each animal is measured and mixed separately in linseed oil, milk,
or flaxseed tea and administered by means of a bottle or drenching tube. Gaso-
line should not be given in water.

Other remedies.—Many other remedies in addition to those mentioned here
have been used in the treatment of stomach-worm disease with more or less suc-
cess. Several of the coal-tar dips on the market are recommended by the manu-
facturers for the treatment of worms, and the action of some of them is much
the same as that of coal-tar creosote.

It is not the policy of the department to recommend the use of any particular
proprietary remedy, and as the action of some such agents is very uncertain it is
suggested that, if it is desired to use them, they be used with caution and only in
accordance with the printed directions on the package. Whatever remedy is
used it is wise to test it on two or three animals before the entire herd is dosed.

Tur ENCYSTED STOMACH WORM (OSTERTAGIA OSTERTAGI).

This parasite is as thick as a fine hair and less than half an inch
in length. It lives in small cysts in the wall of the fourth stomach
(fig. 19) and is also found free in the cavity of the stomach. When
510 DISEASES OF CATTLE.

numerous, these parasites cause a thickening of the stomach wall
and disturb its digestive functions. The symptoms caused by this
parasite are very similar to those produced by the twisted stomach
worm. The life history of the encysted stomach worm is not known
in detail, but it is undoubtedly very much the same as that of the
twisted stomach worm. The same measures as recommended above
for preventing infection with the twisted stomach worm should be
employed. Medicinal treatment is of little use, owing to the pro-
tected position in which the parasite occurs.

INTESTINAL PARASITES.
TAPEWORMS. 42

Two species of tapeworms (fig. 20) are known to occur in the small
intestine of American cattle. They sometimes grow to a length of
several yards and to a breadth of three-fourths of an inch. Small
portions of tapeworms, consisting of
one or more segments, are occasionally
seen in the droppings of infested cattle.
The life history is not known, but the
infectious stage is undoubtedly taken
in with the food or water, infection
being spread by the eggs of the para-
site contained in the feces of infested
animals. The eggs perhaps are swal-
lowed by some small creature (an in-

‘ am sect, worm, or snail) which acts as an
Fia. 19.—Piece of lining of fourth stom- intermediate host, and which when
ach, showing cysts of the encysted
stomach worm (Ostertagia ostertagi). | Swallowed accidentally by a cow while
grazing or drinking carries with it into
the cow’s stomach the infectious stage of the tapeworm.

Adult cattle do not seem to suffer much from infestation with
tapeworms, but in calves these parasites may cause scouring and
emaciation.

Treatment for tapeworms.—Medical treatment for tapeworms in
cattle is usually unsatisfactory, but the bluestone treatment used for
stomach worms and mentioned above (p. 509) may be tried. Arsenic
in doses of 14 to 3 grains has been claimed to give good results in the
treatment of calves for tapeworms.

 

ROUNDWORMS.

A large roundworm (Ascaris vitulorum) measuring 6 to 12 inches
in length sometimes found in the intestine of cattle, especially calves,

 

@ Bulletin 4 of the Bureau of Animal Industry contains a technical discussion of
the tapeworms of cattle, sheep, and allied animals. Bulletin 19 of the same
bureau deals with these and other internal parasites with particular reference to
meat inspection.
THE ANIMAL PARASITES OF CATTLE. > B11

may cause inflammation and occasionally rupture of the intestine.
Infection occurs through the swallowing of the eggs of the parasite
in food or water which has been contaminated with the feces of
infested cattle.

A number of species of small roundworms, varying in size from an
eighth of an inch to an inch or more in length, occur in the intestines.
Of these may be mentioned the hook worm (Monodontus phlebotomus)
and the nodular worms
(CEsophagostomum colum-
bianum and O. radiatum).
The former is about an inch
long and is found in the
smallintestine. The latter
are somewhat smaller and
are found in the cecum and
large intestine. Hook
worms, when numerous,
may cause anemia and
other symptoms similar to
those caused by stomach
worms (see p. 506). The
injury to the mucous lining
of the intestine from the
bites of hook worms may
cause severe inflammation,
and affords an avenue of
infection with the germs of
various diseases. The
adult nodular worms ap-
parently do not attack the
wall of the intestine, but
derive their nourishment
from the intestinal con-
tents. Several species of
small, very slender round-
worms (Trichostrongylus),

less than a quarter of an eee
i i i Fia. 20.—A tapeworm (Moniezia planissima) which in-
inch in length, sometimes Pan

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

occur in the small intestine
and fourth stomach, and a severe gastro-enteritis, or inflammation of
the stomach and intestines, has been attributed to them.

Nodular disease of the intestine, due to young hook worms and
nodular worms which burrow in the intestinal wall, as a rule seems
to have little effect on the health of infested animals, but often ren-
ders the intestine unfit for use as sausage’ casings. As nodular dis-
ease is widely prevalent among cattle, the loss from this source is
512 DISEASES OF CATTLE.

considerable. The greenish or yellowish nodules with cheesy cou-
tents are frequently mistaken by the inexperienced for lesions of
tuberculosis.
The life histories of the various small roundworms occurring in
the intestines of cattle have not been worked out, but in general
they are very likely similar to that of the twisted stomach
& worm as described above (p. 506).

Treatment for intestinal roundworms.—The preventive
measures are similar to those recommended in the case of
the twisted stomach worm (p. 507). Medicinal treatment
is generally not very satisfactory. Powdered thymol, in

ict eh Ath doses of 200 grains or more, has been recommended, but
common it often fails to have the desired result. It is claimed by
fae Rien one author that 2 to 3 drams of rectified empyreumatic
hepatica). Oil in a mucilaginous emulsion, followed the next morn-
ing with a purgative of 1 to 14 pounds of sulphate of soda,

will expel the large round worms (Ascaris vitulorwm).

PROTOZOA.

A number of species of prutozoa have been reported as parasites of
the intestines of cattle. To one species has been attributed a serious
disease of cattle in Switzerland known as red dysen-
tery, but as yet no cases of this disease in American
cattle have been reported.

FLUKES IN LIVER AND LUNGS.

Two species of flukes occurring in the liver and
lungs are known to affect cattle of the United States. &
These parasites are flat leaf-like-worms; one of |
them, the common liver fluke (Fasciola hepatica,
fig. 21), is less than an inch in length, while the
other, the large American fluke (Fasciola magna,
fig. 22), is considerably larger when full grown. In
their life history these flukes depend on snails as : &
intermediate hosts. Ata certain stage of develop-
ment the young flukes leave the snails, become en-
cysted on stalks of grass (fig. 23), and finally may
be swallowed by grazing cattle. Stiles states that segs
‘flukes may produce a serious, often fatal, disease, p,, ae —
more especially in younger animals.” The symp- American fiuke
toms are somewhat similar to those produced by  (Feseiola magna).
worms in thestomach. The first symptoms are generally overlooked,
the disease not attracting attention until the appetite is diminished;
rumination becomes irregular, the animals become hidebound, and
the coat dull and staring. The staring coat is due to the contrac-
tion of the muscles of the hair follicles. The visible mucous
membranes become pale, eyes become dull, there is running at the
eyes, and the animal gradually becomes emaciated. As the dis-

   
THE ANIMAL PARASITES OF CATTLE. 513

ease advances the milk supply is lessened, fever appears, there is
generally great thirst, but the appetite almost ceases; edematous
swellings appear on the belly, breast, etc.; diarrhea at first alternates
with constipation, but finally becomes continuous. The disease lasts
from two to five months, when the most extreme cases succumb.

‘Most of the German cattle are said to be infested with liver flukes,
but even when a large number are present the nourishment of the
cattle is not disturbed. Thickening of the gall ducts, so that a
so-called ‘Medusa’s head’ forms on the surface of the liver toward
the stomach, appears in even well-nourished animals; even in cases
of a cirrhosis of the liver it is seldom that any effect upon the cattle’s
health can be noticed, and so long as a portion of the liver tissue
about twice the size of
the fist remains intact,
the nourishment of the
animal may be compar-
atively good. Itis rare
that one sees a gener-
alized edema in slaugh-
tered cattle asa result of
fluke invasion, and even
in the heaviest infec-
tions of young cattle
only emaciation is no-
ticed.

“ Treatment.—Medic-
inal treatment is unsat- Fie@. 23.—Portion of grass stalk poaninie three encysted cer-
isfactory. The disease caria. of the common liver fluke (Fasciola hepatica).
may be prevented to a
considerable extent by giving animals plenty of salt, and by intro-
ducing carp, frogs, and toads into infected districts; these animals
destroy the young stages of the parasite and feed upon the snails
which serve as intermediate hosts.”

   

TAPEWORM CYSTS OF LIVER AND OTHER VISCERA.

Three kinds of tapeworm cysts are found in the viscera of cattle.
One of these (Multiceps socialis, or Cenurus cerebralis) will be fur-
ther referred to in the discussion of gid (p. 515). All of these are
the intermediate stages of tapeworms which live when mature in the
intestines of dogs, wolves, and other canines. The eggs of the tape-
worms are scattered over the fields in the droppings of infested dogs
or wolves, and these when swallowed in food or water by cattle hatch
out and the embryos migrate to the liver, mesentery, lungs, brain, or
other organ, where they develop into cysts, variously known as hyda-
tids, bladder worms, water balls, ete. When organs of cattle thus
infested are eaten by dogs or wolves the cystic worms are also likely
to be swallowed and then develop into mature tapeworms. To pre-

61386—08——33
514 DISEASES OF CATTLE.

vent cattle from infection with these parasites stray dogs, wolves, and
coyotes should be killed wherever found, and dogs too valuable to kill
should be kept free from tapeworms. As a precaution against infec-
tion with tapeworms, the viscera of cattle, sheep, or hogs should not
be fed to dogs unless cooked.

 

Fia. 24,—Hydatids (Echinococcus granulosus) in portion of hog’s liver.

Hydatids (Echinococcus granulosus) form tumors (fig. 24) of vary-
ing size (sometimes as large as 6 inches in diameter) in the liver,
lungs, and other organs. Their contents are liquid,
resembling water. The presence of these parasites
can not be detected in the living animal and there is
no medicinal treatment for them. Organs contain-
ing hydatids should be destroyed by burning in
order to prevent their being eaten by dogs. This is
especially important, as dogs infested with the tape-
worm stage of this parasite are a menace to human

a beings on account of the danger of infecting them
ve i elncaeeiaig ay with hydatids, which develop in man if the eggs of
nia hydatigena) the hydatid tapeworm are swallowed.
from abdominal Thin-necked bladder worms (Tenia hydatigena,
cavity of a steer.
fig. 25) are most commonly found attached to the
mesentery and omentum. There is no medicinal treatment.

 

TAPEWORM CYSTS IN THE MUSCLES, BEEF MEASLES,

Small tapeworm cysts (Tenia saginata), about the size of a pea,
found in the muscles of cattle (fig. 26) are the larve of the common
tapeworm of man. Cattle become infected from feed or water which
has been contaminated by the feces of persons harboring the adult
tapeworms, and human beings in turn become infected by eating raw
or rare beef infested with the larval stage (measly beef).
PLATE Lil

DISEASES OF CatTTLeE

 

JULIUS BIEN & CONY,

Haines del.after Marx

VERMINOUS BRONCHITIS.
THE ANIMAL PARASITES OF CATTLE. 515

To prevent cattle from becoming infested with this parasite care
should be taken that human feces are not placed where they will
contaminate the feed or drinking water.

GID.

Bladder worms (Multiceps socialis, or Cenurus cerebralis) which
are occasionally found in the brain of cattle, and cause gid, ‘‘turn-
sick,” or “‘staggers,” deserve mention, as they are rather common
among sheep in the Northwest. As already alluded to, these worms
are the intermediate stage of a tapeworm found in dogs, and their
life history and the means of preventing infection have been briefly
discussed above (see p. 513).

Cattle harboring this parasite
show symptoms indicating an
affection of the brain, walking or
turning in circles, dizziness, un-
even gait, impaired vision, ete.

‘Treatment consists in trephin-
ing the skull and removing the
parasite, an operation which re-
quires a skillful operator and is
frequently unsuccessful. Unless
the parasite is removed affected
cattle almost invariably die.

THREAD WORMS IN THE ABDOM-
INAL CAVITY.

 

Thread worms (Fuaria labiato- Fic. 26.—Section of a pork tongue heavily in-
papillosa) 2 to 4 inches long are __fested with pork measles, Beef tongues in-
frequently found in the abdominal fested with beef measles present a similar
cavity. They seem to cause little Dena
orno trouble. The embryos produced by these worms enter the blood
vessels. Stable flies (see p. 496) while sucking blood take up these
embryos, which undergo a certain amount of development in the body
of the flies. These flies, again biting cattle, introduce the partially
developed worms with which they are infested into the circulation,
whence the worms migrate to the abdominal cavity and there develop
to maturity. The roundworms found occasionally in the anterior
chamber of the eye (see p. 516) are perhaps immature forms of this
species which have reached this location during their migration.

LUNG WORMS.

Lung worms (Dictyocaulus viviparus, fig. 27) in cattle are thread-
like worms 2 to 4 inches long, found in the bronchial tubes, and pro-
ducing a condition known as verminous bronchitis. (See Pl. LII,
which represents a portion of lung with the bronchial tubes filled
with lung worms, drawn about twice natural size.) The life history
516 DISEASES OF CATTLE.

of the parasite is not known, but infection is apparently derived
through the medium of pastures where infested cattle have grazed.
In the later stages of the disease the cattle cough, especially at night.
Young cattle are more seriously affected than old animals.

Treatment for lung worms.—Various treatments have been advo-
eated for lung worms, including fumigating with different substances
and injections of remedies into the trachea by means of a large hypo-
dermic syringe, but none has been very successful from a practical
standpoint. About all that can be done is to feed affected animals
well and protect them from exposure.

PARASITES OF THE BLOOD.

A species of fluke (Schistosoma bovis) which lives in the blood ves-
sels (the large veins) of cattle in tropical and subtropical countries
causes bloody urine, and a condition of the rectum somewhat resem-
bling piles. : .

The embryos of Filaria labiato-papillosa (p. 515) which occur in the
blood may be found by microscopical examination. They apparently
cause no trouble.

The organism which causes Texas fever is a protozoan parasite

( Piroplasma bigeminum) of micro-

pe a scopic size, which lives in the blood

and attacks the red blood corpus-

cles. Foradiscussion of this para-

site and the disease which it pro-

duces see page 461 of this volume,

or for more complete information

consult Farmers’ Bulletin No. 258,

which can be obtained free on application to the Secretary of Agri-
culture, Washington, D. C.

Other parasites which live in the blood cause serious diseases known
as surra and nagana (p. 493), but as yet neither of these diseases has
gained a foothold in the United States.

Fic. 27.-Lung worms (Dictyocaulus vivipa-
rus) of cattle.

PARASITES OF THE EYE.

Roundworms sometimes seen swimming about in the anterior
chamber of the eye (‘‘snakes in the eye”) are supposed to be imma-
ture stages of Filaria labiato-papillosa (see p. 515). Their location
in the eye is possibly due to their going astray from the normal course
of their migration. Treatment for these worms is surgical. They
often disappear without treatment.

A species of slender roundworm, one-half an inch to an inch in
length, has been described, under the name of Filaria lachrymalis, as
a parasite of cattle found in summer and fall beneath the eyelids and
on the surface of the eyeball, causing an inflammation of the eyes.
The worms may be removed by washing out the eyes with an anti-
septic, such as a weak solution of coal-tar stock dip, after which
iodoform ointment may be applied if the condition is severe.
MYCOTIC STOMATITIS OF CATTLE.

By Joun R. Mouser, A. M., V. M. D.,
Chief of Pathological Division, Bureau of Animal Industry

INTRODUCTION.

Regularly, during the summer and fall of the past five years,
numerous letters have been received by this Bureau relative to the
existence of a disease affecting the mouths and feet of cattle in cer-
tain Eastern and Central Western States. These reports have been
unusually frequent this season and indicate that the malady has made
its appearance in the Southwest, where it has caused much alarm
among the stockmen owing to its similarity to the foot-and-mouth
disease of Europe and to the fear that the contagion of this latter
disease had spread to them from the recent outbreak in New England.
The disease, which is to be discussed under the name of mycotic
stomatitis, has been carefully investigated by this Department on
various occasions, and it is with the view of giving the results of these
clinical investigations as well as to assert its noninfectiousness and
to differentiate it from the virulent foot-and-mouth disease, which it
so closely simulates, that this article is prepared.

NAME AND SYNONYMS.

The name stomatitis signifies that there is present in the affected
animals an inflammation of the mucous membrane of the mouth.
This inflammation, which quickly develops into ulcers, is one of the
principal and most frequently observed lesions. Mycotic stomatitis
refers to that form of stomatitis which results from eating food con-
taining irritant fungi. Thus the name not only suggests the cause of
the disease, but also indicates the location of the earliest and most
prominent symptoms. Other names which have been applied to this
disease by different writers are sporadic aphthe; aphthous stomatitis;
sore mouth of cattle; sore tongue; benign, simple, or noninfectious
foot-and-mouth disease; mycotic aphthous stomatitis; and sporadic

stomatitis aphthosa.
517
518 DISEASES OF OATTLE.
CHARACTER OF THE DISEASE.

Mycotic stomatitis is a sporadic, or noninfectious, disease which
affects cattie of all ages that are on pasture, but more especially milch
cows. It is characterized by inflammation and ulceration of the
mucous membrane of the mouth, producing salivation and inappe-
tence, and secondarily affecting the feet, which become sore and
swollen. Superficial erosions of the skin, particularly of the muzzie
and of the teats and udders of cows, may also be present, with some
elevation of temperature and emaciation.

CAUSE.

This disease, as its name indicates, results from the eating of forage
containing fungi or molds. It is probable that more than one fungus
is involved in the production of this disease, but no particular species
has been definitely proved to be the causative factor. Several
attempts have been made by the writer to determine the exact cause
and also to transmit the disease to other animals by direct inocula-
tion, but with negative results. Suspicion, however, has been directed
by various observers to the Uromyces and the red and black rusts that
occur on clovers. These fungi cause very severe irritation of the
lining membrane of the mouth, producing sometimes a catarrhal, at
other times an aphthous, and occasionally an ulcerous stomatitis.
The fungus of rape, ete. (Polydesmus excitiosus), is very irritating to
the mouths and feet of cattle, causing severe inflammation and in some
instances producing symptoms that have been mistaken for foot-and-
mouth disease. The fungi (Penicillium and Puccinia) found on
grasses have also been credited with the production of stomatitis.
The fact that this disease disappears from a locality at a certain time
and reappears at irregular intervals would suggest the probability
that certain climatic conditions were essential for the propagation of
the causative fungi, since it is well known that the malady becomes
prevalent after a hot, dry period has been followed by rain, thus
furnishing the requirements necessary for the luxuriant development
of molds and fungi. Owing to this fact the disease is observed in one
locality during one season and in an entirely different section another
year, but reappears in the former center when favorable conditions
prevail. In this way the affection has occurred at irregular intervals
in certain sections of both the United States and Canada.

SYMPTOMS AND LESIONS.

Among the first symptoms observed in mycotic stomatitis are ina-
bility to eat, suspension of rumination, frequent movements of the lips
with the formation of froth on their margins, and in some cases a
dribbling of saliva from the mouth. There is a desire to eat, and fre-
quent attempts to take food are made, but prehension is very difficult.
MYCOTIC STOMATITIS OF CATTLE. 519

If, however, food is placed on the back of the tongue it is readily
masticated and swallowed. If the mouth is examined at this time it
will be found red and hot, and exceptionally small blisters will be
seen, which, however, quickly become eroded and develop into active
ulcers varying in size from one-eighth to 1 inch in diameter. Where
several ulcers have coalesced a large and irregularly indented patch
is formed. These erosions are most frequently found on the gums
around the incisor teeth, on the dental pad, inside the lips, and on
the tip of the tongue, but they also occur on the cheeks, interdental
space, and dorsum of the tongue. The ulcers have a hemorrhagic
border, a depressed suppurating surface, and contain a brownish or
yellowish colored débris, which is soon replaced by granulation tissue.
As a result of this sloughing of the tissues and the retention of food
in the mouth, a very offensive odor is exhaled. The muzzle becomes
dry and parched in appearance, which condition is shortly followed
by erosions and exfoliations of the superficial layer of the skin.
Adherent brownish crusts and scabs form over the parts, and similar
lesions are seen around the nostrils and external surface of the lips.

In some cases there are associated with these alterations a slight
swelling and painfulness in the region of the pasterns, at times affect-
ing the fore feet, at other times the hind feet, and occasionally all
four feet. In a few cases the swelling may extend above the fetlock,
but it has never been observed above the knee or hock. The skin
around the coronet may occasionally become fissured and the thin
skin in the cleft of the foot eroded and suppurated, but without the
formation of vesicles. As a result of these feet lesions, the affected
animal may assume a position with its back arched and the limbs
propped under the body as in a case of founder and will manifest
much pain and lameness.in walking. If it lies down the animal
shows reluctance in getting up and, although manifesting no incli-
nation to move about, when forced to do so there is more or less stiff-
ness and a tendency to kick orshake the foot as if to dislodge a foreign
body from between the claws.

In some outbreaks the milch cows have slight superficial erosions on
the teats which at times extend to the udder. The cracks in the skin
are filled with serum and: form brownish colored scabs. The teats
become tender and the milk secretion diminishes; in some cases it dis-
appears. A similar tendency toward the formation of fissures and
scabs on the skin of the neck and shoulder has manifested itself in a
recent outbreak in Texas, and this feature was likewise noticeable in
the disease when it occurred in Maryland and Virginia in 1889.

In mild cases, only the mouth lesions may be observed, or these
alterations may be associated with oue or more of the other above-
described symptoms, but in severe cases where there is a generalized
mycotic intoxication one animal may show all these alterations.
520 DISEASES OF CATTLE.

When the disease is well developed the general appearance of the
animal is one of great lassitude, and it either stands off by itself with
hind feet drawn under the body and its fore feet extended or it
assumes a recumbent position. Owing to the inability to eat and to
the general systemic disturbance present, the animal loses flesh very
rapidly and becomes greatly emaciated in the latter stages of the dis-
ease. The temperature and pulse are somewhat increased, the former
two or three degrees, the latter to from 75 to 90 beats per minute.
The fever is not lasting, and these symptoms are soon modified: The
animal has an anxious look, and in a few cases there is gastro-intes-
tinal irritation, the feces being thin, of a dark color, and of an offen-
sive odor.
PROGNOSIS AND MORTALITY.

Mycotic stomatitis is not a serious disease, and in uncomplicated
cases recoveries soon follow the removal of the cause and the applica-
tion of the indicated remedies. In such cases complete restoration
may take place within one week. In mild outbreaks a large percent-
age of the animals will recover without treatment, but that the disease
is fatal is shown by the fact that animals which develop an aggravated
form of the affection succumb if not treated. In such animals death
occurs in six or eight days, but the mortality in the serious outbreaks
thus far investigated has been less than 0.5 per cent. The course of
this disease is irregular and runs from seven to fifteen days, the aver-
age case covering a period of about ten days.

DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS.
FOOT-AND-MOUTH DISEASE.

In examining a case of mycotic stomatitis it is important not to mis-
take it for foot-and-mouth disease, which has appeared in this coun-
try on four occasions only, always near a seaport, and which does not
exist in the United States at the present time. This may be easily
accomplished by taking into consideration the fact that in the con-
tagious foot-and-mouth disease there is a rapid infection of the entire
herd, as well as of any hogs and sheep that may be on the premises.
It is also readily transmitted to neighboring herds by the spread of
the infection from diseased animals, but it never occurs spontaneously.
The characteristic lesion of foot-and-mouth disease is the appearance
of vesicles containing serous fluid in the mouth and upon the udder,
teats, heels, and coronary bands of the affected an:mals. Drooling is
profuse, and there is a peculiar smacking sound made by sucking the
affected lips.

Mycotie stomatitis occurs sporadically on widely separated farms,
affecting only a few animals in each herd, and the lesions produced
consist of erosions without the typical vesicular formations of foot-
and-mouth disease. The failure of the vesicles, if any appear, to
MYCOTIC STOMATITIS OF CATTLE. 521

spread extensively in the mouth, the absence of these blisters on
other portions of the body—notably the teats and udder, and charac-
teristically the feet—together with the absence of infection in the
herd, and the inability to transmit the disease to calves by inocula-
tion distinguish between this affection and foot-and-mouth disease.
Scab formation on the muzzle and nostrils is not present in foot-and-
mouth disease. The erosions of the mouth are not so extensive and
they heal more rapidly in mycotic stomatitis. The swelling of the feet
and stiffness of the animal are also more marked in mycotic stomatitis.

ERGOTISM.

The lesions resulting from ergotism may be differentiated from those
of mycotic stomatitis by the lack of ulcerative eruptions in the mouth
and by the location of the lesions at the tips of the ears, end of the
tail, or upon the lower part of the legs, usually below the knees or
hocks. The lesions of ergotism do not take the forms of ulcers or
festers, but the end of the limb affected is diseased ‘‘in toto” and the
eruption extends entirely around the limbs, followed soon afterwards
by a distinct line of demarcation between the healthy skin above and
the diseased below. The absence of suppurating sores between the
claws and on the mucous membrane of the mouth, the knowledge that
the lesion upon the limb in question extends uninterruptedly around

“it, and the presence of ergotized seeds in the hay or grain fed the
animals should point conclusively to a diagnosis of ergotism.

FOUL FOOT.

In foul foot, or ground itch, of cattle, the inflammation of the skin
and toes usually affects but one foot. It begins as a superficial
inflammation, followed by sloughing, ulceration, and the formation of
fistulous tracts which may involve the tendons, bones, and joints.
The mouth remains unaffected, and the presence of the disease may
be traced to filth and poor drainage.

NECROTIC STOMATITIS.

In necrotic stomatitis (calf diphtheria) there is a formation of yel-
lowish cheesy patches in the mouth without any lesions of the feet or
udder. It affects sucking calves chiefly, and is caused by the Bacillus
necrophorus.

TREATMENT.

The treatment of mycotic stomatitis should consist in first removing
the herd of cattle from the pasture in which they have been running.
The affected animals should, if it is possible, be brought to the barn
or corral and fed on soft, nutritious food, such as bran mashes, ground
feed, and gruels. A bucket of clear, cool water should be kept con-
stantly in the manger, so that the animal may drink or rinse the
529 DISEASES OF OATTLE.

mouth at its pleasure, and it will be found beneficial to dissolve 2
heaping tablespoonfuls of borax or 1 tablespoonful of potassium
chlorate in each of the first two buckets of water taken during the
day. If the animals are gentle enough to be handled, the mouth
should be swabbed out daily with antiseptic washes, such as a 2 per
cent solution of carbolic acid or of creolin, or a 1 per cent solution of
lysol or of permanganate of potash, or 1 part of hydrogen peroxide to
2 parts of water. This should be followed by astringents, such as
one-half tablespoonful of alum, borax, or chlorate of potash placed on
the tongue. Probably a more satisfactory method of administering
the antiseptic treatment to a large number of animals would be to
mix thoroughly 2 teaspoonfuls of pure carbolic acid every morning
in a quart of bran mash and give to each affected animal for a period
of five days. Range cattle may be more readily treated by the use of
medicated salt placed in troughs accessible to the animals. This salt
may be prepared by pouring 4 ounces of crude carbolie acid upon 12
quarts of ordinary barrel salt, after which they are thoroughly mixed.
The lesions of the feet should be treated with a 2 per cent solution of
carbolic acid or of creolin, while the fissures and other lesions of the
skin will be benefited by the application of carbolized vaseline or zine
ointment. If the animals are treated in this manner and carefully
fed the disease will rapidly disappear.
INDEX.

 

Abdomen— Page
and womb, inflammation, causes, symptoms, and treatment... ........... 220
dropsy affecting, causes, symptoms, and treatment...................... 48
of calf, dropsy, description and treatment................................ 177
wounds, causes, symptoms, and treatment............................... 45

Abdominal cavity, kinds of parasites PT OCHA ac tear career en Sok eevee 515

Abortion—
contagious, description and causes...........2222.-0---00000eeeeeeeee eee. 165
contagious, prevention and treatment......................-------2-22... 169
noncontagious, Causes....... 2.22.20... 20 eee eee eee ee. 161
noncontagious, treatment... 22.2.2. 20. e eee cece eee. 168

Abscess—
bacteria casings... es scccee sd cce eee ns hudeweweule ve ssi vasuegelhendeer.. 235
Of ear rea tm ents yee cactus nes Cole calseGitay Wess oe seat hme nace 354
of lung, description............ 000000000000 c ccc cece eee eceeee cece 97
of navel, cause and treatment... 22.2.2 ..0 0.0002 e ee eee eee ee eee. 246
orbital and periorbital, symptoms and treatment........................ 351

Abscesses, treatment............ 0000000020 c cece cece cece cee e ccc eee eeeeee 294

Absorbents, description............22.0 020.0000 0 2c c cee cence cece ceeeeee 72

Acariasis, reference........22.-220 020020 c cee cece cece cee tec e cece ccc ceceeeeee 331

Achorion schénleinii, fungus causing Tinea favosa.......2..22220222-002-2 2220s 332

Acids—
mineral, poisoning, description and treatment.................2-..02--00- 59
poisoning, description and treatment............... ieee’ sdtdamemetes 59
vegetable, poisonous, description and treatment...............2.2....-.. 60

Aconite poisoning, description and treatment.......-...-2--2002.002.c0eeee eee 64

Actinomycosis—
description and symptoms...........-222-.- 2.0 2000202 222 e eee e eee eee 430434
in relation to public health...........2...22...220.2000 22202022 ee eee eeeees 487
of jawbones, description and treatment..........-.....-...2-22----220000- 433
OP Wing eso stice s slodsioe se Seeandin o2.ce apts ood SU aaeu aS Re aae cence 433
prevention and treatment..........-.-..-2- 2.202220 2 0222 e ee eee eee eee 434-437

Adenoma, description.............2-.2.2222202222 2002222 e ee eee eee ences 311

Administration of medicines, chapter by Leonard Pearson.................... 9-13

Afterbirth, retained, causes, symptoms, and treatment...............-...----- 216

Air—
or gas under the skin, description, symptoms, and treatment............. 333
tubes of lungs, parasites affecting, description and treatment............. 515

Albumen in urine, description and treatment..................-..----.------ 119

Albuminuria, description and treatment..............-.----------2----2---5- 119

Alkalies, poisoning, description and treatment.....-....----.--------2-2-2-2-- 60

Amaurosis, causes, symptoms, and treatment..............------------------ 348

Anaphrodisia, cause, prevention, and treatment........--..-.--+----2-------- . 146

Anasarca of the skin, causes, symptoms, and treatment......--....---....----- 329

Anesthesia, uses in operations....-.....-.....-2--2--2--2--2-0- 20-222 e eee eee 285
524 DISEASES OF CATTLE.

Page.

Aneurism, description.......-... 2 sub anaisdweeewaxs eeiwanaeeetne veloccickilowes 82
Angioma: tumor, descriptioniccsace. ve nicccmsisaccees ov oe cearewecees eeerees sess 310
Animal—

parasites of cattle, chapter by B. H. Ransom..............-.-..-------- 495-516

products, poisonous, description and treatment................-.--.------ 67
Anthrax—

cause, symptoms, treatment, etc..........---.-------.--.--------- +--+. 440-446

in ihan; des¢ription.<co-.cecrseeeedvapses deevs seeweeiyee secs ss ecuisdeisies 446

symptomatic, description, cause, treatment, etc....-......--.---------- 447-451
Aphtha—

in young calves, description and treatment........-..--.---.------------ 259

parasite (Saccharomyces ablicans), cause...-.....--.----.------------------ 260
Aphthous— ;

fever. (See Foot-and-mouth disease.)

SLOMATTIS, LELETENCO nes Siero sccieseprscsinvsy gies Sioteigescicie staierengie caiwiaimieinleeieistornnet 517
Apoplexy—

cerebral, description and treatment............--2--------2- 22-222 eee eee 104

description and treatMent....s.sceccsessecses cee cccescce seen sues neaeees 104

parturient, description, symptoms, and treatment............--.-.--.---- 222
Appetite, depraved, description, causes, and treatment.........-...-.-.------ 30
Aqueous humor of eye, description........--.....02--2.22.-2.2 20-220 e eee eee 341
Arsenic poisoning, description, symptoms, and treatment..........-..--..-..- 56
Arteries—

and veins, wounds, description and treatment.............-....--------- 80

obstruction, description and treatment..........---.-.-.-------------2---- 82
Ascaris vitulorum, intestinal roundworm, description and treatment.......--.. 510
Ascites—

causes, symptoms, and treatment..........-..--- 22. - eee eee eee ee eee 48

description and treatment. ....2:.ss0sses0s ss eeeseeeeeees ses eee eeeewb esas 177
Asepsis in surgical, operations. ......w.secaxeeds veeeckmewdeeseey se cebaetine ees 285
Aseptic periostitis, description and treatment..............2..22--.22-222-04- 263
Asphyxia electrica, symptoms and treatment..........---...--.-----------..- 108
Atkinson, V. T.—

chapter on ‘‘Bones: Diseases and accidents”........----.....--2------- 261-284

chapter on ‘‘ Poisons and poisoning” ..........-.--..---..20222-222-220-- 53-69
Atrophy, Gescri ptlONe caie's\ ove cgsae seo da ole datemesaes ee kinase dele. alg 79, 125
Auuscultation, CefDitOn sain oe saicacicwieieinene paste gainncesienin s setoegessere x nse 89
Bacillus—

cyanogens, parasite causing blue milk.............-.-..-------2-2---+---- 239

tuberculosis, causing tuberculosis.................------+- 22-22 ee eee ee eee 398
Back, sprain, causes and treatment...........-...2.-22-.-22-202-222-2020-20--- 267
Bacteria—

Cat E AD SCOSS sp iewejaccisceentrurnianes Gariet trecdeartnerenieds ee eae eee ene eee eile 235

DeANION 2o:ce onsen esnnocecane paw edinersecaiss paWecicitearwad se ereigeebets 358
Bacterium bovis septicum, causing hemorrhagic septicemia..........-.......... 389
Ball—

hair, in-stomach, description... s20s seaseestceeys seacauweees ees suas scaee 31

of eye; Ceseri pion cc soccemacee cuenta ase cnc posi a scieboeiee S Syeevabveeets 340
Balls as method of administering medicines................2......00.222000-- 10
Bee and wasp stings, description and treatment...........-......2...2..2.2.- 68
Beef and pork measles, note........-..-2.-0 2-22 eee cee eee 514, 515
Benign tumors, description...........2.-2.22- 22-02-22 eee eee eee eee eee 307

Big jaw. (See Actinomycosis.)
INDEX. 525

¢ Page.
Bites Of SHAKES sc toss teste S's x vere icciels vd oases an oe weed Swakie Se eeu ob 16, 333
Blackleg—
description, cause, and treatment............220200- 200 e eee e cece cece 447-451
vaccine, note on distribution by Bureau .....................--2...-2-.- 447
Black quarter. (See Blackleg.)
Bladder—
eversion, description and treatment.............0220002000-cec eee ee eee eee 214
or rectum, full, as obstruction to parturition....................... - 176
palsy of neck, cause and treatment_............02.0000000000 cece eee eee 127
paralysis, causes and treatment..........-...2.222-0020000 cece eee e eee ee 126
rupture, symptoms.........2- 2.22... e ee eee eee 214
spasms, description and treatment............2.2.2. 2000 e cece eee eee eee 125
stone, symptoms and treatment............220. 20220022020 e cee ee cee eee 139
worms affecting brain, description and treatment.................-------- 515
worms, thin-necked, description and treatment....................-.--.-- 514
Bleeding—
dl eacriptlot scsi eimeies etinodaatie ates dew: s paeaietenewic ds enaeaee sk 290
description and treatment.............22-2 20220220 e eee eee eee eee 80
from lungs, description and treatment..............2.22-2.-.2000-eeeeeee 96
from navel, cause and treatment..........-2-2-2- 220-2222 e eee eee 245
from nose, cause and treatment..........-----.------2- eee ee eee eee eee 90
from womb, description, symptoms, and treatment..............-.----.-- 210
Blisters, water, symptoms and treatment.......-..---.-----------22- eee eee eee 328
Bloating, causes, symptoms, and treatment.........--.2.22.-2-. 22-22 e eee eee 24
Blood—
clots on walls of vagina, description and treatment......-..--..--..-2.---- 216
coagulated, under vaginal walls after calving, treatment...............-... 176
description and influence of food............-..------ 2-2-2 2-2 eee eee ee eee 72
flukes (Schistosoma bovis), note..........--.------+-22 222 cree eee eee eee ee 516
letting;, description... 22sec deseee esc eeigt ec ee seater screed see eeeineemee 290
parasites affecting, different kinds...........--...-----+--------+--+++--- 516
protozoa affecting.........-.-.-.----- 22 eee eee ee ee eee eee eee eee eee 512, 516
vessels, functions...........-------- 2-0-2 e eee eee eee eee eee eee 71
vessels, heart, and lymphatics, diseases, chapter by W. H. Harbaugh.. 70-80
Bloodsuckers affecting cattle, description and treatment..........-.---------- 505
Bloody—
milk, cause and treatment..........-.--- +--+ +22 eee eee eee eee eee 239
urine caused by blood flukes........-.....---- +--+ 2222-22 eee e reece eee 516
urine, description, symptoms, and treatment......--..--.---------------- 7
Blue disease, cause........--2- 2-2-2 2ee cece reece eee ee ence etter eects 250
Blue lice (Hximatopinus eurysternus and H. vitali), description.............-.. 500
Blue milk, cause and treatment..........------+---+--2- 22-22 e eee eee eee 239
Boils, causes, symptoms, and treatment..--.....-------------2++2 eee sree eee: 328
Bones—

_ broken, description of kinds and treatment......--..--------+-+++++++- 268-279
diseases and accidents, chapter by V. T. Atkinson.......-..----------- 261-284
dislocations, description and treatment....-------.-----+----++++-++2+ee> 279
face, fracture, description and treatment......------------+-+++-+2+-+++-+ 274
luxations, description and treatment.........--------------+2erree errr 279
manner of nourishment........--.-22-eeeee0 eee cece eee e eee eeeeetseeeess 261
number and description.........-.-.----+-0+--222 cece crete ere 261
shape, classes......---------- 22-02 e reece eee eee teeter tees ee rertts 262

315

Bony tumor, description and treatment.........--..---- +--+ e+e ee eee r reece
526 DISEASES OF CATTLE.

Boophilus annulatus, Texas fever tick. (See Margaropus annulatus.)
Bots affecting cattle, description and treatment..............----------------- 499

Bovine tuberculosis and public health...........2.22..22-- 20-0222 e cee e eee 420
Bowel hernia, description and treatment..............-.-----------+-----5-- 40
Bowels—
diseases affecting, causes, symptoms, and treatment.............-..-.----- 36-45
obstruction resulting from invagination, symptoms and treatment ........ 37

twisting and knotting, symptoms, post-mortem appearance, and treatment.. 37
Brain—
and its membranes, inflammation, causes, symptoms, and treatment.... 101

bladder worms affecting, treatment........-..-.----2--- 200222 e eee eee eee 515
Cenurus cerebralis affecting, treatment.........-...--------0--- eee ee eee ee 515
concussion, cause, symptoms, and treatment..........-.--.-----------+-- 104
congestion, description and treatment........-...--2--- 2-2-0 ee eee eee eee 104
ESCLIPHON .w)ah vers =A ioaaigcateiis ale seen Eeeeie ce ode Ap damyseahed eae ate 100
tUMOTS, <CESCTIPUUOD orcs cates ceiasie viens as a xtararavne skies selslstewulectaeiee see ies 110
Breach—
at navel, symptoms and treatment..........------22-0-2-eee eee eee eee eee 248
of uterus, cause and treatment..............2.2. 0.2 e eee ee eee eee eee 158
Breathing, suspended in young calves, discussion.........-...----.--+-------- 244
Bronchial tubes, parasites affecting.............-2..2 02-22 e eee eee eee eee eee 515
Bronchitis—
description, symptoms, and treatment...........-..00..022 2 eee eee eee eee 92
verminous, description, symptoms, treatment, and prevention............- 97
verminous, parasite (Strongylus micrurus), CaUse.......--..--------------- 97
Buffalo gnats, description and remedy........-.-------------------+-+------ 497
Bull; winipanes d eker ptlOliscccaoaaccie S. eceikasemceet  Searsasauece th eS 287
Burns and scalds, causes and treatment.................00.-0 00-2 ee ee eee eee 333
Calculi—
coralline, pearly, green (metalloid), white, ammonio-magnesium, silice-
ous, oxalate of lime, gravel, descriptions..................22----22-+---- 135
forms in different situations...........2.....00. 002 e eee eee eee eee cee eee 135
in prepuce, or sheath, treatment................2.-0222- 222-2202 0 222 e ee 141
renal, description and treatment ...............-0..222-22 22022-2222 136
urethral, description and treatment...........0---22.--2---2----2-22----- 186
UPIMATY, ClAsSLACATION .n. o.02:nic occie-c scceiecser en artoerd nuieisie Serene ine wale Shee 134
urinary, description and causes........... 2.0... eee eee eee eee eee eee ee 128
urinary, efector different 16606. ceo ciccsnnscasen Vie eceeicecun ies ve coeur 130
Calculus—
blocking teats, ‘treatmen tices woes + s:caiiisinweuiey Va neem eeeed xs eeenieae 241
PLeVeN OMe ssc ss Ceamererdexs sr eewauseuset es Levee eeeecwers cheno deen 138
vesical, or urethral, symptoms and treatment.................. pameeeais 139
Calf— ,
attention necessary at birth.................20.022 22022022 e eee eee eee eee 244
diphtheria, description, symptoms, and treatment...................-. 451-456
dropsy of abdomen, description and treatment .....-...-..-----2-.-0--5- 177
gas, cause of swelling, treatment................20.-00- eee e eee ee eee eae 178
general dropsy, cause and treatment..........--....2.--2.-2-222 222222002 178
monstrosities, descriptions, causes, and treatment.........-......-2---- 179-205
muscles, rigid contraction, cause and treatment...................---... 178
slinking; deserl ptioNecccecene sees cx vinweecae te esueeeeeeae sie codecs ee Shae 161

tumors affecting, description and treatment..............2..22.0..200.04. 179
INDEX. 527

Calves— Page
congenital imperfections, kinds. .-..........0.. 22000-0002 c cece eee 259
indigestion affecting, causes, symptoms, and treatment .................. 34
newborn, acute scouring, description, prevention, and treatment.......... 257
pyemic and septicemic inflammation, symptoms and treatment........... 248
young, aphtha, or thrush, affecting, description and treatment............ 259
young, constipation affecting, cause and treatment...................... 250
young, diseases affecting, chapter by James Law...................... 244-260
young, rickets affecting, description and treatment...................... 260
young, ulcers in mouth, causes, symptoms, and treatment................. 20

Calving—
dropping and palsy following, description and treatment................. 231
retarded by nervousness.....-...... 0.2.00 000.0 c cece ccc e eee cece cece cess 176
BY MP tOMts jj. cides veered 1d Gok eets eeu ences avis eoeeese lessee: 170

Cancer, description and treatment..-.... 2.22.2... 00 00002 cee cee eee cece ee. 316

Capsule of eye, description......... 2.0.02. 0 2.02 o cece cece cece ce eee ee. 342

Capsules as method of administering medicines.......................2.-.--. 10

Carbolic-acid poisoning, description and treatment......................-.-. 61

Carbuncle, description......... 2.2 2...00 200 c eee cece cece eee cee 446

Carcinoma, description and treatment............ 000.000.0000 cece cece ee eee 316

Caries of the teeth, description............220. 0000020002 cece cence cece eee 18

Carpus, description and treatment......... 222.02. 000. 000 e cece eee ee ccc eee eee 278

Cartilage of ear, necrosis affecting ...... 2222.02.22... 000-002 c cece ceceeeeeees 356

Caruncula lachrymalis of eye, description..............022.020002ceeceeeeeeee 343

Casein concretions blocking teats, cause and treatment.............-...--2--0- 240

Casting the withers, cause and treatment.............2.00..00.22ee eee eeeee 211

Castration—
of the female, description of operation............-.....2.202ceec eee eee 301
of the male, description of operation....-..........00200 202 c cece ee eee eee 300

Cataract, causes, symptoms, and treatment....-..........2220 2022 348

Catarrh—
description, symptoms, and treatment.............2.22.2022. 2.2222 e ee ee 90
gastro-intestinal, causes, symptoms, and treatment....................... 31-34
malignant, description, symptoms, and treatment....................- 456-459
nasal, description, symptoms, and treatment..........-......2----2---2+--- 90

Catarrhal fever, infectious, description, symptoms, and treatment........... 456-459

Cattle—
animal parasites affecting, chapter by B. H. Ransom.................. 495-516
farcy, description and treatment.............2..2-.---222---0---2-22-5- 494
fever, southern, description, symptoms, etc ...........-.-.----+-------- 461-491
infected with anthrax, method.......--....--2-2+---2 2222-22222 eee eee ee 441
infectious diseases, chapter by D. E. Salmon and Theobald Smith...... 357-494
northern, immunization against Texas fever, manner...............--.-- 483
parasitic diseases, prevention ......-...--..-------------22+ 20022 eee 495
rabies affecting, description, symptoms, etc.............--.------++--+-- 394-397
tick, Margaropus annulatus, as carrier of Texas fever.....-....-.---------- 467
ticks, injurious effects of and losses caused by..........---------+-++-- 469-474
ticks, methods of ridding cattle from..............------++-+2+2+2--++- 474-483
tumors affecting, chapter by John R. Mohler.......-.-.--------------- 304-319

Cerebral apoplexy, description and treatment..........-..---.-----2++ee+ee+- 104

Cerebro-spinal division, description..........--------------2-0eeee eee eee eee i

Chapped teats, cause and treatment.....-......------ 2-2-2202 e cree eee trees
528 DISEASES OF CATTLE.

 

Charbon— (See also Anthrax.) Page.
cause, symptoms, etc....-..-----2--- 2-2 eee eee eee eee eee 440-446
symptomatique, description, cause, and treatment..--...--------------- 447-451

Chest, dropsy affecting, description and treatment.......-..--.-------------- 97

Choking, symptoms and treatment .....-.-..--.---..220 222022 eee eee eee 22, 292

Chorioptic mange, location and treatment..........-..--------ee eee eee eee 504

Choroid coat of the eye, description .........-....-0.-2-222 022 e eee eee eres 342

Chrondroma tumor, description and treatment...........-.----------2------- 314

Chronic tympanites, cause and treatment....-....-.--.------2---2--22- 22 eee 28

Coal-oil poisoning, description and treatment.......-....-...------+---+----+-- 61

Cenurus cerebralis affecting brain, treatment.....-.....--.-----------++------- 515

Coital exanthema, description, symptoms, and treatment ..........-.-------- 392

Cold in the head, description, symptoms, and treatment..............------- 90

Colic, causes, symptoms, and treatment.........-...--.----+-222--22-222 22 ee 3

Common mange, description and treatment 501

Concussion of the brain, cause, symptoms, and treatment-..........-..--.---- 104

Congenital imperfections in calves, kinds.........--------+--2--22-22--2----- 259

Congestion— ;
and inflammation of testicles, description and treatment................- 149
of brain, description and treatment............--...-------------------- 104
of liver, description, symptoms, and treatment.............-----2.------- 45

’ of spinal cord, description, symptoms, and treatment..............-. eee OF
of udder, description and treatment.............-2-2--2---2--22220222 220 231

Conjunctivitis—
causes, symptoms, and treatment...........--..--------------,--------+- 344
infectious catarrhal, symptoms, treatment, and prevention................ 344

Constipation—

CAUSE ATI PLOAT MON ccciclis cyst mie dnc nin cis Meishaeuecmaetis ind 12 Sess 38
of young calves, cause and treatment..................22-2.-0-2 2-0-2022 22 ee 250

Contagious—

Abortion, CaAUseSs.scecn<wanse aeusesieaaee res x EERE ERE LNs daa Kee as 165
abortion, prevention and treatment..........------.-.----2.2--22-e2e eee eee 169
inflammation of the udder, description, prevention, and treatment......-. 234
mammitis, description, prevention, and treatment...................-.--- 234
pleuro-pneumonia, cause, incubation, and symptoms..................- 2 367
pleuro-pneumonia, definition and history...........-..-..---2.-...------ 364
pleuro-pneumonia, postmortem appearance..............22.2-2-.2-22----- 370
pleuro-pneumonia, prevention and treatment..............--..-2.---.---. 378
scouring, acute, in newborn calves, description, prevention, and treat-

MEN bon cemesnciersicregewu wee sc esewil alee aie eeiee pee a saseee Mess ace 257
Contused or lacerated wounds, description and treatment...................-- 297
Contusions of lips, wounds, and snake bites of mouth, symptoms and treat-

MON.’ smadne seattle aciaa Secuieee ed eee Sis cdsyase sede. a: aL biatana aot atian Saheeeat 16

Copper poisoning, description and treatment................--2.-2...20-2-0-- 58

Cornea—
of eye; description sanssaucswesdve sew e 555k Genwi sees es asduicisis st.e e qeeceereleee 341
ulcers, cause, symptoms, and treatment..................220..-2220 cece ee 346

Corneal dermatoma, description and treatment....................222.022202- 349

Corneitis, causes, symptoms, and treatment...............2.-20.202 cece eee ee 345

COUgH, CRAM IMAION 50.5.0 cnnairidentn sac uemereeceeiies waseeeaeudamnanaes 87

Cowpox, description, symptoms, and treatment..............02.20..2002020- 237, 428

Cow; PIésnant , WY PIONS 3 .cnccmsscmncdiert ecntedas ie Jews eameeetanies Kuasemmies 156

Cramps of hind limbs during pregnancy, cause................22-020-20-000-e 158

Cranium, fracture, description and treatment...............20..0.20020..0000. 275

Creeps, description, symptoms, and treatment................0.0222..2....... 264
 

INDEX. 529
Page.
Croupous enteritis, description, symptoms, and treatment...................-- 37
Cud), loss, description 00.2 sav vention at mae ame ne cciedeckls s ceoeaedewey seed anoed 28
Cuts, barbed-wire, description and treatment..................-.. pA on seEAAE 299
CYyanosis, CAU8O. occ 2c js pea an dees: ciletiowe 2s eaeeeie educa aetose se boi as 79. 250
Cysts—
and tumors, description............2 22.20.0020 c cece cee eee eens 308
dental, description and treatment.............2..2.00.002 0022s eee e eee 318
dermoid and sebaceous, description and treatment......................-. 330
dermoid, description and treatment...............2.2..2200200 2 cece ee eee 318
extravasation, description........-.-2........2220 2 2c e eee eee eee eee eee 317
mucous, description and treatment...........2. 222-222. cee eee eee eee eee 319
parasitic, description................ 2.2200 e cece eee eee eee ee eeee 317
proliferation, description and treatment........--......-.-2-22-0020-2200+ 319
serous, description and treatment..............-...02. 220-20 e eee eee eee 318
Dandruff, causes, symptoms, and treatment..........-2...2.2--2-2202 eee ee eee 329
Deformities of the hoof, causes and treatment......-..-.....-..---------+------ 338
Dehorning; description. . 5 s.suss oss senoeeeeescsscworcewes $542 eeiet eda es vs 288
Demodectic mange, description and treatment-.............--------------+--- - 504
Dental cysts, description and treatment.................----.------------05- 318
Dermis, description........... 2-22-22 222 2222 eee eee eee eee eee 320
Dermoid—
and sebaceous cysts, description and treatment............-.------------ 330
cysts, description and treamtent..........-..------2- 2-2 eee eee ee eee eee 318
Diabetes—
insipidus, cause and treatment.......-.-..---------e eee eee eee eee eee ee 116
mellitus, description.........-..--22-2- 22-202 eee eee eee eee 120
Diarrhea—
and dysentery, causes, symptoms, and treatment (see also Gastro-intes-
tinal catarrh).....--..-.0- 2-22 eee eee eee teens 36
causes, symptoms, prevention, and treatment....... fala! bie ainineatareie eee a aa 251-257
in calves, causes, symptoms, and treatment........--.----------+-+2+2+ e+ 34
Dickson, William, and William H. Lowe, chapter on surgical operations....... 285-303
Dietetic poisons, description.......---.-------+-------02 secret treet teste 65
Digestive organs, diseases affecting, chapter by A. J. Murray... 2: 2ses<2 24 oes 14-52
Dilatation and hypertrophy of heart, description...........-------++-+-++++---- 79
Diphtheria of calf, description, cause, treatment, etc...--..-----------+---- 451-456
Dips for mange and scab........-----+-------2 222 c rr tre eter e eters 503
Disinfection, methods.......-..-------------+--2 srr r ttre etc 361
Dislocation of eyeball, cause and treatment.....-----------+++++---+2--2000- 353
Dislocations of bones, description and treatment.-.........---------+--+++--+7+ 279
Distention of rumen with food, description and treatment.....-.----.--------- 27
Diuresis, causes and treatment...-...------------+2+0ee rere cert ttre ttre 116
Drenching tube for treatment of worms....--------------++++rrrrtrttrrttre 508
Dropping following calving, description and treatment......----------------- 231
Dropsy—
general, of calf, cause and treatment.....------------+++errrcctrrr ttre 178
of abdomen, causes, symptoms, and treatment....-----------++++----007- 48
of abdomen of calf, description and treatment.....-----------+-+-27-077+ 177
of chest, description and treatment-......------+--+-+---rttrtrecrrrt 97
of hind limbs and between thighs, during pregnancy, cause..-.---------- 158
of membranes of fetus, description and treatment......----------++++++--- 159
of navel, description and treatment......-.---------+-++++-recctr tte 249
of womb, description and treatment.......-----------++eeeecrerrrrttte 158

61386—08——34
530

DISEASES OF CATTLE.

Dysentery—
and diarrhea, causes, symptoms, and treatment (see also Gastro-intes-

GES CAPARTH ddd arid en eceetetn dre cle Wieeaeciaua ose Gis bpeiousuel adashavee einteiee eae ase Se 36
chronic bacterial, description, treatment, etc..........------------------ 491
POC: NOUCIe 25-2 hae eet Eee ame pee arene mee eee RE 512

Dyspepsia, causes, symptoms, and treatment........--..-.-2------------ eee 31
Ears—
abscess affecting, treatment......--..-- 2-222. eee ee eee eee eee eee eee 354
cartilage; necrosis affecting. ..nn ccc c cece estes sacrere cose daeesee 356
diseases affecting, chapter by M. R. Trumbower.....-.....-----.------ 354-356
enchondroma, description and treatment........-...-.2..---------------- 356°
foreign bodies lodging in, symptoms and treatment...........--.-------- 355
frostbite, symptoms and treatment.............-22-- 022 e eee eee eee eee ee eee 355
fungoid growths, cause and treatment..........----.------------ 2-2 e eee 354
internal inflammation, symptoms and treatment.....-...-...-----.------ 354
lacerations, cause and treatment........------..-.-00---- eee eee eee eee eee 356
scurfy, cause and treatment............---------- eee eee eee ee eee eee eee 355
ticks affecting, treatment.........-.......--- great cre apc sp pda eks aac n cect Ege 505
Echinococcus granulosus, hydatids, description........-.--.-.-..-------------- 514
Ectropion of the eyelid, description and treatment..................---------- 350
Eczema—
description, causes, symptoms, and treatment...............------------ 325
epizootic, reference..........-.-.------------- Staaten Sa 380
Edema—
causes, symptoms, and treatment...........-...---- 2-0-2 e eee eee eee ee eee 329
malignant, description, symptoms, and treatment................-...... 459-461
Hlephantiasis, eserrpton' 52 cciciecaissivinnin cs duces ister sisi sa daweeenemecensss 329
Emphysema, description and treatment.............-..-2-----.22222-2--6-- 96, 333
Enchondroma of the ear, description and treatment........---..2--.--+------- 356
Encysted stomach worm, description and treatment..............22.-2---+---- 509
Endocarditis, description and treatment.............2.2.-.2.0-2-2-2- 2222 78
Enemata, uses and methods...........-----2-- 2220.22 c eee eee eee eee eee ee eeee 11
Enlargement and inflammation of the haw, description and treatment........ 353
Enteritis— :
causes, symptoms, post-mortem appearance, and treatment -.......-.--.. 37
croupous, description, symptoms, and treatment.......-.......-22..-.----- 37
gastro, causes, symptoms, and treatment.............-.-2-22-----------++ é 35
simple. (See Gastro-enteritis.)
Entropion of the eyelid, description and treatment.-.........-...........-0- 350
Epidermis, descriptions... :0..cceceseseseeed csevecescncecee ee deeeeeenenens 320
Epilepsy, description, cause, and treatment.......-.-.----2.0. 20.20 e eee e eee 105
Epistaxis, cause and treatment............ 022.2202 2202 e eee eee eee eee 91
Epizootic aphtha, reference......-....2 2.00.00 e cee cece eee cece eee ee eens 380
Ergotism—
and mycotic stomatitis, differentiation...........2..2.......0..0-00020005 521
description and treatment.........222 2-2... ee cece eee eee eee 66
Eruption, vesicular, of genital organs, description, symptoms, and treatment.. 392
Erythema, description, causes, and treatment...............2..2.22-2..00- 323
Esophagotomy, description and treatment................. 02200. 2 cece eee eee 293
Hstrlasis; Telerence aia suiceiewtedew sn eee ¥ex Ee Sa waive acme gueadsouenenescat 331
Eversion—
of bladder, description and treatment.........2.222..2220000 0c c eee eee 214
of eyelid, description and treatment...............00. 22000002000 eee eee 350
of womb, cause and treatment........... 000. c cece eee ee eee e eee eee cece 211
‘ INDEX. 531
‘ Page
Extrarasation cysts, description...... 2.2... 22000. 2 cece cee cece cece eee. 317
Extra-uterine gestation, description and treatment........................... 159
Eye—
and its appendages, diseases affecting, chapter by M. R. Trumbower.. 340-353
aqueous humor, description.-........... 0200020000000 e cece cece cece eee. 341
capsule, description............000 00000 o eee cece eee cece eee. 343
caruncula lachrymalis affecting.......22..00.022 0000 c ee eeecceee cece... 343
choroid coat, description......2...0..00 000.020 c eee cece cece eeeeeee 342
cornea, description... 2.22.20... 020000 c ccc cee e ccc ee eee 341
cornea, ulcers affecting, cause, symptoms, and treatment................ 346
MeSCr PLOT... 5 nacacher Aoancie's 2 RAaeaey Sulit acd wUhigse esa cumnencoeen 340
foreign bodies penetrating, treatment..........2..222...22020000--- eee 350
dons, description... sce ss eeileisde nee sangeet ba amemecneas yes is addvouccers 342
muscles, description......-.. 22.2222. 0. 00202 c cece cee cee cece eee e ee eee 342
parasites affecting, treatment...............02.0 00000 eee ee eee e eee eee 348, 516
puncta lachrymalia, description...........2..2. 020000 -2ee eee cece ee eeeee 343
retina, description... - ccc... s caecadee yes ccadioeeed ee eee asiescemuas 342
roundworms affecting, treatment.........-.-.-...22 2222 cee eee eee 516
sclerotic membrane, description............. 0.2.20 22220 0c eee eee ee eee eee 341
vitreous humor, description.............0.2222. 200200002 e cence eee eee 342
Eyeball—
description........... posseg SSDS RiEiate Slupsta GMS TneigeRR SARS An ls oy i ence 340
dislocation, cause and treatment..............2...2000 0022 eee eee eee eee 353
hairy tumor affecting, description and treatment.................22.222.- 349
Eyelashes, inversion, treatment.......---2. 222.020. e eee eee eee 349
Eyelids—
AeSCHIPHON : occas aknwes Labeedded a aeeceece ee Geeece Ry wi aed boca 343
ectropion affecting, description and treatment...............22.-..-.20-- 350
entropion, description and treatment........-...-.2.2..-2-22-0--2220--- 350
eversion, description and treatment.......--...----22-222--022222--25---- 350
inversion, description and treatment..............2..-20-..22-0.002222225- 350
laceration, cause and treatment......-.......-.222 200222 e ee eee eee eee 350
tumors affecting, description and treatment.............-...----- Predsicacinie 350
Face bones, fracture, description and treatment..........-.-.-2.-2.--2-2----- 274
Farcy in cattle, description and treatment............2.....--2.220---2----- 494
Fasciola—
hepatica, description and treatment......-...--.--2.-222--2---2--------- 512
magna, description and treatment.............-2...-.-222-.-----5-2----- 512
Fatty degeneration of the heart, description..............--.-.-----2.----2--- 79
Feed, character, analyses, effect on milk.................20..2--2-222------ 252-253
Feeding and foods, character, effect on digestive organs................-.---- 14
“Feed-lot” method of freeing cattle and pastures from ticks.............-..- 478
Fetlock—
below, fracture, treatment..........-.-.- 222.2222 e eee eee eee 279
sprain, causes and treatment............----.--2 2-222 eee e eee ee eee eee 266
Fetus—
developing outside womb, description and treatment.....-...-..--.----- 159
membranes, dropsy affecting, description and treatment.......-.-.-.---- 159
prolonged retention, description and treatment.......-....-..----------- 160
Fever—
milk, description, symptoms, and treatment........---.----------+--+--- 222
parturition, description, symptoms, and treatment..........------------ 222

Texas. (See Texas fever.)
5382 DISEASES OF CATTLE.

Fever—Continued. Page.
southern cattle, description, symptoms, etc .........-...-.--.---------- 461-491
splenetic, description, symptoms, etc..............---------+---e eee 461-491

Fibroma—
interdigital, description and treatment...........-.--2.220.---02--2-20-0-- 338
tumor, description and treatment........2..2..20.022020 2202-2022 e eee eee 312

Fibrous periostitis, description and treatment............-..---.-.---------- 263

Filaria—
cervina, worm found in the eye.................2. 22202 ee ence ee ee eee 348
labiato-papillosa, parasitic roundworm of cattle......-..-.-..--.-------- 496, 515
oculi, description and treatment...........-----2--2-22--0-0 0000 348

Fissure of the wall of hoof, description and treatment...........----.-------- 338

Fistula, milk, description and treatment........--.--.-2..-2--------+--+-+---- 242

I Jea8; TetEREM Ge pac, 5 s)cpcvacs tone eeaeabes Sd Bye Siareuadbhe dad yatc ans & 4: sp dbivsuianadsitnel dubaade sosebeesusndieee 332

Flies—
and mosquitos.......... Sibvdonotincny tons pemcin ean Shona eeees 332
INJUNMOUS:tO. Cattle... cece cue ees ceteaeae een ceeeee eee waee 495-500
Tarvall S11 OO at. oes cpstes cictnseesetstay Wevore- ay cust ahctecesti Sea dhedeSeaavor ctor one itn Seed ISatah peyote au ececweda 499

Flooding from the womb, description and treatment......-.....-...-..--.---- 210

Fly, Spanish, poison, description and treatment..........-..-....-..2.2.----- 69

Pluke disease of cattle sceccsesceveesaevewesesusveedege yeescaeuseiesteeeeece 512

Flukes of liver and lungs, description and treatment....................---.-. 512

Foods and feeding, character, effect on digestive organs...........-......---- 14

Foot—
diseases affecting, chapter by M. R. Trumbower................-.----- 335-339
foul, causes, symptoms, and treatment..... Siiasieteiaas aed Sema eee a ies 336
soreness, description and treatment............--.-----------20- 22-2 e eee 335

Foot-and-mouth disease—
benign, simple, or noninfectious.................2.-.2-220- 20-2 e eee eee eee 517
description, cause, symptoms, etc......-......22.220-22-2 22-2 e eee 380-387
similarity to mycotic stomatitis.............--...22.2..2---- 2-2 e ee eee 520

Foot rot, causes, symptoms, and treatment.........-.-....------------------- 336

Forage, insects on, description of poisonous effect......-...-.--....2-.-------- 68

Foul in foot, causes, symptoms, and treatment......-....-.....--22-.-------- 336

Founder, description, causes, symptoms, and treatment...................... 335

Fractures—
below hock and fetlock, description and treatment...........--..-..-.-... 278
compound, comminuted, and complicated, general symptoms..........-.. 269
description of different kinds and treatment..................-........-. 268-279
general treatments 2 ccicheiwun race doe ndtiewenmaues peau ee eeer we nss tadicew 269
of face bones, description and treatment...........-.2..2.22.-22-20-2020- 274
of hip point, causes and treatment............2.2.-2.0.20.22-2222000 002s 277
of horns, description and treatment.......-......-.-.-2.0222-22-2022200ee 274
of limbs, description and appliances for treatment...................... 278, 279
of lower jaw, cause and treatment.............2...20. 200-20 e cece eee ee 275
of metacarpus and metatarsus, description and treatment................. 278
of pelvis, description and treatment...................0.2000202 222 eee 175, 276
of ribs, cause and treatment............00.02 000 o eee eee eee ee eee 278
of spinal column, description and treatment..........-.......2-2-2-202020- 275
of vertebra, description and treatment.................0.002000 cece ee eee 275
special, descriptions and treatment..................0..0.00000200e eee 268

Frostbites—
of ears, symptoms and treatment............. 2.002.000 0000 355

PREATIMEN Gio peus oevAptia rane comdoraraine atecare eiciae!steloigtary Soares werent eth Looe 333
INDEX. 533
Page.
Fungi, poisonous, description of POISONING 04.b. 3 ganeeee apes va enilakioded dates 67
Fungoid growth of the ear, cause and treatment............................. 354
Fungus hematodes—
mauNeand teat sens p55 ands cdineydsaunaceaeua? voaegdessewaseclacs 352
AeseMIPU OD) oes eee ee do deayetash bitin ont qeeremad ceded e . opaamsuamemsce eee eae 316
Furunculus, causes, symptoms, and treatment................-.22.----222 2. 328
Ganglionic division of the nervous system.........................-...-...-.. 101
Gangrenous septicemia, symptoms and treatment............................ 459
Garget, description and treatment.......2 22.2202 2 eee e eee cece cece eee eee 231

Gas—
in calf, cause of swelling, treatment.............222.2.2-202--22-22.22222. 178
or air under the skin, symptoms and treatment.....................-..... 333

Gastro-enteritis, causes, symptoms, and treatment..........................-- 35
Gastro-intestinal catarrh, causes, symptoms, and treatment................... 31, 34
Generative organs—

diseases, chapter by James Law........-........02002 0200 e eee eeeeeeee 144-209

IBCUBBION Sica ecine eho wide iadere He wajegihacdaid = daybtlanwenae tao ax Baaeibaeed ta x ues 144
Genital organs, vesicular eruption affecting, description, symptoms, and

treatment... 52:2 Stosiwa ve Se aigh Heise dG HA Rae ee eleene eek es sa ta 392

Gestation, extra-uterine, description and treatment......................2.... 159
Gid parasite of sheep and cattle........... wig vivs Waheed ors ce wie cae ee 515
Glands of the skin, location and use.....-..-..-....2..2.2002 cece eee eee eee 321
Globe of the eye, description............2... 02.22 e eee eee eee 340
Gnats, buffalo, description and remedy..............2.2. 2022202022 e cece eee ee 497
Goiter, cause, description, symptoms, and treatment.......................... 311
Gonorrhea, description and treatment..........-.-...-2..0-00202 2222 e ee 152
Gravel—

description and (Causens.oxeds ye es yaseex es ssw enie ess cea sgeceld Ee a8 128

effect of different feeds ..........-.....2020 0222 -e eee eee eee eee 130

in prepuce, or sheath, treatment..............-2..0-.2.22-2020222-22--2---. 141
Grubs—

in cattle, description.....-.......-.-.-- safle thee tal PAs tania bee alae heGos 499

Inthe Skin: secrsciw es vs tamsce seed sence wee es teeeeeees ey dee eeesetcurs ss 331
Guinea worm (Dracunculus medinensis), note ........-----+-------2-2--------- 482
Gullet—

and pharynx, diseases affecting, description, symptoms, and treatment...... 19-24

wounds and injuries, cause and treatment..........---...--.2-..2---+---- 24
Gut, blind, parasites affecting...........-..------------- 2-2-2 e eee eee ee eee 451
Gut tie, description, causes, symptoms, and treatment......-...--..-.......- 43
Hematobia serrata, horn fly of cattle, description and treatment............. 332, 496
Hematopinus eurysternus and H. vituli, description and treatment.......... 500
Hemonchus contortus, description and treatment...............-.-2-----2-.5-- 506
Hematodes, fungus, description...........--.-------2-- 202-22 e eee eee eee 316
Hemoptysis, description and treatment........---------------++-+-2 eee eee eee 96
Hair—

balls; CaWSGseainc 3 tance es 2 3 Ladd s sheave ee ete eee ee esas weed 31

GONCTEHONS vcs cece sacdtee caensentun so oecipeSieeis se Cage hee era 31

Aeseriptions a. ce sciesisee ie es eels wee ene ee tine fe oe Hecieitinieinie Sele ete aniele 320
Harbaugh, W. H.—

chapter on ‘‘ Diseases of heart, blood vessels, and lymphatics” ......-....- 70-83

chapter on ‘Diseases of the nervous system”.......--.-.---------------- 99-110
Haw, inflammation and enlargement, description and treatment........-...--- 353

Health, public, relation of actinomycosis.........------+++++++++eeeeeeeeeeee 437
5384 DISEASES OF CATTLE.

 

 

Heart— Page.
blood vessels, and lymphatics, chapter by W. H. Harbaugh.............. 70-80
descriptions comse ss asacd Seige cia tisise Beare ee es eee 70
dilatation and hypertrophy, description. ............-.-2-.-2-0-2-2-2-0-- 79
fatty degeneration, description......... 2.22.0... 0222. e eee eee eee ee eee 79
Ow to €xXaMiING. .. 2s fescnc eco ae beeen soe cece SOR eS ee REESE See aw eee 74
injury by foreign bodies, description, symptoms, and treatment........... 75
misplacement, description.............-------- 2-2-2 e eee eee eee eee 79
palpitation; GeSCr PION occas cee cam ne ee and omens eadeeie aaa melee 74
TUpture, Ceser PHO <u. csc cwscceecicisoeeecanincmccme eee ceeumelsnatew ae 79
valves, diseases affecting, symptoms and treatment.............-..--.-.- 78

Heat prostration, symptoms and treatment.................------------------ 105

Heaves, description and treatment.............-.-.-2222---222- 62 eee eee eee 96

Heel, ulcerations, causes, and treatment..-..--.--.-----+------------ 22 -- ee eee 337

Hemaglobinuria, description, symptoms, and treatment.............--.. Rates 117

Hematuria, description, symptoms, and treatment.........--...------------- 117

Hemoptysis, description and treatment...........-.-.------ 2-22-22 e eee eee ee 96

Lem Orrhaee:, (reatMeit ic cncee saseeke wus eu ccccecek nue cence catenins 80

Hemorrhagic septicemia, causes, symptoms, etc.....-....----.------------ 389-392

Hepatitis, symptoms and treatment.............---.------ 2-2-2 e eee eee eee ee 46

Hernia—
of bowels, description and treatment..............2.0-----------22 ee eee 40
of rennet, description and treatment 40
of rumen, description and cause........-...-.--2---22202002 eee eee eee eee 39
of stomach, description and treatment...........2.....--22------+--+-+-- 40
of uterus, cause and treatment.......-....-.22..-2 2-00-2222 eee eee eee eee 158
peritoneal, description, causes, symptoms, and treatment...........-..--- 43
umbilical, description, causes, and treatment............................ 41, 248
ventral, description and causes......-..--2--02- 2022 - cece eee eee eee ee 39

Hip—
point, fracture, causes and treatment...........--2--2-- 22-2 - eee eee ee eee 277
sprain, cause and treatment.......-..---. 2-2-2222 e eee eee eee 267

Hock—
description and treatment............22--2. 222 eee ee eee 278
fracture below, description and treatment........--.....2.-.-2-----.----- 278

Hollow horn, imaginary disease........... 22.22.22 2. c eee eee eee eee eee 28

Hoof—
deformities, causes and treatment... 338
1688, CAUKES ANG: TrEAHMEN te asco cic cc cs one vie wee ewend caawewenaeeed exe 336
split, description and treatment............2.2.2.2022-2-0-220-02 2c e eee 338
wall, fissure affecting, description and treatment....-...................-. 338
wounds and pricks, treatment...............0..20.00 002 c cece ee ee ee eens 338

Hornfly (Hxmatobia serrata), affecting cattle.............220.0022220. 0-22 e ee 332, 496

Horns, fracture, description and treatment.......-.-........020022. 00220020 274

Hoven, causes, symptoms, and treatment............... 000200022 eee eee eee 24

Hydatids—
and flukes affecting the lungs of animals....................00.000-eeeeee 514
description and treatment...........2 2.220.022 cence cee cece e cece eeeee 514

Hydrocephalus, description and treatment......... 2.2.2.0. 02 c eee c eee eee ee 176

Hydrophobia. (See Rabies.)

Hydrothorax, description and treatment............ 0.2.0.2. 0 0c c eee eee eee ee 97

Hygiene of pregnant cow........... 200 s0 scence ee ee cee ce eee e nce eeeecaece 156

Hygromata, description and treatment............22.02.00.0-000.0-- 2022 e eee 317

Hyperplasia, relerencesssacasiesis. « ccieicsisiejeh eon balbe eamiioncice duck wemmeties 304
INDEX. 535
Hypertrophy— P:
. = age.
and atrophy, description..... 2.000.000.0000 0 cee cece ceeeceece cece eee. 125
and dilatation of the heart, description......................-............ 79
Hypoderma lineata, warble fly, description.................................... 499
Immunization of northern cattle against Texas fever, manner................. 483
Impetigo, description, causes, and treatment................................. 327
Incised wounds, description and treatment.......................-.......... 295
Incontinence of urine, cause and treatment..................-...-.......... 127
Incubation period of infectious diseases........2.2..- 00-22 ccececeec cece ee. 359
Indigestion—
caused by distension of rumen with food, description and treatment..... 27
causes, symptoms, and treatment..............0 200000 e eee 31
from drinking cold water, causes, symptoms, and treatment............... 33
in calves, causes, symptoms, and treatment.................--.2...---.-. 35
in young calves, causes, symptoms, and treatment....................... 250
Induration—
of mouth of womb, description and treatment................2..222----- 173
of tongue, symptoms and treatment.....-......02.0..0200. cee ee eee eee 21
Infectious—
aphtha, Teferen ees. oss cs ewes sseascsineede ess vcawadsaeds Je cccewsaccesveas 380
catarrhal conjunctivitis, symptoms, treatment, and prevention........... 344
catarrhal fever, description, symptoms, and treatment................- 456-459
diseases, difference in symptoms and lesions..................-...2.---- 358
diseases, general discussion. ..........-.-.2..222 20202 cece cece eee eee eee 357
diseases of cattle, chapter by D. E. Salmon and Theobald Smith. ...... 357-494
diseases, period of incubation................-.--. 22-0 20eeee eee e eee eee 359
diseases: treatment! s 2s acsatow. th Sanetees ves Cetecuu ocee old aseauemees 360
ophthalmia, reference............. 22.2002 2 ee cece eee eee eee eee ees 494
Inhalation of medicines, manner.............2.2 00000 e eee cece ee eee eee eee eee 12
Inflammation—
and congestion of testicles, description and treatment........-....------ 149
and enlargement of the haw, description and treatment.............. ... 353
contagious, of the udder, description, prevention, and treatment.......... 234
of brain and its membranes, causes, symptoms, and treatment.........-. 101
of internal ear, symptoms and treatment.................2---2-------00- 354
of kidneys, description, causes, symptoms, and treatment.......-..-..-.- 121
of liver, symptoms and treatment. .........2....22-.2020 222s eee eee eee 46
of mucous membrane of mouth, symptoms and treatment..........-..--- 19
of navel veins, description, symptoms, and treatment...........--------- 246
of parotid gland, symptoms and treatment................--..+---------- 20
of sheath and penis from bruising, prevention and treatment.......... -- 151
of sheath, causes and treatment............--.0-- 00-2 eee ee eee eee eee 149
of spleen, description... -< 222255 <5 Ho siete cg Heit eeeeeee Seen eines eeeee 47
of udder, description, symptoms, and treatment..._....-..-------------- 231
of urachus, causes and treatment.:-..-..---.---.----------------------- 245
of urethra, description and treatment...........------------------------ 152
of vagina, causes and treatment._...-....------------------------------ 219
of veins, description and treatment. .-..-...---.------------------------ 82
of womb, causes, symptoms, and treatment._..........-------------+--- 220
pyemic and septicemic, of joints of calves, symptoms and treatment. . - - - 248
traumatic, of the stomach, cause, symptoms, and treatment.......-.----- 36
Inflammatory diseases of the skin, description, symptoms, and treatment... 323-329
Insects on forage, description of poisoning. .........-.-------------+++-+++ 68

Intercostal muscles, rheumatism affecting, description and treatment......... 98
536 DISEASES OF CATTLE.

Page.

Interdigital fibroma, description and treatment. ........-.-2.-.----2+--2e eee 338
Intestinal—

parasites, description and treatment... .-....--.---- 2-206 - eee eee eee eee 510

WOrMS, TELTENCOL......c ccs e tec dee cee dR eE SaREE eee EEE eReEEe ceee ee xies 39
Intestines, roundworms affecting, kind and treatment................--..-.-- 505
Intussusception, causes, symptoms, postmortem appearance, and treatment... 37
Invagination, cause of obstruction of bowels, symptoms, and treatment....... 37
Inversion—

of eyelashes; treatments v.00 :.ciceac cae woe seeee cena ees cece eae 349

of eyelid, description and treatment...............2-.---- 202-022-2022 350
Inis; ‘descrip ti0tissswx0scsenexs'scaresas eee nee Ae cee eee ese ees ae saemeeetes 341
Itch—

MB OLSTOI CS 5 soaszjasetece isc fash os Secsesd soya oo SSSA Sac sas eae AS east hs sy po toes ghia hie ane race epeaB A 331

scab, mites, and mange, description and treatment..............-.....--- 501
Itching, cause and treatment........---...- 2220-2 eee eee eee ee eee eee eee eee 322
Ixodes bovis, reference.....-..-..--2- 2-0 eee ee eee eee eee ene eee eee eeee 332, 467
Jaundice, description, symptoms, and treatment............---...---------6 45
Jaw—

big. (See Actinomycosis.)

lower, fracture, cause and treatment..........2.2...-200e ence eee eens 275

lump. (See Actinomycosis.)

lumpy. (See Actinomycosis.)

poverty, caused by twisted wireworms..................---------0e-e-- 506
Jawbones, actinomycosis affecting, description and treatment.............. 430-439
Joint-ill, description, symptoms, and treatment....................2--2-000- 248
Kelis, causes, symptoms, and treatment. ..........2..-..2002 200 e eee eee eee 331
Keratitis, causes, symptoms, and treatment.......-...2..22.-2..2-0-000- eee 345
Kidney—

Of ox; descr ptioNs...as0secmeeewe ss sce ces seule seeganecenedeecnedoeve 114

parasites affecting, discussion.......-.-.--.-..2.22. 202202 e eee ee eee eee 125

stone in, description and treatment........-..-..--.-22..00. 202-2 eee eee 136
Kidneys—

inflammation, description, causes, symptoms, and treatment.............- 121

tumors affecting, description..........2..22.202 222.20 e ee eee ee eee eee 125°
Knee—

fracture below, description and treatment...............0.222222-220-0- 278

fracture, description and treatment........-.......0.22-20202 eee eee eee 278

tumors, description and treatment.............000002022222 cece eeceeeees 317
Knotting and twisting of bowels, causes, symptoms, and treatment....._..... 37
Labor pains before relaxation of passages...........-..2-.2.2020202ce cee eeeee 173
Lacerated wounds, description and treatment.........-.....2-2-.0.02eeeeeeee 297
Laceration of the eyelid, cause and treatment... ............0.22020-00-0eee 350
Lacerations—

and ruptures of the vagina, description and treatment._.......-......... 215

of the ear, cause and treatment. .__... 22.2.0... 0022 e cece eee eee eee 356
Lachrymal gland of the eye, description...............0.02000 0202 c cece cence 343
Laminitis, description, causes, symptoms, and treatment.................... 335
Laryngitis, cause and treatment... 2... 2.222.222 eee e eee cee eee ee 91
Laurel poisoning, description and treatment..............02.2.0220. 020 e eens 66
Law, James—

chapter on ‘‘ Diseases following parturition”. ...........0...2.0.0.2.2. 210-243

chapter on ‘‘ Diseases of the generative organs”....................-.2. 144-209

chapter on ‘‘ Diseases of the urinary organs”................2.-..-22.-- 111-143

chapter on ‘‘ Diseases of young calves”............0.00.20-0.0--00- 200 244-260
INDEX. 537

Lead poisoning, description, symptoms, and treatment...................-..-. a
Leeches in cattle, description and treatment........ 2.2... .20eceeceeeeceeeee 505
Lens of the eye, description...........0.0.. 022002 - cece cece cece eee i erapetaietaae 342
Leucorrhea, symptoms and treatment............ iE OedS Scere on Garcon are atgricks 219
Lice— a.

blue (Hematopinus eurysternus and H. vituli), description and treatment.. 500

red, description and treatment.............2.000000eecee cece cece ee cceeee 500
Lightning stroke, symptoms and treatment.............2..2-.-.-20-02-00-e L-. 108
Limbs, fracture of bones, description..............00.0000.ceceeceeceeecseeee 278
Lipoma tumor, description and treatment...........2..002002e.eeeeeceeeeees 314
Lips, contusions, wounds, and snake bites, symptoms and treatment........... 16
Liver—

and spleen, diseases affecting, causes, symptoms, and treatment........... 45-47

congestion, description, symptoms, and treatment...................--2--- 45

flukes, description and treatment...........2.2.22. 2.0.02 0 ee cece eee eee 512

inflammation affecting, symptoms and treatment....................2-2-- 46
Dock jaws Tolerance sj kote itches auc ein cpa ae ats ze eetpein ees wae aS 108
Loco weed poisoning, description and treatment..............-.----------2-- 65
Louse, red ( Trichodectes scalaris), description and treatment................-. 500
Lousimess:. Teferenee - 32.45 ewe. csc nasieieewae s-4-cisweenees vas cio sus oes Seni sen 331
Lowe, William H.—

and William Dickson, chapter on “Surgical operations”............-.- 285-303

chapter on “ Noncontagious diseases of organs of respiration’’............-. 85-98
Lump jaw. (See Actinomycosis.)

. Lumpy jaw. (See Actinomycosis.)
' Lung—

Bbscéss sd CSCTIP iON. ccd 1ccescdwe td cesesce Geek meee iene 97

tissue, parasites affecting. ............20. 2200-2 e ee eee eee eee eee 512

worms of cattle, description and treatment........-..---...--.----+------ 515
Lungs—

actinomycosis affecting.....- ihigefis eS Wee E ee Sees eeeie se tag eeeEliee 433

air tubes, parasites affecting, description and treatment.................. 515

bleeding from, description and treatment..................--------+---- 96

parasites affecting, NOtC.....--.2..c06.<scsieenaae essence ee nee ieee 512
Luxations of bones, description and treatment..........--.-------+-++--+-+-+-- 279
Lymphatics—

GeSCTIPtON: ou ce cea codailss Hicncedados te steaenee 25 Sere slees os oe seeds 2 72

heart, and blood vessels, diseases, chapter by W. H. Harbaugh......-..... 70-80
Malignant—

catarrh, description, symptoms, and treatment.....-.-.-.------------- 456-459

edema, description, symptoms, and treatment....-.-..-.-.-.---------- 459-461

pustule, description.....------.. +--+ 22-2 eee eee eee eee eee eee eee eee 446

tumors, description........----...-. 202-22 e ee eee eee ee eee eee 307
Mammitis— .

contagious, description, prevention, and treatment............--.------+- 234

simple, description, symptoms, and treatment.........--.-----+-----+++++ 231
Mange—

common, description and treatment ...---..------- +--+ +--+ eee eee eee 501

demodectic, description and treatment........---------------+++ee reer eee 504

itch, scab, mites, description and treatment......-...---------+--+-++--+- 501

psoroptic, description and treatment.....-..------------+++++2 cree ee eee 501

yeference.... 22.22. eee eee ee ee eee eter cee etree eer eestees 331

Margaropus annulatus, Texas fever tick.......--------+++++++++++-eeeecrctee 467
338 DISEASES OF CATTLE.

Page.

fleasly beef, description and prevention...........-....- 20.0022 eee eee eee 514
“ledicine, use of vegetable poisons, description, symptoms, and treatment.... 63-67
Medicines, administration, methods, chapter by Leonard Pearson........-..... 9-13
fembrana nictitans of eye, description...........-...--222.202. 2-222 ee eee eee 343
feninges, number and functions..............- 2-0-2202 2c eee eee eee 101
Mercury poisoning, symptoms and treatment...........2-22. 2.2.22 59
Aetacarpus, fracture, description and treatment.............20..22.222-0026- 278
Aletatarsus, fracture, description and treatment........-...--.....22002 eee eee 278
fetritis, causes, symptoms and treatment...........---2..02-2202 00 eee eee 220
Aetroperitonitis, causes, symptoms, and treatment...........-.....22-22------ 220
Vicrococcus prodigiosus, parasite of bloody milk ................2------------ 239
Microorganisms, transMissl OD)sie.2.<00ior ase i aweiieneninessdeseeeuisenesec cecal 359
Ailk— :

bloody and blue, cause and treatment...............------------------- 239

duct, closure and thickening of mucous membrane, cause and treatment.. 241

duct, closure by membrane, description and treatment............-..---- 242

effect of different feeds, analyses.........-.----------+----2-+--------- 252, 253

fever, description, symptoms, and treatment .........-...-.---2----+--+--- 222

fistula, description and treatment........-...22.20.2202. 000-2 e eee eee eee 242

stringy; Catisean dtreatMen hore. c.onccen are gemoueel oewulebietee eee wes 239

suppression, cause and treatment.........-...-. 20-02 ee eee eee ee eee eee 238
fineral—

acid poisoning, description and treatment......-....---2-.-.-2------220 59

poisons, description of kinds.......-......22..--0 020222202 eee eee eee eee 56
Aisplacement of heart, description................ 222.2202 e eee eee eee eee 79
fites—

COSCREP EO Thy c cone eccccreverda nas Qrnteinsmriee Ceara RA ee ae oe SIGH ET eee 500

mange, itch, scab, description and treatment.................-..--0--005 501
fohler, John R.—

chapter on ‘‘Mycotic stomatitis of cattle’’........2-2.22-22-..220.0000-0- 517-522

chapter on “Tumors affecting cattle”’........2.222.22.22----2--..---.-- 304-819
fonstrosities in the calf, descriptions, causes, and treatment...............- 179-205
foor-ill, description, symptoms, and treatment............-..2--.2-..220200- 117
forphia and opium poisoning, description and treatment..................... 63
Losquitoes—

and adult flies, injurious to cattle............2.-20.. 2022022200 e ee eee eee 495

and MISH; TELETENCE. oi cieinisiasiesaicsact.cin15,2/ eh ase AONE Ecaearesoas eas 332
fouth—

diseases affecting, symptoms and treatment..........-.........202222--- 16-21

inflammation of mucous membrane, cause, symptoms, and treatment... 19

method of administering MOCCICID GBS veces co seew aman a Weenie oan 9

ulcers affecting, in young calves, causes, symptoms, and treatment....... 20
fucopurulent discharge from passages, symptoms and treatment.............. 219
fucous cysts, description and treatment............0.0. 02000. e cece ee eee eens 319
fucous membrane— ,

of mouth, inflammation, cause, symptoms, and treatment................. 19

thickening and closure of milk duct, cause and treatment................ 241
Turray, A. J., chapter on ‘‘ Diseases of digestive organs”................-..4- 14-52
fuscles—

intercostal, rheumatism affecting, description and treatment............. 98

of calf, rigid contraction, cause and treatment...............-2.0-00--0-. 178

Of The! OY6, d OSCR POT wasn an recon oareqemeyeinsdlalWieetne da aisles Scoiuaevnuiaaen 342
INDEX. 539
Mycotic stomatitis— Page.
character, cause, symptoms, lesions, etc.........-..-200000-0--- 2002202. 518
diagnosis and treatment. ...2..... 22022 o ooo cece cee cece cece... 520
of cattle, chapter by John R. Mohler.....................-.------ 517-522
PLEVAlENCE sarercides hanelues int Goeiee: wenden IC ee, Coo le 517
SYNOD YING 6s scssalen eq imrecwes sseeneed ie yy dy dulecicueniea en ood deiuaddcose 517
Myocarditis, description, symptoms, and treatment........................... 78
Myoma tumor, description and treatment.................--------0 ee 310
Myxoma tumor, description and treatment...........2....-20---2ee0ceeee ee. 315
Nagana, description, symptoms, and treatment...............02.0.20-0.20000- 493
Nasal catarrh, description, symptoms, and treatment........................ 90
Navel—
abscess affecting, causes and treatment...........2...0022200 22 ecee cece eee 246
bleeding, cause and treatment......... 22.22.0200 2 cece cece eee c ee eee 245
breach, symptoms and treatment..........0..0000000ccccecececeeeecceeee 248
dropsy, description and treatment...............0022 000 eee e eee eeeeeceee 249
string constricting member of fetus, description..................22.-22--- 176
urine discharged through, description and treatment..................... 245
urine duct, inflammation, cause and treatment............-.2.2.2--0.0--- 235
veins, inflammation, description, causes, and treatment................-. 246
Necrosis—
and diseases of cartilage of the ear, cause and treatment.................. 356
of the bony orbit, cause and treatment.......--22....02. 0.0202 eee e eens 352
Necrotic stomatitis, description, symptoms, and treatment................. 451-456
Neoformation, reference..........-.. 2222022222202 2 cece eee ee eee eee eee 304
Neoplasm, reference........-.....2-.--- 2222 e eee eee eee ee cece een eneeee 304
Nephritis, description, causes, symptoms, and tréatment....................-. 121
Nerves; descriptions «css: eciws eee cee aeyseeane eos veamieieeees eee 5 semues 100
Nervousness cause of retarding calving.............-..----2- 2-22-22 eee eee eee 176
Nervous system, diseases, chapter by W. H. Harbaugh.....................-- 99-110
Nettle rash, description, causes, and treatment......-...--.-...0--20---+---- 324
Neurofibroma tumor, description and treatment.........-....2.22-2.-22-+--- 310
Nodular disease of intestines due to hook worms, note............--.-+---+--- 511
Noncontagious abortion—
CAUSES .ioi.i2 sot ocee o5 ee Steels oe See eeee sve oe eee eee x vo eee eee 161
TreatMION C. c.s5 ecields.cle oeegeece ates e tte teeth oe kee see 168
Noncontagious diseases of organs of respiration, chapter by William H. Lowe.. 85-98
Noninfectious foot-and-mouth disease, reference......-......-------------+-- 517
Nose bleeding, cause and treatment..........------------ 222-2202 e eee eee eee 91
Nostrils, method of administering medicines. ................---------+---+- 12
Nymphomania in female, cause and treatment.-..-.--....-.-.----+---+-+-+-+-- 145
Obstruction—
of arteries, description and treatment.........-..-.------2-+02+e eee eee 82
of bowels, resulting from invagination, causes, symptoms, etc.........-..-. 37
to parturition by full bladder or rectum ........--.---------+--+++--+-+- 176
to parturition by masses of fat, cause .....------------------ +2202 2c eres 175
Gsophagostoma columbianum, parasite causing nodular disease, treatment... .- 511
Oidium albicans, parasite causing aphtha, or thrush...-.....------------++++- 259
Operations—
asepsis, important.......-..20.------2ee eee ee eee cere tenet erect esses 285
surgical, chapter by William Dickson.........-..-----+++++++++--++++- 285-303
surgical, manner of securing the animals........--.-------- -+----+++++++

uses of anesthesia.........----0--- eee eee eee eee ere erent tteeee
540 DISEASES OF CATTLE.

Ophthalmia— Page.
simple, causes, symptoms, and treatment........-.-----------22eeeeeee- 344
specific, symptoms, treatment, and prevention.........-.--------+-+++-+-- 344

Opium and morphia poisoning, description and treatment.........--.-.--.--- 63

Orbit— :
bony, necrosis affecting, cause and treatment................--+-------+- 352
fracture, cause and treatment.......--..-- 2-2. eee eee ee eee eee eee ee 352
tumors, cause and treatment.............. 2022 eee eee eee 352

Orbital—
and periorbital abscess, symptoms and treatment.....-..- ene faeex 01
cavity of the eye, description...........2...... 22-22-2022 eee eee eee eee 342

Orchitis, description and treatment...........2-2...--- 2-22-2022 eee eee ee eee 149

Irnithodoros megnini, ear tick of cattle.............--. 220-2 e eee eee eee eee 505

Osteitis, description and treatment..............222-- 2222-02-22 e eee eee eee eee 262

Osteoma, description and treatment............---- 222-22 e eee eee eee ee 315

Osteomalacia, description, symptoms, and treatment...........2..2..2...2.4- 264

Osteo-myelitis, description and treatment.............22.222222 22222 eee eee 263

Istertagia ostertagi, encysted stomach worm of cattle................---------- 509

Otitis, symptoms and treatment..........2... eee eee eee eee eee 354

Ovariotomy, description of the operation...........2...2...20002- eee eee eee ee 301

Ovum, inclosed, description and treatment.............22200222-0. 22222 e eee 179

OX WALDLES) FELCTEN CO aro «syncs cavern bidiamidian dermmarnasnhaetwalea Chase Nabnmd ene 500

Pains, labor, before relaxation of passages.......-....--2.---ee eee cece e eee eee 173

Palpitation of heart, description............... 02.2222 e eee eee eee ee eee eee 74

Palsy—
following calving, description and treatment............-..2--.22.2.-24- 231
of neck of bladder, cause and treatment...........---.-.-----e eee e eee ee 127

Papillary growths and warts on the penis, treatment.......-..-......----2--- 152

Papilloma, description and treatment.............2..-200. 2-202 eee eee e ences 313

Paralysis—
eseripttons: os edas tact dcendetecceetendm ain tees eae aan need 107
of bladder, causes and treatment...........2....-0220-- 2-2 e eee eee eee 126
of hind parts during pregnancy, cause and treatment............-...... -- 159
of rear parts of body, symptoms and treatment.....-...-...2.......-.-00- 107

Paramphistomum cervi, parasite affecting cattle... 2.2. ..22.... 2200. e eee 505

Paraplegia, symptoms and treatment. -........-..2.-2-.20- 00222 e eee ee eee 107

Parasites—
animal, of cattle, chapter by B. H Ransom.......................--- 495-516
of air tubes of lungs, description and treatment.............-.-.....--- 515
OF DIO 5. a ee io sree everest wa xserver cae Gwin iets Sale Sac, oeidand udracnere aw aaneeeeeeaien 516
‘oF blood yemilles. 3a ati iss erase se arca dog Sabigie tua eevee addeien Emaar eames 239
of ear, kinds and treatment.............. i ate sich tn epaepaatei nenetavere AEN ot 505
of eye, kinds and treatment... 2.2.2... 0200000 c cece cece cece cece eeeees 516
of intestinal tract, kinds and treatment...............2.22-2020020e-eeee 510
Of IAMS y; iSCUSSION uc cae ao Geaadws dre acct stems Aewenewexicers 125
OF MGs RANG Bieta: 5 can orcicomnntn Teas icra ea ep ela oa! 515
of stomach, kinds and treatment. .......2.......00 000 e cece cece eee eeee 505

Parasitic cysts, Ceserption. 1... .c0< ce sepnarewes ke ced tincieedease a0 cg encasement 317

Parasitic diseases—
of cattle, prevention ... 2:2 200.ss5545eiavewee cee veceunnacaussuaudwuueat 507
Of the Shite. sce mxewewiite ss ck a eebdnwie nase codsvesaaanetiecig dace 331-333

Parotid gland, inflammation, cause, symptoms, and treatment.............. 22

Parotitis, causes, symptoms, and treatment.......... 2.0... cece cece cece cece 20
INDEX. 541
Parturient— Page
apoplexy, description, symptoms, and treatment..................00--0- ey)
collapse, description, symptoms, and treatment......................... 222
Parturition—
difficult, suggestions for assistant......... 22.22.2020 0ceeeececec cess sees. 171
diseases following, chapter by James Law............-... -+---- 210-243
fever, description, symptoms, and treatment...................222.20.. 222
obstacles, causes... 2.2.2.2 eee eee eee eee eee e eee Rie tap hopes 171
Pastures, how to free from ticks..... 2.2.0... 2 200202 e cece cece cece ceccccecees 477
Paunch, distention with food, description and treatment..................2. 27
Pearson, Leonard, chapter on ‘‘ Administration of medicines”................ 9-13
Pelvis—
fracture, description and treatment. ............2..2.-0----e cece eceeeee 276
narrow, fracture, cause of difficult parturition................2..2...02- 175
Pemphigus, symptoms and treatment.................02.2-2 2-2 e eee eee eee 328
Penis—
and sheath, inflammation from bruising, prevention and treatment. ...... 151
ulcers affecting, cause and treatment... .........00.0220200ee ee eee eee 153
warts and papillary growths, treatment.................-2.20-0-0-0-00ee 152
wounds, cause and treatment.............. 220.002 e cece eee eee eee 153
Percussion, method of examination... .- 2.2.2.2... 0.22 ce cece e eee eee eee ee 90
Pericarditis, symptoms and treatment..........20..2. 020. e eee eee eee ee 77
Periorbital and orbital abscess, symptoms and treatment...............-. 351
Periostis, aseptic, purulent, and fibrous, description and treatment.......... 262
Peritoneal hernia, description, causes, symptoms, and treatment............ 43
Peritoneum, diseases affecting, causes, symptoms, and treatment...........-. 47-49
Peritonitis, causes, symptoms, and treatment......-....---.-.----+-----1--- 47
Persistent urachus, description and treatment....-.--.--------------++--+-- 245
Pharyngeal polypi, description and treatment. .........-..--.--------2--ee 21
Pharyngitis, symptoms, causes, and treatment.........-..-..-..-------- roa 19
Pharynx—
and gullet, diseases, description, symptoms, and treatment...........-. 19-24
tumors affecting, description and treatment... ........-.--.-2--+--2-e-+ 21
Phlebitis—
description and treatment. .....-...-.--. 2-2-2 e eee eee eee ee eee 82
umbilical, description, symptoms, and treatment. -..--.-.-.-.---------+- 246
Phosphorus poisoning, symptoms and treatment..........-.----------++--- 59
Phthiriasis, reference... ..--.-2 22-220 - ee eee eee eee ee eee nee eees 331
Pica, description, causes, and treatment......-.-..-------------- eee cere eee 30
Pink eye. (See Ophthalmia.)
Piroplasma bigeminum, protozoon causing Texas fever. ...--...-.--------++++ 516
Pityriasis, causes, symptoms, and treatment... ..---..--------- +--+ eee reese 329
Plants, poisonous, description of poisoning. .....--.--.--.-----+++++ee eee eee 66
Pleurisy, description, symptoms, and treatment. ......----------+++++--+-+ 93
Pleurodynia, description and treatment. ......-----------+--2++eee teeter eee 98
Pleuro-pneumonia—
cause, incubation, and symptoms. .......------+-+-+++--e eee eect tees 367
definition and history. .....-..--.---2-2- 2+ ee eee cece eee e ee 364
postmortem appearance. .-..-..--------- dies waalneee cee Seacoast 370
prevention and treatment. .......-----------+e sree eect eee creer etree 373
Pneumonia, description, symptoms, and treatment..........------+-+------+-- 94
Pneumothorax, description and treatment. ....-.------------++-++ errr rere 97

Poison, definition.........-...22+02eeee eee eeereeee snes eeccse essere stsnes 53
542 DISEASES OF CATTLE.

Poisoning— Page.
aconite, description and treatment........-.------+--+-2-- 22 eee eee eee 64
and poisons, chapter by V. T. Atkinson. .......----.----------+-++---+- 53-69
by acids, description and treatment... .---.-.------------- +--+ 2222+ ee 59
by alkalies, description and treatment.......------------+---2+-+-+-0- 60
by animal products, description and treatment...-...--.-----------++-- 67
by arsenic, description, symptoms, and treatment.........-------------- 56
by carbolic acid, description and treatment. ...-.-...-.------------+--- 61
by coal oil, description and treatment... .......--.-2.-------2-+-- 2-2 61
by copper, description and treatment........--.---------------+------ 58
by insects on forage, description... ...--.--...-------+-+ eee eee ee eee eee 68
by laurel, description and treatment. .....--.....------+-------- eee eee 66
by lead, description, symptoms, and treatment. ........-..-------------- 57
by loco weed, description and treatment. ........--.------------------- 65
by mercury, description, symptoms, and treatment. -.-...--.------.---- 59
by phosphorus, symptoms and treatment. ...........-----------------+-- 59
by poisonous fungi, description. ........-....-.-------- 2-222 - eee eee ee 67
by poisonous plants, description. .......--.--- 22-2222 eee eee eee eee eee 66
by salt and saltpeter, description, symptoms, and treatment.........-..- 62
by strychnine, description and treatment... .........2..-2---------22ee 64
general symptoms and treatment...-....---...2---- 222-2 e eee eee eee 55
BOUT CES a: oc 5.5 ip nice snd awn aren prsiounla gon. Se: H SymienDaraudunresdé Sie a iarevevave Querensle @-oa"e ae8eee 53

Poisonous—
fungi, description of poisoning. ...-.............2222 eee eee eee eee eee 67
plants, description of poisoning. .....-...2. 2.2.2.2 eee eee eee eee eee 66

Poisons—
and poisoning, chapter by V. T. Atkinson. ..............22.2--2-22---4- 53-69
déscription of actions s.ecivcucmas sss ctideecawes ¥ oes taaeeeeeee yess eeeees 54
AICtEtIC; eserip tons: <dsiere ice Seca nede ies Sole oes Hague dale Seas eee 65
mirieral, descriptions ns... asec suieled se cccdis se eaueed she eetdelonenae Sec-e tees 56-59
vegetable, uses as medicine... ..........2..2 02022-0222 e eee eee eee 63-67

Polydesmus excitans, effect on cattle. ........--.------2- 222-222 eee eee ee ee 14

Polypi, pharyngeal, description and treatment......-.......-2----2---2------- 21

Polyps, description and treatment... ........2..22.- 222-22 e eee eee eee 314

Polypus of the vagina or uterus, description and treatment.........-..-.---- 153

Polytrinctum trifolit, effect on cattle... ......2..--22222 222 eee eee eee 15

Polyuria, causes and treatment.........2.. 22.22. e ee eee eee cee 116

Pork:and beef measles; note. a4 <2 ox++.s eeseyesdaues ssa saguewseeeey soleus 514, 515

Poverty jaw and scours, caused by twisted wireworm, treatment............. 506

Pregnancy—
cramps of hind limbs during, cause. ........ 2.222.222 22.020 eee eee eee ee 158
UPTON < 255 se visoin stecctslasceiete's lela’ oeis Bae 7 adapts caches 156
BIOUB Sad carnee pic's Vue dp seucuiaen yess os wateseiaas ed to actin ev a,e anes 154

Pregnant cow, hygiene: < s«séssese4 004s caciee teehee sen ncdeeauiee pods aeane 156

Prepuce, calculi affecting, treatment... ......-2. 22.00.0022 ee eee eee eee 141

Présentation, Natural veo: seine ois-s 4.2.4 daehaududelle pen Go meneraae ee Fao ReOR 171

Pricks and wounds of the hoof, treatment...........20.22.200.2 cece eee eee 338

Probang, use in prevention of choking. .........2....2. 22.2 c cee ee eee eee ee 23

Prolapsus vaginee, description and treatment.............2...22-----e2---- 158

Proliferation cysts, description and treatment.............0.2.2020-020e0eeee 319

Prostration from heat, cause, symptoms, and treatment.................-.-.2- 105

Protrusion of the vagina, description and treatment..................-.-.2-.ee 158

Protozoa—
as intestinal parasites, note...........22.2.2. 2.22.02 cece eee eee ee eeee 512

OHNO ide Se ccs atch antatia a mea dc arent neey: item ety aint cen tne Act 358
INDEX. 543
: Se Page
Pruritis, causes and treatment.......0.0 00.000 e ce cece cece cece cece cece 822
Pseudoplasm, reference....... 22.02.22 c eee ccc ccc ee cece cc eeecceeeeceees 304
Psoroptes communis bovis, mite causing common mange............---.-.-.00- 501
Psoroptic mange, description and treatment... ......2..--0ce cece cence eee 501
Pucinnia arundinacea, P. coronata, P. graminis, P. straminis, effect on cattle... 14
Pulex irritans, reference. .....-. 2.20.0. 0 020 c cece eee cece cece ee cccececeue 332
Pulmonary congestion, treatment.............000 00002 e cece cece eecececeeaee 96
Pulse—
GeSEri PUN si ccicosee le tad a ya ae eee re dates asin Selle 73
OXSMIMA MON dpe cadoeae ven eee oe oY eee en na ne oa at ats 88
Puncta lachrymalia of the eye, description..............0.0- 0020 ce cece cece ee 343
Purulent periostes, description and treatment..............0.22.020200e2ee eee 263
Pustule—
description, causes, and treatment...........2222. 0202 e eee eee eee eee 327
malignant, in man, description......-..-.-..2..2. 2202 e cece eee e ee eee eee 446
Pterygium, description and treatment..-.....2.....0.20.202 2c eee eee eee eee 349
Pyemia and septicemia, causes, symptoms, and treatment............ Ste ttde 387
Pyemic and septicemic inflammation of joints in calves, description, symp-
toms; and treatment 22.5 sec cc sicdc.we occ Se ianieiet tu dn eaeevte down oda wean 248
Quarter-ill, description, cause, and treatment................-..----0-0-00- 447-451
Rabies of cattle, description, symptoms, etc....-.-...-..--02. 20-22 e ee eee eee 394-397
Rachitis, description and treatment.....--... 2-22-2222 22-2 e eee eee eee eee eee 264
Ransom, B. H., chapter on “ Animal parasites of cattle’’.....-....---...-.-- 495-516
Rauschbrand, description, cause, and treatment...........-.-2----2---+--- 447-45]
Rectal injections, uses and methods......-.......-2---22222- 202-22 e eee eee 11
Rectum—
method of administering medicines............-..-.-2.-2-- 00-222 e eee eee 11
or bladder, full, obstruction to parturition...........22.-22---.222-.22-- ween 176
Red dysentery; Note. coset. o0 a ciascidies op ede Ged pee Oe een 512
Red water, description, symptoms, and treatment............-..--..--------- 117
Renal calculi, description and treatment.......--..-..--...2- 2-20-22 - ee eee eee 136
Regulations, sanitary, for controlling Texas fever..........-....----------+6+ 488
Rennet, hernia affecting, description and treatment.............---------+-- 40
Respiration—
how’ toexaMine ss. cececesssece secs s ovine nee te eee cisee emcee es veut nel een 87
organs, noncontagious diseases affecting, chapter by William H. Lowe...... 85-98
organs, methods of diagnosis......--.-----.-0-0-0- 0-22 e eee eee eee e eee ee 85
Retina of the eye, description............-.- BAS Silent hs aha de tiled 342
Rheumatism—
articular and muscular, symptoms, prevention, and treatment.........---- 283
of intercostal muscles, description and treatment..........-----------+-- 98
Ribs, fracture, cause and treatment.....-.-.---------+--- 22ers eee eee eee eee 278
Rickets—
description and treatment.....-....-------- 222s eee eee eee eect terres 264
in young calves, description and treatment........-------++++++++++-----+ 260
Rinderpest, description, cause, eympions, Clan aecs oon ae eee eee Tew ES 375-380
Ringing the bull, description......-..1-----+------002--2ee rete ee ce eects ree 287
Ringworm, description, symptoms, and treatment........-------+----+++++-++- 332
Roundworms—
description........--.2+2222eceee cece cece cere eee tttrr eter esses eee es 510
of eye, treatment......-...-2.-- 2-222 eee e eee e etree cette etree 516
of intestine, kinds and treatment......---------------+++ee cree scree rtee

of stomach, description...........------+--- 2-22 r treet cece crest tess
544 DISEASES OF CATTLE.

Rumen— Page.
distention with food, description and treatment......----++-++-++ee+reree+- 27
hernia, description and cause.....-...-..-- 22-2222 eee eee ener eters 39
puncturing, description...........2.... 2-22-22 2e ee eee reece etree 293

Rumenotomy, description............2. 2-22-0222 eee eee eee eee eres 293

Rupture—
of bladder, symptoms........-..-..2---2--0--ee reece eee eee e terete 214
of heart, description..........22.2--- 2-02-02 e reece eee eter terete rete 79
of womb, cause and treatment.........--------2- 22-2 e eee reece cere 215

Ruptures—
and lacerations of the vagina, description and treatment.....---.--------- 215
description and cause.....-...--22---------- eee e reece cere ects crete 39

“ Saccharomyces albicans, parasite of aphtha, or thrush.....-....--------------+-- 260
Salivation, cause, symptoms, and treatment.....-.------------------+----2++-- 17
Salmon, D. E., and Theobald Smith, chapter on ‘Infectious diseases of

Cattle? sic. cule eeawees bs oveaetenea dune caeeeeeaatitenmanaeeeds ce 357-494

Salt, common, poisoning, description, symptoms, and treatment...--.---.----- 62

Saltpeter poisoning, description, symptoms, and treatment.............-.----- 62

Sarcoma tumor, description and treatment......-..-.-----------+-+-+-2- eee eee 315

Satyriasis in male, cause and treatment......---.---------------------- +--+ 145

Scab, mites, mange, itch, description of kinds and treatment.........--------- 501

Scabby teats, treatment... 20.2. .2.0 5c ee cheee ge ese sare ESE GE RES oS SE SERS 240

Scabies, reference.......--..----------- avidin Cote meektees teRe eee eS 331

Scalds and burns, causes and treatment..-.....-.-.--.--- 2. eee eee eee eee 333

Schistosoma bovis, cause of bloody urine.........-----.----+--2--2- 22-2 e eee ee 516

Scleroderma,, désCM Pi OD sic <xsiacc cee semana neue merase ne toeieeeiee get 329

Sclerotic membrane of eye, description..........-------- 2-2... eee 341

Scouring—
acute contagious, in newborn calves, description, prevention, and treat-

MCN ti wcuheesssecetkeecacesaesetesuaenm sy esd beck eaw dels deucledechteicwis 257
causes, symptoms, prevention, and treatment..............--..------- 251-257

Scours—
and poverty jaw, caused by twisted wireworm, treatment...........-.---- 506
causes, symptoms, and treatment..........2....22- eee eee eee eee 34

Screwworms affecting animals, description and remedy.......-.....--------+-- 498

Scurf, causes, symptoms, and treatment......-......2.2-2.-0-22022020000- secex $29

Scurfy ears, cause and treatment............ 222.2222 eee eee eee eee eee 355

Sebaceous—
and dermoid cysts, description and treatment..................-------00- 330
Glands) LOCAbIOMS ciccinanncoltn o.0.Femeemacie not etaresaaa wencncentecieenss 321

Seborrhea, causes, symptoms, and treatment.................2...000. eee eee 329

Secretions, how to examine.......-..... 0222-200 cece eee eee cee ccc eens 97

Septicemia—
and pyemia, causes, symptoms, and treatment.................2..2220005 387
gangrenous, description, symptoms, and treatment..................-..-6 459
hemorrhagic, causes, symptoms, etc..............2.000 0002 cece ee eee eee 389-392

Septicemic and pyemic inflammation of apa in calves, description, symp-

toms; and: treatmettecss: nice aces nee aehcadienienamiaciease cg manasrag oie oe 248

Serous cysts, description and treatment.............. 2202222220222 eee eee eee 318

Setoning, description and use.............2..2-22-0222 2222 e eee eee eee eee 291

Sheath—
and penis, inflammation from bruising, prevention and treatment.....___. 151
calculi affecting, treatment..........-.. 2.2.02. 2 222 e eee eee eel 141
INDEX. 545

Shoulder joint, sprain, causes and treatment............2.0....0...00.02.2..0-- "968
Simulium pecuarum, reference....----.--- 2200020 332
Skeleton, number of bones..............2-2.-..2-22222--- Siete Se ere Berek 261
Skin—
descriptions): -ascsiysewe ss tz aeedeg ex $y onescu sees ed eee ee eenees 320
diseases, chapter by M. R. Trumbower.............2222-.2.0.2202-00-4- 320-334
gas or air under, symptoms and treatment..............-....20----2.22202-- 333
glands, location and. U9... cscdes vgene se he nesasieeach betes senuedese 321
STUDS BHEChINS os zon aes vercere gat eee ads oa ese eas Se geaeee 331
inflammatory diseases, causes and treatment............-.-..-2---------- 323
method of administering medicines..........-......2......2.---22------- 12
parasites oflecting ec) <3 vackimad ss sees Soe be cieealgee nse heed oitleulele Se 495
secretions and growths, description, causes, and treatment............. 329-331
wounds, kinds, description, and treatment...............-...-.. eoee 333, 334
Skull, fracture, description and treatment.............-.22.2.-2.22.22--2----- 275
Slinking the-calf, descriptiOtecc2.:issccces sera auy sels sissies: veers leit enes 161
Smith, Theobald, and D. E. Salmon, chapter on ‘‘Infectious diseases of
cattle” ws: sseccesss: seeds soos eeeeeee ye de sactededes ve sscgcebeiedde 357-494
Snake bites—
and wounds of mouth, symptoms and treatment....-............----+---- 16
description, symptoms, and treatment..................-..22--2--2------ 67
Peleren Ces 2.2 svics cae ec naeee es eee ee cee rees seed eee aeeeeee 333
Sore—
mouth of cattle, references. soc ccicc seis oso stenscs eekie es Seni ss sane eeeeS 517
throat, cause and treatment........-.......2252 02-222 eee eee eee eee ee eee 19, 91
tongue, reference...-......-2----- 222 e eee ene eee ee eee eee 517
Soreness of the foot, description and treatment..........-..-----+-+---+++-+---- 335
Southern cattle fever, description, symptoms, prevention, etc... .----.-..--- 461-491
Spanish-fly poisoning, description and treatment.............--.-..--------- 69
Spasm of the neck of the bladder, description and treatment..............-.- 125
Spavin, symptoms and treatment..-......--------- +--+ - +22 eee eee eee eee eee 281
Spaying, description of operation........-..-------------2++0e ee ree ee eee eee 301
Spinal—
column, fracture, description and treatment..-...-..---------------+----- 275
cord, description........---------- 22-22-22 eee eee reer ete e eee 100
cord, congestion, description, symptoms, and treatment..........-------- 107
cord, injuries, description..........----------------52 cece terete reece 107
Spleen—
and liver, diseases, causes, symptoms, and treatment...-......---+--+---- 45-47
and pancreas, parasites affecting, description and treatment......-------- 490
inflammation, description.........--------+----- +220 crete eee terete AT
Splenetic fever, description, symptoms, etc-...-----------+++2+200e rr eres 461-491
Splenitin, deseription ...--.-sseaes<<ascsanernsnenen new issn eteraeeso eres: 47
Split hoof, description and treatment.....--.------- igaualb er css 2 SEueweeeste ss 338
*Sporadic—
eplithas, THSIOMCe: » v2. sv0ncars<ancindenn ses pare seet Teese sae ne eA EES (517
stomatitis aphthosa, reference .-..--.-----+--------0ccrtrert tr 517
Sprain— 266
of fetlock, causes and treatment...--------+++2+07c0orrttt cesses oe
of hip, cause and treatment....--------+-++++00e ccc rs tr etree 966
of shoulder joint, causes and treatment...----------------+s5e5 cc recr ttn sre
Sprains, description and treatment....-..---+-++------rerretestrsnsress ee rns
Sauating, description... .-.sneenns--~apeensss sre vaenwmn es ces S ASRS

61386—08——35
546 DISEASES OF CATTLE,

 

Page.

Stable flies (Stomorys calcitrans), affecting cattle......---.---------++++-++--- 496
Staggers, causes, symptoms, and. treatments on, cahstocasie eee cemamecaa teen 101, 515
Staphylococcus pyogenes aureus and S. pyogenes citreus, bacteria of abscess... - - 235
Staphyloma, description, symptoms, and treatment........-------+---+--++++ 347
Sterilty, causes......... 222.222 eee ee ee ce cee eee teen eee 147
Stings—

of wasps and bees, description and treatment........--.-------------+-++- 68

VENOMOUS; FELOFONCE ce sus Keomp eH wine aeers weenie ere Ree ee eee 333
Stomach—

diseases affecting, causes, symptoms, and treatment.....---

fourth, affected with hernia, description and treatment

Hair balls an ssc easascracsacs Wociecwins Se devine h mace eee eeer seme

method of administering medicines.........-...-..--.-------+--+ eee eee

parasites affecting, treatment..-.......-.---2-. 22-22 e eee eee eee eee eee ee

TOUNC WOrms'a HECUMB is... 0c. c scam sam.am cennaiasiedid dees acta alors apeisisiee

traumatic inflammation, cause, symptoms, and treatment.......-.....-.-- 36

worm, encysted, description and treatment............-------.----+-+----- 509

worms, different kinds affecting cattle...........---------2---+---------- 505
Stomatitis—

cause, symptoms, and treatment cio ncwesccaeiee cae ca es ewe esigee ses ees 19

mycotic. (See Mycotic stomatitis.)

necrotic, description, symptoms, treatment, etc. ....-...-.......------ 451-456

ulcerative, causes, symptoms, and treatment.............2..2..22------- 20
Stonoxys.calotrans atiectine Cattle. ool secicecawanmayeceesadtecssecen sseee 496
Stone—

esenip tioned! Cased, oc: leas c.ccseee.4.ohs se siatsle eels Se oowee aaa was 128

efteet.of Citteren tite Ode ie sc oie 8.c.c-otrdcn cto lne Saeed Maeda aR bnene ademas 130

in bladder, symptoms and treatment...........--..--.-----------------+- 139

in kidney, description and treatment...............22--2-.------2+----+- 136

or full bladder or rectum, obstructions to parturition................----- 176
SELVA DISMUS, LOSCHPUON 3. ccrsdicwn carcte we wiensrevisreinew en dia were eeweechaet 349
Streptococcus pyogenes, bacteria of abscess......---......--22.- 2-2 eee eee eee eee 235
String, navel, constriction of member of fetus, description..................... 176
Stringy milk, causeand treatment. oc. vesoses deedeek sexe axediees aes g cesses 239
Strongylus micrurus, parasite of verminous bronchitis..................-...-. 97
Struma, cause, description, symptoms, and treatment_........................ 311
Strychnine poisoning, description and treatment................222.22.------ 64
Sudorific glands, location and use............ 22.0.0 .2 202222 e eee eee eee eee 321
Sugar in: urine, descriptions scccscervewins Vawdewe sks ceeaehabedeactaencgess 120
Sunstroke, cause, symptoms, and treatment.............2...0022..20220-2202- 105
Suppression of milk, cause and treatment............-.2..0222200200ee ee ee ee 238
Surfeit, description, causes, and treatment............2..2.. 20-2022 eee eee ee 824
UTP er ye CISC UBS TOM ss aor oss. om avers centers mremuprarasoaietsteaole tae bein ee aaneshiee 285
Surgical operations—

GBC SLE TUM PON CAM IC ten beled aeaeraaiatc= tele arise deral wei apeleeato ae AA St oo oa 285

chapter by William Dickson and William H. Lowe.................... 285-303

manner of securing the animals during............2.2.2.22222.2.-.0-0.--5 286

TISCS OL GMCS LHC i cpa iaiore ctasme nae eeaye” wicitactetcs gard aaunblolela ees meardancne sees 285
Sweat glands, location and use.............. 0.000 e eee eee eee cece cece cee ee 321
Swelling—

of calf with gas, cause and treatment.........00.0..022 0000 c eee cee ee eee 178

DELON OM CR seen citi dade als cid gs ene yareeiaese Gath Aela ean ae he lt wen dd wears. 304
INDEX. 547

Tail, wolf in, imaginary disease........2. 02.0020 e cece cece ce ccc cece eeeee 28
Tapeworms—
adult, of small intestine, species and remedy......................-..-.---. 510

cysts in muscles of cattle................0 00000 ce cece cee eee cee eeeeeeee. 54

CY StS OD MY OP espresso en cas laiciac sales ae ua aie atest ceenverae oe eal cw dates -- «6518
Tarsus, fracture, description and treatment.................---22---0-- 0 wcss 278
Teat—

blocked by warty or other growth inside, description and treatment....... 241

opening in the side, description and treatment.......................--- 242
Teats—

blocked by calculus, treatment.............2.220.002 0022 e eee cece eee 241

blocked by concretion of casein, cause and treatment................---- 240

chapped, cause and treatment.............22.-0-.222222 22222 e eee eee eee 240

scabby; treatment .:..oss ioanscatnen Qocamed Seo dnsatee ig sce eaeeRees ce 240

warts affecting, treatment .................02-22 2222-2 e eee eee Sed eae- te 240
Teeth—

caties; descriptions: c.cve rye eu ss skeue des exmacuadPdend Adieesiehes sas 18

irregularities, cause and treatment............----2---2 222-222 ee eee eee 18
Temperature, how to examine.............-2...2222-2-.--0--- siiee sateatcacaes 88

Test, tuberculin. (See Tuberculin test.)
Testicles, congestion and inflammation, descriptionand treatment............. 149

“Ltanls; TElLeN CCL. ous cecancnissenans cya chan eeu sivemsas Se sbaenaienae wese B96
Texas fever—
area cleaned from cattle ticks, fiscal years 1907-1908...........-..2----2+. 490
carried by cattle tick, Margaropus annulatus..........2..-.22022202200020+ 467
caused by protozoon (Piroplasma bigeminum).....--.--------.----.2------ 516
description, symptoms, prevention, etc............-..--. ad reread ieseees 461491
immunization of northern cattle..............-2.----.---2-------2+-- a=. 483

panitary, resula tins. cco: esccresesahiouees ee cue eeeeet ac tedtiecigarcdee: 488
Threadworms in abdominal cavity of cattle.............-.-.----------------. 515
Throat, sore, symptoms, causes, and treatment........-.-------------+--- +--+ 19
Thrombosis, description and symptoms..............-----+---0- +222 eee ee eee 82
Thrush—

in young calves, description and treatment..-.....---------------------- 259

parasite (Saccharomyces albicans), CaUsS@.....-------+----------~-+-+------- 260
Ticks— (See also Cattle tick and Texas fever.)

affecting the ear .--.....- cas tactanuskeecase. 1000

as parasites of cattle, note.....2..2..22-2--- eee eee ee ee eee eee eeeeeeeees 504

 

Ixodes, reference.........22222. 2-2 ee eee eee eee eee ee ree eee 332
Tilletia caries in wheat, effect on cattle...,..-----------+-------- 6 eee eee ee eee 14
Tinea—

favosa, description, symptoms, and treatment......--.----------+++-++++> 332

tonsurans, description, symptoms, and treatment....--.------------------ 332
Tongue induration, symptoms and treatment...-..--------------++++-++-- — 21
Trachea, method of administering medicines......-.---+++---+---- +--+ 02000 12
Tracheotomy, description......-.-------2-+--2e0 02 etree re ere estes etter tee 292
Traumatic inflammation of the stomach, cause, symptoms, and treatment...... 36
Yrichiasis, treatment..-....-------+2-- 202 ee errr ere ec trtr 349
Trichodectes scalaris, description and treatment....---------------++5e20rtrtrte 500
Trichoplyton tonsurans, fungus causing Tinea tonsurans....---------------> > 332

Trumbower, M. R.—
chapter on ‘‘ Diseases of the ear” ...-..---------------++++++0-7-
chapter on ‘‘ Diseases of the eye and its appendages” Nica ditied sas

w------- 354-356
- 340-353
548 DISEASES OF CATTLE.

Trumbower, M. R.—Continued. : Page.
chapter on ‘Diseases of the foot” ...-...--------++-- 2-2-2 c eee etree eee 335-339
chapter on ‘Diseases of the skin” ...........2--+2+:0+2202 2222002 ----+++ 320-834

Trypanosoma brucei, cause of nagana, or tsetse fly disease -.....-.-----+------- 493

Tsetse fly disease, description, symptoms, and treatment.........------+------ 493

Tuberculin test—
description and history......-.-.-----2+++:ee eer eee eee erect e eee 408
harmless to healthy animals............----------- +2222 eee creer teeters 413
summary of directions for making.....-.------------------2+0-ceeteeeee 417

Tuberculosis—
bovine, and public health............-.--------- 22-22-22 ee eee ee reee 420
cause and treatment...........2..0-20 22. e ee eee eee eee eee eels 402
OSCUTPEN CEs 2cccciccncaweeaceiiscneudee Sea he eEeOte Ey eee eerie 398
statistics of tests in United States........-.--...------- 222-22 e ee eee eee 401
symptoms and diagnosis .........--.22---000202- 222 e cette reece eee eeeees 407
transmissibility of human and bovine.......----.------+---+--2++-2-e- eee 422

{redEM en tisccracecsiseeordeaseheeenrrecaerbeaateserieeaguesressseeems 418
Tumor—

bony, description and treatment...........-------- 2-22-22 eee eee eee eee 315
chrondroma, description and treatment........--.-------+--+-+-+-++---0+- 314
fibroma, description and treatment............-----.- 2-22-2222 ee eee eee 312
hairy, on eyeball, description and treatment..........----------++---++- 349
lipoma, description and treatment............------------++ 202-222 e eee 314
malignant and benign, description........--...---------+---++-++-+---++- 307
sarcoma, description and treatment...........-.-------.- 00-22 e eee eee eee 315
Tumors—
affecting cattle, chapter by John R. Mohler..-..........------ seed Qs 304-319
and cysts, description..........-2....----0-+-5- elt be a eNO Roce aa 308
ClassiGAtlOl cc ccsscxnereemnanoncaeds em eneneinaeneeeewmnnenan en ceaeees 306
descrip tlols5.wewses sone eeeee ees sea vec neneen de eee eee aS 304
description Of kind ...:....:icisnmme cect Seen es eee eee eee 310
TAP TOSIS sere srarsie cieva's = ateratsi alchchsnascreia 2 hayerenesehomatsh cree ie es ataaraigmneiine senate 309
definition:and, deseri ptloniies sec setue oy: pee ngiaeiss eles eoeegieneesy eeeeeee 304
general ‘treatment: 2. = .0w2cmyscacews ps oeeeedegadae ye s4aeae eee s voenee 309
of calf, description and treatment.........-......------ .foewr eas eeae eras 179
of eyelids, description and treatment.............2.--2-2--202----222200+ 350
OL sidney SG GSCripttOn.¢ oii) ca cicada ead oe ceme edics Soa GaSe REs oom rbed 125
of orbit, cause and treatment.........-2-2-.2 022220002 e eee eee eee eee eee. 352
of pharynx, description and treatment........-.....2..-.2222+------ heisibes 23
On. the brain, Cesen Pron. no .cecsaaee nds eaeetinenie een nmaeseais aamunienss 110
Turpentine poisoning, symptoms and treatment..............-..--22-.2--+---- 65
Twisted stomach worms, description and treatment........--.........--2..42- 506
Twisting—
and knotting of the bowels, causes symptoms, post-mortem appearance,
Bnd APEALIMCH ask a coawccncigcas Li ase tucn aes wae MEGEOER Semin ce 37
of the neck of the womb, description and treatment...................... 174
Tympanites—
acute, causes, symptoms, and treatment...........2..2.220 22222 e cece eee 24
chronie, causes and ‘tréeatMenteos ee. esenseu ieee cesesececse eedeaseceeds 26
Udder—
congestion, description and treatment............-222--2.200202e02e0eeee. 281
contagious inflammation affecting, description, prevention, and_ treat-
MGI. chciniedies avamGviteiee Marie camicierrerstnclphane dale e eeu Mee eal Bes Son eeenle 2 234
inflammation, description, symptoms, and treatment.............22..2---- 231

method of administering medicines ............0..0.000 000.2 c eee eee ee eee ll
INDEX. 549

Ulceration of the heel, causes and treatments iis cs4 say sassedaeeceaaaeaves ee
Ulcerative stomatitis, causes, symptoms, and treatment................-.---+- 20
Ulcers—
in mouths of young calves, causes, symptoms, and treatment............. 20
of cornea, cause, symptoms, and treatment.................022-20-0020 eee 346
- on penis, cause and treatment.............22222 20-2000 "153
Umbilical—
hernia, description, causes, and treatment..........2...... 2.20200 e cece 41
hernia, symptoms and treatment..............00.00 200 e cece e eee ee eee 248
phlebitis, description, causes and treatment...............2..22.-22-0205 246
Urachus—
inflammation, causes, and treatment.........2.2.2.20-20 200 c eee ee eee ee 245
persistent, description and treatment............2..222 0.22 c eee eee eee 245
Ureteral calculi, description and treatment.........-...0...0-02 20020002 ee eee 136
Urethra, inflammation affecting, description and treatment.....-.........--. 152
Urethral calculus, symptoms and treatment. ..........---2-..-2--0+-2e ee eee 139
Urinary—
Callewlht), ‘CaUdes won esd Basecnies desde eas eeeeeee des sheen 133
calculi, classification... 2.2.20. ... 22 cee cece ee eee eee eee eee eee 134
calculi, description and causes......-.. SAD inlale wiguascitekalyadainteteaty atate tethered 128
calculi, effect of different feeds. ......-.....02..- 22200 e eee eee eee 130
Aisorders, Symptoms . <cc.ceicsecc skate sees Fie eee eee ee eee beeeee ¥ 116
organs, diseases, chapter by James Law...........-......---.------- 11-143
OVGATS, TUNCHONS: 2.3.2 ocGud 2 cee setandae ied 30.0 hetiendie ob) oe ee edeesoeee 111
Urine—
albumen in, description and treatment..........--.---.------++2-222+02255- 119
amount: passed. dally sccesceess. 42 sressei sos os suisew ae yates a eaeaneeeys 114
analyses under different rations..........-------- Sidietelate werent pe akahyaitcnctetesal= 113
bloody, caused by blood flukes............---.- 22-22-22 e eee eee eee eee 516
bloody, description, symptoms, and treatment........------------++--++-- 117
discharged through navel, description and treatment .......-....-. uence 245:
excessive secretion, cause and treatment......--.......------2+-e- eee eee 116
incontinence, cause and treatment............------ +--+ 222 eee eee eee eee 127
OL COW; anal ysisy si .ausceasawe +s seceesies e-em e ee eee ses alee» 112
OfOx;, anal YSIS. scoc2cne sce dee se saceseds hoes fd destin See ewan ees 113
retention, effect, cause, and treatment...-....---.---------------- 2-22 e+ 125
sugar in, description .........--------+-+- 22-22 e eee ee cette tees 120
Uterus—
hernia affecting, cause and treatment.....-.-.------------++----+ errr eee 158
polypus affecting, description and treatment........------++-++++++-++-++-- 153
Urticaria, description, causes and treatment........--------+--++++++++e+eeeee- 324
Vaccine, blackleg, free distribution, note..........------+++++++e++er eee esse 447
Vagina—
clots of blood on walls, description and treatment....-...-----+--+-+++++-- 216
inflammation, causes and treatment.......---------++---+2+e+5e2ecrc ects 219
lacerations and rupture, description and treatment....-----------------+-- 215
method of administering medicines....-...------ celal ae Sb 2 2s Ca 11
polypus affecting, description and treatment...-.-----------+++-++e0--00+ 153
protrusion, description and treatment....------------++++20525eetcrer cre 158
Vaginze prolapsus, description and treatment......--------+++++222000500c 000 158
Vaginal walls, affected with coagulated blood after calving, treatment.....---. 176
Vaginitis, causes and treatment......--..---+-+-2+-+200rctttertrstet

Valves of heart, diseases affecting, symptoms and treatment....-.-------------
550 DISEASES OF CATTLE,

Page.
Variola, description, symptoms, and treatment........--.---+---++---+-+----- 428
Vegetable—
’ acids, poisoning, description and treatment.....--..------------++-2+----- 60
poisons as a medicine, description, symptoms, and treatment..-...-..---- 63-67
POLBONE, NOEs. claccieddinccieisicws os Se ARES das Aye Beale dees ete es 63
Veins—

and arteries, wounds, description and treatment.......-.----..----+-+++-- 80

inflammation, description and treatment.....-.---...-..--------++++-+++- 82
Venereal desire—

diminution or loss, cause, prevention, and treatment..........-.--------- 146

excess; cause and, treatment). .xec 2:9 vce sistas oe ca cee ees oe ee RES 145
Venomousstings, reterenc@ vc... s5 cxsesechmecicemees oe + cqcitsice eaten ss saeees 333
Ventral hernia, description and causes.........-....------------0- 2022-2 eee 39
Verminous bronchitis, description, symptoms, and prevention........--.-..-- 97
Verruca—

acuminata and verruca vulgaris, description.......-.--..------------------ 330

description, causes, and treatment..........---------- 22-22-2220 eee eee 330
Vertebra, fracture, description and treatment........-..-.---...-------------- 275
Vesical calculus, symptoms and treatment.........-.--.--.----+------------ 139
Vesicular—

eruption of genital organs, description, symptoms, and treatment.......... 392

exanthema, symptoms and treatment.........-...-..--2.------ Beal esac 392
Vitreous humor of the eye, description..........2.-2.----2-..-22220.22022 222 eee 342
Vomiting, symptoms, cause, and treatment...........--..-..----------------- 29
Wall of hoof, fissure, description and treatment........--..----.--+--+---+---- 338
Warbles—

description and treatments. ..cesenceseeeeedse esses cexereeeee esses sues 499

TeferenC@ eye sic: eeyeekeenecies se ps keene ed er eicncedecwese oeues 331
Warts—

and papillary growths on the penis, treatment.............-..-2-2---+---- 152

deseniption and treatment... sore tcecddeeanaceaecangaadceneeacssave., S18

description, causes and treatment................2-2-2-22-2222202 22-22 eee 330

Ont the Cents; treat: ccc ac tothe ne emeemenenadiee samara eddie 240
Wasp and bee stings, description and treatment................----..-------- 68
Water—

blisters, symptoms and treatment..............2-222 222-22 eee eee 328

cold, drinking, a cause of indigestion, symptoms and treatment.._........ 33

in the head of calf, description and treatment..................2.2-2.-2--- 176
Wens, description and treatment................022002 00202 ee eee ee cence ee eeee 330
Wireworm, twisted, description and treatment................ Send Syia ee BOE 506
Withers, casting, cause and treatment...............02..2 222222 eee eee eee eee 211
Wolf in tail, imaginary disease.................--- oes Bag tO eecte es poets 28
Womb—

and abdomen, inflammation, causes, symptoms, and treatment........... 220

bleeding from, description, symptoms, and treatment....................- 210
dropsy, description and treatment.............2..0022.0220.2eeeeeeeeeee- 159

eversion, cause and treatment................ ee 8 3s ¥ apes ciaieide daha tasd 211
fetus developing outside, description and treatment...............2.-.2.-- 159
inflammation, causes, symptoms, and treatment...............---.-..--- 220
mouth, induration, description and treatment...........-......-.-..----- 173
rupture, cause and treatment....-......-.0..2 022 e ee ee cee eee eee eceees 215
twisting of neck, description and treatment............22..2-eeeeeeeceee 174

Wooden tongue. (See Actinomycosis.)
INDEX. 551

Page.
Wood-ill, description, symptoms, and treatment.......-.2...00 ccc cece cee ceeee 117
Worm—
encysted stomach, description and treatment.............2.2..22-0--00--- 509
in the eye, description and treatment...............0.0.0-2.0ce eee eee 348
Worms—
intestinal, references ssos0c2. 2020: +254 hicinnee escueweceuue sores eaceeas 39
of the bladder, description...........2..000000000ccceececc cece ceseceeees 515
lung, of cattle, description and treatment..............2..0.00.00eeeeeeee 515
screw, description and remedies...............0.2. 2000 c cece cece eee ee eeee 498
thread, in abdominal cavity of cattle.............0..2000 0002 cece eee eee 515
Wounds—
and injuries of the gullet, description and treatment..................... 24
and pricks of the hoof, treatment.................. 2220202222 e cece eee eee 338
contused and lacerated, description and treatment.-.................2..-4 297
contusions of the lips, and snake bites of mouth, description and treatment. 16
healing, treatment and dressing, description...............---.---..000-- 298
incised, description and treatment..........20...0.200 02 eee eee e eee 295
incised, punctured, and lacerated, description and treatment..-........... 294
of abdomen, causes, symptoms, and treatment..-.......--.-----2..-00-55 45
of arteries and veins, description and treatment.............-2..---2--2+-- 80
of mouth, snake bites and contusions of lips, treatment..-....-.-.-.......- 16
of penis, cause and treatment..........-.-0.2--2. 22222 eee eee eee 153
of skin, kinds, description and treatment..............--.-+-2--2---2----- 333, 334
Yellows, description, symptoms, and treatment..............22--.-22---2+---- 45
Zinc poisoning, description and treatment..............22.22-2-22-200-02- 222 ee 58

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