New York State Qullege of Agriculture At Gornell University Dthaca, N.Y. Library glossary of botanic terms, with their A GLOSSARY OF BOTANIC TERMS First Edition, May 1900. Second Edition, September 1905. A GLOSSARY OF BOTANIC TERMS WITH THEIR DERIVATION AND ACCENT BY BENJAMIN DAYDON JACKSON Second Edition Revised and Enlarged LONDON DUCKWORTH & CO. PHILADELPHIA : J. B. LIPPINCOTT COMPANY 1905 ay H24 z All rights reserved CONTENTS Pages PREFACE - . ° . . ‘ . » Vii-xi PLAN OF THE Work. . . . , . 5 xii GLOSSARY . . a ‘ F e ‘i . 1-294 SUPPLEMENT . 5 . , . ‘ : 295-362 ADDITIONS DURING PRINTING . ; : ‘ - 863 APPENDIX A, SIGNs AND ABBREVIATIONS ‘ 3 ° ‘ . 865 B. Taz Pronunciation oF LATIN AND LaTINiseED Wornps . 866 C. Tar Use or THE Trrms ‘‘Rignt” AND ‘ Lerr” : - 867 D. BipuioGRAPHY . ° ‘ . . . 368-370 ERRATA , . : , , ' : : 3871 ‘Every other authour may aspire to praise, the lexicographer can only hope to escape reproach.” Dr SamMvuzEL JOHNSON, PREFACE In the preface to the first edition of this Glossary I gave the reasons which induced me to undertake it, and the fact that the impression was exhausted some time ago, is a gratifying confirmation of those reasons. The delay in preparing this second edition has been entirely due to pressure of occupation. The “Additions” of the edition of 1900 are now combined with the terms recently published in one alphabet, for the earlier sheets being stereotyped prevented their incorporation. One special feature of the recent additions is that of the phyto- geographic terms coined by Mr F. E. Clements, and published in Engler’s “ Botanische Jahrbiicher,” xxxi. (1902), Beibl. No. 70, and since added to in a volume of the Nebraska University, “Studies in the Vegetation of the State,” iii. (1904). I felt bound to give these in their entirety, though in many cases I could only copy the defini- tions given by the author, ¢.g., the use of “creek” in the American sense, and in a few cases classical authority and grammar have been ignored. The special terms contrived for American conditions have not been transferred to these pages, and those who require to know the meaning of such compounds as “ Carex-Sieversia-Polygonum- coryphium,” with its vernacular equivalent “‘The Sedge-smartweed Alpine meadow formation,” are referred to the work above quoted. In the ‘ Annales des Sciences Naturelles Botanique,” Sér. VIII. xiv. (1901), 213-390, will be found another elaborate series of terms, which have not yet made their appearance in English books, and are consequently not embodied in the following pages. The task of selecting what terms should be included in any branch of science offers many difficulties: in the case of botany, it is closely linked on with zoology and general biology, with geology as regards fossil plants, with pharmacy, chemistry, and the cultivation of plants in the garden or the field. How far it is advisable to include terms from those overlapping sciences vil PREFACE which lie on the borderland is a question on which no two people might think alike. I have given every word an indepen- dent examination, so as to take in all which seemed needful, all, in fact, which might be fairly expected, and yet to exclude technical terms which really belong to another science. Words in common use frequently have technical meanings, and must be included ; other technical words are foreign to botany, and must be excluded. Thus “entire” must be defined in its botanic sense, and such purely geologic terms as Triassic and Pleistocene must be passed by. The total number of rare alkaloids and similar bodies recorded in pharmacologic and chemical works, if included, would have extended this Glossary to an inconvenient size; I have therefore only enumerated those best known or of more frequent mention in literature, or interesting for special reasons. Many words only to be found in dictionaries have been passed by; each dictionary I have consulted contains words ap- parently peculiar to it, and some have been suspected of being purposely coined to round off a set of terms. The foundations of the list here presented are A. Gray’s “Botanical Text-Book,” Lindley’s “Glossary,” and Henslow’s “Dictionary,” as set forth in the Bibliography. To these terms have been added others extant in the various modern text-books and current literature, noted in the course of reading, or found by special search. The abstracts published in the “Journal of the Royal Microscopical Society” afforded many English equivalents of foreign terms. In drawing up definitions, the terms used to denote colour were found to be so discordant that I was compelled to make a special study of that department, and the result will be found in the ‘ Journal of Botany,” xxxvii. (1899) 97-105. The total numbers included in this Glossary amount to about 16,000, that is, nearly three times as many as in any other previous work in the language. The derivations have been carefully checked, but as this book has no pretension to be a philological work, the history of the word is not attempted; thus in “‘etiolate” I have contented myself with giving the proximate derivation, whilst the great Oxford dictionary cites a host of intermediate forms deduced from stipella. The meaning appended to the roots is naturally a viii PREFACE rough one, for to render adequately all that may be conveyed by many of the roots is manifestly impossible when a single word must serve. The accent has been added in accordance with the best discoverable usage ; where pronunciation varies, I have tried to follow the best usage; in some words such as “medullary” I have given the accent as it is always spoken, though all the dictionaries, except Henslow’s, accent it as ‘“med’ullary.” When words have become thoroughly anglicised, it would have been mere pedantry to accent them otherwise; we say or’ator, not as in Latin, orator. The accent does not imply syllabic division, but when the accent immediately follows a vowel, that vowel is long; if one or more consonants intervene, then the vowel is short ; thus ca’nus, cas’sus, as though they were printed cd-nus, céis-sus ; in a few instances the pronunciation is also given when the word would otherwise be doubtful as to sound. It has been my duty to condense the definitions, often a difficult matter when a longer explanation would have been far easier to draw up. I trust that I have in each case succeeded in setting out the main or central meaning, but many writers have their own modified or restricted meaning of even well-known terms. To still further economise space, words drawn from the same leading word have been grouped into paragraphs, thus obviating the necessity of repeating the leading word with its meaning many times over, and only requiring the additional root to be given; occasionally this has led to the intentional neglect of strict alphabetic sequence. The names of groups of plants have given much trouble; whilst all proposed terms manifestly could not be included, many have be- come so often quoted as to demand recognition; as a rule I have not admitted groups of even ordinal value, still less of lower rank. Compound terms have been left out when intermediate between the meaning of the primitives ; those included seem to require mention on special grounds. Authors’ names in parentheses, following definitions, are those who have been taken as authority for such definition, and when the actual language is used, it is indicated by quotation marks; the authority sometimes coincides with the inventor of the term. Substantives in the headings have been shown by the use of a ix PREFACE capital letter, adjectives and other parts of speech by a small letter ; exceptions being adjectives drawn from a proper name as “ Dar- winian,” and those which form part of such terms as “ Conjoint Bundle.” Greek is quoted in the original characters, Latin in italic, or where otherwise it would be doubtful, it is indicated ; this is further explained on the page facing page 1 of the Glossary ; the use of small capitals refers the reader to the word so printed for a definition of the term, or to a correlative term. The Appendixes hardly need any detailed explanation ; it will be seen that the Bibliography is a selected list of works chiefly in alphabetic form, arranged chronologically. General dictionaries, and large works in which technical terms form only a small pro- portion of the whole, have been omitted. The pleasant task now remains of acknowledging most heartily and gratefully the invaluable help I have derived from a host of friends during the progress of the work. Dr D. H. Scorv, F.RS., not only encouraged me to undertake the labour, but has always been ready to help with his advice; Mr A. Gupp, of the British Museum, has read the whole of both editions in proof and part in revise; he has spared neither time nor trouble to ascertain the correctness of the derivations and accents throughout, as well as in the special branch of descriptive botany which is under his charge ; Professor Hartoc, D.S8c., of Cork, improved many defini- tions, and Professor H. H. W. PEARSON helped in the compilation of the work in many ways. To these four gentlemen I am especially indebted for their kindly undertaking a troublesome task. Other friends at Kew and the British Museum have also generously aided me when drafting the manuscript. Mr G. Massegz, Mr C. B. Ciarxe, F.R.S., and Dr Otro Starr have constantly been under requisition; Mr I. H. Burxiui, Mr C. H. Wricat, Mr G. R. M. Murray, F.R.S., and Mr N. E. Brown, have given me help with the greatest ‘rendlingds and kindness ; other specialists to whom I have occasionally appealed, and never in vain, are Mr J. G. Baxer, F.R.S., Professor I. B, Batrour, F.R.S., Mr L. Boopte, Dr H. T. Brown, F.RS., Mr F. Darwin, ERS, Mr F. Escompg, Professor J. B. FARMER, F.R.S., Mr W. B. Hewstey, F.R.S., Mr R. A. Rours, ALS., x PREFACE Mr E. S. Satmon, F.R.S., Professor J. W. H. Trait, F.R.S., and Professor H. M. Warp, F.R.S. To each and all my indebtedness for their kindness is great, the value of this Glossary being largely due to their ready aid. In every volume of similar character to this which I have had to consult, I have found errors, sometimes numerous, occasionally serious. This much larger volume offers a greater chance of error, and it would be vain for me to expect to escape entirely, but I trust that comparatively few errors will be found. I am glad that the volume has proved useful both to the student and the expert; to the former as supplying a concise definition, without pretending to supplant the fuller information of the text- book; to the latter acting as a reminder of some obscure term, or word employed in a special sense. B. DAYDON JACKSON. CLAPHAM, 18th July 1905, xi EXPLANATION Headings in black type ; substantives are shown by the use of an initial capital letter ; adjectives and adverbs by the use of a small initial letter (exceptions are explained in the preface); the sign~is used to avoid repetition of the heading ; + was used by Lindley to denote a word which is obsolete or improperly formed, and is used here for un- doubtedly obsolete terms. Latin words are shown by being in Italic where practicable, elsewhere by the abbreviation Lat. appended ; other languages are indicated by Fr. for French, Ger. or Germ. for German, Ital. for Italian. Cross-references in SMALL CAPITALS are employed to spare repeated defini- tions ; they are usually preceded by the sign of equality,=, When variants do not differ save by the termination, that only is given, but if the accent varies, they are spelled out in full. A few well-known abbreviations are also employed, such as dissyll. for dissyllable, pr. for pronounced, and the like. A GLOSSARY OF. BOTANIC TERMS a, privative; in Greek compounds= without, as apetalous, without petals; modified into an- or am- for euphony. ab (Lat.), from; as abnormal, a deviation from rule. abax'ial (ab, awis, an axle); (1) ap- plied to an embryo which is out of the axis of the seed by one-sided thickness of the albumen; (2) the side of a lateral organ away from the axis. abbre’viated, abbrevia’tus, shortened, as when one part is shorter than another ; Abbrevia’tion, a selection of those most frequently used will be found in the Appendix. aber’rant, aber’rans (aberro, I go astray), differing from usual struc- ture, departing from the type. Aberra’tion, non-typical structure. abiet‘ic (Abies, a fir-tree), used of certain coniferous products which are not exclusively from Abies ; ~ Anhy’dride, the resin in turpentine ; ~ Acid, a compound of the last with water, forming a large proportion of the constituents of frankincense : Ab’ietin, resin from Abies pectinata, DC., and Ab‘ietite, a sugar from the leaves of the same species ; abieti’nus (Lat., made of fir), ap- plied to cryptogams which (1) ow on firs, or (2) resemble a r-tree in habit, as Alsia abietina, Sulliv. Ablogen’esis (a, not; Blos, life; yévecis, beginning), spontaneous genera- tion; the assumed origin of living organisms from non-living matter. Abjec’tion (abjectio, throwing away), casting off spores from a sporo- phore. 4 abjoint’ (ab+joint), to delimit by septa or joints; a hybrid word. Abjunc’tion (abjunctus, unyoked), cutting off spores on portions of growing hyphae by septa. Ablacta’tion (ablacto, I wean), in- arching. Ablaquea’tion, Ablaquea'tio, loosening the soil round trees. ablast’ie (a, not; PdAacrds, a bud or shoot), applied to parts of a flower or other organ which have not been developed ; ablas'tous, without germ or bud, Abnoda’tion (abnodo, to clearof knots), cutting away knots from trees. abnorm’al, abnorma’lis (abnormis, ir- regular), deviating from rule, as when stamens are opposite the petals instead of being alternate. aborig’inal (ab, from ; origo, a source), indigenous ; not introduced. Abor’tion (abortio, a miscarriage), non-formation or incompletion of a part; abort/ive, aborii'vus, im- perfectly developed, as abortive stamens when filaments only ; abort'iens, becoming abortive. ne ded, abra’sus, rubbed or scraped off. abrupt’, abrup'tus, suddenly ending as though broken off; abrupt’ly- acu'minate, having a point arising from a broad extremity; ~ pin’nate, a pinnate leaf ending with a pair of leaflets. Ab‘sciss-lay’er, a layer of separation, especially with reference to the phenomena of defoliation. Abscis’sion (ahscissus, cut off), detach- ment of spores from a sporophore by the disappearance of a connect- ing zone, Absinthic acetabuliform Absinth’ic, referring to Artemisia Absinthium, Linn. ; Absinth’in, a bitter principle obtained from the same. ab’solute(absolu'tus, perfect,complete), actual, the opposite of relative. The absolute direction of an embryo may be inverted, but erect rela- tively to the carpel. Absorp’tion (absorp'tio, a beverage), the act of imbibing liquids or gases. Abstric’tion (ab, from, strictus, drawn together), a term which covers both Abjunction and Abscission. acalyca/lis (a, not; «éAvé, a cup) ; (1) having no calyx; (2) having no ad- hesion to the calyx; acal’ycine, acalye'inous, acalyci’nus, acal'ycis, destitute of calyx. acana’ceous (dxavos, » thistle-head ; + aceous), prickly plants, such as thistles. Acanth’a, Acan’thon (dxav0a, a thorn), a spine or prickle ; acantha’ceous (+aceous), (1) armed with prickles ; (2) belonging to the natural order Acantha’ceae, the typical genus being Acanth'us, Tourn; acanth’ine, pertaining to that genus; acan- thocarp’ous (xapros, fruit), having spiny fruit; acanthocla’dous (x\déos, a branch), acanthocla'dus, with spiny branches; acanthoph’orous, (¢épw, I bear), acanthoph'orus, spine-bearing; acanthop’odous (7rovs, modds, a foot), having petiole or peduncle furnished with spines or prickles; Acanth’ospheres (capa, a sphere), ciliated bodies in the cells of Nitella, termed ‘‘ Stachel- kiigeln” by the Germans. Acaro-doma’tia (Acarus, the typical genus of mites; dwudriov, a little house), formations on plants adapted to shelter Acari when of service to the host. acarp’ous (a, not, xapros, fruit), des- titute of fruit. acaulesc’ent, acaulesc'ens, becoming stemless ; acaul'ine, acaul’ose, acaul’ous, acawul’is, stemless or seemingly so. Acaulo’sia, abnor- mal deficiency of stem. 2 access’ ory (accessio, something added), an addition or appendage; ~ Buds, those additional to the axillary and normal buds, and frequently as- suming their function ;~ Branches, those which spring from the fore- going; ~ Cell, the sister-cell of a guard-cell of a stoma; ~ Fruits, parts which are conspicuous but form no part of the pistil, as the enlarged torus of the strawberry, a pseudo-carp ; ~ Gonid’ia, forma- tions occurring in Mucorini besides the typical gonidia. accident‘al=adventitious. acci’sus (Lat.) denotes an end having an acute sinus between two rounded angles. Accommoda’tion (accommodatio, an adjustment) Adaptation. accresc’ent, accresc’ens, increasing in size with age, as the calyx of some plants after flowering. accrete’ (accre’tus, grown together), agglutinate, naturally grafted. Accre’tion, Accre’tio, (1) growing to one another ; (2) increase by addi- tion of particles to the outside, accumb’ent, accumb’ens, lying against another body ; ~ Cotyle’dons, those having their edges against the radicle, thus o=. acellera’tus (Lat.), somewhat acerose, Acen’ium = ACHENE. i aceph’alous, aceph'alus (a, without; xepadi, a head), headless ; used for an ovary which is not terminated by the stigma, as in Labiatae. acer‘ic, pr. a-ser’-ik, pertaining to the genus Acer, the Maple or Sycamore. a‘cerose, a’cerous, acero’sus (acer, sharp), needle-shaped, like the leaves of Pinus ; Acero’sae, a term proposed by A. Braun for the Coniferae. acer’vate (acervus, a heap), heaped up ; Acer’vulus (Lat., a little heap), pl. Acer’vuli, small clusters, as of Fungi appearing on bark or leaves. acetab’uliform, acetabuliform'is (Ace- tabulum, a cup or vinegar cruet; Jorma, shape), saucer-shaped, used of the fructification of some lichens ; acetabulous acondylous acetab’ulous, acetabu'leus, acetabu- lo'sus are variations in form of the word ; Acetab’ulum (Lat.) the re- ceptacle of some Fungi. aceta'rious (acetaria, vegetables with vinegar), relating to salad herbs; Ac’etary, Grew’s term for salading. ace’tic, pertaining to vinegar, ace- tum; ~ Fermentation, oxidation of alcoholic liquids, caused by the compound Fungus, popularly known as ‘Mother of Vinegar,” Bacte- rium xylinum, A. J. Brown ; ac’e- tose, aceto'sus, sour, acid. -a/ceus, a Latin suffix of resemblance, as foliaceus, leaf-like; in English it becomes -aceous. Achae’na, Achae’nium, = ACHENE. Achae’nocarp (axavis, not gaping; xaprés, fruit), or Ache’nocarp, any dry indehiscent fruit. Achascophy’tum (a, privative, xacxw, I open, gvurov, a plant), a plant with indehiscent fruit. acheil’ary (a, without; xeidos, a lip), wanting a lip, as some Orchids, Achene, pr. a-kén’, Ache’nium (a, not ; xalvw, I gape), a small, hard, dry, indehiscent fruit, strictly of one free carpel as in the buttercup; occasionally consisting of more than one carpel as in Composites, in the latter case with adnate calyx. Also spelt Akene, Ake’nium, etc. ; Acheno’- dium, a double achene, as the cre- mocarp of Umbelliferae. achlamyd’eous, achlamyd’eus (a, with- out; xAauws, a cloak), destitute of perianth, as in willows. Achyrophy’tum (dxupov, chaff ; duro», a plant), a plant with glumaceous flowers, as grasses. achromatic (a, without; xpwya, colour); (1) without coleur, ach- roous ; (2) not readily taking colour ; ~ Spindle, the thread-like proto- plasmic figures in karyokinesis, between the poles; Achro’matin, Flemming’s term for the basic sub- stance of the nucleus, less sus- ceptible of staining than the chro- mosomes, the Nuclein of Stras- burger. achro’mus, ach’roos (dxpoéw, to be without colour, pale), colourless ; hyaline ; Achroodex’trin (+ Dextrin) one of the group of dextrins not coloured by iodine ; cf EryTHRO- DEXTRIN, AMYLODEXTRIN. Acic’ula (acws, a needle), the bristle- like continuation of the rhachilla of a grass; Acic’ulae, tooth-like processes of the hymenium of certain Hymenomycetous Fungi; acic’ular, acicula’ris, slender or needle-shaped ; acic’ulate, acicu- la‘tus, aciculi’nus, _ superficially marked as if scratched with a pin; acicu’liform (forma, shape), needle-like. acido’tus (dxdwrds, pointed), when branches or organs end in a spine or hard point. A’cies (Lat. edge), the edge or angle of certain stems. ac’iform (acus, a needle; forma, shape) =acicular. acina’ceous (acinus, a seeded berry + aceous), full of kernels, acinac’ifolius (acinaces, a scimitar ; Jfolium, a leaf), a fleshy leaf, curved like a scimitar ; acinac’iform, acina- ciform’is, scimitar-shaped. acina’rius (acinus, a grape-seed), when a stem is covered with vesicles resembling grape-seeds ; Ac‘ine, Ac’inus (Lat.), a single member of such fruits as the raspberry, a drupel; formerly used for a bunch of fruit, as of grapes; Acinoden’drus (dévdpov, a tree), a plant whose fruit is in bunches ; ac’inose, acino’sus, like grapes, or of granular bodies re- sembling them. aciphyl’lus (ax, a point, vAdo», a leaf), a linear and pointed leaf. Aclythrophy’tum (a, without, «A«zpor, adoor, gurdv, a plant), plants whose seeds are supposed to be naked, without a pericarp. acond’ylose, acond’ylous (a, without, xovdudos, a knuckle or finger-joint), said of plants which have no joints or nodes, Aconitin Acon‘itin, the alkaloid derived from monkshood, Aconitum Napellus, Linn. A’corn, the fruit of the oak. Acotyle’don (a, without, xorvAnddv, used for seed-lobe), a plant desti- tute of cotyledons or seed-lobes ; Cryptogams and such plants as Ouscuta; adj. acotyle’donous, acotyledo'neus. acramphib’ryous (dxpos, apex, dul, on both sides, Bptw, to bud), plants roducing lateral as well as apical uds; Acramphib’rya, a division roposed by Endlicher to em- Brass Dicotyledons and Gymno- sperms. Acroblaste’sis (dxpos, apex, BdacrTos, a bud), when the germ-tube of Lichens proceeds from an end of the spore; acroblas’tic, Celakov- sky’s term for the branch of an inflorescence which arises from a terminal bud ; Acrob’rya (Bpiw, to bud), plants growing at the point only, as all Acrogens having a distinct axis ; adj. acrob‘ryous, acrocarp’ous (dxpos, apex, xapmds, fruit), terminal fruited; a main division of Mosses; acrod’romous (dpdu0s, a course), venation-strands uniting at the apex of the leaf, as in Plantago; acrog’amous (ydpos, marriage), plants producing the egg-apparatus at the summit of the embryo-sac, as in most Angiosperms (Van Tieghem); Acrog’amy, may be double, as when the pollen-tube and Se are both apical ; or partly basigamic, either of male (pollen-tube) or female (egg-ap- paratus) (cf. BASIGAMOUS) ; acrog’- enous (yévos, race), (1) used of plants growing at the apex, such as Ac’rogens, Ferns; (2) produced at the end of a filament, as some fungus spores; Acrogonid/ium (yévos, offspring, «los, form), a gonidium formed at the apex of a gonidiophore ; acrog’ynous (yur, a woman), having the stem termin- ated by female organs, as arche- gonia; acrogyra’tus (gyratus, Actinomycosis turned away), having an elastic ring at the point (Lindley) as in Schizaea, Ac’ronus (perhaps from dxpov, the highest point), Necker’s term for an ovary without a basal disk. acronych’ius (dxpos, apex, dvut,a claw), curved like the claw of an animal. acrop’etal (dxpos, apex ; peto, I seek), produced in a succession towards the apex, as applied to develop- ment of organs; the antithesis of basipetal; Acrosare’um (capt, capkos, flesh), Desvaux’s term for a berry from an ovary with adnate calyx, as the currant; acroscop’ic (cxoréw, I see), looking towards the summit; the reverse of basi- scopic ; Acrosperm’eae (o7répya, a seed), Ac’rosperms, those Angio- sperms which are presumed to have begun with simple poro- amous mode of impregnation ; cf. LEUROSPERM; Ac’rospire (o7efpa, a coil), Grew’s name for the first sprout of a germinating seed, the extruded radicle ; acrospi‘red, ger- minated, as in malting ; Ac’rospore (c7ropd, a seed), a spore formed at the summit of a sporophore or fila- ment ; Acrot’onous (rdvos, a cord), the tissue of the pollen-sac in Orchids prolonged to the upper end of the anther. Actinench’yma, (dxrls, a ray ; &yxuma, an infusion), cellular tissue formed in a star-shaped manner, as seen in a cross-section of Juncus ; actin’ic, used of certain rays of the spectrum, which have a powerful effect’ on growth; Act’inism, the chemical action of sunlight; Act/inocarp, a fruit which is actinocarp’ic (kapros, fruit), having the carpels or pla- centas radiating like the spokes of a wheel; actinomorph’ic, -ous, (uop~h, shape), having flowers of a regular or star pattern, capable of bisection in two or more planes into similar halves ; Actinomyco’sis, a disease in the jawbone of man and animals attributed to a Fungus, Nocardia Actinomycosis, Trev, ; Actinostomous Adhesion actinost/omous (oTdua, a mouth), radiate structure round the ostioles of Lichens and other Cryptogams. Actinoph’ryds (Actinophrys, Ehrenb., a genus of Rhizopods), Gobi’s term for globes with radially-arranged pseudopodia in Pseudospora, a parasite on Vaucheria. active, in a growing condition; not dormant. acu'leate, aculea'tus (aculeus, a sting or prickle), armed with prickles as the stem of a rose; acu’leolate, aculeola'tus, somewhat prickly ; aculeo’sus, decidedly prickly ; acu'leiform, aculeiform'is (forma, shape), prickle-shaped ; Acu’leus (Lat.), a sharp epidermal emerg- ence, a prickle; pl. Acw'lei; Acu’leolus, a diminutive of the last. Acu’men (Lat., a point), a tapering point; acu’minate, acumina’tus, having a gradually diminishing point; acuminifo'lius (folium, a leaf), with acuminate leaves ; acu’minose, acumino'sus, approach- ing acuminate; acumin’ulate, having a small terminal point. acutang’ular, acutang'ulus (Lat.), when stems are sharply angular ; acutate’ (acw’tus, sharp), slightly sharpened, as at the apex ; acu'te, acu'tus, distinctly and sharply pointed, but not drawn out; acu- tiflor’us (Lat., flos, floris, a flower), with acute perianth segments ; acutifo’lius (Lat., foliwm, a leaf), with pointed leaves; acutilo’bus (Lat., lobus, a lobe), composed of lobes which are acute ; acutius’culus (Lat.), somewhat acute. acye’lic (a, not ; KUKdos, a circle), used of flowers whose parts are arranged spirally, not in whorls. Adapta’tion (adaptatus, fitted), the means by which an organism adapts itself to changed surroundings. adax’ial (ad, to; axis, an axle), the side or face next the axis, ventral. adducent’ia Va'sa (ad, to; duco, I lead), the spirals in tracheids, which spirals were formerly sup- posed to be vessels, Adducto'res, Hedwig’s term for arche- onia. Adelph’ia (dde\¢es, a brother); (1) a fraternity ; a collection of stamens by their filaments into one bundle ; pl. Adelph’iae, two or more similar bundles; (2) used by Galton for fraternities in variation ; adelph’ic, adelph’icus ; adelph’ous, adelph'us, having brotherhoods of stamens ; Adelphotax’y (rdés, order), used by Hartog to express the mutual attraction of spores of Achyla and of Pedastreae after extrusion. Ade’lome (possibly from déy\os, con- cealed) = ALBURNUM (Lindley). Aden (46%, a gland), a gland or tubercle : aden’iform ( forma, shape), a hybrid term for gland-shaped ; adenoca'lyx (xka\vé, a cup), where the calyx is studded with glandular spots ; ad’enoid (eldos, like), gland- like; ~ Or’gan, Williamson’s term for the ligule of Lepidodendron ; Adenopet’aly (méradov, a flower leaf), a term proposed by C. Morren for the transformation of nectaries into petals, or similar structures ; Aden’ophore (dopéw, bear), a stalk supporting a gland ; adenoph‘orous, bearing glands; adenophyl’lous (pddXov, a leaf), glandular leaved ; adenop’odous, aden'opus (robs, odds, a foot), with the petiole or ped- uncle glandular; adenoste’mon (crjuov, a stamen), having glands on the stamens ; ad’enose, ad’enous, glandular. Ades'my (a, without ; decuds, a bond), Morren’s term for congenital separ- ation of parts normally united. Adflux’ion (ad, to; fluo, I flow), the attraction by which sap is drawn towards the leaves. adglu'tinate, adglutina’'tus (ad, to, glutino, I glue), grown together, accrete, adhe’rent, adhe’rens (adhaereo, to stick to), the union of parts usually separate ; ~ Verna’tion, when the bases of Fern - fronds are continu- ous with the caudex; Adhe’rence, Adhe’sion, the state of union with Adipocelluloses Aérobium some other organ or part; Goebel restricts it to union of dissimilar parts ; cf. CoHESION. Adipocel’luloses (adeps, adipis, fat, + . Cellulose), a group of bodies which constitute the cuticular tissues of leaves and fruits; cf. CELLULOSE. adisca‘lis (a, without ; dickos, a quoit), destitute of a disk. adli’gans (ad, to ; ligo, I tie), holding fast or binding, as the aérial hold- fasts of ivy. Adminic’ulum (Lat., a prop)=FuL- oRUM. admoti’vus (ad, to; moveo, I move), when in germination the albumen remains attached to the sheath of the cotyledon. adnas’cent, adnas'cens (adnascor, to grow to), growing to or upon some- thing else ; Adnas’cens; (1) a young bulb, as a “‘clove” of garlic; (2) a sucker of some Monocotyledons. adnate, adna'tus (adnascor, to grow to), attached the whole length, ~ Anth’ers have the lobes attached their entire length to the filament ; Adna'tion, the state in question; adnexed’ (newo, to tie), used of the lamellae of some Agarics, which reach the stem, but are not adnate to it; ad’pressed, adpress'us=AP- PRESSED; adscend’ent = ASCENDENT ; adsurg’ent, adsurg’ens = ASSURGENT. adunc’ate,adune’ous (aduncus, hooked) bent or crooked as a hook. adust’us (Lat.), soot-coloured, fuli- ginous. adventit’ious, adventit'ius (ad, to; venio, I come), applied to plants lately introduced; ~ Buds, those produced abnormally, as from the stem instead of the axils of the leaves; ~ Roots, those which do not arise from the radicle or its subdivisions, but from other part ; advent’ive = ADVENTITIOUS. ad’verse (ad, to; verso, I turn) ; (1) opposite ; (2) facing the main axis or other object; advers’us (Lat.), opposite ; adversifo’liate, adverst- fo'lius ( folium, a leaf), having oppo- site leaves. | Adynaman’dry (déwayla, weakness ; dvhp, dvépos, a man), Delpino’s term for self-sterility ; that is, when a flower does not set seed from its own pollen. Aecid’iospore (Aecidium, infra ; s7ropa, a seed), a spore formed in the fol- lowing: Aecid’ium (probably from olxtdtov, a little house), 4 sporocarp consisting of a cup-shaped envelope, its interior surface consisting of a hymenium, from whose basidia the aecidiospores are successively threwn off; the name was pro- pounded by Persoon as a genus of Fungi, but it is now regarded as only a form-genus of Uredineae. Aecol’ogy = EcoLoey or OEcoLoey. ae’neus (Lat. bronze), used for brass- coloured ; sometimes for verdigris. aequa’‘lis, ae’quans (Lat.), equal or equalling ; similar in size, uniform ; aequilat’eral, aequilatera'lis, equal- sided, of equal length; aequali- flor'us (Lat.), with flowers alike in form and character ; aequimag’nus + (Lat.), equal sized ; aequinoc’tial, aequinoctia‘lis, pertaining to the equinox ; used of flowers, which open or close at stated hours; aequivalv’is (Lat.), having valves of flowers or fruit of similar size ; aequive’nius (Lat.), all the veins of equal distinctness. aerating (aér, air) Roots, peculiar roots rising out of the mud, covered with a loose, corky tissue, and having large intercellular spaces ; aé‘rial, aé’rius, plants (or parts of plants) living above the surface of the ground or water; ~ Plants, epiphytes, as Tillandsia and many tropical orchids; ~ Roots, those which vegetate altogether above the ground; Aérench’yma (é€yxvua, that poured out), Schenk’s term for a tissue of thin-walled cells, and large inter-cellular spaces, found in the stems of some marsh- ae serving for aération or oating tissue; Aéro’bium (los, life), an organism which thrives only in the presence of air or free oxy- abrobiotic agrarian gen; applied to certain bacteria; aérobio’tic, needing air for exist- ence; Aérobio’sis, life in atmo- spheric air; Aé’rocyst (Jars, a bag or pouch), the air-bladders of such algae as Fucus vesiculosus, Linn. ; Aé’rophyte (¢urdv, a plant), air- plant, epiphyte ; Aérotax’is (rdgvs, arrangement), used by Hartog to express positive stimulus by oxygen to the irritability of zoospores, adj. aérotact’ic; Aérot’ropism (rpory, a turning), the influence of gases on owth and curvature, it is a orm of CHEMOTROPISM ; adj. aéro- trop’ic. aéru’ginose, aerug’inous, aerugin’eus, aerugino’sus (aerugo, the rust of brass), the blue-green colour of verdigris. Aese’ulin, an alkaloid from the horse- chestnut; Aesculus Hippocastanum, Linn. Aesthe’sia (aic@no1s, perception by sense), Czapek’s expression to de- note the capacity of an organ to respond to definite physical stimuli. aes'tival, aestiva’lis, belonging or pecu- liar to summer ; Aestiva'tion, A esti- va'tio, the manner in which the parts of a flower are folded up before expansion. Aete’rio= ETAzERIO. Aetha’lium (al@ados, soot), a com- pound sporiferous body, formed from a combination of plasmodia in Myxogastres ; Ae. septicum, Fr., is known as ‘ Flowers of Tan”; aetha'lioid (eldos, form), like the last. aéthe’os (d407s, unusual), in com- pounds = unusual; aétheogam’ic, aétheog’amous (ydyuos, marriage), synonymous with cryptogamic. aethe’reus (Lat.), aérial. Aetiology (atriov, cause; déyos, dis- course), the doctrine of the cause of disease, as of Vegetable Galls ; also spelled Aitiology and Etiology. Affin'ity (afin’itas, near alliance), the closeness of relation between plants as shown by similarity of import- ant organs. 7 affix’ed (affix’us, fastened to), fixed upon. Ag’amae (a, without, ydéuos, marriage) = Cryptogamae ; agam’ic, ag’amous, Necker’s term for cryptogamous ; Agamogen’esis (yéveois, origin), asexual reproduction by buds, gemmae, etc.; Agamophy’ta (purdv, a plant), C. Macmillan’s term for protophytes; Agam’ospore (o7opa, a seed), a spore or gonidium pro- duced asexually. A’gar, w gelatinous product from Agar-agar, or Agal-agal, which consists of various marine Algae from tropical Asia; also called “Ceylon Moss” and ‘Bengal Isinglass.” Agaric Acid (Agaricus, Tourn., a genus of Fungi), found in Polyporus officinalis, Fr.; Agaricic’ola (colo, I inhabit), applied to a parasite on Hymenomycetous Fungi ; Hens- low prints it as agaric’olus. agen’ius { (a, without, yévos, sex, race) =neuter; a’genus, used of cellular Cryptogams, ‘‘ which are enlarged by the addition of new parts.” Agged’ula (derived by Necker from dyyetd.ov, a little vessel), the spor- angium of Mosses, and of Puccinia. Ag’geres (Lat.), banks or rockwork in botanic gardens. ageglom’erate, agglom’erated, agglom- era’‘tus (Lat. crowded together), col- lected into a head, as the flowers of Scabious. agglu’tinate (agglutino, I glue), glued together, as the pollen-masses of Asclepiads or Orchids ; accrete. ag’gregate, ag’gregated, aggrega’tus (Lat. assembled), collected to- gether, as the flowers of Cuscuta ; ~Flowers, those gathered into a head, as Dipsacus, but not as in Compositae, which are capitulate ; ~ Fruits, collection of separate carpels produced by one flower, the product of » polycarpellary apocarpous gynaecium; Aggre- ga’tion, condensation of cell-con- tents under some stimulus. agrarian (agrar’ius, pertaining to agrestal Albumoses the field), H. C, Watson’s term for the cultivable portion of Great Britain ; ~ Region, divided into three ~ Zones, the super-, mid-, and infer- agrarian zoues. agrest’al (agrestis, belonging to the field) ; (1) Watson’s term for plants growing in arable ground; (2) rural generally. agricult’ural Bot/any (agricultura, husbandry), that part of economic botany which relates to farm plants. Agrostog’raphy (dypworts, grass, ypapi, writing), the description of grasses ; Agrostol’ogy (Adéyos, discourse), the botany of grasses. agyna’rius { (a, without, yuvy, a woman); agyn’'icus; (1) said of stamens which are free from the ovary: (2) pistils wanting, desti- tute of pistils ; ag’ynous, monstrous flowers with pistils missing. Ai’gret (Fr. Aigrette, tuft of feathers), the pappus of Compositae; Eng- lished by T. Martyn as E’gret. aiophyl'lus (ald, eternity, pvAdov, a leafi, evergreen. aima, in Greek compounds=blood- coloured; properly hema (from alua, blood), Air-Blad’ders, intercellular spaces in some Algae, serving as floats; ~ Cavity = ~ CHAMBERS (2); ~ -Cells, ~ -Chambers, (1) intercellular spaces occurring in aquatic plants, usually prismatic in form, (2) the inter- cellular space beneath a stoma; ~ Passage, = ~-CHAMBER; ~ -Plants, epiphytes, as Bromeliads and some Orchids; ~Pore,=Stoma; ~Sacs, cavities in the pollen-grains of Pinus; ~ Vessel, term formerly applied to empty tracheids, ete. Akene’, Ake’nium, = ACHENE, ACHEN- IUM. Akine’sis (a, without, xivyois, move- ment), increase without the phenom- ena of karyokinesis ; A’kinetes, in green Algae, single cells whose walls thicken and separate from the thallus, corresponding to the chlamydospores of Fungi ; immotile reproductive cells, formed without true cell-formation, or rejuvene- scence. ; A’la (Lat. wing), (1) formerly an axil, but now obsolete in that sense ; (2) a lateral petal of a papilionaceous flower ; (3) a membranous expansion of any kind, as in the seed of Bignoniaceae; (4) employed by Wm. Smith for the marginal pro- cesses in Surirella; (5) the outer segment of the coronal lobes in some Asclepiads ; (6) in Mosses, the a’lar cells are those at the basal angle of a leaf. Alabas’trum (Lat. bud), a flower-bud. a‘lar, ala’ris (ala, wing), (1) formerly used for AXILLARIS; (2)~Cells, cf, Ala, (6). alate’, ala/tus (Lat. winged), furnished with an expansion, as a stem or petiole; alatepinna’tus, when the common petiole of a pinnate leaf is marginally winged. alba’‘tus (Lat.), whitened; Albe’do (Lat.) whiteness; Albefac’tion (facio, I_ make), blanching; albes’cent, albes'cens, becoming white; al’bicant, al'bicans, tending to white; albid'ulus, al/bidus, _—albin’eus, whitish ; Al’binism, a disease from absence of normal colouring, dis- playing itself as an Albi’no; albi'nus, al'bulus (Lat.), somewhat white. Al’bumen (Lat., white of an egg), the nutritive material stored within the seed, and in many cases surrounding the embryo. (Note. Not to be confounded with animal Albumen.) Albumin, in plants, the proteids which readily coagulate from their aqueous solutions by the action of heat or acids; Albu’minoids (cldos, resemblance), nitrogenous organic substances, proteids ; albumino’se, albu’minous, albwmino’sus, contain- ing albumen, a term restricted to seeds ; Albu’minates, nitrogenous substances insoluble in water, soluble in dilute acids or alkalis, e.g., gluten of wheat; Albumo’ses, similar to albuminates, but soluble in water ; common constituents of aleuron. Alburnitas Alldolysis Albur’nitas (albwrnum, sap-wood), a disease in trees, a tendency to remain soft like the recent wood ; albur’nous, relating to the sap- wood; Albur’num, the outermost and youngest portion of the wood, still permeable by fluids. al’bus (Lat.), dead white, without lustre. alcohol’ic Fermenta’tion, sce FERMEN- TATION. alector'ioid (Alectoria, Ach., eldos, resemblance), filamentous, as the thallus of the genus after which it is named. alepido’tus, t (a, not, Aercdwrds, scaly), destitute of scurf or scales. Aleu’ron, or Aleu’rone (d\evpor, wheaten flour), proteid granules of globulins and peptones, present in seeds, ~Lay’er, a special peripheric layer in most seeds, especially in grasses ; adj., aleuron’ic. Alex’ine (4\¢Ew, I ward off), a sub- stance hypothetically assumed to be formed by plants for protection against bacteria ; antitoxine. Algae (alga, seaweed), chlorophyll- containing Thallophytes, which usually grow immersed in water, fresh or marine; known popu- larly as ‘‘Seaweeds,” or ‘‘ Water- weeds”’; al’gal, relating to Algae; ~ -Layer, the green band of gonidia in the thallus of heteromerous lichens, also styled ~ -Zone ; algi’nus { re- sembling a thread-like Alga; Al’gist | =Algol’ogist, a student of Algae; al’gous=ALGAL; Algol’ogy, (Adyos, discourse), the science of Algae; Algs, F. von Mueller’s word for Algae. A’lien, used by H. C, Watson for introduced plants which have be- come naturalised in Britain. alif’erous (ala, w wing ; fero, I bear), having wings; aliform (forma, shape), wing-shaped; alig’erous (gero, I bear) = ALIFEROUS (Crozier). alig’ular (a from, ligula, strap), Russow’s term for that leaf-face in Selaginella which is turned away from the ligule and stem. Alimo’nia + (Lat. nourishment)= ascending sap. -alis, Latin termination indicative of belonging to; thus radic-alis, be- longing to the root, radix. alisma’ceous (Alis’ma, Dill., +ceous), belonging to the order Alismaceae, of which the genus named isthe type. Aliz/arine (Fr. Alizari, madder-root), the colouring matter of the root of madder, Rubia tinctoria, Linn. Alkachlorophyll (Alkali+CHLoRo- PHYLL), a presumed constituent of chlorophyll, produced by the action of an alkali; alkales’cent, of the nature of an alkali; Alk’aloids (eléos, resemblance), general term for the organic bases in many plants, markedly medicinal or poisonous, as Morphia, Strychnia. allagophyll’ous (d\\ayy, a change, ptrdov, a leaf), alternate-leaved ; allagoste’mon, allagostem’onous, when stamens are attached alter- nately to the petals and the torus. allanto’dioid, applied to ferns which resemble the genus Allantodia, R. Br. in habit or fructification. allant’oid (dA\G@s, a sausage, eldos, form), sausage-shaped. allassoton'ic (4\\doow, to vary, Tévos, turgescence), movements of mature organs, caused by augmentation of turgor with diminution of volume. allia’ceous, -ceus (allium, garlic, + aceus), having the smell of garlic or onions; allia’rius (Lat.) is a synonym, Alii‘ance, a group of Orders, now usually styled Conort. Alliga’tor (adligo, I bind) =Fuicrum. alloch’rous, (dé\\os, another, xpéa, complexion), changing from one colour to another; Allocar’py (kapres fruit), fruiting from cross- fertilized flowers; Allog’amy (ydsos, marriage), cross-fertilization ; sub- divided into Grrtonocamy, from another flower on the same plant, and Kernogamy, from another plant of the same species ; a/1j. allog’amous. Alléol’ysis (dAdotos, different, Avors, 9 allotropous ambiparous loosing), applied to the mode in which natural diastase acts on the endosperm of the date, and the changes thereby caused. allot’ropous (d)\\os, another, tporh, a turn), MacLeod’s term for plants having stores of honey open to all insect-visitors ; Allot’ropy, other- wise turned or formed. alpes’trine, alpes’tris, strictly ap- plicable to plants growing above the limits of forest-growth, on the Alp, but practically synonymous with Alpine; alpes’ter (Lat.) is used by some botanists for the more usual form. alphitomor’phous (&\qgrroy, pearl barley, sop@h, form), like barley- meal; applied to certain fungi. alp’igene (alpig’ena, bred in the Alps) =alpine. alp’ine, alpinus, properly denoting plants belonging to the Alps (alpes, mountains), but frequently used in a wider sense, embracing alpestrine, as well as the higher situated plants. alsina’ceous (Alsine, Tourn. + CEOUS), used of a petal having a short, but distinct claw. alter’nate, alter’nus; alterna’tus, alter’nans, (1) placed on opposite sides of the stem on a different line ; (2) when between other bodies of the same or different whorls, as in Umbelliferae, where the stamens are alternate with the petals, that is, between them; alternipin’nate, or altern’ately-pin’nate, when the leaflets of a pinnate leaf are not exactly opposite each other ; Alter- na‘tion, Alterna’tio, the fact of being alternate, ~ of Genera’tions, the reproduction by organisms which do not precisely resemble the parent, but the grand-parent, applied espe- cially to the regular succession of sexual and asexual phases, as in Ferns, etc.; alter’native, alternat?’- vus, in aestivation when the peri- anth segments are in two rows, and the inner so covered by the outer, that each exterior member overlaps the half of two interior members, 10 Al'theine, a principle from the marsh- mallow, Althaea, Tourn., analogous to Asparagin. Alt‘itude, Altitu'do (Lat. height), used to specify the height above the sea of the vegetation in question. aluta’ceous, aluta'ceus (aluta, soft leather +crous), (1) the colour of buff leather, or light tan; (2) leathery in texture, coriaceous. Alve’ola (alveolus, a hollow vessel), pl. Alveolae; cavities on the sur- face, as the pits on the receptacle of many Compositae, honey-combed ; (2) the pores of such Fungi as Polyporus; (8) the perithecia of certain other Fungi; Alve’oli, the pit-like markings on the valves of many Diatomaceae; Alve’olar- plasma (7\dcua, modelled), term used by Strasburger in place of TROPHOPLASM, granular protoplasm; al'veolate, alveola’‘ius, alveola’ris, marked as though honey combed. Amadow’ (Fr.), (1) thesubstance of cer- tain Fungi used as tinder, as Poly- porus fomentarius, Fr. ; (2) as styptic when from the pubescence of the Phanerogam Melastoma hirta, Linn. Amalthe’a + (dua, together, dd\déw, I increase), used by Desvaux for an aggregation of dry fruits within a calyx which does not become fleshy, as Alchemilla, and Sanguisorba. Aman‘itin (from Amanita, Dill.), (1) the red pigment of the pileus of the Fly-Agaric, (2) the poisonous alkaloid from the same, also written Aman’itine. ambig’enus (ambo, both, genus, race), applied to a perianth whose ex- terior is calycine, and _ interior corolline, as Nymphaea. ambiguiflor’us (ambiguus, doubtful, jlos, floris, flower), applied by Cassini to flowers of an indeterm- inate form ; ambig’uous, (1) said of an organ when its origin is un- certain, thus the dissepiments of an orange may belong to the axis or the paries ; (2) of a plant when its position is doubtful. ambip‘aroug, -ru8, (ambo, both ; pario, ambisporangiate amphicarpogenous I bring forth), producing two kinds, as when a bud contains both flowers and leaves, as the Horse-chestnut ; ambisporang’iate (+ SPORANGIUM), hermaphrodite flowers, otherwise macro- and micro-sporangiate, that is, bearing ovules and pollen-sacs. Amb‘itus (Lat. a going round), the outline of a figure, as of a leaf, ambleocar’pus (