‘ornell University Libra re be a Las OF BOTANICAL OBSERVATION AND CRITICISM. BY EDWARD L. GREENE. VOL. |. WASHINGTON, D. C. 1903-1906. CONTENTS. Distribution of Bidens vul gartan.. se scssssnecsecesseecemccececswonnssesn x 1 A New Southern Violetic....c.cccccsssssscssscscs sovsesencsesessecssesessenue sense 2 In the Wrong Genus . 4 Further Segregates from Aster .uu....cssssessen nssneeccceceetesessuestseees 4 Neglected Hupatoriaceous Gemera.ccscesssessccssseseceesesscnnerse ses 7 The Logic of It . 14 Certain Polygonacens Genera.......e.csesceccssssssssenseseesesstsesssssessesses see 1% Neckerian Cactaceous Genera w 50 North American Species of Amare] la... ceseseccscccsemessscsecee 53 Seven New Apocynums. 56 Affinities of the Cichoriacede..........cssecnssecssssccsseenuecsesseecnnseeeee 59 Some Western Buckthorn... neeccssmeceeeecteeeee cece 63 New Species of Ceanothus passes 65 The Genus Pneumonanthe 68 A Rare Swertia es "79, New Plants from Middle California "3 Certain West American Cruciferae... esses secccenssecccneseesenss 81 Laothoe 90 On Certain Gentianaceae , 91 Two New Batrachia 95 Two New Sophiae . 96 A Proposed New Genus, Avotites.............. aa aoe oe 97 Some New England Persicarias ........----cscssescessmnesssneentes 105 What is Nuttallia Davidiama ?occccssccsccccsneccsssusssmnnssstnastnesuess 110 Three New Heucheras : 111 The Genus: Radicul ais...ccccccucrnsanc oud meme aaa. 188 Segregates of the Genus Rhus 114 New Plants from Southwestern Mountain6s........000 ee 145 Atasites and Thyrsanthema New Species of Chaptalia ................ A Proposed New Genus, Callisteris New Species of Pentstemon......... se desiasacet psc atelier Iv CONTENTS. Madronella New Species of Isocoma New Asteraceous Genera. Segregates from Sieversia. . Various New Species.......... + Mutations in Viola The Genus Tridophyllum New Species of Mimulus Further Study of Chaptalia Icianthus and Sprengeria New or Noteworthy Species An Unwritten Law of Nomenclature Certain Malvaceous Types The Genus Nuttallia The Genus Bossekia New Plants from New Mexico .u....cscsccosscccscocsssscs scsscsecssscseesesesseeecaeset ee New Species of Viola Parthenocissus a Synonym New Western Plants A New Genus of Rutaceae The Genus Leiostemon The Genus Batanthes Four Streptanthoid Genera Mittellastra and Rubacer An Orchid Note ..eccceccssscssce cesses Certain Rosaceous Gemera.i.. cesses csscssesosees seecssseccecrssceesess eeeseece Men Some Oriental Rubus Allies A New Bland Violet.. < .. 169 1938 174 .. 180 182 188 189 190 - 197 . 199 201 205 .. 209 .. 210 211 214 219 221 222 -- 223 224 224 229 237 237 246 247 LEAFLETS of Botanical Observation and Criticism, by Edward L. Greene. Distribution of Bidens vulgata. Soon after having published this species I ventured a sugges- tion that, inasmuch as it is notably less common at the east than B. frondosa, it might have come to this side of the continent from the West (Pitt. iv. 250). A recent September tour through parts of Indiana, [linois, Wisconsin, and Minnesota gave the opportunity of observing the species in many western localities; and the opinion which I had almost adopted as to its western nativity is not confirmed. I found the plant everywhere, but everywhere much less com- mon than its ally, B. frondosa; also almost invariably a ten- ant of cultivated grounds, gardens, cornfields, etc., whereas B. frondosa, in the upper Mississippi valley as in that of the Potomac, abounds in wild uncultivated lowlands along streams and margins of lakes and ponds, where #. vu/gada is never seen. I everywhere observed of B. frondosa that in its maturest autumnal state the whole herbage is of a bronzy purple; but B. vulgata remains green. Learuets, Vol. I, pp. 1-16, issued 24 Nov., 1908, 2 LEAFLETS. A New Southern Violet. In a recent allusion to the geographical distribution and varia- tions of Viola pedata, | ventured the suggestion that it may in time be shown to consist of a number of definable species, or at least marked varieties (Pitt. v. 126). Having indicated as a varietal segregate the plant of the U. S. midland prairie region, and which I shall here and hereafter denominate V. ‘nornata, I wish to direct attention to a southern ally of the Middle Atlantic, V. peda‘a, which exhibits charac- ters so pronounced that I wonder no one hitherto has noted them. Before proceeding to the diagnosis of specimens I must make mention of the unpublished colored figure of supposed V. pedata made by Le Conte. As often as I have consulted that figure, so often has the conviction forced itself upon me that his subject must have been a form of V. pedafa unseen by me, at least in a living state; a plant of remarkably slender habit, seven inches high from the crown of the rootstock to the extremity of the corolla, this last wanting but the sixteenth of an inch of being two inches from tip to tip of the light-blue petals; these last also wanting a certain firmness of texture in virtue of which the corolla of V. ixornata at least, if not that of true V. pedata, is flat and stiff-looking in its perfect expansion. But in the corolla as represented by Le Conte there is seen over and above their extraordinary size, a certain half-undulating easy grace in the spread of the petals which is foreign to the flower of north- ern and middle country V. pedata. It is well known that Le Conte’s admirable work on violets was done chiefly in the fleld and at the farther South—the Caro- linas, Georgia and I believe Alabama, and in our herbaria, among scores of V. pedata sheets—yes, hundreds of them—there are occasional specimens from the Carolinas southward which answer as well as dried specimens may, to this beautiful plate which Le Conte has left; and the specimens disclose one char- acter of importance which none have mentioned, that is, a re- markably prominent spur to the odd petal. This organ is most conspicuous in a sheet of specimens collected on dry gravelly NEW VIOLET, 3 hills at Saratoga, Mississippi, 4 April, 1903, by Mr. 8. M. Tracy. These I take as the type of a new subspecies which may be called Viota amMPLiata. Of the habit and with the foliage of V. pedata but taller, commonly 5 to 8 inches high, glabrous or very nearly so, the rootstock not as stout, often ascending rather than erect: sepals thin, broader at base than those of the ally, more slenderly tapering, the margins merely serrulate-scabrous: corolla about 2 inches long, the petals thin, pale-blue, the odd one with & conspicuous stout upturned and almost hooked spur. Besides the type specimens in my own herbarium, I find two sheets in the U.S. Herb. which seem to represent the species, The most undoubted of these is from Meridian, Miss., by Mr. Canby, 4 April, 1900. Of the two specimens one is six inches high, the other nine, and the plants are as slender as those of Mr. Tracy; the dry corollas measuring about 1% inches, the sepals and spur as in Mr. Tracy’s plants. The other oneis from Auburn, Ala., 22 Apr. 1900, by Mr. Earle. Here the corolla is as large, but the two upper petals seem to have been red-purple. The specimens are from five to six inches high, slender, from ascending rootstocks; but the spur in these is not stout, nor has it a certain acutangular upper terminal corner, so to speak, which gives the somehwat hooked appearance to that of the type. While ordinarily V. pedata and cnornata have a merely saccate lower petal, this barely visible between the two sepals next it, there are nevertheless rare forms of these exhibiting a distinct and even conspicuous spur. In the U.S. Herb., one sheet, from New Providence, Penn., by A. A. Heller, May, 1900, has flowers with an evident spur, not long, yet long enough to be rather strongly curved. It terminates obtusely, with no hint of any angularity at the end. Another sheet, from Reading, Mass., by Chester Kingman, 17 May, 189%, has a peculiar, well elongated narrow upturned spur. The corolla here is 14 inches long, the petals all of one color, and all emarginate. In both these instances the plants are, in all except the spur, quite like the usual V. pedata, and do not connect with V. amplata, 4 LEAFLETS. Similarly, a fine sheet of specimens of V. :nornata from Iowa, stout, low, and scaberulous, and with the thick obtuse sepals of that species, show a distinct though not very long but stout curved spur, this as completely rounded at its terminus as the organ is in other northern forms here cited. In the Wrong Genus. While examining some Pofenéi//a bundles lately in the U.S. Herb., I came incidentally to a sheet of specimens labelled P. gractlipes, Piper, n. sp., the first glance at which suggested a Sieversia, and an examination revealed the characters of that genus. It will therefore be called SIEVERSIA GRACILIPES. . gractlipes, Piper, Bull. Torr. Club xxvii. 392. The species has for its nearest affinity S. seré- cea, Greene, Pitt. iv. 50. Further Segregates from Aster. Somewhat late in summer seven years ago, following an old wood road up a mountain side in northern Pennsylvania, I paused for a moment in admiration of some nodding corymbs that in partial shade were peering a little above the rest of the woodland herbage and seemed as if they must be those of some asteraceous plant; though up to that time I had not seen, or even heard of any asteraceous plant with nodding heads. But on a near ap- proach to the plants I discovered by the unmistakable cut of the foliage that this was what I had known well enough in herba- rium specimens for perhaps forty years, what is called Aster acuminatus. Somewhat later that season I transferred roots of the plant to my garden near Washington, discovering what also had not, and has not until now been mentioned, that the species propagates by tubersrather by stolons. Attheend of each long slender subterraneous branch a small organ is formed which, exactly resembles a small potato, and from each of these springs a plant for the next year. Having studied this type in the living state for another season, I in 189% labelled all my herbarium sheets of this species OcLEMENA ACUMINATA, having first noted that neither the achenes nor the pappus are those of the genus Aster, the former SEGREGATES FROM ASTER. 5 being prismatic rather than compressed, and the latter much too fine and soft. As a genus, OCLEMENA bears much the same relation to Aster which Zrechiites bears to Senecio. I am also now persuaded that the genus is not monotypical, and would name as a second species 0. NEMORALIS, this being of course the Aster nemoralis, Ait., which, seeing it was no Aster, 1 formerly transferred to Eucephalus, where it was not well at home. It has the same habit, and the same reproduction by tubers which the type species portrays, though its pappus is firmer, and its achenes, though 5-angled, are a little compressed. Whether its heads are nodding before expansion or erect I do not know, never yet having had the fortune of seeing the plant alive. That in the type species the heads are nodding before expansion has now at last been announced by Mr. Small in his new book already famous. The genus ViIRGARIA proposed by Ratinesque I have wished for years to be able so to extend as to include init Aster sericeus and its allies. They are all wiry and coriaceous things as to texture, with silvery-silky foliage and peculiarly foliaceous involucres—plants abundantly distinct from the type of Aster. But Virgaria concolor, Raf., stands apart from the others in several particulars. Its mode of growth and propagation underground, its inflorescence and its flowers—those of the disk being never yellow, but at first white, then rich purple—and then its silky villous achenes, all combined bespeak its title to the rank of a genus from which its kindred of the west and south must needs be separated. To them I accord generic rank under the name LasaLuga. Their heads are large and solitary; their disk-corollas at first yellow, then becoming brown; their achenes perfectly glabrous. The species seem to be about three: L. SERICEA (Vent. under Aséer), L. NuTTaLit (Aster montanus. Nutt. not of Allioni) and L. pHYLLoLEpIs (T. & G. under Aszer). When in 1896 I was studying Dellingeria (Pitt. iii. 50) as a necessary segregate from the Linnexan Aszer, I would fain have made positive Nees’ doubtful placing of Aster ptarmicoides in 6 LEAFLETS. that genus. But habitally this type is wholly unconformed to Dellingeria—as far from it as it is from typical Aster itself, It is even less repugnant to Sertcocarpus, as Nees himself observed. But that genus has densely silky-villous achenes, while those of the type in question are perfectly glabrous, white and almost shining as well as rather strongly quadrangular and little or not at all compressed. The pappus, too, is very clear white even in maturest age and after long years in the herbarium; and this is not true of any of its supposed allies. And that the bristles of the pappus are visibly dilated at tip is a character here for the first time noted. By these marks, and by its almost filiform disk-corollas which are always white, and the thick and appressed involucral bracts, it must be admitted, rationally, in the rank of a genus, which I purpose calling UNamia. Over and above the type species, which must be called U. prarmicorpss, the following seem specifically distinct: U. rastia1ata. Leaves narrower thanin U. ptarmicoides, entire, marked with a pair of lateral veins more or less distinctly anastomosing with the not very much more conspicuous: midvein, the surface and margins scabrous; inflorescence strict and fas- tigiate, flat-topped, the peduncles closely bracteolate, the bract- lets passing gradually into those of the turbinate involucre, which are acute. Apparently local in moist sandy lands along the southern shore of Lake Michigan, the best specimens by L. M. Umbach, at Pine, Indiana. The rays are evidently white, otherwise I should have suspected it to be the var. /utescens of the type species. The long almost imbricate-bracteolate peduncles, tur- binate involucres, (campanulate in U. pfarmicotdes) and fastigiate cyme compel the recognition of this as at least a strong sub species. U. Guoraiana. A. ptarmicoides, var. Georgianus, Gray. In habit like the last, but less strongly fastigiate, the cyme not flat-topped, the lateral peduncles quite surpassing the terminal head, all the peduncles strongly bracteolate and the involucre still more acutely turbinate, the bracts narrow and acute, glabrous even marginally. EUPATORIACE. " The real characters of this are here for the first time indi- cated. It is the acutely turbinate involucre of narrow pointed bracts which tells. The species seems to range westward from Georgia into the Indian Territory, and perhaps southern Mis- souri. U. suBcINERA. Stout and rigid, a foot high or more, sub- cinerous-scabrous: leaves large, oblong-lanceolate, entire, some- what undulate, hardly acute, 3 to 5-veined and the lateral veins divergent: cymes short and broad, the branches of it and the pedicels strongly hispidulous, their bracts few, large, leaf-like : involucres large, campanulate, their thick acutish bracts hispid- ciliolate, suleate on the back, the midvein being at the bottom of a distinct if not deep furrow: rays not large for the plant, evidently ochroleucous or yellow. Near Ft. Meade, South Dakota, August and September, 1887, Dr. W. H. Forwood. Genuine U. ptarmicoides is in the collec- tion from the same place, but this broad-leayed thing, pale with a peculiar rough-hairiness, is very distinct. Neglected Eupatorlaceous Genera. Respecting the genus which has Eupatorium cannabinum for its type, I have for some years past felt convinced that our verticillate-leaved purple-flowered plants, a group headed by E. purpureum, are its only representatives in America. Nearly three years since I proposed the restoration of Cono- clintum as a genus (Pitt. iv. 272), and in the course of the preparation of that paper, among other alterations which I made in my herbarium bundles was that of labelling under the generic name of Osmia such of the species as were found refer- able to that evidently natural genus long ago proposed by Schultze. Seeming compelled, in view of its excellent characters, to give the same recognition to the group named Ageratina by Spach (in allusion to the strong likeness of the plants to dgera- tum yather than to genuine Eupatorium), I began a general revision of this genus under the name KyYRsTENIA which Necker had assigned it long before the days of Spach. The manuscript has been lying for more than two years unfinished, 8 LEAFLETS. Meanwhile Mr. Small, in his Flora of the Southeastern States, has seconded my restoration of Conoclinium and also admitted Osmia. It is therefore opportune to present suggestions of the excellent titles to generic rank held by other assemblages of species of so-called Eupatorium. KyrstTenta (Neck. Elem. i. 81) has for its most historic and representative species two herbaceous plants known well in pre-Linnean days, one of which Linneus called Eupatorium aromaticum and the other Ageratum altissimum better known to us as Eupatorium ageratoides, a name assigned it by the younger Linneus. These two plants, and with them a host of their congeners, are so unlike true Eufpatorium and at the same time so like Ageratum in foliage, inflorescence, uniserial involucre, and even as to flowers and fruits, that nothing but the fine-bristly rather than paleaceous pappus could have kept them apart from the genus last named, where, as already noted, Linnzus did actually place the first species. They differ from Aupatorium by a set of characters exactly corresponding to those by which Zrigeron is held separate from Aster. One must needs assume the Atlautic North American species just mentioned to be the proper type of Kyrstenra. They are herbaceous perennials with opposite leaves and a corymbose inflorescence; their thin almost uniserial involucral bracts notably pointed. I subjoin a list of representative species, all belonging to the flora of the United States, using the specific names at present in vogue for each under Eufpatorium, save only in the case of £. ageratoides which alone has a specific name older than that in common use; and I give in parenthesis the place of publication of each as an Eupatorium, KyYRsTENIA AROMATICA (Linn.Sp, 839), VIBURNIFOLIA (Greene, Pitt. iv. 276), anausTaTa (Greene, l. c. 277), NEMORALIS (Greene, l. c. 278), TRacy1 (Greene, |. c.), ABORIGINUM (Greene, 1. c. 277), BOREALIS (Greene, Rhodora, iii. 83), CEANOTHIFOLIA (Muhl, in Willd, Sp. iii. 1755), autisstma (Linn. Sp. 839 under Ageratum; Eup. ageratoides, Linn. f. Suppl. 355), INCARNATA (Walt. Carol. 200), sucunDA (Greene, Pitt. iii. 180), wexis- EUPATORIACE. 9 SoIDESs (Willd. Sp. iii. 1754), PAUPERCULA (Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. xvii. 205), RotHrockii, (Gray, Syn. Fl. 102), HERBACEA, ARIZONICA (Greene, Pitt. iv. 279, 280). This typical group has many representatives beyond our bor- ders in Mexico, Central and even South America, some herba- ceous, others shrubby, of which I cite but few. K.GRANDIDEN- Tata (DC. Prodr. v. 167), AMPLIFOLIA (Gray, Am. Acad. xv. 28), EUONYMYFOLIA (Greene, Pitt., iii. 31) BELLIDIFOLIA (Benth. Pl. Hartw. 43), OREITHALES (Greenm., Am. Acad. xxxii, 308) PazcuaRENsis (HBK., N. Gen. N. & Sp. iv. 123), GRANDIFOLIA (Regel, Gartenfl. i. 102), agzRATIFoLIA (DC., Prodr. v. 173), CILIATA (Less., Linn. vi. 404),@LECHONOPHYLLA (Less., Ic. 105), CALAMINTH H@FOLIA (HBK., N. Gen. iv. 129), DoNNELL-SMITHII (Conlt. Bot. Gaz. xvi. 95), contina (DC. 1. c. 164), Esprnosa- ruM (Am. Acad. xv. 28), BENTHAMI (Klatt. Leopoldina, xx. 90), DELTOIDEA (Jacq. Schcenbr. ili. 63), CoAHUILENSIS (Gray, Am. Acad. xvii. 205), GUADALUPENSIS (Spreng. Syst. iii. 414). On the Pacific slope of the United States we have no typical Kyrstenia; though a distinctively Mexican group of species with tufted stems from a woody base, alternate leaves, thyrsoid- panicled heads, and involucres not quite as simple, is represented in the mountains of California and northward by a single rather handsome pink-flowered species, K. occ1pENTaLis (Hook. FL i. 305). Among Mexican species of this habit are K. K@LLI@FO- 1a (Greene, Pitt. iii. 31), BREVIPES (DC. Prodr. v. 168) and some of the following here proposed as new. K. THYRSIFLORA. Stems stout, erect, herbaceous, 2 feet high or more, simple up to the contracted and somewhat thyrsiform inflorescence and very leafy, all the leaves alternate, pale but cinereous-scaberulous rather than glaucescent: leaves ovate and scarcely acute, or lance-ovate and acute, ascending on short petioles, distinctly or obscurely serrate-toothed: pedicels and biserial bracts of involucre densely scabro-puberulent: corollas white, with slender tube, short-funnelform throat and long spreading lobes: achenes not strongly angled, glabrous. Chihuahua, Mexico, chiefly southward in the State; collected by Palmer, Pringle and E, A. Goldman, and always distributed for EZ. occidentale var. Arizonicum, which is a strange proposition. 10 LEAFLETS. K. BETUL@FOLIA. Near X. occidentalis, like it in size and habit, but all the foliage opposite; leaves of broad and deltoid outline, with an abrupt acumination and coarse serrate teeth : inflorescence much more open and heads fewer ; bracts of the involucre broader, firmer, rather strongly 2-ribbed: corolla pinkish, with broad and short throat and much more deeply cleft limb: achenes black, hirtellous. This is Mr, Pringle’s n. 1263 from Chihuahua, distributed for a variety of Eupatorium occidentale, from which it differs widely by its opposite and very birch-like leaves, and still more certainly by the form of its corollas, this in K. occédentatis being narrow and tubular in comparison, with very short teeth. K. suBintz@ra. Shrubby, glabrous: leaves 2 or 3 inches long, deltoid-ovate, acuminate, subtruneate or abruptly tapering at base, short-petioled, obscurely and remotely denticulate : cymes subsessile among reduced leaves at the ends of all the branches: inyolueres long and narrow, the inmost of the few bracts striate, the outer glabrous or glandular-puberulent: corollas with slender tube and funnelform rather deeply cleft limb: achenes setulose. Pringle’s 3311 from San Luis Potosi, published by Mr. Robin- son as a variety of EZ. EHspinosarum, though specifically distinct by characters of foliage, inflorescence, and especially by its elongated heads. K. AMPLIssIMA. Stout, several feet high, branched above to form a somewhat leafy thyrsoidal inflorescence: larger leaves 5 inches long, 3 or 4 in breadth, obtusely somewhat deltoid-ovate, crenate, glabrous: pedicels and rather large involucres with a short harsh pubescence: corollas tubular-funnelform; achenes glabrous. Pringle’s 2878, from Jalisco, Mexico, 1889, distributed as a variety of E£. amplifolium, from which this differs exceedingly in habit, foliage, inflorescence and achenes; for in the real X. amplifolia there are angular and acute leaves, a naked-peduncled terminal cyme, scaberulous achenes, etc. K. rnura. Herbaceous, erect, 2 feet high or more, simple up to the cymose-panicled summit, the stem, and leaves beneath, of a dark red-purple, the petioles and nodes hirsute with a EUPATORIACEZ. 11 ferruginous retrorse hairiness: leaves firm, ovate-elliptic, 2 or 3 inches long, lightly serrate, acuminate, short-petioled: bracts of involucre striate, lightly pubescent, commonly fleshy-tinted : corolla with slender tube and short funnelform limb: ovaries pubescent. Pringle’s 8028, distributed under the name Z. cz/#atum, though not like that in either aspect or character. K. acuta. £. ageratifolium var. acuminatum, Coult. Contr. U.S. Herb. 179. Suffrutescent, rigid, brittle, the branches and lower face of leaves pubescent: leaves deltoid-ovate, coarsely subserrate-toothed on the sides, the subtruncate base and short acumination entire; petioles slender, shorter than the blades: heads rather few and large in a broad sessile cyme: involucres somewhat imbricate, the rather more than biserial bracts linear, acute, 2-nerved: corolla tubular-funnelform, short achenes setulose both along the raised and whitened angles and in a less degree between them: pappus firm, yellowish. This is in many ways very unlike K. ageratifolia, and so much so as to its involucre that I have hesitated before admitting it into Kyrstenta. K. tata. Rigidlyshrubby, divaricately branched, the flower- ing branchlets densely leafy, the foliage, pedicels and involucres of a bright green ; strongly resinous-viscid : leaves deltoid-ovate, acute, obscurely crenate-dentate, closely reticulate-renulose : heads short and smallish, in sessile crowded compound cymes : bracts of involucre biserial, subequal, oblong-lanceolate, 2-nerved below: achenes minutely setulose along the thin sharp angles. Foot of Monte Alban, Oaxaca, Mexico, 23 Oct. 1894, C. L. Smith; distributed for £. calaminthefolium, to which it bears no near relation. K. cALOPHYLLA. Shrubby; branches suberect, ending in a short-peduncled cyme: leaves to } inch long, suborbicular to subdeltoid-ovate, somewhat crenate-toothed, glabrous, coriaceous, remarkably scrobiculate beneath, the reticulations circumscrib- ing shallow depressions: bracts of involucre scarcely biserial, oblong, acutish, purple-tipped: slender corollas pinkish ; achenes pubescent. Near Saltillo, Mexico, June, 1898, Palmer (n. 318 in U.S, Herb.); the specimens labelled F. calaminthafolium, 12 LEAFLETS. K. parvirotia. In habit near the last, but abundantly leafy with mostly deltoid ovate entire leaves only } to 4 inch long, not coriaceous, smooth and glandular-punctate beneath ; cymes sessile, surpassed by slender leafy-bracted branchlets: bracts of involucre biserial, oblong-lanceolate, acute, pubescent: flowers pinkish: achenes scaberulous and glandular. Also from near Saltillo, Palmer (n. 289 in U. 8. Herb.), also called £. calaminthefolium, though most distinct, and with copious small leaves recalling those of MM7tchella repens. The history of what has lately begun to be called Eupatorium capillifolium is uncommonly replete with interest. In aspect it is so exceedingly unlike the rest of the Eupatoriacew, and so completely imitates Artemisia, that when early in the eighteenth century it became known in Europe the botanists all called it a new Artemisia, Dillenius leading the way in 1732, Lamarck in 1784 being perhaps the last author to continue it under that genus; Walter in 1785 being the first to pronounce it an Zupa- tortum ; this disposal of it being adopted by Willdenow in 1803, the celebrated author of Michaux’s Florain the same year trans- ferring the type to the Asteraceous genus Chrysocoma. When conservative authorities are at such extremes of disa- greement as to the generic status of a type, the end of contro- versy about it is apt to be reached by conceding to it the rank of a genus; and this, for the type in question appears to have been proposed by Wallroth in 1822. His paper I have not seen, but only very authentic citations of it. He named the plant TRAGANTHES TENUIFOLIA ; and yet, within some five or six years thereafter, Cassini, the most accomplished and at the same time the least conservative of nineteenth century synantherologists, for some reason declines Wallroth’s very rational proposition, and proceeds to assign it a place under Adzkanza, calling it IZ. artemisioides ; acknowledging that it fits the place not at all well, and failing to give any good reason for overruling the judg- ment of Wallroth. The group is a small one, but so strongly marked in habit, that I have no doubt of its ultimately being accepted as a genus, under the name TRAGANTHES, the species over and above the EUPATORIACE. 18 original one, to take names as follows: all having been named under Lupatortum by the authors indicated: T. composrri- FOLIA (Walt. Carol. 199), PINNATIFIDA (Hil. Sk. il. 295), LEp- TOPHYLLA (DO. Prodr. v. 176), HUGENEI and PECTINATA (Small. Fl. 1165). By far the greater proportion of the United States Eupatoria belong to a group of herbaceous perennials with opposite leaves, and .white flowers in sessile terminal compound corymbs; the involucral bracts quite as few as in Kyrstenta, even fewer, but in two or more very unequal series, the individual bracts of firm texture, not ribbed or obviously nerved, obtuse or acute, often white-margined or even scarious-tipped. The corollas are small, consisting of a short tube and equally short, narrow fun- nelform throat or limb, the color always white; style-branches not short, notably clavellate. Both involucres and achenes apt to be strongly gland-dotted; the fine white pappus-bristles from scabrous to barbellulate. Of this assemblage J take £. perfoliatum, Linn., to be about the oldest type, and name the genus UncasiA, transferring to it by name the following: U. PERFoLIATA (Linn. Sp. 838), TRUNCATA (Muhl. in Willd., Sp. iii, 1751), cunzaTa (Engelm. in Torr. & Gray, ii, 88), SESSILIFOLIA (Linn. Sp. 837), ALTISsI- ma (Linn. Sp. 837), ROTUNDIFOLIA (Linn. Sp. 837), scABRIDA Ell, Sk. ii, 298), puBEScENS (Muhl. in Willd. Sp. iii, 1755), SEMISERRATA (DC. Prodr. v. 177), CUNEIFoLIA Willd. l.c. 1753), HYSSOPIFOLIA (Linn. Sp. 836), ToRTIFOLIA (Chapm. Bot. Gaz. ili, 5), LINEARIFOLIA (Walt. Carol. 199), LEcHER- FOLIA (Greene, Pitt. iii, 177), TorreyaNa (Short, Supplem. 5), LEUCOLEPIS (Torr. & Gray, FI. ii, 84), ALBA (Linn. Mant. 111), PETALOIDEA (Britt. Bull. Torr. Club, xxiv, 492), VERBEN ZFOLIA (Michx. Fl. ii, 98), ANomMALA (Nash, Bull. Torr. Club, xxiii, 106), Mourit (Greene, contr. U. 8. Herb. vi, 762), restnosa (Torr., DO. Prodr. v. 176), MIKANIOIDES (Chapm. Fl. 195). With the exception of U. serotina, which ranges southward into Mexico, I have not seen any Mexican Eupatoria that are of this genus; but in South America there seem to be a number of species; U. GLOMERATA and PALLESCcENS (DC. Prodr. v. 154) for mere examples, and, for one that in aspect recalls U. perfoliata, U. SALVIA (Colla). 14 LEAFLETS. The Logic of It. At page 142 of the Third Volume of Torreya one reads a sort of diatribe against a man in Italy who has lately not only perpetrated some duplicate binary names in zéology, but also shown himself unaware of the circumstance that such a thing had been done before. I have no sympathy with narrow provinciality and ignorance —though it occurs in many places outside of Italy—and I quite enjoy the keen rebuke administered to that malacographer, and to some other people nearer home, by the writer in Torreya. At the same time I wonder why the critic did not take his mala- cologist to task for another piece of innocency which, if less ridiculous, is more dangerous. I refer to his assertion, as quoted by the critic, that these duplicate names result from his having retained the “original Linnzan names for the species, though these may have been chosen to denote the genus.” The man evi- dently thinks that these appellations which he has been doubling np came into existence there in the margins of the Linnean pages a8 species names, and were afterwards placed in the rank of generic names; while the fact is that not one such name is original with Linnzus. They all existed as genus names before Linnzus. Now such an inversion of history as this Mediterranean mala- cologist makes in calling them ‘‘ original Linnwan names ” seema to me the really reprehensible fault in this paper as quoted. Why is this expression of a palpable untruth allowed to pass unscathed? Is it perchance needful in order to secure currency for these Car cat, Dog dog, names, that one should try to keep alive the moribund faith in that mythical Linneus in whom our forefathers believed, who was supposed to have been the origi- nal author and promulgator of a scientific nomenclature for groups of living entities? Is some survival of this myth to ac- count for the critic’s silence as to this error ? Some dozen years ago, I was told by an aged gentleman that his father, a New York naturalist at the beginning of the nineteenth THE LOGIC. 15 century, assured him that, at a public celebration of the centenary of Linneeus, there was displayed, writin large letters, this motto: “God Created; Linneus Named.” With admirable terseness did this express what a century ago was the general opinion, that Linneus had been the wonderful man with whom had orig- inated both genus names and species names for animals and plants. Is there, then, after the lapse of yet another century, here and there a man in Italy, and here and there a man in New York, who would keep alive this antiquated cult ? As regards duplicate binary names, they are naturally offen- sive to every man of common sense, not to say of literary or scientific good taste; and I have no doubt there are botanists, if not zoologists, who while they openly employ them yet secretly abhor them. But it is not so much the names themselves, their absurdity and senselessness to which we object, as it is the groundless as- sumption on which they are based, namely, that Linnzus is the father of nomenclature and that the names duplicated do in their singleness belong to him by right of priority; the truth being that all of them are genus-names, and were all current, some of them for centuries, before Linneus. As regards the measure of success attending recent efforts to establish duplicate binaries, I do not see what influence this can have upon the thought and action of the scientific and scholarly ; for these as a class, unless they have resigned individual free- dom of thought and action, are governed by principle and guided by reason. As an argument, the fact that a multitude follows a certain course, is more in use with politicians than with botanists and zdologists. It is true that both the contend- ing parties as to nomenclature in this country have used this argument; but neither has thereby added strength to a cause, or dignity to a position. But now, had I been in the critic’s place, advocating duplicate binaries, felicitating my party on the growing popularity of these nomenclatorial deformities, and citing the most significant instances of their use with anthors, I do not think I could have _ failed to see in this much berated Italian malacologist about the most notable example of them all; for he alone among them— 16 LEAFLETS. if we except the case of Hill in the Hortus Kewensis—seems to have acted without known precedent, and therefore independ- ently ; arriving at this course by his own individual reasoning and reflection. Through a rather discreditable innocency of all that is going on in the nomenclatorial world outside of Italy, he lays down for himself a line of procedure which is, to his mind, new ; and in having followed it, as it were all alone, he must be credited with the virtue of a strong independency that is some- what rare, and which merits praise. And if examples are to stand for arguments his, unless he should by and by retract, may perhaps, outweigh the force of Hill’s example of so long ago; for he, having once propounded Cyanus Cyanus, Mariana Mariana and one or two more like them, repented of his error and declined to make other such names; which, by the way, the critic did not mention. POLYGONACEOUS GENERA. 17 Certain Polygonaceous Genera. Some twelve years have passed sincein the Flora Franciscana, I indicated, though indistinctly, what was then and has ever since been my opinion that the groups subgenerically known as Bistorta, Persicaria, and Bilderdykia ought all to obtain recog- nition as proper genera; a rank which had been universally conceded to them up to the time when Linneus, with his fas- cinating but unphilosophic artificialism, introduced what was fated to be along epoch of retrogression in the history of natn- ral classification. During the last nine years, in my herbarium, these and other genera allied to them, have been segregated, each under its own name; and I now desire that a more open presentation of my ideas along this line of study should be made without further delay. Bistorra (Cesalpino de Plantis, 167, (1583) has long seemed to me one of the most pronounced generic types in this whole family, in view of its strong habital and vegetative characters. In these respects it has more in common with Lapathum (erro- neously called Awmex in these days) than with any other genus. In all but the inflorescence it closely imitates the dock in aspect, and like it the herbage wants the pellucid dots or glands that mark the genus Persicaria; and this kind of vegetative charac- ter is allowed great weight in plant classification generally. The contortions of the root in this genus are peculiar, and early gave rise to such generic synonyms as Co/udrina and Ser- pentaria; while in England it was of old commonly called Snakeweed, as Gerarde testifies. This quaint old author, by the way, reports that the herbage was used in some parts of Eng- land “as an excellent pot herbe,”’ and also adds, what all do not know, that “it is called Bistorta of his writhed rootes.” The following are some of the authors of renown who may be consulted upon this type in the rank of a genus, and under this name, since Cesalpino: Ray, Meth. 1 ed. 68 (1682); Tour- LEAFLETS, Vol. i, pp. 17-32, Jan. 5, 1904. 18 LEAFLETS. nef. Elem. 412, t. 291 (1694) and Inst. 511, t. 291 (1700); Ray, Meth. 2 ed. 22 (1703); Linn. Fl. Lapp. 115 (1737) and Fl. Suec. 116 (1745); Hill, Brit. Herbal., 488 (1756); Adans. Fam. 277 (1763); 8. F. Gray, Nat. Arr. ii, 267 (1821); Raf. Fl. Tell. ii. 12 (1836) Spach. Phaner. x. 538 (1841); Fourreau, Trans. Linn. Soc. Lyon. xvii, 146 (1869). Let mé remark that if I have here attributed BisrorTa as a genus to Cesalpino, it has not been that the name originated with him. The type was figured under this name by Tragus as early as 1552; but Ceesalpino was the first of botanists to define genera, and arrange them in a natural sequence. He is the real Tournefort, and a century earlier than the one who bears that name, and has usually the credit of having laid the foundations of Systematic Botany. The type species rejoices in some diversity of binary names, one of which, being invested with the right of priority, I would adopt; adding a partial list of the authors who have employed it: B. mason, Tragus (1552), Dodonzus (1583), Thalius (1586), Gerarde (1597), Clusius (1601), Taberneemontanus (1625), Ray (1696), and many more of the pre-Linnzans. Then, since 1'753, S. F. Gray (1821). By the synonym #. vulgaris, Hill, Brit. Herbal, 488 (1756); also &. offcenalis, Raf. Fl. Tell. iii. 12 (1836) and Fourreau, 1. c. (1869). Some other species of BisTorTa, indigenous to North America, are B. vivipara, 8. F. Gray, |. c., and B. AmERIcANA, Raf, 1. c., this based on P. distortocdes Pursh; B. LINEARIFOLIA, CEPHAL- OPHORA, VULCANICA, JEJUNA, BERNARDINA, GLASTIFOLIA (Greene, Pitt. v.197-199, under Polygonum) ; also B. Macountr (Small, in Macoun, Pl. Pribil. 570) and pLumosa (Small). The following may be added to the number of recognizable North American species. B. ninactna. Slender, a foot high or more from a stoutish contorted fibrous and chaffy-crowned root: leaves lance-linear and linear, 3 to 6 inches long, retrorsely scaberulous beneath and with a broad flat striate midvein without other manifest nerva- tion, the margins crisped in the large, in the narrower not so, in all revolute: ocree an inch long, ending in a short scarious cup and a linear very erect leaf 1 or 2 inches long: spikes ovoid POLYGONACEOUS GENERA. 19 or short-cylindric; bracts ovate-lanceolate, caudately pointed : flowers at first white, changing in age to lilac-purple. In the mountains near Pagosa Peak, southern Colorado, at 12,500 feet C. F. Baker, 28 Aug. 1899; distributed for Polygonum bistortoides; resembling B. iinearifolia and with leaves quite as narrowly linear, but otherwise very different. B. cALOPHYLLA. About 2 feet high, the lowest leaves about 10 inches long including the 3-inch petiole, all from a short stout contorted and fiber-bearing root: blades of leaves oblong and elliptical, flat even to the slightly wavy margin, glabrous throughout, very bright-green above, glaucous beneath, with broad flat striate midvein and obvious though delicate feather- veins: ocres 14 to 2 inches long, ending in a short scarious rim and a rather large oblong-lanceolate spreading leaf: spik »void to subcylindric, 1 to 2 inches long; lower bracts round-vbovate and toothed, the upper narrower and acuminate: flowers milk- white, drying cream-color. Subalpine in the mountains of southern Colorado; Baker, Earle and Tracy’s 373 from 9,000 feet on Chicken Oreek, and Bakers n. 293, from near Pagosa Peak at 10,500 feet are the types; the species noteworthy by its large handsome foliage, and recalling the far northwestern 2. glastifolia which has a much firmer foliage reticulate-venulose, and underneath lepidote- puberulent. B. LITToORALIS. Allied to &. vzvipara but large, nearly 2 feet high, the rather slender stem and long leaves from a thick hori- zontal bent rootstock: lowest leaves a foot long, the petioles rather longer than the linear or lance-linear blades, these subco- riaceous, abruptly acute at both ends, glabrous on both faces, very glaucous beneath, the midvein thick but rounded, not flat and striate: spikes 2 to 4 inches long, bulbilliferous only at and near the base: bracts subreniform-ovate, toothed across the broad summit and with a short subaristiform acumination. Shores of Yes Bay, Alaska, 20 July, 1895, Thomas Howell, n. 1048 in my set of his plants. The large very sharply out- lined coriaceous leaf-blades strongly recall the fronds of some simple-fronded ferns, both by outline and the venation. B. opHIoaLossa. Stems several, very erect, 4 to 6 inches high 20 LEAFLETS. from a stout ascending rootstock: basal leaves elliptical to ellip- tic-oblong and oblong-linear, subcoriaceous, } to 12 inches long, on slender petioles not so long, glabrous above, pale and hairy beneath, the thick margins revolute; cauline leaves mostly 1 or 2 only, as long as the others but linear, very erect: spikes 1 to 14 inches long, linear, dense, bulbilliferous to the middle: bracts broadly ovate, entire, tapering to a short but conspicu- ous acumination. An inland species of Alaska, the specimens from Ranch Creek in the Yukon Valley, 26 June, 1899, by M. W. Gorman, and distributed for Polygonum viviparum. B. LEPTOPHYLLA. Subterranean parts not seen: upright stems 2 feet high: basal leaves 8 to 12 inches long, only ? inch broad, linear, tapering to a very short petiole, acutish, glabrous on both faces traversed underneath by a broad flat midvein and delicately reticulate-venulose, the margins thin and somewhat crisped ; not in the least revolute: ocrez an inch long, termina- ting in an oblique red-brown scarious appendage and a small leaf, this lance-linear to oblong-linear: spike 1 to 2 inches long, oblong to cylindric: bracts ovate or ovate-lanceolate, but with an almost aristiform acumination from the truncate or even emarginate upper end : flowers white. Frequent in the higher Sierra of California, here described from specimens collected forty years ago by Bolander. The leaves are remarkably like those of Rumex crispus though nar- rower. B. scopuLina. Stout and low, the several stems 3 to 5 inches high from a more or less rounded and compacted mass of short rootstocks, the whole much like a tuberous root in appearance ; leaves all erect, elliptical to oblong-linear, ? to 2 inches long, firm if not subcoriaceous, bright green and glabrous above, pale and minutely rough-hairy beneath, the midvein neither broad nor flattened, traversed by a raised line in the middle, veinlets obsolete except at the very margin, there abruptly prominent: spikes commonly 2 or even 3 inches long and longer than the stem itself, bulbilliferous for more than half their length, the Horiferous portion thick and dense: bracts suborbicular, entire, cuspidate-pointed. This is of the mountains of northern and middle Colorado, POLYGONACEOUS GENERA. 21 the type specimens from Cameron’ Pass at an altitude of 11,700 feet, collected by C. F. Baker, 16 July, 1896. Of all the new species of Bzstor¢a here proposed the types are in my own herbarium ; and doubtless many more species not yet described exist in other herbaria. The characters on which species may be established—those of rootstock, leaf, spikes and especially their bracts—are herein sufficiently indicated, and other students of the group will carry forward the work here begun upon our North American forms. The genus is one of many which while but feebly represented in the floras of Europe and eastern North America, exhibit a multiplicity of species in those of both Asia and western America; and I next subjoin a partial list of such Asian species as accord perfectly with the type as to vegetative characters and a simple and terminal spike; taking for their names under Bisrorta the same that have been already assigned them under Polygonum : B. BULBIFERA (Royle, Trans. Linn. Soc. xviii. 94), SPHAEROS- TACHYA and STENOPHYLLA (Meisn. Monogr. 53, 52), cONFUSA (Meisn. in Wall. Pl. As. Rar. iii. 53), PERPUSILLA (Hook. f. Ic. Pl. t. 1490). Also Asian, and of this genus as to habit and floral charac- ters, but branched above and bearing several spikes: B. SPECIOSA (Meisn. Monogr. 66), AMPLEXICAULIS (Don. Prodr. 70) and OXYPHYLLA (Wall. Catal. n. 1715); and lastly {wo species of Asian mountains that are suffrutescent, bear gr .ceful spikes of intensely red flowers, are hardy in England and highly orna- mental under cultivation in Kew Gardens: B. arrinis (Don. 1. ¢.) and VACCINIIFOLIA (Wall. |. c. n. 1695). From Biéstorta, the distribution of which is rather northern and subalpine, the transition to the almost subtropical genus TRACAULON is every way abrupt. No thoughtful and unbiased mind would be likely to regard the two groups of species as members of one and the same genus; and in the early history of the typical species they were associated with Pagopyrum or else He/xine rather than with Polygonum ; so even with Linn- gus at the first. 22 LEAFLETS The characters of this genus are well brought out, though under the subgeneric name Echinocaulon, by Meisner, DC., Prodr. xiv. 131. Hasskarl appears to have made more than one attempt to obtain recognition for the group as a genus a little later than the date of Rafinesque’s publication of the same opinion. Only three species of TRACAULON have been credited to the United States; two of which are correctly presented by Mr. Small in his admirable book; but his 7 Beyrichtanum is doubtless a misapprehension. The real 7. Beyrichianum is Brazilian and the plant of our southern borders fails in impor- tant points to answer the description of it. Itis P. multangulare, H. & A. Comp. to Bot. Mag. ii. 62, and should be called T. muLT- ANGULARE. Next of kin to our two familiar species of the Eastern and Southern United States are three North Asian which in their earlier history were confused with ours in nomenclature. They are T. SrstricumM—P. sagtttatum Sibiricum, Meisn., T. SIEBOLDII (Meisn.) founded on P. sagittatum Thunb. and T. THUNBERGII (Sieb. & Zucc.) based on P. arifolium Thunb. Yet a fourth Japanese species is T. HASTATO-TRILOBUM (Meisn.), and even antipodal Australia and New Zealand have one which was at first confused with our Z. arifolium. This is T. sTRIGOSUM (R. Br.) I subjoin a further list, far from complete, of TRacAULON species of various parts of the world, indicating where they were published under Polygonum: T. MHISNERIANUM (Ch. & Schl. Linnea. iii. 40), RUBRICAULE and STELLIGERUM (Ch. Linnea. viii. 130, 181), MURICATUM (Meisn. Monogr. 74), PERFOLIATUM (Linn. Sp. 2 ed. 521), PEDUNCULARE (Wall. Catal. n. 1718), PRHTERMISSUM (Hook. f. Brit. Ind. v. 47), HISPIDULUM and TETRAGONUM (Blume, Bijdr. 535), Maackranum (Regel, Fl. Ussur. 127). More -asily confused with Polygonum, and somewhat similar in asp to such plants as P. enue, is a small group of Califor- nian annuals-which the late Mr. Watson segregated under the subgeneric name of Duravia. But the characters of Solitary POLYGONACEOUS GENERA. 23 flowers, one only in the axil of each bract of the spike, the per- sistent styles, and, more important than all else, the absence of that articulation at base of the leaf-blade which marks Polygo. num,—these are three generic characters, and I propose for the group generic rank under the name Duravia. The species as far as known have received specific names under Polygonum as follows: D. CALIFoRNIcA (Meisn. in DC., xiv. 100), BrIpwELLLA, GREENEI (Wats. Am. Acad. xiv. 294, 295); of the same genus, apparently, is the large suffrutescent species D. BOLANDERT (Brewer ex Gray, Am. Acad. vill. 400). For the smal] assemblage of the convolvulaceous Polygoneex, long ago aptly denominated Climbing Buckwheat by country people—and surely less unreasonably reduced to Fagopyrum by pre-Linnzans, than to Polygonum by Linneus—I indicated in the Flora Franciscana that the generic name is BILDERDYKIA, Dumortier. I do not admire uncouth personal names in botany, and regret that Ziniaria, used by Mr. Small, has not priority. Dumortier, whose Florula Belgica is very scarce—and as im- portant for Polygonez in particular as it is rare—places these plants, where they truly seem to belong, next to Fagopyrum ; and in his view the group has a better claim to the status of a genus, than either Bzstorta or Persicaria, both of which remain with him but sections of Polygonum. Two species, B. Convolvulus and dumetorum are named by him. Some of the others that go with them are B. scANDENS (Linn. Sp. 522), crtrnopis (Michx. Fl. i. 241), cristata (E. & G. Pl. Lindh, 51) and prerocarpa (Wall, Catal. n. 1690). The Japanese P. mu/tiflorum, commonly associated with the above I have not seen; but the description reads as if it might, perhaps, constitute a generic type. During some sixteen centuries was PERSICARIA recognized universally as a genus distinct from Polygonum. Linneus, the great father of confusion as to genera of plants, reduced the species to Polygonum ; but ever since there has been a succession of authors who have protested against this, and reasserted PER- 24 LEAFLETS. SIOARIA as a genus; though the Linnean notion has still seemed to prevail, doubtless for the most as a mere prejudgment, during the nineteenth century. Among earlier authors there are some who distinguished two genera, Persicaria with mild, and Hydropfiper with pungent or peppery herbage; and the aquatic species were even again by some reckoned a distinct genus called Potamogeton. It is indeed almost certain that the real Potamogeton of ancient botany is Persicaria amphibia ; and on this account Bubani,in the Flora Pyrenza lately published, assigns the modern Potamogeton a new name. And so, it isa mistake on the part of Mr. Small in his new flora to have placed our native homologue of P. amphibia first in his list of the species, as if it were typical of Persicaria ; for it is not. 2. maculosa, for which Mr. Small has coined a new and duplicate binary, is the type of PERSICARIA. The following members of the genus, formerly published by me under Polygonum, are here transferred: P. rUSIFORMIS (Eryth. i. 259), OMISSA, FALLAX, ARCUATA (Pitt. v. 200, 201). Other North American species not hitherto transferred are P. caREYI (Olney, R. I. Pl. 29), Harrwrieutii (Gray, Am. Acad, viii. 294), cocctnza (Muhl. iu Willd. Enum. 428), rrgtpuLA (Sheld. Minn. Studies, i. 14), Lupovic1ana (Meisn. in DC., xiv, 116). This last Mr. Small may have failed to distinguish from Persicaria segetum,in the grammar of whose specific name he has also erred, supposing it to be an adjective, which it neither is nor can be made, except as segtalis. In the group of species of which the Old World Persicaria amphibia is typical I have at intervals, as opportunity was given, during years pursued field studies, and made copious specimens, with a view of revising it, at least as it is represented in North America; and I have long enough deferred the placing upon public record of certain important biologic facts observed by me in relation to these plants. All who have attained to even a superficial knowledge of their history are aware that the specific name amphibia was given to an Old World species because it was familiarly known to be amphibious, so to speak; one form, or variety, as they called it, POLYGONACEOUS GENERA. 26 inhabiting ponds and lakes, the leafy part of the stem and also its leaves floating on the surface of the water, and another form growing on the ground, or at least on muddy shores, developing upright leafy stems, and exhibiting a very different foliage and inflorescence. It was until somewhat recently understood that in various parts of North America we have the same Polygonum amphibium with its two very dissimilar varieties aguaticum and ‘errestre. There were early though unsuccessful protests against the doc- trine that the European and American plants are specifically one; and latterly there has prevailed the view that the terres- trial plant is quite distinct, specifically, from the aquatic. The view reached by myself after years of observation upon living plants both at the West and at the East is, that we have a number of distinct species that are normally aquatic, and as many more that are normally terrestrial; and that our aquatic species, at least in several instances, appear as riparian plants with wonderfully changed foliage and inflorescence, and that several of our normally terrestrial species do, under certain con- ditions, develop aquatic branches with floating foliage, this also strangely altered from that of the terrestrial type, yet at the same time most unlike that of the truly aquatic species in gen- eral. I also suspect that some of the aquatic, or at all events some riparian species exist in even a third state, more strictly terres- trial, with a third set of strongly marked peculiarities of habit and foliage, and that in such third form the plants flower either very rarely or never at all. If this judgment of mine as to the behaviour of the plants be well founded, it will follow that the delimitation of species will be most difficult, so long as a number of the species are known in only one of the three of their possible phases. Never- theless, I am about to propose a very considerable number of new species ; and shall found some upon the aquatic phase only, others some upon a riparian state only, as well as many more upon properly terrestrial plants. In the case of these last I am the less afraid of erring, knowing as I think I do, that these are more commonly of one phase only. But in the case of the "26 LEAFLETS. normally aquatic, I shall doubtless found aggregates; for I -apprehend clearly the possibility, even the probability, that cer- tain species which in their aquatic floating state present no char- acters upon which one may separate them, will in their riparian phases, when these are found, display their specific differences. Here, then, is work for many a future generation of botanists, ~and most interesting work; but it must be begun in the field, and carried on there, patiently and persistently. ‘In the diagnoses that follow I decline to make any use or application of old varietal names, such as zerrestris, emersa, Muhlenbergii, natans, and others, No one knows, and perhaps no one ever will know, just what the forms or states or phases were to which the authors applied the names; and to use them ignorantly of their first application is but to make confusion worse confounded. It also seems necessary where aquatic, riparian and terrestrial phases of a species are known, to describe each in a separate paragraph, so very different are the characters of stem, leaf and ‘inflorescence in the several phases. There is no other conve- nient way of making a full diagnosis of such species; for, as must be obvious to every one, these are states or phases, not varieties; so that to give them any kind of separate rank, or to assign them names as such would be to misrepresent the facts in the case, and therefore to be unscientific. P. FuuIrTaANs. Polygonum fiuitans, Eaton in Kat. & Wright, 368. Aquatic. Stems very slender, the submerged in- ternodes 3 to 6 inches long, the floating ones 1 to 14 inches, exceeded by the remarkably slender petioles, these commonly 2 inches ; leaf-blades elliptical to elliptic-oblong, 14 to 44 inches long, never subcordate, always tapering at base though abruptly spike solitary, short-cylindric, slender-peduncled : bracts broad- ovate, acute, glabrous. Frequent in northern lakes from Maine and across Lower Canada to Wisconsin and south to New Jersey. Fernald’s Aroostook Co., n. 95; a series of sheets from northern New York collected at various stations in 1879 and 1888 by L. F. Ward (these in U. S. Herb.), and some fine specimens taken by Mrs. C. F. Baker, at St. Croix Falls, Wisconsin, in 1899—all represent well this east- POLYGONACEOUS GENERA. 24 ern plant for which so unhappy a misnomer as “P. amphidium, Linn.” has hitherto prevailed. The plant of northern and mid- dle western Europe has not only a lanceolate and subcordate foliage, but the margins of its leaves are keenly scabrous-serru- late. No such plant, or any presenting even a hint of these two excellent characters, has been found by me in the herbaria that T have consulted. It does not exist in North America. Muh- lenberg and Willdenow a hundred years age made this out, and published either this or some other speciesas P. coccineum. Pre- cisely what that was, however, as to the aquatic type, one can not now say. But Amos Haton as early as 1840 gave the name P. fluitans to what, from the description as well as the locality, we must conclude to have been that here described anew. I do not know where that St. John’s Lake is which Michaux cites as the habitat of his var. zatans ; but I suspect it to be some north- ern lake now known by another name, and lying within the hab- itat of P. fluitans, in which case that may be an older, though a merely varietal designation which would in my view be of no consequence. It will devolve upon botanists resident in various parts of the extensive area occupied by P. fuztans to find, if it may be found, the riparian state. Unless it be a deep-water plant always, on some muddy shores will be found the emersed and creeping form ; and it may be predicted that the leaves of such will have a lan- ceolate outline. P. purpuRATA. Aquatic. Habit of P. fluztans, quite as slender, the internodes as long, but floating portion of stem with distinctly swollen nodes, and very short ocree : slender petioles 1 to 14 inches long, oblong-elliptic blades 14 to 4 inches, thin, purple-tinged, always acute at both ends, most so at apex : spike solitary, small-fiowered, very dense, ovate, the pedicels spreading : achenes small, round-ovate, acute, dull blackish, neither quite smooth nor with a definable unevenness. Riparian state. Stems mainly prostrate, rooting in mud, stout and fistulous, the internodes 3 or 4 inches long and cylindric: leaves lanceolate, very acute, 4 or 5 inches long beyond the short petioles, glabrous on both faces, only the reduced uppermost and floral muriculate-scabrous on midvein and margin: spikes 28 LEAFLETS. about 3, lanceolate, 14 inches long on glandular-scabrous pedun- cles: bracts broadly ovate, acute, glabrous. In the northern Sierra Nevada, California, Silver Lake, Las- sen Co., 30 July, 1894, Baker and Nutting; both states at the same place and same date, and extremly dissimilar as to outline of leaves and characters of the spikes; yet both were distributed under my direction indiscriminately under the name of Poly- gonum amphibium, An excellent sheet of the riparian state was communicated to the U. 8. Herb. and is the type of that part of the above diagnosis. P. CANADENSIS. Riparian. The rather hard and wiry pros- trate stems slender, with internodes of an inch or more: leaves lance-elliptic, 2 or 3 inches long on short not slender petioles, green and glabrous, on the petioles and basal part of some of the reduced floral ones scabrous-strigulose: spikes one or two, borne well above the foliage on a peduncle of 2 inches or more, of lanceolate outline and about 1? inches long, with commonly an isolated bract an inch below the spike subtending a glomerule of 3 or 4 flowers: bracts ovate, barely acutish: achenes round- ovate, black, highly polished yet very minutely shallow-pitted. Known to me only in a fine U. 8. Herb. sheet collected at Galt, Ontario, 17 Aug., 1899, by L. M. Umbach, who reports it an inhabitant of small lakes. The stem is partly submersed, no doubt, but all the foliage present at flowering time, as well as the peculiar spikes and peduncles, are wholly aerial and not floating; whence I infer the specimens to be properly riparian. The habitat is entirely within the range of the aquatic P. fuitens, and the plant may possibly some day be shown to be the riparian state of that; but I think not. P. musocHora. Aquatic state. Larger and stouter than any of the foregoing ; petioles as long but not slender ; leaf-blades of another hue, being light-green, commonly 5 inches long and 14 to 2 inches breadth, ovate to elliptic-lanceolate according as the base ig broad and subcordate or somewhat tapering, glabrous, more or less puncticulate: spike solitary, rather long-peduncled, cylindric, 1 to 13 inches long. Riparian state. Stem stouter, the 3 or 4-inch-long internodes: somewhat fistulous: leaf-blades broadly lanceolate, very acute, POLYGONACEOUS GENERA. 29 rounded or truncate at base, the petioles 3 or 4 inches long, those of the uppermost showing some trace of hairs in the form of a diminutive muriculation: spikes commonly 2, strictly cylindric, longer and narrower than in the aquatic state. This, as I apprehend it, is a northern midland homologue of P. fluitans, distinguishable in even its aquatic condition by the vivid green and the large dimensions of its leaves, as well as a different outline. The specimens are from the Upper Missis- sippi valley, from Indiana to Iowa and Minnesota. I am not without a fear that what I here describeis an aggregate, even as to the aquatic specimens. I therefore indicate as typical a sheet in the U. S. Herb. from Miller’s, Indiana, 24 June, 1896, by L. M. Umbach. Beautiful Minnesota specimens, such as Ballard’s, from Oshawa, Nicollet Co., Sandberg'’s, from Center City, and of Burglehaus from near Minneapolis all fail to ex hibit the subcordate leaf-base. Yet, the riparian specimen, in which the subcordate character comes out strongly, is from Minnesota, at Fond du Lac, by F. F. Wood. Similar plants from farther westward, like some from Ne- braska, may or may not be of this species. P. puatrensis. Riparian. Leafy and floriferous terminal of stems assurgent, } foot high or more, the elongated and pros- trate portions rooting in mud, and with internodes 4 te 7 inches long, each node often emitting a short sterile leafy upright branch, the leaves of such oval to lanceolate and 1 to 3 inches long, glabrous or pubescent; but foliage of main stem under the spike much longer, often 4 inches long, 13 in. breadth, sub- cordately ovate-lanceolate, acute, bright green and glabrous, or more usually with a distinct pubescence along margin and mid- vein, the stoutish petioles an inch long or more: ocreae all thin and hyaline, glabrous: spikes cylindric, 2 inches long or some- what less and narrow, their peduncles glandular-pubescent ; bracts broad-ovate, scarcely acute, glabrous or with some short hairs toward the base. Aquatic state (?). Floating leaves thin, oblong, obtuse at both ends, 2 or 3 inches long, glabrous: peduncle and bracts of the short oval spike also glabrous. Riparian type from the North Platte River at Fairbanks in. 30 LEAFLETS. southeastern Wyoming, July, 1894, A. Nelson. The description is drawn from two sheets in my herbarium, bearing the collec- tor’s numbers 479 and 551, a duplicate of n. 551 also in U. S. Herb. A fourth sheet I have seen in Herb. C. F. Baker, obtained by Mr. Nelson from ponds along the river at Dunn’s Ranch, Albany Co., Wy., 16 July, 1900, and numbered 7598; this quite like the others except that it is glabrous altogether. Another specimen in Mr. Baker’s herbarium, collected by himself at Fort Collins, Colorado, in 1894, has a scabrous peduncle and leaves marginally serrulate-scabrous without other pubescence, while one in Mr. Osterhout’s collection from the same region is glab- rous except as to the peduncle. Another Colorado specimen [ have that was obtained by myself on Clear Creek, a tributary of the Platte, in 1870. But I do not feel very confident that all these are part and parcel of P. Plattensis; nor doI feel sure that the floating-leaved plant which I have appended as an aquatic phase of it really is such. This is Mr. Nelson’s n. 7465 from Dunn’s Ranch, July, 1900. Field study alone can enable one to decide. P. suBcoRIacEA. Aquatic. Stems short, with internodes of of an inch long, apparently submersed in shallow water ; float- ing leaves subcoriaceeus, oblong, obtuse at both ends, 2 to 24 inches long, on firm petioles of 4 inch: spike solitary, ovoid, hardly an inch long, on a stout peduncle of an inch or more: achenes small, round ovate, polished but with an obvious scarcely definable unevenness. Riparian state. Foliage much larger, not as firm in texture, oblong-lanceolate, acute, subcordate, about 4 inches long and about 2 in breadth, on petioles of 24 inches, both faces glab- rous, but those smallest and near the spike distinctly though minutely scabrous-serrulate without trace of other pubescence: spike oblong, not longer than in the aquatic state but on a much longer and notably glandular-hispid peduncle. This very satisfactory species rests at present on a single good sheet in U. 8. Herb., from the North Fork of Laramie River, Wyoming, twelve miles from Laramie Peak, collected by Charles Schuchert, 24 Aug., 1899. The firmness of the foliage in the aquatic, and the serrulate margin of the uppermost riparian POLYGONACEOUS GENERA, 31. leaves, as well as the hispid peduncle in this phase, separate the. plant most definitely from its neighbor of a much lower alti- - tude, P. Plattensis. P. LHTEVIRENS. Riparian. Prostrate rooting stems tortuous, short-jointed, the internodes little more than an inch long, more than half the nodes sending up a decumbent or upright densely - leafy and terminally floriferous branch 6 to 10 inches high: leaves of a remarkably light and even yellowish green, elliptical to oblong-lanceolate, rarely more truly lanceolate and with broader and subcordate base, 24 to 34 inches long, on petioles of + to # inch, glabrous on both faces but the margin varying from perfectly entire to scabrous-denticulate and even serrulate-cilio- late: spikes very short-peduncled, almost subsessile among the | numerous leaves at summit of the branch, very short and thick, almost round-ovoid; bracts broad-ovate, cuspidately acute, - glabrous. This fine species well marked in habit, I know only in speci- mens distributed by Mr. Baker from near Gunnison, southern .. Colorado, 1891, his distribution number 806. The numerous very leafy stems, so crowded on the prostrate main stem, must appear in a singularly compact mass or bed. P. PSYCHROPHILA. Aquatic, though apparently in shallow water, internodes about 2 inches long ; leaves thin, oblong-lan- ceolate, acute, rounded at base but not subcordate, 3 or 4 inches °' long, glabrous, on not very slender petioles of about 2 inches: uppermost ocrexe (perhaps emersed) developing a broad green- * herbaceous lobed and wavy rim: spike short-ovoid, less than an '™“ inch high, on a glabrous peduncle of less than an inch; bracts broad, pointless. Seen only in the herbarium of Mr. Osterhout, who collects it in a subalpine lake in Estes Park in northern Colorado. The: nature of the ocree would seem to indicate affinity for P. Hae wrightit, yet itis hardly of that group. P. Ornzeana. Riparian. Stoutish, short-jointed: lowest leaves (perhaps floating when young) oblong-lanceolate, subcor- date, 3 or 4 inches long, on stout petioles of less than an inch, bright-green, glabrous; those above them smaller, oblong or elliptical, more or less villous or hirsute especially along the 32 LEAFLETS. midvein beneath and on the ocree: spikes very short and short- peduncled, ovoid, the peduncle slightly both pubescent and glan- dular ; bracts ovate, obtuse, glabrous. Tules:-of the Grand Rond Valley, eastern Oregon, W. C. Cu- sick, n. 1763 in my set and that of U. S. Herb. Quite similar, and perhaps specifically identical, is a plant from Lake Pend d’Oreille, Idaho, by A. A. Heller, 1892. P. INSIGNIs. Aquatic, “growing in from 5 to 7 feet of water and floating on it,” the stout stems with short internodes which, as to the lower and more deeply submerged are cylindrical, but nearer the summit swollen and fistulous: leaves floating, not large, 14 to 2 inches long and from oval to elliptic-oblong, ob- tuse, often subcordate, the stoutish petioles about 2 inches long : peduncles very stout, 2 inches long, bearing the large spike an inch or more above the water, and this oval, 1 to 14 inches long, fully ? inch in diameter, the flowers therefore very large, the fruiting perianth nearly + inch long, more than twice the length of the somewhat round-obvate shining achene, which neverthe- less is not quite smooth, rather distinctly lineolate toward the base and obscurely scrobiculate in the middle. In a lakelet at 9,550 feet on San Bernardino Mountain, south- ern California, W. G. Wright, no other data given on the two sheets in my herbarium except Mr. Wright’s herbarium number 1809. The species is remarkable for the stoutness of its pedun- cles and the great size of its flowers and spikes. Possibly Coville & Funston’s n. 1584 may be referred here; but it is a smaller plant, with spikes and flowers not nearly as large. Another aquatic form of Southern California is obtained by Mr. Parish at Aguanga, San Diego Co., and needs further field atudy. It can hardly prove to be P. znsignis, however. P. ristuLosa. Riparian, evidently, though with the foliage and several slender spikes of the properly terrestrial species ; decumbent and rooting part of stem of great size, internodes 5 or 6 inches long, } to # inch thick, hollow, strongly and coarsely striate: leayes oblong-lanceolate and lanceolate, acu- minate, 2 to 4 inches long, the lowest nearly glabrous, the POLYGONACEOUS GENERA. 33 others roughened with minute short strigose hairs, the midvein beneath glabrous in the lower, appressed-muricate-roughened in the upper: upper part of stem and the peduncles glandular- scabrous; spikes 2 or 3 inches long, stout; bracts muricate- scabrous on the back, not ciliate; achenes polished, chestnut color. Crater Lake, near Flagstaff, Arizona, Aug., 1884, J. G. Lem- mon. Probably an aquatic of shallow water, becoming ripa- rian. This is a mountaineer of northern Arizona; but more southerly stations, in the heated and half-desert regions yield other species, of terrestrial habitat, which probably do not con- nect with this. A diligent study of much material from almost all parts of the United States, occurring in the herbaria under the name of Polygonum Muhlenbergit, more recently denominated P. emersum, has shown that this also is an aggregate of species, some of them strongly marked, others less so. They differ one from another markedly as to leaf outline and also.as to the attitude of the foliage, the leaves in some spreading away from the stem almost divaricately, but in the greater number being ascend- ing or suberect. As to the pubescence, they exhibit not only different degrees but different kinds of hairiness; and that of the midvein beneath invariably differs from that of the super- ficies of the leaf. In both the form and the indument of the bracts of the spikes one finds also another set of specific char- acters. There are also several instances known to me by personal observation in which these species, normally of the land, do under conditions of accidental submersion of the stem, develop floating leaves, and those different not only from those of the terrestrial state, but also very different in general from those of species normally aquatic. Future observation will probably add much to our knowledge of such dimorphic eccentricities in the genus. LEAFLETS, Vol. i, pp. 33-48, March 12, 1904. 34 LEAFLETS. I shall first give account of the few species that are marked by a narrow and spreading foliage. In this one particular they recall P, Hartwrightt?. It has this same characteristic; but it has two other important peculiarities which these fail to exhibit. I shall indicate them later. P. REMoTA. Stem rather slender, 1 to 2 feet long, decum- bent, the nodes enlarged, internodes 1 to 2 inches long, glab- rous, many-angled; leaves lanceolate, acute, about 6 inches long, thinnish, without obvious petiole and spreading away from the stem, glabrous above, except as to the midvein and veinlets, these all beset by a single series of short hair-points, lower face puncticulate, the broad midvein appressed-setose and the veinlets very minutely so; margin serrulate by appressed short hairs; ocree sparsely strigose, the hairs long, closely appressed; spikes linear, their peduncles sparsely hispidulous; bracts with scat- tered hairs on the back, not ciliate. Westbrook, Maine, July, 1897, P. L. Richter, the type in U. S. Herb. Information as to habitat, always valuable, the collectors seldom give, much to the regret of those who study plants. I have a suspicion that this plant is riparian, or else of swampy land. P. Nova Anetia, Apparently upright though slender, the internodes 2 to 4 inches long, strongly striate-angled, glabrous; leaves ascending rather than widely spreading, broadly lanceo- late, 7 or 8 inches long, including the petiole (this 1 inch or more), thin, glabrous but puncticulate, the midvein beset with an appressed murication especially beneath, the whole margin sharply serrulate-scabrous with well developed and closely set but short setiform hairs; spike large, linear, more than 3 inches long, its peduncle glandular-hispidulous; bracts small, nearly or quite glabrous, or perhaps sometimes quite strigose-hairy. South Hadley, Massachusetts, A. C. Cook, 1887, the type in U. 8. Herb., where also exist some mere fragments by Oakes from Wenham Pond in the same State, which may or may not belong here. Only a floral leaf is shown in the fragments, and the veins of these develop something more like a hairiness. POLYGONACEOUS GENERA. 35 P. LauRINA. Of the size and the slender decumbent habit of P. remota, but leaves elliptic-lanceolate and about 7 inches long including the + inch petiole, thin, sparsely and minutely strigose on both faces, more pronouncedly and densely so on the midvein, especially beneath ; ocrex, as also the lower internodes of the stem, sparsely appressed-hairy; spikes very slender, 1 to 2 inches long, on slender glandular-hirtellous pe- duncles; bracts rhombic-ovate, hairy, not ciliate. Catawba Island, in Lake Erie, northern Ohio, 5 Sept., 1897, KE. L. Mosely ; the type specimens in U. 8. Herb. Leaves with the outline and venation of those of Laurus nobilis. P. PortEer1. Decumbent, or the basal part prostrate, the stem 2 feet long, very densely leafy with an elongated and spreading foliage; lower internodes 2, upper 1 inch long, all striate-angled and more or less appressed-hairy; subsessile leaves 5 to 7 inches long, lanceolate, acute, sparsely scabrous above both on the veins and elsewhere, especially toward the margin, this beset with long stout but appressed cilii, beneath sparsely hairy, but the hairs of the midvein much longer, setiform, ap- pressed ; ocrese somewhat villous-hirsute; spikes linear, 1 to 2 inches long, their peduncles glandular-hispid; bracts ovate, acute, sparsely strigose on the back and bordered with long bristly cilii. Shores of the Delaware River at Easton, Penn., 20 Aug., 1895. T. C. Porter, type in U. 8. Herb. Evidently riparian, but surely no mere phase of the next, from which the long narrow subsessile spreading foliage must widely separate it. P. coccinzs (Muhl.), Greene, Leafl.i.24. Commonly upright, about 2 feet high, copiously leafy with petiolate and ascending foliage ; blades ovate-elliptic or elliptic-lanceolate, 5 to 8 inches long, abruptly acuminate, the upper face muriculate-scabrous on midvein and all veinlets, the lower more emphatically so, the margin minutely serrulate-scabrous, the general surface nearly or quite glabrous; ocrex very thin, sparingly strigulose- roughened with short sharp hairs: spikes 13 to 3 inches long on short glandular-hispidulous peduncles; bracts with scattered short spinulose hairs on the back and along the margin. 36 LEAFLETS. Riparian state. Assurgent stem less than a foot high from a prostrate basal portion rooting at the nodes: leaves smaller and relatively narrower, truly lanceolate, the leaf-surface quite stri- gose and veins also strigose rather than muriculate: spikes slender ; bracts as in the normal state. Specimens of the terrestrial form described above have been somewhat copiously distributed from Pennsylvania, the habitat of Muhlenburg’s P. coccineum with which this plant must doubt- less be identified. In the U. 8. Herb. exists a very good sheet obtained at Lily Lake, Luzerne Oo., in 1889, by Mr. Small; also two by Mr. Heller, both from Lancaster Co., in 1889 and 1891. Plants exactly like these are in hand from the District of Colum- bia, by L. F. Ward, in 187%, and from the banks of the Ohioin Wood County, West Virginia, 1897, by W. M. Pollock. It is scarcely to be doubted that Michaux’s var. emersum is the same. The riparian, or perpaps rather the subaquatic state which I venture to refer here, though possibly erroneously, is from Ithaca, New York, no collector’s name being given. There is another plant, of the size and habit of the above which I dare only designate as a variety of P. coccinea, which I may call Var. ASPRELLA. Rather larger than the type, especially as to foliage; both faces of the leaf roughened with a minute though not sparse strigulose hairiness, the veins and veinlets rough with an appressed bristly hairiness instead of being merely muricate- scabrous; bracts of the spike strigose on the back, and usually ciliate with longer hairs, The best specimens of this marked variety are from Jackson City, near Washington, D. C., by Mr, E. 8. Steele, Aug., 1897; and Dr. Britton has distributed nearly the same from Staten Island, N. Y. P. PRATINCOLA. Size, habit and general outline of foliage as in the last, but pubescence more dense, that of the midvein also, of very different character, being long, very straight and closely appressed; spikes not large, also short-peduncled, surpassed by the subtending foliage: peduncles glandular-hispidulous; bracts of the spike elongated-deltoid, rather densely strigose and without obvious ciliation. POLYGONACEOUS GENERA. 3% A rank weedy species of low prairies in Indiana, Illinois, Iowa and Missouri, probably also in Michigan, Wisconsin and Minnesota ; notably leafy and small-flowered as compared with its eastern homologue, and by these notes, and especially by the very dissimilar pubescence of the veins beneath, easily distin- guished. P. SPECTABILIS. Size of the foregoing; leaves more elliptic- lanceolate, of--firmer texture, glabrous on both faces except the veins and veinlets, these both above and beneath beset with minute slender conic and appressed short hairs, the margins appressed ciliate with longer hairs: spikes usually two, large and showy, the terminal one 2 to 44 inches long, the other half as long; short peduncles minutely glandular-hispid, but the whole stem quite glabrous; bracts merely hispidulous and sparsely so: achenes round-ovate, bluntly short-apiculate, dark-brown and shining. Handsome species, known to me only as in U. S. Herb., in specimens by M. S. Bebb from Fountaindale, Ill., and from Riley County, Kansas, by G. L. Clothier. P. LONCHOPHYLLA. Leafy stem upright, or perhaps only assurgent from a decumbent or prostrate base rooting at the nodes: leaves narrowly lanceolate, 4 or 5 inches long, ascending on petioles of less than an inch, those from the lower nodes merely scabrous above, the upper and floral strigulose above, the surface beneath similarly pubescent, but the midvein more densely so, and with longer and more bristly but closely-ap- pressed hairs; spikes about 2 inches long, linear, their pedun- cles neither glandular nor scabrous, but clothed with a short soft appressed though not dense pubescence; bracts ovate, acute, strigose on the back with short hairs, and ciliate with longer and stouter ones. Near the southern shore of Lake Michigan, at Miller, Ind., % July, 1897, collected and distributed for P. Hartwrightiz, by L. M. Umbach; but the plant bears no particularly close rela- tionship to that species. P. GRANDIFOLIA. Terrestrial state 2 or 3 feet high, slender, very leafy to the summit, the nodes abruptly swollen, the inter- 38 LEAFLETS. nodes about 2 inches long; leaves 5 to 8 inches long including the 3-inch petiole, the blades exactly elliptical as to general outline, but the narrow base subcordate, the apex acuminate, vivid though deep green above, and glabrous except a single series of minute hair-points along midvein and veinlets, beneath sparsely short-hairy everywhere, but the hairs of the midvein stouter and closely appressed, those of the veinlets more spread- ing, the margin also beset with longer stiffer but closely ap- pressed hairs. Aquatic state. Internodes longer and stem stouter, rooting at the nodes though floating: leaves cordate-oblong, 4 to 6 inches long, the largest 3 inches broad, all acute, but with broad cordate base and on stout petioles of 3 or 4 inches, in every part glabrous. This plant is doubtless conimon on moist or wet wooded bot- toms and shady banks of the upper Mississippi between Jowa and Minnesota and Wisconsin, where at various places I have seen it, though never in flower. My type specimens were taken near LaCrosse, 9 July, 1898, from a colony of plants growing on a stone embankment, and near the water’s edge. The sheets before me are three, one showing the terrestrial state, and two the floating-aquatic condition. The three specimens are from one and the same main stem ; parts of one plant! P. vestita. Stoutish, ascending, 2 feet high: leaves ovate- lanceolate and lanceolate, acute or acuminate, subcordate at base, 4 to 6 inches long on stout suberect petioles of about 2 inches, both faces canescent with a dense short strigose pubescence, that of the midvein beneath longer than that of the surface but equally slender and closely appressed ; ocrez more canescent than the leaves and with asimilar hairiness ; internodes sparsely strigose: flowers rather small, in spikes 1% to 3 inches long borne scarcely above the leaves on somewhat shorter stout glan- dular-hispid peduncles; bracts with back and margin loosely long-hairy. Next of kin to P. pratincola, but of more westerly range, and easily distinguished by its smaller stature and dense almost sil- very indument. The best specimen seen is one made by my- POLYGONACEOUS GENERA. 39 self more than forty years since, taken from the margin of a shallow pond near Albion, Dane Co., Wisconsin. It ranges westward into Nebraska, where Mr. Rydberg’s n. 1822 (as in U.S. Herb.) well represents it and Mr. Clements’ n. 2925, from an intermediate station, still in Nebraska, may be referred here, though less canescently pubescent, and with leaves not at all subcordate. P. propinqua. Near the last, more nearly aquatic and decumbent, only the growing foliage canescent, and that almost silvery; lower and mature leaves elliptic-lanceolate, not subcordate, rather acutish at base, 4 or 5 inches long, obscurely and minutely strigulose-roughened on both faces, but the mid- vein beneath beset with a stout but sharply hair-pointed muricu- lation rather than pubescence, neither the ocres nor the stem obviously pubescent : spikes thicker, and flowers larger than in the last; peduncles merely glandular-scabrous; bracts from scabro-hispid to rather obviously strigose. Species known only from South Dakota, Rydberg’s n. 986 (in U.S. Herb.) from the Black Hills, being the type; a more pubescent form having been collected by T. A. Williams at Brookings, in 1889. P. niaipuLA (Sheld.), Greene, Leafl. i, 24. Aquatic but rigidly erect, without floating leaves, 3 to6 feet high ; immersed internodes thick and fistulous, tapering upward from each node: leaves about 5 to 7 inches long on ascending petioles of about 3 inches, triangular-lanceolate, slenderly tapering above, broad and nearly truncate at base, glabrous on both faces, the reduced floral or uppermost finely strigulose and puncticulate ; peduncles about 2 inches long, glandular-hispidulous, spikes rather longer, thick and large-flowered; bracts ovate, sparingly somewhat glandular-hispidulous : achenes orbicular, smooth, polished. Certainly very distinct, as Mr. Sheldon has demonstrated, the leaf-outline being altogether peculiar, as also the fistulous and somewhat conical internodes of the submersed parts of the stem. The above diagnosis is based on a fine sheet of Ballard’s collect- ing at Nicollet, cited by Mr. Sheldon. But according to U. 8. Herb. the species ranges westward to the vicinity of Bozeman, 40 LEAFLETS. Montana, where it was obtained by Mr. Knowlton in 1887. And there is a sheet from the Little Missouri Buttes in western Dakota, in the herbarium of the late T. A. Williams; these specimens small, only a foot high, but they have the essential characters of the species. P, PLANTAGINEA. Aquatic in shallow water, the stems only 5 to 8 inches high: leaves not floating (unless the very earliest) but polished and glabrous, very large for the plant, the blades mostly 4 or 5 inches long, subcordate-lanceolate, merely acute not acuminate, ascending on stout petioles of an inch or more, the margins often serrulate-scabrous or at least scabrous-dentic- ulate, some small leaves under the spikes showing a strigulose pubescence, the foliage otherwise glabrous; spikes slender and elongated, 2 or 3 inches long, on stout glabrous peduncles quite as long; bracts rhombic-ovate, glabrous. Remarkable aquatic plant with leaves even rough-margined after the manner of Old World P. amphzdia, but spikes as long and slender as those of Plantago major. The type specimens are on two sheets in U. 8S. Herb., collected in 1887 and 1888, from along Little Cedar River in the northern part of Iowa, by Mr. G. Holzinger, and were deposited in the herbarium where I find them by Prof. J. M. Holzinger. Its locality would be an interesting one for field study, with a view of investigating the plant’s possible relationship to some terrestrial form. P. Warpit. Aquatic in shallow water, without floating leaves, the rather slender copiously leafy stems 2 feet high or more, glabrous; leaves elliptic-lanceolate, with tapering base, or more precisely lanceolate with subtruncate but still rather narrow base, 3 to 6 inches long, acuminate, green, but not quite glabrous, a lens disclosing a minute and sparse short-hairiness on both faces, the midvein beneath clothed densely with very fine appressed hairs from a stout pustular base; peduncles short, rough with short strongly gland-tipped hairs; spikes 2 or 3 inches long; bracts ovate, acute, lightly strigose and with a stronger set of marginal hairs. Plains of Colorado near the base of the mountains, probably POLYGONACEOUS GENERA. 41 in pools along the Platte, near Denver, August, 1881, L. F. Ward, and at New Windsor, Weld Co., 31 July, 1894, Geo. E. Osterhout. P. oTOPHYLLA. Evidently 2 or 3 feet high, suberect, slightly flexuous ; very short-peduncled but ample leaves elliptic-lanceo- late, abruptly acuminate, the narrow base subauriculately rounded at the insertion of the petiole, the largest 5 or 6 inches long, 2 in width, deep green above and scarcely roughened by the faint though not very sparse minute strigose hairiness, be- neath paler, inconspicuously strigose with longer softer hairs, the midvein conspicuously clothed with very long comparatively soft hairs that are rather ascending than appressed ; both the short thin ocre and the striate internodes pubescent with very straight and closely appressed hairs; short peduncle similarly appressed-pubescent and not glandular: bracts of the short spike long-hairy both on the back and along the margin ; flowers smal] for the plant. In swamps at Dallas, Texas, 11 Oct, 1900, J. Reverchon, distributed by B. F. Bush, to U. 8. Herb., under n. 2146. Spe- cies particularly well marked by the long-soft hairiness of the midvein of the leaf beneath. P. aBoRIGINUM. Of the size of the last, rather more slender, the geniculate stems more or less decumbent; leaves narrower, exactly lanceolate, though with subcordate or subauriculate base, rather obviously soft-strigose above, more densely and silkily so beneath, where the midvein is clothed with very straight and closely appressed long fine hairs: peduncles rather densely appressed-villous without glands; spike short, not surpassing the leaves; bracts villous-strigose: flowers small; small chest- nut-brown achenes orbicular and little compressed, almost apheroidal. Species of Oklahoma and the Indian Territory, collected by Mr. Blankinship, 28 Aug., 1895. P. Lanezorst. Evidently upright, several feet high. the comparatively slender stems with notably short and thick nodes, the striate internodes 14 to 2 inches long; leaf blades elliptic- 42 LEAFLETS. lanceolate, acuminate, 5 to 8 inches long, 14 to 2 inches broad, spreading, sparsely scaberulous above, the lower face, and espe- cially the midvein, rough with short rigid acute closely appressed hairs; petioles an inch long or more; sheaths clothed with long closely appressed bristly hairs, the summit somewhat lacerate and bristly-ciliate: spikes several, long, linear, somewhat droop- ing: achenes thick-lenticular, not highly polished but rather dull blackish. Swamps along the Mississippi near its mouth in extreme southern Louisiana, 18 July, 1885, Rev. A. B. Langlois. A tall and rank member of this group, with long, half-drooping spikes. Aquatic and floating form to be sought. P. Cusick. Rather slender upright amply leafy stems two feet high or more from a prostrate and submersed rooting por- tion quite as slender, both the submersed and aerial internodes about 3 inches long, the aerial nodes abruptly swollen and the whole stem strongly striate, glabrous: blades of the short- petioled and spreading leaves 5 to 8 inches long, oblong-lanceo- late, acuminate, thin, slightly undulate, inconspicuously and finely appressed-pubescent on both faces, only the stout closely appressed hairs of the midvein beneath with a thick base: ocres hyaline, clothed with long soft appressed hairs; peduncles glandular-hispid, 24 inches long, the cylindric spikes narrow and about as long, the whole not equalling the upper leaves; bracts with long appressed dorsal and margined hairs, and some shorter gland-tipped ones at base. Tules of the Grand Rond Valley, eastern Oregon, Aug., 1897, W. C. Cusick; the type in my herbarium under the collector’s n. 1764. Evidently here, as in the case of P. rigidula of the upper Missouri region, we have a species truly aquatic, as to the basal parts and the roots, but with still the habit, foliage, and inflorescence of the strictly terrestrial species. I refer to P. Cusickii various sheets collected in eastern Ore- gon, Washington, and Idaho, by Suksdorf, Leiberg, Sandberg, Elmer and others. P. FRaANCISCANA. ‘Terrestrial state erect, densely leafy, 2 feet high, the nodes not swollen, internodes about 2 inches long, POLYGONACEOUS GENERA. 43 glabrous, but the thin ocree appressed-villous, narrow, an inch long or more and longer than the short petioles; leaf-blades elliptic-lanceolate, acute, but scarcely acuminate, 5 or 6 inches long, the very lowest glabrous on both faces, the others rather densely but finely strigulose, the midvein beneath with longer stouter hairs gradually thickened from midway down to the base; very short peduncles copiously glandular-hispidulous with some long bristly hairs intermixed; spikes short and stout, barely 2 inches long, nearly 4 inch thick; bracts not strongly strigose-hairy. Aquatic state. Floating leaves long-stalked, the blade of a broad subcordate-lanceolate cut, merely acute, quite glabrous on both faces, upper leaves smaller, more lanceolate, not subcordate, the uppermost with traces of the pubescence of the terrestrial state; spikes long-stalked but otherwise as in the other state, save that both peduncle and bracts are glabrous. Local, as far as known, at Mountain Lake, a small pond in front of the U. 8. Marine Hospital, San Francisco, where I several times collected the land form from 1888 forward. I never observed it as an aquatic with glabrous floating foliage; but the types of this state were obtained from the lake by my pupils Michener and Bioletti, in June, 1891. P. HESPERIA. Riparian, the slender stems 2 feet high from prostrate rootstocks inhabiting lake-shore mud, and forming dense colonies; herbage firm, light-green, apparently glabrous, the stem all the lower leaves truly so, except as to the leaf mar- gins, these closely and evenly spinulose-serrulate; petioles of these 2 or 3 inches long, the broadly lanceolate merely acute blades only 4 or 5 inches; reduced uppermost leaves with a sin- gle series of hair-points along all veinlets and abundant short appressed thick-based very firm-pointed hairs; short peduncles glandular-hispidulous, as also the bracts of the stout cylindric 2-3-inch-long spikes. Margin of a lake near Searsville, San Mateo Co., California, 20 Oct., 1902, C. F. Baker, who distributes it under n. 1835. An exceedingly beautiful species by the contrasted vivid green 44 LEAFLETS, of its firm foliage, and the rich rose-red of its dense spikes. A specimen of what seems quite the same is in U. S. Herb., as collected at some unrecorded station in California by Bridges. P. ALISMHFOLIA. Riparian, but doubtless an aquatic at early stages and with some leaves floating; herbage of the same vivid green as the last, but leaves much larger, the blades of the low- est 6 inches long, 23 in breadth, cordate at base, merely acute at apex, perfectly glabrous even marginally, the reduced uppermost sparsely appressed-silky, the indument of the midvein longer but firm and soft throughout, closely appressed; peduncle strigulose, scarcely glandular: bracts of the 2-inch-long small- flowered spike ovate-lanceolate, glabrous or nearly so. On Russian River north of Cloverdale, Calif., 8 July, 1902, A. A. Heller, being n. 5823 of his distribution as represented in U. 8. Herb. I had hoped to make this out to be a probable aquatic state of P. hesperza, but the difference as to leaf-margins, and the pubescence of the pubescent parts of the foliage in the two are radically dissimilar. P. covILLEI. Stout, erect, several feet high, leafy with large lanceolate acuminate leaves ascending on short stout petioles of ap inch or even less; blades of all but the uppermost 6 to 8 inches long, nearly 2 inches wide, slightly canescent on both faces with fine appressed often tortuous hairs, the midvein be- neath beset with stouter appressed hairs bristly above a tuber- cular base: peduncles beset with very slender gland-tipped hairs ; spikes 2 to 33 inches long, their bracts canescently strigulose and with some short gland-tipped hairs intermixed; rounded achenes slightly obovate. Near Visalia, Calif., Coville & Funston, n. 1266 of the Death Valley Exp., and there are older specimens in U. 8. Herb., one obtained by Newberry on Williamson’s Exp., the other taken on the Wilkes’ Exp., both from the Sacramento Valley. P. OPHIOPHILA. Evidently riparian and more or less decum- bent as to the leafy and floriferous stems, these a foot high; leaves of unusually firm texture, the lowest somewhat triangu- Jar-lanceolate, with a subtruncate base and a long stout ascend- ing petiole of 2 inches, the blades 4 or 5 inches, glabrous, or POLYGONACEOUS GENERA. 45 with traces of muriate-scabrous hair-points on the veinlets and near the margin, those next above closely muricate-scabrous both superficially and on the midvein as well as veinlets, the others narrower and elliptic-lanceolate, more taper-pointed, somewhat, silvery-strigulose on both faces, the midvein beneath with coarser and even slender-conical appressed hairs: peduncles 2 inches long, sparsely beset with ascending short gland-tipped hairs: spikes remarkably narrow, 3 or 4 inches long, the flowers small; bracts canescently strigose, not ciliate: achenes round- ovate, unusually thin and compressed, not highly polished, of a light chestnut-brown. Rattlesnake Tanks, Arizona, 1 Aug., 1891, D. T. McDougal, in U. 8. Herb. Remarkable for long and slender small-flowered spikes, with canescent bracts. P. Rornrocki. Rather slender, erect, very leafy with a short- petioled ascending thin and taper-pointed foliage; the inter- nodes and even the ocree glabrous: leaves of lanceolate outline but slender-pointed, above either glabrous or with scattered and inconspicuous hair-points, especially on the veinlets, beneath less roughened superficially but more so on the unusually prom- inent veinlets, the hair-points of the midvein subulate-spinulose, appressed: spikes and glandular-scabrous peduncles both short, little exceeding the leaves; bracts of the short cylindric spike spinulose-ciliolate and with scattered hair-points on the back, Shores of ponds, streams and ditches of the hot and arid regions along the Mexican boundary; good type-specimens being Rothrock’s n. 670 (as in U. 8. Herb.); Toumey’s “ Polygonum incarnatum, Ell.” from along an irrigating ditch at Tucson; a sheet by Dr. Palmer from “ Arizona, 1869”; while for older and more classic but poor material one may cite Charles Wright’s n. 1779, besides a couple of fragments in U. 8. Herb. from the Mexican Boundary Survey, these mounted on a sheet with a larger specimen of another species, all under n, 1184, In a general way unlike the foregoing group in habit, being of lower stature, denser leafiness, with usually subsessile and spreading leaves, is an aggregate which has passed under the 46 LEAFLETS. name of Polygonum Hartwrighti ; most of the species exhibit- ing salverform ocrex, this organ consisting of the usual thin sheath surmounted by a distinct herbaceous spreading border. The type of this group bears the marks subjoined. P. Hartwrieutii (Gray), Greene, Leafl. i. 24. Low densely leafy stems with short internodes of less than in inch, naked for one-third their length, otherwise invested by the ocrew, these appressed-bristly-hairy, the limb bristly-ciliate; leaves oblong to oblong-lanceolate, 34 to 5 inches long, acutish at both ends, glabrous above, or with a few hair-points toward the mi- nutely spinulose-serrulate margin, beneath glabrous except some scattered spinulose hairs along the midvein; both peduncle and bracts of the oval spike minutely and sparsely hirtellous. Original specimens from Penn Yan, N. Y., by Dr. Wright, justify the above diagnosis. Quite the same has been distributed from Pownal, Vt., by Mr. Eggleston, and from near Lake Grin- nell, N. J., by Porter & Britton. P. apscissa. Size and habit of P. Hartwrightt, with similar leaf-outline but leaves more spreading, their pubescence very different, upper face sparsely strigose, the hairs more copious along midvein and veinlets, marginal hairiness strong but ap- pressed, midvein and veinlets beneath either merely muricate- scabrous or the murications bearing each a long hair: ocree short, thin, almost hyaline, terminating very obliquely and with no trace of herbaceous border; peduncles of the oval spikes short, stout, hirtellous; bracts also strigose or hirtellous. Chelmsford, Massachusetis, 20 Sept., 1885, C. W. Swan, in my herbarium, labelled P. Hartwrighti and imitating that, but dif- fering from it entirely as to nature of pubescence, as well as by the oblique wholly sheathing ocrez. P. ASCLEPIADEA. Terrestrial state; flowers unknown. Stout, decumbent, the several tufted stems a foot long, densely leafy ; nodes not swollen, internodes only # inch long, completely in- vested by the cylindric striate hirsute sheaths, these all with a yery broad spreading foliaceous erose and hirsute-ciliate border ; leaves apparently sessile, the petioles not produced, lanceolate, acute, 3 inches long, glabrous on both faces, only the midvein POLYGONACEOUS GENERA. 44 beneath and the margins with some scattered bristly hairs; foliage widely spreading. Riparian state ? (provisionally P. Mebrascensis), Leaves as- cending, more remote, distinctly short-petioled, the internodes twice the length of the sheaths, the rim of the latter quite narrow ; peduncle of the short oblong spike with a few delicate gland-tipped hairs, bracts thinly somewhat hirsute-hairy. The terrestrial type is known to me only as collected by my- self on the open prairie at Prairie Junction in southeastern Minnesota, 7 July, 1898. Itis exceedingly well marked in habit and foliage, much resembling some alternate-leaved asclepiads. The riparian plant, very likely distinct, is typified in Mr. Ryd- bergs’ n. 1649 from central Nebraska, as in U. 8. Herb. P. AMMOPHILA. ‘Terrestrial, and even of rather dry sandy soil. Decumbent stems a foot or two long in fertile plants and loosely leafy, lower, with short internodes and a dense leafinegs in the sterile state : leaves lanceolate, 3 to 5 inches long, acute, only the uppermost with midvein hirsute beneath, this in the lowest quite glabrous and the leaf-surface scarcely roughened with scattered hair-points, ocree with very thin villous sheath and broad toothed and bristly-ciliate border: spikes mostly 2, oblong, their peduncles beset with a few short gland-tipped hairs and fewer long bristly ones; bracts hirsute-ciliate, otherwise nearly glabrous: achenes small, somewhat obovate, black and shining. The fertile type of this has been sent me {by Mr. Holzinger from Winona, Minn., where he collects it on high sandy banks of the Mississippi. Sterile specimens were taken by myself on dry sandy banks of the same river, at LaCrosse, Wis., 8 July, 1898. P. muricuLaTA. Stout, decumbent, the somewhat branching stems 2 feet long, densely leafy, with a foliage at length widely spreading, the internodes barely an inch long and nodes swollen: leaves elliptic-lanceolate, 4 or 5 inches long including the short stout petiole, merely acutish at both ends, sparsely scabrous and atrigose above, marginally short-ciliate with appressed setose 48 LEAFLETS. hairs, glabrous beneath except as to the strongly muricate mid- vein; ocree also muricate and more or less hirsute, the very broad herbaceous border crisped and setose-hairy; peduncle of the short thick cylindric spike glabrous, sharply many-angled ; flowers pale, merely pink. Near New Windsor, Colorado, 26 July, 1901, Geo. E. Oster- hout, the type in his herbarium. A luxuriant ally of ?. Hart- wrighttt; leafy but sterile branches overtopping the solitary spikes, P. HOMALOSTACHYA. Aquatic state seen only in shallow water, with stems barely a foot long; nodes not swollen, inter- nodes 1 to 2 inches long: leaves thin, oblong-elliptic, 2 to 34 inches long, on petioles of an inch, acute or obtuse, the base rarely subcordate; ocrez hyaline, without border: spikes com- monly 2, short-peduncled, oval or oblong, narrowly cylindric. Moist-land state much larger, often 2 feet high, copiously leafy, the leaves from elliptic to lanceolate, the largest and elliptic 44 inches long, 1? in breadth, commonly glabrous on both faces, the more lanceolate often 5% inches long, sparsely rough-hairy above, more densely so beneath; the midvein dis- tinctly and harshly hirsutulous, all short-petioled, the ocree scaberulous, ending in a broad lobed and crenate as well as hir- sute-ciliate herbaceous rim: spikes quite as in the aquatic state, never elongated and linear, short-peduncled, never even nearly equalling the foliage. Sterile dry-land state a foot high, decumbent, densely leafy, much more strongly pubescent, the elliptic-lanceolate subsessile ascending leaves 2 to 5 inches long, rather bright-green but scabrous-strigose on both faces, the midvein beneath sparsely but stiffly hirsute, with slightly retrorse hairs; ocrez very hir- sute, their broad rim as in the floriferous terrestrial state. The type specimens of this fine species consist of seven mounted sheets collected by myself in and around a large shal- low lake near Perry’s in Pine Valley between Palisade and Eu- reka, Nevada, 25 July, 1896. Different though the three dis- tinct phases of this appear, both as growing, and as mounted in the herbarium, my types in two instances show the aquatic POLYGONACEOUS GENERA. 49 and almost floating branch, and the riparian firm and leafy one growing from the same half-submersed and half-emersed pros- trate main stem. From other parts of Nevada, and from Utah, material mostly fragmentary exists in the herbaria under the name of P. Hartwrightii, a part of which seems referable to the present species. P. VILLosuLA. Riparian or subaquatic, a foot high, with oblong-lanceolate acutish 5-inch-long lower leaves glabrous throughout and probably at first floating, though short-petioled; the upper nearly as large, far surpassing the flowers, oblong obtuse, with subcordate base, sparsely and rather softly hairy on both faces, the midvein beneath hirsute with long spreading hairs; ocrez, petioles, even the upper part of the stem villous- hirsute, not glandular; spikes small, oval; bracts hirsute. Granite Station, Kootenai Co., Idaho, 30 July, 1892, J. H. Sandberg, in U. 8S. Herb. under the collector’s n. 807. The herbaceous border of the ocrez present but narrow. P.CHELANICA. Riparian, with the subsessilespreading foliage of P. Hartwrightii but destitute of the herbaceous rim: leaves small, the largest 3 or 4 inches long, lanceolate, subcordate, very short-petioled, not canescent though sparsely and finely strigulose on both faces, the midvein beneath clothed with coarser straight appressed hairs, these short, not thickened at base; ocree more densely and coarsely strigose; peduncle gland- ular-hispidulous, about 1 inch long, the narrow and linear spike somewhat longer; bracts sparsely bristly-ciliate and with a few short bristly hairs on the back. On sandy bars along Lake Chelan, Washington, July, 1897, A. D. E. Elmer, n. 857% asin U. 8. Herb., named. P. Hart. wrighti, but its relationship to that species not is manifest. P. GRANDIFOLIA, Greene, Leafl. i. 37. Without the least knowledge of its inflorescence or flowers, and upon characters of foliage and pubescence, I published this with the fullest confi- dence in its validity as a species. And now, from only a short distance above La Crosse, the station for my sterile type spec- LzaFuets, Vol. i, pp. 49-64, Aug. 25, 1904. 50 LEAFLETS, imens, namely, from the shores of the Mississippi at Winona, Minnesota, I have the aquatic state in flower, communicated by Professor Holzinger of the State Normal School at that place, who collected it in 1897. The leaves, evidently floating, at least the lowest, are not quite as large as in my specimens, but areas perfectly glabrous, only the margins being either merely scabrous-serrulate, or with the hair-points developed into what approaches the spinulose-serrulate. The spikes are linear and about 2 inches long, of a rich rose red; the bracts uncommonly long-pointed, cuspidately however rather than acuminately, the very apex being blunt. The peduncles are slender, and very delicately glandular-hirtellous. The specimens give no hint of any close affinity for that other long-spiked aquatic of north- ern Iowa, P. plantaginea. The Neckerian Cactaceous Genera. In this exclusively American family of plants at least five of the genera now everywhere recognized as such are pre-Linnean, Melocactus, Cereus, Opuntia, Phyllanthus,and Peireskia had all been published anteriorly to the year 1753, in which year Lin- neus reduces them all to one genus, assigning it a new name, Cactus. Moreover, among the twenty-two so-called species enu- merated in the Species Plantarum of that date are the types of four other genera now everywhere accepted as such, namely, Mamillaria, Pilocereus, Nopatia and Phyllocactus. Thus the types of nine distinct genera, as men now perceive, were embraced within the Cacéus of Linneus. There were two botanists of the time who entered each his own protest against this jumbling together of incongruities Adanson and Miller. The former of these did not so greatly improve the situation, distributing as he did all the Linnean species between the two pre-Linnezan genera, Opuntia and Cer. eus; though on an excellent type which Linneus had ignored he proposed a new genus Hariota, the equivalent, I think, of the more recent Riipsalis. It is also to be noted that he rejected as being the mere synonym that it truly is, the Linnean Cactus, CACTACEOUS GENERA. 51 Miller, at almost the same time, in preparing a new edition of his Dictionary restored two more of the pre-Linnexan genera, setting forth in that rank, Cereus, Opuntia, Peireskia and Melo- cactus, but to this last he assigned the Linnewan synonym of Cactus; perhaps wishing to conciliate, by a mere name, the pop- ular botanist whose system of cactaceous plants he had so boldly revised. Some twenty years or more after Miller’s restoration of the old genera, Necker went over the ground in his own peculiar fashion, reaffirming that in the Cactus of Linneus there are four distinct genera; and there is reason to think that this was an independent proposition of his own, not suggested by Miller, whose Gardener’s Dictionary he may not have seen. At all events, to three of his four proposed genera of cactaceous plants he assigns names so entirely new and strange, that they can not be identified at a glance and by name with the old genera, anda critical study of his diagnoses becomes necessary to the deter- mination of his types. Comparing his descriptions one with another, we ascertain readily that the author subscribes to an opinion, even then anti- quated, that only the globose and cylindric species of cacti have stems, and that the compressed joints of such things as the opuntize and phyllanthi are not branches but leaves; so that, while the globose and simple sorts are described by him as cau- lescent, the kinds exhibiting any manner whatever of flattened vegetative organs are classed as acaulescent, though the plants be tall and large in certain cases. But in this error we find one clew, and asure one, to the identification of his cactaceous genera. Another is given usin connection with the fruits; for he de- nominates a dacca the smooth soft-pulpy small-seeded fruit of some, and as an achena that of those which as in Opuntia have a firm fleshiness and contain larger and bony seeds. These few items of Neckerian cactaceous terminology are enough to enable one to determine with certainty the identity of each of his four genera Cactus, Cirinosum, Carpophilius and Phyllanthus. Cactus, Neck. Elem. ii, 83. Of this he describes the fruit as being an “olive-shaped many-seeded berry.” The only Lin- 52 LEAFLETS. nean cacti whose fruits are so small, rounded or elongated an smooth as naturally to be called berries are his C. mamillari and C. Melocactus. Necker’s Cactus is then exactly that o Miller as to its type species. Both authors retain the Linnea’ genus name, restricting the genus of that name to the firs group of species enumerated by that author; and inasmuch a Miller is the first author of this restricted Cactus, the type-specie of the genus must evidently be sought of Miller. In a worc Necker’s Cactus is synonymous with that of Miller. Crarnosum, Neck. 1. c. 84. Thisis evidently the equivalent o Cereus, the spelling of which, in the earliest mention of thes plants, I find to have been Cirivs, meaning the wax taper a church altars. Even the French name given by Necker i Cierge de Perou, which in English would be Peruvian Wa Taper, the Latin equivalent being exactly what Linneus adopte from earlier authors, Cereus Peruvianus, which is therefor naturally to be taken as the type of Czrinosum., CaRPoPpHYLLvs, Neck. l.c.84. This synonym, if it must need have been made, should have been written Carpophyllum; an: stillit would have been a mere synonym of Petreskia, of whic the character of a “globose leafy 3-seeded fruit,’’ assigned b Necker is quite the same given by Father Plumier, who founde the genus. Even the Neckerian name is meant to indicate thi curious character of a leafy berry. Some of us who are un willing that the pre-Linnzan founders of modern botany shoul be deprived of the credit of their genera, will deem it fortunat that Miller restored Pezreskia ; but for which fact, it seems tha Carpophillus would now have been forced into the place of th Plumierian name; and that too by some who are willing t assert that in botanical nomenclature “The principle of priorit is fundamental.” PHYLLARTHUS, Neck. 1.c. 85. The name means leaf-joint, o jointed leaf. The vegetative character attributed to the genu is that of compressed and jointed leaves in the place of stem an branches. It embraces, therefore, both Opuntia and Phyllas thus of earlier authors. Itis nota genus which as to limits wi ever in the future meet with approval. It does not differ fro Linneus’ fourth group of Cactus, and is in fact exactly coexter NORTH AMERIOAN AMARELLA. 53 sive withit; Adanson’s Ofuntia being the same group amplified by the admission into it of Petreskia. T account it a happy outcome of the present study, that I am able to say Necker’s names for cactaceous genera are all mere synonyms. North American Species of Amarella. The Old World Gentiana lutea being typical for the genus Gentiana, it has long been clear to me that in the New World we have no plants congeric with it, and that the very name Gez- tana ought to disappear from American indigenous botany ; and I have no doubt that will come to pass in the books of some not far distant future. An initiative in this, which I conceive to have been the right direction, was made by Rafinesque before the middle of the nineteenth century; and Mr. Small now, in the beginning of the twentieth century, reasserts such a propo- sition. But why, in his Flora, he should have adopted the comparatively recent name Gentianella instead of the much older AMARELLA, I do not comprehend. Even from the Linnean date as initial Gilibert restored the genus and the name AMARELLA some thirteen years ante- riorly to the publication of Geniianella. The following are some of our AMARELLA species, over and above those transferred by Rafinesque: A. AURICULATA (Pall. Fl. Ross. ii, t. 92, f. 1), preBEIA (Cham. in Bunge, Gent.), HETEROSEPALA (Engelm. Trans. Acad. St. L. ii, 215, t. 8,) Wrigatit (Gray, Syn. Fl. ii. 118), renurs (Griseb. Gent. 250), STRICTIFLORA (Rydb. Fl. Mont. 309), ANISosEPALA (Greene, Pitt. iii, 309), W1sLIzENI (Engelm. 1]. ¢.), ARCTOPHILA (Griseb. l. ¢.), AMARELLOIDES (Michx. Fl, i, 175), OCCIDENTALIS (Gray, Man. 1 ed. 359), PROPINQUA (Rich. App. 734), DIsTHaIA (Greene, Pitt. iv, 182), MIcRocALYxX (Lemmon). The following may be indicated as new: A. COPELANDI. Gentiana Copelandi, Greene, in Baker distr. of 1903, n. 3849. Hrect, sparingly branching, 2 to 8 inches high, floriferous throughout, only sparsely leafy, the internodes 1 to 2inches long and leaves small, the lowest cuneate-obovate, 54 LEAFLETS. obtuse, nerveless } to } inch long, the upper oblong-linear anc obtuse to linear and acute: flowers large for the genus, # inch long, many on long naked slender pedicels of 1 to 2 inches; calyx cleft far below the middle into 5 unequal lance-linear erect seg: ments, the longest four times the length of the turbinate tube setaceous crown of the purple corolla conspicuous, the longe sete nearly equalling the corolla. ; On Mount Eddy, Siskiyou Oo., California, at 6,000 feet, € Sept. 1903, E. B. Copeland. Remarkable for the large and commonly long peduncled flowers. A. CALiForNica. Erect, strict and simple but for some short axillary flowering branches, 1 to 2 feet high, rather naked-look. ing, the internodes in large plants 23 or 3 inches long, terete though with frequent traces of sharp angles: leaves ovate-lance: olate on the stem, 14 inches long, sessile by a subcordate base acutish, conspicuously 1-nerved, the basal ones smaller, spatu- late-obovate, obtuse: flowers both few and small for so large < plant; seldom more than 4 inch long; calyx short, deeply clef: into oblong lanceolate acute lobes, the sinuses acute: limb oj corolla of acutish segments half as long as the tube; crown oJ copious sete. Sierra Nevada in Plumas and Butte Counties, California, Mrs Austin. A. LemBerti. Very slender, only 6 inches high, commonly much branched from the base, all the branches floriferou: thoughout: cauline leaves lanceolate, obtuse or only acutish, ! inch long, the internodes not much longer, obtusely angled corolla hardly 4 inch long, calyx short, very deeply cleft int oblong-linear acute lobes, the sinuses acute: segments of thi corolla long, acute; crown of delicate sete not inconspicuous. Yosemite Valley, California, J. B. Lembert, 1893. A.Macountr. Nearly simple erect and strict, 1 to 2 feet high the internodes commonly 2 and 3 inches long: leaves ovate-lan- ceolate with subcordate base, or the upper lanceolate, all acute 3-nerved: flowers rather few on short axillary branchlets and pedi cels: corolla rather more than # inch long: calyx half as lon; as the corolla, very deeply cleft into oblong-linear acute seg ments, the sinuses though narrow ending obtusely: segments o NORTH AMERIOAN AMARELLA, 55 the corolla ovate-oblong, acute, half as long as the tube; fringe of the crown copious, rather short. Along the Pacific seaboard from Vancouver Island, Macoun, 21 July, 1893, southward into Washington and Oregon. A. CONFERTA. Stout and rigid, erect and simple, with only very short fascicled flowering branches and pedicels in the axils of the leaves and not exceeding them; internodes an inch long more or less, subterete, with only traces of angularity: leaves rather succulent, oblong, not subcordate, an inch long or less: flowers less than 3 inch; calyx large, nearly or quite equalling the corolla-tube, not very deeply cleft, the segments oblong and lance-oblong, acute, delicately but closely scaberulous on the margin, the sinuses open and obtuse, segments of the corolla oval, obtuse; crown conspicuous. Chaplin, Assiniboia, 28 Aug. 1895, Mr. Spreadborough, spec- imens communicated by Mr. Macoun, but the label bearing no number. Species strongly marked in both habit and character. A. scopuLoruM. Stoutish, simple or with many branches from the base, mostly 6 to 12 inches high, the stem faintly ang- ular, internodes in larger plants 1 to 3 inches long: middle- stem-leayes oblong, obtuse, 1 to 14 inches long, 3-nerved, the lowest obovate and spatulate, the uppermost oblong-linear, acute: flowers several in each axil, usually on a short branch, more numerous at summit, commonly about ? inch long; longer sepals of the very deeply cleft calyx almost equalling the corolla-tube, all of them linear, acute, the sinuses obtuse: ovate-lanceolate segments of the corolla acute, the appendages deeply and finely fimbriate. Common species of the Rocky Mountain region from Colo- rado to Montana; often collected and everywhere distributed in the herbaria. A. REVOLUTA. Near A. scopuloram, but smaller, only 5 or 6 inches high, much more densely leafy and floriferous, the inter- nodes mostly less than an inch long, the ovate-lanceolate revo- lute leaves nearly as long: corolla little more than 2 inch long: calyx-segments shorter than the corolla-tube, two of them spatu- late-linear, two oblong or oblong-linear, the sinuses obtuse: 56 LEAFLETS. oblong-ovate teeth of the corolla abruptly acute, nearly equalled by the not very copious fringed appendage. Southern New Mexico, in the White Mountains, collected and distributed by Mr. Wooton in in 1897, under n. 552. A. COBRENSIS. Stout, erect, either simple or with copious and very strict axillary flowering branchlets in all but the low- est axils, often 18 inches high; stem distinctly obtusely angled: leaves oval to subcordate-ovate, closely sessile, the largest 12 inches long, obtuse or acutish, 1-nerved: pale yellowish flowers fully an inch long; short turbinate calyx-tube 10-nerved, the segments lanceolate, acute, finely and closely scabrous-serrulate, the sinuses rather acute; teeth of the corolla nearly ovate, mucronulately acute, fringed appendages long, not copious. Type specimens collected by myself at Santa Rita del Cobre, southern New Mexico, 11 Oct. 1880. The plant resembles, at first glance, the pale-flowered A. strictiflora of middle Colorado, but itis very distinct. Seven New Apocynums. An extensive and good collection of specimens of Apocynum gathered in the vicinity of Southington, Connecticut, in the sea- sons of 1902 and 1903, by Mr. Luman Andrews, resident there, and sent to me for determination, affords material compelling the recognition of two New England species hitherto undescribed, To the description of these I add diagnoses of a number of western species of the genus, all but one of which were collected during the years 1902 and 1903 by Mr. Carl F. Baker, whose specimens have already been distributed to many herbaria under the names here used. A. DIVERGENS, Stem upright, branches widely spreading, the plant 2 or 3 feet high ; leaves also spreading ovate and lance- ovate, 23 to 4 inches long, rounded at base, acute and cuspidate- ly mucronate, above dark-green and glabrous, the veins light- colored, beneath pale and glaucescent as well as villous-arach- noid, along the veins especially: flowers in terminal leafy bracted cymes, sepals lance-ovate; corolla large, campanulate pale flesh-color: follicles 4 inches long, widely divergent, the NEW APOCYNUMS. 5% pair either horizontally extending or nearly or quite erect, never deflexed. The type specimens are from the vicinity of Southington, Connecticut, and were collected in July and August, 1903, by Mr. L, Andrews. The species has the habit of 4. androsaemt- folium, the inflorescence, however, not of that but of A. medium, while its flowers are larger than those of the former, even. The foliage is remarkably elongated, and the pods are, as in no other known species, horizontal or suberect, the members of each pair diverging at an angle of nearly or quite forty-five degrees. A plant common in Wisconsin and Minnesota, with erect pods, and less elongated foliage, is provisionally referred to the present species. A. ANDREWSII. Smaller than the preceding, 1 to 1% feet high; herbage light-green; leaves elliptic-lanceolate, 3 inches long, ? inch broad, subsessile, acutely mucronate, glabrous on both faces, those of the spreading branches smaller : cymes small and few flowered at the ends of all the branches: sepals lance- ovate: corolla small campanulate, flesh-color: follicles not seen, This also is from about Southington, Conn., by Mr. Andrews, copiously collected in flower in August, 1902, and July, 1903, by the collector taken to be A. medium, Greene, from which its long narrow foliage completely distinguishes it. The plant has, by this character, much likeness to the A. cannabinum group, though in mode of growth, position of branches, and character of flowers, it is wholly of the A. androsemifolium alliance. A. GALOPHYLLUM. A foot high, stout, parted from near the base into several densely leafy spreading branches ending in a panicle of 3 or more stout-peduncled densely-flowered compound cymes: leaves firm, the lowest round-ovate or oval, 1 inch long or more and retuse, the others 14 inches or more and ovate, very obtuse, all saliently mucronate, glabrous, very glaucous and pale beneath, above of the darkest green but the veins and veinlets white; sepals ovate-lanceolate, short; corolla large, deep flesh- color, narrowly campanulate, deeply cleft, the segments ovate- oblong, very obtuse, somewhat spreading: follicles stout, 3 inches long. 58 LEAFLETS. An exceedingly beautiful species, of sandy slopes among the mountains of Washoe Co., Nevada, collected by C. F. Baker, 14 Aug. 1902, and distributed by him under n. 1461. A. TOMENTELLUM. Size of the last, equally stout, branched from the base, with looser ampler inflorescence, the peduncled cymes arising both terminally and from all the upper leaf-axils . leaves all smaller, subcordate-ovate, obtuse, mucronulate, both faces, as well as the whole plant, even to the calyx cinerously tomentulose: sepals ovate, acute, short: corolla flesh-color, middle-sized, with cylindric tube and deep ovate-oblong obtuse segments: follicles not seen. King’s Canon, near Carson City, Nevada, 1 July, 1902, C. F. Baker; distributed under his n. 1209. This and all the fore- going are allies of 4. androsemifolium, while all the following are allies of A. cannabinum, with the possible exception of A. oliganthum. A. OLIGANTHUM. ‘Two feet high or less, with the pale hue of A. cannabinum, but foliage less upright and somewhat spreading, the branching not dichotomous, rather fastigiate, each branch ending in a small few-flowered cyme shorter than its subtending pair of leaves, the cyme terminating the main stem little sur- passed by those terminating the subequal branches: herbage glabrous, the oblong cauline leaves 22 inches long, subcordate, short-petiolate, of a vivid green above, the slender whitish veins conspicuous, underneath pale and glaucous, those of the branches half as large, exceeding the internodes, all mucronate- acute: sepals ovate-trigonous, not half the length of the tube of the small cylindric erect white or pinkish corolla. Borders of thickets in King’s Canon, Ormsby Co., Nevada, Cc. F. Baker, 20 Aug. 1903. Distributed under n. 1508, and described by Mr. Baker as being a rather low broad bushy plant which would indicate kinship with the A. androsemtfolium group. A. PALUSTRE. Related to A. cannabinum, stouter, 3 to 4 feet high, somewhat dichotomous; leaves of main stem 3 or 4 inches long, 2 to, 24 in breadth, oval, obtuse, only the smaller and sub- elliptic rameal ones cuspidate-mucronate, all vivid green and CICHORIACEAE. 59 white-venulose above, paler and sparsely pubescent beneath, with short curved hairs; cymes many-flowered and dense, especially the terminal one, which is far surpassed by all the others; branches of the cymes, the pedicels, and often the calyx pubes- cent; sepals lanceolate, acute, of more than half the length of the small corolla, this yellowish white, often tinged with flesh-color. Frequent in the salt marshes of Suisun Bay, California, the type specimens by Mr. Baker, n. 3247, from near Suisun, 6 June, 1903. The plant enters into the composition of the A. cannabinum of my Manual, but it is far enough from being the same as the eastern plant. A. MYRIANTHUM. About 3 feet high; pale-green, glaucous ; simple below, dichotomously branched at summit; the very large and dense terminal panicle of cymes greatly surpassed by the smaller lateral ones; leaves oblong-lanceolate to elliptical, the cauline about 4 inches long, all tapering abruptly to a short petiole, and abruptly though hardly mucronately acute; the venation not conspicuous above, somewhat so beneath; flowers very small, little more than a line long, greenish; sepals lanceo- late, equalling or exceeding the tube of the cylindric corolla, Known only as collected by myself along the Humboldt River at Palisade, Nevada, 24 July, 1893. Affinities of the Cichoriaceae. There is before me printed evidence of mental disquiet over the fact that in certain books of recent publication the Cichori- acee are not placed “after the Composite proper,” but before them (Rhodora, vi, 62) ; and as there is little room for doubt about my being responsible as having suggested not only to the late lamented author of the Flora of Pennsylvania, but also to the writers of two or three more extensive and influential treatises the advisability of receiving this group of plants in the rank of a Natural Family apart from the Composit (Pittonia, 1, 295, and Bay-Region Manual, 219), it belongs naturally to myself to direct the attention of any mind openly professing to be ex- ercised about these matters, to some part at least, of the much that has been written in times past relating to them. 60 LEAFLETS, But first, let me acknowledge that I take a lively interest in the reviewer’s speculations as to the origin of the cichoriaceous corolla, which, by the way, is erroneously spoken of as “asym- metrical; ” forit was long since established in the terminology of our science that the word symmetrical applies only to the numerical relation between the floral circles, and is predicable of nothing less than the flower as a whole. Neither an asym- metrical or a symmetrical corolla, considered apart, can exist; and the kind of corolla in question is irregular, very irregular ; that is all. Now, while for reasons, some of which were given years ago, others of which [ may here adduce, I find it impossible to think of the Eupatoriacex and Cichoriacee as being of oneand the same natural family, or in anywise intimately related, I should never think to look for indications of the evolution of the ligulate corolla of the latter from the tubular one of the former group. I have, indeed, in the careful investigation of fresh flowers of many species of Lobeliaceous plants—between which group and the Cichoriacezx all systematists of the last hundred and twenty- five years have acknowledged the real affinity—I say I have sought again and again in those lobeliaceous corollas that are split down on one side, in some to the very base, to find the prototype of the cichoriaceous ligule. But it is sometime since J abandoned that line of research as hopeless. The ligule de- rived from any bilabiate corolla with a split down between the two small lobes, would be expected to present at its apex little if anything more than the three teeth of the lower lip; the remains of the two small upper lobes, if any there should be, ought to be small, very small, and in a manner lateral teeth, But the fact is, that the cichoriaceous corolla exhibits a trun- cate apex distinctly and equally, often sharply, five-toothed. In my own speculations this one hard irrefragable fact has demol- ished what was once a favorite hypothesis as to the derivation of the chicory ligule. Those ten sharp equal teeth all terminating in a line, as we may say, must indicate an origin in some perfectly regular pentamerous corolla-type, not even necessarily sympetalous ; possibly, or even plausibly, from one in which all CICHORIACEAE. 61 the segments were deep and narrow, as now seen in many acam- panulaceous flower. The theory of the origin of a ligule from a regular pentam- erous deeply cleft or parted sympetalous corolla naturally pre- supposes one of two distinct modes of transformation. It is conceivable that, by the gradual congestion into a dense head of a loose campanulaceous inflorescence, the deeply cleft corolla might loose, one after another or little by little, all of its segments save one; but we should not expect a ligule thus derived to be toothed at all at apex. And what is more, in the curious cam- panulaceous genus /asione, in which the flowers are crowded into a dense head, involucrate like that of composites, there is still no reduction or alteration of the corolla, this consisting of five narrow-linear equal segments; and the supposition that the ligule of the chicory came about by elimination of segments seems precluded. The other natural hypothesis, to me seems this : that there was a cohesion of, the five segments beginning at the tip and pro- ceeding downwards, until, by a natural tension, a rupture of the incipient apical tube by the uppermost of the five sutures fav- ored a complete union of the segments downwards by the other sutures, until finally the five-toothed—equally five-toothed— ligule become established. The anthological phases of another campanulaceous genus, Phyteuma, illustrate remarkably well the possibilities of the descent of the chicory ligule along such a line, and by such gradual modifications of a regular aud deeply five-parted corolla. In some species of this genus there are the five linear rotate- spreading segments of a kind not unknown in other related genera. In some such it has long been noted by botanists that before the full expansion of the five narrow segments, they cohere lightly at tip, the expansion thus seeming to proceed from the base in such wise that at the tips the segments are finally forced apart by the tension to which they yield at last somewhat suddenly. In others of this genus, the tips are never sundered at all, but form a permanent five-toothed tube which reaches down to the middle of the corolla, or near it, or below it, and below this tubular part, the portion of the segments still 62 LEAFLETS. disunited bulge out, as it were to admit air and insects to the generative organs, so that this part of the corolla is inflated and described as fenestrate, or with window-like openings. Of courseif this tension of the lower and free portion of the segments may be supposed in some ancestral type—and it easily may—to have caused arupture of this tube by the upper suture, in sucha case, the tension which held separate the fenestrated parts being relieved, the complete union of the segments throughout would easily have followed, and the ligule of the Cichoriacez would have come into existence by a process of development exactly the reverse of that of the splitting down from the top of a corolla that was already united and tubular from the base to above the middle. In Europe where exist not only such suggestive, if not instruct- ive types as /asione, Phyteuma, and some others; where from immemorial time, and long before the rise of botany, people detected likeness in aspect and likeness in quality to the extent of using as salads having the same taste, both cichoriaceous and campanulaceous plants; in Europe, I say, it is not strange that really affinity was conceded by the most noted systematists to subsist between these two groups of plants, a good while before the close of theeighteenth century. Andit was this fact which, with every noted botanist of the nineteenth century, prevented the placing, in books, of the whole rank and file of the “ Com- posite proper ” in between the cichoricee and their next of kin. But this movement, which is either blindly or else stubbornly retrogressive—surely retrogressive—which interposes nearly or quite a thousand genera, and probably twenty thousand species between groups of plants as closely related, at least, as are the Cru- ciferee and the Capparide, or the Ranunculacee and the Papa- veracee—this has been undertaken by men whom our reviewer looks up to as promulgators of a “ Modern and very philoso- phic system of plant arrangement.” The author of such a phrase does not, I think, in this instance know well his topic. His “modern and very philosophic German system of plant arrangement ”’ surely is not modern; and that it is philosophic, they who know much about the plant world by long experience WESTERN BUCKTHORNS 63 may be permitted to question. Certainly also, the inexperienced, if they will, may make phrases in laudation of inexperience. What a certain one of the reviewer’s “ great European syste- matists” has had to say respecting the Campanulacee and Cichoriacez as allied, I have read. The reading does not take long; and the writing would seem to have been that of a man who had not himself made any study of the plants themselves from this point of view; even whose reading of what the fore- fathers, Jussieu, De Candolle, Lindley and Bentham have said, had been but partial, and cursory at that; such a perusal as neither deeply instructed him, nor at all deterred him from assigning the Cichoriacee a place which, although I dare say he knew it not, is just that given them two hundred years ago by the authorities of that period, Tournefort, Ray, Haller and others. We have no great American systematists. But there is hope in our future, so long as we have two or three who, like the late Dr. Porter and the living authors of the most complete and valued manuals of East American botany, dare dissent from what I am wont to think of as German artificialism, in so far as to locate the Cichoriaceee where nature indicates that they belong. Some Western Buckthorns. RHAMNUS FASCICULATA. Shrub with very stout and rigid branches dark-colored, glabrous after the first season, the grow- ing ones pubescent; densely leafy and the foliage of the smallest, deciduous though perhaps tardily so: leaves obovate-oblong, oblong and elliptical, the smaller ? inch long, the largest 13 inches, obtuse or acutish, firmly and rather sharply serrulate, green above, yellowish beneath, sparsely pubescent on both faces, the hairs spreading and hirtellous, especially along the midvein beneath: flowers not seen: fruit small, 2-seeded. White Mountains, New Mexico, 25 July, 1897, E. O. Wooton, allied to R. Smztniz. RHAMNUS URSINA. Rigid shrub with many divergent bran- ches and rather loosely leafy, deciduous, the growing branches and the leaves beneath whitish with a minute and dense tomen- 64 LEAFLETS. tulose pubescence : leaves oval to ovate-oblong, 1 to 2 inches long, firm, strongly veined, sharply serrulate, mostly acute, the upper face only obscurely puberulent and of a deep green: umbels of immature fruit on peduncles exceeding the half-inch- long petioles. On Bear Mountain near Silver City, New Mexico, 17 June, 1903, O. B. Metcalfe; also by the same near Mangas Springs, in the same region. The species is not rare in the mountains of the western part of New Mexico and adjacent Arizona. RHAMNUS CasTOREA. Shrub with rather flexible branches and a subcoriaceous but deciduous foliage, both growing branch- lets and lower face of leaves minutely and densely whitish- tomentulose ; leaves mostly elliptical, 1 to 2 inches Inog, on stout petioles and traversed by a prominent and very broad midvein beneath, the margins obscurely and often remotely serrate, ber- ries‘large, usually 3-seeded, the seed nearly orbicular. Beaver Creek, northern Arizona, Aug. 1883, H. H. Rusby, n. 550 of my set of Dr. Rusby’s plants. The specimens have for twenty years been allowed to pass for those of R. tomentella, though the character by which itis distinguishable from that exclusively Californian species are obvious. RHAMNUS CUSPIDATA. Allied to the last two and to R. Z- mentella but smaller, the tomentose pubescence different, coarser, looser and with longer and hirtellous hairs intermixed rather copiously, especially along the veins: leaves } to 2 inches long, oval to elliptical, abruptly and often cuspidately acute, sharply saliently and closely serrulate, those of vigorous shoots with even some coarse serratures below the cuspidate apex: flowers very copious, in dense cymes from all the axils, 5-merous, the triangular calyx-teeth longer than the tube: fruit not seen, said to be well flavored and edible. Foothills of the mountains in Kern Co., California; the type specimens from near Tehachapi, by the writer, 22 June, 1889. RHAMNUS oOBTUSISsIMA. Deciduous shrub with short rigid densely leafy and finely puberulent branchlets, these dark red- purple the first season, afterwards grayish and glabrate: leaves small, ? to 14 inches long on very short and slender petioles, of a light green on both faces, thin, glabrous above, puberulent on NEW CEANOTHUS. 65 the veins beneath, these prominent, of elongated obovate out- line cuneately tapering at the base, at apex very obtuse, even often almost truncate, minutely serrulate: umbels nearly sessile, each maturing a single dark-purple fruit large for foliage, 3- seeded. The type of this new species, allied to 2. rubra, is by Cope- land, from Sisson, Calif., 15 Aug.1903, distributed by Mr. C. F. Baker under n. 3833. There are traces of the same from Butte Co., by Mrs. Austin. New Species of Ceanothus. The study of a new Ceanothus from New Mexico allied to what is commonly known in California as C. integerrimus hus recalled to my mind what I learned at Kew ten years ago, but have never yet published, as to the real identity of the common shrub of California. In the summer of 1888 Dr. C. Parry brought to me for inspection a Ceanothus from the Santa Cruz Mountains unlike any which either he or I had seen before, which he believed to be new, and I could not gainsay it. He therefore soon after published it as C. Andersonit, dedicating it to our friend Dr. C. L, Anderson, of Santa Cruz. I adopted the species readily in the Flora Franciscana, without any critical study of it; nor did I doubt its validity until, at Kew Gardens in 1894, while eXamining types in this genus, I discovered that the originals of Hooker and Arnotts’ C. integerrimus were precisely what Dr. Parry had published as new under the name C. Andersonii. Consulting the original description by Hooker, we find that that alone, duly regarded, would have saved both Dr. Parry and myself this error; for the leaves are described as “oblong-ellip- tical,” a character which the foliage of the common shrub of the mountains of the interior never exhibits, its leaves every- where showing something of the ovate in outline; being even very commonly ovate. Lear ets, Vol. i. pp. 65-81, Nov. 24, 1904. 66 LEAFLETS. The types of C. integerrimus were of course, taken by Douglas in just that region whence we have the so-called C. Andersonit. And yet, in the original diagnosis, there is some indication that the broad-leaved species had in some shape confronted the: authors referred to; for the phrase “foliis 3-costatis’” is not true of the specimens to which I refer. That is a mark of the other shrub that has so often been collected and which has usurped the name C. integerrimus in the herbaria, and in the ‘books. But the originals of the species so named, as preserved at Kew, and with leaves unvaryingly narrow-oblong, have only a delicate and strictly pinnate venation. The necessary dis- placement of the name C. Andersoni? by its reduction to syno- nymy involves the restoration of Dr. Kellogg’s C. Wevadensis for the beautiful shrub that so abounds in the foothills of the interior of the State. C. INTEGERRIMUS, Hook, & Arn. Bot. Beech. 329, not of American authors. C. Andersonzi, Parry, Proc. Davenp. Acad. v. 172; Greene, Fl. Fr. 81. Leaves thin, narrowly oblong or oblong-elliptic, very obtuse, delicately pinnate-veined, glabrous. C. Nrvapensis, Kell. Proc. Calif. Acad. ii. 152. fig. 45. C. integerrimus, Greene, |. c., and of American authors generally, not Hook. & Arn. Leaves firm, oval, obtuse or acutish, obtuse at base but not subcordate, 1 to 14 inches long, veins beneath white and prominent, the lowest lateral pair long and nearly parallel with the midvein, both faces appearing glabrous; a very fine pubescence on the petioles and along the veins beneath. Chiefly of the Sierra Nevada, Calif., and at midtlle elevations; good specimens in U. 8. Herb. from Grant Springs, Mariposa Co., L. F. Ward, 1895, Calaveras Big Trees, Brandegee, 1891, Placer Co., Mrs.. Hardy, 1893. From the higher elevations of the Coast Range we have what appears the same in Baker’s n. 3004, and Heller’s 5841 and 5886. C. PUBERULUS. Nearest C. Mevadensis, the leaves as large, more oval and obtuse, finely and often even silkily pubescent on both faces, most so on the veins beneath, these far less promi- nent than in the last. Peculiar to the mountains of southern California, the oldest NEW CEANOTHUS. 67 specimen in U. 8. Herb., being a sheet from San Bernardino Mountains, by G. R. Vasey, 1880. In 1891 Coville & Funston took good material from Frazier Mountain to the westward of the San Bernardino range, listing it as C. integerrimus ; but our finest specimens are from Mr. Parish, nn. 3083 and 3085, taken from altitudes of 4000 and 5000 feet in the San Bernardino Mountains in 1894. The pubescence is permanent, being as obvious on mature fruiting specimens as on those young and barely in flower. C. MYRIANTHUS. Leaves subcoriaceous, oval-oblong, 13 to 2 inches long, very obtuse at both ends, deep-green and glabrous above, glaucescent beneath, sparsely pubescent on the prominent whitish nerves, of which two are prolonged, yet not making the leaf conspicuously triple-veined: flowering branches angular, light-green, not warty or glandular; thyrsiform inflorescence 6 to 8 inches long, rather rigid, paniculately branched and dense with innumerable small white flowers. Fort Huachuca, Arizona, May, 1890, Dr. Edward Palmer. Related to C. Pa/mert; remarkable for large rigid leaves and a notably compound inflorescence for this group. It might almost as well be described as a close panicle. C. Mogottonicus. Allied to C. MNevadensis, smaller, more slender, with smaller foliage, the oval obtuse leaves mostly less than an inch long, the largest 12 inches, deep-green, triple- nerved, paler beneath, nearly or quite glabrous, the margins usually entire, often 3-toothed at the summit, rarely with a few lateral teeth; inflorescences short for this group, simple and few-flowered. On Mogollon Creek, in the Mogollon Mountains, New Mexico, at 8000 feet, 16 July, 1893, O. B. Metcalfe. C. PEDUNCULARIS. Leaves firm, oval-oblong, obtuse at base, mucronately acute at apex, triple-nerved, pubescent on both faces, an inch long or more; thyrsus short and simple, only 2 or 3 inches long, on a terete and pubescent leafy-bracted peduncle of 6 or 7 inches; bracts of the peduncle 4 inch long, oblong or elliptic, acute, appressed-pubescent above, silky on the veins beneath ; bracts of the umbellules ovate or lanceolate, acunii- nate, silky-villous. 68 LEAFLETS. North side of Mount Hood, Oregon, 1898, H. D. Langille, in U.S. Herb. Allied tu C. Mevadensis, which is frequent als» in Oregon ; but this Mount Hood shrub, with its obvious pubes- cence and peculiar jong peduncles, with short inflorescences, is quite distinct. C. MACRoTHYRSUS. C. thyrsiflorus, var. macrothyrsus, Torr. Wilkes Exp. 263; C. dndegerrimus of recent writers and collec- tors, not Hook & Arn. Growiug parts silvery-silky, the mature foliage thin, pubescent on both faces: leaves ovate to oval and oblong-oval, acute or obtusish, commonly subcordate, notably veivy, not emphatically triple-veined, the largest 3 inches long, usually entire but those on vigorous shoots lightly serrate, the scattered pubescence marking both faces, but veins beneath vil- lous: thyrsus 6 to 8 inches long, short-peduncled, the peduncle with but few and scarcely reduced leaves. The original of this excellent species is from the Umpqua Valley, in Oregon, but very good recent specimens have been distributed by Mr. Heller, Mr. H. EH. Brown, and Dr. Edward Palmer, from the foot-hills of Butte Co., Calif., about Chico. The Genus Pneumonanthe. The group of perennial herbs well represented in America by what we call the Closed Gentians and their immediate kin- dred, and having its Old World counterpart in what Linneus denominated Gentiana Pneumonanthe—perhaps including his G. Cruciata and asclepiada, perhaps not—was first published as a genus by Valerius Cordus in the year 1561. His name for it originates by simply turning into Greek the name of Lungflower, by which the plant was known to the common people, who held a decoction of its herbage to be efficacious in diseases of the lungs. Considering that the original and typical Gentian, G. /uéea, has yellow corollas deeply cleft and almost rotate, most like those of a Swerta or a Frasera--to which genera it is really more related than to any of our blue or purple so-called gen- tians—it is not remarkable that Cordus’ proposition that the blue-flowered gentians having deep-tubular corollas are of PNEUMONANTHE. 69 another genus, became at once popular; and most of the herb- alists for about a century thereafter both describe and figure it under the name PNEUMONANTHE. Two authors of that period, however, and both of them far more than herbalists, declined to give their sanction to that name, though both admitted the type to be distinct from Gen- tana, and the genus a valid one. In the year 1583, or twenty-two years after the publication of PNEUMONANTHE, Caesalpino, whose book is venerated by all who know the merest outlines of botanical history, as having been the first book of Systematic Botany ever published, devotes a chapter to this gentianaceous type, but holds the opinion that this is the genus Vince/oxicum of antiquity, and so, maintains that name. The other exception to the use of PNEUMONANTHE as a genus name, is that made by Renealmus, in the year 1611. ‘his, too is a most significant exception; for, if Caesalpino less than thirty years before had inaugurated the era of Systematic Bot- any by defining all genera, and arranging them in family groups, Renealmus anticipated by three centuries that which seems sure of becoming the twentieth-century idea of the limits of a genus. In Systematic Botany the gifted authors have not been few whose ideas have waited a half-century, or a whole century and even more, before obtaining general recognition and full acceptance. But Renealmus thought and wrought out his views and printed them three centuries ahead of time. And he was the first great specialist in the study of the Gentianacee ; and proposed, in 1611, every segregation from the aggregate Gen- viana that has yet in these recent times been offered, besides some which, if not yet reinstated, perhaps only wait for a gen- eral recognition that may be accorded them in some future, either near or distant. More than one century had passed before such of his gentiana segregates as Chlora and Erythrea obtained their places in books of botany as good genera; and Zrythrea was published over and over again at least seven times under seven different names between the years 1753 and 1853; so that only within the last half-century has it come into possession of its rightful name as assigned it by Renealmus almost three hundred years ago. 70 LEAFLETS. As to generic nomenclature there was no conservatism with this author. He rejected all the old names, even Geniiana itself renaming the typeof that genus Asterzas in allusion to its star- shaped yellow corollas. To Pneumonanthe he gave new name Cyana. To the group of species with tetramerous but closed corollas, a group typified by what Linnaeus long afterwards called G. Cruciata he gave the name Zretorrhiza ; and what is perhaps the most showy and beautiful member of this alliance, the type subsequently denominated G. asclepiadea, Linn., he placed in generic rank under the name Dasystephana, This last name has now of late come to the front, in Mr. Small’s Flora, as the scientific appellation for our group of Closed Gentians. The recognition of this group as a genus is, in so far, a distinct advance upon the long undisturbed taxonomy of the gentians; but the taking up of Dasystephana as the name is doubtless ill advised, and this not only as violating that prin- ciple of priority which is said to be fundamental, but also because no proper Dasystephana occurs within the limits of Mr. Small’s Flora. Whatis knownas G. /rigida, Haenke, of the far West and Northwest is about the only American plant which authors who have insisted on a segregation of the Linnean Gen- tiana have found covgeneric with the G. asclepiadea of authors. But, if the types of both Pxeuwmonanthe and Dasystephana are to be received as congeneric, then the former name is to hold by virtue of its priority over the latter. It was upon this principle that all or nearly all authors of the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries who accepted the Closed Gentians in the rank of a genus, found Pxeumonanthe the rightful name for them and employed it. Here is a partial list of, them: Gilibert (1781), Necker (1790), F. W. Schmidt (1796), S. F. Gray (1821), G. Don (1836), Rafinesque (1836), and by one or more much more recent authors. : Our North American species of PNEUMONANTHE, in so far as known, bear names and synonyms as follows : PNEUMONANTHE. val P. eLauca, Schm. Roem. Archiv. i. 1, 10. Gentiana glauca, Pall.; P. Newperryi. Gentiana Newberryi, A. Gray.; P. SETIGERA. G. sefigera, A. Gray; P. caLycosa, G. calycosa, Griseb.; P. Parryi. G. Parryi, Engelm; P. BRACTEOSA. G. brac- teosa, Greene; P. PLATYPETALA. G. platypetala, Griseb; P. MENzigsil. G. Mensiesit, Griseb; P. sceptrum. G. Sceplrum Griseb; P. OREGANA. G. Oregana, Engelm; P. aFrFINis. G. afinis, Griseb; P. Forwoopu, G. Forwoodit, Gray; P. Bias- ovil. G. Bigeloviz, Gray; P. Russyt. G. Rusdyi, Greene; P. INTERRUPTA. G. interrupta, Greene; P. REMOTA. G. remota, Greene; P. PUBERULA. G. puberula, Mx. Dasystephana puberula, Small; P. Saponarra. Schm. G. Saponaria, L.; D. Saponaria, Small. P. CLAUSA. Gentiana clausa, Raf. Med. Fl. i, 210 (1828); G. Andrewsii, Griseb. Gent. 287 (1839); D. Andrewst?, Small. A comparison of the two descriptions, that by Rafinesque in English, and the eleven years later one in Latin by Grisebach leaves no room for doubt as to the identity of the two. Of the two diagnoses, that by Rafinesque is the fuller, and the name clausa is the better of the two, besides having the priority. P. ocHrotEvcA, Don. G. ochroleuca, Froel. Thisis Dasys- ephana villosa [L.], Small, under the hypothesis that it may be Gentiana villosa LL, But names should not be founded on sup- positions. What G. z7/losa L. was, or is, no one can tell Nothing answering to the brief account of it exists, in so far as can be ascertained; which is enough to discredit the use of the name. P. LINEARIS. G. “nearis, Froél. P. FLAVIDA. G. flavida, A. Gray (1846); G. alba, A. Gray 1848); formerly supposed to be G. ala, Muhl., which is a nomen nudum and ouzht never to have been promulgated. P. PUBERULA. G. puberula, Michx. D. pudberula, Small; P. DECORA. G. decora, Pollard. D. decora, Small; P. PARVIFOLIA. Dasystephana parvifolia, Small; P. LaTIFOLIA. D. latifolia, Small. P. porpHyRIO. G. Porphyrio, Gmel; D. Porphyrio, Small. P. sPATHACEA. G. spathacca, Kunth. 72 LEAFLETS. A Rare Swertia. While of late inspecting with some degree of carefulness the North American specimens of Sweréa in the National Herbar- ium, my attention was held by a very fair specimen from Montana which presented at first glance a marked unlikeliness to all others in one peculiarity of its foliage. The leaves of the bulk of the specimens of whatever species, are remarkably thin when dry, and devoid of any apparent venation beyond what is represented by a single often quite prominent midvein. But this Montana plant presents leaves evidently of a particularly firm texture, their upper face showing five almost equally prom- inent parallel nerves, so that, in case of my finding it unde- scribed, I had purposed calling it by a name that would have been in allusion to plantain-like parallel-nerved foliage. In looking into the earlier bibliography of the genus, I very naturally encountered the name of S. fastigiata, Pursh, pub- lished by that author ninety years ago, on a plant from the upper Missouri near the Rocky Mountains, therefore from the identical region whence this specimen had come. And in his diagnosis of his species, brief though it be, mention is made of just the two characters my own first inspection of the specimen in hand had revealed as those warranting the proposal of a species, namely, the conspicuously nerved foliage, and the exces- sively long sepals, these nearly equalling the corolla; and Pursh says “corollis longitudini calycis” while in all other American Swertias the calyx is notably shorter than the corolla. The corollas of our specimen appear also to have been of a light blue, whereas in the common Swertia scopulina, Greene, of the whole Rocky Mountain region the flowers are of a dark blue- purple, very dark. Yet even as to color we have here another mark of Pursh’s S. fastigiata, the flowers of which are said by him to be “sky blue.” The specimen made the subject of these comments is by Rydberg and Bessey, their n. 4699 as in U.S. Herb., obtained by them in Jack Creek Cafion, Montana, 15 July, 1897. There is no doubt that in this, at least as seen on sheet n. 390,186, we have the rediscovery of a plant long lost, and very likely some- what rare, S. fastigiata, Pursh. LEAFLETS. 3 New Plants From Middle California. The greater part of the species herein defined form a portion of a most interesting collection made this year in the mount- ains of Tulare County, California, Mr. J. D. Culbertson, and the specimens were communicated to me for determination by Mr. Carl F. Baker, who has in hand the distribution of them to herbaria. The series of diagnosis begins with a small list of new mem- bers of the difficult genus Lupinus. L. Cunsertsont. Low perennial, not alpine, neither de- pressed nor compactly tufted, but subacaulescent, 6 to 10 inches high, with decidedly thinnish foliage and scarcely canescent with a sparse pilose or villous hairiness ; petioles long and slen- der, leaflets 5 ;to 7, almost elliptic oblong, cuspidately acute, + inch long or more; peduncles scapiform, bearing the long raceme just above the foliage commonly with a solitary leaf toward the base: racemes 2 to 4 inches long, crowded and ob- scurely verticillate ; corolla rich purple, less than 4 inch long, banner little shorter than the other petals, keel narrow, slightly falcate, retrorse-ciliolate. Forks of the Kaweah River, at 8,000 feet, July, 1904, Mr. J. D. Culbertson, With the habit of the familiar Z. minimus, but totally different foliage and pubescence. From Summit Lake, at a higher altitude Mr. Culbertson has the same more pubescent (n. 4552). L. DASYPHYLLUS. Perennial, the stout simple stems strongly striate, villous, very leafy; leaves large, short-petioled, the lance- linear leaflets (basal ones cuneate-oblong, very obtuse) 2 inches long, acute, rather loosely villous-hirsute on both faces: racemes sessile, 4 to 6 inches long, the large flowers obviously verticillate, their long linear densely villous bracts not cadu- cous: calyx and pedicels densely long-villous: corolla ¢ inch long, purplish, banner smaller than the other petals, keel narrow and little curved, naked, or with a few loose hairs above the middle. Farwell Gap, at 10,000 feet, 3 Aug. 1904, Mr. Culbertson, n. 4272 of Baker’s distribution. Species uncommonly well marked, its near affinities not obvious; the specimens too fragmentary. 4 LEAFLETS. L. HYPoLEUCUS. Small tufted alpine perennial, the multicipi- tous caudex scarcely woody, the long petioles and scarcely longer stems slender, canescently villous, as also the leaves above: leaflets 7 to 9, unequal, somewhat elliptical, the largest } inch long, densely white-villous beneath and that face somewhat concave: racemes short, of about 3 whorls of middle-sized deep- purple flowers, the petals subequal, keel not much curved, retrorsely villous-ciliolate from below the middle almost to apex, Near the summit of White Chief Peak, Mr. Culbertson, 16 July, 1904, being n. 4416 of Baker’s distribution somewhat like LZ. Danaus as to size and habit, but with shorter peduncles, shorter racemes, and foliage remarkable for a dense white indu- ment covering the lower face only. ‘The same is in U. 8. Herb. from Mt. Goddard, by Hall & Chandler, n. 707, collected in July, 1900. L. HypoLasius. Low alpine perennial not cespitose, the stout- ish stems very leafy and suberect from the branches of the short caudex ; petioles slender, leaflets 5 to 7, very unequal, all broad and obtuse, cuneate-oblong, } to } inch long, appressed-villous above, densely villous-tomentose beneath: racemes short, subses- sile, the short peduncles stout ; whorls of flowers 3 or 4: corolla purple, + inch long, petals equal, keel falcate, retrorse-ciliolate above the middle. Farwell Gap, Calif., at 10,000 feet, C. A. Purpus, 1897, his n. 5221 as in U. 8. Herb. Well distinguished from all other alpine lupines of the district by its stout upright habit, subses- sile racemes and broad leaflets. Lotus cuprevs. Low slender flaccid and nearly glabrous perennial, the decumbent stems only 5 to 8 inches long, leafy throughout: lowest leaves of but 3 cuneate-obovate truncate or retuse leaflets, the leaflets of the others 5 to 7 and cuneate- oblong, acutish ; stipules of all small, herbaceous, more or less distinctly ovate: umbels little exceeding the leaves, the lowest bractless and only 1 or 2-flowered, the others with 3 or 4 flowers subtended by an unifoliate bract quite like the ordinary leaflet : calyx turbinate, the triangular-subulate teeth shorter than the tube: corolla short, not longer than the breadth of the broad NEW PLANTS FROM MIDDLE CALIFORNIA. 45 banner which greatly surpasses the other petals, these all at first dingy-yellow but at length copper-color. Hackett’s Meadows, at 8600 feet, July 18, Baker’s n. 4373. The plant by habit is next of kin to ZL. formosissimus (Hosackia gracilis Benth.) of the Californian seaboard, but the flowers are extremely different. SIDALCEA RANUNCULACEA. Stems 1 to 2 feet high, mostly solitary, terminating a slender superficially seated horizontal rootstock, retrorsely hirsute from the decumbent base to near the middle; herbage of a very light green, the long petioles and upper part of stem sparsely hirsute-hairy: leaves orbicular, the lowest 7%-cleft and the segments with 2 or 3 obtuse lobes, the cauline more deeply cleft and their segments acutely 3 to 5-lobed, those near the spike 5-parted, the segments lance-linear, entire: spikes very short and dense, and flowers rather large: calyx and pedicels densely villous-hirsute: fruit unknown. In Hackett’s Meadows at 8600 feet, Culbertson ; n. 4318 of C. F. Baker’s distribution. The same, but in poor specimens, was collected by Dr. Edward Palmer, in the same region, in 1888 (n. 203) and distributed for S. spicata, from which the species differs essentially by its broad oval spikes, large flowers, and a peculiar foliage recalling that of some Ranunculi. SIDALCEA INTERRUPTA .Size of the last, much more slender, apparently also rhizomatous, the stem and petioles loosely pilose with firm spreading hairs; herbage deep-green, but cut of the leaves much as in the last; flowers much smaller, in elongated and often interrupted spikes, or even with solitary flowers scat- tered up and down below the terminal spicate cluster: pedicels and calyx-tube stellate-pubescent only, but teeth of the latter pilose: fruit much depressed, the nutlets nearly or quite glab- rous, obviously though not strongly reticulate. Habitat of the last, nearly but at a lower altitude, 8000 feet, and by the same collector, being numbered 4255 by Mr. Baker. SILENE APERTA. Perennial, slender, erect, 2 feet high or less, with but a single pair of cauline leaves near the middle, these narrowly linear and about 3 inches long, the innermost 16 LEAFLETS. basal ones similar to these, but the outer short, oblanceolate, acute; both stem and foliage retrorsely puberulent: calyx cleft below the middle, and at least in anthesis expanding to open- campanulate, only the segments herbaceous and even these with scarious margin, the broad and nearly saucer-shaped tubular part scarious, but with several green nerves: corolla greenish, twice the length of the calyx and salverform, the petals as to their expanded portion cuneate-obcordate: fruit not known. Hackett’s Meadows, at 8600 feet, 16 July, n. 4498 of Baker’s distribution. Species with calyx so deeply cleft and so remark- ably open as to render doubtful the propriety of its consignment to this genus. AQUILEGIA PAUCIFLORA. Scarlet-flowered and an ally of A. truncata, but subacaulescent, little exceeding a foot in height, only the subligneous and fibrous-coated caudex leafy, the nearly naked and very erect pedunculiform stem bearing from 1 to 5 flowers near the summit: leaves of half the height of the flower-stalk or less, pale and minutely hirtellous beneath, very dark-green and glabrous above, the pedicels and spurs glandular-pubescent : flower 1} inches long from tip to tip of spurs and anthers; sepals oval, obtuse, spreading or reflexed, not equalling the spurs; blade of petal distinct but short; filaments puberulent. Hackett’s Meadows, 16 July, in flower only ; Baker’s n. 4460. The almost stemless habit and peculiar pubescence of the lower leaf face distinguish this subalpine plant well from its large widely branched and many-flowered kindred of the coast. DELPHINIUM LUPORUM. oot apparently woody-fibrous: solitary stem more than a foot high, slender, sparsely leafy except at base, very light-green, glabrous and shining; lowest leaves 5-parted, the segments round obovate and with 2 or3 broad rounded and rather deep lobes, those of the stem with more cunei- form divisions and acute lobes, or the divisions simple and entire and oblong-lanceolate cut in those next below the rather naked peduncled raceme; this very lax, made up of only 5 to 7 large flowers on long and slender ascending pedicels; the pedicels and the long straight slender-conical spur loosely villous- pubescent : NEW PLANTS FROM MIDDLE CALIFORNIA. 74 sepals all deep-blue purple, each with a very prominent though narrow apiculation ; ovaries canescently villous. On Coyote Creek, 30 July; Baker’s n. 4392. The aspect of the species suggests affinity for D. decorum and its kindred; but the root is of another structure entirely. ; BISTORTA SCABERULA. Tall and with large foliage, but the root unknown: basal leaves upright, a foot long, the oblong blade little longer than the stoutish petiole, mostly obtuse at base, more than an inch wide, thinnish, neither revolute nor crisped, of a vivid green above, the veins there inconspicuous, beneath paler and glaucescent, the midvein broad, neither flattened nor striate, the veins and veinlets, especially the latter, muriculate-scaberulous: stem stoutish, 2 feet high, glabrous, striate, the sheaths 14 inches long, bearing each a sessile acute leaf about as long: spikes barely in flower and ovoid, scarcely ? inch long. Hackett’s Meadows, at 8600 feet, Culbertson, 18 July, 1904, distributed by Mr. Baker under n. 4384. The muriculation of the reticulate veinlets is a peculiar character. ERIogoNt™M JUNCEUM. Suffrutescent, the woody and densely leafy branches only a few inches high, loosely cespitose, white- tomentose, as are also the small obovate or obovate-elliptic leaves: slender peduncles 5 to 9 inches high, perfectly glabrous, of a vivid green and reedy-looking, usually but once forked, bearing the involucres 4 to # inch apart, these sessile, narrow-campanu- late, glabrous, obtusely toothed : perianths white, the segments with red-brown midvein, all obovate and very obtuse. Kern River Cafion, 2 Aug. 1904, Culbertson, being n. 4396 of C. F. Baker’s distribution. Related to &. Wright, distin- guished by slender glabrous and reedy peduncles, glabrous invo- lucres, and smaller perianths with relatively broad segments. A specimen of what appears the same is in U.8. Herb. from Mt. San Jacinto, 11 Aug., 1897, by H. M. Hall, named £. Wrightit. SwERTIA CovILLEI. Stout-stemmed, rather few-flowered, 6 to 16 inches high; basal leaves in the largest plants 6 inches long, thin and flaccid, not indistinctly 3-nerved, the oblong-lanceolate "8 LEAFLETS. acutish blade tapering to a long and broadly winged petiole; flowers on stout pedicels, one in the axil of each bract; sepals lanceolate, acute or acuminate, of scarcely more than half the length of the corolla, this 5-parted, the lobes oval or oblong- obtuse, much exceeding the short stout-subulate filaments, their glands with a laciniate margin, someor all the lacinie slenderly setaceous-pointed ; color of corolla blue-purple but not dark: seeds broadly winged. Crabtree Meadows, at 11,000 feet, 18 Aug., 1904, Culbertson ; these specimens in fruit. The flowering specimens used in making the diagnosis are Coville & Funston’s n. 1629 of the Death Valley Expedition. CASTILLEIA TRISECTA. Stems tufted on a tap-root, erect, simple, a foot high, loosely leafy, the whole herbage sparsely pubescent and somewhat clammy, light-green ; leaves about 14 inches long, of a broadly linear or quadrate undivided portion, terminated by 3 narrowly linear unequal segments, the middle one largest ; spike lax, its trifid bracts scarlet : calyx deeply cleft on the upper side, the 4 short subequal lobes scarlet; corolla with only the long straight ascending galea exserted. Hackett’s Meadows, at 8,600 feet, 18 July; Baker’s n. 4431. Allied to Nuttall’s C. angustifolia, but with different foliage, and flowers rather more like those of C. /inariifolia. CASTILLEIA CULBERTSONII: Slender subalpine perennial, the stems not tufted, each from its own very slender horizontal rootstock, erect, 4 to 6 inches high, both stem and small nar- rowly lanceolate acuminate entire leaves minutely and sparingly hirtellous: spike short but flowers rather large; bracts trifid, the lowest green and leaf-like, the others red-purple; calyx , villous, unequally cleft, the teeth shorter than the tube; galea of the corolla prominent, but shorter than the tube. Crabtree Meadow, at 11,000 feet, near Mt. Whitney, 17 Aug., Culbertson. Ina stouter and more pubescent state the plant occurs in U. 8. Herb. as collected by Hall & Chandler, at 10,000 feet in the mountains of Fresno Co., July, 1900, the label bear- ing the name C. Lemmoni, which species differs widely from this in habit, its stems being tufted upon the subligneous crown of a tap-root. NEW PLANTS FROM MIDDLE CALIFORNIA. 79 PENTSTEMON CEPHALOPHORUS. Subspecific to P. procerus; low and stout, herbaceous save as to the horizontal superfi- cially seated subligneous rootstock, the strongly decumbent flowering stems 4 to 8 inches high, glabrous below, as are also the obovate or spatulate subcoriaceous basal leaves, but upper part of stem and the inflorescence, even to the corollas, sparsely and slenderly glandular-hairy: cauline leaves in 3 pairs, all of oblong outline, rather larger than the basal ones, all entire, the’ middle pair usually with a few flowers in the axils, the summit of the stem crowned with a deuse globose and capitate cluster: sepals thin lance-linear : corollas less than 4 inch long, straight and narrowly tubular, with a small limb of short subequal rounded segments ; color purplish. Summit Lakes, at 11,000 feet, Culbertson, 19 Aug., 1904, Baker’s u, 4551. APOCYNUM CARDIOPHYLLUM. Small and rather slender, only 8 or 10 inches high, very erect, branching from near the base, stem and lower face of leaves very glaucous, the whole plant glabrous ; leaves short petioled and ‘all deflexed, mostly about 1 inch long, at base subcordate or occasionally only truncate, at apex very obtuse, mucronate, dark-green and pale-veiny above ; flowers rather many, terminal and from the axils of the upper leaves, of large size but in smallclusters: sepals short, ovate, acuminate, of about one-fourth the length of the large, deeply flesh-colored corollas, these broad-cylindric, about 4 inch long, their at length spreading lobes very short and obtuse; fruit not seen. Hackett’s Meadows, at 9,000 feet, Culbertson, 18 July, 1904, Baker’s n. 4472. Very near that more northerly dwarf with decumbent stems, broader leaves, and more deeply cleft corolla, now called A. pumilum. CRYTANTHE INCANA Annual, freely branched from near the base,gthe branches ascending, a foot long or less; whole plant cinerous-hispidulous and with a different minute strigose hairi- ness underneath the more copious hispid indument: flowering branches loosely spicate, bractless except at base: calyx small, the sepals short, narrow throughout, not with attenuate or pro- 80 LEAFLETS. longed apex: nutlets apparently 4, or sometimes 2 only, a half- line long, elongated-ovate above a truncate base, rather abruptly and obtusely pointed, the ventral groove forked at base and closed throughout, the whole surface greyish mottled with dark- brown, smooth and polished. On Nine-Mile Creek, at 5,800 feet, Culbertson, 30 Aug., 1904; Baker’s n, 4537. GaLium CULBERTSONI. Rigid herbaceous perennial, with, nearly simple stems about a foot high from horizontal sublig- neous rootstocks at least partly subterranean : angles of the stem as well as margin and midvein of the leaves, minutely villous- hispid, a more minute and partly appressed pubescence between the angles of the stem: leaves in fours, of firm texture, less than + inch long, oval, but ending in a very prominent cusp : flowers few, minute, greenish : fruits (immature) apparently baccate, on deflexed pedicels of 3 to } inch long, to the unaided eye appear- ing glabrous, but under a lens seen to be sparsely and minutely hispidulous-hairy. South fork the Kaweah River, 20 June, 1904, J. D. Culbert- son. The near affinities of this Ga/um are not obvious to me. CHRYSOTHAMNUS VULCANICUS. Shrub allied to C. Parry? of Colorado, more slender, the leaves very narrowly linear and very acute, indistinctly 3-nerved throughout, glabrous, or when young obscurely glandular and viscid ; heads forming a narrow thyrsiform panicle, the head little more than 3 inch high, nar- row, mostly 5-flowered, its bracts about 10, thin, lanceolate-sub- ulate, slender pointed, the outermost more herbaceous, and woolly on the margin atthe base: corollas rather deeply cleft, the teeth always erect: pappus copious, achenes silky-villous. On Volcano Creek, above Volcano Falls, at 8,000 feet, 9 Aug. C. Parry? has much broader foliage, a more leafy thyrsus, and broader involucres with flowers twice as numerous. CHRYSOTHAMNUS ASPER. Resembling the last, though stouter, the wooliness of the stems more loose and white; leaves as narrow but firmer, rather strongly glandular-scabrous under a lens, this indument extending to the outer bracts of the in- volucres : heads subsessile, forming a more strictly thyrsoid in- WEST AMERICAN CRUCIFERZ. 81 florescence, most 10 or 12-flowered ; bracts oblong-linear, slender- pointed, none with woolly margin: corollas and achenes as in the last. This is n. 1690 of the Death Valley Expedition from the Sierra Nevada in Inyo Co., listed in the report as Bigelovia Bo- landri, which type can not, I think, have been known by him who made this reference; and, in the U.S. Herb. the sheet was long since placed in the cover of C, Parry, which it is like in habit, though different in character. Macronema Botanpri. Linosyris Bolandri, Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. vii, 354. Chrysothamnus Bolandri, Greene, Eryth. iii, 114. My remarks in Erythea, as to the seeming desirability of removing this type to Macronema, seem now more than ever forcible ; for, in looking over the numerous sheets of Macronema discoidea now in the U.S. Herb., I detect something like a half- dozen specimens of the Bolandrian shrub, some of them from the original station, that have by others been taken for, and labelled as J. discotdea. It is even hardly more than a sub- species of this genus; for it differs from that one with which people so easily confuse it, by no clearer characters than those of a rather narrower and more pointed leaf, and slightly nar- rower heads more numerous and apt to be crowded together. And there are two or three other forms under the aggregate J/. discoidea that might almost as well be distinguished as this one. Certain West American Cruciferae. The Californian crucifere in general, and perhaps more especially that extensive list of species that have been variously referred to Avradis, Strepianthus, Caulanthus, Stanfordia, and Thelypodium have occupied a good share of my most careful and critical attention during the last quarter-century. Fifteen years ago, having in preparation the Flora Francis- cana, I could see no alternative between dividing the Streptanthus geries into two or three genera, or restoring to it Caulanthus and Stanfordia ; and I decided in favor of the latter course. It was not satisfactory; and it has for some years seemed to me LeaFruets, Vol. i, pp. 81-88, Dec. 21, 1904, 82 LEAFLETS. that something like the restoring Cau/anthus as a genus and the merging in it of the perennial Streptanthi of the Rocky Moun- tains and the Great Basin had been a better course. But the most needful thing to be done, as I now view the case, is the complete segregation from Strep/anthus of many, if not all the Californian plants that have been so referred ; for in their floral characters they are extremely different from the typical species belonging to the flora of distant Texas and Arkansas. Whether, however, these annuals and perennials of California were better placed as constituting one new genus or two three, is a matter concerning which there might easily be diversity of opinion, and upon which my own might change under more light. Most of the Californian species were first really described by myself ; this being said not only of the many kinds that were discovered and first published by me, but also of most of those named and imperfectly or even falsely described by earlier authors. For that particular group which Nuttall indicated as sub- generic under the name Euclisia, and which I here propose in the rank of a genus of the same name, the characters of the species reside chiefly in the calyx; the corolla in all being extremely different from that of true Streptanthus, as has been indicated by many authors ; but the corolla of EUCLIsIA is in no particular different from that of all Caulanthus, Stanfordia, and a great proportion of the species at present referred to Thelypodium. On the calyx alone, then, unless the flatness of the pods, and the absence of broad more or less rounded bracts replacing Jeaves upon the stem, EUCLISIA must seem to rest; and those marks of the calyx I have presented fully, in the diagnosis of species in the Flora Franciscana, and in the Bay Region Manual. It is, on the whole, a bilabiate calyx, in at least, the typical species, three of the sepals being connivent together at tip behind the corolla on the upper side; the individual sepals sharply carinate, also never green, but white or else deeply, usually} even darkly colored. I append a partial list of species. HE. etanputosa. S. glandulosus, Hook. Ic. c. 40 (1836), as to original specimens, but figures false, S. peramenus, Greene, WEST AMERICAN ORUCIFERA. 83 Ball. Torr. Club, xiii. 142 (1886), also Fl. Fr. 261, and Man. 17. I did not believe that the plant with the remarkably irregular calyx described by me could be that which had been intended by Hooker’s figure until I had seen the originals of S. g/andulosus at Kew. Such falsification of the characters of a species is not publication ; and this beautiful plant was truly first described, and therefore first published, as S. peramenus, which name ought to be continued in use, and Hooker’s suppressed as being worse than a nomen nudum. . MILDRED. Streptanthus Mildrede, Greene, Fl. Fr. 260. . Brotetti1, S. Biolett?, Greene, Pitt. ii 225. . PULOHELLA. SS. pulchellus, Greene, 1. c. . NIGRA. SS. ager, Greene, Bull. Torr. Club. xiii 141. . ASPERA. S. asper, Greene, Pitt, iii 225. . ALBIDA. S. albidus, Greene, Pitt. i. 62. . BECUNDA. S. secundus, Greene, Fl. Fr. 261. . HISPIDA. S. Aispidus, A. Gray. Am, Acad. vi. 184. VERSICOLOR. S. versicolor, Greene, Eryth. iii, 99. In mibhiching this species now nearly ten years since, | expressed dissatisfaction with it and its allies as members of S¢repian- thus. The corolla in this one is extremely bilabiate. E. viotacea. Doubtless annual and larger, perhaps two feet high or more, but only the upper leaves and flowering branches known, these perfectly glabrous, glaucescent; leaves lance- linear and sagittate-clasping, remotely dentate: racemes several, slender, the flowers slenderly pedicellate: calyx bilabiate, the 3 upper sepals connivent together at tip, obtusely keeled, of a rich violet or red-purple ; corolla as strongly bilabiate, the large upper petals with white-margined and rather wide limb, the corolla otherwise like the calyx as to color: stamens in 3 very unequal pairs; upper pair of filaments completely united and anthers greatly reduced : pods 3 inches long or more, straight, ascending, very narrow. Solitary upper and widely branched part of a plant otherwise unknown, collected somewhere in middle California by Dr. Edw. Palmer, in 1876; specimen in U. 8. Herb. sheet 4297. Three specimens in U.S. Herb. from San Luis Obispo, by M. (PRP RPE ee ee 84 LEAFLETS. E. Jones, in 1882 are probably the same; smaller plants, glab- rous throughout, the upper filaments not quite so completely joined. KE. ELATIOR. Stout annual, erect, branched above, commonly 2 feet high: lowest leaves 2 to 4inches long, laciniately lobed or pinnatifid, the lobes not gland-tipped, both faces of leaf as well as base of stem hispid, not even the narrow auriculate-clasping cauline ones glabrous, but these merely dentate: racemes lax: bilabiate calyx and corolla red-purple: upper pair of filaments united to above the middle, their anthers much reduced: pod3 inches long, ascending, straight or slightly curved upwards. The type, with large laciniate and prickly foliage is from the Santa Lucia Mountains, California, occupying sheet 4, 295 in U. 8. Herb., G. R. Vasey having obtained it in 1880. Certain specimens distributed from Santa Lucia Mountains, as S. glan- dulosus, by R. A. Plaskett, seem to belong here, though their foliage is not as ample and is more slightly and regularly rather than laciniately lobed. KE. Baxert. Habit of &. glandulosa, and about as large, stouter, more sparsely hispidulous and the hairs much shorter ; leaves and their teeth equally gland-tipped : calyx shorter, its sepals less acute and less connivent, colored very dark and dull purple: petals narrow, also dark purple save as to the white and strongly crisped narrow margin: upper pair of stamens exserted quite beyond the petals, united to near the summit by the filaments, their anthers of less than one-third the size of the other four, these last on very short filaments and borne scarcely beyond the summit of the calyx. Near Bethany, on the plains of the upper San Joaquin, 27 April, 1903, C. F. Baker; distributed by him under n. 2785, and under my manuscript name S. Bakerz, Pods not known. Calyx of the size and blackish coloring of that of 2. Biolettii, but thesepals wanting the sharply keeled character they have in that species. HE. AMPLEXICAULIS. Caulanthus amplexicaulis, Wats. Proc. Am. Acad, xvii 364. With the inflorescence and flowers of Euclisia, at least as to the texture, coloring and peculiar irregu- WEST AMERICAN ORUCIFERZ. 85 larity of the calyx, I readily refer this plant here, notwithstand- ing that its foliage and bracts no less than its narrow pods would relegate it to the next genus, were not the calycine charac- ters to be regarded the most essential in deciding the genus. For a considerable group of species, among which those that I regard as most typical of a genus are mainly Californian and biennial, I propose the generic name PLEIOCARDIA, in allusion to what gives them an aspect decidedly their own when compared with members of #uwcéista, namely, the presence of large more or less rounded sessile and cordate bracts—disciform organs— taking the place of ordinary leaves upon the flowering branches, often numerously subtending the racemes. By this striking vegetative character these plants may seem related to Eucisza, in some such degree as the Old World Lepidium perfoliatum and its kindred, with their pinnatisect true leaves, and round disci- form phyllodes subtending the racemes, are related to more genuine Lepidium. But these with the “perfoliate” discs in place of upper cauline leaves were segregated from Lepidium under the name Candis by Adanson, and have been maintained in that rank by later authors under one or more later names. I should not hesitate to accept them as a genus. But this vegetative character is not essential to PLEIOCARDIA. While it suggested the generic name I admit to the genus a few species that have not that mark; and even the original species of Strepianthus have broad and cordate-clasping upper leaves, though the transition to them is not abrupt as it is in the Cali- fornian plants of the proposed new genus. The essential characters of PLELOCARDIA are those of flower and fruit. Its calyx is (1) regular, not bilabiate as in Aucisia, (2) closely fitting up to the corollaand stamens, not distended and as it were inflated between base and summit; (3) tips of sepals dilated, recurved and scarious-edged as in neither Szrep- tanthus nor Euchsia; (4) petals not radiating cruciformly as in Streptanthus but diverging in opposite pairs as in Luclisia; (5) stamens in 3 unequal pairs, all distinct as in Streptanthus (in 86 LEAFLETS. which though distinct they are equal); (6) receptacle mostly enlarged under the fruit'as in Zhelypodium, but in neither Eu- clisia nor Streptanthus; (7) pods in certain species narrow and torulose as in Zhelypodium, and with small but plump seeds wingless and even marginless. PLEIOCARDIA, then, has a calyx peculiarly its own, a corolla nearest that of Aucisia, though in several species with petals showing a well developed limb, thus inclining to Streptanthus, stamens half way between those of the two genera, and often with the pods and seeds of Zkelypodium, though nearer in floral character making any approach to the type of that genus. In arranging the sequence of species my custom is to place those first which seem to me to have the clearest claim to represent a genus; and therefore these stand as its type. P. rortuosa. SS. tortuosus, Kell. Greene, FI. Fr. 258. P. Fouiosa. S. foliosus, Greene, Pitt. iii. 226. P. ORBICULATA. 5S. orbiculatus, Greene, Fl. Fr. 258. P. SUFFRUTESCENS. SS, suffrutescens, Greene, Erythea, i. 147, Doubtless flowering at first as a biennial, after that enduring for several years and becoming suffrutescent. Those next following are, I think, all mere annuals, most of them in at least one particular as well fitted as the preceding group tostand as typical of a genus. I even apprehend their being placed, by and by, in the rank of a separate genus on account of their having the pods and seeds of Zhelypodium. P, BreweRI. S. Breweri, Gray, Greene, Fl. Fr. 259. P. HESPERIDIS. S. hesperidis, Jeps. Erythea, i. 14. P. aRaciLis. S. gracilis, Eastw. Proc. Cal. Acad. 2 Ser. ii. 285. I have not seen this plant, but Miss Eastwood’s diagnosis leaves no room for doubt as to its being a genuine Pletocardia. P. FENESTRATA. Low slender glabrous glaucous annual, branched from the base, 6 inches high; proper foliage wanting in the very mature specimens, a few small ovate cordate-clasp- ing entire bracts on the branches: calyx very small, deep-pur- ple: corolla large for the plant, the petals with well developed broadly obovate limb and slender claw, the whole of a faint rose-color beautifully fenestrate with delicate dark-red veins : WEST AMERICAN CRUCIFERZ. 8 pods slender, straight, acute, 1 to 4 inches long, spreading or deflexed, not strongly compressed, lightly torulose: seeds oval, thickish, marginless. Tehipite Valley, Fresno Co, Calif. Hall & Chandler, July, 1900, distributed under n. 492; type in U. 8. Herb. P. Magna. Stout glabrous glaucous annual branched from near the base, 2 feet high: lowest leaves spatulate-obovate, 3 inches long, 14 broad, coarsely dentate, the broad triangular teeth not callous-tipped, those subtending the branches shorter, cordate-ovate, obtuse, entire or nearly so: flowers not seen: fruiting raceme long, lax, the pedicels 1 to 14 inches long, stoutish, ascending: pods very long and slender, 3 to 43 inches long, subterete, scarcely torulose, straight and ascending or subfalcate-recurved, tipped with a prominent style: seeds small, oblong-linear, marginless. This plant, truly remarkable for its size among members of this group, was sent me many years since, by W. G. Wright, of San Bernardino, for my opinion as to its being Streptanthus Breweri, to which, in habit and foliage it bears no slight resem- blance; and I am confident its placeis nearit. It was found by Mr. Wright at an elevation of 4900 feet in theSan Bernardino Mountains, in 1889. x Ecologically connecting with the last, as well as more or less truly allied to it by the long narrow pods and nearly or quite wingless seeds, are several streptanthoid plants of southern California which for several reasons I decline to refer to Pleio- cardia. They are still further removed from LZucéisia, They are perennials also, and have their congeneric affinity, I am per- suaded, with such plants as Nuttall’s Streptanthus cordatus and my own segregates of that. Here also I would place that plant ‘of northern California that is called S. dardatus. It falls into none of the genera proposed in this paper; and the whole group of these perennials, every member of which is, I think, foreign to Strepianthus, needsto be studied carefully in connection with all those embraced within Mr. Watson’s confused and illogical Caw- 88 LEAFLETS. lanthus. The species have a wide range from away among the Rocky Mountains, throughout the Great Basin, several reaching California, and many are as yet undescribed. They demand an investigation that I can not now give. x There are a few more Californian annuals belonging partly to middle elevations in the Sierra Nevada and partly to correspond- ing elevations in the inner Coast Range which, in so far as known have permitted to figure as members of the impossible Streptanthus of Gray and of Watson. Nor can I consistently refer any one of these to either of those new genera already out- lined. One of them is Streptanthus diversifolius, Wats. After the manner of typical Pletocardia it bears a few heart-shaped though commonly long-pointed bracts near the inflorescence, though in habit and aspect it is again most unlike these, being tall and paniculate-branched, and exhibiting a most peculiar foliage. The lowest leaves are perfectly entire and linear-fili- form. In the middle of the stem are borne afew that are pinnatisect, made up of a filiform rachis along which are scattered a few filiform segments. So far, as also as by the perfect smoothness of and the bluish bloom covering all parts of the plant, it promptly recalls my genus Szdara of the Lower Californian coasts and islands. But the flowers have all the general characteristics of the allies of Streptanthus when com- pared, with those of the Arvadzs alliance. The calyx, as to its form, is that of Plecocardia, but the texture of it is that of Az- clisia; also the upper pair of stamens are united. The pods are very long, slender, straight and deflexed, and the seeds are wing-margined, the valves being flattened. As representing a genus, I name this fine type MITOPAHYLLUM DIVERSIFOLIUM. S. diversifolus, Wats., doubt- less including S. /“earzs, Greene ; for among the best specimens of the latter, I now perceive one bearing in the midst of ‘its array of long filiform leaves a single pinnatisect one. The seg- ments are so remote and narrow as to easily blind one to the WEST AMERICAN CRUCIFERA. 89 pinnate character of a solitary leaf, at least in the pressed spec- imens. Corresponding to the last in habitat, bnt having a more north- erly range in the Sierra, and still passing fora Streptanthus, though of floral character most anomalous in the crucifere, is what I wish to designate as MICROSEMIA POLYGALOIDES. S. polygaloides, Gray. The re- markable peculiarity of one large colored banner-like sepal stand- ing nearly upright in expansion, and in bud folded down over all the others and enclosing them, was first described by the writer, Pittonia, ii. 46, and again in the Flora Franciscana, p. 262. Among fifty accomplished taxonomists, perhaps not one, with a mere spike of such flowers before him, and without other evi- dence, would guess this plant to be a crucifer, or believe it to be such until he had dissected it. It belongs, indeed, in the same tribe of crucifers as Streptanthus, but is as remote from that genus as is possible within such tribal limits. Not as much can be said of the following type, which is apparently as peculiar to the Coast Range as Microsemia and Mitophylium are to the Sierra Nevada. The type species is my Streptanthus barbiger; and there are two congeneric species known to me that are hitherto undescribed. These plants have a glabrous glaucescent herbage, and all except the very lowest and somewhat lanceolate and toothed leaves are narrow andentire. The habit, and the spicate flow- ers are points of contact with Microsemia; but the calyx is perfectly that of Plecocardia, being quite as herbaceous and close- fitting, with tips of sepals even more prolonged, recurved and white-margined, but there is no more hint or trace of the round- ed bracts subtending the inflorescence here than there is in Microsemia, in which latter [am persuaded the plants have, as I think, their nearest ally despite the fact that none of the species show any sign of that strange metamorphosis of sepals characteristic of that type. Alluding, in the generic name, to habitat of this little group, I name the type species MESOREANTHUS BARBIGER. S. Jardiger, Greene, resting it LxeaFruets, Vol. i, pp. 89-96, Dec. 81, 1904. 90 LEAFLETS. upon the original plant with hirsute sepals, and excluding what I had guessed to be a glabrous form of it. M. rattax. Slender glabrous glaucous annual freely bran- ched above the base, 1 to 2 feet high: leaves unknown ; flowers Subsessile and fruiting spikes long and lax : flowers small, the spreading or recurved tips of the sepals very long, equalling or even exceeding the small dark-red white-edged petals: only the upper pair of stamens equalling the sepals, their filaments united to summit, their anthers very small: pods very narrow, compressed but slightly torulose, 14 inches long, curved down- wards on very short spreading pedicels: seeds oval, little compressed, marginless. Hills above Napa Valley near St. Helena, collected by the writer in July, 1891, and then believed to be a form of the pre- ceding ; but the few flowers remaining on one specimen which was atthe time given to the U.S. Herb. show clear specific characters, as now perceive. The other specimens taken were copiously fruiting, but otherwise naked. M. vimineus. Size and habit of the last, equally glabrous and glaucous: ‘lower leaves narrowly oblanceolate; upper lance- linear, those of the branches narrowly linear, all entire: flowers more showy in long loose spikes: calyx with comparatively short and white-petaloid tips greatly exceeded by the rather ample white petals; pods unknown. Near Lakeport, Cal., 3 May, 1903, C. F. Baker, the specimens distributed by him under n. 3059 as Streptanthus vimineus Greene, n.sp. Here described from two sheets of specimens in my own herbarium. Laothoe, Part III of Rafinesque’s Flora Telluriana must be among the more scarce of that author’s publications; and it is one which I do not recall having seen until recently. Consulting that part of the brochure in which he discusses certain gentians, I read on beyond those pages, and came at length to a paragraph in CERTAIN GENTIANACEAE. 91 which he proposes as a new generic type De Candolle’s Seda pomeridiana, which [ knew to be a familiar Californian plant, commonly called Chlorogalum pomeridianum, This last generic name I recalled as certainly not published untila later date han this LaorHor of Rafinesque; and a subsequent comparison of the dates results in a showing of seven years of priority for Laotsos ; and I find that Mr. Jackson both gave this name a place in the Index Kewensis as a synonym, and also remarked its right of priority over the name assigned by Kunth in 1843. At Rafinesque’s date of 1836, only one species was known. but now there are a half-dozen, all having been published under thename of Chlorogalum, which can have no other status by right than that of a synonym of LAoTHos, the recognized species of which are L, augustirotia. (Kell. Calif. Acad. ii. 104). . DIVARICATA. (Kunth, Enum. iv. 682). . LEICHTLINI. (Baker, Gard. Chron. for 1874, p. 689). . PARVIFLORA. (Wats. Proc. Am. Acad. xiv. 243). . POMERIDIANA. (Ker.) Raf. Fl. Tell. ii. 53. . PURPUREA. (Brandg. Zoe, iv. 159). Pee ee On Certain Gentianaceae, Regarding my interpretation of the habitat of Pursh’s Swer- tia fastigiata, given on page 72 preceding, I have been persuaded by Mr. C. V. Piper that Pursh must be understood as meaning not on this side, but the other side of the Rocky Mountains ; and I have little reason to controvert’ such an opinion in the presence of one who, like Mr. Piper, has lived and travel- led along the route of the Lewis and Clarke expedition, and has particularly studied that route. Admitting, then, the correctness of Mr. Piper as to where the gentianaceous herb in question must have been gathered, it may have to be conceded that Pursh’s Swertia probably is what high authorities have maintained that it is, namely, Frasera thyrsifiora, Hook. Against this view it may be objected that, inasmuch as Pursh 92 LEAFLETS. knew the genus Frasera and admitted it as good, he could not reasonably have referred to Swertia so close an ally of typical Frasera as F. thyrsifiora, plainly is. Again: since the Swertia of Linneus which Pursh cites as identical with his own, has pentamerous flowers, Pursh must needs have placed his S. fas- tigiata in Frasera on account of its tetramery, if be the same thing as J. thyrsifiora. Nevertheless, allowance must be made for superficiality and carelessness everywhere; and if Pursh erred as to the plant’s having come from the Missouri Flats, he may have failed to examine it closely enough to discover that its flowers were tetramerous and that it was a Frasera, Very likely what he saw was at best a mere scrap or two. But while I should not be surprised were the Montana plant spoken of by me heretofore to be proven, some day, to be Pursh’s plant, I will now at least give the type before me a diag- nosis, and therewith a provisional name as possibly new. SWERTIIA PARALLELA. Stem simple, stout for the genus, 12 or 14 inches high, with two pairs of cauline leaves, those from the root or rootstock of half the length of the stem, elliptic oblong as to the blade, this tapering to a long petiolar base, all traversed from base of broad petiole to near the end of the blade by about 5 conspicuous whitish parallel veins: inflorescence somewhat congested, its more terminal portion almost thyrsoid : subulate-lanceolate sepals nearly equalling the lurid-purplish not dark-colored corolla: filaments much flattened and oblong- liguliform, obtuse at apex behind the anthers : fruit not known. Jack Creek Canon, Montana, 15 July, 1896, Rydberg & Bessey, n. 4699 of their distribution as represented in U. S. Herb. (sheet 390186,. Plant more than other swertias resem- bling a Frasera, especially by its notably parallel-veined foliage Botanizing among the hills of Monroe County, Wisconsin, in early October last, the sight of no autumnal flower of the re- gion was more welcome to me than that of what in boyhood we CERTAIN GENTIANACEAE. 93 were taught to call Gentiana guingueflora. I had not seen it» except in the herbaria, for several decades of years; and my first glance at the plant awakened something like a regret for having, not many weeks before, been betrayed by false descrip- tions of itin the books, into placing it asa congeneric with those Amared/a species of the farther West, the memory of whose floral characteristics was and is still vivid. Those western plants, genuine Amarella species, have a corolla-limb that is rotate when expanded, or nearly rotate, so that the corolla is salverform, or nearly that, and, at all events, the limb expands. The same is said to be true of the G. guin- queflora, but it is not so. Its corolla is not even truly funnel- form, for its limb is never expanded at all, in the proper use of that term. The whole corolla is tightly closed during almost the whole period of its existence; and the only writer who de- scribes it as if he had seen it with the eye of a botanist, calls it clavate. Thatis much nearer the truth than any one else has come; a not indistinct angularity of both tube and closed limb being the only obstacle to its being described as clavate. At the time when these plants are at their best, showing their corollas at full development and at the height of their inten- sity of purple coloring,—the time when you would take them for the making of the most perfect herbarium specimens—they are not in flower, but long past that period, the corollas already being filled with full grown capsules. At actual flowering the corollas are much smaller, the tips of their segments are sepa- rated just far enough to let air and small insects pass within; they do not spread even so far as to become erect ; and then, im- mediately after fertilization of the ovary, the corolla closes, never again to open, but, immediately proceeds to increase to about twice the size ithad at actual anthesis. These things are said confidently and for a certainty, only of the western plant, at page 53 preceding denominated Amared/a occidentalis ; but they probably hold good, in at least some gene- ral way, for the other members of what, if I mistake not, is both a good genus, and one embracing several species, 94 LEAFLETS. In part III of the Flora Telluriana, page 21, Rafinesque succinctly characterizes this type as a genus, and names it ALo- ItIs ; and while feeling compelled to agree with him, even as to the species which he segregates, I must add the characters of several more. ALOITIS OCCIDENTALIS. Amarella occidentalis (Gray), Greene, Leafl.i. 53. Calyx-segments usually lanceolate or oblong-lance- olate, foliaceous, half the length of the corolla, merely acute, by their breadth often nearly or quite closing the sinuses. Prairie regions of Iuwa, Wisconsin, Minnesota and westward. A, MssocHoRA. Larger plant than the last, with larger foliage and larger flowers but of less branching habit, large plants often simple save as to the axillary pedunculiform bran- ches: calyx with extremely narrow tube, the unequal segments partly linear, partly lanceolate, all setaceously acuminate, the longest of notably less than half the length of the corolla, the sinuses not closed, acute: corolla-lobes with unusually long and slender acumination. Northern Indiana, also adjacent Michigan and westward to Illinois and Iowa. A. FoLIosA. Habit of the last, with very ample foliage: leaves 24 inches long, half as broad; umbellate flower clusters all subtended by a pair of well developed leaves like an involucre; flowers smaller than in the last; calyx-tube broader, segments partly subulate, partly exactly lanceolate, all very acute, the longest half as long as the corolla, sinuses open, rather obtuse: segments of corolla with short setaceous point. Known only from along Vermillion River, northern Ohio; E. L. Moseley, 1898. A. pivaricaTa. Plant very large, evidently about a yard high, widely and almost divaricately branching, copiously flori- ferous but the flowers often solitary, or in pairs or threes : calyx the smallest in the genus, with very short tube, and not long subulate and subulate-lanceolate acute teeth, the whole less than one-third the length of the not large corolla, this apparently ' TWO NEW BATRACHIA. 95 little or not atajl accrescent over the growing ovary, its teeth hardly more than acute. Borders of woods about Knoxville, Tenn., A. Ruth, October, 1898. Just this plant is figured in the Botanical Magazine at t. 3496, where the reader of the text accompanying the plate will at first read it as if the representation were that of a plant from New York; and this is true partly, but only as to the un- colored dissections of a flower occupying the base of the plate. At the end Sir William informs us that the drawing of the main figure was by Dr. Short, whose type must naturally have been this southern species, as indeed, it shows for itself on a comparison with specimens. In this plate, also, may be seen just what approach to expansion the