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THE

FOREST FLORA

dey

NORTH-WEST AND CENTRAL INDIA

A HANDBOOK OF_THE INDIGENOUS TREES AND SHRUBS
OF THOSE COUNTRIES.

COMMENCED BY THE LATE

J. LINDSAY STEWART, M.D.

CONSERVATOR OF FORESTS, PUNJAB.

CONTINUED AND COMPLETED BY

DIETRICH BRANDIS, PsD.

INSPECTOR-GENERAL OF FORESTS TO THE GOVERNMENT OF INDIA.

PREPARED AT THE HERBARIUM OF THE ROYAL GARDENS, KEW.

Published under the Authority of the Secretary of State for Indi in Council.

LONDON:
Wma. H. ALLEN & CO., 13 WATERLOO PLACE, 8.W.
Publishers to the Judin Office.-

MDCCCLXXIV.
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@. 35036
PREFACE.

THE object of this work is entirely practical. As Forest administration
in India advanced, the want of handbooks was felt, to enable forest
officers to acquire a knowledge of the trees and shrubs in the forests,
and of the climbers, epiphytes, and other plants which impede and injure
the growth of trees. This want has led to the preparation of three works.
First, The Flora Sylvatica of Madras, by Lt.-Col. R. H. Beddome, head of '
the Forest Department in that Presidency, commenced in 1868 and com-
pleted in 1873. It contains 325 plates of trees, with full descriptions, and a
Manual giving a systematic account of 76 Natural Orders, comprising all
trees and the more important shrubs of South India and Ceylon; 27 ad-
ditional plates, with the analysis of 146 genera not figured in the work,
are appended. Second, The Forest Flora of British Burma, by Sulpiz
Kurz, Curator of the Herbarium at Calcutta, now under preparation.
Third, The present work. When these three books are complete, they
will comprise descriptions of most trees, a knowledge of which is needful
to foresters, in British India. Thus the trees of the Bombay forests will
be found either in Colonel Beddome’s or in this work ; and the more im-
portant trees of the Eastern Himalaya and Eastern Bengal will probably
occur, some in this book, others in the Burma Flora. Eventually a
Forest Flora of Bengal and Assam, and another of the Bombay Presidency,
with local habitats and vernacular names, may become necessary ; but at
present the requirements of foresters in the different provinces of India
will be sufficiently met by the publication of these three works.

The geographical limits of this Flora are necessarily artificial. The
object was to give an account of the arborescent vegetation in the forest
tracts of the Panjab, the North-West Provinces, and of those forests in the
Central Provinces which are situated on the Maikal and Satpura range of
mountains. The northern limit may be defined as the arid treeless zone
of the inner Himalaya ; while to the south the territory is bounded by the
open forestless plain which skirts the base of the Maikal and Satpura
range from Bilaspur to Berar. The western limit is the Panjab frontier,
vi PREFACE.

along the foot of the Suliman range ; and eastward the territory is bounded
by a broken line, which follows the Nepal frontier, first along the Sarda
or Kali river, and afterwards parallel with the foot of the Himalaya, until
it touches the great Gandak river. From that point, a straight line
drawn in a south-south-westerly direction through Benares to Amerkantak
and Bilaspur, may be regarded as the eastern boundary. Between the
British territory of the Panjab and the North-West Provinces in the north,
and the Central Provinces in the south, intervene the large and important
native States of Rajputana, Malwa, and Bandelkhand; and as the arbores-
cent vegetation of these States is very similar to that of the surrounding
British territory, they have been included, as far as possible. For these
districts my materials were scanty. It is much to be desired that the
results of Dr George King’s botanical exploration of this country may
soon be published, and thus supply the deficiencies of this work in that
respect. Most of the trees and shrubs of Sindh, and of the forest tracts of
Guzerat, in the vicinity of the Mhye river, and south as far as the Man-
devi forests on the right bank of the Tapti, are noticed.

The northernmost point is the head of the Kaghan valley, drained by a
tributary of the Jhelam, in lat. 35°; and the forest tracts furthest west are
the Belas, along the Indus in Sindh, in long. 68°.

It would be too large a subject were I to give a detailed account of the
climatic conditions which influence the forest vegetation of this large
territory. It must suffice to state that the following great climatic zones
are included: First, The entire arid region of India, with a scanty and
uncertain rainfall, and an atmosphere dry nearly throughout the year
(South Panjab, Sindh, the States of Bhawalpur, Kairpur, Bikanir,
Jessulmir, and the greater part of Marwur). Second, The entire northern
dry zone, surrounding the arid region on the north and east, forming 4
belt from 100 to 200 miles wide, with a normal annual rainfall between
15 and 30 inches, which includes the plains of north and north-east Pan-
jab, outside the sub-Himalayan tract, Delhi, Ajmir, Gwalior; and of the
Rajputana States, Bhurtpur, Jeypur, and Meywar. Third, The western
end of the north-eastern moist zone, with a heavy monsoon and an annual
rainfall exceeding 60 inches, which comprises the Burma coast, Bengal,
the sub-Himalayan tract, and the outer ranges. That portion of this
moist zone which extends into the territory of this Flora is a narrow
belt, probably nowhere more than 30 miles wide, narrowing gradually
towards the north-west, and terminating at the Ravi. It includes part of
the Gorakhpur and the northern Oudh forests, the Siwalik tract, the
Doons, and the outer ranges of the north-west Himalaya. Jourth, A
portion of the large intermediate region, which comprises the whole of
Central and a large portion of the plains of North India, as well as the
intermediate Himalaya, which ** cityated hoturaan tha antar narsau moist
PREFACE. vil

belt and the inner arid region of Tibet. Entirely beyond the limits of
the present Flora are the southern dry region, including eastern Mysore
and part of the Dekkan, and the moist zone of Western India, comprising
the Western Ghats from the Khandeish Dangs to Travancore, the country
below the Ghats, and a narrow strip of country above the Ghats.

A glance at this handbook will show that in many instances Indian
trees or shrubs have been maintained distinct which had been referred to
European species by Dr Stewart and other botanists. It will also be
noticed that a considerable number of Himalayan trees and shrubs have
been identified with species indigenous in Europe and the Mediterranean
region. This identification has in every case been based upon critical
research. The following are well-known European species included in
this Himalayan Flora: Berberis vulgaris, Myricaria germanica, Rhus
Cotinus, Prunus prostrata, P. Padus, Rubus fruticosus, Rosa moschata,
Pyrus Aria, Crategus Oxyacantha, C. Pyracantha, Ribes Grossularia, R.
nigrum, Hedera Helix, Lonicera alpigena, Sambucus Ebulus, Hippophaé
rhamnoides, Elwagnus hortensis, Viscum album, Celtis australis, Platanus
orientalis, Buxus sempervirens, Salix alba, 8. hastata, 8. daphnoides, S. vim-
inalis, Populus alba, Quercus Ilex, Corylus Colurna, Ephedra vulgaris,
Juniperus communis, Pinus excelsa, and Taxus baccata. The forester
who is transferred from Europe to the north-west Himalaya thus finds
himself surrounded by trees belonging to the same families and genera
as those which compose the forests of Europe, and also in many instances
recognises the very species with which he was familiar in his native
country.

In the forests of the plains and lower hills, three remarkable features
attract attention. First, The large number of trees of South India and
Burma which occur in the moist forests of the sub-Himalayan tract.
Some of these extend no farther than the Sarda, and within our limits
are only found in the Gorakhpur and Oudh forests; for example, Dil-
lenia aurea, Polyalthia suberosa, Amoora Rohituka, Heynea trijuga.
Others, such as Dillenia pentagyna, Miliusa velutina, Schleichera trijuga,
have the same north-western limit, but are likewise found in the forests
of the Satpurarange. Others, again, extend along the foot of the Hima-
laya to the Indus (Bombax malabaricum, Odina Wodier, Cassia Fistula,
Albizzia odoratissima and stipulata, Acacia Catechu, Terminalia bellerica,
and Eugenia Jambolana). Rattan-brakes (Calamus Rotang) extend only
to the Dehra Doon; the last patches of Sal are found on the Siwaliks
between the Sutlej and Bias, and in the Kangra valley north of the latter
river ; and the most western Bamboo forest (Dendrocalamus strictus) is on
the west bank of the Jhelam river. The second prominent feature is, that
a number of trees attain their northernmost point in Central India, and.
are not found in the sub-Himalayan tract—as, for example, Adlanthus ex-
viii PREFACE,

celsa, Soymida febrifuga, Chloroxylon Swietenia, Pterocarpus Marsupium,
Hardwickia binata, Cordia Macleodii, Spathodea xylocarpa, and Tectona
grandis, The third remarkable feature of the arboreous vegetation of
North-West India is the large number of African and Arabian species,
many of which find their eastern limit within the territory of this Flora.
Capparis aphylla extends from Timbuktu on the Niger to Bandelkhand,
Tamarix articulata from Central Africa to the Jumna, Salvadora oleoides
from Aden to Agra, Cordia Rothii from Abyssinia to Rajputana, and
Calligonum polygonoides from Algeria to Meywar. Other western trees,
which do not, however, extend to Africa, are Acacia rupestris (unless, as
seems probable, it should be referred to A. Senegal, in which case it would
rival Capparis aphylla in the extent of its range), Acacia modesta, Pro-
sopis spicigera, and Diospyrus Lotus.

The number of indigenous shrubs and trees described is about 700, and
about 80 introduced and cultivated plants have been added. Of these,
many, such as Michelia Champaca, Mangifera indica, Saraca indica, are
natives of other parts of India, Burma, or Ceylon; a few are natives of
Western Asia—Prunus Amygdalus, Ficus Carica, Salix babylonica, 8S.
Caprea, Populus nigra, and Cupressus sempervirens. Africa has furnished
Adansonia digitata, Indigofera tinctoria, Sesbania wegyptiaca, Coffea ara-
bica, Euphorbia Tirucalli, and (probably) Tamarindus indica. The num-
ber of American trees and shrubs introduced into Northern India is
remarkable: Anona squamosa, Bixa Orellana, Parkinsonia aculeata,
Pithecolobium dulce, Acacia Farnesiana, Psidium Guava, Carica Papaya,
Opuntia Dillenti, and Plumeria acutifolia, are old introductions ; while
Swietenia Mahagoni and the Cinchonas are of recent date, as also Huca-
lyptus, Albizeia, and Acacia, from Australia.

The selection of the indigenous and cultivated species to be included
was to a certain extent arbitrary, and the guiding principles were
different from those adopted in the other Forest Floras. The scanty
vegetation on the extensive wastes and dry hills of the arid region
often consists of low shrubs, which, in the moister regions of the
Peninsula, Burma, and Bengal, would not be noticed by the forester ;
while in North-West India they are of great importance for the wellbeing
of the population, and are therefore included. On the other hand, many
shrubs of the Himalaya have been omitted. The numerous species of
Clematis were excluded, because their admission would have necessitated
the addition of the Order Ranunculacew, mainly composed of herbaceous
plants of no particular interest to the forester. Spircas are also omitted,
though they are showy and conspicuous, and several are considerable
shrubs. It would have been a great advantage if the large gregarious
grasses Saccharum, Andropogon, Imperata, and others, which cover
extensive areas in the Himalayan Terai, and on the Sailaba land along
PREFACE. 1x

the main rivers, and the large herbaceous plants of Composite, Acan-
thacece, Labiate, and other Orders, could have been included, which
come up on clearings in the forests (Schlagpflanzen), or form dense under-
wood in moist forests. This, however, must be reserved for a separate
publication.

Again, the great similarity between the forest vegetation of the north-
west Himalaya and of Europe suggested a brief notice of the more
important European forest-trees. The fact is now becoming recog-
nised that a knowledge of forests and forest management in Europe is
useful to foresters in India. A considerable number of the younger
forest officers have received their professional education in the public and
private forests of France, Germany, and Britain; others have devoted
their furlough to the study of forest management in those countries: and
the connection between European and Indian foresters thus established
will prove a great advantage to the development of forestry in India.
Under these circumstances it was desirable that Indian foresters should
have a brief account of European trees side by side with their congeners
and allies of the Himalaya. Special reference has in this respect been
made to the arborescent vegetation of the Mediterranean region, which is
visited by many Indian officers on their way to and from England.

It was also necessary to include the more important trees and shrubs
cultivated in North-West India, and to allude to those which, though
not yet introduced or extensively cultivated, merit special attention, and
which may perhaps be introduced with advantage. With the view of
making the book more useful to persons engaged in Indian arboriculture,
reference has been made to useful trees of other countries allied to those
described in these pages.

These remarks will explain that this book must not be regarded as a
local Flora, similar to the Colonial Floras which are emanating from Kew ;
for on the one hand it includes only the more important trees and shrubs,
and on the other its scope has for practical purposes been extended far
beyond its territorial limits. It has been written, not for botanists, but
for practical men, especially for those who have the care of the public
forests in the different provinces of India. It may, however, be said, that
this object might have been attained by a smaller volume, giving only a
popular description of the larger trees, and unencumbered with remarks
regarding the identification of species and the priority of systematic names.
‘Such objections will be supported by those who hold that the sole legiti-
mate duty of forestry in India is to provide fuel and timber, and that the
forester has no concern with bark, lac, gums, resins, caoutchouc, wax, oil,
dyes, fruits, and other marketable products of trees and shrubs. Such
views will continue to be maintained until it comes to be acknowledged
that the principal aim and object of forest management in India is the
x PREFACE.

formation of public estates, to be managed so as to secure large benefits
to the country of an indirect nature, as well as a continuous and increasing
yield of all descriptions of forest produce necessary to supply the require-
ments of the people and their export trade. Foresters in India will gradu-
ally understand that they are expected to make the utmost of the estates
intrusted to their charge for the benefit of the present generation, while
steadily improving the capital value and productiveness of their estates ;
and this will lead them eagerly to seek information regarding the various
trees and shrubs which may be turned to account. It is not possible to
predict in what respect any particular plants may not eventually be found
useful, either by their produce, or because they further the growth of the
more useful kinds by their shade and shelter, or in other ways. The only
safe plan, therefore, is at the outset to take a comprehensive view of the
whole forest vegetation, instead of confining our attention to those trees
which we are accustomed, often erroneously, to regard as most important.
Again, such study, to be profitable, must be conducted upon true scientific
principles. Unless the identification of species and their systematic names
are established, so as to command the assent of botanists, there can be no
certainty as to what plant is meant, and the result of studies in the field
will be confusion and waste of time. It may be well to st&te that the
fault of this book is not that it is too scientific, but that it is not scien-
tific enough. When the material here collected has been sifted by the
criticisms of botanists in Europe, and tested by the studies in the field of
Indian foresters and botanists, it may then be useful to prepare popular
books of a smaller size for the use of those who have not the leisure or
the inclination to study this handbook.

The botanical terms employed are explained in a small volume on Indian
botany by Professor Oliver,* which should be in the hands of all who use
this work without having had the advantage of previous botanical instruc-
tion. A list of terms not explained in that book is appended. Bentham’s
Outlines of Botany, reprinted in the commencement of Beddome’s Manual,
will also be found a most useful guide in this respect.

To the end of Rubiacez the systematic arrangement followed is that of
Hooker’s and Bentham’s Genera Plantarum, and that standard work has
been quoted under each Natural Order, in addition to Royle’s and Wight’s
Illustrations. The remaining Orders have been arranged mainly in
accordance with Bentham’s Flora Australiensis. Standard works on
Indian botany have invariably been quoted under each species, including
Hooker’s Flora of British India up to p. 306 of the first volume.
Boissier's Flora Orientalis has also, as a rule, been referred to, as far as the
end of the second volume. Under species common to North India and

“First Book of Indian Botany. By Daniel Oliver, F.R.S. London, Macmillan
and Co., 1869. :
PREFACE, x1

Europe, some standard European work has always been quoted—viz.,
Hooker’s Students’ Flora for British Plants, Reichenbach’s Icones Floree
Germanicee—wherever it seemed desirable to quote a good illustration,
and when necessary for special reasons— Mathieu’s admirable Flore
Forestiére de la France, and Willkomm’s Forstliche Flora von Deutschland
und CEsterreich, as far as that work had appeared. Reichenbach’s Icones
were selected, because vols. xi. and xii., which contain most arborescent
genera of Central Europe, are sold separately at a moderate price. Other
botanical works have been quoted where it appeared necessary for purposes
of identification, but as sparingly as possible. A few Synonyms have
been added, but only those used in standard books on Indian botany.
Exceptions have occasionally been made in favour of names occurring in
Wallich’s catalogue, De Candolle’s Prodromus, and a few other works.

The spelling of botanical names in Bentham and Hooker’s Genera
Plantarum has been adhered to, and in the subsequent Orders the practice
of the leading botanists has been followed. Hence, among others, the
old spelling of Pyrus, Cinehona, Plumeria, and Briedelia, has been main-
tained, though if the names were to be altered in accordance with their
derivation, it would be necessary to write Pirus, Chinchona, Plumiera
and Bridelia ; but these are not the names under which the genera were
originally described, and by which, with few exceptions, they have been
known ever since. *

After the systematic, English, and other European names of the tree,
the Sanskrit name has been given wherever it seemed probable that it
referred to the species described. In a few instances, Arabic and Persian
names have also been added. The vernacular names which follow are, as a
rule, arranged according to the provinces or districts in which they are used,
but in many cases it was impossible to indicate the language to which
they belong. In spite of all the labour bestowed on it, this portion of the
book may be found one of its weakest points. Yet the critical examina-
tion of the vernacular names of the different Indian languages, and their
derivation from the Sanskrit or other root, will be found a most interesting
and important study. Forestry in India is as yet too much like an exotic
plant. I have no greater wish in connection with it than to see it
naturalised ; and one of the first steps in that direction must be the
establishment of fixed names and technical terms in the vernacular.
The forester should not despise vernacular names, for in many instances
they have a fixity which systematic names do not yet possess. We all
know the evergreen Khirni, and there can be no mistake about it; but
botanists are not yet agreed whether the tree shall be called Mimusops
indica, hexandra, or Kauki. Kamela, or Kamila, is a well-known small
tree ; its systematic name among Indian botanists, however, which for
more than half a century was Rottlera tinctoria, has now and properly
xii PREFACE.

been changed into Mallotus philippinensis. Again, there can be no doubt as
to the tree designated by the name of Kao, Kau, although some botanists
call it Olea europea, others Olea cuspidata, and others Olea ferruginea.
Kaddam and Haldu were formerly well known as Nauclea parvifolia
and cordifolia; now the forester has to learn the new generic names
Stephegyne and Adina. These changes of systematic names are not
arbitrary—as a rule, they are dictated by the progress of scientific research ;
but they are apt to discourage the student—and on that account, also,
vernacular names merit attention. All North Indian names have been
spelt according to the system of Sir William Jones, now adopted in
public documents, but with as few diacritical marks as possible. When
it seemed necessary to indicate a long vowel, this has been done, in
accordance with the practice of Forbes’s Hindustani Dictionary, by a
horizontal line, thus—4, @, 7, u. Names which have acquired a fixity of
spelling in English, such as Teak, Toon, Sissoo, Neem, Hoom, Bamboo,
Peepul, Banyan, have not been interfered with. As a rule, North
Indian names only have been given; but in a few instances Canarese,
Telugu, and Burmese names have been added, in order to facilitate the. use
of the book in other provinces besides those for which it has mainly been
written.

It may be useful to mention that trees which under ordinary circum-
stances do not exceed 20 ft. in height are termed small, while large trees
are those which exceed 50 ft., and moderate-sized trees those between these
limits. In indicating the rate of growth, the terms slow, moderate, and
rapid have occasionally been used. These comparative terms are intended
to relate to average conditions, for it is well known that the same kind
may be a rapid grower under certain circumstances, and a slow grower
under others. With this reservation, the following terms have been
adopted in this handbook :—

Growth slow: more than 12 rings per inch of radius; age of a tree of
6 ft. girth, above 138 years,

Growth moderate: 4-12 rings per inch of radius ; age of a tree of 6 ft.
girth, 46 to 138 years.

Growth rapid: less than 4 rings per inch of radius ; age of a tree of
6 ft. girth, less than 46 years.

Pure Forests are now commonly called those which consist entirely or
nearly of one kind of tree, in contradistinction to mixed forests, com-
posed of various kinds. The term leaf-bearing trees, though not literally
correct, is used, in contradistinction to coniferous trees, in the sense of the
French “ Bois feuillus,” and the German “ Laubhdlzer.”

Concerning the information given on the physical properties of the
different kinds of timber, it will suffice to state that the weight of a cubic
foot is always that of seasoned timber. unless otherwise stated Of the
PREFACE. xiii

numerous experiments made to determine the mechanical properties of
Indian timbers, the results of those only which relate to transverse
strength have been given. P. is the constant represented by the follow-
ing well-known formula :—

Lx W

Ea ae ae

L being the length in feet of the scantling tested between supports
(bearing length), W the weight producing fracture of the scantling loaded
in the middle, b breadth of scantling in inches, d depth of scantling in
inches.

It now remains briefly to narrate the history of this work, to enumer-
ate the materials upon which it is based, and to acknowledge the assist-
ance received during its preparation. In 1869, the late Dr Stewart,
then Conservator of Forests in the Panjab, came home on furlough, and
the Government of India intrusted him with the preparation at Kew of
this work, for which he had been collecting materials for several years.
While officiating in 1860-61 for Dr Jameson as Superintendent of the
Botanic Garden at Saharanpur and of the Government Tea Plantations
in the North-West Provinces, and subsequently while Civil Surgeon at
Bijnaur in Rohilkhand, he became familiar with the forest vegetation
in the plains and in the Himalaya between the Jumna and Kali rivers.
In 1864 he returned to the Panjab, where he had passed his first years
of medical service, principally on the western frontier, and being then
appointed to the charge of the forests in that province, he devoted the
greater part of his time to the botanical exploration of the Panjab Hima-
laya, Kashmir, and the adjoining districts of Tibet, and to repeated care-
ful examinations of the Rakhs and brushwood tracts in the plains west of
the Jumna river, including the adjoining province of Sindh. He thus
acquired an extensive knowledge of the forest vegetation of a large
portion of North-West India, and the copious notes taken on the spot in
all his travels contained a rich store of information. In order to enable
him to include the forest vegetation of Oudh and the Central Provinces,
a forest officer of the North-West Provinces, Mr Richard Thompson, who
had formerly served under Dr Stewart at Saharanpur, was at his sugges-
tion deputed to visit the principal forest tracts of those provinces ; and the
notes and collections made by that officer were sent to him at Kew. Dr
Stewart’s previous publications in various scientific journals, as well as
the numerous and valuable official reports submitted by him as Conserva-
tor of Forests, and his excellent book on the “ Useful Plants of the Panjab,”
fully warranted the expectation that, after the needful preparatory study at
home, he would be equal to the important task intrusted to him. He accord-
ingly devoted a large part of his furlough, from 1869 to 1871, to this work,
xiv PREFACE.

and would doubtless have completed it in a satisfactory manner if his
health had not given way. During the latter part of his residence in
England, it was evident to his friends that his general health was impaired ;
and when the first sheets of his manuscript were printed, it was clear that
the work, as prepared by him, would neither be a useful one, nor one
creditable to himself. He returned to India in October 1872, and died
from an affection of the brain at Dalhousie on the 5th July 1873. Under
these circumstances, as I had, while in India, recommended that this task
should be intrusted to Dr Stewart, and as I happened to be in England
for the restoration of my health, I was directed in March 1872, by her
Majesty’s Secretary of State for India in Council, to complete the work
for publication ; and the past two years have been devoted to this duty.

The following materials, besides the published literature and official
reports, have been at my disposal: 1. The rich collections of the Royal
Herbarium, Museum, and Gardens at Kew. 2. Dr Stewart’s manuscript,
comprising the description of 444 species. 3. Mr Richard Thompson’s
notes, and a portion of the collections made by him. 4. The greater por-
tion of my own herbarium, which was in charge of Mr Sulpiz Kurz at
Calcutta, and which I sent for as soon as I received orders to undertake
the work. 5. A small collection of plants made by me on a journey
through Rajputana and the forest tracts of Guzerat in 1869-70, with my
journal and notes. A large portion of the notes and journals relating to
my other tours in North-West and Central India, and some of the botani-
cal collections made on those tours, were unfortunately in India, and could
not be made available for the preparation of this work.

My personal knowledge of the arboreous vegetation of the territory in-
cluded in this Flora has been acquired during a series of tours of inspection
in the forests of the Satpura range, Bijoragogarh, and Oudh, the Nepal
Terai, Kamaon, Garhwal, Rohilkhand, Dehra Doon, Jaunsar, and Gorakh-
pur, in 1863 ; the Deodar forests of Kunawar, the outer hills and a portion
of the plains of the Panjab, in 1864 ; Kangra, the plantations and Rakhs of
the Panjab, Sindh, Berar, and the western part of the Satpura range, in
1868-69 ; Kunawar, Rajputana, the Panch Mehal and Mandevi forests of
Guzerat, and the Rakhs and plantations of the Panjab plains, in 1869-70 ;
and during a residence of six summer seasons at Simla, and numerous ex-
cursious and smaller tours in the vicinity of that place. Unfortunately,
I was never able, owing to continued pressure of official duties, to devote
much time during those journeys to botanical studies. With the Flora
of Tibet, Chamba, Kashmir, Kaghan, and the trans-Indus territory, I
have no personal acquaintance.

The identification and description of species, and the botanical part
generally, is entirely mine, and the result of my independent researches,
I am alone responsible for them. But Dr Stewart's MSS. furnished me
PREFACE. XV

with much useful information regarding the vegetation of those districts,
with which he was personally acquainted. In numerous cases they sup-
plied data concerning the geographical distribution of plants, which I
could not have obtained from any other source; and I invariably con-
sulted them regarding vernacular names, the habit, mode of growth, and
products of the trees. Where I had no personal knowledge of the plant
—as, for instance, Chamcerops Ritchieana, Reptonia, Parrotia, and other
exclusively western trees—I have for the general remarks mainly relied
on his manuscripts. For the trees and shrubs of those districts with
which he was not acquainted, the work has been based upon other sources
of information. With regard to the Panjab, I could not have completed
this handbook without the assistance of Dr Stewart’s manuscript, unless
I had returned to India and devoted several years to a botanical explora-
tion of the same ground where he had collected his information. .

Ihave utilised the materials collected by my late colleague as far as
they were embodied in his manuscripts, and in his various publications
and official reports. Many months have we spent together in the fierce
heat of the Kamaon Doons, in the Deodar forests of Kunawar near the
limits of arboreous vegetation, and in other districts of North-West India.
We have shared many a hard day’s: work, and have keenly discussed
many botanical questions. It is a melancholy satisfaction to me to record
the extent and value of his labours. Three new species were described
in Dr Stewart’s manuscripts: Acer pentapomicum, Rhus punjabensis, and
Adenanthera Oudhensis—the two former discovered by him in the N.W.
Himalaya, and the third by Mr Richard Thompson in the Oudh forests.
These species have been accepted by me as defined and named by him;
and at the end of this volume, an analytical key to the chief arboreous
conifers of the N.W. Himalaya, by Dr Stewart, will also be found. Re-
garding the limitation of certain species, I have formed views differing
considerably from those of Dr Stewart. This divergence of opinion
mainly relates to the following genera: Grewia, Zizyphus, Rhus, Acacia,
Embelia, Diospyros, Olea, Ehretia, and the Bamboos. I wished to have
placed the views Dr Stewart entertained regarding those species before
Indian botanists in his own words, but the state of his manuscripts pre-
vented the adoption of this course. They are, however, deposited in the
Library of the Royal Herbarium, Kew, and are available to those in-
terested in the arboreous vegetation of North India.

A list of Dr Stewart’s publications bearing on the subject of this book
will be found at p. xx.

I have constantly consulted Jacquemont’s Voyage dans I’Inde;
Hoffmeister’s Travels; Dr Hooker’s admirable Himalayan Journals ;
Dr T. Thomson’s clear and accurate description of the North-West Hima-
laya and its vegetation ; Madden’s excellent papers on the Terai and outer
Xvi PREFACE.

mountains of Kamaon ; Edgeworth’s valuable papers on the vegetation of
Banda, Multan, and the North-Eastern Panjab; Aitchison’s Flora of
Jhelam and Catalogue of Panjab Plants; Cleghorn’s full and instruc-
tive Report on the Forests of Panjab and the Western Himalaya ; and the
late Dr Stocks’s contributions to the botany of Sindh.

I have now to acknowledge the kind and ready assistance which I have
received on all sides in this undertaking. I value highly the privilege of
having worked at Kew during the past two years. The free use of the
Library and Herbarium, with its matchless collections of Indian plants,
and its perfect order and arrangement, greatly facilitated my task ; and the
ready access at all times to the Gardens and the Museum of Economic
Botany, enabled me to come to definite conclusions on many difficult
questions. J am under the greatest obligation for the interest which Dr
Hooker has from the commencement evinced in this work, and his advice
and assistance given without reserve. Professor Oliver, the Keeper of
the Herbarium, and in his absence Mr J. G. Baker, have examined the
botanical part ; and to Professor Oliver particularly I am indebted for
corrections and useful suggestions as it passed through the press. Mr
Bentham kindly permitted me to consult him on doubtful points. In
my early days I had the privilege of studying under eminent botanists.
I am proud to state that Schouw at Copenhagen, Treviranus at Bonn,
Grisebach and Lantzius-Beninga at Gottingen, were my instructors ; and I
had the good fortune to accompany Link on some of his excursions in
Greece, where I began my botanical pursuits under Dr Fraas, then Pro-
fessor of Botany at Athens. Continuous official work in the Indian forest
service since 1855 had compelled me almost entirely to abandon scientific
pursuits, and I regard it as no small advantage to have been permitted
to resume botanical research under the guidance of the first botanists jn
England.

To Mr Kurz, Curator of the Herbarium of the Calcutta Gardens, I am
indebted for valuable notes, some of which are included under Addenda.
Dr Rost, Librarian at the India Office, has with great kindness verified
the Sanskrit, Arabic, and Persian names. Mr D. Hanbury has favoured
me with useful suggestions regarding medicinal plants ; and Dr Cleghorn,
formerly associated with me in India, has from the commencement of the
work given me the advice and counsel of a true and faithful friend—
without his corrections I could not have ventured to publish this book
in a language which is not my own, and without his devoted assistance
at the last I could not have completed it.

D. BRANDIS.

Kew, March 1874.
TABLE OF CONTENTS.

PAGE

PREFACE, : . : j : ; ‘ j v
List oF THE PRINCIPAL BoOKS REFERRED TO, . ji . xviii
ABBREVIATIONS, . ‘ : ‘ j xxi
ree canes or TrRMs, . ‘ ‘ : : .  Xxi
Synopsis or Naturat ORDERS, . : : é . xxii
REMARKS ON THE STRUCTURE OF Woop, . , : . XXX
Forgrst Fora, é , a‘ , ‘ ‘ . 1
ADDITIONS AND CORRECTIONS, 2 : ; ‘ . 571
AwnatyticaL Kry to Conirers or N.W. Himataya, ; 579-580
InpEx To SANSKRIT, ARABIC, AND Persian NAMES, : . 581
INDEX TO VERNACULAR NAMES, . 4 ‘ ; . 582
Inpex to Burmese Names, : ; é ; . 593
InpEx to European Nags, ‘ : : ‘ » 593
a
InpEX OF ORDERS, GENERA, AND SPECIES, ‘ ‘ . 596
xviii

L1Is 7

OF THE

PRINCIPAL BOOKS REFERRED TO.

I. SYSTEMATIC BOTANY.

Arrcntson. Catalogue of Panjab and Sindh Plants. London, 1869.

BEppomE. Flora Sylvatica of the Madras Presidency. 4to. Madras, 1869-
73.

BentHam. Flora Hongkongensis. Svo. London, 1861.

——-—— Flora Australiensis. Vols. I-VI. 8vo. London, 1863-73.

Borsster. Flora Orientalis. Vols. I. II. Basle, 1867-73.

DawzELt and Gipson. Bombay Flora, Bombay, 1861.

Ds Canpotir. Prodromus Systematis Naturalis Regni Vegetabilis. ’ Vols. T.-
XVII.. 8vo. Paris, 1824-73.

Don. Prodromus Flore Nepalensis. 8vo. London, 1825,

Exuror. Flora Andhrica. 8vo. Madras, 1859.

Fraas. Synopsis Plantarum Flore Classice. Munich, 1845,

GraHam. Catalogue of Bombay Plants. 8vo, Bombay, 1839.

Gray, Asa. Manual of the Botany of the Northern United States. Fifth
Edition. 8vo. New York, 1867.

Grirrita. The Palms of British India. Folio. Calcutta, 1850.

GrisEBACH. Flora of the British West Indian Islands. 8vo. London, 1864.

Hooker and BentHam. Genera Plantarum. 8vo. London, 1867-73.

—and THomson. Flora Indica. Vol. 1. 8vo. London, 1855.

Flora of British India. Partsi. ii. Svo. London, 1872-74.
Rhododendrons of Sikkim Himalaya. Folio. London, 1849.
———— Illustrations of Himalayan Plants. Folio. London, 1856.

Student’s Flora of the British Islands. 8vo. London, 1870.

Jameson. Report upon the Botanic Gardens of the North-Western Provinces.
4to. Roorkee, 1855.

KuiorzscH. Botanische Ergebnisse der Reise des Prinzen Waldemar von
Preussen. 4to. Berlin.

Kocu. Dendrologie. Vols. I. II. Erlangen, 1869-74.

Le Maout and Decatsnz. General System of Botany. Translated by Mrs
Hooker, and edited by Dr J. D. Hooker, C.B. London, 1873.

Loupon. An Encyclopedia of Trees and Shrubs. 8vo, London, 1842.

 

 

 

 
LIST OF THE PRINCIPAL BOOKS REFERRED TO. xix

Martius. Historia Naturalis Palmarum. Vols. L-ITI. Folio. Leipsic, 1823-

50.
Miqvzt, Annales Musei Bot. Lugduno-Batavi. Amsterdam. Vols, I-IV.
1863-69.

Ottver. Flora of Tropical Africa. Vols. I. II. 8vo. London, 1868-71.

Roxporeu. Flora Indica, edited by Carey, with additions by N. Wallich.
Vols. I. II. 8vo, Serampore, 1820-24.

Hortus Bengalensis, 8vo. Serampore, 1814,

Plants of the Coast of Coromandel. Vols. I.-III. Folio. London,
1795-1819.

Royis. Illustrations of the Botany of the Himalaya. Folio. London, 1839.

SIEBOLD and ZuccaRINI, Flora Japonica, 4to. Leyden, 1835-70,

Tuwaires. Enumeratio Plantarum Zeylanie. 8vo.. London, 1864.

Voiet. Hortus Suburbanus Calcuttensis. 8vo. Calcutta, 1845.

Wautica. Plante Asiatice Rariores. Vols. I-III. Folio. London, 1830-
32.

Wieut and Arnorr. Prodromus Flore Peninsule Indiz Orientalis. 8vo.
London, 1834.

Wieut. Illustrations of Indian Botany. Vols. I. II. 4to. Madras, 1838-53.

Icones Plantarum Indie Orientalis. Vols. I-VI. 4to. Madras,

1838-53.

 

 

II. JOURNALS, TRAVELS, AND GEOGRAPHIC BOTANY.

DE CaNnDoLLz, AtpH. Géographique Botanique Raisonnée. Vols. I. II. 8vo.
Paris, 1855.

EpeewortxH. Botanico-Agricultural Account of the Protected Sikh States,
and Catalogue of Plants found in the Banda District, 1847—Journ. As. Soc.
Beng. Vols, VII. and XXI.

——— Florula Mallica—Journ. Linn. Soc. Vol. VI. 1862.

ForsytH. Highlands of Central India. 8vo. London, 1871.

GrisEBACH. Vegetation der Erde. Vols. I. II. Leipsic, 1872.

Hean. Kulturpflanzen und Hausthiere. Berlin, 1870.

Horrmeister. Travels in Ceylon and Continental India. 8vo. Edinburgh,
1848.

Hooxer. Himalayan Journals. Vols. I. 11. 8vo. London, 1854.

JacquEMont. Voyage dans]’Inde. Vols. I-V. 4to. Paris, 1841-45. (The
last volume contains the Botanical part.)

MappeENn. Observations on some of the Pines and other Coniferous Trees of the
Northern Himalaya, and on Himalayan Coniferee—Journ. Ag. Hort. Soc.
of Ind. Vols. IV. and VII. 1845-50.

Mason. Burmah : its People and Natural Productions. 8vo. Rangoon, Lon-
don, and New York, 1860.

THomson. Western Himalaya and Tibet. 8vo. London, 1852.

Ill. TIMBER, FOREST PRODUCE AND MANAGEMENT.

Birpwoop. Catalogue of the Vegetable Productions of the Presidency of Bom-
bay. Second Edition. 8vo. Bombay, 1865.
BurckHaRDT. Saen und Pflanzen. Hanover, 1870.
CiLE@HoRN. Forests and Gardens of South India. 8vo. London, 1861.
— Report upon the Forests of the Panjab and the Western Himalaya.
8vo. Roorkee, 1864.
XX LIST OF THE PRINCIPAL BOOKS REFERRED TO.

Drury. Useful Plants of India. 8vo. London, 1873.

Exner. Die Mechanischen Eigenschaften der Holzer. Vienna, 1871.

Firminerr. Manual of Gardening for Bengal and Upper India. London,
1864.

Fowkr. Tables of the Results of a Series of Experiments on the Strength of
British, Colonial, and other Woods. London, 1867.

Gums and Resinous Products of India. Calcutta, 1871.

Hourzarrrev. Descriptive Catalogue of Woods. London, 1852.

Husemann. Die Pflanzenstoffe. Berlin, 1871.

MarsH. Man and Nature. 8vo. London, 1864.

Maruizv. Flore Forestiére. Nancy, 1860.

Micuavux. The North American Sylva. Vols. I. II. Paris, 1819.

Mooperen Suerirr, Supplement to the Pharmacopeia of India. Madras,
1869. :

Norpuineer. Die Technischen Higenschaften der Holzer. Stuttgart, 1860.

————-- Querschnitte von Holzarten. Vols. I.-V. Stuttgart, 1852-69.

Powrny. Handbook of the Economic Products of the Panjab. Vols. I. IT.
Roorkee, 1868-72.

Rissentror. Hints on Arboriculture in the Panjab. Lahore, 1873.

Royruz. The Fibrous Plants of India. 8vo, London, 1855.

Scoacut. Der Baum. Berlin, 1860.

ScuERzER. Fachmannische Berichte iiber die @sterreichisch-Ungarische Ex-
pedition nach Siam, China, und Japan. Stuttgart, 1872.

Setpy. A History of British Forest Trees. 8vo. London, 1842.

Sginner. Indian and Burman Timbers. Madras, 1862.

Stewart. Forests and Fuel Plantations of the Panjab. Lahore, 1868.

Panjab Plants. 8vo. Lahore, 1869.

Memorandum on the Peshawar Valley, and its Flora—Journ. As.

Soc. Beng., 1863.

Notes on the Flora of Waziristan—Journ, Roy. Geog. Soc. 1863.

The Sub-Sewalik tract with special reference to the Bijnour Forest
and its Trees—Journ. Ag. Hort. Soc. of Ind. Vol. XIII. 1865.

——— Journal of a Botanising Tour in Hazara and Kaghan—Journ. Ag.
Hort. Soc. of Ind. Vol. XIV. 1866.

Tour in the Panjab Salt-range—Journ. Ag. Hort. Soc. of Ind.
Vol. I. N.S., 1867.
Notes of a Botanical Tour in Ladak and Western Tibet—Tyans.

Bot. Soc. Edin. Vol. X. 1869.

TREDGOLD’s Carpentry by Hurst. London, 1871.

Warina. Pharmacopeia of India. Svo. London, 1868.

WitiKkomm. Forstliche Flora von Deutschland und CEsterreich. Leipzig und
Heidelberg, 1873.

 

 

 
ABBREVIATIONS: AND EXPLANATION OF TERMS. xx]

ABBREVIATIONS.

CS. ; ‘ Cold Season : 4 Dec. Jan. Feb.
HS. ’ x Hot 6 ‘ é March, Apr. May.
RS. i : Rainy ,, : : June, July, Aug.

Autumn. : : Sept. Oct. Nov.
Pb. : : : . ; : : Panjab.
N.W.P. . : 7 ‘ : : ; North-Western Provinces.
C.P. ‘ ‘ . § ‘ Central Provinces.

Note.—For a, full account of the climatic regions of India, see ‘‘ Distribution of Forests
in India,” in Ocean Highways for October 1872, and Transactions of Scottish Arboricul-
tural Society, vii. 88 (1878).

Eastern India. (Sikkim to Burma, including Bengal.)

North-West India. (Sindh, Panjab, N.W.P., Bandelkhand, and Rajpu-
tana.

South India, (The Peninsula, south of the Satpura range.)

EXPLANATION OF TERMS.

Acuminate, terminating in a tapering point.

Astivation, applied to the relative position of the parts of the calyx and corolla
in bud.

Arilius, a dilatation from the funicle or placenta more or less covering the seed
as it matures.

Arrested (as applied to the axis), when the internodes are undeveloped.

Berry, a succulent indehiscent (syncarpous) fruit.

Caruncle, a thickening of the mouth of the ovule as the seed matures.

Convolute (in vernation), a leaf rolled longitudinally on itself.

Divaricate, spreading at a wide angle.

Flexuose, alternately bending from side to side.

Glabrate, becoming glabrous on full development.

Hyaline, translucent.

Interpetiolar (applied to stipules), between two petioles.

Intrapetiolar (applied to stipules), between the petiole and branch.

Moniliform, honlet constricted at intervals.

Penicitlate, tufted like a camel’s hair brush.

Ruminate, interrupted in internal structure, usually applied to albumen.

Scrobiculate, marked with minute shallow depressions. :

Strigose, covered with short stiff more or less appressed hairs.

Strophiole, an appendage of the testa of some seeds, usually on the raphe, but
independent of the funicle and micropyle.

Thyrsus, a compact pyramidal panicle.

Tromerved, with 3 nerves distinct from the base.

Triplinerved, with 3 nerves more or less confluent near the hase.

Viviparous, developing leafy shoots from the inflorescence.
XXll

SYNOPSIS OF NATURAL ORDERS.

 

Tus distinguishing characters are selected with special reference to the
trees and shrubs described in this work: a few Orders not here de-
scribed, but containing important Indian trees or shrubs, are added in
brackets.

First Crass, DICOTYLEDONS.

Pith surrounded by concentric layers of wood and bark. Wood and
bark separated in the growing stem by a continuous layer of soft cells
(cambiwm), which is transformed into new wood on the outside of the
wood-cylinder, and into new bark on the inside of the bark. Ultimate
venation of the leaves usually irregularly reticulate. Embryo with two
or more cotyledons. In germination the cotyledons are generally raised

above ground, the radicle lengthens, forming a tap-root, which at a later
period branches.

First Sus-Cuass. ANGIOSPERMA.

The wood consists of wood-cells, vessels, and medullary rays. Parts
of calyx, corolla, or perianth usually in fours or fives. Ovules in a
closed ovary, fertilised by the pollen-tubes penetrating into the ovary
through the opening or loose tissue of the stigma. Embryo with two
cotyledons, with or without albumen.

I. Polypetale.—Flowers with both calyx and corolla, the latter of
distinct petals.

A. Thalamiflore.—Petals hypogynous.

1. Dilleniacee, p.1. Leaves alternate, simple, with prominent lateral nerves.
Sepals persistent. Stamens indefinite. Pistil usually of several distinct car-
pels. Embryo minute in fleshy albumen.

2. Magnoliacece, B 3. Leaves alternate, simple ; stipules conspicuous, cum-
monly convolute. Sepals and petals conform in 2-7 whorls of three, imbricate,

deciduous, Stamens indefinite. Numerous distinct carpels. Embryo minute
in a fleshy, oily, uniform albumen.
SYNOPSIS OF NATURAL ORDERS. XXlil

3. Anonacece, p.4. Leaves alternate, entire, without stipules. Sepals and
etals in threes or multiples of three. Stamens indefinite, Carpels distinct in
fruit (united in Arnona). Embryo minute in a ruminated albumen.

4A. Menispermacece, p.7. Climbers with broad medullary rays and other-
Wise anomalous wood structure. Leaves alternate, simple, mostly palminerved,
without stipules. Flowers unisexual, usually trimerous, sepals free. Stamens
definite, often monadelphous, Fruit usually of several distinct one-seeded car-
pels. Embryo curved with or without albumen.

5. Berberidec, p.11. Leaves alternate. Sepals and petals usually trimer-
ous, conform, caducous. Stamens mostly 6, free, opposite to petals ; anthers
opening by valves. Carpels one or several, distinct. Seeds albuminous.

6. Capparidee, p. 13. Leaves alternate. Sepals 4. Petals 4. Stamens
often indefinite. Ovary stipitate, syncarpous. Seeds numerous, attached to
parietal placentas, generally without albumen.

7. Bixinece, p. 16. Leaves alternate, simple. Sepals 4 or 5. Stamens inde-
finite ; anthers bursting longitudinally by slits or pores at the apex. Ovary
syncarpous, one-celled. Seeds generally few, on parietal placentas. Embryo
with foliaceous cotyledons in a fleshy albumen.

8. Pittosporece, p. 19. Leaves alternate, simple, exstipulate. Flowers bisex-
ual, regular, pentandrous and pentamerous. Sepals free. Ovary syncarpous.
Embryo minute in a copious albumen.

9. Tamariscinee, p. 20. Leaves alternate, small, generally scale-like.
Flowers usually bisexual, regular, pentamerous, rarely tetramerous ; stamens
as many as petals, or twice that number. Ovary one-celled, syncarpous. Seeds
numerous, tufted or winged.

[Guttiferee. Resinous, often coloured juice. Leaves coriaceous, glabrous,
opposite, undivided, penniveined. Flowers regular, generally unisexual. Sepals
free. Stamens numerous. Ovary syncarpous. Seeds few, without albumen.
Embryo fleshy, oily — Garcinia pictoria, Roxb. ; Bedd. Fl. Sylv. t. 87. Xan-
thochymus poctorius, Roxb. ; ib. t. 88. Calophyllum elatum, Bedd.; ib. t. 2.
(Poon) ; Mesua Roxburghiz, Wight (M. ferrea, Roxb.)]

10. Ternstremiacece, p. 24. Leaves alternate, coriaceous, simple, penni-
veined. Flowers regular, usually pentamerous and bisexual. Sepals 5. Sta-
mens numerous. . Ovary syncarpous, 3-5-celled. Seeds generally few and exal-
buminous. Embryo fleshy, oily.

11. st pleroryy pete p. 26. Resinous. Leaves alternate, generally entire,
penniveined. Flowers bisexual, pentamerous, regular. Calyx often adnate
to ovary, and its segments enlarged in fruit. Stamens 5, 10, 15, or indefinite.
Ovary syncarpous. Seeds one, rarely two. Embryo with thick fleshy coty-
ledons, albumen none.

12. Malvaceee, p. 28, Wood soft and light. Leaves alternate, stipulate,
simple, often palminerved, with stellate hairs. Calyx-lobes valvate. Stamens
numerous, monadelphous ; anthers 1-celled. Fruit a dehiscent capsule, or often
separating ultimately into distinct carpels, rarely indehiscent.

13. Sterculcacese, p. 32. Wood soft. Leaves simple or digitate, usually alter-
nate and stipulate. Calyx-lobes valvate. Stamens monadelphous or free ; an-
thers 2-celled. Fruit a dehiscent capsule, or a whorl of distinct carpels.

14. Tiliacece, p.36. Leaves alternate, simple, with deciduous stipules. Calyx-
lobes valvate. Stamens indefinite, usually free ; anthers 2-celled. Ovary syn-
carpous, 2-10-celled.

nece. Leaves alternate, entire, stipulate. Flowers bisexual, regular, 5-
rarely 4-merous. Stamens as many as petals or double their number, connate
at.the base into a tube or ring. Disc of 5 or 10 glands, often inconspicuous.
Seeds few.—Erythroxylon indicum, DC.; Bedd. Fl. Sylv. t. 81.]

15. Malpighacee, p. 44. Climbers with opposite entire leaves. Flowers
XXiv SYNOPSIS OF NATURAL ORDERS.

regular, bisexual, pentamerous. Stamens 10. Fruit of 1-3 winged one-seeded
carpels, Seed without albumen. : ae :

16. Geraniacec, p. 45 (Averrhoa). Leaves alternate, imparipinnate, without
stipules. Sepals 5; petals 5; stamens 10. Fruit oblong, fleshy, 5-ribbed.

17. Rutacee, p. 46. Leaves compound or simple, usually alternate, without
stipules, aromatic, dotted with translucent glands. Disc annular, thick. Flowers
ca 5-merous, Stamens as many as petals, or twice that number, rarely inde-

ite.

18. Simarubee, p. 58. Bark bitter. Leaves usually alternate, compound,
without stipules, not dotted with glands. Flowers small, generally unisexual,

* regular, 3-5-merous. Stamens as many as petals, or double their number.

“19. Ochnacew, p. 60, Leaves alternate, simple, shining, coriaceous. Flowers
regular, bisexual. Sepals 5; petals 5 or 10, Stamens 10 or indefinite ; anthers
linear. Fruit usually of 3-10 distinct, 1-seeded drupes. :

20. Burseracece, p. 61. Balsamic or resinous. Leaves alternate, 3-foliolate
or imparipinnate, without stipules. Stamens usually 8 or 10. Seeds one or
few, without albumen.

21, Meliacee, p. 65. Leaves alternate, pinnate, without stipules. Flowers
regular, bisexual, in large panicles. Stamens generally 8-10, monadelphous.

22. Olacinee, p. 74. Leaves alternate, simple, exstipulate. Flowers small,
4-5-merous, Stamens as many as petals or twice their number. Fruit inde-
hiscent, 1-seeded.

23. Ilicinee, p. 75. Leaves evergreen, alternate, simple, glabrous. Petals
4-5; stamens as many as petals. Fruit a drupe with three or more 1-seeded

enes.
MO. Ampelidece, p. 97. Climbers. Leaves alternate, simple or compound.
Calyx small; petals valvate in bud, Stamens opposite to petals. Fruit a

“berry with one or a few hard seeds.

s

ve ‘kat

gee Sapindacece, p. 103. Leaves alternate or opposite, simple or compound.
owers polygamous, often irregular. Stamens usually more than petals, not
double their number. Seeds few.

26. Sabiacee, p. 115. Leaves alternate, without stipules. Flowers tetra-
merous or pentamerous. Stamens opposite to petals, Anther-cells distinct.
Seeds few, without albumen.

27, Anacardiacee, p. 117. Often resinous. Leaves various, without. sti-
pules. Fruit generally drupaceous, 1-celled, 1-seeded (2-5-seeded in Spondias).

[Coriuriee. Leaves opposite, simple. Flowers bisexual, regular, pentamer-
ous. Stamens 10. Disc none. Fruit of 5-8 distinct one-seeded carpels, en-
closed in the persistent coriaceous or succulent petals.—Coriaria nepalensis,
Wall. p. 128.]

28. Moringec, p. 129. Leaves alternate, 2- or 3-pinnate ; leaflets caducous,
with glands in the place of stipules. Flowers large, bisexual, pentamerous,
panicled ; petals unequal. Fertile stamens 5, opposite to petals, alternating
with sterile stamens. Fruit a long 1-celled 3-valved pod.

[Connaracee. Leaves alternate, without stipules, pinnate, 3- or 1-foliolate ;
leaflets coriaceous, entire. Flowers generally bisexual, pentamerous. Stamens
5or10. Ovary of five distinct 1-celled, hirsute carpels, one or more of which
only comes to maturity, forming a 1-seeded oblique capsule.—Connarus pin-
natus, Linn. ; Bedd. Fl. Sylv. Man. 82.]

B. Calyciflore. Calyx gamosepalous, often adnate to ovary. Petals
inserted on the calyx.

29. Celastrinec, p. 77 ._ Leaves simple, alternate or opposite, generally cori-
aceous ; stipules none, minute or early deciduous. Calyx small; lobes imbri-

*
SYNOPSIS OF NATURAL ORDERS. XXV

cate. Stamens 3-5, alternating with petals. Disc large, surrounding the base
of the 3-5-celled ovary. Fruit a fleshy drupe, or a capsule dehiscing loculici-
dally, or 3 distinct carpels. 3

30. Rhamnee, p. 84. Branchlets and stipules often spinescent. Leaves
alternate, simple. Calyx-lobes valvate. Stamens opposite to petals. Disc
annular, cupular, or coating the calyx-tube. Ovary 2-3-celled.

31. Leguminose, p. 130. Leaves alternate, stipulate, pinnate 3-foliolate or
unifoliolate. Carpel 1, free. Fruit a 1-celled pod. Seeds generally without
albumen ; cotyledons filled with starch, or oily.

32. Rosacew, p. 189. Leaves simple or compound, stipulate, usually alter-
nate. Stamens numerous. Carpels solitary few or numerous, free or enclosed
in and adherent to the calyx-tube. Seeds without albumen.

33. Saxifragee, p. 210. Leaves simple, alternate or opposite. Flowers reg-
ular, generally bisexual. Calyx free or adnate to ovary. Carpels 2 or more,
usually syncarpous. Seeds small; embryo minute, ina copious albumen.

34. Hamamelidee, p. 215 (Parrotia). Leaves deciduous, alternate, crenate ;
stipules large, deciduous. Flower-heads enclosed in large, membranous bracts.

35. Rhizophoree, p. 217. Leaves opposite, petiolate, coriaceous, entire ; sti-
pules interpetiolar, early caducous. Calyx adnate to ovary, 4-14-lobed ; lobes
valvate, coriaceous, persistent.

36. Combretacee, p. 220. Leaves simple, petiolate, entire; no stipules.
Calyx-tube adnate to ovary ; limb 4-5-cleft ; lobes valvate. Stamens as many
as calyx-lobes, or twice the number. Fruit winged or angled, 1-celled, 1-seeded.
No albumen ; cotyledons fleshy, oily.

37. Myrtacee, p. 230. Leaves simple, penninerved, generally entire, either
alternate, or (more commonly) opposite, with translucent glands. Flowers reg-
ular, bisexual, 4-5-merous. Calyx-tube adnate to ovary ; limb often closed in
bud, and bursting irregularly or coming off entire. Stamens indefinite ; anthers
dehiscing longitudinally. Seeds generally numerous.

[Melastomacee. Leaves simple, with 3-9 basal nerves (in Memecylon penni-
veined). Flowers regular, bisexual, 4-5-merous, Calyx-tube more or less ad-
nate to ovary ; lobes imbricate in bud. Stamens definite, as many as petals, or
twice that number. Anthers basifixed, opening at the apex with two pores or
short slits, connective often thick and appendiculate—Memecylon umbellatum,
Burm., Bedd. Fl. Sylv. t. 206—Syn. M. tinctorium, Wight Ill. t. 93.]

38. Lythrariee, p. 237. Leaves simple, entire, generally opposite ; no sti-
pules. Calyx free, renee Satna lobes valvate in bud. Stamens definite or
indefinite ; anthers dehiscing longitudinally. Fruit generally a 2-many-celled
capsule. Seeds numerous, without albumen.

39. Samydacee, p. 242 (Casearia). Leaves alternate, distichous, simple,
often with translucent glands ; stipules small, deciduous. Flowers inconspicu-
ous, axillary, fasciculate. Ovary free. Capsule 1-celled. Seeds numerous ;
embryo straight, in a fleshy albumen. ;

40. Passifloree, p. 244 (Carica). Stem simple, with few branches, tufts of
palminerved leaves at the ends of branches. Flowers unisexual. Fruit large,
succulent. Seeds numerous, parietal ; embryo straight, in a fleshy albumen.

[Datiscee. Leaves alternate, without stipules. Flowers dioicous, petals
often wanting. Calyx 3-9-lobed. Ovary inferior, 1-celled, with as many pla-
centas and styles as calyx-lobes. Sceds parieta], numerous, minute.—Tetra-
meles nudiflora, R. Brown, p. 245.] :

41, Cactec, p. 245. Flat and articulate, or columnar, succulent stems with
minute leaves. Flowers large, bisexual; calyx adnate to ovary ; lobes numer-
ous. Stamens indefinite ; Gideaeara long, filiform. Fruit fleshy, with numer-

ous seeds. 3 :
42. Araliacee,. p. 247. Leaves alternate, simple or compound, Flowers
Xxvl SYNOPSIS OF NATURAL ORDERS.

regular, umbellate, or capitate. Calyx adnate to ovary; limb short. Petals
caducous. Seeds few; embryo minute in fleshy albumen.

43. Cornacece, p. 250. Leaves entire, without stipules. Calyx adnate to
ovary. Fruit a berry or drupe, 1- or 2-celled, 1- or 2-seeded. Albumen fleshy;
cotyledons thin, foliaceous.

II. Gamopetale. Flowers with calyx and corolla, the latter gamo-
petalous. :

A. Ovary inferior.

44. Caprifoliacee, p. 254. Leaves opposite, simple or pinnate. Fruit a
berry or drupe, 1- or many-seeded ; embryo minute in copious fleshy albumen.

45. Rubiacee, p. 260. Leaves opposite or whorled ; stipules interpetiolar or
intrapetiolar. Stamens as many as corolla-lobes, alternating with them, and
inserted in the tube. Albumen fleshy or horny.

[Composite. Leaves alternate or opposite. Flowers in involucrate heads.
Calyx-limb a pappus of scales, hairs, or bristles, rarely none. Stamens 5; an-
thers connate in a tube. Ovary 1-celled, with one erect ovule. Style of fer-
tile flowers 2-lobed.— Vernonia, Blumea.]

B. Ovary free (except Mesa and Styracee).

46. Ericacee, p. 279 (Andromeda, Rhododendron). Leaves alternate, simple,
without stipules. Anthers 2-celled, opening by terminal pores. Capsule 5-18-
celled, with numerous minute seeds.

47, Myrsinee, p. 282. Leaves alternate, simple, without stipules. Calyx
free, rarely adhering to ovary. Fruit a fleshy or dry berry, or a drupe, 1- or
few-seeded. Seeds albuminous.

48. Sapotacee, p. 288. Milky juice. Heartwood well defined, hard and
heavy. Leaves alternate, entire, usually coriaceous, without stipules. Flowers
bisexual. Stamens numerous, in 2-3 series, or as many as corolla-lobes, and
opposite to them, often alternating with staminodes. Fruit a 1- or few-seeded
berry ; testa hard, shining. i

49. benacew, p. 294. Leaves alternate, rarely subopposite, entire, without
stipules. Flowers usually polygamous. Fruit a few-seeded berry. Albumen
cartilaginous. .

50. Styracee, p. 298 (Symplocos). Leaves alternate, simple, without stipules.
Calyx adnate to ovary. Fruit crowned by the ealyx-lobes, 1-seeded, Embryo
in the axis of a fleshy albumen.

51. Oleimec, p. 301. Leaves opposite, entire or pinnate; no stipules. Sta-
mens 2. Ovary 2-celled. Seeds few.

52. Salvadoracee, p. 314. Leaves opposite, entire, with minute stipules.
Flowers small, regular, tetramerous. Stamens 4, alternating with corolla-lobes,
Ovary 2-celled. Fruit a 1-seeded berry.

53. Loganiacew, p. 317 (Strychnos, Buddleia). Leaves opposite, connected
by interpetiolar stipules or a raised line. Flowers regular, 4-5-merous. Seeds
numerous, rarely few, albuminous.

54. Apocynee, p. 319. Juice often milky. Leaves opposite or whorled.
Flowers regular, bisexual, pentamerous, pentandrous. Calyx divided to the
base. Corolla-lobes contorted in bud, throat hairy inside, or closed with scales,
Anthers free. Ovary of 2 distinct carpels, or 2-celled, rarely 1-celled. Seeds
numerous, often with a tuft of hairs.

55. Ascleyiadec, p. 329. Juicemilky. Leaves opposite entire, without sti-
pules. Flowers regular, pentamerous, pentandrous. Calyx divided to the base.
SYNOPSIS OF NATURAL ORDERS. XXVi

... Anthers connate into a tube, enclosing the style. Ovary of 2 distinct carpels.

Seeds numerous, with a tuft of hairs.

56. Boraginee, p. 335. Leaves alternate, without stipules. Inflorescence
cymose usually unilateral. Flowers regular, 4-6-merous, 4-6-androus. Calyx
persistent ; lobes 4-6, valvate in bud. Ovary 2- or 4-celled, often 2-4-lobed.
Seeds solitary in each cell or lobe.

57. Convolvulacee, p. 341. Climbers. Leaves alternate, without stipules.
Flowers large, regular, bisexual, pentamerous, pentandrous. Calyx of 5 dis-
tinct sepals, persistent, often enlarged in fruit, Ovary 2- or 4-celled. Seeds
few.

58. Solanee, p. 345. Leaves alternate, without stipules. Flowers regular,
bisexual, usually pentamerous and pentandrous. Calyx usually gamosepalous.

59. Bignoniacee, p. 346. Leaves opposite, usually compound, without sti-
pules. Flowers bisexual, pentamerous, often irregular. Calyx gamosepalous.
Stamens 2 or 4, rarely 5. Ovary 2-celled, Fruit often elongated. Seeds nu-
merous, often winged, without albumen.

60. Verbenacee, p. 353. Leaves opposite, without stipules. Flowers irreg-
ular, 4-5-merous, Calyx gamosepalous, persistent, often enlarged in fruit.
Stamens usually 4. Ovary 2- or 4-celled. Seeds few, solitary in each cell.

IIL. Apetale or Incomplete. Flowers with a single perianth, con-
sisting of distinct or connate leaves or scales, or without perianth (calyx,
and corolla only in Loranthacee and in a few EHuphorbiaceous genera).

[Wyctaginee. Nodes tumid. Leaves usually opposite, unequal ; no stipules.
Flowers bisexual or (Pisonia) dioicous. Perianth tubular, campanulate or in-
fundibuliform, coloured, base persistent, often hardened, enveloping the 1-
seeded achene.—Pisonia aculeata, Linn.; Wight Ic. t. 1763-64; Bedd. FI.
Sylv. Man. p. 175. Bougainvillea spectabuis, Willd.]

[Phytolaccee. Leaves alternate, entire. Flowers usually bisexual, regular.
Perianth 4-5-partite, often coloured, imbricate in bud. Ovary a whorl of 1-
celled more or less distinct carpels ; fleshy in fruit in Phytolacca.—P. acinosa,
Roxb. ; P. dioica, L., p. 371.]

61. Polygonee, p. 371 (Calligonum, Atraphaxis). Leaves alternate, simple,
with sheathing stipules. Flowers small. Perianth regular, 3-6-lobed or of 3-6
leaves. Ovary free. Fruit dry, 1-seeded, compressed, trigonous or tetragon-
ous. Seed with farinaceous albumen.

62. Laurinee, p. 373. Aromatic. Leaves alternate, usually entire and ever-
green, without stipules. Perianth regular, deeply 6-cleft. Stamens normally
12, biseriate, but a portion of the stamens generally wanting. Fruit a 1-seeded
berry or drupe. Albumen none ; cotyledons fleshy, oily. — : g

[Myristicacew. Leaves coriaceous, alternate, often distichous, entire, penni-
nerved, without stipules. Flowers inconspicuous, dioicous. Perianth 2-4-
generally 3-lobed, coriaceous, tubular or campanulate ; lobes valvate in bud.
Stamens 3-18, monadelphous; anthers extrorse. Capsule Aeshy, 2-valved.
Seed 1, enveloped in a fleshy laciniate, often aromatic, aril. Embryo minute,
in a copious aromatic ruminated albumen.—AZyrostica moschata, L. (Nutmeg) ;
WV. laurifolia, H. £. & Th. ; Bedd. Fl. Sylv. t. 267 ; UM. corticosa, H. f. & Th. ;
ib. t. 271 ; and other species in the dense evergreen forests of Burma and the
Western Ghats.] =

63. Thymelacee, p. 384. Bark tenacious. Leaves alternate or opposite, en-
tire, without stipules. Flowers regular, 4-5-merous, bisexual. Perianth gamo-
phyllous. Stamens as many as, or twice the number of, perianth-lobes. Ovule
pendulous, solitary. Fruit 1-seeded.
XXVili SYNOPSIS OF NATURAL ORDERS.

64. Eleagnec, p. 387. Leaves lepidote, entire, alternate, without stipules.
Ovule erect, solitary. Fruit indehiscent, 1-seeded, enclosed within the succu-
lent persistent base of the perianth. ;

[Proteacee. Leaves usually alternate, coriaceous, persistent ; no stipules.
Flowers usually bisexual, massed together in heads, spikes, or panicles, with
imbricate bracts, and often with a general involucre. Perianth of 4, more or
less connate, coriaceous leaves. Ovary free, l-celled. Seeds without albumen.
—Helicia robusta, Wall.; Bedd. Fl. Sylv. t..301.]

65. Loranthacee, p. 391. Parasitic. Leaves coriaceous, entire, usually op-
posite, often wanting. Ovary inferior, with a solitary erect ovule.

66. Santalacee, p. 398. Leaves alternate or opposite, entire, without sti-
pules, Flowers regular, 3-4-merous, 3-4-androus ; stamens opposite to lobes of
perianth. Ovary inferior, l-celled. Fruit 1-seeded. Seed albuminous.

67. Urticacee, p. 400. Leaves stipulate, alternate, rarely opposite. Flowers

ih unisexual, Perianth generally 3-5-lobed. Ovary free, 1- rarely 2-celed. Fruit
wil-seeded, many often united in one syncarpium.
nn 68. Platanee, p. 484. Leaves alternate, palmatifid; stipules caducous.
Flowers unisexual without perianth, intermingled with scaly bracteoles, col-
lected in globose pendulous heads.

[Casuarinee. Branches whorled, articulate. Leaves reduced to many-
toothed sheaths at the nodes. Flowers monoicous or dioicous. Male flowers
in catkins, monandrous, with 4 connate bracts, in the axils of sheaths. Female
flowers in bracteate heads, without perianth. Fruit a globose head of woody
bracts and bracteoles, each pair of bracts including a 1-seeded caryopsis.—
Casuarina equisetifolia, Forst., p. 435.

69. Huphorbiacee, p. 436. Leaves alternate or opposite, usually stipulate.
Flowers unisexual. Perianth various, sometimes a calyx and corolla, or want-
ing. Ovary free, generally 3-celled. Fruit 3-seeded, often 3-lobed. Seeds
oily ; cotyledons flat, in a fleshy albumen.

70. Betulacee, p. 457. Leaves alternate, simple, penniveined ; stipules de-
ciduous. Flowers monoicous in drooping catkins. Ovary free, compressed,
2-celled. Fruit 1-seeded.

71. Salicinece, p. 461. Wood soft and light. Leaves alternate, simple, sti-
pulate. Flowers ‘dioicous in lateral catkins. Ovary free, 1-celled. Seeds
numerous, minute, enclosed in long silky hair.

72. Cupulifere, p. 477. Leaves alternate, simple ; stipules deciduous.
Flowers monoicous. Ovary inferior, generally 2-3-celled. “Albumen none ;
cotyledons thick, fleshy.

73. Myricacece, p. 495. Leaves alternate, often aromatic, without stipules.
Flowers unisexual, in catkins or spikes. Ovary free. Fruit a 1-seeded nut,
clothed with fleshy or waxy pericarp. Albumen none; cotyledons fleshy.

74. Juglandee, p. 496. Leaves alternate, pinnate, often aromatic, without
stipules. Flowers monoicous, the male in catkins, the female solitary. Ovary
inferior, 1-celled. Seed 1, oily, without albumen.

Srconp Sus-Crass. GYMNOSPERM AS.

The wood, excepting that of the first year, which encloses the pith,
consists of wood-cells and medullary rays, and has usually no vessels,
Flowers unisexual, without calyx, corolla, or perianth. Ovules (not en-
closed in an ovary) fertilised by direct contact with the pollen. Em.
bryo in copious albumen, often with more than 2 whorled cotyledons.

Sd
SYNOPSIS OF NATURAL ORDERS. XX1x

75. Gnetacee, p. 500. Stem and branches articulate at the nodes. Leaves

opposite, or reduced to a short bidentate sheath. Flowers enclosed by sheath-
ing bracts. Anthers 2-8, filaments connate into a fleshy column. Seeds 1 or 2,
enclosed in the persistent, more or less succulent bracts. Cotyledons 2, folia-
ceous.
76. Contfere, p. 502. Branches often whorled, not articulate. Leaves alter-
nate, usually acicular, often tufted. Male flowers in deciduous catkins, with
antheriferous scales. Seeds at the base of carpellary scales, fleshy or more
commonly woody, forming a cone. Cotyledons 2-15, whorled.

[Cycadee. Stem usually unbranched with a terminal crown of rigid pinnate
leaves, and marked with the scars of fallen leaves, Pith large, often with
scattered vascular bundles; medullary rays broad. Flowers dioicous in erect
terminal or axillary cones. Antheriferous scales large, bearing on their under
side numerous anther-cells. Scales of female coues peltate or pinnatifid, bear-
ing the ovules on their edges. Cotyledons 2, unequal, the upper part remain-
ing enclosed in the farinaceous albumen of the germinating seed.—Cycas
circinalis, Linn. ; Bedd. Fl. Sylv. Manual, 227.]

Szconp Crass. MONOCOTYLEDONS.

Vascular bundles scattered in the cellular tissue of the stem, closely
packed near the circumference and more sparse near the centre. Pith,
‘wood, and bark not distinct, no continuous cambium layer, and no reg-
ular increase in thickness of ‘the stem by the formation of concentric
layers of new wood and bark. Leaves with sheaths or broad-based peti-
oles, the blade, usually with longitudinal nerves, with or without cross
veins, but without irregularly reticulate venation. Perianth, where pre-
sent, stamens, and usually carpels, in threes, or multiples of three. Em-
bryo generally small, usually surrounded by copious albumen ; cotyledon
1, partly remaining enclosed in the germinating seed. The radicle gives
off fibres during germination, forming a fibrous root.

77. Palme, p.541. Stem solid, usually unbranched, with a terminal crown of
petiolate, pinnately or palmately divided, leaves. Calyx 3-fid. Corolla 3-
petalous. Ovary 3-celled. Albumen horny, cartilaginous, or oily.

[Pandanee. Stem. solid, dividing into dichotomous branches, each branch
with a tuft of linear sheathing leaves in spiral rows. Flowers unisexual, with-
out perianth, sessile in large heads or spikes. Ovary 1-celled. Albumen
fleshy or horny.—Pandanus odoratissimus, Roxb. ; P.furcatus, Roxb.]

78. Graminee, p. 560. Stems above ground hollow, jointed, often with fas-
cicled branches at nodes. Leaves simple, entire, usually linear, on long split
sheaths, Flowers usually bisexual, in the axils of distichous bracts (glumes),
with inner, usually 2-nerved bracts (paleas). Perianth incomplete, of 2-3 mem-
branous scales, Seed 1, pericarp closely adhering to testa. Albumen farina-
ceous.
XXX

REMARKS ON THE STRUCTURE OF WOOD.

Tue peculiar structure of the wood of Coniferous trees, Palms, and Bamboos,

‘is sufficiently explained at pages 502, 541, and 561. In this place it is intended
to draw attention to the character of the main classes of Dicotyledonous woods,
so far as they can be distinguished under the lens without the aid of a micro-
scope. The classification here suggested is not complete ; it only applies to
the trees mentioned under each class. Orders and genera with anomalous wood-
structure, and climbers, are not included. The object of these remarks is to
offer a few practical hints, which may induce Foresters and others, who have to
deal with Indian timbers, to examine the structure of the different kinds.

First Crass.—Pores equal in size and uniformly distributed, sometimes a
narrow belt with few pores at the outer edge of the annual ring, or a narrow
belt with more numerous pores at itsinneredge. _

A. Medullary rays narrow or fine, generally all of one width.

1. Annual rings distinct.—Huonymus europaeus, Zizyphus vulgaris, Acer
campestre, A. dasycarpum, Aisculus, Schleichera trijuga, Odina Wodier, Pyrus,
Mespilus, Crategus, Hriobotrya, Careya arborea (pores scanty, in oval groups
of 38-6, uniformly distributed, a narrow belt of darker wood at each ring),
Punica Granatum, Cornus, Viburnum, Coffea, Diospyrus Lotus, Ligustrum
vulgare, Cinnamomum Camphora (pores large, in radial lines), Lla@agnug,
Buxus, Betula, Salix (S. tetrasperma, from Burma, however, has larger and
more numerous pores in the spring wood, and S. caprea has a similar structure,
but less marked), Populus, Juglans regia.

2. Annual rings more or less indistinct.—The division between this and the
first group is uncertain, for the wood of the same kind often has the annual
rings distinct when grown in dry places or at high elevations, while under other
circumstances the zones of annual growth cannot be distinguished. Bombax
malabaricum (pores large, numerous), Capparis aphylla, Shorea robusta, Melia
Azedarach, Mangifera indica, Terminalia tomentosa, Conocarpus acuminata,
Eugenia Jambos, Lagerstramia Pecan (pores large, numerous whitish
wavy concentric bands, not annual rings), Nauclea cordifolia, N. parvifolia
(pores fine, in radial lines between medullary rays), Olea europea.

= oe rays of two classes, broad and narrow, the broad rays very
marked.

1, Annual rings distinct—Dillenia indica, Acer pseudoplatanus, Negundo,
Staphylea pinnata, Platanus orientalis, Alnus nepalensis, A. glutinosa, Fagus
sylvatica, Carpinus orientalis, and Betulus.

2, Annual rings more or less indistinct—To this section probably belong
several species of Dilenia and Carallia integerrima.
REMARKS ON THE STRUCTURE OF woop. xxxi

SeconD Crass.—Pores nearly equal in size, but not uniformly distributed,
crowded in the spring wood and scanty in the autumn wood, annual rings
always distinct. Tamarix (medullary rays broad), Rkamnus catharticus, R.
Frangula, R. Alaternus (pores in wedge-shaped branching tails in most species
of Rhamnus), Prunus (medullary rays fine or moderately broad, broad in P.
Mahaleb), Terminatia chebula (a narrow belt of autumn wood without pores),
LHippophaé rhamnoides, Alnus mncana.

THIRD Cuass,—Pores unequal in size, large and numerous in the spring
wood, smaller and scanty in the autumn wood ; annual rings always distinct.

A. Medullary rays narrow or fine, generally all of one width. Cedrela Toona
(annual rings marked by a single line of larger pores), Rhus Cotinus, Fraxinus,
Tectona grandis, Morus alba, Celtis australis (medullary rays short, moderately
broad, but uniform), Ulmus montana, U. campestris (the smaller pores of the
autumn wood in narrow wavy bands), U. effusa, Broussonetia papyrifera, Cas-
tanea vesca.

B. Medullary rays of two classes, broad and narrow, the broad rays very
marked.— Azlanthus glandulosa, Quercus pedunculata, Q. sessiliflora, Q. Cerris
(the smaller pores of the autumn wood generally arranged in irregular tails).

Quercus Suber and Q. Ilex have a peculiar structure, fully described in
Mathieu’s Fl. For. 256 and 263. The pores are arranged in wavy radial lines or
tails ; in Q. Ilex they are fine and not crowded in a belt of spring wood, in Q.
Suber they are large and more numerous at the inner edge of each annual ring,
without, however, forming a porous belt. @. serrata has broad medullary rays
and middle-sized pores, and Q. semecarpifolia has fine and numerous medullary
rays. The wood of the other Indian Oaks has not yet been sufticiently examined.

The wood of the Indian Leguminous trees merits special study. It is often
marked by wavy concentric bands of lighter-coloured tissue, which must not
be confused with annual rings. Albezzia odoratissema, Lebbek:, procera and
stipulata, have large pores uniformly distributed, the pores often in groups of
2 or 3, and always enclosed in a patch of more open tissue, consisting of wood-
cells different from the mass of the wood. These patches are arranged in more
or less concentric lines, having the appearance of wavy bands. The medullary
rays are fine and numerous, and the annual ung are generally distinct. The
structure of Dalbergia Sissoo, Cassia Fistula, Xylia dolabriformis, Tamarindus
indica, and Acacia Catechu, is similar, but the wood of the two last-named trees
has no distinct annual rings. In Acacia arabica the pores are often close to-

ether in the inner part of each annual ring, and scanty in the outer belt.

terocarpus indicus (Padouk) has large scanty pores, more numerous and larger
in the spring wood, the pores of the autumn wood joined by white wavy concen-
tric lines; medullary rays numerous, very fine. Sophora japonica, Robinia Pseu-
dacacia and Gleditschia triacanthos, have a porous belt of spring wood, the
autumn wood being firmer, with few pores. Another group is marked by having
the pores arranged in wavy, concentric, or oblique lines. Cytisus Laburnwm,
C. alpinus, and Cercis Siliquastrum, a small tree with cordate leaves and pink
flowers of the Mediterranean region (cultivated at Kabul as Arghawan, J. L.
Stewart), have a belt of larger pores in the apa wood, while those of the
autumn wood are arranged in concentric and oblique wavy lines and patches.
Ulex ewropcus, the common Furze, has all pores in oblique belts, forming a net-
work of rhomboid meshes. Tamarindus indica has a similar structure, but no
distinctly marked annual rings.
FOREST FLORA

OF

NORTH-WEST AND CENTRAL INDIA.

Orver I. DILLENIACE.

Trees or shrubs, rarely herbs, not aromatic, with simple alternate leaves .
and dilated petioles, or more rarely with deciduous stipules. Sepals 5,
persistent, imbricate. Petals hypogynous, 5 or 4, imbricate, deciduous.
Stamens hypogynous, numerous, in many series. Anthers dehiscing lon-
gitudinally or by terminal pores. Carpels one or more, free, or cohering ©
with the axis. Seeds solitary, few, or many, albuminous ; albumen fleshy ; |
embryo minute. In most genera, but not in Dillenia, the seeds are aril-
late.—Gen. Pl. i. 10; Royle Ill. 58; Wight IIL i. 6.

1, DILLENIA, Linn,

Trees with large penniveined leaves, lateral nerves prominent; leaves
generally approximate at the end of branches, leaving large scars when
they fall. Flowers large, bisexual, solitary or fascicled, yellow or white.
Petals 5. Anthers linear, bursting at the top by small slits or pores.
Carpels 5 to 20, cohering in the axis; styles as many as ovaries, spread-
ing. Fruit globose, enclosed in the thickened calyx.

Flowers white ; seeds pilose . . . ‘i A 1. D. indica.
Flowers yellow ; seeds glabrous.

Flowers fascicled ; leaves oblong-lanceolate . 3 2. D. pentagyna,
Flowers solitary ; leaves obovate . : : is 8. D. aurea.

1. D. indica, Linn.; Wight Ic. t. 823; Bedd. Fl Sylv. t. 103;
Hook. FL. Ind. i. 36.—Syn. D. speciosa, Thunb. ; Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 650 ;
W. & A. Prodr. 5. Vern. Chalta, Beng. ; Mota Karmal, Mahr. ; Tha-
byuiben, Burm.

Leaves oblong-lanceolate, 8-10 in. long, deeply and sharply serrate, with
numerous parallel stout ribs ending in the points of the serratures, coria-
ceous, hard when old. Petioles 1-14 in. long, channelled and sheathing.
Flowers with the leaves, solitary, large, sometimes 9 in. across, odorous.
Sepals concave, thick and fleshy, edge thin and membranous. Petals
oblong, waved, white. Outer stamens erect, inner longer, recurved.

; A
2 I, DILLENIACEA, ; [ Dillenia.

Ovaries 20. Fruit large, 3 to 4 in. diam., hard outside, fleshy inside,
with numerous reniform seeds embedded in a pellucid, glutinous pulp.

Wild along the base of the Himalaya from Nepal to Assam, in Bengal, South
India, Ceylon, Burma, and the Malayan Peninsula ; cultivated in most parts
of India. Evergreen; fl. June, July ; fruit ripens Feb. i

A middle-sized tree, with a short erect bulky trunk, branches spreading
into a broad rounded shady head. Bark of the trunk and larger branches
about } inch thick, coarse and brittle, internally reddish brown, outer surface
grey, shining, rugose, with many small cracks and exfoliating scales.

Sapwood white ; heartwood light brown or pinkish white, close- and smooth-
grained, with numerous medullary rays close together, as many as 15 to 20 on
the quarter-inch, and large distinct annual rings. Weight of cub. ft. 41-45
Ib. Made into gunstocks and helves, and in some places used in the construc-
tion of houses and ships. The rough old leaves, like those of other species of
D., are employed to polish ivory and horn; the fleshy leaves of the calyx, which
surround the ripe fruit, have an agreeable acid taste, and are eaten raw or
cooked in curries, or made into sherbet. A palatable jelly is made from them.

2. D. pentagyna, Roxb. Cor. Pl. t. 20; W. & A. Prodr. 5; Bedd. FI.
Sylv. t. 104; Hook. Fl. Ind. i, 38.—Syn. D. augusta and D. pilosa,
Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 652. Colbertia coromandeliana, D.C. Vern. Aggat,
Oudh ; Kaillai, C.P.; Zimbyun, Burm,

Leaves oblong-lanceolate, decurrent into short sheathing petioles, very
large, 1-2 ft. long, longer on shoots and young trees, denticulate, with
numerous parallel ribs, silky-downy when young, smooth and shining
when old. Flowers before the leaves, sweet-scented, on slender pedicels,
in loose fascicles on tuberosities along 2- or 3-year old branches, about 1
inch across or less. Sepals ovate-obtuse. Petals oblong, yellow. Outer
stamens erect, inner longer spreading. Ovaries 5. Fruit pendulous, size
of a gooseberry, the fleshy leaves of the calyx enclosing 5 small capsules,
which contain a soft transparent gluten. Seeds few.

Along base of Himalaya from Oudh to Assam. In Bengal, Central India,
South India, and Burma. Sal forests of Oudh, and the Central Provinces on
low flat ground, not on.the hills. Sheds its leaves in March and April, comes
into flower soon afterwards. Fruit ripens in May.

A moderate-sized tree in North and Central India, with an erect trunk 4-5
ft. girth, and straggling long ascending branches, with drooping ends. A
stately tree in the south. Bark of smaller branches grey, shining, subrugose, of
the trunk about 4 inch thick, compact, brittle, internally red, externally
grey or pale brown, smooth, but with shallow depressions of irregular shape,
caused by the exfoliation of the outer layers. :

Wood hard, fibrous, porous, tough and strong, heavy and durable. Not easy
to work, apt to warp and crack. Weight 45-48 lb. Used for construction
and shipbuilding, for rice-mills ; the leaves are laid under grass thatch, and
are used as plates. Flower-buds and young fruit have a pleasant acid flavour, are
eaten, raw or cooked, in Oudh and Central Provinces ; the ripe fruit also eaten.

3. D. aurea, Smith ; Hook. Fl. Ind. i. 37.—Syn. D. ornata, Wall. PI.
As. Rar. t. 23. Vern. Chamaggat, Oudh; Dheugr, Nepal; Byuwben, Burm.

Leaves on deep-channelled sheathing petioles, oblong or obovate,
9-15 in. long, remotely crenulate, the ends of the parallel side-ribs promi-
Dillenia,] I. DILLENIACEA, 3

nent ; when young, softly hairy or rufous silky on both sides ; when old,
glabrous above and -pubescent beneath. Flowers before the leaves, soli-
tary, at the end of short lateral branchlets, with ovate bracts at base of
peduncle, 2-3 in. across. Sepals’ oblong, obtuse, concave, fleshy, with
thin ciliated margins, at last reflexed, with long silky hairs on the back.
Petals yellow, obovate from a narrow base. Stamens numerous, the inner
longer spreading or recurved. Ovaries 6-12. Fruit on thick pilose pe
duncle, enclosed by fleshy calyx, size of a small apple. Seeds several,
glabrous in a viscid pulp.

Northern Oudh forests; Burma. Sheds its leaves in February; the new
anee begins to show in April, generally after the numerous fine golden

lowers.

A small tree in Oudh, rarely over 2 ft. girth, and 20 ft. high; in Burma a
large handsome tree. Bark of trunk about 3 inch thick, reddish, compact, in-
ternally viscid, externally whitish, ashy, or brown, guasz tesselated by longi-
tudinal and transverse cracks into subquadrangular scales, which eventually
exfoliate. Heart- and sap-wood not distinct, close and hard. Weight, 45 lb.

Orper II. MAGNOLIACEA.

Trees or shrubs, often aromatic, with convolute deciduous stipules and
alternate leaves. Flowers often large, trimerous. Sepals and petals usually
similar, in 2-7 whorls of 3, imbricate, deciduous. Stamens numerous, free,
inserted 6n the torus; anther-cells adnate to connective. Ovaries numer-
ous, often spirally arranged on the elongated torus. Ovules 2 or more
on the ventral suture. Seeds with an abundant albumen, and minute
embryo.—Gen. Plant. i. 16; Royle Il. 58; Wight IL. i. 9.

1. MICHELIA, Linn.

Trees with shining leaves; buds enveloped in the convolute stipules.
Flowers bisexual. Sepals and petals conform, 9 or more, in 3 or more
series. Gynophore stalked. Filaments flat. Anthers introrsely adnate.
Carpels numerous, spirally arranged on an elongated conical torus, each
with 3 or more ovules. Fruit a loose spike of coriaceous, 2-valved, 1-12
seeded carpels ; seeds with a fleshy outer testa.

1. M. champaca, Linn. —Tab. I.—Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 656; W. & A.
Prodr. 6; Hook. Fl. Ind: i. 42.—Syn. M. aurantiaca, Wall. Pl. As. Rar.
t. 147. M. Doltsopa, Ham. ; Wall. Tent. Fl. Nep. t. 3. Sans. Cham-
paka. Vern. Chamba, Champa.

Leaves petiolate, ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, 8-10 in. long, strongly
reticulated, shining and glabrous above, pallid, more or less pubescent
beneath when young, glabrate afterwards. Flowers axillary, each with
a decidious, coriaceous, cinereous bract. Sepals and petals 15-20,
the outer: obovate, the inner narrow-linear, yellow or orange, with dark
longitudinal veins. Capsules sessile on an elongated stalk, orbicular or
broadly oval, opening on the back in two thick valves, dark-coloured, with
large white round specks. Seeds 1-12, oval, compressed, brown, about
the size of a small pea.
4 Il. MAGNOLIACER. [ Michelia.

Cultivated in the outer Himalaya as far as the Ravi (up to 3000 ft., at Al-
morah to 5400 ft.), occasionally in Bandelkhand and the C.P.; on Mt. Aboo,
commonly in Bengal and South India (3000-5000 ft.) Evergreen. Flowers ap-
pear at various seasons, chiefly about May ; seeds ripen in Nov. and Dec.

A handsome tree, in favourable localities from 60 to 100 ft. high, with a
straight trunk 7 to 9 ft. in girth, branches ascending and spreading, forming a
close, shady, oval head. Bark of younger branchlets with callous whitish points
on a yellowish ground, of the trunk and older branches about } inch thick,
inside greyish or reddish brown, outside light cinereous. Sapwood whitish,
heartwood glossy, olive or dark brown, often beautifully mottled, coarse-grained,
brittle, with numerous fine medullary rays, more than 30 in the quarter-inch,
and distinct annual rings ; prized for furniture, polishes well ; used in Kamaon
and Nepal for housebuilding, in the Penins. for carriage-work, verandah posts,
and made into drums. Planted at Hindoo shrines ; flowers prized on account
of their sweet scent.

Orver Ill. ANONACEZ:.

Trees or shrubs, with alternate, simple, entire, exstipulate leaves.
Flowers bisexual, rarely unisexual. Sepals 3, free or connate, usually
valvate. Petals 6, hypogynous, biseriate, usually valvate in the following
genera, the 3 inner sometimes wanting; deciduous. Stamens numerous ;
filaments short or none; anthers adnate, 2-celled, commonly extrorse.
Ovaries usually numerous, l-celled ; style short or stigma sessile. Fruit
of one or more 1- or many-seeded carpels, dry or succulent, often stalked,
rarely united into a fleshy fruit (Anona). Seeds large, with a“ ruminate
albumen ; embryo small.—Gen. Plant. i. 20; Royle Ill. 59; Wight IIL.
i, 15.

Petals not conform to sepals.
Ripe carpels distinct, one-seeded : . : - . 1. PoLyaLrHia,
Ripe carpels confluent into a succulent many-seeded fruit 2, ANona.

Outer petals conform with the sepals ; carpels 1- many-seeded.
Inner petals flat ; ovules 1-4 ‘ ; : : Hl . 8, Mintusa.
Inner petals saccate at base ; ovules numerow a : . 4, SaccoPEraLum.

1. POLYALTHIA, Blume.

Flowers usually bisexual. Sepals 3, short. Petals 6, longer than
sepals. Stamens indefinite, short, cuneate, closely crowded on a convex
torus, anther-cells concealed by the overlapping connectives. Ovaries
numerous, terminating in short thick styles; ovules 1-2. Fruit consist-
ing of one or numerous one-seeded carpels, dry or fleshy, on long stalks,

inserted on the pubescent or tomentose torus. .
Glabrous ; leaves lanceolate, acuminate ; flowers fascicled, petals

equal . . : . : . : . ' ; - 1. P. longifolia.
Pubescent ; leaves oblong, obtuse or acute ; flowers solitary; petals

unequal, pubescent ; stalks twice the length of berries . . 2 P. suberosa.

Pubescent ; leaves oblong-lanceolate, acuminate ; flowers solitary
or 2-8 ; petals equal, thick, glabrous; stalks more than twice
the length of berries : . ‘ 3. P. cerasoides,

1. P. longifolia, Benth. & H. f.; Hook. Fl. Ind. i. 62; Bedd. Fi.
ala

Polyalthia. | II]. ANONACEA.

Sylv. t. 38—Syn. Guatteria longifolia, Wall.; W. & A. Prodr. 10;
Wight Ic. t. 1. Uvaria longifolia, Lam. ; Roxb. FI. Ind. ii. 664. Sans.
Devadaru. Vern, Asok, Asokan, Debdari, Devidari.

A large glabrous tree; leaves on short petioles, long-acuminate, undu-
late, 5 to 8 in. long, pellucid-dotted, glabrous, shining. Flowers numer-
ous, yellow green, on long slender pedicels, umbellate on short, leafless,
tuberculate branchlets. Sepals broad-ovate. Petals equal, linear-lanceo-
ee from a broad base. Carpels ovoid, $ in. long, on stalks about } in.
ong.

Indigenous in Ceylon ; commonly planted in avenues along roads in Bengal
and South India; occasionally in North-West India, as far as Hushiarpur.
A tall, handsome, shady tree, with a fine straight trunk, attaining a girth of
6 ft. and a height of 50 ft., with a close symmetrical head. Evergreen ; flowers
between February and May; the seed ripens in July and August. Wood
ee es fairly close and even-grained. The cubic foot weighs between

an :

2. P. suberosa, Benth. & Hook. f.; Hook. Fl. Ind. i. 65; Bedd.
Ic, Pl. Ind. Or. t. 56.—Syn. Uvaria suberosa, Roxb.; Cor. Pl. t. 34; Guat-
teria suberosa, Dun.; W. & A. Prodr. 10. Vern. Bara Chali, Beng.

A shrub or small tree; leaves bifarious, nearly sessile, 2-5 in. long,
oblong, obtuse or acute, glabrous, pubescent beneath when young.
Flowers pubescent, sinall, greenish white, on long slender pedicels, with a
linear bract below the middle, mostly solitary, rarely two, on short woody
tubercles. Sepals small, triangular. Petals unequal, the three outer
ovate, + in. long, 2-3 times the length of sepals, the three inner oblong
$ in. long. Carpels dry, numerous, globular, size of a pea, on stalks about
twice their length.

Oudh forests (not common), Bengal, South India. Evergreen ; flowers through-
out the year, but chiefly in April and May ; the seed ripens in Feb. and March:
A large shrub or small tree. Bark of trunk and branches often with a thick
rough cork layer. Wood close, hard, tough, and durable, weighs about 40 lb.
per cubic ft.

3. P. cerasoides, Benth. & Hook. fil.; Hook. Fl. Ind. i. 63; Bedd.
Fi. Sylv. t. 1.—Syn. Uvaria cerasoides, Roxb. Corom. Pl. t. 33 ; Fl. Ind.
ii. 666 ; Guatteria_cerasoides, Dun.; W. & A. Prodr. 10. Vern. Hoom,
‘Bombay.

A moderate-sized or large tree. Leaves distichous, short - petiolate,
4-7 in. long, oblong-lanceolate, acuminate, glabrous above, pubescent
beneath, with long soft hairs; main lateral nerves 6-8 pair, prominent
beneath, with shorter intermediate nerves. Flowers greenish white,
on pedicels 4-1 in. long, solitary, or 2-3 on short, lateral, woody
branchlets, occasionally with 1 or 2 small leaves. Sepals broad-ovate,
acuminate, pubescent. Petals lanceolate, thick, glabrous, $ in. long. Ber-
ties numerous, dark red, } in. diam., stalks slender, ? in. long.

South India, Western Ghats, Behar. Flowers Feb. to May. Evergreen.
Wood prized on the Western Ghats, where the Hoom isan important tree of the
evergreen forests in the Sattara district.
6 I, ANONACEA. [ Anona.

2. ANONA, Linn.

Flowers bisexual. Sepals 3, small, valvate. Petals 3 or 6. Stamens
indefinite, crowded round a hemispherical torus, top of connective ovoid,
overtopping the cells. Carpels united into a large fleshy fruit, with
numerous seeds embedded in a soft pulp.

1. A. squamosa, Linn.; Hook. Fl. Ind. i. 78; Bot. Mag. t. 3095.
—Custard-apple (Sweet-sop or Sugar-apple in America). Vern. Ata,
Bengal; Sharifa, behli, North-West ; Sita phal, Bandelkhand.

Leaves petiolate, oblong or oblong-lanceolate, 2-3 in. long, glaucous be-
neath, pellucid-dotted, with a peculiar heavy smell. Flowers solitary or
in pairs, on pedicels as long as the flower, inserted on short, leafless, ter-
minal or extra-axillary branchlets. Sepals triangular, acute, united at base.
Petals, 3 exterior an inch long, lanceolate, triquetrous, thick and fleshy ;
3 interior minute or wanting. Fruit large, from 2 to 4 inches across,
yellowish green, embossed with prominent oblong, obtuse, adnate scales,
filled with as many pulpy cells as there are united carpels, some abor-
tive, the rest one-seeded, all radiating from the central conical torus,
from which, when ripe, the pulp readily separates. Seeds oblong, deep
brownish black, with a pale swelling at the hilum.

Indigenous in the West Indies, but completely domesticated over a great
part of India ; cultivated as far north as Gurdaspur in the Panjab. Almost
wild in Central Provinces and Bandelkhand (near old forts), and in swamps
near Burmdeo in the Kamaon Bhabar.

A shrub or small tree with an erect short trunk. Nearly evergreen in the
Panjab ; the new leaves appear about March. Flowers in the hot season ; the
fruit ripening from July to Oct. Chiefly valued for its fruit; seeds acrid,
fatal to insects.

Other species cultivated in India: Anona muricata, L.; Sour-sop ; Anona
reticulata, L.; Bullock’s-heart or Custard-apple of the West Indies.

8. MILIUSA, Leschenault.

Flowers bisexual or dicecious. Sepals 3, small. Petals 6, 3 outer
minute, conform to the sepals, 3 inner much larger; xstivation valvate.
Stamens loosely imbricated on a cylindrical torus; anthers extrorse, dis-
tinct, attached to a thick connective which scarcely overtops the cells.
Ovaries numerous, style oblong ; ovules one or two, rarely more.

1. M. velutina, H. f. & Th.—Tab. II.—Bedd. Fl. Sylv. t. 37;
Bedd. Ic. Pl. Ind. Or. t. 87; Hook. Fl. Ind. i. 87.—Syn. Uvaria villosa,
Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 664. Vern. Gidar-rikh, gwiya, goa-sal, dom-sal,
N.W.P.; Bart Kari, Kajrauta, Kharrei, Oudh; Kari, C.P. ; Thabutgyi,
Burm.

Young branches, leaves, and flowers densely tomentose. Leaves on
short petioles, ovate or oblong with cordate base, softly tomentose or pu-
bescent on both sides, softly ciliate, 3 to 6 inches long. Flowers greenish
yellow, on slender pedicels 2-4 in. long, in lax 3- to 6-flowered racemes on
peduncles 3-1 in. long. Sepals and 3 outer petals small, ovate ; 3 inner
petals three times their length, broad-ovate, outside densely tomentose,
Miliusa.] II, ANONACEA, 7

inside smooth, dark brown. Fruit consisting of a number of black dry
berries, 4 in. long, 1- or 2-seeded, on short stalks.

Burma, Bengal, Orissa, Northern Circars, Central Provinces, Oudh. Along
the base of the Himalaya to the Ganges, ascending to 1500 ft. Deciduous;
bare of foliage for great part of the hot weather, the new leaves appearing in

April. Flowers from- March to May; the fruit ripens in June and J uly,
remaining long on the tree. ;

A middle-sized tree, with an erect short trunk to 4 ft. girth ; in Burmaa
large tree. Bark of trunk nearly-1 inch thick, rough with cracks, and tesse-
lated in subquadrangular, thick, grey, exfoliating scales. Heart- and sap-wood
not distinct, sulphur yellow when fresh, light brown when old, with shining,
hard, medullary rays. The seasoned wood weighs from 40 to 50 lb. per cubic
foot ; easily worked and durable, but liable to warp; used for small beams,
cart-poles, yokes, agricultural implements, spear-shafts, and oars.

4. SACCOPETALUM, Bennett.

Trees. Flowers bisexual. Sepals 3, small, valvate. Petals 6, valvate
in 2 series; the 3 outer small, conform to the sepals ; the inner much
larger, saccate at the base, erect or conniving. Stamens loosely imbricate
round a subglobose torus ; anthers extrorse, distinct, adnate to a thick con-
nective, which overtops the cells. -Ovaries numerous, ovules 6 or more.

1, S. tomentosum, H. f. & Th. ; Hook. Fl. Ind. i. 88.—Syn. Uvaria
tomentosa, Roxb. Cor. Pl. t. 35; FI. Ind. ii. 667; W. & A. Prodr. 8.
Vern. Karri, Oudh ; Hoom, Bombay.

A large tree. Young shoots clothed with soft silky tomentum. Leaves
elliptic or ovate-oblong, 6-12 in. long, on short petioles barely } in. long,
pubescent beneath, nearly glabrous and somewhat rough above. Flowers
greenish yellow with a broad streak of brown, in leaf-opposed or subter-
minal 2-4-flowered cymes, on short peduncles, 4-4 in. long. Pedicels
slender, 2-3 in. long. Sepals and outer petals nearly equal, lanceolate,
% in. long, inner petals ovate-oblong, obtuse, 2 in. long. Flowers and
pedicels clothed with soft silky down. Carpels purple, tomentose, 3 or
more, globose, 1 in. diam., 3-4-seeded, on stalks }-4 in. long.

Oudh forests, Nepal Terai adjoining Oudh, Goruckpur, Behar, Orissa. Ever-
green forests of the Western Ghats. Leaves are shed in March, turning
orange yellow before falling, renewed April, flowers with the young leaves.
Fruit June.

In Oudh attains 50 ft. with an erect short trunk, 5-6 ft. girth, often gnarled
and knotty from lopping. Bark 1 in. thick, brown or black, cracked and fur-
rowed. Wood yellow, like that of Nauclea cordifolia ; cracks in seasoning ;
used (in Oudh) for huts and cattle-sheds ; reckoned as a good timber on the
Western Ghats, where it is called by the same name as Polyalthia cerasoides,
which, however, has one-seeded berries. Leaves used as cattle-fodder.

S. longiflorum, Hf. & Th.; Hook. Fl. Ind. i 88. Eastern Bengal. Has
solitary flowers on short pedicels } in. long, and long pointed petals 14 in.

long. DY os
Orpen IV. MENISPERMACES.

Climbing or twining, rarely erect shrubs. Leaves alternate, entire or
lobed, usually palminerved, exstipulate. Flowers small, diccious or poly-
8 IV, MENISPERMACEZ. [Anamirta.

gamous. Sepals commonly 6, free, the outer 3 often minute. Petals
commonly 6, or wanting. Male flowers: stamens commonly 6, opposite
to petals, rarely fewer or more ; anthers 2-4-celled, frequently extrorse or
dehiscing laterally. Female flowers: carpels free, distinct, 3, rarely 1
or more than 3; ovules solitary. Ripe carpels generally drupaceous, the
seed enclosed in the woody or coriaceous endocarp, usually curved or re-
niform, with or without albumen, the radicle pointing towards the scar
of the style, which is often near the base of the fruit—Gen. Pl. i. 30;
Royle Ill. 61; Wight Ill. i. 19.

Sepals 6; anthers sessile on a stout central column; drupes subglob-
ose on a stout 8-fid gynophore; style near the base ; endocarp
hard, woody . p < é : ‘ ‘1 . ‘

Sepals 6; stamens free ; ovaries 3-12.

Drupes with scar of style near the apex, anthers bilocular,

dehiscing longitudinally : 5 . ‘i .
Drupes with scar of style near the base.

Dry fruit circular, compressed, strongly tubercled, anthers

4-lobed, dehiscing. transversely . : 7 ‘ 3

Dry fruit obovate-oblong, not tubercled, anthers 2-lobed,

dehiscing longitudinally r : . : :

Male flower : sepals 4, petals connate into a 4-lobed cup; stamens
monadelphous ; female flowers in the axils of large leafy bracts;
drupes with scar of style near the base; dry fruit circular,
strongly tubercled . ‘ - - . . ‘

1. ANAMIRTA.
2. TINOSPORA.

8. CoccouLus.

4, TILIACORA.

5. CISSAMPELOS.

1. ANAMIRTA, Colebrooke.

1. A. Cocculus, W. & A. Prodr. 446.— Syn. Menispermum Cocculus,
Linn. ; Roxb. Fl. Ind. iii. 807. Vern. Kakmari.

A glabrous climbing shrub, bark corky. Leaves coriaceous, cordate or-
ovate, blade 4-8 in. long, petiole 2-6 in. Flowers greenish, in long pen-
dulous panicles. Sepals 6, with two small adpressed bracts ; petals none.
Anthers numerous, 2- celled, on the top of a thick central column.
Carpels 3 on a stout trifid gynophore } in. long. Drupes subglobose, $ in.
diam., black, glabrous. Seed globose, enclosing the intruded endocarp.

South India, Eastern Bengal, Oudh forests (R. Th., but I have not seen

specimens). The Cocculus berries are bitter, used in India to intoxicate and
poison fish, and in England to adulterate beer.

2. TINOSPORA, Miers.

1. T. cordifolia, Miers ; Hook. Fl. Ind. i. 97.—Syn. Cocculus cordi-
folius, DC.; W.& A. Prodr. 12; Wight Ic. t. 485, 486. Menisper-
mum cordifolium, Willd. ; Roxb. Fl. Ind. iii. 811. Vern. Batindu, Pb. ;
Gulwail, Bombay.

A glabrous, climbing, succulent shrub, bark corky. Leaves cordate,
acute or acuminate, blade 2-4 in. diam., petiole 14-3 in. Flowers
small yellow, in long slender racemes, male flowers fascicled, female
flowers usually solitary. Sepals 6. Petals 6, half the length of sepals,
wedge-shaped. Filaments 6, thick, clavate, the 2 anther-cells obliquely
adnate to the top. Ovaries 3. Drupes 1-3, red, succulent, plane-convex,
Tinospora. | IV, MENISPERMACEA, 9

size of a small cherry, with glutinous pulp, scar of style near the top. En-
docarp kidney-shaped, albumen ruminate.
Common in hedges in most parts of India. Fl. H.S.R.S8. Long filiform

roots from the branches. Used in native medicine. Sold in the bazaars as
Gulo, Pb. ; Gulo, Bombay ; Guluncha, Bengal.

3. COCCULUS, DC.

Male flowers: sepals 6, biseriate ; petals 6, shorter than sepals, concave,
embracing the stamens ; anthers terminal, subglobose. Female flowers :
sepals and petals similar to those of male flowers, stamens sterile or none,
‘carpels 3. Drupes circular, compressed, generally 3, scar of style on the
inner side near the base, endocarp tuberculate, horseshoe-shaped.

Asmall tree ; leaves lanceolate, glabrous ; flowers in long axillary
panicles. . . . e . ‘1 ‘ * 7
A Glimbing shrub ; leaves-glabrate, linear-oblong or trapezoid ;
flowers axillary, male sessile fascicled, female solitary short-

1. C. laurifolius.

pediculate A : : ; ; A - ‘ . 2 C. Leceba.
A climbing shrub ; leaves villous, ovate-oblong, male flowers in
short panicles, female 1-3 on short axillary panicles. . 38. C, villosus.

1. ©. laurifolius, DC. ; Hook. Fl. Ind. i. 101.—Syn. Menispermum
laurifolium, Roxb. Fl. Ind. iii. 815. Vern. Parura, Pb.; Tilpara,
kikra, dal chini, N.W.P.

Leaves lanceolate, 3-5 in. long, short-petiolate, entire, 3-nerved,
coriaceous, shining, dark green when young, light green when old, paler
beneath. Flowers numerous, small, in long branched panicles, axillary or
in the axils of fallen leaves; axis of panicle frequently bearing 1 or 2
leaves,

Outer Himalaya from the Ravi to Nepal, ascending to 5000 ft. An erect

shrub, often a considerable tree, with a short, erect, straight trunk, spreading
branches, and fine shining bright-green foliage..

2. ©. Leeba, DC. ; Hook. Fl. Ind. i. 102.—Syn. ©. gluber, W. & A.
Prodr. 13. Vern. Vailir, illar, billar, Pb. .

A climbing shrub, often with a stem 3-4 ft. girth ; branchlets pubescent.
Leaves glabrate or glabrous, oblong or trapezoid, entire or lobed, 4-1} in.
long. Male flowers on short pedicels, in axillary panicles ; female flowers
solitary, on slender axillary peduncles } in. long. Drupe 3 in. diam.

Dry and arid regions of India. Panjab, Sindh, Dekkan, Afghanistan, Arabia.
Dry regions of Africa, Fl. throughout the year.

3. ©. villosus, DC. ; Hook. Fl. Ind. i. 101.—Syn. Menispermum hir-
sutum, Linn.; Roxb. Fl. Ind. i. 814, Vern. Karsane, Oudh.

A climbing undershrub; branchlets, leaves, and inflorescence villous with
greyish tomentum. Leaves ovate or ovate-oblong, obtuse, often mucronate,
1-3 in. long. Male flowersin axillary panicles, 1-14 in. long, often with 1
or 2 leaves. Female flowers 1-3 on axillary pedicels }-4 in. long. Drupes
1-3, dark purple, 4 in. diam. ae
10 IV, MENISPERMACEZ. [Cocculus.

Common in the plains and lower hills of most parts of India. Tropical Africa.
Fl. Feb., March. The juice of the ripe berries makes a durable bluish-purple
ink. The leaves rubbed in water thicken into a green jelly. Roots and leaves
used in native medicine.

4, TILIACORA, Colebrooke.

1. T. racemosa, Colebrooke ; Hook. Fl. Ind. i, 99.—Syn. Cocculus
acuminatus, W. & A. Prodr. 12. Menispermum polycarpon, Roxb. Fl.
Ind. iii. 816. Vern. Tiliakoru, Beng. ; Karwant, karrauth, rangoe, Oudh.

A large climber, with entire, coriaceous, glabrous, ovate, acuminate
leaves, blade 3-6 in., petiole 1 in. long. Fl. yellow, dicecious or polygam-
ous, in axillary raceme-like panicles 6-12 in. long, with branches 1 in.
long, bearing either one female, or 3-7 male flowers. Sepals 6, in two
series, the outer much smaller. Petals 6, minute. Stamens 6, ovaries
3-12, styles short. Drupes 3-12, compressed, obovoid, } in. long, stalked,
style-scar near the base, endocarp thin, crustaceous. Seed hooked, albumen
oily, ruminate. Cotyledons linear, fleshy.

Oudh forests, Bengal, Orissa, Concan, Ceylon.. Fl. most part of the year.
Fruit ripe March. Evergreen, enveloping the tallest forest-trees in its dense
dark-green foliage. The long flexible branches are used for thatching and
basket-work,

5. CISSAMPELOS, Linn.

Mostly climbers with peltate leaves. Male flowers cymose, tetra-
merous, petals connate into a 4-lobed cup. Stamens monadelphous,
anthers united into a peltate disc, dehiscing round the margin. Female
flowers racemose, crowded in the axils of large leafy bracts; perigonium of
1 or 2 lateral scales. Carpel one with a short trifid or tridentate style.
Drupe circular, style-scar near the base ; endocarp horseshoe-shaped, com-
pressed, tubercled on the back. Seed curved.

1. ©. Pareira, Linn. ; Hook. Fl. Ind. i. 103.—Syn. C. convolvulacea,
Willd. ; W. & A. Prodr. 14; Roxb. Fl. Ind. iii. 842. Vern. Katort, par-
bik, pataki, tikri, Pb. ; Dakh-nirbisi, N\W.P. ; Harjewri, Oudh.

A climbing undershrub, with a short stem, throwing out long herbaceous
twining branches, generally covered with grey tomentum. Leaves pel-
tate, broad-ovate or reniform. Male flowers in axillary usually branched,
and corymbose racemes, with few small bracts. Female flowers on elon-
gate, generally simple racemes, with numerous, broad, alternate, foliaceous
bracts, and several 1-flowered pedicels in their axils,

Common in most parts of India, in the north-west, along the foot of the
Himalaya, as far west as the Jhelum river, but not in the arid parts of the
Panjab and Sindh. Fl, March-Oct. Leaves and root used medicinally. A plant
of very wide distribution. Also in tropical America, where it yields the
Radix Paretre: of druggists, and in tropical Africa.

The structure of the wood of Menispermacez is remarkable, and differs in
several respects from the wood of other dicotyledons. The vascular bundles
of a young branch (which in most dicotyledons unite and form concentric
Cissampelos. | IV. MENISPERMACEA. 11

rings of wood and liber) generally remain distinct in Menispermacez, and are
separated by broad radial masses of cellular tissue, corresponding to the medul-
lary rays of ordinary wood. After some time these original wood fascicles cease
growing, and in the cortical cellular tissue exterior to the liber originates a
second circle of bundles, similar to the first formed, excepting in the absence
of spiral vessels, After these bundles have attained full development, they
in turn. cease to grow, and a third circle forms in the cellular tissue of the
bark, and soon. There is great variety in the wood structure of the genera of
this family.

Orper V. BERBERIDEZ.

Usually shrubby, sometimes climbing, glabrous plants. Leaves simple
or compound, stipules rare. Sepals and petals free; hypogynous, very
caducous, usually trimerous, 2-4-seriate. Stamens hypogynous, 4-6 (rarely
8), opposite the petals, anthers adnate, erect, dehiscing by 2 revolute or
ascending valves or by lateral or dorsal slits. Carpels 1-3, rarely more,
oblong, ovules usually indefinite. Seeds with a copious, dense albumen.
—Gen. Pl. i. 40; Royle IIL 62; Wight Ill. i. 22.

Erect shrubs ; flowers bisexual; one carpel_ . : . 1. BERBERIS.
Climbing shrubs ; flowers unisexual; carpels3 . 2 HoLBoELuia.

1. BERBERIS, Linn.

Spiny shrubs with yellow wood, yellow flowers and fasciculate leaves,
the leaves of elongate shoots often reduced to simple or 3-7-forked spines.
Sepals 6, with 2-3 adpressed bracts, imbricate in 2 series. Petals 6, in
2 series, imbricate. Stamens 6, free, anther-cells opening by recurved
valves. Stigma peltate, sessile, or on a short style. Fruit a berry with few
seeds. Albumen fleshy, embryo straight.

Leaves simple, membranous or thinly coriaceous, not lacunose,
serrate, serratures equal, cuspidate ; stigma sessile. . 1. B. vulgaris.
Leaves simple, obovate or oblanceolate, coriaceous, not lacunose,
entire, or with large spinescent serratures; flowers on com-
pound racemes; stigma small, onashort style . : . 2 B. aristata.
Leaves simple, narrow, lanceolate or oblanceolate, coriaceous, not
Jacunose, entire or spinose-dentate; flowers pale, small, on
corymbose racemes ; style distinct é ‘ 7 -
Leaves simple, obovate or orbicular, coriaceous, hard, lacunose,
reticulate, entire ; or with large, distant, spinescent teeth ;
flowers fasciculate or in short racemes ; style distinct . 4, B. asiatica.
Leaves imparipinnate, leaflets 2-12 pair 3 5. B. nepalensis.

1. B. vulgaris, Linn. ; Hook. Fl. Ind. i. 109 ; Hook. Stud. Fl. 13.
—Barberry. Vern. zirishk, Pb.

3. B. Lycium.

An erect, spinous shrub. Leaves deciduous, membranous, or thinly co-
riaceous, serrate with equal spinulose teeth, generally fasciculate on short
lateral branchlets, in the axil of a 3-7-forked, rarely simple spine, on a
thick broad base. ‘The leaves vary exceedingly from oblanceolate, cun-
-eate, or obovate, to broadly ovate. Flowers in racemes, elongated or shortly
corymbose, on the short leaf-bearing branchlets. Berry ovoid-oblong or
ovoid, red or black when ripe, terminated by the broad sessile stigma.
12 V. BERBERIDE, [ Berberis.

Western Himalaya 8000-12,000 ft., eastward as far as Nepal, Western Tibet,
Afghanistan, and Beluchistan, Europe, North and West Asia. Fl. March,
April. The pleasantly acid berries of this and some of the following species
are dried and imported from Afghanistan under the name of zirishk-tursh (sour
currants). .

B. Kunawarensis, Royle Ill, 64, may belong to this species.

2. B. aristata, DC.; Hook. Fl. Ind. i. 110.—Syn. B. tinctoria,
Leschenault ; W. & A. Prodr. 16; Wight Ill. t.8. Vern. Chitra, chotra,
totar, N.W.P. The following names probably apply to this and the two
following species in the Panjab Himalaya: Sumlu, stmlu, kemal, kemlu,
kamla, kasmal, kammal, tutrum, chitra.

An erect, spinous shrub. Leaves more or less persistent, coriaceous,
obovate or oblanceolate, entire, or with few, large, distant, spinescent
teeth, fasciculate on very short lateral branchlets, in the axil of a trifid
or simple spine with a broad base. Flowers in compound racemes,
pedicels often fasciculate. Berries often thickly covered with glaucous
bloom, cylindrical, tapering into a short style terminated by a small sub-
globose stigma.

Outer Himalaya 6000-10,000 ft., from the Sutlej to Bhutan. Mountains ot
South India and Ceylon. Fl. May-April. Hardy in England. The root of
this and the two following species (darhald, darchob), and the dried extract
(rasaut, rusot, rasut), are used in native medicine, and highly prized in
ophthalmia. The wood is used as fuel.

3. B. Lycium, Royle; Hook. Fl. Ind. i. 110.—Vern. Kushmul, N.-W.P.

A rigid, erect, spinous shrub; bark white. Leaves simple, narrow, lanceo-
late or oblanceolate, coriaceous, mucronate, generally entire, bright green
above, glaucous beneath, with prominent, lax, reticulate veins, fasciculate
on short tuberculate branchlets in the axils of trifid spines on a broad
base. Flowers pale, small, on elongate racemes. Berries violet, ovoid ;
stigma capitate, on a distinct style.

Outer North-West Himalaya 3000-9000 ft., from Hazara to Garhwal. Fl.
April. Chiefly employed in Sirmore and Garhwal for making rwsot (Royle).

4. B. asiatica, Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii..182; Hook. Fl. Ind. i. 110,

A stout, erect, spinous shrub ; bark pale. Leaves simple, fasciculate, on
short tuberculate branchlets, often 4 in. long in the axils of short trifid
spines, which are often wanting; obovate or orbicular, hard, coriaceous,
white beneath, with strong reticulate venation, lacunose between the
veins, subentire, or with large, distant, spinescent teeth. Flowers in short
corymbose racemes. Berries large, ovoid or often subglobose, red or black,
glaucous ; stigma capitate on a distinct style.

Outer Himalaya 3000-7500 ft., Garhwal, Bhutan, Afghanistan. Parisnath
in Behar. Fl. March, April. The berries are eaten.

5. B. nepalensis, Spreng. ; Hook. Fl. Ind. i. 109.—Syn. B. Leschen-
aultii, Wall.; W. & A. Prodr. 16; Wight Icones t. 940; Mahonia
Nepalensis, DC. Vern. Amidanda, chiror, Pb.
Berberis. | V. BERBERIDEA. 13.

An evergreen shrub 3-6 ft. high. Leaves coriaceous, shining, impari- .
pinnate, from 6-18 inches long. Petiole stiff, articulate at the insertion
of the leaflets, broad-sheathing at the base, with 2 subulate stipules.
Leaflets 2-12 pair, ovate or lanceolate, often falcate, spinous -serrate ; .
the near pair—the base—often smaller and suborbicular. Upper leaves
reduced to sheathing bracts. Flowers on long erect racemes, several to-»
gether near the ends of branches. Bracteoles coriaceous, oblong or broadly
ovate. Berry oblong or globose, dark blue or purple.

Outer Himalayan ranges, 6000-8000 ft., from the Ravi to Bhutan, Khasia
hills, Burma, and the Nilgherries. Bark soft, corky, wood yellow, with fine
medullary rays and light-coloured blotches between. The fruit is eaten.

- 2 HOLBOELLIA, Wall.

1. H. latifolia, Wall. Tent. Fl. Nep. t. 16. Hook. Fl. Ind. i. 108.

A climbing shrub ; stem with corky bark, wholly glabrous. Leaves
3-9-foliolate, leaflets 3-6 in. long, petiolulate, ovate-lanceolate or linear,
acuminate. Flowers moncecious, in lateral sessile corymbs, purplish
green, sweet-scented. Sepals 6, 2-seriate, the outer valvate. Petals 6,
minute. Stamens 6. Ovaries 3; fruit of 1-3 many-seeded oblong berries
2-3 in. long.

Himalaya, Kamaon to Assam, ascending to 9000 ft. Khasia hills, Fl. April,
Hee Hf, angustifolia, Wall., ib. t. 17, is a variety with linear-lanceolate
leaves.

Orpen VI. CAPPARIDEA:.

Herbs, shrubs, or trees, with alternate leaves. Flowers, with rare ex-
ceptions, bisexual. Sepals 4, rarely 3 or 5, free or connate. Petals gener-
ally 4. Stamens almost always more than 4, often indefinite, hypogynous,
inserted at the base of a long or short gynophore ; anthers 2-celled, versa-
tile, generally on long slender filaments. Ovary often stipitate, style
short or stigma sessile. Ovules indefinite on 2-6 parietal placentas. Fruit
syncarpous, either more or less fleshy, or a dry, mostly elongated, capsule.
Seeds in most cases without albumen ; embryo incurved ; cotyledons con-
volute or folded, rarely plane.—Gen. Plant. i. 103; Royle Il. 72; Wight
Il. i. 33.

Spinescent shrubs or small trees ; leaves simple ; petals not clawed,
imbricatein bud . ; oa Sd é . i : :

An unarmed tree ; leaves trifoliolate ; petals long-clawed ; open in
bud ‘ : 7 , : : j . ‘ a

1, Capparis,

2. CRaTzVa.

1. CAPPARIS, Linn.

Shrubs, rarely trees, generally with stipular thorns, young parts often
‘with caducous tomentum. Leaves simple. Sepals 4, usually free. Petals
4, sessile, imbricate. Stamens indefinite ; filaments slender, filiform, in-
serted on the torus at the base of the long gynophore. Ovary stipitate,
generally one-celled. Fruit stalked, with many seeds embedded in a soft

or dry pulp.
14 VI. CAPPARIDEA, [ Capparis.

Leaves linear, minute ; older branches leafless ; flowers brownish

- red. ee eee phyla,
Leaves ovate or elliptic ; flowers waite or rose-coloured. 7
Flowers solitary, large; fruit 1-3in. long ‘ F : 2. C. spinosa.
Flowers 2-4, supra-axillary, large; fruit 1-]}in. diam. . i 3. C. horrida.
Flowers corymbose, small; fruit } in. diam. ¢ : 4, C. sepiaria.

1. C. aphylla, Roth.—Tab. III.—W. & A. Prodr. 27; Hook. Fi.
Ind. i 174.—Syn. Sodada decidua, Forskal; Capparis Sodada, R. Br.,
Boissier Fl. Orient. i. 419. Vern. Kartal, Kari, Pb. N.W.P.; Kiral,
Sindh ; Sodada, Arab.

Glabrous. Leaves on young shoots only, caducous, sessile, linear-subul-
ate, mucronate, 4 in. long, occasionally spathulate, varying to 4 in. long;
stipules thorny, nearly straight, brown. Flowers brownish red or scarlet,
corymbose, corymbs nearly sessile. Sepals unequal; the anterior outer sepal
larger and deeply concave. Petals ovate, longer than sepals, scarlet.
Stamens 8-20; filaments long, filiform. Ovary on slender gynophore as
long as stamens; style subulate. Fruit globose or ovoid, 4-2 in. diam. ;
red when ripe; on a gynophore I in. in length.

Common in dry places and on stony hills throughout the Panjab, Sindh,
and Rajputana, Bandelkhand, the Central Provinces, Guzerat, the Dekkan,
and occasionally as far south as Tinnevelly. Flourishes in the driest deserts
of North-West India, frequently associated with Prosopis spicigera and the
Salvadoras. Extends westward as far.as Arabia, Egypt, and Nubia.

New leaves on young shoots Nov. to March. Fl. March, April, sometimes
as late as June; the bushes often crowded with the conspicuous brilliant scar-
let blossoms.

Generally a scrubby bush, but under favourable circumstances a small tree,
rarely 20 ft, high, with a short, erect trunk, often 4-5 ft., rarely 7-8 ft. girth,
Branches numerous, divaricating, forming a depressed subglobose crown of
dark-green colour ; branches occasionally flattened into horny ribbons. Roots
immense, spreading deep and wide. The natural reproduction and propaga-
tion of this tree should be studied ; it is stated that it has never been raised
by hand from seed or cuttings. Bark of trunk 4 inch thick, dark grey, fur-
rowed with deep irregular longitudinal and diagonal cracks.

Wood with more or less distinct annual rings, whitish or light yellow, close-
even-grained, tough, weighs about 54 lb. per cubic foot, when seasoned. It is
bitter, and is not touched by white ants. Used for small beams and rafters in
roofs (in Sindh for the knees of boats), for oil-mills and agricultural implements.
As fuel, it answers well for brick-burning ; for locomotives, it must be mixed
with other wood. Burns off quickly with much flame, and leaves much ash.

The flower-buds (past) are used as pickle in Sindh, the unripe fruit is cooked
and eaten ; both the ripe and unripe fruit are prepared with salt and pepper
into a bitter-tasted pickle which is exported into Hindustan.

2. C. spinosa, Linn. ; Hook. Fl. Ind. i. 173; Boissier Fl. Orient. i.
420.—Syn. C. obovata, Royle; Jacq. Voy. Bot. t. 21. C. Murrayana,
Graham; Wight Ic. t. 379. Caper plant. Vern. Kabbar, Arab. ; Kabarra,
Afg. ; Kabra, Tibet ; Kaur, kidri, kakri, kander, taker, ber, barart, bauri,
bassar, Pb. ; Kalvari, Sindh.

Glabrous, but the young parts frequently covered with a white yellowish
or greenish, soft, and caducous tomentum; armed with recurved or
nearly straight stipular spines. Leaves petiolate, broad-ovate or obo-
Capparis. | VI. CAPPARIDEA. 15

vate, retuse or entire, mucronate, thick, glabrous or glabrate. Flowers
large, 1-3 in. across, white, solitary, axillary, on a pedicel equal to or -
longer than the leaf. Sepals unequal, ovate, obtuse, concave. Petals
obovate, unguiculate, undulate, longer than calyx, at first pure white,
then pink and purplish-red as they fade. Stamens numerous, longer »
than petals; filaments slender, purple. Ovary on a slender filiform
gynophore as long as stamens; nectariferous glands at the base of gyno-
phore. Fruit oblong, 1-3 in. long, on a strong gynophore, bent down-
wards when ripe ; opening irregularly by 3-4 valves, crimson inside.
Seeds numerous, reniform. This species varies exceedingly in the size,
shape, pubescence, and consistence of the leaves. One form (var. galeata)
is found in Sindh, with glabrous, often glaucous, fleshy leaves ; the anti-
cous sepal very saccate. Another (var. leucophylla) is found in the lower
Himalayan valleys, floccose all over with white pubescence.

Panjab, Sindh, Guzerat, Mahableshwar, N.W. Himalaya, ascending to 12,000
ft.in the inner arid valleys. South Europe, North Africa, Western Asia.
Time of flowering varies according to locality and elevation. In the Peshawur
valley and the trans-Indus territory, it flowers from April to July, the fruit
ripening about Nov. ; in the inuer Himalaya flowers from June to Oct.

A small trailing shrub on hot dry rocks and stony hills, with long green
branches, a thick woody root, penetrating deep into the clefts of the rock.
Strikingly handsome with its large flowers, long purple stamens, and the long-
stalked ovary protruding from among them.

The flower-buds pickled are the capers of Europe, and might be prepared in
India, The fruit is pickled and eaten in Sindh and the Panjab salt range. The
leaves and ripe fruit are a favourite food of goats and sheep.

3. C. horrida, Linn. fil.; Wight Ic. t 173; Hook. Fl. Ind. i. 178;
W. & A. Prodr. 26.—Syn. C. zeylanica, Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii 567. Vern.
His, karvila, Pb. ; karralwa, Oudh.

The entire plant when young covered with a dense ferruginous, cadu-
cous pubescence. Stipules laterally compressed, thorny, hooked. Leaves
from elliptic-oblong to broadly ovate, mucronate. Pedicels supra-axillary,
2 to 4 ina vertical line, the uppermost flower opening first ; flowers large,
at first white, later rose-coloured. Stamens numerous, filaments long, fili-
form, purple. Gynophore as long as stamens. Fruit 1-14 in. diam., glo-
bose or obdvate, red when ripe, on a thick gynophore 14 in. long.

Plains and lower hills in most parts of India, from the Panjab to Ceylon and
Burma. Blooms from January or February to April; flowers often so nu-
merous that the bush looks like a mass of white and rose colour. The fruit
ripens after June, and remains on the plant for some time.

A scrambling shrub, found climbing at times to a great extent over the
tallest trees. Wood used for fuel; the twigs, shoots, and leaves are greedily
eaten by elephants and goats. In the Southern Panjab and Sindh the fruit is

pickled.
4, G. sepiaria, Linn. ; Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 568; W. & A. Prodr. 26;
Hook. Fl. Ind. i. 177.—Vern. Hitin garna (crooked Carissa), Panjab.

Young parts pubescent. Stipules thorny, hooked. Leaves ovate or ellip-
tic, occasionally emarginate, glabrate above, pubescent beneath. Flowers
16 VI. CAPPARIDEZ. [Capparis.

small, } inch across, on filiform pedicels, in many-flowered corymbs.
Sepals oval, concave. Petals oblong, white, unequal. Stamens much longer
than petals. Fruit a globose berry } in. diam. on a short slender carpo-
phore, one-seeded, black when ripe.

Here and there in the Panjab and the North-West. Common in the Penin-
sula, Burma, Ceylon, in the Andamans, Timor, and the Philippines. A middle-
sized shrub, with numerous and strong branches, makes excellent hedges (My-
sor, Coimbator), easily raised from seed or from cuttings. Flowers May ;
fruit ripens about July.

F 2, CRATAIVA, Linn.

Trees ; leaves trifoliolate. Sepals and petals inserted on hemispherical
disc. Sepals 4. Petals 4, long-clawed, open in bud. Stamens numerous,
filaments slender, filiform, free. Ovary on a long gynophore, with 2 pla-
centas bearing numerous ovules. Stigma sessile.

1. G. religiosa, Forst.; Bedd. Fl. Sylv. t. 116; Hook. Fl. Ind. i. 172.
—-Syn. C. Roxburghii, R. Br.; W.& A. Prodr, 23, Capparis trifoliata, Roxb.
Fl. Ind. ii. 571. Sans. Varana, varuna, setu. Vern. Brarna, Bilast,
bila, biliana. (Kadatben, Burm.)

A moderate-sized tree. Leaves trifoliolate, clustered towards the ends
of branches on common petioles 4 in. long, leaflets ovate-lanceolate, acu-
minate, on articulate petioles. Flowers large, 2 inches across, on long fili-
form pedicels, in many-flowered corymbs, with centripetal expansion.
Sepals 4, ovate, deciduous, inserted with the petals on the broad-lobed hemi-
spherical disc. Petals 4, long-clawed, larger than sepals, limb roundish ovate.
Filaments longer than petals, inserted above the disc on the base of gyno-
phore. Fruit ovoid or globose, about the size of an apple, on a strong thick
gynophore, partially bilocular, owing to the cohesion of the placentas,
with many reniform seeds } in. long, nestling ina yellow pulp. Rind
hard, subligneous, rough, with numerous whitish specks.

Subhimalayan tract, extending west to the Ravi, ascending to 2000 ft.
Bandelkhand, Rajputana, South India, Assam, Burma, and Ceylon. Low
and shady places, particularly near banks of rivers. Cultivated throughout
India, in the north-west to the Jhelum river. Fl. April, May, when the
tree has a striking appearance, with its large, cream-coloured blossoms. The
old leaves at times remain on the tree till the flowers appear, but usually the
tree is bare for some time. The young leaves appear with and after the flowers.
Attains 30 to 40 ft.and a girth of 6 ft. Bark dark grey, even and smooth,
with long horizontal wrinkles. Pith large; wood yellowish white, with some-
times a pinkish tinge, even, close- and smooth-grained. It is easy to work,
fairly tough and durable, and not heavy. Used for drums, models, writing-
boards, combs, boxes, and in turnery. In the Panjab the viscid pulp of the
fruit is said to be mixed with mortar as a cement, and is also used as a mor-
dant in dyeing.

Orper VII. BIXINEA.

Trees or shrubs, with alternate simple leaves. Stipules minute or none.
Flowers regular, uni- or bi-sexual. Stamens usually hypogynous, inde-
finite, rarely definite. Anthers 2-celled, bursting by slits or pores. Torus
often glandular, or expanded into a disc. Ovary syncarpous, free, gener-
Cochlospermum. | “VII, BIXINEA, 17

ally one-celled. Ovules parietal, generally numerous. Seeds with fleshy
albumen ; embryo axile, with broad foliaceous cotyledons.—Gen. PI. i,
122; Royle Ill. 73; Wight IIL i. 36, 38.

Flowers bisexual ; petals large.
Seeds covered with cotton ; leaves palmate. . 1, CocHLOsPERMUM,

Seeds naked ; leaves entire 2. Brxa.
Flower dicecious ; petals none.
Ovary 2-8-celled ; styles 2 or more. : : ; 3. FLACOURTIA.
Ovary 1-celled; stylel . ‘ 3 : ‘ 4, XYLOSMA.
° 1, COCHLOSPERMUM, Kunth.

Flowers bisexual. Sepals 5, deciduous. Petals 5, contorted in bud.
Stamens indefinite, inserted on a disc without glands ; anther-cells open-
ing with a short slit at the top. Ovary with numerous ovules on 3 to 5
parietal placentas. Style one, filiform ; stigma toothed. Capsules 3-5-
valved. Seeds numerous, cochleate ; testa hard, woolly ; embryo curved.

1. ©. Gossypium, DC.; W. & A. Prodr. 87 ; Hook. Fl. Ind. i. 190.—
Syn. Bombax gossypinum, Linn. ; Roxb. Fl. Ind. iii. 169. Vern. Kumbi,
N.W.P. Gabdi, Bandelkhand and Central Provinces.

A soft-wooded tree. Leaves alternate, large, near the ends of branches,
on long thick petioles, palmately 5-lobed; lobes acuminate, grey-tomentose
beneath ; stipules linear, caducous. Flowers on terminal panicles, large,
3-4 in. across, bright yellow, rachis and pedicels covered with grey
pubescence. Sepals broad-oval unequal, covered with a grey silky down,
margin white-ciliate. Petals spreading, obovate, emarginate or irregu-
larly cleft, with numerous parallel veins. Filaments filiform, shorter
than petals; anthers linear, acuminate. Fruit in bunches, capsules oval,
nearly the size of a goose-egg, 5-valved, divided by incomplete dissepi-
ments. Seeds numerous, covered with a soft silky woolly substance.

Dry stony hills along the foot of the North-West Himalaya from the Sutlej
to the Sardah, ascending to 3000 ft. Behar, Bandelkhand, Central Provinces,
Dekkan and eastern districts of the Peninsula. Deciduous; the new leaves
appear in May. Flowers from February to April; the fruit ripens in June
and July. A small tree, with short thick spreading branches, the younger
branches marked with great scars of the fallen leaves and fruit-stalks. Wood
soft and light, not much used. A clear white gum (Katira) exudes from the
bark. Bellows for iron-smelting are made of the leaves.

2, BIXA, Linn.

Flowers bisexual. Sepals 5, imbricate, deciduous. Petals 5, large,
contorted in the bud. Stamens indefinite, inserted on a thick torus below
the ovary ; anthers oblong, opening at the apex with two short slits.
Style filiform ; stigma minutely 2-lobed. Capsule coriaceous, one-celled,
‘two-valved, with numerous seeds on parietal placentas along the middle
of each valve. Seeds obovoid on a thick funicle, covered with a farin-

aceous red pulp ; embryo large ; cotyledons flat.

1, B, Orellana, Linn. ; Wight Il. t. 17 ; Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 581 ; W. & A.
Prodr. 31; Hook. Fl. Ind. i. 190.—Arnotto. Vern. Lathan, (Thidin, Burm.)
B
18 VII. BIXINE. [Bixa.

Young shoots and inflorescence rusty-puberulous. Leaves cordate,
acuminate, entire or angular. Flowers in terminal panicles, large, 1-2 in.
across, white or pink. Capsule ovoid, covered with long bristles.

Indigenous in America, but long cultivated in India. Flowers in summer ;
the fruit ripens in the cold season. A small tree with few branches, the leaves
approximate at the end of the branches. The Arnotto (annotto) or pulp sur-
rounding the seeds, is employed to tinge butter, and as a dye. Exported from .
Guiana, Brazil, and the West Indies.

3, FLACOURTIA, Commerson.

Flowers dicecious. Sepals 4-5, small, imbricate. Petals none. Male
flowers with numerous stamens ; anthers short, versatile. Female flowers
with a 2-5-celled ovary on an annular, lobed disc. Styles 2 or more ;
stigmas notched or 2-lobed. Fruit a berry with few seeds, each surrounded
. by a distinct shell of hard woody endocarp. Cotyledons orbicular.

1. F. Ramontchi, L’Hérit. ; Hook. Fl. Ind. i. 193; Wight Ic. t. 85.
—Syn. F. sapida, Roxb. Pl. Cor, t. 69; W. & A. Prodr. 29 ; Roxb. Fl.
Ind. iii. 835. Sans. Swadu kantaka. Vern. Kikai, kakoa, kangi, kandet,
Panjab ; Bilangra, bhanber, kandi, kattar, N.W.P.; Katti, Oudh ; Katkun,
Mairwarra; Kank, Kanki, bilati, C.P.

Armed ; leaves alternate, shortly petiolate, varying much in shape,
ovate-oblong ovate obovate or suborbicular, obtusely sérrate or crenate,
generally tomentose beneath, glabrous above. Flowers small, greenish
yellow, in short racemes, or panicles with short side-branches. Styles
5-11, united at base. Fruit dark red or black, about 4 in. long. Seeds
8-16, generally in two layers, one above the other. This species, as
defined in Flora Indica (1872), comprises the two old species #. Ra-
montcht and sapida ; the forms vary extremely, and require further study.

Very remarkable is a tomentose form (var. occidentalis) from Behar, the
Dekkan, Oudh, Rohilkhand, and the Panjab.

Throughout India, mostly on dry rocky hills, and in open bare warm locali-
ties ; cultivated in Bombay. The leaves fall in January and February, and the
tree remains bare until the new foliage appears in spring, sometimes in March,
but usually in May; the young leaves are first red, afterwards light green.
Fl. from November-March, usually after the fall of the leaves ; the fruit ripens-
May-June.

Generally a large shrub, but under favourable conditions grows into a mode-
rate-sized tree, with a short trunk up to 4 and 5 ft. in girth, with stragglin
branches, generally thorny, the thorns being either terminal, forming the en
of leaf-bearing branchlets, or axillary, being naked thorny branches without
leaves. Bark of stem light or dark grey, or nearly black, somewhat rough, with
exfoliating scales.

Sapwood and heartwood conform ; close, fine, and even-grained ; when dry,
weighs about 50 lb. per cub. ft. Does not warp, is durable, and not attacked
by insects. Combs are made of it; itis employed in turnery and for agricul-
tural implements, and though’ not large, it 1s occasionally used for building.
Young twigs and leaves are lopped for cattle-fodder. The fruit is eaten.

F. sepiaria, Roxb., a thorny shrub, thorns long, usually‘bearing fl, and fruit
has been found in Kamaon (Madden), 8 y 8 ruit,
Xylosma. VII, BIXINEZ. 19

4, XYLOSMA, Forster.

Character of Flacourtia, but ovary 1-celled, with 2, rarely 3-6, few-
ovuled parietal placentas; style one, short; stigma capitate. Fruit a
small, globose, 2-8-seeded berry.

1. X. longifolium, Clos—Tab. IV.—Hook. Fl. Ind. i. 194.—Vern.
Chopra, chiriinda, chirndt, drendu, Pb.; Kattawa, Oudh. Dandal, katari,
kandhara, N.W.P.

A moderate-sized tree, often armed with strong, straight, axillary spines
1 in. long or more. Leaves alternate, short-petioled, oblong-lanceolate,
obtusely serrate, coriaceous, glabrous, shining, from 2-6 in. long. Flowers
small, yellow, in short, axillary, glomerate panicles ; pedicels bracteate ;
stigma indistinctly lobed. Berry } in. diam.

Outer hills of the North-West Himalaya, ascending to 5000 ft. Also in
Assam. FI. Jan.-May. Wood used for fuel and charcoal. Fruit sweetish bitter.

Orpver VIII. PITTOSPORE.

Trees or shrubs. Leaves alternate, simple, entire, exstipulate. Flowers
usually bisexual. Sepals 5, imbricate. Petals 5, imbricate. Stamens
hypogynous, 5, distinct, alternating with petals; anthers 2-celled,
versatile. Ovary syncarpous, of 2 (rarely 3-5) carpels, with 2-5 parietal
placentas ; 1-celled or 2-5-celled by the projection of the placentas. Style
one; stigma 2-5-lobed. Ovules many. Fruit capsular or indehiscent.
Seeds usually numerous ; albumen copious ; embryo small, next the hilum.
—Gen. Plant i. 130; Royle Ill. 77; Wight Ill. i. 172.

1. PITTOSPORUM, Banks.

Petals connivent or connate at the base or beyond the middle. Fila-
ments subulate ; anthers erect, introrse, dehiscing longitudinally. Ovary
incompletely 2-3-celled. Capsule 1-celled, 2- rarely 3-valved, the placenta
in the middle of each valve. Seeds smooth, embedded in a viscid pulp.

Leaves, young branches, and capsule glabrous. . L. P. floribundum.
Leaves, young branches, and capsule tomentose . . 2 P. eriocarpum.

1. P. floribundum, W. & A. Prodr. 154; Hook. Fl. Ind. i. 199.—Syn.
Celastrus verticillata, Roxb. Fl. Ind. i. 624. Vern. Yekaddi, Mahratti.

A small tree ; leaves lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, glabrous, shining,
pale below, thinly coriaceous, 4-6 in. long. Flowers numerous, yellowish,
in short, compact, terminal panicles, Petals free, linear-oblong, obtuse,
patent, at last recurved. Capsules } in. diam, glabrous, rugose, opening
into two hard broad-ovate valves. Seeds 1-4, occasionally 8.

Outer Himalaya. Jumna to Sikkim, ascending to 3500 ft. (in Kamaon to 7000
ft.) Kasia hills. Western Ghats. Mostly on dry rocky sites. Fl. Jan.-
June. Fr. April-Sept. | A handsome tree, with a. short, straight trunk and
spreading branches. Bark of a greenish ash-colour, or yellowish grey, scabrous
with small whitish specks. Wood light-coloured, strong and tough.

2. P. eriocarpum, Royle Il. 77; Hook. Fi. Ind. i: 199,—Vern.
Meda tumri, gar-silung, gar-shina, N.W.P.
20 VIL PITTOSPORE. [ Pittosporum.

A small tree with spreading branches ; leaves, young branches, and in-
florescence yellow-tomentose. Leaves ovate obovate or broad-lanceolate.
Flowers numerous, in short terminal dense panicles. Petals free, linear,
erect. Capsule 4 in. diam., tomentose, dividing into two broad ovate
thick woody valves.

Outer Himalaya. Jumna to Sardah, between 3000 and 6500 ft. FL. March,
April. Fr. June, July. Bark dark grey.

Orper IX. TAMARISCINEZ.

Shrubs, rarely trees or herbs. Leaves alternate, small, often scale-like
and imbricating. Stipules none. Flowers regular, usually bisexual,
either solitary or in spikes racemes or panicles. Sepals 5, rarely 4, free
or connate at the base, imbricate. Petals as many as sepals, imbricate,
free or united in a tube. Stamens 5, 10, or numerous, inserted on an
annular indented or lobed disc, with 10 glands; anthers versatile, with
2 cells, dehiscing longitudinally. Ovary syncarpous, of 3-5 carpels ;
ovules numerous, placentas 3-5, from the base of the cavity or attached
to the carpels, sometimes enlarged so as to divide the ovary into cells.
Capsule one-celled, dehiscent into 3-5 valves. Seeds either with a crest
of long hairs at the apex, or winged, or covered with down all over.
Albumen small or wanting ; embryo straight.—Gen. Plant. i. 159 ; Royle
IL. 213 ; Wight Il. i. 50. :

Stamens free or connate at base only ; styles 3-4 . : 1. TAMARIX.
Stamens monadelphous, stigma sessil@ . - : ‘ 2. MyYRICARIA.

1, TAMARIX, Linn.

Shrubs with scale-like or inconspicuous leaves. Flowers white or
pink, in spikes or dense racemes. Sepals free. Petals free. Stamens
5-10, free or connate at base only. Ovary 1-celled, placentas short at
the bottom of the ovary; styles 3 or 4 (rarely 2 or 5), short, thick. Seeds
small, smooth, not beaked, with a long coma consisting of a setiform axis
studded with long hairs ; albumen none.

Leaves semi-amplexicanl ; flowers in large panicles, composed of
long slender'spikes . ‘ : : ‘ * . .
Leaves sheathing, apex of leaf erect or adpressed to branchlets.

Branchlets continuous ; flowers in close cylindrical spikes. 2. T. dioica,
Branchlets articulate ; spikes interrupted ‘ . ‘ 8. J. articulata.

1. T. gallica, L.—Tab. V.—Wight Ill. t. 24; W. & A. Prodr. 40;
Hook. Fl. Ind. i, 248.—Syn. 7. indica, Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 100. Sans.
Shavuka. Vern. Koan, rukh, leinya, ghazlet, pilehi, Pb. 3 Lei, lai, jhau,
Sindh ; Yelta, rgelta, Tibet; Jhau, Beng.

A shrub or small tree ; leaves minute, apex patent or loosely adpressed,
acute from a semi-amplexicaul base, not sheathing, glaucous, white-
margined. Flowers mostly bisexual, pentamerous, generally white, rarely
pink, crowded in long slender numerous spikes, collected into panicles at
the ends of branches, and forming large irregular masses of flower 3 lateral
spikes sessile or on short peduncles. Bracts shorter than flowers, semi-

»

1. T. gallica.
Lamariz. | IX, TAMARISCINEA, 21

amplexicaul, membranous. Disc shallow, 10-crenate. Capsule attenuated
from ovoid base, 3 in. long, when ripe more than twice the length of the
withered sepals which enclose its base. Petals generally deciduous.

Throughout the Panjab and Sindh. In Tibet at 11,000 ft. Yarkand (Hen-
derson), Bengal, the Peninsula, and Ceylon. This species has a wide range—it
is found in Afghanistan, Persia, the countries round the Mediterranean, Africa,
in Siberia, China, and Japan. In India, mostly on sand or gravel, along the
banks of rivers and near the sea-coast ; often on soil impregnated with salt ;
associated with Salvadora. Fl. July, August. Seed ripe Dec.-Feb. Grows
moderately quick when young, the stems often attaining 10-12 in. girth in 10-12
years, but soon reaches maturity, and decays early, stems over 15 in. girth bein;
Season) hollow, especially in dry tracts with sandy soil. Easily propagated
ron seed and cuttings.

A shrub or small tree, attaining a girth of 3 and height of 30 ft. Stems
crooked, dividing into numerous branches, which are more ramified than those
of J. dioica. Branchlets feathery and often drooping. Bark of young branches
reddish brown, smooth, with small whitish specks, that of stem and larger
branches thin, greenish brown, rough with darker cross-lines. Foliage bright
dark-green or glaucous. Flowers usually white in North India, pink in South
Europe, Ladak, and Tibet. é :

Wood whitish, occasionally with a red tinge, open and coarse-grained, fairly
hard and tough, but not strong. Medullary rays numerous, broad but short.
Annual rings distinct. Its chief use is to supply fuel for steamers and other-
wise ; in Sindh and South Panjab agricultural implements are made of it, and it
is used for turning and lacquered work.

It is with some diffidence that I follow Wight & Arnott in identitying this
Tamarisk with 7’. gallica, Linn. But without further study of these variable
shrubs on the spot, it appeared to me that I had no alternative. The figure in
Sibthorp’s Flora Greca, tab. 291, of 7. gallica, seems to me to represent the
ordinary form of the Indian species ; but this is referred by Boissier, Fl. Orient.
i. 773, to T. Pallasiz, Desv., from Afghanistan, Beluchistan, and Bokhara, with
smaller flowers, the disc deeply cleft into 5 emarginate lobes ; petals persistent
to the ripening of the capsule.

2. T. dioica, Roxb.—Tab. VI—Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 101; W. & A.
Prodr. 40; Hook. Fl. Ind. i. 249; Boissier Fl. Orient. i. 777.—Sans.
Pichula. Vern. Leinya, koan, kachlei, pilchi, Pb.; Gaz, lao, jau, Sindh;
Lat Shau, Beng.

A shrub, Leaves minute, closely adpressed, sheathing, sheath tubular,
apex deltoid, acuminate, green, with a broad white margin. Flowers
dicecious, pentamerous, purple or light rose-tinged, in compact cylindrical
spikes, either terminal or clustering at the ends of branches into loose
racemose panicles ; lateral spikes stalked. Bracts as long, or nearly as
long as flowers, broad-ovate from a sheathing base, acuminate, membranous,
reddish brown with white margin. Male flowers: stamens 5, inserted on
the 5-lobed fleshy disc, alternate with the lobes; no rudiment of ovary.
Female flowers: stamens abortive. Capsule oblong, tapering, 4 in. long,
surrounded by the withered sepals and petals, and about twice their length.

Throughout Northern India, ascending to 2500 ft. in the Outer Himalaya.
In the plains along the Jumna and Ganges, abundant on the Hooghly in Bengal,
also on the Brahmaputra and in the Peninsula. Grows gregariously like 7.
22 1X, TAMARISCINES. [Tamarix

gallica, and forms extensive forests on the low, moist, alluvial lands along the
Indus and its principal tributaries. The new formations of alluvial land along
the banks of these rivers get covered in early spring with a dense mass of Tam-
arisk seedlings, mixed more or less with young plants of the Populus euphratica
and Acacia arabica. It is believed that 7’. dioica. is the principal species in
these forests, and that 7’. gallica is less common. It is, however, a matter for
further inquiry how far the distribution of these two species, and prevalence of
one or the other, is affected by soil, locality, and other circumstances. 7’. dioica,
like gallica, grows freely where the soil is impregnated with salt. Both species
are often planted in gardens for ornament. FI. from May-July; the seed
ripens in the cold season.

These two species are easily confounded. 7. dioica, however, is usually a
very much smaller plant than 7’. gallica. A moderate-sized shrub, 6 or 7 ft. high,
rarely attaining 15 ft., with little or no trunk, and numerous, virgate, long
spreading branches, generally simple, their extremities bending down gracefully,
especially when laden with flower. The twigs are reddish, brownish, or grey ;
the bark of the larger branches is dark grey or brown. The foliage is of a greyer
green than that of 7. gallica.

The wood is white with a pinkish tinge, loose- and open-grained, with nume-
rous broad medullary rays. It is occasionally used for the supporting sticks of
roofs, but mainly for fuel, like the preceding species. The Tamarisk forests are
of great importance as sources of fuel, and the reproduction of these two species
from coppice-shoots requires special study. It has hitherto been supposed that
they coppice well under favourable circumstances ; but recent experience seems
to show that the power of reproduction from coppice-shoots of these species has
been overestimated.

3. T. articulata, Vahl.—Tab. VII-—Hook. Fl. Ind. i. 249 ; Boissier
FI. Orient. i. 777.—Syn. T. orientalis, Forsk. Vern. Frash, faras, farwa,
riukh, ukhan, kharlet, narlet, Pb.; Asrelet, Sindh.

A tree. Leaves minute, sheathing; branchlets apparently articulate at
base of sheath ; sheath thin, tightly adpressed, ;/5 in. long, obliquely trun-
cate, white-margined, with a triangular acute tooth in the place of the
lamina ; sheath and tooth covered with impressed-punctate glands, often
hoary with saline efflorescence. Flowers bisexual or monccious, pentam-
erous, loosely scattered on long slender spikes, generally clustering at the
ends of branches into loose racemose panicles. Bracts triangular from a
sheathing base, concave, acute, shorter than flowers. Disc indistinetly 5-
lobed. Capsule oblong, tapering, surrounded by the persistent sepals and
petals.

Panjab (ascending to 1200 ft.) Upper and Middle Sindh, eastwards to the
Jumna. In Rohilkhand only cultivated. Beyond India, in Afghanistan, Per-
sia, Arabia, North and Central Africa. Grows wellon saline soils. The leaves
and extremities of branchlets are shed (partly) during the cold season, the new
shoots and leaves come out about May. Flowers from May to July, tHe fruit
ripening later in the season. Growth rapid; trees 12 years old on an average
attain a girth of 2-3 ft., one 15 years old measured 4 ft. 10 in. in girth, and
it is stated that at times it attains 5 ft. in 7 years. Springs up freely from seed,
and is readily propagated from cuttings. Coppices well.

In the Panjab it grows to be a moderate-sized tree, to 60 ft. high, with an
erect trunk, often 6 or 7 ft. in girth, occasionally attaining 10-12 ft., taper-
ing rapidly, with spreading branches, forming a close oval head. The slender
twigs are frequently hoary with saline inflorescence; bark of branchlets smooth,
Tamariz. } IX, TAMARISCINES. 23

reddish brown or light grey, that of the larger branches and upper part of stem
dark bluish brown or dull grey, with a few dark brown scars and scams, that of
the lower part of the stem light grey or brownish grey, and rough with many close
deep longitudinal furrows and grooves, crossed by short shallow cracks. Except
the very young shoots in spring, the foliage of 7’. articulata is much more grey
and glaucous than that of the other species ; this, with its arborescent habit, dis-
tinguishes it readily, There is a variety in the Panjab with adpressed and
upright branches,

Sapwood distinct, heartwood whitish, open, coarse-grained, with conspicuous
large white medullary rays. The weight varies from 40 to 60 Ib. when seasoned,
it is fairly strong and durable. Used for many kinds of ordinary work, made
into ploughs, Persian wheels, and in Sindh is turned into small ornaments.
The green wood burns with an offensive odour ; when seasoned there is no smell,
and it is then a good fuel.

The bark is employed for tanning ; the small irregularly-rounded tuberculate
galls (fai, Panjab ; Sakun, Sindh), often abundantly produced on the branch-
lets by the puncture of an insect, are used as a mordant in dyeing, and also in
tanning. Similar galls are collected from the two other species, and sold under
the same name. Tamarisk manna (Misri lei, sugar of Tamarisk) is produced on
the twigs by the puncture of an insect, in parts of the Panjab and in Sindh.
It is chiefly collected during the hot weather, and used medicinally or to adul-
terate sugar, will not keep more than a year, especially if exposed to damp.
Manna is also produced by the two other species in Sindh, and by 7. gallica in

the Southern Panjab.
2. MYRICARIA, Desvaux.

Flowers bisexual, pink or white, in long racemes. Sepals 5, free. Petals
free. Stamens commonly 10, inserted on the disc, and more or less united
into a short tube. Ovary one-celled, with 3 sessile, more or less united,
stigmata ; ovules numerous, on short placentas at the bottom of the cavity.
Seeds numerous, small, with a long coma.

1. M. germanica, Desv.—Tab. VITI.—Hook. Fl. Ind. i. 250 ; Boissier
Fl. Orient. i. 763.—Syn. M. bracteata, Royle Il. t. 44. Vern. Bis, shala-
kat, kathi, himbu, hombu, umbu, N.W. Himalaya.

A shrub; leaves sessile, linear-lanceolate, varying much in size, generally
crowded, less than 4 in. long. acemes terminal or lateral, up to 12
in. long ; flowers pink, on short pedicels, crowded ; bracts longer than
pedicels, ovate-lanceolate, with broad membranous lacerated margins, cadu-
cous. Petals obovate, twice the length of sepals, white above, red below.
Stamens shorter than petals; filaments united in tube. Seeds with a
stalked coma.

Abundant in the inner, more arid parts of the Himalaya, from Iskardo to
Sikkim, at elevations between 5000 and 10,000, ascending occasionally to
15,000 ft. Beyond India, in Afghanistan, Western and Northern Asia, and in
the mountainous parts of Europe. Fil. July, Aug.; the seed ripens soon
afterwards. Grows chiefly in sandy beds of streams, where it often covers
considerable areas, becoming a shrub of considerable size, massed in clumps,
peculiar and striking in its twiggy erect habit. A dwarf prostrate Alpine form
grows at great elevations. ~

Young branches smooth, shining and striated ; bark of trunk dark grey, fibrous
and ragged. Foliage of a dull-greyish green colour, often covered by a saline
efflorescence. The wood is small, and used as fuel; in Ladak the twigs are

browsed by goats and sheep.
24 IX. TAMARISCINE. [Myricaria.

Nearly allied is Jf. elegans, Royle ; Hook. Fi. Ind. i. 250 ; with white flowers
and longer oblanceolate leaves, from Ladak, Zanskar, and Kunawar, where it is
most valuable as yielding fuel, and often found associated with M, germanica.
It attains a larger size; old gnarled trunks have 7-8 ft. in girth, with a
rounded crown often 15-20 ft. high.

Orver X. TERNSTR@MIACES,

Trees or shrubs, with alternate simple leaves. Stipules none, or very
rarely minute. Flowers regular, bisexual, rarely unisexual. Sepals usually
5, imbricate. Petals usually 5, hypogynous, imbricate or twisted, frequently
united into a short tube. Stamens usually numerous, hypogynous, the
filaments often cohering at the base and united with the petals. Ovary
plurilocular, ovules 2 or more in each cell, placentation axile; styles 2-7,
distinct or more or less combined. Fruit 2-5-celled, coriaceous and in-
dehiscent, or capsular and opening by valves. Albumen scanty or want-
ing; embryo frequently oily.—Gen. Pl. i. 177; Royle Il. 107 ; Wight
Tl. i. 89.

Flowers small, dicecious ; sepals 5, nearly equal ; anthers adnate ;

fruit dry, indehiscent 5 2 3 a 2 3 . 1. Eurya.
Flowers small, bisexual ; sepals 5, nearly equal; anthers versatile ;

fruit indehiscent, dry or fleshy ; leaves penniveined 3 . 2. SAURAUJA.
Flowers large, bisexual ; sepals 5-6, inner larger; anthers versatile ;

fruit a woody capsule, dehiscing longitudinally ‘ 7 . 8. CAMELLIA.

1, EURYA, Thunberg.

Flowers dicecious. Sepals 5, strongly imbricate. Petals 5, imbricate,
more or less united at the base. Stamens 12-15, attached to the base of the
corolla in a single series ; anthers adnate, opening longitudinally. Ovary
mostly 3-celled; styles 3, distinct or united. Fruit a dry indehiscent
berry. Seeds with a fleshy albumen.

1. E. japonica, Thunb.; Thwaites Enum. Pl. Zeyl. 41.—Syn. #.
Wightiana, Wight Ill. t. 38; EH. acuminata, Royle Ill. t. 24. Vern.
Baunra, gonta, deura, N.W.P. i

A shrub 10-12 ft. high ; leaves alternate, on short petioles, oblong-lan-
ceolate, acuminate, obtusely serrate, coriaceous, glabrous or hairy when
young, and underneath along the midrib. Flowers white, solitary or in
fascicles, axillary, or from the axils of fallen leaves. Ovary ovoid ; styles
distinct, or united at the base. Fruit’ globose, % in. diam., crowned by
the persistent base of style.

Widely ae over Eastern Asia, in China, Japan, and Java. In India it is
found on the mountainous regions of Burma, Ceylon, South India, Eastern
Bengal, and the Outer Himalaya, alt. 3500-9000 ft., extending west as far as the
Jumna, resembling somewhat the Tea plant. Fl. May-Sept. The specimens
from the north-west are always hairy (extremities and midrib). In Burma, |
South India, and Ceylon, both the hairy and glabrous forms are found. In
Hook. Fl. Ind. i. 284, the glabrous form with 2-flowered fascicles is referred to

£. japonica, Thunb., and the hairy form with more numerous flowers to H.
acuminata, DC.
Saurauja.] X. TERNSTRGIMIACES. 25

2. SAURAUJA, Willd.

_Leaves penniveined, with prominent parallel lateral nerves. Flowers
bisexual. Sepals 5, strongly-imbricate. Petals 5, imbricate, connate at
base. Stamens numerous, adherent to base of corolla ; anthers versatile,
opening at the top by a pore or short slit. Ovary 3-5-celled ; styles 3-
5, distinct or united. Fruit 3-5-celled, indehiscent, dry or fleshy. ~ Seeds
small, immersed in pulp, with copious albumen.

1. S. nepalensis, DC. ; Wall. Pl. As. rar. t. 178; Hook. Fl. Ind. i. 286.
—Vern. Glogina, goganda, N.W.P.

A large shrub ; branchlets, young leaves, and inflorescence covered with
stiff long brown hairs. Leaves on thick hirsute petioles, oblong, acumin-
ate, 7-14 in. long, acutely serrate ; lateral nerves prominent, 25-30 on each
side of midrib. Flowers pink, in panicles, on a long common peduncle,
axillary or from the axil of a fallen leaf. Styles 4 or 5, distinct, din. long.

Outer Himalaya, alt. 2500-7000 ft., from the Jumna to Bhutan. FI. about
May, the fruit ripening some weeks afterwards. The palatable viscid fruit is eaten.

3. CAMELLIA, Linn.

Trees or shrubs, with evergreen, coriaceous, serrate leaves, and large
axillary bracteate flowers. Sepals 5-6, the inner larger. Petals cohering
at the base. Stamens numerous, the outer in many series, more or less
connate, and adhering to the base of the petals, the inner 5-12 free ;
anthers versatile. Ovary 3-5-celled, ovules 4-5 pendulous in each cell.
Capsule woody, dehiscing longitudinally. Seeds large, oily, generally one
in each cell; albumen 0; embryo straight ; cotyledons thick, oily ; radicle
superior.

1. C, Thea, Link—Syn. C. Bohea, Griff. Not. iv. 553 (the China
plant); C. theifera, Griff. 1. c. 558 (the indigenous Assam plant) ; Hook.
Fl. Ind. i. 292. Thea chinensis, Linn., The Tea plant.

A shrub, glabrous or slightly pubescent. Leaves elliptic, oblong, acumi-
nate. Flowers solitary on short 2-3-bracteate peduncles. Sepals persistent,
rotundate, very obtuse, glabrous or with silky pubescence. Petals white,
obovate, obtuse, glabrous or pubescent on the back. Stamens glabrous,
the inner 5 free. Ovary villous; styles 3, glabrous, connate beyond the
middle. Capsule glabrous. Testa hard, smooth, shining.

Indigenous in Upper Assam (discovered 1834). Cultivated nine ago in China
and Japan. Since 1840 cultivated extensively in Assam, Cachar, Sikkim, the
North-West Himalaya, and other parts of India. The spread of Tea cultivation
in North-West India is mainly due to Dr W. Jameson, who established the
Government plantations in Dehra Doon, Kamaon, and Kangra, It was at
one time supposed that there were two species in China, of which Thea Bohea
yielded the black, and 7’. viridis the green Tea. These species, however, can-
not be maintained. Though the varieties of the Tea plant are numerous, it is
not at present possible to distinguish them by definite specific characters. The
indigenous Assam plant is marked by larger, more acuminate leaves, and it is
not certain whether it should not be regarded as a distinct species.

Camellia japonica, the well-known Camellia, is indigenous in Japan, and
cultivated there as well as in China from time immemorial. Introduced into
Europe in the beginning of the eighteenth century.
26 XI, DIPTEROCARPEA. [ Shorea.

Orver XI. DIPTEROCARPE.

Trees (one genus of climbing shrubs), usually resinous, with alternate
penniveined simple leaves. Flowers regular, bisexual. Calyx-tube cam-
panulate, free or connate with the torus or ovary, 5-lobed ; lobes imbri-
cate, persistent and generally enlarged when the fruit ripens. Petals 5,
twisted, united at the base, or free. Stamens free, either 10 or 5 in one
series, or 15 in two series, or indefinite and multiseriate, inserted on the
torus. Ovary sessile with a broad base on, or partly immersed in, the
torus, 3-celled, rarely 1- or 2-celled. Fruit free, or enclosed ‘in the en-
larged calyx, with 1, rarely 2 seeds. Seed large, exalbuminous.—Gen. Pl.
i. 189 ; Royle Ill. 105 ; Wight Il. 1. 85.

To this family belong the Wood-oil trees (Dipterocarpus) of Burma, the
Indian Copal-tree ( Vateria Indica) of the Western Ghats, and the Lac-tree
(Shorea laccifera) of Mysore.

1. SHOREA, Roxb.

Calyx-tube short, adnate to torus, all segments enlarged into long wings
when in fruit. Stamens indefinite (rarely 15), connective subulate, over-
topping the anthers. Ovary 3-celled, ovules 2 in each cell, Fruit cori-
aceous, indehiscent, tightly enclosed by the base of the calyx-segments.
Seed 1, ovoid ; cotyledons fleshy. |

1. S. robusta, Gertn.—Tab. IX.—-Roxb. Cor. Pl. t.212; Fl. Ind. ii
615; Bedd. Fl. Sylv. t.4; Hook. Fl. Ind. i. 306. The Sal tree.—Sans.
Sala, asvakarna. Vern. Sal, sala, salwa, sakhu, saku, sakher. Local
names: Sarye, saret, rinjal, gugal, C.P.; Koroh, Oudh.

A large tree, young branches, petioles, young leaves and inflorescence
hoary or pubescent. Leaves glabrate, shining when full grown, 4-8 in.
long, petiolate, broad-ovate, from a rounded or cordate base, entire, more
or less acuminate, ending in an obtuse point; stipules caducous. Flowers
yellowish, shortly pedicellate, in unilateral racemes, arranged in long,
compound. axillary panicles; inflorescence, calyx, and outside of petals
clothed with soft grey pubescence. Segments of calyx enlarged in fruit
into 5 unequal, obtuse, oblong or spathulate wings 3-4 in. long, contracted
above the base, brown, with 10-15 parallel longitudinal veins and fine
reticulation between. Petals (at the time of flowering) 4 times the length
of calyx, orange inside. Stamens 25-30 or more, anthers pilose at the
apex, style subulate. Fruit ovoid, acuminate, } in. long, hoary.

The area at present occupied by the Sal tree, forms two irregular, but fairly-
defined belts, which are separated by the Gangetic plain. The northern or
sub-Himalayan belt extends from Assam to the Kangra valley in the Panjab.
Within these limits Sal forms extensive forests, skirting the foot of the hills

_and entering into the Doons and valleys, ascending in places to 3000 ft. Near
the western end of this belt the Sal forests are less extensive, and they termi-
nate near the Bias river in a number of scattered patches of limited area.
West of the Ganges the Sal is not found in the plains; but in Rohilkhand,
Oudh, Gorakhpur, and Bengal, Sal forests exist, or existed formerly, at a consi-
derable distance from the hills, The second, or central Indian belt, occupies
the hilly country of Behar, Rewah, Chota Nagpur, Midnapur, and the Meikal
Shorea. ] XI. DIPTEROCARPE. 27

range of hills between the Nerbudda river and the open country of Raipur,
and extends south to the Godavery river and the Northern Circars. The Pach-
marri hills mark the western limit of the tree in this belt ; the Sal on the sand-
stone of these hills and in the Deinwah valley at their foot is an outlying and
isolated patch of considerable extent, the last in that direction. The Sal tree
does not thrive on heavy binding soils ; it requires a loose soil which transmits
water freely. I have never found it on trap, and this probably explains its
absence on the greater part of the Satpura Range in Central India. Sal forests
are generally found on sandstone, on conglomerate, the gravelly and shingly
soil of the sub-Himalayan tract ; and the tree attains perfection where loose
water-transmitting soils are mixed with a large proportion of vegetable mould.
Sal is eminently gregarious. Wherever found, it is always the prevailing
tree ; a limited number of other species are associated with it, but they are
always less numerous in individuals. The climatic conditions within the area
occupied by the Sal tree may, as far as known, be expressed as follows: A
mean annual rainfall between 40 and 100 inches, and a mean temperature dur-
ing the four seasons within the following limits—C. 8., 55°-70°; H. S., 77°-85° ;
B.S8., 80°-88° ; Autumn, 74°-77°. As to extremes of cold, the Sal can stand several
degrees below freezing-point. I have seen the leaves frostbitten in the Kotri-
doon, and in Kangra and Hushiarpur it is exposed to severe cold. As to heat,
it will suffice to say that during the hot season the extremes in the Kamaon
Doons and the Deinwah valley are nearly as high as anywhere in India, but
that the tree does not seem to stand the hot winds of the open plains in North-
West India.

Sal is never quite leafless : the young foliage issues in March, with the flowers ;
the seed ripens in June, and germinates immediately, often before falling.
Large quantities of seed ripen, and an abundant crop of seedlings springs up
annually, clothing the ground with a dense mass of young Sal, to the exclusion
of other trees. The circumstance that the seed ripens at the commencement of
the rains, after the jungle-fires have a through the forest, materially
assists the reproduction and spread of Sal. Other species of this family,
particularly the Hin tree of Burma (Dipterocarpus tuberculatus, Roxb.), also
produce a similarly abundant crop of seedlings, and form nearly pure forests of
great extent. The Sal tree coppices, but not under all circumstances. Regard-
ing its rate of growth, our information is as yet incomplete. The annual rings
in the wood are generally very indistinct; and the individuals, the age of
which is known from other sources, are not numerous. For the Oudh forests
(Kheree Division), the following was assumed as the mean rate of growth when
the first regular plan for working them was framed in 1863 :—

Age 15 years, girth 18 inches.
» 50°, ” 54 ”
» 80 5 » @ y :
Subsequent data seemed to indicate a somewhat slower rate ; and in 1868, Capt.
Wood’s estimate was 65 years for 54, and 95 years for 72 in. girth. The follow-
ing cultivated trees of known age were measured by me in 1863 :—
Saharanpur, 13 years, girth 27 inches (average of 33 trees).
” 30 ” oy 54 ”
” 35, » 193 x
Calcutta, 25 4, » 69 5,

Under favourable conditions—for instance, in the gorges at the foot of the
hills in the Nepal Terai—the Sal tree attains 100-150 ft., with a clear stem to
the first branch of 60-80 ft., and a girth of 20-25 ft. But such dimensions are
exceptional ; as a rule, it attains 60-90 ft., with clear stems 30-40 ft. long, and a
girth of 6-8 ft. Young trees have generally a long narrow conical head of foli-
28 XI. DIPTEROCARPES, [ Shorea.

age; in old ttees the branches spread at the top. Of young trees the bark is mo-_
derately smooth, occasionally with a few long deep vertical cracks. The bark of
old trees is 1-2 in. thick, dark-coloured and rough, with longitudinal furrows.

The wood of the Sal tree has a distinct sapwood, small, about 1-2 in. thick,
whitish, not durable. The heartwood is dark brown, coarse-grained, hard,
heavy, strong, and tough, with a remarkably fibrous and cross-grained structure.
The fibres of successive concentric strata do not run parallel, but at oblique
angles to each other ; so that when the wood is dressed, the fibres appear inter-
laced. Medullary rays numerous, narrow ; pores very numerous, moderate, uni-
formly distributed. The weight of a cub. ft. (seasoned) is generally found to
vary between 50 and 60 lb.; but extreme cases are on record of weights as low
as 40, and as high as 69 lb. The transverse strength has been tested by nume-
rous experiments. The average value of P (coefiicient of transverse strength),
as determined by Baker, Cunningham, Clifford, and others, ranges from 609 to
972; and in a large series of experiments with Sal timber from different sources
made by me in Calcutta in 1864 and 1865, with the assistance of Mr Clifford
and Baboo Tincowry Ghose, the mean value of P was found to fluctuate between
708 and 916. Sal timber takes a long time to season ; and after it has been sea-
soned and worked up, it is apt to split and warp with the change of dry and wet
seasons. Its durability is considerable, though not equal to that of Teak. In
Lower Bengal it is liable to be eaten by white ants. For building, aa e8,
river-boats, and railway-sleepers, it is the most important timber of North India.
Sal timber cannot be floated without the assistance of boats or floats of lighter
woods. Semul (Bombax malabaricum) is often used for that purpose.

The tree, when tapped, exudes large quantities of a whitish, aromatic, trans-
parent resin or dammar (ral, dhtina), which is collected and sold ; is used to
caulk boats and ships, and also as incense. Large extents of Sal forest have
been destroyed by the practice of tapping the trees for this purpose.

Orpen XII. MALVACEA.

Herbs, shrubs, or trees, with a soft light wood; young parts mostly
covered with stellate hairs. Leaves stipulate, alternate, generally palmi-
nerved. Flowers large, purple pink or yellow, regular, generally bisexual.
Sepals generally 5, more or less connate, valvate in bud. Petals 5, hypo-
gynous, usually adnate to staminal column, twisted and imbricate in
bud. Stamens indefinite, monadelphous; anthers 1-celled, bursting
lengthwise. Ovary syncarpous; carpels generally numerous, usually in
one whorl round a conical torus. Fruit either a dehiscent capsule or a
number of distinct carpels. Seeds solitary few or numerous, in most
cases without albumen.—Gen. Pl i. 195; Royle IL 83; Wight Ill i.
55, 66 (Bombacez).

Bracteoles 4-6, enlarged in fruit, forming an epicalyx or involucel 1. Kypra.
Bracteoles wanting.

Fruit large, woody, filled with pulp : : 4 ‘ . 2. ADANSONIA.
Capsule 5-valved, densely woolly inside . : A ‘ . 8. Bompax.

Hibiscus Rosa-Sinensis (Shoe-flower) from China, the Moluccas; H.
Sabdarifja (Roselle, Red Sorrel), from the West Indies ; H. esculentus, the
edible Hibiscus (Ola, Bendi), from the West Indies ; and Gossypium her-
baceum (Cotton), are well-known cultivated plants, and require no notice
here. Thespesia Lampas, Benth. and Hook. f.—Syn. Hibiscus Lampas, ,
Kydia.] XI, MALVACEA, 29

Cav., a small soft-wooded tree, with large yellow and crimson flowers, is
found in Kamaon (Madden),

1, KYDIA, Roxb.

Flowers unisexual, numerous, in long panicles. Calyx campanulate,
5-lobed, persistent, surrounded by and united at the base with a 4-6-
leaved involucel. Petals 5, longer than calyx, attached by their claws
to the base of the staminal column, Stamens monadelphous, the tube
divided down to the middle into 5 segments, each bearing from 3-8 sessile
anthers closely placed together at the apex. Style one, 3-cleft; stigma
large, fleshy. Capsule globose, 3-celled, opening loculicidally, 3-seeded.

1. K. calycina, Roxb. ; Cor. Pl. t. 215; FL Ind. iii. 188; W. & A.
Prodr. 70; Wight Ic. t. 879, 880.—Syn. K. fraterna, Roxb. ; Cor. Pl.
t. 216. K. Roxburghiana, Wight Ic. t. 881. Vern. Puli, piilau,
paulon, patha, pattah, pattia, potart. Local n. Barranga, bhoti, C.P.

Young leaves, branches, inflorescence, involucel, and calyx covered with
a grey tomentum of stellate hairs. Leaves on petioles about half the
length of blade, from 4-6 in. long, and about equally broad, with 5 or
7 palmate nerves, lobed, angled or round, margin more or less dentate,
dark-coloured above, and pale beneath. Flowers polygamous, in axillary
or terminal panicles; petals white or pale yellow, longer than calyx ;
involucel 4-6-leaved, in the male flowers at the time of flowering as long as
the calyx, in the fertile flowers longer than calyx, enlarged afterwards, and
when the seed ripens about three or four times longer than calyx. Cap-
sule covered with fuscous tomentum.

Common in the dry forests of most parts of India, not in the arid region.
Sub-Himalayan tract from the Indus to Assam, Oudh, Bengal, Central Provinces,
the Peninsula, and Burma, ;

In North India generally a large shrub, in favourable localities a small tree
to 40 ft. high, with a short erect trunk to 3 ft. in girth. The old leaves are shed
in Feb., the new foliage appears in April and May. Flowers generally from
July to Oct.; the fruit ripens in the cold season, and hangs on the tree for
months, conspicuous by the brown shining calyx and involucel. Bark of trunk
and large branches about 1 inch thick, inside viscid, mucilaginous, outside.
greyish brown, or almost black, dotted with white specks, and undulated with
longitudinal wrinkles.

-Sap and heartwood conform, close and straight-grained, when seasoned,
weight from 40 to 45 lb. per cub. ft. Used occasionally for building, ploughs
and oars, and for carving. In Garhwal a strong coarse cordage is made of the
inner fibrous part of the bark. In North India the mucilaginous bark (chikla
patha) is employed for the clarification of sugar.

2, ADANSONTA, Linn.

Trees with digitate leaves. Flowers large, solitary. Calyx ovoid or ob-
long, deeply splitting into 3 to 5 lobes. Staminal column divided at the
top into numerous filaments, each bearing a terminal anther. Ovary 5-
to 10-celled, with many ovules in each cell; style divided at the summit
into as many radiating stigmas as there are cells. Fruit oblong, woody,
30 XII, MALVACEA, [ Adansonia.

indehiscent, filled with pulp, mealy when dry; cotyledons very much
folded, enclosing the radicle ; albumen thin.

1. A. digitata, Linn.; Roxb. Fl. Ind. iii, 164; W. & A. Prodr.
60; Bot. Mag. t. 2791/2—Baobab or Monkey-bread tree.—Vern. Gorak-
imli. (Kalp, braksh, near Ajmere.) :

Leaves on petioles as long as leaflets ; leaflets generally 5 or 7, lanceo-
late or obovate, acuminate, long-attenuate at base, smooth above and
downy beneath. Peduncle axillary, tomentose, often very long, more than
12 in. The structure of the fruit-bearing peduncle is curious, it has 5 dis-
tinct masses of ligneous tissue, each enclosing pith. Flowers pendulous.
Calyx thick coriaceous, outside tomentose, inside thickly covered with
long silky hairs. Petals white, obovate, broadly unguiculate. Staminal
tube thick, longer than the free portion of filaments; anthers long, linear,
contorted. Ovary ovoid, silky-tomentose, tapering into a long filiform
style, which is bent downwards after flowering. Fruit pendulous, a large
downy oblong-obovoid capsule 8-12 in. long, when dry filled with tough
stringy fibres and a mealy, slightly acid substance, in which the kidney-
shaped, brown hard shining seeds are immersed.

Indigenous in tropical Africa (the village-tree, or place of assembly in the
highlands of Eastern Africa). Originally introduced into India by Arab traders
and cultivated in many places in the Peninsula, Bengal, and Central India. It
grows near Ajmere and in the North-West, not in the Panjab, Leafless during
the dry season. FI. in May and June; the new leaves appear with or soon
after the flowers.

A large tree, attaining 60 or 70 ft., remarkable for its disproportionately thick
trunk, which is often irregularly shaped, rapidly tapering upward, soon divid-
ing into large limbs, the lower frequently spreading horizontally with drooping
extremities. At Deogarh in the Central Provinces are three trees, measuring re-
spectively, 16, 22, and 40 ft. in girth, and trees of much larger girth exist else-
where. Bark of boughs and trunk thick, hard, grey or reddish brown, partially
cut into irregular plates ; inner bark fibrous. The Baobab was formerly sup-
posed to attain a greater age than any other known tree. Adanson estimated
the age of trees 30 ft. diameter in Senegambia at 5150 years, and Humboldt .
called the Baobab the oldest organic monument of our planet. This, however,
seems to be erroneous. In India, certainly, it is a fast-growing tree. Roxburgh
states that the largest of the trees in the Calcutta Botanic Garden was then
(early this century) about 25 years old, with an irregular, short, subconical
trunk, 18 ft. in circumference, from 4 to 5 ft. above ground. And recent in-
formation from Dr Kirk, H.M.’s Consul at Zanzibar, seems to show that the
huge Baobabs of Africa are not of the vast age usually attributed to them.

The wood is light, soft and porous, made into rafts to support fishermen in
tanks. On the western coast the dry fruit is used as floats for fishing-nets.
Cordage and paper are made of the bark, and in Africa the pulp of the fruit is
used for preparing an acid beverage, and the leaves, dried and .—powdered, are
mixed with food as a condiment. It is a useful tree, which thrives well in
most parts of India, and its cultivation should be encouraged.

3. BOMBAX, Linn.

Trees with digitate leaves. Calyx cup-shaped, truncate, or splitting into
3 to 5 lobes. Staminal tube short, split into 5 or more bundles, divided
Bombaz. | XII, MALVACEA, 81

at the top into numerous filaments, each bearing a terminal anther. Ovary
5-celled, ovules numerous. Capsule ligneous or coriaceous, opening locu-
licidally in 5 valves; the seeds embedded in a woolly substance. Seeds
obovoid or subglobose, cotyledons very much folded, enclosing the radicle ;
albumen thin.

1. B. malabaricum, DC. ; Wight Ill. t. 29; Bedd. Fl. Sylv. t. 82;
W. & A. Prodr. 61.—Syn. Bombax heptaphyllum, Cav.; Roxb. Cor. PL. t.
247; Roxb. Fl. Ind. 167. Salmalia Malabarica, Schott. The Cotton
Tree. Sans. Salmalt. Vern. Simal, semul, shembal, semur, sam, samul,
simmal.. Local: Wallaiki, Gonds, C.P.; Letpan, Burm.

Glabrous, young stem and branches covered with conical prickles,
4 in. long, with a black point, surrounded at the base by concentric
scaly layers of cork. Common petiole as long as, or longer than
leaflets; leaflets 5 or 7, petiolulate, lanceolate, acuminate, generally
from 4-8 in. long. Flowers large, scarlet, occasionally white, appear-
ing before the leaves, on short thick pedicels, clustered towards the
ends of branches, Calyx cup-shaped, coriaceous, irregularly cleft into
short obtuse lobes, outside smooth, inside white-silky. Petals oblong,
obtuse, 3-6 in. long, stellate, tomentose outside, pubescent or nearly
glabrous inside. Staminal column short, filaments much longer, but
shorter than petals, 5 innermost forked at the top, each branch bearing
an anther, about 10 intermediate ones simple, and the numerous outer
ones shortly united in 5 clusters ; anthers long, reniform, afterwards con-
torted. Style longer than stamens, 5-lobed at the top. Fruit on short
peduncle, a hard, ‘oblong, obtuse, ligneous capsule, 4-5 in. long. Seeds
numerous, smooth, enveloped in much fine silky fibre.

, Indigenous throughout India and Burma, and often cultivated. In the sub-
Himalayan tract extends to the Indus, ascending to 3500 ft. in the N.W. Hima-
laya, and cultivated as high as 6000 ft. Leafless from Nov. Dec. until April.
Covered with the large scarlet flowers in Feb. March ; the fruit ripens in April,
May. A very large tree, of rapid growth, attaining a height of 150 ft. and a
_ girth of 40 ft. in Burma and Southern India, and nearly the same dimensions
in the moist and hot valleys of the outer Himalaya. The trunk is straight, the
upper part cylindrical, at the base generally with large buttresses, running up
the trunk to some distance, and often 5 to 6 ft. deep near the ground. Similar
buttresses are formed by many trees in India (Vitex, Antiaris, Lagerstroemia,
Hymenodictyon, Nauclea, and others) and in other tropical countries. The
branches are in whorls of 5 to 7, spreading nearly horizontally, and forming a
broad conical symmetrical head. The branches and stem of young trees are
covered with sharp thick-set prickles. Bark of trunk and older branches grey,
ash-coloured, corky, even between deep longitudinal and cross-cracks.

Wood greyish white, with darker streaks, light, coarse-grained and porous.
No distinct heartwood. Weight 23-34 Ib. per cub. ft. (seasoned), and 58$ lb.
(green). Value of P. between 642 and 697 (Cunningham). Not durable, except
under water. Used for planking, packing-cases, toys, scabbards, fishing-floats,
and for the lining of wells. Often rafted with heavier timber to make it float.
In Burma canoes are made of it, said to last 3-4 years. A light-brown trans-
‘parent gum exudes from wounds in the bark, which is employed in native
medicine. The calyx of the flower-bud is eaten asa vegetable. The fruit is
collected before it opens, and the cotton with which it is filled is used to stuff
quilts and pillows.
32 XIII. STERCULIACEA. [Stercula, , ,

Orper XIII. STERCULIACEZ. '

Trees, shrubs, or herbs, with soft wood, frequently tomentose with
stellate hairs. Leaves alternate, mostly stipulate. Flowers commonly
regular, bisexual or unisexual. Calyx more or less deeply divided into
5, rarely 4 or 3, valvate lobes or segments. Petals 5 or none. Stamens
commonly monadelphous, with 5, 10, or 15 2-celled anthers. Fruit-
carpels either distinct or united into a loculicidally dehiscent capsule.
Seeds with or without albumen.—Gen. Pl. i. 214; Royle Ill. 102 ; Wight
Ill. i. 72 (Biittneriaceze).

Flowers unisexual or polygamous ; petals none ; fruit of 5 dis-

tinct or nearly distinct carpels - 3 3 : Z 1. STERCULIA.
Flowers bisexual; petals 5; anther-cells divaricate ; fruit-
carpels distinct, or spirally-twisted : 3 2. HELICTERES.

Flowers bisexual, with an involucel of 3-5 caducous bracts ;
petals 5; anther-cells parallel; fruit a capsule dehiscing

loculicidally. .
Staminal column divided into 20 filaments, 5 without
anthers ; capsule 5-valved . . ‘ é ‘ ‘ 3. PrEROSPERMUM.
Staminal column composed of numerous multiseriate fila-
ments, all bearing anthers ; capsule 5-10-valved : 5. ERIOLENA.

1. STERCULIA, Linn.

Trees, with entire, lobed, or digitate leaves. Flowers unisexual or
polygamous. Calyx more or less deeply 5-cleft, rarely 4-cleft, usually
‘coloured. Petals none. Carpels 5, distinct or nearly so, with two or
more ovules in each, stalked on a long gynophore, adnate to which is th
staminal column, bearing at the top 10 or 15 anthers. Fruit-carpels dis-
tinct, spreading, coriaceous or woody, dehiscent along the inner edge, or
thin, foliaceous, opening long before maturity. Seeds one or more in each
carpel ; albumen adhering to the cotyledons, often splitting in two ; coty-
ledons flat and thin.

Fruit-carpels coriaceous, opening at maturity.

Leaves deeply 5-7-lobed, lobes toothed or cleft ; flower panicles *
drooping ; carpels villose, with rust-coloured tomentum . 1. S. villosa.
Leaves shallowly 5-lobed, lobes entire; flower panicles pyra-
midal, erect ; carpels covered with sharp bristles . . 2. S. wrens.
Fruit-carpels membranous, opening long before maturity. é 3. S. colorata.

1. §. villosa, Roxb. FI. Ind. iii. 153.—Tab. K.—W. & A. Prod. 63.
—Vern. Gilkandar, massu, osha, gudgudala, Pb.; Udial, Kamaon;
Udar, udalla, Oudh.

A tree, with grey or brown bark; leaves on long petioles, crowded at
the end of branches, tomentose beneath, nearly glabrous above, deeply 5-
7-lobed ; lobes oblong or ovate-oblong, toothed or cleft. Stipules broad-
lanceolate, deciduous. Flowers yellow, on slender pedicels, as long or
nearly as long as the calyx, loosely arranged in long drooping panicles,
5-8 panicles at the end of the leafless branch; bracts linear, caducous ;
male and bisexual flowers mixed, the former by far the most numerous.
Calyx campanulate, membranous, border yellow, bottom of the calyx pink,
Slerculia ] XIII, STERCULIACEA. 33

outside with scattered stellate hairs. Flowers bisexual: ovary globose,
on a gynophore as long as the calyx, surrounded at its base by 10
anthers inserted on a membranous ring, which is adnate to the gyno-
phore. Fruit consisting of 2 to 7 sessile, oblong or obovoid, coriaceous
carpels, 14-3 in. long, clothed inside and outside with thick brown to-
mentum of stellate hairs ; seeds several in each carpel.

Outer Himalaya to the Indus, ascending to 3500 feet. Panjab Salt range.
Oudh forests, not common. Western coast from Guzerat southwards. South
India. The old foliage is shed Dec., Jan. ; new leaves issue May, June, after
the flowers, which appear in March, April; the fruit ripens June, July.

Near its north-western limit this species is often only a shrub 8-10 ft. high,
with a straight, somewhat irregular trunk, and a few large ig rman branches.
Further east and south it is a moderate-sized tree, 40-50 ft. high, with a short
trunk to 5 ft. in girth, and a broad head. Bark grey or brown, smooth or some-
what rough with exfoliating scales. Wood soft and light, no distinct heartwood.
The inner bark yields a coarse, very strong fibre, which is made into ropes and
coarse canvas for bags. The ropes for dragging timber by elephants and buffa-
loes in South India are made of the bare of this species, A pellucid gum
(katila) exudes from the trunk.

2. 8. urens, Roxb. Pl. Corom. t. 24; Fl. Ind. iii, 145; W. & A.
Prodr. 63.—Vern. Gulu, kuitu, kulru, gular, gull’, C.P.; Kalauri, Panch
Mehals.

A tree, with white bark. Leaves on long petioles crowded at the ends of
branches, tomentose beneath, nearly glabrous above, sinuately 5-lobed ;
lobes entire, acuminate, sinuses shallow. Stipules caducous. Flowers
small, numerous, greenish yellow, on short pedicels, supported by linear
bracts longer than the bud, and deciduous after flowering. Panicles crowded,
generally pyramidal, erect, every part covered with a glutinous yellow
tomentum ; a few bisexual mixed with a large number of male flowers.
Gynophore shorter than calyx; filaments 10, alternately longer, united
below into a thin sheath, which girds the gynophore. Fruit of 5 sessile
radiating, ovate-lanceolate, hard, coriaceous carpels, 3 in. long, red when
ripe, covered outside with many stiff bristles, which sting like those of the
Cow-itch (Mucuna). Seeds oblong, dark chestnut-brown, from 3 to 6
in each carpel.

Terai forests and Siwalik tract, extending west to the Ganges. Behar, Central
Provinces, especially the Satpura range, Bandelkhand, Gwalior, Western India
from the Mhye river southwards. Common throughout the Peninsula and Ceylon,
mostly on dry, rocky hills, often associated with Boswellia thurifera. Leafless
during winter, fl. Jan.-March, the fruit ripening in April and May, and the
young leaves appearing about the same time. The flowers, when touched,
have an unpleasant smell, and so have the young parts of this and other species
of Sterculia, hence the name.

A moderate-sized tree, from 30 to 50 ft. high; trunk short, often crooked
and irregular, rarely exceeding 6 ft. in girth, with large spreading branches.
Bark thick, cream-coloured, pink and white, smooth, shining, with a thin, white,
transparent outer coat, peeling off like that of the birch. The wood is white,
except the reddish part- near the centre of large old trees, soft, light, used as
fuel; Sitars (native guitars) and toys are made of it on the western coast.
From cracks and incisions made in the bark exudes a white gum, which is

Cc
34 ; XIII, STERCULIACEA. [Sterculia.

collected and sold under the name of Latéla, katira, with the gum of S. villosa,
Cochlospermum, and other trees. The seeds are roasted and eaten by Gonds
and Kurkus in the Central Provinces.

3. S. colorata, Roxb. Pl. Corom. t. 25; Fl. Ind. iii. 146; W. & A. 63.
—Syn. S. Wallichii, Fale. ; Firmiana colurata, R. Br. Vern. Bodula,
walena, Pb., N.W.P.; Samarri, Oudh; Khowsey, bhaikot, Bomb.

A tree. Leaves on long petioles crowded at the ends of branches, gla-
brous, 5-lobed, lobes acuminate. Panicles lateral or terminal, numerous,
erect, bright orange-red ; peduncles and calyx clothed with dense stellate
pubescence. Flowers numerous, showy, about an inch long, on short
pedicels. Calyx cylindrical-clavate, leathery, mouth 5-toothed. Anthers
about 30, sessile on the gynophore below the ovaries. Carpels 5, oval ;
styles 5, short, recurved. Fruit of 1-5, stalked, oblong-lanceolate obtuse
membranous carpels, opening out flat long before the seed ripens, pink
outside, yellowish inside. Seeds generally 2, adhering one to each margin
of the carpel near its base, size and shape of a small bean.

Forests along the foot and in the outer valleys of the Himalaya, from the
Jumna south-eastward, ascending occasionally to 4000 ft. Oudh forests aes
Central Provinces, the Peninsula, and Burma. In the dry deciduous forest.
Leafless during winter, fi. March-April; the young leaves appear with or
soon after the foyer The seeds ripen June, July.

A moderate-sized tree, 50 to 60 ft. high, with an erect stem, often fluted,
attaining a girth of 6 ft. Bark dark grey, reddish or brownish, with short
longitudinal wrinkles, a few broad fissures, with a papery epidermis exfoliating.
Wood of a dirty-white colour, with bands forming concentric lines, and con-
spicuous medullary rays, heartwood not distinct. Employed for ordinary agri-
cultural work. Bark made into rope, less strong than that of S. villosa. Twigs
and leaves lopped for cattle-fodder.

2. HELICTERES, Linn.

Calyx tubular, 5-cleft at the top, often oblique. Petals 5, equal, or the
2 upper ones broader, the claws elongated. Staminal column adnate to
gynophore, bearing 5 or 10 anthers ; anther-cells divaricating, often conflu-
ent into one. Ovary 5-lobed, 5-celled, with several ovules in each cell ;
styles 5, subulate, more or less connate. Fruit-carpels distinct or separ-
ating, opening along their inner edge, straight or spirally twisted. Seeds
with little albumen ; cotyledons leafy, folded round the radicle.

1. H. Isora, Linn. ; Roxb. Fl. Ind. 143 ; W. & A. 60; Wight Ie. t. 180.
—Syn. Isora corylifolia, Schott et Endl. Vern. Maror phal, jonka-phal,
kapasi, Pb., N.W.P.; Bhéndu, Oudh; Antéri, Banswarra; Kewan,
maradsing, Bomb.

Young branches and leaves covered with rough pubescence, chiefly of
stellate hairs. Leaves on short petioles, broadly obovate or orbicular,
shortly acuminate, base slightly cordate, often oblique, irregularly toothed,
scabrous above, tomentose beneath ; stipules deciduous. Peduncles short,
axillary, bracteate, usually 2 or 4. Calyx about } in. long or longer,
obliquely and unequally 5-toothed. Petals red, twice as long, reflexed.
Gynophore at the time of flowering as long as petals, afterwards elongated.
Anthers 10, on short filaments, alternating with the teeth of the staminal
Helicteres. | XIII, STERCULIACEA. 35

tube. Fruit 1-2 in. long, on a gynophore nearly as long, cylindrical, com-
posed of 5 spirally twisted tomentose carpels. .

Bengal, South and Central India. Banswara. Oudh forests (common), Sub-
Himalayan tract as far west as the Jhelam. A shrub, or small tree ; new leaves
in April; fi. April, May, and throughout the rainy season ; the ripe fruit on
the tree in winter. The branches are used for fencing, and thatching ; the
bark yields a strong white fibre, made into coarse cordage and canvas for
gunny-bags. Fruit and leaves used in native medicine.

3. PTEROSPERMUM, Schreb.

Trees or shrubs, pubescent with stellate hairs. Calyx 5-cleft, deciduous.
Petals 5, deciduous. Staminal column adnate to the gynophore, divided
at the top into 20 filaments, 5 without anthers (staminodia), 15 with
linear anthers, the cells parallel, opening longitudinally. Ovary sessile
on the top of the column, 5-celled, with several ovules in each cell;
style undivided, club-shaped and 5-furrowed at the top. Capsule woody
or coriaceous, opening loculicidally in 5 valves. Seeds produced into a
wing at the top ; albumen little or none ; cotyledons wrinkled or folded.

Leaves peltate or obovate-oblong . .- . » 1. P. acerifolium.
Leaves lanceolate . . ‘ - ' 2. P. lanceceefolium.

P. semisagittatum, a large tree from Burma, Chittagong, distinguished by
lanceolate, semisagittate leaves ; large, broad, laciniate stipules, which fall after
the leaves are fully developed ; broad laciniate bracts, large obovate petals, and
an oblong fruit 3 in. long; is cultivated at Saharunpore and elsewhere in
North-West India, but is not indigenous.

1. P. acerifolium, Willd.—Tab. XTI-—Roxb. Fl. Ind. iii. 158; W.
& A. Prodr, 69; Wight Ic. t. 631; Bot. Mag. 620.—Sans. Karnikara.
Vern. Kanak-champa, Beng. ; Taun-peewun, Burm.

A large tree. Young branches and calyx covered with thick ferruginous
tomentum. Stipules many-cleft, caducous. Leaves large, peltate or
obovate-oblong, sinuately lobed, glabrous above, and grey tomentose
beneath. Flowers fragrant, axillary, on short pedicels, with many-cleft
bracts. Calyx deeply 5-cleft; segments linear, up to 5 in. long.
Petals linear or obliquely wedge-shaped, pure white. Capsule ligneous,
brown-tomentose, pentagonal, 2-6 in. long. Seeds numerous, obliquely
oval, compressed, with large, brown, thin membranous wings.

Burma and hills of Eastern Bengal. Doons between Jumna and Sarda.
Banks of the Jumna below Mussoorie (wild ?). Cultivated throughout India.
Fl. from March to June, fruit ripens in the cold season. Wood of a light-red
colour, firm. In the N.W. a moderate-sized tree, attains a large size in Burma.

2. P. lanceefolium, Roxb. Fl. Ind. 163.—Vern. Ban kalla, Beng.

A large tree. Young shoots and underside of leaves with short white
or tawny tomentum. Stipules subulate. Leaves alternate, bifarious,
lanceolate, acuminate, entire. Flowers fragrant, axillary, on peduncles
longer than calyx, with 2 or 3 linear, laciniate bracts. Sepals linear, re-
volute, 1 in. long. Petals obliquely cuneiform, white. Capsules lanceo-
late, hoary, 5-celled. Seeds 2-4 in each cell, winged.

Burma, hills of Eastern Bengal. Sub-Himalayan tract as far west as the
Jumna (wild). A tree of considerable size. Fl. May-June.
36 XIIL STERCULIACEA. [ Eriolena.

4, ERIOLASNA, DC.

Shrubs or trees, with cordate leaves and deciduous stipules. Flowers
on axillary few-flowered peduncles. -Calyx deeply 5-cleft, with an involu-
cel (epicalyx) of 3-5, often laciniate bracts. Petals 5, with a broad, coria-
ceous, hairy claw. Stamens numerous, all fertile, monadelphous, in many
rows, the outer ones gradually shorter ; anthers linear-oblong, with par-
allel cells. Style one; stigma 10-lobed. Capsule woody, 5-10-celled, de-
hiscing loculicidally, the dissepiments attached to the valves. Seeds
numerous in each cell, terminated by a broad, oblong, or tapering wing.

1. E. Hookeriana, W. & A. Prodr. 70 ; Bedd. Fl. Sylv. anal. gen. t. v.

A shrub or small tree. Leaves cordate, shortly acuminate, toothed, 3 in.
broad, and about as long, petioles half the length of leaf; stipules linear,
caducous. Young shoots, petioles, under side of leaves, inflorescence, bracts
and outside of calyx clothed with dense light-grey stellate tomentum ;
upper side of leaves with scattered tufts of stellate hairs, or glabrate.
Flowers 3-5, peduncles as long as or longer than leaf. Calyx-segments lan-
ceolate, 3-1 in. long. Bracts deeply cut into numerous linear segments.
Style hairy. Capsule 7-9-celled, ovoid, 1 in. long or nearly so, valves not
keeled, tubercled outside.

South India. Behar. Common Satpura range. Guna (Gwalior). Fl. March,
April. Fruit autumn and cold season.

A sp. of Hriolcena, with leaves 5-6 in. across ; petioles nearly as long as leaf,
T found (in leaf only) in the Panch Mehals in Jan. 1870. (Vern. Jehdli, bud-
jari-dhamin.) Tt resembles #. Stocksti, Hf. & Th. (from the Concan); but I am
inclined to think that the differences between H. Hookeriana, EH. flavescens,
Garcke, and #. Stocks¢t, are not very great.

In Nov. 1863 I found a tree on the Choti Gandak in Gorakhpur, vern.
Beem, with large cordate, dentate leaves 6 in. broad, petioles 2 in., and oblong
capsules, valves 8 villose, and obtusely keeled on the back, but not tubercled,
which may possibly belong to £. spectabilis, Wall.,a tree in Nepal with fine,
close-grained wood ; and among the plants collected by R. Thompson in Oudh,
are young shoots of an Hriolcena, buds clothed with stellate tomentum of long
soft white hairs, stipules lanceolate, laciniate, bracts ovate, laciniate to about the
middle, which may be referred to the same species. A tree of this genus from
Burma (Doanz) has beautiful red wood, which polishes well, and is not heavy,
the cub. ft. weighing 47 Ib.

Orver XIV. TILIACEZ.

Mostly trees or shrubs, with alternate simple leaves, and deciduous
stipules. Flowers regular, generally bisexual and pentamerous. Sepals
free or connate, valvate. Petals free. Stamens numerous, free or connate ;
anthers 2-celled. Ovary free, 2-10-celled ; ovules definite or indefinite ;
placentation axile. Fruit generally 2-10-celled. Seeds with or with-
out albumen.—Gen. Pl. i. 228 ; Royle Ill. 103, 104; Wight Ill. i. 79, 82.
Leaves 3-7-nerved at base ; anthers bursting longitudinally . . IL. Grewia.
Leaves penniveined ; anthers opening by slits at the top. . 2 ELmocarrts.

To this family belong Berrya Ammonilla of Ceylon, distinguished by a 6-

winged capsule, which yields the Trincomalee wood ; the Lime-tree of Europe,
Tilta europea, with wing-like bracts, and globose indehiscent 1-2-seeded fruit,
Grewia. ] XIV, TILIACEA. 37

and Corchorus capsularis, extensively cultivated in Bengal, and now one of the
principal articles of export from Calcutta, yielding the Jute of commerce, with
a round, 5-celled, many-seeded capsule.

1. GREWIA, Linn.

Trees or shrubs ; extremities and leaves pubescent or tomentose with
stellate hairs. Leaves with 3-7 basal nerves, generally with lateral
nerves from midrib, and more or less distinct transverse veins at right
angles. Flowers regular, bisexual, pentamerous; inflorescence cymose.
Sepals distinct, deciduous, coriaceous, coloured on the inner side.
Petals clawed, with a gland or hollow on the inside of the thickened
base, sometimes wanting. Stamens indefinite, all fertile, free, inserted
on a raised, often glandular torus. Ovary 2-4-celled ; style subulate,
stigma shortly 2-4-lobed. Fruit a drupe, 1-4-stoned, entire or lobed,
stones 1- or more-seeded, and divided by spurious dissepiments between
the seeds. Embryo with flat leafy cotyledons in a fleshy or horny albumen.

Peduncle generally one, opposite to leaf.
A tree; flowers yellow, in umbellate cymes . r ‘ . Ll. G. oppositifolia.
A small shrub ; flowers white, 2-3, or solitary ; ‘ . 2. G. populifolia.
Peduncles axillary, generally more than one.
Leaves oblong, ovate, or cordate.
Drupe, a dry, with a distinct crustaceous or coriaceous
rind.
Leaves oblong ; drupes small, on long pedicels. . 8. G. pilosa.
Leaves orbicular, deeply cordate; drupes glomerate, nearly
sessile, 2 in. across ‘ * : ‘ : .
Leaves ovate or obovate ; drupes pedunculate, nearly 1
in. across. ‘ ‘ 5 , ‘ : ‘
Drupe ony wrinkled when dry, no distinct coriaceous
rind.
Trees ; peduncles varying in length, never as long as
leaves.
Tomentose; leaves obliquely ovate, stipules linear ; buds
not ribbed, ovoid, petals yellow . 7 . . 6. G. vestita.
Tomentose ; leaves obliquely cordate, stipules lanceo-
late, with broad, oblique base ; buds ribbed, cylin-
drical or clavate, petals red and yellow 7
Pubescent or hoary ; leaves obliquely ovate-rhomboid,
often with cordate base; stipules falcate, auricu-

4. G. villosa.

5. G. sclerophylla.

7. G. asiatica.

late ; buds cylindrical or obovoid ‘ ‘ . 8 G. tiliefolia.
Herbaceous undershrubs ; pedicels long slender. . 9. G. sapida.
Leaves lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate. :
Leaves nearly glabrous, ovate-lanceolate ® F . 10. G. levigata.
Leaves grey-tomentose or hoary beneath, lanceolate.
Flowers mostly unisexual; leaves sharp-serrate = - 11. G. polygama.
Flowers bisexual ; leaves entire or serrulate, margin ae
often undulate . ; - ‘3 : s . 12. G. salvifolia.

1. G. oppositifolia, Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 583.—Tab. XII.—Wight Ic.
t. 82.—Vern. Pastiwanne, Afg.; Dhamman, bhamman, pharwa, Pb. ;
Bil, bung, bewal, bahul, bemal, bhimal, bhengul, N.W.P.

Branches, leaves, and inflorescence rough with stellate hairs. Leaves 2-4
in. long, on short petioles, ovate, acuminate, often unequal at base, obtusely
38 XIV, TILIACEA. [Grewia.

serrate, 3 or 5 nerves proceeding from the base, scabrous-tomentose on both
sides, the stellate hairs closer together beneath ; stipules subulate, early
deciduous. Inflorescence umbellate. Peduncle generally one, inserted
more or less opposite the petiole ; pedicels 3 to 7 or more, with linear bracts
at their base, about 2 in. long when in flower; peduncles }-1 in. long.
Flowers large, yellowish. Sepals linear, about # in. long or longer, out-
side densely tomentose, with a prominent midrib between 2 deep furrows,
giving the appearance of 3 nerves, inside reddish, smooth, with 3 to 7
parallel nerves. Petals linear, shorter than sepals, yellowish red. Drupe
consisting of from 1 to 4 more or less distinct lobes, each the size of
a small pea, fleshy, first olive-green, then wrinkled black, with scattered
stellate hairs, glabrous when ripe.

Common; wild in the North-West Himalaya, from the Indus to Nepal,
ascending to 6000 feet. Occasionally in the Salt range and other hills in the
Panjab; also in the Suliman range, trans-Indus. Frequently planted near
villages and houses in the hills. Leaves shed in March ; the new foliage issues
in April or early in May ; fl. March-June, chiefly in May ; fruit ripens Oct.-Dec.

A moderate-sized tree, 40 ft. high, with a straight short trunk, attaining 3
to 4 ft. in girth. Branches spreading, branchlets somewhat bifarious. Bark
of trunk and larger branches $ inch thick, ash-coloured, smooth, longitudinally
rugose. Wood white, light, very tough, used where strength and elasticity are
required, for oar-shafts, handles, shoulder-sticks for loads, bows (golei) used
to propel a ball as missile. The chief use of the tree is to furnish fodder for
goats and sheep during winter ; for this purpose the tree is lopped annually,
the twigs and leaves are dried and stored between its branches. The inner bark
is steeped in water 10 to 15 days, then beaten and made into cordage, used for
sandals, boat and cattle ropes ; but is not durable. Paper has also been made
of it. The fruit is eaten.

2. G. populifolia, Vahl ; W. & A. Prodr. 80 ; Boissier Fl. Orient. i. 848 ;
Oliver Fl. Trop. Afr. i. 246.—Syn. G. betuleefolia, Roth. Vern. Ganger,
Pb. ; Gungo, Sindh; Gangerun, Rajputana.

Branchlets rough with short stellate hairs. Leaves variable in form,
generally broad-ovate, short-acuminate, more rarely obovate and obtuse
or cuneate, sharp-dentate or irregularly serrate, and frequently thickened
at the edges, greyish green on both sides, rough with short stellate
hairs, with 3, rarely 5, nerves from base ; petioles t-4 in. long. Stipules
subulate, early deciduous. Peduncles generally solitary, opposite to the
leaves, 1-flowered or 2-3-flowered. Flowers large, white; sepals 4-3 in.
long ; petals shorter, the linear blade attached to the back of a ciliated
scale (the claw), which fits round the angular torus. Drupe 2-lobed,
shining, smooth, orange red when ripe; the lobes distinct, the size of
small peas, each with a 2-celled stone.

Common on low hills trans-Indus, in the Salt range to 3000 ft., and in the
more arid tracts of the Panjab as far as Delhi. Sindh, Afghanistan, Aden, N.W.
Himalaya, ascending to 2000 ft. Dry hills of Rajputana. Peninsula. Tropical
Africa, Eeypt, Persia. A small shrub, with slender branches ; the fruit, with

ascanty but pleasant pulp, is eaten in Sindh. FI. in the cold season. The
<wood makes good walking-sticks.
Grewia. | XIV. TILIACEZ. 39

3. G. pilosa, Lam. ; W. & A. Prodr. 78.—Syn. G. carpinifolia, Roxb.
Fl. Ind. ii. 587.

Branchlets, leaves, and inflorescence rough with short light-brown
stellate tomentum. Leaves subcoriaceous, 2-4 in. long, on short petioles,
oblong, shortly acuminate, serrate, base obtuse or cordate, the middle
nerve with 4-5 main lateral nerves on either side, the lowest pair proceed-
ing from near the base; transverse veins prominent. Peduncles axillary,
1-3, short, $ in. long; pedicels 1-3, same length. Flower-buds oblong,
dilated at the base, constricted in the middle. Sepals linear, } in. long.
Petals one-third shorter than sepals, linear, emarginate. Drupe 1-4-lobed,
4 in. across, on pedicels 4 in. long, with a crustaceous rind, covered with
stellate pubescence. Specimens in leaf only may be distinguished by the
cordate or rounded base of the oblong, short-acuminate leaves, with pro-
minent transverse veins.

North-West India, Behar, Bandelkhand, Central Provinces, Rajputana,
Guzerat, and South India. A shrub; fl. July-Sept; the fruit ripens in the
cold season. The fruit of a shrub near this, and probably the same, called
Karanto, on the Bassi hills, east of the Bunass river in Meywar, is eaten.

G. hirsuta, Vahl. ; W. & A. Prodr. 78—syn. G. pilosa, Roxb. FL. Ind. ii. 588—
is a shrub in South India with some resemblance to G. pilosa, Lam., with lan-
ceolate, thick and soft-tomentose, penninerved and wrinkled leaves; buds
ovoid ; sepals + in. long, or less. Drupes slightly lobed, with long stiff hairs.

4. G. villosa, Willd. ; W. & A. Prodr. 79; Dalzell & Gibson, Bombay
Flora, 25.—Vern. Inzarra, pastuwanne, T.1. ; Jalidar, kaskisri, thamther.
Salt Range; Gawal kopra, Kishengurh.

Young parts and leaves clothed with long soft hairs. Leaves 1-3 in.
long, rugose above, villous beneath, nearly orbicular, deeply cordate, sharp-
serrate, serratures bearded with tufts of long soft hairs. Petioles 4-1 in.
long. Basal nerves 3-6; lateral nerves 3-4 on either side of midrib, and
on the outer side of the basal nerves ; transverse veins prominent. Stip-
ules ovate-lanceolate, deciduous, Flowers dull yellow, in short compact
axillary cymes. Sepals linear, clothed with long soft hairs ; petals much
shorter than sepals. Fruit globose, the size of a cherry when dry, with a
crustaceous, brown or reddish rind, covered with tufts of long stellate
hairs, Stones 4, 1-2-seeded, in a sweet edible pulp.

Sindh, Panjab, trans-Indus, Salt range, Rajputana, the Konkan. South India,
tropical Africa and Cape de Verde Islands. Fl. Jume-Sept. A small shrub.
The fruit is eaten.

5. G. sclerophylla, Roxb. Hort. Beng. 42. —Syn. G. scabrophylla,
Roxb, Fl. Ind. ii. 584; Wight Ic. t. 89. Vern. Pharsia, Kamaon.

Branchlets, inflorescence, and under side of leaves clothed with soft
tomentum. Leaves scabrous above, ovate or obovate, obtuse or shortly
acuminate, unequally serrate, 3-9 in. long; petioles 4-4 in. long ; trans-
verse nerves distinct; stipules linear, deciduous. Peduncles axillary,
generally 1-4 together, of various length, 2-3-flowered ; bracts small subu-
late, caducous, Flowers white. Sepals linear-lanceolate, nearly 3 times the
40 XIV. TILIACE. [ Grewia.

length of the petals. Drupe the size of a large gooseberry, nearly round,
when ripe brownish grey and a little hairy, with a coriaceous rind when
dry, pulp sweet, glutinous, pale yellow. Nuts 4, obovoid, rugose, thick
and hard, 1-2-seeded.

A small shrub or undershrub, 3-4 ft. high, common in the Doons and
Siwaliks from the Jumna eastward. Oudh forests. Sikkim. Fruit eatable
(Garbhelr). Fl. April-Sept. %

G. abutilifolia—JTuss. @. aspera, Roxb, Fl. Ind. ii. 591—arborescent, from

South India, resembles this sp. in leaves and inflorescence.
sedantn Fe Pape $y,

71 G, edatitaWeel,—Syn. @. elastica, Royle IIL t. 22. Vern. Farri,
phalwa, dhamman, Pb. ; Pharsia, pharsat, pharsila, dhamin, dhamman,
N.W.P. ; Phalsa, dhamin, damon, C.P.

Young branches, under side of leaves, and inflorescence with soft grey
tomentum. Leaves 2-4 in. long, on short petioles, obliquely ovate, acumi-
nate, serrate, sometimes indistinctly 3-lobed, with 5 or 6 basal nerves,
pale beneath ; stipules linear, nearly as long as petiole. Cymes compact,
axillary. Peduncles short, 3 to 5 or more, generally not longer than 4 in.,
each bearing 2 or 3 pedicels of about the same length, supported by lin-
ear bracts. Flower-buds ovoid. Sepals linear-lanceolate, about 4 in. long;
nerves indistinct, outside softly tomentose with long fine hairs, inside
glabrous, yellow. Petals much shorter than sepals. Drupe pear-shaped
or globose, of the size of a pea, fleshy, 2-4-lobed, black when ripe.

Outer Himalaya, as far west as the Indus. Salt range. Eastern Bengal.
Behar and Central Provinces, New leaves appear in May ; the flowers, which
are orange-yellow, not very conspicuous, from Jan. to May; the fruit ripens
Aug. to Nov.

A small tree, 25 ft. high, with a trunk rarely exceeding 2 ft. girth. Bark
of stem cinereous or dark brown, smooth, longitudinally rugose. Sapwood
white or light brown ; heartwood pale yellow, reddish brown, or grey brown,
fairly close, fine and even-grained, when seasoned weighing about 50 Ib. per
cub, ft., strong, tough, and elastic. Used for shoulder-poles for loads, bows,
spear-handles. Fruit eaten.

7. G. asiatica, Linn. ; W. & A. Prodr. 79; Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 586.—
Vern. Phalsa, phalsi, dhamin.

Young branches, under side of leaves, and inflorescence with soft grey
or yellowish tomentum. Leaves 2 to 7 in. long, obliquely cordate or broad-
ovate, acuminate, irregularly toothed, with 5, 6, or 7 arching nerves proceed-
ing from the base ; stipules linear-lanceolate, often with a broad oblique base;
petioles } in. long. Peduncles axillary, 2 to 7, varying in length from 4-2
inches, but mostly 1-2 in. long, bearing from 8 to 5 flowers on bracteate
divaricating pedicels, shorter than peduncle. Flower-buds ribbed, cylin-
drical or clavate. Sepals varying in length, generally ? in. long, whitish-
tomentose outside, reddish brown or yellow inside. Petals red and yellow,

emarginate, half as long as sepals. Drupe globose, dark brown when
ripe, indistinctly lobed, with 1 or 2 nuts.

Cultivated throughout India, in Burma, and the Mauritius. Said to be wild
Grewia. | XIV. TILIACEA. 41

in the Poona district (Dalz. & Gibson, Bombay Fl. 26), the Salt range,
Garhwal, the Oudh forests (R. Thompson), and the Banda district (Edgeworth),
Outside India, in Upper Guinea and South Central Africa, with obliquely cor-
date leaves, soft tomentose on both surfaces (Oliv. Fl. Trop, Afr. i. 249). In
Dec. 1869, I found a shrub (in leaf only) wild on the dry hills of the northern
Aravalli near Todgarh, called Dhdmin, which I refer to this species. A month
later, I found what appeared to me the same plant in Banswara as a tree,
called Damanat. Eventually it may be right to unite G. vestita with G. asé-
atica. J admit that the specific differences here given are slight, and further
researches may possibly remove them altogether. At present, however, it seems
to me more convenient to keep the two species separate.

New leaves about the end of March. Fl. Feb. March ; fruit ripens in the fol-
lowing months, A middle-sized tree, 25 ft. high, with short trunk 3-4 ft. in girth.
Bark 4 in, thick, grey or dark brown, undulating, smooth with shallow longi-
tudinal cracks. Sapwood whitish ; heartwood reddish brown, with many
minute pores, close, even-grained, strong, tough, elastic. Bark employed for
making rope, mucilaginous, used for refining sugar in Saharanpur district.
Cultivated for the small, not very succulent, pleasantly acid fruit.

8. G. tiliefolia, Vahl. ; W. & A. Prodr. 80; Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 587;
Bedd. Fl. Sylv. t. 108.—Vern. Pharsa, Oudh ; Dhamin, C.P..

Young branches and leaves pubescent, with scattered stellate hairs.
Leaves on petioles 4-1 in. long, obliquely ovate, sometimes rhomboid,
acuminate, bluntly toothed or serrate, with 5 basal nerves, 3 of which
are prominent and penniveined, upper side at length glabrous, under side
more or less pubescent. Stipules broad-lanceolate, often falcate and auri-
culate. Peduncles axillary, numerous (3-10), 3-5-flowered ; bracts decid-
uous. Flower-buds cylindrical or obovoid. Sepals linear, }-4 in. long,
pubescent outside, glabrous inside. Petals oblong, half the length of
sepals. Drupes globose, size of a pea, indistinctly lobed.

Hot, dry forests throughout India, Siwalik tract from the Jumna to Assam.
Oudh, Behar, Bandelkhand, Central Provinces, the Konkan and the Peninsula.
Frequently associated with Sal. Leaves shed in March ; new foliage in April.
Fl. in April and May ; fruit ripens from June to October.

A moderate-sized tree, 30-35 ft. high, with an erect, straight trunk, 4-5 ft. in
girth, Bark 4 in. thick, cinereous, with dark blotches, rough with exfoliating
scales. Sapwood whitish ; heartwood light reddish brown, compact, close-
grained, Weighs 30-40 Ib. per cub. ft. Easily worked, elastic, durable. Con-
tracts and expands much with wet and dry weather, but is valuable where
strength and elasticity are required. Made into shafts, shoulder-poles for
loads, pellet-bows, handles, masts, oars, employed in cart and carriage building.
From the inner bark cordage is made in Bombay. Twigs and leaves lopped
for fodder. Fruit eaten, of an agreeable acid flavour.

9. G. sapida, Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 590.—Syn. G. nana, Wall.

Pubescent or tomentose. Leaves ovate or obovate, serrate, 3-5-nerved,
often shallow-lobed, pale beneath ; petioles 3 in. long. Stipules subulate.
Peduncles 2-5, axillary, slender, 1 in. long, each with 2-5 flowers on
short, divergent, often divaricate, pedicels. Flowers yellow ; sepals linear-
42 XIV. TILIACE. [ Grewia,

oblong ; petals nearly entire. Drupe the size of a pea, slightly 2-4-
lobed.

A small undershrub, common in pastures in the Doons and the sub-Him-
alayan tract, from the Jumna to Assam, ascending to 3000 ft., with a short,
thick, woody stem underground, throwing up annually a number of herbaceous
shoots, seldom more than a few ft. high. These, after bearing leaves, flowers,
and fruit, are generally burnt down by the jungle-fires of the hot season. The
fruit is small, but palatable.

10. G. levigata, Vahl; W. & A. Prodr. 77.—Syn. G. didyma, Roxb.
Fi. Ind. ii. 591. Vern. Kat bhewal, bhimul, N.W.P.; Kakki, Oudh,

Nearly glabrous, extremities and young leaves pubescent with scat-
tered stellate hairs. Leaves bifarious, on short petioles, ovate-lanceolate,
long-acuminate, serrate, base acute, 3-6 in. long, penniveined, the low-
est pair of nerves from the base; transverse nerves not prominent. Stip-.
ules caducous. Peduncles axillary, 2-3 together, slender, nearly an
inch long, each bearing 3 yellowish flowers on shorter bracteate pedicels.
Buds oblong, ribbed. Sepals linear, + inch long or more, pilose. Petals
oblong, entire, obtuse, less than 4 the length of sepals. Drupe glabrous,
consisting of 2, rarely 3, distinct lobes, each lobe containing one or two
1-celled nuts. Specimens in leaf only may be distinguished by the nearly
glabrous long-acuminate leaves with acute base; transverse veins not
prominent. :

Outer Himalaya, as far as the Jumna, ascending to 3000 ft. Plentiful in the
Gonda and Baraitch divisions of the Oudh forests. Bengal, Behar, and Central
Provinces. Leaves are shed and renewed in April. Fl. June-Sept. A small tree,
20 ft. high, 2 ft. girth, with a short, erect trunk, and a smooth, greenish, cinere-
ous bark. Wood white, even-, close-grained, elastic ; no distinct heartwood.
Twigs and leaves lopped for cattle-fodder in the N.W. Provinces.

G. sepiaria, Roxb, 1. c. 589, is nearly allied to this sp., but has solitary
peduncles, employed to make hedges in Bengal.

11. G. polygama, Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii, 588.—Syn. G. helicterifglia,
Wall.

Extremities grey-tomentose, branchlets pubescent. Leaves bifarious, on
short petioles, lanceolate, 2-3 in. long, sharp-serrate, penniveined, the lowest
pair of nerves from the base, glabrescent above, white or grey-velvety be-
neath. Stipules subulate, longer than petioles. Flowers polygamous,
mostly unisexual. Peduncles slender, axillary, 1-5 together, much longer
than petiole, $-1 in, long, pedicels 2-4, shorter than peduncle. Petals half
the length of sepals. Male flowers: stamens about 20; inserted on an
elevated torus. Female flowers: anthers effete, on short filaments ; stigma
large, stellate. Drupe } in. diam., indistinctly 4lobed, shining, with a
few scattered hairs. Stones 4, 1-seeded. :

Outer Himalaya, from the Chenab to Assam, ascending to 4000 ft. Salt range,
Panjab. Behar, the Konkan, Burma, Ceylon, North Australia. A shrub or
small tree, with a short trunk, bifarious spreading branches, and a small rounded
crown. Fl. July-Aug. ; fruit ripe, Nov. Dec.
Grewia. ] XIV. TILIACE. 43

12. G. salvifolia, Heyne ; W. & A. Prodr. 77.—Syn. G. bicolor, Juss.
Vern. Bather, nikki-bekkar, gargas, Pb. 7

Extremities and under side of leaves covered with short white or grey
hoary pubescence. Leaves lanceolate, 2-3 in. long, margin entire undu-
late or serrulate, 3 basal nerves, and 2 or 3 lateral nerves on either side
of midrib ; transverse veins indistinct ; petioles in. long. Stipules
linear, longer than petiole, with a distinct nerve. Peduncles axillary,
1, 2, or 3, longer than petiole, 2-3-flowered ; pedicels as long as, or longer
than peduncles. Flowers conspicuous, of a fine yellow ; petals obovate,
bifid, half the length of sepals. Drupes of 1-2 more or less distinct
subglobose lobes. :

Panjab, cis- and trans-Indus (ascends in the Salt range to 3000 ft.), Sindh,
Central Provinces, and the Peninsula. A shrub or seal tree 16-20 ft. high,
with a short, straight stem, attaining a girth of 18-24in. Bark light grey to
reddish brown, or blackish, longitudinally rugose. Fl. Feb., March ; fruit small,
not succulent, subacid, eaten.

G. Rothit, DC.; W& A. Prodr. 78—syn. G. salvifolia, Roxb. 1. c. 587—Coro-
mandel and Bandelkhand, with broader, finely serrate leaves, and distinct trans-
verse veins, is nearly allied to this, and perhaps not specifically different.

2. ELASOCARPUS, Linn.

Flowers in axillary racemes, generally bisexual. Sepals 4 or 5. Petals
as many as sepals, fringed or lobed, rarely entire, inserted round the
base of the thick glandular torus ; induplicate-valvate in bud. Stamens
numerous, inserted on the torus between the glands; anthers linear,
opening at the top in 2 confluent short slits. Ovary 2-5-celled ; style
one, subulate. Fruit a drupe with one kernel, 1- or 2-5-celled, one
seed in each cell, Albumen fleshy ; cotyledons flat, broad.

l. E. Ganitrus, Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 592; Wight Ic. t. 66.—Sans.
Rudraksha. Vern. Rudrak, rudraksh.

Leaves alternate, approximate near ends of branches, on petioles many
times shorter than the leaf, ovate-lanceolate, indistinctly serrate, slightly
silky when young, afterwards glabrous on both sides, about 6 in. long. Stip-
ules minute, caducous. Racemes below the leaves, on two-year-old branch-
lets, unilateral, drooping ; bracts deciduous ; pedicels as long as flowers.
Sepals 5, lanceolate, acute, silky. Petals 5, oblong, divided into numer-
ous subulate segments. Filaments 25-40, short, inserted on the large
convex disc. Ovary ovoid, villous, 5-lobed, 5-celled ; style 5-grooved.
Drupe globose, size of a large cherry, purple ; nut globose, thick, very
hard, 5-celled, surface elegantly tubercled, marked with 5 equidistant
grooves, running from the apex to the base. Seed generally one in each
cell. Cotyledons oblong, thin, 3-nerved.

Nepal, Assam, Western Ghats, and probably occurs in the southern forests of
the Central Provinces. A large tree, flowers in the cold season, and ripens its
fruit in autumn. The hard, tubercled nuts are polished, made into rosaries and
bracelets, worn by Brahmins and Fakirs, and are frequently set in gold.

Another: species, HZ. serratus, Roxb. 1. c. 596, with bluntly serrate, ovate
leaves, petioles } or 4 length of leaf, exterior anther-valve bearded, and a 3-
4d XIV. TILIACE. [Eleocarpus.

celled ovary, is said to have been found in Kamaon. The fruit (Julpai, Beng.),
size and shape of an olive, is pickled ; nut oblong, smooth, not tubercled.
Numerous species of this genus are in the forests of South India and Burma.

Orpen XV. MALPIGHIACE.

Usually climbing shrubs with opposite simple leaves ; exstipulate, or
stipules inconspicuous. Flowers regular, bisexual, pentamerous, usu-
ally yellow, white, or red. Calyx deeply divided, usually with one or
more sessile glands outside (eglandular in Aspidopterys). Petals free,
clawed or sessile, toothed or entire. Stamens hypogynous, 10. Ovary
free, 3-celled and 3-lobed; placentation axile ; ovules solitary. Fruit-
carpels 1-3, usually winged (samaroid). Seed exalbuminous.—Gen.
PL i. 247; Royle Il. 133; Wight Ill. i. 136.

Petals clawed, unequal ; 1 stamen longer than the rest; style
one ; carpels winged at the end

Petals sessile; all stamens equal ; styles 3; carpels winged all
round - 3 ; : ‘

1. Hiprace.

2. ASPIDOPTERYS.

1. HIPTAGE, Gertner.

Climbing shrubs, with opposite, coriaceous, entire leaves, without
stipules. Calyx 5-parted, with a large oblong gland outside, adnate to
pedicel and calyx. Petals 5, unequal, unguiculate, silky. Stamens 10,
declinate, all antheriferous, one much longer than the rest. Ovary 3-
lobed ; style 1, filiform. Fruit of 1-3 samaras, connate at the base,
and terminating in long wings.

1. H. Madablota, Gertn. ; W. & A. Prodr. 107.—Syn. Geertnera race-
mosa, Roxb. Cor. pl. t. 18; Fl. Ind. ii. 368. Vern. Kampti, C.P. ; Mad
malti, aita lagila, N.W.P.; Endra, chopar, benkar, khumb, Pb. hills ;
Chabuk chiri, Pb. plains ; Halad-wail, Mahratta.

A large climbing shrub. Leaves glabrous, elliptic or elliptic-oblong,
acuminate, 4-6 in. long, on short, channelled petioles, penniveined, main
lateral nerves arcuate, 4-6 on either side of midrib. Flowers showy? in.
across, white and yellow, in large terminal panicles ; pedicels articulate,
with 2 subulate bracts in the middle. Carpels 3, wings oblanceolate,
unequal, one about 2 in. long, the two others shorter.

Common in ravines and moist places in most parts of India. Often on Sal

trees. Sub-Himalayan tract to Indus, ascending to 3000 ft. Mt. Aboo, Burma.
Ceylon. China. Fl. Jan.-March. Fr. May. Bark bitter.

2, ASPIDOPTERYS, A. Jussieu.

Climbing shrubs, with opposite, entire leaves, without stipules. Calyx
5-parted, without a gland. Petals 5, equal, not clawed. Stamens 10,
equal, all antheriferous. Ovary 3-lobed ; styles 3, short. Fruit of 3

samaras ; the seed in the middle of a circular, oblong, or ovate membran-
ous wing.

1. A. lanuginosa, A. Juss.—Syn. Hirwa lanuginosa, Wall. Pl. As.
Rar. i. 13.
Aspidopterys. | XV. MALPIGHIACEA. 45

A large climber. Leaves cordate or ovate-cordate, long-acuminate, 4-6
in. long ; petiole 2 in. long. Under side of leaves, young shoots, and in-
florescence clothed with soft, grey, silky tomentum. Flowers } in. across.
Ovaries tomentose, with long white hairs. Wings of fruit oval, 14 in. long.

Nepal, Kamaon (to 4000 ft.), Dehra Doon. FI. June.

A, nutans, A. Juss—Syn. Hircea nutans, Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 447; W. & A.
Prodr. 108, is similar, but has glabrous leaves and longer petioles. Bengal. .

A. Roxburghiana, A. Juss.—syn. Triopteris indica, Roxb. Cor. pl. t. 160 ;
Hirea indica, Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 448, W. & A. Prodr. 108—has glabrous leaves,
ovary with short hairs, and oblong fruit-wings. South India, Bengal, Nepal,
Burma.

Oxprr XVI. GERANIACEA. Z

Herbs or shrubs, rarely trees, with opposite or alternate leaves. Flowers
bisexual. Sepals 5, rarely fewer, free or more or less connate. Petals
as many as sepals or wanting, hypogynous or perigynous, imbricate or
contorted. Stamens generally twice the number of petals ; anthers versa-
tile, 2-celled, without connective, the cells parallel, dehiscing longitudin-
ally. Ovary of 3-5 carpels, 3-5-celled and -lobed, the carpels adnate to the
axis below ; ovules 1 or 2 in each cell, rarely numerous (as in Averrhoa).
Fruit various ; albumen scanty or none.—Gen. Pl. i. 269 ; Royle Ill. 152 ;
Wight Il i. 160 (Oxalidee).

1, AVERRHOA, Linn.

Trees with alternate, imparipinnate leaves, without stipules. Flowers
in cymose panieles, small, regular. Sepals 5, imbricate. Petals 5, hypo-
gynous, contorted. Stamens 10, slightly connate at the base, 5 shorter,
5 longer. Ovary 5-lobed, 5-celled ; styles distinct, with capitate stigmas ;
ovules numerous in each cell. Fruit oblong, fieshy, indehiscent. Seeds
2-5 in each cell, with or without arillus; embryo straight, with thin
foliaceous cotyledons in a fleshy albumen, 3
Leaflets ovate, acuminate, 2-5 pair ; fruit acutely angled ; seeds

arillate ; : a ‘ : . 1. A. Caramboia.
Leaflets oblong, acuminate, 5-12 pair; fruit obtusely angled ;
seeds without arillus . < : : . 2 A. Bilimbi.

1. A. Carambola, Linn. ; Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 450; W. & A. Prodr.
141,—Sans. Karmara, karma-ranga. Vern. Kamaranga.

A tree, with close, thick-set, drooping branches ; leaflets subopposite,
pale beneath, glabrous or slightly pubescent, ovate, acuminate, 2-5 pair ;
petiolules short, pubescent. Flowers small, variegated with white and
purple, in panicles, generally axillary, sometimes from the. old wood.
Calyx glabrous. The 5 shorter stamens usually very minute, and wholly
without anthers, or occasionally 1 or 2 of them longer, with small
brown anthers. Fruit‘obovoid-oblong, 3 in. long, with acute angles, yel-
low. Funicle of seed dilated into a fleshy, bilabiate, irregularly-cut
arillus,

Native country unknown, probably in the Indian Archipelago. Cultivated
on account of its fruit for ages in tropical and subtropical India, as far north as
46 XVI. GERANIACEA. [Averrhoa.

Lahore. Produces fruit at Hoshiarpur. Fl. H. and RS. Fruit C.S. Two
varieties cultivated in Bengal, one with acid, the other with sweet fruit. The
leaves are sensitive.

2. A. Bilimbi, Linn. ; Roxb. ii. 451; W. & A. 142; Bedd. Fl. Sylv.
t. 117.—Vern. Bilimbi, belambu, blimbu, anvalla.

A small tree ; leaflets subopposite, pubescent, oblong, acuminate, 3 in.
long, 6-14 pair, on short pubescent petiolules. Flowers } in. long, dark
brownish purple, in panicles on the old wood of stem and branches.
Calyx and branches of inflorescence with dense ferruginous pubescetice.
All stamens generally antheriferous. Fruit oblong, 2 in. long, with ob-
tuse angles, yellow. Seeds without arillus.

Cultivated and run wild in tropical India, Native country unknown. Fi.
HS. Fr. RS. Fruit acid, pickled or preserved with sugar.

Orver XVII RUTACES.

Shrubs or trees, rarely herbs, generally aromatic, with alternate or more
rarely opposite, compound or simple exstipulate leaves, dotted with trans-
lucent glands. Sepals 4-5, free or connate. Petals same number as
sepals, hypogynous or perigynous. Stamens as many, or twice as many,
as petals; anthers generally versatile, 2-celled. Disc annular, cylindri-
cal or elongated, between stamens and ovary. Carpels 4-5, mostly con-
nate. Seeds oblong or reniform, with or without albumen; embryo
large ; cotyledons fleshy or foliaceous.—Gen. Pl. i. 278 ; Royle Ill. 129,
157; Wight Ill i. 104, 165 (Aurantiacew, Zanthoxylew).

Carpels more or less distinct ; flowers unisexual . 5 . 1. ZanrHoxyLum.
Carpels connate ; ovules 1-2 in each cell.
Petals imbricate; stamens 8-10.
Style deciduous ; leaves imparipinnate.
Thorny shrubs; leaflets opposite ; common petiole winged 2. Limonia.
Unarmed shrubs ; leaflets alternate or subopposite ; com-
mon petiole terete.
Stamens 10; filaments subulate ; leafiets alternate
Stamens 8-10; filaments dilated ; leaflets subopposite
Style short, persistent ; leaves 1-5 foliolate ‘ ‘ a
Petals valvate ; stamens 4-5 4 - i ‘ 3
Carpels connate ; ovules numerous.
Leaves simple ; stamens 20-60 . . CITRUS.
Leaves imparipinnate ; stamens 10-12 5 : . 8. FERonIA.
Leaves trifoliolate ; stamens 30-60 z ‘ : é . 9. Merz.
Toddalia aculeata, Pers.; Wight Tll.t. 66; syn. Scopolia aculeata, Roxb. Fl. Ind.
i. 616,—is a thorny scandent shrub, with 3-foliolate leaves, and orange-coloured
pee berries, 5-grooved and 5-seeded. South India, Kamaon (Kanj), found
by Madden in Mairwara (Dahan, lahan).—As. Soc. Journ. xvii. pt. i. 404,

3. MurRAYA.
4, CLAUSENA.,
5. GLycosmis. i
6, SKIMMIA.
7.
8

1. ZANTHOXYLUM, Linn.

Leaves alternate, imparipinnate. Flowers unisexual. Calyx 3-5-lobed,
imbricate. Petals 3-5, or none. Male flowers: stamens 3-5, round a
rudimentary ovary; anthers versatile. Female flowers: carpels1-5, oblique,
l-celled, 2 ovules in each cell; styles lateral. Fruit-carpels distinct,
1-5, dry or drupaceous, l-seeded, splitting in 2 valves. Seeds with a
Zanthoxylum. | XVII RUTACEA. 47

filiform funicle, and black crustaceous testa, often covered by a thin fleshy
“epidermis ; albumen fleshy, enclosing a straight or curved embryo, with
round, flat, foliaceous cotyledons.

1. Z alatum, Roxb. Fl. Ind. iii. 768.—Syn. Z. hostile, Wall. Vern.
Tumbur, tumur, semur, temru, darmar, turmal, tezmal, tezbal, tiswal.

Aculeate, with strong, smooth, nearly straight prickles on branches,
petioles, and midrib of leaflets, the prickles on branches often surrounded
at the base by a ring of cork; 2 prickles at the base of petiole in the place
of stipules. Leaves alternate, imparipinnate; common petiole winged ;
leaflets opposite, mostly 2-4 pair, sessile, lanceolate, more or less indis-
tinctly serrate, pellucid-punctate. Flowers small, yellow, on lateral pan-
icles; peduncles and pedicels pubescent; bracts small. Calyx with 6-8
acute segments. Petals none. Filaments 6, 7, or 8, much longer than
calyx. Fruit-carpels 1, 2, or 3, reniform or ovoid, on short stalks, reddish,
of the size of a small pea when fresh.

Outer Himalaya, from the Indus to Bhutan, ascending to 6000 ft., Kasia
hills. In the N.W. Himalaya chiefly in hot valleys. Fl. April-July ; fruit
ripens Aug.-October,

Usually a shrub, at times a small tree 20 ft. high, witha short, straight trunk
2 ft. girth, short, stiff, bushy branches, forming a small roundish thin head of
dark-green foliage. Every part of the plant possesses a-peculiar aromatic pun-
gency. Bark of larger branches thin, dark brown, even, scabrous, with small white
specks, that of the trunk cinereous and smooth. Wood whitish, close, even-
grained, hard, heavy, strong, used for walking-sticks and clubs. Tooth-brushes
are made of the branches. The aromatic pungent fruit is used as a remedy for
toothache, and as a condiment ; bruised, it is put into unwholesome water to
make it good. The bark is used for intoxicating fish.

Z. oxyphylium, Edgew. Trans. Linn. Soc. xx. 42, a straggling shrub, often
climbing over tall forest-trees, has larger leaves ; leaflets 6-8 pair, serrate ;
common petiole not winged ; flowers in compact terminal panicles, shorter than
leaf. Carpels red, 4 in. diam., often 4 ripening. Garhwal. Kamaon. Nepal.
Sikkim. Kasia. Shady forests, 6000-8000 ft.

Zanthoxylum Clava Herculis, Linn., the prickly yellow wood of Jamaica, is
a large West Indian timber-tree with beautiful close-grained wood, used for
furniture and inlaid-work.

2. LIMONTA, Linn.

Leaves alternate, imparipinnate or 3-foliolate ; leaflets opposite. Flowers
bisexual. Calyx 4- or 5-cleft. Petals 4 or 5, oblong, imbricate. Stamens
8 or 10, free; filaments subulate ; anthers versatile. Ovary 4-5-celled, on
an.annular or elongated disc ; style deciduous ; ovules 1 or 2 in each cell.
Fruit baccate, 1-4-celled ; seeds 1-4, surrounded with mucilage; embryo
straight; radicle short, conical; cotyledons fleshy, plano-convex; albumen
none.

1. L. acidissima, Linn.; W. & A. Prodr. 92.—Syn. ZL. crenulata,
Roxb. Cor. Pl. t. 81, Fl. Ind. ii. 381. Vern. Beli, North-West Prov.

Glabrous, armed with straight thorns } inch to 1 inch long, mostly
axillary. Leaves alternate, imparipinnate ; common petiole broadly winged,
foliaceous ; leaflets commonly 5 to 9, sessile, ovate-lanceolate, like the
wings of the petiole crenate and pellucid-punctate. Flowers white,
48 XVII. RUTACES. [Limonia.

fragrant, in short axillary racemes, frequently bearing 1 or 2 leaves. Calyx
4-cleft. Petals 4, oblong, more than twice the length of calyx, pellucid-
punctate. Stamens 8, nearly equal. Ovary oblong, obtuse, 4-celled ;
ovules 1 in each cell, pendulous; stigma capitate, obtuse. Berry
globose, fleshy, black when ripe, less than } inch diam. ; seeds 1-4.

Outer Himalaya, from the Sutlej to Garhwal, ascending to 4000 ft. Assam.
Bengal. South India. Hardy in England. FL. April, May.

A shrub 8 to 10 ft. high ; in favourable conditions a small tree 16 to 18 ft.,
with a short trunk 18 in. girth, and a small, elegant oval head. Bark cinere-
ous, rugose: wood yellow, very handsome, hard, close-grained, worthy of atten-
tion for the lathe; used for axles of oil-presses, rice-pounders ; good fuel.
Pulp of fruit flesh-coloured, exceedingly acid ; an article of commerce in Mala-
bar ; considered protective against contagion, and an antidote to venomous

oisons.

3. MURRAYA, Linn.

Unarmed shrubs or trees. Leaves alternate, imparipinnate, with alter-
nate leaflets. Flowers bisexual. Calyx 5-cleft. Petals 5, free, imbricate.
Stamens 10, free ; alternate shorter, filaments subulate. Ovary on a more
or less elongated disc, 2-5-celled, attenuated into the style, which is
eventually deciduous; ovules 1 or 2 in each cell. Fruit a 1-2-seeded
berry. Seeds without albumen; cotyledons plano-convex.

Nearly glabrous ; leaflets usually 5-7 . i ‘4 1. UM. exotica.
Pubescent, leaflets usually 10-25 3 é ri 2 2. M. Kenigti.

1. M. exotica, L.; Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 374; W. & A. Prodr. 94 ; Wight
Ic. t. 96.—Syn. M. paniculata, Jack ; Dalz. & Gibs. Bombay Fl. 29.
Vern. Kamini, Beng.; Marchula, juti, Kamaon.

A shrub or small tree, evergreen, with ash-coloured bark ; glabrous, or
young parts pubescent. Leaflets usually 5-7, shortly petiolulate, ovate or
obovate, entire, frequently oblique at base, 1-2 in. long, thinly coriaceous
and shining. Flowers white, fragrant, in short terminal and axillary
corymbs. Petals linear or cuneate, many times longer than calyx. Ovary
linear, 2-celled; style filiform; stigma capitate. Berries red, acuminate
at both ends, 2-seeded. Varies with many-flowered corymbs, and with
few, sometimes solitary flowers.

Outer Himalaya from the Jumna to Assam, ascending to 4500 ft., hilly parts
of the Oudh forests, Behar, South India, and Burma, ood close-grained, hard,

white, has been used for wood-engraving. Cultivated in gardens throughout:
India. Fl. May-Sept. Fr. Oct.-Feb.

2. M. Kenigii, Sprengel.—Syn. Bergera Keenigii, Linn. ; Roxb. Fl.
Ind. ii. 375 ; Cor. PL t.112; W. & A. Prodr. 94. Vern. Gandia, gandela,
gandla, gandi, gant, gant, bowala, Pb., N.W.P.; Harri, Kat-nim, Oudh ;
Barsanga, Beng.

Pubescent. Leaflets 10-25, oblique at base, ovate-lanceolate, short-peti-
olulate, about 1 in. long. Flowers white, in terminal corymbose panicles.
Calyx persistent ; segments short, triangular. Petals oblong, dotted, 4-5
times longer than calyx. Anthers short, cordate. Ovary 2-celled ; style:
short, cylindrical ; stigma capitate, sulcate. Fruit ovoid, black when ripe,
surface rugose ; seeds embedded in mucilaginous fluid.
Murraya. | XVIL RUTACEA. 49

Outer Himalaya, from the Ravi to Assam, ascending to 4000, sometimes to
5000 ft.; Oudh, Gorakhpur, not common in the Central Provinces. Common in
Bengal and South India. Leaves renewed in March and April; fl. from
April onward ; fruit ripens June-January. Fruit aromatic, astringent ; pulp
with a subacrid white juice.

“A small, elegant tree, 12-15 ft. high, with a short trunk to 18 in. girth, a
round, close, shady crown, with bright green foliage. All parts of the plant have
a peculiar, powerful, rather disagreeable, aromatic odour, whence most of the
native names. Bark thin, purplish brown, smooth, partly reticulate, the old
bark exfoliating in flat, nearly 4-sided, hard scales. Wood close-, even-grained,
hard, durable, émployed for agricultural implement&. Cultivated for the
sake of its leaves, which are used to flavour curries.

4, CLAUSENA, Burm.

Unarmed shrubs or trees, with alternate, imparipinnate leaves. Flowers
bisexual. Calyx 4-5-toothed, or-lobed. Petals 4-5, free, slightly imbricate.
Stamens 8-10, free; filaments dilated. Ovary on a short raised torus,
2-5-celled ; style at length deciduous; ovules 2 in each cell. Fruit a
1-5-celled and -seeded berry.

1. C. pentaphylla, DC.—Syn. Amyris pentaphylla, Roxb. Fl. Ind.
ii, 247. Vern. Ratianjote, surjmukha, Khyrigarh; Teyrur, Gonda
(Oudh).

A deciduous shrub, extremities silky tomentose; full-grown leaves pu-
bescent. Leaflets 5-7, leaflets subopposite or alternate, ovate or ovate-
lanceolate, acuminate, 4-6 in. long, short-petiolulate. Main lateral nerves
prominent, numerous, anastomosing by conspicuous intramarginal veins.
Flowers yellowish, in terminal, hairy cymose panicles. Berry ovoid, ver-
rucose, pale orange, 4-4 in. long.

Sub-Himalayan tract, Kamaon, and Nepal. Sal forests of the Doons and of
Oudh. Fl, April, May. Fruit ripens Nov. The bruised leaves are highly
aromatic.

5, GLYCOSMIS, Correa.

Unarmed shrubs or trees with imparipinnate or unifoliolate leaves.
Flowers bisexual, small. Calyx 5-partite. Petals 5, free, imbricate.
Stamens 10, free, alternately shorter. Ovary sessile, or on a very short
stipe, with 5 (or fewer) cells; ovules solitary ; style very short and
thick, continuous with the ovary, persistent. Fruit 1- or few-seeded.

1. G. pentaphylla, DC.; W. & A. Prodr. 93.—Syn. Limonia penta-
phylla, Roxb. Cor. Pl. t. 84; Fl. Ind. ii. 381. Vern. Ban-nimbu (wild
lemon), pilru potala, N.W.P.; Girgitti, Oudh ; Kirmira, Bomb.

A small, evergreen, erect shrub, wholly glabrous, exceedingly variable in
its foliage. Leaves generally with 3-5 leaflets, often unifoliolate ; lateral
leaflets alternate or subopposite. Leaflets ovate-lanceolate, ovate or obo-
vate, acuminate, 4-12 in. long, penninerved ; main lateral nerves distinct,
but not prominent, joined by inconspicuous intramarginal veins. Flowers
white, fragrant, in erect terminal or lateral panicles. Berries subglobose,
white, pink, or blue, somewhat compressed, } in. across,

D
50 ‘ XVIL RUTACEA. [ Glycosmis.

Common in South India, Ceylon, Burma, Bengal. Oudh forests, forming thick
undergrowth in parts. The ripe fruit iseaten. Fl. spring, autumn, and nearly
throughout the year.

6. SKIMMIA, Thunberg.

1. S. Laureola, Zuccarini—Syn. Limonia Laureola, Wall. Pl. As.
rar. t. 245 ; Anquetilia Laureola, Jacquem. Voy. Bot. t. 161. ‘Vern. Ner,
barru, Pb. Nehar, gurl pata, Kamaon.

A small, wholly glabrous, shrub ; leaves alternate, lanceolate or oblan-
ceolate, coriaceous, entire, often approximate near the ends of: branches,
midrib prominent, without conspicuous secondary nerves. Flowers white,
in erect, compact, terminal panicles. Drupes subglobose, 4 in. across.

Himalaya, Indus to Bhutan, alt. 5000-11,000 ft. Afghanistan. Fl. April,
May. Fruit Oct. The leaves have an orange-like smell when crushed.

7, CITRUS, Linn.

Evergreen shrubs or trees, armed with axillary thorns; wood close- and
even-grained. Leaves alternate, simple (unifoliclate), glandular-dotted,
coriaceous; petiole often winged. Flowers white, or tinged with red,
sweet-scented. Calyx cup-shaped, 4-5 cleft. Petals 4-5, rarely more,
thick, with glandular dots, imbricate in bud. Stamens 20-60; filaments
flat, more or less connate in bundles; anthers oblong. Ovary many-celled,
on a large annular or cup-shaped disc; style terete, deciduous, with a capi-
tate, lobed stigma; ovules axile, biseriate, 4-8 in each cell. Fruit globose
or oblong, succulent, indehiscent, divided into 9-15 cells by membranous
dissepiments, the cells with numerous transverse vesicles, filled with
sweet or more or less acid juice; the rind full of vesicles or glands, filled
with aromatic essential oil. Seeds few in each cell ; testa leathery; albu-
men none; embryo straight, with a short radicle, and thick, fleshy,
oily cotyledons. Often 2 or 3 embryos in one seed.

Young shoots and leaves perfectly glabrous ; transverse vesicles
of pulp concrete. vie
Young shoots purple; petals generally tinged with red;
flowers often unisexual; stamens 20-40; fruit globose, i
ovoid or oblong, often terminated by a knob . ‘ » 1. C. medica.

Young shoots whitish ; petals white ; flowers bisexual ; stamens

20-30 ; fruit globose or flattened ; pulp sweet, acid, or bitter
Young shoots and under side of leaves pubescent; transverse
vesicles of pulp distinct ‘ e - s . - 38. CL. decumana.

C. japonica, Thunberg, the Kumquat, with small globose fruit and lanceo-
late leaves, as well as the other Chinese and Japanese species and forms, cannot
be noticed here. i

To this genus belong the Citron, Lemon, the sweet and acid Lime, the sweet
and bitter Orange, the Bergamot, and the Shaddock, most of which are culti-
vated in India, and some of which are found wild in the forests of the outer
Himalayan valleys, in Sikkim, Kamaon, and Garhwal, in the Kasia hills,
the Western Ghats, on the Pachmarhis in the Satpura range, and in Burma.
The great multitude of forms of this widely cultivated genus has probably arisen
from two or three distinct species, and the study of the wild forms of Oranges
and Limes in India may throw some light upon the origin and history of the
cultivated kinds. At present it seems most convenient to class the wild and
cultivated forms under the three species defined above ; but further researches

2. C. Aurantium.
Citrus. ] XVII, RUTACEA, : 51

«

may eventually alter the number of species, and modify their limits and char-
acters. These researches should, however, comprise not only the apparently in-
digenous forms, and those cultivated in Europe and India, but equally the large
variety of Oranges cultivated in China, Japan, and Polynesia.

A few introductory remarks regarding the classification of this genus may not
be out of place. Linnzeus established two species, C. medica, with linear peti-
oles, comprising the Lime, Lemon, and Citron; O. Awrantiwm, with winged
Noa comprising the sweet and bitter Orange and the Shaddock. From these

illdenow separated the Shaddock, C. decumana ; and Roxburgh, FI. Ind. iii.
390, added C’. actda, under which name he described the acid Lemons and Limes,
and the sweet Limes of India with winged petiole, which therefore could not
be classed under (’. medica of Linneus. C. inermis, the small unarmed Orange
of China, he added as a separate species. About the time that Roxburgh wrote
his ‘ Flora Indica,’ the history and classification of the cultivated Oranges was
the subject of careful researches by two botanists in the south of Europe.
Georges Gallesio, Sous Préfet of Savona, published in 1811 a small octavo vol-
ume (Traité du Citrus) containing the results of most valuable studies and ob-
servations made by him in the district of Finale, between Nice and Genoa, on
the Riviera di Ponente. Gallesio establishes 4 species (Citron, Lemon, sweet
and bitter Orange), to which he refers, either as varieties or as hybrids, all forms
known to him. A few years later—in 1813—A. Risso, Professor of ;Natural
Sciences at the Lyceum of Nice, published in the 20th volume of the ‘ Annales
du Muséum d’Histoire Naturelle, his “ Mémoire sur l’histoire naturelle des
Orangers, cultivés dans le Département des Alpes Maritimes.” His classification
agrees in the main with that of Gallesio, but he adds the sweet Lime (C. Limetta)
ag a 5th species : and in a subsequent work which appeared in 1819, with mag-
nificent illustrations (Risso et Poiteau Histoire Naturelle des Orangers), 8 types
or races are described: 1. C. Aurantium, the sweet Orange ; 2. C. Bigaradia,
the bitter Orange ; 3. C. Bergamia, the Bergamot ; 4. C. Limetta, the sweet
Lime (with white flowers); 5. C. decwmana, the Shaddock; 6. C’. Lwmia, the
sweet Lemon (flowers tinged with red); 7. C. Limonwm, the Lemon ; and 8. C.
medica, the Citron. This classification has been adopted in many standard
works. A, Décandolle, however, in his ‘ Géographie Botanique raisonnée’ (1855),
871, expresses his opinion that the principal forms may be reduced to 3 species,
C. medica, C. Limonum, and C. Aurantiwm, with the addition, as a doubtful
species, of the Shaddock. This arrangement is carried out in Lowe, ‘ Flora of
Madeira’ (1868), 71 ; but he adds C. nobdzlis, Lour., comprising the sweet Oranges
with loose skin (the Tangerine and Mandarin Orange), as a separate species.
Grisebach, in his ‘West Indian Flora’ (1864), 132, reverts to the three original
species, C’. medica, Aurantiwm, and decumana; and this is the arrangement
which I have here adopted, with some modification of the specific characters.
I desire, however, to state at the outset, that the characters here set forth do not
hold good in the case of all cultivated kinds classed under these three species.
Some of the intermediate forms may be hybrids; and besides, it is more than
probable that we have not yet arrived at the correct classification of this genus.
The present arrangement, however, seems the most convenient to guide and
facilitate further researches in India on this interesting subject.

1. C. medica, Linn. The Citron, Lemon, sweet and acid Lime. Com-
prises C. medica, Limonum, and Lumia of Risso and Poiteau.

Shrubs, sometimes trees, generally bearing flowers and fruit at all, or at
most, seasons of the year. Young shoots glabrous, purple. Leaves glab-
rous, 3-6 in. long, oblong elliptic ovate or ovate-lanceolate; petioles naked
or winged. Flowers white, generally tinged with red, small or middle-
sized, often unisexual ; stamens 20-40. Fruit ovoid, oblong or globose,
52 XVIL RUTACES. [ Citrus.

usually yellow when ripe, skin thick or thin, with or without a knob,
surface even or rough.

Wild in Burma ; Chittagong (Hooker), “ Sitakund hill ;” Kasia (Hooker and
Thomson), “foot of ee to 4000 tt. ;” Sikkim (Hooker and Thom-
son), “ hot valleys, ascending to 4000 ft., fruit like a lemon, but narrow-peaked,
2 Ib. weight.” Common in the Doons between Sardah and Jumna ; Pachmarhi
hills, in deep ravines, and here and there on the Western Ghats. The specimens
of the wild Limes and Citrons in India which I have had an opportunity of
examining, have oblong oblong-elliptic or oblong-obovate leaves, 3-5 in. long,
edge crenate or blunt-serrate ; petioles short, thick, unwinged, or longer, and
narrow-winged ; flowers in racemes of 5-20, often unisexual; number of stamens
varying, generally between 20 and 30, sometimes more than 30. Fruit often
knobbed. Royle, Ill. 129, mentions two forms found by him, apparently wild,
in the Doons of the N.W. Himalaya: one called Bijourd, with the characteristics
of the Citron; the other called Behari-Nimbu, or Pahare Kaguzi, with those of
the Lemon,—and which retain their difference under cultivation. Madden also,
in his paper on the Terai and outer mountains of Kamaon, mentions “two
species of Citrus, probably Zimonum and medica, Jamar and Bijaura.’—

ourn, As, Soc. xvil., pt. i. 391. Certainly there are different forms among the
specimens collected by Royle, by Dr Stewart, myself, and others, in the N.-W.
Himalaya ; but they require further investigation on the spot : and for the pre-
sent it seems more convenient to unite them all under C’. medica.

Under this species may be classed the following cultivated kinds :—

a. THE Citron. Cédratier, French ; Cedro, Ital.; Vijapira, Sans.; Utrej,
otroj, Arab.; Bejaura, Hind.; Begpura, Beng. (Karanphal, Kamaon.) Leaves
oblong; petiole short, naked or marginate; fruit large, oblong or obovoid,
generally terminating in a blunt-pointed beak, or irregularly shaped; surface
warty, rarely even; rind thick, very aromatic, tender; pulp scanty, subacid.
Cultivated in many parts of India—Assam, Calcutta, Chota Nagpore, North-West
India, Bombay ; also in Persia. The Chinese place the fragrant fruit on dishes
to perfume the air. Madeira and the south of Europe export candied Citron,
the thick fragrant rind preserved in sugar. Lowe (Flora of Madeira) retains
the Citron as a distinct species, characterised by oblong leaves, short unwinged
petioles, and numerous flowers in a cluster. Mr Lowe’s classification is based
on long-continued study of the plants cultivated in Madeira, and it is not im-
possible that it may eventually be found to be correct in this respect.

6. Toe Lemon. Limonier, more generally Citronnier, French ; Limone,
Ital.; Citrone, German ; Bara nimbu, Hind. ; Korna Nebu, Beng. Leaves
ovate ; petioles marginate or winged ; fruit middle-sized, ovoid, yellow, knobbed ;
tind thin ; pulp abundant, very acid. Cultivated abundantly in the south of
Europe. Citric acid is made of it. In Madeira the Lemon grows into a tree
20-30 ft. high, and is in flower and fruit from Oct.-May.

c. Tar Acip Lims or Inpia. C. acida, Roxb. 1. c. 390; Ic. Roxb. in Herb.
Kew. Jambira, Sans. ; Limu, limoun, Arab. ; Lebu, nebu, limbu, nimbu, Beng.,
Hind. Leaves oval ; petioles winged, many times shorter than leaf; wings lin-
ear or obovate. Flowers small, in short racemes ; petals generally 4. Roxburgh
describes seven varieties, of which the two small thin-skinned kinds, yellow
when ripe, with an abundance of pale, sharp acid juice, are the most generally
cultivated. (Pati Mebu, the small round Lime; and Kagiji Nebu, Kaghz
Nimbu, the small long Lime.) A third kind, the large acid Lime, is grown in
Burma and in Bengal (Kémardli-Nebu).

d. Tae Sweer Lime or Inpra, Mitha Nebu. (Amritphal, Kamaon.) Com-
monly cultivated in most parts of India and Burma. Fruit globose, smooth, 3-5
in. diam., thin-skinned, with an abundance of sweet, not aromatic, juice. Ripens
Citrus.] XVI RUTACES. 53

at different seasons, but ponsigally in summer. It is a matter for further in-
quiry whether all kinds of Indian sweet Limes should be referred to this species
The sweet Limes cultivated in France and Italy are referred by Risso and Poiteau
partly to C. Limetta, with white flowers, partly to C. Luma, with the flowers
tinged with red, Voigt., Hort. Suburb. Calc. 142, refers the Indian sweet Lime
to C. Limetta.

2. OC. Aurantium, Linn. The bitter and sweet Orange, and the Berga-
mot. Comprises C. Aurantium, Bigaradia, Bergamia, and Limetta of
Risso and Poiteau.

Trees, rarely shrubs, bearing flowers and fruit generally at one season
of the year only. Young shoots glabrous, greenish white. Leaves glab-
rous, 3-6 in. long, elliptic or ovate, acuminate ; petioles naked or winged,
wings often obovate, as large as the leaf, or nearly so. Flowers -pure
white, middle-sized, bisexual; stamens 20-30. Fruit globose, often de-
pressed, generally orange-coloured, ripe in India generally Dec.-March.

Orange-trees have been found wild or apparently wild in the Kasia hills
(Hooker and Thomson), between 4000 and 3000 ft., with globose fruit, winged
and unwinged: petioles, and acute or obtuse leaves; in Sikkim (Hooker and
Thomson), alt. 1000 ft., with unwinged petioles, and oblong-elliptic acuminate
leaves ; in Kamaon (Strachey), at Bagesar, 3000 ft., with unwinged petioles ;
in Garhwal (Thomson), at 2000 ft., with globose fruit, naked or marginate
petioles, and oblong-lanceolate acuminate leaves.

Under this species may be classed the following cultivated kinds :—

a. Tue Brrrer on SEVILLE OrnancE. C. Bigaradia, Risso et Poiteau. Bi-
garadier, French ; Arancio forte, Italian; Pomeranze, German; Naranj, Arab.
Petiole generally winged ; flowers larger and more strongly scented than those
of the sweet Orange; rind of fruit very aromatic; pulp not sweet, bitter
or austere. Not extensively cultivated in India. Grown in large orchards on
the island of Sardinia, in Spain, and elsewhere in the Mediterranean region,
mainly on account of the flowers, from which the essential oil of Oranges is
distilled. In the south of Europe the bitter Orange is more hardy than the
sweet Orange, and this again is more hardy than the Lemon. *

b. Tor Sweet Ornanae. C. Aurantium, Risso.et Poiteau. Oranger, French ;
Arancio dolce, portogallo, Italian ; Portogallo, Greek ; Apfelsine, German ;
Nagaranga, Sans.; Naranj, Arab. ; Narangi, naring:, sangtara, sunthura,
kumla nebu, Hindi and Bengali. Petiole naked or winged; pulp sweet,
yellow, sometimes red, in a loose or adhering rind. The sweet Orange does
not come to perfection in all parts of India. In Lower Bengal it does not
fruit at all, or does not. bear freely, and the fruit is dry and austere. Calcutta
is supplied from the valleys of the Kasia hills north of Silhet. Delhi, Nagpore,
Aurungabad, Sautgur near Vellore, and the Northern Circars, are famous for
their Oranges ; but there are large tracts where none or inferior kinds only are
produced. In India the fruit generally ripens between December and March,
according to the climate of the locality. A variety which flowers twice a-year
(Feb. and July), and yields two crops—the first from November to January,
and the second crop in March and cS eile grown at a fade (Firminger’s Gar-
dening, 2d ed., p. 223). The sweet Orange is grown in all parts of the Mediter-

_ ranean region, and the fruit is largely exported from Sardinia, Sicily, the Balearic
Islands, Spain, Portugal, and Madeira. On the Riviera, the cultivation, which
was very extensive in the time of Gallesio, has declined ; and in many cases
the bitter Orange has been substituted, the flowers of this kind being more
54 XVII. RUTACEZ. [ Citrus.

rofitable there at present than the fruit of the sweet Orange. In the south of
Fearapa the Orange attains a much larger size than in India. A yield of 3000
to 5000 Oranges per tree annually is not rare. Near Milis, on the island of
Sardinia, there are trees more than 6 ft. in girth, said to be 700 years old. The
wood of the Orange is hard, close-, and even-grained, yellowish, weighs 49 1b.
when seasoned, and 65-70 lb. when green (Skinner). In South Europe it is
used for turning, engraving, inlaid and cabinet work, and excellent walking-
sticks are made of shoots and branches. oh. :

Tn favour of considering the sweet and bitter Orange as distinct species, the
fact has been urged that in some districts in the south of Europe the seed of
the sweet Orange always reproduces its own kind without grafting. Regard-
ing the fact there seems to be no doubt; Gallesio affirms it as the result of his
researches and of direct experiments, and his statements are confirmed by other
information of a later date. Gallesio states (1. c. p. 32), that during a series of
years he had sown the seeds of the sweet Orange ; that they never produced bit-
ter Oranges; and that during a period of 60 years no instance was known to the
practical gardeners of the Finalais of a bitter Orange having been produced from
the seed of a sweet Orange-tree, or a sweet Orange having arisen from the seed
of a Bigaradier. In the last chapter of his book he relates how, in the severe
winter of 1709, all Orange-trees in Liguria were killed ; and how, to replenish
the gardens, nurseries were formed with the seed of the sweet Orange. The
trees thus raised were grafted according to old custom, but severe frost recurred
in subsequent years, and many of the grafts were killed. Some of the trees
were regrafted ; others were left alone, and these were found to produce excel-
lent fruit. This discovery was followed up; and the result was, that the old
custom of grafting was abandoned in many parts of the Riviera, At present
the sweet Orange is often grafted on the bitter Orange stock, becanse the latter
is more hardy, and because grafted trees come into bearing more quickly than
seedlings (arbres francs) ; but as far as our knowledge goes, there seems no
doubt that on the Riviera, at least, the seed of the sweet Orange reproduces its
own kind. As far as I have been able to ascertain, the sweet Orange-trees in
the vast orchards of the Kasia valleys are all raised from seed without grafting.
On the other hand, there seems no doubt that in America the matter is often
different. On the island of Guadalupe the seed of the sweet Orange produces
bitter fruit; and in Caracas, Varanjo agrio is the term for an austere kind,
often produced from the seed of sweet Oranges (Ernst, plants cultivated or
naturalised in the valley of Caracas, Seemann Journ. Bot. v. 272). Macfadyen,
in his ‘Flora of Jamaica’ (1837), p. 129, states that the seed of the sweet @range
frequently grows up into a tree bearing the bitter fruit. It is clear, then,
that the question, whether the sweet and bitter Orange are specifically distinct,
derives no support from these facts either way, and that it must be decided on
other grounds. The case is similar to that of the Mango in India. In Burma,
and I believe also in other parts of India, the seed of certain good varieties
produces fruit of a similar kind without grafting ; whereas, apparently, in a
climate or under circumstances somewhat less favourable, ungrafted trees, as a
rule, bear nothing but inferior fruit, more or less stringy and turpentiny.
The matter is one well worthy of further research in India, As matters stand
at present, there does not seem sufficient ground for considering the sweet and
bitter Orange as distinct species.

ce. Tum Brraamor, (. Bergamia, Risso et Poiteau. Flowers small, very
sweet-scented ; fruit pear-shaped or globose ; rind smooth, pale yellow; pulp
acidulous, with a pleasant aroma. Not, as far as I know, cultivated in India.
Bergamot oil is the volatile oil of the rind. Voigt, 1.c. 142, refers to this the
acid Limes of India, but they certainly have more the character of (. medica.

d. Tue Acip Lime or tHE West INDIES (C. Lima, Macfadyen ; C. acidis-
Citrus.] XVII RUTACES. 55

sima, Meyer) is referred by Grisebach, l. c., to C. Aurantium. It is described
as.a thorny shrub or small tree of shrubby growth ; leaves oval ; flowers white,
pentamerous ; stamens 25, rarely 30. Fruit nearly globose, small, yellow when
ripe, with a thin skin, and an abundance of pure acid juice. In Jamaica it is
quite naturalised, and forms strong fences ; lime-juice and citric acid are made
from the fruit. The fruit is much like the small acid Lime of India, and it is a
matter for further inquiry whether it should be classified under C. Aurantium.
Lowe classes the West Indian Lime grown in Madeira (Limaé de Gallinha,
Port.) under C. Zumonum. Others have classed the West Indian Lime under
C. Limetta, Risso.

3. C. decumana, Willd. The Shaddock, Pumelo, Pomplemoes.—Vern.
Batavit Nebu, maha nimbu, chakotra.

A tree, attaining 30-40 ft.; young shoots pubescent. - Leaves large, 6-9
in. long, oval-oblong, pubescent beneath, frequently emarginate ; petiole
broad-winged. Flowers white, large; stamens 16-24. Fruit large, pale
yellow, globose or pear-shaped; rind thick; pulp pale yellow pink or crim-
son, sweet or acrid ; transverse vesicles distinct.

Introduced into India from Java. Seemann, Flora Vitiensis, p. 33, states that
it apparently is indigenous in Polynesia, Cultivated in most tropical countries.

The history of the gradual spread of the species of this genus is remark-
able. The Citron alone is desertued by elsaaical writers, It was cultivated in
Media and Persia long before the conquests of Alexander the Great. The Greek
botanist Theophrastus, who wrote shortly after Alexander’s death, gives a de-
scription of the tree and its fruit which cannot be mistaken. They were called
Median and Persian apples, and valued highly on account of their strong aro-
matic scent, as antidotes against poison, and to make the breath sweet. In
Greece and Italy the tree does not appear to have been cultivated much before
the third century of our era, although the fruit was imported at a much earlier
date. Plinius mentions its use in Rome, and in his books the name Citrus first
occurs. In the fifth century it was cultivated in the island of Sardinia, and
about Naples. On the coast of Mentorie and Hyeres it was, according to Gal-
lesio, introduced in the twelfth or thirteenth century.

Oranges and Lemons are not mentioned in the works of Greek and Roman
authors. The first notice regarding them is found in Arab books of the tenth
and eleventh century ; and it seems certain that the Lemon and the bitter Orange
were brought from India to Arabia, Syria, and Egypt in the ninth or tenth cen-
tury, and that their introduction in South Europe was mainly due to the pro-
gress of Arab conquest, in some cases to the Crusaders, and to the trade
connections between the Italian ports and the East. The bitter Orange was
extensively cultivated in Sicily and in Spain in the twelfth century. In Italy
and the south of France, Oranges and Lemons were not commonly grown before
the fourteenth century.

The sweet Orange was introduced in Europe at a much later date; and it
cannot yet be considered as finally decided whether it came by way of Syria—
which, however, seems probable—or whether the Portuguese may claim the honour
of having imported it by sea from India or China. So much is certain, that on
landing in India the Portuguese found sweet Oranges in abundance ; this fact is
specially noted in the account of Vasco de Gama’s voyage. ;

A comparison of the European, Sanskrit, and Arabic names of the Citron, Orange,
and Lemon, confirms the result of historical research regarding the spread of
their cultivation. The Sanskrit name of the Citron, Vijapira, never went far
West. At the time of Alexander the Great, the fruit was known under the
56 XVII. RUTACEA. [ Citrus.

name of Persian and Median apples, and was afterwards called Citrus, the
Latin term for xéSpos, by which the Cedar, Juniper, and other aromatic and re-|
sinous coniferous woods, were designated, which, like the Citron, had the pro-
perty, or were supposed to possess the property, of keeping away insects. Aaa
the other hand, the words Limone, Lime, Lemon, evidently derive their origin’
from the Arab Zimu ; and this name probably has a Sanskrit origin. The |
Sanskrit word Vagaranga, for Orange, is readily traced in the Arab Varanj,
and the European terms Aranzio, Pomeranze, Orange. Again, the word porto-'
gallo, by which the sweet Orange is known in parts of the Mediterranean region |
—for instance, in Greece and Albania—is quoted in proof of the introduction ,
of this fruit by the Portuguese, in the same way as the German (and Russian) |
term, Apfelsine, seems to point to its having been brought from China.

So far regarding the westward spread of these fruits. Whether the numerous
varieties of Citrons and Oranges cultivated in China have originated in species
indigenous in that country, or whether the mountains of India are their
original home, and whether any fruit-trees of this genus are indigenous in the
Indian Archipelago or in Polynesia—these are questions of great interest, which
call for further botanical and historical studies. My object in bringing these
questions forward prominently in this place is to induce others with more
leisure and more opportunities of observation to study a subject of great histori-
cal interest, which may eventually serve to bring out important results regard-
ing the spread and changes of arborescent species under cultivation.

8. FERONTIA, Correa.

Leaves alternate, imparipinnate. Flowers frequently unisexual. Calyx
small, 5-dentate, deciduous. Petals 5, rarely 4-6, oblong-lanceolate,
imbricate. Stamens 10-12; filaments subulate from a broad, densely
villous base ; anthers linear-oblong. Ovary 5-celled, or 1-celled owing
to the slight cohesion of the axile placenta, continued into a thick oblong
or cylindrical style ; ovules numerous, crowded in several series. Fruit
globose, 1-celled, filled with pulp, with a hard rind. Seeds numerous,
oblong, flat ; cotyledons thick, fleshy.

1. P. Elephantum, Correa; Roxb. Cor. Pl. t. 141; Fl. Ind. ii. 411;
Wight Ic. t. 15; W.& A. Prodr. 96. Elephant- or Wood-Apple.—Sans.
Kapittha. Vern. Bilin, kait, kaitha, katbel.

Glabrous, armed with strong, straight, axillary thorns. Leaflets 5-7,
cuneate or obovate, crenate at the top. Flowers of a dull-reddish
colour, in loose, lateral, or terminal leaf-bearing panicles ; axis and branches
pubescent, male and bisexual flowers frequently on the same panicle.
Fruit globose, 2} in. diam. ; rind hard, woody, outside rough, grey-
coloured ; seeds embedded in a fleshy, edible pulp.

Wild in South India ; in the Outer Himalaya and Siwalik tract, ascending
to 1500 ft., and extending west as far as the Ravi. Cultivated, and occasion-
ally wild, throughout India, but not in the plains of the Panjab. FL Feb.-
May ; the fruit ripens about Oct., and often remains long on the tree.

A moderate-sized tree, with a symmetrical trunk, 2-4 ft. in girth, bearing an
elegant oval head ; leaves with a slight smell of aniseed. Bark dark grey or
nearly black, wrinkled, corrugated with longitudinal shallow furrows. Wood
yellowish or light brown, with distinct medullary rays, close-, even-, fine-grained,
strong, hard, 50 Ib. per cub. ft., 62-65 Ib. when green. Value of P, 587-660
(Cunningham) ; 645 (Skinner), Used for housebuilding, naves, oil-crushers,
and agricultural implements. Too coarse for engraving, but well adapted for
Feronia. | XVIL RUTACEA. 57

ornamental carving. The sapwood often eaten by beetles. A white trans-
parent gum exudes from the bark, which is collected, and forms part of the
East Indian Gum-Arabic of commerce, together with the gum of the Vim,
Mango, Babul, Seriss, Khair, Bahera, and several other trees. Pulp of the
fruit acid ; a jelly is made from it.

9. AAGLE, Correa.

Leaves alternate, trifoliolate ; leaflets pellucid-punctate. Flowers bi-
sexual. Calyx small, 4-5-dentate, deciduous. Petals 4-5, imbricate.
Stamens numerous, with short subulate filaments, and long linear
anthers. .Ovary on cylindrical disc, with a thick fleshy axis, and 10-20
small cells near the circumference, with numerous ovules in each cell
attached to the central angle. Stigma capitate, obtuse, deciduous.
Fruit globose, with a hard woody rind, 8-16-celled, filled with an aro-
matic pulp. Seeds numerous, oblong, flat; testa woolly, covered with a
viscid fluid.

1, A. Marmelos, Correa ; Roxb. Cor. Pl. t. 143 ; Fl. Ind. ii. 579 ; Wight
& A. Prodr. 96; Wight Ic. 16; Bedd. Fl. Sylv. t. 161. The Bael
tree.—Sans. Bilva, malura. Vern. Bel, bil, bila, bili. Local name, Ma-
haka-marra, Gonds., C.P. ; Ushitben, Burm.

Glabrous, armed with axillary, straight, strong, sharp spines, 1 in. long
or more. Leaflets 3, rarely 5, ovate-lanceolate, crenate, terminal long-
petiolulate, lateral nearly sessile. Flowers greenish white, with a fine
honey scent, on short lateral panicles ; pedicels and calyx pubescent.
Calyx flat, teeth indistinct. Petals oblong, coriaceous, thickly dotted.
Filaments occasionally fascicled. Fruit globose, oblong, or pyriform, 2 to
5 in. diam., with a smooth, grey or yellow rind, and a thick, orange-
coloured, sweet, aromatic pulp.

Wild in the Siwalik tract and Outer Himalaya, ascending to 4000 ft., from
the Jhelam to Assam ; also in Oudh, Behar, Bengal, Central and South India
and Burma. Often gregarious when wild. Cultivated throughout India, ex-
cept in the northern part of the Panjab; frequently planted near Hindoo
temples. Leaves shed about March and April; the new foliage appears in
April and May. Fl. about May ; and fruit ripens in Oct., Nov., remains long
on the tree.

When cultivated, a middle-sized tree to 35 ft. high, with a short, erect, often
fluted, irregularly-compressed, and scooped-out trunk, attaining a girth of 7 ft. ;
branches few, extremities often drooping, forming a narrow oval head. Wild
(in N.W. India) generally a small, scrubby tree. Bark of trunk and larger
branches 4 in. thick and more, outside soft, corky, light-cinereous or bluish
grey, with large dark stains, and irregular, longitudinal, shallow furrows.
Wood light-coloured, mottled with darker wavy lines and small light-coloured
dots. Medullary rays indistinct. Even-, close-grained, 40-50 lb. per cub. ft.
The tree being valued for its fruit, is not often felled ;. but the timber is esteemed
for strength and toughness. Used in construction, for pestles of oil- and sugar-
mills, naves and other parts of carts, and for agricultural implements. Twigs
and leaves are lopped for cattle-fodder. The tenacious pulp of the fruit is used
medicinally in diarrhoea and dysentery, as sherbet, and as a conserve (Pharm.
Ind. 46), Dry, it keeps well as a hard, transparent substance. It is also con-
sidered an excellent addition to mortar, especially in building wells. Snuff-
boxes are made of the shell of the fruit; the leaves, root, and bark are used
in native medicine ; from the flowers a scented water is distilled.
a8 XVIII, SIMARUBEA. [Ailanthus.

Orvrr XVIII. SIMARUBEZ.

Shrubs or trees, with bitter bark, pinnate leaves without stipules, and
simple hairs. Flowers small, generally unisexual, regular. Calyx 3-5-
cleft. Petals 3-5. Stamens hypogynous, inserted at the base of disc, as
many as petals, or double the number; filaments free ; anthers 2-celled,
bursting longitudinally. Carpels more or less distinct, rarely connate
throughout ; ovary 1-5-celled, generally one ovule in each cell. Fruit-
carpels 1-seeded.—Gen. Pl. i. 306; Royle Ill. 157 (Zanthoxylee) ;
Wight Ill. i. 165, 169, 170.

Stamens twice as many as petals.

Fruit of 1-5 flat foliaceous samare ; leaves pinnate . 1, AILANTHUS.
Fruit a 1-seeded drupe ; leaves 2-foliolate : » . 2. BaLANITEs,°
Stamens as many as petals ; leaves pinnate - . 98. PICRASMA.

], AILANTHUS, Desfontaines.

Large trees, with alternate pinnate leaves approximate near the ends of
branches. Flowers polygamous, in large axillary panicles. Calyx small,
5-cleft; lobes imbricate. Petals 5, spreading, induplicate-valvate in bud.
Male flowers: stamens 10, inserted at the base of disc. Female flowers:
stamens none ; carpels 2-5, distinct, laterally compressed, 1 ovule in each ;
styles as many as carpels. Bisexual flowers with 2-3 stamens. Fruit con-
sisting of 1-5 flat, membranous, reticulate, linear-oblong samaras, each
with one flattish seed in the middle. Seed with scanty albumen, flat,
foliaceous, orbicular cotyledons, and a superior radicle.

1. A. excelsa, Roxb. Cor. Pl. t. 23; Fl. Ind. ii. 450; W. & A. Prody.

150; Wight Il. t. 67.—Sans. Avralu. Vern. Aria, South Meywar;
Maruk, Bomb.

A large tree, leaves abruptly pinnate, more or less tomentose, commonly
8-12 in., sometimes 2-3 feet long; leaflets nearly opposite, 8-14 pair, ovate
from a very unequal base, often broadly falcate-lanceolate, deeply serrate,
often lobed. Flowers yellowish, in axillary panicles, shorter than leaves.
Petals glabrous, ovate. Filaments glabrous, shorter than anthers. Sam-
are lanceolate, pointed at both ends,’ with numerous prominent parallel
nerves. (Roxburgh figures filaments longer than anthers.) ‘

“Indigenous in Central and South India, and extensively planted throughout
India as far north as Saharanpur. Leafless during the early part of the cold
season, the new leaves appear in March, April. Fl. April, May. Easily propa-
gated by seed and cuttings. 60 to 80 ft. high, bark grey, wood soft, white, not
much used, except to make floats for fishing, pith large. ;

A. glandulosa, Dest., which is at home in Japan (perhaps also in China),
and cultivated in Europe, differs by filaments longer than anthers, hispid
at the base, and petals woolly tomentose inside. The leaflets, which are
often 4 in. long, have generally 1-3 pair of rounded glandular teeth near the base.
Grows rapidly, throws up abundant root-suckers, and has on that account been
employed in plantations made to clothe barren, stony hills in the south of
France. Hardy in England. Bedd. Fl. Sylv. t. 122 ; Wight Ic. 1604.

A. malabarica, DC., a large tree of the Western Ghats, with thick rough
bark, is characterised by glabrous leaves ; leaflets lanceolate, entire ; filaments
Ailanthus. | XVIIL SIMARUBLZ. 59

glabrous, longer than anthers, and a linear-oblong samara, rounded at both ends;
yields a resin, matt: pal, used in medicine and as incense (Pharm. Ind. 50).

2, BALANITES, Delile.

- Shrubs or small trees, usually armed with axillary or supra-axillary
spines ; leaves 2-foliolate; leaflets entire, coriaceous. Flowers bisexual ;
sepals and petals 5. Stamens 10, inserted at the base of disc; anthers
dorsally affixed. Ovary globose, pilose, 5-celled, on the thick, fleshy, 10-
furrowed disc; ovules 1 in eachcell. Fruit a 1-seeded drupe, with a bony
or crustaceous putamen. Seed without albumen ; cotyledons thick, plano-
convex, oblong.

1. B. Roxburghii, Planchon.—Syn. B. egyptiaca, Wight Ic. t. 274;
Ximenia egyptiaca, Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 253. Vern. Hingu, Ingua, Hin-
gen, Hingot, Hingota, Ingol.

Thorns axillary, strong, very sharp, often long, leaf- and flower-bearing ;
young parts pubescent, in dry localities hoary-tomentose. Leaflets lanceo-
late, oblong or obovate, nearly sessile, on a common petiole less than }
length of leaflets. Flowers small, white, or greenish white, fragrant,
crowded in fascicles, axillary and along lateral branches. Sepals oval,
downy, nearly as long as petals, both spreading, reflexed, and eventually
deciduous. Style erect, short ; stigma slightly 5-lobed. Drupe ovoid, 2
in. long, 5-grooved, covered with a light-grey dry rind, enclosing a bitter
pulp with an offensive greasy smell; nut exceedingly hard, tubercled out-
side, 1-seeded.

Common in many parts of India, as far north as Delhi; in Rajputana,
Bandelkhand, the Central Provinces, the Northern Circars, the Dekkan, and South
India; grows chiefly in open dry places and on stiff clay soil. New leaves in
March. Fl. in April and May. Usually a scraggy shrub, in favourable condi-
tions a small tree, 30 ft. high, with an erect, short trunk, 2 ft. and more in girth.
The roots spread far, and throw up suckers at a considerable distance from the
trunk, Bark of trunk smooth, yellow or cinereous. Wood chiefly used for fuel.
From the seed a fixed oil is pressed; the pulp is used to clean silk in Rajputana ;
the seeds, the bitter bark, and subacid leaves are employed in native medicine;
the hard kernel of the fruit (filled with gunpowder) is used in fireworks.

The second species of this genus, B. egyptiaca, Delile,—Boissier Fl. Orient.
i. 944, Oliver Flora Trop. Afr. i. 315; Palestine, Egypt, Arabia, and tropical
Africa,—has longer petioles, and the ovary lengthens out considerably after
flowering. In the Indian plant the ovary swells, but remains ovoid and short.
It is, however, a matter for further inquiry, whether all Indian forms belong to
one species,

3. PICRASMA, Blume.

Trees, all parts very bitter, with alternate imparipinnate leaves.
Flowers unisexual, in corymbose panicles. Calyx small, 4-5-dentate.
Petals 4-5, ovate, valvate. Male flowers with 4-5 stamens, inserted under
the disc. Carpels 3-5, distinct, on a thick disc; ovules solitary. Fruit
consisting of 1-3, nearly dry, drupes ; seeds with a straight embryo in a
‘leshy albumen.

1. P, quassioides, Bennett.—Syn. Nima quassioides, Hamilton. Vern.
60 XVII. SIMARUBEZ.- [ Picrasma.

Tita, tithai, tithu, hala, huldshi, arkhar, Pb. (the two last names are
also used for species of Rhus).

Young parts pubescent. Leaflets opposite in 4-6 pairs, nearly sessile,
ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, serrate; common petiole 5-8 in. long.
Corymbs axillary, shorter than leaf. Flowers small, greenish, generally
pentamerous. Sepals and petals persistent; petals five to six times as
long as sepals, ovate, acute. Filaments with a thick, pilose base ;
anthers cordate-ovate, versatile. Drupes globose, } in. long, black when
ripe.

Outer Himalaya, from the Chenab to Nepal, between 3000 and_5500 ft.,
ascending occasionally to 8000 ft. Also in China. Fl. trom April-June ; the
bitter fruit ripens from July-Sept. A tall, scrambling shrub; bark smooth,
brownish, with white specks, very bitter, and used in native medicine as a
tonic and stomachic.

Orper XIX. OCHNACEA.

Shrubs or trees, with alternate, simple, glabrous, stipulate leaves.
Flowers yellow or orange, on jointed pedicels. Sepals 5, free, imbricate.
Petals as many as sepals, or more. Stamens hypogynous, (10 or) inde-
finite ; anthers linear, dehiscing longitudinally or by subterminal pores.
Ovary deeply 3-10-lobed, 3-10-celled ; cells uniovulate; style 1, central,
slender. Fruit of 3-10 sessile drupes, inserted upon the enlarged torus.
Seed exalbuminous.—Gen. Pl. i. 316; Royle Ill 165; Wight DL i. 171.

1, OCHNA, Schreber.

Trees or shrubs, wholly glabrous. Leaves alternate, coriaceous ; stipules
axillary. Flowers yellow. Sepals 5. Petals 5-10. Stamens numerous,
equal ; anthers linear. Ovary 3-10-lobed.

A large shrub ; flowers on short lateral racemes . F 1. O. squarrosa.
A small undershrub ; flowers 3, on long axillary peduncles 2. O. pumila.

1. O. squarrosa, Roxb. Cor. Pl. t. 89 (1795); Fl. Ind. ii. 643 ; W. &
A. Prodr. 152; Wight Ill. t. 69.—Syn. O. lucida, Lam. (1796).

A shrub or small tree; leaves elliptic-oblong, acute at both ends, 3-5
in. long, on short petioles, finely serrulate, with numerous fine, parallel,
lateral nerves. Flowers in short lateral racemes on the previous year’s
wood, often on short generally leafless branchlets. Petals 7-12.

Bengal, Burma, South India. Will probably be found in the south-eastern
part of the Centr. Prov. Fl. Feb., March. Fruit May, June. Grown in gardens.

2. 0. pumila, Hamilton.—Syn. 0. humilis, Hamilton; 0. collina,
Edgew. Trans. Linn. Soc. xx. 43. Vern. Maidan-ka-kusum, C.P.

An undershrub ; leaves oblanceolate, 4-6 in. long, narrowed into a short
petiole, serrulate with cuspidate teeth. Main lateral nerves distant,
irregularly parallel. Flowers 3, on pedicels 1-2 in. long, peduncles
axillary, nearly as long as leaf. Petals 5, longer than calyx,
Ochna.] XIX. OCHNACEA. 61

Sub-Himalayan tract, principally in Sal forests. Satpura range. South
Konkan. Underground stem perennial, throwing up annually, after the jungle-
fires, a number of subherbaceous stems to 2 ft. high, bearing leaves and flowers.
Fl. April, May.

Orper XX. BURSERACEA.

Trees or shrubs, often resinous. Leaves generally alternate, 3-foliolate,
or imparipinnate, in some cases I-foliolate, without stipules. Flowers
small, bisexual or polygamous. Calyx 3-5-cleft. Petals 3-5. Stamens
as many as petals, or twice their number, inserted on the edge or outside
base of disc; anthers 2-celled, longitudinally dehiscent. Ovary free,
2-5-celled ; ovules generally 2 in each cell, axile. Fruit generally drupa-
ceous. Seeds one or few, pendulous, without albumen ; cotyledons gen-
erally twisted or crumpled, radicle pointing upwards.—Gen. Pl. i. 321 ;
Royle Ill. 174; Wight Il. i. 180. (Suborder of Terebinthaceze). :

Leaves imparipinnate, with numerous leaflets.
Fruit a 3-valved capsule, the valves separating i

from the axis; calyx small, open . ‘ . 1. BoswELita.
Fruit a drupe ; calyx campanulate 4 . ‘ 2. GaRuaa.
Leaves generally 3-foliolate ‘ 7 ‘ ‘ 3 3. BaLSAMODENDRON.

Bursera serrata, Wall. (Icica indica, W. & A. Prodr. 177), a large tree, with
close-grained timber, esteemed for furniture—Assam, Chittagong, the Rajmahal
hills—belongs to this family, and may possibly be found further west. Leaves
large, imparipinnate ; leaflets lanceolate, acuminate, glabrous. Flowers small,
in axillary panicles ; calyx small, indistinctly dentate ; petals 5, inserted below
disc ; stamens 10 ; stigma sessile ; drupe generally 1-seeded.

1. BOSWELLIA, Roxb.

Trees abounding in resin, with alternate imparipinnate leaves, crowded
at the ends of branches. Flowers bisexual, hypogynous. Calyx small,
open, 5-7-cleft. Petals 5-7. Stamens mostly 10, inserted at the base
of the annular disc. Ovary half immersed in the disc, 3-celled; 2
collateral ovules in each cell. Fruit a 3-valved capsule, opening septi-
fragally, the dissepiments remaining attached to the axis, and bearing 3
seeds, pendulous from the top of the inner angle, enclosed in a hard, bony
shell, with a broad membranous wing, which is not the testa of the
seed, but the endocarp of the fruit, separated from the ‘outer layer of ‘the
pericarp. Seed without albumen;-cotyledons trifid, lobes laciniate ;
radicle superior.

1. B. thurifera, Colebrooke ; Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 383; W. & A. Prodr.
174,—Syn. B. glabra, Roxb. Pl. Cor. t. 207; Fl. Ind.; W. & A. Prodr.
le; Bedd. Fl. Sylv. 124. Boswellia serrata, Stackhouse (probably).
Vern. Salhe, Sale, Salat, Salei, Saler. Local names: Guggar, Kamaon ;,,
Bhor-salai, Gonds., C.P.

Young parts and leaves mostly pubescent, with simple hairs. Leaves.
crowded near ends of branches, 8-15 in. long; leaflets 8-15 pairs, oppo- - -
site, or nearly opposite, sessile, lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, from an...
62 XX, BURSERACEZ. [ Boswellia.

oblique base more or less deeply crenate, apex generally rounded, obtuse.
Flowers white, about } inch across; a number of racemes, or racemose
panicles, at the ends of branches, shorter than the leaves ; bracts small,
deciduous. Calyx cup-shaped, 5-7-toothed. Petals broad-ovate, shortly
unguiculate. Anthers 10-12, hairy. Disc fleshy, red. Stigma 4-5-lobed.
Bony endocarp heart-shaped, beaked, in the centre of an oblong, mem-
branous wing.

Common throughout Behar, the Dekkan, to within 20 miles of the Western
Ghats (Dalzell), the Central Provinces, Bandelkhand, and Rajputana, in the
forest tracts at the foot of the Himalaya, westward as far as the Sutlej, also in
South India. Grows chiefly on hot, arid hills, more or less gregariously, forming
open forests, and often associated with Sterculia wrens. Particularly abun-
dant on the trap hills of the Dekkan and the Satpura range. :

Deciduous, the old leaves fall about March and April, and are replaced in
June by the fresh foliage. The flowers appear when the tree is leafless ; some-
times before the old leaves fall, or after the young leaves have appeared. Rate
of growth generally rapid; a tree in the Saharanpur gardens, 30 years old,
measured 6 ft. girth. Throws up abundant coppice-shoots when felled, and
grows readily from cuttings and stakes if planted during the rains.

A moderate-sized tree, generally not more than 30 ft. high, and 5-6 ft. girth,
with a spreading, flat crown. Bark nearly } in. thick, juicy when fresh, inner
substance brown. Outside usually greenish ash-coloured, peeling off in smooth
thin flakes. Wood light-coloured when fresh, darker when seasoned, soft,
spongy, coarse- and open-grained, 30-35 lb. per cub. ft., not durable. Used
chiefly as fuel. Charcoal is made of it, used for iron-smelting in Nimar.
From wounds and cracks in the bark exudes an abundance of transparent, fra-
grant gum-resin, diffusing, when burnt, an agreeable smell. Itis used medicin-
ally and as incense in India, and sold in the bazaars under the name of Labanu,
Kundur, or Kundura ; but it is not the Olibanon or frankincense chiefly used
in Europe, which is yielded by several other species of Boswellia growing in
the Somali country, and on the Hadramaut hills in Arabia, and described by
Dr Birdwood in Trans. Linn. Soc. xxvii. 111.

I only know one sp. of Boswellia in Central India, well represented by
Roxburgh’s and Beddome’s figures of B. glabra. There is, however, a difficulty
in Roxburgh’s description of B. glabra in the text of the Coromandel plants.
He says, “It is one of the largest trees, with a hard, heavy, and durable wood.
The lower masts of coast-built vessels are generally made of it, though its weight
renders it less fit than fir or teak.” These remarks would not apply to Salat,
and Roxburgh’s description may possibly refer to another species.

2, GARUGA, Roxb.

Trees with alternate imparipinnate leaves, crowded at the ends of
branches. Flowers polygamous. Calyx campanulate, 5-cleft, valvate,
inside lined by a thin disc with a crenate margin. Petals 5, inserted
in the calyx-tube above the middle. Stamens 10, perigynous, inserted
below the petals. Ovary ovoid, 4-5-celled; stigma capitate, 4-5-lobed ;
2 collateral ovules in each cell. Fruit a globose fleshy drupe, with 5 or
fewer bony nuts. Seeds solitary in each nut ; cotyledons thin, twisted.

1. G. pinnata, Roxb.—Tab. XIII.—Pl. Corom. t. 208: Fl. Ind. ii
400; W. & A. Prodr. 175; Bedd. Fl. Sylv. t. 118.—Vern. Kharpat
(grass-leaf), Katmanna, kitmirria, kilmira, karolu, hatula, sarota, Pb.,
Garuga.| XX, BURSERACEA. 63

N.W.P.; Ghogar, kaikar, Oudh; Kankar, kakar, kaikra, ghunja, ghurri,
maharut, C.P.; Chinyuk, Burm.

Leaves approximate near the ends of branches, 6-12 in. long ; leaflets
6-9 pairs, opposite or nearly so, nearly sessile, lanceolate or ovate-lanceo-
late, crenate, acuminate, glabrous or tomentose. Flowers yellow, in spread-
ing panicles, several at the ends of branches ; branches of inflorescence,
pedicels, and calyx tomentose ; bracts linear, deciduous. Calyx 10-ribbed.
Filaments, ovary, and style hairy ; stigma 5-lobed. Drupe fleshy, smooth,
about the size of a nutmeg ; nuts generally two, tuberculated outside.

Dry forests in the hilly regions of the greater part of Central and South India
and Burma. At the foot of the Himalaya, and in the outer valleys (ascending
to 3500 ft.) from the Jumnato Assam, often in Sal forests ; in North-West India
frequently associated with Odina Wodier, which it resembles when leafless.
Leafless during the greater part of the dry season. The fresh foliage generally _
appears in April or May, with the flowers or after them, The fruit ripens about
June and July. Oval, smooth, brown galls on petioles not uncommon in No-
vember. Stakes of branches planted during the rains grow readily.

Under favourable circumstances a large tree, 50-60 ft. high, with an erect,
straight trunk, 15-20 ft. long and 5-6 ft. in girth. Branchlets with conspicuous
marks of lapsed petioles. Bark of trunk thick, light grey or brown, furrowed
by shallow longitudinal wrinkles ; outer layers getting black, and exfoliating
in broad, irregularly angular flakes. Inner bark reddish brown. Sap-
wood. large, whitish ; heartwood dark reddish-brown, mottled, even- but rather
open-grained, 52 Ib. per cub. ft. (Chinyitk from Burma.) I am inclined to
think that the wood of Garuga pinnata is often light-coloured and of less weight.
Seasons well, durability doubtful, readily attacked by insects, Not much used
for construction, but employed for indoor work, and as fuel. Has been recom-
mended for cabinet-work. Bark employed for tanning; a gum exudes from it.

The fruit is eaten, raw and pickled. Shoots and leaves are lopped as fodder,
whence the name Kharpat.

3. BALSAMODENDRON, Kunth.

Small trees or shrubs, yielding aromatic resin ; branches often thorny.
Leaves alternate or crowded at the end of short branches, imparipinnate
or 1-3-foliolate. Flowers polygamous. Calyx tubular, campanulate, or ur-
ceolate, 4-cleft, persistent. Petals 4, erect or with recurved tips, inserted
at the bottom of calyx. Stamens 8, inserted on or outside the margin of
a cup-shaped disc. Ovary sessile, 2-3-celled, narrowed into a short thick
style; ovules geminate, collateral, pendulous. Fruit a drupe, the rind or
epicarp frequently splitting more or less irregularly into 2-4 valves, leav-
ing exposed the pulp or mesocarp, which encloses the nut. Nuts 1-3, with
bony endocarp, either separate or more or less connate. Seed without
albumen, one in each nut; testa membranous; embryo straight, the
tadicle pointing upwards ; cotyledons thin, crumpled and plaited.

Most species of this genus inhabit Arabia and Eastern Africa, and several of
these yield the Myrrh of commerce. Some of the Indian species also yield a
fragrant gum-resin, which is an article of trade, under the name of Gugal, gugul,
guggur (mukul, Arab.), which is believed to be the Bdellium of classic writers,
and which most likely furnishes part of the Myrrh which is exported from
- Bombay. They are not important as forest-trees, inthe sense in which this .

word is generally accepted, but they merit attention as forming part of the .
64 XX, BURSERACEA. [ Balsamodendron.

scanty arborescent vegetation of the arid hills of Sindh and Rajputana ; and it
is not impossible that a better knowledge of them, and increased_attention
paid to them, may eventually lead to increased production of a valuable article
of commerce. Two species only are yet known from North-West India; a third,
though indigenous in South India, is added to guard against misconception.

Leaves usually unifoliolate . 5 2 ‘ i . 1. B. Mukul.
Leaves ternate or imparipinnate.
Unarmed . . 3 A 2. B. pubescens.

Thorny i ; ‘ : . : ; : | 3. 2B. Berryt.

1. B. Mukul, Hook.; Stocks in Hooker’s Journal of Botany, i.»
(1849) t. 8; Boissier Fl. Orient. ii, 3.—Vern. Gugal, Sindh.

Branches frequently spiniform; leaves generally approximate at the
end of thick, short, tuberculate or woody branchlets, smooth and shining,
obovate, almost sessile, the tapering base entire, the upper part shallow-
toothed. On luxuriant shoots, the leaves are alternate, cuneate-obovate,
rhomboid or oval, acute, deeply serrate, with a petiole, from the summit
of which spring one or two lateral leaflets, smaller than the terminal leaflet,
sometimes minute ; young leaves, while in the bud, covered with glandular
hairs, which soon drop off. Flowers small, subsessile, 2 or 3 together at
the end of branchlets, unisexual. Males with ovary short and barren ;
females with short stamens and imperfect anthers. Calyx cylindrical,
supported by 3 minute bracts, covered with glandular hairs; tube splitting
as the ovary swells, remaining withered at the base of the fruit. Petals
4-5, strap-shaped, brownish red, tips curled back. Disc 8-10-toothed,
bearing 8-10 filaments, alternately longer, the short filaments inserted in
the sinus between the teeth, opposite to the petals. Stigma obscurely 2-
lobed. Drupe red when ripe, ovate, acuminate, separating into 2 fleshy
valves, leaving the nut enveloped by a 4-cleft yellow pulp (mesocarp),
the lobes of which meet at the apex. Nuts ovoid, acute, readily splitting
into two, each 1-celled. Drupes rarely 4-valved, 4 nuts, and 8-cleft pulp.

Abundant on rocky ground in Sindh, Kattiawar, at Deesa, in Beluchistan,
and probably in Arabia. In Sindh it flowers in March and April ; the leaves
and young shoots appear in May. A small tree, 4-6 ft. high or more, génerally
a stunted bush, with thick-spreading branches. Trunk and branches knotty and
crooked, with the ash-coloured bark coming off in rough flakes, leaving exposed.
the under bark, which is bright and shining, and peels off in rolls like thin
paper. Wood light-coloured, even-grained, but soft and light, takes a fine
polish. Dr Stocks gives the following account of the collection of the gum,
which is known as Indian Bdellium :—

“In Sindh the Googul is collected in the cold season by making incisions with
a knife in the tree, and letting the resin fall on the ground. It exudes in large
tears, soft and opaque, hardens, and turns brownish black very slowly ; a single
tree is said to yield from half to a whole seer. It is brought to the bazaars of
i isp)" and Kurrachee, where it sells at the rate of 2 Rs, the maund of 80

Nearly related to it, and probably the same species, is a shrub which I
found on rocky hills in Rajputana in Dec. 1869 and Jan. 1870, with old leaves
and unripe fruit, near Kishengurh, N.E. of Ajmir, and near Bednore, 8.W. of
that city, in_ both places under the name of Gagal, yielding a fragrant
gum-resin. The leaves are deep-dentate, and have peculiar, round, whitish
Balsamodendron. | XX. BURSERACEA. 65

vesiculose blotches, as if the epidermis had separated from the cellular tissue
below. Specimens exactly corresponding with those collected by me in Rajpu-
tana are in the Kew Herb. from the Peninsula, apparently from the Bellary
district, Madden, Journ. As. Soc. xvii. pt. 1.404, alsomentions a Balsamodendron
from Rajputana. In the Supplement to the ‘Bombay Flora,’ by Dalzell and
Gibson, a similar shrub is described from Khandeish, under the name of B. Rox-
burghit, probably the same plant. It is said there, p. 20: “ The whole plant is
aromatic, abounding in a viscid balsamic juice, which is exported in considerable
quantities from Oomrawuttee.” This species will probably be found to be indi-
genous on arid, rocky hills throughout Rajputana and a great part of the Dekkan.
However, in order to avoid the possibility of a mistake, the preceding descrip-
tion of B. mukul has been based exclusively upon Dr Stocks’s paper, and the
specimens collected in Sindh.

2. B. pubescens, Stocks 1. c. t. 9; Boiss. Fl. Or. ii. 2.—Vern. Bayi,
bat, Beluchistan.

A small tree or stunted shrub. Unarmed, pubescent ; leaves trifoliolate,
on slender petioles longer than leaflets, terminal leaflet stalked, generally,
fascicled on short tuberculate branchlets, but alternate on vigorous shoots,
and then often imparipinnate ; leaflets ovate or obovate, entire. Petals
red or white. Stamens equal. Drupe red, valves 2, each cleft half-way
up from below ; mesocarp orange-coloured, 4-toothed, not reaching to the
apex of the nut.

Beluchistan, and hills which separate that country from Sindh, as far south as
Karachi. The young shoots and buds are remarkably fragrant when bruised.
In the cold season it yields a small quantity of tasteless, inodorous, brittle gum,
almost entirely soluble in water. Fl. in March and April; leaves and young
shoots appear in April and May.

3. B. Berryi, Arnott ; Ann. of Nat. Hist. iii. 86 (1839)—Syn. Protium
Gileadense, W. & A. Prodr. 177.

Most lateral branches terminating in thorns at right angles to main
branch ; leaves alternate or fascicled on short tubercular branchlets, trifoli-
olate, on slender petioles ; leaflets sessile, obovate, the terminal one twice
as large as the lateral ones, glabrous, generally entire. Flowers subsessile,
fascicled ; calyx 3-4-cleft ; petals 3-4. Disc small, bearing 6-8 stamens
alternately smaller, the larger ones opposite to petals; in the male flowers
stamens longer than calyx. Drupe oblong, apiculate.

A small or middle-sized tree in the dry forests east of the Nilgiris, and culti-

vated as a hedge-plant all over South India. The whole tree has a grateful frag-
rance,

_ B. Gileadense, Kunth = B. Opobalsamum, Kunth,—Oliver Fl. Trop. Africa
1, 326 ; Boiss. 1. c. 2;—believed to be one of the Myrrh-yielding species, is a small
unarmed tree, with 3-5 leaflets, in Nubia and Arabia,

Orpen XXI, MELIACEA,

Trees and shrubs, with alternate, generally pinnate, leaves, without stip-
ules. Flowers regular, small, bisexual, a large proportion sterile, in
large panicles, frequently with determinate inflorescence. Calyx small,

E
66 XXI, MELIACE. [ Melia.

4-5-cleft. Petals generally 4-5, free, rarely connate. Stamens generally .

double the number of petals, rarely 5; the filaments in most genera united
into a tube, rarely free, inserted on the disc, or outside at its base; an-
thers 2-celled, dehiscing longitudinally, introrse. Disc annular, cup-shaped
or tubular, Ovary free, 3-5-celled ; style 1 ; ovules either 2 in each cell
or numerous ; placentation axile. Fruit various ; seeds with or without
albumen.—Gen. Pl. i. 327; Royle I. 139; Wight Il. i. 145, 148.
(Cedrelaceze. )

Stamens united in a tube ; ovules 1-2 in each cell,
Staminal tube cylindrical, 10-toothed, bearing 10 anthers at

the top ; petals erect H . ” Z . Ll. Metra.
Staminal tube globular or campanulate, bearing 5-10 anthers
on the inside ; petals concave, connivent at the top . 2 AMOORA.

Staminal tube cleft into 8-10 divisions, each bearing an an-
ther ; petals erect . . é : ‘ . 38. Heynga.
Stamens united in a tube ; ovules numerous.
Staminal tube urceolate, 10-toothed ; seeds winged at the
upper end, witha thin fleshy albumen . : 3
Staminal tube cup-shaped, 10-cleft, each division 2-toothed ;
seeds winged at both ends; no albumen . . 5
Stamens free, inserted on the disc.
Stamens 4-6, ovary 5-celled, capsule opening septifragally . CEDRELA.
Stamens 10; ovary 8-celled ; capsule opening loculicidally . 7. CHLOROXYLON,

. SWIETENIA.

4
5. SoOYMIDaA.
6

Besides the trees here described, this family contains the Chittagong wood,
Chickrassia tabularis, Juss.; Bedd. Fl. Sylv. t.9. A large tree of the hills of
Eastern Bengal, Burma, and South India, with light-reddish wood, abruptly pin-
nate tomentose leaves, terminal panicles ; staminal tube cylindrical, with 10
anthers on its edge ; a woody 3-celled capsule, with numerous winged seeds.

1. MELIA, Linn.

Trees with alternate pinnate, bipinnate, or tripinnate leaves. -Flowers
white or purple, in large, branched panicles. Calyx 5-6-cleft, imbricate.
Petals 5-6, linear-spathulate, convolute in bud. Stamens 10-12, mona-
delphous, edge of tube with 10-30 teeth ; anthers inserted on the edge of
the tube between the teeth, or within the tube below its mouth. Ovary
3-6-celled, surrounded at the base by the annular disc, continued into a
cylindrical or filiform style, bearing a 3-6-lobed, deciduous stigma ; ovules
2 in each cell. Fruit a fleshy or dry drupe, the putamen 1-5-celled,
each cell containing 1 pendulous seed, with a crustaceous testa; albu-
men scanty or none ; cotyledons foliaceous.

Leaves pinnate ; flowers white; fruit 1-celled ; endocarp carti-
laginous Boe Ne A : . < . 1. M. indica.
Leaves bipinnate ; fruit 5-celled ; endocarp osseous.
Leaflets serrate, with large, often unequal, teeth; staminal
tube glabrous, purple, edge with 20-30 teeth as long as
anthers. : woe ; 2 : - 2. M. Azedarach.
Leaflets entire or crenate; staminal tube hairy, white, edge

with an indefinite number of short subulate teeth, shorter

than anthers 3. M. composita.
Melia.] XXI, MELIACEA. 67

1, M. indica.*—Syn. M. Azadirachta, Linn. ; Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 394 ;
Bedd. Fl. Sylv. t. 13. Azadirachta indica, Juss. ; Wight Ic. t. 17; W.
& A. Prodr. 118. The Neem tree. Sans. Nimba; Pers. Azad-dirakht.
Vern. Nim. Local names: Betain, Kamaon ; Limbo, C.P.; Nimuri, Sindh.

Leaves imparipinnate, 9-15 in. long; leaflets 9-13, nearly opposite,
shortly petiolate, 1-3 in. long, unequal-sided, ovate-lanceolate, sometimes
falcate, deep and sharply serrate, acuminate, glabrous. Flowers white, with
astrong smell of honey, especially at night, pentamerous, on short slender
pedicels, with short scattered hairs, in large axillary panicles, shorter than
leaf ; bracts small, caducous. Calyx small, flat, with 5 rounded, obtuse
segments. Petals spathulate, obliquely imbricate in bud. Anthers 10,
linear, inserted opposite and below the teeth of the staminal tube, Ovary
3-celled. Drupe ovoid-oblong, size of an olive, smooth, dark purple when
ripe; putamen cartilaginous, 1-celled, 1-seeded, reticulate outside.

A common tree throughout the greater part of India, as far west as the Sutlej ;
lanted or self-sown, but (in N.W. India) nowhere really wild in the original
frost, West of the Sutlej it’ is comparatively rare, and much smaller in size.
Beyond the Jhelam it disappears altogether. Ascends to 5000 ft. in Kamaon.
Never leafless; the fresh leaves issue in March and April before the old leaves
fall. Flowers March-May ; fruit ripens in July and August. Grows readily
from seed ; seedlings require shelter from frost in N.W. India; when cut, throws
ae and vigorous coppice-shoots ; growth fairly quick, 3-4 rings per in.
radius, ‘
A large tree, 40-50 ft. and higher, with a straight trunk, not long, attaining a
th of 6-9 ft.,and a broad, rounded crown of dark-green foliage. Bark of trunk
in. thick, inner substance reddish brown or yellow, outside grey, with scattered
a tubercles between numerous dark longitudinal and oblique wrinkled
UITOWS.

Sapwood yellowish white ; heartwood red or brown, especially the inner part,
compact, closer than that of M. Azedarach. The weight of unseasoned wood
is 55-60 Ib. (Skinner), that of seasoned wood 45-52 Ib. per cub. ft. Value of
P. 539 (Puckle), 587 (Cunningham), and 720 (Skinner). Somewhat resembles:
mahogany, takes a beautiful polish ; in South India much employed for furni-;
ture. Fairly durable, bitter, so that white ants or other insects will not touch
it. Used for construction, cart-building, shipbuilding, and agricultural imple-
ments, Held sacred by Hindus, and used for making idols,

From incisions in the trunk near the base, made in spring, issues a quantity of
sap, often flowing for weeks; used as a stomachic and cooling drink. A gum,
used as a stimulant, exudes from the bark. From the fruit is extracted, by
boiling or pressure, a fixed, acrid, bitter oil (margosa), deep yellow, with strong
disagreeable flavour. It is used medicinally, in dyeing, as_an antiseptic and an-
thelmintic, and is burnt in lamps. It is said to be expressed from the pulp,
and not from the seed. It is exported from Madras, chiefly to Ceylon. The
seeds are employed to kill insects, and for washing the hair. The leaves are
bitter, and are used medicinally ; the bark is very bitter, and is used as a sub-
stitute for Peruvian bark (Pharm. Ind. 53).

* There is no sufficient ground for maintaining Melia and Azadirachta as distinct
genera, and I follow the authors of the Gen. Plant. in reuniting them. But the Linnean
names, I. Azadirachta for the Nim, and M. Azedarach for the Bakain, cannot remain
‘side by side, as they“are merely different modes of spelling the same word. This
compels me to take Jussieu’s specific name indica.
68 XXI. MELIACEA. [ Melia.

inn. ; b. Fl Ind. ii. 395; W. & A. Prodr.
Ti on ee ee Orient, i. 954, Persian Lilac,

117; Bedd. Fl. Sylv. t. 14. Boissier FL. ‘ 5 Publ
Bastard Cedar, Common bead-tree.—Vern. Drek, dek, jek, cg UIA,
betain, deikna, Pb., N.W.P. Maha limbo, malla nim, muhli, C.P.

Young parts and inflorescence covered with minute stellate hairs. Leaves
bipinnate, 9-18 in. long, pinnee opposite or nearly so, with 3, 5, or 7 leaf-
lets ; leaflets ovate-lanceolate, shortly petiolulate, 4-14 in. long, acu-
minate, more or less deeply serrate, sometimes lobed. Flowers generally
pentamerous, lilac, with a strong honey-scent, on slender pedicels, in
axillary panicles, shorter than leaf. Calyx deeply cleft; lobes oblong.
Petals linear-spathulate, patent or reflexed. Staminal tube purple, 4 in.
long or more, with 20-30 linear teeth, as long as the anthers. Ovary 5-
celled ; stigma capitate, 5-sulcate. Drupe ovoid or globose, yellow when
ripe, 4-3 in. diam.; rind tough; putamen thick, hard, 5-celled, 5-seeded,
or with fewer cells and seeds by abortion.

Commonly cultivated throughout India. In the Panjab it replaces the
Nim, being rare in the east, and abundant in the centre and west of that pro-
vince. Stocks found it wild in Beluchistan, and it is believed to be indigenous
in the Lower Himalaya and the Siwalik tract. Generally it is found as a cul-
tivated tree, ascending in the Himalaya to 5800 ft, It is commonly cultivated
in Afghanistan, Western Asia, South Europe, the West Indies, South America,
Australia, China, and the Indian Archipelago. Bare of leaves for 3-4 months
in the cold season, in full leaf and bloom from March-May ; very handsome at
that time. The bunches of yellow fruit ripen in autumn, and remain on the
tree while it is leafless, untouched by animals, except the Bulbul (Madden),
In that state the tree presents a curious appearance. Grows readily from seed
and cuttings; does not require much water. Young plants are not touched by
rats. Throws up vigorous coppice-shoots when felled ; the roots are shallow,
spreading near the surface, and the tree is readily blown over. Rate of growth
moderately rapid; the concentric rings correspond to the age of the tree.
Specimens of 6} in., 44 in., and 42 in. radius, showed respectively 22, 15, and 14
concentric rings.

A moderate-sized tree, 40 ft. high, and generally less, with a short, erect trunk,
attaining a girth of 6-7 ft., generally hollow when larger, branches spreading
into a large, broad crown. Bark of trunk } in. thick, inner substatice hard,
brownish red, outside light and dark grey, with small oblong and white specks
across, slight cracks, between long, deep, longitudinal, brown fissures, and shorter
shallow ones across, The outer 3-4 rings are generally sapwood of yellowish
colour ; the heartwood is brownish, white, or often reddish, coarse-fibred, warps
and splits, weighs only 30 Ib. per cub. ft. (38-42 lb. unseasoned). Value of P.
596 (Skinner), The wood of old trees often handsomely marked, and used for
furniture in the Peninsula. Bark extremely bitter ; leaves and pulp of the fruit
used in native medicine. From the fruit a fixed oil is extracted, The hard nuts
are frequently strung as beads.

Melia sempervirens, Swartz., the West Indian bead-tree, Bot. Reg. t. 643 ;
Grisebach, West Ind. Fl, 128,—is indigenous in Jamaica and Central America ;
but is almost certainly the same species as If. Azedarach. Roxb., L. ¢. 395, states
that it is also a native of Persia, and that it is “a small delicate evergreen, of short
duration compared with M. Azedarach, which is a robust deciduous timber-
tree.” Wight & Arnott (Prodr., 117) find no difference between the two species.
In North America the root-bark of the tree enjoys considerable repute as an
anthelmintic (Pharm. Ind. 55).
Melia. | XXI. MELIACEZ, 69 !

3. M. composita, Willd. ; W. & A. Prodr. 117; Bedd. Fl. Sylv. t. 12.
—Syn. M. superba, Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 396 ; M. robusta, Roxb. 1. ¢. ii. 397.
Vern. Hisur, limbarra, numbarra, Bomb.

A large and handsome tree of rapid growth, with a smooth, dark brown
bark, and large, bi- or tri-pinnate leaves ; pinne 3-7-foliolate ; leaflets entire
orcrenate. Flowers white, fragrant. Young leaves, inflorescence, calyx, and
petals densely covered with a mealy stellate pubescence. Staminal tube less
than 4} in. long, villous with long white hairs ; anthers inserted below the
edge of the staminal column, which is divided into numerous small subu-
late teeth, shorter than the anthers. Drupes ovoid, of the size of a large
olive, with a thick hard long putamen, 5-celled, or by abortion with
fewer cells. The figure in Beddome’s‘ Flora Sylvatica’ shows the anthers
alternating with an equal number of teeth of the staminal tube. This I
am unable to verify.

Western coast and Western Ghats. Burma, Malay Ps Indian Archi-
pelago. Cultivated in gardens. Fl, Feb., April. ; fr. Dec., Jan. Benth, Fl.
Austr. i. 380, refers an Australian tree (Queensland, North Australia, New South
Wales) to this species, and thinks that it scarcely differs from M. Azedarach.

2, AMOORA, Roxb.

Trees with imparipinnate leaves, and polygamous flowers, in spikes
racemes or panicles, Calyx cup-shaped, or sepals distinct, 3-5. Petals
3-5, thick, concave, imbricate in bud. Staminal tube globose or campanu-
late ; anthers 6-10, sessile on the inside of the tube. Disc 0. Ovary
3-5-celled, ovules 1 or 2 in each cell. Capsule 3-4-celled; cells 1-
seeded. Seeds exalbuminous, with a fleshy arillus,

1, A. Rohituka, W. & A. Prodr. 119; Bedd. Fl. Sylv. t. 132,—Syn.
Andersonia Rohituka, Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 213. Sans. Rohitaka. Vern.
Sohaga, Oudh ; Harin harra, or Harin khana, Hind. ; Tikta-raj, Beng.

Leaves coriaceous, glabrous, varying to 2 ft. long; leaflets opposite, in
2-8 pairs, shortly petiolulate, ovate-lanceolate from unequal base, acuminate,
entire. Flowers in spikes, small, white, nearly sessile, subtended by
minute bracts ; male spikes paniculate ; bisexual spikes solitary or twin,
supra-axillary. Calyx coriaceous, deeply cleft into 5 round obtuse lobes.
Petals 3. Staminal tube globular, fleshy, white; anthers 6, attached
half-way up the tube. Ovary 3-celled; stigma sessile, 3-lobed/ Capsule
pale yellow, soft and fleshy, obovoid, globose, or pyriform, 1 in. long,
3-celled, opening longitudinally by 3 valves from apex. Seeds solitary,
-with a chestnut-coloured, smooth, shining testa, surrounded by a scarlet
arillus.

Oudh (only in moist ravines of the central and eastern part of the Gonda
forests), Assam, Eastern Bengal, South India, along and near the Western
Ghats. Ceylon. Evergreen; fl. in July, August; fruit ripens in the cold
season. A moderate-sized tree, 30 ft. high, with a short, erect, straight trunk
to 4 ft. in girth, with a close, shady, rounded head, somewhat resembling Cedrela
Toona in general appearance. Bark thick, wood reddish brown, medullary rays
very numerous, fine, pores large. In Bengal, oil is extracted from the seeds,
70 XXL MELIACEA, [Heynea.

3. HEYNEA, Roxb.

Trees with imparipinnate leaves; leaflets opposite, petiolulate ; com-
mon petiole articulate. Flowers bisexual, cymose, on axillary panicles ;
peduncles and pedicels articulate. Calyx small, 4-5-cleft. Petals 4-5,
erect, imbricate. Staminal tube deeply 8-10-cleft, divisions linear, sharply
2-toothed at the top, and bearing an anther between the teeth. Ovary
2-3-celled, immersed in the fleshy disc ; style short, clavate, with a fleshy
ring at the top ; ovules 2 in each cell, collateral, Capsule fleshy, 1-celled,
Q-valved, l-seeded. Seed without albumen, enclosed in an arillus, the
radicle pointing upwards.

1. H. trijuga, Roxb. Cor. Pl. t. 260; Fl. Ind. ii. 390.—Vern. Yakishi,
Nepal. Limbara, Bomb.

LeAflets ovate-oblong, acuminate, glabrous, 2-4 pair, 4-8 in, long.
Panicles corymbose, on long common peduncles. Bracts minute, cadu-
cous. Flowers numerous, small, white, pentamerous. Petals linear-ob-
long. Long hairs on both sides of staminal column; anthers 10, nearly
sessile, between 2 subulate teeth nearly as long as anthers. Ovary 2-celled;
style below stigma surrounded by a distinct fleshy ring. Capsule round,
size of a small cherry, opening into 2 broad, oblong valves. Seed 1,
round, invested in a complete, thin, white arillus ; testa orange when fresh,
chestnut-coloured afterwards ; cotyledons hemispherical.

Oudh forests, Nepal, Bhutan, the Kasia hills, and west side of the peninsula.
The old leaves are shed in March, and the fresh foliage appears soon after-
wards. Fl. in Feb., March; fruit ripens Oct.-Feb. A moderate-sized tree, 30
ft. high, with an erect trunk, attaining a girth of 5 ft. ; few spreading branches,
forming a round crown. Bark of trunk dark ash-coloured. Bark and leaves
are bitter, and contain an adstringent substance.

Closely allied to this species, and possibly not different from it, is H. afinis,
Juss. ; Bedd. Fl. Sylv. t. 134; from the western mountains of South India.

4, SWIETENTIA, Linn.

1. S. Mahagoni, Linn. ; Hook. Bot. Miscell. i. t. 16, 17. Mahogany.

A large tree, with abruptly pinnate, smooth, coriaceous leaves 3 leaflets
opposite, on short petiolules, ovate, unequal-sided. Panicles axillary,
pendulous, branches and pedicels slender. Flowers small, pale-greenish
white, pentamerous. Petals patent, oblong. Staminal tube urceolate,
10-toothed ; anthers alternating with the teeth. Disc annular, surround-
ing the base of the 5-celled ovary, with a short thick style and a flat
discoid stigma. Capsule ovoid, 3-6 in. long, opening septicidally into 5
valves, leaving a large pentagonal axis in the centre. Seeds flat, attached

to the top of the axis, with a long wing at the upper end; albumen thin,
enclosing the flat foliaceous cotyledons.

A native of Central America and the West Indies ; has been cultivated suc-
cessfully near Calcutta and in Sikkim, and is grown as far north as Saharanpur.
Fl. April. The excellent qualities of mahogany as a furniture-wood are well
known ; it is also used for shipbuilding. Heartwood large, reddish brown, very
Swietenia.] XXI, MELIACEA. Zi

durable. The weight of Spanish, West India, and Honduras mahogany (sea-
soned), varies from 35 to 55 lb., and the value of P. from 425 to 637. The
quality of the wood of trees grown at the Botanical Garden, Calcutta, and
blown down by the cyclones of 1864 and 1867, was found excellent. In Bengal
the tree has rapid growth, and bears seed, though sparingly. About 40,000 tons
annually are imported into Great Britain from Honduras, Jamaica, and St

Domingo.

5. SOYMIDA, A. Juss.

Trees, with bitter bark and paripinnate leaves. Flowers bisexual,
pentamerous. Petals contorted in bud. Staminal tube cup-shaped, short,
10-cleft, each division with 2 short, fleshy teeth, the anther between them
on a short filament. Ovary 5-celled, narrowed into a short style, with a
broad fleshy stigma; ovules numerous in each cell. Capsule woody,
5-celled, 5-valved, opening septifragally, the valves separating from the
dissepiments, which remain attached to the axis. Seeds numerous in each
cell, imbricated, with long wings above and below; cotyledons foliaceous,
auriculate at base, the radicle poiuting upwards.

1. 8. febrifuga, Juss. ; Bedd. Fl. Sylv. t. 8; W. & A. Prodr. 122.—Syn.
Swietenia febrifuga, Willd.; Roxb. Fl. Ind. ui. 398; Cor. Pl. t. 17.
Bastard cedar, Indian red wood.—Vern. Rohan, rohun, rohin, rohni, rohint,
soymida.

Glabrous ; leaves abruptly pinnate, 9-12 in. long; common petiole
with a thickened base; leaflets opposite, 3-6 pair, on short petiolules,
oblong from oblique base, obtuse, 2-4 in. long. Panicles terminal, the
main branches (in reality panicles from the axils of abortive, uppermost
leaves) starting at acute angles from axis, the secondary branches at right
angles; pedicels short; flowers greenish white. Bracts triangular.
Calyx deeply 5-cleft ; segments broad, obtuse. Petals obovate, narrowed
into a claw. Capsule smooth, black when ripe, 1-2 in. long,

Common in the forests of Central India. Its northernmost known points
are the forests of the Banswara State, in Rajputana, near the Mhye river, and
the hills south of Mirzapur. As far as is known at present, the range of the
tree does not extend beyond the 25th degree of N. lat. It is an important tree
in the dry forests of the Central Provinces and many parts of the peninsula.
Nearly evergreen. The young foliage issues in April and May, while part of
the old leaves are still on the tree. FI. in April and May ; seed ripens, and
is shed in July and August.

A large tree, 70-80 ft., with a tall, symmetrical, straight trunk, attaining
a girth of 7-8 ft., with a large, rounded, dense head of numerous branches,
Bark of trunk dusky, very rough, exfoliating in large plates or scales, Heart-
wood distinct, bright red when fresh-cut, dark reddish brown when dry, close-,
straight-grained, and strong. Its weight, when seasoned, varies between 60
and 70 Ib. per cub. ff, green 80-85 Ib., P. 1024 (Skinner), Durable under-
ground ; not much attacked by white ants. Easily worked and planed, takes a
fne polish, and being of a handsome grain and colour, seems well adapted for
ornamental furniture. Held sacred by Hindus in parts of South India. Em-
ployed for construction, well-work ; ploughshares are made of it, and pestles and
pounders for oil-seeds, The bark is bitter, and has been used as a substitute
72 XXL. MELIACEA, [Soymida.

for Cinchona bark. Mr Broughton reports that the bitter substance has the
properties of a resin (Pharm. Ind. 55).

6. CEDRELA, Linn.

Trees with pinnate leaves, and small, paniculate, bisexual flowers,
Calyx small, 5-cleft. Petals 5, erect, with a prominent thick line inside
at the base like a keel, imbricate contorted or valvate at the base. Dise
thick, fleshy, 5-cleft, or cylindrical. Filaments 4-6, inserted on the edge
of the disc, subulate ; anthers oblong, versatile, occasionally with alter-
nate sterile filaments. Ovary 5-celled, narrowed into a style, with a
broad stigma; ovules 8-12 in each cell, biseriate, pendulous. Capsule
coriaceous or membranous, opening septifragally by 5 valves, the valves
separating from the dissepiments, which remain attached to the axis, form-
ing a pentagonal column of soft pith. Seeds numerous, pendulous, flat,
imbricate, winged, with a scanty albumen, and straight embryo with
foliaceous cotyledons, the radicle pointing upwards.

Flower - panicles as long as leaves, or shorter; leaflets gene-

rally entire ; no sterile filaments ; seeds winged at both ends 1. C. Toona.

Flower-panicles longer than leaves ; leaflets serrate ; sterile fila-

ments alternating with stamens ; seeds winged at the upper

end only 2. C. serrata.

The West-Indian Cedar, Cedrela odorata, Linn., furnishes a beautiful wood
for cabinet-work.

1. C. Toona, Roxb.—Tab. XIV.—Pl, Cor. t. 238; Fl. Ind. i. 635;
W. & A. 124; Wight Ic. t. 161; Bedd. Fl. Sylv. t.10. The Toon-tree.
Sans. Tunna, kuberaka, kachla.—Vern. Tin, tini, tunni, lim, maha limbo,
maha nim. Local names, Mahlun, Satpuras ; Dravi, chiti-sirin, Pb.

Leaves abruptly pinnate, 12-18 in. long, glabrous ; leaflets generally
opposite, 10-20, petiolulate, lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, acuminate,
entire or slightly undulate (toothed in South India). Panicles terminal,
pubescent, nearly as long as leaves, pendulous, the lower ramifications
frequently in the axils of leaves. Flowers white, with a fragrance like
honey. Calyx flat, 5-cleft, lobes ciliate, obtuse. Petals oblong, ciliate.
Stamens 5, inserted on 5 fleshy, orange-coloured, hairy lobes of the disc;
sterile filaments none. Stigma peltate, 5-lobed. Capsule oblong, 2-1 in.
long, seeds with membranous wings at both ends.

Indigenous in the forests of South India, particularly on the west. side, in
Burma, Bengal, Oudh, and in the sub-Himalayan tract, nearly to the Indus,
ascending to 3000 ft. and at times higher.’ Cultivated throughout India.
Evergreen, or nearly so. The old leaves are shed gradually during the cold
season, and the young foliage comes out in March and April with the flowers.
The seed ripens June, July, the empty capsules remaining on the tree for
months. Toon isa rapid grower. In 1863, I measured the following trees on
the Eastern Jumna Canal above Saharanpur :— .

Age 30 years, girth 58 inches, mean of 6 trees.
» 8 » 86 ,, mean of 5 trees.
It requires, however, a rich soi] and much moisture: In the Panjab plains
Cedrela. | XXL MELIACEA. 73

(Lahore and Amritsar) it requires shelter against frost while young, but grows
freely afterwards. .

Attains 60-70 ft. under favourable circumstances, with an erect, symmetrical
but not tall trunk, 6-10 ft. girth (instances of 15-30 ft. girth are known).
Branches numerous, forming a large, close, shady crown. Bark thin, 7 in. thick,
dark grey, exfoliating when old with irregular, woody scales. :

The sapwood is whitish, the heartwood red, or reddish browny light, even-
but open-grained, not strong, seasons readily, is easily worked, anc polishes
well, somewhat fragrant when sawn or broken, Annual rings distinct, pores
large, close together in the inner wood of each ring, scarce in the outer wood.
A.cub, ft. of seasoned Toon weighs between 29 and 36 Ib., and the value of
P. fluctuates between 420 and 56. Baker’s experiments with wood from Chit-
tagong gives the weight between 34.6 and 45.9 lb., and the value of P. from
413 to 633; but this was probably not Toon, but Chickrassia tabularis, which
is a somewhat heavier and stronger wood (weight 42 lb., P. = 614, Skinner).
Highly valued as a furniture-wood, used for door-panels and carving. In
Kangra was reckoned as a royal (padshahi) wood. In some parts of the hills
the young shoots and leaves are lopped as cattle-fodder. The bark is a powerful
adstringent (Pharm. Ind. 55), and from the flowers a red or yellowish dye is made.
~ Benth. (Fl. Aust, ii. 387) identifies the Red Cedar of New South Wales and
Queensland (C. australis, F. Mueller) with C. Toona.

9. C. serrata, Royle Ill. t. 25.—Vern. Drab, drawt, dor, dunri, deri,
khashing, dhal, dal, dala, dalli, daral, darlu, N.W. Him.

. Leaves usually imparipinnate, 15-20 in. long, glabrous ; leaflets oppo-
site, 15-25, on short petiolules, lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, acuminate,
serrate, teeth long and irregular, green above, glaucous beneath. Panicles
terminal, large, longer than leaves, drooping; ramifications and pedicels
covered with short rusty pubescence. ‘Flowers occasionally hexamerous.
Calyx cup-shaped ; lobes ciliate or glabrous, obtuse. Petals oblong, not cili-
ate; disc glabrous. Sterile filaments alternating with stamens. Capsule
ovoid, acute ; seeds with a wing at the upper end only.

_ Valleys of the Himalaya, extending to the Indus, and ascending to 8000 ft.,
in moist, shady places. Often associated with Sapindus. Attains 70 ft., and 6
ft, girth, resembling C’. Joona in appearance. ‘The fresh foliage comes out in
May, about the time that the old leaves are shed. The great clusters of flowers
appear in May and June, and the seed ripens in August.

Sapwood whitish yellow, heartwood red, has on the Sutlej the smell of the
pencil-cedar when fresh-cut, at times said to have a strong fetid smell.” The
wood is lighter-coloured, and more open in the grain, than that of the Toon, but
much like it in appearance. The hoops of sieves are made of it ; it is also used
for bridges. Shoots and leaves are lopped for cattle-fodder.

7, CHLOROXYLON, DC.

A tree with abruptly pinnate leaves, and small paniculate, bisexual
flowers. Calyx small, 5-cleft. Petals 5, spreading, clawed, imbricate.
Disc thick, fleshy, 10-lobed. Stamens 10, inserted outside the base of the
disc ; anthers cordate, apiculate, versatile. Ovary immersed in the disc,
3-célled ; style short ; ovules 8 in each cell, axile. Capsule oblong, coria-
ceous, 3-celled, loculicidally 3-valved, the dissepiments remaining attached
74 XXI, MELIACE. [Chloroxylon.

to the middle of the valves. Seeds attached to edge of dissepiments, im-
bricate, oblong, winged ; no albumen ; cotyledons plano-convex.

1. C. Swietenia, DC.; Bedd. Fl. Sylv. t. 11; W. & A. Prodr. 123.—
Syn. Swietenta chloroxylon, Roxb. Cor. t. 64 ; Fl. Ind. ii. 400. Satin-
wood. Vern. Bhirra, bihra, girya, C.P.; Billu, hulda, Bomb.

Young parts, petioles, and inflorescence covered with short grey pubes-
cence. Leaflets 20-40, shortly petiolulate, unequal-sided, obliquely-oblong
or semicordate, almost falcate, obtuse, about 1 in. long, glabrous, pale and
dotted beneath. Panicles terminal and axillary; pedicels longer than
flowers ; bracts small, deciduous. Petals on short claws, obovate, obtuse,
entire. Stamens nearly as long as petals, 5 generally shorter. Ovary
covered with short white tomentum. Capsule 1 in. long, glabrous, dark
brown when ripe. Seeds brown, angular, with broad wing at one end.

A common tree in the Satpura range, the Dekkan, the Konkan, and the drier
parts of the peninsula and Ceylon. The fresh foliage appears in May, about the
time that old leaves fall. Fl. March, April; the seed ripens in June, and re-
mains on the tree for several months,

A small tree in Central India, in South India attaining 30-40 ft.; trunk
straight, symmetrical. Bark yellow, soft, corky, 4 in. thick or more. Heart-
wood, with a beautiful satin lustre, fragrant, when seasoned greenish white, with
a yellow tinge, or yellow, mottled, and feathered, close-grained. Heavy, the
cub, ft. weighs 51-66 lb. when seasoned, and 70-75 Ib. when green. The
value of P. has been found to fluctuate between 600 and 1059, and the average
may be taken at 800. Has been compared to box, not found suited for engrav-
ing, but is excellent for turning, Employed for agricultural implements, cart-
building, makes beautiful furniture, and picture-frames. Imported into Eng-
land, used for cabinet-work and the backs of brushes,

Orper XXII. OLACINEA,

Trees or shrubs, with alternate simple exstipulate leaves. Flowers 4-5-
merous, uni- or bi-sexual, usually rather small. Calyx small, entire, or
toothed, occasionally obsolete, unchanged or enlarged after flowering.
Petals free or more or less connate, usually valvate. Stamens as many, or
twice as many, as petals, free and hypogynous, or united below to the
petals. Ovary free or partially immersed in the torus 3 1-celled, or in-
completely 3-5-celled ; ovules solitary or in pairs, pendulous. Fruit 1-
celled, l-seeded, indehiscent. Seed usually with copious albumen and a
minute embryo.—Gen. Pl. i. 342; Royle IIL 128 3 Wight Ill. i. 100.

Stamens and staminodes more numerous than petals ; calyx

enlarging . * : 5 . : . : Z 1. Onax.
Stamens all antheriferous, as many as petals ; calyx minute,
unchanged : : ‘ a . ‘i é zi 2. CANSJERA,

1, OLAX, Linn.

Shrubs or small trees, with alternate leaves, and small flowers. Calyx
cup-shaped, enlarging after flowering (in the following species). Petals
5-6, free or slightly connected by. alternating filaments. Stamens 8-12,
of which only 3-5 are antheriferous, the anantherous ones opposite to the
Olax.] XXIL OLACINEZ. 75

petals. Ovary free, 1-celled or with 3 imperfect cells, each with 1 ovule.
Fruit drupaceous. Seed albuminous.

1. 0. scandens, Roxb. Corom. Pl. t. 102; Fl. Ind. i. 163; W.& A.
Prodr. 89.

A powerful climber, a few stout thorns on the older branches ; branch-
lets, petioles, and midrib pubescent. Leaves distichous, alternate, ovate-
oblong, shortly petiolate, 2-3 in. long. F. lowers white, scentless, in short
axillary racemes. Drupe globose, l-seeded, 3 in. diam., yellow, fleshy,
more than half enclosed in the enlarged calyx.

’ South India, Ceylon, Burma, Behar, Satpura range, sub-Himalayan tract of
Kamaon. On wet ground near rivers and ravines. Most destructive to trees,
which it covers with its dense-spreading, dark-green foliage, Bark ash-grey.
FL cold season. :

0. nana, Wall., is a small undershrub with subsessile lanceolate leaves and
solitary axillary flowers on slender peduncles. N.W. India, ascending to 5000 ft.

2, CANSJERA, Juss.

Climbing shrubs, with entire, alternate leaves, and small bisexual
flowers in axillary spikes. Calyx minute. Corolla gamopetalous, 4-lobed.
Stamens 4, opposite to the petals, and somewhate adnate to them ; 4 hypo-
gynous scales, alternate with the stamens. Ovary fleshy, 1-celled, with 1
ovule. Fruit a drupe, with a crustaceousendocarp. Seed ovoid ; embryo
minute in the axis of a fleshy albumen.

1. C. Rheedii, Gmelin. ; Wight Ic. t. 1861.—Syn. C. scandens, Roxb.
Cor. Pl. t. 103 ; Fl. Ind. i. 441.

A large evergreen climbing shrub, armed with a few stout scattered
spines ; young branches, inflorescence, and petioles minutely pubescent.
Leaves ovate-lanceolate, 14-3 in. long, short-petioled, glabrous, thick
and somewhat fleshy, rugose when dry ; main lateral nerves 3-5 pair, ob-
liquely arching, the middle pair nearly meeting at the apex of leaf.
Flowers sessile, yellow, in short axillary spikes. Corolla campanulate.
Fruit orange-red, ovoid, about 4 in. long.

South India, western coast, Oudh forests (common in damp, well-wooded
places). Fl. Sept.-March; fr. April. .

Orper XXIII. ILICINE,

Trees or shrubs, generally evergreen, with alternate, simple, petiolate,
glabrous leaves, exstipulate, or with minute, caducous stipules, and with
small white flowers. Calyx imbricate in bud, 3-6-cleft, persistent. Petals
4.5, free or. connate at the base, deciduous, imbricate in bud. Stamens as
many as petals, alternating with them, hypogynous, free or adhering to
petals, filaments subulate ; anthers 2-celled, introrse, dehiscing longitudi-
nally. Disc 0. Ovary free, 3-5- (rarely more) -celled, with a short style or
sessile stigma. Ovules pendulous, 1 or 2 in each cell. Fruit a drupe,
with 3 or more 1-seeded, free or connate stones. Seed with a membra-
nous testa, fleshy albumen, and a minute straight embryo.—Gen. Pl. i.
_ 855; Royle Ill. 166 (under Celastrinez) ; Wight Ill. ii. 147.
76 XXIIL ILICINEA, [Ilex

1, ILEX, Linn.

Flowers generally bisexual. Calyx small, 4-5-parted. Corolla rotate, 4-,
rarely 5-6-parted, divisions obtuse. Stamens adhering to base of corolla ;
anthers oblong. Ovary sessile, 4-6-cclled. Drupe globose, with 4-8 stones,
more or less distinct.

Leaves coriaceous, generally serrate, with strong spinescent teeth ; :
flowers bisexual, tetramerous; drupe generally with 2 stones 1. I. dipyrena.

Leaves membranous, entire; flowers bisexual, pentamerous ; drupe
with 5 stones 5 z ‘ 3 : : - Pee
Leaves coriaceous, crenulate; flowers unisexual, tetramerous; drupe
with 4 stones ‘i ‘ : 7 , 7 . : 3. I. odorata.
To this genus belong the common English Holly, lex Aquzfolium, L., a slow-
growing shrub or small tree in the forests of western and southern Europe, from
Norway to Turkey, on the Caucasus, and in Western Asia ; stands deep shade,
and produces a hard homogeneous wood. Also Jlex paraguayensis, the leaves
of which yield the Mfatc, or Paraguay tea.

1. I, dipyrena, Wall.—Tab. XV.—Roxb. Fl. Ind., ed. Carey, i. 473;
Wall. Pl. As. rar. t. 292. Himalayan Holly.—Vern. Shangala, kandlu,
kandlar, kalucho, krucho, diusa, dodru, drunda, Pb. ; Kaula, Nepal.

Extremities and pedicels pilose, leaves glabrous. ‘Leaves coriaceous,
shining, ovate or ovate-lanceolate, on short channelled petioles, some quite
entire, but generally bordered with large, strong prickly teeth. Flowers
teframerous, bisexual, on short pedicels, with 2 small bracts, clustered in
axillary rounded fascicles, Petals broadly ovate, obtuse. Stamens as long
as petals. Ovary small, stigma sessile, obscurely 2-lobed. Drupe crowned
with persistent base of style, red when ripe, dark brown when dry, globose,
% inch across. Stones 2, sometimes 3-4, irregularly furrowed and rugose
outside. ,

Himalaya, from the Indus to Bhutan, between 5000 and 9500 ft. Not quite
hardy in England. FI, Apr-June ; fr. Aug.-Oct. A moderate-sized evergreen
tree, 30-40 ft. high, with a straight symmetrical trunk, attaining a large girth.
Madden records one of 16-17 ft. near Naini-Tal. Numerous branches, forming
a dense oval crown. Bark of stem and larger branches greenish grey, smooth,
slightly marked, with long shallow longitudinal, and short small transverse
wrinkles. Foliage shining, dark green. Wood light-coloured, heavy, close
and hard, with distinct medullary rays.

2. I. exsulca, Wall—Syn. Ehretia umbellulata, Wall., and Cassine
excelsa, Wall. in Roxb. Fl. Ind., ed. Carey, i. 344 and 376. Sometimes
called Ilex eacelsa. Vern. Tuimari, N.W.P.

Leaves membranous, ovate, acuminate, entire, glabrous, on petioles 4
in. to 1 in. long, with minute, caducous stipules. Flowers bisexual,
generally pentamerous, small, greenish white, fragrant, in axillary umbel-
late cymes, on a common pilose peduncle, varying in length, with small
bracts at the base of pedicles. Petals spreading, then recurved. Stamens
longer than petals. Stigma sessile, 4-5-lobed. Drupe globose, + in. across,
with five 3-sided stones.

Siwalik tract, and outer ranges of Himalaya, ascending to 6000 ft., from the
Jumna to Assam, Kasia hills, and Malayan peninsula, Evergreen; blooms

2. I. exsulca.
Llex.] XXIII. ILICINEA. 77

March-August ; fruit ripens October. In Kamaon a large-sized shrub. In
Nepal, Wallich states that it grows to be a stately tree, with numerous spreading
branches, forming a large crown. Bark of stem pale cinereous, dark grey, or
brownish, with callous dots.

“3. I. odorata, Hamilton ; Don Prodr. Fl. Nepalensis, p. 189.

Glabrous ; leaves coriaceous, on short sulcate petioles, oblong or ob-
long-lanceolate, acuminate, 4-8 in. long, crenulate; stipules minute,
caducous. Flowers tetramerous, unisexual, crowded on short axillary
eymose panicles, often 2 or 3 together; bracts small, at the base of pedi-
cels. Stamens as long as, or longer than, petals. Stigma sessile, 4-lobed.
Drupe ovoid, 4 in. long, black, with 4 stones.

An evergreen tree in the outer ranges of the Himalaya, ascending to 6000 ft.,
from the Sutlej to Sikkim, Fl. in April; the fruit ripens in June.

Orper XXIV. CELASTRINEZ,

Trees or shrubs, with simple, alternate or opposite, generally coriaceous
leaves ; stipules none minute or early deciduous. Flowers small, inflor-
escence generally cymose. Calyx small, 4-5-cleft, imbricate. Petals 4-5,
spreading, not clawed, inserted on the disc, imbricate. Stamens 3-5, in-
serted on the disc, alternate with the petals ; filaments short, subulate ;
anthers short, 2-celled, dehiscing longitudinally. Disc large, surrounding
the base of the 3-5-celled ovary. Ovules generally 2 in each cell; style.
short, Fruit various; embryo straight; radicle nearly always inferior.—
Gen. Pl. i. 357; Royle Ill. 166; Wight Il. i. 174.

Capsule 2-5-celled, dehiscing loculicidally ; stamens 4-5 ; seeds

albuminous.
Capsule 3-5-valved ; leaves opposite . . : c . 1. Evonymus.
Capsule 2-3-valved; leaves alternate . 3 ‘ é . 2, CELASTRUS,
Fruit indehiscent ; leaves opposite ; seeds albuminous . . 3. EL#ODENDRON.

Capsulel-celled, 2-valved, laterally compressed ; leaves opposite ;
* stamens 3; seeds without albumen 3 . ‘i . 4. Hippocratea,

1. EUONYMUS, Linn.

_Trees or shrubs, with opposite leaves and deciduous stipules. Flowers
bisexual, in axillary cymes, Calyx flat, 4-6-cleft. Petals 4-6, stamens
as many, both inserted on a broad, fleshy, 4-6-lobed disc. Ovary im-
mersed in disc, 3-5-celled ;' style short. Capsule 3-5-lobed and-celled,
angled or winged, dehiscence loculicidal ; cells 1-2-seeded. Seeds more or
less enclosed in a fleshy arillus,* with a straight embryo enclosed in oily
albumen.

Capsules smooth or rough, without prickles,

Leaves membranous ; cymes with small, numerous flowers.
Capsules 4-lobed, not winged ‘ :
Capsules with 4 long tapering wings . , :

Leaves coriaceous; flowers more than 3 in. across.
Capsules more or less winged ; seeds enclosed in arillus pendulus,
Capsules not winged, arillus cup-shaped i . 4. E. tingens.

Capsules covered with numerous subulate prickles. . 5. #. echinatus.

1. #. Hamiltonianus.
2. E. lacerus.
3. 2.

'* The arillus of Zuonymus is sometimes called arillode, not being an enlargement
of the funicle, but an excrescence of the outer coat of the ovule near the foramen.
78 XXIV. CELASTRINEZ. [Zuonymus.

Closely allied to #. Hamiltonianus is EB. ewropeeus, L., the Spindle-tree, a
common European shrub, also found in North Africa and West Siberia, with 4
angled green twigs, greenish-white flowers, and 4-lobed crimson capsules. Wood
used for turning, and to make charcoal for the finer sorts of gunpowder.

1. E. Hamiltonianus, Wall.—Tab. XVI.—Wall. in Roxb. FI. Ind,
ed. Carey, ii. 403.—Syn. Z. atropurpureus, Roxb. Fi. Ind. i. 627. Vern.
Singi, siki, chual, watal, papar, rithu, ranat, brahmanit, banchor, karin,
skioch, sidhera, Pb.; Agnitin, agnu, Kamaon.

Branches and branchlets round, glabrous, green. Leaves 2-5 in. long,
glabrous, membranous, oblong-lanceolate, finely serrulate, acuminate, on
petioles about 4 or 4 in. long. Cymes regularly dichotomous, axillary
and intra-axillary, opposite, occasionally clustered on undeveloped branch-
lets, with 15-30 greenish-white flowers ; bracts minute, deciduous. Petals
oblong, obtuse. Stamens shorter than, or as long as, petals. Capsule yel-
low, deeply 4-lobed, not winged; seeds entirely enveloped by a scarlet
arillus.

Common in the Outer Himalayan ranges from the Indus to Bhutan, between
3800 and 8500 ft. Kasia hills. Generally in mixed forests, where there is
some shade. Fl. from March-June; the fruit ripens from Aug. onwards.
Hardy in England. A large shrub, under favourable circumstances a moderate-
sized tree, 30-35 ft, high, with a short straight trunk, 4-5 ft. girth ; bark of stem
smooth, yellowish cinereous, or reddish brown. Wood beautifully white, com-
ue and close, not very hard, used for making spoons. Young shoots and

eaves lopped for fodder.

2. E. lacerus, Ham.—Syn. £. fimbriatus, Wall. in Roxb. Fl. Ind., ed.
Carey, ii. 408. Vern. Sti, battali, pattali, banchir, dudhapar, papar,
hanchu, pash, mara, chikan, rang chil, kioch, Pb.

. Young shoots of the current year compressed alternately in either direc-
tion ; branches round, glabrous, grey or reddish-brown. Leaves 2-4 in.
long, glabrous, membranous, elliptic or broadly ovate, shortly acuminate,
serrate, serratures frequently serrulate, decurrent into petioles about 4 in.
long ; stipules minute, linear, deciduous. Cymes umbelliform, on long
slender peduncles ; main branches 3-7, slender, each bearing a simple or
compound umbellate fascicle of small flowers. SBracts linear, deciduous.
Cymes inserted near the base of this year’s branchlets, most below the
first leaf, a few in the axils of the lower leaves. Flowers small, tetramer-
ous. Petals white. Anthers on short filaments. Capsule with 2-5 gene-
rally 4, vertical, long tapering wings, the valves when ripe spreading out
flat when opening. Seeds ovoid, enclosed in a bright red arillus.

In many parts of the Himalaya, but not common. At higher elevations than
the preceding species, generally between 6000 and 11,000 ft, from near the Indus
to Sikkim. Open places in forests, Fl. from March-J une ; fruit ripens from
July-Oct. A small, handsome tree, 25 ft. high, with a short straight trunk to 3
ft, girth ; bark of stem grey, or brownish grey, smooth, and with slight longi-
tudinal wrinkles. Foliage dark green, red in autumn before falling, ‘The wood
is white, close-grained, and tough ; it is carved into spoons. Young shoots and

leaves are lopped to feed goats. In Bussahir th i i i
arils are strung up and used as ornaments, Pee osr serene
Euonymus. | XXIV. CELASTRINE. 79

3. E. pendulus, Wall. in Roxb. Fl. Ind., ed. Carey, ii. 406. Sometimes
called £. japonicus.—Vern. Chopra, pincho, garir, kunku, N.W,P.

Young twigs angular or compressed ; leaves 2-4 in. long, oblong-lanceo-
late, coriaceous, glabrous, pale, often cinereous beneath, sharply serrate ;
petioles sulcate, less than } in. long; stipules minute, with a few long
hairs. Cymes axillary, opposite, with 3-20 flowers, on peduncles 2 in. long,
often flat, sulcate, regularly dichotomous, or bearing 3 or more branches.
Bracts ovate, lacerate. Flowers tetramerous, rarely pentamerous, 4 in.
across. Calyx-lobes obtuse, fimbriate. Petals whitish, oblong, fimbriate.
Stamens nearly as long as petals; anthers ovate, short. Style short, fili-
form. Capsule 3- or 4-lobed, the angles sharp, more or less winged ; seeds
enclosed in a thin arillus.

Locally (Mowhere common) in the Himalaya between 2500 and 7500 ft., rarely
ascending to 8500 ft., from the Jhelam to Nepal and further east. Fl. in April
and May ; the fruit ripens in June and July. A small, elegant tree, to 40 ft.
high, with a short straight trunk, 23 ft. girth ; numerous branches ascending
and spreading ; the ultimate branchlets drooping, forming an oval crown. Bark
of trunk dark grey, brownish, or yellow, scabrous and longitudinally rugose.
Young foliage brown and shining ; old, dull grey.

4, HE. tingens, Wall. in Roxb. Fl. Ind., ed. Carey, ii. 406.—Vern.
Kungku, N.W.P.; Newar, Kasuri, Nepal.

Branchlets indistinctly 4-sided ; scales of buds lanceolate, fimbriate.
Leaves 1-2 in. long, glabrous, coriaceous, ovate or ovate-lanceolate, obtusely
serrate or crenate, acute or shortly acuminate, on short petioles, with
brown subulate, fimbriate stipules. Cymes axillary, approximate, in
pairs at the base of this year’s branchlets ; peduncles varying in length,
the longest 2 in., with regular dichotomous cymes of 3-7 large flowers 4
in, across, pentamerous or tetramerous, with linear-lanceolate, fimbriate
bracts. Divisions of calyx broadly ovate, irregularly dentate or fimbriate.
Petals orbicular, shortly unguiculate, white or yellowish, beautifully marked
with dark purple veins. Stamens.a little shorter than petals; anther-cells
diverging, attached to a horseshoe-shaped connective. Style subulate,
as long as stamens. Capsule 3- 4- or 5-cornered, not winged ; seeds ob-
long, with a cup-shaped arillus.

Himalaya, from 6500-10,000 ft., from the Sutlej to Nepal. Fl. from April-
June, the fruit ripening in August and Sept. A small tree, to 20 ft. high, with
a short, erect, symmetrical trunk, 24-3 ft. girth ; few branches, forming a small,
rounded crown. Bark dark cinereous, or yellowish brown, with numerous yel-
low tubercles, and whitish longitudinal cracks and wrinkles, inner substance
brown, with fine white fibres. Wood light brown, fine-grained, compact and
hard, not porous, with fine indistinct medullary rays. Wallich states that the
Nepalese employ the bark for the purpose of marking the forehead.

. grandifiorus, Wall. Pl. As. rar. t. 254, may possibly be synonymous with
this species ; but the figure represents the capsule as ovoid, and does not show
the dark veins of petals, and the figure is supported by the description of
£. grandiflorus in ¥1. Ind., ed. Carey, 404.
80 XXIV. CELASTRINEA. [Euonymus,

5. E. echinatus, Wall. in Roxb. Fl. Ind., ed. Carey, ii. 410.

Branchlets tetragonal, with 4 thick lines, decurrent from either side of
the petioles ; scales of buds brown, fimbriate, often persistent at the base of
the current year’s shoots. Leaves 2-3 in. long, decurrent into short peti-
oles, coriaceous, oblong-lanceolate, crenate or obtusely serrate, with minute
stipules. Cymes axillary, shorter than leaves, with 3-10 tetramerous,
peagreen, scentless flowers ; bracts small, triangular, fimbriate. Capsules
globose, 4 in. across, beset with numerous subulate prickles, 4-valved,
with 4 ovoid seeds, entirely enveloped in a thin, scarlet arillus.

In many parts of the Himalaya range, between 7000 and 12,000 ft., from the
Jhelam to Sikkim. Fl. in March and April; fruit ripens about August, and
often remains several months hanging on the branches. Most frequently a
large shrub, stem and branches often climbing and trailing like ivy to a con-
siderable distance over trees and damp shaded rocks, attaching itself by dense
tufts of capillary rootlets to 2 in. long, Occasionally a small handsome tree,
15-20 ft. high, with a short straight trunk, 12-16 in. girth. Branches opposite,
smooth, ash-coloured, bark of stem light grey, with parallel longitudinal fur-
rows ; inner substance soft, spongy, yellow.

2, CELASTRUS, Linn.

Leaves alternate ; stipules minute, deciduous. Flowers small, frequently
unisexual. Calyx 5-cleft. Disc flat or cup-shaped. Petals 5, usually
spreading. Stamens 5, inserted upon or under the margin of the disc ;
anthers 2-celled, dehiscing longitudinally. Ovary 2- 3- rarely 4-celled ;
style short ; stigma generally lobed. Capsule globose or oblong, 3-2- or
l.celled, with 1 or 2 seeds to each cell, dehiscing loculicidally. Seeds
often arillate, with a fleshy albumen; cotyledons foliaceous; radicle
inferior.

Armed with axillary spines ; lateral ;

Sie. ee ; cymes al; capsule generally
Peduncles capillary, 1-14 in. long; leaves lanceolaté 1.
Cymes subsessile ; leaves ovate or obovate . . j & Ds

Armed with axillary spines; cymes axillary, with divaricate

branches ; capsule generally 2-valved, 1- or 2-celled . 3.

Unarmed, climbing ; cymes in a terminal compound raceme . 4.

1, C. rufus, Wall. in Roxb. FI. Ind., ed Carey, ii. 397,

A tree, sparingly armed with axillary short spines ; wholly glabrous.
Leaves subcoriaceous, lanceolate, serrulate, 3-5 in. long. Peduncles nume-
rous, lateral, fascicled, capillary, reddish, 1-14 in. long, bearing a dicho-
tomous cyme of a few small white flowers, supported on capillary pedicels.
Bracts lanceolate. Capsule obovate, 3-valved, 3-celled, 3-seeded.

rufus.
spinosus.

Cc.
C.
C. senegalensis.
C. paniculatus.

Himalaya from Kamaon to Bhutan, ascending to 6000 ft. Kasia hills. Fl.
March, April ; fruit ripe June,

2. ©. spinosus, Royle; Boissier Fl, Orient. ii. 11.—Syn. Gymnosporia
spinosa. Vern, Dzaral, trans-Indus ; Kandu, kandiari, pataki, lei, phit-
pari, badlo, kadewar, Pb. ; Kiira, bagriwala darim, gwala darim (darim
is Pomegranate), N.W.P.
Celastrus. | XXIV. CELASTRINEA. 81

Glabrous, armed with numerous straight axillary spines, generally about
2 in. long. Leaves on short petioles, broadly ovate or obovate, crenate,
coriaceous, cinereous. Cymes axillary, subsessile or shortly pedunculate,
often fascicled on short dichotomous branchlets ; flowers numerous, up to
30 ; bracts small, triangular, ciliate. Calyx-lobes obtuse, ciliate. Petals
oblong, reddish, with white margins. Filaments subulate, inserted under
edge of disc ; anthers oval, versatile. Disc 5-lobed, fleshy, surrounding
base of 3-celled ovary. Style short cylindrical; stigma 3- or 5-lobed.
Capsule turbinate or obovoid, 3-celled, 3-cornered, 4 in. long; seeds half
covered with an aril.

Common in Afghanistan and North-West India, extending as far as Kamaon
in the Onter Himalaya and Siwalik tract ; also reported from Bandelkhand.
Generally on dry, hot, rocky, rugged slopes, often on kankar soil. In flower
and fruit from March-Nov. A stiff, densely-branching shrub, 8-12 ft. high,
usually with strong, stiff, sharp spines, rarely unarmed. Bark dark grey, or
with a reddish tinge, scurfy, but not much marked ; foliage dull greyish green.
The seeds have a bitter taste,

3. ©. senegalensis, Lam. ; Boissier Fl. Orient. ii. 11; Bedd. Fl. Sylv.
anal. t. x. 2.—Syn. C. montana, Roxb. Fl. Ind. i. 620; W. &A. Prodr. 159 ;
Wight Ic. t. 382. Vern. Sherawane, trans-Indus; Talkar, dajkar, ma-
us kingaro, kharat, Pb.; Batkal, gajachinni, C.P.; Mal kangoni,

omb. :

Glabrous, glaucous or pale green, usually armed with numerous straight
axillary spines, generally 1-2 in. long, and often bearing leaves and flowers.
Leaves variable in form and size, coriaceous, entire or crenate, narrowed
into petiole, obovate oblanceolate or linear-spathulate. Cymes axillary,
often 2 or more together on short tubercular branchlets, regularly dicho-
tomous ; branches divaricate ; bracts triangular, fimbriate. Flowers small,
pale greenish white, a large proportion sterile. Lobes of calyx obtuse or
acute, fimbriate. Petals oblong, with entire or fimbriate edges. Disc
broad, flat, 10-lobed. Filaments subulate ; anthers round, versatile. Style
short ; stigma 3-lobed. Capsule globose or ovoid, about the size of a small
pea, generally 2-valved, often 1-celled, with 1, 2, rarely 3 seeds; occasionally
3-valved. (The seeds of this species should be examined ; some of the
specimens before me have an arillus, others are naked.)

This plant has a wide distribution, from the Mediterranean region over a great
part of tropical Africa to India. It is common in many parts of the Panjab
trans-Indus, in Sindh, the Salt range, about Delhi, in the Siwalik tract, and
the outer Himalaya (ascending to 4000 ft.), in Guzerat, the Dekkan, and many

arts of the Peninsula, The specimens from Sindh, Afghanistan, and Delhi

ave narrow, those from South India have broadly obovate leaves. Mostly in
stony, rocky, dry, barren localities, Fl. at various times throughout the year,
the seed ripening in summer and autumn.

A tall shrub, under favourable circumstances a small tree 15-20 ft. high,
with a short crooked trunk, 2-4 ft.in girth, stiff branches forming a loose
oval crown. Bark of stem 3 in. thick, yellowish, reddish, or purplish grey.
Wood white, close-grained, hard, and durable ; the leaves are thrashed out and
used as fodder, the branches employed as dunnage for the roofs of houses,
82 XXIV. CELASTRINEA. [ Celastrus.

4. C. paniculatus, Wjlld.; Roxb. Fl. Ind. i. 621; Wight Ill t. 72;
Ie, Pl. t. 158; W. & A. Prodr. 158.—Syn. C. nutans, Roxb. 1. ¢. 623.
Vern. Mal kakni, Oudh, N.W.P. ; Kakundan, rangul, wahrangur, C.P. ;
Kanguni, Bomb.

Unarmed ; climbing or scrambling. Leaves glabrous, broadly-ovate. or
obovate, acuminate, crenate. Flowers unisexual; cymes arranged in
terminal, compound, elongated panicles; peduncles and pedicels pubes-
cent ; bracts fimbriate. Calyx-lobes rounded, toothed ; disc mostly con-
nate with the cup of the calyx. Stamens inserted on its free margin ;
anthers attached near the base. Capsule globose, generally 3-valved, 3-
celled, 3-6-seeded. Seeds enclosed in a complete red arillus.

A large scrambling or climbing shrub, probably dicecious, common in many
parts of India, Outer Himalaya, ascending to 4000 ft, from the Jhelam to
Assam, Eastern Bengal, Behar, and South India. Leaves and seeds are used in
native medicine ; an oil is extracted from the seeds, which is used medicinally.

3. ELHODENDRON, Jacq. fil.

Shrubs or trees with alternate or opposite leaves, and small caducous
stipules ; flowers small, occasionally unisexual, in axillary cymes. Calyx
4-5-cleft. Petals 4-5-spreading. Disc thick, fleshy, angled. Stamens 4-
5, inserted under the edge of the disc ; anthers nearly globose. . Base of
ovary confluent with disc, 3-celled, rarely 2- or 5-celled; style short;
ovules erect, 2 in each cell. Fruit a dry or fleshy indehiscent drupe, the
putamen 1-3-celled, 1, rarely 2, seeds in each cell. Seeds erect, without
an arillus ; albumen scanty or copious, enclosing a straight embryo, with
flat cotyledons.

1. E. Roxburghii, W. & A. Prodr. 157; Wight Ill. t. 71; Bedd. FL
Sylv. t. 148.—Syn. Neerija dichotoma, Roxb. Fl. Ind. i. 646. Vern.
Mirandu, padriin, bakra, jamoa, Pb. ; Bakra,* shauria, chauli, dabert,
mamri, N.W.P.; Chauri, methir, Oudh; Jamrassi, jumrassiy kala
muka, roht, C.P.; Dhakka marrah, Gondi ; Tamruj, Bomb.

_ Leaves glabrous, generally opposite, on petioles 3 in, to 1 in. long, ellip-
tic ovate or oblong, acuminate, crenate, coriaceous ; stipules small, tri-
angular, deciduous. Cymes axillary, dichotomous, spreading, as long as
or shorter than leaves ; peduncle longer than petiole ; branches divari-
cate; bracts small, caducous. Calyx-segments broad, round, obtuse.
Petals oblong with membranous edges, yellowish brown and white.
Stamens shorter than petals; filaments recurved ; anther-cells attached
= a at ae connective, diverging at base. Drupe ovoid or
obovoid, + in. long, yellowish green when ri i : °
celled, 1-seeded, eee os Eagan ee

Common in the Siwalik tract and outer Himala: i
a _) ya, ascending to 6000 ft.
from the Ravi to Sikkim. Behar, Bandelkhand, Oudh forests, the Contral Pro. ’
vinces, and the Peninsula, The old leaves shed in February and March, the
Eleodendron.| XXIV. CELASTRINEA. 83

young foliage issues in May ; the full-grown foliage is dark green and shining.
Fl. Feb.-June, the fruit ripening in April and May of the fllowing year.

A moderate-sized tree, at times a shrub only, attains 30-50 ft. in the Oudh
forests, with an erect, symmetrical trunk, attaining from 3-8 ft. in girth,
numerous branches forming a close oval crown. Bark of trunk thin, ¢inere-
ous, or ferruginous, smooth, with irregular longitudinal wrinkles, or dark and
scurfy. The wood is whitish or light reddish-brown, even, close, compact; a
cub. ft. weighs 40-50 lb. when seasoned, and 60-65 lb. when green. Value of
P. 511 (Fowke), 513 (Skinner). Seasons well, works easily, and is durable.
Is often beautifully curled and flaked, and takes a fine polish; is used for
cabinet-work, and recommended for picture-frames. The root is believed to be
a specific against snake-bites, and the bark is used in native medicine, said to
be a virulent poison. The young tree is often attacked by an aphis, and in con-
sequence a saccharine matter is excreted on the leaves.

4, HIPPOCRATEA, Linn.

Climbing shrubs or trees, with opposite, entire or serrate, coriaceous
leaves. Flowers bisexual. Sepals 5. Petals 5, longer than sepals.
Stamens 3. Ovary 3-celled. Fruit-carpels 3, distinct, each 1-celled,
laterally compressed, 2-valved, the valves navicular. Seeds 1-3, com-
pressed, erect, attached to the base of the capsule, the funicle dilated into
a broad wing. Albumen none; cotyledons flat, oval; radicle short, in-
ferior.

Leaves 5-6 in. long ; capsule 3 in. long . s i 1. H. arborea.
Leaves 2-3 in. long; capsule 1-14 in. long. 3 : 2. H. indica.

1. H. arborea, Roxb. Cor. Pl. t. 205; Fl. Ind. i. 167.

A large climber, with long flexuose branches, wholly glabrous. ‘Leaves
ovate, or ovate-oblong, shortly acuminate, serrulate, 5-6 in. long; petiole
4 in. long; main lateral nerves 6-8 pair, arcuate, Flowers yellow, in
axillary, pedunculate cymes. Capsules 1-3, at the end of terminal
peduncles, obovate-oblong, acute at both ends, 3 in. long and 14 in. broad,
thickly coriaceous, with numerous prominent longitudinal nerves. Seeds
2. Wing of seed tawny, ovate, 14 in. long, smooth, corky. Seed ? in.
long. Cotyledons greenish yellow, fleshy.

Abundant in the mixed forests of Baraich and Gonda in Oudh (R. Thomp-
son). Ascends the largest forest-trees, often enveloping them with its thick,
heavy foliage. Leaves renewed April, May. Fl. in July, and the fruit ripens
in April.
| 2. H. indica, Willd. ; Roxb. Cor. Pl. t. 130; Fl. Ind. i. 165; W.& A.
Prodr. 104.—Vern. Kazurati, Bomb.

A climbing shrub, wholly glabrous. ‘Leaves ovate, acuminate, crenate,
2-3 in. long; petiole 4 in. long. Flowers rusty yellow, in axillary,
pedunculate cymes. Capsules oblong, striated, 1-14 in. long, 3 in. broad.
Seeds 2, reddish brown; wings membranous.

South India, Bengal, Behar, and. probably Central India, Burma, Ceylon,
Indian Archipelago ; also in tropical Africa, Fl. Jan-April.
84 XXV. RHAMNEZ. [ Zizyphus.

Orper XXV. RHAMNES.

Trees or shrubs, often armed with spinescent branches or stipular
spines. Leaves simple, alternate or opposite: Flowers small, often
unisexual, green or yellow. Inflorescence generally cymose. Calyx 4-5-
cleft ; lobes triangular, valvate in bud. Petals generally present, inserted
on the calyx-tube near the edge, and alternate with its segments. Stamens
opposite the petals, and often enclosed by them, inserted with the petals
or on the edge of the disc; anthers 2-celled, bursting longitudinally.
Disc annular cupular or coating the calyx-tube. Ovary free, or more or
less adhering to the calyx-tube, 2- or 3-celled, rarely 4-celled, with one
erect ovule in each cell. Fruit various, with 1-3 seeds, with or without
albumen, and a large embryo.—Gen. Pl. i. 871; Royle Til. 168; Wight
Ill. i. 179.

Fruit a fleshy, rarely dry drupe or berry, 1-3-seeded.

Armed with stipular spines ; leaves 3-5-nerved ‘ . 1. Zaypuus.
Unarmed ; stipules foliaceous ; leaves with numerous promi-

nent parallel lateral nerves ‘ ji Pe . i 2. BERCHEMIA.
Armed with spinescent branches, or unarmed ; calyx-lobes de-

ciduous . : , ; é : : : é 3. Raamnus.
Unarmed ; branches‘of cymes swell into a fleshy mass. : 4. Hoventa.
Armed with spinescent branches, or unarmed; calyx-lobes

persistent : 3 é 3 ‘ * a . 5. SacmReETia,

Fruit a dry 1-seeded nut, terminating in a long narrow wing 6. VENTILAGO.

1. ZIZYPHUS, Juss.

Shrubs or trees, generally armed with stipular spines. Leaves alter-
nate, more or less distichous, petiolate, with 3-5 main nerves from the
base. Flowers small, mostly bisexual, generally in axillary cymes.
Calyx-tube cup-shaped, or broad-obconical ; limb 5-cleft, the divisions keeled
inside. Petals sometimes wanting, generally 5; lamina more or less con-
cave or hood-shaped. Disc coating the calyx-tube, edge free, pentagonous
or 5-10-lobed. Ovary immersed in disc, more or less confluent with it, 2-
celled, rarely 3- or 4-celled ; styles 2-3, free or partly connate. Drupe
fleshy, kernel generally woody or osseous, 1-3-celled, 1 seed in each
cell. Seeds with a smooth, brittle testa; albumen thin, enclosing the
embryo; cotyledons thick, flat, or convex ; radicle short.

Drupe fleshy ; kernel 1-2-celled.
Cymes axillary, nearly sessile ; petals 5.
neat i young parts only pubescent.
ranchlets often fasciculate ; drupe large; kernel 2-celled
with thick, hard, osseous ae. : : ‘ ig : :
Branchlets single ; drupe small ; kernel 2-celled, with thin

crustaceous shell
More or less tomentose. a Ee A wei

A straggling or climbing shrub; drupes small, + in. long 3. Z. G@nopli
A tree; drupes globose oblong or Sysld. 4-3 jn. long, a Spe

longer. j
: A és 3 ‘ : é . 4, Z. Jujuba.
A low thorny shrub; drupes globose, $-3 in, diam. » 5. Z. natal

1. Z. vulgaris.
Zizyphus. | XXV. RHAMNEZ. 85

Cyines axillary and terminal, long-pedunculate, forming a large
thyrsus; petals none; kernel 1-celled, 1-seeded, shell

thinly crustaceous . _ 7 2 A : . . 6 Z, rugosa,
Drupe nearly dry; kernel 3-celled, shell thick, hard, osseous ;
cymes axillary, short-pedunculate i : ‘i . 7. Z, vylopyra.

1. Z. vulgaris, Lam. ; Roxb. Fl. Ind. i. 609; Boiss. Fl. Orient. ii. 12.
—Syn. Z. flewwosa, Wall. French, Jujubier. Vern. Sinjli, Simli, ban,
bar], phitni, relnu, ber, kandika, kandiari, birari, Pb.

A small tree, glabrous; branches brown and shining, frequently cover-
ed with a dull grey cuticle, flexuose or zigzag, with 2 strong stipular
thorns, and one or more branchlets at each bend. Thorns grey. or brown,
shining, unequal, one straight, up to 1 in. long, or longer, the other much
shorter, uncinate (straight while young). Branchlets often fasciculate, slender,
nearly straight, with 10-30 alternate, bifarious leaves on short petioles,
having frequently the appearance of imparipinnate leaves. Leaves obliquely
ovate-lanceolate, obtuse, bluntly serrate, with 3 main basal nerves and
finely reticulated veins between, without any prominent secondary nerves.
Flowers yellowish, 2-12 on short pedicels, with small fimbriate subulate
bracts, fasciculate on short axillary cymes; styles 2, rarely 3, distinct
from base. Drupes solitary, pendulous, on short slender pedicels, ovoid
or oblong, obtuse at both ends, 4 in. to ? in. long, dark red or black,
glabrous, shining, fleshy ; kernel 2-celled, rugose; shell thick, hard, osseous.
Z. nitida, from China, Roxb. 1. c. 609, is stated to have a pale yellow
fruit when ripe, but is otherwise very similar to Z. vulgaris.

Wild and cultivated in the N.W. Himalaya from the Ravi to the Indus, as-
cending to 6500 ft. Also cultivated in the Panjab plains, in Beluchistan, and
Bengal. Beyond India it is found, indigenous or cultivated, in Japan and China,
in Western Asia, Greece, Macedonia, and North Africa. Cultivated and runs
wild in the south of France, Corsica, and Italy. Not quite hardy in the south
of England. Fl. from March-June, and the fruit ripens from September through
the cold season. Leafless in winter.

In the Panjab often a shrub, in clusters or dense clumps, under favourable
conditions a small tree, 25-30 ft., with a short, somewhat crooked trunk, to
5 or 6 ft. girth, few rigid spreading boughs, and stiff branches, often unarmed,
the prickles having fallen off. Bark of stem dark grey, rough with longitudi-
nal furrows. The full-grown foliage is of a beautifal beght glossy green. The
leaves getting yellow before falling, impart a peculiar hue to tracts where the
tree is common—e. g., near the great lake of Kashmir. The leaves are subject to
the attacks of a small insect. About one-third of the radius of the stem is white
sapwood, the heartwood being dark brown. In France the wood is used for
cabinet-work, under the name of Acayow d’ Afrique, sp. grav. 1.09.—Matthieu
Fi. Forestitre, 50. The fruit (in Tah is acid, but well flavoured ; that of the
Mediterranean tree is sweet, Formerly officinal under the name of bacce ju-
jube. The tree was known to classical writers ; in Plinius and Columella it is
called Zizyphus. Though it reproduces itself spontaneously in Greece and the
south of France, it is not originally indigenous in those countries, but was intro-
duced from Syria during the reign of Cesar Augustus.

2. Z. oxyphylla, Edgew. in Trans. Linn. Soc. xx. 43.—Vern. Kurkan
ber, Afg.; Pitni, kokan ber, amlat, amnia, beri, shamor, Pb. ; Giggar,
N.W.P,
86 XXV. RHAMNEA, [Zizyphus,.

A small tree, glabrous, with a few scattered hairs on young parts ; 2-year-
old branches purple, or covered with a dull grey epidermis ; branches and
branchlets slightly flexuose, smooth, armed with pairs of slender purple
stipular spines, one shorter, straight or curved, the other straight to } in.
long. Leaves on petioles } in. long, ovate-lanceolate, base oblique, long-
acuminate, mucronate with a hard brown point, finely serrate, the serratures
mucronate with brown points, main basal nerves 3, the middle nerve with
2 or 4 prominent lateral nerves, joined by reticulate veins. Flowers 3-20,
on slender pedicels } in. long, fasciculate on short thick peduncles ; bracts
small, brown, subulate ; calyx-lobes carinate to middle ; petals clawed, ex-
panding into a hood-shaped lamina ; disc thin, membranous, pentagonous ;
styles 2, united to near the apex. Drupe ovoid, § in. long, 2-celled, 2-
seeded, pendulous, red or black when ripe, putamen flattened, shell thin
crustaceous, seeds with a brown shining testa.

Found occasionally on the eastern flanks of the Suliman range trans-Indus, and
in the outer Himalaya as far as the Ganges, at elevations from 2000 to 6000 ft.
A small tree, 25-30 ft. high, and 5-6 ft. girth, resembling Z. vulgaris in gene-
ral habit. Fruit eaten, but very acid.

3. Z. Gnoplia, Mill; W. & A. Prodr. 163; probably Z. Napeca, Roxb.
1. c. 613.—Vern. Shya-kul, Beng; Tozeben, Burm. i

A straggling or climbing shrub; branchlets strigose, or oftener covered
with dense ferruginous tomentum, slightly, flexuose, armed with short,
straight or hooked and recurved stipular prickles, which are brown,
shining, tomentose at base, and generally solitary. Leaves distichous, on
short petioles, strigose or rusty tomentose beneath, with long adpressed
simple hairs, ovate or rhomboid, base oblique, shortly acuminate, entire
or minutely denticulate, generally with 4 main basal nerves, 2 in the larger,
and 1 in the smaller half of the leaf, all with numerous prominent parallel
lateral nerves. Cymes short, axillary, dichotomous, with 20-30 flowers ;
peduncles, pedicels, bracts, and calyx densely tomentose. Divisions of
calyx keeled to the middle ; petals generally shorter than calyx. Drupes
1-3 together, on slender pedicels, generally longer than peduncles, globose
or obovate, black, 4 in. long, 1- or 2-celled ; shell woody or osseous.

Kamaon, Rohilkhand, Lower Bengal, Behar, Assam, Silhet, Chittagong,
Burma, the Peninsula, Java, Ceylon, and Mauritius. Abundant in the Baraic
forests of Oudh. Leaves renewed March, April. Fl. in the hot, ripens its
fruit in the rainy season and autumn. The fruit is eaten. A common hedge-
plant in South India,

The two last species require further attention. There appear to be intermediate
forms, and there are forms of Jujuba, which, as far as herbarium specimens go,
only differ from @noplia by the size of the fruit.

_ 4. 4. SJujuba, Lam.—Tab, XVII.—W. & A. Prodr. 162; Roxb. Fl. Ind.
i, 608; Wight Ic. t. 99; Bedd. Fl. Sylv. t. 149; Boiss. 1. c. 13.—Sans.
Badara, karkandhu, koli. Vern. Bér, béra, bari. (Ziben, Burm.)

A moderate-sized tree, ends of branches decurved or drooping, in some
Zizyphus. ] XXV. RHAMNEA. .87

varieties erect or spreading, tomentose, rarely glabrous. Two-year-old
branches slightly fiexuose, either dull brown, or covered with grey epider-
mis. Branches and branchlets armed with short stipular spines, generally
twin, one straight, the other bent, or both equal, or one wanting, or en-
tirely unarmed. Leaves sessile, short-petiolate, or on petioles } the length
of leaf, oblong-ovate, or nearly orbicular, obtuse or acute, 1-3 in. lung, en-
tire or serrulate, often mucronate, occasionally with a few large irregular
teeth near the apex, with 3 main basal nerves, and more or less prominent
lateral nerves. Leaves generally bright tawny- or nearly white-tomentose
beneath, dark green and glabrous above, or more or less glabrous on both
sides. Flowers greenish yellow, somewhat fetid, on short axillary sub-
sessile, or short-pedunculate cymes; pedicels longer than peduncles.
Calyx-lobes keeled to the middle; petals unguiculate, with an oblong
concave or hood-shaped lamina; anther-cells parallel ; disc fleshy, 10-lobed,
10-sulcate ; styles 2, thick, conical, connate to middle. Drupe varying
in size, generally about 4 or # in. long, on a stalk about half its
length, globose, oblong, or ovoid, dark brown, orange or red when ripe ;
kernel irregularly furrowed, mostly 2-celled, with a hard, thick, bony
shell.

This sp. varies exceedingly, in the shape and size of the fruit, the
shape and tomentum of the leaves, and general habit. A remarkable
variety, commonly cultivated in the Panjab, from Peshawar to Multan,
has been described by Edgeworth (Journ. Linn. Saciety, vi. 201) as Z.
Jujuba, var. Hysudrica. It % characterised by obtuse, oblong or ovate,
sometimes orbicular leaves, on long petioles } length af leaf, glabrous or
slightly tomentose beneath, the branchlets not drooping, but erect or
spreading. Dr Stewart refers this variety to Z. Lotus, Lam., but is of
opinion that the Zizyphi of North India want more investigation on the
spot. Z. Lotus, however, is a shrub nearly allied to Z. nummularia. Z.
Spina Christi, Willd.—Boissier Fl. Orient. ii. 13—-which Edgeworth states
in the same place, is found in gardens in the Panjab, is a large tree of
“Western Asia, northern and tropical Africa, with white branches, ovate,
almost glabrous leaves, petioles }-4 length of blade; cymes large, compact,
sessile, with numerous flowers, and a ring of white hairs (not in all speci-
mens) round the base of the style ; fruit-stalks often nearly 1 in. long.
I do not venture to refer any of the specimens which I have examined
from the Panjab either to Z. Lotus or to Z. Spina Christi, and I think
it preferable at present to class all Bér trees of North and Central India
under Z. Jujuba. There is no difference in the inflorescence and structure
of the flower; and as regards shape and tomentum of the leaves, there are
intermediate forms.

Z. Jujuba is wild in some places of the Siwalik forests east of the Ganges (J.
L. Stewart), and in South India (Beddome). Cultivated and self-sown, it is
common in Afghanistan, Sindh, the Panjab, ascending in the outer Himalaya
to 3000, and at times to 4500 ft., and throughout the rest of India and Burma.
Further researches are required to define the localities where the tree is actually
wild, forming part of the original forest. Itis common in forests of Central
and South India; but wherever I have seen it, it has been on sites of deserted
88 XXV. RHAMNEA. [ Zizyphus.

villages or temporary settlements. The young foliage appears in March, April,
while the old leaves are shedding ; there is often a second flush in July and
August. Fl. usually April-June, also at other seasons ; the fruit generally
ripens from December-March. :

A moderate-sized tree, 30-50 ft. high, stem short, erect, not very straight,
girth 6-8, occasionally 10 ft., branches numerous, spreading in all directions,
forming a broad, rounded crown, giving dense shade. Bark 3-1 in. thick, dark
grey, almost black, cut up into obliquely oblong plates by deep irregular longi-
tudinal furrows and short shallow cross-cracks. Inner substance reddish brown,
showing in cracks and furrows. Wood light-coloured when fresh-cut, turns
reddish brown on exposure to the air. Sapwood 3 of the radius, of lighter
colour. According to Skinner, a cub. ft. of seasoned wood weighs 58 1b., and
the coefficient of transverse strength (P) is 672. Cunningham gives the follow-
ing figures for sap and heartwood: sap—Weight 51.08, P. 330-385 ; heart—
Weight 57.41, P. 477-513. The wood is hard, close-, and even-grained, fibrous,
tough and durable, a favourite material for saddle-trees (for horses’ and camels’
saints, also used for building, agricultural implements, Persian wheels, oil-
seed-crushers, well-curbs, legs of bedsteads, sandals, tent-pegs, and other pur-
poses. Yields good charcoal, and is valuable as fuel. .

Lakh is produced on this tree in Sindh, the Panjab, and Central India. The
bark is used as dye-stuff ; the root isa febrifuge in native pharmacy. A gum
exudes from the trunk ; and in Kangra a wild silkworm lives on the tree, the
silk of which was much employed formerly to tie the barrel to the stock of the
matchlock. But the tree is mainly cultivated for its fruit, which is more or less:
globose on the wild and commoner sorts, and ovoid or oblong on the cultivated:
and improved kinds. The pulp is mealy, sweetish, with a pleasant taste, and
some of the cultivated kinds are very good indeed. The dried fruit of this spe-
cies, and possibly also of Z. vulgaris, is sold in the bazaars of the Panjab under
the name of wnad ; the best kind is imported from Kandahar. In South India
oil is extracted from the kernel. The leaves are much valued as cattle-fodder.
The tree is readily raised from seed : young plants do not suffer much from frost,
except that they lose their leaves; they stand a good deal of drought, but their
roots are often eaten by rats. It thrives best on sandy loam, and on ploughed,
land ; but it can be grown also on soils too saline for Toon, Mulberry, and
Sissoo. Its growth is less rapid than of Sissoo or Kikar, but it coppices with
great vigour, and will on that account probably prove a most valuable tree in
the Panjab plantations. , ‘

5. Z. nummularia, W. & A. Prodr. 162; Boissier Fl. Orient. ii, 13.—
Syn. Z. microphylla, Roxb. Fl. Ind. i. 613. Sometimes called Camelthorn,
but erroneously (see Alhagi Maurorum). Vern. Karkanna, Afg. ; Malla,
one birar, jhari, jharbert, jand, kanta, N.W. India ; Gangr, jangra,

indh.

A thorny, bushy shrub, tomentose; branches brown, or covered with
white epidermis; branchlets bifarious, flexuose, armed with twin stipu-
lar prickles, pilose while young, one straight, slender, very sharp, }-4 in.
long, the other much shorter, hooked, bent downwards. Leaves on short
petioles, ovate, obtuse, denticulate ; main nerves 3, with few prominent
lateral nerves. Flowers 10-20, in axillary, short, compact cymes ; pedicels
} in. long, longer than peduncles. Calyx-lobes keeled nearly to the base;
petals spathulate, expanding into a broad-obovate, concave or flat lamina ;
disc slightly 10-lobed, 10-furrowed ; styles 2, nearly distinct. Drupe
Zizyphus. | XXV. RHAMNEZ. 89

globose, tin. diam., red, glabrous, shining when ripe; kernel rugose, 2-celled,
with a hard osseous shell.

Common throughout North-West India and the drier parts of South India
above the Ghats ; not known from Bengal and Burma. Gregarious, covers
extensive tracts in the Panjab, Sindh, Rajputana, and the Dekkan. Ascends
to 3000 ft, on the eastern flanks of the Suliman range and in the outer Himal-
aya. Flourishes best in a heavy clay or loam; is abundant in the black soil of
the Dekkan. South-West Persia. 7

Z. nummularia is always a bush, usually 6-8 ft. high, rarely attaining 15 ft.,
forming irregular rounded masses of thorns, with numerous clustered stems, and
suckers thrown up from the roots. The bark of stems and main branches is
grey, rugose; the eae has a dull greyish-green colour. It is never leafless—
the old leaves generally shed early in the hot weather, and the new leaves
appear immediately afterwards. Fl. March-June, and the fruit ripens from
November-January. The principal use of this species is to make fences round
fields and gardens ; the leaves are thrashed out and used as fodder for sheep
and goats ; the fruit is eaten, is sweet and acidulous, and hasa pleasant flavour.
During the famine of 1869, which drove large numbers of the inhabitants of
Marwar and other parts of western Rajputana from their homes, the fruit of
this bush served as food to thousands. In the winter ’69-’70, the crop of these
berries had been plentiful ; and when I marched throngh Rajputana, from

‘Agra to Guzerat, in Dec. 1869 and Jan. 1870, I found the shrubs completely
stripped of their fruit wherever the flocks of hungry emigrants from Marwar had
passed through ; and it was only further south, on approaching Neemuch and
Guzerat, where the Marwar emigrants had been less numerous, that I found the
shrubs laden with fruit,

Of the Zizyphi outside India, 7. Lotus, Lam. ; Boiss. 1. ¢. 12; a small shrub
from Northern Africa, comes nearest to this. Like nummularia, Z. Lotus has
an eatable fruit, which is an important article of food in Tunis and Barbary. It
throws up abundant suckers from the root, and the description given in
Mathieu’s Flore Forestitre dela France, p. 50—“Parfois ’abord de cet arbris-
seau (in Algeria) est rendu presque impossible par l’entourage serré des drageons
épineux qu'il a produits ”"—would apply well to Z. nwmmularia. But the Afri-
can shrub is almost quite glabrous, and the two styles are united nearly to the
top. There is much variation in the species of Zizyphus as to pubescence, and
the degree to which the styles are united; but, on the other hand, there does
not yet seem sufficient ground for uniting 7. nummularia and Z. Lotus. It
should be added that there are forms of Z. nuwmmularia which are exceed-
ingly similar to frutescent specimens of Z. Jujuba.

6. Z. rugosa, Lam.; W. & A. Prodr. 162; Wight Ic. t. 339.—Syn.
Z. latifolia, Roxb. Fl. Ind. i. 607. Vern. Dhaura, dhauri, Baraich and
Gonda in Oudh; Suran, Churna, C.P.; Turan, Bomb.

A straggling shrub or small tree; young brauches, inflorescence, prickles,
and under side of leaves generally covered with a dense ferruginous tomen-
tum, rarely glabrous. Branches armed with broad, laterally compressed,
strong, hooked prickles, mostly solitary. Leaves on petioles 4 in. long,
with 3 or 4, rarely 5, nerves from base, and prominent lateral nerves, ovate
or elliptic from an oblique, often cordate base ; 2-5 in, long. Cymes large,
on long peduncles, axillary and terminal, forming a large compound,
generally drooping thyrsus. Lobes of calyx outside tomentose, inside with
90 XXV. RHAMNEA. [ Zizyphus.

a prominent pilose line, but not keeled ; petals none ; anthers broad-ovate ;
disc pentagonous. Drupe globose or pyriform, +3 in. long, with a
l-celled, 1-seeded kernel, and a thin crustaceous shell.

Burma, hills of Eastern Bengal, Behar and Sikkim, sub-Himalayan tract as
far as the Ganges, Oudh forests, Central Provinces, western side of the Peninsula,
and Ceylon, A straggling evergreen sbrub, often climbing, occasionally a small
tree with a trunk 2 or 3 fé.in girth. Fl. Nov.-March ; the fruit ripens in April
and May. Bark exfoliating with flat quadrangular scales of dark brown or
blackish colour. The fruit is eaten, has a peculiar mawkish flavour; the wood
is used as fuel, often attacked by insects.

7. Z. xylopyra, Willd. ; Roxb. Fl. Ind. i. 611; W. & A. Prodr. 162.—
Syn. elliptica and Caracutta, Roxb. 1. c. 610, 612. Vern. Katbér, khat-
bor, béri, guti, ghotia, goti, gotti, ghiter, gotaha, kakoa, kakor, ghatil,
chettu, chittania, ghwet, sitaber.

A large straggling shrub or small tree; young branchlets, under side
of leaves, and inflorescence generally short-and softly tomentose. Stipular
prickles generally twin, one straight, the other hooked, recurved, strong, and
very sharp. Leaves on short petioles, oval or rhomboid, finely serrulate, from

‘an unequal-sided, often cordate base, with 3 or 4 main basal nerves, and pro-

minent lateral nerves, pale, softly tomentose beneath. Cymes axillary,
compact, on short peduncles, with numerous (occasionally tetramerous)
flowers ; pedicels shorter than main branches of cyme. Lobes of calyx
keeled near apex; petals on long claws, hood-shaped. Ovary 3-celled;
styles 3, short, distinct. Drupe usually globose, occasionally oblong, with
the remains of calyx marked as a prominent ring at base; 4-1 in. long,
covered with a short, soft, grey tomentum, glabrous when old; dry, almost
without fleshy pericarp ; putamen furrowed, 3-celled, 3-seeded, with a thick,
hard, osseous or ligneous shell.

Common all over South India, in Rajputana, the Central Provinces, Bandel-
khand, and Behar ; also in the Oudh forests, and the sub-Himalayan tract as far
as the Ganges, ascending to 2000 ft. The old leaves are shed about Feb. ‘or
March ; the new foliage issues in April and May; the flowers appear about the
same time ; and the fruit ripens from Sept.-Feb.

A large straggling shrub, and under favourable conditions a small tree to 15
ft. high. Often gregarious, covering considerable tracts with an impenetrable
thorny scrub. Bark of trunk and larger branches light or dark cinereous or
brownish black, surface smooth or cracked with thick, oblong, exfoliating
scales. Heart- and sap-wood not distinct, clean, whitish red when fresh-cut,
when dry yellowish white, orange or brownish, hard and tough, 60 Ib. per
cub. ft., P= 800 (Skinner). Easily worked and durable, used for cart-building
and other purposes. Bark employed for tanning; the young shoots, leaves,
and the fruit serve as fodder for cattle and goats. The fruit is not eatable
for man, but it is largely collected and sold to be used (after being charred)
in making a black dye for leather. The kernels are eaten. The wood makes
excellent torches, :

2. BERCHEMIA, Neck.

Shrubs or woody climbers, unarmed, with foliaceous, often intra-axillary
Berchemia. | XXV. RHAMNEA, 91

stipules. Leaves alternate, penniveined, elegantly marked underneath
with parallel nerves diverging from the midrib, and small transverse
veinlets. Flowers pentamerous. Calyx-segments linear or triangular, de-
ciduous. Style simple ; stigma capitate, more or less 2- or 4-lobed. Fruit
a small, ovoid or oblong, 2-celled berry or drupe, on the persistent, but
not enlarged, base of the calyx.

Flowers in small, axillary or terminal clusters 3 - lL. B. lineata.
Flowers in large, terminal panicles ‘ s 2. B. floribunda.

1. B. lineata, DC. ; Benth. Fl. Hong Kong, 67.

Leaves small, to 4 in. long. Flowers 2-4 together, either in the axils of
the leaves, or a few clusters together at the ends of branches above the
leaves. Calyx-lobes long-triangular; petals as long as calyx, linear,
sheathing and surrounding the stamens. Berry blue, cylindrical, } in.
long.

A small shrub, with grey bark, in Waziristan trans-Indus at 7000 ft., and

from the Indus south-eastward at 4000-5000 ft., in Sikkim at 8000-10,000 ft.
Common in China. Fl. from May-July, the berries ripening in Sept.

1. B, floribunda, Brongn.—Syn. Zizyphus floribunda, Wall. in Roxb.
Fi. Ind., ed. Carey, ii. 368. Vern. Kala lag, Kamaon.

A large shrub or small tree, erect or climbing, with leaves 2-3 in. long,
stipules intra-axillary bifid ; flowers 3-10, in cymose clusters, arranged in
racemes 2-3 in. long, which again form large, terminal panicles. Berries
cylindrical, $-4 in. long.

N.W. Himalaya from the Jhelam to Sikkim, Kasia hills. Fl. June-July.
Near to, if not identical with, B. racemosa, Sieb., from China and Japan.

38. RHAMNUS, Linn.

Shrubs and trees, with alternate, petiolate leaves, penniveined, or with
3 nerves proceeding from base, and small deciduous stipules. Flowers often
unisexual. Calyx 4-5-cleft, the segments triangular or ovate, deciduous,
keeled inside, or with a prominent line. Petals 4-5, or none. Stamens 4-
5, with short filaments. Disc clothing the calyx-tube ; petals and stamens ,
inserted on its edge. Ovary free, 3-4-celled, narrowed into a 3-4-cleft
style ; stigmata papillose, obtuse. Fruit an oblong or globose drupe on the
persistent, but not enlarged, base of the calyx, with 2-4 1-seeded kernels.
Seeds with a fleshy albumen; cotyledons flat or with recurved margins,
often green; radicle short.

Unarmed ; leaves and branches alternate.

Pubescent ; flowers in axillary sessile cymes . : 1. RB. purpureus.
Tomentose ; sessile cymes forming interrupted racemes 2. R. triquetrus.

* Generally spinescent. :
Teale and branches generally opposite . 3 7 3. B. virgatus.
Leaves and branches always alternate. ‘ji . 4. R. persicus.

1. B. purpureus, Edgeworth.—Tab. XVIII.—Trans. Linn. Soc. xx.
92 XXV. RHAMNEZ. [Rhamnus.

44,—Vern. Bat sinjul, tindni zandni (tindni madani (male) is Vibur-
num foetens), tadru, tundhi, mimarari, kunji, chaterni, Pb.

Unarmed, the previous year’s branchlets purple, young parts pubescent,
Leaves and branchlets always alternate. Leaves membranous, ovate or
ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, 3-4 in. long, ‘serrate, with 6-10 prominent,
parallel, nearly straight lateral nerves on either side of midrib, on petioles
4 in. long ; stipules linear, early deciduous, and leaving broad scars at the
base of petiole. Flowers 1-5, mostly pentamerous and bisexual, in axillary
sessile cymes; flower-buds ovoid. Calyx flat, cup-shaped ; segments trian-
gular ; petals none. Style short, 3-cleft nearly to the base. Drupe pear-
shaped, 4 in. long ; seeds 2-4.

A moderate-sized tree on the outer Himalaya ranges, from the Indus to the
Sarda river, between 4500 and 10,000 ft., usually in the more open parts of the
forests. Fl. in May and June. The fruit ripens from July-October. The small
bitter fruit is used as a purgative in some parts of the hills,

2. R. triquetrus, Wall.—Syn. Ceanothus triquetra, Wall: ; Fl. Ind.,
ed. Carey, ii. 376; C. flavescens, Royle. Vern. Gulde(i) or gudle(i),
fagora, gardhan, phulla, Pb. ; Gogsa, ghant, ghont, N.W.P.

Unarmed ; leaves and branchlets covered with short tomentum, always
alternate. Leaves generally yellow, ovate-oblong, acuminate, 3-5 in. long,
serrate, on petioles 3 in. long, with 6-10 prominent parallel, nearly straight
lateral nerves on either side of midrib; stipules subulate, deciduous.
Flowers generally pentamerous, in sessile, 5-20-flowered cymes, forming in-
terrupted racemes, frequently leaf-bearing and branched. Flower-buds
ovoid. Calyx turbinate, segments triangular. Petals short-clawed, emar-
ginate, sheathing the stamens. Style 3-4-cleft, the branches cohering
nearly to the apex. Durpe 3-lobed, nearly dry. Seeds on the back (the
side of the raphe), with a long, broad, open groove.

Not uncommon in the Salt range and in the North-West Himalaya, between
3000 and 6000 ft., from the Jhelam to the Sarda river. A small tree, with grey,

pen or blackish purple bark, scabrous with elevated specks. Fl. in May and
une.

3. R. virgatus, Roxb. Fl. Ind. i. 604.—Syn. R. hirsutus, W. & A.
Prodr, 165 ; Wight Ic. t. 978. Vern. Phipni, dadir, tadru, seta pajja,
kanji, mamral, shomfol, reteon, gogsa, sindvol, mitni, nior, chatr, romusk,
Pb.; Lsapo, mail, Tibet, Spiti; Chato, chedwala, chadua, N.W.P.

Branchlets generally spinescent, young parts pubescent. Leaves and
branchlets generally opposite. Leaves frequently fascicled on short
undeveloped branchlets; lanceolate, ovate-lanceolate, ovate or obovate.
acuminate, 1-4 in. long, narrowed into petiole +1 in. long, serrate or
crenate, with 3-6 arcuate and converging lateral nerves on either side of
midrib, the lower pair from near the base of leaf. Flowers greenish on
slender pedicels, 4-5-merous, crowded in the axils of fascicled leaves, or
Rhamnus.] XXV. RHAMNEA. 93

at the base of branchlets. Flower-buds ovate-lanceolate ; calyx-tube cam-
panulate or turbinate ; petals minute linear or spathulate ; style filiform,
2-4-cleft, the branches recurved. Drupes 2-3-celled ; seeds grooved, groove
narrow, nearly closed.

Trans-Indus territory, chiefly on and near the base of the hills. Himalaya,
from 2400-7000, at times to 9500 ft., from the Indus to Bhutan, Nilgiris, and
other hills near the Western Ghats, also in China, The leaves fall early, the
fresh foliage appearing in May and June, often after the flowers. Fl. more
or less at all seasons, but usually April-June, the fruit ripening from October
during the cold season.

A large shrub, or a small tree, 15-20 ft. high, with much-ramified branches,
long and straight branchlets, forming a dense rounded crown. Bark finely
variegated, smooth with slight longitudinal wrinkles, the shining epidermis often
peeling off. Heartwood distinct, of a bright red-brown or chocolate colour,
strong, hard, and heavy. The fruit is bitter, emetic and purgative, given (trans-
Indus) in affections of the spleen. :

This species is closely allied to R. catharticus, L., the common Buckthorn of
England, which is found nearly all over Europe, and occurs in North Africa and
Siberia. The only points of difference seem to be that the leaves of A. cathar-
ticus frequently have a cordate base, and that the drupe is frequently 4-seeded.

4, R. persicus, Boissier Fl. Orient. ii. 17.—Vern. Sherawane, wurak,
Afg.; Kukei, nar, nikki kander (small thorn), jalidar, kichni, Pb.

Spinescent or unarmed ; leaves and branches alternate. Leaves coria-
ceous, ovate obovate or oblong, short-petiolate, entire or serrate, pubes-
cent or short-tomentose, lateral nerves 2-5, not prominent. Flowers
axillary, tetramerous, dicecious, on short pedicels ; petals small, linear ;
style 2-4-cleft at the top. Drupe supported by the flat circular base of
calyx ; seeds with a shining testa, grooved on the back with a wide open
groove, the edges of it thickened and bent inward at the top.

Persia. Beluchistan. Eastern flank of the Suliman range, the Salt range, and
outer Himalaya, from the Indus to the Chenab, at an elevation from 2000-5000
ft. (A variety—or distinct species—is a small depressed spinescent shrub, in the
arid Tibetan tract of the Himalaya between 9000 and 14,000 ft. Nubra, Ladak,
Upper Chenab and Sutlej basin, and Upper Kamaon.) Nearly leafless for some
months ; the fresh foliage issues about April and May. Flowers at all seasons,
frequently before the leaves come out. The fruit ripens about November, is
sweet and edible, but emetic. Trans-Indus it is boiled for two days, and
administered in affections of the spleen.

In the plains and lower hills, in arid rocky places, grows to a small tree 20 ft.
high, with a short, erect trunk, and a rounded crown of stiff divergent branches.
Bark yellowish or dark cinereous, smooth, at times with a whitish, shining, thin,
exfoliating epidermis. :

This species is closely allied to R. oleoides, L., asmall spinescent shrub com-
mon in South Europe and North Africa. The main difference is that oleoides is
always glabrous, and that the leaves are 1-nerved, with reticulate veins. There
is also some affinity to R. spathulefolius, Fisch. et Mey., from the Caucasian
provinces. .

Another species, R. procumbens, Edgew. Trans. Linn. Soc. xx. 43, a small
prostrate shrub, with coriaceous elliptic-lanceolate, sharp-serrate leaves, and
94 XXV. RHAMNEA. [Rhamnus,

i : i i i tals, on
ersistent stipules, axillary, solitary, pentamerous flowers without petals,
ae perce is found Beare 7000 and 8000 ft. about Simla, on the Deoban

range, and in Kamaon.

4. HOVENIA, Thunb.

A tree, unarmed ; leaves alternate, without stipules. Flowers in axil-
lary pedunculate cymes, pentamerous, bisexual. Calyx broad-obconical ;
segments ovate, thick, with an elevated median line inside, deciduous after
flowering. Petals shortly unguiculate, obovate-spathulate. Stamens op-
posite to petals on the edge of disc; anthers attached at the back, 2-celled,
bursting longitudinally. Disc fleshy, coating the calyx-tube, surrounding
the ovary, densely woolly. Ovary 3-celled, with an erect ovule in each
cell, narrowed into 3 erect styles, more or less coherent. Drupe nearly dry,
3-celled, 3-seeded ; endocarp thin, crustaceous, brittle. Seeds with a hard,
shining, dark olive green, thick testa, a fleshy albumen, a straight embryo,
with flat foliaceous, orbicular cotyledons.

1. H. dulcis, Thunb. ; Siebold et Zuccarini, Flora Japonica, t. 73, 74 ;
Roxb. Fl. Ind. i. 630,—Vern. Chamhin, Ravi. Pb.

Pubescent ; leaves alternate, deciduous, petiolate, ovate, long-acuminate,
serrate, with 3-5 lateral, often alternate nerves on either side of midrib,
the lowest pair proceeding from the base. Flowers white. The ramifica-
tions of cymes and fruit-stalks swell into an irregularly and unevenly
oblong fleshy mass, much and variously bent, sweet-aromatic, the pedicels
remaining dry and slender.

Commonly cultivated in Nepal, Sikkim, Bhutan, Assam, China, and Japan,
also here and there in Kamaon, and (rarely) in the Panjab Himalaya (a few miles
north of Chamba, at 4000 ft., and, according to Falconer, but not found since,
in Hazara), Wallich considered the tree indigenous in Nepal, and Royle states
that it certainly is wild at 6500 ft. in forests near Mussoori ; but Buchanan (in
1802) wrote from Katmandu that the tree was originally brought from China,
or some country subject to China. Grows to be a moderate-sized tree, 30 ft.
high, with an erect, straight stem, attaining a large girth, and a large broad,
rounded crown. Fl. April-May; the fruit ripens in July. The wood is light-
coloured, coarse and open-grained. The tree is cultivated on account of its
fruit, which has a pleasant flavour, like that of a Bergamot pear.

5. SAGERETIA, Brongniart.

Unarmed or spinescent shrubs, with leaves and angular branches
generally opposite, or the upper alternate, penniveined leaves and
small deciduous stipules. Flowers small, pentamerous, bisexual, in small
sessile clusters, supported by bracts, in terminal or axillary panicles.
Calyx flat; segments keeled inside, persistent. Disc lining the calyx, up-
per part free, thick, fleshy, annular or cup-shaped. Petals and stamens
inserted on the calyx. Petals short-clawed. Ovary 3-celled, narrowed
into 3 short coherent styles. Fruit a drupe with 3 coriaceous, indehiscent
kernels. Seeds completely filling the kernels, with a straight embryo,
cotyledons foliaceous, enclosed by a thin fleshy albumen.
Sageretia. | XXV. RHAMNEA. 95

Leaves acuminate ; lateral nerves 4-8 pair . ‘ 1. S. oppositifolia.
Leaves acute or obtuse ; lateral nerves 2-4 pair.
Under side of leaves covered with a dense white
woolly tomentum so : ‘ 2. S. Brandrethiana.
Under side of full-grown leaves glabrous . : 3. S. theesans.

1. S. oppositifolia, Brongn. —Syn. Zizyphus oppositifolia, Wall. in
Roxb. Fl. Ind., ed. Carey, ii. 370. Vern. Kanak, gidardak (jackal’s vine),
drange, girthan, Pb.; Aglaia, Kamaon.

Armed with short spinescent branchlets. Leaves short-petiolate, silky-
tomentose when young, glabrous afterwards, coriaceous, ovate-oblong, acu-
minate, serrate, 2-4 in. long, with 4-8 pairs of lateral, arcuate nerves.
Flowers in terminal panicles and lateral racemes, ramifications covered
with short pubescence. Bracts 3-10 under each cluster, ovate, brown, cili-
ate. Calyx-lobes brown, persistent. Drupe turbinate, not lobed, } in.
‘long, black when ripe.

Common in the North-West Himalaya, alt. 2000-6000 ft.; from the Indus
to Bhutan, also in the Konkan and on the Nilgiris. Fl. at various seasons,
chiefly in autumn ; the fruit, which is sweetish and edible, ripens in spring
and summer. A large shrub or small tree, branches often climbing, angular,
pubescent, Bark of stem and larger branches cinereous, often white speckled
and fairly smooth.

2. S. Brandrethiana, Aitchison; Linn. Journ. viii. 62; Boissier FI.
Orient. ii, 22.—Vern. Momanna, maimiuna, niimani, Afg.; Ganger,
Kanger, goher, koher, Pb.

Armed with numerous spinescent branchlets; under side of leaves,
young branches, and ramifications of inflorescence covered with a dense
white woolly tomentum. Leaves on short petioles, elliptical, 1 in. long,
entire or slightly dentate, glabrous above, lateral nerves 2-4 pair. Flower-
panicles terminal and axillary. Bracts small, brown, ovate. Drupe ovoid,
obtuse, trisulcate, size of a small pea or black currant, succulent, with
raised longitudinal nerves, black when ripe.

Abundant on the east side of the Suliman range, in the Salt range, and at
places in the outer N.W. Himalaya, between the Indus and Jhelam; also in
Afghanistan, Beluchistan, and Muscat. Fl. usually from January-April, the
fruit ripening about May. A shrub, at most 10-12 ft. high, branches stiff, diver-
gent ; the younger decussate, and often spinescent. Bark of larger branches
pebate, with a thin, white, shining epidermis, exfoliating while young. The
oliage easily distinguished by the dark green upper- and white tomentose un-
der side of the leaves. The fruit is sweetish, and is a great favourite with the
Afghans ; it is sold in bazaars of the frontier districts, and in some places a con-
diment is made of it.

3. §. theesans, Brongn. ; Benth. Fl. Hong Kong, 68.—Vern. Drangu,
‘ankol, kaulit, karur, phomphli, kanda, brinkol, chaunsh, katrain, thiim,
‘kum, Pb.
96 XXV. RHAMNEZ. [ Sageretia,

Branchlets often spinescent, glabrous, or young parts pubescent. Leaves
short-petioled, elliptic or ovate, more .or less distinctly serrate, 1-14 in.
long, with 3 or 4 pairs of distant lateral nerves, glabrous, shining on both
sides, pale beneath. Flowers in terminal and lateral panicles. Bracts
brown, ovate. Fruit globular, the size of a small pea, irregularly rugose,
dark brown when ripe.

Common in ‘places on the eastern flank of the Suliman range, at between
2000 and 8000 tt : inthe Salt range, and in the North-West Himalaya, between
3000 and 8000 ft., from the Jhelam to the Sarda ; also in China and Japan.
Fl. August-November. A small shrub 6-8 ft. high ; the bark of older branches
grey or brown, with small white lenticels and shallow longitudinal furrows"
The fruit is eaten in parts of the Himalaya, and in China. The leaves are
used as tea by the poorer classes in China.

6. VENTILAGO, Gertn.

Climbing, unarmed shrubs, with alternate, simple, petiolate leaves.
Flowers small, pentamerous, bisexual, in terminal or axillary panicles.
Calyx-segments keeled inside. Petals hooded, deflexed. Stamens
adnate to the base of the petals. Disc pentagonal, margin free. Ovary
immersed in the disc, 2-celled ; style very short. Fruit a subglobose nut,
prolonged into an apical, linear, coriaceous wing, 1-celled, 1-seeded. Seed
subglohose, exalbuminous, with a membranous testa ; cotyledons thick,
fleshy ; radicle inferior, very short.

Lower half of fruit enclosed in the cup-shaped calyx . 1. V. calyculata.
Remains of calyx forming a flat disc at the base of fruit 2. V. maderaspatana.

1. V. calyculata, Tulasne-—Syn. V. maderaspatana ; Roxb. Cor. Pl.
t. 76; Fl Ind.i. 629. Vern. Papri, C.P.; Rakat-pita, kala lag, Kamaon.

A large climbing shrub, with woody tendrils ; branchlets, petioles, the
younger leaves, and inflorescence pubescent. Leaves glabrate, subcoria-
ceous, elliptic-oblong from an oblique base, acuminate, irregularly dentate
or entire ; main lateral nerves 6-8 on either side of midrib, arcuate, anas-
tomosing by numerous fine parallel and distinct intramarginal veins ;
blade 3-4 in. ; petiole less than + in. long. Flowers numerous, small,
greenish, with a strong and offensive smell, in long, terminal, leafless
panicles. Nut subglobose, + in. diam., girt about the middle-by the
rim of the adnate calyx ; wing linear, 24 in. long, pubescent, terminated
by the remains of the bifid style.

Bengal, Central India, Western Ghats, Oudh forests, Rohilkhand, and sub-
Himalayan tract to the Jumna—climbing to the top of the tallest trees, Fi.
March. Seed ripens May.

V. Bombatensis, Dalzell Bomb. Fl. 48, probably belongs to this species.

2. V. maderaspatana, Gertner; Wight Ic. t. 163; W. & A. Prodr.
164.—Vern. Lokandi, kanwail, Bomb.

A large climbing shrub ; leaves ovate, acuminate, coriaceous, shining,
pubescent while young. Nut globose, 2 in. diam., the remains of calyx
Ventilago.] XXV. RHAMNEA. 97

forming a flat disc at the base; wing linear, 1-2 in. long, glabrous,
shining. .
South India, Ceylon, Burma, Ind. Archipelago. F1.0.8. Cordage made of the

bark, The root of this or the preceding species is collected and used as a red dye
in Mysore, Salem, and Bellary (vern. Popli-chukay, Mysore), Buchanan i. 168.

Ornper XXVI. AMPELIDEZ.

Shrubs, erect or climbing; leaves alternate, petiolate, simple or com-
pound. Flowers regular, small, in cymose panicles, racemes or spikes,
terminal or leaf-opposed. Calyx small, entire, 4-5-dentate or -lobed.
Petals 4 or 5, hypogynous, small, valvate in the bud, distinct or cohering
at the base or at the top. Stamens as many as and opposite to the petals,
hypogynous, free and distinct or monadelphous. Ovary 2-6-celled,
with 2 erect collateral ovules, or a single ovule in each cell. Style simple,
often very short, or stigma sessile. Fruita berry, with 1 or few bony
seeds. Embryo very small, in the base of a copious albumen.—Gen.
PL i. 386; Royle Il. 144; Wight Ill. i. 149.

Woody or herbaceous climbers ; filaments free; ovary 2-celled ‘ . 1, Vrris.
Erect shrubs or large herbs ; filaments united in a tuhe; ovary 8-6 celled 2. LEBA.

1. VITIS, Linn.

Vines, branchlets tumid at the nodes. Tendrils and peduncles generally
leaf-opposed, tendrils rarely wanting. Leaves alternate, or the lowest
opposite, entire palmately lobed or compound ; leaflets pedate, terhate, or
quinate. Stipules membranous, deciduous. Flowers numerous, cymose.
Inside of calyx filled with a fleshy torus, which expands around the base
of the ovary into a 4-5-lobed hypogynous disc. Petals 5 or 4, inserted
under the edge of the disc, their summits frequently induplicate and
slightly cohering, when the whole corolla, lifted up by the stamens,
separates from the base, and falls away together ; sometimes expanding in
the ordinary way, early deciduous. Stamens free, inserted with the petals ;
filaments distinct ; anthers cordate-ovate, fixed near the middle, 2-celled,
the cells opening longitudinally. Ovary sessile, 2-celled, its base sur-
rounded by the fleshy. disc. Fruit a 2-celled (or by abortion 1-celled)
globular berry, the cells 2-seeded, or by abortion 1-seeded. Seeds obo-
void, the membranous testa covering a thick, bony, inner integument.
Albumen cartilaginous-fleshy.

Numerous climbers in the Indian forest belong to this genus. It must here
suffice to enumerate a few of the larger ones in North and Central India, Few
Indian genera demand more study on the spot, and the following arrangement
is by no means satisfactory :—

Leaves simple ; fl. pentamerous, in thyrsoid panicles.
Branches glabrous or with deciduous tomentum ; leaves
suborbicular.
Panicles leaf-opposed, occasionally cirrhiferous ; 4.
green; petals cohering . ‘ : j ; . 1. V. vinifera.
Panicles on leaf-opposed tendrils; fl. deep reddish brown;
petals distinct . a é 3 ‘ . 2. Vz. latifolia.
Branches glabrous ; leaves ovate, longer than broad . 38. Vi parvifolia.
G
98 XXVI. AMPELIDEA. [ Vitis,

Branches densely tomentose. 2
Flowers in large compound panicles ; petals connate 4. V. lanata.
Flowers in compact cylindrical racemes ; petals distinct 5. V. indica.
Leaves simple; fl. tetramerous, in dichotomous cymes 6. V. adnata. ;
Leaves simple ; stems fleshy, quadrangular ; fl. tetramerous 7. V. quadrangularis.
Leaves trifoliolate. ;
Flowers pentamerous : 3 , : . . 8. V. himalayana,
Flowers tetramerous, in leaf-opposed cymes ; leaves rough y V. carnosa. .

Flowers tetramerous, in axillary cymes; leaves glabrous. 10.

1. V. vinifera, Linn. ; W. & A. Prodr. 130. The grape vine.—Sans.
Draksha; Arab. Ainab; Pers. Angur. Vern. Dakh, dakki, draksha,
angur. Local, Lanang (fruit, dakhang), Kunawar.

A large woody climber, with long, bifid tendrils. Leaves glabrous
above, clothed beneath with grey, floccose, deciduous tomentum, suhorbi-
cular with cordate base, more or less deeply 5-lobed, edge cut into large, un-
equal, acute teeth ; basal nerves 5, the midrib with 4-5 pair of prominent
main lateral nerves. Petiole generally shorter than leaf, but longer than
half its length. Flowers green, fragrant, pentamerous, on slender pedicels
longer than flower, in umbelliform cymes, which form large pyramidal
compound panicles, one of the lower branches of the inflorescence sometimes
terminating in a short tendril. Bracts oblong, early deciduous. Petals

oblong, cohering at the top, separating from the base, and raised by the
development of the stamens.

Indigenous in Armenia, the Caucasus, other parts of Western Asia, and
ne also in Bulgaria, Thracia, and Greece, where the vine is found as a
arge woody climber on Ostrya, Frasxinus, Platanus, and other trees, in
shady forests and moist valleys. In the N.W. Himalaya, also, the vine is
often found apparently wild, but it is not always easy to distinguish it from
some of the other species (Thoms. West. Him. 348). The native country of
the vine cannot precisely be defined, for whenever cultivated under favourable
climatic conditions, it spreads readily. So much, however, is certain, that its
cultivation, both in Syria and Greece, is as old as the oldest historical records
which we possess of those countries ; that Greek colonists and traders imported
it into Italy at an early age (oivos, vinwm) ; that from Western Asia and South-
Eastern Europe its cultivation has gradually spread over the rest of*Europe ;
and that from Europe it has been introduced to the Cape, temperate Australia,
and North America.

The present northern limit of vineyards on a large scale is at 47° 30/ N.
lat, in the Bretagne, and thence runs eastward, slightly tending towards the
north, crossing the Rhine at lat. 50° 45’, and attaining its northernmost
point in Silesia at lat. 51° 55’—(Grisebach, Vegetation der Erde, i. 126.)
The comparison of this line with the lines of equal temperature during the
different seasons, shows that it is the want of sufficient summer-heat which
prevents its eee cultivation further north in Western Europe. In the
middle ages, however, there were vineyards in the south of England, and not
far from the Baltic. In India, extensive vin eyards were formerly in Kunawar,
from Jani to Sangnam (between 5500 and 9000 ft.), and in some of the other in-
ner and drier valleys of the N.W. Himalaya. But the vine disease broke out in
these secluded valleys (between 1855 and 1860), and since then the cultivation
has greatly diminished. Excellent grapes are grown in Kashmir, the plains of
North-West India, the Dekkan, and in other parts of India, but not in the moist
tropical climate of the western coast below Ghat, and of the Burma coast. Nor
does the grape vine bear well in Lower Bengal. In the Himalaya the grape

V. lanceolaria.
Vitis.) XXVI. AMPELIDEZ. 99

ripens in September, in the plains of the North-West in June, and in the Dekkan
in March. In the Mauritius the vine flowers twice, in Apr. and Sept. (Bojer,
Hort. Maur. 60). The wood of the vine is remarkable by its numerous large
medullary rays and exceedingly numerous pores, giving it the appearance of a
sieve. In spring it yields an abundance of clear watery sap, which rises with
great force, and several Indian species clo the same.

2. V. latifolia, Roxb. Fl. Ind. i. 661; W. & A. Prodr. 130.—Syn.
Cissus latifolia, Vahl; Dalzell & Gibson, Bomb. Fl. 39.

A large herbaceous climber, from a perennial root-stock. Tendrils long,
bifid, often flower-bearing. Leaves tomentose beneath, suborbicular, with
cordate base, angled or slightly 5-lobed, lobes dentate ; basal nerves 5 ; the
midrib with 3-5 pair of prominent main lateral nerves. Petioles shorter
than leaf. Flowers pentamerous, deep reddish brown, on short thick
pedicels, in compound pyramidal panicles 1-4 in. long, issuing from the
middle of the tendril before it divides; petals distinct. Ovary 10-fur-
rowed at the apex. Berry black.

Plains of North-West India, Sub-Himalayan tract (Sewaliks and Bhabar), as
far as the Sutlej. Satpura range. The Konkan. Also in Bengal and South
India. Fl. May-July. Madden, Journ. As. Soc. xvii. pt.i. 379, notices V. late-
folia as “an immense climber, with cable-like stems, sometimes 2 ft. in diam.”
be Pan lagila, Bhains-amli, Kamaon. Is this another species ? (perhaps
adnata.)

3. V. parvifolia, Roxb. Fl. Ind. i. 662. Vern. Beran, Kamaon.

A slender vine, stem and old branches ligneous, branchlets glabrous.
Tendrils bifid. Leaves glabrous, 2-3 in. long, 1-2 in. broad, ovate, acu-
minate, dentate or serrate, often more or less deeply 3-lobed ; basal nerves
5, midrib with 2-3 pair of main lateral nerves. Flowers minute, green,
pentamerous, on long slender pedicels, umbellate, the umbels arranged
in a panicle, 1-2 in. long, leaf-opposed, or inserted on a tendril. Petals
cohering at the apex.

Sub-Himalayan tract, and outer ranges from Kashmir to Bengal, ascending
to 6000 ft. Fl. April, May.

4. V. lanata, Roxb. Fl. Ind. i. 660; W. & A. Prodr. 131. Vern.
. Purain, Kamaon.

Woody, climbing over high trees; branches, petioles, and peduncles
woolly. Leaves ovate, from a flat or cordate base, acuminate, about 4 in.
long, 3 in. broad, dentate, angled or indistinctly 3-lobed, densely clothed
beneath with rusty or reddish soft tomentum. Flowers small, green-
ish, pentamerous, umbellate, on slender pedicels, in large compound leaf-
opposed panicles, one of the lower branches often terminating in a tendril.
races pale yellow, cohering at the apex. Fruit globose, the size of a pea,

-seeded.

South India, Bengal, Sub-Himalayan tract, as far north as Hazara, ascending
iu ae ft. Fl. April, May. The stem yields an abundance of sap in Spring.
(Madden.)

V. rugosa, Wall. Roxb. Fl. Ind. ed. Carey, ii. 480.—Vern. Asoja pahar-
phuta (the mountain-splitter), creeps over crags and rocks in Kamaon at from
100 XXVI AMPELIDEA. [ Vitis.

5000 to 6500 ft, (Madden Journ. As. Soc. vol. xvii. pt. i, 417), and resembles
V. lanata, but differs by larger leaves 6-12 in. long, deep red flowers, the petals
distinct, not cohering. “Fl. July. Grapes edible, ripen Sept.-Oct. (whence the
first vern. name). In W. & A. Prodr., this sp. is united with V. lanata.

5. V. indica, Linn. ; Roxb. Fl. Ind. i. 660; W. & A. Prodr. 131.

A large climber ; branches petioles and peduncles villose ; leaves hard,
firm, broad-ovate, 3-6 in. long, and of equal breadth, with a deep-cordate
base, not lobed or angled, but large- and shallow-crenate, the nerves ter-
minating in hard glandular teeth; under side rusty-tomentose, upper floc-
cose, at length glabrous. Flowers minute, pentamerous, yellowish green
or greenish purple, on slender pedicels, umbels sessile along the rachis of
a short compact cylindrical raceme, inserted about the middle of a long
bifid tendril. Petals distinct ; fruit globose, 1-2-seeded.

South and probably Central India. Bengal. Fl. March, April.

6. V.adnata, Wall.; W. & A. Prodr. 126.—Syn. Cissus adnata, Roxb.
Fl. Ind. i. 405 ; Wight Ic. t. 144.

A large woody climber, young parts densely pubescent. Leaves broad-
ovate from cordate base, acuminate, angled, and sharp-dentate. Flowers
tetramerous, greenish yellow, in rounded leaf-opposed cymes ; petals dis-
tinct. Berry black when ripe.

Sub-Himalayan tract. Oudh forests, Satpura range. Bengal, South India.
FL. April-June. C. rosea, Royle IIL t. 26, is nearly allied to this, but has pink
flowers and larger leaves. Sewalik and Bhabar, Jumna to Sarda.

7. V. quadrangularis, Wall.; W. & A. Prodr. 125; Wight Ic. t. 51.—
Syn. Cissus quadrangularis, Roxb. Fl. Ind. i. 407. Vern. Harjora, Beng.

A perennial climber ; stems and branches dichotomous, succulent, quad-
rangular, constricted at the nodes, the angles winged. Leaves fleshy, vary-
ing from ovate and entire to cordate and deeply 3-lobed. Tendrils long,
generally simple, leaf-opposed. Flowers tetramerous, pink and white, in
umbelliform cymes, on short, leaf-opposed peduncles. Petals distinct.
Berry globose, size of a small pea, red, 1-seeded. :

_ Common throughout tropical and subtropical India. FI. R.S., fr. C8, Ber-
ries very acid, leaves and tender shoots eaten, Dalzell, Bombay FI. 40, calls this
Cissus edulis, and a nearly allied species without wings in Guzerat (vern.
Harsanker), he calls Cissus quadrangularis, Linn.

8. V. himalayana.—Syn. Ampelopsis himalayana, Royle Ill. 149.
Vern. Chappar tang, Kamaon.

A large soft-wooded climber or scrambling shrub ; glabrous, or youngest
shoots slightly pubescent. Leaves trifoliolate, smooth, shining ; leaflets
equally stalked, acuminate, sharp-serrate or dentate with cuspidate teeth,
the terminal leaflet ovate or obovate ; main lateral nerves 6-10 pair, the
two lateral leaflets very unequal-sided, falcate, or semicordate, all reticulate
beneath with prominent veins. Stipules oblong, early deciduous. Flowers
yellowish green, pentamerous, in compound, trichotomous, leaf-opposed,

spreading cymes. Peduncles as long as, or shorter than, petiole of the
opposite leaf.
Vitis. | XXVI. AMPELIDEA, 101

Himalaya, 3000-9000 ft. (in Sikkim, to 11,000 ft.), from Kashmir to Assam
Kasia hills, Pulney hills, Burma. Fl. April, May. Hardy in England.

9. V. carnosa, Wall. ; W. & A. Prodr. 127.—Syn. Cissus carnosa, Roxb.
Fl. Ind. 409.

A large climber, with herbaceous compressed stem, from a perennial root-
stock. Young parts clothed with short pubescence. Leaves trifoliolate,
rough ; leaflets ovate or elliptic, the two lateral short-stalked, nearly ses-
sile, often oblique, crenate-serrate, main lateral nerves 4-6 pair; stipules
oblong. Flowers tetramerous, greenish white, in trichotomous, compound,
leaf-opposed cymes; peduncles generally longer than common petiole of
the opposite leaf. Petals distinct. Berries black, 2-4-seeded.

Common in hedges and forests in most parts of India and Burrna, as far north
as the Salt range and the Indus in the Panjab. Fl. July, Aug.

10. V. lanceolaria, Wall. ; W. & A, Prodr. 128.—Syn. Cissus lanceo-
laria, Roxb. Fl. Ind. i. 412. :

A large, evergreen, climbing shrub, glabrous, only inflorescence pu-
bescent. Stems woody, with rough often muricated bark ; tendrils leaf-
opposed: Leaves trifoliolate, coriaceous ; leaflets ovate or lanceolate, peti-
olulate, penniveined, 3-5 in. long, distantly serrate, acuminate. Flowers
unisexual, pale yellow, tetramerous, in axillary, subsessile, dichotomous,
compound cymes. Petals distinct. Fruit ovoid, 4 in. long.

South India, Oudh forests. Fl. March, April.

A trifoliolate vine is described by Madden, 1. c. 379, 418, as V. tomentosa
(Vern. Chappertang, chappertain, cheprain, amila), with red flowers, similar
to those of V. rugosa. “Very common, reaching to 6000 ft. in Kamaon.” J.
capreolata, Royle Ill. i. 149 (Cussus capreolata, Don ; Royle Ill. t. 26); Vern.
Pang pata, Kamaon ; is a slender climber, with pedate, 5-foliolate, glabrous
leaves, common in the N.W. Himalaya, 4000-7000 ft “Clinging to the trunks
of trees as closely as the ivy” (Royle).

2, LEBA, Linn.

Herbs or shrubs, branches generally furrowed. Leaves alternate, rarely
opposite, simple pinnate bipinnate or tripinnate; petioles with broad
sheathing base. Flowers in compound cymes; peduncles leaf-opposed ;
no tendrils. Calyx 5-dentate. Petals 5, more or less cohering at the
base, and adhering to the staminal tube. Stamens 5; anthers on short
filaments, inserted on the outside of an entire or 5-cleft staminal tube.
Ovary inserted on the disc, 3-6-celled ; style short ; one ovule in each cell.
Fruit a 3-6-celled berry. Seeds erect; embryo small in a cartilaginous
albumen.

Several species of this genus are large perennial herbs or herbaceous shrubs,
characteristic of certain descriptions of forestsin India. The following are found
in the sub-Himalayan tract of N.W. India :—

Leaves pinnate, or the lower only bipinnate.
Peduncle as long as cyme, or shorter . 1. LZ. aspera.
Peduncle several times longer than cyme . 2. L. alata.
All leaves bipinnate  . . : : . 38. L. sambueina.
Leaves simple : é ‘ 7 . 4, L. macrophylla.
102 XXVI. AMPELIDEA. [Leea,

1. L, aspera, Wall.; Roxb. Fl. Ind., ed. Carey, ii. 468; Edgeworth
Trans. Linn. Soc. xx. 36.—Vern. Kumali, kurmali, Kamaon.

_A tall herbaceous perennial, 2-4 ft. high, pubescent. Leaves impari-
pinnate, the lower leaves often bipinnate ; common petiole not winged ;
leatlets (pinne) 2-3 pair, ovate or ovate-oblong, acuminate, base cordate
or rounded, 4-8 in. long, pale beneath, obtusely dentate, main lateral
nerves 12-16 pair, joined by distinct intramarginal and numerous fine
closely-parallel veins. Cymes sessile or short-pedunculate, with subulate,
deciduous bracts. Anthers not adhering to each other ; filaments inserted
near the base of the staminal tube, alternating with its oblong, obtuse
emarginate lobes. Berry black. .

Forests of the Outer Himalayan valleys, ascending to 6000 ft. Bias to Nepal,
Oudh forests, Satpura range. Fl. J une, July.

2. L. alata, Edgew. 1. c. 36.—Syn. Z. rubra, Royle Ill. p. 145.

A large herbaceous perennial, glabrous, but rough with elevated dots,
Leaves imparipinnate ; common petiole furrowed, winged with narrow
membranous wings ; leaflets 3 pair, 6-10 in. long, oblong, acute, base
acute or rounded, the upper 2 pair sessile, the lowest pair short-petiolate ;
petioles winged ; main lateral nerves 8-12, joined by parallel, transverse,
and intramarginal veins. Cymes compact, compound, on long peduncles
more than twice the length of cyme ; peduncles and rantifications of cymes
red, furrowed, winged, and rough with elevated glandular dots. Anthers
adhering to each other sideways ; filaments inserted below the edge of
staminal tube, alternating with its obovate lobes.

Siwalik and sub-Himalayan tract, from the Jumna to Sikkim, ascending to
3000 ft. Fl. B.S.

3. L. sambucina, Willd.—Syn. L. Staphylea, Roxb. Fl. Ind. i. 658;
W. & A. Prodr. 132; Wight Ill. i. t. 58.

A shrub, with stout soft-wooded stems; glabrous. Leaves twice or
thrice pinnate ; pinne 2-3 pair ; leaflets on short petioles, firm, haxd, pale
beneath, oblong ovate- or lanceolate-oblong, coarsely serrate, with 8-12
main lateral nerves; transverse veins not prominent. Stipules large,
adnate to the base of petiole, coloured. Flowers greenish white, in large,
trichotomous, divaricate cymes, on short peduncles. Berry black or dark-
blue, size of a small cherry, depressed, 4-6-furrowed, 4-6-seeded.

Widely spread in the forests of tropical and subtropical India, probably in
the forests of Oudh, Kamaon, and the Central Provinces. Tropical Asia, Upper
Guinea, Queensland, and North Australia. FI. B.S.

4, L. macrophylla, Roxb. Fl. Ind. i. 653 ; Wight Ic. t. 1154.

A large herbaceous perennial. Leaves broad-cordate, 12-20 in. long,
deeply and unequally dentate, pale beneath, 8-12 pair main lateral nerves.
Flowers small, white, in large terminal, compound cymes.

Forests-of tropical and subtropical India, sub-Himalayan tract to the Ganges.
Fl, BS.
Asculus.] XXVII, SAPINDACEZ, 103

Orprr XXVIII. SAPINDACEZ.

Trees or shrubs, with alternate or opposite leaves, with or without stip-
ules, and small flowers which are generally polygamous. Sepals mostly
4-5, imbricate, rarely valvate, more or less connate. Petals mostly 3-5 or
none, imbricate, often hairy below. Disc complete or I-sided. Sta-
mens hypogynous, 5-10, generally 8, the filaments often hairy. Ovary
1-4-celled, generally 3-celled ; ovules 1-2 in each cell, on axile placentas.
Fruit various ; seeds generally without albumen.—Gen. Pl. i. 388; Royle
Ill. 136; Wight Il. i. 139.

Fruit coriaceous, 1-3-celled ; leaves without stipules.
Leaves opposite, palmately compound . ‘
Leaves alternate, pinnate
Fruit of 1-3 nearly distinct indehiscent “carpels ; 7 leaves usually
without stipules. ,
Carpels not winged ; leaves alternate, abruptly pinnate or uni-
foliolate . 3. SAPINDUS.
Carpels 2, with long wings at the back ; leaves opposite, sim-
ple, entire or palmatifid . 4. ACER.
Fruit a membranous, dehiscent, 2-5- celled capsule ; leaves with
or without stipules.
Sepals 5, valvate ; petals none; stamens 8; leaves simple, '
alternate, without stipules
Sepals 5, imbricate ; petals 5; stamens 5; leaves opposite
trifoliolate or pinnate, stipulate ‘ - - 6. STAPHYLEA.

AESCULUS.
ScHLEICHERA.

poet

Xt

Dopow 2a.

1. HSCULUS, Linn.

Trees with large scaly buds, and opposite, digitate, deciduous leaves,
without stipules. Flowers showy, in an ample terminal thyrsus, poly-
gamous, the fertile flowers generally near the base of the branches of the
thyrsus, the others sterile by abortion of the ovary, otherwise similar; the
pedicels articulate; bracts deciduous. Calyx campanulate or tubular,
5-lobed, deciduous, the lobes more or less unequal, imbricate in bud.
Petals 5, alternate with the lobes of the calyx, often only 4 from the
abortion of the fifth, hypogynous, unequal, imbricate in bud, deciduous.
Dise hypogynous, lobed. Stamens 6-8, commonly 7, outer circle 5,
alternate with petals, inner circle 1-3; filaments subulate or filiform ;
anthers versatile, introrse, with glandular tips at both ends, 2-celled, open-
ing longitudinally. Ovary 3-celled; style slender, undivided ; ovules 2
in each cell. . Fruit a large leathery capsule,  1-3-celled, the cells 1-seeded,
loculicidally 2-3-valved. Seeds large, with a smooth, shining, coriaceous
testa, and a broad opaque hilum. Albumen none; cotyledons thick,
fleshy, more or less corrugate, and coherent by their contiguous faces, un-
equal,incumbent on the short conical radicle, plumule conspicuous, 2-leaved.
The cotyledons remain in the coriaceous testa whilst the seed germinates.

1. A. indica, Colebrooke— Tab. KIX.—=-Syn. Pavia indica, Wall. ;
Jacquemont Voy. Bot. t. 35. The Indian Horse-chestnut.—Vern. Seutoalla,
Kaffiristan ; Torjaga, Trans-Indus ; Hane, hanudun, Kashmir; Ban-khor
(forest- walnut), gugu, kanor, Pb. ; "Pankar, N.W.P.

‘ ~
104 XXVII, SAPINDACEA. [-Esculus,

Leaflets 5-9, generally unequal, the centre leaflets longer, 6-9 in. long,
glabrous, oblong, acuminate, sharp-serrate, petiolule 4-1 in. long. 15-20
alternate, arcuate, lateral nerves on either side of midrib. Thyrsus 12-15
in. long, composed of numerous scorpioid cymes on short peduncles;
pedicels and calyx covered with grey, mealy pubescence. Calyx tubular,
frequently splitting as the flower opens, with 5 short, obtuse, unequal
teeth, one obcordate, larger than the others. Petals 4, white and yellow,
clawed, lamina obcordate; 2 petals narrower than the rest. Stamens 7;
filaments filiform, longer than petals. Disc unilateral. Capsule ovoid or
obovoid, 1-2 in. long, brown when ripe, reddish brown when young,
somewhat rough outside, but not echinate. Seeds dark brown or black.

Wild in Kaffiristan at 7000-8000 ft., in the forests on the Trans-Indus hills
north-west of Peshawar, and common in many parts of the North-West Hima-
laya at 3400-9000 ft., from the Indus to Nepal. Never entirely bare of leaves.
Flowers appear about April and May, when the tree, loaded with the large up-
right panicles of variegated blossoms, presents a very striking appearance. The
fruit ripens between July and Oct.

The North Indian horse-chestnut is not a gregarious tree, but is often found
in large numbers, particularly in moist and shady valleys. The trunk is short,
attaining large girth (12-15 ft., occasionally 25 ft.) Numerous large boughs,
spreading into a broad, depressed, close, umbrageous crown 40-50 ft. high, much
resembling in habit the common horse-chestnut. The bark of trunk and large
boughs is thick (#-1 in.), the inner half light-yellowish brown, soft and brittle,
the outer darker brown and mote fibrous. Outer surface grey or dark brown,
divided by numerous long shallow furrows into long quadrangular plates, often
winding spirally round the trunk. When old, the outer layers partly peel off
upwards in long strips, leaving exposed a smooth grey surface. The wood is
light brown, soft, open-grained, not much valued, but used in the hills for
building, for water-troughs, platters, packing-cases. Has been found to answer
well for tea-boxes. The Tibetan drinking-cups are sometimes made of this
wood.

The twigs and leaves are largely lopped for winter fodder in the Himalaya
and Kaffiristan. Cattle and goats feed on the fruit. The seeds contain an abun-
dance of starch combined with a bitter principle. In times of scarcity they are
used as food, ground and mixed with flour, after having been steeped in water
for some time. «

Closely allied to this species is A. punduana, Wall. A. assamica, Griff., the
horse-chestnut of Sikkim, Assam, and the Kasia hills; also found by me in
the Thoungyeen forests of Tenasserim, with larger, more coriaceous, obovate-
oblong leaves, nearly sessile, and the thyrsus composed of long-pedunculate
scorpioid cymes.

sculus Hippocastanum, Linn., the common horse-chestnut, which has been
cultivated in Europe ever since the sixteenth century (1576 in Vienna), has
echinate capsules, 4 or 5 broad petals, larger leaflets, woolly when young, with
double serratures, and prominent lateral nerves. The common horse-chestnut
is supposed to be indigenous in India (Boissier Fl. Orient. i. 947). Of this,
however, there is as yet no proof, and its original home is unknown. It is found
in Persia and the Caucasian region, but not really wild.

2. SCHLEICHERA, Willd.

Trees with alternate pinnate leaves, without stipules. Flowers fasciculate,
polygamous. Calyx small, 4-6-cleft. Petals none. Stamens 6-8, longer
Schleichera. | XXVIII SAPINDACEA. 105

than calyx, inserted near the centre of a flat, undulate, indistinctly lobed
disc ; anthers 2-celled, dehiscing longitudinally. Ovary ovoid, 3-4-celled,
narrowed into a rigid style; stigma capitate, 3-4-cleft, divisions recurved ;
one erect ovule in each cell. Fruit dry, coriaceous, indehiscent, 1-3-celled.

Seeds enclosed in a fleshy arillus ; embryo conduplicate, the cotyledons
unequal and closely coherent.

F'1.S. trijuga, Willd’— Tab. XX.— Bedd. Fl. Sylv. t. 119; Roxb. FI.
Ind. ii. 277; W. & A. Prodr. 114.—Vern. Kosum, kossum, kussumb,
gausam, kusam, North-West and Central India ; kassuma, Koham, kocham,
Panch Mehals ; Sagdi marra, Can. ; Gyoben, Burm.

Young parts downy. Leaves abruptly pinnate, coriaceous when old;
leaflets 2-4 pair, opposite, sessile, oblong, entire, obtuse-acute or short
acuminate, with 10-18 main lateral nerves on either side of the midrib,
and intermediate shorter nerves ; the leaflets of the lowest pair 1-3 in., of
the terminal pair 6-9 in. long. Flowers yellow, on short pedicels, fascicled
on interrupted, often branched, racemes. Racemes axillary, or below the
leaves, often several on short branchlets. Male and bisexual flowers
generally on different trees. Fruit the size of a nutmeg, pointed, often
echinate. Seeds 1 or 2, with a smooth brown testa, enclosed by a
pulpy arillus, which has a pleasant acid taste. The cotyledons full of
fat oil.

Common in the dry forests of Southern, Central, and Eastern India, at
elevations below 3000 ft. In North-West India it is found in the Oudh
forests and the Siwalik tract, where it ascends to 3000 ft., its western limit
being the Sutlej river. It is grown in gardens near Lahore, and in Sindh.
The Acie is not a gregarious tree ; it grows singly, or a few together, mixed

with the other trees of the dry forest. The old leaves are shed in Feb., the
young foliage comes out in March, affording a grateful shade when the other
trees of the dry forest are still leafless). The young leaves are purple at first,
then light green, the old foliage has a deep green colour. The fl. come out with
the young leaves.

. A large tree, attaining 60-70 ft. in South India and Burma, smaller in Central
and North India. Trunk scooped out longitudinally, with deep and irregular
furrows, 5-6 feet in girth (to 12 ft. in Burma and South India), often hollow
when large, with a few large ascending boughs, forming a broad rounded
crown. Bark 4 in. thick, ash-grey or greyish brown, marked by shallow hollows,
left by oblong, exfoliating scales. s

Heartwood distinct, red or reddish brown, very heavy, close-grained, hard,
tough, and strong. Pores scanty, small, uniformly distributed. Medullary rays
very numerous, very fine. Seasons well, takes polish, and is very durable.
Weighs between 66 and 70 lb. per cub. ft. Valued where strength, hardness,
and Gunability are required. Oil, rice, and sugar crushers, pestles and mortars,
rollers, screws, and the teeth of harrows are made of it; it is also used in build-

_ ing, and for various parts of carts and ploughs. a

In many parts of India, Lakh is produced on the young branches : at Mirzapir

the Lakh of this tree is stated to be the best, and to keep good for 10 years; while
the Lakh of other trees is s.id to last 2 years only. In Oudh this tree is lopped,
and the twigs and leaves are used as cattle-fodder during the dry season. Oil
is extracted from the seeds in South India and Ceylon.
106 XXVIL SAPINDACEA. [Sapindus.

3. SAPINDUS, Linn.

Trees or shrubs, with alternate, abruptly pinnate, or unifoliolate leaves,
without stipules. Flowers polygamous, in terminal or axillary panicles,
Calyx of 5 somewhat unequal sepals, connate at base, imbricate in bud,
deciduous. Petals 4 or 5, nearly equal, alternate with the sepals, claw
thickened, and often with one or two scales on the inside. Disc fleshy,
cup-shaped or flat, circular, hypogynous. Stamens generally 8-10, in-
serted in the centre of the disc round the ovary, or in the male flowers
round the rudiment of the ovary; filaments hairy; anthers versatile.
Ovary generally 2-4-lobed, usually 3-celled ; ovule solitary in each cell,
erect from the base, or ascending from the inner angle above the base.
Fruit fleshy or coriaceous, consisting of 1-3 distinct indehiscent carpels.
Seed globose; hilum inferior, without arillus; the embryo incurved or
straight ; cotyledons fleshy ; radicle short.

Several species of this genus are cultivated in North and Central India
on account of the fleshy pulp of the fruit, which contains a peculiar substance,
saponine, with properties in many respects similar to soap. The pulp makes a
lather with water, and is used extensively for washing, either by itself, or mixed
with soap. For flannel and Kashmir shawls it is greatly preferred to soap, and
some varieties are specially esteemed for peat silk. In Bengal, Central and
Northern India, the tree is generally known under the name of Ritha, and the
Sanskrit name is Arishta. The species and varieties of this genus will repay
further study. Three species are here enumerated, in accordance with Rox-
burgh’s Flora Indica, but it is probable that the two first should be united into
one species,

Leaflets 4-6, generally opposite ; main lateral nerves 6-12; disc
and ovary hirsute ; anthers oblong, apiculate.

Leaflets ovate or oblong, acuminate - e ‘ 3 . LS. laurifolius.
Leaflets ovate, obovate or oblong, obtuse or emarginate . . 2. 8. emarginatus.
Leaflets 8-14, generally alternate ; main lateral nerves 20 or more; :
disc and ovary glabrous ; anthers ovate, not apiculate . . 3, 8. detergens.

1. S. laurifolius, Vahl; Roxb. Fl, Ind. ii. 278; W. & A. Prodr. 111.

Leaflets ovate or oblong, acuminate, 2-3 pair, those of the terminal pair
longest, 3-7 in. long, glabrous above, soft pubescent beneath; main
lateral nerves 8-12 on either side of the midrib, with a few shorter inter-
mediate ones. Ramifications of inflorescence and calyx clothed with
rusty pubescence. Cymes generally 3-flowered, supported by 3 short
bracts, lateral flowers often abortive. Male flowers numerous, bisexual
flowers few, often on distinct branches. Sepals 5, obtuse, imbricate, 2
outside, 2 inside, 1 intermediate, the left edge overlapping. Petals 4 or
5, oblong or lanceolate, outside with adpressed .tawny hairs, inside glab-
rous, but with long white hairs along the edge, with a membranous scale
fringed with a dense. mass of long white hairs, more or less attached to
the claw and inner surface of the petal, probably free when quite young,
sometimes attached along the middle line only, and free at the sides, in
which case it happens that the two edges of the scale separate from the
middle part, and appear as lateral appendices. In the descriptions quoted
(Fl. Ind. and Prodr.), the petals are said to be without scales. Beddome
Sapindus.] XXVIL SAPINDACEA. i 107

(FI. Syly. Pp. 73) correctly states that the petals are sometimes furnished
with 2 hairy glandular appendages. Disc concave, with a raised fleshy,
hirsute edge. Stamens 8 inside the disc; filaments pilose; anthers
oblong, apiculate. Ovary 3-lobed, covered with dense rusty tomentum.
Drupes fleshy, 2 or 3, slightly united, each the size of a cherry.

2. S. emarginatus, Vahl; Roxb. FL. Ind. ii. 279; W. & A. Prodr. 111;
Bedd. Fl. Sylv. t. 154; Wight Ill. +. 51.

Leaflets ovate obovate or oblong, obtuse or emarginate, 2-3 pair, the
terminal longest, 3-5 in. long, glabrous .above, soft tomentose beneath ;
main lateral nerves 6-10, with a few shorter intermediate ones. Petals
oblong or obovate, edge with long white hairs, with two thick tufts of
white hair on either side at the top of the claw, attached to scales more
or less coherent with the claw. On further examination, the petals and
their scales will possibly be found the same in these two species, and
then the only difference that will remain is in the shape of the leaf, which
in this case would probably not be sufficient to keep them separate, and
for all practical purposes, they may now be regarded as one species, which
should be called S. laurifolius, Vahl.

_ The tree (8. laurifolius and emarginatus) is indigenous in South India. It
is cultivated in Bengal and the North-West Provinces. Fl. from Oct. to Dec.,
and ripens its fruit from Feb, to April.

3. 8. detergens, Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 280.—Syn. S. acuminatus, Wall. Vern.
Dodan, dodani, ritha, Pb., N.W-P., Bandelkhand; Kanmar, N.W.P.

Leaflets 8-14, oblong or lanceolate, acuminate, generally alternate, the
terminal leaflet smaller, coriaceous, glabrous on both sides, with numer-
ous parallel lateral nerves close together, and shorter intermediate ones.
Inflorescence consisting of numerous small, generally 3-flowered cymes,
arranged in a terminal compound pyramidal thyrsus ; ramifications pubes-
cent or soft-tomentose ; bracts small, linear. Numerous bisexual flowers
mixed with male flowers. Calyx and petals purple, outside glabrous,
with ciliate edges. Petals 5; lamina ovate, with 2 scales on either side
at the top of the claw, covered with long white woolly hairs. Stamens
8; filaments covered with white woolly hairs; anthers ovate, not apicu-
late. Disc glabrous, flat, pentagonous, with 5 elevated radiating lines.
Ovary 3-cornered, glabrous. Drupes fleshy, generally solitary, the size of
a cherry.

Cultivated throughout North-West India, as far as the Chenab, but scarce near
its north-western limit, ascending to 4000 ft. in the Himalaya. Also culti-
vated in Bengal. Royle speaks of it as wild in the valleys of the N.W. Hima-
laya, but its original home requires further inquiries. Fl. May, June, the fruit
ripening from July onwards. . 1 . ;

‘A handsome tree, 50-60 ft. high, with a straight trunk, attaining 8 ft. girth,
numerous ascending branches, forming a close oval crown. Bark of trunk light
or dark brown, with darker longitudinal furrows. The leaves are clustered
near the ends of branches, and in autumn get pay yellow, which gives the
tree a peculiar appearance. Wood whitish, with a red or yellow tinge con-
108 XXVIL SAPINDACEA. [Sapindus.

sidered valueless in the N.W. Himalaya. The leaves are given as fodder to
cattle, the seeds are medicinal; but the valuable part is the saponaceous pulp of
the fruit, which is an important article of trade in the Panjab and the North-
West Provinces. ‘ .

Another species of Sapindus (8. Saponaria, Linn., the West Indian Soapberry)
is grown in the West Indies. The fruit (and the root) are used for the same pur-
poses as Ritha in India; but Macfadyen, in his ‘Flora of Jamaica’ (i. 159),
states that it is apt to burn and injure the texture of the cloth washed with
it. It differs from S. detergens, by having the common petiole winged, and
very thin membranous petals, with an orbicular lamina, without any scale or
appendix, = _

Erioglossum rubiginosum, Blume (S. rubiginosus, Roxb. Cor. PL. t. 62; Fl.
Ind. ii. 282), probably occurs in Oudh and the Central Provinces. I have seen
a specimen in bud from the Oudh forests, collected by Mr R. Thompson in 1871,
which scarcely leaves any doubt regarding the identification. It is a native of
Eastern Bengal, Burma, the hills of the Cirears, and Beddome has found it in
the Godavery forests (Fl. Sylv. 73). In Burma the tree is one of those called
Thatni (red wood). Roxburgh states that the wood is strong and durable, choco-
late-coloured towards the centre. In Oudh it is a large tree with a straight
trunk, and a fine full head of foliage. The branchlets, inflorescence, and young
leaves are clothed with dense rusty or golden tomentum ; leaflets 8-15, alternate
or sub-opposite, oblong-lanceolate, acuminate, main lateral nerves on either side,
8-12, the common petiole ending in a downy bristle ; inflorescence a pyramidal
thyrsus of long racemes, bearing small 3-5-flowered cymes with linear bracts, the
bracts longer than buds, clothed with long rusty hairs ; sepals 5, the 2 outer
smaller, petals 4, longer than sepals, all on one side of the flower, bearing inside
above the stalk a double scale half the length of the lamina ; outer segment flat,
inner segment thick, like a funnel-shaped tube slit open, the opening towards the
inside of the petal; stamens 8; disc one-sided ; ovary 3-lobed, hirsute. The
Indian species is closely allied to, if not identical with, Hrzoglossum edule,
Blume, a shrub or small tree in Java and the islands of the Indian Archipelago,
the fruit of which is eatable.

4, ACER, Linn.

Trees, sometimes shrubs, with limpid, rarely milky sap, and scaly buds.
Leaves opposite, usually exstipulate, deciduous. Flowers small, male and
bisexual generally on different trees, in terminal panicles, racemes, or umbel-
liform fascicles. Bracts usually minute and caducous. Calyx 4-12- gene-
rally 5-parted, deciduous, the lobes imbricate in bud. Disc thick, annular,
and hypogynous, or cup-shaped and more or less perigynous ; margin free,
lobed. Petals none, or as many as calyx-lobes, of the same colour, and
alternate with them, equal, erect, short-clawed, deciduous. Stamens 4-12,
generally 8, inserted on the disc; filaments commonly shorter in the bi-
sexual, and longer in the male flowers; anthers introrse, 2-celled, the
cells opening longitudinally. Pistil of two carpels, style deeply bifid,
divisions linear or filiform, the inner face stigmatose ; ovules 2 in each
cell, attached to the inner angle. Fruit a double samara, consisting of 2
laterally-compressed nuts, at length separating from the small persistent
axis, the back produced into a large, membranous, and reticulate wing,
the lower edge of which is thickened. Seeds solitary, rarely 2 in each
cell; albumen none. Embryo conduplicate, sometimes spirally convolute,
the cotyledons irregularly folded ; radicle generally long.
  

Acer.] XXVII, SAPINDACEA. 109

Of the genus Maple, upwards of 40 species are known, which are spread
over Euro e, Asia, and North America. Not less than 11 of these are found in
the Himalayan region, 4 of which, A. sikkimense, Miquel, Thomsoni, Miq.,
Hookeri, Miqg., and Campbelli, H.f. & T., belong to the Eastern Himalaya.
Several of the N.W. Himalayan species have a wide range of distribution: A.
oblongum is found in China; and A. pictum, Thunb., is known from India
under the name of culiratum, Wall., from the Caucasus, Armenia, and North
Persia, under the name of deetum, C. A. Meyer, and it is closely allied to A. Lo-
belt, Ten., from the mountains of South Italy. As regards their geographical
distribution, the species of Maple may be divided into four large groups: first,
those of Europe and Western Asia, of which A. tataricum, L., pseudoplatanus,
L., campestre, L., platanoides, L., opulifolium, L., monspessulanum, L., are
well-known species ; secondly, those of the Himalayan region ; thirdly, those of
Japan, China, and North-East Asia ; and fourthly, those of North America. Two
species, A. spicatum, Lam., and A. pennsylvanicum, L. (rujfinerve, Sieb. et Zucc.),
are common to Japan and North America ; the others, of which the Japanese and
Chinese species, A. palmatum, and the North American, A. saccharinum, Wan-

enheim, may serve as instances, are at present only known as endemic. The
following is a conspectus of the seven species, which are known from North-
West India, but the present classification of this genus is imperfect. A revision
will probably have the effect of basing it more upon the character of the inflor-
escence, the parts of the flowers, and possibly the structure of the seed. The
inflorescence of Acer is mixed, cymes arranged in racemes or panicles,

I. Leaves undivided, rarely 3-lobed, penniveined, the lower 2
or 4 lateral nerves often proceeding from the base. _
Petioles half or one-third, the length of leaf; flowers in

hairy corymbs . : ; : , . A . 1. A, oblongum.
Petioles one-fourth the length of leaf, or less ; flowers in lax
glabrous panicles. . ‘3 : . a : . 2. A, levigatum.

Allied to these two are—of Himalayan species, 4. sikkimense, Miq., Sikkim, Bhutan,
7000-9000 ft. ; Hookeri, Miq., Sikkim, Bhutan, and Assam ; Thomsont, Miq., Sikkim :
and of the other species mentioned above, A. tataricwm, L., a small tree with white
flowers and red wings, which is at home in Eastern Europe, Russia, Western Asia, as
far as Northern Persia, and has been found in Mantchouria and Japan.

II. Leaves 3-lobed, with 3, rarely 5 basal nerves; flowers in

terminal fascicles : : : 3 ; ; :

Of the species mentioned, 4. monspessulanum, L., a shrub or small tree, of Middle

and South Europe, Algeria, Syria, and Armenia, with small, coriaceous, 3-lobed
leaves on long petioles, belongs to this group.

3. A. pentapomicum.

III. Leaves 5-lobed, with 5 basal nerves; flowers in racemes
or panicles.
Flowers in Jong lateral racemes, appearing before the
leaves ; young leaves and inflorescence hairy
Flowers appearing with or after the leaves in short racemes

4. A, villosum.

or corymbs. .
Lobes of leaves short-acuminate, with obtuse ser- :
ratures ; leaves pale beneath . ‘ . . 5. A. cesium.

Lobes long-acuminate, with sharp serratures . 6. A. caudatum,

Near these are, of Indian species, 4. Campbellit, H. f. & Th., from Sikkim ; of the
‘European Maples, the common Maple, 4. campestre, L., with divaricate wings, small,
obtuse-lobed leaves and erect corymbs ; and the Sycamore, A. pseudoplatanus, with large
"leaves, pale beneath, and hanging racemes,—the first a moderate-sized, the second a
large tree, common in Europe and Western Asia. Two other species of this group
110 XXVII. SAPINDACEAE. [ Acer.

A. spicatum, Lam., the.Mountain Maple, and A. pennsylvanicum, L., the Striped
Maple, are common to Japan and North America.

IV. Leaves 5- or 7-lobed, with 5 or 7 basal nerves ; flowers .
in corymbs, umbels, or fascicles . ‘i i: ‘ . 7. A. pictum, Thunb.
Of European species, stand near to this 4. platanoides, L., of North-Eastern and
Middle Europe, the Caucasus, and Taurus region, the inner lobes of leaves with par-
allel sides, 3- or 5-cleft at the top; 4. opulifolium, Vill., of South Europe, the Cau-
casus, and North Persia, the flowers in sessile fascicles, on long hairy pedicels : and of
North American species, 4. saccharinum, Wangenheim, the Sugar- or Rock-Maple.

There are other groups comprising North American and Japanese species,of which
no representative forms are known from India.

1. A. oblongum, Wall. ; Jacq. Voy. Bot. t. 34.—Vern. Mark, Pb.;
Patangalia, pharengala, kirmoli, N.W.P. ; Mugila, buzimpala, Nepal.

Leaves oblong, acuminate, entire, green above, whitish-glaucous be-
neath ; when young, with a few fine scattered hairs; when older, glabrous
and coriaceous; main lateral nerves 4-8 pair, prominent, with finely-ret-
iculated veins between. Petioles one-third or half the length of leaf.
Flowers pentamerous, in terminal corymbs; ramifications, pedicels, and
calyx hairy. Sepals and petals linear-oblong. Stamens 8, longer than
calyx in the male flowers. Ovary hairy. Nuts unevenly gibbous ; wings
contracted at base, with a straight or somewhat curved back.

Siwalik tract and Outer Himalaya, ascending to 6000 ft. from the Jhelam to
Bhutan, mostly in low valleys, in clumps of a few trees, not gregarious. Never
leafless, the mature foliage of a fine dark-green colour. Fl. Feb.-Apr., the
fruit ripens June-Nov. A moderate-sized tree 40-50 ft. high, attaining 5
ft. in girth. Bark dark blackish grey, smooth, with horizontal wrinkles. Wood
light pink or reddish brown. Used for agricultural implements ; some of the
better drinking-cups in Tibet are said to be made of knobs of this wood. A.
laurinum, Hasskarl, from Java, Sumatra, is similar, but apparently distinct.

2, A. levigatum, Wall. Pl. As. rar. t. 104.—Vern. Saslendi, cherauné,
Nepal.

Leaves oblong, acuminate, denticulate when young, entire when old,
coriaceous, lucid on both sides, glabrous save a small brown tuft of hairs
beneath in the axils of nerves; main lateral nerves 4-6 pair, joined by
very prominent reticulate veins. Petioles short, less than 4 the length
of leaf. Flowers pentamerous, on long filiform pedicels, in lax terminal
glabrous panicles ; calyx glabrous; petals white, cuneate or obovate, dis-
tinctly unguiculate. Stamens 5-8, in the male flowers much longer than
calyx, with a tuft of long hairs in place of ovary. Nuts smooth, oval;
wings divergent, erect, or connivent, back curved.

Outer Himalaya 5000-9000 ft., from the Jumna to Sikkim, Kasia hills. FI.
Apr.; the fruit ripens July, Aug. A larger tree than A. oblongum, with a

straight tall trunk 10-12 ft. in girth, branches spreading or hanging, forming

a broad oval crown, Bark thick, smooth, yellowish or dark ash-coloured. “In
Nepal the wood is much use

d for building. A. reticulatum, Champ., Benth.
Flora Hongkong. 47, from that island, is very similar to this ‘species Bat pro-
bably distinct. :
Acer. | XXVIL SAPINDACEZ, 111

3. A. pentapomicum, J. L. Stewart.—Vern. Trekan(a), kitkandra, ka-
k(a)rai, hakkri, kitla, mandar(ai) kunghi, tian, tilpatto, kilpattar, seran,
Kashmir and Panjab.

Leaves broader than long, sometimes 3-5-lobed, with truncate base, and
3 prominent penniveined basal nerves ; lobes spreading, oval acute or acu-
minate, obtusely dentate, separated by right-angled or acute-angled sinus,
length of middle lobe about twice its width ; the lower leaves often 5-
lobed, with cordate base, and 2 additional smaller basal nerves. Petioles
generally as long as leaf, glabrous when full-grown. Under side and peti-
oles of young leaves clothed with soft tomentum, old leaves pale beneath,
glabrous on both sides, or with short soft hairs beneath ; tufts of hairs
in the axils of basal nerves. Flowers not known, fruit in short corymbs,
wings erect or divergent, semi-ovate, with straight back.

Common locally, and at times almost gregarious, between 2300 and 7000 ft.,
in exposed hot dry places, not as a rule in thick forests, in the basins of almost
all the great rivers in the Panjab, Himalaya from the Jhelam to the Sutlej,
and east of the latter. Not found on the Bias, Fl. Feb., March; the fruit ripens
April, June.

Grows not nearly to such a size as the other species; the largest trunk noted
by Dr Stewart, much above the average, measured 5} ft. in girth, Twigs
smooth, grey or reddish, bark of trunk brownish grey, not much marked by
cracks or fissures. Wood used for ordinary domestic and agricultural purposes.

This species was discovered by Dr Stewart, and (doubtfully) identified by him,
in Pb. Plants 30, with A. creticum, Linn., but subsequently recognised as a new
species. It has no close affinity to any of the known species with 3-lobed leaves.
The leaves are much larger than those of A. monspessulanum, L., or creticum, L.,
and are different in shape. Of the Japanese A. trifidum, Thunb., the leaves
are much longer than broad. Without flowers, the affinity of the species cannot,
however, be determined. It is not impossible that further inquiry may show
this tree to be nearly allied to A. Pseudoplatanus, L.

4, A. villosum, Wall. Pl. As. rar. ii. 4.

Buds and young leaves covered with long silky hairs. Leaves cordate,
5-lobed, the 2 outer lobes small, irregtlarly and remotely dentate, on
petioles exceeding half the length of leaf; basal nerves 5, the 3 inner pen-
niveined. Flowers pentamerous, in lateral, more or less compound racemes,
at the end of short lateral branchlets, appearing before the leaves. Pe-
duncles and pedicels hairy ; sepals oblong, with 3 nerves ; petals linear,
narrower than sepals; sepals and petals generally ciliate. Disc membran-
ous. Stamens 8, in the male flowers much longer than calyx. Wings of
fruit erect or divergent, back incurved ; nuts large, the 2 nuts together
forming a semicircle $-# in. across.

Himalaya, at high elevations (7000-9000 ft.), not uncommon from the Jhelam
to Kamaon. Chir, Royle. Deoban range, D.B, FI. Feb., March; leaves
appear in May; fruit ripens from June onward. A large, handsome tree,
‘smaller branches brown, striate, bark of stem grey and fairly smooth.

5. A. cesium, Wall. (Herb. Kew).—Tab. XXI.—Vern. Kilu, trekhan,
tarkhana, kilpatiar, tilpattar, mandar, mandari, mandarang, kauri, kal-
indra, salima, kanzal, Pb.; Kanshin, Tibet (N.W.P.)
112 XXVIL SAPINDACEA. [Acer,

Buds glabrous, young leaves with a few scattered hairs. Leaves pale
beneath, cordate, 5-lobed, the 2 outer lobes small, with 5 basal nerves,
all, or the 3 inner penniveined, margin with large obtuse serratures, peti-
oles exceeding half the length of leaf. Flowers pentamerous, appearing
after the leaves, in terminal corymbose panicles. Nuts unevenly gibbous,
wings erect or divergent, back slightly curved. (A. sterculiaceum, Wall.
Pl. As. rar. t. 105, from Nepal, is similar, but the male flowers are repre-
sented in lateral racemes below the insertion of the leaves.)

North-West Himalaya, from the Indus to Nepal, between 4000 and 10,000 ft.,
scattered in mixed forests, mostly in shady valleys. Fl. Apr.; fruit ripens Oct.

A large tree, 70-80 ft., with a tall straight trunk 12-13 ft. in girth, and a
large oval, close crown. Twigs laterally compressed, red or bluish, smooth, with
some callous dots, bark of trunk dark ash-coloured, or pale-brownish white, with
thin long irregular scales. Wood of pale cream-colour, with brown bands,
porous, soft, light, medullary rays indistinct, Some of the inferior kinds of the
Tibetan drinking-cups are made of it.

6. A. caudatum, Wall. Pl. As. rar. t. 132.—Vern. Khansing, Nepal.

Young shoots pubescent. Leaves 5-lobed, the 2 outer lobes small;
lobes long-acuminate ; base truncate or subcordate, margin divided into
deep sharp cuspidate serratures; basal nerves 5, the 3 inner penniveined.
Petioles reddish, pubescent, longer than half the leaf. Flowers appearing
soon after the leaves in lateral and terminal short glabrous racemes, fre-
quently tetramerous. Sepals ovate-oblong, with 6 nerves. Petals white,
clawed. Disc fleshy, stamens 4-6, in male flowers much longer than calyx.
Racemes elongated in fruit ; wings pink, erect, or divergent, inner edge
frequently denticulate.

Himalaya, at high elevations (8000-11,000 ft.), from the Chenab to Nepal.
Fl. March, April. A large-sized tree with dark-brown bark.

A. pectinatum, Wall., with divaricate wings, is probably only a variety. A.
argutum, Maximowicz, from Japan, is nearly allied.

7. A. pictum, Thunb. Fl. Japon. 161.—Syn. A. letum, C. A. Meyer;
A. cultratum, Wall. ; A. Mono, Maximowicz, Vern. Kilpattar, trekhan,
tarkhana, kakkru, kanzal, kanjar, jartmu, laur, Pb. ; Kanchii, N.W.P.

Glabrous. Upper scales of buds oblong, clothed outside with adpressed
hairs of a bright brownish yellow colour. Leaves broader than long, 5-
or 7-lobed, from truncate or subcordate base ; lobes long-acuminate, se-
parated by rounded sinus, margin entire; basal nerves 5-7, the inner
penniveined, with fine reticulation between. Petiole longer than leaf.
Flowers appearing with or after the leaves on long filiform pedicels, in
lateral and terminal stalked corymbs, pentamerous, glabrous ; male and
bisexual flowers on the same branch. Sepals oblong. Petals spathulate.
Stamens 8, shorter than calyx. Disc fleshy, glabrous. Wings divari-
cate ; back arcuate, somewhat recurved.

Outer and Middle Himalaya, from the Indus to Assam between 4000 and
9000 ft. Outside India in Japan, North China, Mantchouria, the Caucasus,
Acer. | XXVIL SAPINDACEA, 113

Armenia, North Persia. There is no difference between the Himalayan speci-
mens and those from Western Asia; those from Japan have the wings less divari-
cate : but the shape and direction of the wings is not always a steady character in
this genus. A. Lobeldi, Tenore, from the higher mountains of South Italy, is
rae allied ; but Boissier, Fl. Orient. i. 949, considers it to be different on
ou A, loetum.

 

The most common Maple in the N.W. Himalaya, usually found in mixed
forests above 7000 ft. Leaflessin winter. Leaves turn yellow and red in autumn
before they are shed. Fl. about April, and the fruit ripens in summer. A
large tree, 50 ft., with erect straight trunk 6-7 ft. girth, and wide-spreading
branches, Bark dark brown, fairly smooth. Wood pinkish white, close-grained,
fairly strong and elastic, not much valued for construction, but used for ploughs,
bedsteads, and poles to carry loads. A large portion of the Tibetan drinking-
cups are probably made of the knotty excrescences of this tree. The branches
are lopped for fodder.

5. DODONAA, Linn.

Shrubs, with alternate, simple, and entire leaves (pinnate in some of the
Australian species), without stipules. Flowers unisexual and bisexual,
often dicecious. Sepals 5 (sometimes fewer), valvate in the bud. ,Petals
none. Disc small or inconspicuous. Stamens usually 8; filaments short ;
anthers basifixed, quadrangular, 2-celled, introrse, the cells opening longi-
tudinally. Ovary 3- or 4-, rarely 5- or 6-celled, with 2 ovules in each cell.
Capsule membranous or coriaceous, 2-5-celled, opening septicidally into
as many valves as cells, each valve with a dorsal angle, often produced
into a vertical wing. Seeds 1 or 2, with a thickened funicle, but not
arillate ; embryo spirally curled.

A large genus, of which about 45 species are known, with few exceptions
endemic in Australia.

41. D. viscosa, Linn. ; Boissier Fl. Orient. i. 953.—Syn. D. Burman-
niana, DC.; W. & A. Prodr. 114; Wight Ill. t. 52; D. angustifolia, D.
dioica, Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 256. Vern. Sanatta, mendru, ban-mendu, Pb. ;
Banderu, C.P.; Bandurgt, Can.

Leaves and young shoots more or less viscid with a bright yellow resin.
Leaves varying from broadly oblong-lanceolate to linear-cuneate, gradually
tapering into a marginate petiole, coriaceous, glabrous, shining, 1-4 in.
long, acute obtuse or emarginate, entire or with shallow indentations,
eften revolute; one central nerve, with numerous parallel side-nerves,
more or less distinct. Flowers in short terminal panicles or racemes.
Sepals ovate, in the male flowers as long as stamens. Anthers oblong.
Style generally longer than calyx, shortly 2-lobed at the top. Capsule
membranous with 2, 3 or 4 membranous wings from base to style, includ-
ing the wings 3 in. across, and } in. long. Seeds opaque, dark brown or
black. ,

Common in the lower hills of North-East Afghanistan, the Trans-Indus terri-
tory, Sindh, Beluchistan, and the Panjab. Ascends to 4500 ft. in the Himalaya.
Also in Central and South India, Burma, and Ceylon. Gregarious, covers ex-
tensive tracts of country, often to the exclusion of other shrubs, in the Dekkan,
in Mysore; here and there in North-West India, Outside India in Arabia,

H
114 XXVII. SAPINDACEA. [Dodonea.

tropical Africa, tropical America, Florida, China, Java, Polynesia, and Australia.
FL RS. Fr 0.8.

A handsome evergreen shrub. In North-West India not more than 10 ft.
high ; on the mountains of Southern India a small tree 20 ft, high, with terete,
compressed, or trigonous twigs. Wood light brown or bright yellow, hard,
compact, and close-grained. Medullary rays indistinct. Annual rings fine,
26 on a specimen of 2} in. radius. The branches much used to support
the earth of flat roofs, durable when thus employed. The shrub grows readily
from seed without much water in arid places, and is planted in live hedges, for
which it answers well.

6. STAPHYLEA, Linn.

Shrubs or small trees with opposite, stipulate, trifoliolate, or pinnate leaves.
Leaflets with setaceous, deciduous stipels. Inflorescence definite, flowers
bisexual. Calyx 5-parted, coloured, the segments imbricated in bud, 2 out-
side, 2 inside, 1 intermediate. Disc 5-lobed. Petals 5, alternate with the
sepals, erect, imbricate in bud. Stamens 5, inserted below the edge of the
disc, alternate with the petals ; anthers oblong, versatile, fixed near the mid-
dle, 2-celled, introrse, the cells parallel, opening longitudinally. Ovary of
2 or 3 distinct carpels, more or less united by their inner angles ; styles fili-
form, distinct or more or less coherent. Ovules 6-8 in each carpel, attached
to the inner angle in 2 series. Fruit a membranous, usually vesicular
inflated capsule, 3-celled, 3-lobed, dehiscent at the summit. Seeds few or
solitary in each cell, testa thick and bony. Embryo straight, in the axis

of a fleshy albumen ; cotyledons oval or orbicular, flat and thin; radicle
short.

1. 8. Emodi, Wall.—Vern. Marchob (Serpent-stick), Afg. ; Nagdaun,
chitra (spotted), chiial, ban-bakhru, ban-shagali, gildar, kaghania, Pb.

Glabrous, young leaves with slight farinose pubescence beneath. Leaves
trifoliolate ; petioles round, glabrous, as long as, or longer than, the
leaflets ; leaflets nearly equal, ovate, acuminate, serrate, pale beneath, the
terminal petiolulate, the lateral sessile. Stipules linear, membranous;
stipels setaceous, both early deciduous. Flowers on short, compact, ter-
minal, erect or drooping panicles, with numerous membranous, decidu-
ous bracts. Petals as long as calyx-segments, both white. Stamens as long
or a little longer; anther-cells attached to a linear, apiculate connective.
Capsule 2-3 in. long, 1} in. diam., yellowish white, narrowed at base,

broad, tricuspidate at the top, hanging on pedicels }-l in. long. Seeds
compressed, shining grey.

Trans-Indus on the Safed Koh. North-West Himalaya from the Indus to
the Sarda, generally at elevations between 6000 and 7000 ft., descends to 2500
and ascends to 9000 ft. Usually scattered singly in mixed and coniferous forests,
where it attains the size of a moderate tree. Fl. April, May; the fruit ripens
from June-Aug., hanging like grey bells among the dark green foliage.

Twigs smooth, dark, or greenish grey, rmgose and longitudinally striate, with
large, oblong, white spots. Bark of stem spotted. Afghans and some tribes of
the North-West Himalaya carry sticks of it, which are supposed to keep off
snakes, probably because the spotted bark resembles a snake-skin,

There is but little difference between this species and the North American
Staphylea. ] XXVII. SAPINDACE. 115

S. trifolia, Linn., which is pubescent, and has anthers not overtopped by an
apiculate connective. The Japanese species, S. Bumalda, DC, is also tri-
foliolate, but has lax, erect panicles, and small bifid capsules, of 2 carpels,
S. pinnata, Linn., Central and South Europe, Western Asia, and S. colchica,
Stevens, Caucasus, have imparipinnate leaves.

e

OrprR XXVIII. SABIACEA,

Shrubs or trees, with alternate leaves without stipules. Flowers small,
unisexual or bisexual. Calyx 4-5-cleft, imbricate. Petals as many as
sepals. Stamens hypogynous, as many as petals, and opposite to them.
Anther-cells distinct, often adnate to a large and thick connective. Ovary
2-3-celled, styles distinct or connate. Ovules 1 or 2 in each cell. Fruit
drupaceous, embryo without albumen or with very thin albumen.—Gen.
Pl. i. 413; Royle IN. 139; Wight Ill. i. 142 (Millingtoniece).

Petals unequal ; stamens 5, 2 fertile, 3 sterile . ‘i . 1. MELIosma.
Petals equal ; stamens 4-5, all fertile : ‘ . . 2 Sapra.

1. MELIOSMA, Blume.

Trees or shrubs, with simple or pinnate leaves. Flowers in large ter-
minal panicles, bisexual or unisexual. Sepals generally 5, somewhat un-
equal, imbricate. Petals 5, unequal, the 3 outer concave, orbicular,
the 2 inner small, bifid. Stamens 5, opposite to petals, the 2 fertile
adnate to the smaller petals, 3 sterile, without anthers, opposite to the
larger petals ; anther-cells of the fertile stamens globose, distinct, attached
to a large flat connective. Ovary sessile, 2-3-celled, surrounded at the
base by the cup-shaped, membranous, toothed disc; ovules 2 in each
cell, superposed ; style 1, straight subulate. Fruit a drupe, with a hard,
generally l-celled and 1-seeded kernel; seeds with membranous testa ;
cotyledons conduplicate ; radicle incurved.

Flowers pedicellate in the axils of deciduous bracts ; bracteoles
1. M. dilleniefolia. .

none * . . . . . . .
Flowers sessile, 3-4 bracteoles under each flower . és . 2. ML. pungens.

1. M. dilleniefolia, Bl.—Syn. Millingtonia dillenicefolia, Wall. Wight
& Amott in Edinb. New Philosoph. Journal, July 1833, p. 178. Vern,
Guwep, N.W.P.

Young branches, petioles, and inflorescence covered with ferruginous
pubescence. Leaves 6-12 in. long, obovate or elliptic, acuminate, pale be-
neath, with short adpressed hairs on both sides, and rusty pubescence
along neryes and veins; midrib prominent, with 15-20 parallel lateral
nerves on either side, the nerves terminating in short sharp serratures,
with intermediate serratures between. Petioles 4-1 in. long. Panicle lax,
.pyramidal, branches at right angles, longer than uppermost leaves, rachis
angular. Flowers bisexual, on short pedicels, in the axils of short decid-
uous bracts. Calyx not supported by bracteoles, of 5 imbricate, ciliate
sepals, the 2 outside sepals smaller. The 2 petals attached to the fertile
stamens bifid, shorter than the stamens.

Himalaya, Sutlej to Sikkim, between 4000-11,000 ft. Singly in shady.mixed
116 XXVIII. SABIACEA. [Meliosma.

forests, a small tree, 20 ft. high and 23-3 ft. girth, conspicuous by its large
penniveined leaves. Small branches reddish brown, furrowed. Bark of stem
whitish and corky. Fl. white, with deep yellow pollen, from May-July ; the
small fruit ripens from Aug. and onward. Wood reddish white, coarse:grained,

Nearly allied is M. myriantha, S. & Z., from Japan, the only apparent dif-
ference being more persistent bracts, and minute linear bractlets on the pedicel.

2. M. pungens.—Syn. Millingtonia pungens, Wall. Cat. 8114. D. F.
Vern. Gardar, kharas, Kamaon.

Young branches, petioles, and inflorescence clothed with short rusty
pubescence. Leaves coriaceous, pale beneath, pubescent when young,
when full grown with rusty pubescence beneath along midrib and
nerves, otherwise glabrous, 6-8 in. long, oblong or cuneate-lanceolate ;
lateral nerves arcuate, with prominent reticulate veins ; petioles short, less
than 4 in. long, edge with large, distant, mucronate serratures. Panicles
rigid, pyramidal, compact, longer than uppermost leaves; branches at
acute angles, branchlets at right angles. Flowers sessile, calyx of 5 ciliate
sepals, supported by 1 or 2 imbricate bracteoles, resembling sepals. The
3 outer petals membranous, 3-5-nerved, not conform to sepals.

Himalaya, between 2500 and 8000 ft., from near the Indus to Nepal ; rare
west of the Sutlej. A small tree; fl. in May and June; the fruit ripens from
July onward. ;

M. Wighttt, Planchon, Hb, Kew (M. pungens, Bedd. Fl. Sylv. Manual, p.
77; Millingtonia pungens, Wall., according to Wight & Arnott, Prodr. 115;
and Wight Ic. 964. 3), is probably the same species. It is a large tree of the
Sholas on the Nilgiris and other mountains near the western coast, above 5000
ft., and of Ceylon, with hard, coriaceous, entire or distantly-toothed lanceolate
leaves ; flowers hirsute, sepals and outer petals conform, thick, with fleshy base.

Another species nearly allied to these is M. simplicifolia, Blume (Milling-
tonia simplicifolia, Roxb. Fl. Ind. i. 103; W. & A. Prodr. 115; Griff. Pl. As.
tab. 442). Eastern India, as far as Nepal, and perhaps further west ; Southern
India and Ceylon. A large tree, with obovate or oblanceolate leaves, entire
or serrate in young plants, minute, nearly sessile yellow flowers, glabrous petals,
hirsute sepals, and a bract conform with sepals. This again is similar to M/.
angulata, Bl., a tree from Java.

2. SABIA, Colebr.

Scandent or sarmentose shrubs with simple entire leaves. Flowers bi-
sexual. Sepals 4-5, equal. Petals 4-5, equal, opposite to sepals, imbri-
cate. Disc annular, 5-lobed. Stamens 4-5, all fertile, inserted on the
disc ; filaments thick. Ovary 2-lobed, the lobes. cohering with the axis;
styles 2, erect, terminal, more or less cohering ; 2 ovules in each lobe.
Fruit of 1 or 2 drupaceous or dry carpels ; endocarp hard, rugose. Seeds
1 or 2 in each carpel, embryo curved. :

Flowers axillary, solitary or in few-flowered fascicles . - 1. 8. campanulata.
Flowers in large, terminal, and axillary panicles 5 . 2. 8. paniculata.

1. 8. campanulata, Wall. in Roxb. Fl. Ind, ed. Carey, ii. 311.

A glabrous climbing shrub, branches woody. Leaves membranous,
pale beneath, oblong-lanceolate, 3-4 in. long, decurreut into a ciliate
Sabia.] XXVIII. SABIACEA. 117

‘petiole, Peduncles axillary, 1-flowered, 1-2 in. long, mostly solitary.
Flowers green, large. Calyx minute, with 5 spreading obtuse lobes.
Petals membranous, 4-4 in. long, ovate, concave, obtuse, parallel-veined.
Drupes twin, nearly distinct, obliquely obovate or reniform, flat, rugose,
4 in. diam.

Himalaya, Kashmir, Sikkim, 5000-10,000 ft. elev. FL April, May, when the
istem is nearly naked, and the buds begin to bring forth their young leaves.

2. 8. paniculata, Edgew. MSS. in Herb. Kew.

A glabrous climbing shrub, leaves coriaceous, oblong-lanceolate, acu-
‘minate, 5-8 in. long. Flowers small, in terminal and axillary panicles ;
pedicels and calyx hairy. Petals lanceolate, =4, in. long, or less. -Drupes
generally solitary, circular, compressed, } in. diam.

Sub-Himalayan tract, Dehra Doon to Nepal, ascending to 3000 ft. Fl. spring.
Orper XXIX. ANACARDIACES.

Trees or shrubs, with alternate, rarely opposite, simple trifoliolate or
‘imparipinnate leaves, without stipules. Flowers mostly regular, unisexual
or bisexual. Calyx 3-7-, commonly 4-5-cleft. Petals as many as calyx-
lobes. Disc generally annular. Stamens as many as petals or more, often
twice as many, generally inserted outside at the base of the disc, all ora
portion only perfect; anthers 2-celled, dehiscing lengthwise. Ovary
various, either 1-celled with 1 ovule and 3-4 styles, or a trifid style (pro-
bably the result of an unequal development of 3 carpels), or 1-celled, with
a simple oblique style (apocarpous, the other carpels abortive), or 5-6
distinct ovaries, but 1 only fertile; or lastly (tribe Spondiew), 2-5-celled,
2-5-seeded. Fruit generally drupaceous, mostly 1-celled, 1-seeded, rarely
2-5-celled, 2-5-seeded. Albumen none.—Gen. Pl. i. 415; Royle I. 174;
Wight Ill. i. 180 (Terebinthacee).
Fruit 1-celled, 1-seeded.

One 1-celled ovary, with a trifid style, or 3-4 distinet styles.
Ovule suspended from a funicle attached near the base of

ovary.
Petals 4-6, . 1. Ravs.
Petals none 3 : : : : 2. PIsTActa.
Ovule suspended from near the top of ovary.
Stamens 8-10 ; leaves imparipinnate 3. OpINa.
Stamens 5; leaves simple . ‘ ‘ 4, SEMECARPUS.
One 1-celled ovary, with a simple lateral style 5. MANGIFERA.
Carpels 5-6, distinct, 1 omly fertile i 6. BucHANANIA.
Fruit 2-5-celled, 2-5-seeded . j 7. SPONDIAS.

1. RHUS, Linn.

Trees or shrubs, with a resinous, sometimes viscous milky, often caustic
juice. Leaves alternate, pinnate with a terminal leaflet, or trifoliolate,
rarely simple, without stipules. Flowers small, white or greenish, gener-
ally dicecious, in axillary or terminal panicles. Calyx of 5 sepals, united
at the base, equal, imbricate, 2 outside, 2 inside, 1 intermediate. Petals
5, deciduous, alternate with the sepals, equal, inserted on the base of the
118 XXIX. ANACARDIACEZ. [ Rhus.

calyx outside the disc. Disc fleshy, coherent with base of calyx, annular
or 5-lobed, the lobes opposite the petals. Stamens 5, alternate with the
petals, inserted on or under the edge of the disc; anthers 2-celled, in-
trorse, the cells opening longitudinally, in the fertile flowers smaller and
more or less imperfect. Ovary in the fertile flowers ovoid or globular,
sessile, 1-celled ; styles 3, short ; ovule solitary, anatropous, suspended
from a long filiform funicle, which rises from the base of the cell. Fruit
a small dry drupe; endocarp bony or crustaceous ; albumen none, coty-
ledons flat, radicle incurved, generally superior.
Leaves simple : . i - : ; . . é 1. R. Cotinus.
Leaves trifoliolate.

Unarmed, terminal leaflet 2-3 in. long

Spinescent, terminal leaflet 1-14 in. long 5
Leaves imparipinnate ; panicle terminal ; fruit hairy.

Leaflets dentate ; petiole marginate : ‘

Leaflets entire or subserrate, petiole not marginate . ;
Leaves imparipinnate ; panicles numerous, lateral, ripe fruit

2. R. parviflora.
8. R. mysorensis.
4
5

. R. semialata.
. R. punjabica.

glabrous. mt
Tomentose ; pericarp splitting when ripe : 6. R. vernicifera.
Glabrous ; pericarp not splitting when ripe. 7 ‘ 7. R. succedanea.

1. R. Cotinus, L.*—Syn. &. velutina, Wall. Vern. Paan, bhan, manu,
banthra, ting, tittri, Pb.; Tunga, tungla, tung, chaniat, ami (from am,
Mango), N.W.P.

Branchlets, petioles, and under side of leaves covered with short soft
pubescence. Leaves elliptic or obovate, entire, obtuse, on long petioles,
often longer than leaves, lateral nerves 10-15 pair, parallel, straight below,
arcuate above. Flowers on slender pedicels, in a lax panicle, ramifications
and pedicels pilose, bracts subulate. Fertile flowers few. Drupe com-
pressed, semicordate or obliquely obovate, 1-seeded, about 4 in. long,
covered with short white hairs while young, glabrous and rugose with
prominent veins when ripe. Pedicels of the sterile flowers elongated
after flowering, and densely covered with long silky hairs, forming a
spreading panicle of slender feathery branches. :

Eastern slopes of Suliman range and N.W. Himalaya to the Sarda river,
between 2300 and 6000 ft. Outside India in South Europe, West Asia, Cau-
casus. A shrub or small tree, to 20 ft. high, and 3 ft. girth, growing some-
what gregarious, mostly on arid, sunny slopes, often forming an underwood in
forests of Pinus longifolia with Berberis, Andromeda, and other shrtibs. Leaf-
less for a short time, the young reddish leaves come out in April. Fl. Apr.-
Sept.; fr. autumn. The South European shrub is hardy in England.

Bark of trunk and larger branches dark grey or brown, with white dots, and
often with horizontal yellowish bands, smooth, hard, peeling off in flakes. The
leaves and flowers when bruised emit a pleasant balsamic odour, supposed to
resemble the smell of Mangoes, hence one of the vern. names, Wood yellowish,
hard, strong, close- and even-grained, often beautifully mottled, used for inlaid
and cabinet work in South Europe. In the Himalaya the twigs are used for

basket-work, and the small branches as tooth-sticks. Bark and leaves used for
tanning.

* T have seen a good deal of R. Cotinus in South Europe, and of R. velutina in the
Himalaya, and do not hesitate to unite them, though the former is glabrous. :
Rhus. | XXIX. ANACARDIACEA. 119

2. RB. parviflora, Roxb. FI. Ind. ii. 100.—Vern. Tunga, tungla, dungla,
rat tung, tumra, rannel, N.W.P.

An unarmed shrub. Younger branches, petioles, and the under side of
leaves clothed with dense brown tomentum. Leaves trifoliolate, leaflets
oblong-obovate, the lower part entire, the upper part irregularly crenate.
Lateral leaflets sessile, smaller, the terminal larger, 2-3 in. long, narrowed
into a short marginate petiole ; lateral nerves 10-15 on either side of mid-
rib, with shorter intermediate ones. Panicle large, compound, terminal,
lower branches from the axils of leaves, with short, erect, corymbose
branchlets; pedicels shorter than flowers, bracts linear. Ramifications
of panicle and bracts with long white silky hairs. Sepals ovate, the
outer hairy, 2 somewhat narrower than the rest. Petals oblofig, more
than twice the length of sepals ; disc distinctly 5-lobed, lobes opposite to
petals. Drupes ovoid, 4 in. across, glabrous, brown, shining.

Common N.W. Himalaya, between 2000 and 5000 ft., from the Sutlej to Nepal,
on the Pachmarhi hills, Central Provinces, and in Ceylon. Often gregarious
on bare arid slopes. Fl. May-June ; fr. July, Aug.

Bark grey, smoothish, longitudinally rugose. Wood yellowish, close-grained,
and hard, Mixed with salt, the fruit is used like Tamarind (Benar valley,
Bhawar). The tantartk of the Panjab bazaars, which is used in Hindu medi-
cine (generally attributed to Pestacia Terebinthus and Lentiscus), is partly at
least the fruit of this tree.

3. R. mysorensis, Heyne; W. & A. Prodr. 172.

A small shrub, branches stiff, often spinescent ; branchlets with short
grey or brown tomentum. Leaves trifoliolate, leaflets obovate or cuneate,
with scattered short hairs above, and with soft grey or brown pubescence
beneath, deeply dentate or lobed, the 2 lateral leaflets sessile, smaller, the
terminal 1-1} in. long, sessile or narrowed into a short marginate petiolule.
Panicles terminal, compound, pubescent, the lower branches from the
axils of leaves, with short racemose branchlets ; bracts minute, linear,
pedicels shorter than flowers. Sepals ovate, 2 smaller than the rest.
Petals oblong, more than twice the length of sepals. Disc indistinctly
5-lobed. Drupes glabrous, brown, shining.

Eastern flank of Suliman range 2500-5000 ft., hills west of Sindh below 4000
ft. near Delhi, the Dekkan, and South India. Fl. Feb.; fr. April.

Gregarious in arid hot places; the leaves when bruised have a balsamic smell ;
the wood is used for fuel. Possibly not distinct from R. parviflora, Roxb.

4, R-semialata, Murray ; D.C. Prodr. ii. 67.—Syn. BR. javanica, Linn. ;
R. Bucki-amela, Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 99; Wight Ic. t. 561. Vern. Tatri,
thassa, tetar, titri, chechar, arkol, arkhar, kakkri, kakkeran, phus-kakrein,
didla, lash, winsh, hulashing, kashin, Ph. ; Dakhmila, daswila, N.W.P. ;
Bakkiamela, Nepal.

A moderate-sized tree. Young branches, petioles, and inflorescence
covered with short, soft,.dark-grey pubescence. Leaves imparipinnate,
12-18 in. long; upper part of petiole generally marginate ; leaflets op-
posite, 4-6 pair, sessile (the terminal leaflet on a marginate petiolule),
120 XXIX., ANACARDIACE. [ Rhus.

oblong or elliptic from an oblique base, acuminate, with large triangular,
often sharp teeth, 10-15 main lateral nerves on either side of midrib,
glabrous or pubescent with scattered hairs above, and clothed with dense,
grey or brown tomentum beneath. Panicle terminal, large, nearly as long
as the upper leaves; branches spreading. Flowers small, pale yellowish
green. Drupe globose or obovoid, nearly } in. across, greenish yellow, or
dark reddish brown, covered with short tomentum. Kernel compressed,
smooth, brown, with a hard shell.

Common in the outer Himalaya between 2500 and 6000 ft., at times attain-
ing 7000 ft., from the Indus to Assam. Kasia hills. Beyond India, in China
and Japan. Deciduous ; leaves get red before they fall ; the flowers appear at
various times between spring and autumn, chiefly April-June ; the fruit ripens
Aug.-Oct. In Japan fl. in Sept. (Thunberg, Flora Japonica, 121).

35-40 ft. high, with a short erect trunk 3-4 ft. girth, few ascending branches
forming an oval head. Galls of various shapes, often stalked, frequent on the
branches, in Japan and the N.W. Himalaya, an article of trade in Japan and
China. Wood greyish white, soft, light, and not valued. Pulp of fruit acid,
eaten in Sikkim and Nepal, and used medicinally.

5. R. punjabensis, J. L. Stewart.—Vern. Titari, tetar, arkhar, paldat,
choklu, kangar, kakkrein, dor, Pb.

Young branches and petioles covered with short grey pubescence.
Leaves imparipinnate, 12-15 in. long; leaflets opposite, 5 or 6 pair,
nearly sessile, the terminal petiolulate, ovate-oblong, from a rounded
oblique base, acuminate, entire, occasionally serrate near apex, pubescent
beneath, particularly along nerves, short scattered hairs above; 10-15
main lateral arcuate nerves on either side of midrib, with a few inter-
mediate shorter nerves. Panicle terminal, compact, pyramidal, less than
half the length of leaf, ramifications with rusty pubescence. Drupes
on short pedicels, subglobose, small, 4 in. diam. Pericarp crustaceous,
clothed with a dense purplish tomentum ; kernel compressed, unequal-
sided, broader than long, grey, shining.

Rajaori, Bussahir (Serahn), and elsewhere in the N.W. Himalaya, between
2500 and 8500 ft. Mostly in mixed forests, in places not too arid. Fr. Aug,
Sept. A fair-sized tree, 35 ft. high and 4 ft. girth, with a broadish-oval crown,
resembling £. succedanea in size, cue appearance, and its corrosive juice.
Nearly allied to. 2. sylvestris, Sieb. & Zucc., of Japan. :

Another species, with terminal flower-panicles and imparipinnate leaves, is
£. Coriaria, L,, Boissier Fl. Orient. ii. 4, of South Europe, Algeria, and West-
ern Asia ; found in Persia, but not yet discovered in N.W. India. The leaves,
dried and pounded, form an important article of trade under the name of Su-
mach, used for tanning the finer kinds of leather. Dye-stwff (for morocco lea-
ther) is made of the bark. The fruit is acid, and is eaten.

6. R. vernicifera, DC., Prodr. ii. 68.—Syn. R. vernix, Linn. (partly) ;
R. juglandifolia, Wall. (not Willd.) Vern. Kambal, gadumbal, rikhali,
rukhro, arkhar, arkol, harki, lohdsa, Pb. ; Akoria, kaunki, (gur) bhaliiin,
N.W.P. ; Bhaldio, chosi, Nepal.
Rhus. | XXIX. ANACARDIACES. 121

A tree. Young branches, petioles, under side of leaves, and inflorescence
clothed with dense, soft, rusty or greyish-brown tomentum ;’ leaves ap-
proximate near ends of branches, 12-15 in. long, imparipinnate ; leaflets
opposite, 3-5 pair, nearly sessile, the terminal long-petiolulate, oblong or
elliptic from unequal-sided base, acuminate, entire, with 20-25 arcuate
main nerves on either side of midrib. Panicles much shorter than leaves,
lateral from the axils of the lower or of fallen leaves. Flowers nearly
sessile, petals with dark veins. Fruit ovoid or globose, 4 in. long, in
compact pyramidal panicles, rusty pilose when young, nearly glabrous
when ripe. Outer pericarp dry, chartaceous, splitting irregularly. Kernel
hard, smooth, in a mass of vegetable wax.

Common in places between 2000 and 4000 ft., ascending to 7000 ft., Himalaya
from the Indus to Sikkim. Fl. May, June; fr. July-Sept. A large handsome
tree, 50 ft., with a trunk attaining 5-6 ft. girth. Mostly in open places, not in
forests. Bark of trunk grey, smooth, shining. Wood reddish brown, with in-
distinct medullary rays, soft, not valued. (On the Sutlej, yellow when dry; used
for saw-frames and axe-handles.) The milky juice of the leaves is corrosive.
It_blisters the skin dreadfully. In Jaonsar Bawar it is rubbed on thread, to
strengthen it, “~~~ ete

T follow Decandolle and Royle (Ill. 175) in uniting the Indian tree with
the Varnish-tree of Japan (2. Vernix, Linn. ; Thunberg Fl. Japon, 121). I do
so, however, with great reluctance, for I feel assured that they are not the
same species. Wallich’s name, 2. juglandifolia, had unfortunately been anti-
cipated by Willdenow for a species from New Granada. I have therefore no alter-
native, as it does not appear to me expedient to found a new name on the ma-
terials at present available to me. The leaves of the Japanese specimens are
less tomentose, and the flowers are pedicellate, in lax panicles, longer than
half-the length of leaf. I have not seen specimens ae Japan in fruit,

" but Gartner’s and Kampfez’s description seems to show that the pericarp
does not split as it does in the Indian tree. Nor is the Himalayan tree known
to yield any varnish. Gartner (Fruct. i. p. 205, t. 44) describes the fruit
of the Japanese tree as “drupa exsucca, turgide lenticularis, rotundo-rhom-
boidea: vertice acuminato, obliquo, excentrico. Cortex (the pericarp) crassus,
fibroso-fungosus, superficie levigatissima, splendente, spadiceo-lutea.” Keemp-
fer Amecenitates exoticze (1712), p. 791, describes the tree under the Japanese
name Sttz-dsju and Urus-no-ki, and’ says, “Fructus facie ac magnitudine
ciceris, membranula tenui micante vestitus, per maturitatem durissinius et ob-
soleti coloris.”

In Japan the Varnish-tree appears to be cultivated as coppice-wood. Kamp-
fer states that the varnish is obtained by incisions in stems three years old, these
are cut down when exhausted, and the tree shoots up again. In Kaimpfer’s time the
varnish, obtained from this tree was considered superior to the varnish from China
and Siam (Melanorhwa usitatissima ?), and was often mixed with the inferior
kinds. Candles are made in Japan of the wax round the fruit.

7. BR. succedanea, L. ; Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 98 ; Wight Ic. t. 560,—Syn.
R. acuminata, DC. Prodr. ii. 268. Vern. Tutri, arkol, arkhar, titar(4),
lakhar, rikhul, Pb. ; Shash, Kunawar ; Fédsi-no-ki, Japan. (Kempfer,
Ameen. exotice, p. 794.)

Glabrous. Leaves approximate at the ends of branches, 6-12 in. long,
imparipinnate ; petiole round, naked ; leaflets opposite, 3-6 pair, 2-4 in.
long, petiolulate from unequal base, oblong-lanceolate, entire, long-acumin-
122 XXIX. ANACARDIACEA. [ Rhus.

ate ; lateral nerves 10-15 on either side of midrib. Panicles numerous,
lateral, much shorter than leaves, in the axils of the lowest leaves or below
them from the axils of the bud-scales. Flowers small, greenish yellow :
pedicels nearly as long as flowers. Drupes on lax drooping panicles, ob-
lique, compressed, outline rhomboid, about } in. long, glabrous, rugose,
yellow or light brown; kernel smooth, whitish, hard, enclosed by a
fibrous pericarp ; vegetable wax mixed with the fibres. Seeds large, oily.

In many parts of the Himalaya from 2000-8000 ft., from the Jhelam to
Assam. Usually in mixed forests. (Nachar forest, Bassahir.) Kasia hills ; also
in China and Japan. Deciduous. Leaves fall in October, and turn red before
they fall. Fr. Aug., Sept. A moderate-sized tree, 30 ft. high, with a short
trunk 3 ft. girth. The milky juice of the tree causes blisters and makes black
stains on paper. In Japan (Kempfer, |. c.) the seed (and pericarp ?) is crushed,
boiled, mixed with the fruit of another tree (Sindan, Melia Azedarach ?),
and pressed, while hot. The result is a beautiful vegetable wax of snow-white
colour, of which candles are made. Kimpfer calls this the wild Varnish-tree,
and states that it yields a small supply of varnish.

2. PISTACIA, Linn.

Trees or shrubs, with alternate, pinnate, or trifoliolate leaves without
stipules, and small unisexual dicecious flowers without petals in axillary
racemes or panicles. Male flowers with a 3-5-cleft calyx, and 3-6 stamens,,
on a small disc. Female flowers supported by bracts. Sepals 3-4. Ovary
sessile, l-celled, style short, 3-fid; stigmas 3 capitate, recurved ; ovule
1, suspended from a basifixed funicle. Fruit a dry drupe, with a hard,
bony kernel. Seed with a membranous testa, a curved embryo and
thick plano-convex, often green cotyledons, filled with fat oil.

1. P. integerrima, J. L. S.—Tab. XXIT.—Syn. Rhus integerrima,
Wall; R. kakrasingee, Royle. Often erroneously called R. acuminata.
Vern. Shué, sarawan, masua, Afg.; Kakkar, kangar, kakra, kakla, kakai,
kakkrangche, tungu, gurgu, Pb., N.W.P.

A tree, nearly glabrous. ‘Leaves impari- or pari-pinnate, 6-9 in. long,
with fine pubescence along petioles and nerves while young; leaflets op-
posite or nearly so, 4-5 pair; short-petiolulate, lanceolate from oblique
base, entire, long-acuminate, with 10-18 arcuate lateral nerves, joined by
reticulate veins. Flowers on lateral panicles, the leaves below on the
previous year’s wood. Male panicles short, compact, pubescent. Stamens
5, 6, or 7; anthers large, oblong, obtuse, deep red. Sepals much shorter
than stamens. Female flowers on short pedicels, in long lax panicles.
Calyx of 4 linear sepals, generally supported by 2 ovate bracts, shorter
than sepals, Sepals and bracts deciduous. Style 3-fid nearly to the base,
with broad recurved stigmas. Drupe dry, somewhat broader than long,
{ in. broad, rugose, glabrous, grey when ripe.

Eastern slopes of the Suliman range, hills of Trans-Indus territory, and round
the Peshawar valley, between 1200 and 4000 ft. Salt range, and many parts of
the Siwalik tract and the outer Himalaya, between 1500 and 6500 ft., ascend-
ing at times to 8000 ft. from the Indus to the Sarda. Often scattered on hot bare
Pistacia.] XXIX, ANACARDIACES. 123

rocky slopes. Cultivated in gardens of the Panjab plains. The dark-green

leaves fall in February, the young foliage appears about March, together with

the red flower-panicles, giving the tree a striking appearance for some time. At

cL ft. elevation the flowers open in May, and the fruit ripens from June-
ctober.

A shady tree, 40 ft. high or more ; trunk attaining a girth of 8-9, and at times
12-15 ft. Twigs ash-coloured or reddish brown, longitudinally rugose,’ with
white specks ; bark of trunk grey. The heartwood of mature trees is the best
and most handsome wood of the North-West Himalaya for carving, furniture,
and all kinds of ornamental work. It is hard, close- and even-grained, brown,
beautifully mottled with yellow and dark veins, and takes a fine polish. The
sapwood is liable to be attacked by insects ; but the heartwood is durable, highly
prized, and consequently often cut recklessly. In Kangra, under native rule, it
was one of the Padshahi or Royal trees.

The tree is lopped severely, the twigs and leaves being a favourite food of
buffaloes and camels. Gall-like excrescences, black, hard, rugose, hollow, ir-
regularly crooked, often 6-7 in. long, are formed in October on leaves and peti-
oles. They are sold under the name of Kakra-singi, and are used in native
medicine. The fruit of this tree is probably the Sumak of the Panjab bazaars,
used to strengthen digestion.

Two other trees of the same genus grow in Beluchistan and Afghanistan, and
yield a resin similar to mastich, called in Sindh Sahte kundru. They also yield
galls of various shape and colour. One of these, P. Khinjuk, J. E. Stocks ;
Boissier Fl. Orient. ii. 6, called Khinjak, Khanjak, Sharamna, Sheawna, gewdun,
in Afghanistan and Beluchistan, with unwinged petioles, is nearly allied to Ps-
tacia Terebinthus, L., a shrub or small tree of South Europe and Western Asia,
which yields the Chios or Cyprus turpentine. The other (Kasiir), with winged
poncles P. cabulica, J. E. Stocks, Boissier 1. ¢., is allied to P. atlantica,

esf., a large tree 60 ft. high, of North Africa, Mount Atlas, and the Canary
islands, which furnishes a resin similar to mastich. The true mastich of Chios,
which is used all over the Levant for fumigation, and which is chewed to whiten
the teeth, and to make the breath agreeable, is the product of P. Lentiscus,
Linn., an evergreen shrub, with paripinnate leaves, of the Mediterranean region.
The pone outs which are imported into India from Afghanistan, are pro-
duced by Pistacia vera, Linn., asmall tree with 3-5 broad-ovate leaflets, of Syria,
Tae perart Persia, which is cultivated in Sicily, and other parts of Southern

urope.

3. ODINA, Roxb.

Trees with deciduous, alternate, imparipinnate leaves ; leaflets opposite,
entire. Flowers small, unisexual, fasciculate, in racemose panicles. Calyx
4-5-cleft, persistent, lobes imbricate in bud. Petals as many as calyx-
lobes, imbricate in bud. Male flowers: an annular crenate disc, bearing
stamens double the number of petals, surrounding a 4-cleft rudiment of
ovary; anthers versatile, attached above the base. Female flowers :
short sterile stamens on disc, surrounding the ovary. Ovary ovoid, 1-
celled, with 4 distinct, short thick styles, and a solitary pendulous ovule.
Fruit a drupe, with a hard kernel ; embryo with flat fleshy cotyledons.

1. O. Wodier, Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 293; W. & A. Prodr. 171; Wight Ic.
t. 60; Bedd. Fl. Sylv. t 123.—Vern. Kiamil, kembal, kimlu, kamlai,
koamla, batrin, dila, dhauntika, sulamba, pichka, lidhra, Pb.; Jhinghan,
jiban, sindan, kanni, karallu, N.W.P. ; Jhigna, Jhingan, Oudh ; Ganjak,
124 XXIX, ANACARDIACEA. [ Odina.

moian, moyen, mowt, barna, dampara, C.P.; Moina, Guzerat ; Wodier
and Wude in Tamil (hence the specific name); Gharri-marra, Gonds, Sat-
pura range. Nabhay, Burm.

Young branches, leaves, and inflorescence with deciduous stellate
tomentum. Leaves few, near ends of branches, 12-18 in. long, more or
less glabrous when old, leaflets 3 or 4 pair, short-petiolulate, ovate, the ter-
minal long-petiolulate. Flowers tetramerous, on short pedicels in com-
pact, few-flowered cymose fascicles, the female flowers in simple, the male
flowers in compound racemes. Racemes numerous at the end of branches,
or on short lateral branchlets, male and female on different branches
(often on different trees). Bracts numerous, broad-ovate, ciliate. Calyx-
lobes obtuse, ciliate. Petals oblong, more than twice the length of calyx,
coriaceous, spreading, purplish and greenish-yellow. Stamens 8, in male
flowers as long as petals. Drupe on short pedicel, obliquely oblong,
compressed, 4-2 in. long; epicarp coriaceous, glabrous, red when ripe.
(Sometimes black ?)

Common in dry forests in most parts of India and Burma, extending north-
west to the Indus, and ascending to 4000 ft. in the outer Himalaya. Leafless
from January or February to June; the flowers appear before the leaves between
February and April; the fruit ripens from June onward, and often remains
long on the tree. :

A large tree, 40-50 ft. high, with an erect trunk, attaining generally 5-6 ft. in
girth (12 ft. Baraich and Gonda forests, Oudh). Branches not numerous, large,
spreading. A handsome tree when in full foliage, an eyesore when leafless.
Bark 1 in. thick, ash-coloured, brown, or blackish, smooth, with scaly plates ex-
foliating, inner substance reddish, mucilaginous. Sapwood whitish, large, often
nearly half the radius. Heartwood dull red, or reddish brown. A cub. ft.
weighs 50-60 lb., P. 821. Works and planes smooth, polishes well, and, save
that it is heavy, might be valuable for cabinet-work. Used for spear-shafts,
scabbards, spokes of wheels, and (in Burma) for oil-presses and rice-pounders.

A yellowish-white gum exudes in spring, which is largely collected, and used
in cloth-printing by weavers, and in medicine. The tree is often lopped and
palliaded, the leaves and branches being a favourite fodder of cattle. Elephants
are very fond of the young shoots. *

4, SEMECARPUS, Linn. fil.

Trees with alternate, petiolate, simple, coriaceous leaves, and small
polygamous flowers in lateral or terminal panicles. Calyx 5-cleft, the
segments deciduous. Petals 5, imbricate. A broad annular disc between
stamens and ovary. Stamens 5, small and sterile in the female flowers.
Ovary 1, 1-celled, with 3 styles; ovule solitary, pendulous. Fruit an
oblong, more or less oblique drupe, with a thick pericarp, its cells filled
with an acrid resinous juice, surrounded at the base by a fleshy cupular

or turbinate hypocarp, formed of the thickened receptacle and base of
calyx.

* 1. S. Anacardium, L, ; Roxb. Cor. Pl.t. 12; Fl. Ind. ii. 83; W. & A.
Prodr. 168 ; Wight Ic. t. 558; Bedd. Fl. Sylv. t. 166.—The Marking
Nut tree.—Sans. Arushkara, bhalldtaka. Vern. Bhildéwa, bhaliau, Pb.,

if
Semecarpus. | XXIX. ANACARDIACE. 125

N.W.P.; Bhala, Oudh; Koka, bhallia, C.P.; Kohoka-marrah, Gonds,
Satpura Range.

Young branches, inflorescence, petioles, and under side of leaves clothed
with a short, somewhat harsh, tomentum of simple hairs. Leaves approxi-
mate near extremities of branches, oblong-obovate, 9-18 in. long, rounded
at the top, with rounded or cordate base, on a short, thick, half-round
petiole. Flowers nearly sessile, fasciculate, the fascicles arranged in erect
compound terminal panicles. Bracts lanceolate, the lower branches of
panicle in the axils of leaves. Petals oblong, 3-4 times the length of
calyx, spreading, glabrous, greenish yellow. Filaments subulate from a
somewhat dilated base. Drupe obliquely oval or oblong, about 1 in.
long, smooth, shining, purplish black when ripe, hypocarp orange.

Locally abundant in most parts of India, its north-western limit somewhat
beyond the Sutlej river ; ascends in the outer Himalaya to 3500 ft. Decidu-
ous, old leaves shed in February, new foliage issues in May. The flowers appear
at various times, generally soon after the leaves ; the fruit ripens from Novem-
ber to February. A moderate-sized tree, attaining 30 ft. (but often smaller),
with an erect trunk 4 ft. girth. Bark 1 in. thick, dusky grey, blackish, with
‘irregularly quadrangular plates, separated by narrow longitudinal and shallow
. irregular cross furrows or wrinkles, in old trees rough with exfoliating scales.
Inner surface of bark red, exuding a juice which blackens on exposure. Wood
ash-coloured, reddish white, or brown, even- but open-grained, weight 42 Ib.
per cub. ft. Sap- and heart-wood not distinct. The wood is full of an acrid
juice, which causes swelling and irritation; timber-cutters object to felling it
unless it has been ringed for some time. Cracks in seasoning, is not durable,
and is not much used. Bark adstringent, used in dyeing. : ;

A brown, nearly insipid gum exudes from the stem. The leaves serve
as plates. The ripe fruit is collected: the hypocarp is eaten; fresh, it is
acrid and adstringent—roasted, it is said to taste somewhat like roasted apples,
and when dry somewhat like dates. The pericarp is full of acrid juice, which
is used in native medicine. A black varnish is prepared from it, and mixed
with lime-water it is used for marking cotton. The oil of the seeds, mixed
with the milk of Zuphorbia, is made into birdlime by the wild tribes of the
Satpura range in the Central Provinces.

5. MANGIFERA, Linn.

Trees with alternate, petiolate, simple, entire, coriaceous leaves. Flowers
polygamous, in terminal panicles. Calyx 4-5-parted, imbricate, deciduous.
Petals equal number, imbricate with prominent thick longitudinal nerves.
Stamens 4-5, inserted on a more or less prominent disc; 1 stamen only
perfect, much larger than the others. Ovary sessile, 1-celled, oblique,
with a lateral simple style and 1 ovule, attached to: the side of the cell
above its base. Fruit a large fleshy drupe, with a fibrous kernel, 1-seeded.
Testa thin, chartaceous, no albumen; cotyledons fleshy, plano-convex, often
unequal and lobed ; radicle inferior.

1. M. indica, L. ; Roxb. FI. Ind. i. 641; W. & A. Prodr. 169; Bedd.
Fl. Sylv. t. 162. The Mango-tree. Sans. Amra, ; Malay, Manga.—Vern.
Am, ambi, dmri. Local name, Marka-marrah, Gonds of Satpura range.
Thayetben, Burm. S

A large evergreen tree, glabrous ; leaves generally 6-12 in. long, dark
126 XXIX. ANACARDIACEA. [Mangifera.

green, coriaceous, approximate near the extremities of branches, oblong-
lanceolate, entire, the margins often waved; petioles swollen at base ;
numerous arcuate lateral nerves, with shorter intermediate nerves. Panicles
large, erect, a little downy, with horizontal branches, and oval somewhat
concave bracts. Flowers pale yellow, strongly scented, male and bisexual
flowers on the same panicle. Sepals 5, oblong, concave. Petals ovate,
twice the length of sepals, with dark yellow or orange lines near the base.
Dise fleshy, 5-lobed, surrounding the ovary, and connate with its base ;
the stamens inserted between it and the ovary. Filament 1, subulate,
bearing an oval purple anther; sterile stamens 2-4, minute. Ovary ob-
liquely ovoid, with a lateral incurved style. The fruit varies in length
from 2-6 in., is compressed, generally yellow when ripe, with a more or less
tlattened fibrous kernel, the radicle generally bent upwards.

The Mango-tree, or wild forms which are closely allied to the cultivated
kinds, is indigenous in Burma, along the Ghats of the western coast (extending
northwards to Khandeish), in the Kasia hills, Sikkim, and in ravines of the
higher hills of the Satpura range. It is also believed to be wild in the sub-
Himalayan tract, in deep gorges of the Baraitch and Gonda hills in Oudh, and
of the outer hills in Kamaon and Garhwal. Roxburgh, 1. c. 644, describes the
wild Mango of Silhet as 7. sylvatica, with linear petals many times longer
than calyx, and a short, turbinate, slightly grooved disc. The Mango is culti-:
vated throughout India, but west of the Ravi it almost disappears, except at a
few places in Mozaffargarh, and about Sealkot. At Peshawar there are only
afew small trees with indifferent fruit, and it is very scarce further down in
the Trans-Indus territory. In Upper Sindh (near Sukkhur), the Mango is grown
in gardens and produces good fruit, but requires to be protected against frost
while young. In the outer N.W. Himalaya it is cultivated as high as 3500 ft.
In India, the Malayan Peninsula, and the Indian Archipelago, the Mango-tree
has been cultivated from time immemorial. It is also cultivated in other tropi-
cal countries, particularly in Brazil and the West Indies, but its introduction
into America is of comparatively recent date (1782 to Jamaica). The’ young
foliage is purplish green, and comes out between Feb. and June. Fl. between
Feb. and April, according to latitude, elevation, and locality ; the fruit ripens
between May and July.

Attains 60-70 ft. in North India; trunk straight, to 15 ft. girth, with a broad
massive crown, giving dense shade. Bark 3-1 in. thick, dark grey, brown or
blackish, rough with numerous small fissures and exfoliating scales. Wood dull
grey or dirty white, with darker streaks or patches, soft, open-grained, readily
eaten, by insects. The cub. ft. weighs 38-44 lb., P. between 463 and 678. In
old trees small distinct heartwood of dark brown colour (R. Thompson). Used
for planking, doors, and window-frames. Canoes and Massiila boats are made
of it. Bark and leaves are used medicinally ; a gum issues from wounds in the.
bark, and Lakh is produced on the tree (in Sindh, in dry years).

Mainly cultivated on account of its fruit. In North and Central India the
fruit of ungrafted trees is generally stringy, with a strong turpentine flavour.
It nevertheless forms an important article of food for large classes of the popu-
lation. The fruit of good grafts is excellent, soft, juicy and with a delicious
aromatic flavour. In Burma the Mango is not generally grafted ; seeds of a good
kind, as a rule, produce good fruit of a similar description. This is a remark-
able fact, but it does not stand quite alone, for in other parts of India also it has
been noticed that the seed of good kinds produces the same variety without
grafting (Firminger Gardening, 2d ed. p. 235). It is an interesting question,

%
Mangifera.| XXIX, ANACARDIACEA, 127

whether in certain districts, or under certain circumstances only, grafting is
necessary to produce a good variety of the Mango.
In Jamaica, starch is made of unripe Mangoes ; the kernels are eaten in India

during times of scarcity. Roxburgh states that they are first boiled in the
steam of water. :

6. BUCHANANTA, Roxb.

Trees with alternate, petiolate, simple, entire, coriaceous leaves. Flowers
small, bisexual, in terminal and axillary panicles. Calyx small, 3-5-
cleft, persistent. Petals 5, oblong, imbricate in bud. An annular disc,
between ovaries and stamens, more or less crenate or lobed. Stamens
10, inserted outside the disc at its base ; anthers basifixed. Carpels 5,
distinct, 1 fertile, 1-celled, ovule 1, attached to a funicle proceeding from
the base of the ovary ; the others rudimentary, subulate. Fruit a drupe
with compressed crustaceous or bony putamen, splitting into 2 valves at
the time of germination.

1. B. latifolia, Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 385; Cor. Pl. 282; W. et A. Prodr.
169 ; Bedd. Fl. Sylv. t. 165.—Sans. Piyala, chara, Vern. Chirauli,
Pb. ; Pial, muria, katbhilawa, Garhwal, Kamaon ; Piar, petrah, Oudh;
Char achar, C.P.; Saraka-marrah, Gonds, Satpura range. The kernel
of the fruit is called chirvonji. Lumboben, Burm.

Young branches, inflorescence, under side of leaves, petioles, and midrib
clothed with long silky hairs. Leaves generally 6-10 in. long, oblong,
obtuse, with 15-20 prominent and branched lateral nerves on either side of
midrib, and shorter intermediate ones. Stipules none. Panicles terminal
and from the axils of the upper leaves, pyramidal. Bracts small, cadu-
cous. Flowers whitish green, sessile. Carpels hairy. Drupe black when
ripe, 4 in. long, putamen hard, bony.

A common tree of the dry forests throughout India and Burma, ascending
nearly to 4000 ft.in South India, and to 3000 ft. in the outer Himalayan ranges.
The Sutlej is its north-western limit in North India, Common in Sal forests,
but extends far beyond the limits of Sal in the south. Nearly leafless for a
short time during the hot season ; the new leaves issue about May, and the full-
grown foliage is dark green. Fl. Jan.-March; the fruit ripens in April and
May, and is generally off the tree by the middle of June. A Loranthus is com-
mon on the tree.

A moderate-sized tree, 40-50 ft. high, with a straight trunk, not exceeding
4 ft. in girth in North and Central India ; bark 1 in. thick, dark grey or black-
ish, rough, tubercled and tesselated, small quadrangular plates divided by deep
narrow furrows. Sap- and heart-wood not distinct. Wood brown when fresh-
cut, when seasoned greyish brown, red or pink, with white streaks, compact,
even-grained, soft and light, weight 36-47 Ib. per cub. ft., seasons well, is easily
worked, liable to be eaten by white ants and beetles, otherwise fairly durable if
kept dry. Used’ for boxes, bedsteads, bullock-yokes, doors, window-frames,
tables, and the like. Is apt to stain clothes unless polished.

The bark is used for tanning ; a pellucid gum exudes from wounds in the
stem; the leaves are often used as a substitute for plates. The fruit has a
pleasant, sweetish, subacid flavour, is an important article of food of the hill
tribes in the Central Provinces (Gonds and Bygahs). They collect the seed and
extract the kernel, which they barter for grain, salt, and cloth. The kernel
128 XXIX, ANACARDIACEA, [ Buchanania.

tastes somewhat like pistachio-nuts; it is an important article of trade, being
used largely in native sweetmeats. Oil is extracted from it.

7. SPONDIAS, Linn.

Trees, with alternate, imparipinnate leaves, without stipules, and
small flowers in terminal, spreading panicles. Calyx small, 4-5-lobed.
Petals as many, valvate or imbricate in bud. Stamens twice the num-
ber of petals, inserted under the plicate or crenate disc; anthers versa-
tile. Carpels 4-5, at first distinct, afterwards coalescing ; styles as many
as carpels ; ovules solitary, pendulous. Fruit a fleshy drupe, with a bony,
2-5-celled, 2-5-seeded kernel. Embryo straight, with plano-convex coty-
ledons.

1. S. Mangifera, Pers. ; Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 451; W. & A. Prodr. 173 ;
Wight Ill. t. 76; Bedd. Fl. Sylv. t. 169.—Hog-plum. Sans. Amrataka,
hapitana. Vern. Amra, amara, ambara, amur, bahamb, ambodha.
(Kwayben, Burm.)

Glabrous. Leaves near extremities of branches, 12-20 in. long ; leaflets
opposite, about 5 pair, short-petiolulate, elliptic-oblong, acuminate, with
10-30 parallel, nearly straight, lateral nerves on either side of midrib,
joined at the ends by a prominent nerve running parallel with the edge
and close under it, and reticulate veins between. Flowers white, nearly
sessile, bisexual, pentamerous, fasciculate, on large, erect, diffuse, and thin
panicles. Petals 5, oblong, spreading. Disc fleshy, notched. Filaments
subulate, shorter than petals. Drupe ovoid, smooth, fleshy, yellow when
ripe, about 14 in. long; kernel woody, tough, fibrous outside, and rough
with irregular furrows and cavities. Seeds 1-3. The flowers of this sp.
seem always to be bisexual, but a few only set fruit.

Common, but not everywhere, in dry forests of many parts of India and
Burma. Its north-western limit seems to be the Salt range in the Panjab.
Scarce in the Central Provinces. One of the first trees to shed its leaves
(Nov.), and the last to renew them, often not until the rains-have set-in.
The mature foliage is bright green, with a peculiar smell when bruised.
Fl. in April; the fruit ripens in the ensuing cold season.

In North India a small tree, 25 ft. high, 4 ft. girth; in South India and
Burma a large tree. Bark thick, whitish- or brownish-grey, undulated with
short longitudinal, generally shallow wrinkles. Wood soft, coarse-grained, use-
less, A mild tasteless gum exudes from wounds made in the bark in spring.
The ripe fruit has an astringent, acid, and turpentine taste, but is eaten, and
is pickled. Deer eat it greedily, and heaps of the hard kernels are found every-
where in the forests where this tree grows,

Coriaria nepalensis, Wall. Pl. As. rar. t. 289. Vern. Massitri (at Mussoori,
whence the name), makola (Kamaon) is a shrub, belonging to the small order
of Coriariew, with quadrangular branchlets, opposite, ovate, 3-7-nerved leaves,
racemose pentamerous flowers, 10 stamens, and 5 distinct, 1-seeded carpels,
attached to a conical torus, the petals enlarged after flowering, with a sharp
keel inside, which ‘is inserted in the interstices between the carpels. It is
found in the Himalaya, between 2500 and 7500 ft. elevation, from near the
Indus to Bhutan. The branches are browsed by sheep, The fruit is eaten, but
Coriaria. | XXIX. ANACARDIACEA. 129

is said to cause thirst or, colic, Nearly allied to it is C. myrtifolia, Linn., a
shrub of South ee and North Africa, the leaves of which are used for tan-
ning and dyeing leather, and the fruit of which is poisonous.

Orpen XXX. MORINGES.

Soft-wooded trees, with alternate, impari- bi- or tri-pinnate leaves ; the
pinnee and leaflets opposite ; leaflets entire, caducous. In the place of stip-
ules, glands at the base of petioles and pinnae. Flowers large, bisexual,
irregular, white or red, in axillary panicles. Calyx cup-shaped, with 5 de-
ciduous, somewhat unequal, petaloid segments. Petals similar to calyx
segments, unequal, the upper one ascending. Disc lining inside of calyx,
with a short free margin. Stamens inserted on the edge of disc, 5 perfect
stamens opposite to petals, and alternating with 5 (sometimes 7) filaments
without anthers ; anthers attached on the back, oblong, l-celled. Ovary
stipitate, lanceolate, 1-celled, with 3 parietal placenta, and a simple slen-
der style ; ovules numerous. Capsule pod-shaped, rostrate, 3-6-angled,
torulose, 1-celled, 3-valved, with numerous seeds, embedded in the fungous
substance of the valves. Seeds with a straight embryo without albumen.
—Gen. Pl. i. 429; Royle Ill. 180; Wight Ill. i. 186.

1. MORINGA, Juss.
(Only genus, the characters those of the order.)

1. M. pterygosperma, Girtn.; W. & A. Prodr. 178; Wight Ill. t.
77-5 Bedd. Fl. Sylv. t. 80.—Syn. Hyperanthera Moringa, Roxb. Fl.
Ind. ii. 368. Horseradish-tree. Sans. Sobhanjana. Vern. Soanjna,
sinjna, senjna, sujna, shajna, North India; Swanjera, Sindh; Sathan,
sejan, miunga, mulaka, C.P.

Young branches, inflorescence, petioles, and young leaves clothed with
short, grey, velvety pubescence. Leaves near the extremities of branches,
generally tripinnate, 1-2 ft. long, on long sheathing petioles; pinne op-
posite, 4-6 pair, the lower 3-4 pair bipinnate ; pinnulz opposite, 6-9 pair,
the four lower pairs generally with 3-7 leaflets, the rest consisting of single
leaflets ; leaflets on short slender petiolules, ovate or obovate, entire, pale
beneath, lateral nerves indistinct. Petioles of pinnz and pinnule articu-
late, with a linear hairy gland between each pair of pinne, pinnule, and
leaflets. Flowers strongly honey-scented, in numerous lateral panicles at
the énds of branches ; bracts linear, shorter than pedicels. Petals linear-
spathulate, white, with yellow dots at the base. Ovary and base of fila-
ments hairy. Pods pendulous, 9-18 in. long, with 9 rounded longitudinal
ribs ; seed trigonous, winged at the angles.

Commonly cultivated throughout India and Burma, in the N.W. Himalaya to
1500 ft., introduced in other tropical and subtropical countries (Jamaica 1784).
Wild in the lower Himalaya and Siwalik tract from the Chenab to the Sar-
dah, also in the Oudh forests. Most of the old leaves shed in Dee. and Jan. ;
the fresh foliage appears in March and April; the flowers issue between Jan.
and April, generally before the leaves are out ; the pods ripen from April on-
ward, and, unless pulled off, remain long on the tree.

I
130 XXX. MORINGEA. [Moringa

A small tree, to 20 ft. high, with a straight trunk 4-5 ft. girth, and a few
large divergent branches, Bark grey, soft, corky, and deeply cracked, Wood
coarse-grained, spongy, soft and perishable. The tree is mainly cultivated on
account of its fruit, which is eaten as a vegetable, and preserved as pickle,
Leaves and flowers are likewise eaten. Twigs and leaves are lopped for fodder.
Incisions are made in the trunk, from which exudes a reddish gum, used in
native medicine. The root has a strong pungent flavour, much resembling
horseradish ; locally applied, it acts as a vesicant (Pharm, Ind. 61). From the
seeds of another species with unwinged seeds, M. aptera, Gertn., of Africa, a

Mae oil (the Ben-oil of watchmakers and jewellers) is obtained ; but, so far
as known, no oil is extracted from the seeds of this species in India.

A second species, nearly allied to this, A. concanensis, Nimmo, grows wild
on the dry hills of Rajputana (Sainjna), near Kishengurh and Bednore ; also
on the hills of Sindh (A//aia) and the Konkan. It has yellow flowers, and bi-
pinnate leaves, pinne 4-6 pair, simply pinnate, except sometimes the lowest,
which are bipinnate, with broadly ovate leaflets, 1 in. long, on petioles } in.
long, with 4-6 pairs of rather prominent lateral nerves. In Rajputana I found
it in leaf and flower in Dec. 1869; in the Konkan it is said to flower in Nov.

‘The unripe fruit is eaten. Bark thick, soft, corky. Wood soft and light.

Orpen XXXI. LEGUMINOSA,

Herbs, shrubs, or trees, extremely variable in appearance. Leaves gen-
erally alternate, compound, and stipulate ; inflorescence mostly indefinite.
Flowers bracteate ; calyx of 5 sepals, free or oftener connate ; petals 5 or
fewer, equal or unequal. Stamens 10 or numerous, rarely hypogynous,
more commonly inserted with petals on the base or inside of the calyx-
tube ; anthers 2-celled, cells parallel, generally opening longitudinally.
Pistil monocarpellary, rarely 2- or 5-carpellary ; ovules numerous, rarely
1 or 2, attached in 1 or 2 series to the inner suture. Fruit a pod (legume),
generally dry, indehiscent, or separating into 2 valves, along one or both
sutures. Seeds exalbuminous, or (in some Ceesalpiniew) albuminous; testa
coriaceous, sometimes horny, rarely thinly membranous ; embryo straight,
or the radicle bent upon the cotyledons, which are generally large, fleshy,
or foliaceous.—Gen. Pl. i. 484; Royle Il. 180; Wight Ill. i. 187.

This large order comprises upwards of 6500 species, distributed nearly
over the entire globe. It is divided into three well-defined sub-orders—
Papilionacee, Ceesalpiniew, and Mimosee.

Calyx gamosepalous; corolla papilionaceous ; petals free,
unequal, imbricate, the posterior petal outside ; stamens
generally diadelphous ‘ : 5 ‘ ‘ :

Calyx parted nearly to the base ; petals free, mostly unequal,
imbricate, the posterior petal inside ; stamens free %

Calyx gamosepalous; petals more or less connate, equal, val-
vate ; stamens free or monadelphous . : 7 :

1. PAPILIONACES.
2. CHSALPINIEZ.

3. MiImosEsz.

First Sus-orprr, PAPILIONACEZ.

Mostly herbs, rarely shrubs or trees. Leavés alternate, pinnate, or
digitate, rarely simple ; stipules usually present ; leaflets often stipellate ;
flowers bisexual, irregular. Calyx gamosepalous, often 2-lipped, the upper
Papilionacee. | XXXI. LEGUMINOSA. 131

lip consisting of 2, the lower (anterior) of 3 sepals. Petals 5, clawed, un-
equal, imbricate in bud, the posterior and outside petal (standard) broad ;
often reflexed, the 2 anterior and inside petals (keel) often connate, the
2 lateral and intermediate petals (wings) enclosing the keel. (The stan-
dard is often called the upper petal, being commonly placed upwards with
regard to the axis of the inflorescence, but as regards insertion it is the
lowest of the 5 petals.) Stamens generally 10, inserted with the petals
near the base or on the inside of the calyx-tube; filaments free, or con-
nate into a tube or sheath, or the one opposite to the standard free, the
claws of keel, or of keel and wings, sometimes adhering to the staminal
tube; anthers versatile, rarely basifixed. FPistil monocarpellary, sessile
or stipitate ; style incurved ; stigma oblique or terminal ; ovules numerous,
rarely 1 or few. Fruit a dry legume. Sceds with a coriaceous testa,
without albumen; cotyledons thick, plano-convex; the radicle accum-
bent upon the cotyledons.

The 20 genera here described belong to the following tribes :-——
Podatlyriec.—Stamens 10, free ; leaves simple or digitate—Piptanthus.
ee ae 10, monadelphous ; leaves simple or digitate—Crota-

ara. ‘

Galegec.—Stamens 10, diadelphous ; pod 2-valved ; leaves imparipinnate
—Caragana, Indigofera, Colutea, Sesbania, Millettia.

Hedysaree.—Stamens 9 or 10; pod articulate; leaves pinnate or trifolio-
late—Alhagi, Desmodium, Ougeinia.

Viciee.—Stamens generally 10, diadelphous, pod 2-valved; leaves abruptly
pinnate—A brus,

Phaseolece.—Stamens 10, monadelphous or diadelphous ; pods 2-valved ;
leaves imparipinnate ; leaflets mostly 3—Erythrina, Pueraria, Butea,
Spatholobus.

Dalbergiee.—Stamens 10, monadelphous, or in 2 bundles; pod indehis-
cent; leaves imparipinnate — Dalbergia, Piterocarpus, Pongamia,
Dervis. .

Sophorece.—Stamens 10, free ; leaves imparipinnate—Sophora.

Stamens free.
Pod flat, 2-valved; stipules connate, opposite to petiole . 1. PIpranratvs.
Pod moniliform, generally indehiscent ; stipules distinct . 2. SopHora.

Stamens monadelphous, or equally diadelphous, or unequally

diadelphous (the tenth stamen free). :
Pod 2-valved ; leaves pinnate, rarely trifoliolate or simple.
Spinescent shrubs; flowers solitary or in few-flowered

umbels. é i é ; 8. CaRaGANna.

Unarmed shrubs ; flowers racemose. ;

Flowers pink, purple, or white ; pods not inflated 4, INDIGOFERA.

Flowers yellow; podsinflated . : . : . 5, CoLursa.
Soft-wooded trees, with large flowers; leaflets numerous. 6. SESBANIA.
Climbers with flat pods.

Leaves imparipinnate ; seeds compressed 7. MILLarria.

Leaves aeepeey pinnate; seeds subglobose . 8. ABRUS.

Pod 2-valved ; leaves trifoliolate.

Pod 1-10-seeded.
Trees with bright red flowers. , ‘ 3 . 9. Eryraria,
132 XXXI. LEGUMINOSA. [Papilionacee,

Twiners with blue or purple flowers. . . . 10. PUERARIA.
Pod 1-seeded.
Flowers large, orange ; standard oblong ; wings adhering
to keel a 7 ‘ e : . . . 11, Burma.
Flowers small, white, purple, or pink ; standard broadly

ovate or orbicular ; wings free 12, SPATHOLOBUS.

Pod 2-valved ; leaves simple. a ; F ‘ . 13. CROTALARTA,
Pod articulate, generally indehiscent ; leaves simple or tri-
foliolate.
Shrubs armed with axillary spines; leaves simple . . 14 Avwacr.
Unarmed shrubs ; leaves trifoliolate ; flowers panicled . 15. DEsmopium.
An unarmed tree; leaves trifoliolate ; flowers fasciculate

in short racemes . 5 - : - ‘ . 16, OUGEINIA.
Pod indehiscent, not articulate ; leaves imparipinnate.
Leaflets alternate.
Flowers white, lilac, or purple ; pod oblong, 1-4-seeded 17. Datpmreia.

Flowers yellow; pod suborbicular, 1-seeded 18. Przrocarrvus.
‘Leaflets opposite.

Pod short, thick, edges not winged . . : . 19. Poncamia.

Pod flat, edges marginate or winged . ; y ., 20. DERRis.

1, PIPTANTHUS, D. Don.

1. P. nepalensis, D. Don.—Syn. Baptisia nepalensis, Hook. Exotic
Flora, t. 131.

A shrub, with alternate, digitate, trifoliolate leaves, and large bright
yellow flowers. Jeaflets lanceolate, entire, 2-5 in. long, sessile; common
petiole less than half the length of leaflets. Stipules deciduous, connate
at the outer edges, so as to appear opposite to the petiole. Flowers sub-
verticillate, in short hairy racemes, with broad-ovate, tomentose bracts.
Calyx hairy, somewhat 2-lipped. Standard erect, large, broadly obcordate,
the margins reflexed. Stamens 10, free. Pod stipitate, broad-linear, 2-5
in. long, 3-10-seeded, dehiscent.

Himalaya, Sutlej to Bhutan, in shady woods 7000-9000 ft. Hardy against
walls in England. Fl. May, June.

2. SOPHORA, Linn.

Trees or shrubs with imparipinnate leaves. Flowers yellow, white, or
blue-violet, racemose or panicled, terminal or axillary. Calyx-teeth short.
Standard erect or spreading, obovate or orbicular ; wings obliquely oblong ;
keel-petals nearly straight, oblong, imbricate, or connate. Stamens free,
or nearly so; anthers versatile. Ovary shortly stipitate, multiovulate ;
stigma terminal, minute. Pod usually indehiscent, or but tardily dehiscent,
moniliform in our species. Seeds exalbuminous ; radicle short and nearly
straight, or longer and curved.

1. 8. mollis, Wall—Syn. Hdwardsia mollis, Royle Tl. t. 32; £.
Hydaspica, Kdgew. Sometimes called Himalayan Laburnum. Vern.
Arghawan, Afg.; Gojar, ghwareja, Trans-Indus ; Kiin, kohen, malan, Salt
range; Tilun, tarni, kathi, Chenab ; Brisari, Ravi; Pahar gingri, Kamaon.

_A shrub with showy yellow flowers. Young leaves with adpressed
silky pubescence ; leaflets 30-40, subcoriaceous, elliptic, 4-1 in. long.
Sophora. | XXXI.. LEGUMINOSA. 133

Flowers in lax axillary racemes. Pods 4-6-seeded, moniliform, the seed
parts with 4 membranous wings, the seedless stalks between often } in.
long. Seeds brown, hard, shining.

Trans-Indus. Salt range. N.W. Himalaya as far as Kamaon, ascending to
6000 ft. FI. March, Apr.

2. S. Grifithiz, Stocks in Hook. Journal of Botany, iv. (1852) p. 147.—Syn.
Keyserlingya Griffith, Boissier Fl. Orient. ii. 680—is a grey-silky undershrub,
with winged pods; common in Beluchistan (3000-6000 ft.), also found in Af-

hanistan. 3. S. Moorcroftiana, Benth., of North-West Tibet (10,000-12,000
t.), is armed with spinescent stipules and branchlets, and has unwinged pods.
4. 8. alopecuroides, Linn.—syn. Goebelia alopecuroides, Boissier Fl. Orient. ii.
628—is a ie perennial herb with unwinged pods, of West Tibet (10,000-
12,000 ft.) and Western Asia. :

8. CARAGANA, Lam.

Low spinescent shrubs, with abruptly pinnate leaves. Calyx campanu-
late, placed obliquely on its pedicel. Petals long-unguiculate, claws as
long, or nearly as long, as calyx; standard broad, with reflexed edges ;
keel obtuse, as long as wings and standard. Stamens diadelphous ;
anthers uniform. Ovary linear, sessile. Style filiform, incurved, glab-
rous ; stigma terminal, minute. ‘Pod linear, valves convex, continuous,
not torulose.

Leaflets 3-7 pair, distant ; pods hairy inside.

Flowers in umbels of 2-3, on long peduncles x < . 1. C. brevispina.

Flowers solitary.

Leaf-bearing branchlets, short, tubercular, in the axils of
scariose bracts and stipules if é é 7 5

Leaf-bearing branchlets, short, tubercular, in the axils of
trifid spines, the middle spine longer . . . 8. OC. ulicina.

Leaflets 2 pair, approximate ; pods glabrous inside ‘3 . 4. C. pygmea.

1. G. brevispina, Royle Ill. 198.—Vern. Sat-bargi, Jhelam; Drob,
burkundu, Kashmir.

An erect shrub, with flexuose branches. Leaves generally fasciculate,
on short tuberculate branchlets, rarely (on vigorous shoots) distant, with
the internodes elongated. Leaf-bearing branchlets in the axils of stout
spinescent petioles, 1-2 in. long, with or without leaflets. Stipules scari-
ous, the outer frequently spinescent. Leaflets 5-7 pair, elliptic, 4 in. long,
pubescent, with soft adpressed hairs. Flowers yellow, in umbels of 3-5 ;
peduncles 2-3 in. long. Calyx, bracts, peduncles, and petioles clothed
with soft tawny pubescence. Calyx-teeth shorter than tube. Pods 2-2}
in. long, pubescent or glabrate outside, villous inside.

Outer and inner ranges of the N.W. Himalaya, 5000-9000 ft.; from the
Indus to the Ganges, also in Waziristan. Fl. June-Aug.

2. C. Gerardiana, Royle Ill. t. 34, fig. 1.—Syn. C. spinosissima, Benth. ;
Jacq. Voy. Bot. t. 43. .

A diffuse spinescent tomentose shrub. Leaf-bearing branchlets short,
closely approximate at the ends of branches. Stipules scarious, villous,
not spinescent. All petioles spinescent, the lower part of the leaf-bear-

2. C. Gerardiana.
134 XXXI. LEGUMINOSA. [ Caragana.

ing branchlets closely set with leafless spinescent petioles. Leaflets
3-5 pair, elliptic, mucronate, villous, $ in. long. Flowers yellow, solitary,
peduncles shorter than calyx. Calyx-teeth shorter than tube. Pods 1
in, long, tomentose inside and outside.

Inner N.W. Himalaya (7000-12,000 ft.) Kunawar, Garhwal, Kamaon. FI.
May-Aug.

3. C. ulicina, Stocks ; Hook. Journ. Bot. iv. (1852)-145 ; Boissier Fl.
Orient. ii. 199.

A low thorny shrub. Leaves fasciculate in the axils of stout trifid
spines ; the middle spine (petiole) often with a few leaflets, 1-14 in. long,
the 2 lateral much shorter. Leaflets 2-3 pair, grey with adpressed hairs,
obovate or elliptic, mucronate, less than 4 in. long ; lateral nerves pro-
minent. Flowers yellow, solitary ; peduncles as long as, or longer than,
calyx. Pod pubescent outside and inside, 1 in. long.

Common in the hills of Beluchistan, ascending to 6000 ft. (Shah-Bilawal, near
Karachi); Waziristan, 2000-8000 ft. C. ambigua, Stocks 1. c. (vern. Shinalak),
the flowers eaten by the Brahuis in Beluchistan, seems to be only a variety.
It is said to differ by larger flowers, and the pods slightly curved at the top.

4, C. pygmea, DC.—Syn. C. versicolor, Benth. in Royle Hl. 198.
Genista versicolor, Wall. ibid. t. 34, f. 2; Tartarie furze-—Vern. Dama,
tama, trama, Ladak.

A small thorny glabrous shrub, branches striate. Leaves fasciculate,
or on short tuberculate branchlets, in the axils of sharp trifid shining
brown spines, the middle spine (petiole) longer, about 4 in. long. Leaflets
2 pair, $ in. long, closely approximate, linear or oblanceolate ; common
petiole very short, terminated by a spine. Flowers bright reddish-
yellow, solitary, peduncles jointed, as long as calyx. Calyx-teeth shorter
than tube.

Common in the inner arid valleys of the N.W. Himalaya, and on the plains
of Western Tibet, from 12,000-16,000 ft. On the Safedkoh at 8000-9000 ft.
Siberia, from the Altai to Davuria. FI. Sept. Gregarious, somewhat resem-
bling furze. Browsed by goats, and extensively used as fuel.

C. crassicauks, Benth., is a small alpine undershrub, in the inner arid ranges
of Kamaon and Sikkim. 13,000-16,000 ft., with reddish-yellow flowers, and
stiff, but not spinescent petioles,

4, INDIGOFERA, Linn.

Herbs or shrubs, generally clothed with adpressed silky hairs often fixed
by the middle. Leaves imparipinnate simple or trifoliolate. Calyx
small, oblique, campanulate, or tubular ; teeth equal, or the lowest longer
than the rest. Standard ovate or orbicular; wings oblong, adhering a
little to the keel, which is straight, not rostrate, spurred on each side near
the base. Upper stamen free from the base, the others connate ; anthers
uniform, the connective forming an apiculus. Ovary sessile or nearly so,
usually with numerous ovules; style glabrous; stigma capitate. Pod
linear or oblong, rarely globose, straight or curved, terete tetragonous or
Indigofera.| XXXI. LEGUMINOSA. 135

compressed, generally filled with a dry spongy mass which separates the

seeds. ,

Calyx-teeth lanceolate, as long as the cup-shaped calyx-tube. ,
Leaflets 6-15 pair ; pods spreading . . 2 : . 1. I, heterantha.
Leaflets 4-6 pair ; pods deflexed . : _ é . . 2. L. tinctoria.

Calyx-teeth triangular, shorter than the campanulate calyx-

tube ; leaflets 4-6 pair ; pods spreading . 3. I. atropurpurea.

1. I. heterantha, Wall—Syn. J. polyphylla, Edgeworth. Vern.
Khenti, kathi, kathu, kati, kathewat, mattu, kaskei, kiitz, kuts, katsu, sha-
gali, Pb.

A shrub, strigose with grey adpressed hairs. Leaves imparipinnate,
common petiole 14-24 in. long. Leaflets opposite, 6-15 pair, oblong, or
elliptic-oblong, mucronate, less than } in. long. Stipules subulate, decid-
uous. Racemes short-pedunculate, as long as leaves; bracts subulate,
deciduous. Calyx cup-shaped, the teeth longer than, or as long as, tube.
Pod spreading, straight cylindric, 1} in. long, shining, with a few scat-
tered hairs. ;

Common in the outer North-West Himalaya, and on the eastern skirts of the
Suliman range, ascending to 8000 ft. Fl. May, June. In Kashmir and else-
where the twigs are largely used for basket-work, and in some cases they form
part of the twig-bridges. JZ. Gerardiana, Wall. with larger flowers and a less
number of leaflets, is probably only a variety of this species.

2. I. tinctoria, Linn. ; Roxb. Fl. Ind. iii. 379; W. & A. Prodr. 202 ;
Wight Ic. t. 365. The Indigo plant.—Sans. Nit. Vern. Nii.

Branches, inflorescence, and leaves thinly silky. Leaves imparipinnate ;
common petioles 3-4 in. long, firm, erect; stipules small, setaceous ;
leaflets 4-6 pair, opposite, on short petiolules, oblong or obovate, 4-2 in.
long, turning black when dried. Racemes axillary, lax, with about 20
greenish rose-coloured flowers, at first shorter than, and ultimately equal-
ling, the leaves. Pedicel shorter than the silvery calyx; calyx-teeth
lanceolate, reaching half-way down. Pods deflexed, 1-14 in. long, thick,
nearly cylindrical, straight or nearly so, glabrous when mature, 8-12-seeded.

Cultivated in the southern and eastern Panjab, ascending on the Chenab to
2000 ft. Rare in the Peshawar valley. Grown extensively in Bengal, Sindh,
eee India, Cultivated in tropical Africa and America. Wild in Sene-

am bia.

Q A perennial undershrub, but generally grown in India from seed as an annual
or biennial plant. The stems are cut when in blossom or before they come into
flower, steeped in water, and under the influence of fermentation and free access
of air Indigo is formed. The juice of the fresh plant does not contain Indigo ready
formed, but a colourless substance, the nature of which is not yet accurately
known, and which is converted into Indigo during the process of manufacture
in the Indigo vats. Dioscorides and Plinius mention Indigo as a dye used in
Egypt and India ; its general use in Europe dates from the sixteenth century.
Indigo may be obtained in small quantities from other plants—TJsatis (Cruciferze),
Europe, Wrightia tinctoria and Marsdenia tinctoria, both included in this
Flora, Polygonum tinctorium (Polygones), China, and others. — ;

Nearly allied are two other species, which likewise yield Indigo: 1. L. Anil,
Linn., with racemes shorter than leaves, and sickle-shaped pods. Cultivated
136 XXXI. LEGUMINOS. [ Indigofera.

largely in tropical Africa, and which, according to Macfadyen’s Flora of Jamaica,
i. 245, supported by Grisebach, Flora of the Brit. West Indies, 181, is indi-
genous in Jamaica. To this species some cultivated forms from Burma and
other parts of India may be referred. There are intermediate forms between I.
Amil and tinctoria, and possibly they may have to be considered as one species,
indigenous in America and Western Africa. 2. J. argentea, Linn., probably
identical with I. cerulea, Roxb. Fl. Ind. iii. 377, Wight Ic. t. 366, with 4 pairs
of obovate leaflets, on both sides permanently silvery, and short, thick, curved,
3-4-seeded pods, wild in the Beluchistan hills, Sindh, and (J. cerulea) in South
India ; wild and cultivated in the Barbary States, Egypt, and Arabia. The
cultivated forms of Indigo in India demand further examination.

3. I. atropurpurea, Hamilton; Roxb. Fl. Ind. iii. 381; Wight Ic. t.
369.—Vern. Khenti, jand, Kaghan; Kathi, gorkatri, Kashmir; Kala
sakena, sakna, Kamaon.

A large shrub, nearly glabrous, young parts with scattered adpressed
hairs. Leaves imparipinnate ; common petioles 6-10 in. long, spreading ;
leaflets opposite, on short petiolules, 5-6 pair, ovate-oblong, mucronate,
14 in. long. Stipules early caducous, stipels setaceous at the base of
leaflets. Flowers dark purple. Racemes as long as, or longer than, the
leaves ; bracts lanceolate, longer than buds. Calyx with scattered white
hairs ; teeth short, triangular. Pods spreading, reticulate, glabrous, mar-
ginate, straight, linear, compressed, 1} in. long, with 10 seeds.

Salt range, 2500-5000 ft. Abundant in the outer Himalaya from Hazara to
Nepal, generally between 2000 and 9000 ft., descending occasionally to 1200 ft.
in the wali hills. In Pangi on the upper Chenab between 8000 and 9000 ft.
Kasia hills, The twigs are used for basket-work and for twig-bridges.

_ Of the numerous other shrubs and undershrubs of this genus which are found
in North and Central India, I will only mention: 1. 7. pulchella, Roxb. Fl. Ind.
ili, 382.—Syn. J. arborea, Roxb. ib.381 ; Wight Ic. t. 368 ; Z. violacea, Roxb.
ib. 380.—Vern. Sakena, Kamaon. A large shrub, with rose-coloured or violet
flowers, hairy ; leaflets 6-10 pair, obovate-oblong, obtuse, or emarginate ; bracts
longer than flower-buds, and calyx-lobes triangular. South India, Bengal,
N.W. India, ascending to 5000 ft. in the outer Tanalaya, Fl. Jan.-June. 2.
I. linifolia, Linn.; Roxb. Cor. Pl. t. 196; Fl. Ind. iii. 370; Wight Ic. t. 313 ;
W.& A. Prodr. 198.—Vern. Torki, Pb.; Bhangra, Bengal. A small ceespitdse
undershrub, common throughout the plains of India, with simple, linear leaves
-and small globose 1-seeded pods.

5, COLUTEA, Linn.

Shrubs with imparipinnate leaves. Stipules small. Flowers yellow or
reddish, rather large, in few-flowered axillary racemes. Calyx-teeth sub-
equal, or 2 upper shorter. Standard rotundate, bi-plicate or bi-callose at
the base, shortly clawed ; wings falcate-oblong ; keel-petals incurved, obtuse,
with long connate claws. Vexillary stamen free ; anthers uniform. Ovary.
stipitate multiovulate ; style longitudinally bearded above ; stigma subapi-
cal. Pod membranous, inflated, indehiscent or opening at the top. Seeds
reniform, funiculate.

1, C. nepalensis, Sims. Bot. Mag. t. 2622; Bot. Reg. t.1727. Nepal
Bladder Senna.—Vern. Braa, Ladak.
Colutea. ] XXXI LEGUMINOSA. 137

A shrub, with smooth, reddish-brown bark, and fascicled branchlets.
Leaves glabrous ; common petiole 2-4 in. long ; leaflets 7-9, oval or obovate,
++ in. long; lateral nerves indistinct. Flowers large, greenish yellow, in
slender, drooping racemes. Pod membranous, inflated, about 2 in. long, hairy.

Arid valleys of the inner Himalaya. Ladak, Piti, Kunawar, Kamaon (8000-
11,500 ft.) Fl July, Aug. Hardy in England. The pods open before they
ripen ; and in general appearance, also, the plant is different from the common
Bladder Senna (C. arborescens, Linn.) It is a subject for further inquiry
TSE it is near C’. orientalis, Miller (C. cruenta, Aiton ; Boissier FL. Orient.
ii. .

6. SESBANTA, Pers.

Herbs or small soft-wooded trees, of brief duration, with abruptly pin-
nate leaves, numerous deciduous leaflets, and middle or large sized flowers
in axillary racemes. Calyx broad-campanulate, with short, nearly equal
teeth. Petals distinctly unguiculate; standard large, emarginate, oblong
or orbicular ; wings oblong. Stamens diadelphous ; anthers uniform or
nearly so. Ovary multiovulate ; style glabrous, incurved ; stigma capitate.
Pod long, narrow, linear, dehiscent.

Flowers 4 in. long; leaflets linear-oblong . A . 1. S&S. egyptiaca.
Flowers 3 in. long; leaflets oblong =. - ; . 2 &. grandiflora.

1. S. egyptiaca, Pers.; Wight Ic. t. 32; W. & A. Prodr. 214;
Boissier Fl. Orient. ii. 193.—Syn. schynomene Sesban, Linn. ; Roxb.
El. Ind. iii. 332. Sans. Jayanti, jaya. Vern. Jait, jhijan, janjhan, Pb.;
Dhandiain, Rohilk. ; Jayanti, Beng. ; Shewarie, sheverit, Dekkan.

A soft-wooded tree, 8-12 ft. high, of a few years’ duration. Nearly
glabrous, extremities and young leaves slightly pubescent. Common
petiole unarmed, 4-6 in. long; leaflets opposite, 10-20 pair, on short
petioles, oblong-linear, #-1 in. long, blunt, with a faint mucro, the lowest
pair near the base. Racemes lax, 6-12 flowered, nearly as long as leaves ;
pedicels spreading, longer than calyx. Calyx-teeth short triangular.
Petals } in. long, yellow, or orange and purple. Pod 6-8 in. long, narrow-
Iinear, valves convex, torulose ;. seeds 20-30.

‘Commonly cultivated and naturalised in many parts of India ; in the Panjab
as far as Peshawar. Ascends to 4000 ft. in the North-West Himalaya. Culti-
vated throughout the tropics; wild in tropical Africa. FI, autumn and C.S.
Grown in the drier parts of the Dekkan to furnish poles as a substitute for the
bamboo ; rope is made of the bark, the wood is used to boil Jaggery, and the
leaves and branches as cattle-fodder. On the rich alluvial banks of the Kistna
and Warna rivers in the Dekkan, which are submerged during the annual floods,
it is grown from seed as an annual, attaining 15-20 ft. in one season. In the
Sattara district it is grown with Melia Azedarach and Moringa pterygosperma
.to shade and support the Betel vine, ini thickets 20 ft. high.

2. 8. grandiflora, Pers.—Syn. Agati grandiflora, Desv.; W. & A.
Prodr. 215; ischynomene grandiflora, Roxb. Fl. Ind. iii. 330. Sans.
Vaka. Vern. Basna, Hind. ; Buka, Beng. ; Agati, Tamil.

A short-lived, soft-wooded tree, attaining 20-30 ft. Nearly glabrous,
extremities and young leaves slightly pubescent. Common petiole un-
138 XXXI. LEGUMINOSA. [Sesbania.

armed, 6-9 in. long; leaflets opposite, on short petiolules, 10-30 pairs,
oblong, obtuse, and often mucronate, glaucous, 1-1} in. long. Racemes
short, with 2-4 very large flowers, 3 in. long, red or white. Calyx
campanulate, from a turbinate base, with short, unequal teeth. Standard
ovate, rather shorter than the keel. Pod upwards of a foot long, } in.
broad, compressed, tetragonous.

Cultivated in Southern and Eastern India, and in the Ganges Doab, In-
digenous in the Indian Archipelago and in North Australia. Wood white, only
fit for fuel. The tender leaves, pods, and flowers are eaten as a vegetable, and
in Bengal the tree is grown as a support for the Betel plant.

7, MILLETTIA, W. & A.

Climbing shrubs, with imparipinnate leaves ; leaflets prominently penni-
veined. Flowers white, rose, or purple, racemose or panicled. Calyx trun-
cate or shortly toothed, 2 upper teeth sometimes connate. Standard
large-spreading or reflexed, shortly clawed, with or without basal calli or
auricles; wings oblong, falcate ; keel-petals incurved, obtuse. Vexillary
stamen free at base, connate with the rest at the middle or wholly free ;
anthers uniform. Ovary multiovulate ; stigma small, terminal. Pod from
linear to oblong, flat or thick, coriaceous or woody, indehiscent or tardily
dehiscent.

1. M. auriculata, Baker MSS.—Syn. Robinia macrophylla, Roxb. Fl.
Ind. iii. 329; Pongamia macrophylla, Graham; Otosema macrophylla,
Bentham. Vern. Maudh, Oudh; Gonjha, Kamaon.

A large pubescent climber, young leaves with soft silky hairs. Leaflets
7-9, 2-6 in. long, oblong, obovate-oblong or obovate, shortly and abruptly
acuminate; naked part of common petiole below the lowest pair of
leaflets equal to half its entire length. Stipules falcate, silky-tomentose,
} in. long. Flowers white, in slender axillary racemes, about half the
length of leaves. Standard auriculate above the claw. Pods rusty-tomen-
tose, flat, linear, hard-coriaceous, 4-6 in. long, } in. broad.

Sub-Himalayan tract, Sutlej to Bhutan, ascending to 3500 ft. Oudh foregts.
Behar. Satpura range. Fl. April-June. ,

To the tribe of Galegee belongs also Tephrosia candida, DC.; W. & A.
Prodr. 210.—Syn. Robinia candida, Roxb. Fl. Ind. iii. 327. Vern. Lehtia,
Kamaon. A large shrub ; leaflets 10 pair, lanceolate, 14-24 in. long, clothed
with soft pubescence. Flowers white, 1 in. long, in terminal racemes. Pods
linear, 3-4 in. long, ¢ in. broad, clothed with soft, tawny tomentum. Burma,
Bengal, sub-Himalayan tract to Sutlej. FI.C.S. The leaves are employed to
poison fish.

8, ABRUS, Linn.

Climbing shrubs, with abruptly pinnate leaves. Calyx truncate, or
with short teeth. Standard ovate, narrowed into a broad short claw,
more or less adherent to the staminal tube; wings narrowly falcate, ob-
long ; keel longer and broader than wings, arcuate. Stamens 9, connate
in a sheath slit above, the tenth absent; anthers uniform. Ovary sub-
sessile, multiovulate ; style short, incurved, beardless ; stigma capitate.
Pod flat, 2-valved, divided by transverse membranes between the seeds.
Abrus.| XXXI. LEGUMINOSA. 139

1, A. precatorius, Linn. ; Roxb. Fl. Ind. iii. 257; W. & A. Prodr.
236.—Sans. Ganja, kancht. Vern. Guncht, kiinch, (the seed rakti, rattika).

Nearly glabrous, young parts with scattered adpressed hairs, Common
petiole 2-4 in. long, terminating in a bristle. Leaflets deciduous, oppo-
site, nearly sessile, 10-15 pairs, the lowest pair near the base, oblong,
blunt, often mucronate, 3-2 in. long; stipules linear-subulate. Flowers
rose-coloured or white, fasciculate on short pedicels, in dense axillary
pedunculate racemes; peduncles 2-4 in. long, often leaf-bearing. Pod
1-1} in, long, } in. broad, oblong, rostrate, coriaceous, hairy when young.
Seeds 4-5, subglobose or ellipsoid, generally red, with a black eye on the
hilum, or more rarely white, or black with a white eye.

A climber, with a woody stem and slender herbaceous branches, common in
most forest-tracts of the moister regions of India, ascending in the Sub-Himala-
yan tract to 3500 ft. FI. at the close of the rains. The seeds are used as
weights (ea ‘ains) by jewellers ; the root is a bad substitute for liquorice
(the root o: Gliagetien glabra, Pharm. Ind. 75).

9, ERYTHRINA, L.

Trees, shrubs, or herbaceous undershrubs; young branches often
prickly. Leaves trifoliolate, the lateral leaflets opposite ; stipules small ;
stipels glanduliform. Flowers large, generally red, in fascicles of 2 or 3,
forming axillary or terminal racemes. Calyx spathaceous, truncate, 5-
dentate or bilabiate. Standard sessile or unguiculate, much larger than
wings and keel. §tamens connate to the middle, the upper one free or
connate at the base with the rest; anthers equal. Ovary stipitate, with
numerous ovules; style incurved; stigma small, terminal. Legume
stipitate, narrowed at both ends, opening more or less completely into 2
valves. Seeds ovoid ; hilum lateral, oblong.

Calyx spathaceous, splitting longitudinally on the upper side,

apex contracted, 5-toothed ; petals of keel free 7 . 1. £E. indica.
Calyx campanulate, bilabiate; petals of keel connate . . 2. E, suberosa.
Calyx campanulate, truncate, indistinctly toothed; petals of

keel connate in the middle . . ‘ . . 38. £, arborescens.

1. E. indica, Lam. ; Roxb. Fl. Ind. iii. 249; W. & A. Prodr. 260 ;
Wight Ic. t. 58. The Indian Coral-tree.—Sans. Mandara. Vern. Pan-
gra, panjira, pangara.

Glabrous, inflorescence and young leaves clothed with stellate pubes-
cence. Branches armed with numerous black prickles, petioles and
leaves unarmed. Leaflets broad-ovate, short-acuminate, entire, from a
truncate or somewhat cordate base, the terminal leaflet largest, often 7
in. broad and 6 in. long; lateral nerves 4-6 on either side of midrib.
Racemes one or several near the ends of branchlets, 8-12 in. long, project-
ing horizontally at a right angle from the branchlet ; flowers numerous,
large, of a bright dazzling scarlet, in fascicles of 3, almost verticillate, on
pedicels $ in. long. Calyx spathaceous, half or one-third the length of
standard, contracted and 5-toothed at the top. Standard oblong, erect,
narrowed into a claw, wings and keel equal and conform, about 4 times
140 XXXI, LEGUMINOSA. [Erythrina.

shorter than standard, petals of keel distinct. Stamens monadelphous at
base, higher up the tenth stamen distinct. Legume 6-12 in. long, cuspi-
date, protuberant at the seeds, black and wrinkled when ripe, with 1-8
oblong, smooth, red or purple seeds.

Cultivated throughout India and Burma, Wild in Bengal, Burma, South
India, and in the Gonda forests of Oudh. Old leaves shed early in autumn,
the young foliage issues in March and April. Fl. in February, March, before
the leaves appear ; pods ripen from May-July. Grows readily from cuttings.

A moderate-sized tree of rapid growth, with straight trunk and numerous
branches, the branchlets armed with prickles to the third or fourth year. Bark
thin, yellowish or greenish cinereous, smooth, shining, with ee whitish
cracks, Wood white, light and soft (called Mochi wood in Madras), much used
for light boxes, toys, scabbards, trays, and planking. Does not warp or split,
varnishes well ; much of the lacquered ware of different parts of India is made
of it. Planted largely in Bengal and South India to support the Betel and
black-pepper vine ; also in hedges.

2. E. suberosa, Roxb. 1. c. 253; W.& A. Prodr. 260.—Vern. Gulnash-
tar, pariara, thab, Pb. ; Dauldhak, rungra, rowanra, madara, N.W.P. ;
Nasut, Oudh ; Pangra, C.P.

Young branches, leaves, and inflorescence covered with a soft tomentum
of long bi- or tri-furcate hairs. Branchlets armed with scattered, white,
shining, conical prickles; petioles and leaves generally unarmed, some-
times with a few scattered prickles. Leaflets rhomboid, entire, under-
neath pale and tomentose, or covered with adpressed hairs. Racemes
1-4, near ends of branchlets, 4-5 in. long; flowers scarlet, in fascicles of
2-3, on pedicels + in. long, smaller than those of EZ. indica. Calyx 2-
lipped. Standard oblong, narrowed into a short claw, 5-6 times longer
than calyx, more than twice the length of the keel; petals of keel connate,
broad, many times larger than the minute falcate wings. Stamens mona-
delphous. Legume about 5 in. long, cylindrical, contracted between
seeds, acuminate, with 2-4 glabrous black seeds.

Common wild in the Siwalik tract and lower Himalaya, from the Ravi to the
Sarda, ascending to 3000 ft., occasionally found at 4000 ft. Oudh, the Central
Provinces, and not uncommon in South India. Frequently cultivated. Old
leaves shed in January, young foliage issues in March and April, shortly before
the flowers appear. Pods ripen in June. Cuttings, even of large branches, take
root readily, and grow well. A moderate-sized tree, 40-50 ft. high, with an erect
trunk, 3-4, at times 6 ft. girth, Branchlets shining grey, armed with prickles
to the third year. Bark corky, deeply cracked, and with longitudinal furrows,
the old scales pale brown, the younger bark green-coloured. Wood white, soft,
light, but fibrous and tough. Used extensively for scabbards, sieve-frames, and
occasionally for planking.

3. E. arborescens, Roxb. Cor. Pl. t. 219; Fl. Ind. iii. 256.— Vern.
Rungara, Kamaon.

Young parts clothed with short, soft, ferruginous pubescence. Leaflets
glabrous when full grown, broadly ovate on a cordate base, entire, long
acuminate, with 5-7 lateral nerves on either side of midrib. Petiole twice
the length of leaflets, with a few scattered prickles. Racemes erect, axil-
Erythrina.] XXXL LEGUMINOSA. 141

lary, on long peduncles ; flowers large, of a vivid scarlet, in fascicles of 3,
each fascicle supported by a deciduous, ovate bract; pedicels 4 in. long.
Calyx campanulate, truncate, indistinctly 5-toothed. Standard obovate,
‘boat-shaped, claw 4 in. long; wings a little shorter than keel, obovate ;
petals of keel free at the base and apex, semiovate. Legumes stalked,
brown-tomentose, pendulous, incurved, cuspidate, with 2-10 seeds.

Outer Himalaya from the Ganges to Sikkim, at elevations between 4000 and
6500 ft. Kasia hills. Occasionally planted in Sindh and elsewhere. A small

tree, fl. Aug,.-Oct.
This is probably the tree which Madden calls Z. stricta ; but B. stricta, Roxb SH
Bedd, Fl. Sylv. t. 175, with spathaceous calyx and minute wings, is a different
species of the western ata Re ei terrane a "Phutt
A herbaceous species, #. resupinata, Roxb. FI. Ind. 257, Pl. Cor. t. 220, is
found on grass-lands of the Himalayan Terai, From a perennial underground
root-stock, spring in March short racemes with large bright scarlet flowers,
calyx 2-lipped, and standard resupinate—that is, bent downwards. After the
flowers, appears a short herbaceous, leaf-bearing stem, which withers after the
rains.

10, PUERARIA, DC.

Twining shrubs, with large pinnately trifoliolate, stipellate leaves.
Flowers blue or purplish, racemose. Two upper calyx-lobes connate into
an entire or bidentate lip. Standard rotundate, with basal auricles ; wings
oblong- or obovate-falcate, usually connate with the nearly straight or in-
curved keel-petals, Vexillary stamen wholly free, or cohering with the
rest at the middle; anthers uniform. Ovary sessile, multiovulate ; stigma
small, capitellate. Pod flat or subterete, continuous, or septate between
the seeds, membranous or coriaceous. Seeds rotundate or transversely
oblong.

1. P. tuberosa, DC.; Wight Ic. t. 412; W. & A. Prodr. 205.—Syn.
Hedysarum tuberosum, Roxb. Fl. Ind. iii. 3638. Vern. Siali, saloha,
badar, Pb. ; Bilai kand, bili, birali, pona, Kamaon.

A twining shrub, with woody tubercled stems, running over high trees.
Leaves large, trifoliolate, pubescent; common petiole 5-8 in. long ; leaf-
lets 4-6 in. long, 3-5 in. broad, ovate, acuminate, the two lateral unequal-
sided. Flowers bright blue, in long panicled racemes. Legumes flat,
covered with long rusty hairs, 2-3 in. long, 2-6-seeded, much contracted
between the seeds.

Sub-Himalayan tract, from the Indus to Sikkim, ascending to 4000 ft. Oudh
forests, Bengal, the Konkan, Canara. Leafless during the cold and hot season.
Fl, March, April. The large tuberous roots are eaten; they are also used for
poultices and as a cooling medicine ; from Kamaon they are exported to the
plains.

11. BUTHA, Roxb.

Trees or large climbers, with trifoliolate leaves. Leaflets stipellate, the
2 lateral opposite. Flowers large, orange-coloured, in fascicles of 2-5,
arranged in racemes or panicles, with linear, deciduous bracts. Calyx
silky inside ; the 2 upper teeth connate into a broad, entire, or emarginate
142 XXXI. LEGUMINOSAE. [ Butea.

lip. Standard oblong, acute, without appendages, recurved ; wings falcate,
adhering to the keel; keel acute, incurved, as long as the standard or
longer. Upper stamen free, the others connate beyond the middle ; anthers
uniform. Ovary sessile, or short-stipitate ; style long, curved, not bearded.
Legume short-stalked, oblong or broad-linear, coriaceous, 1-seeded and
2-valved at the top, flat, indehiscent below.

A tree ; pedicels twice the length of calyx . . . IL. B. frondosa,
A climber ; pedicels three times the length of calyx . 2 B. superba,

1. B. frondosa, Roxb. Cor. Pl. t. 21; Fl. Ind. iti, 244; W. & A.
Prodr. 261 ; Bedd. Fl. Sylv. t. 176.—Sans. Palasa. Vern. Dhak, palas,
chichra, North India; Chulcha, Bandelkhand; Chiula, palas, pursha,
C.P.; Kakria, khakra, khakro, Banswara and Panch Mehals; Mur-marra,

Gonds, Satpura.

Young parts downy or tomentose with soft simple hairs. Stipules
linear-lanceolate, stipels subulate, both tomentose and deciduous. Leafiets
coriaceous, hard, clothed with adpressed hairs beneath, and a few scat-
tered hairs above, emarginate, or rounded at the top, the terminal leafiet
broadly obovate from a cuneate base, generally as long as broad, 4-6 in.
long, the lateral leaflets oblique-ovate, smaller ; lateral nerves 4-8 on either
side of midrib, joined by numerous prominent reticulate veins.. Flowers
fasciculate, in rigid racemes, pedicels twice the length of calyx. Branches
‘of inflorescence, bracts, and calyx densely clothed with soft ferruginous
hairs. Legumes pendulous, tomentose, 4-6 in. long, 14-2 in. broad ; seed
oval, flat, smooth, brown 14 in. long, 1 in. broad.

A common tree throughout India and Burma, the Jhelam river its north-
western limit. Ascends to 3000, occasionally to 4000 ft. in the N.W. Himalaya.
Often gregarious. Thrives on the stiff black soil of Central India and the
Dekkan, and on saline soils of the Panjab. The old leaves shed in Feb., the
young foliage issues in April, May, usually eee by the scarlet flowers. The
tree in full bloom presents a striking spectacle, like fire on the horizon. The fruit
ripens in June, July. Inhabits the open country, not found in thick forests,

A moderate-sized tree, 40-50 ft. high, with a crooked, often irregular trunk,
6-8, at times 10-12 ft. girth, and few crooked branches. In N.W. India often
kept down as a shrub by constant lopping. Bark 4 in. to 1 in. thick, spongy,
inner substance fibrous, outside grey or light-brown, rough, undulated. Wood
coarse and open-grained, with prominent medullary rays ; weight 31-36 lb. per
cub. ft. Its transverse strength P.=335 (Kyd). Not durable except under
water, readily eaten by insects. (Said to be durable in Guzerat.) In North-
West India used for well-curbs and piles. The bark of the root yields a fibre,
used for caulking boats on the Ganges and other rivers, also for slow-matches and
coarse cordage.

From natural fissures and incisions made in the bark, issues during’ the hot
season a red juice, which soon hardens into a ruby-coloured, brittle, astringent
gum, similar to kino, and sold as Bengal Kino (Pharm. Ind. 74). In Oudh and
throughout Central India, lac is collected on the branchlets of this tree; the
insect is often propagated by cutting a. branch with the coccus on it, and fixing
it on a fresh tree,

The leaves are used as plates, instead of paper to wrap up parcels, and they
are given as fodder to buffaloes. The flowers (Kdsu, North India; Kisu,
Guzerat) are collected, and made (with alum) into the fleeting yellow dye
Butea. | XXXL LEGUMINOSA. 143

used in the Holi festival; they are also used medicinally. The seeds are
given as purgative and anthelmintic, mostly in veterinary practice,

2, B. superba, Roxb. Cor. Pl. t. 22; Fl. Ind. iii. 247.

A gigantic climber, stems as thick asa man’s leg. Leaflets membranous,
acuminate, the terminal 6-15 in. long, lateral oblique, smaller. Flowers
larger than those of B. frondosa, of a gorgeous orange-colour, on pedicels
3 times the length of calyx, in lax paniculate racemes.

Forests of Burma, Bengal, Oudh, the Circars, the northern Konkan, and the
Dehra Doon. .Fl. March. Yields kino like the preceding species,

12. SPATHOLOBUS, Hasskarl.

Large climbers, with trifoliolate leaves ; leaflets stipellate, the 2 lateral
opposite. Flowers small, white, purple, or pink, numerous, fasciculate
on the branches of large compound panicles, with small, narrow bracts
and bractlets. Calyx 4-dentate, the 2 upper teeth connate in 1. Stan-
dard broad-ovate or orbicular, obtuse, without appendages, Jonger than
keel; wings obliquely oblong, free ; keel obtuse, nearly straight, shorter
than wings. Stamens, ovary, and legume like Butea.

1. S. Roxburghii, Benth.—Syn. Butea parviflora, Roxb. Fl. Ind. iii.
. 248; W. & A. Prodr. 261; Wight Ic. t. 210.—Vern. Mula, maula,
N.W.P.

Inflorescence, calyx, petioles, and under side of leaflets pubescent. -Leaf-
lets obovate, acuminate, longer than broad, 6-8 in. long; lateral nerves 6-8,
arcuate, anastomosing by intramarginal veins. Flowers whitish, in fas-
cicles of 3, in large terminal and lateral panicles, pedicels as long as calyx.
Teeth of calyx nearly as long as.tube. Standard twice the length of calyx,
emarginate. Legumes 4-5 in. long, 1 in. broad, on a distinct pedicel, 1 in.
long, seed part tomentose.

A powerful climber, common in the forests of Burma, Bengal, Oudh, and the
Sub-Himalayan forests as far as the Jumna river. Also in the Circars and the
southern part of the Konkan, One of the principal climbers in the Oudh Sal
forests, FI. Dec., Jan.; fr. April.

Several large and remarkable forest-weeds belong to the genus Flemingia,
which is generally classed under Phaseolee : 1. F. Chappar, Ham., and 2. F.
strobilifera, Brown (Hedysarum strobiliferum, Roxb. Fl. Ind. iii. 350), with
simple leaves, those of the former long-petiolate, cordate, those of the latter
ovate, on short petioles. Both species have spikes with large membranous in-
flated bracts, enclosing the flowers. /. sirobiijera is common throughout
India, and often attains 8 ft. The leaves are used for thatching.. /. fruticulosa,
Wall, is a sutfruticose variety of strobilifera in the North-West Himalaya,
Chappar is found in Burma, Bengal, Gorakhpur, and the sub-Himalayan tract
to the Jumna. Three other species have trifoliolate leaves,—viz., 3. F. lineata,
Roxb. Fl. Ind. iii. 341, common nearly throughout India, flowers in_paniculate
racemes, with small bracts; 4. F’. congesta, Roxb. Fl. Ind. 341, Wight Ic. t.
390, which is closely allied to, if not synonymous with, J’. semealata, Roxb.,
Wight Ic. t. 326, common nearly throughout India, flowers in dense axillary
bracteate spikes; and 5. F.-involucrata, Benth. in Pl. Junghuhn. 246, sub-
144 XXKI. LEGUMINOS. [Spatholobus,

Himalayan tract from Assam to Kamaon; flowers in subsessile heads with
large tomentose, ovate-lanceolate bracts.

13, CROTALARIA, Linn.

Herbs or shrubs, with simple’ or digitately 3-foliolate (rarely 5-7-folio- .
late) leaves. Stipules free or decurrent, sometimes small or none. Flowers
yellow blue or purplish, usually in terminal or leaf-opposed racemes.
Calyx-lobes distinct, or calyx more or less bilabiate. Standard orbicular
or ovate, usually callous at base, shortly clawed ; wings obovate or oblong ;
keel-petals beaked. Stamens monadelphous in an open sheath ; anthers
unequal, alternately basifixed and versatile. Ovary 2-0o-ovulate ; style
bearded. Pod globose or oblong, turgid, 2-valved.

1. C. Burhia, Hamilton; Benth. in London Journal of Botany, ii. (1843)
474; Boissier Fl. Orient. ii, 26.—Vern. Sis, sissat, meini, pola, Trans-
Indus; Khep, khip, khippi, bita, bhata, but, Pb.; Lathia, kharsan,
kauriala, Harriana, Delhi.

An erect or procumbent shrub, with slender, close-set entangled branches,
flexible and rush-like when young, stiff and rigid when old. Leaves small
and scanty, oblong or linear, generally less than 4 in. long, more or less
pubescent. Flowers yellow with réd veins, on short pedicels, far apart
in long racemes, forming terminal rigid divaricate panicles. Legume
short, villous, 1-3-seeded, twice the length of calyx.

Common in the plains of Sindh and the Panjab, Peshawar valley, in dry
sandy places. Fl. Nov.-March. Ropes are made of it in the Panjab, and it is
browsed by cattle.

Crotalaria juncea, Linn.; Roxb. Cor. Pl. t. 193; Fl, Ind. iii. 259.—Sans,
Sana. Vern. Sann, sanni (Taag, Bombay). The well-known Indian hemp ;
is cultivated throughout North-West India for its fibre. Several other large
herbaceous species of Crotalaria are common weeds in the forests.

14, ALHAGT, Desv.

Calyx campanulate, with 5 small acute teeth. Petals unguiculate, claws
nearly as long as calyx ; standard broad ; keel blunt. Stamens diadelph-
ous, anthers uniform. Ovary linear, sessile ; style filiform, incurved. Pod
linear, generally moniliform, contracted between seeds, rarely continuous.

1. A. Maurorum, Desv.; W. & A. Prodr. 232.— Syn. Hedysarum:
Alhagi, Willd. ; Roxb. Fl. Ind. iii. 344. The Camel-thorn. Vern. Jawdsa,
jewassi, jawa, jawan, jawant. (Kas, Sindh.)

A small, nearly glabrous shrub, extremities pubescent; armed with
numerous axillary, spreading spines, 4-1 in. long. Leaves simple, short-
petiolate, oblong, coriaceous. Flowers red, on short slender pedicels, 1-6
from the axillary spines. Pod about 1 in. long, straight or falcate.

Widely spread, from Greece and Egypt through Western Asia and Afghanis-
tan to the plains of North-Western India; extending east as far as Monghir
on the Ganges, and south to the Southern Mahratta country. Also in Guzerat

and the Konkan. Generally found in dry barren places. Fl, March, April. ;
fr. ripens August.
Alhagi.] XXXI. LEGUMINOS. 145

Camels delight in it as fodder. In Guzerat, Sindh, and the Southern Panjab,
screens (tatties) employed during the hot winds are made of it. Near Kandahar
and Herat manna is found and collected on the bushes at flowering time, after
the spring rains.

15. DESMODIUM, Desv.

Shrubs or herbs, with trifoliolate or unifoliolate stipellate leaves. Calyx
campanulate or turbinate. Corolla exserted ; standard broad ; wings more
or less adhering to the keel ; upper stamen entirely or partially free ; style
incurved ; stigma minute, capitate. Pod usually articulate, the articula-
tions flat, 1-seeded, rarely splitting open at the upper suture.

Leaves 3-foliolate ; bracts subulate . * . Dz tiliefoliwmn.

Leaves 3-foliolate ; bracts orbicular, foliaceous , . D. pulchellum.
Leaves 1-foliolate, ovate, softly tomentose . 6 . Dz latifolium.

1. D. tiliefolium, Don.—Syn. D. nutans, Bot. Mag. t. 2867; D.
> argenteum, Wall. Vern. Sambar, sammar, shamru, shambar, chamra,
> chamyar, chamkat, chamkil, martan, matia, marara, gur hats, gurshagal,
' pri, muss, chiti must, kali must, murt, laber.

A large, somewhat diffuse shrub, with trifoliolate leaves, Branchlets,
inflorescence, pods, and leaves greyish tomentose or canescent. Leaflets
broad-ovate or obovate from cuneate or rounded base, often mucronate,
with 4-6 pair of prominent lateral nerves, green and glabrescent above,
clothed beneath with a matted tomentum of whitish silky hairs, terminal
leaflet largest, 2-5 in. long. Flowers red, on slender pedicels, longer than
calyx, fasciculate, in spreading terminal panicles, with long drooping
branches; bracts subulate, bractlets setaceous, at the base of calyx. Pods
2-3 in. long, $ in. broad; joints 6-10, somewhat longer than broad,

Common outer Himalaya from the Indus to Nepal, 3000-9000 ft. Fil. June-
Sept. Bark fibrous, ropes are made of it which are strong but not durable. In
Kullu and Kunawar, paper and pasteboard for the Buddhist monasteries in
Tibet is made of the bark (H. Cleghorn). The branches are browsed by cattle.

2. D. pulchellum, Benth.—Syn. Hedysarum pulchellum, Linn. ; Roxb.
Fl. Ind. iii. 361; Dicerma pulchellum, DC.; W. & A. Prodr. 230;
Wight Ie. t. 418,

An erect pubescent shrub, Leaves trifoliolate, leaflets ovate, obtuse,
the terminal 4-5 in, long, more than twice the size of the lateral ones.
Stipules subulate, with long bristly points. Flowers in terminal and
axillary spiciform racemes, the flowers in the axils of 2-foliolate bracts,
the common petiole terminating in a long bristle, the two lateral leaflets
orbicular, enclosing the flower. Pod generally with 2 joints.

South India, Bengal, Burma, Oudh, and Gorakhpur, particularly in the Sal
forests. Fl. B.S.

3. D. latifolium, DC.; W. & A. Prodr. 223; Wight Ic. 270.—Syn.
Hedysarum latifolium, Roxb. Fl. Ind. iii. 350.

A shrub with a short woody stem and spreading branches. Leaves uni-
K
146 XXXI. LEGUMINOS. [ Desmodium,

foliolate, broad-ovate, 4-5 in. long, with an obtuse or cordate base, rough
above, soft-tomentose beneath. Stipules semicordate, cuspidate. Flowers
bright purple, in axillary and terminal racemes. Pods 4-5 jointed, hairy
with stiff hooked hairs,

Bengal, Ceylon, Burma. Oudh forests. Kamaon. FI. C.S. hae

This genus comprises numerous other shrubs and undershrubs within the
range of this Flora, of which the following are the more common kinds :—Simple
leaves have: 1. D. triquetrum, DO. ; W. & A. Prodr. 224 (Hedys. trig., Roxb.
iii. 347) ; with broadly winged petioles. 2. D. gangeticwm, DC.; Wight Ic. 271
(Hedys. ganget., Roxb. iii, 349) ; with ovate, acute leaves, Trifoliolate leaves
have: 3. D. floribundum, G. Don.—Syn. D. multiflorum, DC. D. dubsum,
Bot. Reg. t. 967; Bot. Mag. t. 2960, 4. D. oxyphyllum, DC., leaves and_pods
nearly glabrous ; pods reticulate. 5. D. concinnum, DC. (D. pendulum, Wall.
Pl. As. rar. t. 94), leaflets oblong, with marked lateral nerves, ascends to 7000 ft.
in the North-West Himalaya. 6. D. gyrans, DC.; Wight Ic. t, 294 (Hed. gyrans,
Roxb. iii. 351) ; lateral leaflets small, very sensitive, showing a rotatory motion
during the day.

16. OUGHINIA, Benth.

Tree with trifoliolate leaves, and large stipellate leaflets, the 2 lateral
opposite. Stipules free, deciduous. Flowers white or pale rose-coloured,
on slender pedicels, 2 or 3 from one point, in short fasciculate racemes on
the old wood. Bracts small, scaly ; small persistent bractlets under the
calyx. Calyx indistinctly 2-lipped, upper lip emarginate or bidentate.
Standard nearly orbicular, short-clawed. Wings conform to and equal to
the keel, slightly adhering to it. Stamens connate to beyond the middle,
one quite free ; anthers equal, Ovary sessile, with numerous ovules ; style
incurved, subulate; stigma capitate, terminal. Pod linear-oblong, flat,
veined,- contracted between the seeds, scarcely dehiscent. Seeds 2-5,
flat. ~

1, 0. dalbergioides, Benth.—TAB. XXIII.—Bedd. Fl. Sylv. t. 36.—
Syn. Dalbergia Oojeinensis, Roxb. Fl. Ind. iii, 220; Wight Ic. t. 391.
Sans. Tinisa. Vern. Sannan, sandan, chandan, Pb., N.W.P.; Shanjan,
panan, Oudh; Tinsa, tinnas, tiwas, tewas, dhewas, C.P.; Ser-mayra,
Gondi; Tunnia, Banswara ; Telus, Khandeish Dangs.

Pubescent, terminal leaflet broad-oval, 2-6 in. long, lateral oblique-oval,
13-3 in. long ; edge undulate, shallow-crenate, 4-8 prominent main nerves
on either side of midrib.

A common tree in Central and Northern India, as far as the Godavery on the
east side and Canara on the west side of the Peninsula, In the outer Himalayan
forests from the Great Gandak river to the Sutlej, ascending in the valleys to
4000, and in places to 5000 ft. The Jhelam appears to be its north-western
limit, but it is scarce between that river and the Sutlej. Its southern and eastern
limits require further cauny It is found in the Oudh, Gorakhpur, Godavery,
and Canara forests, The old leaves are shed in Jan. and Feb., the new foliage
comes out in April, May. The flowers appear before the leaves are fully out,
from March-May.

A middle-sized tree, 20-40 ft. high, with a short, crooked, and often gnarled
trunk, 3-5 ft., occasionally 7-8 ft. girth. Bark cinereous or dark brown, with ..
long perpendicular and short cross-fissures, brittle corky scales peeling off.
Ougeinia.] XXXI. LEGUMINOSA. 147

Sapwood small, heartwood varies from light-greenish brown, with yellow’ tinge
to dark-red brown. It is dlose-gminede ha, the cub. ft. swalgs 57-60 i
Strong, tough, and durable ; takes a beautiful polish, Much valued for agricul-
re implements, wheels, naves, furniture, also for building. Combs are carved

An astringent red gum exudes from incisions in the bark. The bark is
pounded and largely used to intoxicate fish. Twigs much lopped as cattle-
fodder. In places difficult of access, tall and well-grown specimens are occa-
sionally met with, but most older trees have been mutilated by lopping and
stripping off the bark.

To the tribe of Hedysarew belongs schynomene aspera, Linn. ; Wight Ic. t.
299.—Syn. Hedysarum lagenarium, Roxb. Fl. Ind. iii. 365, Vern. Sola, Phal-
Sola. A large perennial water-plant, with thick stems mainly composed of light
white pith, which is made into toys, floats, and Solah hats, invaluable as a pro-
tection against the sun. Abundant in tanks and marshes in Bengal.

Brya Hbenus, DC., Bot. Mag. t. 4670, the green or West Indian Ebony, a
small tree with orange-coloured flowers, and dark green, nearly black heartwood,
of Jamaica and Cuba, also belongs to this tribe. .

17. DALBERGTA, Linn. fil.

Trees or climbers, with alternate, imparipinnate leaves, without stipels ;
leaflets alternate. Flowers small, white, lilac or purple, in dichotomous
or irregularly branched panicles; bracts and bractlets small. Calyx
5-dentate, the lowest anterior tooth generally longer. Standard ovate or
orbicular ; wings oblong, as long as standard ; keel obtuse, shorter than
standard, its petals connate at the top. Stamens either diadelphous, the
10th stamen free, or monadelphous, with 9 or 10 stamens, or equally dia-
delphous, with 2 bundles of 5 stamens each, and the vagina slit below as
_ well as above; anthers small, erect, didymous, the cells back to back,
attached to the end of the filament, opening by diverging or divaricate
slits, or with a short slit at the top. Ovary stipitate, with few ovules ;
style short, incurved, with a small terminal stigma. Legume like a
samara, oblong or linear, flat, thin, indehiscent, with 1 or a few seeds.
Seeds reniform, flat.

Trees or erect shrubs ; stamens 9 or 10, monadelphous.

Shrubs or small trees ; panicles regularly dichotomous . . 1. D. rimosa.

Large trees; panicles not dichotomous. :
Leaflets obtuse or emarginate ; flowers pedicellate . 2 Dz latifolia.
Leaflets acuminate ; flowers sessile . i 5 ‘ . 8. D. Sissoo.

Trees ; stamens 10, equally diadelphous. /

Leaves with reticulate venation, without prominent lateral:
nerves; petals and stamens inserted in the middle of the
calyx-tube . . ‘i 7 ‘ . a .

Leaves with prominent parallel lateral nerves ; petals and
stamens inserted at the base of calyx-tube.

Leaflets 11-15; panicles lax; the 8 anterior calyx-teeth
acute, the 2 posterior obtuse ‘ i s ‘ =

Leaflets 13-19 ; panicles compact ; 4 calyx-teeth obtuse, the 7

5th longer and subacute . .- . . ‘ . 6. D. hircina,
Climbing shrubs ; stamens 10, equally diadelphous . ‘ . 7 D. volubilis.

Several valuable South American timber-trees belong to this genus. Of the
principal varieties of Rosewood exported from Rio Janeiro, the two finest are sup-

_

. D. paniculata.

5. D. lanceolaria.
148 XXXI. LEGUMINOSS. [Dalbergia.

plied by species of Dalbergia, chiefly by D. nigra, classed in the same section
as the Indian Sissoo and Blackwood (Bentham, Synopsis of Dalbergies, Linn.
Soc. Jour. iv., Suppl. 5).

1. D. rimosa, Roxb. Fl. Ind. iii. 233 ; Wight Ic. t. 262.

A large shrub or small tree, glabrous. Leaflets 5-9, oval, 2-3 in. long,
acute at both ends, with numerous, prominent, parallel nerves. Panicles
terminal and axillary, lax, regularly dichotomous; flowers on short pedicels,
small, less than 3 in. long. Calyx supported by 2 obtuse bractlets, cam-
panulate, all teeth obtuse, shorter than the tube. Claws of petals very short.
Stamens 10, monadelphous. Ovary short-stipitate, ovules 1-2. Legume
2-3 in. long, 1 in. broad or less, 1-seeded.

Sikkim Terai, Assam, Kasia hills, and Silhet. Also in the Siwalik tract and
outer Himalaya west to the Jumma, ascending to 4000 ft., J. L. 8. Fl. March,
April; seed ripens Nov., Dec.

2. D. latifolia, Roxb. Cor. Pl. t. 113; Fl. Ind. iii, 221; W. & A.
Prodr. 264; Wight Ic. t. 1156; Bedd. Fl Sylv. t. 24. The Blackwood
or Rosewood tree of Southern India.—Vern. Sitsal, Oudh ; Saksal, Sitsal,
Mirzapore distr. ; Shisham, Banswara; sirras, sirsa, sissa, sissu, Mandl,
and Chindwara distr. of C.P.; Biti, Can?” awh qites 4A MGT?

A large glabrous tree, with dark-purple heartwood. Leaflets 3-7, generally
5, alternate, broad-obovate or orbicular, obtuse or emarginate. Flowers
greenish or yellowish white, on slender pedicels as long or nearly as long
as the calyx-tube, in axillary, branched, and divaricating panicles. Calyx-
segments oblong or ovate, obtuse. Stamens 9, all united in a sheath,
open on the upper side. Ovary glabrous, with 5 ovules; style slender,
nearly as long as ovary; legume oblong-linear or oblong-lanceolate, 1-4-
seeded.

Dry forests of South and Central India, frequently associated with Teak and
Bamboo in South India, also in the evergreen forests (Bedd.), extending north to
the Satpura range, Bandelkhand, and the Malwa plateau (Bassi in Meywar).
Also in the Andamans, in lower Bengal, Behar, in Sikkim at the foot of the
Himalaya, and (scarce and small) in the Baraitch and Gonda forests of Owdh,
along the base of the hills, Old leaves are shed Feb., March, new leaves appear
in April. The flowers appear with the young foliage, or before the old leaves
fall; the pods ripen from Sot._Feb.

In South India and the Godavery forests (Ahiri), a large tree 60-80 ft. high,
with an erect, but not generally straight or regular trunk to 20 ft. girth. In
North India a moderate-sized or small tree. Numerous thick branches, spread-
ing into a large shady crown. Branchlets grey, bark of trunk 4-1 in. thick,
cinereous, less rough than the bark of Sissoo. Foliage fine glossy dark green.
Coppices well, and propagates itself readily by self-sown seed. Lasily raised
from seed, but of slow growth, especially while young ; 5-9 rings per in. of radius.

Sapwood large, whitish ; heartwood with an irregular outline, from deep nut-
brown to blackish purple, with white or purplish veins and streaks of lighter
colour, and small whitish specks ; fine-grained, strong, and heavy. The aver-
age weight of seasoned Blackwood fluctuates between 50 and 54.68 Ib. ; the lower
figure is that given by Skinner, and the higher is the result of Baker’s experi-
ments made with Malabar wood. In the Central Provinces list, however, the
weight is given at 66 lb. The average value of P. ranges between 722 and
Dalbergia. | XXXL LEGUMINOSA. 149

1104, and ‘may be taken at 950. Old trees are often hollow, and have ring-
shakes. When fresh-sawn, the wood has an agreeable smell. Much valued
for furniture. Combs and a great variety of ornaments are carved of it. Largely
used for yokes, cart-wheels, ploughs and other agricultural implements, knee-
timbers of boats, and for construction, also for spokes and fellies of gun-carriage
wheels. In Oudh the tree is pollarded for cattle-fodder.

3. D. Sissoo, Roxb.-Tab, XXIV.—Fl. Ind. iii, 223; W. & A.
Prodr, 264; Bedd. Fl. Sylv. t. 25. The Stssoo tree.—Sans. Siusapa.
Vern. Shisham, sissu, throughout North India; Shewa, Pushtu; Tali,
sufedar, shin, shia, nelkar, Pb. ; Sissat, Oudh.

A large tree with brown heartwood. Young parts pubescent or tomen-
tose. Leaflets 3-5, alternate, broad-ovate, acuminate, glabrous when old.
Flowers yellowish white, nearly sessile; in unilateral spikes, which are
arranged in short axillary panicles; ramifications of inflorescence and
ealyx pilose. Stamens 9, all united into a sheath, open on the upper
side. Ovary on a long stalk, pubescent; style very short, much shorter
ee ovary; stigma large ; legume linear-lanceolate, generally 2-3-

, seeded,

The Sissoo tree is indigenous in the sub-Himalayan tract, and in the outer
Himalayan valleys, from the Indus to Assam, ascending to 3000, and at times
to 5000 ft. Generally gregarious, mostly on sand or gravel along the banks of
rivers or on islands, extending 50-100 miles into the plains: Believed to be indi-
genous also in Guzerat, Beluchistan,and Central India. I have never seen it really
wild outside the sub-Himalayan belt. Cultivated and often self-sown through-
out India; thrives best on light soil, and requires a considerable amount of
moisture. The old leaves turn reddish brown, and begin to fall in December,
but continue to be shed up to February, when the young foliage comes out,
continuing until April. The full-grown foliage is of a fine clear green colour.
Young trees are occasionally leafless for a few weeks ; old trees are hardly ever
without leaves. Fl. from March-June, at times with a second flush between
July and October; the seed ripens from November-February, and generally
remains long on the tree.

Under favourable circumstances a large tree, attaining 60 ft. and more, with an
erect but not straight or regular trunk 6-12 ft. in girth ; large branches sup-

orting a spreading crown. Young shoots downy, bifarious, drooping; branch-
ets cinereous or light brown ; bark of trunk 3-1 in. thick, grey or pale brown ;
narrow strips exfoliating between more recent obliquely longitudinal shallow
fissures, and distant, older deep cracks, which tail off into each other.

Sapwood small, light-coloured ; heartwood close-grained, brown, mottled
with darker veins, in old trees sometimes very dark, nearly black. Medullary
rays very fine. Pores large, scanty, uniformly distributed, often joined by narrow
concentric bands of whitish tissue. A cub. ft. of seasoned heartwood weighs
between 45 and 501b. Skinner gives it at 50, but this is too high as an average.
The results of Baker’s numerous experiments range between 42.68 and 46.25 ;
the average of my experiments of 1864 was47.83, and of 1865, 45.88. Instances
are, however, recordell of a greater weight (55.5 1b., average of 3 experiments by
Major Russell, Calcutta, 1862). Unseasoned wood weighs 64-701b, The trans-
verse strength of Sissoo is probably somewhat less than of Blackwood, but con-
siderably greater than of Teak, and even greater than of Sal. Skinner gives the
value of P. at 870; the average of 33 experiments made by me in 1864 was 739,
and 51 experiments made in 1865 gave 865. Considering these, and the results
150 XXXI LEGUMINOS. [ Dalbergia.

of the numerous recorded experiments by Baker, Cunningham, and others, and
excluding extremes, the mean value of P. will be found to range between 700
and 900. Sissoo is very elastic, it seasons well, does not warp or split, and
takes a fine polish. It is durable in the Panjab and North-West India, less so
in Bengal. Boats made of Sissoo on the Chenab will last 20 years. he

Sissoo wood is esteemed highly for all purposes where strength and elasticity
are required. It is used extensively in boat-building, for carts and carriages,
agricultural implements, camel-saddle-frames, doors and window-frames, and in
construction generally. It is an excellent and beautiful furniture-wood, At
present the use of Sissoo wood is only limited by the insufficient eapely Until
about 1820, considerable supplies of large Sissoo logs were regularly imported
into Calcutta from the forests of the sub-Himalayan tracts of Nepal and adjoining
districts. In those days Sissoo was the principal wood used for the construction
of gun-carriages in Bengal; and it was only between 1820 and 1830 that Sissoo
of large dimensions became scarce, and that Sal timber began to be used exten-
sively for this purpose, being more plentiful than Sissoo, though heavier, and
not easily seasoned. The twigs and leaves are often lopped for cattle-fodder;
camels prefer Sissoo to Kikar. The raspings of the wood are used in native
medicine.

The Sissoo is easily raised from seed, grows rapidly with along tap-root. The
night frosts in the Panjab turn the leaves black, but do not kill the plants. The
roots are bitter, and are not touched by white ants or rats. The Sissoo tree con-
tinues to grow rapidly until it attains maturity. In the Panjab it attains, under
fair conditions, on an average 24 ft. girth in 12, and 44 ft. in 30 years. It cop-
re well, and in the Southern Panjab and Sindh it has always been raised
rom slips, often cuttings of thick branches. The slips are cut 1 ft. long, and are
put in about the end of Feb., sometimes in March.

In the large plantations made since 1865 in the Panjab plains, the Sissoo is at
eS the most importanttree. Its requirements and treatment are beginning to

e well understood, and several thousand acres are now stocked with it. Here, as
well as in its natural habitat, the Sissoo shows a decided preference for a light sandy
soil. The tree is healthiest in the low Sailaba lands, which stretch along the
main rivers, and are kept moist by percolation. On the bar or high ground be-
tween the rivers it thrives with the aid of canal irrigation when the soil is a
sandy loam. On stiff binding soils the roots are small and the trees often un-
healthy. On saline soils, and when there is a substratum of kankar, the Sissoo
will not thrive. Regarding the eventual yield of these Sissoo plantations, and the
production per acre, no definite estimate can yet be based upon the fragmentary
data available. But so much is certain, that these plantations will yield large
supplies of fuel and a proportion of timber, though it may appear doubtful
whether so near its north-western limit the tree will attain dimensions at all
approaching to those of the Sissoo in the more moist and forcing climate of the

epal and Sikkim Terai, or in Bengal.

4. D. paniculata, Roxb. Cor. Pl t. 114; Fl. Ind. iii, 227; W. & A.
Prodr. 265.—Vern. Katsirsa, Oudh ; Dobein, dhobin, passi, C.P. ; Padri,
Dharwar.

A large or moderate-sized tree, the wood in broad concentric masses,
alternating with narrow layers of fibrous tissue. Young branchlets, peti-
oles, and inflorescence hairy. Leaves turn black in drying; leaflets 9-13,
generally 1 in. long, obovate, oblong or oval, glabrous, hairy beneath along
midrib ; venation reticulate; no prominent lateral nerves. Panicles ter-
Dalbergia. | XXXI, LEGUMINOSZ. 151

minal and axillary ; flowers bluish white, nearly sessile, crowded on short
unilateral racemes ; bracts oblong, villose, early deciduous. Calyx cam-
panulate, densely hairy outside, glabrous inside, all teeth acute. Claws of
petals as Jong as calyx-tube. Standard from cordate base oblong, broader
above, with straight sides, not thickened above the claw. Stamens 10,
equally diadelphous ; inserted with petals in the middle of calyx-tube.
Ovary glabrous, ovules 2-3. Legume 14-24 in. long, 3-2 in. broad, 1-2-
seeded, narrowed at base and at top. :

South and Central India. Gonda forests in Oudh. Siwalik tract west to the
Jumna, ascending to 2500 ft. Leaves are shed Feb., March ; the new foliage
comes out in April and May, with the flowers.

__A moderate-sized or large tree (60 ft. high in the Satpuras), Trunk erect,
irregularly scooped out, fluted and compressed, attaining 5-6 ft. girth. Bark
smooth, greenish white or cinereous. Wood greyish white, no heartwood.
Structure most remarkable, entirely different from that of other Dalbergias.
Broad concentric masses of wood alternate with narrow soft layers of- a
fibrous substance, so that planks cut of old trees often fall to pieces. The
seasoned wood weighs 48, and the unseasoned wood 54 lb. per cub. ft. (R. Th:)
Eventually this remarkable species may have to be placed in a distinct genus.

5. D. lanceolaria, L.—Syn. D. frondosa, Roxb. Fl. Ind. iii. 226 ;
Wight Ic. t.. 266; W. & A. Prodr. 266.—Vern. Takoli, bithia, N.W.P. ;
Barbat, parbati, Banswarra; Gengri, Panch Mehals; Harrani, Dharwar:

A tree, glabrous, inflorescence covered with ferruginous pubescence.
Leaflets 11-15, oval or oblong, obtuse, 1-2 in. long; lateral nerves
numerous, parallel, joined by reticulate veins. Panicles large, lax, ter-
minal and axillary ; flowers 4-4 in. long, on short slender pedicels, in short
unilateral racemes. Calyx broad-campanulate or turbinate, hairy outside,
glabrous inside, the 2 upper teeth obtuse, the 3 lower teeth acute. Stan-
dard obovate, thickened above theclaw. Stamens 10, equally diadelphous.
Ovary long stipitate, generally hairy at the base, with 3 ovules. Legume
1}-4 in. long, 2-3 in. broad, 1-3-seeded.

South India on the west side, as far as Banswara on the Mhye river, on the
east side to Behar. Also in the Siwalik and outer Himalayan tract, extending
west to the Jumna river, ascending to 2500 ft. Leafless for a short time, young
foliage in March ; fi. H.8. ; seed Sept., Oct. :

A middle-sized tree, attaining 30-40 ft., with a straight trunk 4-5 ft. girth.
Bark thin, light or brownish grey. Wood white, without the peculiar concentric
layers of D. paniculata. Small patches of black heartwood in the centre.

6. D. hircina, Ham.; Benth. Journ. Linn. Soc. iv. Suppl. 46.—Vern.
Sarao, bandir, tantia, gogera, N.W.P.

A small tree. Branchlets, petioles, and inflorescence clothed with
dense ferruginous tomentum. Leaves 6-10 in. long. Leaflets 13-19,
oval or oblong, obtuse, with adpressed hairs on both sides 3 lateral nerves
numerous, parallel, joined by reticulate veins. Panicles short, axillary,
compact. Flowers small, } in. long, on slender pedicels, as long as calyx.
Calyx campanulate, densely hairy outside, glabrous inside, 4 teeth ob-
tuse, the 5th longer and subacute. Standard. ovate, gradually narrowed
152 XXXI LEGUMINOSA, [ Dalbergia.

into a claw, and thickened above it. Stamens 10, equally diadelphous,
inserted with petals at the base of calyx-tube. Ovary stipitate, hairy.
Legume straight, linear, 14-2 in. long, } in. broad, 1-4-seeded.

Siwalik tract and outer Himalaya, at 2500-5500 ft., from the Jumna to Nepal,
Fl, Apr., May ; the seed ripens in July,

7. D. volubilis, Roxb. Cor. Pl. t. 191; Fl. Ind. iii, 231; W. & A.
Prodr. 265. Vern. Bhatia, Kamaon; Bankharra, Oudh.

A large climber, glabrous, only petioles and ramifications of inflores-
cence pubescent. Leaves 4-6 in. long; leaflets 11-13, nearly opposite,
oblong, generally broader at the top, obtuse, retuse, often mucronate,
glabrous, with reticulate veins, no prominent lateral nerves. Inflorescence
large, terminal, and axillary, drooping, composed of numerous compact,
pedunculate, dichotomous panicles, which consist of short unilateral
racemes, bracts oblong, deciduous after flowering. Flowers pale blue, % in.
long ; calyx short-pedicellate, tubular-campanulate, villous, the 2 upper
teeth acute, the 3 lower obtuse. Claws of petals shorter than calyx-
tube. Standard broad. Stamens 10, equally diadelphous. “Ovary long-
stipitate, with 2 ovules. :

Sub-Himalayan tract. Kamaon to Sikkim, Oudh forests, Behar, the Central

Provinces, Bandelkhand, and the Coromandel coast. Common in the Sal forests
of Oudh, FI. Febr., March ; seed May. A large climber with very tough wood.

18. PTEROCARPUS, L.

Trees with alternate, imparipinnate leaves; leaflets alternate, without
stipels. Flowers large, yellow, in simple racemes or lax panicles.
‘Calyx campanulate, with an acute base, generally curved, 5-dentate.
Petals on long claws, those of the keel free, or slightly connate at the
top. Stamens 10, monadelphous, the tube slit above, more or less
divided into 2 bundles of 5 each, the 10th stamen frequently free ;
anthers versatile, cells parallel, opening longitudinally. Ovary with 2-6
ovules. Pod flat, orbicular or ovate, generally somewhat oblique, the
seed-part in the middle. Seeds 1-3, separated by hard dissepiments. 4

1. P. Marsupium, Roxb. Cor. Pl. t. 116; Fl. Ind, iii. 234; W. & A.
Prodr. 266; Bedd. FI. Sylv. t. 21. Often called Bastard Teak.—Vern.
Bia, bya sal, byasar, bijhua, bia, bibla (Honay, Canar.)

A large deciduous tree, with full foliage and dark-green shining leaves.
Leaflets 5-7, coriaceous, elliptic, obtuse, emarginate or acuminate, with
scattered adpressed hairs on bath sides when young; glabrous, shining
when full-grown ; lateral nerves numerous, arcuate, joined by prominent
reticulate veins. Flowers 4 in. long, on short pedicels, in short lateral
and terminal paniculate racemes. Calyx, peduncles, and pedicels with
scattered adpressed hairs. Stamens and petals inserted above the base of
calyx. Claws shorter than petals, lamina of all petals broad, waved or
curled. Stamens monadelphous, the tube divided deeply into 2 bundles.
Ovary hairy. Pod angular, nearly orbicular, 14-2 in diam. ; style lateral.

Common formerly in South and Central India, though now in many places
Pterocarpus.] XXXI LEGUMINOSA. 153

rare or nearly extirpated. On the west side found in the Santolah forests of
Meywar, S.W. of Neemuch ; on the east side as far as the Rajmahal and Mirzapur
hills, near the Ganges ; also in the extreme S.E. corner of Kamaon, ascending to
3000 ft. ; not reported from the Oudh forests. Fl. May, June; the seed ripens
Dec.-March.
_ Attains a considerable size, with an erect, but not very straight trunk 6-8 ft.
girth, Yields beams 20 ft. long, and 20 in. square. In Central India large trees
are now rare, save in the less accessible parts of the forests. (Maikal range and
Delakhari Sal forests.) Bark eh. thick, cinereous or dusky grey, rugose, with
the outer softer corky layers flaking off. Inner bark reddish brown, fibrous.
Sapwood large, whitish. Heartwood reddish brown or nut brown, close-grained,
tough, and strong. In the green state the cub. ft. weighs 65-70 lb., seasoned
between 51 and 561b. Skinner gives the value of P. at 868. The results of
Puckle’s experiments in Mysore range between 693 and 950. Seasons well,
takes a fine polish, and is durable.. The heartwood is full of gum-resin, and
stains yellow when damp. Makes beautiful furniture, and is much used for
doors and window-frames, posts and beams. Highly valued for cart and boat-
building, for cotton gins and agricultural implements. In the peninsula it is
considered, next to Teak and Blackwood, the most valuable tree, and the timber
often fetches the same price as Teak. From wounds in the bark flows copiously
a red gum-resin, true Kino, coll. in S.1., and exported. It is sold in little
angular pieces, brittle, black and shining; melts in the mouth with a strong,
simply astringent taste, like the kino of Butea frondosa, which it much
resembles.

To the same genus belong: 2. P. santalinus, L. fil., the red Sanders wood of
the North Arcot, Cuddapah, and Kurnool forests. Also found by Beddome in
the Godavery forests, but not known further north, with 3 leaflets and smaller
flowers ; claws as long as the lamina of petals. 3. P. indicus, Willd., with 7-9
acuminate leaflets, the Padouk of Burma. The rosewood or lancewood of
western tropical Africa is the produce of P. erinaceus, Poir. ; Guill. et Perr, Fl.
Seneg. t. 54,

19. PONGAMIA, Vent.

Trees with imparipinnate leaves, the leaflets opposite, without stipels.
Calyx cup-shaped, truncate, or with 5 indistinct teeth. Standard broad-
ovate, thickened at the base, with callous inflexed auricles at the top of
the claw ; keel obtuse, its petals cohering at the back near the top. Sta.
mens 10, monadelphous, the tenth stamen free at the base, in the middle
connate with the rest into a closed tube ; anthers versatile. Ovary nearly
sessile, with 2 ovules ; style filiform, incurved, with a small terminal stigma.
Legume oblong, indehiscent, 1-seeded, shell thick, coriaceous, the sutures
obtuse, without wings. Seed reniform, thick, hilum small.

1. P. glabra, Vent.; W. & A. Prodr. 262; Wight Ic. t. 59; Bedd.
FL. Sylv. t. 177.Syn. Galedupa indica, Lam. ; Roxb. Fl. Ind. iii. 239.
—Sans. Karanjaka. Vern. Papar, papri, karanj, karanjh, kanji, kinj.
Local n. Sukchein, Pb.; Charr, Mairwara.

A moderate-sized tree, glabrous, almost evergreen, with bright-green shin-
ing leaves. Leaflets 2-3 pair, ovate or elliptic, short-acuminate, 3-5 in.
long, with 4-6 lateral arcuate nerves on either side of midrib. : Flowers
mixed blue, white, and purple ; petals dark-veined. Pod thick, hard,
semi-ovate, about 2 in. long, 1 in. broad, acute at both ends.
154 XXXI. LEGUMINOSA. [Pongamia.

Common near banks of streams and watercourses, and elsewhere in moist
localities; often associated with Terminalia Arjuna, in South and Central India,
Burma, and Bengal. Also at the foot of the Himalaya, and in the outer
valleys extending west to the Ravi (not common), and ascending to 2000 ft.
Outside India in Ceylon, Malacca, the Indian Archipelago, extending northward
to South China, and eastward to the Fiji Islands, Timor, and tropical Australia.
The leaves are shed in April, and are renewed soon afterwards. Fl. May, June ;
the pods ripen in April of the ensuing year. :

Attains 50-60 ft ; trunk short, not very regular, 5-8 ft. girth ; crown spread-
ing, shady. Bark smooth, striated, of a whitish or dusky cinereous colour, 1
in. thick. Inner bark yellowish, fibrous, with an unpleasant smell, Wood
yellowish, with darker veins, hard, and tough ; sap and heartwood not distinct.
Used for building, but not durable, readily eaten by insects. In South India
solid cart-wheels are made of it. The pods (bara karanj) and the leaves are
used in native medicine, and oil is expressed from the seeds, used for burning,
and medicinally (Pharm. Ind. 79).

20. DERRIS, Loureiro.

Climbing shrubs or trees, with alternate imparipinnate leaves ; leaflets
opposite, exstipellate. Flowers violet, purplish, or white, in simple or
paniculate racemes. Calyx truncate. Standard unappendaged ; wings
obliquely oblong, slightly cohering to the keel-petals. Vexillary stamen
united to the rest near the middle, rarely free; anthers versatile. Ovary
2-co -ovulate ; stigma terminal. Legume indehiscent, oblong or orbicular,
flat, membranous, or coriaceous, narrowly winged on the upper or both
sutures. Seeds solitary or several, compressed.

1. D. scandens, Benth. in Linn. Journ. iv. Suppl. 103.—Syn. Dal-
bergia scandens, Roxb. Cor. Pl. t. 192; Fl. Ind. iii, 232; W. & A.
Prodr. 264.

A large climbing shrub, with imparipinnate leaves. Leaflets 3-4 pair,
elliptic-lanceolate, 2-3 in. long, glabrous, dark green, subcoriaceous, com-
mon petiole pubescent. Flowers on filiform pedicels, light rose-coloured,
in long slender racemes. Pods flat, oblong, marginate, 2-3 in. long, 2-4-
seeded. :

Baraich and Gonda forests in Oudh, Bengal, South India, Ceylon, Burma,
Indian Archipelago, North Australia, and South China. Fl. R.S.; fr. O.S., H.S.
Attains 1 ft. in girth.

D. robusta, Benth. 1. c. 104—Syn. Dalbergia robusta, Roxb. ; Wight Ic. t.
244, D, Krowet, Roxb, Fl. Ind. iti. 229,—a tree, with narrow-linear pods 2-3
in. long, and 4 in. wide, of South India, Ceylon, Bengal, is found in Kamaon
(Madden), ascending to 5000 ft. (vern. Buro). ,

Szeconp Sus-Orper, CAESALPINIEZ.

Trees, shrubs, rarely herbs, with pinnate, abruptly bipinnate, bifoliolate,
rarely unifoliolate leaves; leaflets generally not stipellate. Flowers
bisexual, generally irregular. Calyx of 5 more or less connate sepals.
Petals 5, or fewer, imbricate in bud, the upper petal inside. Stamens 10,
or fewer, rarely numerous, free, or more or less connate. Seeds with or '
without albumen ; the embryo with a straight radicle. —
Mezoneurum. | XXXI. LEGUMINOSA. 155

Leaves bipinnate, common petiole long.
Pod flat, thin, membranous, indehiscent, with a broad

wing on the seminiferous suture 3 . 1. Mazonrurvm.
Pod thick or more or less turgid, not winged.
Calyx imbricate, of 5 unequal sepals . . 7 . 2. CRSALPINIA.
Calyx valvate, of 5 equal sepals . : : . ; Porncrana (p. 157),
Calyx valvate, of 4 sepals, the 2 upper connate . ; CoLvILLEA (p. 157).
Leaves bipinnate, common petiole short, spinescent, leaflets i
minute . * : 3 é 3. PARKINSONIA,
Leaves simple or bifoliolate.
Calyx gamosepalous ; seeds numerous. é 4. BavHINIa.
Calyx of 5 nearly distinct sepals ; pod 1-seeded 5. Harpwickia.
Leaves abruptly pinnate.
Calyx-tube turbinate, segments 4; petals 3 6. TAMARINDUS.
Calyx-tube very short, segments 5; petals 5 . 7. Cassia.
Calyx-tube long, funnel-shaped ; petals none 8. Saraca.

1, MEZONEURUM, Desfontaines.

Climbing shrubs with bipinnate leaves. Flowers in terminal or axillary,
solitary or panicled racemes. Calyx oblique, with 5 broadly-imbricate
segments, anterior segment larger, concave, outside in bud. Petals 5,
rather unequal, Stamens 10, free; anthers uniform. Ovary with 2 or
more ovules, stigma terminal, truncate, or dilated. Legume indehiscent,
or nearly so, compressed, central suture longitudinally winged. Seeds
compressed, exalbuminous.

1. M. cucullatum, W. & A. Prodr. 283.—Syn. Cesalpinia cucullata,
Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 358. Vern. Biskoprah, Oudh; Ragi, Bombay.

A powerful climber, branches and petioles armed with strong hooked
prickles. Pinnz 3-7 pair; leaflets 4-5 pair, coriaceous, shining, ovate,
acuminate, 2-4in. long. Flowers yellow in axillary and terminal panicles,
composed of a few rigid racemes. Pods flat, shining, unarmed, foliaceous,
3-4 in. long, 1 in. broad, with a broad membranous wing on the semini-
ferous suture. Seeds 1-2.

‘Bengal, Oudh forests, Konkan, Western Ghats, Indian Archipelago, FI.
Nov.-Feb. Fr. ripe March.

2, CASSALPINIA, Linn.

Trees or shrubs, often climbing, and armed with prickles. Leaves bi-
pinnate. Flowers white, yellow, or red, in simple or panicled racemes.
-Calyx-lobes 5, imbricate, the lower outside and often larger. Petals 5,
orbicular or obovate, nearly equal. Stamens 10, free ; anthers uniform,
dehiscing longitudinally. Ovary free, inserted at the base of the short
ealyx-tube ; ovules few. Pod compressed, coriaceous, indehiscent, or 2-
valved, Seeds in some species separated by cellular partitions, generally
exalbuminous, with a short straight radicle.

Pods covered with closely-set prickles ; a prickly climber . - 1. C. Bonducella,

Pods smooth, without prickles. : nee
A prickly climber ; pubescent ; flowers in lateral racemes . 2 C. sepiaria.
An erect, almost unarmed shrub; glabrous; flowers in ter-

minal corymbs . 3 : : 3. C. pulcherrima,
156 XXXI. LEGUMINOSZ. [Cesalpinia.

1. CG. Bonducella, Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 357.—Syn. Guilandina Bondu-
cella, Linn. The fever-nut. Vern. Katkaranj, kat karinga, karanjo, kar-
anja, karoyj. (Karbat, kachka, Sindh.)

A scandent shrub ; pubescent; branches, petioles, inflorescence armed,
sparsely or densely, with short, unequal, slightly recurved prickles. Leaves
ample, 1-1} ft. long, pinne 6-8 pair ; leaflets opposite, 6-10 pair, elliptical
with a rounded, somewhat unequal-sided base, apex mucronate. Stipules
large, cut into large segments. Racemes axillary, many-flowered, simple
or branched below, bracts linear-lanceolate, with a spreading or recurved
apex, projecting beyond the unopened flowers. Calyx rusty-tomentose,
with recurved lobes, the inférior lobe largest, hood-shaped. Petals yellow,
spreading, the upper sometimes spotted with red. Pods 2-valved, 2-3 in.
long, 14-12 in. broad, coriaceous, covered with sharp, straight, spreading
prickles. Seeds 1-2, globose or ovoid, smooth, shining, bluish grey or
lead-coloured, # in. long.

Widely spread throughout the tropics, indigenous or naturalised in South-
ern, Eastern, and a great part of North-Western India, ascends to 2500 ft. in
Kamaon. In the Panjab only cultivated, and occasionally run wild in hedges
and waste places. Common in the Salt line fence in Harriana. The large yel-
low flowers appear in the rains. Is an excellent hedge-plant. The seeds con-
tain a fixed oil, resin, and a bitter substance: they are tonic and antiperiodic
(Pharm. Ind. 68).

C. Bonduc, Roxb. (Guilandina B., Linn.), a nearly allied species in South
India and Burma, has nearly glabrous leaves, no stipules, and erect bracts. In
W. & A. Prodr, 280, the two are united, under the name of G. Bonduc.

2. C. sepiaria, Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 360; W. & A. Prodr. 282; Wight
Ie. t. 37. Mysore thorn.—Vern. Urn, uri, uran, arlu, kando, relu, relmi,
Pb. ; Kingri, aira, karaunj, agla, karkari, kannena, Garhwal, Kamaon ;
Aila, Oudh ; Senseni, Chittor in Meywar; Chillar, Bombay.

A large, prickly climber. Pubescent ; branches, petioles, and peduncles
armed with short, strong, recurved prickles. Leaves ample, 10-18 in. long,
pinne 6-10 pair; leaflets opposite, 8-12 pair, oblong, obtuse, on short
petioles ; stipules semisagittate, deciduous. Flowers yellow, in simple axil-
lary racemes, pedicels longer than flowers, jointed at the top, bracts lan-
ceolate, clothed, as well as pedicels and calyx, with ferruginous tomen-
tum. Lobes of calyx oblong, broader above, a little shorter than the petals,
the inferior lobe hood-shaped, larger than the others. Stamens some-
what longer than petals, villous below. Pod glabrous, oblong, obliquely
cuspidate, 2-3 in. long, 1 in. broad. Seeds 4-8, ovoid, mottled, brown and
black, less than } in. long.

Tndigenous and naturalised throughout India and Burma. Outer hills of the
Himalaya, extending to the Indus, ascending in places to 6000 ft. Said by
Roxburgh to have been introduced into Bengal from Mysore by General Martin.
Fl. Feb.-May ; Aug. (Hazara.) Makes an almost impenetrable fence: Hyder
a oe round fortified places.

early allied is the Sappan-wood, C. Sappan, Linn. ; Roxb. Cor. Pl. t. 16;
Fl. Ind. ii. 357. Vern. Daan, Bakam, a laige prickly tree in South India,
Cesalpinia. | XXXI. LEGUMINOSA. 157

Burma, and Bengal, with yellow flowers in large terminal panicles, unequal-
sided leaflets, and thick, woody, smooth, shining, dark-brown pods, broader at
top, obliquely truncate and mucronate, The wood, which yields a valuable dye,
is largely exported from Calcutta, Madras, Ceylon, and Siam.

C. Nuga, Ait—Syn. C. paniculata, Roxb, 1. c. 364; Wight Ic. t. 36,
Bengal, Indian Archipelago,—is a prickly climber, with short rhomboid, cuspi-
date, 1-seeded pods.

3. C. pulchertima, Sw.—Syn. Poinciana pulcherrima, Linn. ; Roxb. -
FI. Ind. ii. 355; W. & A. Prodr. 282. Vern. Krishna-chira, Beng.

A large shrub. Glabrous, armed with a few scattered prickles. Pinnz
3-9 pair, leaflets 5-10 pair, obovate-oblong, obtuse or emarginate. Flowers
large, orange or bright yellow, on long pedicels, more than twice the
length of flowers,‘ supported by early caducous, subulate bracts, in ter-
minal pyramidal racemes. Calyx-tube turbinate, segments oblong, the
inferior segment larger, hood-shaped. Petals }-1 in. long, narrowed into a
claw, edge often lacerate. Style and stamens much longer than corolla;
filaments slightly hairy below, stigma minute. Legume linear-oblong, flat,
obliquely rounded at the top.

Cultivated in gardens in most parts of India. Said originally to have been
. brought from the Moluccas. In the West Indies it is either indigenous, or nat-
uralised at a very early date (Macf. Fl. Jam. 331).

C. coriaria, Willd., the Divi-divi or Libi-dibi, is a spreading. tree 20-30 ft.
high, indigenous in the West Indies and Central America, unarmed, glabrous,
‘with bipinnate leaves, pinnz unpaired, leaflets linear ; flowers white, scented,
in short compound racemes, and broad, oblong, glabrous, twisted pods. The
pods are rich in tannin. The tree has been introduced into Western and South
India, and its cultivation deserves to be extended, as it yields valuable material
for tanning.

Three splendid ornamental, soft-wooded trees, nearly related to Cesalpinia,
are largely cultivated in India. 1. Poinciana regia, Bojer, Bot. Mag. t. 2884,
a native of Madagascar, introduced into India within the last 60 years, and
commonly grown in gardens north-west as far as the Jumna, with 8-20 pair of
pinne, large bright-scarlet flowers, in terminal and axillary racemes ; petals 2-3
times longer than calyx-lobes, 2 in.tlong, almost orbicular, tapering into claws
1 in. long, the upper petal more cuneate, variegated and striated with red and
yellow ; stamens nearly as Une as petals. Pods 2 in. broad, 20-24 in. long.
2. P. elata, Linn., Bedd, FI. Sylv. t. 178, indigenous in forests of the western
and eastern coasts of the Peninsula, as far north as Guzerat, common near
towns and villages in Marwar (Madden), and cultivated largely in South
India, with yellowish flowers in lax corymbs, terminal or from the upper
axils, petals somewhat longer than calyx, 1 in. long, on short claws, with a
rounded lamina, much curled on the margin, stamens much exceeding petals,
2-4 in. long. 3. Colvillea racemosa, Bojer, Bot. Mag. t. 3325, 3326, with large
leaves, pinne 20-30 pairs, bright-scarlet flowers in erect, compact, cylindri-
cal racemes, 18 in. long, terminal and from the upper axils, petals as long as
calyx, unequal, the upper and inside petal orbicular, convolute, the 2 lateral
petals longer, cuneate, the 2 upper longest, faleate. This tree was discovered
on the western coast of Madagascar by Professor Bojer in 1824, brought by him
to the Mauritius, and introduced into India about 1840. Generically, these 2
genera differ from Cesalpinia by a valvate calyx, consisting in Poinciana of
5 equal segments, while Colvillea has 4, of which the 2 uppermost are connate

nearly tothe top.
158 XXXI. LEGUMINOSA. [Parkinsonia.

3. PARKINSONIA, Linn.

Spiny shrubs, or small trees, with bipinnate leaves; primary peti-
oles short, secondary elongated, abruptly pinnate, with minute leaflets.
Flowers yellow, in lax axillary racemes. Calyx divided nearly to base
into 5 equal, membranous, slightly imbricate segments. Petals 5, equal,
spreading. Stamens 10, free; filaments pilose at base ; anthers uniform,
elliptical, Ovary 8-15-ovulate, style filiform, recurved in bud. Pod
linear, contracted between the seeds, seeds albuminous.

1. P. aculeata, Linn. ; W. & A. Prodr. 283.—Vern. Vilayate kikar, Pb.

Common (primary) petiole § in. long, ending in a stout sharp spine,
often with lateral stipulary spines. Pinnz 6-10 in. long, 2-4 on either
side, clustered, flat, coriaceous, with or without minute leaflets. Racemes
shorter than leaves, pods 3-6 in. long.

Indigenous in the West Indies and tropical America, cultivated in most
tropical countries, almost naturalised in India, where it is grown as a hedge-
plant. Has spread largely throughout the Panjab since annexation, and thrives
well in the more arid districts. Common in the Salt line fence in Harriana,
FIL. throughout the year. Branches lopped as fodder for goats. Wood whitish,
light and soft, but close-grained, polishes fairly.

To the same tribe as the preceding genera (Hucesalpiniec) belongs Hema-
toxylon campechianum, Linn., the logwood, a most valuable dyewood of Central
America and the West Indies ; also Acrocarpus fraxinifolius, Arnott, Bedd. Fl.
Sylv. t. 44, one of the largest timber-trees of the evergreen forests along the
Western Ghats.

4, BAUHINIA, Linn.

Trees, shrubs, or climbers, with simple or bifoliolate leaves, the leaflets
distinct, or more or less connate. Flowers white, pink, or purple, in
simple or paniculate racemes. Calyx gamosepalous, turbinate or tubular,
cleft into 5 segments, or split on the upper side, and spathaceous. Petals
5, spreading, slightly unequal. Stamens 10, all or only a portion perfect,
free or more or less connate ; anthers versatile, the cells dehiscing lon-
gitudinally. Ovary stipitate, stalk free or adnate to the tube, with 2 or
numerous ovules. Pod indehiscent or 2-valved, long, linear, or oblong.
Seeds numerous.

Stamens 10, all perfect; ovary-stalk free ; pod indehiscent (sub-
genus Pileostigma).

A tree ; calyx 5-cleft; legume marked with regular parallel

reticulate veins ‘ - < s . _ » 1. B. malabarica.

A tree ; calyx spathaceous ; legume irregularly reticulate . 2. B. racemosa.
Perfect stamens 3, 4, or 5; ovary-stalk adnate to calyx ; pod :

2-valved (sub-genus Phanera).

Trees; flowers large, in short racemes.

Perfect stamens 3; calyx 2-cleft to the base; leaflets con-

nate tothe middle . A 3 . e , . 38. B. purpurea.
Perfect stamens 5; calyx spathaceous ; leaflets: connate be-
yond the middle . z ‘ A ; A : . 4. B. variegata.
A tree; flowers small, in large panicles ; perfect stamens 3;
calyx 2-3 cleft to the base ; leaflets connate to the apex . 5, B. retusa,

A climber ; flowers middle-sized in large corymbs 6. B. Vahlii.
ae Bauhinia.| XXXI, LEGUMINOSZ. 159

Of the sub-genus Pauletia, with large flowers, a spathaceous calyx, the ovary-
talk free, 10 Perteet stamens, and a narrow linear pod, there are two species,
which will probably be found in the range of this Flora. 1. B. acuminata,
Linn. ; Roxb, Fl. Ind, ii. 324; W.& A. Prodr. 295. Vern. Kachnér. A large
erect shrub, with greyish-brown bark. Leaves 2-lobed nearly to the middle,
each lobe (leaflet) with 4 penniveined nerves ; lobes ovate, pointed. Flowers
white, 2 in. across ; calyx tapering into a long fine apex, divided into 5 hairy,
filiform teeth, Pod flat, 3-4 in. long, $ in. broad, upper suture thickened and
3-keeled. Bengal, South India, Burma. 2. B. tomentosa, Linn. ; Roxb. Fl. Ind.
ii. 322; W. & A. Prodr. 295. A shrub, with ash-coloured bark. Branchlets,
petioles, and under side of leaves with rust-coloured pubescence. Leaves 2-lobed
to the middle, lobes obtuse, 3-nerved. Stipules subulate, 4 in. long. Flowers
white or pale yellow, 4 in. across. Pods flat, tomentose, 4-5 in. long, $ in. broad.
South India, Indian Archipelago,

 

1. B. malabarica, Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 321; W. & A. Prodr. 294.—Vern.
Amlésa, Oudh ; Amli, N.W.P.; Boayyyin, Burm.

A tree, nearly glabrous ; inflorescence, calyx, petioles, and nerves on
the underside of leaves with rusty pubescence. Leaves cordate at base,
broader than long, leaflets united beyond the middle, each with 4-5
nerves. Racemes axillary, often 2 or 3 together, short, nearly sessile ;
bracts triangular, ciliate, deciduous. Flowers } in. long, pedicels slen-
der, longer than calyx, calyx funnel-shaped, teeth 5, equal, triangular.
Petals spathulate, equal. Stamens 10, all fertile, slightly monadelphous
at the base. Legume linear, 12 in. long, 2 in. broad, long-acuminate, on
a stalk 1 in. long or longer, marked with regular parallel, waved, and re-
ticulate veins, generally descending from the edges.to the middle of the
valves.

Sub-Himalayan forests from the Ganges to Assam, frequently associated with
Sal. Oudh Sal forests, but’not plentiful. Also in Behar, the Godavery forests,
Mysore, along the western coast, and in Burma. FI. Oct., Nov.; fruit April,
May. In Oudh attains 30 ft., and a girth of 4-5 ft. In Burma and Malabar it
is a large tree. Foliage dark green. Heartwood small, dark brown, weight
42 Ib. per cub. ft.in Burma. The leaves are acid, and are eaten.

2. B. racemosa, Lam.; W. & A. Prodr. 295; Bedd. Fl. Sylv. t. 182.
—Syn. B. parviflora, Vahl. ; Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 323. Vern. Kosindra,
taur, Pb.; Kachnal, girial, thaur, N.W.P.; Ashta, makkiuna, Oudh ;
Mahauli, Banda; Maula, ashto, dhorara, C.P. ; Dhondri mara, Gondi ;
Apalanben, Burm.

A small tree, pubescent, or rusty-tomentose. Leaves cordate at base,
broader than long ; leaflets united beyond the middle, with 4 nerves each,
Racemes terminal or opposite to leaves, lax, 3-6 in. long; flowers distant,
whitish yellow, } in. long; pedicels shorter than calyx. Bud curved,
unequal-sided. Bracts subulate, tomentose, deciduous. Calyx spatha-
ceous, at length reflexed, 5-toothed. Petals linear-lanceolate, stamens
10, all fertile and united at the base. Legume linear, thick, generally
curved, 4-12 in. long, 1 in. broad; valves marked with irregularly reticu-
late lines.
160 XXXI. LEGUMINOSA, ‘ [ Bauhinia.

Dry forests of South and Central India, Burma, Bengal, Oudh. Sub-Hima-
layan tract to the Ravi, ascending to 5000 ft. in Kamaon. Old leaves are shed in
Dec., or later ; the new foliage appears between March and June. FI, March-
June ; the pods ripen Nov.-March.

A small, crooked, bushy tree, 15-20 ft. high, branchlets drooping. Bark 1 in.
thick, rough, with exfoliating ee scales, dark:grey or brown. Inner
bark bright red, fibrous. Wood reddish brown, heart small, irregularly shaped,
of a darker colour. R. Thompson makes the weight of the seasoned wood (C.
Prov.) 56 lb. per cub. ft. Rope, strong and durable, is made from the inner
fibrous bark ; also slow-matches for matchlock-men.

3. B. purpurea, Linn. ; Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 320; W. & A. Prodr. 296.
—Sans. Kharvallika. Vern.* Kolar, karar, karalli, Pb.; Kollar, kaniar,
kandan, khairwal, N.W.P.; Kwillar, Oudh; Kodwari, Gonds, C.P.

A tree. Nearly glabrous; young branches, inflorescence, and calyx
covered with brown pubescence. Leaves coriaceous, cordate at base, as long
as broad ; leaflets united to the middle, or a little beyond, 4-5-nerved, the
inner edges often overlapping. Racemes paniculate. Flowers of a deep
rose-colour, pedicels in the axils of triangular bracts, with a pair of subu-
late bracteoles in the middle. Calyx cleft to the base of the limb into
2 reflexed segments, the one emarginate, the other 3-toothed, sometimes
cohering at the apex. Petals oblong-lanceolate, narrowed at the base, 1-2
in. long. Fertile stamens 3, occasionally 4, long, ascending. Ovary hairy,
stalk cohering on one side with calyx-tube. Legume 6-12 in. long, linear,
flat, pointed. B. triandra, Roxb., with white flowers, is probably a
variety of B. purpurea.

Wild in dry forests of most parts of India, as far west as the Indus, ascendin,
to 4000, and at times to 5000 ft.,also;in Burma. Often associated with Sa/ an
Bamboo (Dendrocalamus strictus), Cultivated throughout India. Particularly
fine in the Kotree Doon and the Patlee Doon, and their side valleys; also in
the Sal forests of the Meikla range, C. Prov. In North-West India fl. from
Sept.-Nov. Pods ripen Jan.-April,

A moderate-sized tree, to 40 ft. high, with a short trunk attaining a girth of
6-9 ft. Bark 4 in. thick, smooth, or rough, with rounded exfoliating scales,
whitish, ash-coloured, or dark brown. Heartwood of a handsome yellowish or
reddish brown colour, hard, close-grained, durable. Sapwood liable to be at-
tacked by insects. Employed for agricultural implements, and in construction
when found sutticiently large. The cub. ft. of seasoned wood weighs 39 Ib.,
of green wood, 45-48 Ib. ; value of P. 567 aga

The bark is used for tanning, the leaves are lopped for cattle-fodder, the
flower-buds are pickled and eaten as a vegetable.

4, B. variegata, Linn. ; Roxb. FI. Ind. ii. 319; W. & A. Prodr. 296.
—Sans. Kovidara, kanchanara. Vern. Kachnar, North and Central
India; Koliar, kural, karal, padrian, Pb.; Khwairal, gurial, gwiar,
barial, N.W.P.

A tree, young branches, under side of leaves, inflorescence, and calyx
with short pubescence. Leaves with cordate or rounded base, as broad
as long ; leaflets connate beyond the middle, with 5-7 nerves. Racemes

* The vernacular names of B. purpurea and variegata demand further inquiry.
Bauhinia.) XXXI. LEGUMINOSA. 161

short, axillary or terminal, with few flowers. Bracts small, broad, tri-
angular. Flowers large, 2 in. long, fragrant. Calyx spathaceous, ovate,
5-toothed at the apex. Petals oblong, the fifth broader, ovate or obovate.
Perfect stamens 5. Ovary-stalk cohering with the calyx-tube. Legume
6-18 in. long, linear, flat. Two varieties: one with red flowers, 4 petals
light purple, the 5th deep purple, tinged with cream and red; the other
with white flowers, B. candida, Roxb. 1. c. 318, 4 petals white, the 5th
variegated inside with yellowish green.

Wild in most wooded parts of India, as far west as the Indus, also in Burma.
Abundant in the warm glens between the Kosilla and Sarda (Madden). Culti-
vated throughout India. Fl. Feb.-April; old leaves are generally shed before
flowers appear ; young foliage in April and May.

_ A moderate-sized tree, with a short erect trunk, attaining 4-5 ft. girth. Bark
light or dark grey, with vertical cracks. Wood light or reddish brown, weight
54 Ib. per cub. ft. (seasoned), 67% Ib. (green), R. Th., considered less durable
than that of B. purpurea, much used for agricultural implements, Bark
astringent, used for tanning and dyeing. Leaves and flower-buds eaten as vege-
tables ; flower-buds are often pickled.

5. B. retusa, Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 322.—Syn. B. emarginata, Royle.
Vern. Kural, Pb. ; Kandla, kanalla, Kamaon.

A small tree, glabrous, only extremities of inflorescence and calyx
with short whitish pubescence, Leaves entire, or emarginate, broad-ovate
with a cordate or straight base, broader than long, with 9-11 nerves, branch-
ingabovethe middle. Flowers numerous, pale yellow, 4 in. across, on long
slender pedicels in corymbose, pedunculate racemes, forming large terminal
panicles. Calyx ovate, split into 2 or 3 segments. Petals clawed, hairy
outside, lamina orbicular, beautifully marked with dark purple veins.
Perfect stamens 3, ovary hairy below, curved, the stalk adnate to the
calyx-tube. Legume oblong, 4-6 in. long, 1 in. broad, often broader at
the top.

Siwalik tract and outer N.W. Himalaya, ascending to 4500 ft., west to the
Bias. Oudh, and occasionally in the Central Provinces. Chiefly in damp places.
Fl. Sept. A small tree with a short trunk 3 ft. girth, spreading branches, and
long, slender, waving, pendulous branchlets. Bark smooth, cinereous. Wood
a A brown insipid gum exudes from the bark, and is collected in the

ehra Doon.

6. B. Vahlii, W. & A. Prodr. 297.—Syn. B. racemosa, Vahl ; Roxb.
Fl. Ind. ii. 325. Vern. Marwar, taur, Pb. ; Malghan, maljan, malu,
N.W.P. ; Maurain, jallaur, Oudh ; Sihar, maul, C.P.

A gigantic climber, clothed with dense grey or ferruginous tomentum,
eee frequently terminating in a pair of opposite, revolute tendrils.
Leaves very large, often 12 in. across, deep-cordate, as broad as long ;
leaflets connate to the middle, each with 5-7 prominent arcuate, penni-
veined nerves. Stipules obtuse, falcate. Flowers # in. broad, on long
slender pedicels, in terminal corymbose racemes. Bracts subulate, bract-
lets 2, above the middle of pedicel. Calyx-limb ovate, splitting to the
top of the tube in two reflexed segments. Petals clawed, obovate, hairy
outside. Perfect stamens 3. Ovary oblong, hairy, stalk adnate to calyx-

L :
162 XXXL. LEGUMINOSAE. [ Bauhinia.

tube. Legume pendulous, flat, thick, 6-18 in. long, 2-3 in. broad, woody,
clothed with thick dark-brown tomentum. Seeds orbicular, flat, smooth,
brown, | in. diam.

Common in the forests of Northern and Central India, in the sub-Himalayan

tract from the Chenab to Assam, Behar, and on the western coast. Fl. April;
the pods of the previous year yee about the same time. :
_ Stem irregularly ridged and furrowed, often more than 100 ft. long, with a
fibrous bark and porous wood, in broad, irregularly concentric layers. Foliage
dense, with an almost impenetrable network of branchlets, covering the largest
trees, smothering them, or causing their stems to grow crooked and irregular,
One of the greatest enemies of the Sal tree, but nearly extirpated by the labours
of the forest officers in the Khyregarh forests of Oudh. Rope is made from the
bark ; the leaves are used for packing, as pee and umbrellas are made of them.
The pod (chihGr) is roasted, and the seeds are eaten.

5. HARDWICKIA, Roxb.

Trees, with abruptly pinnate leaves and small flowers in racemose
panicles. Calyx of 5 distinct, ovate or orbicular, petaloid, imbricate
sepals. Petals none. Stamens 10, alternately shorter, generally all fer-
tile. Anthers versatile, dehiscing longitudinally. Ovary sessile, free,
with 2 ovules.

1. H. binata, Roxb. Cor. Pl. t. 209; Fl. Ind. ii. 423; W. & A. Prodr.
284; Bedd. Fl. Sylv. t. 26.—Vern. Parsid, Singrowlie hills; Anjan,
C.P. ; Acha, Tam.

Glabrous. Leaves bifoliolate ; leaflets sessile, entire, obtuse, obliquely
ovate, or semicordate, with 4-5 arcuate nerves; common petioles } or 4
the length of leaflets. Stipules small, cordate, caducous. Flowers greenish
yellow, on long slender racemes, arranged in axillary or terminal panicles ;
pedicels shorter than flowers; bracts minute, caducous. Ovary oblong;
style ascending, with a large, peltate stigma. Legume lanceolate, 2-3 in.
long, with parallel longitudinal veins, a solitary seed near the top.

In dry forests of South and Central India, but not everywhere ; generally
gregarious in belts or patches of greater or less extent. It is wanting in the
moister forests below and above Ghat on the west side of the Peninsula. * In
Central India, the tree is known in Chanda, Berar, Khandeish, and Nimar, on
the eastern slopes of the Pachmarhis, near the Dhiidi river, and on the Singrow-
lie hills, south of the Soane river. Seed ripe April, May. :

An elegant tree, attaining 50-60, occasionally 120 ft., with a tall, straight, and
regularly shaped stem, and a narrow oval crown. Bark black, rough, with ex-
foliating scales. Young leaves tinged with red ; mature foliage dark green ;
branchlets slender, drooping. Easily raised from seed, and throws up strong
shoots from stumps.

Sapwood small, whitish ; heartwood dark reddish brown, sometimes nearly
black, close- and fine-grained, strong, very hard and very heavy, weight 67-85
Ib. per cub. ft., 100-120 lb. when green ; value of P. 942 (Skinner), Liable to
split, but does not warp, takes a fine polish, and is exceedingly durable. Used

or bridge- and house-posts, and for ornamental work.

The bark yields a valuable fibre, which requires no preparation, is strong,
and is in places much used for cordage. Cattle are exceedingly fond of the
leaves, In the Cauvery forests, Northern Mysore, and Berar, the trees were
formerly, and are still to a great extent, pollarded for cattle-fodder.
Tamarindus. | XXXI. LEGUMINOSA. 163

6. TAMARINDUS, Linn.

An unarmed tree, with abruptly pinnate leaves, small caducous stipules
“and racemose flowers. Calyx with a turbinate tube, and 4 imbricate,
membranous segments. Petals 3, the lateral ones ovate, the upper inner
one narrower, concave. Stamens 3, perfect, incurved, united in a sheath to
the middle, with oblong versatile anthers, dehiscing longitudinally, a few
short filiform staminodes at the edge of the sheath. Ovary stipitate, the
stalk adnate to the calyx-tube, with numerous ovules; a thick style and
clavate stigma. Pod oblong, curved or nearly straight, thick, outer peri-
carp a thin crustaceous shell, inner layer an acid pulp, traversed by fibres.
Seeds obovate or roundish, often angular, compressed, with a brown, very
hard, thick, shining testa and no albumen.

1. T. indica, Linn. ; Roxb. Fl. Ind. iii. 215; W. & A. Prodr. 285 ;
Bedd. Fl. Sylv. t. 184. The Tamarind.—Sans. Chukra, chincha. Vern.
Amli, ambli, imli, Hind. ; Chintz, Konkan; Magyiben, Burm.

Leaves 3-6 in. long, leaflets 10-15 pair, linear-oblong, glabrous, obtuse,
with fine reticulate venation, and more or less distinct intramarginal
nerves. Racemes loose, with 10-15 flowers, at the end of short lateral
branchlets. Petals unilateral, beautifully variegated with red and yellow.
Pod pendulous, 3-8 in. long, 1 in. broad.

Cultivated throughout India and Burma, save in the North-Western Panjab ;
trees are found as far as the Jhelam, but the fruit does not ripen west of Am-
balla. In the Central Provinces, the Bassi forests Meywar, and in many parts
of South India, the tree is found self-sown in waste and forest lands, but there
seems no stflicient evidence of its being originally indigenous in India.
Wherever I have seen it, it has been in the vicinity of existing or abandoned
cultivation. The tree is cultivated in the tropics of both the New and Old World,
and is believed to be truly indigenous in tropical Africa (Oliver Fl. Trop. Afr.
ii. 308). Never leafless, the foliage changes in March and April ; fl. May, June ;
fruit ripens 7-9 months after flowering.

A large tree, attaining 80 ft. or more, with a short thick trunk (25 ft. girth
not rare), often ridged, with a magnificent broad and high, shady crown. Bark
$ in. thick, dark grey, brownish to blackish, tesselated by longitudinal fissures
and cross-cracks. Wood yellowish white, hard and close-grained, the outer and
younger wood a little softer, but the sapwood not defined by a concentric line,
such as we find it in the wood of Teak, Sissoo, Sal, Bija sal, Oak, and other
trees. Heartwood small near the centre, outline very irregular, dark purplish
brown, projecting into the yellowish outer wood with radiating ramifications, so
that planks frequently show alternate layers of light- and dark-coloured: wood.
Annual rings indistinct, medullary rays very numerous, very fine, pores
moderate, equal, uniformly distributed, each pore or group of pores surrounded
by lighter-coloured tissue. Weight of outer wood (sap) 60 lb. (Cunningham) ;
of the dark-coloured heartwood from 79-83 lb. Value of P. 605-623 (sap-
wood), 850 (heartwood). Polishes well, and though extremely hard and diffi-
cult to work, is prized nienly for many purposes when a tree past fruit-bearing
is felled. Naves and other parts of wheels, mallets, planes, tent-pegs, furni-
ture, rice-pestles, oil-presses, and sugar-crushers are made of it; it is an excel-
lent wood for turning. The heartwood is very durable, the outer wood is apt
to be eaten by insects. oe
164 XXKI. LEGUMINOS&. [ Tamarindus.

Mainly cultivated on account of the acid pulp of the pod; there are several
kinds, with sour, sweetish, and red pulp. The pulp contains Citric, Malic, and
Tartaric acids ; large quantities are imported into England from the West Indies,
It is officinal as a laxative and refrigerant (Pharm. Ind. 64). The seeds (chincha)
are used in native medicine ; pounded, they are eaten in times of scarcity, and
the powder mixed with gum makes cement.

7, CASSIA, Linn.

Trees, shrubs, or herbs, with abruptly pinnate leaves and yellow or
red flowers. Calyx-tube very short, segments 5, imbricate in bud. Petals
5, nearly equal, imbricate. Stamens 10, all perfect, or a portion (3 or 5)
more or less abortive. Legumes indehiscent or 2-valved. Seeds albu-
minous.

A tree, leaves without interpetiolar glands ; pods long, cylin-

drical 3 ‘ 3 : . . . 1. C. Fistula.
A shrub, leaves with interpetiolar glands; pods flat - . 2 C. auriculata.
Shrubby or herbaceous ; leaves without glands ; pods flat, broad,
oblong, obtuse. :
Leaflets obovate, obtuse ; valves of pod crested 3. C. obovata. -

Leaflets lanceolate, acute ; valves of pod without appendages 146 angustifolia,
Leaflets oblong, obtuse ; valves of pod without appendages . 5. OC. holosericea.

1. C. Fistula, Linn. ; Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 333; W. & A. Prodr. 285.—
Syn. Cathartocarpus Fistula, Pers. The Indian Laburnum. Sans. Su-
varna. Vern. cee (fruit and tree), North India. Local names:
Karangal, kiar, kaiar, ali, Pb., Himal.; Chimkani (rattler), Sindh ;
Girmala, gurmala, garmalu, Dekkan, Guzerat; Kitwali, kitola, itola,
shimarra, sim, N.W.P.; Warga, Oudh ; Jaggarwah, raila, hirojah, C.P. ;
Jaggra-marra, Gonds, C.P.; Gnishwoay, Burm.

A moderate-sized tree, nearly glabrous, extremities pubescent. Leaves
12-18 in. long, leaflets 4-8 pair, ovate or ovate-oblong, 2-5 in. long, on
petioles 4 in. long, lateral nerves numerous, approximate, branching,
stipules minute, conical or setaceous. Flowers racemose, large, bright
yellow, fragrant, on long slender pedicels in the axils of minute bracts
which are caducous long before expansion; racemes lax, pendulous, 1-2 ft.
long. Calyx of 5 nearly equal, ovate obtuse lobes ; petals oval, narrowed
into short claws, nearly equal. Stamens unequal, the 3 lower longest, on
incurved filaments, with oblong anthers, dehiscing longitudinally, 4-6
intermediate, with the anther-cells diverging at the base, and opening at
that end by pores, the remaining 1-3 very short, with indehiscent anthers.
Pod cylindrical, pendulous, 1-2 ft. long, 1 in. diam., dark brown, smooth,
hard, indehiscent, divided into numerous flat 1-seeded cells by thin trans-
verse partitions, filled with a soft black sweetish pulp. Seeds flat, smooth,
shining, the flat cotyledons with curved edges, so as to be S-shaped in
the transverse section. -

Common throughout the forest-tracts of India. Trans-Indus on the hills
near Peshawar ; ascends to 4000 ft, in the outer Himalaya. Leagfless for a short
time in the dry season ; the fresh leaves of a lively green colour, appear April-

May. FI. in spring, and occasionally a second time in autumn. Pods ripen in...
the cold season.
Cassia. | XXXL LEGUMINOSA. 165

In Northern and Central India a small tree, rarely exceeding 30 ft., with a
short trunk 3-5 ft, girth. Bark thick (? in.), yellowish or greenish grey, darker
in old stems, with cross-wrinkles and shallow longiinalinel cracks, and brown,
irregularly shaped, exfoliating scales. Sapwood large, heartwood brick - red
when fresh-cut, red or reddish brown when seasoned, often beautifully mottled
and streaked, hard, tough, works easily, takes a fine polish, but is somewhat
brittle, and apt to crack, The cub. ft. of green wood weighs 72-78 lb. ; for
seasoned wood, Skinner gives the average at 61, the extremes of the experiments
available are 52 and 66. The coefticient of transverse strength (P.) is 846 (Skin-
ner). The annual rings are fairly distinct, the pores large, uniformly distri-
buted, save occasionally in a narrow line of autumn wood without pores, Each
pore in a patch of white tissue, and these patches joined by wavy lines of similar
tissue. Very durable, but large pieces are rare. Used for posts, ploughs, bows,
and spars of native boats. Axles of carts are made of it in Burma.

The bark is used for tanning and dyeing ; red juice exudes from wounds in
the bark, which hardens into a gum, called Kamarkas, used like the gum of
Butea frondosa. The pulp which fills the pod is a strong purgative, used
largely in native medicine, as well as in Europe (Pharm. Ind. 65). Twigs and
leaves are lopped for cattle-fodder in Oudh and Kamaon,

2. C. auriculata, Linn. ; W. & A. Prodr. 290.—Syn. Senna auriculata,:
Roxb. FL. Ind. ii. 349. Vern. Tarwar, Awal. A &@

Pubescent. Leaves 3-5 in. long; leaflets 8-12 pair, oval, obtuse, mu-
cronate, with short filiform glands at the base of each pair. Stipules
large, foliaceous, semicordate. Flowers yellow, in terminal, corymbose,
leaf-bearing panicles. Calyx-lobes unequal, petals equal, ovate, unguicu-
late, twice the length of calyx. Perfect stamens 6 or 7, with long cylin-
drical anthers ; antherless staminodes 3 or 4. Pod flat, 3-4 in. long, $ in.
broad, with 4-6 seeds.

A shrub, common in South and Central India, also in Rajputana. The bark
is used for tanning and dyeing leather, and the root in the manufacture of steel.
Fl. Oct.-March.

To this genus belong the plants which yield the Senna leaves (Pharm.
Ind. 65). They are shrubs, undershrubs, or herbs, leaves without glands,
flowers in axillary racemes ; pods flat, broad, arcuate, dehiscent ; natives
of tropical Africa; the following 3 species extending to North-West
India, and 2 of them to the dry belt of South India.

3. CG. obovata, Colladon; Boiss. Fl. Orient. ii, 631.—Syn. Senna
obtusa, Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 344. Cassia obtusa, W. & A. Prodr. 288 ;
Wight Ic. t. 757.

A diffuse procumbent perennial herb, with glabrous, obovate, obtuse
leaflets in 3-7 pairs; stipules obliquely lanceolate, acuminate, spreading
or decurved. Racemes erect, at length exceeding the subtending leaf.
Pod oblong-reniform, broadly rounded at the extremity, the valves thinly
coriaceous, and marked longitudinally over the seeds with a single series
of rounded crest-like plaits.

Salt range to 2500 ft. (sanna), and Trans-Indus (j7jan), Sindh, Guzerat, South
India, tropical Africa.
166 XXXI. LEGUMINOSZ. [ Cassia,

4, C. angustifolia, Vahl.—Syn. C. lanceolata, Forsk. ; Royle Il. t. 37.
Senna officinalis, Gertn.; Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 346. Vern. Sanna makki,
Pb.

A bushy herbaceous plant. Leaflets 5-8 pair, narrow ovate-lanceolate, -
stipules subulate, spreading or reflexed. Racemes exceeding the subtend-
ing leaf. Pod broadly oblong, slightly curved, rounded at the extremity,
the valves chartaceous, glabrous, smooth, without appendages.

Sindh, Guzerat, South India, cultivated in the N.W. Provinces.

5. ©. holosericea, Fresenius ; Oliver Fl. Trop. Afr. ii. 278,

A small shrub. Leaflets oblong, 5-8 pair, closely velvety pubescent
above and beneath ; stipules subulate, spreading, somewhat rigid. Ra-
cemes erect, shorter than leaves. Pod flat, broadly falcate-oblong, rounded
at the extremity ; valves thinly chartaceous, pubescent, without append-
ages.

Abyssinia, Nubia, Arabia, Aden, Sindh.

Ceratonia Stliqua, Linn., the Carob tree (Algaroba), is indigenous in Spain
and Algeria, the eastern part of the Mediterranean region, and in Syria ; its flat
pods, full of sweet, nutritious pulp, are a common article of food in the Medi-
terranean for man, horses, pigs, and cattle, and are imported into the Panjab
under the name of Kharnib niibti. A slow-growing evergreen tree, with
heavy wood, excellent as fuel, and valued for cabinet-work, has great powers of
reproduction, and is satisfied with a scanty supply of moisture. It has been
grown in the Panjab, and may prove a valuable introduction. Its characters
are somewhat anomalous. Abruptly pinnate leaves, small polygamous or
dicecious flowers, without petals, with 5 stamens, versatile anthers, and a broad
disc surrounding the ovary. The structure of the seed, with thick, flat cotyle-‘
dons, enclosed in a fleshy albumen, brings it near the genus Cassia. :

8. SARACA, Linn.

Unarmed trees, with abruptly pinnate leaves, and small, caducous
stipules. Flowers yellow or red, in short panicles. Calyx-tube long,
funnel-shaped, lined with the disc, limb cleft into 4 petaloid, ovate, nearly
equal segments, imbricate in bud. Petals wanting. Stamens 3-9, free ;
anthers oblong, dehiscing longitudinally, on long filaments. Ovary stipi-
tate, the stalk adnate to the calyx-tube ; style filiform; stigma terminal,

obtuse. Pod oblong, coriaceous or woody, 2-valved. Seeds without
albumen.

1. S. indica, Linn. ; Bedd. FL Sylv. t. 57.—Syn. Jonesia Asoca, Roxb.
Fl. Ind. ii. 218; W. & A. Prodr. 284; Wight Ic. t. 206. Sans. Asoka,
vanjula. Vern. Asok, Asoka (Jassundi, Bombay).

. Glabrous, leaves 12 in. long, drooping and coloured when young.
Leaflets opposite, 4-6 pair, lanceolate, coriaceous, smooth, shining, 3-9 in.
long. Stipules intrapetiolar, oblong, striate. Flowers in corymbose
panicles, terminal, or at the end of short lateral branches, with numerous
ovate, ciliate, coloured bracts, 2 at the base of the calyx persistent, the
others at the ramifications of the panicle deciduous. Peduncles and
pedicels coloured, flowers orange on expanding, gradually changing to
Saraca.] XXXI. LEGUMINOSZ. 167

red. Edge of the disc a crenulated ring at the mouth of the calyx-tube.

Pod 6-10 in. long, 2 in. broad, valves hard, woody, reticulate outside,
Seeds 4-8, smooth.

Indigenous in the forests of South India and Eastern Bengal, cultivated near
Hindu temples and in gardens in most parts of India. Fl. March, April ; fr.
ripens Aug., Sept. Heartwood hard, dark-coloured.

Tarp Sus-Orper, MIMOSEZ.

Trees, shrubs, rarely herbs, with abruptly bipinnate, rarely pinnate
leaves, and small flowers in heads or spikes. Flowers regular, occasionally
polygamous. Sepals generally connate into a 5-lobed calyx, rarely free,
valvate. Petals hypogynous, as many as sepals, usually connate, valvate.
Stamens hypogynous, as many as sepals, double their number, or nume-
rous, free or monadelphous, with small, 2-celled anthers, the cells dehis-
cing longitudinally. Pollen (in species of Acacia, Albizzia, and Pitheco-
lobium) cohering in 3-4 masses in each cell. Seeds without albumen, the
embryo with a straight radicle.

Stamens 10 ; anthers with deciduous apical glands.

Flowers in spikes or racemes (Indian species).
Unarmed climbers ; pods 2-8 ft. long, flat, constricted be-

tween seeds. ‘ 1. Enrapa.
Shrubs or trees, often spinescent.
All flowers bisexual, or sterile flowers mixed with the
fertile.
Flowers pedicelled, in long slender racemes; pods
2-valved. - : : . . ; . 2, ADENANTHERA,
Flowers sessile, in slender cylindrical spikes; pods
2-valved fi : - 7 se). ee . 8. PrpTaDENIA,
Flowers sessile, in cylindrical spikes; pods indehiscent 4. Prosopis.
Upper flowers of the dense cylindrical spikes bisexual,
the lower neuter . ‘ i : - - 5. DIcHROSTACHYS.
Flowers in globose heads ; pod thick, woody, falcate . 6. XyYLia.
Stamens 8-10 or more, but definite, anthers without glands,
Pods flat, linear, 2-valved . : Mo ois 5 . 7. Lrvcana,
Pods 2-valved, the valves separating in joints or entire from
the persistent frame é : : : - 8 Mimosa.
Stamens indefinite, more or less connate. _ ;
Armed or unarmed trees; pinne 1-2 pair; pods coriaceous,
twisted : ‘ ; : : : 5 z . 9. PrraEcoLoBium.
Unarmed trees; pinne generally numerous ; pods thin, flat,
straight, 2-valved . : . soe . . 10. ALBIZ2IA.
Stamens indefinite, free; armed trees, shrubs or climbers ; pods
* dehiscent or indehiscent, flat or turgid ‘: f ‘ . 1. Acacta.

1, ENTADA, Linn.

1. EB. scandens, Benth. in Hook. Journ. of Botany, iv. (1842) 332.—
Syn. EZ. Pursetha, DC.; W. & A. Prody. 267. Mimosa scandens, Roxb.
Fl. Ind. ii. 554. Vern. Gulla, Beng. ; Gardal, Bombay.

A large climber, stems angled, often curiously twisted and curled.
Glabrous, but inflorescence pubescent. Common petiole ending in a long,
woody, bifid tendril. Pinnz 2 pair; leaflets 3-4 pair, 1-3 in. long, shining.
Flowers pale yellow, sessile, in long slender spikes, generally 4-8 on a
168 XXXI, LEGUMINOSA. [Entada.

common peduncle, from the axils of the former leaves, on 2-3 year-old
branchlets. Pods ligneous, of an immense size, 2-4 ft. long, 3-4 in. broad,
constricted between the seeds, consisting of 10-30 1-seeded, flat, rounded
joints, the valves separating from the more durable thick rim. Seeds
flat, ovate or nearly orbicular, brown, shining, testa very hard.

South India, Eastern Bengal, Nepal, Burma, Ceylon, Indian Archipelago,
Fiji Islands, Queensland. West Indies (probably the same species, the seeds
carried by the Gulf Stream to the western shores of Europe). FI. March-May;
fr. Dec., Jan. The seeds are eaten, cooked or roasted; children play with them,
and they are made into snuff-boxes and other articles.

2. ADENANTHERA, Linn.

Flowers bisexual, pentamerous, pedicelled, in slender axillary or panicu-
late racemes. Calyx campanulate, with short teeth. Petals free or
connate at the base. Stamens 10, free; the anther-cells adnate to a broad
connective, bearing a deciduous gland at the top. Ovary sessile or short
stipitate, with numerous ovules in 2 rows, a filiform style, and a small
terminal stigma. Legume linear, 2-valved, the valves often contorted
after opening. Seeds thick, with a hard red or bi-coloured testa.

1. A. pavonina, Linn. ; Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 370; W. & A. Prodr. 271;
Wight Ill. t. 84; Bedd. Fl. Sylv. t. 46.—Sans. Kuchandana. Vern.
Thorlagunj, Mar.

A large tree, glabrous or pubescent, unarmed. Leaves 1-3 ft. long,
abruptly bipinnate, pinnz opposite, 4-6 pair; leaflets alternate, elliptic-
oblong, obtuse, 4-12 pair. Racemes paniculate, cylindrical, pedunculate,
about 4 in. long. Flowers small yellow, fragrant, on slender pedicels.
Legumes linear, twisted, about 9 in. long. Seeds shining, hard, bright
scarlet, compressed, but convex on both sides, oval or orbicular.

South India, Burma, Bengal. Known to extend as far as Khandeish and
Guzerat on the west side of India, and as far as Sikkim on the east side, but will
probably be found in the forests of Gorakhpur, Oudh, and Central India south
of the Satpuras. Fl. March-May ; seeds ripen Aug.-Oct.

Trunk erect, bark rough, dark-coloured. The wood is described by Skinn
as follows: “ Heartwood hard and durable, when fresh-cut of a beautiful coral-
red colour, and sometimes marked with stripes of a darker shade ; after expo-
sure it turns purple, resembling Rosewood; weight 56 lb. P. = 863.” The seeds
are worn as ornaments, and used as weights (about 4 ers.) by goldsmiths and
jewellers. Oil is expressed from them.

3. PIPTADENIA, Benth.

Characters of Adenanthera, but pods linear, flat, not contorted ; seeds
flat. Flowers sessile.

1. P. Oudhensis.—Syn. Adenanthera Oudhensis, J. L. Stewart, MSS.
Vern. Genti, gainti, Oudh.

A moderate-sized tree, armed with large conical prickles. Glabrous, inflor-
escence only pubescent. Leaves abruptly bipinnate, pinnz 2 pair, common
petiole about 3 in. long, with a large, flat, circular gland at the base of
the lowest pair; secondary petiole 1 in. long, bearing 1 pair of sessile,
Piptadenia. | XXXI, LEGUMINOS. 169
>

subcoriaceous, reniform leaflets, 2-3 in. long and 14-2 in. broad. Flowers
greenish yellow, sessile or nearly sessile, in dense cylindrical spikes 1-3 in.
long, arranged in short axillary panicles. Calyx cup-shaped, nearly trun-
cate, with 5 short teeth. Petals 5, lanceolate, 3 times longer than calyx.
Stamens longer than petals, terminal glands globose. Pod stalked, linear,
ae 9-12 in. long, 4 in. broad. Seeds 15-20, compressed, brown, broad-
oval,

Discovered in March 1871, by Mr Richard Thompson, in the Oudh forests
under the base of the hills in the Gonda division, where it is common, clothing
the sides of the hills, and entering into them along the valleys. The leaves are
renewed in March, and the tree flowers in April.

Attains 40 ft., with a short trunk, which divides into numerous upright
branches, with drooping branchlets, resembling Hardwickia binata in general
appearance. Bark of younger branches smooth or wrinkled, with large, conical,
compressed, sharp-pointed prickles. Bark of stem and older branches } in.
thick, grey, brown, to dusky red, rough with flattish, exfoliating, woody scales.
Inner bark red, fibrous. Wood light red, close-grained, durable, very hard ;
seasons well without cracking. Heartwood not distinct. The trees are pollarded
for cattle-fodder.

4, PROSOPIS, Linn.

Flowers bisexual, pentamerous, generally sessile, in spikes or heads.
Calyx campanulate, with 5 short teeth. Petals valvate, free or connate
below. Stamens 10, free, exserted ; anthers tipped with a sessile or stipi-
tate gland. Ovary sessile, with numerous ovules, a slender style, and a
small terminal stigma. Legume coriaceous, indehiscent; the seeds em-
bedded in a spongy, hard, or scanty pulp.

Pod linear, contracted between seeds, pinne 2 pair . 1. P. spicigera,
Pod short and thick, pinnz 2-5 pair 5 . . 2, P. Stephaniana,
Several trees of this genus forma marked feature in the vegetation of the dry

regions of Chili, Peru, Texas, and Mexico, with sweetish succulent pods called
Algarobo, eaten by the Indians, and given to horses,

1. P. spicigera, Linn.—Tab. XXV.—Roxb. Cor. Pl. t. 63; W. & A;
Prodr. 271; Bedd. Fl. Sylv. t. 56; Boissier Fl. Orient. 11, 634.—Syn.
Adenanthera aculeata, Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 371. Vern. Jand, jhand, jant,
khar (pod Sangri, Sankar), Pb. ; Kandi, kundi, Sindh; Chaunkra, Agra,
Bhurtpur; Khejra, khejri, Rajputana; Sangri, shangri, Pertabgarh ;
Sémru, sémri, simri, hamra, Panch Mehals, Guzerat; Shemi, shema,
saunder, Dekkan.

A moderate - sized thorny tree. Glabrous, branches and branchlets
armed with scattered, broad-conical, somewhat compressed prickles.
Leaves bipinnate, pinne opposite, usually 2 pair, leaflets 7-10 pair,
obliquely oblong, cuspidate, more or less distinctly 3-nerved. Spikes
slender, in short axillary panicles, Flowers small, yellow, in the axils of
ovate, obtuse, membranous bracts. Calyx cup-shaped, membranous. : Pod
pendulous, linear, contracted between seeds, 5-10 in. long, filled with a
brown mealy substance.

‘Common and gregarious in the Panjab, Rajputana, north and middle Sindh,
170 XXXI. LEGUMINOSA, [ Prosopis.

where the tree forms extensive forests, pure, or mixed with Capparis aphylla,
Salvadora, ang a few species of Acacia. In the Panjab, these forests are on the
high land (Bar) between the main rivers. In Rajputana, they are likewise on
high ground, (Bhartpur, Kishengurh, Meywar). But in Sindh, with less moisture,
and a normal annual rainfall of less than 10 inches, they generally are found at
no great distance from the river. Prosopis, however, in Sindh, thrives on
ground more dry than the Tamarisk, the Poplar, and Acacia arabica, the
pure Prosopis forests being generally beyond the range of actual inundation, |
Ascends to 1500 ft. on the ‘ails Trans-Indus, and in the Salt range. Also in
Guzerat, Bandelkhand, the Dekkan, and in the dry region of the Peninsula as
far south as Tuticorin. Outside India in Beluchistan, Persia, Mascat. I have
never found it where the annual rainfall exceeds 40 inches, and it seems to
thrive best where the rainfall is less than 30 inches, In Meywar, Prosopis is
common north of the Bunass river, and is there universally called Khejri. It is
often associated with Acacia leucophlea (Arinj). South of the Bunass, Prosopis
is scarce, but retains its name as far as Pertabgarh, where it is called Sangri. -
A, leucophica continues to be common south of the Bunass, and is there called
Khejra.

The tree is leafless for a short time; the young foliage comes out early in
March ; fl. in Feb. (Guzerat), in March, April (Sindh), in April, May (Panjab).
The fruit ripens from May-Aug. Easily raised from seed ; young trees do not
suffer from frost ; throws out vigorous coppice-shoots. Growth probably slow,
3 ft. girth in 30 years (Saharanpur gardens), 4-5 indistinct arian rings per in.

Attains 30-40 ft., with a short erect trunk, generally under 6 ft. girth, attain-
ing 10-12 ft. girth and 60 ft. height in Sindh. For dimensions of exceptionally
large trees, see Panjab Plants, p. 74. Branchlets drooping, foliage light. The
base of the stem is often surrounded by a mass of stiff, thorny, entangled bran-
ches and suckers. There is a cupressiform variety, with ascending branches
and a narrow crown. Bark ? in. thick, dark grey, or light brownish grey,
rough, with deep longitudinal furrows and horizontal cracks. Adult foliage
grey, round galls common on leaflets, and woody excrescences on branches and
branchlets.

Wood light, yellowish brown, with irregular masses of dark-brown or black
heartwood in the centre of old trees. Marked wavy concentric lines. Coarse-
but even-grained. Weight in the Panjab and Sindh between 49 and 58.5 Ib.
per cub. ft. when seasoned, 82 when green (Dalzell, Fenner, and Stewart).
Skinner gives 72 1b. for seasoned and 95-100 Ib. for green wood, with 981 for
the value of P.; but the identification of the wood experimented upon seems
open to doubt. Easy to work, tough, but not durable, liable to dry-rot, and
readily eaten by insects. Used for building, for carts, and agricultural imple-
ments; is a favourite wood for well-curbs in parts of the Panjab; ordinary
furniture is made from it in Sindh. A good fuel for steamers and locomotives,
its heating power being near that of Babool, and much higher than that of the
Tamarisk. Experiments made at Karachi in May 1869 gave the following
results :—

were consumed in evaporating
Prosopis spicigera, 1874 Vb. | 11.8 cub. ft. of water per hour
Of the wood of < Acacia arabica, 13888 ,, during 7 hours, the pressure of
Tamarix gallica, 1627 ,, } steam being kept at 27 lb. on
the square inch,

Nevertheless, Tamarisk-wood is often preferred in the Indus steamers, pro-
bably because the pieces have a more convenient shape, and are easier handled.

A mild gum, not used, exudes from wounds in the bark. The pod (Sangrt,
sankar, Pb.), is much used as fodder for camels, cattle, and goats; the mealy,
sweetish substance which surrounds the seeds is an article of food in. parts of
Prosopis.) XXXI. LEGUMINOS. 171

the Panjab, Guzerat, and the Dekkan. The pods are collected before they are
quite ripe, and the mealy uN is eaten raw, or boiled with vegetables, salt, and
butter. Is considered indigestible if consumed in large quantities. The tree
is worshipped by Hindus at the Dussera festival.

2. P. Stephaniana, Kunth; Boissier Fl, Orient. ii. 633.—Jembut,
Arab.

A small thorny shrub, 2-24 ft. high, with smooth white bark, . ex-
tremities and leaves hairy. Pinnz 2-5 pair; leaflets 8-12 pair, linear.
Pods short, thick, 1-14 in. long, black, rugose, with 6-7 seeds.

Peshawar valley, and further east, sparingly as far as Amballa. Beluchistan,

Afghanistan, Persia, Syria, Asia Minor, Egypt, Turkestan. Never leafless;
small roundish excrescences common on branchlets and leaves.

5. DICHROSTACHYS, DC.

Flowers sessile, pentamerous, in dense cylindrical spikes, the upper
flowers of each spike bisexual, the lower neuter, with long, much-exserted,
filiform staminodes, Teeth of calyx short. Petals valvate, more or less
connate. Stamens 10, free, exserted; anthers tipped with a globose,
often stipitate gland. Ovary subsessile, multiovulate; style slender,.
stigma terminal. Legume linear, compressed, coriaceous, twisted, inde-
hiscent, or irregularly opening. Seeds compressed, shining.

1. D. cinerea, W. & A. Prodr. 271; Bedd. FI. Sylv. t. 185.—Syn.
Mimosa cinerea, Roxb. Cor. Pl. 174; Fl. Ind. ii. 561. Vern. Vurtuli,
Hind. ; Kunlai, kunrat, Mairwara.

A rigid thorny shrub, or small tree, with white or grey bark. Pubes-
cent, armed with axillary spines, straight, strong, and sharp, often pro-
longed into leaf-bearing branches. ‘Leaves bipinnate, generally 1-2 in.
long ; pinnz 8-10 pair, with stipitate glands at the base of each pair;
leaflets small, ciliate, 12-15 pair. Stipules subulate, 4 in. long. Spikes
axillary, pedunculate, solitary, or 2-3 together, as long as, or shorter than
leaves; bracts lanceolate, membranous. Upper fertile flowers yellow,
the lower sterile flowers white, purple, or rose-coloured. Pods 2-3 in.
long, } in. broad, irregularly twisted, generally 3-8 on one peduncle ;
seeds 10-15.

Common on dry stony hills in South and Central India; has been found as
far north as Futtehgarh on the Ganges, near Jeypur, and on the hills of Mair-
wara, near Todgarh, Fl. hot season. Bark of trunk soft, with deep longi-
tudinal furrows. Heartwood hard, dark reddish brown. :

6. XYLIA, Benth.

1. X. dolabriformis, Benth. 1. c. 417; Bedd. Fl. Sylv. t. 186.—Syn.
Inga xylocarpa, DC.; W. & A. Prodr. 269. Mimosa xylocarpa, Roxb.
Cor. Pl. t. 100; FL Ind. ii, 543. The Ironwood of Burma, Vern.
Jamba, Konkan ; Boja, Godavery forests ; Pynkado, Burm.

A large tree, unarmed. Common petiole short, 1-2 in. long, bearing 1
pair of pinnae, with 2-6 pairs of oblong or ovate-oblong acuminate leaf-
lets, 3-9 in. long, the terminal leaflets largest. Flowers pale yellow, in
172 XXX1. LEGUMINOSA, [Xylia,

globose, tomentose, long-pedunculate flower-heads, 1 in. diam. Petals
linear, valvate, slightly cohering at the base. Stamens 10, free; anthers
basifixed, with deciduous stipitate glands. Pod thick, woody, flat, falcate,
4-6 in. long, 2-23 in. broad at the broadest part. Seeds 8-10, oval, com-
pressed, shining, 3 in. long. é

Burma, South India, extending to the Godavery forests on the east side, and
(as far as known at present) to the Colaba district on the west side. (In-
cluded in Forsyth’s List of Central Prov. timber-trees.) Leafless during part of
the dry season. FI, March-April; fr. autumn. Bark grey. Trunk tall, of
great girth, Heartwood dark red, very hard ; weight between 58 and 70 lb.
Aver. of P. 800.

7, LEUCAINA, Benth.

1, L. glauca, Benth. in Hook. Journ. Bot. iv. (1842) 416.—Syn. Acacia
frondosa, Willd.; W. & A. Prodr. 275.

A shrub or small tree, unarmed, with large bipinnate leaves, linear
leaflets, white flowers in globose, axillary heads, forming short terminal
leafy panicles. Petals 5, free, linear, valvate. Stamens 10, anthers versa-
tile, without glands. Pods clustered in umbels ‘of 3-6, linear, stipitate,
thin, flat, shining, 4-6 in. long, 2-valved, with numerous prominent seeds.

Indigenous or naturalised in most tropical countries, commonly cultivated

in gardens in India ; not uncommon in the outer valleys of Garhwal and Ka-
maon. Fl. June-Aug. ; fr. autumn.

8. MIMOSA, Linn.

Herbs, shrubs, or trees, with bipinnate, often sensitive leaves, generally
without petiolar glands, but with stipels at the base of pinne. Flowers in
globose heads or cylindrical spikes, tetramerous or pentamerous, rarely tri-
or hexamerous. Calyx minute, pappiform, rarely campanulate. Petals
more or less connate, valvate. Stamens definite, generally twice the
number of petals, and more than twice their length. Anthers small,
without glands. Ovary with 2 or many ovules, style filiform, with a
small terminal stigma. Pod oblong or linear, the valves membranous or
coriaceous, separating entire or in transverse joints from the persistent
sutural frame.

1. M. rubicaulis, Lam. ; Hooker Ic. Plant, ii. t. 156; W. & A. Prodr.
268.—Syn. M. octandra, Roxb. Cor. Pl. t. 200; M. mutabilis, Roxb. Fl.
Ind. ii, 564, Vern. Ral, khair, didriar, Pb.; Agla, Kamaon ; Kugli,
kungret, Rohilkhand ; Kacheyta, Gorakhpur; Hajeru, Sindh.

A large, straggling, prickly shrub, 10 ft. high. Pubescent; branches,
petioles, and peduncles armed with short, curved, sharp prickles. Pinne
3-10 pair ; leaflets 6-15 pair, unequal -sided, linear - oblong, obtuse.
Flower-heads on peduncles 1-1} in. long, solitary ot fasciculate, forming
racemes near the ends of branches. Flowers tetramerous ; calyx short-
campanulate, 3 or 4 times shorter than the funnel-shaped corolla.
Stamens 8. Pods stipitate, glabrous, armed or unarmed, 3-5 in. long, $
in. broad, curved, separating from the sutural frame in square joints.
Mimosa. ] XXXI. LEGUMINOS&. 173

Common in open or thin jungles throughout the greater part of India, in the
plains extending to the Ganges, and in the hills as far as the Indus (ascend-
ing to 4000 ft. in Kamaon) ; in the Panjab, abundant in the outer hills and the
Siwalik tract, and found at times on the banks of rivers or canals, some way

into the plains. Fl. Aug.Sept.; fr. Nov.-Jan. Gunpowder is made of the
charcoal.

9. PITHECOLOBIUM, Martius.

Shrubs or trees, with bipinnate leaves, generally with glands at the base
of pinne and leaflets. Flowers generally white, in globose heads or cylin-
drical spikes ; pentamerous, rarely hexamerous, generally bisexual. Calyx
campanulate or tubular, with short teeth. Corolla tubular or funnel-
shaped, segments valvate. Stamens indefinite, much longer than corolla,
more or less connate ; anthers small. Ovary with numerous ovules ; style
filiform, with a small terminal stigma. Pod compressed or flat, variously
contorted, coriaceous, 2-valved. Seeds included in a scanty pulp.

Leaflets 1 pair; pod turgid, twisted . : ‘i : . P&P. dulce.
Leaflets 2-4 pair; pod flat, spirally contorted . . . LP. bigeminum.

+ 1. P. dulce, Benth. in Hooker’s Journal of Botany, iii. (1844) 199;
Bedd. Fl. Sylv. t. 188.—Syn. Mimosa dulcis, Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 556 ;
Pl. Cor. t.99. Inga dulcis, Willd. ; W. & A. Prodr. 268. Manilla Tama-
rind, Vern. Vilayati (foreign) imli, dakhani (southern) babool.

A large tree, armed with short, straight, stipulary thorns. Glabrous or
lightly pubescent. Pinnz and leaflets 1 pair each ; leaflets unequal-sided,
oblong or obovate, obtuse, 1-14 in. long. Common and partial petioles
terminate in short bristles ; small cup-shaped glands at the base of pinne
and leaflets. Flowers white, in small globose, sessile or short-pedunculate,
canescent heads, on long racemose panicles. Pod turgid, twisted, linear,
din. broad. Seeds embedded in a firm sweetish pulp.

Indigenous in the hot regions of Mexico, introduced into the Philippine
Islands, and thence into India. Cultivated commonly in South India, and here
and there in Central and North-West India.

A large tree, with a straight stem, and drooping branchlets. Bark }-} in.
thick, ash-coloured, smoothish, irregularly rugose. Fl. Jan.-March ; fr. ripens
April-June. Sapwood small, heartwood reddish brown, not heavy, 40 lb. per
cub. ft, smells unpleasantly when fresh-sawn, used for various purposes. A
good avenue-tree. Coppices well in South India, grown forfuel. Extensively
cultivated as a hedge-plant. In Manilla it is grown on account of the fruit,
which is eaten. From the seeds oil is pressed in Madura and Tinnevelly.

2. P. bigeminum, Martius; Benth. 1. c. 206.—Syn. Inga bigemina,
Willd. ; W. & A. Prodr. 269. Vern. Kachlora, Kamaon.

A large, unarmed, glabrous tree, extremities inflorescence, and pods
with short, dark, ferruginous pubescence, Common petiole short, 1-3 in,
long, with a raised oval gland, bearing 1, rarely 2 pairs of pinne, with
2-4 pairs of large, shining, ovate or elliptic-oblong, acuminate leaflets,
3-6 in. long. Heads with 6-12 subsessile flowers, in axillary panicles.
Peduncles fasciculate, but generally superposed, in a vertical line, one
174 XXXL LEGUMINOS. [ Pithecolobium.

above the other. Pods flat, linear, $ in. broad, curved, generally spirally
contorted, dark brown outside, reddish brown inside.
Forests of the western coast, Eastern Bengal, Nepal, and Kamaon, Ceylon,

Indian Archipelago. Fl. March-May. Heartwood dark-coloured ; it is some-
times called Ironwood.

10. ALBIZZIA, Durazzini.

Unarmed trees or shrubs, with bipinnate leaves and large (in the
Indian sp.) globose flower-heads. Flowers white, yellow, or rose-coloured,
usually pentamerous. Calyx tubular to campanulate, toothed. Petals 4-5,
united half their length or more, valvate. Stamens indefinite, exserted,
generally exceeding 4 in.; filaments united at the base, or in a long ex-.
serted sheath ; anthers minute, pollen cohering in 3-4 masses in each cell.
Legume straight, flat, oblong or broadly linear, indehiscent or 2-valved,
valves usually thin, continuous or sinuous from abortion of seeds. Seeds
compressed.

Pinne 1-2 pair ; leaflets 1-3 pair, penniveined, 3-5 in. long . 1. A, lucida.
Pinne 2-8 pair; leaflets $-2 in. long, broad-oblong, main nerves in
the middle or nearly so.
Extremities rusty- or grey-tomentose; pinn 3-8 pair; leaflets
10-25 pair . : . . . . . 5 . 2, A.odoratissima,
Extremities glabrous or pubescent; pinne 2-4 pair ; leaflets 3-9
alr.
Leaflets with 6-10 prominent lateral nerves; flowers 3 in.
long, sessile, the flower-heads in large terminal panicles ;
pods brown, 1 in. broad . ‘ 7 ‘ a .
Leaflets with reticulate veins ; flowers 1} in. long, pedicellate,
the flower-heads in short corymbose racemes; pods straw-

3. A. procera.

coloured, 2in. broad . ‘ 2 . . F . 4, A, Lebbek.
Pinne 6-15 pair; leaflets 4-4 in. long, falcate; main nerves
lateral.
Flowers rose-coloured ; stipules linear ; leaflets 10-30 pair . 5, A. Julibrissin.

Flowers yellow; stipules broad-cordate ; leaflets 20-40 pair . 6. A. stipulata.
Pinne 6-15 pair; leaflets 4 in. long, linear; midrib in the middle; e
flowers yellow, fragrant; branchlets with soft yellow down . 7. A. amara.

A. lophantha, Benth. Fl, Austral. ii. 421, of Western Australia, introduced
on the Nilgiris and now quite naturalised, is a rapidly growing small tree, with
8-10 pairs of pinnew; leaflets 20-30 pair; flowers in axillary pedunculate
spikes.

1, A. lucida, Benth.; Lond. Jour. of Bot. iii. (1844) 86.—Syn. Mimosa
lucida, Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 544; Inga lucida, Wall.

A large tree; glabrous, peduncles and calyx only slightly pubescent.
Common petiole 3-5 in. long, pinne 1-2 pair; leaflets 1-3 pair, subcoria-
ceous, shining, elliptic-oblong, acuminate, penniveined, 3-5 in. long.
Peduncles fasciculate, paniculate, bearing heads of 6-10 sessile flowers.
Corolla 4 times the length of calyx. Pod linear, straight, 8-10 in. long,
1-1} in. broad. The foliage somewhat resembles that of Pithecolobium ~
bigeminum, but the tree is easily distinguished by the straight pod, and the
fasciculate, not superposed, peduncles.

Burma, hills of East Bengal, Nepal, and probably also in the Oudh and
Gorakhpur forests, and in Tae a April May. : Ef
Albizzia.] XXXI. LEGUMINOSA. 175

2. A. odoratissima, Benth. 1. c. 88.—Syn. Acacia odoratissima, Willd. ;
W. & A. Prodr. 275 ; Mimosa odoratissima, Roxb. Cor. Pl. t. 120; Fl.
Ind. ii. 546; Bedd. Fl. Sylv. t. 54. Vern. Lasrin, karambru, polach,
Pb. ; Siris, sirun, bhandir, N.W.P.; Bersa, bas, bassein, C.P. ; Chichwa,
Gonds, Satpura range; Serissia, Bassi, Meywar; Kali Harreri, Panch
Mehals ; Thitmagyi, Burm. :

A large tree, with dark-green foliage. Branchlets, petioles, inflorescence
and under side of leaves rusty- or grey-tomentose. Common petiole 6-12
in. long; pinne 3-8 pair, 4-6 in. long. Leaflets 10-25 pair, 1 in. long or
less, linear-oblong, unequal-sided, pubescent above, pale and tomentose
beneath. Flower-heads fasciculate, on peduncles 4-2 in. long, in compact
corymbs, these arranged in lax, terminal panicles. Flowers sessile, pale
yellow, fragrant, 1 in. long to extremity of stamens, calyx and corolla
hairy. Calyx small, campanulate, 4-5 times shorter than corolla. Legumes
broad-linear, 6-8 in. long, 1 in. broad, of a red-brown colour, tomentose
when young, glabrous when old, with 10-15 seeds.

South India, Burma, Bengal, Maikal and Satpura range in Central India.
Panch Mehals in Guzerat. Bassi forests in Meywar, sub-Himalayan‘tract west to
the Indus, ascending to 3000, and at times to 5000 ft. Fl. April-June ; pods
ripen Jan., Feb., and remain long on the tree. Never quite leafless, fresh foliage
in spring. :

Attains a large size in Burma and Western India, in North and Central India
30-45 ft. high, with a tall, nearly straight trunk 5-6 ft. girth. Bark } in. thick,
light or dark grey, marked with numerous, narrow, horizontal wrinkles, nearly
‘encircling the trunk.

_ Sapwood less than } of radius, whitish. Heartwood of a rich dark-brown
colour, tough and strong. The cub. ft. weighs 38-53 lb. Seasons well, works
freely, takes a fine polish, and is fairly durable when kept dry. Used for naves,
spokes, fellies, oil-mills, and furniture. A dark-brown gum exudes from wounds
in the bark. Leaves and twigs are lopped for cattle-fodder.

+ 3. A. procera, Benth.—Tab. XXVI.—Lond. Jour. of Bot. iii. 89.—
Syn. Acacia procera, Willd. ; W. & A. Prodr. 275 ; Mimosa elata, Roxb.
Cor. Pl. t. 121; Fl. Ind. ii. 548. Vern. Safed-Siris, Gurar, Karra, karo,
ghorar, kharanjt, karinji, gurbart, gurkur, baro, North and Central India;
Karallu, kinye, kilai, kili, tthirt, Bombay ; - Sttben, Burm.

A large tree, with yellowish or greenish white bark. Glabrous, young
leaves pubescent. Leaves nearly as broad as long ; common petiole 6-12
in, long, with a large, brown, oblong gland near its base ; pinnz 3-4 pair,
spreading, the upper pinne 6-9 in. long. Leaflets 6-8 pair, 1-2 in. long,
obliquely-ovate, or oblong-ovate, with 6-10 prominent lateral nerves on
either side of midrib. Flower-heads with 15-20 flowers, on peduncles 1
in. long or less, in fascicles of 2-5, forming large, lax, terminal panicles.
Flowers yellowish white, sessile, 4 in. long to extremities of filaments ;
calyx tubular, half the length of corolla; segments of corolla oblong, hairy
at the end. ‘Legumes linear, 6-9 in. long, #-1 in. broad, with 8-12 pro-
minent seeds.

_ Common near river-banks, on alluvial soil and in moist places, in Burma,
Bengal, Gorakhpur, Oudh, South India, and in the sub-Himalayan tract west to
176 XXXL LEGUMINOSZ. [Albizzia.

the Jumna. Ravines of the Maikal and Satpura range, of the Rewah hills, and
of the Barrea hills east of Guzerat. Never quite leafless; the new foliage comes
out in April, May. Fl. May, June; fr. Jan., Feb. ;

Attains 60-80, and at times 100 ft.; trunk large, erect, not regularly shaped,
girth 6-9 ft., at times much more. R. Thompson records specimens in the
Gonda forests of Oudh 100 ft. high and 19 ft, girth. Bark 4 in. thick or less,
yellowish, or greenish white or grey, smooth, with narrow horizontal lines,
shallowly and distantly pitted by the falling of thin irregular scales.

Sapwood large, often 4 of radius, yellowish white, not durable. Heartwood
light or dark brown, with broad wavy belts and patches of a darker colour, an-
nual rings very indistinct. Pores numerous, large, equally distributed. Straight-
and even-grained, seasons well, works freely, and is durable. Weight of cub. ft.
40-55 lb. seasoned, 70-80 1b. green, so that it loses nearly half its weight in drying.
Largely used for sugar-cane crushers, rice-pounders, wheels, agricultural im-
ply bridges, and house-posts. It takes a beautiful polish, and, not bein,

eavy, would make'a good furniture-wood. In times of scarcity the bark, mixe
with flour, has been used as food. The bark is also used for tanning. /

Easily raised from seed, and grows readily from cuttings. Growth very rapid,
more rapid than of Stris. In 12 years attains 3-4, and in 30 years 4-6 ft,
(North India).

vy 4, A. Lebbek, Benth. 1. c. 87; Bedd. Fl. Sylv. t. 53; Boissier Fl.
Orient. ii. 639.—Syn. Acacia Lebbek, Willd. ; A. speciosa, Willd. ; W. &
Prodr. 275 ; Mimosa Sirissa, Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 544. Siris. Sans. Sirisha.
Vern. Siris, sirisha, shirish, sirin, sirij, sirai, kalsis, tantia, North and
Central India ; Serla, sirla, Banswara ; Harréri, Panch Mehals,

A large tree with dark-grey bark. Extremities and leaves glabrous or
pubescent. Common petiole 3-12 in., a large gland near the hase, and 1
or more interjugal glands ; pinnz 2-4 pair ; leaflets 3-9 pair, unequal-sided, _
oblong, obtuse, subsessile, lateral nerves not prominent, veins reticulate,
Peduncles 2-4 in. long, in fascicles of 2-4 from the upper axils,
forming a short corymbose raceme. Flowers white, fragrant, glabrous
or pubescent, 14 in. long to the extremities of stamens, on pedicels:
4 in. long. Calyx campanulate, less than half the length of corolla, with
short deltoid teeth. United base of filaments included. Legume 8-12 in.
long, linear-oblong, 2 in. at the broadest, of a straw-yellow colour, thin,
with 8-12 large, distant, prominent seeds.

Indigenous in thé forests of South India, the Satpura range, Bengal, and.the
sub-Himalayan tract, extending west to the Indus, and ascending to 5000 ft.
Cultivated throughout the drier parts of India, in Egypt (avenues of Cairo), —
Mesopotamia, in Afghanistan near Jellalabad, in tropical Africa, America, and
in Australia. Partially leafless for some time in the hot season, the leaves
are renewed in March, April, and sometimes there is a second flush in autumn.
The flowers chiefly appear in April, May, but often at other times. The pods
ripen in Sept., and remain hanging on the tree throughout the cold and hot
season. :

Attains 40-60 ft., with a girth of 6-8, and at times 10-12 ft. When planted
far apart as an avenue-tree, its trunk is short ; but, when drawn up by.Bambots -
and other trees in the forest, it has a long straight stem. Bark 4 in, thick,
dark or brownish grey, rough with numerous, short, irregular cracks, and ele-
vated horizontal lines. Sapwood large, often occupying half the radius, whitish.
Heartwood dark reddish brown, darker, nearly black bands alternating with
Albizzia.] XXXL LEGUMINOSZ, 177

bands of lighter colour, Tough, seasons well, works freely, and takes a fine
polish ; weight of cub. ft. 50-55 Ib. Fairly durable. Much valued for sugar-
cane crushers, oil-pestles and mortars, furniture, well-curbs, naves, spokes, and
other wheel-work. A mild pellucid gum exudes from cracks in the bark. The
leaves and twigs are a favourite fodder for camels,

Easily raised from seed; its growth during the first few years is exceedingly

rapid. Young plants suffer from frost severely in the Panjab. Trees 12 years
old in the Panjab have 23 ft. in girth, 30 years 4} ft., and at Sakkhar in Sindh,
on. low alluvial soil, trees 17 years old have attained 5-6 ft. in girth. In Sindh
and the South Panjab it is often grown from cuttings, which strike root readily,
even large sticks and posts put in the ground shooting vigorously. The roots
spread widely, but are shalluw, and the tree is apt to be blown down. In
Central and North-West India it is commonly grown in avenues, but it is an
unsightly tree during the hot season with the large, dry, yellow pods hanging
on the bare branches, In the Antilles it is called Fry-wood, the sound of the
pods in the wind resembling that of frying meat.
_ The structure of the wood of this and the two preceding species of Albizeia
is similar ; in all three the sap is large ; on a longitudinal section the pores are
prominently marked, and on a cross-section the heartwood shows darker con-
centric lines or irregular concentric bands, often interrupted (segments of. the
circle only), These darker lines or patches probably coincide, in most cases,
with the lines separating the wood formed in successive seasons; nevertheless it
can by no means be said that these woods have clearly-marked annual rings.
The pores are largest in A. procera ; they are often in groups of 2, and always
surrounded by small rounded patches of white tissue ; these patches are not
generally connected with each other, but, being arranged in more or less con-
centric lines, they give the appearance of wavy, lighter-coloured bands. A.
Lebbek has smaller pores, frequently in groups of 2, each pore or group of pores
in a patch of lighter tissue, but these patches are always distinct. The medul-
lary rays are somewhat larger in A. procera than in Lebbek.

5, A. Julibrissin, Boivin ; Benth. 1. c. 91 ; Boissier FJ. Orient. ii. 639,
—Syn. Acacia Julibrissin, Willd. ; A. mollis, Wall. Pink Siris, Vern.
Strin, kiirmru, siirangru, shirsh, bina, tandai, mathirshi, brind, Ph. ;
Siris, barau, baraulia, bhokra, N.W.P. The specific name is a corruption
of Gulab-resham, the rose-silk.

A large shrub or moderate-sized tree, extremities and leaves pubescent
or tomentose, rarely glabrous. Common petiole 6-12 in. long, a large
gland on the naked part, and smaller interjugal glands above. Pinnz
6-12 pair, leaflets 10-30 pair, unequal-sided, the middle nerve near the
upper edge, from a broad and obtuse base oblong-falcate, acute, $- in.
long, } in. broad at base. Flowers light rose-coloured, 1-1} in. long to
the extremity of stamens ; peduncles 2-3 in. long, in fascicles of 2-3 from
the upper axils, forming short corymbose racemes ; pedicels short. Calyx
and cerolla pubescent, with white silky hairs. Calyx funnel-shaped, half
the length of corolla. Filaments irregularly connate at the base, tube
included. Legume linear, 4 in. long, ? in. broad, pubescent ; seeds 4-6.

Outer Himalaya from the Indus to Sikkim, ascending to 5000, and at times
to 6000 ft, North Persia, China, Japan. Generally on rocky but moist ground.
FL April-June; the pods ripen in autumn and remain long on the tree. Culti-
vated in the Mediterranean region, and in America.
178 XXXI. LEGUMINOSA. [Albizzia.

Trunk 5 ft. girth, with a large spreading head, growth rapid. Branchlets
dark grey, stiff, Hexuose, sulcate. Bark } in. thick, dark grey, with long horizon-
tal wrinkles, and whitish, elevated, oval spots ; foliage bright green ; growth
fairly rapid, 3-4 rings in 1 in. of radius. Sapwood large, yellowish, with nu-
merous white specks; heartwood dark, almost black in old trees, beautifully
mottled with lighter and darker shades of colour apparently coinciding with the
annual rings. Pores in small detached patches of whitish tissue. Medullary _
rays conspicuous, shining, very numerous. The wood is hard, strong, moder- —
ately heavy, and takes a good polish. Furniture is made of it.

6. A. stipulata, Boivin ; Benth. 1. c. 92; Bedd. Fl. Sylv. t. 55.—Syn. -
Acacia stipulata, DC. ; W. & A. Prodr. 274. A. Smithiana, Wall. ; A.
Kangraensis, Hort. Salar. ; Mimosa stipulacea, Roxb. FI. Ind. ii. 549.
Vern. Oi, O08, Sirin, shirsha, kasir, Pb.; Siran, kaunjeria, N.W.P. ;
Pattia, samsundra, Oudh ; Bummaizah, Burm.

A large tree, branchlets, petioles, and inflorescence tomentose or pubes-
cent. Stipules large, semi-cordate, membranous, deciduous. Common
petiole 6-12 in. long, with a large gland near the base ; pinne 6-15 pair,
4-5 in. long ; leaflets 20-40 pair, 4-4 in. long, from a broad base oblong-
linear, the middle nerve near the upper edge, acute, pubescent. Flowers
yellowish, inodorous, 4 in. to 1 in. long to extremity of filaments; stamens
slightly tinged with red. Calyx and corolla pubescent; calyx tubular,
half the length of corolla, or somewhat less. Segments of corolla ovate.
Flower-heads fasciculate in racemes, on peduncles | in. long, supported by
broad bract-like ovate stipules, deciduous, and covered with ferruginous
tomentum. Legumes 6 in. long, ¢ in. broad, with 8-12 seeds.

South India, Ceylon, Burma, Bengal. Oudh, sub-Himalayan tract west to
the Indus, ascending to 4000 ft. Abundant in the Kangra valley, overtopping
the coppice-wood of Quercus annulata. Young leaves Feb.-March ; fl. April-
June; pods ripen in autumn.

Attains 50 ft. in North India, trunk not very straight, dividing into large
spreading limbs, which support a broad depressed crown, somewhat resembling
that of Poinciana regia. Extremities of branchlets velvety, branches fur-
rowed. Bark } in. thick, dark grey, with numerous small vertical wrinkles,
and a few larger horizontal furrows with prominent edges extending half-way
round the trunk, which has the appearance as if it were constricted with cords,
smooth pieces flaking off between the furrows. Sapwood large, white, readily
attacked by insects; heartwood reddish brown. Pores large, prominently
marked on a longitudinal section ; weight of cub. ft. 48-56 lb. Not much
valued in the Panjab Himalaya. (The wood of Bummaizah from Burma is
beautifully mottled.) The branches are lopped for cattle-fodder.

7. A.amara, Boivin; Benth. 1. c. iii. 90.—Syn. Acacia amara, Willd.
A. Wightti, Grah.; W. & A. Prodr. 274. Mimosa amara, Roxb. Cor.
Pl. t. 122; Fl. Ind. ii. 548. IM. pulchella, Roxb. ib. Vern. Luile?,
lallye, Dekkan.

An unarmed tree ; branchlets, petioles, and inflorescence downy, with
soft yellowish tomentum. Common petiole 2-4 in. long, pinne 6-15 pair.
A circular gland on the petiole, and at the insertion of the uppermost
pair. Leaflets small, numerous, linear, } in. long, the midrib nearly in
the middle of the leaflet. Peduncles fasciculate in the axils of the upper-
Albizzia.] XXXI. LEGUMINOS. 179

most leaves bearing yellow fragrant flower-heads of 12-20 sessile pubes-
cent flowers. Corolla three times the length of calyx. Pod linear-oblong,
with waved edges, 4-6 in. long and 1 in. broad.

South India, the Dekkan, and near Mundlaysir (Mandleswar), north of the Ner-
budda river (Jacquemont). Fl. April-June. Bark smooth, greenish. Skinner
describes it as follows: “The wood is strong, fibrous, and stiff, close-grained,
hard and durable, of a dark-brown colour, superior to Sal and Teak in trans-
verse strength and direct cohesive power. Weight 70 lb. per cub. ft. seasoned,
P.=1284, Used for beams of native houses, and in the construction of carts ;
the wood of the crooked branches is used for ploughs.” .

11. ACACTA, Willd.

‘Trees or shrubs (the Indian species) armed with prickles or stipular
spines. Flowers small, yellow or white, in globose heads or cylindrical
spikes, with numerous scaly pales between the flowers. Leaves bipin-
nate (the Indian species). Calyx and corolla usually 4-5-merous; calyx
campanulate or cup-shaped, toothed or lobed. Petals valvate in bud, more
or less connate or cohering. Stamens indefinite, free, generally very nu-
merous, not exceeding 4 inch in length ; anthers minute. Pod dehiscent
or indehiscent, seeds compressed.

Stipules spinescent, generally straight, more or less connate
at base ; trees or shrubs, not climbing.
Flowers in lax spikes ; pods thin, broadly falcate 3 a lle
Flowers in globose heads ; peduncles axillary, fasciculate.
Bracts at the base of flower-head _ 3 ‘

Bracts in the middle of peduncle.
A tree; pods convex, moniliform, contracted between

bs

. Latronum.

A. Farnesiana.

seeds . is y : ‘ ‘i ‘ . 8. A. arabica.
A shrub; pods fiat, linear-oblong, 4 in. broad ; flowers
sweet-scented. E - . 5 si e . 4, A. Jacquemonti.
A shrub or small tree ; pods flat, linear, } in. broad ;
os smell of flowers unpleasant 7 . : . 5. A. eburnea.
'_ Flowers in globose heads; peduncles paniculate . 6. A. leucophlea.
Stipules not spinescent ; two or three infra-stipular, generally
recurved, prickles below the insertion of each leaf; flowers
in cylindrical spikes ; trees or shrubs, not climbing.
Pods indehiscent or imperfectly dehiscent.
Three infra-stipular prickles; common petiole 1-2 in.
long ; 2 ; . : : . ‘ . 7. A, rupestris,
Two infra-stipular prickles ; common petiole 1-2 in. long 8. A. modesta.
Two infra-stipular prickles ; common petiole 3-6 in. long. “
Leaflets 15-30 pair, oblong-linear, 4 in. long . 9. A, ferruginea.
Leaflets 6-8 pair, obovate or oblong, lin. long . . 10. A. lenticularis.
Pods two-valved, dehiscent.
Bark dark-coloured ; petals 2-3 times longer than calyx . 11. Zt Soaps
. Suma.

Bark white; petals less than twice the length of calyx. 12.
Stipules not spinescent, prickles not infra-stipular, but scat-
tered ; flowers in globose heads ; climbing shrubs.
Pods thick, fleshy, imperfectly dehiscent

Pods thin, flat, dehiscent.

Leaflets subfalcaté, subcoriaceous, pale'or rust-coloured ;
beneath . . 14, A. ceesia.

Leaflets narrow-linear, ‘membranous, not pale beneath . 15. A. pennata.
Several Australian species of this genus have been naturalised on the Nilgiris,

. 18. A. concinna.
180 XXXI. LEGUMINOSA. [Acacia

and elsewhere in India, the most important of which are: A. dealbata, Link.;
Benth. Fl. Austr. ii. 415. Zhe Silver Wattle ; N.S. Wales, Victoria, and Tas-
mania ; a tree spreading rapidly by numberless root-suckers, with grey bipinnate
hoary leaves, linear leaflets, and small yellow flower-heads in axillary and ter-
minal panicles. A. melanoxylon, Australian Blackwood, R. Brown ; Benth, 1,
c. 388 ; N.S, Wales, Victoria, Tasmania, and South Australia; alarge tree with
hard and durable wood, coriaceous phyllodia (vertically dilated leaf-stalks) in-
stead of leaves, except on young trees which have partially bipinnate leaves,
Flowers in globose compact heads on short axillary racemes. Sapwood small,
heartwood dark brown, often beautifully feathered and mottled, strong and tough,
used for axe-handles, other implements, and cabinet-work.

1. A. Latronum, Willd. ; Benth. in Lond. Jour. of Bot. i. (1842) 506 ;
W. & A. Prodr. 273.—Syn. Mimosa Latronum, Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 559.

A shrub or small tree, armed with numerous stout stipular spines, con-
nate at the base, generally of two kinds, the smaller 4-1 in. long, the
larger 2 in. long, conical, ivory-white and hollow inside. Leaves often
fasciculate, common petiole 1-14 in. long, a gland on the naked part;
pinne 3-5 pair, 1 in. long or less; leaflets 10-12 pair, small, linear, glab-
rous or pubescent. Spikes lax, subsessile, often fasciculate, 1-14 in. long,
flowers white at first, turning yellow afterwards, fragrant. Pods thin,
subcoriaceous, dehiscent, broadly falcate, 1-14 in. long, 4-2 in. broad,
3-4-seeded.

South India, Dekkan. FI. Jan.-March. Often gregarious, forms formidable
thorny thickets. Bark dark brown, dotted with white.

Madden, 1. c, 448, speaks of a “very beautiful and exceedingly bushy Acacia”
in hot valleys of East Kamaon (vern. Bhes), “ either A. dumosa or Latronum.”:

2. A. Farnesiana, Willd.; Bedd. Fl. Sylv. t. 52.—Syn. Mimosa Far-
nesiana, Linn.; Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 557. Vachellia Farnesiana, W. & A.
Prodr, 272. Vern. Vilayatt hikar, vilayati babul, Gu-kikar.

A thorny shrub, glabrous or pubescent, armed with straight stipular
spines. Common petiole 14-2 in. long, pinne 4-8 pair, cup-shaped glands
below the lowest, and often at the base of the uppermost pair ; leaflets
linear, ciliate or nearly glabrous, 10-20 pair. Flowers in globose heads,
deep yellow, sweet-scented, supported by broad membranous bracts at the
base of the head. Peduncles slender, 3-5, fasciculate. Calyx 5-toothed;
corolla tubular, 5-toothed. Pod 2-3 in. long, glabrous, with elevated,
nearly parallel, reticulate lines, turgid, nearly cylindrical, scarcely dehis-
cent, filled with dry spongy tissue and a double row of seeds,

Cultivated all over India, indigenous in America, from New Orleans, Texas,
Mexico, to Buenos Ayres and Chili. Fl. Feb., March. Exudes gum, which is
collected in Sindh.

3. A. arabica, Willd. ; W. & A. Prodr. 277; Bedd. Fl. Sylv. t. 47.—
Syn. Mimosa arabica, Lam. ; Roxb. Cor. Pl. t.149 ; Fl. Ind. ii. 557. Vern.
Kikar, Pb. ; Babbar, Sindh ; Babul, babur, N.W.P., Central India.

A tree, with thorny branches. Petioles, peduncles, and branchlets pu-
bescent, leaves glabrous. Stipular spines spreading, generally straight,
varying in length }-2 in. long, smooth, generally whitish, with sharp, often °
Acacia. | XXXI. LEGUMINOS Ai. 181

shining brown points. Pinne generally 3-6 pair ; common petiole 1-2 in.
long, cup-shaped glands at the base of the lowest, and generally also of the
uppermost pair; leaflets linear, 10-20 pair. Peduncles slender, 3-5, fasci-
culate, with 2 opposite scaly bracts in the middle of the peduncle. Flowers
golden yellow, in globose heads. Corolla campanulate.. Pod stalked, com-
pressed, 6 in. long, moniliform, much contracted at both sutures between
the seeds, whitish-tomentose, rarely glabrous.

Cultivated or self-sown throughout the greater part of India, save in the most
humid regions on the coast, and in the extreme North-West, beyond the Jhelam,
where the winter-frost is too severe. Stunted trees are occasionally found as
high as 3000-4000 ft. in the North-West Himalaya. In Sindh, near Delhi, in
the Ghunna forest near Bhartpur, in Guzerat, and the Koruns of the Northern
Dekkan, the tree forms extensive and generally pure forests ; the pure Babul
forests of Lower and Middle Sindh cover upwards of 27,000 acres. In North
Sindh, Babul trees are found in small numbers as standards over underwood
of Tamarisk. The tree is probably indigenous in Sindh, and perhaps also in
the Northern Dekkan. In the Panjab it is not indigenous. Outside India it
is found in Africa, Arabia (A. nilotica, Del. Boiss. Fl. Or. ii. 635), with glabrous
pods, and (cultivated) in Persia and Afghanistan. The tree is never leafless ;
the young foliage comes out in Feb. and April. Fl. July-Sept. (Panjab).

Attains 50-60 ft., with a short, not very straight or regularly shaped trunk 10-
15 ft. long, and 5-6 ft. girth, attaining 10-12 ft. under favourable conditions, the
largest girth recorded being 164 ft. near Multan (Edgeworth). Branches spread-
ing, forming a fine broad shady crown. Bark thick, dark brown, nearly black,
with deep narrow, regular longitudinal fissures, joined by short cross-cracks.
Inner bark reddish brown, very fibrous. The sapwood is large, and generally
occupies the fifth or sixth part of the radius ; it is whitish, coarse-grained, and
soft. The heartwood is pale red, nearly colourless when fresh-cut, but on expo-
sure to the air turns red or dark reddish brown, often with blackish streaks.
Pores numerous, uniformly distributed, generally surrounded by a small rounded
patch of lighter-coloured tissue, often close together in.the inner belt of each
annual ring, the outer belt having fewer pores, and appearing on that account of
a darker colour. Medullary rays numerous; ona longitudinal section the pores
and the shining plates or bands of the medullary rays are very prominent. The
green wood weighs between 69 and 72 lb. (Stewart), the weight of seasoned wood
in the Panjab is 48 (Stewart), in Gwalior 53.7 (Cunningham), and Skinner gives
the average (for wood from South India) at 541b. The value of P. is 884 (Skin-
ner) and 875, extremes 743 and 1201 (Cunningham). The wood is tough and
close-grained, very durable if water-seasoned. It is used extensively for naves,
spokes, and fellies of wheels, for well-curbs, sugar-rollers, oil-presses, and rice-
pounders, agricultural implements, mallets, axe-handles, and tent-pegs. In
Sindh it is much employed in boat-building, particularly for knees and crooked
timbers. For construction it is rarely possible to get pieces sufficiently long,
but in Sindh it is often used for rafters, It is also used for railway-sleepers.
It is an excellent fuel, and has greater heating powers than either Prosopis
spicigera or the Tamarisk. ah :

A gum, similar to gum-arabic, exudes in large quantities from wounds in the
bark ; it is collected and used in native medicine, by dyers and cloth-printers,
and with the gum of other trees it forms part of the Kast Indian gum-arabic,
In Sindh and Guzerat much Lakh is produced on the tree, particularly on the
small half-dry branches. When once the insect attacks a tree, it spreads
rapidly, killing the small branches as it proceeds, and it is said that it would
kill the tree were not the twigs cut off with the Lakh. Good crops of Lakh,
182 XXXL LEGUMINOSA. [ Acacia,

however, occur only after one or two dry years, and are said to foretell an un-
healthy season. The bark is used for tanning and dyeing, and a decoction of it
is used to wash the hair, It is a powerful astringent (Pharm. Ind. 77). In
times of scarcity it is ground and mixed with flour. The bark of the root is
ouch used in the preparation of native spirits. The unripe pod, which is very
astringent, makes (with an iron-salt) excellent ink; in Africa the pods are used
for tanning. Camels, cattle, goats, and sheep delight in the green pods with
the tender shoots and leaves; and to obtain the pods and leaves, the trees are
often extensively lopped and mutilated. .

The Kikar has been cultivated on a large scale in the plantations of the Pan-
jab plains. North-west of the Sutlej river, however, the result has hitherto been
unsatisfactory. With sufficient moisture the seed springs up readily, and at first
the growth is most rapid and luxuriant. But the plants are mostly cut down by
the frosts of December and January ; and though they generally shoot up again,
the fresh shoots are cut back by the cold of successive seasons, and young trees 10-
‘15 ft. high may often be seen killed by frost to the root. The end is, that a large
proportion of trees perish ; and thus it has come to pass, that in many places
where Sissoo and Kikar had been sown in equal proportions, or where even
a larger proportion of the Acacia had been sown, the result has been a forest,
almost exclusively composed of Sissoo. There are, however, numerous excep-

‘tions ; successful and thriving Kikar plantations are in existence in the Northern
Panjab, between the Chenab and Jhelam rivers, and self-sown Kikar springs up
abundantly in fields) Young Beech and silver Fir frequently suffer from frost
in their native home in the midst of self-sown forests of their own kind. The
latest experience in the Panjab seems to show that Kikar interspersed among
other trees escaped the frost, but died when sown by itself in lines. South-
east of the Sutlej river, the tree suffers less. Besides frost, the Kikar in its
young state has many enemies, The roots are sweetish, and are eaten greedily
by rats; pigs also are fond of them, and often dig up young plants; in Sindh
the porcupine gnaws the bark round the base of the trunk, and the leaves are
often eaten by insects. Young Kikar sends down its tap-root much deeper than
Sissoo ; in older trees, however, the side-roots develop more than the tap-root,
and old Kikar is shallow-rooted and easily blown over. The rate of growth
is less rapid than of Sissoo, but more rapid than of Zizyphus Jujuba. In the
Panjab it attains a girth of 2} ft. in about twelve, and of 5 ft. in about thirty
years. In the forests of Lower and Middle Sindh the average growth has been
ascertained to be—

At 35 years 4 ft. girth, measured 4 ft. from the ground.
6

” 55 9 ”? ” ” ”

-

These are averages ; under favourable circumstances a much more rapid growth
has been noticed. Thus at Jacobabad in Sindh, the Kikar, planted when the
station was established in 1844, has attained, in common with the Sissoo and
other trees, in less than thirty years 50-60 ft., with girths of 6-8 ft.

The Kikar is not very long-lived, and old trees are generally hollow. It
thrives on light and heavy soils, and will even live on Kankar, if the bed is not
too thick. It demands a great amount of light, and while young thrives best
on a loose soil, ploughed or otherwise, where the air has free access to the roots.
The tree coppices fairly well, and may be grown from cuttings. It forms a good
hedge when trimmed. Several varieties of this important tree have been de-
scribed, the most important is var. cupressiformis—vern. Kabuli-hikar, kabuli-
babbar, kikari. A tall broom-like tree, with close ascending branches, some-
what like a Cypress, common in parts of the Panjab, particularly in the Jech
Doab between Jhelam and Chenab, near the station of Jhelam, and about J hang ;
also found in Sindh, Rajputana (Bauli, at Nibahéra), near Delhi, and in the
Acacia. ] XXXI. LEGUMINOSA, 183

ree _ (Ram kanta, ram babiil.) This variety is easily raised from seed,
the seedlings showing at once their peculiar character ; in poor soil and with
little moisture it is as hardy as the ordinary kind, but its growth appears to be
slower. Trees are occasionally found with the branches on one side bent over,
while those on the other are erect and ascending, Edgeworth states that
near Multan the cupressiform variety and the ordinary form may at times be
seen on the same tree,

The variety called spina albida is probably no variety at all. All strong
young shoots from stumps of felled trees, or from a browsed or mutilated young
tree, or luxuriantly growing young plants, have generally very long, strong, white
spines, and this has probably given rise to the idea of a variety with white spines.

4. A. Jacquemonti, Benth. in London Journ. of Botany, i. (1842) 499.
—Vern. Hanza, Afg.; Kikar, badul, bamil, babbil, Pb.; Ratabauli,
Guzerat.

A small bushy shrub, with stiff flexuose smooth brown branches.
Glabrous, stipular spines straight, 1-14 in. long, ivory-white, connate at
base. Pinnz generally 2-4 pair; common petiole 1-2 in. long; glands
small and indistinct; leaflets 5-10 pair, oblong-linear, somewhat fieshy.
Peduncles fascicled, 5-10 from each axil, with 2 opposite scaly bracts
about the middle of the peduncle. Flowers capitate, yellow, sweet-
— Legume stipitate, 2-3 in. long, flat, glabrous, broad-linear, 3 in.

road.

East flank of Suliman range, ascending to 2500, and at times to 3200 ft.
Outer Himalaya near the Jhelam, to about the same elevation. Panjab plains,
Sindh, banks of the Nerbudda (Jacquemont), Common in ravines and dry
water-courses in Rajputana and North Guzerat. Fl. Feb.-May. Bark dark-red
brown, rarely cinereous, somewhat sulcate, but smooth and never speckled.
The bark of the root is used in the distillation of spirits ; the branches are cut,
and leaves thrashed out with sticks to be used as fodder. ¢

5. A. eburnea, Willd. ; W. & A. Prodr. 276.—Syn. Mimosa eburnea,
Roxb. Pl. Cor. t. 199; Fl. Ind. ii. 558. Vern. Marmat, Dekkan.

A large shrub or small tree. Branchlets hairy or glabrous, armed with
straight spines, often ivory-white, and 1-2 in. long. Pinnz 2-4 pair;
common petiole 4-1 in. long, with a large cup-shaped gland at the inser-
tion of the uppermost pair, and often another gland below the lowest pair.
Leaflets 6-8 pair, small, oblong ; petioles and leaflets often ciliate with
long hairs. Peduncles axillary, solitary or several, bearing globose, golden-
yellow flower-heads, with a pair of membranous bracts below the middle.
Corolla tubulose ; palez cuneate, ciliate. Flowers with a somewhat un-
pleasant smell. ‘Pods generally 2-4 at the apex of the peduncle, from one
flower-head, narrow-linear, 2-5 in. long, } in. broad, slightly contracted
between the seeds. Seeds 8-12.

East flank of Suliman range, ascending to 3000 ft., rarely to 5000 ft., rare in
the Salt range. Outer Himalaya, as far east as Kamaon. Rocky beds of ravines
in Oudh (R. Th.) Sindh, Oujein, the Dekkan, and South India. Also in
Afghanistan, and at Aden. Generally found in dry, barren places, Fl. Nov.-
Jan. ; fr. May, June. Generally a shrub, at times a small tree 14-15 ft. high,
with erect trunk, stiff divaricate, scrubby branches, and sparse greyish foliage.
Bark dark grey or reddish brown.
184 XXXI. LEGUMINOS&. [Acacia

6. A. leucophlea, Willd. —Tab. XXVII.—W. & A. Prodr. 277; Bedd.
Fl. Sylv. t, 48.—Syn. Mimosa leucophiea, Roxb. Cor. Pl. t. 150; Fl.
Ind. ii 558. Vern, Reru, raunj, karir, numbar, North India; Ringa,
rinj, reunja, rohant, jhind, C,P.; Arinj, areinj (Khejra in South Meywar,
near Bassi and Sadri), Rajputana; Raundra, runjra, Banswara ; Jhand,
Jallander Doab, and about Delhi; Hewar, South. Mar. country.

A thorny tree, branchlets, petioles, leaves, and branches of inflores-
cence grey-tomentose. Armed with strong, straight stipular spines.
Common petiole 1-24 in. long; pinne 5-12 pair; small, circular, cup-
shaped glands generally at the insertion of each pair. Leaflets 12-30
pair, linear. Flowers pale yellow, nearly white, in globose heads, on
short peduncles, arranged in large terminal, leafless panicles ; two mem-
branous bracts on the peduncle. Pods linear, 4-6 in. long, 4 in. broad,
solitary, or 2-3 on one peduncle, clothed with short brown tomentum.
Seeds 8-12.

Plains of the Panjab from Lahore to Delhi. Siwalik hills, between the Jumna
and Ravi. Bandelkhand, Rajputana, the Satpura range, Khandeish, and South
India. Ceylon, Burma, and Java. Young leaves in April. Fl. Aug.-Nov.,
sometimes as early as May ; fr. Nov.-April.

Attains in places a considerable size, 6 ft. girth, with a crooked, gnarled
trunk. Near Amritsar a specimen 15 ft. girth, and 80 ft. high, is said to have
been found. Trunk generally taller than that of A. arabica, branches ascending,
less numerous. On the dry hills of Mairwara, near Todgarh (normal rainfall
about 12 in.), this is a thorny shrub or small tree, with 2-4 pair of pinnae, and
8-10 pair of leaflets. :

Bark thin, cinereous, yellowish, or light brown, with few deep narrow, longi-
tudinal fissures, and short shallow cross-cracks, smooth between, Inner sub-
stance dark brown. Sapwood whitish, open, porous, and coarse-grained; heart-
wood small, reddish or dark purple, with darker wavy, concentric streaks,
close- and fine-grained. Seasons well, and takes a fine polish, but is somewhat
brittle. Strong and tough, but often eaten by insects. Skinner gives the weight
of seasoned wood 55, of green wood 62 lb., and the value of P. 860. An ex-
cellent fuel for locomotives.

The bark is ground and mixed with flour during times of scarcity. In South
India the bark is largely used in the preparation of spirits from sugar and palm-
juice, and it is added on account of the tannin it contains, in order to precipi-
tate the albuminous substances of the juice. The right of collecting the bark is
often farmed out. By steeping the bark in water for 4-5 days, and beating it,
a tough fibre is made, used for making nets and coarse cordage.

Large woody excrescences are often formed on the branches, somewhat re-
sembling those of Prosopis spicigera, but more spongy in structure. Young
pods are used as vegetables, and the seeds are ground and mixed with flour.

7. A, rupestris, Stocks; Boissier Fl. Orient. ii. 638.—Vern. Khor,
Sindh ; Kumta, Rajputana.

A small thorny tree, 6-12 ft. high, branchlets and petioles pubescent.
Armed with 3 infra-stipular prickles, the 2 lateral straight, the third
recurved, all shining brown, compressed, and decurrent. Leaves 1-2 in.
long; pinne 3-5 pair; petiole armed with numerous whitish prickles,
with a gland below the lowest pair, and between the end pair of pinne,
Leaflets grey, linear, ciliate. Spikes lax, 3-5 in. long, on short peduncles.
Acacia. | XXXI. LEGUMINOSA, 185

Flowers fragrant. Calyx green, teeth short, triangular, corolla and fila-
ments white. Anthers lemon-yellow. Pod thin, flexible, pubescent
when young, brown when ripe, sub-dehiscent, thickened at the edges,
veined on the surface, linear-oblong, 3 in. long, 3 in. broad. (The speci-
mens collected in Rajputana are without prickles on the petioles.)

Dry rocky hills of Sindh, Northern Avavalli hills, near Kishengarh, Todgarh,
and Bednor. In flower and fruit in Dec. 1869 (D.B.) Bark smooth, yellowish
grey, wood light yellow, heavy and hard, with small irregular masses of black
heartwood in the centre. Takes a beautiful polish. Used for weavers’ shuttles.
Exudes gum, which is collected in Sindh, and sold with that of A. arabica.

-Another species, with 3 infra-stipular prickles and an armed petiole, but
wee short broad pod 2 in. long, is A. hamulosa, Benth. 1. c. 509. Aden and

abia.

8. A. modesta,* Wall. Pl. As, rar. t. 130; Jacqu. Voy. Bot. t. 56;
Boissier Fl, Orient. ii, 638.—Syn. A. dumosa, W. & A, Prodr. 274.
Mimosa dumosa, Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 559, and probably M, obovata, Roxb.
ib. 561, Vern. Palosa, Afg.; Phala, phalat, phulaht, Pb.

A thorny, moderate-sized tree, rarely unarmed, with grey foliage.
Glabrous, a few scattered hairs on petivle and peduncle. Armed with
twin, strong, shining dark-brown conical infra-stipular prickles. Leaves
pale grey or glaucous ; pinnz 2-3 pair; leaflets 3-5 pair, obliquely oblong
or obovate, Common petiole 1-2 in. long, a small round gland below the
lowest pair of pinne. Stipules minute, deciduous. Flowers white or
pale yellow, sweet-scented, nearly sessile, jn lax, cylindrical, drooping
spikes, the spikes solitary or 3-3 together, 1-2 in. long, on slender ped-
uncles. Petals connate beyond the middle, Pod stalked, flat, indehis-
cent, linear-oblong, 2-3 in. long, $ in. broad. Seeds 3-5, compressed.

Trans-Indus, in places abundant, in the plains and on the east flank of the
Suliman range, ascending to 4000, and at times to 4500 ft. Common in the
Salt range, and in the northern part of the Panjab plains, extending to Saharan-
pur and Delhi. Sub-Himalayan tract and outer hills between Indus and Sutlej,
ascending to 3000 ft. Afghanistan. Leaves change in March. Fl. March,
April, the white flower-spikes contrasting elegantly with the delicate green
colour of the young foliage ; but the flowers fade soon, and the leaves turn into
an ash-grey colour, Fr. autumn ; the pods remain on the tree for months.

25-30 ft. high, trunk short, at times 10-12 ft. girth ; branches stiff, divaricate,
forming a bushy, rounded crown. Branchlets drooping. Bark rough, with a
multitude of irregular narrow cracks. Sapwood large, coarse-grained, somewhat
glossy on a longitudinal section. Heartwood dark brown, nearly black, close-
grained, compact and heavy. Stewart found the cub. ft. of seasoned wood to
weigh 53.4 to 56 1b., and of green wood 69.5 to 761b. Strong and durable, prized
for cart-wheels, sugar-cane crushers, ploughs, teeth of harrows, and Persian
water-wheels. A tasteless gum exudes from wounds in the bark. The leaves
and fallen blossoms are collected for cattle-fodder. .

The tree is readily raised from seed, and answers admirably for hedges. Its
growth is slow, much slower than that of Sissoo or Kikar.

9, A. ferruginea, DC.; Bedd. Fl. Sylv. t.51; W. & A. Prodr. 273,—

* Lretain Wallich’s as the safer name, being supported by his excellent figure and
Minna ton for the identity of the tree with A. dumosa, W. & A., might possibly be

doubted.
186 XXXI. LEGUMINOS. [Acacia

Syn. Mimosa ferruginea, Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 561. Vern. Kaiger, Panch
Mehals.

A large tree, with rough, dark-coloured bark ; glabrous, armed with
twin, short, infra-stipular prickles, rarely unarmed. Common petiole 3-6
in. long, common and secondary petioles with thickened base; glands
small, circular or linear at the base of the upper pairs of pinnz, and 1 be-
low the pinnz; leaflets oblong-linear, grey or glaucous, 15-30 pair;
pinne 4-6 pair, 2-3 in. long. Flowers pale yellow, in lax, axillary spikes,
4-5 in. long, the spikes often numerous, and sub-paniculate near the ends
of branches. Calyx about } the length of corolla, with short triangular
teeth. Pods glabrous, light or dark brown, 3-4 in. long, flat, thin, inde-
hiscent, nearly 1 in. broad.

South India, the Konkan, Mundlaisir, and forests of the Panch Mehals in
Guzerat. Fr. Jan., Feb. Bark strongly astringent, used, like that of lewco-
phlea, in the distillation of arrack (Bedd.) Heartwood reddish brown.

The tree in the Panch Mehals was identified by Mr Dalzell, in his list of the
P.M. trees, April 1863, with A. Verek, Guillemin et Perrotet, Fl. Senegambiz,
t. 56, a tree, which forms large forests north of the Senegal river, extending to
the edge of the desert; is also found in Nubia and Kordofan, and yields
some of the best kinds of gum-arabic. But A. Verek has (generally) a third

infra-stipular prickle. The prickles have a broad decurrent base, and the leaves
are smaller and hairy.

10. A. lenticularis, Hamilton ; Benth. 1. c. 508.

Asmall tree ; perfectly glabrous, armed with twin infra-stipular prickles,
or unarmed ; leaves large glaucous ; common petiole 3-6 in. long; pinnz
2-3 pair; leaflets 6-8 pair, about 1 in. long, obovate or oblong, obtuse.
Flowers sessile, in axillary spikes, 3-5 in. long; corolla more than twice
the length of calyx. Legume linear, flat, membranous, indehiscent, 6-9
in. long, 1 in. broad.

Siwaliks of Kamaon, Rajmahal hills. Reported from the Central Provinces,
but I have not seen specimens. This is probably “Khyn” of Madden, Journ.
As. Soc. xvii. I. 570, “an armed tree with the blossoms of the Khyr and the
fruit of the Siris; wood excellent. Forests about Burmdeo and Punagiri.” *

11. A. Catechu, Willd.—Syn. Mimosa Catechu, Linn. Suppl. 439;
Roxb. Cor. Pl. t. 175. MM. Sundra, Roxb. 1. c. t. 225. Acacia catechu-
oides, Benth. A. Sundra, DC.; Benth. 1. ¢. 510. A. Sandra, Bedd. Fl.
Syly. t. 50. Vern. Khair, kheir, Kher. (Shaben, Burm.)

A moderate-sized tree, with thorny branches and rough dark-coloured
bark. Branchlets and petioles, generally dark-brown or purple, glabrous,
shining ; below the insertion of each leaf a pair of compressed, sharp,
brown, shining, infra-stipular prickles. Common petiole 3-4 in. long,
often armed with scattered prickles, a gland below the lowest pair of
pinne, and at the insertion of the 3-4 uppermost pairs. Pinne 10-20
pair ; leaflets numerous, linear, imbricate, glabrous or pubescent, less than
% in. long, generally turning brown in drying. Spikes lax, axillary,
cylindrical, pedunculate, 2-4 in. long, solitary or fascicled, flowers pale
yellow, sessile. Petals linear, connate at the base, 2-3 times longer
Acacia. } XXXI. LEGUMINOSA, 187

than calyx. Pods stipitate, thin, brown, shining, 2-3 in. long, 4-3 in.
broad, seeds 3-10. pore : ’ 8; g, $$ in

_Common in most parts of India and Burma. Apparently not indigenous in
Sindh, but common in the Aravalli hills, and in the sub-Himalayan tract,
extending west to the Indus, and ascending to 3000 ft. in the valleys. Ceylon,
and Eastern Africa. Generally gregarious in the sub-Himalayan tract, on islands,
and the banks of rivers near their entrance into the plains. Fl. May-July ;
fr. autumn ; the pods remain long on the tree. The old leaves are shed in Feb.-
March ; the new foliage appears March-April.

30-40 ft. high, trunk short, not very straight, 4-6 ft, girth, attaining 10 ft.
Branches straggling, thorny ; foliage light, feathery. When cut or lopped it is
often reduced to a low-tangled shrub, with long, thorny branches. Bark 4-2 in.
thick, dark grey, or greyish brown, in old trees nearly black, rough and exfoli-
ating in long narrow strips or scales. Inner bark reddish, fibrous. Sapwood
large, yellowish white ; heartwood dark red, extremely hard, annual rings in-
distinct, Medullary rays numerous ; pos uniformly distributed, each sur-
rounded by a patch of lighter-coloured tissue. Cunningham determined the
weight of wood grown in Gwalior at 70.2 lb., the value of P. resulting from his
experiments is 779. Of wood grown in the Central Provinces, the weight is
given as 75.4 (R. Th.), (76.5 unseasoned), and 79.2 (Centr. Prov. List). These
last figures are high, and the question naturally arises whether the woods
were really seasoned. From Burma two varieties are mentioned in my list |
of Burma woods (1862), Nos. 29 and 30, weighing 56 and 70 lb. respectively.
There is thus still some uncertainty regarding the weight of the wood of this
tree, and this uncertainty is increased by the confusion which has hitherto
existed in the nomenclature of this and the allied species. Skinner’s list does
not contain A. Catechu, but he describes two woods which he calls Acacia
Suma (Lella Sundra, Telugu), weight 77, P.=801, and Acacia Sundra (Nulla
Sundra, Telugu), weight 81, P.=915. R. Thompson gives the weight of A.Sundra
(from the Centr. Prov.) at 60 Ib. seasoned, and 81 Ib. green. 1 do not venture
to decide to which of the species here described these specimens belonged. The
wood seasons well, takes a fine polish ; the sap is apt to be eaten by insects ; the
heartwood is exceedingly durable, even more so than Teak. It is not attacked
by white ants, and not touched by Teredo navalis. It is used for rice-pestles,
sugar-cane and oil-seed crushers, cotton-rollers, wheel-wright’s work, ploughs,
bows, spear- and sword-handles. In Burma it is preferred to all other woods
for house-posts. In North India it is considered to yield the best charcoal for
blacksmith’s work. The bark is very astringent, rather bitter, in places used
for tanning. The most valuable product of the tree, however, is Catechu
(Katha). The heartwood is cut into chips, which are boiled in water in
earthen pots, the red solution is poured off, and boiled again over fresh chips,
and after this has been repeated several times, it is boiled down in large round
flat iron bowls to the thickness of a black paste, which, when dry, is the Cutch
of commerce, a heavy compact mass, with a shining dark-brown or black
fracture. In this manner Cutch is manufactured in Pegu, and the preparation
of it in India is similar. Pale Catechu is a more earthy substance of dull red-
dish colour. Madden (1. c. 565) describes the Katha made in Kamaon as crys-
tallising on leaves and twigs thrown into the concentrated liquor. Cutch or :
Catechu is a most valuable article, extensively consumed in the East with the
Betel-leaf, and largely exported to Europe for dyeing and tanning. It is bitter
and very astringent, and is used medicinally (Pharm. Ind. 62).

12. A. Suma, Kurz. MSS.—Syn. Mimosa Suma, Roxb. FI. Ind. ii. 563 ;
Ill. in Herb. Kew, t. 1867; Acacia Catechu, Benth. 1. c. 510; Bedd. Fl.
188 XXXL LEGUMINOSA. [ Acacia.

Sylv. t. 49. Vern. Sai-kanta, Beng.; Kumtia, Pertabgarh ; Dhaula
khejra (white Acacia), Banswara. Gorado, Mandevi ; Son kairi, Dangs.

A large tree with white bark. Branches flexuose, branchlets and
petioles downy with whitish or grey soft pubescence. Below the inser-
tion of each leaf a pair of sharp conical infra-stipular prickles, downy
while young, brown shining afterwards. Common petiole 4-10 in. long,
unarmed, a large cup-shaped gland, oval, and often -%5 in. long near the
base, or half-way between the base and the first pair of pinnz; smaller
circular glands at the insertion of the upper 3-10 pair; pinnz 10-20 pair;
leaflets numerous, linear, } in. long, imbricate or approximate, pubescent
and ciliate, grey or greyish green when dry. Flowers pale yellow, sessile,
in lax, axillary, cylindrical, pedunculate spikes, often interrupted at the
base. Petals more or less cohering beyond the middle, less than twice
the length of calyx. Peduncles and calyx downy with soft grey pubes-
cence. Spikes 2-4 in. long, generally fasciculate, and paniculate at the
ends of branches. Pods stipitate, thin, 2-4 in. long.

South India (common in Mysore, between Shemoga and Bangalur), Bengal,
Guzerat, extending north to Banswara and Pertabgarh (D.B., 1870). Fl. May-
Aug. Large conical thorns on the white bark. Heartwood red, catechu made
of it. Bark (in Pertabgarh) peeled off and used for tanning.

There is considerable confusion in the synonyms of these two species. For
the first, which is the most generally distributed Catechu-yielding Acacia, and
is readily distinguished by the dark-coloured bark, I maintain Willdenow’s
name, Acacia Catechu, as he quotes (iv. 1079), t. 175, of the Corom. Plants,
and I unite with it A. catechuoides, Benth., which does not appear to me to be
specifically distinct. For the second species, with white-coloured bark, Mr
Sulpiz Kurz has, I understand, adopted Roxburgh’s name Swma, which to me
also seems the most appropriate. The excellent description of the Flora Indica
is supported by the admirable manuscript-drawing quoted above. This species
I do not know from North India. Mr R. Thompson notes, besides A. Catechu;
A. Sundra, from Oudh and the Central Provinces ; this may be Suma, but un-
fortunately I have not seen his specimens. I do not venture to identify Willde-
now's A. polyacantha with Suma, nor do I feel sure which species are meant
by A. Catechu and Sundra of Wight and Arnott’s Prodromus. In Beddome’s
Fi. Sylv. t. 49, 4. Catechu (Suma) is said to have a dark-brown bark, but
this error is corrected in p. xcv of the Manual.

13. A. concinna, DC. ; W. & A. Prodr. 277.Syn. Mimosa concinna,
Willd. ; Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 565. Vern. Adlah, rassaul, Oudh; Ban-ritha
(forest soap-nut), Beng. ; Stkikat, sikekai, Dekkan. _

A large climbing and. prickly shrub ; branchlets, petioles, and pedun-
cles tomentose or pubescent, and armed with numerous scattered sharp
recurved prickles, Common petiole 3-4 in. long, with a gland below
the first pair of pinnz, and 1 or 2 glands at the insertion of the upper-
most pairs. Pinnz 4-6 pair ; leaflets 12-20 pair, linear, from a rounded,
unequal-sided base, 3-4 in. long, glabrous or ciliate when full grown.
Stipules large, semicordate, striate. Flower-buds purple ; flowers yellow,
in globose heads. Calyx and corolla thinly membranous, pubescent.
Ovary pubescent all over, or with a few isolated hairs. Flower-heads on
slender peduncles 1-1} in. long, fasciculate, forming racemose panicles at
Acacia.] XXXI. LEGUMINOSZ, 189

the ends of branches. Pods thick, fleshy, imperfectly dehiscent, some-
what contracted between seeds, 4-5 in. long, 1 in. broad.

South India, Bengal, Burma, Indian Archipelago. Abundant in the Oudh
forests, Fl, March-July ; the fr. ripens in the ensuing cold season, The pods

(and in Oudh the pounded leaves also) are used for washing the hair. The
leaves are acid, and are eaten.

A. rugata, Ham.; Benth. 1. , 514 (ovary villose), does not in my opinion
differ from A. concinna. In the specimens of both concinna and rugata ex-
amined by me, the ovaries are always more or less hairy, and this is the main
character given. I follow Wight and Arnott in maintaining the name A. con-
cinna for the united species.

14, A. cesia, W. & A. Prodr. 278.—Syn. Mimosa cesia, Linn. ;
Roxb. ii. 565. Acacia Intsia, Willd.; W. & A. Prodr. l.c. ; Benth. 1. c.
515. Vern. Katrar, Kamaon.

A large climbing and prickly shrub ; branchlets, petioles, and pedun-
cles pubescent, and armed with short, conical, sharp, scattered prickles.
Branchlets and petioles angled and sulcate. Common petiole 3-12 in. long,
with oblong, raised convex glands, one above its base, and 2 or 3-smaller
glands at the base of the uppermost pinne ; pinne 4-15 pair; leaflets
10-30 pair, subcoriaceous, pubescent, shining above, pale or rust-coloured
beneath, subfalcate or from an oblique base linear-oblong, acute. Stipules
deciduous, linear or lanceolate, striate. Flower-buds brown or greenish
white; flowers pale yellow, in globose pedunculate heads. Peduncles
fasciculate, in large terminal panicles. Pods thin, flat, dehiscent, 4-6
in. long, 1 in. broad ; rusty, or brown-tomentose when young, glabrous
afterwards.

Common in most parts of India and Burma. In the sub-Himalayan tract to
the Chenab, ascending to 4000 ft. in Kamaon. Fl. April-Aug. ; the pods ripen
in autumn.

15. A. pennata, Willd. ; W. & A. Prodr. 277.—Syn. Mim. pennata,
Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 565. Vern. Agla, awal, Kamaon.

Differs from A. cesia by narrow linear leaflets, not pale beneath, a large
flat raised oval gland half-way between the base of the common petiole
and the first pair of pinn, and glabrous pods.

South India, Bengal, Burma, Indian Archipelago. Nepal, Kamaon, and Oudh
forests. Fl, June-Aug.

Orper XXXII. ROSACEA.

Herbs, shrubs, or trees, with alternate, rarely opposite, simple or com-
pound, stipulate leaves, and regular flowers. Calyx superior or inferior,
gamosepalous ; lobes 5, the 5th next the axis, imbricate in bud. Disc
annular, or lining the calyx-tube. Petals 5, rarely none, perigynous,
often orbicular and concave, deciduous, imbricate, claws short or none.
Stamens numerous, rarely 1 or few, inserted with the petals or on the...
disc, 1- to multiseriate, incurved in bud; anthers small, usually didy-...
mous. Carpels 1 or more, free or connate, or adnate to the calyx-tube ;;;;
190 XXXII. ROSACEA. [Prunus.

styles as many, free or connate; ovules 1 or 2, usually collateral in each
carpel, rarely more. Fruit various, a pome, or one or many drupes
achenes or follicles, rarely a berry or capsule. Albumen scanty or none ;
cotyledons plano-convex, radicle short.—Gen. Pl. i. 600; Royle Ill. 201 ;
Wight Ill. i. 199.

Ripe carpels not enclosed within the calyx-tube.
Carpel 1. Fruit a drupe.

Style terminal ; drupe with a hard, bony stone 1. Prunus.
Style basal ; drupe with a coriaceous endocarp 2. PRINSEPIA.
Carpels many, fruit of many small drupes 3. Rusus.
Ripe carpels enclosed within the calyx-tube.
Carpels many, 1 pendulous ovule in each. Fruit of many free
achenes enclosed in the fleshy calyx-tube 7 . 4. Rosa.
Carpels 1-5 ; ovules 2 collateral in each carpel ; fruit fleshy,
1- 2- or 5-celled.
Fruit 2-5-celled ; cells with cartilaginous walls 5. PyYRus.
Fruit a drupe, with 1-5 included stones 3 : . 6. CRATAGUS.
Fruit a drupe, with 3-5 bony half-exserted stones. . 7. CoronEASTER.
Fruit a drupe, including a 5-celled, dehiscent capsule with
crustaceous valves . . : . 8. STRANVASIA.

1, PRUNUS, Linn.

Shrubs or trees with alternate, simple, glandular-serrate leaves ; petioles
with 2 glands. Flowers white or red, solitary, corymbose or racemose.
Calyx deciduous. Petals 5. Stamens 15-39, perigynous ; filaments free.
Carpel 1; style terminal; ovules 2, collateral, pendulous. Drupe with
an indehiscent or 2-valved, l-seeded, smooth or rugged stone. Seed
pendulous ; testa membranous ; albumen scanty or none.

Flowers fasciculate, umbellate, or solitary.
Pericarp tough, dry, fibrous ; flowers before the leaves . lL. P. Amygdalus.

Pericarp a soft fleshy pulp.
Flowers solitary or twin, appearing before or with the

leaves.

Leaves oblong-lanceolate, conduplicate in bud 2. P. persica.

Leaves cordate or ovate, convolute in bud 5 3. P. armeniaca.

Leaves ovate or ovate-lanceolate, convolute in bud . 4. P. communis.
Flowers fasciculate or umbellate, appearing after the leaves.

Calyx turbinate ; leaves glabrous . 3 ‘ 5. P. Cerasus.

Calyx long-tubular ; leaves white-tomentose beneath 6. P. prostrata.
Flowers umbellate, appearing before the leaves 7. P. Puddum.

Flowers in racemes or corymbs,

Leaves oblong ; flowers in long drooping racemes . 8 P. Padus.
Leaves ovate ; flowers in pedunculate corymbs é . 9. P. Mahaleb.

1. P. Amygdalus, Baillon Histoire des plantes, i. 415.—Syn. Amyg-
dalus communis, Linn. ; Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 500; Boissier Fl. Orient. ii.
641. The Almond-iree. Vern. Badam.

A moderate-sized, deciduous, glabrous tree, with light-green foliage,
greyish when full grown. Leaves oblong-lanceolate, conduplicate in bud,
serrulate ; petiole glandular, as long as the greatest width of leaf, or longer.
Stipules subulate, fimbriate. Flowers white, tinged with red, appearing
before the leaves, on short peduncles, twin or solitary, from scaly buds
on last year’s wood. Calyx campanulate. Drupe velvety, pericarp dry,
separating into 2 valves when ripe. Stone compressed, with shallow
Prunus.] XXXII. ROSACER. 191

wrinkles and minute holes. Cotyledons large, plano-convex, filled with
oil ; albumen none.

Cultivated in eo and Persia, whence large quantities of (sweet and
some bitter) almonds are brought to India, Also in Kashmir and the plains of
the Panjab. Indigenous on the Anti-Lebanon, in Kurdistan, the Caucasus (doubt-
fully), and in Turkestan, Naturalised in Greece and North Africa, Hardy in
England, where it flowers in February. In the Panjab the fruit is scanty, and
not good. The Almond was known to Theophrastus and other classical writers.

2. P. persica, Benth. & Hook. fil—Syn. Amygdalus Persica, Linn. ;
Roxb. Fl. Ind. it. 500. Persica vulgaris, Mill; Boissier Fl. Orient. ii.
640. The Peach with velvety, and Nectarine with smooth fruit.—Vern.
Ghwareshtat, Afg.; Aru, aor, chinannu, beinnt, beimu, Pb.; Aru, N.W.P.

A moderate-sized, deciduous tree, with dark-green foliage ; glabrous.
Leaves oblong-lanceolate, conduplicate in bud, serrate, petiole with 2-4
glands, or without glands, shorter than greatest width of leaf; stipules
subulate, fimbriate. Flowers rose-coloured, appearing before or with the
leaves, sessile, from scaly buds on last year’s wood. Calyx campanulate.
Drupe downy or smooth, with a tender succulent sapid pericarp, the stone
deep and irregularly furrowed. Cotyledons large, plano-convex, filled
with oil ; albumen none.

Commonly cultivated in the Himalaya from the Indus to Sikkim, also Trans-
Indus, in the plains of the Panjab, the Dekkan, in Afghanistan, Western Asia,
Europe, and China. It is certainly naturalised in the N.W. Himalaya, and is
often found apparently wild. Inthe same way it has been found in North Persia
and in Transcaucasia, but it seems more probable that the peach-tree is origin-
ally indigenous in China, where its cultivation has been traced back to the tenth
century B.c. Into South Europe it was introduced from Persia about the com-
mencement of the Christian era. Hardy in England. In the N.W. Himalaya
it is grown at different elevations, in Kunawar up to,10,000, and in Lahoul to
9000 ft. Fl, according to elevation, between January and May, the fruit ripen-
ing between May and October. The foliage turns red before it is shed.

The tree is grown for its fruit, which is an important article of food. The
blossom is apt to be killed by frost, and a small green beetle at times strips the
tree of its leaves. The wood of trees past bearing is used for building and other
work ; the heartwood is brown, compact, even-grained, and smooth to work.

3. P. armeniaca, Linn.; Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 501.—Syn. Armeniaca
vulgaris, Lam. ; Boissier FJ. Orient. ii. 652. The Apricot. Vern. Hari,
gardalu, jaldaru, shiran, cherolt, cherkush, serkuji, shart, Pb. hills ; Iser,
Kashmir ; Zardalu, Pb. plains ; Chuari, zardalu, N.W.P. Himalaya.

A moderate-sized, deciduous tree. Nearly glabrous, petioles of young
leaves pubescent. Leaves convolute in bud, broadly ovate, nearly as
broad as long, acuminate, crenate ; petiole glandular, half the length of
leaf; stipules lanceolate. Flowers pinkish white, solitary or fasciculate,
appearing before or with the leaves from scaly buds on the previous year’s
wood ; peduncles generally short, included in buds. Calyx campanulate.
Drupe downy or smooth, with a tender, succulent, sapid pericarp, the
stone smooth, with a thickened sulcate margin.

ly cultivated between Indus and Sarda, in the N.W. Himalaya, in the
plaine of ike Panjab, in Afghanistan, Western and Central Asia, Europe, and
192 XXXII. ROSACEA, [Prunus.

China, Hardy in England. In the Himalaya the fruit ripens well up to 10,000
ft., but it is best between 6000 and 9000 ft. In West Tibet the tree is cultivated
as high as12,000 ft. : at that elevation, however, the fruit seldom ripens properly.
Believed. to be indigenous in the Caucasian region, and to have been introduced
into Europe about the same time as the Peach-tree. Often found seemingly
wild in the N.W. Himalaya. Fl. Jan.-May, according to elevation, the fruit
ripens between June and Sept. The foliage turns yellow in August, and be-
comes red before falling.

Attains 30-35 ft. and 5-6 ft. girth ; crown close, spreading, rounded. In the
N.W. Himalaya the dried apricots form a considerable portion of the food of
the people, particularly during autumn and winter. In the apricot districts—
for instance, on the Sutlej, Tonse, and Jumna—the roofs of all houses are covered
with the yellow fruit in the season, spread out to dry. The dried fruit is an
important article of trade, and is imported into the plains from the hills, and
from Afghanistan. Oil is extracted from the kernels, which is burnt, used in
cooking, and for the hair. The heartwood of the apricot is reddish, and is much
used for various ordinary purposes. P. dasycarpa, Ehrh., the Black Apricot,
a variety with dark purple velvety fruit, is cultivated in Kashmir, Afghanistan,
Beluchistan, and in Europe.

4. P. communis, Hudson; Hook. Stud. Fl. 106.—Vern. Alicha, olchi,
er, aor, gardalu, Pb.

A shrub or moderate-sized tree, unarmed or spinescent; extremities
pubescent. Leaves convolute in bud, ovate, or ovate-lanceolate, serrate,
more or less pubescent along the nerves beneath ; petioles shorter than
greatest breadth of leaf. Stipules linear, fimbriate. Flowers on slender
pedicels, 3 or 4 times the length of calyx-tube, from lateral often leaf-bear-
ing buds. Pedicels solitary or in pairs, buds often approximate. Drupe
globose or oblong,

I follow Bentham (Handbook of the Brit. Flora, i. 236) and Hooker in unit-
ing the Sloe, the different kinds of plums, damsons, and prunes under one
species. The principal sub-species are the following :—

a P. spinosa, Linn. ; Boissier 1. c. 650.—Sloe, black-thorn. A shrub with
divaricate spinescent branches, bark black ; pedicels solitary or in pairs,
eu drupes erect, small, globose or sub-globose. Europe, North

Tica.

b. P. insititia, Linn. ; Boissier 1, c. 651.—Bullace. A shrub with straiotit
branches, sometimes spinescent, branchlets velvety ; leaves pubescent ie.
neath ; pedicels in pairs, downy ; drupes middle-sized, globose, 2-1 in. diam.,
drooping. Europe, North Africa.

ce. P. domestica, Linn, ; Boissier 1. c. 652—Plum, prune. A tree, unarmed,
Piet bial glabrous ; pedicels in pairs, pubescent ; drupes large, oblong,

rooping.

d. P. Ghartela: Ledebour ; Boissier 1. c, 651.—Syn. P. cerasifera, Ehrh. ?
A small tree, unarmed, rarely spinescent, branchlets glabrous, pedicels
solitary ; leaves whitish-villous beneath at the nerves or at the midrib
only; drupe yellow, globose, or ovoid. Macedonia, Caucasus, North Persia.

I do not venture to decide to which sub-species the Kashmir plum belongs.
The drupe is nodding, globose or ovoid, # in. long; the branchlets are glabrous,
the leaves woolly beneath, with long hairs half-way up the midrib; the pedicels
are solitary or in pairs from one bud, but appear Lsclonlate because several
flower-bearing buds (shortened branchlets) are often approximate. It is cultivated
for its fruit, which is very palatable, in Kashmir at 5000-7000 ft., at places in
Prunus. XXXII. ROSACEA. 193

the Panjab plains, and in Afghanistan. The wood is light or dark reddish-
brown, smooth to work, In Kashmir the skeleton of the so-called Papier-maché
boxes is made of it. About Almora two kinds of plum are cultivated, one a
dark-blue damson (Bhotiya badam), ripens in July, the other (Ladakh) orange-
red, much larger, and ripens in June (Madden As. Soc. Jour. xvii. pt. I. 445).
The cultivation of plums and prunes in Europe is very old, probably as old
as that of pears and apples, Plinius’mentions a large number of varieties (in-
peu turba prunorum). Some of the better kinds, however (damascena), were
rought from Syria.

5. P. Cerasus, Linn. ; Hook. Stud. Flora 107. Cherry.—Vern. Gildas,
olchi, krusbal, Pb. Him.

An unarmed shrub, or moderate-sized tree ; glabrous or nearly so.
Leaves conduplicate in bud, elliptic or obovate, abruptly acuminate, irregu-
larly crenate-serrate ; petiole less than the breadth of leaf, 2 glands on
the edge of leaf near base, or on the petiole; stipules linear. or subulate,
fimbriate. Flowers white, on long slender peduncles in fascicles of 2-5,
from lateral generally leaf-bearing buds. Calyx turbinate, lobes obtuse.
Drupe smooth, sweet or acid, with a polished round stone.

I follow Bentham I. ¢. 237, and Hooker, in classing the sweet and acid Cher-
ries as one species. The following are commonly accepted as the distinctive
characters of the two sub-species.

a, P. Avium, Linn.; Boissier Fl. Orient. ii. 649. A tree, without root-suckers;
leaves flaccid, drooping, hairy beneath, petiole with 2 glands. Flower-bearing
buds leafless, peduncles drooping ; calyx-tnbe contracted at the mouth, lobes
entire, subacute ; fruit sweet. Indigenousin Europe and North Africa.

6. P. Cerasus, Linn.—Syn. Cerasus caproniana, DC.; Boissier 1. c. 649. A
shrib, or small tree, numerous suckers from the root; leaves subcoriaceous,
firm, shining, erect, no glands on petiole. Flower-bearing buds leaf-bearing,
Pecnneles stiff ; calyx-tube not contracted at the mouth, lobes serrate, obtuse.

ruit acid, naturalised in Europe, indigenous in Western Asia. It must have
been a variety of the acid cherry which was introduced to Rome by Lucullus.
Sweet cherries were cultivated in Italy before his time.

Several varieties of cherries are cultivated in Kashmir, Bussahir, and else-
where in the North-West Himalaya, generally between 5000 and 8000 ft.; some
are also found in a seemingly wild state. Fl, April-May. In Kashmir the fruit
ripens in June. A moderate-sized tree, with short trunk, and a rounded dark-
green crown. The bark flakes off in horizontal belts,

6. P. prostrata, Labillardiére ; Sibth. Fl. Greeca t. 478.—Vern. Tara,
ter, talle, Pb., Him.

A small scraggy shrub, 5-6 ft. high ; branchlets hoary. Leaves ovate or
oblong, sharp-serrate, narrowed into short petiole, glabrous above, densely
clothed with white woolly tomentum beneath ; petiole without glands.
Flowers red, on short peduncles, appearing with the leaves, generally
twin from lateral buds. Calyx-tube cylindrical, pubescent or glabrous
outside, teeth short, obtuse, hairy inside. Fruit ovoid or subglobose, 4 in.
long, reddish purple when ripe, with scanty pulp.

i requent between 11,000 and 12,000 ft. Common in the
anit pens Trier West Himalaya. Kashmir (5000-7000 ft.), Chenab
(7500-8500 ft.), Lahoul (10,000 ft.), Ravi, rare (7500-8500 ft.), Sutlej (8000 ft.).

N
194. XXXII. ROSACEA, [ Prunus.

Also in Persia, on the Caucasus, Taurus, in Asia Minor, Syria, Crete, Greece,
Sardinia, Spain, and Algeria, Fl. Apr. Hardyin England. In dry rocky places,
with stiff, divaricate, often procumbent branches. Bark reddish brown or black-
ish, longitudinally rugose, a smooth white pellicle peeling off. The fruit is eaten.

This sp. might be identified with P. Cerasus Grifithi, Boiss. Fl. Or. ii. 648,
but the characters separating @rifithit from prostrata, solitary flowers and
glabrous calyx-tube in the latter, do not seem to be constant.

7. P. Puddum, Roxb. MSS.—Syn. P. sylvatica, Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 501 ;
Cerasus Puddum, Wall. Pl. As. rar. t. 143. Sans. Padmaksh. Vern.
Chamiari, amalgiuch, paja, pajja, Pb. ; Paddam, padm, paya, N.W.P.

A handsome moderate-sized tree, with glossy green leaves; nearly
glabrous. Leaves ovate, long-acuminate, sharply and often duplicate-
serrate, 3-5 in. long, petioles 4 in., with 2-4 large glands near base of leaf.
Stipules palmately 3-5-fid, the divisions lanceolate, glandular-fimbriate.
Flowers white or pink, appearing before the leaves, on slender pedicels as
long as flowers, or somewhat longer, often branched, in umbellate fascicles
crowded near the ends of branches. Calyx turbinate, with ovate acute
lobes. Stigma stellate, 3-lobed. Fruit in pendulous clusters, yellow and
red, ovoid or globose, 4-2 in. long, acid, and somewhat astringent when
ripe ; kernel ovoid, rugose and furrowed.

Wild, and frequently cultivated in the Himalaya and the Doons, from the
Indus to Sikkim, generally at elevations between 2500 and 7000 ft. Kasia
hills. Fl. Apr.-May, sometimes in autumn. Madden states (Bhimtal in Kamaon),
“The flowers appear in Oct.-Nov., and are soon succeeded by the leaves. In
January the leaves are beset by myriads of aphides, which distil great quantities
of honeydew * over them;” and adds that the tree is evergreen at Almora, and
ripens its fruit in spring. Trunk short, 4-5 ft. girth. Bark brownish grey,
smooth, peeling off in flakes. Wood reddish brown, hard, strong, and durable,
used for walking-sticks and bludgeons. Fruit acid and astringent, not much
eaten or valued,

P. Pseudocerasus, Lindl., China, Japan, is nearly related to (. Puddum. Two
other species belonging to the same group as the Cherry and Puddum are found
in the North-West Himalaya. 1. P. humilis, Bunge, called Reis, she, banardla,
raport, talle, in the Panjab Himalaya, is a small glabrous shrub, with brownish-
grey bark, ovate-lanceolate, coriaceous, deep- and sharp-serrate leaves, fimbriate,
and often bifid stipules, which is found between 7000 and 12,000 ft. in the more
arid parts of the North-West Himalaya, from the Chenab to the Jumna, also in
North China, and is supposed to be the wild form of Prunus japonica, Thunb.,
several varieties of which are cultivated in Japan on account of their beautiful
white or pink, often double, blossoms, 2. P. tomentosa, Wall., found in Kash-
mir by T, Thomson, between 5000 and 6000 ft., is remarkable on account of its
softly-tomentose, ovate leaves, and an ovoid, acuminate, nearly sessile fruit. It
is similar to P. tomentosa, Thunb., a shrub or small tree, wild in North China,
and cultivated in gardens in Japan, with sessile scarlet fruit ; valued in J apan
as a remedy against dysentery (Sieb. Zucc. Fl. Jap. p. 53 t. 22)

8. P. Padus, Linn.; Hook. Stud. Fl. 107.—Syn. Cerasus Padus, Bois-
sier Fl, Orient. ii, 650. Cerasus cornuta, Wall. ; Royle Ill. t. 38, f. 2.
Bird Cherry. Vern. Paras, kalakat, gidar-dak, bart, zum, zam, zambu,
Jamu, jamut, chile, diidla, rin, Pb. ; Jamana, Kamaon.

* The honeydew is possibly a secretion of the leaves, which attracts the aphides.
Prunus. XXXII. ROSACEA, 195

Nearly glabrous ; young branchlets, inflorescence, and axils of nerves on
the underside of leaves pubescent. Leaves conduplicate in bud, oblong
or obovate, greatest width generally above the middle, acuminate, serrate,
slightly cordate at the base ; stipules linear, early deciduous. Flowers
white in lax racemes, appearing after the leaves, 3-8 in. long at the end
of short lateral, often leaf-bearing branches. ‘Bracts linear, caducous.
Stamens 25-30. Drupe globose, 4 in. long, red first, then dark purple or
nearly black.

Himalaya, between 4000 and 10,000 ft., at times ascending to 12,000 ft., from
the Indus to Sikkim. Occasionally planted. A widely-spread tree, from North
and Central Europe through Siberia to Amur land and Kamtchatka. Cau-
casus and Western Asia. Deciduous, the mature foliage dark green, turning
red before its fall, generally in autumn, sometimes as early as June. FI. April-
June to Sept. Fr. usually ripens July-Oct., remains long hanging on the tree.

Usually found in mixed forests; thrives best in moist places, where it attains
50 to 60 ft., with a girth of 5-6 ft. Bark 4 in. thick, brown or purple, fairly
smooth, a scurfy tuberculate grey pellicle peeling off. Wood brownish white,
close- and even-grained, takes a fine polish. In France it is occasionally used by
cabinet-makers. The fruit is sour, with a slight mawkish astringent flavour, but
is much eaten by the hill people. In Sweden and Lapland, and some parts of
Russia, the bruised fruit is fermented, and a spirit distilled from it. The unripe
fruit of this species is often attacked by an insect, and then swells out into a
curved horn-like excrescence ; hence Wallich’s name of P. cornuta. Similar
excrescences are often found on Plum-trees in Europe, particularly on prunes
(Zwetschen) in Germany. The leaves are considered excellent cattle-fodder.

A small tree, resembling ?. Padus, with coriaceous, oblong-lanceolate leaves,
and numerous short lateral racemes, 2-4 in. long, and 10-20, generally 15
stamens, is P. capricida, Wall., in the Himalaya, between 6500 and 8000 ft.,
from the Jumna to Bhutan, and in the Kasia hills.’

9. P. Mahaleb, Linn.—Syn. Cerasus Mahaleb, Boissier FI. Orient.
ii.649. French, Bois de Ste-Lucie. German, Weichsel Kirsche.

A small deciduous, glabrous tree. Leaves ovate, obtusely. serrate ;
petioles 3 or } the length of leaf. Flowers fragrant, on lateral, peduncu-
late, corymbose racemes on the previous year’s wood, lower pedicels 1 in.
long and longer. Drupes ovoid, compressed, } in. long.

Cultivated at Kelat in Beluchistan (Stocks). Wild’in Western Asia, on the
Caucasus. Wild or naturalised in South and Central Europe. The scented
kernels are sold as medicinal in the bazaars of Sindh and South India. (On
the Rhine, as far north as Altenahr and the Drachenfels.) The wood of the
European tree is prized on account of its fragrance, hardness, and the fine polish
it takes. Tobacco-pipe tubes and snuff-boxes are made of it. It is believed
that this tree was introduced from the East into Europe simultaneously with the
Horse-chestnut tree. Hardy in England.

2. PRINSEPIA, Royle.

A shrub with lanceolate, serrate leaves and bisexual flowers. Calyx
persistent, tube cup-shaped, with 5 unequal, rounded lobes, imbricate in
bud. Petals 5, inserted at the mouth of calyx, rounded, short-clawed.
Stamens numerous, inserted with petals, multiseriate, with short filaments ;
196 XXXIL ROSACEA, [Prinsepia.

anther-cells separated by a broad connective, Carpel 1, sessile, with 2
pendulous, collateral ovules. Drupe oblique, oblong-cylindrical, fleshy,
with a coriaceous 1-seeded kernel. Remains of style at the base of the
drupe.

1. P. utilis, Royle ; Ill. t. 38 f. 1.—Vern. Bekkar, bekkra, bekkli, bhekal,
bhigal, bekala, karanga, N.W. Him. Local names: Gurinda, Hazara ;
Tatia, phiilwara, Rajaori ; Jinti, Chenab ; Cherara, dhatela, jhatela, Ghar-
wal, Kamaon. :

Nearly glabrous, youngest branchlets only pubescent. Leaves coriace-
ous. Axillary spines often leaf-bearing. Flowers white in short axil-
lary racemes, generally from the outside base of the spines. Drupes
purple, seeds oily. 2

Common on dry rocks at elevations between 2000 and 9000 ft. in the outer

Himalayan ranges from Hazara to Bhutan. Also on the Kasia hills, Generally
in flower in autumn, in fruit in oe From the seeds oil is expressed, used ,
of stem and branches is large, and in drying —

as food, and for burning. The pit:
separates into thin horizontal layers. Wood close-grained.

3, RUBUS, Linn.

Trailing shrubs or creeping herbs, almost always prickly. Leaves alter-
nate, simple or compound, the stipules more or less adnate to the petiole.
Flowers white or red, in terminal or axillary corymbose panicles, rarely
solitary. Calyx broadly cup-shaped, deeply cleft into 5 persistent lobes.
Petals 5. Stamens numerous. Carpels many, on a convex receptacle ;
style subterminal ; ovules 2, collateral, pendulous. Drupes many, l-seeded,
crowded on a dry or spongy conical receptacle.

Leaves simple, lobed a ji , ‘
Leaves tri- or quinque-foliolate, rarely unifoliolate.

Petiole of terminal leafiet less than half the length of common
petiole ; fruit black . : . ‘i : : .

Petiole of terminal leaflet more than half the length of com-
mon petiole ; fruit yellow . : ‘ . : ;

Leaves imparipinnate, rarely trifoliolate.

Flowers in lax corymbose panicles ; petals red, shorter than
calyx-lobes ; fruit white-tomentose when unripe, black 2
when ripe ; leaflets 2-5 pair . ‘ - . . . 4 R. lasiocarpus.

Flowers often axillary ; petals white, as long as calyx-lobes ;
fruit oblong, red when ripe ; leaflets 1-3 pair s :

Flowers axillary ; petals white, as long as calyx-lobes ; fruit
subglobose red or deep orange ; leatlets 1-2 pair . . 6. RB, diflorus.

1, RB. paniculatus, Sm.; DC. Prodr. ii. 567 (not Roxb. or Schlech
tendal).—Syn. R. téliaceus, Sm. (probably). Vern. Kala akhi, Kangra
Anchu, pattarola, kala hisalu, Kamaon, Garhwal.

A shrub, armed, with few, short, scattered prickles ; branchlets, inflor,
escence, and underside of leaves clothed with dense soft grey silky tomen-
tum. Leaves from a cordate, rarely entire rounded base, broad-ovate,
acuminate, longer than broad, serrate, more or less lobed with 3 or 5 pro-
minent basal nerves. Stipules and bracts linear or oblong, often cleft at
the top, or half-way down, into linear segments. Flowers on long slende¢
pedicels, in Jax, spreading terminal panicles. Calyx-segments ovate-lan-

1. &. paniculatus.

2. R. fruticosus.

3. R. flavus.

5. RB. rosefolius.
Rubus. | XXXII. ROSACEA: 197

ae long-acuminate, longer than the white petals. Fruit blackish
purple,

Common in many parts of the Himalaya from Hazara to Sikkim, between
3000 and 8000 ft. Kasia hills, FL April-Tane i

Nearly related to this species are two other brambles with white flowers and
entire, lobed leaves, marked by pectinate stipules and bracts, deeply cleft, often
nearly to the base, into linear segments ; R. reteculatus, Wall., from the higher
ranges (7000 to 10,000 ft.) in Kamaon and Sikkim, grey tomentose, with
leaves reticulate beneath, generally broader than long, an compact cylindrical
panicles; and R. rugosus, Sm. (k. Hamiltonianus, Wall, Pl. As. rar. t. 234),
from Nepal and the Eastern Himalaya, the mountains of Burma, Ceylon, and
South India (on the Ghats as far north as Mahableshwar), rusty tomentose,

with leaves rugose above, and finely reticulate beneath, ovate calyx-segments,
and red fruit, : - : patie

2. R. fruticosus, Linn. ; Hook. Stud. Fl. 109. Blackberry, Bramble.
—Vern. Ankri, alish, Glach, kanachi, chench, pakhana.

A large shrub, armed with few recurved compressed prickles. Branches
more or less angular. Branchlets, inflorescence, and underside of leaves
canescent, or clothed with short grey tomentum. Leaves trifoliolate on
flower-bearing, and often quinquefoliolate on leaf-bearing branches ;
leaflets oval or obovate, irregularly serrate ; petiole of terminal leaf less
than half the length of common petiole. Stipules linear, Flowers in
compact cylindrical panicles ; calyx reflexed. Fruit more or less hemi-
spherical, black when ripe.

Afghanistan, Waziristan, Peshawar valley, and further south in the trans-
Indus territory, Salt range 1500-3000 ft. Common in Hazara, Rajaori, Kash-
mir, as far as the Ravi, generally between 2000 and 6000 ft. This is a tomen-
tose form of the common Blackberry, a widely-spread species in Europe, Siberia,
West Asia, and North Africa. Of the numerous European forms of the Black-
berry, &. discolor, Weihe et Nees, Deutsche Brombeer striucher, t. xx.; Engl.
Bot. t. 447 ; Boissier Fl. Orient. ii. 695, is probably most nearly allied to the
Himalayan variety. Fl. April-June ; fruit ripens Sept.-Oct.

3. BR. flavus, Ham.—Syn. R. Gowreephul, Roxb. FI. Ind. ii. 517; W.
& A. Prodr. 298 ; Wight Ic. t. 231. R. ellipticus, Sm. (R. Wallichianus,
W. & A. Prodr. 298, Wight Ic. t. 230 (= R. hirtus, Roxb.), does not
seem to differ from this species). Vern. Akhi, dnkri, hunachi, guracha,
pukdna, Pb., Him. ; Esar, hishalu, hisalu, Garhwal, Kamaon.

_. A large shrub with long trailing branches, armed with copious long

reddish bristles and sharp curved prickles. Branchlets, inflorescence,
petioles, and underside of leaves clothed with soft grey or tawny tomentum.
Leaves trifoliolate, those at the base of branchlets often unifoliolate ;
leaflets elliptical or rotundate, sharp-serrate, often acuminate, the terminal
largest ; midrib of terminal leaflet forming an angle with petiole. Petiole
of terminal leaflet often forming an angle with, and generally exceeding
half the length of common petiole. Flowers white, in axillary fascicles
and in broad compact rounded terminal panicles; pedicels short or long,
slender. Calyx-segments broadly ovate, striate. Petals cuneiform, oho-
vate, twice the length of calyx. Fruit yellow.
198 : XXXII. ROSACEA, [ Rubus.

Himalaya, from the Indus to Bhutan. Kasia hills, mountains of South
India. In the N.W. Himalaya and Siwalik tract, at elevations between 1500
and 8000 ft. Fl. March; fruit ripens April, May.

4. RB. lasiocarpus, Sm.; W. & A. Prodr. 299; Wight Ic. t. 232.—
Syn. R, racemosus and albescens, Roxb. ii. 519; R. mysorensis, Heyne.—
Vern. Gunacha, pagina, pukana, Hazara; Kandiari, kharmuch, sur-
ganch, guracha, Kashmir ; Tulanch, Chenab ; Niu, kalliachi, Bias; Kala-
war, kala hisalu, Garhwal, Kamaon.

A spreading shrub, with long stems, rooting at the extremities, armed
with few straight or curved sharp prickles. Branches round, often purple,
glabrous, or pruinose, rarely with glandular hairs. Leaves canescent or
white-tomentose beneath, imparipinnate ; leaflets 2-5 pair, ovate or ovate-
lanceolate, with large serratures, the terminal leaflet often lobed. Flowers
on long slender pedicels, in lax corymbose panicles. Inflorescence and
calyx white-tomentose ; petals red, shorter than the ovate-lanceolate calyx-
lobes. Fruit white-tomentose when unripe, black when ripe.

Abundant throughout the Himalaya, the Kasia hills, the mountains of Burma,
South India, and Ceylon. In the North-West Himalaya, and in the Siwalik
tract, at elevations between 2000 and 8000 ft. Rare in the Peshawar valley, pro-
bably brought down by the rivers. Fl. March, April; fruit ripens June, July.
Fruit very good to eat. Hardy in England.

5. R. rosefolius, Sm. ; DOC. Prodr. ii. 556.—Syn. R. rosceflorus, Roxb.
ii. 519; R. pungens, Cambess. in Jacqu. Bot. t. 59. Vern. Kanachi,
Hazara, Khagan ; Yeshul, Kamaon, Garhwal.

A spreading shrub, armed with straight and curved prickles, glabrous,
or with glandular hairs. Leaves imparipinnate, leaflets 1-3 pair, lanceo-
late, deep and irregularly serrate or lobed ; stipules lanceolate. Flowers
on long slender pedicels, axillary, or in lax terminal corymbs. Calyx-
lobes ovate-lanceolate, long-aristate, 4-1 in. long, as long as, or a little
shorter than, the large white petals. Fruit oblong, or cylindrical, red
when ripe.

Himalaya from Hazara to Assam. Kasia hills. Java, China, Japan. In the
North-West Himalaya between 5000 and 10,000 ft. Often cultivated with
double flowers, var. coronarius.—Bot. Mag. t. 1783.

6. R. biflorus, Buch. ; DC. Prody. ii. 558 ; Bot. Mag. t. 4678.—Vern.
Chanch, kantanch, khaniara, Kashmir ; Karer, akhreri, akhe, Ravi.

A large spreading shrub, armed with scattered sharp prickles, subulate
from a broad base, the branches covered with a white pruinose coating,
which is easily rubbed off. Leaves imparipinnate, leaflets generally 1 pair
only, ovate-lanceolate, deep- and irregularly serrate, the terminal leaflet
often lobed ; stipules lanceolate. Flowers white, on long slender pedicels,
solitary, or in fascicles of 2 or 3 in the axils of the upper leaves ; calyx-
lobes ovate-lanceolate, shortly aristate, as long as petals. Fruit drooping,
subglobose, red or deep orange, sweet.

Himalaya from Hazara to Bhutan. North-West Himalaya from 4000-10,000
ft. Fl. April, May. Hardy in England. : :
Rubus. ] XXXII. ROSACEA. 199

Two other species are common in the North-West Himalaya :—R. niveus
Wall., at 7000 to 11,000 ft., from Kashmir to Bhutan ; leaves tufoliolate, some-
times imparipinnate, with broad ovate leaflets, the terminal leaflet often lobed ;

___ longsubulate stipules ; calyx-segments often more than } in. long, much exceed-
ing the small red petals; and red or yellowish brown fruit: &. macilentus,
Camb. in Jacq. t. 60, Kashmir to Sikkim, between 5000 and 8000 ft., with 3
ovate-lanceolate leaflets, often 1 only, white petals as long as calyx, and bright
yellow fruit.

4, ROSA, Linn.

_Erect scrambling or climbing shrubs, more or less prickly, with impari-
pinnate leaves, serrate leaflets and stipules more or less adnate to the peti-
ole. Flowers terminal, solitary corymbose or paniculate. Calyx-tube per-
sistent, globose urceolate or ovoid, mouth contracted, limb divided into 5
foliaceous segments. Disc coating the calyx-tube. Petals 5, rarely 4.
Stamens numerous, inserted on the edge of disc, at the mouth of calyx-
tube. Carpels free below, many, rarely few, enclosed in the calyx-tube,
the styles protruding from the tube, and occasionally united. When in
fruit, the carpels are dry, hairy, 1-seeded achenes, enclosed in the more
or less succulent calyx-tube, the whole forming a dry or pulpy red or
black berry.

Styles united in a column as long as stamens ; flowers white
Styles distinct ; flowers yellow : 4 : ‘
Styles distinct ; flowers pink, red, or white.

Branches armed with prickles and bristles; petals 4

Branches armed with prickles only ; petals 5.

Leaves 3-23 in. long; leaflets 7, obovate or rotundate . 4 R. Webbiana.
Leaves 2-8 in. long; leaflets 7-11, elliptical . é . 5. BR. macrophylla.

Numerous species are cultivated in India. Those more generally grown—with-
out, however, any reference to garden varieties and hybrids—may be classed as
follows, the groups being partly taken from Lindley’s Rosarum Monographia,
London, 1820, partly from Boissier’s Fl. Orientalis, ii. 669. The characters

iven are those commonly assigned to each species, but cultivation and crossing

ave created such a multitude of forms, that in many cases it is impossible to
recognise any satisfactory specific distinctions.

1. BR. moschata.
2. R. lutea.
3. R. seri

sericea.

A. Srytes Distinct.
I. Bracteate. Fruit and branchlets clothed with dense persistent woolly
tomentum ; flowers bracteate ; prickles twin, mostly infra-stipular.

1. BR. involucrata, Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 513; Wight Ic. t, 234, Flowers sub-
sessile, large, white, fragrant, surrounded by large pectinate, woolly bracts.
Indigenous in Bengal and the Eastern Himalaya. ;

2, R. Lyellit, Lindl. 1. c. t.1. Flowers pedunculate, large, white or blush ;
bracts linear, hoary, entire. Indigenous in Nepal, Kamaon, and on Mt. Aboo.

3. &. bracteata, Wendl. ; Redouté les Roses, 1. 35. _Flowers large, white,
solitary, surrounded by 8-10 ovate imbricate, finely pectinate bracts. China—
Macartney’s rose, with double fl., believed to belong to this sp.

Il. Eglanterie. Prickles scattered, of two kinds, some slender, setaceous,
others stout, straight, or curved ; flowers yellow or red ; calyx-lobes persistent
in fruit.

. R. lutea, Mill. (see below). ,

3 & es aia Pia large, yellow, always double ; leaflets 7,
200 XXXIL ROSACEA. [ Rosa.

glabrous above, whitish and slightly pubescent beneath. Native country not
known, Said to have been brought to Constantinople from Persia in the six-
teenth century (C. Koch Dendrol. i. 226). R. Rapini, Boiss. 1. c. 672—Asia
Minor, Armenia, North Persia—a yellow rose similar to R. sulphwrea, may
possibly be its wild form.

III. Gallic. Erect shrubs ; prickles scattered, mixed with bristles, which
are mostly glandular; leaflets generally 5, rarely 7, ovate or oval, rugose,
more or less pubescent beneath ; flowers solitary, or in few (5-15) flowered
corymbs, rose-coloured or purple; calyx-segments more or less pinnatifid.
Scent very delicate. The commonly ‘accepted 3 species of this section are
probably not specifically distinct.

6. R. damascena, Mill. (Golab, sudburg.) Prickles unequal, the larger ones
faleate ; sepals reflexed during flowering. Native country unknown. ‘The rose
most generally cultivated in India. Attar (otto) of roses is made principally
from the flowers of this species. Also called &. Calendarum, because the time
of flowering extends over several months,

7. R. centifolia, Linn, Cabbage rose, Moss rose, Provence rose. Prickles
unequal, the larger falcate glandular, bristles numerous ; leaflets and calyx

landular-ciliate ; flowers nodding. Caucasus, mountains of Assyria. Fl. June,

uly Spee e).
8. 2. gallica, Linn. Prickles equal, slender ; flowers erect. South and Cen-
tral Europe, Asia Minor. Fl. June, July (Europe).

IV. Canine. Prickles uniform, no bristles. Flowers white or rose-coloured.

9. R. indica, Linn. ; Lindl. 1. c. 106.—Syn. &. chinensis, Jacquin ; Roxb. Fl.
Ind. ii. 513; Koch 1. ¢. 273. &. sinica, Linn. Glabrous, evergreen ; stipules
very narrow, adnate nearly to the apex ; flowers large, double, half double,
rarely single, white yellow pink red or purple, on long slender pedicels; calyx-
segments reflexed. Indigenous in China, but early brought to India. The
Indian (China or Bengal) roses have a powerful scent, by no means so delicate
as that of the Gallica group: their flowering time extends over a great part of
the year. To this species belong Rosa fragrans, Redouté, the Tea Rose,
yellow, very fragrant ; 2. semperflorens, Bot. Mag. t. 284; Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii.
514, with dark-red flowers,—and numerous other varieties. &. Noisetteana,
Red. 1. ¢. ii. p. 77, the Noisette Rose, is a cross of this and R. moschata. The
large host of Hybrid Perpetuals are chiefly derived from FR. indica.

10. &. microphylla, Lindl. Bot. Reg. t. 919 ; Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 515 ; Bot. Mag.
t. 3490. Branchlets flexuose, prickles infra-stipular ; leaflets 9-15, small, sub-
coriaceous. Calyx densely clothed with long subulate prickles ; segments short,
broad-ovate, dentate, Flowers solitary, or 2-3 together, large, double, pale
rose-coloured. Indigenous in China. Not quite hardy in England.

‘ll. BR. alba, Linn.—Syn. R. glandulifera, Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 4 (2) A tall
spreading shrub, prickles scattered, straight or falcate, somewhat unequal, but
no bristles. Foliage grey, leaflets 5-7, large, rugose ; downy and very pale be-
neath. Fi. large, often double, mostly corymbose, white, or of a delicate blush
colour, calyx segments often pinnatifid. Probably indigenous in the Caucasian
region, and possibly wild in Afghanistan and N.W. India. Nearly allied to R.
canina, Linn., the common English Dog rose.

V. Banksiane. Scandent or climbing ; stipules small, subulate, nearly free,
i deciduous ; leaflets 3 or 5, rarely more, Flowers corymbose, not very
arge. :

12. R. Banksie, R, Brown.—Syn. R. inermis, Roxb. 1. c. 516. Lady Banks’
Rose ; Bot. Mag. t. 1954; Bot. Reg. t. 1105. No prickles; leaflets 3 or 5
shining ; flowers small, corymbose, white or yellow. China, Japan.
Rosa.] XXXII. ROSACEA. 201

13. R. microcarpa, Lindl. |. c. t. 18, Armed with curved prickles ; leaflets
3, rarely 5, shining. Flowers white, corymbose ; calyx deciduous. Fruit small,
globose, red. China.

14, #. sinica, Aiton; Lindl 1 ¢ t. 16; Bot. Reg. t. 1922, Armed with
scattered, red, falcate prickles. Leaflets 3, shining. Flowers solitary, large,
white ; peduncles and calyx-tube thickly covered with straight prickles or
bristles. Fruit orange-red, muricate, crowned with the spreading rigid sepals.
China, Japan.

15. &. Fortuniana, Lindley ; Paxton Flower-Garden, ii. 71. Armed with
small falcate prickles. Leaflets 3 or 5, dark green, shining ; flowers solitary,
white, double on short, setose peduncles. Calyx-tube perfectly glabrous, with-
out prickles or bristles. China.

B, STYLES UNITED IN A COLUMN EXSERTED BEYOND THE CALYX-TUBE.

VI. Systyle. Flowers numerous, in terminal corymbs; prickles uniform ;
leaflets 2-3 pair.

16. R. moschata, Mill. (see below).

17. R. sempervirens, Linn.; Bot. Reg. t. 465.—Syn. R. Leschenaultiana,
Redouté Roses, iii. 87; W. & A. Prodr. 301; Wight Ic. t. 38. Climbing,
prickles scattered, curved from a broad base, generally red. Leaves evergreen,
glabrous, shining; stipules and bracts narrow, glandular, ciliate ; petioles,
peduncles, and outside of calyx-tube with glandular bristles. Flowers white ;
calyx-segments ovate, acuminate, densely pubescent inside, deciduous; fruit
small, orange-coloured. South Europe, North Africa, East Himalaya, Kasia
hills, mountains of South India.

18. R. multiflora, Thunb. ; Bot. Reg. t. 425. Stipules and bracts linear-ob-
long, pectinate, with linear segments. Flowers double, blush red; petioles,

eduncles, and calyx-tube pubescent, with i soft hairs without glands.
Pale soments broad-ovate, shortly acuminate. Japan, China.

1. BR. moschata, Mill. ; Bot. Reg. t. 829.—Syn. R. pubescens, Roxb.
Fl. Ind. ii. 514; R. Brunonti, Lindl. Monogr. Ros. t. 14. Vern. Kuji,
kiju, kajet, karer, N.W. Himal.; Phulwart, chal, Kashmir; Kuwia,
kwiala, Kamaon.

Climbing young shoots and underside of leaves pubescent, branches
armed with a few stout recurved prickles. Leaflets 2-3 pair, nearly sessile,
ovate-oblong, acuminate, 1-3 in. long. Flowers white, 1} in. across, in
large compound terminal corymbs. Pedicels 1-1} in. long, slender, pu-
bescent, often with glandular hairs, but without bristles or prickles.
Calyx-lobes long, narrow-acuminate, twice the length of ovary, often
pinnatifid. Styles united in a hairy column, clavate above, as long as
stamens orlonger. Fruit dark brown, subglobose or ovoid, }-3 in. long.

North-West Himalaya, from Afghanistan to Nepal, ascending to 11,000 ft.,
commencing at 2000 ft. in the Panjab, and at 4000 ft, in Kamaon. Fl. May,
June. Forms masses of thorny scrambling scrub, and climbs to the top of lofty
trees, hanging down in elegant festoons. Cultivated in Europe (hardy in Eng-
land), China, and throughout India, where it blooms all the year round, but
chiefly during the cold season. Wild in North Africa, and naturalised in Spain.

2. B. lutea, Mill. ; Bot. Mag. t. 363 ; Boissier Fl. Orient. ii. 671.—Syn.

R. eglanteria, Linn.
A shrub; youngest branchlets pubescent, and armed with large and
202 XXXL. ROSACEA, [ Rosa.

small prickles ; petioles, stipules, and underside of leaves pubescent and
glandular. Branches armed with pale, scattered, straight, nearly equal
prickles and no bristles ; root-shoots more densely armed. Leaflets 2-4
pair, elliptical or oblong-obovate, with deep, generally double and glandu-
lar serratures, more or less hairy and glandular beneath. Stipules adnate
above the middle. Flowers yellow, solitary or 2 or 3 together, on pedi-
cels 3-1 in. long. Calyx-segments lanceolate hairy ; apex dilated and
often dentate or pinnatifid. Ovary and back of calyx-segments with
scattered bristles. Disc thickened ; styles villous, distinct.

Arid parts of the inner Himalaya. Lahoul, Ladak, Western Tibet between
8000 and 11,000 ft, In British Lahoul near villages only Seas greta In Kisht-
war at 7500 ft. (T. Thomson). Fl. June, July. Mountains of Afghanistan and
Beluchistan. Naturalised in Central and South Europe. Hardy in England.

3. R. sericea, Lindl. Monogr. Ros. t. 12; Royle Ill. t. 42 f. 1.

Armed with large, shining, generally infra-stipular prickles 4-2 in. long,
from a broad, flat, triangular base, straight or slightly curved upwards.
Copious small prickles and bristles. ‘Leaves approximate ; leaflets 3-5
pair, oblong oblong-obovate or cuneate, entire near the base, dentate near
top with deep sharp teeth, glabrous above, silky, especially near nerves
beneath, Stipules adnate beyond the middle, petioles pubescent. Flowers
solitary, white or pink; peduncle and ovary glabrous. Calyx-segments
broad-lanceolate, pubescent. Petals 4. Fruit scarlet, pear-shaped, crowned
by the persistent calyx-segments.

Higher ranges of the outer and inner Himalaya, between 9000 and 14,000 ft.
from the Chir (Royle) to Bhutan. Fl. June. Hardy in England.

4. R. Webbiana, Wall.; Royle Ill. t. 42.—Vern. Kantian, shingari,
Hazara; Shikand, sikanda, shawali, manyar, brazen, Chenab; Chia,
Lahoul; Sta, Ladak ; Sea, Piti.

Erect shrub; glabrous, or petioles and leaves pubescent. Branchlets
without bristles, armed with prickles of one size, straw-coloured, 3-3 in.
long, on a large flattened base, straight or nearly so, divaricate or ascend-
ing. Leaves small, subcoriaceous, 4-24 in. long; leaflets generally 3 pair,
subcoriaceous, obovate or rotundate, entire near the base, with deep sharp
teeth near the apex. Flowers pink, solitary or geminate; peduncles 4-3
in. long. Calyx-segments twice the length of ovary, nearly as long as
petals, lanceolate, long-acuminate, apex slightly dilated. Peduncles,
ovary, and back of calyx-segments nearly always clothed with large,
glandular hairs or bristles. Styles villous, distinct. Fruit ovoid or
globose, 4 in. long, red, fleshy.

Chiefly in the arid tracts of the N.W. Himalaya from the Indus to Kamaon,
generally between 5000 and 10,000 ft., ascending to 13,500 ft. in Ladak, On
the south of the Safedkoh between 8000 and 9000 ft. The fruit is eaten. In
Piti the branches are collected and piled up on houses to be used as fuel,
Hardy in England.

Nearly allied is the Scotch or Burnet Rose, R. spinosissima, Linn., sub-sp,
R. pimpinellifolia, Hook. Stud. Fl. 120, of Europe and the East, which differs
by more numerous leaflets (generally 4-5 pair), copious, slender, large and small
Rosa. ] XXXIL ROSACEA. 203

prickles, the ovary and calyx-segments glabrous, calyx-segments shorter th
petals, and a depressed globose feat. a ae

5. R. macrophylla, Lindl. Monogy. Ros. t. 6.—Syn. R. Hoffmeisteri,
Klotsch, Reise des Prinzen Waldemar Bot. t. 7. Vern. Gulab, gulabi, ban-
gulab. Local names: Jikjik, Chenab; Akhiari, Ravi.

Erect, often unarmed, pubescent, often with glandular hairs; prickles
from a conical basis, long, straight, 4 in. long, no bristles. Leaves 2-8
in. long ; leaflets 3-5 pair, elliptical, the terminal 1-3 in. long, the others
smaller. Petioles tomentose. Flowers red, 14-2 in. across, solitary or
in terminal corymbs. Bracts large, foliaceous. Pedicels 1 in. long, pu-
bescent with glandular hairs and bristles. Calyx-lobes hoary or grey-
tomentose, very long, longer than petals ; base narrowly triangular, apex
dilated, lanceolate, toothed. Styles pilose, exserted, distinct. Fruit large,
soft, turbinate, 1 in. long.

Himalaya from Khagan to Sikkim. In the N.W. Him. between 3500 and
10,000 ft. Fl. May, June. Fruit eaten. Hardy in England.

5, PYRUS, Linn.

Trees or shrubs, with deciduous, simple or pinnate leaves. Flowers
white or pink, in terminal corymbs. Calyx-tube urceolate, lobes reflexed
or deciduous. Stamens many ; filaments sometimes connate at the base.
Carpels 2-5, adnate to the calyx-tube; styles free or connate below ;
ovules 2 in each cell (numerous in P. Cydonia). Fruit fleshy,2-5-celled,
cells with a cartilaginous or bony, often 2-valved endocarp, 1-2-seeded.
(except in P. Cydonia). :

Leaves simple, flowers in simple corymbs.

Fruit pyriform, not umbilicate at the base; styles free.

Leaves rounded or ovate, simple ; fruit smooth . : . IL. P. communis.

Leaves ovate-lanceolate, often lobed ; fruit rough s . 2 P. variolosa. ,
Fruit umbilicate, globose, depressed ; styles connate.

Extremities white-tomentose ; peduncle as long as fruit, or

shorter : é . - 3 . 3 i . 3. P. Malus.
Extremities glabrous; peduncles 3-4 times longer than fruit 4. P. baccata.
Leaves simple, entire ; flowers solitary . ‘ . C . 5. P. Cydonia,
Leaves simple, lobed, or pinnatifid ; flowersin compound corymbs 6. P. Aria.
Leaves pinnate ; flowers in compound corymbs . . . 7. P. ursina,

Carl Koch and Decaisne write Pirus, thus restoring the classical spelling of
the word, changed for Pyrus in the sixteenth century. I follow Bentham, Bois-
sier, and Hooker in retaining the spelling of Linneeus ; because, if we were to
commence altering the customary spelling of botanical names, the changes
would be endless and confusion would be unavoidable.

1. P, communis, Linn. ; Hook. Stud. Fl. 125 ; Boissier Fl. Orient. ii.
653. The Pear-tree.—Vern. Tang, batang, batank, nak, sunkeint, char-
keint, fi, Pb. Him. ; Nashpati, nak, Pb. plains.

A shrub or large tree, entirely glabrous, or extremities, young leaves,
and inflorescence more or less pubescent or floccose ; branchlets often
spinescent in young trees. Leaves rotundate, ovate, or oblong-ovate,
acute or short acuminate, entire or obtusely serrate ; petiole slender, as
204 XXXII, ROSACEA. [Pyrus.

long as leaf or nearly so. Flowers white, in short corymbs at the end of
short, often leaf-bearing branchlets. Calyx-tube campanulate or turbinate,
not much contracted at the mouth ; limb spreading, divided down to the
tube or nearly so into 5 lanceolate or triangular acute lobes. Petals
clawed, rounded, obtuse, flat, twice as long as calyx, patent. Styles 5, free.
Fruit more or less turbinate, not umbilicate at base, crowned with the
persistent calyx.

Indigenous in Transylvania, South Russia, mountains of Asia Minor, the
Caucasus, and North Persia. Believed to be indigenous in France, and other
parts of Central Europe. Naturalised and often seemingly wild in England.
Believed to be wild in Kashmir. Cultivated on account of its fruit throughout
Europe, Western Asia, and in the North-West Himalaya, between 2000 and
8500 ft., ascending in Ladak to 10,000 ftr Fl. March, April; fr. July-Sept.
Some good kinds are grown in Kashmir and Afghanistan, but soe the
Himalayan pears are indifferent. Occasionally the tree is cultivated in the Pan-
jab plains, and in other parts of India ; the fruit is hard, but good for baking and
stewing. At Calcutta it blossoms, but never sets fruit. The wood is only used
for ordinary purposes, and is not valued. In Europe the wood is prized on
account of its close and compact grain ; it is used for engraving, turning, and
mathematical instruments. Decaisne, in Jardin Fruitier du Museum (Le
Poirier), 1871-72, i. 122, considers the Pears, comprising P. communis, variolosa,
syriaca, &c., as different races only of one species.

2. P. variolosa, Wall.—Syn. P. Pashia, Don.; Decaisne Jardin
Fruitier du Museum, Le Poirier, t. 7. Vern. Tang, batangi, tangt, shin-
dar, kent, ban keint, katari, kithu, gad kiyt, ku, shegul, Pb.; Meal,
mehal, mol, N.W.P.; Passi, Nepal.

A moderate-sized tree; extremities, underside of youngest leaves, inflor-
escence, and calyx clothed with dense white or yellow, floccose tomentum.
Branchlets often spinescent. Leaves ovate or ovate-lanceolate from a
rounded or slightly cordate base, often lobed or pinnatifid, long-acuminate,
crenate, on slender petioles half the length of leaf or longer. Flowers
white, slightly tinged with pink, on lateral cymose corymbs, at the end of
short, often leaf-bearing branchlets. Calyx-tube urceolate, mouth con-
tracted, limb spreading, white-hairy inside and outside, divided half-way
down into 5 obtuse or acute ovate lobes. Petals obovate, rounded, with
dark radiating veins. Fruit nearly globose when ripe, 3-1} in. diam.,
crowned with the base of calyx, blackish, rough, and scurfy, with
numerous elevated round white spots. The ripe fruit by hanging gets
yellowish russet-brown.

Common in many parts of the Himalaya from the Indus to Bhutan, at eleva-
tions between 2500 and 8000 ft. Occasionally cultivated. Also in the Kasia
hills. Leaves and flowers March, April; fruit ripens Sept.-Dec.; fi. occa-
sionally in autumn, Hardy in England. 20-35 ft. high, trunk short, rarely
exceeding 5 ft. girth, crown oval, not very close. Bark dark-coloured, with some
whitish spots, and shallow longitudinal furrows. Wood brown, compact, fine-
grained, hard and durable, not easily attacked by insects. Walking-sticks,
combs, tobacco-tubes, and various implements made of it. The fruit is never
eaten, until like a Medlar it is half rotten, and even then is harsh, not sweet,
A form with glabrous pedicels and rotundate calyx-lobes from Kamaon is
(lescribed by Decaisne (1. c. under P. Pashia) as P. Kumaoni; and another, with
Pyrus.] XXXII. ROSACEA. 205

glabrescent, not verrucose fruit, from the Panjab, is figured on tab. 8 of the
same work as P. Jacquemontiana.

3. P. Malus, Linn.; Hook. Stud. Fl. 125.—Syn. Malus communis, Desf.;
Boissier Fl. Orient. ii. 656. The Apple-tree. Vern. Shewa, Afg.; Shi,
sho, cho, (amru)sun, seo, chiunt, khajir, bisir, palu, Pb., Himalaya ;
Kishi, Ladak ; Seo, seb, North India.

A moderate-sized tree, rarely exceeding 30 ft. ; extremities, underside
of leaves, and inflorescence clothed with white silky tomentum, rarely
glabrous. Leaves ovate, acuminate, obtusely serrate; petiole about half the
length of leaf or shorter. Flowers white, tinged with red, in umbelliform
corymbs, at the end of short lateral leaf-bearing branchlets. Stamens
about 20. Styles 5, connate. Fruit umbilicate at base, globose, more or
less depressed, crowned with the remains of the calyx.

Indigenous in Greece, Macedonia, Asia Minor, the Caucasus, and Persia.
Common in woods and hedges, and believed to be wild in England, Ireland, and
the greater part of Central and South Europe. Apparently wild in the North-
West Himalaya, between 5000 and 9000 ft. Cultivated on account of its fruit
throughout Europe, temperate Asia and North America, and the Himalaya,
ascending to 9000, in Ladak to 11,400 ft. The apple-tree is grown in gardens
in Sindh, the plains of the Panjab, the Dekkan, Tirhiit, and Chota Nagpur, and
in many places produces good fruit. In Lower Bengal it blossoms, but does not
set fruit. Fl. March-May ; fr. July-Sept. The wood is used for ordinary pur-

oses.
The cultivation of the apple and pear in Greece and Italy is very old, and
there seems no doubt that both trees are indigenous in South and Central
Europe.

4, P. baccata, Linn.; Koch Dendrologie, i. 210. The Siberian Crab.—
Vern. Baror, lia, lhijo, war, Pb. Him.; Ban mehal, gwalam, N.W.P.,
Him.

A small, nearly glabrous tree, with short trunk and a rounded crown of
dark-green foliage. Leaves elliptic, acuminate, sharply serrate ; petiole
longer than half the leaf. Flowers white, in umbelliform corymbs, on
long, slender peduncles, at the end of short leaf-hearing branchlets. Calyx-
tube glabrous or slightly pubescent outside, urceolate, limb spreading,
with lanceolate deciduous lobes, as long as calyx-tube or longer, white
cottony inside. Petals with dark veins. Styles 3-5, nearly free, woolly
at the base. Fruit red or scarlet, small, globose, umbilicate ; peduncles
2-4 times the length of the fruit.

Himalaya, not uncommon, from near the Indus to Kamaon, generally between
6000 and 10,000 ft., in Piti to 11,000 ft. Cultivated occasionally on the
Chenab. Outside India in Japan and Siberia. Fl. spring; fr. Aug-Nov.
“Hardy in England. Bark greyish brown, thick, tough, traversed by deep
cracks, not unlike the bark of some coniferous trees. The fruit is small and
sour, but palatable, with a true apple flavour, and is much prized by the hill
people. Wood brownish white, even, compact, fairly hard.

5. P. Cydonia, Linn.—Syn. Cydonia vulgaris, Pers. Boissier FI.
Orient. ii, 656. Quince. Vern. Bihi, North India; Bamésiunt, bumsiutu,

Kashmir.
206 XXXIL ROSACEA. [Pyrus.

Extremities, underside of leaves, inflorescence, and calyx white-tomen-
tose. Leaves ovate, obtuse at the base, entire, on short petioles. Stipules
oblong, obtuse, glandular-serrate. Flowers large, white, 2 in. across, on
short peduncles, solitary, or a few together at the end of short leaf-bearing
branchlets, Calyx-lobes leafy, oblong-lanceolate, glandular-serrate, re-
flexed, longer than calyx-tube. Fruit pyriform, clothed with grey or yel-
low, woolly tomentum, 5-celled ; cells cartilaginous, many-seeded. Seeds
covered with mucilaginous pulp.

The Quince is cultivated in Afghanistan, Beluchistan, Persia, Sindh, the
Panjab plains, and the North-West Himalaya, ascending to 5500 ft., also in
Western Asia and Europe, Wild or apparently wild in Greece, Thracia, the
Caucasus, Armenia, and North Persia(Boissier). According to C. Koch, Dendrol.
i, 220, the original home of the Quince is not known. Like other pomaceous
trees and shrubs, it springs up readily from self-sown seed, and has thus estab-
lished itself in many localities, In the Panjab the fruit ripens in June and
July. Hardy in England.

6. P. Aria, Ehrh.; Hook. Stud. Fl. 126.—Syn. P. Kumaonensis,
Wall. ; P. vestita,Wall.; P. lanata, Don. ; Sorbus Aria, Crantz ; Boissier
Fl. Orient. ii. 658. Vern. Gin palos, Afg.; Doda, chola, chilana, maila
(tang), paltu, ban pala, kanghi, thanki, morphal, marpol, Pb., Him. ;
Galion, mauli, paltu, banpalti, N.W.P., Him.

A moderate-sized tree. Extremities, inflorescence, underside of leaves,
and calyx clothed with white woolly tomentum. Leaves 3-5 in. long,
ovate or obovate, coarsely serrate, and generally lobed, with 6-12 pair of
prominent lateral nerves, each terminating in an acute lobe. Petiole 4-1
in. long. Flowers white, odorous, + in. diam., in terminal compound
corymbs. Fruit red, 3-1 in. long, turbinate, or globose, crowned with the
persistent calyx-lobes, 2-8-celled, cells 1-seeded, endocarp brittle.

Common in many parts of the Himalaya, between 5000 and 10,000 ft., from
the Indus to Bhutan. Also in Afghanistan, Europe, North Africa, Siberia, and
Western Asia. Fl. Apr-May; fruit Aug.-Oct. Branchlets brown, with white
va larger branches often white, bark of trunk reddish or dark-brown, with
shallow, longitudinal wrinkles. The tree is readily known by the white under-
side of leaves, the abundant white blossoms, and the showy red fruit. Wood
light-coloured, compact. Fruit eaten when half rotten. In Europe, P. Aria is
an oengnd variable species, varying with undivided, lobed, and pinnatifid
leaves, and divided by many botanists into several species.

The common Medlar, P. (Mespilus), germanica, Linn., with spinescent’
branchlets, oblong-lanceolate leaves, large solitary white flowers, and 5-celled
fruit, with a bony endocarp, the cells 1-seeded, is wild in Western Asia, Greece,
and Thracia, naturalised in the rest of Europe, but has not yet been found in
the Himalaya.

7. P. ursina, Wall.—Vern. Sula, hiilia.

A shrub or small tree. Buds, inflorescence, petioles and underside of
leaflets along nerves hispid with long, generally rusty hairs. Leaves 4-6
in. long, imparipinnate ; leaflets 8-12 pair, opposite, sessile, oblong, the
middle ones longer than the upper and lower, 1-1} in. long, cuspidate-
serrate. Flowers greenish white, unpleasant-smelling, in compound
Pyrus. | XXXII. ROSACEA. 207

corymbs, terminal, and from the axils of the uppermost leaves, with long
linear, rusty-pilose bracts. Calyx cup-shaped, glabrous, cleft half-way
into acute, triangular segments. Petals rusty-villous when young. Ovary
hairy ;, styles 2-5, thick. Fruit ovoid, globose or turbinate, 3 in. diam.
or less, crowned with the persistent calyx-lobes, bluish when ripe. (A
variety with white fruit recorded from Kamaon and Lahoul.)

Himalaya not uncommon, between 6000 and 11,000, at times 12,000 ft., from

Fue 2 Sikkim. Fl. June, July. Attains 20 ft., in habit most like the moun-
ain-ash.

P. Aucuparia, Gertn., the Mountain-ash of Europe and North Asia, with 6-8
pair of leaflets, and scarlet fruit ; and P. Sorbus, Gertn., the Service-tree, of
South Europe and Western Asia, with glabrous, glutinous buds, and larger
pyriform fruit,—are nearly related to this species. P. foliolosa, Wall. Pl. As.
rar. t. 189, also belongs to the same sub-genus Sorbus ; it is a shrub with
elongated almost twining branches, branchlets and petioles woolly, leaflets
entire, only serrated at the apex, and small red fruit. Nepal, Sikkim, Bhutan,
8000-9000 ft. elevation. Fl. May.

6. CRATAGUS, Linn.

Shrubs or small trees, often spiny, with simple, lobed or pinnatifid
leaves and deciduous stipules. Flowers white or red, in terminal corym-
bose cymes, with caducous bracts. Calyx-tube urceolate or campanulate,
mouth contracted ; lobes 5. Petals 5, inserted at the mouth of the calyx.
Stamens many. Carpels 1-5, adnate: below to the calyx-tube ; styles 1-5,
stigma truncate, ovules 2 in each cell. Fruit ovoid or globose, with a
bony 1-5-celled stone, or with 5 bony 1- rarely 2-seeded stones.

Leaves deeply pinnatifid . . Z - 1. C. Oxyacantha.
Leaves oblong, crenate . a 2. C. Pyracantha.

J. CG. Oxyacantha,* Linn. ; Hook. Stud. Fl. 127. Hawthorn, white-
thorn.—Vern. Ring, ringo, ramnia, pingyat, phindak, patakhan, Pb. ;
Ban-sanjli, stir sinjli, Thelam.

A small tree, branchlets spinescent, leaves pinnatifid, segments 2-3
pair, oblong, lobed or dentate, petiole half the length of leaf or less.
Stipules large, leafy, faleate or semicordate. Cymes corymbose, many-
flowered. Flowers white, carpels 1-2. Pedicels, calyx-tube, and segments,
as well as the young fruit, with long thin, soft white hairs. Fruit ovoid
or subglobose, glabrous, red, rarely yellow when ripe, with a hard bony
1-2-celled nut.

North-West Himalaya from Indus to Ravi, between 5500 and 9300 ft. 3_also
in Afghanistan, Western Asia, Siberia, and Europe. Cultivated in Afghanistan
(Baber’s tomb, Kabul ; Mahomed’s tomb, Ghazni), and near villages in the
North-West Himalaya. Fl. June, July; fr. Sept-Oct. Attains 25-30 ft., with
a rounded moderate-sized head. Trunk short, erect, 3-4 ft. girth, dark ash-
coloured, rough, wood close-grained. Cultivated on account of its flowers and
the edible fruit, which is much better than that of the European hawthorn. _

By many botanists the European hawthorn is commonly divided into 2 species
(sub-sp. Hooker 1. c:) 1. C'. monogyna, Jacq., with 1 carpel and style, 1 nut, lan-

* I write Oxyacantha and Pyracantha, because Linnzus (sp. plant 688, 685) treated
these words as substantives.
208 XXXIL ROSACEA. [Crategus.

ceolate calyx-segments, peduncles and calyx-tube pubescent, and deeply lobed or
pinnatifid see iad a. C. Oxyacantha, Jacq., with 2-3 carpels and styles, 2-3
nuts, calyx-segments triangular, peduncles and calyx-tube glabrous, leaves den-
tate, with 3 shallow lobes at the top, flowering a fortnight earlier. The Indian
specimens approach more to (. monogyna, and are referred to it by Boissier 1.
c, 664, In England there are intermediate forms between the 2 sub-species,
though in nursery-grounds the seed of C. monogyna is not known to produce
plants of the other form (Syme Engl. Bot. iii. 238).

2. ©. Pyracantha, Persoon.—Syn. C. crenulata, Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii,
509 ; Bot. Reg. 30t.52. Cotoneaster Pyracantha and C. crenulata, Koch,
lc. 175.—Vern. Gingaru, gianru, N.W.P.

A large shrub, or small, much-branched, stiff-branched tree, with spines-
cent branchlets, glabrous, the youngest branchlets sometimes pubescent.
Leaves glabrous, shining, coriaceous, linear-oblong, 1-2 in. long, narrowed
into a short marginate petiole, crenate, generally approximate on short
lateral branchlets. Stipulesdeciduous. Flowers white, numerous, smaller
than those of C. Oxyacantha, in short compound cymes. Carpels 5.
Fruit nearly globose, less than } in, diam., orange or vermilion.

Himalaya 5000-7000 ft., from Sutlej to Bhutan. In Kamaon as low down as
2500 ft. Caucasus, Western Asia, and South Europe. Evergreen ; fl. April-May;
fruit ripens July, Aug. Hardy in England. The western form, 0. Pyracantha,
has scarlet fruit, but there seems to be no other difference sufficiently important
to maintain the two as separate species.

Photinia dubia, Lindl. Trans. Linn. Soe. xiii, t. 10,is an evergreen shrub or
tree, with coriaceous, crenate, prominently penniveined leaves, and white flowers
in terminal panicles. The fruit is an ovoid berry, crowned with the persistent
calyx, 1-5-celled, endocarp and dissepiments thin, East Bengal and Burma, has
not been found in the N.W. Himalaya. What Madden mentions under this
name is Stranvesia glaucescens, Lindl.

7. COTONEASTER, Medicus.

Shrubs or small trees, with alternate, coriaceous, generally entire, often
downy leaves and deciduous stipules. Flowers small, white or pink, soli-
tary or in few- or many-flowered axillary or terminal corymbose cynies.
-Calyx-segments 5, short, persistent. Petals 5. Stamens many, inserted
at the mouth of calyx, Carpels 2-5, adnate wholly, or by their backs
only to the calyx-tube ; styles 2-5, free; stigma truncate; ovules 2 in
each cell, erect. Fruit small, with 2-5 bony 1-seeded stones.

Leaves deciduous, soft-pubescent.
Leaves oblong or ovate ; flowers numerous in spreading com-
pound pedunculate cymes ij i a 5 1. OC. bacillaris.
Leaves ovate-lanceolate; flowers 5-10, in short compact cymes 2. C. acuminata.

Leaves more or less persistent, obovate or rotundate; with white
woolly tomentum beneath; flowers in short few-flowered

cymes : - so . 3 . é . . 3. C0. nummularia,
Leaves evergreen, flowers solitary 4. C. microphylla,

1. ©. bacillaris, Wall—Syn. ©. obtusa, Wall., and C. afinis, Lindl.

— Ri, riu, lin, lin, rau, rauns res, rish, Pb. Him. ; Ruinsh, Jaonsar
awur.
Cotoneaster. ] XXXII. ROSACEA, 209

A large deciduous shrub or small tree, with ovate or obovate-oblong
leaves, 1-3 in. long, entire, soft-pubescent or tomentose beneath ; stipules
subulate, early caducous. Flowers white, } in. across, in pedunculate,
spreading, compound, many-flowered cymes, at the end of short leaf-bear-
ing branchlets. Fruit numerous, sub-globose, dark brown, on slender
pedicels, in large spreading bunches.

Waziristan, 4000-8300 ft. ; Salt range, 1500-2500 ft.; N.W. Himalaya, from
Indus to the Sarda. at 5000-10,000 ft. Sikkim, Bhutan. Fl. May, June. Wood
white, strong, elastic ; used for walking-sticks in the N.W. Himalaya. Hardy
in England.

C. frigida, Wall. ; Bot. Reg. t. 1229, with oblong-lanceolate leaves and bright
scarlet fruit. Nepal, Sikkim. Is nearly allied to this sp., and perhaps not
specifically distinct.

2, C. acuminata, Lindl. Trans. Linn. Soc. xiii. t. 9, p. 101.—Vern.
Riu, rauns, ruinsh.

A deciduous shrub, with fasciculate, ovate-lanceolate, subcoriaceous
leaves, entire, 1-2 in. long; extremities and young leaves with soft silky
hairs. Stipules subulate, ciliate. Flowers white, } in. across, in compact
cymes with 2-10 flowers, at the end of short leaf-bearing branchlets.
Calyx turbinate, glabrous or with long white soft hairs ; segments short,
rounded or acute, often fringed with soft white hairs. Fruit subcylin-
drical or turbinate, thicker at top, 4in. long (red when ripe, cult. at Kew).

‘Himalaya, Bias to Sikkim, 4500:10,000 ft. Fl. May-July. Wood white ;
walking-sticks are made of it on the Deoban range, in Jaonsar Bawur, and ex-
ported to the plains. Hardy in England.

3. O. nummularia, Fisch. et Meyer; Boissier Fl. Orient. ii. 666.

A shrub or small tree, nearly evergreen, with obovate, rotundate, or
‘broad-elliptic leaves, 3-1 in. long, obtuse, retuse, or mucronate, densely
clothed beneath with white woolly tomentum. Flowers white or pink,
1 in. across, in short, nearly sessile, few-flowered cymes at the end of
short leaf-bearing branchlets. Calyx and pedicels densely white tomen-
tose. Fruit black.

Afghanistan, Beluchistan, N.W. Himalaya from the Indus to Bhutan, 6000-
11,000 ft. Also on the Caucasus, in the Crimea, Armenia, and Syria, Fl. April,
May. Hardy in England.

A sp. of Cotoneaster, with glabrous calyx, larger flowers in pedunculate
cymes, pubescent pedicels, is found in Hazara, Kashmir, and the arid tracts of
the inner Himalaya (Piti, Lahoul), and is probably the same as the common
European species, C’. vulgaris, Lindl., Hook. Stud. Fl. 127, which is also known
from Siberia and Tibet. The fruit of the European shrub is red, rarely black.

4. ©. microphylla, Wall.; Bot. Reg. t. 1114.— Vern. Khariz, luni,
Kashmir ; Garri, Kamaon.
_ An erect or prostrate evergreen shrub, with small, coriaceous, glossy
dark-green, obovate or cuneate-oblong leaves, solitary, large, snow-white
flowers, nearly 4 in. across, and scarlet fruit.

Common in the Himalaya from Kashmir to Bhutan, 5000-11,000 ft. Fl. May,
June. Used in Kashmir for making baskets. The ripe fruit is sweet. (J. L, 8.)

Oo
210 XXXII. ROSACEA. [ Cotoneaster.

This small showy shrub is hardy in England, and is cultivated in a great
variety of forms, some of which have been described and figured as distinct
species (CO. thymefolia, congesta, Saunders Refugium Botanicum, t. 50, 51).

C. buxifolia, Wall. ; Wight Ic. t. 992, with 3-flowered peduncles, and ovate
leaves, from Kamaon, and the Nilgiris and Pulneys, is closely allied to C.
microphylla. On the Nilgiris and Pulneys this is a very rigid ramous shrub or
small tree ; the wood is dense and elastic, and clubs are made of it (Bedd. FI.
Sylv. Manual, p. 98).

8. STRANV ASSIA, Lindl.

A tree, with alternate, simple, serrulate, coriaceous evergreen leaves and
flowers in large corymbose cymes. Calyx-tube campanulate, base semiad-
nate to the ovary, with 5 short, erect, persistent segments. Petals 5,
sessile, pilose at base. Stamens 20; filaments subulate, inserted in the
mouth of calyx. Ovary villose, half free, 5-celled, 2 ovules in each cell ;
styles 5, connate half-way up, stigma reniform. Fruit a fleshy drupe,
including a 5-celled, 5-valved capsule; dehiscing loculicidally, the crus-
taceous valves separating from each other and from the axis, the dissepi-
ments remaining attached to the inner face of the valves.

1. S. glaucescens, Lindl. Bot. Reg. t. 1956.—Syn. Crategus glauca,
Wall. Vern. Garmehal, sind, Kamaon.

A small evergreen tree, with lanceolate leaves 4-6 in. long, glabrous
above, pale ‘beneath, and pubescent along the middle nerve. Flowers
white, $ in. across. Calyx white-tomentose. a

Himalaya, outer ranges, Garhwal, Kamaon (woods and ravines, associated with '
Quercus, Andromeda, Myrica, and Symplocos), Nepal, generally between 3000
and 4000 ft., ascends to 8000 ft, Kasia hills. Fl. April, June. Fr. Sept., Oct.
Very tender in England. 20 ft. high, trunk short, crown close, rounded, dark
green. Wood dull reddish-brown, fine-grained, hard.

Orpen XXXII SAXIFRAGEZ,

Trees, shrubs, or herbs; flowers regular, generally bisexual. Calyx.
free, or adnate to ovary, 5-lobed, rarely 4-12-lobed, valvate or imbricate
in bud. Petals 5, rarely 4 or none, imbricate or valvate in bud. Stamens
as many as petals, or double their number, free ; anthers dorsifixed, con-
nective frequently glandular at the back. Disc tumid, annular or glan-
dular. Carpels 2 or more, usually connate into a 2- rarely 1-celled ovary ;
styles as many as cells, free or united ; stigmas capitellate ; ovules many, .
placentz attached to the inner angle; parietal in the 1-celled ovaries,
Fruit a 1-3-celled berry or capsule, or of 2 or more many-seeded follicles.
Seeds small; embryo minute, in a copious, fleshy or horny albumen.—
Gen. Pl. i. 629; Royle Ill. 215 (Philadelphece), 225 (Grossulariew, Saxi-
fragee) ; Wight Tl. ii. 50.

Leaves opposite.
Stamens 8-10; flowers in terminal corymbs; outer flowers
large, sterile . : : ‘i j . : . 1. Hypranera.

Stamens 10; capsule globose, separating into 3-5 distinct  -

cocci . : : 5 ‘ , ig . . 2 Duvrzia,.

Stamens numerous ; capsule turbinate, dehiscing loculicidally 3. Pattapriparvs,
Hydrangea.] XXXII, SAXIFRAGEA. 211

Leaves alternate.
Flowers numerous, in long racemes; fruit a 2-celled capsule,

free. ae ee . i : és : . 4, vga.
Flowers axillary, or in short racemes ; fruit a berry, inferior,
crowned by the remains of calyx . : E ; 5. RIBEs,

1. HYDRANGEA, Linn.

Erect or climbing shrubs or trees. Leaves opposite, petiolate, exstipu-
late. Flowers in terminal corymbs with deciduous bracts, the outer
flowers often sterile and larger than the fertile inner flowers. Calyx-tube
adnate to the ovary, turbinate or hemispherical ; limb truncate or 4-5-
dentate. Petals 4-5, valvate. Sterile flowers apetalous, but calyx-limb
with 4-5 large petaloid veined segments. Stamens 8-10, inserted at the
base of an epigynous disc, filaments filiform, anthers short. Ovary in-
ferior, more or less incompletely 2-4-celled ; styles.2-4, free or conriate at
the base; ovules very numerous. Fruit a membranous capsule, crowned
by the calyx-limb, and the persistent styles, 2-4-celled, dehiscent at the top
between the styles, many-seeded. Seeds minute, with a membranous
testa ; embryo in fleshy albumen.

1. H. altissima, Wall. Tent. Fl. Nep. t. 50.

A large climbing shrub, glabrous, with loose, grey or brown, membran-
ous, shining bark, peeling off in long rolls like that of the birch. Leaves
ovate, acuminate, dentate, 4-6 in. long; petiole 1-2 in.; main lateral
nerves 6-8 on either side of midrib. Flowers whitish, calyx-segments of
sterile flowers +4 in. long, obovate.

Himalaya, 5000-10,000 ft, in shady forests from Sutlej (Nagkanda, Serahn) to
Bhutan. Fl. June, July. Very tenderin England, Bark used as a substitute
for paper (T. Thomson, Him. Journ. 47).

Two other species are found in Kamaon : HZ. aspera, Don., with oblong-lanceo-
late leaves, sharp serrate, grey tomentose beneath, styles free from the base ;
and H. vestita, Wall., pubescent, with broader leaves, and styles connate at the
base.

H. Hortensia, DC., the common Hydrangea, or Chinese Guelder Rose, from
China and Japan, is cultivated as an ornamental shrub in Europe and India on
account of the splendid heads of sterile flowers, which are green at first, then
rose-coloured or blue.

2. DEUTZIA, Thunb.

Shrubs, pubescent or scabrous, hairs generally stellate. Leaves and
branches opposite. ‘Leaves serrate, exstipulate. Flowers white, corym-
bose or axillary. Calyx-tube campanulate, adnate to the ovary ; limb 5-
toothed. Petals 5, induplicate-valvate or imbricate in bud. Stamens 10,
inserted under the edge of the epigynous disc, the alternate stamens
longer; filaments flat, often winged, terminating in two teeth at the
top; anthers didymous, nearly globose. Ovary inferior, 3-5-celled ;
styles 3-5; ovules numerous, imbricate on fleshy placente. _ Capsule
globose, 3-5-celled, separating septicidally into 3-5 distinct cocci, or de-
hiscing at the apex between the styles. Seeds numerous ; testa mem-
branous ; albumen fleshy. na
212 XXXIIL SAXIFRAGEA. [ Deutzia.

Rough, with grey stellate pubescence ; petals oblong, pubescent 1. D. staminea.
Smooth, with soft scattered stellate hairs; petals obovate, smooth 2. D. corymbosa.

1. D. staminea, Brown ; Wall. Pl. As. rar. t. 191; Bot. Reg. xxxiii.
t. 13.—Vern. Muneti, Kamaon. *

A shrub, branchlets and inflorescence scabrous with grey stellate
pubescence. Leaves lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, 1-24 in. long, on short
petioles, rough on both sides with stellate pubescence, grey beneath.
Flowers white, fragrant, on short trichotomous panicles, with linear
bracts, at the ends of branchlets, Calyx-teeth triangular acute, somewhat
shorter (when in flower) than the cup-shaped tube. Petals oblong, pubes-
cent outside.

Himalaya, 5000-8000 ft., from Kashmir to Bhutan. Fl. May, June. Hardy
in England. A variety with larger flowers is D. Brunoniana, Wall.

2. D. corymbosa, Brown; Royle Ill. t. 46, f. 2; Bot. Reg. xxvi. t. 5.

A shrub, not scabrous ; branchlets and leaves with scattered, soft, stel-
late hairs or scales; bark peeling off in long shining rolls. Leaves ovate-
lanceolate, long-acuminate, 2-5 in. long, on short petioles. Flowers white,
in broad, trichotomous, corymbose panicles, at the ends of branchlets ;
bracts small, deciduous. Calyx-teeth ovate, obtuse, shorter when in flower
than the hemispherical tube. Petals broad-obovate or rounded, glabrous.

Himalaya, 6000-10,000 ft., from Sutlej to Bhutan. Fl. May, June. Hardy
in England.

3, PHILADELPHUS, Linn.

Shrubs, often with stellate hairs. Leaves and branches opposite; no
stipules. Flowers white or straw-coloured, axillary or corymbose. Calyx-
tube turbinate, adnate to the ovary, with 4, rarely 5 lobes, valvate in bud.
Petals 4, rarely 5, convolute in bud. Stamens 20-40, inserted under the
edge of the epigynous disc ; filaments subulate ; anthers globose. Ovary
3-5-celled ; styles 3-5 ; ovules numerous, imbricate. Capsule turbinate, 3-
5-celled, dehiscing loculicidally. Seeds numerous, testa membranous,
reticulate ; albumen fleshy.

1. P. coronarius, Linn.—Syn. P. tomentosus, Wall.; Royle Ill. t. 46 f. 1.

A shrub, branchlets glabrous. Leaves ovate, sometimes elliptic, acumi-
nate, dentate with distant teeth, clothed beneath with long soft white
hairs, 2-3 in. long, on petioles }-3in. long; three pairs of main lateral
nerves, two from the base or from near the base, arcuate, the innermost
pair nearly meeting at the apex of the leaf, a third pair generally half-
way up the midrib. Flowers axillary, in short racemes at the ends of the
branches, strongly scented. Calyx-lobes pubescent inside, ovate, nearly
as long as calyx-tube. Style deeply 4- or 5-cleft, as long as stamens or
shorter.

North-West Himalaya, Kishtwar to Kamaon 6000-10,000 ft., Sikkim. Fi.
May-July. Also in Japan, China, Mantshuria, the Caucasus, and (indigenous
or naturalised) in Central Europe. Hardy in England. I cannot find any

specific difference between the European and Himalayan shrub. The former is
less hairy, and has more elliptic leaves.
Philadelphus. | XXXII, SAXIFRAGEA, 213

4, ITEA, Linn.

Trees and shrubs, with alternate, petiolate, exstipulate leaves. Flowers
small, white, in long, terminal, and axillary simple racemes. Calyx-tube
adnate at the base to ovary, with 5 ovate or subulate persistent lobes.
Petals 5, perigynous, linear. Stamens 5, inserted under the edge of a
perigynous disc ; anthers short, oblong. Ovary oblong, free or half free,
2-celled ; style simple, erect, persistent, with 2 furrows. Capsule free,
septicidally 2-valved, each valve terminated by half the style, the stigma
cohering. Seeds numerous or few. Embryo cylindrical, in the axis of a
scanty fleshy albumen.

1. I. nutans, Royle.—Vern. Lelar, Kaghan ; Garkath, Kamaon.

A shrub, leaves ovate-oblong or elliptic-oblong, acuminate, sharply ser-
rate, 4-6 in. long, subcoriaceous, glabrous and shining above, pubescent
or glabrous beneath ; main lateral nerves 5-7 pair, anastomosing by slender,
closely parallel, transverse, and by distinct intramarginal veins. Flowers
in fascicles of 3-5, on pedicels as long as calyx, in slender drooping racemes
4-8 in. long. Calyx and pedicels pubescent or glabrous. Capsules re-
flexed.

North-West Himalaya 3000-6000 ft., from Hazara (rare) to Kamaon. FI.
Apr.-July.

5. RIBES, Linn.

Shrubs, often armed with prickles. Leaves alternate, entire or lobed,
plaited or convolute in bud. Stipules none or adnate to petiole. Flowers
white red yellow or green, solitary or racemose, often unisexual ; pedi-
cels bracteate. Calyx adnate to ovary, limb tubular or campanulate,
4-5-fid, imbricate or subvalvate in bud. Petals small, 4-5. Stamens as
many as, and inserted with petals in the throat of the calyx. Ovary infe-
rior, 1-celled ; styles 2; ovules few or many, on 2 slender parietal placente.
Berry ovoid or globose, 1-celled, with few or many seeds. Seeds horizontal;
testa with a gelatinous coat; albumen adhering to the testa; embryo
minute.

Armed ; peduncles 1-2 flowered . . 5s Prine . 1. RB. Grossularia.
Unarmed ; flowers racemose unisexual ; racemes erect; calyx-
limb short, flat. a
Pubescent and viscid with stipitate glands; leaves nearly
orbicular with obtuse lobes .. . . - 2

Nearly glabrous ; leaves with large acute or acuminate lobes. 3.
Unarmed ; flowers racemose bisexual, racemes drooping ; calyx-

limb campanulate.

Leaves glandular, dotted beneath ; bracts minute . . 4. RB. nigrum.

Leaves eglandular ; bracts ovate : 5. R. rubrum.

1. RB. Grossularia, Linn. ; Wall. in Fl. Ind., ed. Carey, ii. 515 ; Hook.
Stud. Fl. 134.—Syn. R. Himalense, Royle. R. alpestre, Wall. ; Jacq.
Voy. Bot. t. 75. Gooseberry. (Krusbir, Swed. ; Groseille, Fr.; Krushow-

nik, Russ. ; Krausbeere, Graselbeere, local German names, seem all to
“have the same origin, and Grossularia is derived from them.) Vern.
Pilsa, pilikcha, kanst, teila, amlanch, Upper Chenab and Lahoul.

orientale.

R.
R. glaciale.

   
214 XXXII. SAXIFRAGEA, [ Ribes.

A-small pubescent shrub, armed with 1-3 spines under the leaf-buds,
and often with smaller scattered prickles. Leaves fasciculate on short
lateral branchlets, nearly orbicular, 3-5-lobed, 1 in. diam.; lobes irregularly
crenate. Flowers solitary or twin, greenish, drooping, on short, pubescent,
1-3-bracteate peduncles. Berries glandular-hairy. .

Southern flank of Safedkoh 8000-12,000 ft. Arid tracts of the inner Hima-
laya, from the Indus to Kamaon, between 8000 and 11,500 ft. Kaghan, Lahoul,
Kunawar, Niti, Europe (in Norway to near the 63d degree N. lat.), North Africa,
Armenia, Caucasus. FI. spring ; fruit ripe Sept.-Oct., small and sour. Lin-
nus established two species: R. Grossularia, with glandular hairy fruit,
R. Uva crispa, with the ripe fruit glabrous. Both are cultivated in numerous
varieties throughout Europe; they are, however, now commonly united into one
species.

2. R. orientale, Poiret ; Boissier Fl. Orient. ii. 817.—Syn. BR. lepto-
stachyum, Due. in Jacq. Voy. Bot. t. 76. &. villosum, Wall. in Fl. Ind., ed.
Carey, ii. 514.- R. glandulosum, Thoms. West Him. 104. Vern. Gwail-
dakh, kaghak, Kaghan; Nangke, nyai, phulanch (the fruit nyangha),
Chenab; Askuta, askutar, Ladak ; Yange, Piti.

A small shrub, unarmed, pubescent with short hairs, and viscid all over
with numerous, yellow or brown stipitate glands. Leaves generally fasci-
culate ; branchlets marked with the scars of bud-scales and leaves. Leaves
nearly orbicular, with cordate or rounded base, 3- rarely 5-lobed, crenate-
dentate, greyish brown beneath; basal nerves 3 or 5, with few lateral
nerves. Flowers unisexual, dioicous, in erect racemes, with linear or ob-
long, concave, ciliate, deciduous bracts, somewhat longer than pedicels.
Male racemes with many, female with few flowers. Calyx flat, cup-shaped ;
segments ovate, obtuse, much longer than the small obovate petals. Fila-
ments short, not exceeding anthers. Berry red or yellow when ripe, with
scattered glandular hairs, 4 in. long or less, with about 10 seeds.

Safedkoh 8000-10,000 ft. Arid tracts’ of inner Himalaya, between 6500 (on
the Indus, T. Thomson) and 14,000 ft., from the Indus to Nepal. Tibet. Afghan-
istan (Griff) Persia. Kurdistan, Caucasus, Armenia, Syria (Hermon, Lebanon).
I follow Karl Koeh, Dendrol. 656, and Boissier 1.¢.,in uniting under one species

the West Asiatic and Himalayan plant, as I find no specific difference. FI.
April-June ; fruit ripe Oct., mawkish sweet.

3. R. glaciale, Wall. in Roxb. Fl. Ind., ed. Carey, ii, 513.—Syn.
R. acuminatum, Wall.

An erect, unarmed shrub, glabrous or slightly pubescent ; branches
with brown, shining, perfectly smooth cuticle, peeling off in long strips
or rolls. Leaves 1-3 in. long, 3- sometimes 5-lobed, lobes acute or acumi-
nate, more or less deeply cut, the subdivisions serrate, basal nerves 3-5,
the midrib with 2-4 pairs of main lateral nerves; glabrous or pubescent
beneath along the nerves, occasionally with scattered sessile or stipitate
glands. Flowers green (Wall.), fuscous (H. & Th.), in pubescent and
glandular racemes, 2-3 in. long, erect when in flower, drooping when in
fruit ; bracts linear-oblong, longer than pedicels, nearly as long as flowers.

Berry round, smooth, red, (black?), as large as a common red currant, sour
and astringent.
Ribes.] XXXII. SAXIFRAGEA, 215

Himalaya at high elevations, 7000-11,000 ft. f Kashmir to Bhut
Fl. May. Hardy ix England, f é oan wren ae aay

4. R. nigrum, Linn. ; Hook. Stud. Fl. 134; Hooker & Thomson, Pre-
cursores ad Fl. Ind. in Journ. Linn. Soc. ii. 88. Black Currant.

An erect unarmed shrub ; calyx and underside of leaves with round,
sessile, yellow glands ; petioles and racemes pubescent. Leaves somewhat
longer than broad, with cordate base, 3- rarely 5-lobed ; lobes triangular,
acute, serrate, 2-3 in. long; basal nerves 3, each with 2-4 pair of main lateral
nerves. Petioles as long as leaf, with a broad winged base. Racemes
slender, few-flowered, drooping; bracts minute, much shorter than pedicel.
Berries 3 in. diam., globose, black (in gardens in Europe also white and
purple), with a strong aromatic smell and taste.

Kashmir (5000-11,000 ft.), Kunawar (7000-12,000 ft.), Garhwal and Kamaon,
vern. papar (6000-10,000 ft.), J. L. 8. Europe, Siberia, Dahuria. Fl. July;
fruit ripe Aug.-Sept.

_ 5. B. rubrum, Linn. ; Hook. Stud. Fl. 134.—Syn. R. Himalense, Due,
in Jacq. Voy. Bot. t.77. Vern. Gwaldakh, Khagan; Rode, muradh, nabar,
nabre, Chenab.

An erect unatmed shrub, without glands. Petioles and racemes pubes-
cent. Leaves glabrous or pubescent, often with long scattered hairs, as
broad as long, with cordate base, 3- rarely 5-lobed; lobes ovate-triangular,
crenate, basal nerves 3 or 5, the 3 inner penniveined, with 3-5 pair of
main lateral nerves. Petioles as long as or longer than leaves, with
a broad, membranous, often ciliated base. Racemes many-flowered,
drooping ; bracts ovate, shorter than or as long as pedicel. Berries } in,
diam., globose, red, acid (sweet insipid, Jacquemont).

Himalaya between 5000 and 12,000 ft., both in the outer moister region
and the inner arid tracts. The red currant is indigenous in Europe, in Siberia,
as far as Kamtchatka, and in North America. Red and white varieties are cul-
tivated in gardens in Europe. In Lahoul the berries (niangha), are yellow when
unripe, black but with the taste of red currants when ripe (Jeschke). The
Lahoul specimens have large flowers, with a deep campanulate calyx, the lobes
of which are ciliate. I follow Hooker and Thomson, l. c. 89, in referring R.
Himalense, Dne,, to R. rubrum, L.; but the matter seems to demand farther

inquiry.
Orpen XXXIV. HAMAMELIDES.

Shrubs and trees, with petiolate leaves, and persistent or deciduous
stipules. Flowers unisexual or bisexual. Calyx-tube more or less adnate
to ovary, limb truncate or lobed. Petals 4-0, occasionally wanting.
Stamens 4-0, definite or indefinite, perigynous. Ovary consisting of 2
carpels, generally free and rostrate at the top, 2-celled ; styles 2, subu-

late. Fruit a 2-valved capsule, the carpels separating at the top, rostrate
with persistent styles. Seeds with a straight embryo ina fleshy albumen,

vee —Gen. Pl. i. 664; Royle Ill. 234.
216 XXXIV, HAMAMELIDEZ. [Parrotia

1. PARROTIA, C. A. Meyer.

Trees and shrubs, with large, deciduous stipules, deciduous crenate
leaves and capitate flowers, the flower-heads enclosed in large membran-
ous bracts. Calyx campanulate, adhering to the base of ovary ; petals
none. Stamens 5-15, perigynous ; filaments long, filiform ; anthers basi-
fixed, oblong, dehiscing longitudinally. Ovary 2-celled ; styles 2 (rarely
3); one ovule in each cell.

1. P. Jacquemontiana, DecaisneTab. XXVIII.—Jacg. Voy. Bot. t.
82.—Syn. Fothergilla involucrata, Falconer. Vern. Pusser, peshora,
pahu, po, killar, karru.

A large deciduous, gregarious shrub or small tree, with stellate pubes-
cence on young branches, stipules, calyx, and the underside of young
leaves. Leaves orbicular or obovate, obtuse, penniveined, the lowest pair
of nerves from the base, margin deep-crenate. Stipules broadly oblong,
as long as petioles or longer. Flower-heads ovoid, 4 in. long, with about
20 sessile flowers, on short thick stalks, generally at the end of short, leaf-
bearing branchlets, each head enclosed in 4 large rotundate bracts, mem-
branous, white, often emarginate. Flowers bisexual; calyx campanu-
late ; limb thick, woolly, truncate or with a few linear lobes. Stamens
generally 15, inserted inside the limb of calyx ; anthers oblong without
appendage, the cells dehiscing laterally by 2 narrow longitudinal valves,
opening like a pair of folding-doors. Capsule woolly, with stellate tomen-
tum, girt by the adhering calyx-tube, 2-celled, the cells separating when
ripe, each cell with 1 seed in a hard, horny endocarp, which opens at the
top in 2 rostrate valves. Embryo oblique in copious albumen.

North-West Himalaya in many places, from the Indus to the Ravi, at eleva-
tions between 2800 and 8500 ft. Rare trans-Indus. Generally found on low
slopes, growing gregariously in extensive thickets, often covering several acres,
to the exclusion of other shrubs, and with little or no grass underneath. The
stems are grouped in close clusters of 5-6 or more together, 15-20 ft. high, and
about 15 in. girth, with a few divaricate branches at the top. Rarely solitary,
with a more tree-like habit. Fl. March-May ; fr. July-Sept. The foliage turns
yellow before being shed. ‘

Bark thin, firm, dark brown, occasionally light silvery grey, with man
specks, and transverse, blotchy, darker rings, not much marked, except by sma
circular, elevated, whitish spots. Sapwood whitish, heartwood brown, close,
compact, fine- and even-grained, strong, 12-16 rings per inch of radius. Highly
esteemed for walking-sticks, charpoys, tent-pegs, and rice-pestles, also ‘acd for
bows (goleil) for throwing pellets (gol) of baked earth.

This tree is valuable on account of the toughness and pliability of its twigs,
which are used extensively for binding loads and basket-work. They are pre-
ferred to all other material for making the twig-bridges over the great rivers of
the Panjab Himalaya. These bridges are often 300 ft. long, and consist of one
large rope to walk on, and two smaller side ropes, one for each hand, with much
smaller ropes connecting the hand-ropes with the foot-rope. In Western Kash-
mir, near Mozuffurabad, these ropes are made of hides, but ordinarily they are
twisted of twigs of Parrotia, when it can be got, mixed with Cotoneaster, Olea,
and Indigofera, and where these plants are not attainable, they are made of the
Birch and Willow, ‘The Parrotia is cut for this purpose at all seasons of the
year. With frequent piecemeal repair such bridges do not generally last more
than three years,
Parrotia. | XXXIV. HAMAMELIDEA, 217

P. persica, C. A. Meyer ; Led. Fl. Ross. ii. 376, Boissier Fl. Orient. ii. 818,
which. grows in the low forests on the south and south-west coast of the Caspian
Sea (hardy in England), differs by long, apiculate anthers, dehiscing longitud-
inally in the ordinary manner.—Oliver Trans. Linn. Soe. xxiii. 459.

OrpeR XXXV. RHIZOPHOREA.

Trees and shrubs, generally glabrous, with opposite, petiolate, coriaceous,
entire leaves. Stipules interpetiolar, early caducous. Flowers generally
bisexual, regular. Calyx more or less adherent to the ovary, or free, limb
4-14-toothed or -lobed ; lobes valvate, usually coriaceous and persistent.
Petals as many as calyx-lobes. Stamens 2-4 times the number of petals ;
filaments free ; anthers 2-celled, dehiscing longitudinally, or with numer-
ous cells. Ovary 2-5-celled, or dissepiments partially suppressed ; ovules
mostly geminate, collateral, pendulous; style generally 1 ; stigma simple
or lobed. Fruit coriaceous, 1-celled, 1-seeded, indehiscent, or 3-4-celled,
and septicidally dehiscent.—Gen. Pl. i. 677; Royle Ill. 210; Wight Il.
i. 207. ,

The seed germinates on the tree, with a long exserted radicle
(Mangrove trees).

Ovary ae at the base only, protruding beyond the calyx-

tube.

Calyx 4-merous ; petals entire ; anthers multilocellate, sub-

sessile, ovary 2-celled . ‘ ‘ é ‘

Calyx 5-6-merous ; petals truncate, or bifid, with apical setz ;

anthers 2-celled ; tilaments filiform ‘ ‘5 .

Ovary entirely adnate to and included in the calyx-tube, calyx

8-14-merous; petals bifid, with apical sete ; anthers 2-

celled ; filaments filiform . ‘ : ; 3

The seed does not germinate on the tree ; calyx-segments 5-8 ;

petals 5-8; stamens 10-16 . : : 5 ;

1, RaizopHoRA.

2. CERIOPS.

3. BRUGUIERA.

4, CaRALLIA.

]. RHIZOPHORA, Linn.

Trees with stout branchlets, marked with annular scars of leaves and
stipules, wholly glabrous. Stipules elongate. Cymes axillary, peduncu-
late, few- or many-flowered. Flowers coriaceous. Calyx-tube short, sup-
ported by confluent bracts ; limb 4-lobed ; lobes triangular or oblong.
Petals 4, entire, edges generally with long woolly hairs. Stamens 8-12,
perigynous ; anthers sessile or nearly so, erect, linear-oblong, triangular
in section, the 2 inner faces multilocellate, pollen liberated by the separa-
tion from the inner faces of a common membrane. Ovary halfinferior,
9-celled ; ovules geminate, pendulous; style 2- dentate at the top. Fruit
coriaceous, long-exserted, ovoid or conic, 1-celled, 1 -seeded. Seed with-
out albumen; cotyledons conferruminate. Germination takes place in
the fruit on the tree, the radicle protrudes soon after flowering as a long
cylindrical body, thicker near the end, attains a length of 12 in. or more,
and at length roots in the mud when the fruit falls.

1. B. mucronata, Lam. ; Wight Ic. t. 238.—Syn. R. Mangle, Roxb. ;
FL Ind. ii. 459. BR. Candelaria, W. & A. Prodr. 310. Vern. Kamo,

Sindh ; Bhora, Beng.
218 XXXV. RHIZOPHOREA. [ Rhizophora.

A moderate-sized tree, with elliptical leaves, terminating in a distinct
mucro or narrow apiculus, broadly cuneate, or slightly rounded at base ;
blade 3-5 in. long, 2-3 in. broad ; midrib very prominent beneath, attenu-
ate upwards. Peduncle axillary, compressed, often recurved, longer than
petiole, bearing lax few-flowered dichotomous cymes. Flowers 8-androus,
sweet-scented ; calyx-segments triangular; petals white, edges woolly.
Fruit ovoid, furrowed, supported at the base by the calyx. The radicle
of the seed germinating on the tree often 24 ft. long.

Sindh, tidal creeks of the estuary of the Indus. Coasts and back-waters of
the peninsula, Bengal and Burma. A widely-spread species on the coasts of
Africa, and over the Indian Archipelago to Australia, 25 ft. high, with a small
crown. Wood red, hard, and durable ; the bark is used for tanning, the fruit
is said to be eatable.

&. conjugata, Linn., a small tree, nearly related to this, and frequently
associated with it, has narrow leaves, short 2-3-flowered cymes nearly sessile
below the leaves, 12 stamens, and the radicle attaining 12-18 inches.

2. CERIOPS, Arnott.

Trees or large shrubs, wholly glabrous. Flowers coriaceous. Calyx-
tube short, supported by confluent bracts; limb 5-6-partite ; segments
oblong-lanceolate. Petals 5-6, truncate, or emarginate. Stamens 10-12,
inserted between the divisions of a lobed, annular disc ; filaments slender,
filiform ; anthers small, ovate-oblong, 2-celled, dehiscing longitudinally.
Ovary half-inferior, 3-celled ; ovules 2 in each cell; style undivided.
Fruit and germination as in Rhizophora.

1, C. Candolliana, Arnott ; Wight Ic. t. 240.—Vern. Kirrari, chauri,
Sindh.

A tall shrub or small tree, with obovate leaves 2-3 in. long, 1-2 in.
broad, base cuneate, apex broad, rounded; midrib prominent beneath.
Peduncles short, bracteolate, and shortly 2-3-forked at the top. Flowers
subsessile, subcapitate. Petals 5, oblong, truncate, with 3 clavate sete,
base abruptly narrowed, margins slightly cohering below the middle.
Stamens 10, alternately shorter. s

Sindh, mud forests at mouth of Indus and salt-water creeks. Coast of penin-
sula, Indian Archipelago, extends to Australia, and is found on the east coast
of Africa. Wood hard, durable, used for the knees of boats, and for other pur-
poses in Sindh. Bark employed as litter for cattle.

Kandelia Rheedit, W. & A. Prodr.311, Wight IIL t. 89, is a small tree, com-
mon on the western coast, also in Bengal and Burma, which may possibly be
found in Sindh. Leaves oblong, obtuse ; peduncles axillary, much longer than
petioles, 2-3-chotomous, with 4-9 pentamerous flowers, petals narrow, deciduous,
thin, membranous, bifid, edge laciniate, hairy; stamens numerous, and an ob-
long-conical fruit much longer than the calyx-tube.

3. BRUGUIERA, Lam.

Trees with the habit of Rhizophora. Flowers coriaceous, solitary or
few together, on short, axillary, recurved peduncles, without bracts. Calyx
ebracteolate, turbinate, adnate at the base to the ovary, the upper portion
Bruguiera.] XXXV. RHIZOPHOREA}. 219

free ; segments 10-15, thick, linear. Petals as many, 2-lobed. Stamens
twice the number of petals ; anthers: linear, 2-celled, mucronate, about as
long as filaments. Ovary inferior, included in calyx-tube, 2-4-celled, with
2 pendulous ovules in each cell ; style filiform, with 2-4 minute stigmatic

lobes. Fruit turbinate, crowned by the persistent calyx-lobes. Germin-
ation as in Rhizophora,

1. B. gymnorhiza, Lam.; W. & A. Prodr. 311.—Syn. B. Rheedit,
Blume ; Wight Ic. t. 239 A. Rhizophora gymnorhiza, Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii.
460; Griff Ic. t. 645 iv. Vern. Kakra, kankra, Beng.
weA large evergreen tree, with oblong-elliptical, short-acuminate leaves
3-6 in. long, 14-24 in. broad, narrowed into a petiole about 1 in. long.
Stipules oblong, 1-2 in. long, very deciduous. Flowers solitary, about 1
in. long. Calyx thick and rigid, lobes usually about 12, the tube about
% the whole length. Petals shorter than calyx, deeply 2-lobed, densely
hairy at the base ; margins induplicate, more or less hairy all the way
up ; setze usually 1 in the notch and 3-4 at the end of each lobe. Anthers
embraced in pairs by the induplicate edges of the petals. Fruit at first
crowned by the calyx-limb, which often falls off as the radicle protrudes,
the latter assuming a narrow spindle-shaped form, with about 6 promi-
nent angles. . ,

Sindh, estuary of the Indus. Coast of Peninsula, Sundarbans. Indian
Archipelago. North Australia. Wood yellowish brown, hard and durable.
This tree sends down numerous roots from the trunk and branches, which
eventually raise the stem, so that it appears divided before it reaches the ground.
Rhizophora mucronata and other Mangroves do the same. Griffith (on the
family of the Rhizophoree, Transactions of the Medical and Physical Society
of Calcutta, viii. 6) ascribes the lifting up of the stem to the resistance
which the roots meet at their extremities. Nearly allied to this, and probably
a variety only, is— : :

B. ertopetala, Wight. Ill. i. p. 210, Ic. t. 289 B—syn. B. parietosa, Griff. Ic.
t. 641,—with large solitary flowers, calyx-lobes 8-12, margin of petals from
base to apex densely hirsute. . : ;

Three other Indian species enumerated in Wight’s Ill. p. 210, differ from
B. gymnorhiza by smaller flowers in axillary, pedunculate 2-to many-flowered
cymes ; they are small glossy trees closely allied to each other, and probably
form one species only. 1. B. caryophylloides, Blume (Khaz. caryophylloides,
Griff. Ic. t. 642). 2. B. malabarifica, Arnott. 3. B. parviora, Arnott (Rhizo-
phora parviflora, Roxb. Fl. Ind, ii. 461).

4, CARALLIA, Roxb.

Trees and shrubs, wholly glabrous, with small flowers in pedunculate,
compact trichotomous cymes. Calyx-tube campanulate, produced beyond.
the ovary, with 5-8 short segments. Petals as many as calyx-segments,
unguiculate, orbiculate, serrate or laciniate. Stamens twice the number
of petals, in’erted on the crenulate edge of the disc, which clothes the
calyx-tube. Ovary adnate to calyx, generally 4-celled ; ovules 2 in each
cell. Embryo terete in a copious albumen.

1. G. integerrima, DC. ; Bedd. Fl. Sylv. t. 193; Benth. Journ. Linn.
Soe. iii. 74. —Vern. Manioga, Burm.
220 XXXV. RHIZOPHOREA. [ Carallia,

A large tree, with entire, elliptic obovate or oblong leaves. Flowers
6-8-merous, nearly sessile in capitate cymes; petals white, orbicular,
deeply laciniate, with lanceolate segments.

Common in evergreen forests of South India, Burma, Bengal, and the Eastern
Himalaya. On the western coast it extends to the latitude of Bombay, and
will probably be found in the range of this Flora either on the Satpura hills or
in the Gorakhpur, Oudh, or Kamaon forests. Found also in South China,
the Philippine Islands and tropical Australia, Timber reddish brown, rather
brittle, but very ornamental, with broad medullary rays, which show on a ver-
tical section like undulating, broad irregular bands, giving the wood a beautiful
mottled appearance. Polishes well.

C. lucida, Roxb. Cor. PL t. 211; Fl. Ind. ii. 481 ; Wight Ic. t. 605, is doubt-
fully referred to C. lancecefolia, Roxb. by Bentham, 1. c. 75. In Wall. cat. 4880
C. lucida is quoted from Kamaon.

Orpen XXXVI. COMBRETACE.

Trees or shrubs, with simple, petiolate, entire leaves, without stipules.
Flowers bracteate, bisexual, rarely polygamous. Calyx-tube adnate to the
ovary; limb 4-5 cleft, generally campanulate with valvate segments.
Petals none, or 4-5. Stamens as many as calyx-segments, or twice the
number, inserted on the limb or inside the calyx. Ovary wholly adnate
to calyx-tube, 1-celled; style simple, filiform. Fruit often winged or
angled, 1-celled or 1-seeded. Seed pendulous, with a coriaceous or mem-
branous testa, without albumen, Embryo straight, with a small superior
radicle, and fleshy, oily, convolute, plicate, or contortuplicate cotyledons.
—Gen. Pl. i. 683 ; Royle Ill. 209; Wight Til. i. 211.

Flowers in spikes or racemes.

Climbing shrubs or undershrubs, with opposite leaves . 1. Comsretum.
Trees or shrubs wholly glabrous, with alternate thick fleshy
leaves . § 5 : : . . 2. LuMNivzera.
Large trees, with alternate or subopposite leaves ; fruit large,
a fleshy drupe, or dry, with 3-7 wings. - . 8. TERMINALIA,
Flowers in globose heads ; fruit small, flat, imbricated . . 4 ANoGEISsuUs.

Calycopteris floribunda, Lam. (Getonia floribunda, Roxb. Cor. Pl. t. 87 ; Fl,
Ind. ii, 428), is a large climbing shrub ; branchlets, underside of leaves, inflor-
escence, and calyx rusty-pubescent ; leaves opposite, ovate-lanceolate ; flowers
greenish, in large rounded, terminal panicles. Fruit villous, ovoid, 1-seeded,
crowned with the persistent calyx, with 5 enlarged, linear-lanceolate, mem-
branous lobes, a in, long—Burma, Bengal, South India, probably in the
Centr. Prov. L March-April. G. nutans, Roxb., is probably not specifi-
cally different.

Quisqualis indica, Linn.; Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 427 ; Wight Ill. t. 92 (Q. villosa,
Roxb., The ce Creeper),—is a large scandent shrub with showy flowers,
first white, then blood-red or orange, in drooping racemes. Calyx-tube filiform,
3-4 in. long, bearing at the throat 5 elliptic-oblong petals. Fruit oblong, 1}
in. long, with 5 sharp angles or wings.—Burma, Indian Archipelago, grown in
gardens throughout the greater part of India. Fl. May-Sept.

1. COMBRETUM, Linn.

Shrubs, generally climbing, with opposite, rarely verticillate petiolate
membranous leaves, and polygamo-doicous flowers. Calyx-tube cylin-
Combretum. ] XXXVI COMBRETACEA. 221

drical or 4-5-angled, constricted above the ovary, witha campanulate 4-5-
cleft deciduous limb. Petals 4-5, small, inserted between the calyx-lobes.
Stamens 8 or 10, biseriate, with long slender filaments, and small didymous
anthers. Ovary 1-celled, with a subulate style, and 2-6 pendulous
ovules. Fruit coriaceous, often filled with spongy cellular tissue, 4-6-
angled or 4-6-winged, 1-seeded.

1. ©. decandrum, Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 232 ; Cor. PL. t. 59.—Syn. Poivrea
Roxburghti, DC. ; W. & A. Prodr. 317. Vern. Dhobela, Chindwara ;
Punk, Gonda, Oudh,

A large climbing shrub ; young leaves, branchlets, and inflorescence
clothed with soft silky pubescence. Leaves glabrous, opposite, elliptic-
oblong, acuminate, about 6 in. long on short petioles, with 6-8 main
lateral arcuate nerves on either side of midrib. Flowers pentamerous and
decandrous, on numerous cylindrical, terminal, and lateral bracteate
spikes, forming a long panicle, the floral-leaves coloured. Bracts as well
as peduncles and calyx clothed with soft ferruginous hairs. Fruit 1 in.
long, with 5 equal broad obtuse membranous wings.

Common in Bengal, Behar, South India, Oudh, Kamaon, and the Central
Provinces, chiefly in open jungle. Fl. Feb.-March ; fruit June.

C. nanum, Hamilt.; Wall. Cat. 3994, is a small undershrub, vern. Pharsia,
Kamaon, perfectly glabrous, with a thick woody prostrate stem. Common in
grass-lands of the Doons, Siwaliks, and sub-Himalayan tract, from the Jumna
to Sikkim, in the Oudh forests, in Behar, and the Central Provinces. Flowers
4 in. long to end of stamens, in terminal and axillary spikes, bracts deciduous,
leaves opposite, broad-obovate, 2-4 in. long, with 3-4 pair of main lateral arcu-
ate nerves. The leaf- and flower-bearing stems are burnt down annually to the
root by the fires. Fl. March, April.

2, LUMNITZERA, Willd.

Trees or shrubs with alternate, thick and somewhat fleshy leaves.
Flowers white or red, nearly sessile, racemose. Calyx-tube oblong, a little
prolonged beyond the ovary, with 2 adnate bractlets ; limb campanulate,
5-lobed, persistent. Petals 5. Stamens 5-10; filaments filiform ; anthers
cordate. Ovary 1-celled, with 2-5 pendulous ovules. Fruit small, ovate-
oblong, more or less compressed, bluntly angled, crowned by the persis-
tent calyx, enclosing in a fibrous pericarp a hard osseous 1-seeded nut.
Seed linear, cotyledons convolute.

1. L. racemosa, Willd. ; W. & A. Prodr. 316.—Syn. Petaloma alter-
nifolia, Roxb. FL Ind. ii, 372. Vern. Kripa, Beng.

A tree or tall shrub, perfectly glabrous, with spathulate fleshy crenate
leaves 2 in. long, somewhat approximate near the ends of branches ;
lateral nerves 3-5 on either side of midrib, indistinct. Petals white.
Stamens 10. Racemes (more correctly spikes, as the flowers are all but
sessile) lax, longer than leaves, axillary, or from below the leaves.

On the edge of salt-water creeks and back-waters in the Sunderbunds, in
Malabar and the Konkan ; may possibly befoundin Sindh, Found also on the
Zambesi river, and in Australia. Wood strong and durable ; used for building,
and furnishes a large portion of the fuel for Calcutta (Roxb.)
222 XXXVI. COMBRETACE. [Terminalia.

3. TERMINALIA, Linn.

Trees or large shrubs with alternate or subopposite leaves, generally
petiolate and entire. Flowers sessile, small, greenish or white, generally
in long spikes, bisexual or polygamous. Calyx-tube ovoid or cylindrical,
constricted above the ovary ; limb campanulate or cylindrical, 5-toothed,
deciduous. Petals wanting. Stamens 10, in 2 rows; anthers small,
versatile, dehiscing longitudinally. Ovary inferior, 1-celled. Ovules 2,
rarely 3, pendulous from the top of the cell, Fruit l1-seeded, the seed
included in a coriaceous or osseous kernel ; testa membranous ; cotyledons
convolute.

Fruit fleshy, ovoid, without wings.
Leaves approximate near ends of branches; petiole longer

than 4 blade of leaf. Spikes axillary, and below the
leaves; bracts small, caducous

Leaves distant, often subopposite ; petioles shorter than y
blade of leaf. Spikes terminal and axillary, often panicu-

1. J. bellerica.

late, bracts lanceolate or subulate . . . 2. T. Chebula.
Fruit coriaceous, with 3-7 longitudinal wings.
All leaves subopposite ; fruit large, with 5-7 thick narrow
wings . . . : 4 f : 5 . & TT. Arjuna.
Upper leaves often alternate; fruit large, with 5 thin broad
wings . F . : F 4, T. tomentosa.

Upper leaves always alternate ; fruit small, in large panicles,
with 1 very large and 2 small wings i ‘i é

1. T. bellerica, Roxb. Cor. Pl. t.198; FL Ind. ii. 431; W. & A. Prodr.
313 ; Wight Ill. +. 91; Bedd. Fl. Sylv. t. 19.—Sans. Tusha, baheruka.
Vern. Bahera, bhaira, Hind. ; Balra, balda, Dekkan ; Behedo, Mandevi ;
Tahaka marra, Gonds, C.P. ; Manjit (the bearing tree), C.P. (R. Th.) ;
Tissein, Burm. :

A large tree, with slight soft rust-coloured pubescence on young branch-
lets and calyx. Leaves approximate at the ends of branchlets, glabrous,
slightly pubescent when quite young, coriaceous, pale beneath, broad-
elliptic, or obovate-elliptic, 3-8 in. long, base often unequal, apex obtuse,
retuse, or short-acuminate, main lateral nerves arcuate, prominent, 5-8 on
either side of midrib. Petiole longer than 4 length of leaf. Flowers
sessile, dirty grey or greenish yellow, with a strong offensive smell.
Spikes slender, interrupted, 3-6 in. long, on this year’s shoots in the axils
of leaves or below the leaves, male and bisexual flowers mixed. Bracts
linear, very early caducous. Free part of calyx cup-shaped, cleft half-way
into 5 acute triangular segments, woolly inside, with long brown hairs.
Filaments inserted below the calyx-segments and twice their length.
Fruit ovoid, grey, velvety, with 5 more or less indistinct furrows $ to 1
in. long; nut thick and hard. Roxburgh describes the petiole with 2
“ opposite glands on the upper side of the apex, and sometimes near the
base.” I do not find any distinct glands on the specimens before me,
and do not recollect having seen them in India.

Common in the plains and lower hills throughout India and Burma, but not
found indigenous in the arid region which comprises Sindh, Western Rajputana,
and the Southern Panjab. Along the foot of the Himalaya and in the outer

5. T. paniculata.
Terminatlia. | XXXVI. COMBRETACE. 223

valleys it extends nearly to the: Indus, but is scarce near its western limit.
Common in the Oudh Sal forests. Sheds its leaves in Feb. and March; the
new leaves come out in April. The young foliage is of a copper- or tan-colour.
Fl. Feb.-May ; the fruit ripens during the ensuing cold season.

Attains 80-100 ft., with a tall, straight, regularly-shaped trunk 6-10, and at
times 16-20 ft. girth. Branches spreading, forming a broad massive crown.
Bark 4 in. thick, dark grey, uneven and tesselated by broad longitudinal fur-
rows, crossed by short narrow transverse wrinkles, the old bark exfoliating in
dry corky scales. Wood light grey or yellowish, open- and coarse-grained,
easily worked, but not durable. No distinct heartwood, the cub. ft. of green
wood weighs 58-60, of seasoned wood 39-43 lb. Used for planking, packing-
cases, canoes, and in the North-West Provinces for house-building after having
been steeped in water. An insipid gum exudes from wounds inthe bark. The
fruit is a favourite food of monkeys, deer, sheep, goats, and cattle. It is one
of the Myrobalans of commerce, and is used in dyeing cloth and leather, and in
tanning, and is exported to Europe. Native ink is made of it, and it is used in
medicine (Pharm. Ind. 88), The kernels are eaten, but are said to be intoxi-
cating. Oil is expressed from them.

2. T. Chebula, Retzius—Tab. XXIX.—-Roxb. Cor. Pl. t. 197; FI.
Ind. ii, 433; W. & A. Prodr. 313; Bedd. Fl. Sylv. t. 27.—Sans. Hari-
taki. Vern. Har, Harra, harara, Hind.; Halra, Harla, Dekkan ; Hir,
Mahoka, Gonds, Satpura range ; Pangah, Burm.

A large tree ; young branchlets, leaf-buds, and youngest leaves with
long soft shining, generally rust-coloured, sometimes silvery hairs. Leaves
distant, mostly subopposite, ovate or oblong-ovate, acuminate, 3-8 in. long,
main lateral nerves arcuate, prominent, 6-12 on either side of midrib.
Petiole shorter than 4 length of leaf, 2 or more glands on the upper side of
the petiole. Flowers sessile, dull-white or yellow, with a strong offen-
sive smell. Spikes 2-4 in. long, often panicled, at the end of this year's
shoots, terminal, above the leaves, and in the axils of theleaves. Bracts
subulate or lanceolate, longer than flower-buds, falling after the flowers
open. Free part of calyx cup-shaped, cleft half-way into 5 acute triangular
segments, woolly inside with long brown hairs. Filaments more than
twice the length of calyx-segments. Fruit obovoid from a cuneate base,
sometimes ovoid, 1-14 in. long, more or less distinctly 5-angled ; nut thick
and hard, with a rough surface, irregularly 5-grooved. T. citrina, Roxb.
FL Ind. ii. 435, from East Bengal, leaves broad-lanceolate, with a tapering
base ; fruit elongate-obovoid, nut deeply 5-grooved, may possibly be a
variety only. :

Siwalik tract and outer Himalaya, ascending to 5000 ft., and extending west
to the Sutlej. Common in Eastern Bengal, Behar, Central India, and South
India. South of the Nerbudda I have always found it more common and of
larger size at elevations above 2000 ft.—for instance, on the high lands of the
Satpuras. Cultivated occasionally in the sub-Himalayan tract of the Panjab to
the Indus. Sheds its leaves in Feb. and March, the new foliage comes out in
April, the flowers appear shortly afterwards, and the fruit ripens January to

RID; ear.
tee Pasjab gensely a small tree 4-5 ft, girth, farther south and under
favourable conditions, attains a large size, 80-100 ft., with a tall, straight, regu-
larly-shaped stem 8-12 ft. girth. Bark 4-1 in. thick, dark-coloured, cracked
224 XXXVI. COMBRETACEA. [Terminalia.

and furrowed, woody scales exfoliating. Sapwood large, heartwood with an
irregular outline, pale or dark brown, finely mottled, often with a yellowish or
greenish tinge, hard, close-grained, and heavy. Regarding weight and transverse
strength there is some uncertainty. Skinner gives the weight of the wood from
the Peninsula at 54 Ib. per cub. ft., R. Thompson (wood from the Satpura)
at 633. Pangah wood from Burma is said to weigh 58 lb. by Benson, 60 by
Skinner, and the result of my experiments in 1864 was 66.3. But in 1861,
when preparing a collection of woods for the Exhibition of 1862, I found the
Burma wood to weigh 53 Ib. only. As there is no reason to believe that the
Pangah of Burma is a different species, the readiest explanation is, that the
weight of the wood varies within wide limits—viz. between 53 and 66 Ib. per
cub. ft. So much is certain, that it is heavier than the wood of 7". bellerica. The
value of P. is given by Skinner (for South India wood) at 825, for Burma wood
at 1032, which agrees with the result obtained by Benson (1033). My experi-
ments with Burma wood (in 1864) gave 810, 1230, and 1230. Pangah wood has
numerous fine medullary rays, the annual rings are fairly distinct, the pores are
numerous ,in the inner (spring and summer) wood, and there is often a. narrow
belt of outer (autumn) wood without pores. It takesa good polish, and is fairly
durable ; it is used for furniture, carts, agricultural implements, and house-build-
ing. The bark is employed for tanning and dyeing. Hollow rounded galls to
1 in. diam. are formed on the young twigs; they are very astringent, used to
make writing-ink, in tanning, and in dyeing. The galls are called Halre-ke-phul
in the Dekkan, and Kadukai in Tamil. The dried fruit are the Black Myroba-
lans of commerce (Har, harra). The dried unripe fruit is called Balhar,
zangihar, kalehar (Moodeen Sheriff Suppl. to the Pharm. of India 242), and
many varieties of it are sold for tanning, dyeing, and as a medicine.

3. T. Arjuna, Bedd. FI. Sylv. t. 28.—Syn. 7. Berryi and glabra, W.
& A. Prodr. 314; Pentaptera Arjuna and glabra, Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 438,
440. Sans. Arjuna, kakubha (Roxb.) Vern. Anjun, arjiin, -arjiuna,
anjan, arjan, kahua, kawa, kowa, koha, (Arjuna sadra, Guzerat.)

A large tree, with huge often buttressed trunk, smooth grey bark, and
drooping branchlets; glabrous, inflorescence only slightly pubescent.
Leaves generally subopposite, hard, coriaceous, oblong, 5-8 in. long, on
short petioles, with 2 large, often cylindrical glands at the base of the leaf
or on petiole, glabrous on both sides, pale brown beneath ; main lateral
nerves arcuate, 10-15 on either side of midrib. Flowers, like those of
L. tomentosa, in cylindrical, pedunculate, terminal and axillary spikes,
generally congregated into short panicles. Fruit 1-1} in. long, with 5-7
equal, brown, hard, coriaceous, thick, narrow wings, less than 4 in. wide,
indistinctly and irregularly marked with ascending cross-lines.

Common on the banks of rivers, streams, and dry water-courses in Central
and South India and Bengal. Also in the Oudh forests. Farther west in the Si-
walik tract and the outer Himalayan valleys, only here and there (Garhwal,
Hardwar). In the Panjab it is cultivated (not indigenous), west to the Ravi.
Fine specimens near Kangra. Fl. April, May ; the fruit ripens in the cold
season. The tree is never quite leafless,

Attains 80-100 ft., with a tall, large, but not regularly-shaped trunk, 40-50
ft. to the first branch, 10-20 ft. virth, with angular excrescences and huge but-
tresses. Crown handsome, close, large, oval ; branchlets drooping. Bark greenish
white, often green, or grey, slate-coloured or purplish, flaking off in large thin
layers, showing a fresh green surface. Sapwood whitish, heartwood dark brown,
Terminalia.] XXXVI. COMBRETACEA, 225

very hard. Weight, 48-54 lb. per cub. ft. Value of P. 806-820. Apt to split
In seasoning, not easy to work; used for carts, agricultural implements, and
building. The bark, sold in the bazaars of South India, is in great repute as a
tonic, and for external use on wounds.

4. T. tomentosa, W. & A. Prodr, 314; Bedd. FI. Sylv. t. 17.—Syn.
T. crenulata and coriacea, W. & A. Prodr. 1. c.; Pentaptera crenulata,
coriacea, and tomentosa, Roxb. FI. Ind. ii. 438-440. Sans. Asana. Vern.
Sain, assain, assaina, arsain, asna, assan, N.W. Ind. ; Ain, ayin, Bomb. ;
Saj, sijra, C.P.; Mard marra, Gonds, C.P.; Sag, hag, Sader, Saddr,
Sadri, hadri, Nimar, Guzerat, and adjoining parts of Meywar ; Matti, kari
matti, Canar. ; Taukkyan, Burm.

A large tree, with a tall, regularly-shaped trunk. Bark rough, black,
deeply cracked ; young branches, inflorescence, and young leaves clothed
with short, rust-coloured pubescence. Leaves hard, coriaceous, oblong or
ovate, rarely obovate-oblong, 5-9 in. long, on short petioles, with 1-2
glands near the base of the midrib, soft-tomentose beneath or glabrous
on both sides when full-grown; main lateral nerves arcuate, 10-20 on
either side of midrib; the top leaves near the end of the branch gener-
ally alternate, the lower leaves subopposite. Flowers of a dull yellow
colour, in erect terminal panicles, the lower branches in the axils of leaves.
Bracts lanceolate, longer than buds. Free part of calyx-tube flat cup-
shaped, hairy within, with 5 broad ovate acute segments. (Fl. all bisex-
ual, Roxb.) Fruit 14-2 in. long, with 5 broad, coriaceous, brown wings,
3-1 in. broad, and as long as the fruit, marked with numerous, closely
parallel, horizontal, prominent lines, running from the axis to the edges ;
edges of wings thin, irregularly crenulate. There is a marked variety with
(always?) drooping branchlets, larger broad-ovate leaves, and very large
fruit, 2 in. long, which merits further study. I have found it in Burma
and (April 1863) in the Oudh forests between the Mohan and Sarda rivers,
and it has been noticed in Kamaon and elsewhere. The bark, however,
is the same as that of the ordinary form with oblong leaves.

A common tree in the moister vegions of India. In the Siwalik tract and
outer Himalayan valleys it goes west as far as the Ravi, and in places ascends
to 4000 ft. In Western India its limit appears to be in the forests south-west
of Neemuch, where several places (Sadzi, Fare Sadri, Chota Sadri) seem to have
derived their names from it. It is also found on the western edge of the Malwa
table-land, east of the Bunass river (Bassi forests). East and south of these
points it extends throughout Central, Eastern, Southern India, and Burma.
Thrives best in heavy binding soils. Fl. April. The fruit ripens in Feb.-April of
the ensuing year. Coppices fairly well. The tree bears long-continued pollard-
ing. In the Sattara district along the line of Ghats, and east of the narrow belt
of evergreen forest which fringes the edge of the Ghats, there is a broader belt
of forest, mainly composed of deciduous trees, from 10-15 miles wide, where the
system of cultivation has been for centuries periodically to cut the underwood,
but to leave a certain number of standard trees, which are pollarded, everytime
the underwood is cut. The underwood is burnt with the branches of the pol-
lards, and the ashes serve to fertilise the fields. The hills in that portion of
the district are thus studded with numerous huge pollens principally of Ter-
minalia tomentosa, bellerica, Careya arborea, and Lagerstremia lanceolata ;

P
226 XXXVI COMBRETACES. [ Terminalia.

and along the foot of the Ghats, in the contiguous portion of the Ratnagiri dis-
trict, as far as there is any forest vegetation left, a similar system of cultivation
prevails, and a large portion of the pollards are of Terminalia paniculata, in
addition to the other trees mentioned. :

T. tomentosa does not generally lose its leaves until Feb. March or April,
but is one of the latest trees in the dry forest to come out in fresh leaf. Thus
on the 1st May 1870, in the Sattara district, Ain, Dhawra, and Moi (Odina
Wodier) were quite bare, whereas Dopali (Boswellia thurifera), Dhamun
(eres vestita), Lendia (Lagerstroeemia pen fore), Kumbi (Careya arborea),

haivan (Cordia Macleodit), were in full leaf or coming into leaf.

Attains 80-100 ft., trunk straight, symmetrical, 40-50 ft. clear to the first
branch, 8-10 ft. girth. In Burma the tree attains much larger size—80 ft. to
the first branch, and a girth of 12 ft., being the average size of full-grown trees
on good soil, A small knotty tree when kept down by lopping. Bark 1-2 in.
thick, dark grey, nearly black, irregularly tesselated by deep and wide longi-
tudinal furrows, and smaller transverse cracks, thick quadrangular plates
exfoliating. Inner bark red. Sapwood whitish or yellow. Heartwood dark
brown, mottled with darker streaks, often nearly black, hard. Medullary
rays numerous, very fine. Pores small, surrounded by irregular, narrow,
more or less concentrically arranged lines of whitish patches. The cub. ft. of
seasoned wood weighs 60 lb. on an average, the extremes ranging between 50
and 70 lb. There is no difference in weight between the Burma and Indian
wood. The green wood weighs between 70 and 80 Ib. per cub. ft. The mean
value of P. is given by Skinner at 860, which is a fair average of the numerous
experiments made with this wood by different authors and in different parts of
India—the extremes being 591 and 1104. Baker's figures alone range consid-
erably lower ; 4 experiments made with Assan from the Jainaghar (J ynaghur)
timber agency, weighing 61.6 lb. on an average, gave the mean value of P.
at 677. But Puckle’s experiments with Maéti wood from Mysore (weight 55.75
lb.) gave an average of 1010; and my experiments in 1864 with Taukkyan
wood from Burma (weight 56.43) gave a mean value of 903. It is for further
inquiry whether the wood of this tree from North India has less transverse
strength than that from Burma and the South. The wood does not season
readily, and is apt to warp and crack ; its grain is coarse and curly, and it is
not easily worked. Its durability is most uncertain. In Burma the heartwood
decays rapidly ; in North India beams and kurries are at times found to last
well, and at other times they perish from dry-rot and are eaten by insects. It
is used largely in North and Central India for house-building, for carts, rice-
pounders, ship- and boat-building. It is an excellent fuel, yielding a powerful
heat, and furnishing good charcoal. Potash is in places made of it. The bark
is used for tanning, and the ashes of the bark are chewed with the Betel-leaf.
The common Tasar (tussah) silkworm feeds on the leaves, and the tree is on
that account pollarded (where not protected) all over the Satpura forests. Lakh
is occasionally gathered on the branches, and in Oudh and the North-West
Provinces the leaves are lopped for cattle-fodder. The flowers are often attacked
by_a cynips, producing numerous small peppercorn-like galls on the flower-
stalks, which are persistent and remain a tae time on the tree, in the place of
the fruit which is not formed.

5. T. paniculata, W. & A. Prodr. 315; Bedd. Fl. Sylv. t. 20.—Syn.
Pentaptera paniculata, Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 442. Vern. Kinjal, kindal,
Konkan ; Honal, Canara.

A large tree, nearly glabrous ; inflorescence, bracts, and ovary rusty- .
tomentose. Leaves coriaceous, pale-brown beneath, oblong, acuminate,
Terminalia.] XXXVI. COMBRETACEZ. 227

from a cordate or rounded, often unequal base, 4-7 in. long, on short peti-
oles ; main lateral nerves 10-15 on either side of midrib. The upper
leaves always alternate, the lower subopposite. Flowers on slender spikes
in large spreading panicles; bracts ovate, long-acuminate, recurved.
Ovary cylindrical or ovoid ; free portion of calyx reddish brown, globose
in bud, afterwards cup-shaped, with long brown hairs inside, Fruit +

in. long, sessile, close-set in large spreading panicles, with 2 smaller and

: nd wing, the latter transversely oblong, }-4 in. long, and 2-1 in.
road.

Common in the forests along the western coast ; rare above Ghat in the lati-
tude of Bombay. _I do not know it north of the Konkan, and have not noted it
from the Khandeish Dangs and the Mandevi forests; but it may be found in
the Nerbudda valley. Fl. Aug., Sept.; the fruit ripens in March, April. The
timber is useful, makes good planking, and is fairly durable. The handles of
ploughs in the Ratnagiri district are made of Kindal and Ain.

4, ANOGEISSUS, Wall.

Trees with alternate, petiolate, entire leaves, and small bisexual flowers
in globose heads on slender peduncles. Calyx-tube compressed, 2-winged
at the base, prolonged above the ovary into a narrow, often slender tube,
expanding at the top into a campanulate deciduous 5-cleft limb: No
petals. Stamens 10, biseriate ; filaments filiform, exserted ; anthers small,
cordate, versatile, dehiscing longitudinally. Ovary 1-celled, with 2 pendu-
lous ovules. Fruit small, coriaceous, broadly 2-winged, imbricated in
globose heads, rostrate by the persistent calyx-tube. Seed ovoid ; cotyle-
dons convolute.

Leaves oval ovate or ovate-lanceolate, beak as long as or longer

than fruit.
Leaves oval or ovate; flower-heads in fascicles or short
racemes ; peduncles as long asor shorterthan heads’. 1. A. latifolia.

Leaves ovate-lanceolate, flower-heads solitary; peduncles as
long as or longer than heads i z i . 2. A. acuminata.
Leaves obovate, beak shorter than fruit a F 3. A. pendula.

1. A. latifolia, Wall. ; Bedd. Fl. Sylv. t. 15.—Syn. Conocarpus lati-
folia, Roxb. FI. Ind. ii. 442; W. & A. Prodr. 316; Wight Ic. t. 994;
Royle Hl. t. 45. Vern. Dhau, dhauri, dhaura, dawa, dhawa, dohu, bakli,
bankli. Local names: Golra, goldia, dhaukra, dhokri, dau, Rajputana ;
Khardhawa, Banda ; Dindaga, dindal, Canar ; Siri manu, Tel.

A large tree, with smooth, white-grey bark ; young trees with spines-
cent branches; branchlets and young leaves with soft silky pubescence.
Leaves coriaceous, subopposite, on short petioles, oval or ovate, rarely
ovate-lanceolate, obtuse retuse or emarginate, glabrous when full-grown ;
2-4 in. long ; main lateral nerves arching, 6-10 on either side of midrib.
Flower-heads in short axillary racemes; peduncles as long as flower-
heads or shorter. Wings of fruit nearly orbicular, glabrous, persistent
calyx-tube (beak) slightly pubescent, as long as or longer than the fruit.
228 XXXVI. COMBRETACEA. [ Anogeissus.

Common and often gregarious in the deciduous forest of South and Central
India. In the sub-Himalayan forests west to the Ravi, ascending to 3000 ft.
Aravalli hills. (A variety with small silky-pubescent leaves, 14 in. long, not un-
common in the Central Provinces.) Bare during most part of the dry season.
From November the foliage begins to have a fine copper-tint, is generally shed
in February, and the new leaves come out in May. Fl. May-June, sometimes
later (Jan. Feb., Roxb.) The seed ripens Nov.-Feb. Coppices vigorously.
Suffers from frost. In January 1870, on the borders of Pertabgarh, south-west
of Nimach, I found that it had been injured a good deal, Acacia Catechu
had suffered less, and A. leucophicea not at all. In North India attains 60-70
ft., with a tall, erect trunk, often deeply fluted, and 30-40 ft. to first branch,
girth 6-9 ft., in habit and appearance not unlike Lagerstremia parviflora. Bark
thin, smooth, white, greenish-white or cinereous, with slate-coloured patches.
Thin whitish flakes exfoliating. Inner bark purplish, compact. Wood light-
or dark-brown, variegated with darker veins, the centre wood of old trees often
very dark. A handsome wood, close- and even-grained, compact, hard, very
tough and elastic. A cub. ft. of the seasoned wood weighs between 57 and 65
lb, and 75-80 lb. while green. Its average transverse strength is given by
Skinner as P.—1220, but other authors give a lower figure. Thus the average
of 3 experiments by Puckle (Mysore wood) is 870, and of 3 experiments made
by J. B. French at the workshops of the Madras railway was 752. The deter-
mination of the transverse strength, therefore, demands further experiments, So
much, however, is certain, that the wood is highly valued on‘account of its great
strength and toughness. It is universally used for axe-handles, poles for carry-
ing loads; in many parts of India the axles of native carts are made of it, which
stand heavy weights on rough roads.* But it warps and splits in seasoning, and
unless kept dry is not very durable. It is used extensively for construction,
furniture, agricultural implements, and for shipbuilding. It is valued next to
Teak, Sal, Bija s@l,and Asna, It makes good charcoal, and yields excellent
fuel. From incisions in the bark a fine white hard gum is obtained (dhauri-
ka-gond), similar to gum-arabic, employed in cloth-printing, like that of Odina
Wodier, and sold extensively. In Meywar and Kamaon the leaves are used for
tanning.

2. A. acuminata, Wall.; Bedd. Fl. Sylv. t. 16.—Syn. Conocarpus
acuminata, Roxb. FI. Ind. ii. 443 ; W. & A. Prodr. 316. Vern. Pachi
manu, panchman, paunchinan, Telugu; Yungben, Burm.

A large tree, with rough dark-grey bark and pendulous branchlets ;
branches, leaves, peduncles, and calyx clothed with soft, adpressed to-
mentum. Leaves subopposite, on short petioles, ovate- or oblong-lanceolate,
14-24 in. long. Flower-heads solitary, # in. across, when in flower, on
slender, axillary, often reflexed peduncles; sometimes branching, often
with a few small leaves or bracts, Free part of calyx-tube elongated, to-
mentose. Peduncles as long as or longer than heads. Fruit with wings
broader than long, glabrous ; edge of wings irregularly dentate ; persistent
calyx-tube hirsute, longer than fruit.

_* The carts, which carry timber and Bamboos from the Barreea forests to the great
timber-mart of Reyna near the Mye river, on the borders of Guzerat, have axles and
linch-pins of Dhaura, the boss, nave and fellies of Bia (Pterocarpus Marsupium), the
spokes of Khair (Acacia Catechu), the yoke of Teak, and the pole of Ougeinia dalber-
gioides. On the other hand, the carts which come up from the open country of Guze-
rat have axle and linch-pin of iror, the nave of Rohin (Soymida febrifuga), bound
with iron, and fellies, spokes, the yoke-pole, and platform of Babul (Acacia arabica).
Anogeissus.] XXXVI. COMBRETACES. 229

Burma and Northern Circars. Godavery forests. A tree which Mr R, Thomp-
son in 1870 found on the Nagpahar in the Mandla district, and (abundantly) on
the Pachmarhi plateau, vern. Khardi, was referred to this species by Dr
Stewart ; but I have not seen any of the specimens collected by Mr Thompson,
and _am therefore unable to decide whether it is this or the following species.
R. Thompson’s description states, “The cones of this species are much larger
than those of C. latifolia,” which would point to C. acwminata, and not to C.
myrtvfolia, the cones of which are smaller. He further describes it as a tree of
moderate size, bark smooth, whitish, occasionally rugose and exfoliating, dusky.
Many-branched and well clothed with dense foliage. Leaves considerably
smaller than those of (’. latifolia. Coming into fresh leaf about May, buds and
young leaves covered with a beautiful silvery tomentum. Fl. in May ; seed
ripens Jan:-Feb. :

In Burma A. acuminata is a large tree, 12 ft. girth, trunk regularly shaped,
80 ft. to the first branch on good soil. The wood is greyish brown, with orange
or dark-brown streaks, hard, warps and cracks in seasoning. Medullary rays
very numerous and very fine. Pores numerous, small, uniformly distributed.
Weight of a cub. ft. 50-59 Ib. P, 880 (Skinner).

3. A. pendula, Edgeworth Catalogue of Plants in the Banda district,
p. 47._Syn. A. myrtifolia, Wall. Cat. No. 4017; Royle IL p. 209. (The
latter name is older, but Edgeworth was the first to describe the tree.)
Vern. Dhao, Dhaukra, kala dhokra, Meywar ; Kardahi, Gwalior.

A small gregarious tree, -with pendulous branches, and light adpressed
pubescence on leaves and branchlets. Leaves alternate and subopposite,
obovate, obtuse or mucronate, 3-1 in. long, narrowed into a short slender
petiole, with 5-7 pairs of arcuate lateral nerves joined by elegant reticulate
venation. Flower-heads small, } in. across when in flower; free part of
calyx-tube short, pubescent. Fruit with narrow wings, nearly orbicular ;
persistent calyx-tube shorter than fruit.

Common in Rajputana and Bandelkhand, extends north to the banks of the
Jumna, and south to the Mye river; has been found near Deesa (Stocks): The
small-leaved Conocarpus on the Pachmarhi plateau is probably this species.
(Forsyth gives Conocarpus myrtifolia from the Satpuras under the vern. name
of Kardahi, as not very common, with reddish-white wood.—The Highlands of
Central India, p. 462.) On dry hills only a shrub, under more favourable cir-
cumstances a moderate-sized tree. Trunk short, 3-5 ft: girth, branchlets droop-
ing. In January, when the tree is in fruit, the foliage has a beautiful red-
dish-brown colour similar to the foliage of Beech in autumn: This tree forms
forests on the hills of Meywar, near Humirgarh, Bassi, Chittor, and other
places, either pure or mixed: Often associated with Conocarpus latifolia,
Casearta, and a few other trees. Many of these forests of A. pendula are strictly
preserved, among others the forest which clothes the lower slopes of the Chit-
tor fort, and numerous temple forests in that part of the country: It is also
found on the dry gneiss hills of Mairwara near Todgarh. The tree coppiice
well, and as it thrives in the dry districts of Central India its requirements
merit careful study. Experiments with the wood, grown in Gwalior, were made
by Cunningham—the cub‘ ft. was found to weigh 59 lb., the value of P. in 5
experiments ranged between 697 and 1034, average 837.
230 XXXVIL MYRTACES. [ Eucalyptus.

Orpen XXXVII MYRTACEA.

Trees or shrubs, with simple, generally entire leaves, in most genera
dotted with translucent glands, opposite or alternate, without stipules.
Flowers regular and generally bisexual. Calyx-tube adnate to the ovary,
limb free, 4-5 -cleft, often closed in bud, and bursting into irregular
lobes, or coming off entire. Disc coating the calyx-tube. Petals 4-5,
sometimes none, inserted on the edge of the disc, in bud imbricate, some-
times more or less connate into a caducous calyptra. Stamens perigynous,
generally numerous, inserted on or inside the edge of the disc, in one or
several rows ; filaments free, or connate at the base in a short ring or tube,
or in bundles generally opposite the petals ; anthers 2-celled, versatile or
basifixed, the cells mostly dehiscing longitudinally. Ovary syncarpous,
inferior, rarely adnate at the base only, either 1-celled, or more often with
2 or more cells ; style simple ; stigma small, capitate or peltate ; ovules
numerous. Seeds generally without albumen.—Gen. Pl. i. 690; Royle
Ill. 216 ; Wight Ill. ii. 6.

Leaves dotted with resinous glands, generally opposite.
Calyx truncate, the orifice closed by a deciduous operculum ;
fruit hard and woody ; leaves of young shoots opposite,
of flowering branches alternate . a .
Calyx generally lobed ; leaves opposite; fruit fleshy.
Free portion of calyx entire, bursting irregularly or coming
off entire : i ‘ a ‘ a
Free portion of calyx 4-5-lobed :
Leaves not dotted with resinous glands, alternate.
All stamens antheriferous ; fruit dry ‘.

A portion of stamens only antheriferous ; fruit fleshy

1, Evoatyrtus.

2. Psipium.
. EvGENIA.

3
4, BaRRINGTONIA.
5. CAREYA.

1. HUCALYPTUS, L’Héritier.

Shrubs or trees attaining sometimes a gigantic size, secreting more or
less of resinous gums, whence their common appellation of “ Gum-trees ;”
often flowering when quite young and small. Leaves in young saplings
generally horizontal, opposite, sessile, and cordate; in the adult tree
mostly vertical, alternate, petiolate, and passing more or less from broadly
ovate to lanceolate, acuminate, and falcate, always rigid. Flowers in
umbels or heads, usually pedunculate. Calyx-tube adnate to the ovary,
truncate, the orifice closed by an operculum (formed of the concrete petals
and calyx-lobes?), generally thick, fleshy or woody, covering the stamens
in the bud, and falling off entire when the stamens expand. Stamens
numerous, in several series. Ovary inferior, the summit glabrous, flat
convex or conical, 3-6-celled, with numerous ovules in each cell, on an
axile placenta. Fruit consisting of the more or less enlarged truncate
calyx-tube, usually of a hard and woody texture, interspersed with resin-
ous receptacles. The fertile seeds are often, but not in all species minute 5
the embryo has broad-cordate 2-lobed or bipartite cotyledons folded over
the straight radicle, but otherwise flat. A large proportion of the seeds
Eucalyptus. | XXXVII. MYRTACEZ. 231

are often abortive, and these are generally enlarged, variously shaped, and
of a hard and uniform texture.

N umerous species have been introduced into India; they grow with
great rapidity, and the timber is much valued in Australia. It will here
suffice to mention two species as representatives of those which are com-
monly called in Australia Blue Gum and Stringy-bark.

Leaves of old trees 4-6 in. long ; flowers small, umbellate ; fruit
3-5 lines diam. . : . 3 : : 3 : 1. E. obliqua.
Leaves 6-12 in. long ; flowers large, sessile; fruit 9-12 lines diam. 2. EH. Globulus.

1. E. obliqua, L’Hér. ; Benth. Fl. Austral. iii, 205.—Syn. E. gigantea,
Hook. f. Fl. Tasm. i. t. 28. Stringy-bark.

An immense tree, attaining from 150 to 250 ft. with a very tenacious
rugged, fibrous bark, flaking off in stringy masses. Leaves of young
trees opposite, of flowering branches alternate, ovate-lanceolate, falcate,
and very oblique at the base, more or less acuminate, 4-6 in. long, with
oblique ‘distant, anastomosing veins, inserted along the midrib, and’ in-
tramarginal veins at some distance from the edge. Peduncles axillary
or lateral, bearing each an umbel of about 4-12 flowers. Operculum
shorter than calyx-tube. Stamens } in. long, all perfect; anther-cells
diverging or at length divaricate and confluent at the apex. Fruit more
or less pear-shaped, truncate at the top, 3-5 lines diameter ; capsule more
or less sunk. Seeds minute.

This kind of Stringy-bark forms vast forests in Victoria and South Australia,
and is abundant in Tasmania, forming a great part of the hill forests, and
ascending to 4000 ft. Specimens have been felled in the valleys at the base of
Mount Wellington, Tasmania, 300 ft. high and 100 ft. in girth. Has been in-
troduced extensively on the Nilgiris, and on a smaller scale, by way of experi-
ment, in the Panjab, and in several places of the North-West Himalaya.

2. E. Globulus, Labillardiére ; Benth. 1. c. 225; Paxton’s Flower Gar-
den, ii. 38, fig. 153. Blue Gum.

A lofty tree, attaining 350 ft. Foliage when crushed of a powerful
almost offensive smell. Young shoots and foliage glaucous-grey. Leaves
of the young tree opposite, sessile and cordate; of the full-grown tree
lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, falcate, often 6-12 in. long, with
oblique, conspicuous anastomosing veins, all inserted along the midrib,
and intramarginal veins at some distance from the edge. Flowers large,
axillary, solitary or 2-3 together, closely sessile on the branch or on a ped-
uncle not longer than thick. Calyx-tube broadly turbinate, thick, woody,
more or less ribbed or rugose, 4-2 in. diameter. Operculum shorter than
calyx-tube. Stamens above 4 in. long; anthers ovate with parallel cells.
Fruit semiglobular, 3-1 in. diameter; capsule nearly level with the rim.
Seeds minute ; 10,000 sifted fertile seeds per ounce (F. v. Mueller).

Gregarious in Victoria and the south of Tasmania. Introduced on the Nil-
giris and (experimentally) in the Panjab. Cultivated in the plantations made
in the south of France (near Nice) on barren hills. Growth extremely rapid
while young (9 ft. girth in twenty years on the Nilgiris). Heartwood brown,
hard, tough, durable, takes a fine polish. The leaves are used as a febrifuge in
Australia.
232 XXXVII. MYRTACEE. [ Hucalyptus.

The yarvah wood of Western Australia (Z. rostruta, Schlechtendal, Benth.
1c. 240) is a very strong and durable wood, but apt to crack and split unless
thoroughly seasoned, It is said to resist white ants and the Teredo navalis, and
has been imported to India for railway-sleepers. The Red Gum of Australia
is the produce of several species, especially of H. resinifera, Smith, Benth. 1. c.
245, It isnearly allied to Kino, is largely imported into Europe, and is used in
medicine (Pharm. Ind. 71). Several ethereal oils (Hucalyptus owl, Mali orl) are
distilled from the leaves of other species, and form an important article of ex-
port. Thus there are many reasons why the cultivation of those species of
Lucalyptus, which will thrive in India, deserves to be encouraged.

2. PSIDIUM, Linn.

Trees or shrubs, with opposite leaves; peduncles axillary, 1- or few-
flowered ; flowers large. Calyx-tube ovate, adnate at the base, the upper
free portion quite entire, closed in the bud, at length irregularly bursting
into lobes or coming off entire. Petals 4 or 5, free. Ovary 2- or more-
celled,-with many ovules in each. Fruit a many-seeded berry. Seeds
with a hard testa; embryo curved with a long radicle and short coty-
ledons.

1. P. Guava, Raddi; Grisebach West Ind. Fl. 241.—Syn. P. pomi-
Jjerum, Linn. Bot. Reg. t. 1079, with globose; P. pyriferuwm, Linn., with
obovate fruit. The Guava-tree. Vern. Amrit, amrid (the Persian name
for Pear), Safri-am, North-West India; Piyara, Beng.

A small tree or large shrub, young branches pubescent. Leaves ob-
long or elliptic-oblong, 4-6 in. long, on very short petioles, pubescent be-
neath, nearly glabrous above, with 15-20 pairs of prominent main lateral
nerves, arcuate near the edge, and joined by prominent intramarginal
veins. Peduncles axillary, 14-1 in. long, with 1-3 flowers. Free part of
calyx ovoid in bud, larger than the ovoid ovary, bursting into irregular
lobes. Petals 4 in. diam. or more. Fruit globose or obovoid, inside red
white or yellowish:

Indigenous in Mexico, and possibly in other parts of tropical America, cul;
tivated and naturalised in most tropical countries, In India cultivated almost
everywhere, except in the north-western corner of the Panjab. Often run wild,
but there is no ground for supposing that the Guava is indigenous in India.
Wood compact, close-grained, takes a beautiful polish.

Nearly related is the Myrtle, Myrtus communis, Linn. ; Boissier Fl. Orient.
ii, 736—Vern. Vildyati mehndi, miéirad—indigenous in the Mediterranean
region, and often cultivated in India; evergreen, wholly glabrous, with small
ovate acuminate leaves ; white flowers ; small black berries ; free part of calyx-
tube short, regularly 4-5 cleft. Leaves used in native medicine.

3. EUGENTIA, Linn.

Evergreen trees or shrubs, with opposite, penniveined leaves; the
flowers tetramerous (Indian species), rarely pentamerous, in lateral or ter-
minal trichotomous cymes or panicles. Calyx-tube from globular to nar-
row-turbinate. Stamens numerous, in several series, free or obscurely
Eugenia.] XXXVII. MYRTACEA, 233

collected in 4 bundles ; anthers versatile, usually small, the cells opening
longitudinally. Ovary 2-celled, rarely 3-celled, with several ovules in each
cell. Fruit a berry with 1 or few seeds; testa membranous or cartila-
ginous; embryo thick and fleshy with a very short radicle; the coty-

ledons either united in an apparently homogeneous mass, or more or less
separable.

Flowers large, in short 4-8-flowered terminal cymose racemes . 1. E. Jambos.
Flowers small in trichotomous panicles arising from the previous
year’s wood below the leaves.
Leaves coriaceous, lateral nerves close together. m . & E. Jambolana.
Leaves subcoriaceous, lateral nerves distant . . , . 8. EB. operculata.

1, E. Jambos, Linn. ; Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 494.—Syn. Jambosa vulgaris,
W. & A. Prodr. 332; Wight Ic, t. 435. The Rose-apple, Sans. Jambu.
Vern. Gulab jaman.

A moderate-sized tree, quite glabrous. Leaves coriaceous, entire, lan-
ceolate, 5-8 in. long, narrowed into short petioles ; lateral nerves distant,
joined by prominent intramarginal veins. Flowers tetramerous, large,
white, 1-1} in. to tip of stamens, on pedicels } in. long, in short cymose
terminal racemes, composed of 2-4 pair of opposite flowers (1-flowered
cymes), the uppermost opening first. Calyx-tube turbinate, edge free,
somewhat produced above the ovary ; lobes round, obtuse. Fruit sub-
globose, 1-2 in. long, crowned with the persistent calyx-lobes.

Only cultivated within the range of this Flora, rare in the Panjab. Indigen-
ous in the Sikkim Terai. Cultivated in many tropical countries. Fl. Feb. ;
fruit ripens July, Aug. Trunk short; bark thin, grey, with shallow furrows,
inner substance reddish, compact, brittle. Wood reddish brown. The tree is
planted for shade and ornament, and on account of its fruit, the size of a small
apple, with a delicate rose-water perfume, but dry and hardly worth eating.

2. BE. Jambolana, Lam. — Tab. XXX. —Bedd. Fl. Sylv. t. 197;
Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 484.—Syn. Syzygium Jambolanum, W. & A. Prodr.
329, often called the Black Plum. Sans. Jambu, jambula. Vern. Jam,
jaman, jamni, phalani, phalinda, pharenda, phaunda, paiman.

A moderate-sized tree, wholly glabrous. Leaves coriaceous, shining,
entire, oval oval-oblong or lanceolate-oblong, generally long-acuminate,
3-6 in. long, narrowed into petiole 3-1 in. long; lateral nerves numerous,
close together, parallel, confluent near the margin, but not forming regu-
lar prominent intramarginal veins. Flowers greenish, tetramerous, small,
numerous, }-4 in. to tip of stamens, nearly sessile, in 3-flowered cymes
(sometimes by abortion 1- or 2-flowered), arranged in broad trichotomous
panicles, lateral on the previous year’s wood, rarely terminal, the ultimate
cymes approximate at the end of each branch of the inflorescence, forming
rounded fascicles of flowers. Calyx-tube funnel-shaped, the upper part
campanulate, produced above the ovary; lobes very short. Petals co-
hering and falling off in a calyptra. Berry oblong or subglobose, 3-1 in.
long, crowned with the base of the cup-shaped calyx, purple or black, suc-
234 XXXVI, MYRTACEA. [ Eugenia.

culent, smooth when ripe. Exceedingly variable in the shape of its leaves,
the size of the fruit, and also in other respects. In Wight’s Icones the
following are figured as forms of the same species : #. Jambolana, t. 535,
with large loose spreading panicles and oblong 5-seeded fruit ; H. caryo-
phyllefolia, Lam, t. 553; Roxb. 1. ¢. 486, with ovate-lanceolate,. long-
acuminate leaves and globose fruit; HE. obtusifolia, Roxb. 1. c. 485, t.
620, with obtuse leaves and oblong 1-seeded fruit.

Common throughout India, excepting the arid region of Sindh, and the
southern Panjab. In the sub-Himalayan tract and outer hills extends west
nearly to the Indus, and ascends to 3000 ft. (Panjab), 5000 ft. (Kamaon).
Generally in moist places near rivers and water-courses, but also on high ground,
and often associated with Sal. Commonly cultivated in India, also in other
tropical and sub-tropical countries. In Queensland, New South Wales, and the
Indian Archipelago, indigenous or cultivated. Fl. March, April; the fruit
ripens in June, J uly. The leaves are renewed in March, the flush of the young
leaves coming out with a bright copper-colour. (In the Panjab the tree is not
evergreen, the old leaves are shed in January and the new foliage comes out
from March to May.—J.L. 8.) -

Attains 70-80, at times 90 ft. ; trunk not tall, and not very straight, but often
20 ft. clear to first branch ; girth 6-8, at times 12-15 ft. Branches spreading
and ascending, with drooping branchlets, forming a close shady crown—a great
relief in the hot months in the otherwise leafless forest. Foliage dark green ;
leaves shining, aromatic. Bark 1-14 in. thick, corky, light or dark grey. Inner
bark pale reddish-brown, compact, fibrous. Heartwood reddish-brown, tough
and hard. Weight 43-48 lb. per cub. ft. when seasoned, 63 when green. Value
of P. 600 (Skinner). Annual layers visible. Warps in seasoning, but is fairly
durable. Used much for building, agricultural implements, for well-curbs, and
well-steps, where it is considered almost indestructible. Boats and canoes are
made of it. The bark is used for dyeing and tanning. The fruit is much
eaten by natives : in appearance it resembles a damson, has a harsh but sweetish
flavour, somewhat astringent and acid. Is much eaten by birds ; a favourite
food of the large bat (flying fox). A kind of vinegar is prepared from it, which
is used in diseases of the spleen. Grows quickly at first, but slowly afterwards.
Young plants suffer from frost in the Panjab plains.

Nearly allied to #. Jambolana, is E. salicefolia, Wight Ic. t. 539, Syzygium
salicifolvum, Graham Cat. Bomb. Pl. p. 73, Dalz. Bomb. Fl. p. 94, with narraw
lanceolate leaves, and small white flowers in lax panicles from the old wood
below the leaves ; a shrub or tree, common gregariously on the banks of the
Koina river, and in other valleys of the Sattara Ghats, identified by Beddome,
Fl. Sylv. p. 109, with a narrow-leaved Eugenia growing in the bed of the Ner-
budda river, near Jubbulpur.

3. E. operculata, Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 486; Wight Ic. t. 552.—Syn.
Syzygium nervosum, DC. P, iii. 260. Eugenia nervosa, DC. ; Bedd. FI.
Sylv. Manual, p. 106 (but not E. nervosa, DC. P. iii. 284, which is a
different tree from Cochin-China). JE. cerasoides, Roxb., and E. Paniala,
Roxb. 1. c. 488, 489, probably refer to the same tree. Vern. Rai jaman,
jamawa, paiman, N.W.P.; Jaman, digdigia, Oudh.

A middle-sized tree, wholly glabrous. Leaves subcoriaceous, broad-
ovate or elliptical, 3-8 in. long, 2-4 in. broad, obtuse or shortly acumin-
ate, narrowed into petiole, 3-lin. long, with 8-12 pairs of main lateral slightly
Eugenia. | XXXVIL MYRTACEA. 235

arcuate nerves, very prominent below, intramarginal veins generally not
prominent. Flowers tetramerous, small, greenish, odorous, nearly sessile,
in 3-flowered cymes, arranged in broad lax trichotomous panicles, with
spreading or divaricate branches, arising from the leafless nodes of the pre-
vious year’s wood. Calyx campanulate, with short obtuse marginate
teeth. Petals cohering and falling off in a calyptra. Berry globose or
ovoid, 3-3 in. long, with but little mark of calyx, rugose, very juicy.

Sub-Himalayan forests from the Jumna to Assam, ascending to 2000 ft.
Oudh and Gorakhpur forests, Chittagong, Burma, the western coast, and Ceylon.
Outside India in South! China and the Indian Archipelago. The fruit is eaten,
and the tree is planted for its fruit. The leaves are renewed in April, the old
leaves turning red before they areshed. Fl. April, May. The fruit ripens in
June, July. In dry places a scrubby tree 35 ft. high and 5 ft. girth, but under
favourable conditions grows to be one of the largest and most handsome trees of
the genus, Bark 1 in, thick or more, cinereous, brown or blackish, rough with
irregular hard scales, leaving cavities when they exfoliate. Inner substance
red, fibrous. Sap-and heart-wood similar, brown, close- and fine-grained. Tough
and durable, seasons and polishes well. Used.in Kamaon and Garhwal for build-
ing and agricultural implements. The fruit is eaten.

4. BARRINGTONIA, Forst.

Trees with alternate leaves, usually approximate at the ends of branches.
Flowers in terminal or lateral spikes or racemes, with small deciduous
bracts. Calyx-tube ovoid or turbinate, not at all or scarcely produced
above the ovary. Petals 4 or 5, adhering at the base to the staminal ring.
Stamens indefinite, in many series, connate at the base into a short ring
or cup; anthers small, versatile or fixed near the base. Ovary inferior,
with an annular disc on the top within the stamens, 2-4-celled ; 2-8 ovules
in each cell; style filiform, with a small stigma. Fruit pyramidal ovoid
or oblong, hard and fibrous, indehiscent. Seed solitary, with a thick testa;
albumen none. Embryo thick, fleshy, consisting of two concentric homo-
geneous masses, the central mass corresponding to the pith, the outer to
the bark, both separated by a thin layer of delicate vessels and fibres, cor-
responding to the woody portion of stem and root. Cotyledons rudimen-
tary, scale-like. On the structure of the seeds of Barringtonia and Careya,
see Thomson in Journ. Linn. Soe. ii. 47.

1. B. acutangula, Gartner Sem. ii. t. 101; Bedd. Fl. Sylv. t. 204 ;
Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 635; W. & A. Prodr. 333.—Vern. Samundar phil,
panniari, ingar, Oudh ; Kanapa chettu, Telugu.

A moderate-sized tree, with obovate or oblanceolate leaves, entire or
serrulate, narrowed into a short petiole, glabrous, pale beneath, 3-5 in.
long. Flowers red, in long slender pendulous racemes ; bracts oblong,
very deciduous. Ovary 2-celled, with 2 pendulous ovules in each cell.
Fruit oblong, 4-angled, 1 in. long or longer.

Common on banks of streams, edges of swamps, and in moist places generally,

in South India, Burma, Bengal, the Oudh forests, and the sub-Himalayan
tract, extending west to the Jumna. Also Indian Archipelago and North
236 XXXVIL MYRTACEA, [Barringtonia.

Australia. Leaves shed and renewed March, April. Fl. May; fr. Sept.-Oct.
Attains a height of 30 and a girth of 5 ft., with a short trunk, and large crooked
spreading branches. Bark 1 in. thick, cinereous or brownish black, rough with
longitudinal reticulate cracks and furrows, and irregularly oblong exfoliating
scales. Wood pale or reddish-brown, turns black if buried in mud, fine, close-,
but short-grained, hard, tough, strong, weight of cub. ft. 56 Ib. (Skinner), 39.4
(Kyd) ; value of P. 315 (Kyd), 648 (Benson, green wood), 863 (Skinner). Said
to be durable. No distinct heartwood. Used for boat-building, in wells, for
carts, rice-pounders, and by cabinet-makers. The pounded bark is used to in-
toxicate fish ; mixed with chaff and pulse, it is given as cattle-fodder.

5. CAREYA, Roxb.

Trees or undershrubs, with alternate leaves approximate near the ends
of branches, and large showy flowers. Calyx wholly adnate to the ovary,
ovoid or turbinate, with a 4-cleft limb. Petals 4, spreading. Stamens
very numerous, in several rows ; filaments distinct above, united at the
base into a thick fleshy ring, inserted with the petals; the exterior and
interior stamens generally without anthers, the middle row antheriferous ;
anthers small, versatile, dehiscing longitudinally. Ovary 4-celled, with
numerous ovules attached to axile placentas; style filiform; stigma
capitate, obscurely 4-lobed or -toothed. Fruit globose, with a thick rind,
numerous seeds embedded ina fleshy pulp. Noalbumen. Embryo large,
almond-like, structure similar to that of Barringtonia.

A large tree ; flowers sessile : , . - . . 1. C. arborea.
An undershrub ; flowers pedunculate. 4 . . - 2. C. herbacea.

1. C. arborea, Roxb. Cor. Pl. t. 218; Wight Ill. t. 99, 100; Bedd.
Fl. Sylv. t. 205, Anal. t. 18 ii.; W. & A. Prodr. 334. Vern. Kumbi
kumbh, Khumbi. Gond. names: Kumri, Chindwara; Gumar, Mandla,
Balaghat.

A large tree, wholly glabrous. Leaves obovate-oblong, membranous,
sessile or narrowed into short marginate petiole, crenate, with 10-12
pair of prominent main lateral nerves. Flowers large, sessile, a few
together at the ends of branchlets, white and pink, with an unpleasant
smell. Fruit globose, green, 3 in. across, crowned with the persistent
calyx-segments.

Common in South India, Bengal, and Burma. Sparingly found in the forests
of the Central Provinces, Oudh, and in the sub-Himalayan tract, where it ex-
tends west a little beyond the Jumna. Grown here and there in gardens in the
Panjab. (In North Australia and Queensland a tree is found nearly related to
this, C. arborea, var. australis, Benth. Fl. Austr. iii. 289.) Bare during part
of the dry season, the new foliage appears in March, April. Fl. with the
young leaves ; fr. ripens and falls about July.

Under favourable circumstances attains a height of 50, and a girth of 8 ft,
but in Central and North India is generally a much smaller tree. Bark 1-2in.
thick, dark grey, or dark brown, smooth or rough, with large extoliating scales.
Inner bark red, very fibrous. Sapwood yellowish white, large, heartwood dull
red, or reddish brown, beautifully mottled, even-grained, hard and strong, does
not season well, is apt to split, but takes a fine polish. The weight of a cub.
ft. of seasoned wood is given by Skinner at 50 hh, and this may probably be
Careya.] XXXVI MYRTACEA, 237

accepted as a fair average, though it seems to fluctuate between wide limits, the
extremes being 35 and 60.75. My experiments with Burma wood gave 55 in
1862, 50.58 and 60.37 in 1864. The average of 9 experiments made by me in
1864 was P.—768, the extremes being 645 and 950; Skinner gives it at 870,
which is probably somewhat too high. I am inclined to accept 800 as the mean
value of the coefficient of transverse strength, with regard to the results of all
experiments available tome. Annual rings fairly distinct, medullary rays very
numerous, very fine, pores scanty, im oval groups of 3-6, uniformly distributed.
Each annual ring marked by a narrow ring of darker wood. The wood is not
much used in North-West India, save for agricultural implements. In South
India and Burma used for cart-building. The bark is used as an astringent
in native medicine, From the inner bark fuses for matchlocks are made, by
pounding, cleaning, drying, and twisting it into a thin cord. These are said to
Hee ce rate of 12 inches per hour. Coarse strong cordage is also made of
e bark,

2. CG. herbacea, Roxb. Cor. Pl. t. 217.

A small undershrub ; a thick woody root-stock producing annually a
herbaceous stem 12-in. high, with cuneate leaves, and a number of pedun-
culate large beautiful pink flowers which appear in spring.

Grass lands in Bengal, Oudh, and the Central Provinces.

Orper XXXVIIIL LYTHRARIEA,

Herbs, shrubs or trees with simple entire leaves, generally opposite,
sometimes alternate or verticillate. Stipules none. Flowers bisexual,
generaMy regular. Calyx free, campanulate cylindrical or hemispherical ;
lobes 4-8, valvate in bud, and often with as many intermediate, usually
exterior teeth or appendices. Petals generally isomerous and alternate
with the calyx-lobes, obovate, often corrugated in the bud, sometimes
wanting, inserted inside the limb of the calyx. Stamens usually definite,
perigynous ; filaments inflected in the bud ; anthers 2-celled, dehiscing
longitudinally. Ovary free, usually 2-4-celled, cells with numerous ovules
attached to an axile placenta; style simple, persistent. Fruit a capsule,
2-4- or many-celled, or by obliteration of septa 1-celled. Seeds numer-
ous without albumen, embryo straight with a short radicle-—Gen. Pl.
i. 773; Royle Ill. 208 (Granatec), 212 ; Wight Ill. i. 204 (Salicariece),
li. 2 (Granatec).

Ovary free ; leaves with black dots or glands beneath ; calyx-
tube curved : ‘ f ‘ ‘3 a ets - 1. Wooprorpta.
Ovary free ; leaves without dots or glands; calyx-tube straight. d
Calyx-lobes 4; petals 4; stamens 8 . : : . . 2 Lawsonta.
Calyx-lobes 6 ; petals 6 ; stamens numerous é . . 38, LaGERSTRa@MTA.
Ovary inferior ; fruit with a hard coriaceous rind, crowned by
the persistent calyx A soos : : ee
Ovary partially adnate to calyx ; fruit fleshy, base and sides
adnate to the persistent calyx ; leaves thick . : . 5. SonnERATIa,

4, Punica,.

1. WOODFORDIA, Salisbury. :

Calyx tubular, coloured, slightly curved and widened at the mouth,
which is oblique, and has 6 small equal deltoid lobes, and as many exter-
238 XXXVI. LYTHRARIEZ. [ Woodfordia,

nal short appendices, persistent in fruit, expanding and generally split
below. Petals 6, alternate with the calyx-lobes, linear-lanceolate, minute.
Stamens 12, inserted near base of calyx, much exserted ; anthers ovate,
versatile. Ovary 2-celled ; style filiform, exserted. Capsule 2-celled, 2-
valved, with numerous small seeds, covered with the persistent calyx.

1. W. floribunda, Salisb.; Boissier Fl. Orient. ii. 737.—Syn. Grislea
tomentosa, Roxb. Cor. Pl. t. 31; Fl. Ind. ii. 233; W. & A. Prodr. 308.
Sans. Dhatri pushpika, Agnivala (the flame of fire). Vern. Dawi, tawi,
tawa, dha, thawi, sautha, dahai, dhae, dhaura, dhaula. Local names:
Dhewtie, Oudh; Dhuvie, surtari, C.P.; Pitta marra, Gonds, C.P.

A large shrub, with long spreading branches, pubescent, young branch-
lets and leaves with numerous small black glands. Leaves opposite or
subopposite, sometimes in whorls of 3, sessile, 2-4 in. long, ovate-lanceo-
late from a cordate or rounded base, with 6-10 prominent arcuate lateral
nerves on either side of midrib, joined by distinct intramarginal veins.
Flowers on slender pedicels dilated above, shorter than calyx, with a few
bracts at base, in axillary clusters. Length of style and stamens vary in
this plant, as noticed for Lythrum Salicaria in Oliver’s Ind. Bot. 213.

Common throughout India, beyond the Indus at Peshawar, and in Beluchis-
tan. Ascends to 5000 ft. in the N.W. Himalaya. Fl. Feb.-April. 10 ft. high
or more, bark smooth, peeling off in thin scales, wood pale nut-brown, close-
grained, used as fuel. In the north-west the flowers are collected for export to

wy the Panjab, for dyeing silks. The flowers secrete much honey.
wears flamey Ac) od ar . fo Kay: Nayp Gas VAT,
2. LAWSONTIA, Linn.

Calyx short, broad-turbinate, deeply cleft into 4, broad-ovate lobes,
without appendices. Petals 4, sessile, corrugated in bud, inserted on a
raised ring at the top of the calyx-tube. Stamens 8, inserted in pairs be-
tween the petals, sometimes 4 only; filaments subulate ; anthers broad-
oblong, the cells attached to a thick connective. Ovary globose, 4-celled ;
style filiform ; ovules numerous, adnate to thick axile placentas. Capsule
globose, supported at the base by the persistent calyx, pericarp brittle,
bursting irregularly. Seeds truncate, cuneate or pyramidal, with a thick
testa; cotyledons flat, orbicular ; radicle short.

1. L. alba, Lamarck; Boissier Fl. Orient. ii. 744; Wight Ill. t. 87;
W. & A. Prodr. 307.—Syn. L. inermis, Linn. ; Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 258. Z.
spinosa, Linn. The Henna plant of Egypt. Sans. Mendhi. Vern.
Mendi, mehndt.

A glabrous shrub, with angular branchlets sometimes spinescent, and
opposite, sessile coriaceous small leaves, elliptic or obovate-elliptic, from
a cuneate base; about lin. long. Flowers greenish yellow, very fragrant,
4 in. across, on short slender pedicels, in large terminal paniculate cymes.

_ Indigenous in Beluchistan, on dry hills of the Coromandel coast, and perhaps
in Central India. Cultivated throughout India for its leaves, and as a hedge-
Lawsonia.} XXXVIII. LYTHRARIEA, 239

plant. Probably indigenous in North Africa, Arabia, and Persia. Cultivated
in most tropical and subtropical countries. Fl. throughout the year. Grown
from seed and cuttings. The leaves are powdered and made into a paste which
is used to dye nails, skin, and beard. Regarding its cultivation in the Amballa
district, see Edgeworth Jour. As. Soc, vii. 754,

3, LAGERSTRGMIA, Linn.

Trees and shrubs ; leaves opposite or the uppermost alternate, petio-
late, oblong or ovate, entire. Flowers in axillary or terminal panicles.
Calyx-tube short, broadly turbinate, cleft into 6 ovate lobes. Petals 6,
inserted -between the calyx-lobes, clawed. Stamens numerous, inserted
at the bottom of the calyx-tube ; filaments long exserted, filiform ; anthers
versatile. Ovary sessile, 3-6-celled ; style filiform; ovules numerous,
attached to axile placentas. Fruit an oblong, coriaceous capsule, girt at
the base by the persistent calyx, 3-6-celled, dehiscing loculicidally into
3-6 valves ; dissepiments and placente attached to the middle of the
valves. Seeds winged, with a membranous testa; cotyledons orbicular;
radicle cylindrical.

1. L. parviflora, Roxb. Cor. Pl. t. 66; Fl. Ind. ii. 505; Bedd. Fl.
Sylv. t. 31; W. & A. Prodr. 308.—Vern. Bakli, dhaura, Kat dhaura ;
N.W.P. ; Lendia, leindia, seina,\C.P. ; Sidda, asid, Oudh and Mirzapore
district ; Shej, Banda; Kakria, kakrio, Banswara and Guzerat.

A large tree, glabrous, only youngest branches and leaves slightly
pubescent. Leaves coriaceous, opposite, sessile or very shortly petiolate,
oblong or ovate, with 6-10 prominent, arcuate lateral main nerves on either
side of midrib. Flowers white, fragrant, } in. across, on slender pedicels
in panicles, few or many flowered. Calyx even, not ribbed, pubescent,
the 6 outer stamens much longer than the rest. Capsule ovoid or cylin-
drical, 3-5 in. long, 3-4-celled. Seed with a terminal wing, longer than
seed, the whole # in. long, + in. broad in the middle, with a straight thin
edge on the inside, and a thick curved bark on the outside.

Common in Central India, Bandelkhand, Behar, Bengal, the Oudh forests,
and the sub-Himalayan tract to the Jumna, ascending to 3000, and occasionally
to 5000 ft. Banswara,Guzerat. South India (frequent in Mysore and on the
east side). The old leaves shed in March, April, the young foliage comes out
in May. Fl. April-June ; fruit ripens in August, and remains long on the tree,’

In North and Central India attains 50-70 ft. and a girth of 6-8 ft., with a
straight élean stem, often 30-40 ft. to the first branch. Grows well from seed,
coppices readily, the shoots growing rapidly into tall straight poles. Bark 3-1
in. thick, light ash-coloured, almost white, even, smooth, rarely marked with
few shallow furrows, flaking off in dark-coloured scurfy pieces, leaving exposed
the inner lighter-coloured layers. Wood light brown or yellowish, often with
a reddish tinge, and mottled, smooth- and even-grained. Heartwood darker;
but not sharply defined. Pores large ; numerous whitish wavy concentric bands
in the wood; annual rings not distinct. The cub. ft. weighs 40-50 Ib. Elas-
tic, tough, and of great transverse strength. Seasons well, works freely, and
takes a fine polish. Fairly durable. Used extensively, and valued highly for
ploughs and other agricultural implements, and for construction. Buggy-shafts
240 XXXVIIL LYTHRARIES. [Lagerstremia.

and axe-handles are made of it. A sweet gum exudes from wounds in tae oark,
and is eaten. Bark and leaves are extensively employed for tanning. = __

L. lanceolata, Wall. ; Bedd. F1. Sylv. t. 32.—Vern. Bandara, nandt, nana,
nani, Western Ghats, a common tree in the forests on the west side of the
Peninsula as far north as Khandeish, is similar to L. parviflora, but is readily
distinguished by petiolate, ovate, acuminate leaves, which are bluish white be-
neath ; larger flower-panicles, the calyx and pedicels clothed with dense on

ubescence, calyx-segments reflexed, and small capsules $-% in. long. (The
arge capsules figured by Beddome do not apparently belong to this species.)

E indica, Linn. ; Wight IIL t. 86; a handsome shrub from China, with
large white or purple flowers ; petals long-clawed and much curled. Is culti-
vated in gardens. .

L. Regine, Roxb. Cor. Pl. t. 65; Bedd. Fl. Sylv. t. 29; is a large, bulky,
and valuable timber-tree with large showy lilac flowers, in moist forests of Eastern
Bengal, Burma, the western coast of the Peninsula, and at the foot of the Ghats,
extending north as far as the Ratnagiri district, where it is called Taman.—
Vern. Jaral, Bengal. Pymma, Burm. It differs from the three first-named
species by the calyx longitudinally ribbed and furrowed, by all stamens being
of equal length, and a large 6-celled ovoid or globose capsule. The wood is
red, not heavy, and fairly strong, the cub. ft. weighs between 36 and 47 Ib., and
the average value of P. ranges from 600-850. It is used extensively for ship-
building at Chittagong, and in Burma.

4. PUNICA, Linn.:

Ovary inferior ; calyx coriaceous, persistent, prolonged above the ovary,
free part campanulate, cleft into 5-7 valvate lobes. Petals as many as
calyx-lobes, inserted at the mouth of the calyx-tube, crumpled in bud.
Stamens numerous, inserted at different heights below the petals ; fila-
ments distinct ; anther-cells attached to a large ovoid connective. Style
filiform ; stigma capitate. Fruit large, globose, crowned by the somewhat
tubular limb of the calyx, indehiscent, divided in 2 tiers or divisions, the’
lower 3-celled, the upper 5-9-celled ; dissepiments membranous ; placentz
in the lower division at the bottom of the cells, in the upper stretching
from the side of the fruit to the middle. Seeds numerous, nestling in a
pellucid pulp. Embryo oblong; radicle short, acute; cotyledons folia-
ceous, spirally convolute. 7

The structure of the fruit is remarkable. The bud in its youngest state
shows a thick concave disc, closed by the valvate sepals or calyx-lobes.
At the bottom of the disc appear the carpels, in two circles; at its edge
the petals, alternating with the calyx-lobes, and the space between petals
and carpels is occupied by numerous rows of stamens. The carpels of the
outer circle appear first, they are 5-9; the number of the inner carpels is
generally 3, sometimes 5. These carpels coalesce, and the upper portions
uniting, form the style. Each carpel has numerous ovules, which origin-
ally appear at the bottom of its cavity. Meanwhile the sides of the con-
cave disc keep on growing, finally the outer carpels are raised, and form
the upper division of cells in the fruit, while those of the inner ring re-
main at the bottom, and form the lower tier or division. The position of
the placentz also is somewhat changed through the expansion and altered
position of the carpels. The ripe Pomegranate may be compared to the
Punica.] XXXVII. LYTHRARIEA, 241

fruit of a Rose, with this difference, that in the Rose the carpels are more
numerous, that they do not coalesce, though the styles sometimes do, and

' that they are l-seeded. This brief indication. of a most curious structure
1s intended to elicit further researches on the development of the ovary in
the Indian genera of Rosacez, Myrtacex, and Lythrariex (Sonneratia. and
Duabanga). With regard to Punica, there should be consulted, besides
Lindley’s Vegetable Kingdom, and Wight’s Illustrations, Agardh. Syst.
Plant. 1858, t. xii. ; Griffith Notule, iv. p. 641, Ic. t. 634 ; Payer Organo-
genie Comparée de la Fleur, Paris, 1857, p. 465, t. 99; Berg in Martius
Fl. Brasiliensis, Myrtacez, p. 6, t. 8,9. Punica is an anomalous genus,
with some affinity to Myrtacex, but is separated from that order by the
valvate calyx and other characters.

1. P. Granatum, Linn. ; Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 499; W. & A. Prodr. 327 ;
Wight Ii. t. 97. The Pomegranate. Sans. Dalima; Arab. Ruman ;
ee Anar.—Vern. Andr (tree and fruit), darim, dalim, dal, daru, dharu,

arnu.

A shrub or small tree, deciduous, glabrous, often with spinescent branch-
lets. Leaves opposite or subopposite, often fascicled, on short petioles, ob-
long, quite entire, not dotted. Flowers sessile, terminal, solitary or in
3-flowered cymes, usually scarlet, rarely white or yellow. Fruit 2-34
in. aig with a coriaceous rind; pulp red, in some varieties white. Seeds
angled.

Wild, common in Eastern Afghanistan and Beluchistan to 6000 ft. Hills
west of Sindh to 4000 ft. East flank of Suliman range between 3500 and 6000
ft. Not uncommon in the Panjab Salt range, and in parts of the North-West
Himalaya. Abundant in Kamaon (wild ?) at elevations between 2000-6000 ft.
Believed also to be indigenous in Syria. Run wild in Greece (Fraas Syn. Pl.
‘Fl. class. 79). Cultivated extensively in many parts of India, in Western Asia,
the Mediterranean region, and in many subtropical countries of the Old and the
New World.* New leaves (in India) Feb., March; fl. chiefly April, May, but
also at other seasons ; the fruit ripens from July-Sept. Easily raised from cut-
tings ; growth slow (18 rings per in. radius). _ ;

Rarely over 20 ft. high, with a short trunk attaining 3-4 ft. in girth ; bark
yellowish or dark grey. Wood whitish or yellowish white, close- and even-
grained, hard, heavy, takes a fine polish, Several varieties of the fruit are cul-
tivated in Kashmir, but the best Pomegranates are imported into India from
Afghanistan ; those of Jellalabad are valued most. The bark of the root is an
excellent vermifuge, and is considered a specific against the tape-worm (Pharm.
Ind. 93). The rind of the fruit, ndspal, Pb. chandi, chowdi, kiishidla, Sindh,
iseextensively used as a dye- and tan-stuff; from the flowers a light-red dye is
made. Morocco leather is tanned and dyed with the bark of the tree.

* The Pomegranate, the Fig, and the Vine are frequently mentioned in the Old
Testament (e. g., Deut. viii. 8). The Pomegranate occurs in the Odyssey ; its name
(Jord) is supposed to suggest an affinity with the Hebrew and Syrian name Rimmon.
There seems no doubt that the tree is not indigenous in Greece, and that its cultiva-
tion was originally introduced from Syria. Of the Latin names, mala granata, que
punica vocantur, the first is explained by the number of seeds (a granorum multitu-
dine), the second indicates that the fruit, or at least some of the better kinds, was
brought from North Africa. The Pomegranate is not, however, indigenous in North
Africa, and was probably brought to Carthage from Pheenicia. a

Q
242 XXXVIII. LYTHRARIEA, [ Sonneratia.

5. SONNERATIA, Linn. f.

Glabrous trees or shrubs, with opposite, petiolate, thick leaves. Flowers
large, solitary or in 3-flowered cymes. Calyx thick, the tube broadly cam-
panulate, adnate to the ovary at the base ; lobes 4-8, without appendices.
Petals 4-8, narrow or none. Stamens numerous, inserted at the top of the
calyx-tube, inflected in the bud. Ovary enclosed in, and partially adnate
to the calyx-tube, depressed-globose, 10-15-celled ; style elongated with
a small capitate stigma. Fruit large, depressed, fleshy and_indehiscent,
surrounded by the persistent calyx, and adnate to it at the base. Seeds
immersed in pulp, angular with a thick testa. Cotyledons oily.

1. S. acida, Linn. f.; Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 506; W. & A. Prodr. 327 ;
Wight Ic. t. 340. .

A small tree, with drooping branches and petiolate, broadly ovate or
obovate leaves, generally with cuneate base. Calyx-segments about 1
in. long. Petals purple, linear, scarcely exceeding the calyx. Fruit 1-2
in, diam.

In salt marshes and creeks. Delta of the Indus, western coast, Sunderbans,
and Burma coast. Also on the east coast of Africa, and in North Australia.
Wood used as fuel (Grah. Cat. Bomb. 72).

Onper XXXIX. SAMYDACEA.

Trees or shrubs, with simple, petiolate, alternate, distichous leaves, and
small deciduous stipules. Flowers inconspicuous, regular, generally bi-
sexual. Calyx coriaceous, persistent, gamosepalous, lobes 3-7, imbricate
or valvate. Petals perigynous, none or as many as calyx-lobes, alternate
with them and similar to them in substance. Stamens definite or indefi-
nite, often alternating with barren staminodes ; anthers 2-celled, the cells
dehiscing longitudinally. Ovary free, rarely adnate to the calyx-tube, syn-
carpous; ovules attached to 3-5 parietal placente. Fruit a capsule, 1-
celled, generally 3-5-valved, rarely indehiscent. Seeds generally few,
with a coriaceous or crustaceous testa, and copious fleshy albumen.—Gen.
Pl. i. 7943 Royle Ill. 170.

1. CASEARIA, Jacq

Trees or shrubs with alternate, distichous leaves ; stipules small lateral.
Flowers fasciculate, small, green or yellow, on articulate bracteate pedicels.
Calyx-tube short, with 4-6 imbricate lobes. Petals none. Stamens 6-15,
alternating with an equal number of barren staminodes, and usually con-
nate with them into a short tube or ring. Ovary free, narrowed into a
short style ; ovules numerous, attached to 3-4 parietal placente. Capsule
3-4-valved, seeds numerous, attached to the middle of the valves. Seeds
with a fleshy aril; albumen fleshy; embryo straight; cotyledons flat;
radicle terete.

tomentosa.
graveolens.

Tomentose ; stipules minute ; leaves oblong or ovate-oblong . 1

2 @,
Glabrous ; stipules 4 in. long; leaves elliptic . : Z a Be OS
Casearia.] XXXIX. SAMYDACEZ. 243

1. C. tomentosa, Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii, 421.—Tab. KXXI—Syn. C.
elliptica, Willd. ; Wight Ic. t. 1849. Vern. Chilla, chilara, bairi, bhari.
Local names, Tondri mara, Gonds, C.P.

A small tree; leaves and branchlets tomentose. Leaves oblong, or
ovate-oblong from an oblique base, serrate, 3-7 in. long, on short petioles ;
8-10 main lateral nerves on either side of midrib, joined by, prominent
parallel transverse veins; stipules small. Flowers tomentose, greenish
yellow, on pedicels somewhat longer than calyx, numerous, in compact
axillary fascicles. Calyx 4-5-cleft. Stamens 8; staminodes hairy. Fruit
ovoid, # in. long, somewhat fleshy, 5-6-ribbed, 3-valved, on short pedicels,
solitary, or few together in lateral fascicles. Seeds embedded in a scarlet
soft mass, consisting of the agglomerate arils.

Common in Central India, Behar, the Oudh forests, and the sub-Himalayan
tract as far as the Indus. Also in Eastern Bengal, South India and Ceylon.
The leaves shed Jan.-March ; new leaves appear March, April. FI. Jan.-May,
generally about April.

Generally not exceeding 30 ft., with a short trunk, attaining a girth of 4 ft.;
on good soil (frequently in the Baraitch division of the Oudh forests), attaining
40 ft., and 7-9 ft, girth, R.T. Bark nearly 1 in. thick, cinereous, with white
specks, or blackish brown by age, smooth, with longitudinal wrinkles, with
rough furrows in old stems. Wood dirty white, or yellowish, even-grained,
compact, hard, strong and elastic, 48 Ib. per cub ft., R.T. Apt to split ‘in sea-
soning, does not warp, and works aciaathe Heartwood not distinct, employed
for ordinary purposes, not much valued, combs are made of it. All parts of the
tree are very bitter ; in Kamaon the pounded bark is used for adulterating the
Kamela powder of Rottlera tinctoria. The pounded fruit yields a milky, acrid
juice, used for poisoning fish. ~

2. C.graveolens, Dalzell; Kew Journ. of Bot. iv. 107 (1852) ; Bombay
Fl. 11.—Vern. Chilla, naro, aloal, kathera, pimpri, North-West India ;
Girchi, tundri, C.P.

A shrub or small tree, glabrous ; leaves elliptic, dentate, 4-8 in. long,
on short petioles; 8-10 main lateral nerves on either side of midrib ;
stipules $ in. long, falcate or lanceolate, deciduous. Flowers green,
numerous, with a disagreeable odour, clustered in the axils of the leaves,
glabrous ; pedicels very short. Calyx-lobes 5. Stamens 8, alternating
with acute penicillate scales (staminodes). Fruit oblong, shining, 3-valved ;
seeds 12.

Abundant in the Oudh forests (associated with Sal), also in the Central: Pro-
vinces, the Konkan, and Canara. In the sub-Himalayan tract as far west as the
Chenab, locally and sparingly only, ascending to 5000 ft. The leaves are shed
in March and April, and renewed in May. Not higher than 20 ft., girth 12-15
in. Bark dark cinereous, with white specks, even, with a few longitudinal
wrinkles. Wood light-yellow, fine-grained ; the fruit is used to poison fish.

Homalium, Jacquin, is another genus of this order, distinguished by a half
inferior ovary, styles 3-5, calyx-lobes and petals 6-7, flowers in slender axillary
racemes or terminal panicles. :

1. H. tomentosum, Benth.; Linn. Journ. iv. 34.—Syn. Blackwellsa tomentosa,
Vent. Myaukshaw, Burm. A large tree with smooth white bark (too smooth

 
244 XXXIX. SAMYDACEA. [ Casearia.

for monkeys, the Burmese name), large subsessile obovate leaves, tomentose
beneath, and flowers in axillary racemes. Burma. Java. :

2. H. nepalense, Benth.—Syn. Blackwellia nepalensis, Wall. Pl. As. rar’ t.
179, with ovate, petiolate, glabrous leaves and paniculate flowers, Nepal.

Orpen XL. PASSIFLOREZ.

Herbs, shrubs, rarely trees, with alternate leaves with or without
stipules. Flowers regular. Stamens definite ; anthers 2-celled, dehiscing
longitudinally. Ovary free, 1-celled, with numerous ovules, attached to
3-5 parietal placent. Fruit dry or fleshy with numerous seeds, covered
with an arillus or pulpy integument, testa coriaceous or crustaceous ;
embryo large, with foliaceous cotyledons, enclosed in a fleshy albumen.—
Gen. Pl. i. 807 ; Royle Ill. 220 (Papayacece) ; Wight IIL ii. 33.

The principal genus of this family is Passifora, comprising a large
number of species, mostly American, and a few Indian, herbaceous or
perennial climbers, with axillary tendrils, showy bisexual flowers, witha
stalked ovary ; stamens adnate to the gynophore, and a ring with filiform
appendages arising from the calyx-tube. The genus Carica belongs to the
tribe Papayacece with unisexual flowers and no ring or corona.

1, CARICA, Linn.

Soft-wooded trees or shrubs with milky juice, stem generally simple, or
with few branches, leaves at the ends of branches. No stipules. Flowers
in axillary racemes or panicles, uni- or bi-sexual. Calyx small, 5-lobed.
Corolla in the male flowers gamopetalous, 5-lobed; in the female flowers,
of 5, linear-oblong deciduous petals. Stamens 10, inserted in the mouth
of the corolla, those opposite to the lobes on short filaments, those
alternate with them sessile; anthers adnate to the filaments, 2-celled,
dehiscing longitudinally. Ovary free, ovules numerous, attached in 2
rows to 5 parietal placente. Fruit fleshy, sulcate, indehiscent with
numerous seeds. Embryo straight, in a fleshy albumen ; cotyledons flat,
oblong. “

1. C. Papaya, Linn. ; Roxb. Fl. Ind. iii. 824; W. & A. Prodr. 352 ;
Wight Il. t. 106, 107.— Vern. Pupaya, pepiya.

A small soft-wooded, fast-growing, and short-lived ‘free, with large
glabrous palmatifid and palminerved leaves, 12-24 in. across, on long
hollow petioles, forming a round tuft at the top of the stem. Flowers on
axillary panicles, pale yellow, fragrant, generally dioicous, but occasion-
ally a few female flowers on a male plant. Male flowers in long drooping
panicles. Female flowers in short clusters. Ovary 1-celled. Stigma
sessile, 5-lobed, lacerated. Fruit succulent, indehiscent, l-celled. Seeds
numerous, black, enclosed. in sweet mucous pulp, and covered with a
loose hyaline skin or arillus ; testa thick, brittle.

Indigenous in Brazil, and probably also in Central America and the West
Indies. Cultivated throughout South India, Burma, and Bengal; in North-West
India as far as Saharanpur and Delhi. The Papaya must have been introduced
Carica. | XL, PASSIFLOREA. 245

into India at an early date after the discovery of America, for in 1626 seeds
were brought to Naples from India (De Candolle Geogr. Bot. ii. 917). The
Indian name of the plant is derived from that under which it was known in
America (Papaw, papay), and the Burmese name of Thimbawthi (fruit brought
by sea-going vessels) is a further confirmation of its foreign origin. In flower
and fruit nearly throughout the year, bears fruit 18 months after sowing. The
unripe fruit is eaten as a vegetable and preserved, the ripe fruit is sweet and
very pleasant, the seeds are pungent. Meat becomes tender by washing it with‘
pale impregnated with the milky juice, or by suspending the joint under the
ree,

: Tetrameles nudytora, R. Brown ; Bedd. Fl. Sylv. t.212—Syn. 7. Graham-
wana, Wight Ic. 1956—is a large deciduous tree, of the Order Datiscee. Fl.
yellow, small, dioicous; male flowers in erect panicles, crowded at the ends of
branchlets; female flowers in pendulous racemes. Calyx 5-cleft ; petals none;
stamens 4; styles 4. Capsules small, many-seeded, dehiscent at the top.
Leaves cordate, long-petiolate, tomentose beneath. © Fl, Feb.-March, while
leafless. Burma. Western coast from Bombay southwards. Wood soft.

1

Orpen XLI. CACTEA,

Perennial plants, often arborescent, with succulent stems of anomalous
form, flat, lobed, columnar, ovoid or globular. Leaves minute, scale-like,
rarely perfect ; epidermis of the younger parts of stem and branches green
and furnished with pores. Flowers usually large and handsome, sessile,
solitary, bisexual and regular. Calyx-tube adnate to the ovary ; limb short
or tubular; lobes numerous, on the margin only, or covering the entire
surface of the ovary. Petals numerous, inserted at the mouth of the
calyx, the outer conform to the calyx-lobes. Stamens indefinite, fila-
ments filiform, long ; anthers ovate, versatile. Ovary inferior, syncarpous,
1-celled ; ovules numerous, on parietal placenta ; style terminal, simple ;
stigma radiating. Fruit succulent, 1-celled. Seeds numerous, — Gen.
Pl. i. 845; Royle Ill. 223; Wight Ill. ii. 48.

1, OPUNTIA,

Branches flat, jointed, the joints ovate, obovate, or oblong, bearing
tufts of spines or bristles. ‘Leaves small, very caducous, under each
younger tuft. Flowers arising from the tufts or margins of the
joints, yellow or reddish. Calyx-tube fiot prolonged beyond the ovary ;
lobes numerous, the outer scale-like or foliaceous, adnate to the ovary, the
inner short, flat. Petals numerous, connate at the base, spreading.
Stamens indefinite, in many series ; filaments shorter than petals, free or
connate. Style cylindric, thicker below, constricted at the base ; stigma
with 2-7 thick erect branches. Fruit pyriform, umbilicate at the top,
tubercled, and often having spines. Seeds with, a hard osseous testa,
foliaceous cotyledons, and copious or scanty albumen.

1. O. Dillenii, Haworth ; W. & A. Prodr. 363 ; Wight Ill. t. 114.—
Syn. Cactus indicus, Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 475. Prickly Pear. Vern. Nag-
phana (the hood of a serpent), ndgphansi, Hindi; Chappal sénd, Dekkan.
246 XLL CACTEA. [ Opuntia.

Erect, with numerous spreading branches, often 10-15 ft. high, gregar-
ious, forming extensive and impenetrable masses of thorny, fleshy, articu-
late stems ; joints obovate, flat, 6-10 in. long, glaucous-green, with minute,
cylindrical or conical, fleshy, caducous leaves under each tuft on the
youngest joints. Tufts on the surface of the joints about 1-2 in. apart,
nearer together on the edges, subglobose, nearly } in. diam., consisting of
dense woolly hairs, and numerous short, very sharp spinescent brownish
bristles ; one or several strong, sharp cylindrical spines from each tuft,
unequal in length, one much longer than the rest, 1-2 in. long. Spines
whitish, except the point, which is darker coloured and somewhat trans-
parent. Flowers from the upper edge of the joints, 2-3 in. across, yellow,
tinged with red, open during the day only. Stamens half the length of
petals.

Indigenous in America, but naturalised in India, extending north-west to the
Jhelam. Ascends to 5000 ft. in the N.W. Himalaya. Often destroyed locally
by the multiplication of a species of coccus ; thus at Almora in 1846 (Madden
1, c, 585), and in 1844 in the Panjab (Stewart Panjab Plants, p. 101). Forms
impenetrable hedges, and was used by Tippoo Sultan to strengthen his fortifi-
cations. Was planted asa fence along portions of the Great India Peninsula
Railway in the Dekkan ; but is too much exposed to injury from fire, the grass
which grows up abundantly between the stems drying up during the hot season,
and catching fire readily, which destroys the entire hedge. Is regarded as an
objectionable weed in most parts of India, as it harbours reptiles and spreads
rapidly, occupying ground without return, The joints strike root, but its rapid
extension is mainly due to the spread of the seed through birds which eat the
fruit. :

Three species of the genus, closely allied to the Indian species, are natural-
ised in the Mediterranean region ; but it is a subject for farther inquiry whether
they should be kept distinct as species, and whether any of them may be
identified with the Indian Opuntia, The history of the distribution of these
remarkable plants from America over such a large portion of the warmer regions
of the Old World merits farther study on the part of Indian and Mediterranean
Penns: and it may not be out of place here to state a few of the leading

acts.

Boissier (Voyage Botanique dans le Midi de l’Espagne, 1837, ii. 229) men-
tions Opuntia vulgaris, Mill. only, as growing in the Mediterranean region, but
adds that in Granada there are two forms, distinct by the length of their spines,
leaving it undecided whether they are species or varieties. Grisebach fs egeta-
tion der Erde, i. 322) enumerates three species, and under these may be brought
all forms described by Visiani (Flora Dalmatica, 1842, iii. 143), Gussone (Flore
Sicula Synopsis, 1842, i. 549), Tenore (Sylloge Fl. Neapolitane, 1831, p. 239),
Webb (Hist. Nat. des les Canaries, 1840, iii. 1. p. 209), and Lowe (Flora of Ma-
deira, 1868, p. 313).

a. O. Ficus Indica, Mill,—Syn. Cactus Opuntia inermis, De Candolle Plantes
Grasses, t. 138. Erect, 8-12 ft. high, joints oval or obovate, 1 in, thick, and
more than 12 in. long, with short thick tufts of pale or yellowish bristles, with-
out spines, or with feeblé weak spines, or with one strong sharp spine. Flowers
yellow ; fruit prickly outside, eatable, 3-4 in. long. Abundant in North Africa,
Syria, the South of Europe (Madeira and the Canaries %). The fruit, which
pee from July to Sept., forms an important article of diet for the inhabitants
of those countries. Indigenous in Jamaica and South Florida, where the fruit
is also eaten. The introduction of this sp. into India has been suggested (Royle
Opuntia. | XLI. CACTEA, 247

Ill. 223). Called Opuntia Ficus Indica by Visiani and Gussone, O. vulgaris
by Tenore. Webb calls Ficus Indica the principal species in the Canaries, but
Lowe refers this and the Madeira Opuntia to Opuntia Tuna, Haw. (Cactus
Tuna, Linn.) Whatever the correct name for the Opuntia on those islands may
be, it is important to state that this is the species employed in the Canaries for
raising Cochineal. The first introduction of the insect 30 or 40 years ago was
violently opposed by the country people, especially in Teneriffe, on the ground
of its rendering the T'wneras, or plants of Opuntia, barren, and injuring the
crops of their favourite fruit, called Figos, which are much used, both fresh
and dried, Lowe l. c. 316.

5. O.amyclea, Tenore 1. c, 240 ; Fl. Neap.t. 236. Stature of O. Ficus Indica,
with 4-6 stout, divergent, unequal, whitish spines on each tuft, angular at
the base, orange-coloured flowers, and smaller, hardly eatable fruit. Dalmatia,
South Italy, Sicily, the Canaries. Webb 1.c. calls this sp. 0. Tuna, Mill., but
Lowe refers it to the Indian species O. Dillenii, Haw. ; and the specimens in
Hb. Kew from the Canaries (coll. Bourgeau) seem to confirm this view. Tenore
figures, Gussone and Visiani describe their plant as having very short, nearly
obsolete tufts at the base of the spines; whereas the specimens from the
Canaries have a thick tuft of woolly hairs. The spines of these specimens are
more angular than those of the Indian Opuntia, and somewhat transparent
along their entire length. The identity, therefore, of the Indian Opuntia with
the spinescent kind of South Europe and the Canaries is a matter for farther
inquiry. Lowe describes his plant with yellow flowers tinged with red outside.

c. O. nana, Visiani (O. vulgaris, Mill. in Koch Synops. Fl. Germ. 291), is a
small spinescent plant, the joints only a few inches long, not erect, but diffuse,
leaning against rocks, found in Dalmatia and the warmer valleys of Tyrol and
Switzerland.

The Cochineal insect in Mexico and other parts of Central America lives on
several Opuntias nearly allied to those here described. As stated above, its in-
troduction has been successful on Teneriffe, and there it thrives on a species
closely related to the Indian one. Wight (Ill. ii. p. 50), and Royle (IU. p. 223),
describe the steps that have been taken to encourage its cultivation in India,
Some Cochineal has been produced in India, and though the price of the article
has diminished of late, it may yet become a matter of some importance in the
drier districts of the country. ;

. Orprer XLII. ARALIACEA.

Erect or climbing shrubs or trees, rarely herbs, with alternate simple
or compound leaves. ‘Flowers regular, umbellate, or capitate. Calyx
adnate to ovary, limb short, entire toothed or lobed. Petals generally
5, very deciduous, valvate or slightly imbricate in bud. Stamens as
many as petals, rarely numerous ; filaments inflexed ; anthers didymous,
versatile. Disk epigynous. Ovary 2- or more-celled, 1 ovule in each
cell. Fruit a drupe or berry, with 1 or more 1-seeded cells. - Seed pen-
dulous; testa membranous; albumen dense, fleshy 3 embryo minute,
ovoid or oblong. —Gen. Pl. i. 931 ; Wight Ill. ii. 60; Royle Ill. 233,

Soft-wooded Araliaceous shrubs and small trees, often scandent or epi-
phytic, are not uncommon in the tropical forests of India. Within the
range of this Flora they are not numerous, and it will suffice to mention a

few, besides the Ivy, as representative forms.
248 XLII ARALIACES. [Aralia.

Petals imbricate ; leaves digitate, pinnate, or bipinnate, leaflets

serrulate ; stipules not prominent . : . 1, ARALIA.
Petals valvate ; leaves simple, coriaceous : . ; . 2 Heprra.
Petals valvate ; leaves digitate, coriaceous ‘ : : . 8 HeprapLEURUM.
Petals valvate ; leaves tripinnate . op fs é i . 4, HETEROPANAX.

1, ARALIA, Linn.

. Herbs or shrubs, leaves digitate pinnate or bipinnate, leaflets mem-
branous, serrulate. Flowers umbellate. Petals 5, ovate, not unguiculate,
imbricate in bud. Ovary 2-5-celled. Fruit drupaceous with 2-5 crusta-
ceous or hard pyrenes in a fleshy exocarp. Albumen not ruminated.

1. A. Cachemirica, Decaisne; Jacq. Voy. Bot. t. 81.—Syn. Panaz de-
composita, Wall.

A large perennial herb 6-10 ft. high; leaves bipinnate, rough, with
short hairs, leaflets ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, unequal-sided. Umbels
in large terminal panicles. Styles 5, connate at base, Pyrenes 5.

Abundant in the North-West Himalaya 5000-9000 ft., up the Sutlej as far as
Dippi. Sikkim at 10,000-14,000 ft. Fl. June-Oct.

Pentapanax, Seemann, nearly allied to Aralia, has glabrous, imparipin-
nate leaves, with 3-7 leaflets, and entirely connate styles: 1. P. parasitt-
cum, Seem. Journ. Bot. ii. 296.—Syn. Hedera parasitica, Don. Vern. Kot
Semal, Kamaon, is a climbing soft-wooded shrub ; rootlets on branches, leaflets
5, ovate-lanceolate, coriaceous, entire, 2-3 in. long. East Bengal, Nepal, Kamaon,
(ascending to 7500 ft.) 2. P. Leschenaultw, Seem.—Syn. Hedera Leschenaul-
tw, Wight and Arn. Prodr. 377; Z. trifoliata, Wight Ic. t. 307; H. fragrans,
Don. (not Roxb.), is a soft-wooded shrub, with 3, rarely 5, broad-ovate mem-
branous leaflets 4-5 in. long, with long subulate serratures. Nilgiris, Sikkim,
Nepal, Kamaon (ascending to 8500 ft.)

2. HEDERA, Linn.

Woody climbers. Leaves simple, stipules none. Flowers in panicy-
late umbels, polygamous. Disc tumid. Ovary 5-celled; styles ston,
connate. Berry subglobose, 5-celled, 5-seeded ; endocarp membranous or
parchment-like, closely investing the ovoid seed. Albumen ruminated.—

Two species, one in Australia, the other in the temperate regions of the
Old World.

1. H. Helix, Linn. ; Wall. in Roxb. Fl. Ind., ed. Carey, ii. 515; Bois-
sier Fl. Orient. ii. 1090 ; Hook. Stud. FL172. Ivy. Vern. Halbambar,
arbambal, Jhelam ; Karmora, mandia, Kashmir ; Kurol, Chenab; Kurie,
karur, Ravi; Brumbrum, dakart, Bias; Karbaru, kanitri, Sutlej ; Banda,
Kamaon.

A large woody climber, stem and branches attaching themselves closely
and adhering firmly to wood, rocks, walls, and the bark of trees, but not
penetrating into the living tissue. Branchlets, leaves, and petioles wholly
glabrous, shining. Leaves leathery, dark-green above, pale-green beneath,
Hedera. | XLII. ARALIACEAE. 249

2-5 in. long, exceedingly variable, those of flowering branches ovate or lan-
ceolate, with a tapering base, the others more or less triangular in outline ;
3- or 5-lobed, with a rounded or cordate base, the lobes deep or shallow,
often lobulate ; petiole slender, varying in length, generally shorter than
leaf. Flowers yellowish-green, in pedunculate globose umbels; peduncles

and pedicels clothed with minute stellate scales. Berry yellow, shining,
3- or 4-seeded,

Afghanistan, and hills trans-Indus. Panjab Salt range. Himalaya, 3000-
9000 ft., from the Indus to Bhutan. Kasia hills, Europe, North Africa, West-
ern Asia, Japan. Fi. Oct. to April. The berries of the European Ivy are black,
rarely yellow. Attains a large size. Mathieu, Fl. For. 138, describes a stem
grown near Montpellier, 433 years old, 6 ft. 7 in. girth. Wood light-grey or yel-
low, soft and light. The Ivy is not a parasite ; nevertheless it considerably im-
pedes the growth of the trees to which it attaches itself. -

3. HEPTAPLEURUM, Gertner.

Large shrubs or trees. Leaves digitate, leaflets coriaceous, entire.
Stipules prominent, connate between branch and petiole. Flowers in
racemes or in paniculate umbels. Petals generally 5-6, rarely more, val-

vate. Stamens as many as petals. Top of fruit generally raised beyond
the calyx-limb. : P

1. H. venulosum, Seemann; Journ. Bot. iii. 80.—Syn. Paratropia
venulosa, Wight Ill. t. 118; Hedera terebinthacea, Wall.; Aralia digi-
tata, Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii, 107. Vern. Dain.

A small, soft-wooded tree with straggling branches, often sending out
rootlets. Leaflets 5-6, glabrous, elliptic-oblong, acuminate, unequal, the
middle leaflet largest ; common petiole 5-6 in. long, partial petioles 4-2
in. long. Flowers in paniculate umbels. Berry smooth, yellow, ovoid,
5-celled.

South India, Burma, Bengal, Satpura range, Kamaon, ascending to 3000 ft.
Fl. Feb., March.

4, HETEROPAN AX, Seemann.

1. H. fragrans, Seem. Journ. Bot. iv. 297.—Syn. Panax fragrans, Roxb.
Fl. Ind. ii. 76.

A small soft-wooded tree 15-20 ft. high, leaves glabrous, tripinnate, 2-4
ft. long, leaflets ovate or rotundate, entire, 3-6 in. long, on short petioles.
Flowers yellow, fragrant, polygamous, subsessile or shortly pedicellate, in
compact subglobose, paniculate umbels, the umbels at the end of branches
and branchlets generally composed of bisexual, the lateral ones of male
flowers. Petals 5, valvate. Ovary 2-celled; styles 2, filiform, distinct.
Fruit laterally compressed, $ in. across, broader than long, 2-celled ; en-
docarp crustaceous ; albumen ruminated.

Burma, East Bengal, sub-Himalayan tract Kamaon (above 2000 ft.) to Assam.
Fl. Oct.-Dec.. a
250 XLII. ARALIACEA., [Fatsia.

Fatsia papyrifera, Decaisne—Syn. Aralia papyrifera, Hook. Bot. Mag. t.
4897, the eepury Rice-paper plant; belongs to this order. It is a shrub with
large white pith, from which the rice-paper is cut, and large palmately
5-lobed leaves with stellate pubescence. Indigenous in Formosa, and culti-
vated in China, ;

Orper XLIU. CORNACEZ,

Shrubs or trees, with leaves usually petiolate, entire, without stipules.
Flowers regular, the calyx-tube adnate to the ovary; limb none or cup-
shaped, truncate or 4-5-dentate, persistent, open or valvate in bud. Petals
wanting, or 4-5 inserted at the base of an epigynous disc. Stamens as
many as petals, rarely 2 or 4 times their number; anthers 2-celled, de-
hiscing longitudinally. Ovary inferior, 1-4-celled, 1, rarely 2 ovules in
each cell, pendulous. Fruit generally drupaceous, with a-l-4-celled ker-
nel, or with 2 distinct stones. Seeds pendulous, with a membranous thin
coriaceous testa, copious fleshy albumen, and generally thin foliaceous
cotyledons.—Gen. Pl. i. 947 ; Royle Ill. 215 (Alangiee), 234; Wight Il.
ii. 1, 68.

Leaves alternate ; petals strap-shaped ; anthers long, basifixed ;
style elongate.
Stamens numerous ; flowers fasciculate . . ‘ ‘ é 1, ALANGIUM.
Stamens as many as petals ; flowers paniculate . 7 % 2. MaRLeEA.
Leaves generally opposite ; petals short ; anthers short, attached

to the back ; style short 3. Cornus,

1, ALANGIUM, Lam.

Shrubs or small trees, with alternate, petiolate, oblong, entire, persistent
leaves with 3 basal nerves. Flowers white, bisexual, in axillary fascicles.
Calyx-tube turbinate, somewhat prolonged beyond the ovary, truncate
or 5-10-dentate. Petals 5-10, strap-shaped, valvate, afterwards reflexed.
Stamens as many as petals, or 2-4 times their number; filaments short,
hairy ; anthers linear ; cells adnate to the connective, and dehiscent later-
ally. Ovary 1-celled, with 1 ovule; style filiform. Fruit a berry, crown-
ed with the persistent limb of calyx. Seeds oblong, with ruminate albu-
men, a superior cylindrical radicle, and foliaceous, veined, cordate-ovate
cotyledons.

1, A. Lamarckii, Thwaites, Enum. Plant. Zeyl. 133 ; Bedd. Fl. Sylv. t.
215.—Syn. A. hexapetalum, Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 502; W. & A. Prodr.
326 ; Wight Ill. t. 96. A. decapetalum, Wight Ic. t. 194; W. & A.
Prodr. 325, A. tomentosa, Lam. Sans. Ankola, nikochaka. Vern. Akol,
akola, akhora, akaul, ghowl, koeli (Alangi, Tamil, whence generic name).

A shrub or tree, branchlets often spinescent. Leaves membranous,
3-6 in. long, on petiole 1 in., exceedingly variable in shape, from linear-
oblong to elliptic, obtuse acute or long-acuminate, pubescent or tomen-
tose when young, glabrous or pubescent below when full-grown, main
lateral nerves 5-8 on either side of midrib, joined by prominent transverse
Alangium. } XLII. CORNACEA. 251

and Intramarginal veins. Flowers white, fragrant, on short bracteate
pedicels, solitary or fasciculate; pedicels and calyx hairy. Calyx. 6-10-
dentate ; petals 6-10; stamens twice as many ; filaments with long stiff
hairs at the base. Fruit $ in. long, tomentose, filled with red pulp.

I follow Thwaites in uniting the 3 species of Lamarck, Encycl. Meth.
Botanique i. 174, and adopting his new specific name. The appearance
of the plant is exceedingly variable, and the different forms, tomentose
or glabrous, with broad acuminate, and with narrow, almost linear leaves,
with or without spines, merit farther study.

‘Common in places in South and Central India, Bengal, Oudh, and North-
West India. In the sub-Himalayan tract, only as far west as the Ganges.
Ceylon and China. Never quite leafless; the foliage is renewed in April-May.
Fl. usually Feb.-April ; fr. May-Aug.

In North and ventral India attains 30-40 ft. under favourable conditions,
but generally remains much smaller. Trunk short, erect, to 25 ft. girth. Bark
} in. thick, grey with some white specks, smooth, with irregular undulations.
Wood light- or yellowish - brown, often dark-coloured in the centre, fine-
even- close- and smooth-grained, tough and strong, weight 49 lb. per cub. ft.
Value of P. 875, easily worked, with a beautiful glossy surface, well suited for
ornamental work. Used for pestles to crush oil-seeds, wooden cattle-bells, and
various other purposes. Yields excellent fuel. Coppices well. Fruit mucila-

ginous, sweet, somewhat astringent and acid, is eaten. Root aromatic, used
in native medicine. ;

2. MARLEA, Roxb.

Trees or shrubs, with alternate, entire or angularly-lobed leaves.
Flowers bisexual, in axillary cymes. Calyx-limb minutely toothed.
Petals 6-10, linear, valvate in bud. Stamens as many as petals ; filaments
short, adhering’ at the base to petals; anthers long and linear. Ovary
adhering to calyx above the middle, 2-celled, with 1 pendulous ovule in
each cell. Style filiform, with a 4-lobed stigma. Fruit a drupe, often 1-
celled, 1-seeded.

1. M. begoniefolia, Roxb. Cor. Pl. t. 283; Fl. Ind. ii. 261; Bot.
Reg., 1838, t. 61. Vern. Garkum, budhal, tumbri, N.W.P.; Bodara,
Bias ; Padlu, Ravi; Sidlu, Chenab; Prot, Kashmir ; Tilpattra, chitpat-
tra, kurknt, Jhelam.

A small tree, glabrous, youngest parts with rust-coloured pubescence.
Leaves 3-10 in. long, varying from ovate acuminate, to broad obliquely
cordate, often broadly and angularly lobed, petioles 3-12 in. long ; basal
nerves 3 or 5, main lateral nerves 2 or 3 on either side of midrib, petioles
and nerves often reddish. Cymes a little longer than petioles, loosely 4-
20-flowered. Flowers conspicuous, with white petals and yellow anthers.
Stamens and style hairy, stigma 4-lobed. Drupe ovoid, i-4 in. long,
crowned with remains of calyx, with scanty, soft, dark-coloured pulp, and
a hard stone. Radicle short, superior. M. affinis, De. in Jacquem. Voy.
Bot. t. 83, from Kashmir, is described with hairy style and 2-lobed
stigma. The North-West Himalaya specimens which I have examined
have hairy styles, and a 4-lobed stigma.

”
252 ' XLII. CORNACEA. [ Marlea.

Siwalik tract and outer Himalayan ranges, ascending to 6000 ft., from near
the Indus, to Bhutan, in Sikkim to 9000 ft. Kasia hills, Silhet, and Chittagong.
Dense shady forests, sparse in the North-West Himalaya. Fl. March-May; fr.
July-Oct. A handsome tree, never growing to any great height. Bark smooth,
cinereous. Foliage resembles that of some Maples. In Silhet it is called Mar-
lea or Marliza, and the wood is employed for building. The leaves are col-
lected for sheep-fodder in the North-West Himalaya.

3. CORNUS, Linn.

Trees, shrubs, rarely herbs, with opposite, rarely alternate leaves.
Flowers bisexual, white or yellow, in heads or dichotomous cymes. Calyx-
teeth 4, minute. Petals 4, oblong or ovate, valvate in bud. Stamens 4,
alternating with petals, filaments subulate or filiform, anthers oblong.
Ovary 2-celled, rarely 3-celled, one ovule in each cell. Fruit drupaceous,
with a 2-celled, 2-seeded, hard, crustaceous or osseous putamen. Seeds
oblong, compressed ; testa membranous, albumen fleshy, cotyledons folia-
ceous, radicle sessile. ns

Flowers in compound cymes.
Leaves broad-ovate, acuminate, penniveined, main lateral

nerves 5-8 pair ; é : : 1. C. macrophylla.
Leaves oblong, penniveined, main lateral nerves 3-5 pair 2. C. oblonga.
Leaves elliptic or ovate-elliptic, 2-3 pair of lateral nerves,
sub-basal F ‘ : : : . 8. C. sanguinea.
Flowers in globose, bracteate heads, drupes confluent . 4. C. capitata.

1. G. macrophylla, Wall.—Tab. XXXII.—Roxb., Fl. Ind., ed. Carey,
i. 433. Vern. Kasir, kachir, haleo, allian, harri, haddu, nang, kandara,
Ravi to Jhelam; Kaksh, kachur, kochan, Sutl. and Bias; Kagsha,
richia, N.W.P.

A middle-sized tree, with opposite broad-ovate, acuminate leaves, pale
glaucous beneath, 4-6 in. long, base rounded, sometimes slightly cordate,
not narrowed into petiole; when young with short distant adpressed
hairs, generally attached in the middle; main lateral nerves arcuate, 5-8
on either side of midrib, joined by prominent transverse and intramar-
ginal veins ; petiole 4-1 in. long. Flowers in ample, terminal compound
cymes, 2-4 in. across, on peduncles, hearing 2 or 3 pair of opposite, or
nearly opposite branches, dividing dichotomously ; the flowers at the ends
of branchlets in short unilateral racemes. Cyme longer than the naked
portion of peduncle. Flowers before opening 4 in. long, twice or three
times the length of pedicels. Calyx, outside of petals, and pedicels
strigose with white adpressed hairs ; disc thick. Drupe globose, less than
in. long, crowned with the remains of calyx and disc. _

Frequent in many parts of the Himalaya, from near the Indus to Nepal,
between 3000 and 8000 ft. Fl. May, June. Generally scattered, though some-
times in considerable numbers, in shady mixed forests, a handsome tree 40-50
ft. high, and attaining a girth of 5-6, at times 8 ft. Crown rounded, close,
shady. Bark brownish, smooth, with longitudinal wrinkles. Wood light-red-
dish, compact, and even-grained, noted as yielding excellent charcoal for gun-

ae 8-9 rings per in. rad, The fruit is eaten, and the leaves furnish fodder
or goate.
Cornus. | XLII. CORNACEA, 253

2. C. oblonga, Wall. ; Roxb. Fl. Ind., ed. Carey, i. 432.—Vern. Kas-
mol, N.W.P. ; Bakar, ban-bakur, Pb.

A middle-sized tree, with opposite, oblong, acuminate leaves, base
acute narrowed into petiole, glaucous beneath, 2-6 in. long, when young
with short adpressed hairs, lateral nerves arcuate, 3-5 on either side of
midrib, petiole 4-2 in. long. Ample terminal compound cymes on short
peduncles. Flowers white or purplish white, odorous, full-sized buds less
than 4 in. long, on short pedicels. Outside of petals glabrous ; calyx and
pedicels slightly strigose ; disc thick. Drupe ovoid, crowned with the
remains of calyx, somewhat more than } in. long.

Siwalik tract and outer Himalaya, from near the Indus to Bhutan, between
3000 and _6000 ft. Fl. Sept.-Oct.; fr. Jan.-April. Attains 40 ft., and a girth
of 4-5 ft. Bark reddish brown, very rugose, especially longitudinally. Wood
Bieri shining, with numerous red and brown medullary rays, fine-grained and

ard.

3. C, sanguinea, Linn. ; Hook. Stud. Fl. 172.— Dogwood.

A shrub or small tree, pubescent, with membranous, opposite, elliptic
or ovate-elliptic leaves, acute or short-acuminate, main lateral nerves 4 pair,
arcuate, the lower 2 or 3 pair proceeding from the base or the lowest
third of midrib, all, or the upper 3 pair meeting at the apex of the leaf.
Leaves 1-3 in., petiole 4 in. long. Cymes terminal, dense-flowered, 2 in.
across, peduncle longer than cyme. Flowers cream-white, buds before
opening } in. long. Berry subglobose, less than } in. long, black when
ripe.

Found by Dr Stewart, once only, in a close forest, with a northerly aspect, at
7000 ft., on the high mountain-range south of the Kashmir valley, a few small
trees in fruit, 18-20 ft. high, ramous from near the ground, with straight branches
into a lax roundish crown, and thin grey or brownish bark, covered with a
smooth, silvery pellicle, which peels off. A common shrub in Europe and
Siberia, I am doubtful whether Dr Stewart’s specimen should be referred to
C. sanguinea or to C. australis, C. A. Meyer; Boissier Fl. Orient. ii. 1092, of
Asia Minor, the Caucasus, and North Persia ; the difference between the two
species is very slight, the hairs on the under side of the leaves of C. sanguinea
ought to be simple, and somewhat curled, those of awstralis should be 2-armed
and stiff. C. sanguinea in Europe is aslow-growing shrub, spreading readily by
seeds and root-suckers, and standing a good deal of shade. The wood is hard
and close-grained. The pericarp of the fruit contains oil. The young shoots are
red in spring, the leaves turn red in autumn, hence the name.

4. O. capitata, Wall. Fl. Ind., ed. Carey, i. 434; Pl. As. rar. t. 214.—
Syn. Benthamia fragifera, Lindley ; Wight IIL t. 122. Vern. Bamora,
bamaur, N.W.P.; Tharmal, tharbal, tharwar, thesi, Pb.

A small tree, young branches and leaves scabrous with short stiff ad-
pressed hairs. Leaves coriaceous, pale below, opposite, generally approxi-
mate at ends of branchlets, 2-3 in. long, elliptic-oblong, penniveined, with
4 pair of arcuate main lateral nerves ; petioles $ in. long, with a broad,
almost sheathing base. Flowers closely packed, in globular terminal
heads with a conspicuous involucre of 4 yellow, petal-like bracts,
254 XLII. CORNACEA. [ Cornus.

peduncles 1-2 in. long. Drupes united in a yellowish strawberry-like fleshy
head, 1-2 in. diam., each drupe with a hard, 1-seeded stone.

Himalaya 3500-8000 ft., from the Bias to Bhutan, Kasia hills, Fl. April-Oct.
Wood close-grained, very hard. Fruit sweetish, mingled with a little bitter,
eaten and made into preserves.

A remarkable genus of this order is Awcuba, Thunb., with evergreen, glab-
rous, shining serrate leaves, and dioicous flowers. A. japonica, Thunb., is now
one of the most common hardy evergreen shrubs in England and western
Europe. A. himalaica, Hf. & Th.; Hook. f. Tl. Himal. Pl. t. 12, from the
outer ranges of Sikkim, is closely allied to it.

Orver XLIV. CAPRIFOLIACEZ.

Shrubs or small trees, rarely herbs. Leaves opposite, simple entire
ternately cut or pinnate, usually exstipulate. Calyx-tube adnate to ovary,
limb 3-5-toothed or lobed. Corolla gamopetalous, regular or irregular,
lobes 5, imbricate in bud. Stamens 4-10, inserted on the corolla-tube,
equal or unequal, anthers versatile. Ovary 1-6-celled, ovules solitary or
numerous. Fruit a berry or drupe, rarely capsular, 1- or many-seeded,
Albumen copious, fleshy, embryo generally minute.—Gen. Pl. ii. 1; Royle
Il. 235 ; Wight Ill. ii. 69.

Corolla tubular or campanulate ; ovary cells with 1 or many
ovules ; style filiform.

Stamens 5; calyx 5-dentate; ovary 2-3-celled =. ‘ : 1. Lonicrra.
Stamens 5; calyx 5-lobed, lobes linear ; ovary 5-celled 2 2. LEYCESTERIA.
Stamens 4; calyx 5-lobed, lobes linear, elongate ; ovary 3-celled,

Fruit l-seeded 8. ABELIA.

Corolla rotate or short-tubular. One ovule in each cell; style
short, or stigma sessile.
Leaves simple. - 5 2 ‘ ‘ ‘ : . 4. ViBURNUM.
Leaves pinnate . ‘ : 5 j , d ; 5. SampBucus.

1. LONICERA, Linn.

Erect, prostrate or climbing shrubs. Leaves opposite, entire. Flowers
in peduncled cymes or heads, often connate in pairs by the ovaries, and
subtended by connate bracteoles. Calyx-tube ovoid or subglobose ; teeth
5, often unequal. Corolla tubular, funnel or bell-shaped, limb oblique
or 2-lipped, 5-lobed. Stamens 5. Disc tumid. Ovary 2-3-celled, style
filiform, stigma capitate ; ovules many in the inner angle of each cell.
Berry fleshy, 2-3-celled, cells few-seeded. Seeds ovoid or oblong, testa
crustaceous.

To this genus belongs the Woodbine or Honeysuckle of Europe, L. Periclyme-
num, Linn.; Hook. Stud. Fl. 175. From India 28 species, nearly all Himalayan,
are enumerated in Hooker and Thomson’s Pracursores ad Floram Indicam,
Journ, Linn. Soc. ii. 165. Of these it must suffice here to mention 7 species

which are characteristic of the forest vegetation in the outer and middle ranges
of the N.W. Himalaya.

Corolla 5-lobed, not bilabiate ; bracteoles large, generally
connate, and enclosing the ovaries.
A large shrub, unarmed; leaves lanceolate . : i 1. L. angustifolia,
Lonicera. | XLIV. CAPRIFOLIACEA. 255

A small bush, spinescent ; corolla-tube long slender
A small bush, corolla-tube broad-campanulate
Corolla bilabiate, bracteoles large, more or less connate.
Pubescent ; leaves petiolate, flowers nearly sessile
Glandular hairy; leaves nearly sessile, white beneath,
flowers pedunculate . 7 , 7 g
Corolla bilabiate, bracteoles small, free.
Glabrous ; main lateral nerves 8-12 pair. . ‘ 6. L. orientalis.
Glandular hairy; main lateral nerves 6-8 pair. . 7. L. alpigena.

. L. spinosa.
L. Myrtillus.

L. quinquelocularis.

oo 2 wr

. L. hypoleuca.

1. L. angustifolia, Wall.—Vern. Géang, Jaonsar; Pilru, Sutlej.

A shrub 6-12 ft. high, with slender branches ; bark grey, peeling off in
long fibrous shreds. Glabrous, or youngest parts pilose ; leaves lanceolate
or oblong-lanceolate, pale beneath. Flowers in pairs, on slender axillary
peduncles, 4-1 in. long; bracteoles connate, cup-shaped, enclosing the
ovaries. Bracis 2, linear or foliaceous. Corolla 4 in. long or less, regular,
white or pale rose coloured, scented. Berry red, the size of a pea, with
1-6 seeds. .

Not uncommon in the Himalaya, from near the Indus to Sikkim. In the
North-West Himalaya at 6000-10,000 ft. Dippi, and other forests in Kunawar,
Deoban range, Jaonsar Bawar. Fl. May, June; fruit sweet, eaten. Hardy in
England.

2. L. spinosa, Jacquemont.—Syn. Xylosteum spinosum, Decaisne, in
Jacq. Voy. Bot. t. 86. L. linearis, Hb. Royle.

A small rigid shrub, wholly glabrous, with stiff divaricate, spinescent
branchlets and small, linear-oblong coriaceous leaves. Flowers # in. long,
on short peduncles, tube long, slender ; limb broad, spreading ; anthers
and style exserted.

Inner arid Himalaya and Tibet, 11,000-15,000 ft. Fl. July.

3. L. Myrtillus, Hf. & Th. 1. c. 168.

A small shrub with prostrate branches. Leaves 4-3 in. long, elliptic-
oblong or obovate-oblong, glaucous beneath. Flowers white subsessile,
corolla short, broad-campanulate, 4 in. long ; anthers and styles included,

Himalaya from the Indus to Sikkim, 9000-12,000 ft. Fl. June-Sept. Nearly
allied are LZ. parvifolia, Edgew., and L. purpurascens, H. f. & Th, (Xylosteum
purp., Jacq. oy. Bot. t. 87).

4. L. quinquelocularis, Hardwicke ; Roxb. Fl. Ind. i. 537.—Syn. L.
diversifolia, Wall. Roxb. Fl. Ind., ed. Carey, ii. 169 ; Bot. Reg. xxx.
1844, t. 33, Himalayan Honeysuckle. Vern. Jarlangei, adet, trans-Indus ;
Phat, Shelam ; Tita bateri, pakhur, Kashmir ; Bakhau, Chenab 2 Khim,
sai, Ravi; Dendru, Bias; Kliunti, zbang, razbam, bijgat, Sutlej; Bet
kukri, bhat kikra, cheraya, kurmali, Kamaon.

A large erect shrub, pubescent or soft-tomentose. Leaves 1-2 in. long,
ovate or elliptic, acute, on short petioles. Flowers nearly sessile, in axil-
lary clusters of 2-4 ; ovaries free. Bracts linear, ciliate ; bracteoles broad-
ovate, ciliate, obtuse, connate at the base. Calyx-limb cup-shaped, 5-cleft,

¢
256 XLIV, CAPRIFOLIACEA, [Lonicera.....

hairy. Corolla yellow, ¢ in. long before opening ; limb 2-lipped, upper
lip broad, 4-dentate, lower lip linear. Berry sessile, ovoid, 4 in. long,
crowned with remains of calyx.

Common North-West Himalaya 2500-9000 ft., also Suliman range and
Safedkoh trans-Indus. Bhutan. Fl. June, July. Bark grey, peeling off in
long shreds. Cattle feed on its leaves and branches. Hardy in England.
Closely allied to LZ. Xylostewm, Linn., of Europe and Siberia, which, however,
has smaller flowers in pairs on short axillary peduncles.

5. L. hypoleuca, Decaisne, Jacq. Voy. Bot. t. 89.—Vern, Kharmo, kodi,
Chenab ; Zhiko, rapesho, Sutlej.

A small shrub, with glandular hairs, particularly on bracteoles and
corolla ; leaves nearly sessile, from cordate base oblong or broad-ovate,
obtuse, pale-grey beneath ; flowers twin, on short peduncles ; bracts linear-
oblong ; bracteoles connate, cup-shaped, enclosing the connate ovaries.

Arid tracts of the inner Himalaya on the upper Jhelam, Chenab, Sutlej, and
in Garhwal, at 8000-10,000 ft. Fl. June.

6. L. orientalis, Lamarck; Hf. & Th. 1. c. 170.—Syn. L. Govaniana,
Wall.

A slender glabrous shrub ; leaves membranous, petiolate, ovate or ovate-
lanceolate, 2-4 in. long, main lateral nerves 8-12 on each side of midrib,
anastomosing by prominent reticulate veins. Flowers twin; ovaries con-
nate, supported by minute rounded bracteoles and subulate arcuate bracts.
Calyx-lobes subulate. Corolla 4 in. long before opening, deeply bilabiate.
The 2 ovaries connate into a pyriform black berry.

North-West Himalaya from Kashmir to Kamaon, 6000-10,000 ft. Also in
Iberia and on the Caucasus. FI. June. Hardy in England. Closely allied is
L. heterophylla, D»e. in Jacq. Voy. Bot. t. 88.

7. L. alpigena, Linn. ; H. f. & Th. 1. c. 171.—Syn. L. Weddiana, Wall. ;
oxyphylla, Edgew.

With glandular hairs; leaves petiolate, ovate-lanceolate, long acuminate,
with 6-8 pairs of main lateral nerves, reticulate veins not prominent.
Peduncles longer than of L. orientalis. Corolla with unequal very gib-
bous base.

North-West Himalaya, Kashmir to Kamaon, 8000-10,000 ft. Also in the

Alps of Europe. Fl. June. Hardy in England.
2, LEYCESTERIA, Wall.

An erect shrub, with hollow, herbaceous stems ; the flowers sessile, in
bracteate whorls. Calyx-limb 5-lobed, lobes linear. Corolla funnel-
shaped ; stamens 5. Ovary 5-celled, with numerous pendulous ovules.
Fruit a fleshy, 5-celled, many-seeded berry.

1. L. formosa, Wall.; Roxb. FI. Ind., ed. Carey, ii. 182 ; Wight Ill.
t. 121, D.—Vern. Nalkarru, saunjla, Kamaon.

Leaves ovate or ovate-lanceolate, long-acuminate, the petioles connate
Leycesteria. | XLIV, CAPRIFOLIACEA. 257

with their broad base. Bracts foliaceous, more or less purple, sessile,
ovate-lanceolate, commonly 6 under each whorl, the two outer ones 1-1}
in. long, generally connate at the base. Corolla white, with a tinge of
purple. Berry dark-purple, approaching to black, as large as a small
gooseberry, crowned with the persistent calyx, and covered with short
glandular hairs.

Not uncommon in shady forests of the Himalaya between 5000 and 10,000 ft.
Sutlej to Sikkim. Kasia hills. Hardy in England.

3. ABELIA, Brown.

Small shrubs, with bracteate flowers. Calyx-tube angular, limb
5-cleft, lobes foliaceous. Corolla funnel-shaped. Stamens 4. Ovary
3-celled, 2 cells with several abortive ovules, the third with one perfect
ovule. Berry coriaceous, 1-seeded.

1. A. triflora, R. Brown in Wall. Pl. As. rar. t. 15.—Vern. Adei,
pakhtawar, trans-Indus; Cheta bita, Jhelam; Ban bakhuru, salanker,
Chenab ; Daliing, hit, sai, Ravi; Zbang, matzbang, pent, Sutlej ; Munri,
gogatti, Kamaon.

A shrub, with ovate-lanceolaté leaves, pale beneath, hairy along edges
and midrib ; petioles united by their broad bases. Flowers in dense ter-
minal bracteate heads; bracts foliaceous, the upper sessile. Flowers 3
together on short peduncles, the middle sessile, the two lateral short-
pedicellate, all supported at the base of the calyx by linear-lanceolate
bractlets. Calyx hairy, 5-ribbed; lobes linear, ciliate, with a prominent
midrib, 4-1 in. long at the time the fruit ripens. Corolla white, tinged
with pink, scented.

Abundant in the North-West Himalaya between 4000 and 10,000 ft. ; also
on the Safedkoh and Suliman range. Fl. June-Aug. Is browsed by goats.
Hardy in England. :

4, VIBURNUM, Linn.

Shrubs or trees with simple leaves. Flowers white or pink, in terminal
or axillary corymbs or panicles. Calyx-limb 5-toothed ; corolla 5-lobed.
Stamens 5. Ovary 1-3-celled ; style conical, trifid, or stigmas 3, sessile ;
one pendulous ovule in each cell. Drupe dry or fleshy ; endocarp crus-

_taceous, l-seeded, 1-celled, or spuriously 2- or 3-celled by the endocarp
projecting into the cavity.

A large genus with some species widely spread in Europe, wild, and culti-
vated as ornamental shrubs. V. Opulus, the Guelder Rosé, with large outer
sterile flowers, a native of Europe, Siberia, and North America; and V. Tinus
of the western Mediterranean region, remarkable because its showy flowers
stand the cold of average winters in England, and are destroyed only in very
severe seasons. Of the sixteen Indian species described by Hooker and Thomson
in the Journ. Linn. Soc. ii. 174, it will suffice to enumerate seven, the most
common in the North-West Himalaya.

Leaves membranous, deciduous; drupe 1-celled.
Corolla short-campanulate ; leaves with dense grey tomen-
tum beneath. ‘ é é ‘ 3 . . L. V. cotinifolium.
Corolla rotate ; leaves glabrous or pubescent . . QW V. stellulatum.
R
258 XLIV. CAPRIFOLIACEA. [ Viburnum.

Leaves membranous, deciduous ; drupe spuriously 3-celled.
Flowers with the leaves, in slender drooping panicles 3. V. erubescens.
Flowers before the leaves in sessile corymbs. ¢

Main lateral nerves close, 8-10 pair; drupe 3 in. long. 4. V. nervosum.
Main lateral nerves distant, 7-9 pair; drupe { in.
long. . : : ‘ : . 5. V. fetens.

Leaves coriaceous, evergreen ; drupe 1-celled. :

Corolla tubular, limb erect ; corymbs without bracts 6. V. coriaceum.

Corolla rotate; corymbs with ciliate bracts. : . 7. V. punctatum.

1. V. cotinifolium, Don. ; Bot. Reg. t. 1650; Wight Ill. t. 121 A.—
Syn. V. polycarpum, Wall. Vern. Mar ghwalawa, trans-Indus ; Rich
uklu, bankiunch, Jhelam; Richabi, kilmich, giich, Kashmir 3 Bathor,
papat kalam, khimor, rajal, tumma, Chenab; Katonda, Ravi; Jawa,
khatip, tustus, stissu, Sutle] ; Gwia, Kamaon.*

A large shrub, inflorescence and under side of leaves clothed with dense
grey stellate tomentum. ‘Leaves 3-5 in. long, ovate or rotundate, entire
or crenulate, 2-5 in. long, glabrous or pubescent above, on short thick
petioles ; main lateral nerves oblique, 5-6 pair, dividing into prominent
branches half-way between midrib and edge of leaf. Flowers numerous,
in sessile or short-pedunculate corymbs. Calyx-lobes short ; corolla turbi-
nate, white tinged with pink. Drupe oblong, 3 in. long, compressed, with
2 furrows on each face.

Abundant between 4000 and 11,000 feet in the N.W. Himalaya, also on the
Suliman range. Fl. June-July. The ripe fruit is sweetish, and is eaten.

Hardy in England. Nearly allied to V. Lantana, Linn., of Middle and South
Europe and the Caucasus, with white, rotate corolla,

. 2. V. stellulatum, Wall; Pl. As. rar. t.169.—Syn. V. Mullaha, Ham.
Vern. Jal bagi, Jhelam; Amlidcha, phulsel, Kashmir; Tit maliya,
Kamaon.

Branchlets, petioles, and inflorescence with stellate pubescence. Leaves
glabrous above, more or less pubescent beneath, ovate or ovate-lanceolate,
long-acuminate, dentate, with large, sharp teeth ; 3-5 in. long; petioles
$-1 in. long; main lateral nerves 5-6 pair, oblique, undivided save ‘near
the margin, the lowest pair only with strong branches on the outside.
Flowers small, in large, compound, nearly umbellate corymbs ; corolla
white, rotate, pubescent outside. Drupe ovate-oblong, compressed, shin-
ing, 4-4 in. long.

Common in the N.W. Himalaya, between 6000 and 10,000 ft. FL. July-

Aug. ; fruit acid, eaten. V.involucratum, Wall., probably does not differ from
this species,

3. V. erubescens, Wall.; Pl. As. rar. t. 134.—Syn. V. Wightianum,
Wall. ; W. & A. Prodr. 388; Wight Ic. 1024.

A shrub or small tree, with slender cinereous branches, nearly glabrous
or pubescent. Leaves broad-ovate or oblong, with cordate or rounded
base, acuminate, serrate, 2-3 in. long ; petioles 4-3 in. ; main lateral nerves

* The vern. names of the sp. of Viburnum demand further inquiry.
Viburnum.] XLIV. CAPRIFOLIACEA. 259

5-6 pair, arcuate, the lowest pair from the base. Flowers 4 in. long,
white, or yellowish white, or pale rose-coloured, in slender drooping
pedunculate panicles. Calyx-lobes ovate, obtuse. Corolla tubular, wider
above, limb spreading. Stamens 5, inserted at the same height in the
mouth of the corolla. Fruit red, ovoid, } in. long, the endocarp project-
ing into the cavity with two wings so as to give the appearance of 3 cells.
Seed flat, concave, with the two edges bent inward.

Himalaya from Kamaon to Bhutan 5000-11,000 ft. Nilgiris and Ceylon
above 4000 ft. Fl. March-May.

4. V. nervosum, Don.—Syn. V. grandiflorum, Wall. Vern. Ambre,
amrola, ari, Ravi; Ris, dab, Bias.

A shrub, with stiff, stout, dark grey or brownish branchlets. Leaves
generally approximate at the ends, elliptic or oblong, acuminate, serru-
late, glabrous above, pubescent beneath, 3-4 in. long; petioles 3 in. ;
main lateral nerves closely parallel, 8-10 pair. Flowers white or rose-
coloured, odorous, 3 in. long, appearing before the leaves in terminal,
short, sessile, dense corymbs ; peduncles, pedicels, and bracts with long
white hairs. Calyx-lobes short, obtuse. Corolla funnel-shaped, with a
spreading limb. Stamens unequal, 3 inserted below, 2 above, in the
corolla-tube. Drupe flat, ovate, 4 in. long ; endocarp projecting into the

, cavity, and seed concave as in V. erubescens.

Himalaya from the Jumna to Sikkim. Jaunsar Bawar forests 7000-9000 ft.;

ascends to 12,000 ft. Fl. May.

5. V. feetens, Decaisne ; Jacq. Voy. Bot. t. 84. Vern. Guch, uklu, kinch,
Jhelam ; Kilmich, guch, kwillim, kulara, jamara, Kashmir; Tilhanj, pilmu,
tilats, tuin, Chenab; Talhang, tandet, tundhe, tunant zenant, Ravi.

Closely allied to V. nervosum, differs only by larger, glabrous leaves,
main lateral nerves more distant, 7-9 pair; corymbs lax; and drupes ?
in. long. The stamens are biseriate, as in V. nervosum, 2 inserted above,
3 below, and the seed is concave. The flowers are sweet-scented, but
the branches, when bruised, emit a bad smell.

Common in the Panjab Himalaya at from 5000-11,000 ft. Fl. May-June.
The fruit is sweetish, and is eaten.

6. V. coriaceum, Blume.—Syn. V. capitellatum, W. & A. Prodr. 388 ;
V. cylindricum, Ham. Vern. Kala Titmaliya, Kamaon.

A shrub or small tree, glabrous, only youngest branchlets, petioles,
peduncles, and pedicels glandular-pubescent. Leaves coriaceous, entire
or sinuate, oblong, long-acuminate, 3-6 in. long, with 3-4 pair main
lateral nerves. Flowers } in. long, numerous, in pedunculate, umbellate
corymbs, without bracts. Corolla short, tubular, somewhat wider at the
mouth ; limb erect, with 5 obtuse, short lobes. Stamens exserted.
Drupe 1-celled ; endocarp not projecting into the cavity.

Himalaya 4000-7000 ft. from Sutlej to Sikkim. Kasia, Ceylon, Nilgiris. Fl.
Nov.-May.
260 XLIV. CAPRIFOLIACEZ. [ Viburnum.

7. V. punctatum, Ham.—Syn. V. acuminatum, Wall. ; Wight Ic.
t. 1021.

A shrub with stout branches, wholly glabrous. Leaves coriaceous,
elliptic, acuminate, 3-5 in. long ; margins revolute, beneath with numer-
ous fine round dots; main lateral nerves 4-6 pair. Flowers small, in
large, terminal corymbs, with angular branches, and broad, ciliate bracts.
Corolla rotate. Drupe 4 in. long, 1-celled ; endocarp undulate on a, cross-
section, not projecting into cavity.

Outer Himalaya in Kamaon and Nepal, ascending to 5000 ft. Nilgiris,
pulneys, Anamallays, Western Ghats, Canara. Fl. Jan.-March.

5. SAMBUCUS, Linn.

Large herbs, shrubs or trees, with large pith. Leaves pinnate. Flowers
small, in umbellate corymbs or panicles. Calyx-limb 3-5 - toothed.
Corolla rotate or campanulate, 3-5-cleft. Stamens 5. Ovary 3-5-celled ;
style short, 3-5-partite, or stigmas 3-5, sessile; one pendulous ovule in
each cell. Drupe with 3-5 cartilaginous cells. Seed compressed,
embryo long.

1. 8S. Ebulus, Linn. ; Hook. Stud. Fl. 174. Dwarf Elder.—Vern.
Richh kas, mushkiara, ganhila, Jhelam ; Gandal, gwandish, siske, tasar,
Chenab.

Large herbaceous stems 3-6 ft. high, from a perennial root-stock, glab-
rous; leaflets 3-5 pair, shortly stalked, oblong-lanceolate, sharply and
closely serrate. Stipules foliaceous, often pinnate. Flowers in a large,
sessile or pedunculate, compact corymbose cyme 4-6 in. across. Corolla-
limb concave.

Upper Chenab and Jhelam between 4000 and 11,000 ft. Europe, North
Africa, West Asia, Fl. April-July. Leaves fetid when bruised.

Orper XLV. RUBIACEA.

Trees, shrubs, or herbs, rarely climbers, with opposite or whorled leaves,
and inter- or intra-petiolar stipules, either free or connate with the petioles,
or forming a short sheath or ring round the stem within the petioles.
Calyx-tube adnate to the ovary, the limb entire or with as many teeth
lobes or divisions as lobes of the corolla, rarely more or fewer. Corolla
gamopetalous, inserted round the epigynous disc ; lobes 4, 5, or sometimes
more, rarely only 3, either imbricate (often contorted) or valvate in the
bud. Stamens as many as lobes of the corolla, alternating with them,
and inserted in the tube; anthers versatile, with parallel cells opening
longitudinally. Ovary inferior, 2- or more-celled, rarely l-celled. Fruit...
various. Seeds with a fleshy or horny albumen, rarely with little or no:

albumen. — Gen. Pl. ii. 7; Royle Tl. 237; Wight Ill. ii. 72 (Cin--...
chonacec),

Seeds numerous ; flowers numerous, in globose heads.
Glabrous; corolla imbricate ; fruit a fleshy syncarpium . 1, ANTHOCEPHALUS,
Anthocephalus. | XLV. RUBIACEA. 261

Pubescent ; corolla valvate ; capsules dry, distinct, in
globose heads.
Leaves oval or obovate; calyx truncate; stigma with
concave base . : ¥ ‘ 3 ri . 2. STEPHEGYNE.
Leaves cordate; calyx 5-lobed ; stigma clavate or capi-
tate. : . . ‘ ‘ : ; . 3, ADINA.
Seeds numerous, in 2-valved capsules ; flowers numerous, in
spikes or panicles,
Corolla valvate; flowers in 3-chotomous panicles ; cor-
olla - lobes fringed; capsule dehiscing septicidally

from below ; leaves evergreen . 3 5 . 4, CINcCHONA.
Dorolla valvate ; flowers in bracteate spikes ; capsule dehis-
_cing loculicidally ; leaves deciduous . 3 3 . 5, HyMENODICTYON.
Corolla imbricate ; flowers in 8-chotomous panicles . . 6. WENDLANDIA.
Seeds numerous, in indehiscent berries; flowers few ; corolla
contorted.

Flowers large or middle-sized, solitary, rarely fasciculate.
Ovary 1-celled ; placents parietal ; flowers 5-9-merous 7. GARDENIA.
Ovary 2-celled ; placentz ondissepiment; flowers 5-merous 8. RANDIA.
Flowers small, in sessile opposite axillary fascicles . 9. HYPTIANTHERA.
Seeds 2, each enclosed in a chartaceous endocarp.
Flowers in trichotomous panicles.
Leaves coriaceous; stipules interpetiolar; style short
exserted, 2-fid . f . : : , . 10. Txora.
Leaves membranous; stip. sheathing ; style long ex-
serted, undivided . ‘ ‘ . s ‘ . 11, Pavetra.

Flowers in axillary fascicles. ‘ ; : , . 12, CorrEa.
Seeds solitary, fruit a fleshy syncarpium with numerous 1-
seeded pyrenes, several pyrenes often connate ‘ . 138. Morinpa.

Seeds 5; ovary 5-celled ; flowers in trichotomous panicles . 14. HaMmILToNIa.

1, ANTHOCEPHALUS, A. Richard.

Large trees, glabrous, with opposite, petiolate coriaceous leaves, and
large interpetiolar caducous stipules. Flowers in globose, compact, ter-
minal heads, without bracts and bracteoles. Calyx-tubes more or less con-
nate, the limb cleft into 5 spathulate or oblong lobes. Corolla funnel-
shaped, mouth glabrous, the lobes imbricate. Stamens 5, inserted in the
mouth of the corolla-tube, on short flattened filaments, the anthers ovate-
oblong, apiculate. Ovary 2-celled below, 4-celled above, the placentz
bifid above; style filiform, exserted, stigma fusiform; ovules numerous
in each cell. Fruit a fleshy syncarpium, with numerous pyrenes, 4-celled
above, 2-celled below, each with few seeds. Seeds minute, with a fleshy
albumen ; embryo clavate, with short cotyledons and an obtuse radicle.

1. A. Cadamba, Benth. & Hook.—Syn. Nauclea Cadamba, Roxb, FI.
Ind. i 512; Bedd. FL Sylv. t. 35. Sans. Kadamba, napa. Vern.
Kaddam, karam.

A large tree, with horizontal branches. Leaves ovate-oblong, glabrous
and shining above, pubescent beneath, acuminate, 5-9 in. long, with 10-12
pairs of prominent main lateral nerves. Flower-heads solitary, peduncu-
late, 1-2 in. diam., orange-coloured, scented, with large, white, fusiform
projecting stigmas. Fruit yellow, size of a small orange,

Cultivated in Bengal and North India, as far west as Saharanpur. Wild in
262 XLV. RUBIACEA. [ Anthocephalus.

Ceylon and North Canara, and perhaps elsewhere along the western coast.
Believed also to be indigenous in Assam. Fl. May-July. Trunk tall, erect,
cee | shaped. Wood light ue ; the cub. ft. weighs 36-47 Ib. ; the mean
value of P. was found 616 (Puckle), and 618 (Cunningham). The flowers
offered in Hindu shrines; the fruit is eaten. Often cultivated for ornament
and the shade of its close foliage. . :

Nauclea purpurea, Roxb. Cor. Pl. t. 54, FL Ind. i, 515, which has been con-
fused with this species (Dalzell Bombay Fl. Suppl. 43) is a different tree, with
purple flower-heads, capitate stigma, a 2-celled ovary, and a capsule splitting
into 4 valves from the base.

2. STEPHEGYNE, Korthals.

Shrubs or trees, with opposite, petiolate leaves, and large caducous
interpetiolar stipules. Flower-heads compact, globose, axillary and ter-
minal, generally supported by 2 large bracts. Flowers surrounded by pale-
aceous bracteoles. Calyx-tube short, limb cup-shaped or tubular, truncate
or indistinctly 5-dentate. Corolla funnel-shaped, tube elongate, glabrous
or hairy inside, limb divided into 5 short, acute, valvate lobes. Stamens
5, filaments short filiform, inserted in the mouth or the upper part of the
corolla-tube ; anthers attached by the back, lanceolate, with a cordate base,
apiculate. Ovary 2-celled, with a long filiform style, exserted, the stigma
cylindrical, often with a concave base. Ovules numerous, imbricate, pla-
cente pendulous, or adnate to the dissepiment. Fruit globose, consisting
of numerous dry distinct capsules, 2-valved, the valves dehiscing from the
base, many-seeded. Seeds small, with a winged testa and fleshy albumen.

1. 8. parvifolia, Korth.—Syn. Nauclea parvifolia, Roxb. Cor. Pl. t.
52, Fl. Ind. i. 513; Wight Ill. t. 123; W. & A. Prodr. 391; Bedd. Fl.
Sylv. t. 34. Vern. Kaddam, kallam, keim, kangei. Local n. Phaldu,
Kamaon ; Mundi marra, Gonds, C.P.; Kumra, Banswara; Hiein thay,
Burm.

A large tree, pubescent or nearly glabrous. ‘Leaves oval rotundate or
obovate, varying much in size, 2-6 in. long, at times longer, on en
petioles ; main lateral nerves 6-8 pair, the lowest 2 pair from near the base
of leaf. Stipules large, pale, obovate. Flower-heads light yellow, nearly
white, 1 in. diam., on peduncles about twice the length of head, generally
supported by 2 leaf-like, oblong bracts, narrowed into a long slender petiole.
Bracteoles spathulate, as long as or somewhat longer than calyx-tube.
Stigma cylindrical, with a concave base.

A common tree in the greater part of India and Burmah. Often gregarious,
particularly in moist places. In the sub-Himalayan belt its western limit is
the Bias river, but trees are found (doubtfully indigenous) as far as the Chenab,
and it ascends to 4000 ft. The tree is leafless for a short time in spring; the
new leaves come out in May. Fl. May-July; fr. Nov. Dec., often remains
long on the tree.

50-60, at times 80 ft. high, with a short, erect, often irregularly-shaped trunk,
sometimes buttressed, attaining a girth of 6-7, at times 10-12 ft. Bark thin, .
4 in. thick, bluish grey, sometimes brownish grey, with dark patches of old .
exfoliating scales, leaving exposed the inner lighter-coloured bark. At times ;
Stephegyne. | XLV, RUBIACEA. , 263

marked with cicatrices, from which issues a whitish, afterwards rufescent gum.
Wood grey to light-reddish brown, compact, close- and fine-grained, hard ;
weight 35-47 lb. per cub. ft. seasoned, 54 Ib, green ; value of P, 683 (Skinner),
586 (mean of 2 exp. by Cunningham). Durable, if not exposed to wet. No
distinct heartwood. Medullary rays very numerous, very fine. Easily worked,
and polishes well. Used for building, furniture, agricultural implements, combs,
and to a large extent for turned and carved articles, platters, cups, spoons. The
leaves are used for fodder.

To the same genus belongs Stephegyne (Nauclea) diversifolia of Burma (Bin-
gah, Burm.)
3. ADINA, Salisbury.

Trees with opposite, petiolate leaves, and large interpetiolar caducous
stipules. Flower-heads compact, globose, solitary or paniculate, with or
without bracts, receptacle pilose. Flowers surrounded by paleaceous
bracteoles. Calyx-tubes prismatic, limb 5-lobed. Corolla-tube elongate,
funnel-shaped, glabrous inside, lobes 5, obtuse, valvate. Stamens 5, in-
serted in the mouth of the corolla-tube ; anthers short, oblong, on short
filaments, exserted. Ovary 2-celled; style filiform, exserted, stigma clavate
or capitate, the placentz pendulous, with numerous, imbricate ovules.
Fruit dry, globose, of numerous distinct 2-valved capsules, dehiscent
septicidally, sometimes separating from a persistent axis. Seeds oblong,
winged at both ends, albumen copious, cotyledons plane, radicle terete
superior.

1. A. cordifolia, Hf. & Benth. Tab. XXXITI.—Syn. Nauclea cor-
difolia, Roxb. Cor. Pl. t. 53; Fl. Ind. i. 514; W. & A. Prodr. 391;
Bedd. Fl. Sylv. t. 33. Vern. Haldu, hardu. Local n. Tikkoe, Baraich
and Gonda (Oudh); Hardu marrah, Gonds, Satp. range; Haldwa, uldu,
Banswara ; Hedu, heddi, Konkan ; Hnawben, Burm.

A large tree, branchlets, leaves, petioles pubescent. Leaves cordate,
short-acuminate, 4-9 in. long, nearly as broad as long, with 5-7 pair of
prominent main lateral nerves, the 2 lowest pair from the base ; petioles
half the length of leaf or longer. Peduncles axillary, as long as petioles,
each bearing 1, rarely 2, globose yellow flower-heads, 1 in. diam. to tips
of styles, which are long-exserted, with capitate stigmas. Receptacle
pilose, with short, linear bracteoles. Corolla-tube pubescent outside.
Fruit-head consisting of numerous distinct dry, pilose, clavate capsules ;
axis of capsule persistent, flat, membranous, linear, 1-nerved.

A common tree throughout the moister regions of India, extending in the
sub-Himalayan tract to the Jumna, and ascending to 3000 ft. Not gregarious,
and seedlings not numerous. The old leaves shed April-May, the tree is then
leafless for a short time, until the new foliage comes out in May and June, FI.
June, July, often later ; seeds ripen Dec.-March. Young leaves often eaten by
the larva of a moth, in such vast numbers as to strip the tree of all foliage,
which in that case is usually renewed during the rainy season.

Attains 80 ft, in North and Central India, but grows much taller in Burma and
on the west side of India. Trunk straight, tall, often with large buttresses near
the base, girth of 10-18 ft. not uncommon in the Kamaon Bhabar, many large
spreading and ascending boughs, forming a broad rounded crown. Foliage light
264 XLV. RUBIACEZ. ; [ Adina.

green. Bark 1-2 in. thick, grey or brownish grey, rough, with many longitudinal
wrinkles and cracks, with a whitish pellicle on the smoothish persistent scales
between the cracks. Inner substance of bark reddish brown, streaked with
white, fibrous, laminated. Wood yellow, often changing when seasoning into a
reddish nut-brown colour, with white specks, compact and fine-grained. No
distinct heartwood. Skinner gives the weight of seasoned wood at 42 lb.,
and this agrees well with the results of my experiments, 42 (1862), 43 (1864).
The extremes are 36.3 (Puckle) and 49 (Cunningham). The value of P. is given
by Skinner at 664, which seems a likely average, and agrees well with Cunning-
ham’s experiments. In 1864 I obtained a higher average as the mean of 9
experiments—viz., 760, the extremes being 530 and 950, A valuable wood, for
it is fairly durable. R. Thompson states that logs of it lying for years in the
Kamaon forests were not touched by white ants or other insects, supposed to be
protected by a bitter substance in the wood. In South India it soon decays
when exposed to wet. Seasons well, works easily, takes a fine polish, and is
good for turning, but is somewhat apt to warp and crack. Employed exten-
sively in construction, for furniture, agricultural implements, opium -boxes,
writing-tablets, gun-stocks, combs. Canoes are scooped out of the trunk.

To the same genus belongs Adina (Nauclea) sessilifolia of Burma (Thit-
payaung, Burm.)

4, CINCHONA, Linn.

Evergreen shrubs or trees, with opposite, petiolate leaves, and inter-
petiolar, deciduous stipules. Bark bitter. Flowers white red or purple,
odorous, in terminal panicles, with short, linear or subulate bracts, the
lower branches in the axils of leaves. Calyx-tube turbinate, pubescent,
limb 5-dentate, persistent. Corolla tubular, pubescent outside, with a
flat spreading 5-lobed limb ; lobes valvate, edge fringed with soft hairs.
Stamens 5, inserted in the corolla-tube, with short or long filaments, anthers
linear, attached to the back near the base. Ovary 2-celled ; style slender,
with 2 short obtuse branches, papillose inside. Ovules numerous, attached
to linear placentz adnate to the dissepiment. Capsule ovoid, oblong
or cylindrical, 2-celled, 2-valved, dehiscing from the base septicidally.
Seeds numerous, peltate, testa broadly winged, with denticulate or irregu-
larly lacerated edge ; albumen fleshy, cotyledons ovate, radicle terete.

This genus, though not indigenous in India, is of the greatest importance for
the wellbeing of’ its inhabitants, on account of the powerful medicinal qualities
which the bark of many of the species possesses, Their cultivation has been
attempted in Kangra, and on the Satpura range of Central India; some notice
therefore appears called for in this place. About 36 species are known, and
they are distributed over a narrow belt along the range of the Andes or Cordil-
leras of South America, at elevations between 2300 and 8000 ft., principally
along their eastern declivities, from lat. 19° south in Bolivia to lat. 10° north in
Venezuela. The bark of about 15 species has important medicinal value, and
most of these have been introduced into India since 1860, mainly through the
labours of C. R, Markham, C.B., who was deputed to Peru in 1859 by the Sec-
retary of State for India, and was most successful in organising a regular supply
of plants and seeds of the different species. Mr Markham himself collected and
brought to the coast, in spite of great difficulties, large quantities of seeds and
plants of the Calisaya and other species from the Caravaya district in South
Peru. Mr R. Spruce sent seeds and plants of the (. succirubra (red bark).
Mr Cross collected seeds of C’. officinalis and allied species in the province of

.
Cinchona.] XLV. RUBIACEZ. 265

Loxa (crown bark) ; and the importation of micrantha, peruviana, and other
grey-bark species of the Huanuco district, is due to Mr Pritchett. The plants
collected by Mr Markham himself unfortunately perished on the voyage, but
the seeds imported through the agency organised by him succeeded; and dur-
ing a tour through Southern India in 1861, he selected the principal localities
for plantations on the Nilgiris, and other hills on the west side of the Penin-
sula. The Government panienars on the Nilgiris have, since the commence-
ment, been under the skilful superintendence of Mr M‘Ivor. From Bengal the
late Dr T. Anderson, then Superintendent of the Botanic Gardens, Calcutta, went
to Java in 1862, brought from thence a supply of plants and seeds of various
species, and established the Cinchona plantations in Sikkim with these, sup-
plemented by plants and seeds from the Nilgiris, and by Calisaya seeds ob-
tained from other sources. It will be sufficient to enumerate here the 4 principal
species cultivated in the East Indian plantations, being the more valuable kinds
of Ecuador, Peru, and-Bolivia. Besides these there are several species in New
Granada, the more important of which are: C’. lanczfolza, Mutis ; Karsten Flora
Columbiz, i. t. 11,12; and C. pitayensis, Wedd. ; Triana, Nouvelles Etudes sur
les Quinquinas, 1870, p. 61 (Syn. C. corymbosa, Karsten, |. c. t. 10, and C. Triane,
Karsten, t. 22), remarkable by the corolla-tube hairy inside, and believed to yield
the Pitayo bark, introduced into India by Mr Cross.

Leaves broad-ova] ; flower-panicles pyramidal ; capsule oblong 1. C. succirubra.
Leaves oblong, obtuse, often narrow ; fower-panicles pyramidal ;
capsule ovate : . z : dj . 7
Leaves lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate ; panicles short-corymbose ;
capsules oblong or ovate-oblong : ‘ 3 :
Leaves broad-ovate or obovate, decurrent into short marginate
petiole, nearly glabrous; capsule lanceolate .

2. C. Calisaya.
38. C. officinalis.

4. C. micrantha.

1. C. succirubra, Pavon ; Howard Illustrations of the Nueva Quino-
logia of Pavon, 1862, t. 8.—Syn. C. cordifolia, var. E., Mutis ; Triana, 1. c.
t. 20, bis.

A tree, 15-40 ft. high, pubescent. Leaves without pits in the axils of
lateral nerves, broad-oval, 6-10 in. long, 4-64 in. broad, acute at both ends,
nearly glabrous above, soft-pubescent or tomentose beneath ; petiole 1-1}
in. long ; main lateral nerves 8-10 pair. Stipules oblong. Flowers rose-
coloured with white hairs; 4-2 in. long, close together in large terminal
panicles. Branchlets, nerves, and underside of leaves often red. Capsule
oblong, 1-1} in. long. Varies with broader and narrower leaves, and with
pale and pink flowers.

Indigenous in the warm and moist forests on the western and south-western
slope of Chimborazo in Ecuador, north-east of Guayaquil, between 2300 and
5000 ft., but has probably a wider range. According to recent researches, this
species yields the red bark of commerce, which is exported from Guayaquil,
and which was long known and valued, though the tree yielding it had not
been identified. Seeds and plants of this species were collected in the Limon
forests west of the Chimborazo, and in the district of Guaranda, and sent
to India by Mr R. Spruce in 1860; and from this source mainly have been
raised the extensive plantations of C. succirubra on the Nilgiris and other
hills of South India, and in Sikkim. The bark of this species is rich in Cin-
chonine and Cinchonidine, but comparatively poor in Quinine. The special
advantage is that it thrives at lower elevations than any of the other species
which yield valuable bark, but it is sensitive to frost and long - continued
266 XLV. RUBIACES. [Cinchona.

drought. In Sikkim it thrives at an elevation of 1000 ft. in the vicinity of
the Sal forest. It has been grown on the Chikalda hills in Berar, and on the
Pachmarhis. The success of these experiments however, remains to be proved.
In Burma it is grown on the hills east of Toungoo. The wood is close-grained,
but not hard ; the medullary rays are numerous, and the pores are arranged in
linear radial groups of 3-5 between the medullary rays.

2. C. Calisaya, Weddell, Histoire naturelle des Quinquinas, 1849, t. 3.

A large tree, or a shrub when stunted. Leaves oblong, or obovate-
oblong, obtuse, rarely acute, sometimes very narrow, 3-6 in. long, nar-
rowed into a short petiole, glabrous, shining above, more or less pubes-
cent beneath ; main lateral nerves 6-8 pair, with more or less indistinct
pits (scrobiculi) in their axils. Flowers less than } in. long, pubescent,
light flesh-coloured, hairs white. Panicles large, terminal. Filaments
generally shorter than half the length of anthers. Capsule ovate, 4 in.
long. The shape of the leaves varies exceedingly.

Indigenous on the east side of the second Cordillera range, between 13° and
16° 30'S. lat., in the northern districts of Bolivia and the province of Caravaya
in Peru, at an elevation between 4800 and 6000 ft. A stunted variety, B.
Josephiana, Wedd. 1. c. t. 3, bis, with oblong-lanceolate, somewhat coriaceous
leaves, was found by Weddell on grass-lands (Pajonal) outside the forests.
These grass-lands he believes were formerly covered with forest which gradually
receded from the inroads of the jungle-fires, and the stunted Calisayas remained.
A similar encroachment of the grass-lands upon the forest by the action of the
annual fires is not rare in India. The trees outside the forest, which resist the
action of the fires, get stunted and gnarled, and often present a different aspect
from the same species in the forest. (. Calisaya yields the Royal, also called
Yellow or Calisaya bark, which is exported from Arica in south Peru. It is
perhaps the most valuable of all Cinchona barks, rich in alkaloids, of which
Quinine forms more than one-half, sometimes four-fifths.

In Sikkim, C. Calisaya thrives remarkably well at moderate elevations. It
seeds freely, and proves a free and rapid grower. This species was first intro-
duced into the oy Botanic Garden in Java by Justus Carl Hasskarl,
who was sent to Pern by the Dutch Government in 1852. A large proportion
of his importations, however, consisted of a comparatively worthless species, C.
Pahudiana, Howard i agi by Triana, 1. c. 68 with C. carabayensis, Wedd.),
with subcoriaceous, elliptic, not scrobiculate leaves, densely tomentose beneath,
pink flowers, the corolla-tube pentagonous, with 5 longitudinal open slits on
the edges, and pubescent capsules.

3. ©. officinalis, Linn. ; Bot. Mag. t. 5364.—Syn. C. Condaminea,
Humb. et Bonpl. ; Weddell, 1. c. t. 4.

A large tree, leaves lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, 3-6 in. long, narrowed
into petiole 1 in. long or longer, glabrous, or slightly pubescent beneath,
distinctly scrobiculate ; main lateral nerves 8-10 pair, the pits in their
axils distinctly visible on the upper side of leaf. Flowers pubescent, in
short corymbose pubescent panicles, 4-3 in. long, flesh-coloured, capsules
oblong or ovate-oblong, 4 in. long or longer.

Indigenous in the forests of Loxa in Ecuador, on the east side of the Andes,

at elevations between 6000 and 9000 ft. Produces the Pale, also called
Loxa or Crown bark. Cultivated at high elevations on the Nilgiris and in
Cinchona.] XLV. RUBIACEA. 267

Ceylon.~ Rich in alkaloids, of which more than one-half is Quinine. Crown
bark is yielded by several varieties or closely allied species, most of which have
been introduced into the Indian plantations. In Howard’s Nueva Quinologia
the following are figured: 1. C. Chahuarguera, Pavon ; 2. C. crispa, Tafalla ;
3. C. Uritusinga, Pavon ; 4. C. heterophylla, Pavon (identified by Triana 1. c.
59 with C. Chahuarguera, Ruiz et Pavon),—all from the Loxa and other dis-
tricts of Ecuador.

; sr micrantha, Ruiz et Pavon; Weddell, l. c. t. 14, 15; Howard,
.c. t. 5.

A large tree. Leaves broad-ovate or obovate, 6-12 in. long, 4-8 in.
broad, decurrent into a short marginate petiole, glabrous above, nearly
glabrous beneath, with more or less distinct pits in the axils of the nerves.
Main lateral nerves 10-12 pair. Flowers white, } in. long. Capsule
lanceolate, $ in. long.

Indigenous on the east side of the inner Cordillera in Peru and Bolivia.
This, with C.nitida, Ruiz et Pavon ; Wedd. 1. c. t- 10, and peruviana, Howard,
lc. t. 27, yields the grey or silver barks which are rich in Cinchonine, though
they contain no Quinine, or very little of it. The grey barks are cultivated on
the Nilgiris and in Sikkim.

5. HYMENODICTYON, Wall.

Trees or shrubs, with opposite, petiolate, deciduous leaves. Bark
bitter. Stipules interpetiolar, deciduous, glandular-serrate. Flowers
small, pentamerous, Corolla funnel-shaped or narrow campanulate, pilose
outside ; lobes short, valvate. . Anthers linear or oblong, filaments short,
compressed, attached to the back of a broad connective. Disc annular.
Ovary 2-celled; style filiform, long exserted, stigma fusiform, 2-lobed,
ovules numerous, attached to cylindrical placentas adnate to the dissepi-
ment. Capsule ovoid-oblong, 2-valved, dehiscing loculicidally. Seeds
numerous, imbricate, testa winged, wing elongated, bifid below, edge lacer-
ated ; embryo small in a fleshy albumen.

Flower-spikes erect, in terminal panicles. . . 1. H. excelsum.
Flower-spikes drooping, axillary . : 7 . 2. H. flaccidum.

1. H. excelsum, Wall. in Roxb. Fl. Ind., ed. Carey, ii. 149; W. & A.
Prodr. 392.—Syn. Cinchona excelsa, Roxb. Cor. Pl. t. 106; Fl. Ind. i.
529. Vern. Bartu, barthoa, Pb.; Bhaulan, bhalena, bhamina, dhault,
N.W.P. ; Kukurkat, bhurkir, Oudh ; Bhohar, potir, putur, C.P.; Don-
dru, dandelo, Panch Mehals.

A large deciduous and pubescent tree. Leaves elliptic or elliptic-oblong,
acuminate, 6-12 in. long, main lateral nerves 8-10 pair. Stipules caducous,
oblong, with a broad almost cordate base. Flowers greenish white,
fragrant, very numerous, on slender pedicels in short clusters along the
axis of dense cylindrical compound spikes, congregated in erect terminal
panicles, the clusters in the axils of linear deciduous bracts, the spikes
in the axils of long-pedunculate floral leaves or bracts, shaped like
the leaves, but coloured and, deeply reticulate. Corolla funnel-shaped,
268 XLV. RUBIACES. [_Hymenodictyon.

with a long slender tube, and a broad campanulate mouth. Capsules
3 in. long, recurved on pedicels half their length or longer. Cinchona
thyrsiflora, Roxb. Fl, Ind. i. 530, fr. Bengal, is probably the same species.

Forests of the Peninsula and Central India, extending on the west side as far
north as the Panch Mehals. Burma, Bengal, Behar, Oudh forests, and sub-Hima-
layan tract, west to the Ravi, ascending to 5500 ft. in the outer Himalaya.
Leatless from November until May or June. Fl. June, July. Capsules ripen Oct.-
Jan., remain long on the tree, conspicuous on the bare branches. A small tree
in the O.P., but attains a large size, h. 50 ft., g. 6-8 ft., in Oudh and the north-
west, and much larger dimensionsin Burma. Very common in the Oudh forests,
associated with Sal and Haldu, also in the outlying Scrub jungle. Bark 1 in.
thick, cinereous or dark brown, smoothish or with elevated corky ridges, peel-
ing off in large membranous scales. Middle bark purplish brown, inner bark
white, streaked with red and orange. Wood light-coloured, soft, en but close-
grained. Heart and sap not distinct. Used for agricultural implements, scab-
bards, grain measures, palanquins, toys, and similar articles. The inner bark is
bitter and astringent, and is used as a febrifuge ; the bark is also used for tan-
ning, and the leaves as cattle-fodder.

2. H. flaccidum, Wall. 1. c. 152; Pl. As. rar. =. 188. .

A moderate-sized glabrous tree. Leaves approximate at the ends of
branchlets, elliptic, acuminate, 6-10 in. long, main lateral nerves 8-10
pair. Stipules deciduous, oblong with narrow base. Flowers white,
numerous, sessile, fasciculate in dense cylindrical, pedunculate, drooping,
axillary spikes, each spike with one long pedunculate coloured reticulate
floral leaf on the peduncle. Capsules 4 in. long or less, reflexed, on short
pedicels.

Hills of Eastern Bengal. Nepal, outer Himalaya, as far as the Jumna, ascend-
ing to 5000 ft. Fl. June, July. Capsules ripe Oct., and remain long on the tree.
Bark cinereous or brown, somewhat rugose. Leaves red before being shed.

H. obovatum, Wall. ; Bedd. Fl. Sylv. t. 219, on the hills of the western coast
as far north as Bombay, has elliptic or obovate leaves, on long petioles, pubescent
beneath, finely reticulate between 6-8 pair of main lateral nerves, flowers sub-
sessile, fasciculate in erect spikes, each spike with a coloured floral leaf, forming
short terminal panicles.

6. WENDLANDIA, Bartling.

Shrubs or small trees, leaves opposite and in whorls of three. Stipules
interpetiolar or intrapetiolar. Flowers small, supported by bracteoles in
many-flowered terminal panicles. Calyx-tube subglobose, limb with 5
nearly equal persistent lobes. Corolla tubular, limb spreading, of 5 im-
bricate lobes. Anthers versatile, exserted. Ovary 2- rarely 3-celled, style
slender, stigma bifid, but lobes often cohering. Capsule globose, crus- : -
taceous, 2-valved, many-seeded. Seeds compressed horizontal, testa mem-
branous, sometimes narrow-winged, embryo short in a fleshy albumen.
Grey-tomentose ; stipules recurved ; corolla-tube short ; filaments

as long as anthers a .

Nearly glabrous ; stipules adpressed ; corolla-tube long filaments
shorter than anthers 4 s ‘ 5

a

1. W. exserta,

i : 2. W. tinctoria.
1. W. exserta, DC.; W. & A. Prodr. 402.—Syn. Rondeletia exserta, , ,
Wendlandia. | XLV, RUBIACEA. 269

Roxb. Fl. Ind. i. 523. BR. cinerea, Wall. Fl. Ind., ed. Carey, ii. 141.
Vern. Chaulai, chila, chilkiya, tila, Kamaon; Birsah, tilki, Oudh ; Karst,
Seoni district ; Marria kari, Gonds of Chindwara; Tilliah, Baigas of
Mundla.

A small tree, grey-tomentose. Leaves opposite, lanceolate or ovate-
lanceolate, entire, pubescent above, clothed with short soft grey tomentum
beneath, 6-9 in. long, main lateral nerves prominent, 16-20 pair. Stipules
interpetiolar, ovate, upper part recurved. Flowers white, fragrant, in
large tomentose panicles. ‘Lobes of corolla reflexed, as long as tube..
Filaments exserted, as long as anthers,

Common in South and Central India, Bengal and in the sub-Himalayan
tract as far west as the Chenab. Abundant in the Baraitch and Gonda forests
of Oudh, where in some places it grows in dense patches to the exclusion of
other trees. Common on the Nerbudda, particularly in broken, raviny ground.
Very abundant and of large size in the vicinity of the Pachmarhis. Fl. March,
April. Generally only about 25 ft. high with 3 ft. girth, but in places attains
50 ft. and 5 ft. girth. Trunk short crooked or forking, branches upright.
Foliage pale green. Bark rough, with longitudinal shallow cracks, exfoliating
in long strips. Wood reddish, close-grained, extremely hard, fibrous and tough;
though small, used for building and agricultural implements.

2. W. tinctoria, DC.—Syn. Rondeletia tinctoria, Roxb. Fl. Ind. i. 522.

A small tree, nearly glabrous, flower-panicles and under side of leaves
pubescent. . Leaves opposite, elliptic-oblong or obovate-oblong, acuminate,
narrowed into short petiole, shining above, pubescent or glabrate beneath,
main lateral nerves 10-12 pair, prominent. Stipules interpetiolar, adpressed,
triangular- ovate, cuspidate with a long apex. Flowers white, sessile,
fascicled, in large hairy panicles. Corolla-tube four times the length of
the recurved lobes. Anthers exserted, on very short filaments.

Bengal, Behar, Nepal, Oudh forests Ged, Kamaon. Fl. Jan.-March. 20 ft.
high, with a short crooked stem 3 ft. girth. Bark employed in Bengal as a
mordant in dyeing. a

7. GARDENTA, Linn.

Shrubs or trees, the young shoots often exuding a resinous gum.
Stipules solitary on each side, entire, more or less connate round the stem
within the petioles, often early deciduous. Calyx-limb produced beyond
the ovary, truncate, toothed or divided into 5 or more lobes. Corolla-
tube cylindrical, or slightly dilated upwards, lobes 5 or more, contorted in
the bud. Anthers nearly sessile, usually more or less exserted. Ovary
l-celled, incompletely divided by 2, 3, or rarely more projecting parietal
placentz, with several ovules toeach placenta, Fruit fleshy, indehiscent,
usually crowned with the limb of the calyx, endocarp often hard and
imperfectly 2-5-celled. Seeds numerous, immersed in the fleshy or pulpy
placentz.

‘Armed with strong axillary, often leaf-bearing spines ; calyx
truncate with 5 short subulate teeth. Fruit grey, 2-3 in.

lon, : : : a 5 . . :
icceved ; flowers 5-6-merous ; limb of calyx short.
Limb of calyx with 5 or 6 ovate or triangular divisions ;

1. G. turgida,
270 XLV. RUBIACEA. [ Gardenia,

fruit oblong; leaves cuneate-oblong, sessile, with broad,

often cordate base : : “ . 7 a 3

Limb of calyx with 5 long, subulate divisions ; fruit ovoid ;
leaves elliptic-oblong, narrowed into short petiole é 3. G. lucida.
Unarmed ; flowers 9-merous ; limb of calyx tubular, deeply cleft
into 9 lanceolate hirsute segments ; fruit nearly globose,
leaves obovate, narrowed into short petiole ‘ 3 4. G. latifolia.

1. G, turgida, Roxb. Fl. Ind. i. 711 ; Wight Ic. t. 579.—Vern. Thanella,
N.W.P. ; Khurrur, khuriari, Oudh, Singrowlee, Mirzapur, Mundla, Sioni,
-Chindwara ; Ghirga, Oudh ; Pendra, Phendra marra, Gonds, C.P.

A small tree. Branches with thick soft, mealy, grey, rarely light rust-
coloured bark, armed with strong axillary, often leaf-bearing spines.
Leaves greyish green, soft-tomentose beneath, pubescent above, rarely
(specimens from South India) nearly glabrous, obovate, obtuse or short-
acuminate, sessile, with a long tapering base, and 4-6 pair of main lateral
arcuate nerves. Stipules interpetiolar, distinct, triangular. Flowers 1-4,
axillary or at the end of short leafless lateral branchlets. Calyx short,
campanulate, limb truncate with 5 short subulate teeth. Corolla white,
fragrant, tube 3 times the length of calyx, limb with 5 oblong divisions,
longer than tube. Fruit ovoid or turbinate, grey, rough, 2-3 in. long,
with 9 obtuse longitudinal ridges at the base, crowned with the scar of
calyx; shell of nut hard, bony, 5-valved.

Sub-Himalayan tract from the Kali to the Jumna, ascending to 4000 ft.
Aravalli hills near Todgarh (Karumba), Banswara (Gangdlz). Common in the
Oudh forests, Behar. South India (the glabrous form, and limb of calyx more
distinctly lobed). Old leaves shed in March, young foliage in May; fi. generally
March and April. Barely 15 ft. ae with a short erect trunk, 24 ft. girth, bark
} in. thick, spongy, white or rusty farmaceous. Wood dirty white, with darker
streaks, close-grained, hard, 56} lb. per cub. ft. (R. T.) Splits and cracks in
seasoning. Fruit not eaten, but used medicinally (in Kamaon),

2. G gummifera, Linn. ; Wight Ic. t. 576; Roxb. FL Ind. i. 708,
709 (G. arborea); W. & A. Prodr. 395.—Vern. Dekamali, kamarrt, kar-
marri, C.P. ;

A large shrub, rarely a small tree, nearly glabrous, unarmed, leaves pu-
bescent when young, rough when old, buds resinous. Leaves sessile,
often with cordate base, cuneate-oblong or obovate-oblong, 2-3 in. long,
with 12-16 pair main lateral nerves, stipules sheathing. Flowers ter-
minal, 1-3 together, almost sessile. Calyx pubescent and scabrous, limb
short, with 5-6 ovate, or triangular divisions. Corolla large, white, yellow
in the evening, fragrant, tube 1}-2 in. long, limb spreading, segments
narrow, oblong, half the length of tube, almost glabrous. Stigma clavate,
entire, striated. Fruit oblong, with numerous longitudinal, elevated
lines, 1-14 in. long, crowned with persistent calyx. Nut with a thin
crustaceous shell, nearly 4- or 5-celled.

Ceylon, South India, and Satpura range, C.P. Bare of leaves until the end
of the hot weather ; fl. March, April, before the new leaves come out, Branch-
lets rough, reddish. Wood white and hard; the fruit is eaten. From wounds

in the bark exudes a beautiful yellow gum-resin, which is collected
with the gum of @. lucida. y 8 » which is collected and sold

2. G. gummifera.
Gardenia. ] XLV. RUBIACEA. 271

To the same group of Gardenia belongs G. forida, Linn. ; Bot, Mag. t. 2627,
3349, with oblong-elliptical coriaceous leaves, 2-4 in. long, acuminate, narrowed
into short petiole, with 6-10 main lateral nerves, calyx-segments linear, nearly
1 in. long, fruit oblong, above 1 in. long, crowned by the persistent calyx-seg-
ments. Indigenous in China, and cultivated throughout India on account of
its large white fragrant flowers.

3. G. lucida, Roxb. Fl. Ind. i. 707; Wight Ic. t. 575 ; W. & A. Prodr.
395.—Vern. Dikamali. Local n, Konda manga, kokkita, tetta manga,C.P.

Glabrous, unarmed, with resinous buds. Leaves elliptic-oblong, acute,
or short-acuminate, narrowed into short, marginate petiole, 3-10 in. long
with 20-25 pair main lateral nerves; stipules sheathing, cut into un-
equal segments. Flowers large, solitary, on pedicels 4-1 in. long from
the axils of the uppermost leaves near the ends of branches. Limb of
calyx with 5 long linear-subulate divisions. Corolla large, pure white,
fragrant, tube long, glabrous, striated, limb spreading, with 5 obovate-
oblong lobes, as long as or a little shorter than the tube, glabrous.
Stigma entire. Fruit oblong or ovoid, smooth, marked with longitudinal
lines, crowned with the persistent calyx ; shell of nut hard, woody, thick,
nearly 2-celled by the prominent placentz.

Burma, South India, and Central Provinces. Fl. March-June; fr.0.8, A
large shrub or a small tree 25 ft. high, trunk short erect, 3 ft. girth, numerous
stiff decussate branches. Young shoots greyish-green, smooth, resinous. Wood
close-grained, hard, is made into combs, and is recommended for turning. A
gum-resin (dikamalz) exudes from wounds in the bark, is collected and sold in
the bazar, hard opaque, yellow greenish or brown, with a strong smell. Useful
in the treatment of sores and cutaneous diseases, and for keeping off flies and
worms,

4, G. latifolia, Aiton; Hort. Kew. i. 369 ; W. & A. Prodr. 395; Wight
Ic. t. 759. Vern. Papra, paphar, C.P.; Ban pindalu, N.W.P.; Pannia-
bhil, Gonds, Mandla; Gungat, bhandara, Gonds, Satpura; Phiphar,
Baigas, Balaghat. ‘

A small tree ; nearly glabrous, young leaves pubescent, mature leaves
dark green and glossy. Leaves opposite or in threes, oval or obovate,
entire, narrowed into short petiole, with 10-20 pairs of prominent lateral
nerves, and small, hairy glands in the axils of the nerves on the under
side. Stipules connate in a sheath round the stem within the petioles.
Flowers terminal, generally solitary, nearly sessile. Limb of calyx cam-
panulate, deeply and irregularly cleft into generally 9 lanceolate hir-
sute segments. Corolla large, white in the morning, yellow in the
evening, fragrant, tube 2-3 in. long, hirsute on the outside ; limb spreading,
divisions generally 9, obliquely obovate, hairy, on the outer edge overlap-

‘ping in the bud, as long as the tube, or equal to half its length. Stigma
‘clavate, thick and fleshy. Fruit nearly globose, 13-2} in. long, adpressed.
pilose when young, when ripe cinereous or speckled greenish yellow,
crowned with the lower part or the whole of calyx, and enclosing a nut,
with a thin, hard, but brittle shell, bearing on the inside 4 or 5 parietal
placenta.
272 XLV. RUBIACEA. [Gardenia

Common in dry places, in many parts of India, in the sub-Himalayan forests
ascending to 3000 ft., north-west as far as the Jumna, in Bengal, Behar, Central
India, South India, and Ceylon, Trunk short, 3 and at times 4 ft. girth, with
stiff divergent branches, forming a small rounded head, up to 30 ft. high. New
leaves in the beginning of May; fl. in April and May ; the fruit ripens in the
ensuing cold season. Bark 3-3 in. thick, white, grey or greenish, scurfy and
farinaceous, but upon the whole smooth. The wood is white, with a yellowish
tinge, close- and fine-grained; it weighs when dry 52-53 Ib. per cub. ft., is easy
to work, and durable ; combs are made of it, and it has been recommended for
engraving and turner’s work. Annual rings distinct. :

A tree figured in Roxb. Cor. Pl. t. 134, and described in that work, and in Fi.
Ind. i. 706, under the name of G. latifolia (G. enneandra, Konig ; W. & A. Prodr.
394; Wight Ic. t. 574), from the Circars and the Carnatic, has the lobes of the
corolla as long as the tube (no constant character in this group), and the calyx-
limb short-dentate. Roxburgh identifies it with Aiton’s G. latifolia, but thinks
it different from that plant as figured by Gartner, Carp. iii. t. 193. The ques-
tion, whether the plant described and figured by Roxburgh is specifically distinct
from G. latifolia, Ait., as here described, demands farther inquiry.

8. RANDIA, Linn.

Shrubs or rarely trees, often armed with opposite axillary thorns. Sti-
pules solitary on each side, pointed, with a broad base, but not united,
often deciduous. Calyx-limb more or less produced beyond the ovary,
truncate, toothed or lobed. Corolla-tube cylindrical, short or long, rarely
dilated at the top ; lobes 5, contorted in the bud. Anthers nearly sessile,
included in the tube or exserted. Ovary 2-celled, with several, usually
numerous ovules in each cell, attached on the dissepiment to a fleshy pla-
centa. Fruit succulent, indehiscent, often crowned by the calyx-limb.
Seeds numerous, immersed in the fleshy or pulpy placenta.

Corolla-tube glabrous, much longer than calyx; fruit a small
4-seeded berry, 7 in. long ‘ , 3 . e
Corolla-tube hairy, short ; fruit large, more than 1 in. long.
Branches rust-coloured ; spines 1-4, at the end of short
branchlets ; calyx with 5-8 short obtuse lobes ; fruit grey,

1. R. tetrasperma.

2 in. long so4 ‘ - ‘ : : 7 . 2 RB. uliginosa. ®
Branches grey ; spines axillary ; calyx with 5 broad ovate
foliaceous divisions ; fruit yellow, 1-14 in. long 7 . $8 RB. dumetorum.

1. BR. tetrasperma, Benth. & Hook. —Syn. Gardenia tetrasperma,
Roxb. Fl. Ind. 1. 709, ed. Carey, ii. 555. Vern. Bara garri, Kamaon.

A small shrub, with grey, decussate, stiff branches, and short, often
spinescent branchlets. Leaves glabrous, 4-2 in. long, obovate or oblan-
ceolate, narrowed into short petiole, approximate near ends of branchlets ;
stipules triangular-subulate. Flowers greenish - white, scented, sessile,
pentamerous. Calyx-lobes as long as tube, subulate from a triangular
base. Anthers exserted. Corolla-tube 4 in. long; lobes nearly as long,
oblong; apex subulate. Stigma long, spindle-shaped. Fruit a globose
berry, crowned with the persistent calyx, 4 in. long, 4-seeded.

Himalaya from Indus to Bhutan. In North-West Himal
ft. FL April, May. est Himalaya ascends to 6000
Randia.] XLV. RUBIACEA. 273

Nearly allied is R. rigida, DC. (Posoqueria rigida, Wall. in Roxb. Fl.
Ind., ed. Carey, ii. 570) ; a rigid shrub about 6 ft, high, pubescent, with short,
sharp axillary spines, i+ in. long, and ovate, acuminate leaves on short petioles,
with cordate or rounded base, white fragrant flowers in axillary, nearly sessile
fascicles ; corolla-tube # in. long; berries small, many-seeded, globose purple.
Eastern Himalaya and Nepal. Probably also in Kamaon.

2. R. uliginosa, DC.; W. & A. Prodr. 398 ; Wight Ic. t. 397.—Syn.
Gardenia ul., Roxb. Pl. Cor. t. 135; Posoqueria ul., Roxb. Fl. Ind. i.
712, Vern. Pindalu, pindara, Kamaon ; Panar, Oudh ; Paniah, Gorakh-
pur; Bharant, katul, C.P.; Kaurio, Panch Mehals; Mhaniben, Burm.

A tall shrub or small tree; nearly glabrous, trunk and branches with
dark, rust-coloured bark. Smaller branches quadrangular; bearing short,
round, diverging, decussate branchlets, with several pair of approximate
leaves, 1-3 flowers, and at the top 1-4 strong sharp decussate thorns, about
4 in. long. Leaves shining, smooth above, pubescent with short scattered
hairs beneath particularly along the nerves, obovate, or obovate-oblong,
from cuneate base, with 6-8 pairs of main lateral nerves ; petioles short.
Limb of calyx tubular, obtusely 5-8-toothed or nearly entire, a little
shorter than the tube of the corolla, which is large, showy, white or
cream-coloured, with a broad spreading limb of 5-8 round obtuse lobes ;
mouth of tube shut up with a ring of close white hairs. Fruit ash-
coloured, crowned with persistent calyx, 2-celled, ovoid, 2 in. long, with
a thick hard dry pulp.

Common in many parts of India. In the sub-Himalayan forests as far west
as the Jumna, ascends to 2500 ft. Panch Mehals, Oudh, Central Provinces,
South India, Bengal, and Burma. Often gregarious, mostly in low, moist
places. Fl. May-June ; fr. Dec.-Feb. Leaves shed Feb., renewed April. 15-
20 ft. high, with short erect trunk, 2 ft. girth. Branchlets decussate, horizon-
tal, with spines and flowers at their extremities. Bark 1 in. thick, dark-rusty,
rough with brown scales. Foliage dark or bright green. Wood whitish, close-
grained, hard, 41 Ib. per cub. ft. Fruit sold in bazaars of Oudh and Behar,
eaten when cooked or roasted. Leaves browsed by deer and cattle.

_ 2. RB. dumetorum, Lam.—Syn. Gardenia dumetorum, Roxb. Cor. Pl. t.
136 ; (Posogueria), Roxb. Fl. Ind. i. 713 ; Wight Ic. t. 580; W. & A.
Prodr. 397. Vern. Mindla, mandkolla, Pb.; Arara (the shrub, Aitch. Cat.
71), Hushiarp.; Mainphal, manyul, karhar, N.W.P.; Main, maini,
Oudh ; Mainhiri, manneul, C.P.

A shrub or small tree, armed with strong opposite axillary spines 1-14
in. long. Leaves obovate, acute, from cuneate base, narrowed into a short
marginate petiole, rough on both sides with short stiff hairs, rarely gla-
brous ; main lateral nerves 4-6 pair. Flowers greenish-yellow or nearly
white, fragrant, at the ends of short lateral leaf-bearing branchlets, solitary
or 2-3 together, on short peduncles. Calyx campanulate, strigose with
stiff adpressed hairs ; limb with 5 broad-ovate foliaceous divisions. Corolla
white ; tube short, not much longer than calyx-lobes, strigose with stiff
adpressed hairs; limb spreading, its divisions oval or oblong. Fruit glo-

8
274 XLV. RUBIACEA. [Randia.

bose or ovoid, yellow when ripe, 1-14 in. long, with a thick, -firm fleshy
pericarp ; kernel cartilaginous, 2-celled, the seeds embedded in a quantity
of gelatinous pulp, attached to the middle of the partition. 2. longispina,
DC.; W. & A. Prody. 398; Wight. Ic. t. 582; is probably the same
species.

Exceedingly common in most parts of India, extending north-west to the
Bias river, and ascending in the outer Himalaya to 4000 ft. Ceylon, Java, and
South China. In Kamaon and Garhwal abundant in some of the Sal forests,
also in the Gonda and Baraitch divisions of the Oudh forests. Loses its leaves
Feb.-April.; new foliage April-May. Fl. generally March-May; fr. Nov.-
March. Very variable in habit and size, from a small stiff shrub to a handsome
small tree, 15-20 ft. high, with a straight, often ridged and furrowed trunk, 2-4
ft. girth, with numerous thin, rigid branches, forming a rounded rather open
crown. Bark $ in. thick, cinereous or brownish-grey, rough with white elevated
dots, wrinkled but not marked with cracks or furrows; at times quite white
and smooth. Sapwood large, dirty-white, heartwood light brown, fine- and even-
grained, compact, firm, hard, heavy and strong, Liable to warp. Used for
agricultural implements, fences, and fuel. Bark of root and stem, and the fruit
are used in native medicine. The unripe fruit is bruised, pounded, and used to
poison fish ; when ripe it is roasted, and eaten. The leaves are lopped and used
as cattle-fodder. Growth slow; a section of a tree known to be 65 years old,
4 in. radius, hollow inside, showed 54 annual rings on 2 in. of the radius near
the circumference.

9, HYPTIANTHERA, W. & A. Prodr.

Shrubs, wholly glabrous, with terete branches, and interpetiolar, trian-
gular acuminate, persistent stipules. Flowers small, white, sessile in
opposite axillary fascicles, bracteolate. Calyx-tube short, turbinate ; limb
cleft into 5, somewhat unequal, acuminate, persistent lobes. Corolla-tube
short, pilose within ; lobes 4-5, contorted in bud. Anthers 4-5, sessile on
the corolla-tube. Ovary 2-celled ; style short, with 2 large oblong, hirsute
branches. Fruit an ovoid or globose, 2-celled, 6-10-seeded berry. Seeds
imbricate ; embryo small in a horny albumen.

1. H. stricta, W. & A. Prodr. 399.—Syn. Randia stricta, Roxb. Fl.
Ind. i. 526.

Leaves lanceolate, shining, 3-5 in. long, on short petioles ; main lateral
nerves arcuate, joined by distinct intramarginal veins,

Bengal, Oudh forests, common on shady banks of streams. Generally a shrub,

with many stems from one root, at times a small tree, 15-20 ft. high, with short
erect trunk. Evergreen. Fl. April.

10. IXORA, Linn.

Shrubs or small trees, mostly glabrous. Leaves opposite, coriaceous,
evergreen ; stipules Anterpetiolar. Flowers in trichotomous corymbs.
Calyx-tube ovoid, limb short, persistent, 4- rarely 5-dentate. Corolla

hypocrateriform ; tube slender, limb of 4, rarely 5 lob rer
than tube, contorted in bud. ’ ; i atin.

olla, filaments short. Ovary 2-celled ; style filiform, with 2 short exserted

Stamens inserted in the mouth of the cor- »
Lxora.] XLV. RUBIACEA. 275

branches, 1 ovule in each cell. Fruit a coriaceous or fleshy 2-seeded
berry with chartaceous endocarp. Testa membranous, albumen cartilag-
inous, embryo incurved at the back of the seed, radicle inferior.

1. I. parviflora, Vahl; Roxb. Fl. Ind. i. 383 3; W. & A. Prodr, 429 ;
Bedd. Fl. Sylv. t. 222.—The Torch-Tree. Vern. Gandhal, Hindi ; Ran-
gan, Bengal; Kauria, Sadri, Meywar ; Kurat, Bombay.

A large shrub or small tree, wholly glabrous. Leaves short petiolate,
coriaceous, hard, shining, cuneate- or obovate-oblong, often with a slightly
cordate base, 4-5 in. long, with prominent reticulate veins, and about 10
pair of more or less prominent lateral nerves. Stipules triangular, subulate.
Flowers white or pink, }-} in. long, in terminal corymbose trichotomous
panicles,

Common in South India, extending north to the Satpura range, Bengal,
Behar, Ceylon. Fl. March, April. The green branches make exbellecnt torches,
and are used for that purpose by Dak runners. The wood is fairly close-grained.

I. coccinea, Linn. ; Roxb. Fl. Ind.i. 375; W. & A. Prodr. 427.—Syn. J. Band-
huca, Roxb.; I. grandifiora, Ker ; the Flame of the Woods (Sans. Bandhuka,
raktaka) ; with oblong sessile leaves on a cordate base, bright scarlet flowers 2
in. long, in short compound terminal corymbs, is indigenous in South India,
Chittagong, Burma, the Indian Archipelago. Cultivated in gardens all over
India, and in most tropical countries. Naturalised in North Australia. FI.
throughout the year, particularly during the rains.

ll. PAVETTA, Linn.

Shrubs and small trees, glabrous pubescent or tomentose. Leaves
opposite, petiolate, mostly membranous. Stipules intrapetiolar, decidu-
ous, generally connate into a sheath. Flowers in trichotomous corymbs,
white or greenish. Corolla hypocrateriform ; tube slender, lobes 4-5,
stamens inserted in the mouth of corolla. Ovary 2-celled; style long,
slender, filiform, stigma fusiform undivided or 2-dentate; ovule one in
each cell attached to the dissepiment. Fruit a fleshy 2-seeded berry, with
chartaceous endocarp. Testa membranous, albumen corneous, embryo
incurved at the back of the seed, radicle inferior.

1. P. tomentosa, Smith; W. & A. Prodr, 431.—Syn. Ixora tomentosa,
Roxb. Fl. Ind. i. 386; WightIc. t. 186. Vern. Jui, Beng.

A large shrub ; branchlets, leaves, and inflorescence clothed with short
tomentum. Leaves ovate or ovate-oblong, 5-8 in. long, on petioles 1 in,
long ; main lateral nerves 10-15 pair. Flowers white, faintly fragrant, in
broad spreading trichotomous panicles, Corolla, before opening, 1 in,
long, lobes } in. long.

. South India, Burma, Bengal ; common in the outer Himalayan ranges of
Garhwal and Kamaon, ascending to 4000 ft. Fl. March, April.

indi inn, ; W. & A. Prodr. 431 (/wora Pavetta, Roxb, i. 385), glabrous,
itt ae a oblong-elliptic fee on short petioles, 8-10 main lateral
nerves, white flowers in broad flat-topped trichotomous corymbs, is a common
deciduous shrub in South India as far north as Bombay, and probably on
the south face of the Satpura range. Abundant in Bengal. FI. April, May.
276 XLV. RUBIACEA. [Pavetta.

Plectronia didyma, Benth. & Hook.—Syn. Canthium didymum, Gaertn. ;
Bedd. FI. Sylv. t. 221 ; C. wmbellatum, Wight Ic. t. 1034 ; Dalz. & Gibs. Bomb,
Fl. 113; isa beautiful evergreen tree 30 fé. high, with dark-green, oval, short-
acuminate coriaceous leaves, and white flowers in axillary umbels on_short
peduncles. Corolla-segments valvate, tube hairy inside at the mouth. Drupes
4 in. long, numerous, on slender pedicels, compressed, with two lateral furrows,
almost didymous. South India, common along the western Ghats, possibly in
the Central Provinces, Wood yellowish, with irregular masses of black wood
in the centre, close-grained hard and heavy. Vern. Arsi#l, Bombay.

12, COFFEA, Linn.

Shrubs, mostly glabrous. Leaves opposite, rarely in whorls of 3.
Stipules interpetiolar, broad, acuminate, persistent. Flowers white,
sessile or on short pedicels, solitary or fascicled in the axils of leaves.
Calyx-tube short, with a short, truncate or dentate limb. Corolla hypo-
crateriform or funnel-shaped ; lobes 4-5, oblong, obtuse, patent, contorted
inbud. Stamens inserted in the mouth of the corolla ; anthers sessile, or
attached to short filaments at the back near the base. Ovary 2-celled,
style bifid at the top ; ovule one in each cell attached to the dissepiment.
Berry globose or oblong, dry or fleshy, 2-seeded, each seed enclosed in a
coriaceous or chartaceous endocarp (the husk of the coffee). Seeds plano-
convex, the inner side flat, with a deep longitudinal furrow, filled up by
the testa and a portion of the endocarp. Embryo curved, at the back and
near the base of the horny albumen, cotyledons foliaceous, radicle inferior.

1. C. arabica, Linn. ; Roxb. Fl. Ind.i. 539; Wight Ic. t. 53. Coffee.
—Vern. The bean Bun, when roasted and ground Kahwa.

A glabrous shrub or small tree. Leaves 5-7 in. long, opposite, oblong,
acuminate, narrowed into short petiole ; main lateral nerves 6-10 pair,
joined by intramarginal veins, and slender parallel reticulate veins.
Flowers numerous, in axillary fascicles. Corolla funnel-shaped, lobes
oblong, as long as tube. Filaments 4-4 the length of anthers. Berry

fleshy, purple when ripe. i.

Indigenous in Abyssinia, and in Soudan, where it is said to form large forests.
The use of coffee has long been known in Abyssinia, but it is not certain when
the shrub was first cultivated. In Arabia it has been cultivated since the
fifteenth century ; there is, however, no proof of its being indigenous in that
country. In the sixteenth century coffee became known in Europe, and in
America its cultivation was commenced in 1718 by the Dutch in Surinam.
Coffee was grown in Java in the latter half of the seventeenth century. It is
said that into India it was first introduced (last century) by a Musalman saint,
who lived and died on the summit of the ae mountain in the Shimoga divi-
sion of Mysore, called after him Baba Buden, that he brought the coffee-tree
from Arabia, and planted it near his dwelling, whence it gradually spread to
other parts of the country (Bowring, Eastern Experiences, p. 157). The coffee-
tree accommodates itself readily to a moist climate, and under the influence
of a rainfall of 100 inches on the Ghats of Munzerabad, Coorg, and Wynad,
produces coffee similar in quality to that grown in Egypt, Arabia, and other
countries, with a comparatively dry climate. It thrives in Chota Nagpur, on
the Chikalda hills in Berar, and elsewhere in Central India. In the Dehra
Coffea. | XLV. RUBIACES. QUT

Doon it grows freely, and produces fruit abundantly, but requires to be pro-
tected against frost while young. It is remarkable that coffee and tea contain
the same substance, an alkaloid (Coffeine or Theine), to which (partly at least)
the effect upon the nervous system of coffee and tea must be attributed. Tea
contains between 1 and 34 °/, of this substance, and coffee between 4 and 1 °/,.
Coffeine is also found in the Maté or Paraguay tea, Jlex paraguayensis, in the
Rola, Korra, or Gorra nuts, the seeds of a sterculiaceous tree, Cola acumin-
ata, R. Br. ; Bot. Mag. t. 5699, of tropical Africa, cultivated in Brazil and the
West Indies, which form an important article of trade, and are chewed by the
negroes of West Africa and the West Indies as a condiment, It is also con-
tained in the seeds of a sapindaceous tree (Paullinia sorbilis, Mart.) in Brazil,
which are powdered and made into a paste, called guarana bread ; used to make
a refreshing drink.

Coffea bengalensis, Roxb. Fl. Ind. i, 540; Bot. Mag. t. 4917; Kath-jahi,
Kamaon ; is a small shrub with large snow-white flowers, solitary or in pairs,
and ovate, long-acuminate leaves, Eastern Bengal, Sikkim, and the outer hills
of Kamaon. Fl, Feb.-March.

138. MORINDA, Linn.

Shrubs or trees, leaves opposite, rarely in whorls of three, generally
membranous. Stipules interpetiolar, or connate into a sheath. Flowers
white, sessile on a globose receptacle, forming globose or ovoid flower-
heads, with the calyx-tubes often connate. Calyx-limb truncate or ob-
securely dentate, persistent. Corolla funnel-shaped, or hypocrateriform ;
lobes coriaceous, 5, rarely 4 or 6-7, valvate in bud. Stamens inserted in
the mouth of corolla ; filaments short, anthers attached by the middle of
the back. Ovary 4-celled, 1 ovule in each cell, attached to the dissepi-
ment below the middle (normally 2-celled, but the 2 cells are converted
into 4 by the introverted carpellary leaves being so produced laterally, as
to reach the walls of the ovary—Thwaites) ; style with 2 stigmatic lobes,
rarely entire. Drupes of each flower-head distinct or united in a com-
pound succulent berry, including a number of hard 1-seeded pyrenes,
usually 2-4 proceeding from each flower. .

1. M. exserta, Roxb. Fl. Ind. i. 545; W. & A. Prodr. 419.—Sans.
Achyuta. Vern. Al, Ach, ack. Local. Allert, Alladi, Panch Mehals ;
Ainshi, North Konkan.

A moderate-sized tree, glabrous or pubescent. Leaves opposite, narrowed
into short marginate petioles, ovate or elliptic-oblong, 4-5 in. long, main
lateral nerves 8-10 pair. Stipules triangular or ovate. Peduncles mostly
solitary, leaf opposed by the abortion of the axillary leaf, 1 in. long or
longer. Corolla-tube ? in. long. Stamens exserted. Style bifid. Drupes
concrete into a fleshy syncarpium, irregularly ovoid or globose, 3-14 in.
long.

Indigenous in many parts of India, in Bengal, Burma, the Peninsula, the
Panch Mehals. A fast-growing tree 30-40 ft. high, with a deeply-cracked spongy
bark of greyish yellow colour. Fl. March-June. Blossoms and bears seed at
a very early age. Wood bright yellow, darkening into yellowish brown; made
into plates and dishes. The ‘bark of the root is used for dyeing red and yellow.
Skinner gives the weight of the wood of U. citrifolia at 30 Ib. What he enters
under MM. exserta from Burma is a Randia, possibly R. uliginosa.
278 XLV. RUBIACE. [ Morinda.

Roxb, Fl. Ind. i. 541-546, describes 4 species closely allied to this, which are
important, as the root of all is used for dyeing. 1. M. citrifolia, Linn., from
Pegu, with glabrous, lucid leaves. 2. MM. tenctoria, Roxb., cultivated throughout
India, with glabrous, but not lucid leaves. 3. M. bracteata, Roxb.; Wight Il.
t. 126, from Ganjam, glabrous, flower-heads supported by a few linear-lanceolate
bracts, adnate to the calyx-tubes of outer flowers. 4. I. multiflora, from Nag-

ore and Berar, downy, peduncles often opposite, axillary, the end of the branch
orming a short panicle. These 4 species have the anthers not exserted, the
stipules are interpetiolar, free, or only connate at the base, not sheathing. I
am inclined, however, to think that the wild and cultivated plant cannot be
specifically distinguished, and that it will be more convenient to consider the 5
species described by Roxburgh as one, which would then be called M. citrifo-
ha, Linn, Beddome, FI. Sylv. t. 220, unites UW. cetrifolia and tinctoria, and
Thwaites, Enum. Pl. Ceyl. 145, points out that the presence of bracts and_the
exserted anthers are variable characters. J. citrifolia, Linn., is found in Java
and other islands of the Indian Archipelago, in Queensland, on the Sandwich,
and other islands of the Pacific. When the dch is cultivated, it is generally
raised from seed, and dug up when a few years old, unless trees are wanted to
produce seed. A full account of its cultivation in As, Researches, iv. 35 (1799).

Entirely distinct from this sp. are Morinda angustifolia, Roxb. 1. c. 549 ;
Cor. Pl. t. 237, from Bengal, Burma (cultivated in Toungyas as a dye), and Sin-
gapore, distinct drupes, and If. umbellata, Linn.—Syn. WM. scandens, Roxb. 1,
c. 548, a diffuse or climbing shrub common in Southern and Eastern India, with
4-8 umbellate terminal peduncles.

14, HAMILTONIA, Roxb.

Shrubs with opposite, petiolate, ovate-lanceolate penniveined leaves,
and short, intrapetiolar, broad, acute, persistent stipules. Flowers fascicu-
late, in large trichotomous panicles. Calyx-tube ovoid, limb 5-cleft, seg-
ments subulate, persistent. Corolla funnel-shaped ; tube long, lobes 5,
valvate. Stamens inserted in the mouth of the corolla, anthers attached
by the back to short, subulate filaments. Ovary 5-celled, with 5 furrows,
the dissepiments disappearing afterwards. Capsule 1-celled, 5-seeded,
opening at the apex into 5 valves. Seeds triquetrous, testa of 2 layers,
ee outer reticulate. Cotyledons foliaceous, cordate, induplicate, radicle
inferior. a

1. H. suaveolens, Roxb. Fl. Ind. i. 554.—Syn. H. propinqua, Due.
in Jacq. Voy. Bot. t. 91; Spermadictyon suaveolens, Roxb. Cor. Pl. t.
236; S. azwreum, Wall. Bot. Reg. t. 1235. Vern. Muskei, hantalu,
Jjisauni, Chenab ; Niggi, tulenni phil, gohinla, Ravi; Kanera, pudari,
Bias ; Phillu, Sutlej ; Iogia padera, Kamaon.

A shrub, with divaricate, more or less herbaceous branches. Leaves
elliptic-oblong, 6-9 in. long on short petioles, glabrous or pubescent, firm,
hard and rough, main lateral nerves 10-16 pair, arcuate, anastomosing
with intermediate more slender nerves. Branches of panicle pubescent.
Flowers sessile or shortly pedicellate, in compact fascicles, with subulate
bracts, white or blue, fragrant, calyx-segments linear or subulate, longer
than ovary, clothed all over with long hairs, and often in addition with a
few distant filiform gland-tipped teeth, or hairless, with glandular teeth,
or clothed with short pubescence only. Corolla-tube 4 in. long, pubes-
Hamiltonia. | XLV. RUBIACEA. 279

cent ne anthers more or less exserted, stigma included or ex
serted.

A common but somewhat variable shrub, on rocky dry hills, generally only
a few feet high, but attaining in places 8-12 ft. It is known from Behar, the
Aravalli hills (Mairwara), and Mount Aboo, the Salt range in the Panjab, and
the Himalaya from the Indus to Nepal, ascending to 5000 ft. Fl. Oct.-Dee,
‘Wood small, but in Chamba said to be used for making gunpowder-charcoal.
Al, mysorensis, W. & A. Prodr. 423, from Mysore and Western India, fl. white,
Jan.-March, is closely allied, if not the same species ; the glandular-tipped teeth
of calyx-segments, which are supposed to be its specific character, are found
equally in specimens from Behar, North-West India, and Mairwara. Graham,
Bomb. Cat. 91, asks whether they are identical, and adds they look much like
each other. I am inclined to think that farther researches on the spot will show
that they are not specifically distinct.

Leptodermis lanceolata, Wall. ; Jacquem. Voy. Bot. t. 90.—Vern. Padera,
Kamaon ; is a small shrub with white sessile flowers in bracteate heads, forming
large terminal panicles. Each flower is enclosed in a tubular 2-toothed and 2-
nerved membranous involucre, composed of 2 connate cuspidate bracts, the cap-
sule is cylindrical, 5-valved, the valves terminate in ovate, persistent ciliate
calyx-lobes, and separate from 5 central fibrous, reticulate 1-seeded bags. North-
West Himalaya 5000-10,500 ft.; fl. June-Aug. Leaves fetid when bruised.

Orpen XLVI ERICACEZ.

Shrubs, small trees or rarely wiry herbs. Leaves usually alternate,
simple, exstipulate. Calyx more or less deeply divided into 4 or 5 teeth
‘or lobes, tube adnate to the ovary (Vacciniee) or quite free (Hricinec).
Corolla hypogynous or epigynous, the tube ovoid, globose, tubular, or
campanulate. Stamens generally double the number of corolla-lobes, hy-
pogynous or epigynous. Anthers 2-celled, opening at the top by 2 pores
or oblong slits, or rarely longitudinally. Ovary inferior or superior, usually
4-5- co - celled, with many ovules in each cell, on axile placentas. Style
slender ; stigma entire or minutely lobed. Seeds very small, with a fleshy
albumen ; embryo straight, often minute.—Royle Ill. 255 (Vacciniee),
257; Wight Tl. ii. 116, 119.

This Order comprises two sub-Orders: 1. Vaccindew, with inferior ovary,
containing the Bilberry (Vaccinium Myrtillus, Linn.) of Europe, and numerous
species of the same genus on the mountains of Southern and Eastern India.
9. Ericinece, with superior ovary, comprising the numerous heaths of Europe
and South Africa, and to which sub-Order belong the two genera which find a
place in this Flora.

Capsule globose, 5-celled, dehiscing loculicidally fo Ate Ge ds ANDROMEDA.
Capsule cylindrical or conical, 5-18-celled, dehiscing septicidally 2. RHopoDENDRON.

1. ANDROMEDA, Linn.

Shrubs or trees with alternate, petiolate leaves. Calyx without bract-
lets. Sepals 5, wholly or partially distinct, valvate in the bud. Corolla
5-toothed. Stamens 10; anthers fixed near the middle, the cells opening
by a terminal pore, Capsule globose, 5-celled, 5-valved, dehiscing. loculi-
cidally, dissepiments remaining on the valves. Seeds numerous, minute,
280 XLVI. ERICACEA, [ Andromeda.

linear, on thick placente: projecting from the summit or the middle of the
axis.

1. A. ovalifolia, Wall. ; Wight Ic. t. 1199.—Syn. Pieris ovalifolia,
Don. Vern. Ayatta, eilan, ellan, ellal, arur, rattankat, Pb. ; Eyar, ayar,
N.W.P.; Anjir, angiar, Nepal.

A glabrous shrub or small tree. Leaves coriaceous, entire, 3-6 in.
long, ovate or elliptic-oblong, acute or shortly acuminate, penniveined, on
short petioles. Flowers white to bluish, flesh-coloured sometimes, in uni-
lateral, bracteate racemes ; bracts lanceolate, deciduous. Corolla tubular,
slightly constricted at the mouth. Filaments subulate from a.thickened
base, ciliate, included, but nearly as long as corolla-tube, with two spread-
ing ciliate filiform appendices at the apex; anthers awnless, oblong.
Sutures of the capsule with a linear ridge, which pulls away separately
when the capsule opens.

Common in the outer Himalaya from the Indus to Assam, usually between
4000 and 8000 ft., at times ascending to 10,000, and descending as low as 2000
ft. Kasia hills, Burma, and Japan. In oak and pine forests, and often asso-
ciated with Rhododendron arboreum. Leafiess for some time in winter, new
foliage Feb. Fl. April-June; capsules ripen July-Sept. Growth slow, 34
rings per inch. Bark rough, with numerous narrow, deep, close-set cracks, tail-
ing off into each other. Inner bark fibrous. Wood light reddish-brown, com-
pact, firm, not durable, used only as fuel and for making charcoal. Buds and
young leaves are poisonous to goats ;* the young leaves are used to kill insects,
an infusion and the juice of the leaves are applied externally in skin diseases.

A. formosa, Wall.; Wight Ic. t. 1200.—Syn. Pieris formosa, Don. ; is an
evergreen tree with lanceolate serrulate leaves, racemes in large terminal pani-
cles, Bhutan, Sikkim (7000-10,000 ft.), Nepal, and (doubtfully, Madden) in
Eastern Kamaon at 7000 ft.

2, RHODODENDRON, Linn.

Shrubs or trees, with evergreen, entire, alternate leaves and large showy
flowers usually in compact terminal clusters or umbelliform corymbs, from
large buds with scaly bracts. Calyx free, entire, 5-lobed or 5-parted, gr
obsolete. Corolla campanulate or infundibuliform, 5-12-lobed, sometimes
slightly irregular, Stamens 10-20, commonly declinate, as well as the
style ; anthers short, opening by terminal pores, awnless. Ovary supe-
rior. Capsule cylindrical or conical, 5-18-celled and -valved, dehiscing
septicidally. Seeds numerous, scale-like. Placente projecting from the
axis, either 2 in each cell (the inflected and distinct edges of the carpellary
leaves), bearing seeds on the outside only, or one placenta in each cell
bearing seeds on both sides.

Flowers in terminal corymbs ; calyx small, flattish.

Flowers on short pedicels; capsules 10-celled, 10-valved . 1. R. arborewm.

Flowers on slender pedicels 3-1 in. long ; capsules 5-6-celled 2. R. campanulatum.
Flowers in terminal corymbs ; calyx cleft to the base ; lobes

foliaceous, membranous . ‘ . 38. R. Anthopogon.
Flowers solitary ; calyx foliaceous . 5 : “ ‘ . 4. BR. lepidotum.

 

* See Cleghorn in Journ. Agr. Hort. Soc. of India, xiv. 260 (1 867).
Rhododendron. | XLVI. ERICACEA. 281

1. R. arboreum, Sm.—Tree Rhododendron. Vern. Ardawal, Jhelam ;
Mandal, Chenab ; Chiu, dru, Ravi; Bras, broa, birdns, birrinsh, Bias to
Sardah ; Bhorans, giiras, Nepal.

A small tree ; leaves crowded at the ends of branches, coriaceous,
elliptic-oblong, acute at both ends, rarely obtuse, 4-6 in. long, glabrous,
shining above, with a dense silvery film of small scales beneath ; main
lateral nerves 15-25 on either side of midrib, prominent beneath, de-
pressed on the upper surface. Flowers commonly crimson-scarlet, occa-
sionally white pink or rose-coloured, or marked with purple or yellowish
spots, 1-2 in. long, on short peduncles in sessile, dense, many-flowered
terminal corymbs ; buds subglobose, covered with broad tomentose scales.
Calyx small, flat, persistent, with 5 spreading unequal teeth. Corolla-
between turbinate and campanulate, with 5 unequal lobes. Stamens
alternately longer. Capsules on thick, hirsute peduncles, }-} in. long,
cylindrical, about 1 in. long, curved, 10-grooved, 10-celled. Seeds minute,
on bipartite placente.

Hills trans-Indus. Common on the outer ranges of the Himalaya from the
Indus to Bhutan, between 3000 and 8500 ft., ascending at times to 11,000. Does
not extend into the arid parts. Often associated with Quercus incana and
Andromeda. Never leafless, the foliage is renewed gradually. Time of flower-
ing varies, the usual period is March-May; has been seen in flower during
winter, with snow on the ground. Again at times the blossoms do not come
out until June or July (Simla, 1849, 1867). Growth slow, 14 rings per inch,
Hardy at Kew in sheltered places.

Attains 30-40 ft., with a short, often gnarled, not straight trunk, 7-8 ft. girth,
specimens of 15-17 ft. have been measured, but these large stems are always
hollow. Bark 1 in. thick, chestnut brown, corky, rimose, wrinkled. Wood
light or dark brown, close-grained and hard, but not strong ; employed for
building, made into dishes, and used for fuel and charcoal. Annual rings very
clear and distinct. Flower-buds and young leaves believed to be poisonous to
cattle. The flowers are eaten, and made into a pleasant subacid jelly; they are
at times intoxicating. They are offered in temples, and are applied for headaches,

R. nilagiricum, Zenker—Syn. R. arborewm, Wight Ic. t. 1201; Bedd. Fl.
Sylv. t. 228; on the Nilgiris, Pulneys, and Anamallays ; is closely allied, and
perhaps not specifically distinct. It has shorter and generally broader leaves,
with a rusty film beneath, and a broadly tubular or campanulate corolla-tube,
with a spreading, nearly flat limb. At high elevations in the N.W. Himalaya
R. arboreum is said to have a rusty, not silvery, film beneath.

2. BR. campanulatum, Don ; Bot. Mag. t. 3759.—Vern. Gaggar, yurmi,
Kashmir ; Sarngar, shinwala, Ravi; Shargar, Bias; Simrung, Sutlej.

A shrub; leaves crowded at the ends of branches, coriaceous, elliptic
or elliptic-oblong, 3-5 in. long, smooth, shining above, with a dense buff-
coloured film beneath ; midrib prominent, main lateral nerves indistinct.
Flowers whitish pink or lilac, 1-1} in. long, on slender peduncles 3-1
in. long, in sessile terminal corymbs. Buds subglobose, covered with
glabrous or pubescent scales. Calyx small, flat, persistent. Corolla
campanulate. Capsules cylindrical, about 1 in. long, curved, 5-6-celled,

5-6-valved.
282 XLVI, ERICACEA. [ Rhododendron.

Himalaya 9500-14,000 ft., found in the inner more arid tracts (¢.g., Kuna-
war), as well as on elevated points of the outer ranges (Chir, Kedar Kanta),
From the Indus to Nepal. R. Wallichti, Hook, fil.; Rhod. Sikk. t. v.; Bot.
Mag. t. 4928 ; from Sikkim, 11,000-13,000 ft.; is believed to be a variety of this
species. Fl. May-July. The leaves (Tamaku, hulds, patti Kasmirz) are brought
to the plains and used as snuff. Wood close-grained. Hardy in England.

3. R. Anthopogon, Don; Royle Ill. t. 64.—Syn. Osmothamnus fra-
grans, DC. Vern. Nichni, rattankat, nera, Jhelam ; Tazak-tsun, Kashmir;
Kai zaban, moria, talisa, Ravi; Taltsri, Bias.

A small alpine shrub, with a heavy aromatic odour, young parts with
glandular hairs and rust-coloured scales. Leaves approximate at ends of
branchlets, 1-14 in. long, elliptic or elliptic-oblong, shining above, fer-
ruginous beneath, edge recurved. Flowers on short pedicels in short
terminal corymbs. Calyx-lobes oblong, obtuse, membranous, ciliate.
Corolla hypocrateriform, with a long slender tube, and a plain patent
limb. Capsule surrounded by the persistent calyx, 5-celled, 5-valved.
Style short, erect, clavate.

Himalaya, Kashmir to Sikkim, generally above the forest limit, between 11,000
and 16,000 ft. Chir, Kedar Kanta, Kunawar. “ Nothing exceeds the beauty
of its flowers, whether we consider the texture of the corolla, exquisitely tender,
translucent, or the rich blush of the first opening blossoms, which insensibly
passes into snowy white, then faintly tinged with sulphur, all colours seen on
one and the same plant.”—Hook. Rhod. Sikk. p. 7. Fl. June-July. Hardy at
Kew in sheltered places.

4. R. lepidotum, Wall. ; Royle Ill. t. 64.—Vern. Names of preceding.

A small alpine shrub, aromatic, young parts with silvery or rust-coloured
scales. Leaves approximate at ends of branchlets, #1 in. long, oblong or
obovate-oblong, acute, the under side with a silvery or brownish film, edge
recurved. Flowers varying from red to dingy yellow, solitary or 2-3
together, on pedicels 4-2 in. long. Calyx-lobes oval, obtuse, not ciliated.
Corolla with a broad short tube and a patent concave limb. Style shoxt,
thick, recurved. Capsule 5-celled, 5-valved.

Himalaya, Kashmir to Sikkim, between 10,000 and 16,000 ft. Lahaul, Hattu,
Kunawar, &c. The leaves of this and the preceding species (talisfar, Pb.) are
used as stimulants in native medicine.

Orpen XLVIL MYRSINEA.

Trees or shrubs, with alternate, simple, entire or toothed leaves, with-
out stipules. Flowers small, usually pentamerous or tetramerous, in
axillary clusters racemes or panicles, rarely in terminal panicles. Calyx
free or rarely adhering to the ovary. Corolla regular, gamopetalous and
polypetalous, rarely wanting. Stamens epipetalous, as many as petals or
divisions of the corolla, and opposite to them. Ovary 1-celled, ovules
numerous or few, attached to a free central placenta,’ which is often thick
and globular. Fruit an indehiscent berry or drupe, rarely splitting length-
Mesa. | XLVII. MYRSINEA. 283

wise on one side. Seeds with few exceptions albuminous, often with
more than one embryo.— Royle Ill. 264; Wight IIL ii. 137.

Calyx-tube adnate to the ovary. ; . - ; : . 1. Masa.
Calyx free ; petals free to the base F ‘ és “ “ . 2 EMBELIA-
Calyx free ; petals united in a short tube, with a deeply-lobed limb.

Corolla without appendages ; anthers longer than short filaments.

Flowers in dense axillary clusters . : ‘ 2 ‘ . 3. MyRsInz.
Flowers umbellate, corymbose, or paniculate . , , . 4 ARDISIA.
Corolla with appendages; filaments long ; flowers in axillary
clusters. . ‘ . 4 . ; . : 5. REPTONIA.

1. MASSA, Forskal.

Flowers in simple or compound racemes with small bracts and two
bracteoles under each flower. Calyx-tube adherent, limb 5-lobed, corolla
5-lobed. Stamens 5, filaments slender, anthers short. Ovary inferior or
half-superior. Ovules numerous, more or less embedded in a fleshy pla-
seas Style short. Berry crowned by the persistent calyx-lobes, many-
seeded.

Glabrous, racemes much longer than petiole . z - lL. ML indica.
Pubescent, racemes as long as petiole . 3 , . 2. M. argentea.

1. M. indica, A. DC. ; Wight Ic. t. 1206.—Syn. Beeobotrys indica,
Roxb. Fl. Ind. i. 557. Vern. Kalsts, Kamaon ; Atki, Bomb.

A large shrub, sometimes with a tendency to climb ; glabrous, inflor-
escence only slightly pubescent. ‘Leaves elliptic-oblong ovate-oblong or
lanceolate, 3-6 in. long, on petiole 4-in. long, membranous, dentate, with
large distant teeth, edge revolute. Flowers white, mostly unisexual, on
slender pedicels, as long as flowers, in compound, nearly sessile, axillary

~yacemes, the racemes of male flowers 1-2 in. long, longer than those of the
female flowers ; bracts shorter than pedicel. Calyx-lobes obtuse, slightly
ciliate or pubescent. Anthers broad, nearly rotundate. Berry globose,
white, »; in. across. This and other species of Mesa are liable to a pecu-
liar monstrosity, the flowers being replaced by dense spikelets of closely
imbricated bracts, which transform the racemes into dense sterile panicles.

A common shrub in South India, Burma, and Bengal. In the sub-Himalayan
tract west to the Ganges, ascending to 5000 ft. Also in Ceylon, China, the
Indian Archipelago. The specimens from N.W. India certainly belong to M.
indica ; whether Wf. montana, A. DC., is a distinct species, I do not venture to
decide. Fl. at different times, chiefly April-Oct.; the berries ripen in the
course of three months, and are eaten in Nepal. In Canara the leaves are used
to poison fish,

2. M. argentea, Wall. Fl. Ind., ed Carey, ii. 233.—Vern. Phusera,
gogsa, N.W.P.

A large shrub, 6-8 ft, high; branches subscandent, clothed with soft
and dense pubescence. Leaves elliptic, 6-10. in. long, dentate with sharp
teeth, slightly pubescent above, white or grey-tomentose beneath, acu-
minate, on petiole 1 in. long. Flowers white, on short pedicels, in short
compact axillary racemes as long as petiole, with a few short branches
284 XLVIL MYRSINEA. [Mesa,

at the base. Berry round, smooth, white, size of a peppercorn. Seeds
numerous, minute, immersed in the surface of the fleshy globular placenta.

Outer Himalayan ranges, Kamaon and Nepal 4000-6000 ft. Fl. April-May.
Fruit July, is eaten.

2. EMBELIA, Burm.

Shrubs or woody climbers. Flowers small, in simple or branched
slender racemes, either axillary or forming a terminal panicle. Calyx
free, deeply 5-lobed. Petals 5, rarely 4, distinct, spreading. Stamens
as many, inserted at the base of and not exceeding the petals ; filaments
filiform, anthers short. Ovary superior ; style short ; ovules few, embed-
ded in a globular fleshy placenta. Fruit a dry 1-seeded berry.

Flowers in large terminal panicles; main lateral nerves of leaves

numerous, indistinct : ‘i . c . . 1. E. Ribes.
Flowers in axillary racemes; main lateral nerves 6-10 pair, promi-
nent é . . 7 z A : ‘ . : . 2. E. robusta,

1. E. Ribes, Burm. ; Roxb. Fl. Ind. i. 586.—Syn. £. glandulifera ;
Wight Ic. t. 1207. Vern. Karkannie, Bomb. ; Baberung, Silhet.

A large climbing shrub ; glabrous, only branches of inflorescence densely
pubescent. Leaves 2-3 in. long, coriaceous, entire, shining above, paler
beneath, elliptic - oblong, acuminate, narrowed into a short marginate
petiole; main lateral nerves numerous, parallel, not prominent ; glands
along midrib, petiole or edge of the leaf near base, or wanting. Flowers
polygamous, small, pubescent, of a greenish-yellow colour, on pubescent
pedicels longer than calyx, in slender racemes, forming large terminal
panicles. Bracts shorter than pedicels. Calyx-lobes acute. Petals elliptic,
acute. Stamens on short filaments, included. Berry the size of a pepper-
corn, black, succulent, wrinkled when dry; seed solitary, globose, aro-
matic and somewhat pungent.

Common in South India, Ceylon, Burma, Bengal, and will probably be found
in the Satpura range. Also in China and the Indian Archipelago. In Silhet
the berries are collected and used to adulterate black pepper (Roxb.) The
berries, sold under the name of Bebrang, Babarang, Waiwarang in the bazaars
of India as an anthelmintic, are the fruit of this species.

2. EH. robusta, Roxb. Fl. Ind. i 587.—Syn. HK. Tsjeriam cottam,
Wight Ic. t. 1209; £. Basaal, Don. Vern. Amti, Ambat, Barbatti,
Byebering, Bomb.; Bebrang, Oudh.

A large, spreading and scrambling shrub or small tree, very variable in
appearance. Branchlets, petioles, under side of leaves, and racemes more
or less rough with rust-coloured pubescence, sometimes glabrous. Leaves
2-4 in. long, membranous, entire, elliptic, short-acuminate ; petioles short,
terete, or channeled, but not marginate; main lateral nerves promi-
nent, 6-12 on either side of midrib, with shorter intermediate ones,
anastomosing by intramarginal veins. Flowers dioicous or polygamous,
greenish white, glandular-pubescent, on pedicels longer than calyx, in
axillary racemes varying in length, those of the male flowers longer, but
Embelia.] XLVI. MYRSINEA, 285

not generally exceeding the length of leaf. Bracts subulate, shorter than
pedicels. Petals oblong, reflexed. ,Stamens in male flowers long-exserted.
Berry dry, spherical, nearly 4 in. diam., generally with more or less dis-
tinct longitudinal ribs.

Common in western India, Bengal, Behar, and the sub-Himalayan tract as far
asthe Jumna, Trunk short, erect, branchlets covered with numerous callous
dots, round or linear, Fruit ripens Oct.-March.

£. villosa, Wall., Behar, leaves soft villous underneath, flower-racemes long,
slender, 4-6 in, long, is closely allied to this, if specifically distinct.

3. MYRSINE, Linn.

Shrubs or small trees, with coriaceous leaves. Flowers small, on short
pedicels, in dense clusters, usually from the axils of fallen leaves. Calyx
4- or 5-lobed. Corolla deeply 4- or 5-lobed. Stamens as many ; anthers
erect, ovate or lanceolate, on very short filaments. Ovary free, style
short.

Small trees, wholly glabrous ; fruit clustered.

Leaves serrate ; main lateral nerves few : : ‘ . 1. MW. semiserrata.
Leaves entire ; main lateral nerves numerous, indistinct « 2. M. capitellata,
A shrub, branchlets pubescent ; fruit solitary . . 7 . 38 M. africana.

1. M. semiserrata, Wall. ; Fl. Ind. ed. Carey, ii. 293 ; Tent. Fl. Nep.
t. 24.—Vern. Parwana, kungking, gogsa, bamora, gaunta, N.W.P.; Bilsi,
beresi, kalikatha, Nepal. (M. acuminata; Vern. Chipra, Kamaon,
Madden Journ. As. Soc. xvii. i. 368, is probably the same species).

A small or middle-sized tree, glabrous, with resinous leaf-buds. Leaves
coriaceous, lanceolate, 3-5 in. long, narrowed into a short petiole, entire
or sharply serrate from the middle to the apex, sprinkled with numerous
resinous pellucid dots, edge revolute, midrib prominent beneath ; main
lateral nerves anastomosing by prominent reticulate and intramarginal
veins. Flowers small, scentless, tetrandrous or pentandrous, polygamous,
white, with a light pink tinge, on short pedicels in numerous axilla
rounded fascicles, with small, ovate deciduous brownish scales at the base.
Calyx persistent. -Corolla-tube very short, lobes more than twice the
length of calyx, oblong, recurved. All parts of the flower with resinous
dots. Anthers ovate exserted. Ovules 3-4, semi-immersed in a horizontal
line round the globose fleshy free placenta. Style short, with a fleshy
stigma, expanding from a tubular hase into a large unilateral, 3-lobed
fimbriated limb. Drupe the size of a pea, red, globose, a little depressed,
smooth and shining ; exocarp soft, fleshy, endocarp crustaceous. Seed
one, globose. Embryo cylindric, slightly curved, surrounded by a carti-
laginous albumen, slightly ruminated and pitted on the outside.

Himalayan ranges, 3000-9000 ft., from the Bias to Bhutan. FI. and
fr. Soe wtarch, aa favourable places attains 30-40 ft. Bark ash-coloured, often
dark, nearly black, longitudinally wrinkled, with many prominent, callous
dots. The fruit is eaten. Wallich states that the wood is chocolate-coloured,
compact, heavy hard handsome and much esteemed in Nepal for carpenter’s

work.

.
286 XLVII. MYRSINEZ, [Myrsine.

2. M. capitellata, Wall. ; Fl. Ind., ed. Carey, ii. 295 ; Tent. Fl. Nep.
4.25; Wight Ic. t. 1211; Bedd. Fl. Sylv. t. 234.

A small or moderate-sized glabrous tree. Leaves coriaceous, lanceo-
late elliptic. or obovate-oblong, 3-7 in. long, gradually narrowed into a
short, marginate petiole, entire, with resinous dots near the edge, midrib
prominent, lateral nerves numerous, slender, parallel, indistinct. Flowers
polygamous, greenish, with copious minute, elevated, resinous, brown dots;
on short pedicels, in lateral rounded heads, sessile, or on short woody.
peduncles, axillary, or on the previous year’s wood. Calyx small, per-
sistent. Corolla-tube short, lobes oblong, recurved. Anthers oval, partly
exserted. Stigma blunt or 2-lobed. Drupe globose, $ in. diam.

Mountains of South-Western India and Ceylon, Burma, and Eastern Bengal.

Nepal. Fl. and fr. Dec.-March. The fruit is eaten ; wood similar to that of
MM. semiserrata.

3. M. africana, Linn.—Syn. M. bifaria, Wall. Vern. Shamshad,
Afg.; Bebrang, kakhum, kokhiri, karuk, gugul, jutru, chachri, pratshu,
branchu, khishin, papri, bandaru, binsin, atulgan, Pb. ; Guvaini, pahari
cha (hill tea), chupra, N.W.P.

A shrub; branchlets, petioles, and lower part of midrib pubescent
with short, ferruginous hairs. Leaves bifarious, coriaceous, lanceolate
or obovate, narrowed into a very short petiole, 4-1 in. long, sharply ser-
rate, the serratures cuspidate, midrib prominent ; main lateral nerves few,
inconspicuous, anastomosing by reticulate veins. Flowers small, white,
with a pale pink tint, dotted with brown resinous dots, male and bisexual,
tetrandrous, nearly sessile, in axillary fascicles of 4-6. Anthers oblong,
purple, twice the length of the corolla. Style short; stigma large, flat,
verrucose. Drupes solitary, globose, red, smooth, ;/5 in. diam.

Common in N.E. Afghanistan and the hills trans-Indus, in the Salt range,
and the outer Himalaya from 2500 to 8500 ft., extending eastward into Nepal.
Abyssinia, Cape of Good Hope. Fl. March-May; fr. Jan.-Nov. Attains 20
ft., branching from the ground. Bark grey, with numerous elevated specks,
and shallow longitudinal wrinkles, occasionally a whitish pellicle peeling off.
Well worth trying for garden-hedges. The wood is used for fuel; the fruit is

sold in the bazaars of North-West India under the name of Bebrang.

4, ARDISIA, Linn.

.

Trees shrubs or undershrubs. Flowers larger than in other Myrsi-
nacece, in umbels or short corymbs, axillary or terminal, solitary, or form-
ing branched panicles. Calyx free, 5-lobed. Corolla deeply 5-lobed,
lobes spreading or reflexed, convolute in bud, tube very short. Stamens
5; filaments short ; anthers erect, lanceolate, appendiculate at the top;
base emarginate or bifid. Ovary 1-celled ; style subulate, usually long
and persistent, the stigma not enlarged; ovules generally 6-12. Fruit
fleshy, globose, 1-seeded.

Flowers in axillary corymbs shorter than leaf . . 1. A. humilis.
Flowers in terminal panicles . ‘ A ‘ . 2, A. floribunda.
Ardisia. | XLVII. MYRSINEA. 287

1. A. humilis, Vahl ; Wight Ic. t. 1212.—Syn. A. solanacea, Roxb.
Corom, t. 27; Fl. Ind. i. 580. Vern. Kantena, maya rawa, C. Prov.

A large shrub, wholly glabrous. ‘Leaves 4-8 in. long, obovate-oblong,
narrowed into a short marginate petiole, entire, short-acuminate ; midrib
prominent, main lateral nerves numerous, oblique, arcuate, parallel, not
very conspicuous. Flowers light rose-coloured, 4 in. across, in peduncu-
late, axillary corymbose racemes, shorter than leaves. Pedicels } in.
long, longer in fruit, red, in the axils of oblong or rounded concave, de-
ciduous bracts. Calyx nearly to the base 5-cleft, lobes oval or rounded,

obtuse. Berry size of a small cherry, round, black, 1-seeded, full of
bright-red juice.

South India and Ceylon. Burma. Bengal. Sub-Himalayan tract as far
west as the Jumna, ascending to 3000ft. Generally on banks of streams and in
moist places, Indian Archipelago, South China. FI. at all seasons, principally
March-May. Bark yellowish grey or brownish. Wood used as fuel,

2. A. floribunda, Wall.; Fl. Ind., ed. Carey, ii. 272.

A shrub or small tree, young shoots, tender leaves, and inflorescence
clothed with short, loose, purple pubescence, full-grown leaves glabrous.
Leaves pale beneath, narrowly oblong-lanceolate, 5-6 in. long, shallow and
indistinctly crenulate, narrowed into a marginate petiole 4 in. long ; mid-
rib prominent, lateral nerves indistinct. Flowers small, red, on short
coloured pedicels, thickened at the top, in terminal compound ovate
panicles, with linear bracts, the lower branches in the axils of leaves,
and often leaf-bearing. Calyx almost white, lobes spreading, ovate, acute.
Corolla rotate. Anthers bursting from the middle to the apex, terminated
by a subulate appendix.

Outer Himalaya to 5000 ft. Garhwal, Kamaon, Nepal, Sikkim, Assam,
Kasia hills.

5. REPTONIA, A. DC.

Evergreen shrubs with entire coriaceous leaves, and small flowers.
Calyx’ 5-lobed. Corolla with a short tube, and 5 spreading lobes, con-
volute in the bud, with 5 small scales alternating with the lobes, and
inserted in the mouth of the. tube. Ovary superior, I-celled; ovules
1-4 on a small placenta at the bottom of the ovary. Drupe globose, seed
albuminous.

1. BR. buxifolia, A. DC.—-Tab. XXXIV.—Syn. Monotheca Muscaten-
sis, A. DC. ; Edgeworthia buxifolia, Fale. ; Trans. Linn. Soc. xix. t. 9.
Vern. Garar, Afg.; Gurgura, Pb.

A large shrub or small tree, with axillary spines and spinescent branch-
lets ; young branches and leaves pubescent. Leaves 1-1} in. long, obo-
vate oblong-obovate, or oblong-elliptic, thick, coriaceous, with thickened
edge, narrowed into a short petiole ; when full-grown shining above,
glaucescent and puberulous beneath. Flowers whitish, or greenish yellow,
288 XLVIL MYRSINES. [ Reptonza,

nearly sessile, in dense axillary clusters with minute, ovate, scaly per-
sistent bracts. Calyx rusty tomentose, lobes ovate, obtuse, imbricate in
bud. Stamens inserted on the corolla-tube ; anthers short lanceolate, on
long exserted slender filaments. Ovary hairy, with long subulate style,
exserted in the bud ; ovules 5. Drupe sessile, globose, supported by the
persistent base of calyx, } in. diam. or more, glabrous, greenish, with a
fleshy sweet pericarp in a coriaceous rind. Seeds 1, globose, or 2 hemi-
spherical ; testa smooth, osseous, albumen white, cartilaginous, deeply
ruminate. Embryo arcuate.

Common in the western part of the Panjab Salt range, and abundant on the
hills trans-Indus from Peshawar to Dera Ishmael Khan, ascending to 4700 ft.
According to Griffith common in Eastern Afghanistan. Also in Arabia. One
of the characteristic plants of the trans-Indus territory, growing mostly on dry
rocky hills, Evergreen; fl. Feb.-April ; fr. May and onward, often remaining
long on the branches. Attains 15-20 ft., often with a short straight trunk at-
taining girth of 2-3 ft., with numerous spreading divergent branches, forming
a close rounded head. Young shoots clothed with delicate pubescence, bark
of stem ash-coloured or blackish, tesselated into small irregularly quadrangular
pieces by deep longitudinal and transverse furrows and cracks, resembling that
of Fraxinus Moorcroftiana. Wood beautifully variegated, light brown and
whitish, with slender medullary rays, and indistinct annual layers, compact,
even-grained, hard and strong. The fruit is much esteemed, and during the
season is sold in most bazaars; the pulp is sweet, but there: is not much of it.
The hard seed is uneatable, it is strung in rosaries.

Orpen XLVIII. SAPOTACEA,

Trees or shrubs, frequently with milky juice. Leaves alternate, entire,
usually coriaceous, without stipules. Calyx free, lobes 4-8. Corolla
hypogynous, regular, divided into the same number of lobes, or a larger
number in 2 or 3 series. Stamens inserted on the corolla-tube, as many
as corolla-lobes, or as the lobes of the inner circle, and opposite to them, or
numerous. Staminodes often alternating with the fertile stamens, or with
the divisions of the corolla. Ovary superior, 2 or more-celled, 1 ovule ip
each cell; style simple, stigma entire or slightly lobed. Fruit a berry
or drupe, usually indehiscent. Seeds either with a fleshy albumen and
foliaceous cotyledons, or without albumen and with fleshy cotyledons.
Testa hard, generally shining.—Royle Il. 262 ; Wight Ill. ii. 142.

Leaves with prominent lateral nerves. Corolla campanulate or
ovoid ; limb with 5-14 lobes. Stamens 20-40 without sta-
minodes. Seeds without albumen . : " : . 1. Bassa,

Leaves with numerous fine parallel veins. Corolla rotate ; limb
with 15-24 lobes in 2 rows. Stamens 5-8, alternating with
staminodes. Seeds albuminous . .

Lsonandra Gutta, Hook. Journ. Bot. vi. (1847), t. 16, the tree which yields the
gutta-percha of commerce, has 6 corolla-segments, 12 stamens without stam-
inodes and penniveined leaves. Singapore, Borneo, and other islands of the
Indian Archipelago.

Achras Sapota, Linn, (Sapota Achras, Mill.), is a large tree with reddish-

2. Mimusoes.

*
Bassia.| XLVIII, SAPOTACEA, 289

brown, hard, heavy and very durable wood (Bullet or Bully wood) from Cen-
tral America and the West Indies, which produces the Sapota, one of the most
pleasant fruits known, when completely ripe ; is grown in gardens in Bengal,
and as far north as Saharanpur.

1, BASSIA, Keenig,

Trees, with milky juice. Flowers on axillary, generally fasciculate
pedicels. Calyx divided nearly to the base into 4-8 biseriate lobes, the
outer lobes subvalvate, the inner subimbricate in bud. Corolla ovoid or
campanulate, limb of 5-14 divisions. Stamens numerous, or twice or
thrice as many as lobes of the corolla, all fertile, in 1-3 series ; anthers
erect, lanceolate from a cordate base, cuspidate or aristate, 2-celled ;
cells distinct, dehiscing longitudinally. Ovary hirsute, 4-8-celled ; style
simple,,long exserted. Fruit an oblong or globose berry, 1-4-seeded.
Seeds oblong, exalbuminous, with a shining crustaceous testa. Cotyledons
oblong-elliptic, fleshy, filled with oil, radicle inferior..

Corolla-tube fleshy ; lobes erect ; anthers 22-80, sessile ‘ . Ll. B. latifolia.
Corolla-tube not fleshy ; lobes spreading; anthers 30-40, on long
filaments - ‘ : . x . pang 2. B. butyracea.

+ 1. B. latifolia, Roxb. Cor. Pl. t. 19; Fl. Ind. ii. 526; Bedd. Fl. Sylv.
t. 41.—Sans. Madhuka. Vern. Mahwa, maha, mohwa. Local names :
Irup mara, Gondi.

A large tree; young branches, young leaves, pedicels and petiole pu-
bescent or tomentose. Leaves coriaceous, firm, hard, clustered near ends
of branches, elliptic or oblong-elliptic, 5-6 in. long, short-acuminate, on
petioles 1-14 in. long; main lateral nerves 10-12 pair. Stipules subu-
late, 4 or 4 the length of petioles. Flowers numerous, near the ends
of branches below-the terminal leaf-bud, drooping, on pedicels 1-14 in.
long. Calyx coriaceous, densely clothed with rusty tomentum ; sepals 4-5,
ovate. Corolla cream-coloured ; tube ovoid, fleshy, limb with 7-14, often
8 or 9, short erect ovate teeth. Stamens 20-30, generally 24 or 26;
anthers hispid at the back with stiff hairs, sessile, inserted in three series
on the inside of the corolla-tube, the upper series near the mouth. Fruit
green, fleshy, ovoid, 1-2 in. long, seeds 1-4. :

Cultivated, propagating itself by self-sown seedlings, and protected in most
parts of India. In the Panjab, it is grown in the sub-Himalayan tract and the
outer valleys as far as the Ravi, but not commonly in the plains, Abundant in
all parts of Central India from Guzerat to Behar. There seems no doubt that
the tree is indigenous in the forests of the Satpura range, of Western India
above Ghat, and perhaps also of eastern Kamaon. Thrives in dry stony ground.
The old leaves are shed gradually from Feb. to April, the fresh leaves opening
out immediately afterwards. The flowers generally appear before the new
leaves, in March and April ; and after the corollas have dropped, the leaf-buds
above the flowers expand. Fruit ripens June, July. ;

Attains 40-60 ft. with a short trunk 6-7 ft. girth, and numerous foRedis
branches, forming a close, shady, rounded crown. Bark 1-2 in. thick, grey,
brown or blackish, with shallow wrinkles and cracks. Inner bark red, milky.

Sapwood large, reddish white, heartwood reddish brown, close- and even-

TT.
290 XLVIII. SAPOTACEA. [Bassia.

ained. Seasons well, is strong tough and durable. The cub. ft. of seasoned
teatneds weighs 63 (Fowke), 66 (Skinner), 68.5 (Cunningham, Gwalior). R.
Thompson gives it 52.8 (heartwood ?). Unseasoned, 78-81 Ib. Value of P.,
715 (Cunningham), 760 (Skinner). Not much used, as the tree is not generally
felled. Has been used for railway-sleepers in the Cent. Prov. A gum exudes
from cracks and incisions in the bark.

The succulent flowers fall by night in large quantities from the tree, and are
gathered early in the morning ; they have a sickly sweet taste and smell. They
are dried in the sun, sold in the bazaar, and form an important article of food
in many parts of India. They are eaten raw or cooked, often with parched
grain, and put in sweetmeats. Coarse and strong spirit is distilled from them.
The ripe and unripe fruit is eaten. From the seeds a greenish-yellow oil
is expressed, which has at first the consistence of common oil, is eaten by
Gonds and other tribes of the Satpura range, and is used to adulterate ghee
(clarified butter). In a cold climate the oil keeps good a long time, but in the
plains of India it gets a bitter taste and rancid smell after afew months’ expo-
sure to the air, separating into a heavy brown mass below, and a little clear
fluid above. The oilcake is used to poison fish, and the smoke from burning it
is said to kill insects and rats. It is also used as an emetic.

2. B. butyracea, Roxb.—Tab. XXXV.meAs. Res. viii. 499; Roxb.
Fl. Ind. ii, 527.—Vern. Chiura, Chaiura, Kamaon; Cheult, Oudh.
(The butter is called Chatura ka pina in Kamaon, and phulel, phulwa, phal-
wara, in the plains.)

A large tree; branchlets, petioles, pedicels and under side of leaves
with soft floccose tomentum. Leaves coriaceous, clustered near ends of
branches, obovate or obovate-oblong, 6-12 in. long, on petioles 1 in. long;
main lateral nerves 15-20 pair. Stipules minute, caducous. Flowers
numerous, near the ends of branches, below a tuft of leaves or in the axils
of the lower leaves, drooping, on pedicels 1-I4 in. long. Calyx coriaceous,
densely clothed with rusty tomentum; sepals 5, ovate. Corolla pale
yellow, tube cylindric, not fleshy, as long as calyx, limb of 8 spreading,
oblong obtuse divisions, as long as tube. Stamens 30-40, glabrous, in-
serted in the mouth of the tube, filaments as long as anthers. Berry
ovoid, smooth, fleshy, 1-3-seeded. ®

Sub-Himalayan tract and outer Himalayan ranges, 1500-4500 ft., Kamaon to
Bhutan. Sparse (as a small tree) in the hill forests of the Gonda division of
the Oudh forests. Attains 40-50 ft., with a short, straight trunk 5-6 ft. girth.
Fl. Nov.-Jan.; in Kamaon bees are believed to make excellent honey from the
flowers (Madden). Bark 4 in. thick, dark grey, brownish or blackish.

The sweet, insipid pulp of the fruit is eaten. From the seeds a soft solid
vegetable butter is extracted, of the consistence of fine lard, and of a delicate white
colour, which does not melt in the heat of the plains, and keeps a long time
without deteriorating. It melts completely at 120° F. Perfumed with cloves
or attar of roses, it is used as ointment, and is held in high esteem as an
external application in rheumatic and other painful affections (Pharm. Ind.

131). The cake left after the oil has been extracted is eaten. The flowers are
not eaten,

Bassia longifolia, Willd. ; Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 523 ; Vern. [ppi, ippe, ilupi; is
a common and most useful tree in the forests of western Mysore, Malabar, the
Bassia. | XLVI. SAPOTACEA, 291

Anamallays, and the Circars, with lanceolate leaves, The flowers are dried,
roasted, and eaten, and oil is pressed from the seeds.

The seeds of Bassia Parkii, Don., of tropical West Africa, yield the Shea
butter, used as food and for burning, and described by Mungo Park.

2, MIMUSOPS, Linn.

Trees or shrubs; leaves with prominent midrib, and numerous fine
parallel lateral veins. Flowers axillary, on recurved pedicels. Calyx-
segments 6-10, in 2 series. Corolla rotate, lobes 3 times or rarely twice
as many as calyx-segments, generally in 2 rows. Stamens 6-10, inserted
opposite the inner corolla-lobes, and alternating with bifid or laciniate
staminodia ; anthers lanceolate, extrorse ; filaments attached to the back
of a broad connective. Ovary 6-8-celled, ovules attached near the base.
Seeds more or less compressed, testa hard and shining ; albumen copious,
cotyledons broad and flat.

Leaves obovate-oblong, obtuse or emarginate ; staminodes bifid,

glabrous . Z ; a ; j : ‘ . LM. indica.
Leaves elliptic, obtuse ; staminodes irregularly jagged, glabrous 2. M. Roxburghiana.
Leaves elliptic, short-acuminate; staminodes lanceolate, densely

hairy outside . ; é * 3. M. Elengi.

1. M. indica, A. DC. ; Prodr. viii. 205; Wight Ic. 1587.—Syn. WM.
Kauki, Wall. Cat. 4149 (not Linn.); M. hewandra, Roxb. of Bedd. Fl.
Sylv. p. 141, and probably also of Roxb. Cor. Pl. t. 15, and Fl. Ind. ii.
238. Vern. Khir, khirnt, kirni, Hind. ; Rain, Bassi, Meywar ; Palla,
Tam. and Telugu.

A large evergreen tree. Leaves coriaceous, shining, wholly glabrous,
sometimes approximate near ends of branches, blade 2-4 in. long, obovate-
oblong obtuse or emarginate, petiole 4-1 in. long. Flowers whitish, } in.
across, in axillary fascicles of 3-6 flowers, peduncles shorter than petioles.
Calyx-segments 6, ovate, acute, shortly tomentose outside, edges hairy.
Corolla of two circles, the inner consisting of 6-8 oblanceolate segments,
narrowed into a short claw, and alternating with 6-8 pairs of linear, sub-
coriaceous acute segments of the same length, forming the outer circle.
Stamens 6-8, exceeding half the length of corolla-segments, opposite to
the lobes of the inner circle, alternating with an equal number of flat,
bifid, more or less denticulate staminodia, which are as long as, or a little
shorter than the filaments. Fruit a yellow berry, generally 1-seeded, size
and shape of an olive.

Indigenous in the forests of South India and Ceylon, of Central India (Banda,
Edgew.), and Guzerat. Commonly cultivated near villages in many parts of India,
as far west as Multan, Lahore, and Gujranwalla. FI. Nov.-Dec. In North
India attains 50-60 ft., with an erect trunk. Bark dark grey or blackish, rough.
Numerous rigid, spreading branches, forming a large shady head. Wood red-
dish-brown, heavy, hard and tough, close- and even-grained ; used for sugar-mill
beams, oil-presses, house-posts ; it is an excellent wood for turning. Weight
70 Ib. Value of P. 944 (Skinner ; Palla-wood, M. hexandra). The fruit is
eaten.

The naming of this well-known tree has been a matter of considerable diffi-
292 XLVIIL SAPOTACES. [Mimusops,

culty. Linneus in his Flora Zeylanica (1747), p. 57, describes two species :
MM. Elengi (foliis alternis remotis), regarding which there is no doubt; and
another, subsequently, in Sp. Plant., called by him ¥. Kawki (foliis confertis).
These species were based upon specimens collected in Ceylon by Paul Hermann,
Professor of Botany at Leyden, between 1670 and 1677, and now preserved in
the British Museum. Robert Brown (Prodr, Fl. Nove Holl. 1810, p. 581) iden-
tifies with 1. Kauké an Australian tree, which had been found by Solander in
1770 on islands off Cape Fear in Queensland. Grisebach (West Ind. Fl. 1864,
p. 400) adheres to this view, and defines the area of the species as “ Pacific
islands, tropical Australia, and the East Indies on the sea-shore.” He also refers
to it a tree cultivated in the West Indies, and ae by Sir Wm. Hooker in Bot.
Mag. t. 3157, under the name of I. dissecta. Bentham, however (Fl. Austr. iv.
285), considers that Hermann’s Cingalese specimen differs from the Australian
plant, which he calls M@. Browniana, and that it should be referred to Jf.
indica, A. DC., a tree, with extremely hard strong and very durable timber,
which is common in the hot, drier parts of Ceylon (Thwaites Enum. 175). I
have also examined Hermann’s specimen, and though I do not venture to offer
any opinion regarding its identity with the tree from Australia and the Indian
Archipelago, I have no hesitation in saying that it cannot be referred to the
North Indian tree. The leaves are obovate, acute, and the petiole more than
one-half the length of the blade. They are pale beneath, though not in so
marked a manner as the leaves of the tree from Australia and the Indian Archi-
pelago; but it must be remembered that the specimen is 200 years old. It is in
bud, too young for a satisfactory examination of the parts of the flower. The
North Indian tree has concolor leaves, which are obovate-oblong, obtuse or
emarginate, with a petiole about 7 the length of leaf. The figure of Rumph.
Herb. Amb. iii. t. 8, quoted in Linn. Spec. Plant., does not prove anything either
way; and under these circumstances I do not feel warranted in adopting the Lin-
nan name for our tree. The Linn. Herb. at the Linnean Society contains two
specimens of Mimusops : one is M. Hlengi, though marked Kauki, Konig, in Lin-
nus’ handwriting (apparently by way of indicating the origin of the specimen),
but Hlengz in pencil by Sir J. E. Smith ; the other is very incomplete, and may
be a large-leaved form of YU. Elengi, it certainly is not Khirni. It is marked
MM. Elengi in Linneus’ handwriting, and MM. Kauki? in that of Sir J. E.
Smith in pencil. Roxburgh’s I. hexandra is supported by t. 15 of the Coro-
mandel plants, and by a type specimen, in leaf only, in the Wallichian herbar-
ium. This specimen apparently belongs to the tree under discussion, and Rox-
burgh’s description also is evidently intended for it. But as pointed out in DC.
Prodr. viii. 204, and in Wight’s Ill. ii. p. 144, the staminodes are not correctly
represented in the plate ; and it is possible, as Wight suggests, that the flowerin,
branch and fruit was taken from one species (If. indica), and the conguitied
flower from the other (M. Roxburghiana). Roxburgh’s name, therefore, cannot
be admitted. It is, moreover, inappropriate, as the tree has both hexandrous and
octandrous flowers. Nothing therefore remains but to fall back upon De Can-
dolle’s name, M. indica, which is supported by good descriptions and the plate
in Wight’s Icones. The specimens of the tree from South and North India are
identical, eee there is a certain amount of variation in the shape of the stam-
inodes, which, however, in all Indian specimens examined by me, and in some of
the Ceylon specimens, are bifid. There are, however, Ceylon specimens with
entire, not bifid staminodes, longer than stamens, which may possibly belong to
a different species,

S. Kurz, in his Report on the Vegetation of the Andamans, and in Journ. As.
Soc. xl. 1871, p. 70, calls the Andaman Bullet-wood, M. indica. The Martaban
tree, which is (probably) erroneously quoted by De Candolle under this species,
may very likely be identical with the Andaman Bullet-wood, but the Hindustan
Mimusops.] XLVIIL SAPOTACEE. 293

tree, as described by De Candolle and figured by Wight, is certainly different; for
Kurz describes the Bullet-wood with solitary flowers, the fruit depressed-globular,
5-6-seeded, and not unlike in shape and size to a wood-apple. The Bullet-wood
(Kuppali, Burm.) is a large tree, attaining a girth of 14 ft., with a tall straight
stem, 60 ft. clear, which i nearly pure forests on the level lands along the
coast of those islands behind the beach, and the Mangrove swamps. The heart-
wood is dark reddish-brown, very strong, close-grained and durable, but apt to
split. A large series of experiments which I made with this beautiful wood
at Calcutta in 1864 gave the following results: Weight of cub. ft. between 66
and 71 Ib., average 67.9 lb. Value of P. between 748 and 1091, average 895.
Skinner describes, under the name of. I. indica (Pulawa, Tam.), another, but
much lighter wood, believed to have come from the jungles about Tinnevelli, and
used for gun-stocks in Madras, weight 48 lb., value of P. 845. I doubt, how-
ever, whether this is a sp. of Mimusops.

In conclusion, I may add that the Australian and Indian Archipelago tree
(i, Kauki, BR. Br., Browniana, Benth.), with long-petioled obovate leaves, grey
beneath (soft with fine densely matted scales or hairs), and large ovoid fruit,
1-2 in. long, has been long cultivated in Calcutta. Roxburgh describes (Fl. Ind.
ii, 238) and figures it (Ill. in Hb. Kew., 2480) under the name of M. Kauki (Bua-
sow, Malay), and it is mentioned from Goa in Dalz. & Gibson Bomb. FI. Suppl.
50. In Java it is cultivated on account of the fruit, which is eaten, and it -
appears probable that the tree was cultivated in Ceylon, so that if Hermann’s
specimens should belong to it, they may have been gathered from a garden-
tree.

2. M. Roxburghiana, Wight Ic. t. 1588.

A large tree, differing"from the preceding by elliptic leaves, larger flowers
on slender pedicels 1 in. long, calyx-segments ovate-oblong, acute, stam-
inodes irregularly jagged, stamens half the length of corolla-segments.
Fruit depressed-globose, about 6-seeded.

Nilgiris, Anamallays, and other forests on the west side of the Peninsula.

3. M. Elengi, Linn. ; Roxb. Cor. Pl. t. 14; Fl. Ind. ii. 236; Wight Ic.
t. 1586 ; Bedd. Fl. Sylv. t. 40. Sans. Vakula, kesara. Vern. Bukal,
Beng., Mahr.; Mulsari, Maulsari, Hindi; Barsoli, Bassi, Meywar ;
Khayaben, Burm.

A large evergreen tree, glabrous; only youngest leaves, pedicels and
outside of calyx with short rusty pubescence. Leaves coriaceous, shin-
ing, wholly glabrous when full-grown, blade about 4 in. long, elliptic,
short-acuminate, on petiole 4-2 in. long. Flowers pure white, fragrant,
nearly 1 in. across, in axillary fascicles of 2-6 flowers, drooping, on ped-
uncles shorter than, or as long as petiole. Calyx-segments 8, ovate-
lanceolate, acuminate. Corolla of 2 circles of lobes, the inner consisting
of 8-10 obovate-oblong segments, narrowed at base, alternating with twice
their number of linear-oblong lobes of the outer circle, all lobes more or
less dentate near the apex. Stamens 8, opposite to the lobes of the inner
circle ; anthers long-acuminate, alternating with an equal number of lan-
ceolate staminodes, which are shorter than stamens, and densely hirsute
on the back with long stiff hairs. Fruit a smooth, ovoid, 1-seeded berry,
yellow when ripe, about 1 in. long.

Indigenous in the forests of the Northern Circars, Ceylon, and the western
294 XLVII., SAPOTACEA, [ Mimusops.

Ghats, as far north as Kandalla (Graham, 106). Cultivated throughout India.
and Burma, extending north-west as far as Delhi, Lahore, and Multan, Fi.
March-April. Attains 40-50 ft., with a short trunk, wood reddish-brown, close-
and even-grained, weight 61 lb. Value of P. 632 (Skinner). The tree is culti-
vated on account of its fragrant star-shaped flowers, which are used for garlands,
The fruit is eaten, and oil is expressed from the seeds, The bark is used medi-
cinally (Pharm. Ind. 131).

Orpen XLIX. EBENACEZ.,

Trees or shrubs, with entire, alternate, rarely subopposite leaves on short
petioles, without stipules. Flowers axillary, or from the old wood, regu-
lar, usually dioicous, the female flowers often solitary, the male flowers in
clusters or small cymes. Calyx free, 3-5-lobed, rarely with 6 or 7 lobes.
Corolla hypogynous, lobes as many as those of the calyx, usually contorted
in the bud. Male flowers: stamens inserted on the torus, or on the
corolla-tube, generally near its base, number indefinite, or twice or four
times the number of calyx-lobes. Anthers erect, linear or lanceolate, 2-
celled, dehiscing at the sides longitudinally, connective usually prolonged
beyond the anthers. Female flowers with or without staminodes. Ovary
free, 3- or more celled, with 1 or 2 pendulous ovules in each cell. Styles
1-5, distinct or connate at the base. Fruit a berry, usually indehiscent.
Seeds few, albuminous, radicle superior, cotyledons foliaceous.—Royle Ill.
261; Wight Ill. ii. 145; W. P. Hiern, A Monograph of Ebenaces in
Cambridge Philos. Soc. Trans. xii., 1873. <

1, DIOSPYROS, Linn.

Flowers dioicous. Calyx 3-7-lobed, usually 4-5-lobed, persistent and
generally enlarged in fruit. Ovary 4-16-celled, generally with 1 ovule in
each cell. Fruit generally pulpy, with 1-10 seeds. Albumen cartilag-
inous, white and uniform, or more or less ruminated on the outside.

-Leaves often opposite ; albumen ruminated : F . 1. D. Melanoxylon.
Leaves always alternate ; albumen uniform ; stamens 16.
Pubescent or tomentose ; male flowers in short peduncu- -
late cymes Ei é 3 ‘ a 7 : ‘ 2. D. montana.
Pubescent or tomentose; male flowers in sessile compact
fascicles . : é ; . : : ; 3. D. Chloroxylon.
Nearly glabrous; male flowers sessile, 2-3 together 4, D. Lotus.

Leaves always alternate; albumen uniform; stamens 40 ;
leaves oblong, coriaceous shining, evergreen ; flowers

large . . . 5. D. Embryopteris.

1. D. Melanoxylon, Roxb. Cor. Pl. t. 46; Fl. Ind. ii. 530.—Sans,
Kendu, tinduka. Vern. Tend, Tendu, taindu, kendu, temru, abniis,
(the heartwood). Local names: Tumri marra, Gondi; Timburni, Mar.

A middle-sized tree, branchlets, young leaves, inflorescence clothed with
soft grey or tawny tomentum. Leaves mostly subopposite, coriaceous, 3-6
in. long, but sometimes much longer, to 12 in. long, when full-grown
glabrous above, tomentose or pubescent beneath ; main lateral nerves 6-8
pair, often irregular and branching. Petioles }-4 in. long. Male flowers
Diospyros.] XLIX, EBENACEA. 295

tetramerous, sessile or nearly sessile, in short pedunculate 3-12-flowered,
often drooping axillary or extra-axillary cymes, bracts subulate, as well
as calyx and corolla densely tomentose, Stamens included, 12-16, free,
Inserted in 1 circle on the torus, Female flowers solitary, axillary or ex-
tra-axillary, generally 2, opposite to each other, larger than male flowers,
subsessile, or on short thick peduncles. Calyx-lobes 4 or 5. Corolla
somewhat less than twice the length of calyx, divided at the top into
4-5 short, cordate, acute or shortly acuminate lobes. Staminodes 8-10 or
fewer, sometimes connate in pairs, at the base or higher up. Styles 2 or
3, bifid, ovary densely hairy, 4-8-celled, 1 ovule in each cell. Fruit yel-
low when ripe, ovoid or globose, 1-14 in. across, supported by the flat
spreading calyx-lobes, with undulating, often reflexed edges. Pulp yel-
low, soft, sweet, slightly astringent. Seeds 4-8, compressed, oblong, the
back curved, shining, brown, often marked with bands across. Albumen
ruminated.

Under this species I unite D. Tupru, Buchanan ; Hiern, Ebenacez, 158;
and D. Melanoxylon, Roxb. ibid. 159, comprising D. exsculpta, Hamilton
in Trans. Linn. Soc. xv. 110 (D. Tupru, ib. 111), which is described with
3-4-flowered male peduncles, female flowers 4-5-merous, with 6 staminodia 3
D. tomentosa, Roxb. Fl, Ind. ii. 532, Wight Ic. t. 182, 183 (D. exsculpta,
Bedd. Fl. Sylv. t. 66), with 3-flowered male peduncles, female flowers
pentamerous, without staminodia, Whether D. Wightiana, Wall. ; Bedd.
Fi. Sylv. t. 67, should also be referred here as done by Hiern (under
Melanoxylon), I do not venture to decide. The figure shows numerous
male flowers, pentamerous female flowers with a 5-winged calyx and 10
staminodia.

Common in the dry deciduous forests of the plains and lower hills, excepting
the arid region and the northern part of the Panjab. In the sub-Himalayan
tract the Ravi is its north-western limit. In Rajputana I have not found it
north-east of Humirgarh on the Bunass river. The leaves are shed in March-
April, about the time that the fruit ripens ; they are renewed soon afterwards,

‘the flowers appearing with the young leaves. Coppices well, throws out root-
suckers, and is very tenacious, so that it often is the last of the forest-trees which
disappear on land cleared for cultivation (R. Thompson). Attains 30-50 ft.,
and 6 ft. girth. Bark 4 in. thick or more, dark grey, or blackish, rough, with
numerous transverse and longitudinal cracks and furrows, exfoliating in oblong
scales. Inner bark red. Wood whitish, with a red tinge, tough and fairly dur-
able, used for building, shoulder-poles, and shafts of carriages. The centre of
old trees generally consists of an irregularly-shaped mass of jet-black ebony
(abnis, batt), larger or smaller according to the age of the tree and other circum-
stances, and often with irregular projections. Trees, before felling, are generally
tested by boring into the wood to see whether the ebony in the centre is suffi-
ciently large. In large trees the ebony often attains a diam. of 12-t8 in, Ac-
cording to the experiments available, the specific gravity of the ebony pence
by this tree fluctuates between 1.080 (Fowke), and 1.362 (Centr. Prov. List), On
an average it may be said that the cub. ft. weighs 75 to 80 lb. The value of
P. has been found 1180 (Skinner), 862 (Cunningham, Gwalior wood), and 756
(Fowke). Kyd and R. Thompson found the weight of (probably) the outer wood
49.5 and 49.6 per cub. ft., and from Kyd’s experiments the value of P. of this
296 XLIX., EBENACEZ. [ Diospyros.

wood appears to be 547. The fruit is eatable, has a pleasant taste, and affords
an agreeable refreshment during the hot season in the dry leafless forests of the
Satpura range. Forsyth (Highlands of Central India, 463) mentions a cultivated
variety without stones.

The best Indian ebony is the produce of D. Hbenum, Kenig ; Hiern, 1. c. 208;
Thwaites, Enum. Pl, Zeyl. 180 ; Bedd. FI. Sylv. t. 65; a large tree of South India
and Ceylon,-with glabrous, shining leaves, anthers 16-32 on 8 filaments, each
filament divided into 2-4 antheriferous branches, albumen not ruminated.

D. quesita, Thwaites Enum Pl. Zeyl. 179; Hiern, 1. c. 174; Bedd. Ic. Pl.
Ind. Or. t. 128; a large tree of Ceylon, furnishes the most valuable of the timber
known as Calamander, a beautiful wood for ornamental cabinet-work, with
alternate bands of brown and black, caused probably by the irregular ramifica-
tions of the darker-coloured heartwood.

2. D. montana, Roxb. Cor. Pl. t. 48; Fl. Ind. ii. 538 ; Wight Ic. t.
1225.—Syn. D. cordifolia, Roxb. Cor. Pl. t. 50; Fl. Ind. 538; D. Goindu,
Dalz. Bombay Fl. 141; D. Waldemarti, K)otzsch in Reise Prinz Wald.
t. 55. Vern. Hirek, keindu, temru, pasendu, Pb.; Tendu, dasaundu,
lohari, N.W.P.; Bisténd, Oudh; Makar tendi, Banda; Pasend, Bhurtpur;
Temru, Meywar ; Ambia, Banswara ; Hadru, Panch Mehals ; Kanchan,
kadal (Forsyth), Pattewar, patwan (R. Thompson), C.P.

A moderate-sized tree, pubescent or tomentose, rarely glabrate, often
armed with spinescent branchlets. Leaves always alternate, varying in
shape, oblong linear-oblong elliptic- or obovate-oblong, from a rounded or
cordate base, acuminate, 3-6 in. long, with 4-8 main lateral nerves on
either side of midrib, and several smaller intermediate ones; petiole less
than } in. long. Male flowers 2-6, sometimes more, in pedunculate, axil-
lary or extra-axillary*bracteate cymes, peduncle somewhat longer than
petiole. Calyx deeply 4-cleft, lobes ovate, obtuse, pubescent or glebrous
and ciliate at the edges. Corolla urceolate with 4 short lobes. Stamens
16, glabrous, in two series, the 8 inner shorter, opposite to the outer
stamens, and connate with them at the base; anthers longer than fila,
ments, more or less cuspidate, somewhat exserted. Female flowers solitary,
axillary, larger than male flowers, nodding, pedicels as long as, or some-
what longer than petiole, with 2 small bracts at the apex. Calyx deeply
4-cleft, lobes ovate, pubescent or glabrous. Staminodes 4, 8, or 12, in
one series. Ovary glabrous, 8-celled, 1 ovule ineachcell. Fruit globose,
3-14 in. diam., supported by the enlarged leathery calyx. Seeds 2-8,
albumen not ruminated.

‘ Common, but not gregarious, in most parts of India, excepting Sindh and the
northern part of the Panjab. In the sub-Himalayan tract the Ravi is its north-
western limit. It is found in Harriana, in the plains to the west of Delhi, in
the public forest (Ghunna) near Bhurtpur, and in the Gangrar forest between
Humirpur and Chitor (Meywar). Planted in Central Sindh (J. L. 8.) Leaves
renewed Feb.-March ; fl. March-May; the fruit ripens in the ensuing cold
season.
Generally 20-30, occasionally 50 ft. high, with an erect, not very straight,
omewhat angular trunk. Girth 3-4, at times 5 ft.; branches lax, wide-spread-
Diospyros.] * XLIX, EBENACEA, 297

ing, branchlets drooping. Bark 4 in. thick, dark grey to rusty brown, smooth,
rough in old trees from exfoliating scales, Inner bark woody, not fibrous, light
yellow, turning orange, astringent. Wood beautifully variegated with black and
white streaks, hard and durable, a beautiful furniture-wood. Twigs and leaves
lopped for fodder in Oudh, The fruit has an unpleasant smell, a bitter taste,
and a viscid bitter pulp; it is not eaten.

D. lancecefolia, Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii, 537, Hiern, 1. c. 213, is a moderate-sized
tree, with coriaceous, oblong or lanceolate, acuminate leaves, narrowed at the
base, male flowers fascicled in short cymes, corolla tubular, and tomentose sub-
globose“fruit 1 in. long, Eastern Bengal, noted by Madden, 1. c. 378 (vern. Ar-
dinia), from the Kota Doon in Kamaon, which requires confirmation.

3. D. Chloroxylon, Roxb. Cor. Pl. t. 49; Fl. Ind. ii. 538.—Syn. D.
capitulata, Wight Ic. t. 1224, 1588 (bis). Vern. Ninai, Surat, Nasik.

A tree or large shrub, with deeply-cracked bark ; tomentose, sometimes
armed with spinescent branchlets. Leaves alternate, 1-2 in. long, elliptic
obovate- or elliptic-oblong, pubescent above, with rust-coloured tomentum
beneath. Flowers white, tetramerous, the male subsessile, in compact,
sessile axillary fascicles of 6-10 flowers; bracts ovate. Calyx nearly to the
base 4-cleft, lobes rounded, acute, strigose outside with stiff hairs. Corolla
glabrous, except 4 lines of hairs outside. Stamens 16, glabrous, in 2 rows,
the inner smaller, inserted on the base of the corolla, anthers broad-oblong
or ovate-oblong, as long as filaments. Female flowers solitary, sessile or
subsessile. Calyx strigose outside, corolla glabrous, ciliate with long stiff
hairs at the edges of lobes. Staminodes 7-9, glabrous. Ovary glabrous,
8-celled, 1 ovule in each cell. Styles 4. Fruit globose, $ in. diam., eat-
able. Seeds 2-3, albumen uniform.

South India, as far as Orissa on the east, and Guzerat on the west coast. FL.
June. Wood yellow, hard and durable.

4. D. Lotus, Linn.—Tab. XXXVI.—Vern. Amlok, amluk, malik
(the male tree Gwalidar), Pb.

A middle-sized tree, nearly glabrous, young branchlets and under side
of young leaves only strigose with scattered hairs. Leaves alternate, 3-6
in. long, ovate- or elliptic-oblong, acuminate ; main lateral nerves 6-8 pair,
petioles 4 in. long. Flowers tetramerous, rarely pentamerous. Calyx half-
way down 4-lobed, lobes obtuse, ciliate. Corolla glabrous, lobes obtuse,
ciliate at the edges. Male flowers nearly sessile, in small axillary or
extra-axillary sessile clusters of 2-3 flowers. Stamens 16, in 2 series, fila-
ments short ; anthers lanceolate, cuspidate, hispid along the connective on
both faces. Female flowers solitary, nearly sessile, staminodes 8, in 1
series, hairy. Ovary glabrous, hairy near apex only, 8-celled ; styles 4.
Fruit dark purple or blackish when ripe, shining, glaucous with bluish
bloom, globose or ovoid, $-? in. diam., supported by the enlarged, coria-
ceous, flat spreading calyx. Seed compressed, albumen uniform.

Wild, not uncommon in the western part of the Jhelam basin from the
western Std of the Kashmir valley at Baramiila, to the Indus at 2500-6000 ft.
298 XLIX. EBENACEA. [Diospyros.

More abundant trans-Indus, in Swat and other districts north of the Peshawar
valley, N.E. Afghanistan, Beluchistan, wild and cultivated. Three trees (pro-
bably brought by Fakizs) at Jaggatsikh in Kullu (6000 ft.) called Bissahra pala,
the largest 12 ft. girth. Outside India in Asia-Minor, Persia, the Caucasus,
China and Japan. Naturalised in South Europe. Hardy in England. The
leaves turn yellow in autumn, and are shed about the end of the year, the new
leaves coming out in spring. Fl. April-May ; fr. June-Aug. Growth slow, 10
rings per in. radius. 30-40 ft. high in India, with a massive straight trunk,
generally under 6 ft. girth. Foliage bright green. Bark 1 in. thick, dark
brown or black, tesselated by cracks, somewhat resembling that of Reptonia
busxifolia, The fruit is sweetish, and much prized by the Afghan tribes, who
eat it fresh or dried, plain or with rice, and use it in sherbets. The Lotus of
ancient writers is not this tree, but probably Zizyphus Lotus, p. 89.

5. D. Embryopteris, Persoon; Bedd. Fl. Sylv. t. 69.—Syn. Embryop-
teris glutinifera, Roxb. Cor. Pl. t. 70 ; Wight Ic. t. 843, 844. D. gluti-
nosa, Koenig ; Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 533. Vern. Gab, Beng., N-W.P.; Kusi,
Banda. ;

A middle-sized tree; almost glabrous, youngest leaves only silky with
adpressed hairs. Leaves alternate, distichous, coriaceous, smooth, shin-
ing, oblong, 5-8 in. long, on thick wrinkled petioles less than 4 in. long.
Flowers white or cream-coloured, scented, tetramerous. Male flowers in
small axillary drooping pedunculate cymes of 3-6 flowers. Stamens 40;
anthers linear, somewhat hairy, filaments shorter than anthers, 2 and 2
connate nearly to the anther, inserted at the base of the corolla-tube.
Female flowers large, solitary, axillary, drooping, on short pedicels. Sta-
minodes 2-4. Ovary hairy; styles 4-6, with broad, pectinate stigmas.
Fruit globose, supported by the enlarged calyx-lobes, covered with rusty-
coloured, mealy tomentum, glabrous at last, greyish yellow when ripe,
14-2 in. diam. ; seeds 5-8, embedded in a viscid glutinous pulp.

South India. Common on the western coast, particularly along backwaters
(Bedd.), Ceylon, Burma, Bengal, Banda. In the sub-Himalayan tract, extends
to the Jumna, ascending to 2500 ft. Also in Siam and Java. Evergreen, fl.
March-May ; fr. Dec. Growth moderate, 7-8 rings per in. radius. Attains 30®
35 ft., with an erect trunk, not always straight, 4 ft. girth, spreading branches,
forming an open oval crown. Bark 4 in. thick, black, generally with a thin,
whitish or rust-coloured scaly pellicle. Wood pinkish grey or light brown, with
dark patches, used for building, and in Ceylon for masts and yards. The fruit
contains much tannin ; an infusion of it is used to steep fishing nets and lines,
to make them more durable. The viscid pulp of the ripe fruit is used as gum,
in bookbinding, and in place of tar, for paying the seams of fishing-boats. The
extract of the fruit is an excellent astringent (Pharm. Ind. 132). Oil ex-
tracted from the seeds by boiling, as well as the bark, and leaves are used in
native medicine.

Orper L. STYRACES,

Trees or shrubs, with alternate simple exstipulate leaves. Flowers
regular. Calyx-tube usually more or Jess adnate to the ovary, limb 5-,
rarely 4-lobed. Corolla perigynous, regular, deeply divided into as many
Symplocos. | L, STYRACEA. 299

lobes as the calyx, or rarely twice as many, imbricate or valvate in the
bud. Stamens usually indefinite, epipetalous, attached in one or more
series to the corolla-tube. ‘Ovary more or less inferior, 2-5-celled, with
2 or more ovules in each cell ; style undivided ; stigma capitate, entire
or lobed. Fruit generally indehiscent. Seed usually 1, the embryo in
the axis of a fleshy albumen.—Royle Ill. 260 ; Wight Il. ii. 149.

1. SYMPLOCOS, Linn.

Trees or shrubs with yellow, white, rarely pink flowers. Leaves often
turning yellow in drying. Calyx 5-lobed, lobes generally ciliate. Corolla-
lobes imbricate in the bud, the petals sometimes almost free. Stamens
more than twice the number of corolla-lobes. Fruit a berry crowned by
the calyx-lobes. Cotyledons shorter than radicle.

Flowers pedicellate ; pedicels as long as, or longer than
calyx ; leaves membranous or subcoriaceous.
Flowers in terminal panicles ; fruit ovoid, or nearly
globose 3 3 3 : p Bp Se ‘
Flowers in short lateral racemes mostly below the
leaves, on the previous year’s wood ; fruit ovoid . 2. 8S. ramosissima.
Flowers sessile or nearly sessile; in compound axillary
spikes ; leaves coriaceous. :
Fruit pitcher-shaped ; calyx and ovary glabrous . : 3. S. spicata.
Fruit ovoid or cylindrical ; calyx ciliate, ovary hairy . 4. 8. racemosa.

1. &. crategoides.

1. S. cratzgoides, Hamilton; Don Prod. Fl. Nepal. 145.—Syn. S.
paniculata, Wall.; Lodhra cratcegoides, Decaisne in Jacq. Voy. Bot. t.
110. Vern. Lu, laudar, loj, losh, Pb.; Lodh, Kamaon; Ludh, Jaunsar
Bawar.

A large shrub or moderate-sized tree, young shoots and leaves pilose.
Leaves membranous, elliptic or ovate, acuminate, 2-4 in. long, sharply ser-
rate, on short petioles, turning yellow in drying. Flowers fragrant, snow-
white, in cymose corymbs forming terminal panicles, pedicels slender,
as long as flowers, bracts linear caducous. . Calyx turbinate, tube
glabrous, lobes rounded, ciliate. Corolla 5-cleft nearly to the base.
Stamens numerous, filaments filiform, connate in 5 bundles. Ovary 2-
celled ; stigma capitate, papillose. Fruit ovoid or nearly globose, 4-4 in.
long, crowned with the remains of calyx-limb, l-seeded, embryo curved,
cylindrical.

Himalaya 3000-8000 ft., from near the Indus to Assam, Scarce near its
north-west limit. Kasia hills. The new foliage appears in May, and soon
afterwards the tree is covered with a profusion of snow-white blossoms, which
scent the air to some distance, and turn yellow in drying. Fr. July-Oct.
Attains 30 ft., with a straight trunk 3-4 ft. girth. Young bark cinereous with
large lenticels. Old bark grey, brownish, or dark bluish, rough. Wood white,
‘hard, durable, has been recommended for turning. A yellow dye is extracted
from leaves and bark, which is used to mix with madder.

9, §. ramosissima, Wall. ; DC. Prodr. viii. 257.—Vern. Lodh.
A small glabrous tree. Lcaves membranous, 4-6 in. long, lanceolate,
3800 L. STYRACEA. [Symplocos,

or elliptic-lanceolate, long-acuminate, crenate, or with small sharp glandu-
lar teeth, petioles 4 in. long; main lateral nerves 6-8 pair, prominent
below, joined by reticulate veins and distinct intramarginal nerves,
Flowers on pedicels as long as calyx, in short axillary and extra-axillary
racemes not exceeding 14 in. in length, racemes generally on the previous
year’s wood, below the leaves; bracts ovate, ciliate, deciduous, 2 at the
base of calyx, and 1 at the base of each pedicel. Calyx pubescent.
Stamens indefinite ; filaments flat, anthers didymous. Ovary 3-celled.
Berries ovoid, 4 in. long, on short pedicels, 1-4 together in short racemes,

Himalaya, ascending to 7500 ft., from the Jumna to Bhutan, Kasia hills. Fl.
April-June ; fr. July, Aug. Bark dark-red brown, with close longitudinal
wrinkles. Wood greyish or reddish white, close-grained, hard and strong. In
Sikkim the yellow silkworm is raised on its leaves,

3. 8. spicata, Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 541.—Vern. Lodh (seeds Bholia),
Kamaon (Madden, Journ. As. Soc. xvii. part i. p. 570).

A middle-sized tree; glabrous, inflorescence only pubescent. Leaves
coriaceous, elliptic - oblong, serrulate, 3-6 in. long, on short petioles.
Flowers white, turning yellow when dry, sessile or subsessile, in axillary,
compressed, shortly pedunculate or sessile flower-spikes, 1-3 in. long, each
flower supported by 3 ovate pubescent bracts. Calyx and ovary glabrous.
Drupes dry, 3-12, sessile, ovoid or nearly globose, contracted at the top
below the persistent calyx, olive-coloured, 12-ribbed, about the size of a
pea, enclosing a hard 1-seeded nut; peduncles 1-3 in. long.

Common along the Western Ghats and the mountains in the vicinity of the
Ghats, ascending to 7000 ft. Burma, Kasia hills, Assam, Sikkim. Outside
India this tree is found in the Indian Archipelago, China, Queensland, and New
South Wales. Fl. Sep.-Dec. The nuts, which resemble a small fluted pitcher
eee); are strung like beads and hung round the necks of children to prevent
evil.

In Herb. Kew and Herb. Univ. Edinb, are specimens collected by Madden,
in Eastern Kamagn at 4500 ft., which may perhaps belong to this species,
with elliptic-oblong, serrate, pubescent, membranous leaves 6 in. long, dower
sessile, calyx pubescent, ovary glabrous, in paniculate, axillary spikes 4 the
length of leaf, the lateral spikes inserted near the base. They have been re-
ferred to S. polystachya, Wall., which is very near, if not identical with S.
spicata,

4, S, racemosa, Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 539.—Sans. Lodhra, savara lodhra.
Vern. Lodh, Beng.

A small tree, glabrous, only inflorescence pubescent. Leaves coriaceous,
elliptic-oblong, serrulate, 3-6 in. long, on short petioles. Flowers yellow,
fragrant, nearly sessile, on short axillary compound spikes 1-2 in. long,
each flower supported by 3 ovate pubescent bracts. _Calyx-lobes obtuse,
ciliate. Filaments numerous, as long as the spreading corolla, inserted
near its base; anthers didymous. Ovary hairy, 3-celled. Fruit oblong
or cylindric, more or less distinctly ribbed, often slightly curved, nearly
Symplocos. | L, STYRACES. 301

4 =» long, purple when ripe, enclosing a hard 1-3-celled nut, with I or 2
seeds,

Burdwan, Midnapur, Kasia hills, Sikkim, Nepal, Western Ghats. Attairis
20 ft. Bark rough, spongy, grey. Fl. Oct.-Dec. ; fr. May. Bark used in dyeing.

There is a tree in the Babar of Kamaon and in the hill forests of Gonda and
Baraich (R. Thompson), which has been referred to 8. Hamiltoniana, Wall.
It is closely allied to 8. racemosa, but differs by longer flower-spikes, and the
fruit distinctly ribbed and crowned: by broad membranous calyx -lobes. S.

nervosa, A, DC.; Wight Ic. t. 1235; a large tree on the Nilgiris, is near to S.
racemosa.

Orprr LI. OLEINEZA.

Trees or shrubs ; leaves opposite, rarely alternate, entire or pinnate. No
stipules. Flowers regular, generally in axillary or terminal cymose
panicles. Calyx free, usually small, the limb of 4, 5, or more teeth or
lobes, sometimes truncate. Corolla gamopetalous, with 4, 5, or more lobes,
sometimes divided to the base, or wanting. Stamens 2, adnate to the
corolla, alternating with the carpels; anthers 2-celled, opening in longi-
tudinal slits; filaments usually short. Ovary superior, 2-celled, with 2,
rarely 1, 3, or 4 ovules in each cell. Fruit succulent or dry, seeds with
or without albumen, embryo straight.—Royle Ill. 266, 267 (Jasminece),
Wight Il. ii, 151, 157.

Fruit’an indehiscent, winged samara ; leaves imparipinnate
Fruit a capsule, dehiscing loculicidally, the valves septiferous.
Leaves imparipinnate ; capsule woody ; no albumen 5 2

Leaves simple or pinnatifid; capsule coriaceous; albumen

fleshy . 7 z : 3 ‘ 3 i 7 3
Fruit a drupe, with a bony or coriaceous putamen; albumen
fleshy ; corolla rotate; leaves simple, coriaceous. :
Fruit a berry ; albumen fleshy or cartilaginous; corolla- tube
short ; leaves simple ° ‘ ‘ 3 3 . ,
Fruit a 2-lobed berry, 1 lobe sometimes wanting ; seeds with-
out albumen ; leaves unifoliolate or imparipinnate ; corolla-
tube cylindrical : . . 3 , E 3
Fruit flat, capsular, separating when ripe into 2 flat 1-seeded
cells; leaves simple 7 . . . F

. FRAXINUS.

. SCHREBERA, |
. SYRINGA,

4, OLEA.

1
5. LigusTrum.

6. JASMINUM.
7. NYCTANTHES. ~

The two principal sub-Orders of this Family, often regarded as distinct Orders,
are Jasmine, with imbricate corolla-lobes, and exalbuminous seeds (Jasminum
Nyctanthes) ; and Oleinee, with corolla valvate, or wanting, and albuminous
seeds (Fraxinus, Syringa, Olea, Ligustrum). Olea fragrans, however, and
other species of that genus, have an imbricate corolla. Schrebera is somewhat
anomalous, often associated with Bignoniacew, but in some respects closely
allied to Syringa.

J]. FRAXINUS, Tournef.

Trees or shrubs, with opposite, imparipinnate leaves. Flowers in ra-
cemes or panicles, polygamous or dioicous. Calyx 4-dentate, 4-cleft, or
wanting. Petals 4 (Section Ornus), generally cohering at the base in pairs,
or wanting (Section Frawinaster). Stigma bifid. Fruit (samara) indehis-
302 LI. OLEINEA. [Fraxinus.

cent, winged at the top, 1- or 2-celled, 1- or 2-seeded. Seed with a fleshy
or somewhat horny albumen and a cylindrical embryo, radicle superior.

Lateral leaflets petiolulate ; flowers and fruit in large terminal

panicles ; samara supported by the persistent calyx . LF. floribunda.
Lateral leaflets sessile ; fruit in short lateral racemes ; no trace ;
of calyx at the base of samara c 2. F. excelsior.

Lateral leaflets subsessile; fruit in numerous short lateral
umbelliform clusters; samara supported by the persistent .
calyx 5 oe Se ‘ ‘ . 8. F. Moorcroftiana.

1. F. floribunda, Wall—Tab. XXXVII.—Roxb. Fl. Ind., ed. Carey,
i. 150; Pl. As. Rar. t. 277.—Vern. Banarish, Afg.; Sum, sumb, sunnu,
shin, hiim, hamu, Pb. ; Angan, angou, dakkuri, N.W.P.; Kangu, tahast,
Nepal.

A large tree, with compressed branchlets. Leaflets opposite, 3-4 pair,
petiolulate, ovate-oblong, long-acuminate, serrate, serratures often falcate,
4-6 in. long, glabrous above, pilose along nerves beneath ; main lateral
nerves prominent, 10-15 pair, often branching, joined by prominent
reticulate veins. Flowers white, often bisexual, inodorous, on slender
pedicels as long as flowers, in large compound terminal panicles, the
lower branches in the axils of pinnate or linear floral leaves. Calyx 4-
dentate, teeth sometimes short. Petals 4, oblong, narrowed at both ends,
2-3 times the length of calyx. Stamens longer than petals. Samara
oblanceolate, 1-14 in. long, acute, narrowed below, seed-part cylindrical
or four-sided, supported by the persistent and somewhat enlarged calyx.
Style not persistent.

Afghanistan, wild and cultivated, Kandahar, Beluchistan, trans-Indus terri-
tory, on the east flank of the Suliman range. Himalaya, not common, occa-
sionally planted from the Indus to Sikkim, between 5000-8500 fft., in Sikkim
ascending to 11,000 ft. Found locally in groups in shady parts of mixed forests.
Leafless during part of winter. Fl. at various times, usually April-May ; fruit
ripens Aug.-Sept. Growth moderate, 8 rings per in., Wall. A tree 30 years
old, 40 ft. high, and 4 ft. girth, Stewart. Hardy in England.

The finest specimens in the N.W. Himalaya are those planted near villages
and temples on the Chenab, some of which are exceedingly handsome large
trees, 120 ft. high, with a thick-based, erect, tall trunk, attaining a girth of 12,
at times 15 ft, Bark cinereous, smooth, but with deep longitudinal cracks and
transverse furrows. Wood similar to English ash, tough and hard, valued
much for ploughs, jampan-poles, and in Kashmir reckoned the best wood for
oars. Coral-shaped mal not uncommon on the branches.

Closely allied to this species is the Manna Ash of the Mediterranean region,
FF. Ornus, Linn. Italian: Avorniello (Ornello, Calabria; Frascinu di manna,
muddia, middia, Sicily), The difference consists in long linear calyx-lobes,
linear petals, many times longer than calyx, the samara not narrowed at the
base, and often terminated by the base of the persistent style. The leaflets also
are shorter and not long-acuminate, but vary in shape exceedingly, from nar-
rowly lanceolate to almost orbicular. This variability has given rise to the ‘
erroneous supposition of two species or varieties, #. Ornus and F. rotundifolia.
Manna is the sweet concrete juice, which exudes from cuts made in the bark.
Small sticks are inserted in the wounds, round which the manna congeals like
stalactites, and that which runs down to the roots is gathered on tiles or half-dry
Fraxinus.] LI. OLEINEA. 303

cactus leaves. The gathering of the produce begins when the stems have a thick-
ness of at least 3 inches. The cuts are nearly horizontal, 14-2 in. long, and 1 in.
apart. One cut is made daily, beginning at the base of the tree, the next directly
above the first, and so on, while dry weather lasts. In wet weather, or when
the sirocco blows, the manna dissolves and cannot be collected. The best time
for notching is July and August, and the weather most favourable to produce
is that in which there are steady north and north-west winds, dry air, moderate
heats and calm nights, In the second year the cuts are made in the untouched
part of the stem, and when after some years the tree has been all cut round, it
is exhausted, and should be felled. The trees are replaced by coppice-shoots
from the stool, and by planting. This is the procedure in Sicily, as described
by Dr Cleghorn in Trans. Bot. Soc. Edinb. vol. x. 1870, p. 132.

F. retusa, Champ. of China, is also near to J’. floribunda, but ‘the calyx is
larger and truncate, and the samara is always emarginate.

2. F. excelsior, Linn. ; Hook. Stud. Fl. 238.—Vern. Stim, kum, Pb.

A large glabrous tree. ‘Leaflets 3-5 in. long, 14-2 in. broad, 2-4 pair,
elliptic, or elliptic-oblong, acuminate, serrate, membranous, the terminal
petiolulate, the lateral sessile or subsessile, with grey or tawny floccose
pubescence underneath along the midrib ; main lateral nerves 6-8 pair.
Samaras on slender pedicels, in lateral drooping racemes, sometimes com-
pound at the base ; linear, 1-14 in. long, } in. broad, flat, with 5 or more
longitudinal nerves from the base, branching and anastomosing above
the seed-part ; base narrowed, without any trace of calyx, apex acute,
obtuse or emarginate, often with the remains of style.

I have examined numerous specimens from N.W. India, but only in fruit.
There is no doubt, however, that it belongs to the section Fraainaster without
corolla. £. syriaca, Boiss., which is found in Afghanistan, has elliptic samaras,
grey and subcoriaceous leaves ; the other allied species (or varieties) of Western
Asia and South Europe (F. oxyphylla, Bieb., F’. rostrata, Gussone, J’. australis,
Gay, and F. angustifolia, Vahl), have lanceolate and deeply serrate leaflets.
It thus stands nearer to F’. excelsior than to any other species known to me, the
principal difference being in the number of leaflets, which are 4-6 pair in the
common ash. But forms with 1-4 pair are not uncommon, and there is a well-
known variety with unifoliolate leaves (F. heterophylla, Vahl). However, until
flowering specimens are examined, the identification of this tree with J.
excelsior, which was first made by Dr Stewart, must be regarded as provisional.

N. W. Himalaya. Basin of the Jhelam, Chenab and Ravi rivers, between
4000 and 6000 ft. Europe, Caucasus, North Persia (Buhse). New leaves and
flowers in April, May; fr. June, July. A large, handsome tree in the N.W.
Himalaya, 50-60 ft. high, with a straight tall trunk, attaining 7 ft. ‘girth,
branches erect or spreading, often with evening branchlets, forming a lax,
oval, pyramidal crown, in old trees rounded. Bark } in. thick, or more,
brownish-grey, or greyish- or yellowish-green, smooth between longitudinal
cracks,

The wood of the European Ash is whitish, with brown, often mottled heart-
wood, the medullary rays are narrow and very numerous, the annual rings
clearly marked, each ring consisting of an inner belt, which is very porous, the
tissue between the medullary rays being mainly composed of numerous large
pores, and an outer more compact belt with few pores. Its weight varies be-
tween wide limits ; slowly-grown wood, with narrow rings and a larger propor-
tion of porous tissue, being sometimes lighter than. wood which had grown more
304 LI, OLEINEA. LBrasinug

rapidly. According to Nordlinger (Die technischen Higenshaften der Holzer.
520), the specific gravity is between 0.57 and 0.94, Tredgold (Principles of Car-
pentry) gives 0.690 to 0.811, or 43.1 to 50.7 lb. per cub, ft., but I have seen
pieces of English Ash weighing as much as 55 lb, The wood is highly prized
on account of its toughness and elasticity, it takes a beautiful polish, and is
largely used for wheelwork, oars, handles of tools, and furniture.

The Ash in Europe requires much light, but grows with great rapidity when
young, and with its powerful terminal shoots pierces readily through thickets of
the Beech, with which it is often associated. In this respect it somewhat re-
sembles the Teak, which, though it requires much light, will yet hold its own in
a mixed forest, because the leaders of the young trees are able to pierce through
thickets of Bamboos and other trees. Pure Ash‘forests are unsatisfactory, because
the foliage of the older tree is light and does not cover the ground sufficiently ;
but, mixed with Beech, the tree grows well, and the stems attain great height
and girth. In certain localities, and under certain circumstances, the Ash keeps
ahead of the Beech to an advanced age, and in such places the green heads of
the tree stand out from the mass of the more yellowish-green foliage of the
Beech ; in other places, the Beech is said to overtake the Ash when older. The
study of this tree in the forests of Europe has a particular interest for Indian
foresters, owing to the similarity of its growth to the Teak. The Beech forests
of Buckinghamshire, the mixed forests (Beech, Wych or Mouwntain-elm, Ash,
Sycamore, and Acer platanoides) of Lauterberg on the Harz, and the forests on
the Rauhe Alp near Urach in Wiirtemberg, are very instructive for the study
of this interesting tree.

The Ash coppices well. The finest planted coppice-woods of Kent, for the
production of hop-poles and hoops, consist of Ash and Sweet Chestnut. It is
for farther inquiry whether the Himalayan tree here described possesses the
numerous excellent qualities of the European Ash.

3. F. Moorcroftiana, Wall.—Syn. F. zanthoxyloides, Wall. ; DC. Prody.
viii. 275. Vern. Shang, Afg.; Hanuz, nich, shilli, chuj, siju, chum, thum,
sandal, shangal, butru, Pb. ; Auga, gaha, N.W.P.

A large shrub, or small tree, with compressed branchlets. Leaves approx-
imate at the ends of branchlets, often very unequal in size on the same
tree ; leaflets opposite, 3-5 pair, 1-2 in. long, obtusely dentate, sessile or
subsessile, the terminal narrowed into a marginate petiolule ; common
petiole narrow-winged. J lowers appearing before the leaves, in compact,
rounded, short lateral panicles with hirsute bracts. Calyx rusty pilose
outside, cleft to one-fourth into 4 broad, rounded teeth. Petals 4, linear-
oblong, connate in pairs at the base. Anthers subsessile, large, erect.
Fruit on filiform pedicels, drooping, in numerous short umbelliform
fascicles below the leaves. Samara linear-spathulate, 1-14 in. long, seed-
part thick, ribbed and furrowed, supported by the persistent calyx, top
acute, with the base of the persistent style. Seed 1, compressed, linear,
with longitudinal ridges and furrows.

Afghanistan and Beluchistan. Trans-Indus territory on eastern flank of Suli-
man range. N.W. Himalaya, mainly in the inner more arid districts, Jhelam
basin (3500-5000 ft.), Chenab, very abundant in places (3000-9000 ft.), Kuna-
war and Piti (5000-8000 ft.), Kamaon (9000 ft.) Often gregarious, on bare arid
aloes: Fl. April; fruit ripens June-Aug. Growth slow, 20 rings per in. of
radius.

Attains at times 25 ft., with a short erect trunk 5-6 ft. girth, and stiff diver-
Fraxinus.] LI. OLEINEA. 305

gent branches, forming a rounded crown. Generally a large shrub, 10-15 ft.
high. Bark }-4 in, thick, cinereous or brown, scabrous with light-coloured
specks, smooth while young, with shallow wrinkles, dark and much cracked
when old, resembling the bark of Reptonia buwifolia. Wood light brown, with
a few white specks, heavy, hard, close-grained, strong, polishes well. Used for
tool-handles, yields excellent fuel. The leaves are valued as fodder for sheep
and goats, and the tree is much lopped.

2. SCHREBERA, Roxb.

_ Deciduous trees, with imparipinnate leaves; flowers in terminal
trichotomous, corymbose, compound cymes. Calyx campanulate, with 5
unequal teeth, often splitting into 2 lips. Corolla hypocrateriform ; tube
longer than calyx, limb spreading, 5-7-lobed, the lobes imbricate in bud.
Stamens 2, inserted in the corolla-tube ; anthers ovate-oblong, cells par-
allel, contiguous. Ovary 2-celled, 4 ovules in each cell; stigma bifid.
Fruit a large pear-shaped 2-valved capsule, thick, woody, dehiscing locu-
licidally, the valves septiferous. Seeds 8, pendulous from the top of the
cell, ending below in a long, lanceolate wing ; testa smooth, with a thick,
spongy inner coating; albumen 0, radicle short, superior, cotyledons
oblong, fleshy, longitudinally plaited.

1. S. swietenioides, Roxb. Cor. Pl. t. 101; Fl. Ind. i. 109; Wight
IL t. 162.—Vern. Moka, mékha, goki, ghaut, gautha (Thitsoayledu,
Burm.) 3

A moderate-sized tree, with grey branchlets and deciduous pubescent
leaves, sometimes glabrate afterwards. Leaflets 3 or 4 pair, ovate, entire,
sometimes ovate-lanceolate, obtusely acuminate, base often unequal-sided,
blade 2-4 in. long, the lateral leaflets short petiolulate, the terminal on a
petiolule half the length of blade; main lateral nerves 6-8 pair, with
shorter intermediate ones. Flowers fragrant at night. Cymes regularly
trichotomous, 3-6 in. long, and equally broad, ramifications and linear
bracts pubescent. Calyx pubescent. Corolla 4 in. long, white and brown,
fragrant, the inside of lobes with elevated brown glandular dots. Cap-
sule pendulous, rough with white elevated specks, 2 in. long.

Found here and there, common in places, but not gregarious, in South and Cen-
tral India, and in Burma. In Western India I found it in Banswara, and in the
Bassi forests of Meywar, N.E. of Chittor. Said to grow in Sindh, on the hills
west of the Indus (Graham, Bombay Cat. 112), In the sub-Himalayan tract only
known from the south-east corner of Kamaon. Bare for several months, the
new leaves come out April-May ; fl. Feb.-April.

A middle-sized tree, attaining 40 ft., but generally smaller. Trunk erect,
straight, 4-5 ft. girth, with numerous branches. Bark’ ash-coloured, scabrous.
Heartwood yellowish grey, close-grained, hard, 50 lb. per cub. ft., seasons
well, without warping and splitting, works freely and is durable. Used for the
beams of weavers’ looms, for making combs, and in turning. Has some of the
qualities of boxwood. : .

‘A second species is described by S. Kurz in Flora, 1872, p. 398, as S. pubescens
from Jubbulpore, with subsessile leaflets. I have not seen specimens, and the

matter requires farther inquiry on the spot.
U
306 LI. OLEINES. [Syringa.

3. SYRINGA, Linn. 3

Shrubs or small trees, with entire or pinnatifid deciduous leaves ; flowed
in a terminal thyrsus, consisting of numerous compound trichotomous
cymes. Calyx more or less persistent, campanulate, 4-toothed, teeth
often small. Corolla hypocrateriform ; tube longer than calyx, limb 4-
lobed, the lobes valvate in bud. Stamens 2, inserted on the corolla-tube.
Ovary 2-celled, 2 ovules in each cell; stigma bifid. Fruit a coriaceous
capsule, more or less cylindrical, 2-celled, 2-valved, dehiscing loculicidally,
the valves septiferous. Seeds pendulous in pairs from the top of each
cell, with a narrow wing all round. Embryo straight in a fleshy albu-
men, cotyledons foliaceous, radicle superior.

Leaves elliptic-oblong, pale beneath, 3-5 in. long, young parts pu-

bescent . : . A : 5 . . i" - . 1. 8. Bmodi.
Leaves lanceolate elliptic or pinnatifid, 1-2 in. long ; wholly glab-
rous . 3 5 F , 6 3 : ; ‘ . 2. S. persica.

1. S. Emodi, Wall. ; Royle Il. t. 65.—Vern. Ban phiint, ban dakhiir,
banchir, razli, juari, rangkrun, rangchui, kchimu, lolti, leila, shafri,
shapri, diden, chilanghati, Pb.

A large deciduous shrub ; glabrous, inflorescence only and young leaves
pubescent. Leaves elliptic-oblong, entire, base acute, apex short-acumi-
nate, pale beneath, blade 3-5 in., petiole 1 in. long ; main lateral nerves
6-8 pair, arcuate. Flowers purplish lilac, scented ; thyrsus pyramidal, 3-6
in. long, with lanceolate deciduous bracts, the lower branches in the axils
of leaves, flowers on short pedicels, crowded in short compact cymes.
Calyx-teeth triangular, often very short. Corolla-lobes linear- oblong,
generally with an inflexed point: tips of anthers exserted. Capsule
cylindrical, acute at both ends, ? in. long, often curved.

Safedkoh, trans-Indus 9000 ft. Abundant in many parts of N.W. Himalaya,
from the Indus to the Sarda, ascending to 11,000 ft.,in the outer moister ranges,
as well as in the inner more arid tracts (Lahoul). Hardy in England. A culti-
vated form raised from Himalayan seed, is described and figured in Bot. Reg.
vol. 31, tab. 6, with white flowers, and a heavy unpleasant smell, FL Mag!
Aug.; fr. Sept.-Oct. Attains 8-10 ft. the bark of branches is warted with
lave whitish lenticels. Wood white, even- and close-grained. Leaves used
as fodder for goats.

2. S. persica, Linn. Bot. Mag. t. 486.—Vern. Hidsmin, Kashmir.

A glabrous shrub. Leaves elliptic lanceolate or pinnatifid, 1-2 in. long.
Flowers white or purplish lilac, scented, thyrsus narrow pyramidal, 6-8
in. long, with linear bracts; flowers in regular, trichotomous, but often
incomplete cymes, the terminal on pedicels 3-4 in. long, the lateral often
subsessile. Limb of corolla spreading, lobes ovate or obovate, acute,
edges thickened. Capsule cylindrical, 4 in. long.

Cultivated in Kashmir and at Lahore. Found (apparently wild, with entire
leaves) by Dr Stewart near Kanigorum, the chief wilage of Waziristan, on the
eastern flank of the Suliman range, at 8000 ft. Believed to be indigenous in
Persia, whence it has been introduced to Europe ; hardy in England, and grown
Syringa. ] LI. OLEINEA. 307

everywhere in gardens with Syringa vulgaris, Linn., which is marked by broad-
ovate or cordate leaves. lLeatless in winter ; fl. April-May.

4. OLEA, Linn.

Trees or shrubs, with opposite, coriaceous, persistent leaves. Flowers
often unisexual. Calyx shortly campanulate, 4-dentate or truncate. Cor-
olla with a short tube and 4 spreading lobes, valvate or imbricate in bud
(ina species not Indian wanting). Stamens 2, exserted. Ovary 2-celled,
2 ovules in each cell ; style short, stigma bifid, or capitate. Fruita drupe,
the endocarp usually hard, the exocarp fleshy. Seed solitary, rarely 2,
albumen fleshy, its cells filled with oil. Embryo straight, nearly as long
as the seed, cotyledons foliaceous, radicle superior.

Lateral nerves indistinct, leaves clothed beneath with a film of
reddish scales . 2 . ‘ : : & . 1. O. cuspidata.
Lateral nerves distinct, leaves without scales beneath. :

Flowers in compound trichotomous cymes ; torolla-lobes val-"
2. O. glandulifera.

vate a . . . e i i ; i :
Flowers in umbelliform fascicles ; corolla-lobes imbricate . 3. O. fragrans.

1. O. cuspidata, Wall.—Tab. XXXVIII.—Syn. O. ferruginea, Royle
TL t. 65. Vern. Khwan, shwan, Trans-Indus; Zaitun, Afghanistan
(Griffith). Ko, kohu, kao, kau, Pb. ; Kau, N.W.P.; Kaha, khau, Sindh.

A middle-sized unarmed tree. Branchlets, petioles, and inflorescence
clothed with a white or grey film of minute scales. Leaves oblong-
lanceolate, cuspidate, entire, 2-4 in. long, shining above, thickly clothed
beneath with a dense ferruginous or red film of scales, the scales minute,
orbicular, fixed in the centre, circumference minutely and irregularly
dentate; midrib prominent; lateral nerves invisible beneath, indis-
tinetly visible on the upper surface, anastomosing by intramarginal veins.
Flowers whitish, bisexual, in axillary, more or less regularly trichotomous
cymes, generally shorter than leaf, equalling about half its length.
Bracts linear, caducous ; the lateral flowers sessile or subsessile, the ter-
minal pedicellate. Calyx short-campanulate, with 4 short teeth, nearly
truncate. Corolla rotate, lobes ovate, acute with a distinct midrib,
valvate in bud. Anthers oval, the cells contiguous on the outside,
dehiscing laterally, separated on the inside by the broad elliptic connect-
ive ; filaments short, affixed at the back, a little above the base, between
the contiguous cells. Style short, stigma thickened, bifid. Drupe ovoid,
about }+4 in. long, black when ripe, supported by the remains of calyx ;
pulp scanty, oily, putamen thick, hard, bony.

Abundant in the trans-Indus territory, one of the characteristic trees on the
eastern flank of the Suliman range. In Afghanistan, Beluchistan, the hills of
West Sindh, the Panjab Salt range, and in many parts of the outer ranges of the
N.W. Himalaya, ascending to 6000 ft., and extending east to the Jumna river.
Not uncommon on the Tonse river, near Bastil (D.B.)

I cannot follow Dr Stewart and others in identifying the Indian tree with Olea
europea, L. The distinguishing characters of the Indian tree are a more lax in-
308 LI, OLEINES. [ Olea.

florescence, the upper side of the leaves deep glossy green, not grey or dull green,
as in the Mediterranean tree, the under side red or ferruginous instead of white,
smaller fruit, the absence of spines, and a more distinctly marked heartwood.
These, it is true, are not characters to which systematic botanists commonly
attach much value, but the appearance of the trees is different, and there is this
important fact, that though the tree is common in Sindh and the hills of the
Panjab, there is no trace of its ever having been cultivated, and the fruit turned
to account on a large scale in those countries. Should eventually intermediate
forms be discovered, and should botanists agree to regard the Indian and West
Asiatic tree as one species, then the remarkable fact will have to be explained
that the art of improving the tree by cultivation, and grafting it, was not prac-
tised in the Panjab at an early age. In Palestine the Blive tree has been cul-
tivated from time immemorial for the sake of its oil, and in Greece also its cul-
tivation is very old, for Solon (early in the sixth century, B.c.) enacted laws
regarding the growth of the Fig and the Olive. The tree is indigenous in Syria,
and probably in Greecealso. Greek colonists carried the tree westward, to Italy,
Istria, Spain, and the South of France, and thus the Olive has gradually become
completely naturalised in the western Mediterranean region, for it spreads readily,
and the self-sown or bird-sown seedlings revert more or less to the wild form.
The eastward spread of the Olive has been much less marked. At the time of
Herodotus, in the fifth century, B.c., the Olive was not known in Persia, and in
India the attempts made to grow the Mediterranean Olive are of recent date, and
have not hitherto been successful. The real Olive is called Zaztdén in Persian
and Arabic ; it has no Sanskrit name, and Olive oil is not mentioned by old
Sanskrit writers. Few subjects are more interesting than the spread of the cul-
tivation of this useful tree, and the interest is heightened by the close affinity of
the West Asiatic and Indian species.

The Indian tree grows gregariously, the leaves are shed in January and
February, and are renewed immediately afterwards. It flowers from April
to May, sometimes in September; the fruit ripens Aug.-Nov. The growth
is slow. The tree is often kept down by lopping, but when it gets fair play
and some protection it attains a considerable size, 30-40, rarely 50 ft., with
a short massive trunk, often gnarled and bent, girth 6, at times 10-12 ft,
Branches stiff, crooked, widespreading, forming a broad depressed rounded
crown. The foliage is deep glossy green. The branches are always un-
armed, whereas they are often spinescent on the wild Olive of the Medi-
terranean region. Bark thin, smoothish, undulated while young, when old
exfoliating in long irregular narrow strips. Heartwood with a well-defined
outline, dark brown, often nearly black and beautifully mottled. Sapwood
yellowish. The wood of the Mediterranean tree is yellowish brown, irre-
gularly mottled and veined with dark blackish-brown veins. In weight and
structure there seems to be no marked difference. Wood from Sindh weighs
65 lb., and this is about the weight of the Mediterranean wood. The medul-
lary rays are fine and very close together ; the wood is marked by numerous
whitish dots generally arranged in wavy concentric lines. Annual rings not
very distinct, often marked ‘by a dark line without dots. The wood takes a
beautiful polish, is very hard, is highly prized for turning, for crooked tim-
bers of the Indus boats, and agricultural implements ; combs are carved of it.
It yields excellent fuel, and makes good charcoal. The fruit is a favourite food
of crows, and ripe fruit is not often seen on the trees. The pericarp is oily, like
that of the real Olive tree. In Afghanistan oil is extracted from the indigenous
tree in a small way, and used medicinally (Irvine, Bellew), and about 1851 an
experiment was made in Kohat to extract oil on a larger scale. The oil was
excellent, but the quantity obtained was insufficient to repay an extension of the
process. So much, however, is clear, that oil can be made from the fruit of the
Olea. | LI. OLEINEA, 309

Indian tree ; and it seems pes that by grafting or other means the yield
may eventually be improved. a

“ 2. 0, glandulifera, Wall. ; Wight Ic. t. 1238 ; Bedd. Fl. Sylv. t. 238.
—Syn. 0. paniculata, Roxb. Fl. Ind. i. 105, not paniculata, R. Brown
(an Australian species); O. Roxburghiana, Roem. et Schultes. Vern.
Gulili, raban, stra, phalsh, Pb.; Gair, galdu, garuir, Kamaon.

Wholly glabrous. Leaves ovate or elliptic, long - acuminate, entire,
blade 4-5 in., petiole 1-1} in. long; main lateral nerves 6-8 pair, on the
under side with small oval, open hollow glands in their axils. Flowers
white, in terminal and lateral pyramidal compound trichotomous cymes ;
bracts deciduous. Calyx 4-toothed. Corolla rotate, lobes valvate. An-
thers like those of O. cuspidata and europea. Fruit ovoid, shortly acu-
minate, putamen with a thin, crustaceous or woody shell.

Outer Himalayan ranges between 2500 and 6000 ft., from the Indus to Nepal.
Mountains of South India. Scattered in mixed forests, in moist shady ravines,
often associated with Acer oblongum. Fl. March-May, sometimes in August.
The fruit ripens Nov.Feb., and often remains long on the tree. A small or
middle-sized tree, trunk short, straight, girth 5-6 ft., branches widespreading,
forming a handsome, broad, rounded depressed, umbrageous crown. A very
large tree on the Nilgiris. Young branches tetragonal, light coloured, and warty
with lenticels, bark of trunk } in. thick, grey with elevated white specks, very
uneven, exfoliating with brittle scales. Wood pale brown, with some white
dots on transverse section, medullary rays and pores broader and larger than
in O."europcea and O. cuspidata. Moderately hard, close, compact, not very
dense, capable of a high polish, not touched by insects, durable. Employed in
construction, carpentry and turnery, and for agricultural implements. Growth
moderate, A section of a tree 43 years old (Hort. Calc.) showed 43 rings, on a
radius of 10 in. The bark is medicinal, the leaves are used as fodder.

3. O. fragrans, Thunb. ; Roxb. Fl. Ind. i. 105; Bot. Mag. t. 1552.—
Syn. O. acuminata, Wall.; Osmanthus fragrans, Loureiro; DC. Prodr.
viii. 291. Vern. Shilling, silang, Kamaon.

A small tree, wholly glabrous. Leaves lanceolate- or elliptic-oblong,
blade 4-5 in. long, acuminate, narrowed into petiole 4-? in. long, entire
(in cultivated trees often serrate); lateral nerves numerous, anastomos-
ing by prominent reticulate and intramarginal veins. Flowers dioicous,
white, exceedingly fragrant, on long slender pedicels, in axillary, rarely
terminal umbelliform fascicles. Male flowers: corolla-lobes oblong, imbri-
cate, many times longer than the small 4-toothed calyx ; anthers like those
of O. cuspidata and europea. Rudiment of ovary of 2 white falcate lobes.
Fruit a blue, glaucous ovoid drupe, # in. long; putamen with a hard
woody shell. Embryo cylindrical, radicle longer than cotyledons.

I follow Bentham, F]. Hongkongensis, 215, and Miquel, Ann. Mus.
Lugd. Bot. ii. 264, in replacing this species under Olea. There are other
species with imbricate corolla-lobes ; the fertile specimens from Kamaon
are in fruit only.

In Sirmore and Kamaon planted by temples and villages, and at passes, be-
ween 2800 and 6800 ft. At one place, near Kapkot, it covers a considerable
310 LI. OLEINEA. [ Olea.

area asa shrub; but it is uncertain whether it is originally indigenous in the
North-West Himalaya. Apparently wild in Eastern Bengal and on the Island
of Nipon (Japan), Miquel 1. c, Cultivated in Japan, China, and most tropical
countries. In May, June, sometimes in Sept., the tree is covered with an
abundance of white or light-yellow flowers with an exquisite fragrance, which
the least breath of wind carries a distance of several hundred yards. Growth
slow, 13 rings per in. radius. In Japan often a large tree (fl. in Oct.),in Kamaona
small tree or shrub ; bark } in. thick, dark or light-grey, irregularly longitudi-
nally rugose, and scabrous with elevated tubercles. Wood whitish, mottled
with brown. In Kamaon the flowers are placed among clothes to keep off in-
sects, in China they are used to flavour tea.

5, LIGUSTRUM, Linn.

Shrubs or small trees, with opposite, entire leaves. Flowers bisexual,
in terminal trichotomous panicles. Calyx small, 4-toothed. Corolla with
a short tube and 4 lobes, valvate or slightly imbricate in the bud. Ovary
2-celled, 2 ovules in each cell; style short. Fruit a berry. Seeds 4 or
fewer ; albumen copious, fleshy or almost cartilaginous ; cotyledons foli-
aceous, radicle superior.

1. L. robustum, H.f. & Th.—Syn. Phillyrea robusta, Roxb. FI. Ind.
1.101. Olea robusta, Wall. ; Wight Ic. t. 1242. Vistania robusta, DC.
Prod. viii. 289. Vern. Keri, banpatara, N.W.P. x

A moderate-sized tree, nearly glabrous. Branchlets dotted with small
elevated white specks. Leaves ovate or ovate-lanceolate, coriaceous,
glabrous on both sides, shining above. Flowers white, subsessile ; bracts
linear, deciduous, Ramifications of panicle pubescent, with long soft
hairs. Calyx cup-shaped, truncate or 4-dentate. Corolla-tube short ;
lobes oblong, valvate in bud. Anthers on short filaments. Berry cylin-
drical, often curved, 4-4 in. long.

Mountains on the west side of the peninsula, Bengal, Nepal, and Kamaon,
2500-8000 ft. Fl. April-June; fr. Nov.-Feb. In mixed forests, scattered, a
handsome, middle-sized tree, 40 ft. high, trunk erect, 4-5 ft. girth, branches ascend-
ing, forming an oval crown. Bark cinereous, scabrous with numerous warts.
Wood light-brown, often with white dots, fairly close and durable, said to be
somewhat brittle. In South India the bark is put into the toddy of Caryota
urens, to cause immediate fermentation. Closely allied are the following trees :—

1. L. compactum, H.f. & Th. (Olea compacta, Wall.) Branchlets without ele-
vated specks ; panicles compact, perfectly glabrous ; berries ovoid or subglobose,
din. long. North-West Himalaya, Sarda to the Bias, at 3500-6000 ft. (Karama
peak, Deoban range, D.B., June 1863). Fl. May-July.

2. L. nepalense, Wall. in Roxb. Fl. Ind., ed. Carey, 1.151; Pl. As. rar. t, 270.
—Syn. L. spicatum, Don Prodr. Fl. Nep.107. Lhe Nepal Privet. Vern. Gum-
gacha, Nepal. Branchlets dotted with callous spots. Flowers white, subsessile,
in compact villous panicles ; bracts minute, deciduous. Calyx truncate or in-
distinctly 4-toothed. Berries ovoid, dark blue, with a beautiful bloom on them.
Nepal. Fl. April-June.

3. L. bracteolatum, Don 1. c. 107, differs by linear-lanceolate bracts and more
spreading panicles. Berries (always?) subglobose. Garhwal, Kamaon, 2500-
7000 ft. Nepal.

These species of Zigustrum require farther study.
Jasminum] LI. OLEINEA. 311

6. JASMINUM, Linn.

Shrubs or climbers, with opposite, rarely alternate, imparipinnate, or
unifoliolate leaves. Flowers white or yellow, in axillary or terminal tri-
chotomous cymes. Calyx-lobes 5-10. Corolla-tube cylindrical or clavate,
the limb spreading, 5-12-lobed, the lobes imbricate, often contorted in the

‘bud. Stamens included in the tube. Ovary 2-celled, 1, 2, rarely 3 ovules
in each cell ; style minutely 2-lobed at the tip. Berry 2-lobed almost to
the base, or entire by the failure of 1 carpel. Seed usually 1 in each lobe,
erect, without albumen ; cotyledons thick and fleshy, radicle inferior.

Leaves opposite, simple, unifoliolate, the petiole articulate
below the middle.
Flowers pedicellate, solitary or in lax trichotomous cymes.
Pubescent ; calyx-segments 5-9, longer than calyx-tube 1. J. Sambac.
Pubescent ; calyx-segments 5-6, as long as tube or twice

its length.
Erect, not climbing . 2. J. arborescens.
Climbing . ; ‘ ‘ , . 3. J. latifolium.
Glabrous ; calyx-segments 5-6, as long as tube 4. J. glandulosum.
Flowers subsessile, in compact corymbose cymes. : 5. J. hirsutum.
Leaves opposite, imparipinnate, leaflets 1 or 2 pair; or leaves
unifoliolate . . 6. J. dispermum.

Leaves opposite, all imparipinnate, leaflets 1-3 pair, the ter-
minal largest ; calyx-segments nearly as long as corolla-
tube . : i ‘ . : 5 A ‘ a 7. J. officinale.

Leaves opposite, all imparipinnate, leaflets 3-5 pair, the low-
est larger, the upper 1 or 2 pair confluent with the ter-
minal leaflet . ‘j 7 - ‘ F P é 8. J. grandiflorwm.

Leaves alternate, imparipinnate, leaflets 1-5 pair 9. J. revolutum.

There are other species within the range of this Flora; a selection has been
made of the more common kinds.

1. J. Sambac, Aiton; Roxb. Fl. Ind. i. 88; Wight Ic. t. 704.—Sans.
Mallika, asphota, saptala ; Pers. Zambac. Vern. Chamba, migra, bél.

A shrub, generally climbing, pubescent. Leaves glabrate, opposite,
2-3 in. long, on short petioles, elliptic or rotundate, entire, shortly and
obtusely acuminate ; main lateral nerves 4-6 pair. Flowers white, fragrant,
solitary, or in 3, 5- or 7-flowered terminal cymes. Calyx-segments 5-9,
linear, hairy, longer than calyx-tube, and half the length of corolla-tube
or more. Berry-lobes subglobose, 1 or 2.

Cultivated, on account of its delightfully fragrant flowers, in numerous varie-
ties, erect and climbing, with larger and smaller, double and single flowers,
throughout India, and in most tropical countries. Believed to be indigenous in

the peninsula. Fil. HS.

2. J. arborescens, Roxb. Fl. Ind. i. 95; Wight Ic. +. 699; a tall
shrub: and 3. J. latifolium, Roxb. Fl. Ind. i. 95 ; Wight Ic. t. 703; a
climber,—are in all other respects so much alike, that with abundant speci-
mens before me, from Oudh, the Central Provinces, the North-West Hima-
laya, and other parts of India, I find it impossible to draw up distinct
312 LI. OLEINE. [Jasminum.

descriptions. Farther researches on the spot must decide whether these
species should not, as suggested in Wight Ic. t. 703, be regarded as one.

More or less pubescent. Leaves opposite, ovate from a broadly rounded,
rarely cordate base, acuminate, entire, soft-tomentose on both sides when
young, more or less glabrous afterwards, blade 3-5 in. long, 2-3 in. broad,
petiole 4-2 in. long; main lateral nerves 6-8 pair, 3 or 4 pair approxi-
mate, from the lowest third of the midrib. Flowers white, fragrant, in
lax terminal trichotomous, more or less compound cymes, with linear
bracts; pedicels as long as calyx, or twice, rarely 3 times its length.
Calyx-lobes 5 or 6, linear, as long as calyx-tube, or twice its length,
always shorter than corolla-tube. Corolla-lobes 10 or 12, linear, acute or
cuspidate. Berries 1 or 2, ovoid or oblong, often oblique, 4-4 in. long,
longer than calyx-segments.

Common in most parts of India, except in the arid region and the northern
Panjab. In the outer Himalaya extends to the Jumna, and ascends to 4000 ft.
Often cultivated in gardens, also in the Panjab. Fl. H.S. Branches with
smooth, greyish bark.

4. J. glandulosum, Wall.; Royle Ill. p. 268.

A climbing shrub, wholly glabrous. Leaves shining, lanceolate or ovate-
lanceolate, blade 3-4 in., petiole } in. long. Flowers on long filiform
pedicels many times longer than calyx, generally bibracteolate about the
middle, solitary, or in few-flowered lax terminal cymes. Calyx-lobes 5 or
6, linear, as long as tube. Corolla-tube slender, 1-1} in. long ; lobes 6-8,
linear, a little shorter than tube.

Kamaon, ascending to 4500 ft., Sikkim, Kasia. Fl. June, July (yellow,
Royle ; white, Don Syst. iv. 61).

5. J. hirsutum, Willd. ; Wight Ic. t. 702.—Syn. J. pubescens, Roxb.
Fl. Ind. i. 91. Sans. Kunda. Vern. Kunda, kundo.

A large tomentose shrub. Leaves ovate from a rounded or cordate
base, shortly acuminate, entire, blade 1-24 in. long, and about #14 in.
broad, petioles + in. long. Flowers white, fragrant, sessile or on pedi-
cels shorter than calyx-tube, crowded in compact, terminal, short-pedun-
culate corymbose cymes. Calyx-lobes 8-10, linear, hairy, many times
longer than tube, nearly as long as corolla-tube. Corolla-lobes 6-9, lan-
ceolate-oblong, cuspidate, shorter than tube.

Common in the peninsula, Burma, Bengal, Oudh, and the Central Provinces,
and extends in the sub-Himalayan tract to the Jumna river. Cultivated in
gardens. Fl. rains and 0.8. Branches grey-tomentose.

6. J. dispermum, Wall. Roxb. Fl. Ind., ed. Carey, i. 99; Pl. As. rar.
t. 274.—Vern. Surmali, Kamaon.

A scandent shrub, wholly glabrous; branches slender, 4-sided, divari
Jasminum. | Li, OLEINEA. 313

cate. Leaves opposite, unifoliolate, or imparipinnate, leaflets lanceolate,
or ovate-lanceolate, with 3 or 5 basal nerves, the terminal 2-4 in, long,
on a petiolule 4-2 in., the lateral 1 or 2 pair, 1-14 in. long, nearly sessile.
Flowers yellowish white, fragrant, in axillary pedunculate, few-flowered
cymes. Calyx with 5 short teeth. Corolla-tube clavate, ? in. long, seg-
ments 5, ovate, shorter than tube. Berries twin, 2-seeded, dark purple.

Kamaon, ascending to 5000 ft., Nepal, Bhutan, Kasia. Fl. HLS.

7. J. officinale, Linn. — Vern. Chamba, chirichog, kiri, Kashmir ;
Bansu, kwer, dumni, Chenab ; Dassi, samsem, Ravi.

A large twining shrub, extremities slightly pubescent. Leaves oppo-
site, imparipinnate, 2-3 in. long, leaflets lanceolate, the terminal largest,
petiolulate, lateral 1-3 pair, subsessile ; common petiole marginate. Flowers
white, fragrant, on pedicels longer than calyx, in terminal few-flowered
corymbose cymes. Calyx-segments 5, subulate, 3 or 4 times longer than
tube, nearly as long as corolla-tube. Corolla-lobes 5, acute. Berries didy-
mous, globose.

Afghanistan, Waziristan. On top of Mount Tillah, Salt range at 3000 ft. Hima-
laya from Indus to the Sarda, between 3000 and 9000 ft. Fi. May, June. Cul-
tivated in Europe. Hardy in England.

8. J. grandiflorum, Linn. ; Roxb. Fl. Ind. i. 100; Wight Ic. t. 1257.
—Vern. Chambel, jati. (Jahi, chambeli, Kamaon.)

A large scandent glabrous shrub. Leaves 3-4 in. long, imparipinnate,
leaflets 3-5 pair, the lowest generally larger than those of the uppermost
pair ; lateral leaflets sessile, the upper 1 or 2 pair confluent with the peti-
ole and with the terminal leaflet; common petiole marginate. Flowers
white, tinged with purple outside, peculiarly sweet-scented, on slender
pedicels, in terminal, lax divaricate cymes. Calyx-segments subulate, 3
or 4 times longer than tube, $ the length of corolla-tube. Corolla-lobes
5, elliptic, obtuse or acute. Berries didymous, ovoid.

Cultivated with single and double flowers'in gardens throughout India ; the
flowers are made into garlands. Fl. March-Aug. Wild in Nepal and Kamaon,
ascending to 5000 ft.

9. J. revolutum, Sims. ; Wight Ic. t. 1258.—Vern. Chamba, jaari, Pb.

An erect shrub, wholly glabrous. Branches angled. Leaves alternate,
imparipinnate, leaflets 1-5 pair, ovate, or ovate-lanceolate, the terminal
largest. Flowers yellow, fragrant, in short, terminal, corymbose panicles,
. Calyx with 5 short subulate teeth. Corolla-tube 4-2 in. long, lobes 5, broad-
ovate, obtuse. Fruit didymous, berries globose.

Afghanistan. Waziristan and hills round the Peshawar valley. Salt range
(on Sakésar 3000-5000 ft.), Himalaya, Indus to Nepal, between 2000 and 9000
ft. ; also in some of the drier tracts (Kunawar). Bhutan (Griff.) On the Nilgiris
and the hills of Ceylon. FI. April-June ; fr. Sept. :
314 LI. OLEINE. [Nyctanthes.

7, NYCTANTHES, Linn.

Deciduous, with quadrangular branches and scabrous ovate opposite
leaves. Calyx campanulate, truncate, with 5-6 inconspicuous teeth.
Corolla-tube cylindrical, limb spreading, lobes 5-8, emarginate or bifid,
contorted in bud. Anthers 2, sessile near the mouth of the corolla,
Stigma capitate. Capsule chartaceous, compressed, 2-celled, splitting
into 2 flat 1-seeded ¢ells. Seeds erect, without albumen, radicle inferior,

1. N. Arbor-tristis, Linn.; Roxb. Fl. Ind. i. 86; Bedd. Fl. Sylv. t.
240.—Sans. Sephali. Vern. Har, siharu, saihiari, harsinghar, harin-
gar, saherwa. Local names: Pakiira, ladiri, kiri, Pb., N.W.P. ; Shali,
Bassi in Meywar; Khersari, kersaru, Gonds, C.P.

A large shrub or small tree, rough all over with an uneven epidermis
and stiff, whitish hairs. Leaves petiolate, entire or with a few large dis-
tant teeth. Flowers sessile, in bracteate fascicles of 3; bracts obovate,
the fascicles pedunculate and arranged in short terminal trichotomous
cymes. Corolla-tube orange, limb white.

Cultivated throughout India on account of its fragrant flowers, which open in
the evening and drop at sunrise. Indigenous in the sub-Himalayan forests from
the Chenab to the Sarda river, and in Assam. Common in the Baraitch and
Gonda forests of Oudh, and in Central India from the Jumna to the Godavery.
The old leaves shed Feb., the fresh foliage appears April, May. Flowers more
or less throughout the year, generally during the rains. Seed ripe autumn, C8.
Often gregarious in dry places, 15-20 ft. high, with a short erect trunk, 3 ft. girth,
Bark an thick, light or dark grey, greenish white or pale brown, slightly
wrinkled. Coppices vigorously. R. Thompson describes a large coppice-wood
of it, near Ramnuggur in Kamaon, so dense as to be almost impenetrable, from
which the neighbouring villages drew their supply of fuel. Easily raised from
seed, Wood ae close-grained, but splits ie drying. Only used as fuel,
merits attention in that respect. The leaves are used in polishing wood. The
flowers are made into garlands, and a fine but transient Sait or orange-colour
for cloth is made from them. ;

“

Orper LIT. SALVADORACEA.

Glabrous shrubs or trees. Leaves opposite, petioled, entire, with min-
ute stipules. Flowers small, regular, tetramerous, in paniculate spikes
or racemes. Calyx small, 4-lobed. Corolla hypogynous, membranous,
more or less deeply 4-cleft, lobes imbricate. Stamens 4, filaments short,
inserted at the base of the corolla, and alternating with its lobes ; anthers
2-celled, introrse. Disc hypogynous, 4-lobed. Ovary free, 2-celled ; stig-
ma subsessile, 2-lobed, ovules geminate, ascending. Seeds 1-4, albumen
none; embryo with fleshy, plano-convex cotyledons.—Royle Ill. 319
(under Chenopodiacee) ; Wight Ill. ii. 227.

1, SALVADORA.
Leaves subcoriaceous, main lateral nerves anastomosing by intramarginal
Salvadora.] LIl. SALVADORACEA. 315

veins. Flowers bisexual, in the axils of deciduous bracts. Fruit a 1-seeded
berry, supported by the persistent calyx.

Flowers pedicellate, in lax, axillary and terminal, often nodding
panicles ; calyx small, open, lobes less than half the length

of the refiexed petals f * ‘ : . . ‘ 1. S. persica.
Flowers sessile, in compact erect axillary panicles, shorter than

leaves ; calyx cup-shaped, lobes nearly as long as the erect

petals . : 5 : ‘ : : ji 5 2. S. oleoides.

1. S. persica, Linn. ; Roxb. Cor, Pl. t. 26; Fl. Ind. i. 389; Wight
Ic. 1621.—Syn. S. Indica, Wight Ill t. 181. 8S. Stocksii, Wight Ic.
1621 B. Arab. Arak, irak. Vern. Kauri van, kauri jal, jhar, jit, jhit,
Pb.; Kabbur, pilu, Sindh ; Jal, kharjal, N.W.P.; Jhal, Rajputana.

A large evergreen shrub or small tree, with white branches, drooping
branchlets, and glaucous foliage, but much clearer and brighter green than
the foliage of S. oleoides. Leaves varying in shape from ovate to narrow-
lanceolate, blade 1-2 in. long. Flowers greenish-white, pedicellate, pedi-
cels slender, generally 3 in. long, but often much shorter. Panicles axil-
lary and terminal, lax, often nodding, longer than leaves ; branches race-
mose, divaricate. Calyx open, cleft half-way into short, broad, rounded,
ciliate lobes. Corolla cleft nearly to the base into 4 oblong lobes, twice
the length of calyx, and generally reflexed. Fruit globose or subglobose,
2-24 lines long, fleshy, greenish-yellow, red when ripe, supported by the
persistent yellowish cup of the calyx.

Planted, particularly near Mussalman tombs, in many parts of India, Wild
in the southern part of the Multan and Dera Ghazi Khan districts, in Bhawal-
_ pur and Sindh. Plentiful in lower Sindh and on the Beluchistan hills. Doubt-
fully wild on rocky ground near the Kutab Minar (Delhi). “On the Ganges
banks all over down to near Patna” (Madden in Hb. Kew). Wild on low ground,
particularly on saline soils in Rajputana (Bhurtpur, Kishengarh, associated with
Capparis aphylla, Prosopis spicigera, and often with Salv. oleovdes), near the
coast in Guzerat, the Konkan (the Habshi’s pen in the Circars and the
northern part of Ceylon. In Syria, Arabia, Egypt, Abyssinia, and in Western
Africa. The old leaves are shed in April, the new foliage coming out simul-
taneously. Fl, Nov.-May;; in the Panjab the fruit oe in June, in Sindh in
Jan., Feb. Gregarious, usually in compact clumps and masses, generally a large
shrub or a small scrubby tree, but under favourable circumstances attains 30-40
ft., with a short trunk, often crooked and fluted, 8-10 ft. long and 4-5 ft. girth.
Girths of 6-8 ft. are not rare in Sindh, and Edgeworth notes one tree at Pakpat-
tan, north of Multan, 14 ft. 9 in. girth, Branches numerous, spreading, extrem-
ities drooping, like those of the weeping-willow. Bark of branches shining,
almost white, light ash-grey, or darker. Bark of trunk thin, grey or brownish,
irregularly rugose. Wood whitish yellow, soft, the cub. ft. (of Sindh wood)
weighs 404 lb. (Dalzell), 46 Ib. (Fenner). Medullary rays numerous, fine, pores
large, in concentric belts of white tissue, alternating with darker-coloured elts
of nearly the same width. Easy to work, and takes a beautiful polish. White
ants do not attack it, nevertheless it is but little used. It is a poor fuel, and is
considered useless for building. Grows readily from seed and coppices well, but
i is slow. /
ee is very acrid, and when bruised and applied to the skin acts
like a blister (Pharm, Ind. 170) ; the twigs are used as tooth-cleaners (miswdi).
316 LI. SALVADORACEZ. [Salvadora.

Shoots and leaves are a favourite fodder of camels; they are pungent, eaten as
salad, and are celebrated as antidotesagainst poison. The fruit (plu, Pb.; piru,
Sindh) is pungent, bitter, and aromatic ; it is used medicinally, Salvadora
persica has been identified with the Mustard-tree of Scripture. :

2. S. oleoides, Dne.—Tab, XXXIX.—Jacq. Voy. Bot. t. 144.—Syn.
S. indica, Royle Ill. p. 319. 8S. persica, T, Anderson in Linn. Soc, Jour-
nal, v. Suppl. i. 29. Persian, Irak-hindi (Royle). Vern. Jal, van, vani,
mithi van, Pb. ; Kabbar, khabbar, jhar, diar, mitht diar, Sindh ; Jhal,
N.W.P.

A shrub or small tree, with stiff branches, ash-coloured or reddish grey
branchlets, and dull cinereous persistent foliage. Leaves glaucous, linear-
lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, blade 14-23 in. long, membranous when
young, coriaceous and somewhat fleshy when full-grown ; main lateral nerves
often indistinct. Flowers greenish-white, sessile, in erect compact axillary
paniculate spikes, often clustered and shorter than leaves. Calyx cup-
shaped, divided half-way or nearly half-way into 4 rounded, obtuse lobes.
Corolla as long as or a little longer than calyx. Fruit globose, 24 lines
diam., yellow when ripe, dark brown or red when dry, supported by the
persistent calyx and marcescent corolla.

Abundant in the driest and most desert parts of the Panjab, trans and cis-
Indus, often forming great part of the vegetation for miles, ascending to 3000 ft.
trans-Indus, to 2400 in the Salt range. Less common north of the Salt range.
In North and Central Sindh (often associated with S. persica), not common
generally, but in one place (near ae more common than S. persica. In
Harriana, Bikanir, near Delhi, Agra, Bhurtpur, farther east probably planted ;
also at Aden. The leaves are renewed about April, the young foliage is often
dark greenish-grey, but dull grey when full-grown, FI. generally March, April;
fr. about June.

In arid and saline soil a stunted scrub, but attains 20-25 ft. under favourable
conditions. Trunk short, often twisted or bent, girth 5-6 ft., 2 trees 11 ft, 4
in. and 12 ft. girth near Multan, noted by Edgeworth. Large trees generally
hollow. Branches numerous, stiff, divergent, twisted, often swollen at forks.
Branches stiffer and crown narrower than S. persica. Branchlets ash-coloured
or reddish grey. Bark } in. thick, whitish grey, or dark grey, cleft into small
plates by irregular shallow cracks, mostly longitudinal, and fewer cross-cracks,
Inner substance hard compact. Wood whitish, compact, soft, weight 49 Ib. per
cub. ft. (Sindh). Structure similar to that of S. persica. Not touched by white
ants in Sindh, In the South Panjab, where timber is scarce, it is often employed
for building, and for agricultural implements ; Persian wheels are made of it,
and (in Sindh) knee-timbers of boats. A poor fuel, requires 9-12 months to dry,
gives no heat, but mixed with scraps of pine-wood is useful for brick - burning.
Leaves a great deal of ash, and blocks the fire-places speedily. Shoots and
leaves are much browsed by camels. The fruit (Pd, pilu, pinju, Pb.; Piru,
Sindh) is sweet, and is eaten largely. When dried it ad an article of trade,
and tastes somewhat like currants.

Ovoid cinereous galls are often formed on petioles and flower-stalks, and
small clustered, deformed leaves grow frequently in large numbers among the
flowers. The tree grows readily from seed, and coppices fairly well. Its growth
is believed to be more rapid than that of S. persica, but’ the annual rings are
very indistinct, and obscured by the numerous concentric belts of alternating
white and darker tissue (often 15-16 on 1 in. of radius).
Strychnos. | LIL. LOGANIACEA. 317

Orver LIT. LOGANIACEA,

Trees, shrubs, often climbing, or herbs. -Leaves opposite, generally
connected by interpetiolar stipules or by a raised line. Flowers regular,
4-5-merous. Corolla hypogynous, regular or irregular. Stamens epipeta-
lous, usually alternating with the corolla-segments. Ovary free, 2-celled ;
style simple, stigma often 2-lobed. Seeds albuminous.—Wight Ill. ii.
170 ; Bentham in Journ. Linn. Soe. i, 52.

Fruit indehiscent, with a sheli-like rind ; flowers pentamerous,
corolla valvate in bud . . : . ‘ ‘ 1. STRYCHNOs.
Fruit a capsule, dehiscent septicidally ; flowers tetramerous, cor-

olla imbricate in bud 2. BUDDLEIA.

1. STRYCHNOS, Linn.

Trees or climbing shrubs, with entire 3-5-nerved leaves. Flowers
pentamerous, bisexual. Corolla tubular or funnel-shaped, lobes valvate.
Stamens inserted in the throat, filaments short. Style filiform, stigma
capitate, or indistinctly 2-lobed; ovules numerous, placentas fleshy,
adnate to both sides of the dissepiment. Fruit a berry with a shell-like
rind, the seeds large, compressed, embedded in a fleshy pulp. Embryo
short straight eccentric, in a cartilaginous albumen.
Corolla campanulate, throat bearded ; fruit black when ripe, 2

in. diam., 1-seeded . ‘ . : : : : ,
Corolla-tube cylindric, many times longer than calyx; fruit
orange when ripe, 3-4 in. diam., many-seeded . ‘ - 2 &. Nux-vomica,

1. S. potatorum, Linn. fil. ; Roxb. Cor. Pl. t. 5; Fl. Ind. i. 576;
Wight Ill. t. 156.— The clearing-nut tree. Sans, Kataka. Vern. Nermali,
nirmali, nel-mal. 2

A middle -sized tree, evergreen, wholly glabrous ; trunk often irregu-
larly fluted. Leaves coriaceous, ovate or rotundate, subsessile, or very
shortly petiolate, 2-3 in. long. Flowers white, fragrant, in short peduncu-
late glabrous cymes, on the previous year’s wood, at the base of this year’s
branchlets. Corolla-tube campanulate, with tufts of white hair at the
base of the segments between the stamens. Style cylindric, from a coni-
cal base, stigma indistinctly 2-lobed. Berry subglobose, black when ripe,
l-seeded, # in. diam. Seeds compressed, nearly circular.

South India, Bengal, Behar, Bijoragogurh forests, and probably elsewhere in
the Centr. Prov. ark dark-coloured, deeply cracked. F1.H.S. Wood dur-
able, hard and close-grained. Medullary rays numerous, whitish in darker
tissue. Pores in large, irregularly ramified patches of whitish tissue. Pulp of
the fruit eaten. The ripe seeds are used to clear muddy water,

2. S$. Nux-vomica, Linn.; Roxb. Cor. Pl. t. 4; Fl. Ind. i575; Bedd.
Fl. Sylv. t. 243; Benth. 1. c. 103.—Vern. Kuchia, hajra; Khabaung,
Burm. :

* A small, slow-growing, evergreen, glabrous tree. Leaves ovate or rotun-
date, coriaceous, shining, blade 4-5 in., petiole 4 in. long. Flowers green-
ish white, on terminal pubescent pedunculate, corymbose cymes. Corolla-

1. 8. potatorum.
318 LI, LOGANIACEA. [Strychnos.

tube cylindric, 4-5 times longer than calyx, throat glabrous. Style filiform,
stigma undivided. Berry as large as an orange, and of the same colour.
Seeds flat, grey, shining, circular or reniform. :

South India, Burma, Bengal, Gorakhpur forests (D.B.), and probably also in
the Centr. Prov. Bark smooth, ash-coloured, young shoots shining, deep green,
Wood hard, durable, of a bitter taste. Structure similar to that of 8. potatorum,
but the whitish patches more in concentric lines. Weight 48.75 Ib. (D.B. exp.
1864), 56 lb. (Skinner). Value of P. 623 (D.B.), 1120 (Sk.) The seeds contain
0.28-0.53°/, of Strychnia, an extremely bitter and most poisonous alkaloid,
mixed with Brucia, another alkaloid closely related to it. These substances
are also found in the bark of §. Nwsx-vomica, and in the bark and root of
several other species of the genus. They seem to constitute the poisonous prin-
ciple in the Jpas Radja or Tieute, the arrow-poison of the Moluccas, prepared
from the root-bark of a climber (S. Tieute, Lesch. ; Miq. Fl. Ind. Bat. ii. 380).
Igasuric acid (similar to Malic acid) is associated with these alkaloids. The
orange-coloured pulp of the fruit is eaten by birds.

-2, BUDDLETA, Linn.

Shrubs, with a mealy or woolly tomentum, rarely glabrous. Flowers
tetramerous. Corolla-lobes imbricate in bud. Stamens 4, anthers nearly
sessile. Capsule opening septicidally in 2 entire or bifid valves, leaving
the dissepiment free in the centre. Seeds small, numerous.

Flowers in dense cylindrical leafless spikes ; tomentum white or

yellowish . y . . . . ‘i : Sans 1. B. asiatica,
Flowers in leafy panicles ; tomentum tawny or rust-coloured . 2. B. paniculata.

1. B. asiatica, Lour.—Syn. B. discolor, Roth; Wight Ic. t. 894. B.
Neemda, Roxb. Fl. Ind. i. 396. Vern. Bhati, dhauld, shtintra, Kamaon.

A large shrub; branches, inflorescence and under side of leaves covered
with a white or yellowish soft tomentum either dense and thick, or more
or less mealy. Leaves lanceolate, 3-6 in. long, on a short petiole, entire
or serrulate, usually glabrous above. Flowers white, odorous, nearly ses-
sile, in dense cylindrical bracteate erect spikes, often interrupted at the
base, either solitary and terminal, or several together at the ends of
branches. Corolla-tube pubescent outside, less than twice the length of
calyx, lobes rounded, obtuse. Valves of capsule bifid.

A common shrub in South India, Burma, Bengal, Oudh, along banks of nal-
lahs and ravines. In the sub-Himalayan tract extends as far west as the Indus,
ascending to 4000 ft. China. Indian Archipelago. Fl. Feb.-April. In most
parts of Burma, this and Blumea are common shrubs on deserted hill-clearings
(Toungyas).

2. B. paniculata, Wall. ; Roxb. Fl. Ind., ed. Carey, i. 412.—Syn. B.
erispa, Benth. ; DC. Prodr. x. 444. Vern. Spera wuna, Afg.; Dholtu,
Ghuttia, N.W.Him. Also known by the names of the preceding species.

A shrub or small tree, with a gnarled and crooked stem; branches
woody, bark peeling off in long shreds ; branchlets, leaves, and inflor-
escence densely clothed with soft rust-coloured or tawny tomentum.
Leaves extremely variable, from lanceolate, entire, to ovate-triangular,
Buddleia. LILI, LOGANIACEA. 319

dentate and deeply cut ; blade 4-6 in., petiole 4-1} in. long. Flowers sub-
sessile, white, fragrant, in bracteate, generally pedunculate clusters, form-
ing irregular terminal, leaf-bearing panicles. Bracts linear, generally
longer than flowers. Corolla densely tomentose outside, tube cylindrical,
twice the length of calyx, lobes rounded, obtuse.

Himalaya, Indus to Bhutan, ascending to 7000 ft. Afghanistan. Beluchistan.

Orver LIV. APOCYNE.

Trees, shrubs, twiners, rarely perennial herbs, the juice frequently
milky. Leaves entire, opposite or whorled, very rarely alternate, without
stipules, or with small glandlike intrapetiolar or interpetiolar stipules.
Flowers regular, usually cymose. Calyx free, divided nearly or quite to
the base into 5 segments or sepals, generally imbricate in bud. Corolla
hypogynous, gamopetalous, with 5 spreading lobes, contorted, rarely val-
vate in bud, the throat hairy inside, or closed with a corona of scales.
Stamens 5, inserted in the tube, alternating with the corolla-lobes; anthers
erect, 2-celled, the cells opening inward in longitudinal slits, the pollen
not collected in masses. Pistil dicarpellary ; the carpels either distinct
below, or united in a 2-celled ovary with axile placentas, or in a 1-celled
ovary with parietal placentas ; ovules few or more generally numerous ;
style single or 2 distinct styles; stigma usually thickened. Seeds often
bearing a coma or tuft of long hairs, usually albuminous, embryo straight.
—Royle Ill 269; Wight Il. ii. 160.

Fruit a fleshy indehiscent berry, generally 1 - 4 - seeded ;
leaves opposite; spines axillary : 7 . :
Fruit a large subglobose drupe, with hard fibrous endocarp ;
leaves alternate, crowded at the ends of branches . 2. CERBERA.
Fruit of 2 many-seeded follicles, distinct from the begin-
ning, or separating when ripe.
Seeds naked, angular, embedded in pulp ; leaves opposite 3, TABERNAZMONTANA.
Seeds naked, winged ; leaves alternate, sessile . 4 Raazya.
Seeds naked, winged ; leaves alternate, petiolate, crowded
at the ends of branches ‘ ‘ : .
Seeds with a tuft of hairs at the lower end—that is, the
end opposite the hilum ; leaves opposite ; stamens
exserted 3 ‘ ‘ . . . : :
Seeds flat, attached in the middle, with a fringe of hairs
all round ; and prominent tufts at the ends ; leaves
whorled 3 p c . s : .
Seeds with a tuft of hairs at the hilum—that is, at the
upper end ; corolla without appendices.
A small tree, not climbing ; fruit of 2 distinct follicles 8, HoLARRHENA,
Climbers ; fruit of 2 distinct follicles . F . 9. IcHNocarRPUs.
Climbers ; fruit a long cylindrical, 2-valved capsule,
separating into 2 follicles when ripe. ’
Glabrous ; corolla-tube short cylindrical ; limb @ in.

1. Carissa.

5. PLUMERIA.

6. WRIGHTIA.

7, ALSTONIA.

across. 5 - . . . - _. 10, VaLLaRis,
Tomentose; corolla hypocrateriform, limb 2-3 in.
across. - ‘i 11. CHoNEMORPHA.

Seeds pubescent all over, and with a tuft of hairs at the
hilum ; a corona of 5 laciniated appendices opposite

to the corolla-lobes : : 12. Nerium.
320 LIV. APOCYNEA, [ Carissa,

Several plants of this family yield caoutchouc. Vahea gummifera, Lam., of
Madagascar, and other species of the same genus, produce an excellent article,
second only in quality to the Para caoutchouc. They are large climbing shrubs,
with huge subglobose fruit. The African caoutchouc, a much inferior article, is
likewise produced by large climbing shrubs, which belong to the genus Lan-
dolphia, with large subglobose fruit containing an acidulous pulp in a hard
woody rind. Urceola elastica, Roxb. ; Wight Ic. t. 473, a gigantic climber
(fruit of 2 large globose,"many-seeded coriaceous follicles, the seeds embedded in
fleshy eatable pulp) of the Indian Archipelago, yields the Borneo rubber, and
small quantities of caoutchouc are collected in India from Willughbeia edulis,
Roxb. Cor. Pl. t. 280, and W. Martabanica, Wall. Pl. As. rar. t. 272, two large
climbers of Burma and Eastern Bengal.—(Collins’ Report on Caoutchouc, 1872.)

Vahea belongs to the sub-Order of Carissee, with a single 2-celled ovary.
Landolphia and Willughbeia are somewhat anomalous genera with 1-celled
ovary, and fleshy fruit. OUrceola belongs to the sub-Order Zuapocynece (fruit
of 2 many-seeded follicles), which comprises all genera described below, except
Carissa and Cerbera.

1. CARISSA, Linn.

Shrubs or trees, often armed with opposite axillary spines. Leaves
opposite. Calyx without glands. Corolla-tube cylindrical, slightly
swollen round the anthers, lobes spreading, contorted in the bud, the
throat without scales. Anthers oblong or lanceolate, included in the
corolla-tube. Ovary single, 2-celled ; ovules several in each cell; style
filiform, stigma thickened. Fruit succulent, indchiscent. Seeds 1-4,
rarely more, without hairs, albuminous.

Leaves and branchlets always glabrous ; fruit 3-1 in. long, some-
times more than 4-seeded . 2 ; 3 : : - 1. Carandas.
Leaves and branchlets often pubescent ; fruit 4 in. long, 4-seeded 2. C. diffusa.

/ 1, C. Carandas, Linn. ; Roxb. Cor. Pl. t. 77; Fl. i. 687; Wight Ic.
t, 426.—Syn. C. congesta, Wight Ic. t. 1289. Sans. Karamarda (the
tree), avigna (the fruit). Vern. Karaunda, karaun, kharinda, korinda,
garinga. Localn. Timukhia, N.W.P.; Gotho, C.P.

A large evergreen shrub with a short stem, glabrous, only inflorescencé
pubescent. Branchlets generally alternate, with twin stout, sharp, often
forked, glabrous, shining spines at their base, 1-14 in. long ; branches -ex-
ceptionally opposite, generally without spines. Leaves coriaceous, generally
penninerved, wholly glabrous, and shining on both sides, elliptic ovate or
obovate, rarely elliptic-oblong, obtuse or mucronate, 14-3 in. long, 1-2 in.
broad, subsessile or on short petioles. Flowers white, inodorous, on short
pedicels in sessile or pedunculate pubescent’ cymose corymbs of 10-20
flowers at the ends of branches. Bracts linear, pubescent. Calyx pubes-
cent, cleft half-way or deeper into lanceolate ciliate segments. Corolla-
lobes lanceolate, shorter than tube, but more than half its length. Ovules
4 in each cell of ovary. Berry ovoid or globose, 4-1 in. long, 4- or more-
seeded, shining, first red, black when ripe.

Cultivated in most parts of India, not much in the Panjab ; is wild on dry
sandy and rocky soil in the Gonda and Baraich divisions of the Oudh forests,
Carissa. | LIV. APOCYNE. 321

Bingah Sal forests (R. Thompson), in the Gorakhpur district, in Bengal and
South India. Foliage generally renewed in March. FI. Jan.-April ; fruit ripens
July-Aug. Grows rapidly, and coppices freely.

Stem 3-4 ft. high, 2 ft. girth, sometimes more, branches rigid, divergent,
forming a scanty rounded crown. Branchlets reddish-brown, smooth, spread-
ing. Bark 4 in. thick, grey or white with pale-orange streaks, smoothish be-
tween longitudinal wrinkles, with brown exfoliating scales. Wood white, close-
grained and hard, is an excellent fuel, and has been recommended for turning.
Makes excellent fences. The red, half-ripe fruit is made into tarts jellies and
pickle. When ripe, it is sold in bazaars and eaten largely.

2. C. diffusa, Roxb. Fl. Ind. i. 689; Wight Ic. t. 427.—Vern. Karaunda.
Local n. Gan, garna, garinda, Pb.

A small evergreen shrub, with rigid, spreading branches ; young leaves,
branchlets and inflorescence pubescent. Branchlets opposite and single,
spines $-1 in. long, often pubescent and forked, generally at the base of
the single branches. Leaves coriaceous, glabrate or pubescent beneath,
ovate, acute, mucronate, 1-14 in. long, 4-2 in. broad, generally with 1 or
2 pairs of arching basal nerves. Flowers pure white to delicate pink,
finely odorous, on short pedicels in sessile or pedunculate cymose corymbs
of 2-10 flowers, at the ends of branches. Bracts linear, pubescent. Calyx
pubescent, cleft nearly to the base into lanceolate ciliate segments. Cor-
olla-lobes lanceolate, shorter than tube, but more than half its length.
Ovules 2 in each cellof the ovary. Berry subglobose, } in. long, 4-seeded,
shining, black when ripe, seeds 4.

Abundant wild in most parts of India, in the plains of the Panjab, the sub-
Himalayan tract, ascending to 4000 ft., and in the trans-Indus territory, gene-
rally gregarious, here and there forming underwood in forests of Bamboo in the
Siwalik tract, of Pinus longifolia (Kangra), of Teak (Saugor district). Useful
by keeping the ground moist and cool under trees with light foliage which do
notthrow heavy shade ; may be employed in the same way as Beech underwood
under Oak or Scotch Fir in Europe. Spreads readily where clearings have
been made, and may in such cases impede the reproduction and growth of the
forest. Fl. March-May; fruit ripens Oct.-Feb. Very hardy, coppices freely.
The wood, though always small, is used for turning and for making combs; it
is an excellent fuel. Very old wood is said (in Kangra) to be black and fra-

ant. The leaves are greedily eaten by goats and sheep, but the chief use of
the shrub is to furnish material for dry fences.

The characters available for the distinction of these two species are unsatisfac-
tory and variable, and farther inquiries may possibly show C. Carandas to be
nothing but the cultivated form of C. diffusa.

2, CERBERA, Linn.

Shrubs or trees, with alternate leaves, crowded on the young branches.
Flowers large, in terminal corymbose cymes. Calyx without glands.
Corolla-tube cylindrical, without scales, lobes spreading, angular, contorted
in bud. Anthers included in the corolla-tube, inserted about the middle.
Ovary of 2 distinct carpels, united by a single style, each carpel incom-
pletely divided by a very prominent placenta, bearing 2 superposed ovules
on each side; stigma conical, often 2-lobed at the tip. Fruit (from the

x
322 LIV. APOCYNEA. [Cerbera.

abortion of one carpel) a single drupe, flattened on one side, with a woody
or fibrous endocarp, usually 1-seeded. Seeds without hairs.

1. C. Odollam, Gaertn. ; Roxb. Fl. Ind. i. 692; Wight Ic. t. 441.

A large tree or a shrub, wholly glabrous, with thick branches. Leaves
6-12 in. long, shining, oblong lanceolate or oblanceolate, acuminate, nar-
rowed into petiole 1-14 in. long; main lateral nerves numerous, par-
allel, at right angles to midrib, joined by indistinct intramarginal veins.
Flowers white, sweet-scented, in a corymbose pedunculate cyme. Calyx-
segments linear, reflexed, deciduous. Bracts coloured, 3-1 in, long, cadu-

cous. Drupe ovoid, 2-4 in. long, endocarp thick, fibrous.

Common in salt swamps on the coast of Bengal, the peninsula and probably
of Sindh. A widely spread tree, on the coasts of China, the Indian Archipelago,
Queensland, and the Pacific islands, In flower and fruit throughout the year.
Wood white, soft, and spongy.

3. TABERNZ MONTANA, Plum.

1. T. coronaria, Willd.; Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 23; Wight Ic. t. 477;
Bot. Reg. t. 1064.—Vern. Chandui, taggat, taggar.

Ashrub, 6-8 ft., glabrous, branches dichotomous. Leaves opposite, ellip-
tic-oblong, acuminate. Flowers white ; calyx glandulose inside ; corolla-
tube cylindrical, slender ; ovaries 2 with many ovules, style 1. Fruit of 2
distinct recurved cylindrical follicles, 1-3 in. long. Seeds 3-6, embedded
in red fleshy pulp ; embryo in a fleshy albumen.

Cultivated in gardens throughout India, with single and double‘ flowers ; ex-
ceedingly fragrant at night. Wild in Eastern Bengal, Nepal, Kamaon, and in
the Konkan. Fl. in the hot and rainy season.

T. utils, Arnott in Edinb. New Phil. Journ. 1830, i. 318, is a tree in British
ee which yields a thick sweet nutritious milk, called Hya-hya by the
ndians.

4, RHAZYA, Decaisne.

1, R. stricta, Decaisne in Jacquem. Voy. Bot. t. 111.—Vern. Vena,
Salt range; Gandera, Trans-Indus ; Sewar, sthar, ishwarg. Sindh.

A small glabrous shrub. Leaves alternate, linear - oblanceolate, mu-
cronate, sessile. Flowers white, odorous, corolla-tube cylindrical, much
longer than lobes; ovary 2-celled, with numerous ovules, Fruit of 2
distinct erect cylindrical follicles. Seeds numerous, flat, with membranous
wings at the two extremities ; embryo straight, in a fleshy albumen.

Abundant in the trans-Indus territory, between Indus and Jhelam, and in
Sindh. Afghanistan, Beluchistan, and Arabia, Fl. April. Used as fuel. The

leaves, after steeping for some days, are fodder for goats. The fruit (Sanwar)
and the leaves are used in native medicine.
Plumeria.] LIV, APOCYNEA. 323

5. PLUMERIA, Tourn.

Shrubs or trees, with alternate leaves, crowded at the ends of branches.
Flowers large, in terminal corymbose cymes. Calyx small, without glands.
Corolla-tube cylindrical, without scales, lobes spreading, contorted in bud.
Anthers inserted at the base of the corolla-tube, round the ovary. Ovary
of 2 distinct carpels, united by a single style, ovules numerous ; style
short, thick, with a 2-lobed stigma. Fruit of 2 follicles with numerous

compressed, winged, hairless, albuminous seeds. Cotyledons flat, folia-
ceous.

1. P. acutifolia, Poiret.—Syn. P. acuminata, Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 20;
Wight Ic. t. 471. Vern. Gula chin, Hind. ; Khair champa, Bomb. .

A small tree, wholly glabrous, with thick branches, and rough bark,
full of tenacious, white juice. Leaves lanceolate or oblanceolate, 6-15 in.
long, narrowed into a petiole 1-2 in. long; main lateral nerves numerous,
transverse, parallel, joined by prominent intramarginal veins. Flowers in
large compound, pedunculate cymes, white, fragrant, pale yellow in the
centre. FF ollicles divaricate, rigid, drooping, 6 in. long.

Cultivated throughout India and Burma, near villages, temples, and in gar-
dens, but not indigenous. Cultivated in Siam, China, Cochin China, and the
Indian Archipelago (Rumph. Amb. iv. t. 38). Its home is not known. It grows
in New Grenada and other parts of tropical America, but whether indigenous,
is uncertain. (The other Plumerias inhabit tropical America, and P. loranthi-
folia, Mill. ; Mart. Flora Brasiliensis, vi. p. 42, a closely allied species, is found in
Para and Matto-Grosso.) Fl. H.and R.S. Ripens its fruit very rarely. At-
tempts have been made to make caoutchouc of the milk, but without success.

6. WRIGHTIA, R. Brown.

Trees or shrubs, with opposite leaves. Flowers in terminal corymbose
cymes. Calyx with 5-10 broad scales inside at the base. Corolla-tube
cylindrical, generally short; lobes spreading, before expansion twisted
towards the right, the throat with a corona of 5 or 10 erect scales, either
_ distinct or united in a ring. Stamens inserted in the throat, filaments
short and broad, continued into a broad, tapering connective; anthers
exserted, sagittate, connivent in a cone round the stigma, and often
adhering laterally. Ovary of 2 carpels, distinct or connate, with numer-
ous ovules in each, multiseriate, on axile placentas. Fruit long-cylindri-
cal, separating into two follicles dehiscing on the inner face, filled with
numerous oblong pendulous seeds, each with a tuft of long silky hairs
at the lower end. Albumen none, embryo cylindrical, cotyledons con-
volute, longer than superior radicle.

Follicles connate into a long cylindrical capsule, separating and

dehiscing at the same time ; leaves soft tomentose  . 1. W. tomentosa.
Follicles distinct, cohering at the apex only; leaves rough . . 2 W. tinctoria.

1. W. tomentosa, Roem. et Schultes ; Wight Ic. t. 443.—Syn. W.

mollissima, Wall. Pl. As. rar. t. 146; Wight Ill. t. 154. Neriwm tomen-
tosum, Roxb. FI. Ind. ii. 6. Vern. Keor, kilawa, Pb. Dhidi, N.W.P.,
324 LIV. APOCYNEA. [ Wrightia.

Oudh. Local names: Dharault, darhela, daira, Garhw. ; Lettauisthein,
Burma.

A small tree, branchlets and leaves clothed with softtomentum. Leaves
elliptic, acuminate, narrowed into a short petiole, 3-4 in. long ; main lateral
nerves parallel, 8-12 pair. Flowers 1 in. across, in subsessile, stiff, erect,
corymbose and tomentose cymes, with oval deciduous bracts. Corolla-
tube twice the length of calyx, lobes oblong, yellowish, corona fleshy,
orange-coloured, cleft into unequal oblong lobes. Anthers white. Fruit
subcylindrical, laterally compressed, 8-12 in. long, 4 in. across, rough
with numerous white elevated specks, with two shallow black furrows
at the junction of the carpels, the carpels separating when ripe ; hairs of
seed pure white.

Sub-Himalayan tract and outer ranges, ascending to 3500 ft. or more (Benar-
gad, Jaunsar Bawar, D.B.), as far west as the Bias, and very rare beyond it to
the Indus. Oudh, Bengal, Central and South India, Ceylon and Burma. Often
associated with Sal, but more commonly in mixed forests. The leaves are
shed Feb.-March, the new foliage appears April-May. FI. April-June; fr.
Nov.-Jan.

Attains 20-25 ft., with a short irregular trunk 3, rarely 4 ft. girth. Branches
scabrous, with small light-coloured specks. Bark + thick, light or dark cin-
ereous, corky, inner aa bebance whitish, compact. ood yellowish white, even-
and fine-grained, not hard, easy to work, heartwood not distinct. Weight 33.75
Ib., value of P. 523 (Kyd). Used in turning, carved into bowls, plates, and
combs (Saharunpur). The bark of stem and root are administered against snake-
bites and the sting of scorpions. Abundant yellow milky juice flows from
incisions, containing a yellow colouring matter (Roxb.)

There is some uncertainty regarding the colour of the corolla. Wallich (Nepal,
Oudh, Kamaon) and Wight describe and figure W. mollissima with yellow flowers
tinged with red, and Thwaites (Enum. Zeyl. 193) describes W. tomentosa in the
same manner. Roxburgh says—flowers white, nectary (corona) orange-coloured ;
ae (Hort. p. 525)—yellowish-white, with an orange-coloured throat; and
Graham (Bombay Plants, 114)—white. Do the flowers change colour during
the day? According to Wallich, the flowers of mollissima are inodorous ; Voigt
describes them as faintly smelling of rhubarb ; and J. L. Stewart “as cents
the forest.” It is not impossible that a distinct species with white flowers may
yet be discovered ; and it should be added that W. Wallichit, A. DC., Wight
Ic, t, 1296, which is otherwise exceedingly like W. tomentosa, is described with
white flowers. ‘

2. W. tinctoria, R. Br. ; Bedd. Fl. Sylv. t. 241.—Syn. W. Rothii, G.
Don; Wight Ic. t. 1319. Nerium tinctorum, Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii, 4.
Vern. Dhudi, Banda; Khirni, Meywar. (Seeds Indarjau, indrajau.)

A small tree ; branchlets yellow or light brown, extremities and leaves
glabrous or pubescent. Leaves elliptic-oblong, 3-4 in. long, acuminate,
base rounded, petiole very short ; main lateral nerves 8-10, arching,
joined by intramarginal veins. Flowers white, in lax terminal cymes
with slender spreading branches. Corolla-tube twice the length of calyx.
Corona of numerous linear scales, varying in length, some inserted with
the filaments, others on the corolla-lobes. Fruit of 2 distinct pendu-
Wrightia.] LIV. APOCYNEA, 325

lous, slender follicles, 10-20 in. long, cohering at the top only, with
elevated longitudinal lines, otherwise smooth. Var. «. tinctoria; glab-
rous. §. Rothii; pubescent, leaves rough when old.

Common in the Peninsula, ascending to 4000 ft. (a and 8). From Central
India 6 only, with rough leaves, is known. Bassi forests in Meywar, Nag-
pahar between Ajmir and Pokur (D.B.); Banda, Edgeworth. Leaves are shed
Feb., reappear in March-April, with the flowers. Fruit ripens ensuing C.S.
Wood pure white, close- and even-grained, valued highly for turning and
carving. The leaves yield Indigo (Roxb.) The seeds are sold as the sweet
(mitha) indarjaw im the bazaars ; they are not bitter.

W. coccinea, Sims. Bot. Mag. t. 2696; Wight Ic. t. 442; a large tree with
dark-crimson flowers, 2 in. across, solitary 3 or 6 together, from the Kasia
hills, is occasionally — in gardens in Northern India. Wood white, light,
but firm, used for palkees.

7, ALSTONTA, R. Brown.

Trees, rarely shrubs ; leaves entire, verticillate or opposite. Calyx
without scales or glands. Corolla-tube cylindrical, lobes spreading,
shorter than tube, twisted towards the right before expansion. Corona
wanting. Stamens included, inserted half-way up the tube, or higher.
Ovary of 2 distinct carpels, united by the style; stigma thickened ;
ovules numerous. Fruit of 2 distinct long linear follicles. Seed oblong,
compressed, peltate, the edge with a dense fringe of long hairs all round ;
albumen scanty, radicle superior, cotyledons oblong, flat.

1. A. scholaris, R. Brown ; Wight Ic. t. 422; Bedd. Fl. Sylv. t. 242.
—Syn. A. cuneata, Wall. Sans, Ayugma, chhada, ayuk chhada, Vern.
Chatiun, satiun, chutian, satwin, satni (Taunmayoben, Burm.)

A large tree, with bitter milky juice ; glabrous, inflorescence only pubes-
cent. Leaves coriaceous, shining above, opaque and pale underneath,
in whorls of 5-7, oblong or obovate-oblong, obtuse, rarely acute, 4-8
in. long, narrowed into a short petiole ; main lateral nerves numerous,
parallel, transverse. Flowers greenish-white, sessile or shortly pedicellate,
in compact many-flowered pedunculate cymes. Peduncles 1-2 in. long;
cymes 8-12 arranged in a pedunculate umbel, and the umbels forming
whorls in the axils of the terminal whorl of leaves. Calyx and corolla
pubescent. Follicles slender, numerous, in hanging clusters.

Sub-Himalayan tract, extending west to the Jumna, and ascending to 3000
ft. Scarce in the Oudh forests. Bengal, western side of the Peninsula, Burma,
Ceylon, Indian Archipelago, Queensland, tropical Africa. Fl. Dec.-March ;
fruit June. Growth apparently rapid. 2

Attains 40-60, at times 80-90 ft., with a tall stem, often with a fluted or but-
tressed base, and spreading branches in tiers of whorls.. Bark dark grey, rough,
but not cracked. Wood whitish, even-grained, somewhat porous and open,
soft and light, 40 Ib. per cub. ft. Easily worked ; used for furniture, boxes,
scabbards, school-boards, and for beams in Assam, Wood and bark are bitter ;
the bark is officinal as an astringent tonic, anthelmintic, and antiperiodic (Pharm.

Ind. 137).
326 LIV, APOCYNEA. ° [ Holarrhena.

8. HOLARRHENA, R. Brown.

Shrubs or trees with opposite entire leaves. Calyx-lobes lanceolate,
with glands inside at tbeir base. Corolla-tube cylindrical, more or less
swollen above its base round the anthers, lobes spreading, twisted to
the left before expansion. Corona wanting. Stamens included, inserted
below the middle of the tube. Ovary of 2 distinct carpels, united by the
style; stigma oblong, not thickened; ovules numerous, Fruit of 2 dis-
tinct long slender follicles. Seeds numerous, pendulous, with a tuft of
long hairs at the hilum; radicle superior, shorter than the auriculate,
plaited and involute cotyledons ; albumen none.

1. H. antidysenterica, Wall_—Tab. XL.—Syn. H. pubescens, Wall.
H. Codaga, G. Don ; Wight Ic. t. 1297. Echites antidysenterica, Roxb.
Chonemorpha antidysenterica, G. Don; Wight Ic. t. 439. Vern. Karra,
kaura, kora, kira, kiar, keor, kier, kari, dhudi, dhodi. Local names:
Kogar, kiam, Pb.; Kachri, Oudh; Samoka marra, Gonds of Seoni ;
Ankria, Bheels of Banswara. (Seeds: Karwa (bitter) indarjau.) Let-
tauk, Burm.

A small tree, glabrous or pubescent. Leaves 6-12 in. long, subsessile,
elliptic-oblong, short-acuminate, base obtuse ; main lateral nerves 10-14
pair, joined by prominent transverse veins. Flowers white, inodorous,
1-1} in. across, on slender pedicels, in sessile terminal corymbose cymes,
with small lanceolate, ciliate bracts. Corolla-tube slender, many times
longer than calyx, lobes nearly as long as tube. Follicles smooth, 8-15
in. long, +‘in. diam, Seeds narrow-oblong, $ in. long, brown, bitter,
hairs silky, twice the length of seed. Var. a. glabra; leaves glabrous
on both sides. Var. 8. pubescens; leaves soft tomentose beneath.

Sub-Himalayan tract, ascending to 3500 ft., and extending westward to the
Chenab.. Oudh, Bengal, Central and South India. Banswara forests, but not
found in the more arid parts of Rajputana. Often associated with Sal, in
Burma in the Hin forest of Dipterocarpus tuberculatus, Roxb. Old leaves
shed Feh., the new foliage appears April-May. Fl. April-June; fruit ripe in
the cold season, generally bursting in March or April. é

Attains 20-80 ft., trunk short, straight, rigid and furrowed, 3-4 ft. girth.
Bark 4 in. thick, brownish-grey or blackish, warty, with some longitudinal
cracks, and exfoliating in thick woody scales. Foliage bright pea-green. Wood
white, tinged with yellow or pink, even- fine- and smooth-grained, soft and
light, heartwood not distinct. Weight 37-38 1b. Value of P. 417 (Kyd), 562
(Skinner), 811 (Lettawk, Benson). Easy to work, carved into tobacco-boxes,
toys, combs, spoons, forks, and platters. In Assam, where the tree grows to a
larger size, furniture is made of it. The bark (coness¢, formerly an article of
trade), leaves, fruit, and seeds, are used medicinally (Pharm. Ind. 137); the
flowers are gathered for ornaments at marriages, and the leaves are employed as
fodder or litter.

9. ICHNOCARPUS, R. Brown.

Climbers with opposite leaves. Calyx 5-cleft, with small glands inside
at the base of the lobes. Corolla hypocrateriform, without appendices ;
lobes hairy inside, convolute in bud. Fruit of 2 distinct, many-seeded,
slender follicles. Seeds not rostrate, with a tuft of hair at the hilum.
Ichnocarpus. | LIV. APOCYNEA. 327

Flowers: in compact cymes, forming elongated panicles ; corolla-

tube barely $ in. long. , : . . ‘ : . LL, frutescens.
Flowers in lax pedunculate corymbose cymes; corolla-tube 3 in.
long a ‘ . ‘ Be Pie i ‘ , 2. I. fragrans.

1. I. frutescens, R. Brown ; Wight Ic. t. 430.—Syn. Echites frutes-
cens, Roxb. Fl. Ind, ii. 12. Vern. Dudhi, Kamaon.

A twining shrub; branchlets, inflorescence and under side of leaves with
rust-coloured pubescence. Leaves opposite, petiolate, ovate-lanceolate,
acuminate. Flowers small (white, inodorous, Roxb., greenish white,
sweet-scented, Voigt Hortus, 523), on short pedicels, in compact short,
trichotomous, pedunculate cymes, forming elongated leafy panicles. Calyx
with small basal glands. Corolla hypocrateriform, tube barely 2 in. long,
lobes lanceolate, twisted, hairy along the upper face. Ovaries distinct,
surrounded by 5 distinct hypogynous scales, as long as ovaries; style 1.
Fruit of 2 distinct linear, slender follicles, 2-3 in. long. Seeds numer-
ous, pendulous, a long tuft of hairs at the hilum.

South and Central India, Bengal, Burma, In north-west India known to ex-
tend as far west as Delhi in the plains, and,to the Sutlej in the sub-Himalayan
tract. Indian Archipelago and Queensland. The root has been used as a sub-
stitute for sarsaparilla.

{ 2. I. fragrans, Wall. ; DC. Prodr. viii. 435.—Syn. (probably) Blabe-
ropus lucidus, A. DC. ; Alstonia lucida, Don Fl. Nep. 131. Vern. Dudhi,
Kamaon.

A climbing shrub ; glabrous, but branchlets, petioles and under side of
leaves often hairy. Leaves opposite, subcoriaceous, shining above, ellip-
tic-oblong, acuminate, blade 4-5 in., petiole + in. long. Flowers on slen-
der pedicels, in lax compound trichotomous pedunculate glabrous corym-
bose terminal and axillary cymes. Corolla-tube } in. long, 2-thirds of its
length narrow-tubular, suddenly widened above into a campanulate mouth;
lobes oblong, nearly as long as tube, hairy on the upper side near the base.
Fruit of 2 distinct linear follicles, about 6 in. long, with numerous pendu-
lous seeds, not rostrate, a tuft of hairs at the hilum.

North-West Himalaya, Kashmir to Nepal, ascending to 6000 ft. Bhutan, As-

sam, FI, April-June. Somewhat similar to Parechites Thunbergu, A. Gray
(Rhynchospermum jasminoides, Lindl,), from Japan and China.

10. VALLARIS, Burm.

1. V. dichotoma, Wall. ; Wight Ic. t. 438.—Syn. Echites dichotoma,
Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 19. Vern. Dudhi, Kamaon.

A large twining shrub ; bark ash-coloured, glabrous, inflorescence only
pubescent. Leaves opposite, petiolate, elliptic - oblong, acuminate ; a
circle of small cylindric glands at the insertion of the leaves. Flowers
white, fragrant, on slender pedicels, in axillary, 3-10 - flowered cymes.
Corolla-tube short, cylindrical, limb large, spreading, # in. across. Ovary
328 LIV. APOCYNE, [ Vailaris.

1, 2-celled, surrounded at the base by a 5-fid ciliate, cup-shaped nectary ;
style filiform pubescent ; ovules numerous. Fruit large, oblong, 2-celled,
valves thick fibrous. Seeds numerous pendulous, with a tuft of hairs at
the hilum, radicle superior ; albumen scanty.

South India, Bengal, and Central India. Burma and Ceylon. In the sub-
Himalayan tract west to the Ganges. Cultivated in gardens. FI, Dec.-April.

11. CHONEMORPHA, G. Don.

1. G. macrophylla, G. Don ; Wight Ic. t. 432.—Syn. Echites macro-
phylla, Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 13. Vern. Gar badero, Kamaon.

A large climbing milky shrub. Leaves opposite, large, rotundate or
obovate, 8-12 in. long, 6-9 in. broad, tomentose beneath. Flowers large,
white, fragrant, coriaceous, in terminal corymbose pedunculate cymes ;
bracts large ovate, deciduous. Calyx with glands inside at the base. Cor-
olla hypocrateriform, limb 2-3 in. across. Ovaries two distinct, surrounded
by a cup-shaped thick nectary, style 1. Capsule long, pendulous, 12 in.
long, quadrangular, 2-valved. Seeds numerous compressed pendulous,
narrowed into a short beak above, and bearing a tuft of long white silky
hairs ; albumen scanty, radicle superior.

South India, Bengal, Nepal and Kamaon, Burma, Ceylon, and Indian Archi-
pelago. Fl. April-Sept. The milk is said to yield a kind of caoutchouc.

12. NERIUM, Linn.

~ Shrubs with white milk. Leaves entire, coriaceous, opposite or whorled.
Flowers large, in terminal cymes. Calyx-lobes with numerous fleshy -
linear glands at their base inside. Corolla-tube short, turbinate or
campanulate, lobes spreading, unequal-sided ; corona of laciniated appen-
dices opposite to the lobes. Anthers sagittate, on short broad filaments,
continued beyond the anthers into a long hairy tail-like appendix,
thickened and contorted at the top. Ovary of 2 carpels, more or less
cohering, style 1, stigma shaped like a truncate cone. Fruit a cylindrical
capsule when ripe, dehiscing septicidally into 2 many-seeded follicles.
Seeds pendulous, tomentose all over and with a tuft of hairs at the hilum ;
albuminous, radicle superior.

1. N. odorum, Solander ; Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 2; Bot. Mag. t. 2032.—
Sans. Karavira ; Pers. Kharzahra. Vern. Kanira,kaner, ganira, ganhira,
Pb.; Kaniyur, Kamaon.

A large glabrous shrub. Leaves in whorls of 3, linear-lanceolate, 4-6
in. long, narrowed into a short petiole, under surface uneven and irreg-
ularly pitted, midrib very prominent, main lateral nerves numerous, par-
allel, transverse. Flowers scented, rose-coloured white or red ; appendices
of corona cleft into numerous filiform segments, or trifid, the lateral seg-
ments linear, the centre one short-triangular. Fruit linear, 6-9 in. long.

Common in North-West and Central India, Sindh, Beluchistan and Afghanis-
Nerium.] LIV. APOCYNEA. 329

tan. Ascends to 5500 ft. in the outer Himalaya. Generally along the sides of
rocky stream-beds or in ravines and river-beds which are dry in winter. Culti-
vated in gardens throughout India, with single and double flowers. Fl. April-
June, often nearly throughout the year. Bark and root are poisonous ; the
leaves are used in native medicine (Pharm. Ind. 139).

NV. Oleander, Linn., a common shrub in the Mediterranean region and Syria,
ows abundantly in similar localities, and under similar conditions, with this
fference, that round the Mediterranean the ravines are filled by the winter
rains, and are dry in summer. The flowers are inodorous, the segments of the
corolla appendices are short, irregular, and not linear or filiform, and the fruit
is only 3-6 in. long. The shape of the corolla varies, and does not afford reliable
distinctive characters. Other differences I am unable to indicate. Linneus
united them under V. Oleander. 1 am inclined to think that there are interme-
diate forms, and that the Indian shrub will eventually be replaced under that
species,

Orpen LV. ASCLEPIADEA.

Perennial herbs or shrubs, often climbing, with opposite entire leaves,
and regular pentamerous flowers. Calyx free, divided nearly or quite to
the base into 5 segments or sepals, imbricate in bud. Corolla-tube gener-
ally short, the lobes contorted or valvate in bud. Stamens 5, inserted at
the base of the corolla, and alternating with the corolla-lobes, the filaments
short, connate or rarely free, the anthers always connate into a tube, enclos-
ing the style, and the connective more or less prolonged. A corona of
variously shaped distinct or connate appendages alternating with the cor-
olla-lobes is usually inserted upon the corolla-tube, or upon the back of
the filaments or wanting. Stamens 5, alternating with the corolla-lobes,
inserted at the base of its tube ; filaments usually connate, anthers 2-
rarely 4-celled ; pollen granular or usually cohering in masses, the masses
pendulous erect or horizontal, sessile or stipitate, united in pairs to the
stigma. Pistil dicarpellary; carpels distinct below; ovules attached to the
inner angle ; styles united above the ovaries, and thickened within the
staminal-tube into an angular body. Fruit of 2 follicles, or of 1 only, by
the abortion of the second carpel. Seeds usually pendulous, with a long
silky tuft of hairs at the hilum; albumen thin, embryo straight, cotyle-
dons foliaceous, radicle short, superior.—Royle Ill. 272; Wight Il. ii.
164.

Filaments free ; appendages of corona short, fleshy, not aristate 1. CRYPTOLEPIS.

Filaments free ; appendages of corona long-aristate . —. . 2 PERIPLOCA,
Filaments connate ina staminal tube ; pollen-masses 10, stipi-
tate.
Appendages of corona laterally compressed ; follicles broad,
semiovate . é es ‘i F : . . 8, CALOTROPIS.
Appendages of corona flat ; flowers in axillary cymes . . 4 MAaRsDENTA.
Appendages of corona flat ; flowers in interpetiolar cymes . 5. PERGULARIA.
Appendages of corona wanting ; a leafless shrub . ‘ . 6, ORTHANTHERA,

. 1. CRYPTOLEPIS, R. Brown. *

Corolla-lobes linear, contorted in bud, longer than the tube. Corona of
5 fleshy oblong obtuse appendages included within the tube. Stamens
330 LV. ASCLEPIADEZ. [ Cryptolepis.

included; filaments short, free, anthers broad-sagittate, with a tuft of hairs
at the back, adhering at the base to the edge of the stigma, otherwise free ;
pollen granular. Fruit of 2 divaricate, ovoid-lanceolate follicles.

1. C. Buchanani, Roem. & Schult. ; Falconer in Linn. Trans. xix. p. 53,
t. 5.—Syn. Nerium reticulatum, Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 8. Vern. Karanta.

A large twining shrub, abounding with milky juice. Leaves oblong or
obovate-oblong, pale beneath, obtuse and mucronate, or suddenly acumin-
ate, blade 3-6 in., petiole } in. long; main latéral nerves numerous, trans-
verse, parallel, alternating with shorter ones, with anastomosing intramar-
ginal veins. Flowers small yellow, on short pedicels, in pedunculate
axillary cymes, shorter than leaves. Bracts ovate-lanceolate. FFollicles
2-3 in. long.

North-West India, plains and sub-Himalayan tract (ascending to 4000 ft.), not

known west of the Sutlej. Nepal, Behar, Bengal, South India and Ceylon. Fl.
May-June.

2. PERIPLOCA, Linn.

Corolla rotate, lobes ovate, longer than the tube, generally hairy on the
upper surface. Corona of 5 short thick appendages, each terminating in
a long filiform arista. Filaments short, free, anthers oblong, cohering lat-
erally, with a tuft of hairs at the back ; pollen-grains cohering in fours.
Follicles divaricate.

Leaves minute or wanting . : ‘ . ‘ é l. P. aphylia,
Leaves lanceolate, long acuminate, 2-3 in. long . 3 2. P. calophytla.

1. P. aphylla, Due. in Jacq. Voy. t. 116.—Vern. Barrarra, barre,
Trans-Indus and Sibsagar Doab ; Baia, Jhelam and Chenab.

A shrub, with erect leafless stems, glabrous or extremities pubescent,
now and then with a few small thick ovate leaves. Flowers small, dark
purple, sweet-scented, in short lateral rounded cymes, the corolla-lobes
hairy above. Follicles on short thick peduncles, divaricate, cylindrical,
gradually tapering, 3 in. long.

Common in many places trans-Indus and Sindh. Salt range, outer Hima-
laya, eastward to the Chenab, ascending occasionally to 3500 ft. Afghanistan,

South Persia, Arabia, Egypt. Eaten by goats,-used as fuel ; the. flower-buds are
sweet, and are eaten, raw or cooked, as a vegetable. FI. March, April.

2. P. calophylla, Falconer ; DC. Prody. viii. 498.

A small shrub, wholly glabrous. Leaves shining, lanceolate, long-acu-
minate, 2-3 in. long, on short petioles; main lateral nerves numerous,
parallel, transverse, anastomosing by oblique veins. Flowers small, red,
in short axillary, generally opposite rounded cymes; appendages hairy ;
corolla-segments ciliate. Follicles drooping, parallel, 3-6 in. long.

Outer ranges of the Himalaya westward to the Jumna, and ascending to 5000
ft. Kasia hills, Fl. March, April.
Calotropis.] LV. ASCLEPIADEA. 331

3. CALOTROPIS, R. Brown.

Corolla-tube broad-campanulate, lobes ovate. Stamens connate. Corona
of 5 laterally compressed fleshy appendages, adnate to the back of the
staminal tube, the lower end free and incurved. Anthers continued into
a broad membranous appendix, incumbent on the stigma ; pollen-masses

10, pendulous, in pairs, flat, stipitate. Stigma pentagonous. Follicles
broad, semiovate.

Corolla somewhat saccate at base, segments spreading, appendages

of corona truncate at apex; flower-buds ovoid ; » 1. O. gigantea.
Corolla-segments erect ; appendages of corona acute at apex; flower-
buds hemispherical e ‘ ‘ ‘ - a : . 2 CO. procera.

1. ©. gigantea, R. Br.; Wight Ill. t. 155—Syn. Asclepias gigantea,
Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 30. Sans. Arka. Vern. Madar, safed-ak, N.W.P.

Young shoots, inflorescence, and under side of leaves covered with soft
white adpressed woolly tomentum. Leaves 4-8 in. long, obovate or obo-
vate-oblong, short-acuminate, sessile or subsessile, with a narrow, cordate,
often amplexicaul base. Flowers purplish-lilac or white, inodorous, with
a grey down outside, on pedicels twice their length, in axillary pedun-
culate corymbs ; flower-buds ovoid ; corolla-lobes spreading or reflexed.
Appendages of corona elongated, longer than staminal column, their
length twice or more than twice their breadth, always hairy.

Common in South and Central India, Burma and Bengal. Gorakhpur, Oudh,
and in great profusion in an isolated locality in the Siwalik tract near Kali-
dungi, below Naini Tal. Ceylon and Indian Archipelago. One of the most
common plants in dry waste places. Fl. nearly throughout the year. A large
shrub, with thick herbaceous branches, stem 12-18 in. girth, bark thick, sott,
ash-coloured, wrinkled.

A fine strong silky flax from the inner bark was formerly made into cloth for
princes and nobles. Used for bow-strings, fishing lines and nets ; does not easily
rot in water. The hair of the seeds is said to be made into thread in Borneo ;
attempts to weave it have been made in Madras. Gunpowder charcoal is made
of the young branches in Kattiawar and in the Dekkan, All parts of the plant
are full of acrid milk, which has powerful medicinal qualities.

2. ©. procera, R. Br.; Ham. in Linn. Soc. Trans. xiv. 246.—Vern.
Spalwakka, Afg.; Ak, ak, mudar, North India.

Young leaves hoary, glabrous when full-grown, inflorescence clothed
with white woolly tomentum. Leaves 4-9 in. long, thick, subcoriaceous,
ovate obovate or obovate-oblong, acute, sessile or subsessile, with a cor-
date base. Flowers purplish red, pale silvery outside, with a strong, not
unpleasant smell, on pedicels twice their length, in terminal and axil-
lary corymbose cymes. Flower-buds hemispherical; corolla campanulate,
lobes erect. Appendages of corona broad, not longer than staminal
column, nearly as broad as long, glabrous, rarely pubescent.

Common in the Panjab, Sindh (in places), the trans-Indus territory, ascend-
ing to 3500 ft., in the sub-Himalayan tract to the Sardah river, between Indus
332 LV. ASCLEPIADEZ. [ Calotropis.

and Jhelam, ascending to 2400 ft., Oudh, Central India, and the Dekkan. Syria,
Arabia, Egypt, Abyssinia, Persia, Afghanistan, and Beluchistan. In a general
way it may be said that C. gigantea belongs to the moister, C. procera to the
more dry districts. Often gregarious in dry sandy places. Never quite bare
of leaves. Fl. Feb.-May ; fruit ripens in the ensuing cold season. Near this
plant, and growing on its roots, is frequently seen, pushing through the sand,
Phelipea Calotropidis, Walp., a beautiful Orobanchaceous parasite with leafless
succulent stems, 2-3 ft. high, terminating in purple flower-spikes. :
Generally a shrub 6-7 ft. high, but in the most arid parts of the Panjab may
be seen in close clumps 12-15 ft. high, with stems 12-18 in. girth. In Sindh
stems 4-5 ft. girth have been observed (Stewart Pb. Pl. 144). Bark $ in. thick,
soft, corky, spongy. Wood white and light, charcoal is made from it, the roots
are employed as tooth-brushes. In Sindh the bark is stripped off green, and
made into halters, lines, and nets. In Arabia a soft rope is made of the fibre.
The silky hair of the seeds is excellent for stuffing pillows and quilts. The
lant abounds in acrid milk ; mixed with salt, it is used to remove the hair from
ides. The dried and powdered root-bark is officinal under the name of Mudar,
as an alterative tonic, diaphoretic, and in large doses emetic (Pharm. Ind. 141) ;
the supposed active principle has been called Mudarine, a bitter, not crystalline
ast ict soluble in water, the solution coagulates when heated, composition
unknown,

4, MARSDENIA, R. Brown.

Corolla generally campanulate, limb spreading, divided into 5 lobes,
contorted in the bud. Corona of 5 appendages, generally flat, sometimes
auriculate, adnate to the back of the staminal column, sometimes 10 ap-
pendages in 2 rows. Anthers terminating in a membrane, free, or only
adhering laterally ; pollen-masses 10, erect, in pairs, stipitate. Style ob-
tuse or rostrate.

Appendages of corona in one series, lanceolate or linear, as long
as or longer than stamens. Style obtuse, not rostrate.
Corolla quite glabrous, except a ring of erect hairs which closes
the throat; corolla-lobes shorter than tube ; leaves drying
with a blue colour . * : eA en . 7
Corolla hairy outside ; lobes longer than tube.
Corolla-lobes glabrous inside; appendage of corona lanceo-
late, as long as stamens : : : 5 i 5
Corolla-lobes hirsute inside; appendage of corona linear,
longer than stamens . 7 7 2 . é ‘
Appendages of corona biseriate, the outer fleshy, attached to the
base of staminal column, and shorter than anthers, the inner
attached half-way up, membranous, obtuse, shorter than an-
thers ; style terminating in a long filiform beak, as long as
corolla é i ‘j . i . 4 - 4... lucida.

1. ML. tinctoria.

2. M. tenacissima.

3. M. Roylei.

1. M. tinctoria, R. Br.; Wight Ic. t. 589.—Syn. Asclepias tinctoria,
Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 43.

A large twining shrub; branches, petioles and peduncles clothed with
short down. Leaves pubescent when young, afterwards glabrate, turning
blue when dry, ovate, with rounded or cordate base, acuminate, penni-
nerved, blade 4-9 in. long, petioles 4-2 in. Flowers numerous, small,
yellow, yz in. long ; pedicels slender, twice the length of flower, in dense
Marsdenia.] LV. ASCLEPIADEA. 333°

umbellate clusters, forming cylindrical, pedunculate, axillary racemes, in-
terrupted at the base. Calyx ciliate. Corolla glabrous, save a ring of hairs
in the throat, lobes shorter than tube ; appendages of corona lanceolate,
as long as stamens. Follicles lanceolate, covered with long soft hairs,
reflexed, in racemes of 4-8.

East Bengal, Sikkim, ascending to 3000 ft. Burma. Banda district: (Edgew.)
FI, hot and rainy season. The leaves yield a kind of Indigo.

2. M. tenacissima, Wight et Arn, ; Wight Ic. t. 590.—Syn. Asclepias
tenacissima, Roxb. FI. Ind. ii. 51; Cor. Pl. t. 240.

A large twining shrub; branches, leaves and inflorescence soft-tomen-
tose. Leaves cordate, acuminate, 4-6 in. long and 3-4 in. broad, petiole
2-4 in. long, basal nerves 3-5. Flowers greenish-yellow, 4 in. long, on
slender pedicels, somewhat longer than flowers, in axillary drooping
pedunculate compound cymes. Calyx and corolla hairy outside; corolla-
lobes longer than tube, glabrous inside. Appendages of corona lanceolate,
as long as stamens. Follicles ovate-lanceolate, 4-6 in. long, downy.

Behar, Baraitch forests of Oudh, Kamaon, ascending to 4500 ft. Banda
district. Ceylon. Fl. April; fr. in the ensuing cold season. The bark of young
luxuriant shoots yields a large quantity of beautiful fine silky fibre, with which
the mountaineers of Rajmahal make their bow-strings, on account of its great
strength and durability. The following comparative experiments are recorded
by Roxburgh :—

A line of common hemp broke with 158 lb. when dry, and 190 Ib. when wet.

Boehmeria tenacissima 4 240, » 278 , i

Marsd. tenacissima ” 248, yy » 843.,, ”

A milky juice exudes from wounds, thickening into an elastic substance very
much*like caoutchouc, which rubs out black pencil-marks.

3. M. Roylei, Wight.—Vern. Pathor, Chenab; Tar, veri, Salt range ;
Murkila, Kamaon.

A large twining shrub ; branches, under side of leaves, and inflorescence
soft-tomentose. Leaves ovate from cordate base, acuminate, 3-5 in. long,
petiole 1-2 in. Flowers orange, 4 in. long, in compact, rounded, peduncu-
late axillary cymes. Calyx hairy outside ; corolla-lobes longer than tube,
hirsute inside. Appendages of corona linear, longer than stamens.

“i j ranges of N.W. Himalaya, ascending to 7000
ft. mene El May, June. The fibre is made into fishing-
lines. .

4. M. lucida, Edgew. MS. in Hb. Kew; Madden in Journ. As. Soc.
xvii. pt. i, 370.—Vern. Dudhi, Kamaon.

A large evergreen climber ; glabrous, only extremities and inflorescence
pubescent. Leaves ovate, pale beneath, penniveined, 4-5 in. long, petiole
1-14 in. Flowers purple, sweet-scented, 3-3 in. long, on pedicels some-
what longer than flower, in short-pedunculate umbelliform cymes. Calyx
hairy outside, corolla-lobes longer than tube, hairy. Appendages of cor-
834 LV. ASCLEPIADEZ. [Marsdenia.

ona 10, in a double series, the outer inserted at the base of the staminal
tube, thick, fleshy, the inner half-way up, obtuse, membranous, both shorter
than anthers. Style prolonged into a filiform beak as long as corolla.
Follicles lanceolate, smooth, 5 in. long.

East Bengal, Baraich forests of Oudh, Kamaon (in shady valleys), ascending
to 7500 ft. Fl. Oct.-Nov.

5. PERGULARIA, Linn.

Flowers in interpetiolar cymes. Corolla hypocrateriform, limb spread-
ing, lobes contorted in bud. Corona of 5 flat, membranous appendages, |
adnate to the base of the staminal column, with a small ligula inside below
the apex. Anthers connate, terminating ina membrane. Pollen-masses
10, stipitate, erect, in pairs. Style not rostrate.

Leaves ovate ; corolla-tube glabrous inside . : * . LP. pallida.
Leaves cordate ; corolla-tube hairy inside to the throat . 2. P. odoratissima.

1. P. pallida, W. et A.; Wight Ic. t. 585.—Syn. Asclepias pallida,
Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 48. Vern. Surkila, Kamaon.

A large twining shrub ; young leaves and young shoots pubescent with
soft, curved hairs. Leaves ovate from a cordate base, acuminate, 2-4 in.
long, petiole about 1 in. Flowers pale yellow, inodorous, 4 in. long to
tip of corolla-lobes, on pedicels as long as flowers or longer, in many-
flowered, short pedunculate, umbelliform cymes; peduncles shorter than
pedicels, both hairy. Calyx almost glabrous, the segments ciliate at the
edges, nearly as long as the corolla-tube. Corolla-lobes linear, twice the
length of tube ; throat and inside of tube glabrous, except near its base,
Follicles lanceolate, glabrous, 3 in. long.

Bengal, Behar, Burma, plains of N.W. India and the Panjab. Fl. June-Oct.

2. P. odoratissima, Linn. ; Wight Ic. t. 414; Bot. Reg. t. 412.—The
West Coast or Primrose-Creeper, Kanja-lita, Beng.

A large twining shrub; bark deeply cracked and spongy, young shoots
and inflorescence pubescent. Leaves deep-cordate, acuminate, about 4 in.
long and nearly as broad, pubescent along the nerves on both sides, and
with a few scattered hairs between the nerves, petiole 1 in. long, Inflor-
escence similar to that of P. pallida. Flowers 2 in. long, greenish yellow
or orange, exceedingly fragrant. Calyx pubescent and ciliate, shorter
than corolla-tube. Corolla-tube hairy inside to the throat, broad, nearly
as long as the oblong lobes. Follicles ovate-lanceolate.

Cultivated generally in gardens in India and China. Indigenous in Bengal,
Burma, and the N.W. Himalaya, where it ascends to 4000 ft. Has been found
as far west as Jaunsar Bawar. Fl, May-July.

6. ORTHANTHERA, Wight.

A glabrous leafless shrub, with minute subulate scales in the place of
the leaves, Flowers } in. long, green, on short pedicels, in short pedun-
Orthanthera. | LV. ASCLEPIADEA. 335

culate axillary umbelliform cymes of 3-6 flowers. Peduncles, pedicels,
calyx, and corolla villous with long soft hairs. Calyx parted nearly to
the base into 5 linear-lanceolate segments, as long as corolla-tube. Cor-
olla campanulate, tube cylindric, longer than the oblong, erect segments,
which are valvate in bud. No corona, but the staminal tube girt at the
base by an undulate ring. Pollen-masses 10, stipitate, erect. ollicles
compressed, linear, glabrous, erect, 4-5 in. long.

1. 0. viminea, Wight ; Jacq. Voy. Bot. t. 115.—Vern. Mowa, lanebar,
Trans-Indus ; Matti, Bias ; Khip, Delhi; Kip, Sindh ; Chapkia, Kamaon ;
_Mahiur, Baraich, Gonda.

Grows 3-6 ft, high, with erect branches. Fl. March, April. Trans-Indus,
Sindh, Panjab, the Doab, sub-Himalayan tract, ascending to 2000 ft., eastwards
known as far as the Baraich and Gonda forests in Oudh, where it is abundant
‘in the beds of streams, and where the flower-buds are eaten as a vegetable,
cooked or raw (R. Th.) Rope is made of the fibre, after 4 or 5 days’ steeping.

Orper LVI. BORAGINE.

Herbs, usually with rough hairy leaves, or trees and shrubs, glabrous
or hairy. Leaves alternate, rarely opposite, usually undivided, without
stipules. Inflorescence definite ; flowers in l-sided (scorpioid) spikes or
racemes, rolled back when young, and often forked or dichotomous, or in
more or less compound, often irregular cymes. Calyx free, persistent,
lobes or teeth 5, rarely 4 or 6, valvate in bud. Corolla gamopetalous,
hypogynous, segments as many as those of the calyx, imbricate or indu-
plicate in the bud. Stamens inserted in the corolla-tube, as many as
corolla-lobes, and alternate with them ; anthers 2-celled, the cells usually
opening in longitudinal slits. Ovary free, of 2 carpels, entire or 4- rarely
2-lobed, 2-celled, with 1 or 2 ovules in each cell, or 4-8-celled, with 1
ovule in each; style simple or 2-4-fid, terminal or inserted between the
lobes. Fruit a drupe or dry, and separating into 4, rarely 2, 1-seeded
nuts. Seed with a thin testa, albumen none or scanty, embryo straight,
radicle short.—Royle Ill. 303, 306 (Cordiacece) ; Wight Il. ii. 208.

Style twice forked ; drupe with 1 kernel . ; ; . 1, Corpra.
Style bifid ; drupe with 2-4 kernels . . . 7 . 2, ERRETIA.
Style undivided ; berry with 4 kernels f . ; . 8 RHABDIA.

This Order is here accepted in its wider sense, including Cordiacec, which is
often regarded as a separate Order. It is divided into four great tribes : 1. Cor-
dice, 2. Ehretiece, with undivided ovary, terminal style, and indehiscent, often
fleshy 4-seeded fruit. In Cordiew the style is twice forked, in Hhretiew 2-lobed
(Ehretia), rarely undivided (Rhabdia). 3. Heliotropiee, ovary often lobed, but
style terminal, fruit dry, often separating into several 1-seeded cocci. To this
group belongs the sweet-scented Heliotrope (H. perumanum, Linn.), from the
‘Andes of South America, which thrives so luxuriantly on the Nilgiris and in
South Europe. 4. Boragec, the ovary of 2, generally 4, distinct lobes, the style
in the middle between them. To this group belong numerous annual or per-
ennial herbaceous plants of Europe and Central Asia, of which the Borage,
Bugloss, and the Forget-me-not are well-known examples.
336 LVI. BORAGINEA, [Cordia,

1. CORDIA, Linn.

Trees or shrubs; flowers often polygamous, in terminal or leaf-opposed
cymes, bracts small or none. Calyx tubular turbinate or campanulate,
4- or 5-toothed or irregularly toothed or lobed. Corolla-tube cylindrical or
funnel-shaped, limb 4-5, sometimes more, -lobed. Ovary entire, 4-celled,
1 ovule in each cell ; style terminal, twice forked. Fruit a drupe, en-
docarp hard, often perforated at the apex, cells 4 or fewer by abortion.
Albumen none, cotyledons plaited lengthwise.

Leaves generally alternate, ovate or cordate ; flowers generally
pentandrous.

Leaves broad-ovate or rotundate, base rounded or cuneate ;

calyx not ribbed . : é : ‘i é 3

Leaves cordate ; branchlets with dense grey or tawny tomen-

tum; calyxribbed . . é ‘ é z ;

Leaves broad - elliptic, or rotundate, dense tufts of rust-

1. C. Myxa.
2. C. Macleodii.

coloured hairs at the axils; calyx ribbed .. 5 is 3. C. vestita.
Leaves generally subopposite, oblanceolate ; flowers generally
tetrandrous a ; . . : : i : 4. C. Rothii.

1. ©. Myxa, Linn. ; Roxb. Fl. Ind. i. 590; Wight IU. t. 169.—Syn.
C. obliqua, Willd.; Wight Ic. t. 1378. C. latifolia, Roxb. 1. ¢. 588. C.
polygama, Roxb. 1. « 594. Sans. Selu. Vern. Lasora, lassora, lesura,
bhokar, Hindi; Laswara, lasiara, Pb.; Lesuri, giduri, Sindh; Borla,
bairala, baurala, Kamaon; Gondhun, khatu, Satpura range, C.P.; Bar-
gund, vargund, Mar.; Sepistan, pistan, Guz.; Thanatben, Burm.

A middle-sized tree ; young leaves soft-pubescent beneath, more or less
rough when full-grown, broad-ovate or rotundate, base rounded or short-
cuneate, blade 3-6 in. long, petiole 1-2 in.; main lateral nerves 4-6 pair, 1
or 2 pair from the base of the leaf. Flowers white, polygamous, pentan-
drous, on short pedicels, in loose terminal and lateral pedunculate cymes,
without bracts. Calyx without prominent ribs, entire and closed over the
corolla in the bud, splitting irregularly, when the flower expands, into
5 short lobes, nearly glabrous outside, lobes hairy inside. Corolla-tube
nearly as long as calyx, with 5 narrow, recurved lobes, as long as the tube.
Stamens exserted, filaments hairy. Drupe supported by the enlarged
and hardened calyx, its limb irregularly and broadly toothed, ovoid or
nearly globose, 3-14 in. long, puberulous when young ; when ripe, min-
utely rugose, but shining, yellowish brown, pink or nearly black. Kernel
very hard, rugose, 1- or 2-celled, in a rough viscid sweetish almost trans-
parent pulp.

Cultivated throughout India, wild in the Panjab Salt range, the outer Hima-
laya and Siwalik tract, from the Chenab to Assam, ascending to 5000 ft. Kasia
hills, Gonda forests in Oudh, Satpura range, C.P. Also South India, Ceylon,
Burma, Indian Archipelago, and Queensland. Leaves are shed in April, and re-
newed soon after ; fl. March, April ; fr. May-July. Growth moderately quick,
38-6 rings per in. Avery hardy tree. 30-40 ft. high, trunk short, erect or some-
what crooked, 4-5, at times 6 ft. girth, branches numerous, spreading, then
ascending, forming a handsome rounded crown with dense bright-green tinge
Branchlets reddish grey, glabrous, bark }-1 in, thick, light- or dark-cinereous,
Cordia.] LVI. BORAGINE. 337

brown, sometimes blackish, rough with shallow longitudinal wrinkles and fur-
rows, inner substance fibrous. Wood olive-coloured, greyish, or light brown.
No distinct heartwood. The horizontal section shows numerous broad medul-
lary rays and large pores, as well as concentric bands of whitish tissue, alternat-
ing with narrow bands of darker tissue. Pores and medullary rays prominent
on a vertical section. Soft and* somewhat porous, but fairly strong, weight
33-49 Ib. per cub. ft. Seasons well, but does not stand exposure, and is apt to
be attacked by insects. Employed in boat-building, for gun-stocks, well-curbs,
and agricultural implements. Excellent fuel. The bark is made into ropes and”
fuses ; the fibre is also used in caulking boats. The leaves are used as plates, and
in Pegu for the covering leaf of the Burma cheroots. The tender young fruit is
eaten as a vegetable, and is pickled ; the ripe fruit is eaten, and is greedily de-
voured by birds. The adhesive viscid pulp is used as bird-lime. Its juice is
employed instead of that of. the marking-nut (Semecarpus Anacardium), but
the colour is transient. The kernel is eaten, tastes somewhat likea filbert;
that of the cultivated tree is better.

C. Wallichii, G. Don ; Bedd. FL. Sylv. t. 245; is allied to this species, but
the leaves are more cordate, and clothed beneath with dense grey tomentum.
Forests of the western coast and Mysore.

2. C, Macleodii, H. f. & Th.—Tab. XLI.—Linn. Soc. Journ. ii. 128.
—Syn. Hemigymnia Macleodii, Griff. Vern. Deughan, dhaian, dahi,
deingan, dhaman, dewan, C.P. ; Dhatvan, Sattara.

A middle-sized tree ; branchlets, under side of leaves, inflorescence, and
.ealyx clothed with dense grey or tawny tomentum. Leaves alternate or
subopposite, cordate, pubescent above, membranous when young, after-
wards firm and hard, upper surface rough, uneven, but: somewhat shin-
ing; blade 5-7 in. long and nearly as broad, petiole 2-3 in. ; three promi-
nent basal nerves, each of the 2 outer with 4-5 main lateral nerves on the
outside, the middle nerve with 4-5 main lateral nerves on either side,
all joined by prominent parallel transverse veins. Flowers polygamous,
white, on subsessile, compound, axillary and terminal cymes. Bracts
none. Calyx at the time of flowering cylindrical, wider above, almost
clavate, 4 in. long, ribbed and furrowed, splitting into 3-5, usually 5
unequal teeth. - Corolla-tube shorter than calyx, lobes obovate-oblong, as
long as tube, undulate, spreading or reflexed. Stamens exserted, filaments
hairy at the base. Male flowers with a rudimentary ovary, without style
or stigma. Drupe } in. long, ovoid, cuspidate with the persistent base of
style, and girt by the enlarged and hardened cup-shaped calyx, with a
ribbed, crenate and. denticulate edge.

Central India, from the Mahanadi river in Bijoragogarh (D.B.), (probably also
in Behar), to the Nagpahar near Ajmir (D.B.), West Dekkan as far south as
Belgaum (Dr Ritchie, D.B.), and probably (specimens imperfect) on dry hills
near Chikmaglur in Mysore, D.B. First brought to notice by the late Sir D. F.
Macleod, who sent specimens from Jubbulpur (in 1842) to Dr Griffith. Attains
30-40 ft., with short trunk, 3-4 ft. girth, and strong spreading boughs, forming
a close, rounded crown. Bark thick, soft, corky, grey. Fi. April, May; fruit
C.S. Heartwood light brown, beautifully mottled with darker veins and whit-
ish lines. Weight 40-50 lb, per cub. ft, Even-grained, hard, strong, tough and
elastic, seasons well and works easily. Used for furniture, picture-frames, and
other ornamental work. Excellent fishing-rods are made of it.

Y
338 LVI, BORAGINEZ, [Cordia.

3. C. vestita, H. f. & Th. ; Linn. Soc. Journ. ii, 128.—Syn. C. incana,
Royle ; Gynaion vestitum, A. DC. Vern. Kumbi, karuk, Pb.; Kum
paiman, pin, indak, N.W.P. ; Chinta, ajanta, Oudh.

A small or middle-sized tree ; branchlets, under side of leaves and inflor-
escence clothed with soft grey pubescence ; leaf-buds and base of petioles
enveloped in dense tufts of long tawny or rust-coloured hairs. Leaves
alternate, broad-elliptic or rotundate, upper side very rough, blade 3-4 in.
long, 2-3 in. broad, petiole 1-14 in. long; main lateral nerves 3-5 pair,”
the lowest pair proceeding from the base. Flowers yellowish-white,
polygamous, in compound cymes, often several together on short peduncles
at the ends of branches; cymes of male flowers often composed of uni-
lateral racemes. Calyx at the time of flowering clavate, 4-4 in. long,
ribbed and furrowed, splitting into a number of unequal teeth. Corolla-
tube as long as calyx, lobes obovate-oblong, as long as tube, undulate,
spreading. Stamens exserted, filaments hairy at the base. A rudimentary
ovary without style or stigma in the male flowers. Drupe ? in. long
cuspidate with the persistent base of style, and girt at base with the
enlarged, hardened, flat cup-shaped calyx, 3-1 in. across, with a ribbed,
crenate and denticulate edge.

Sub-Himalayan tract and outer ranges from near the Jhelam to the Sarda
river, ascending to 4000 ft. Hill forests of Baraich and Gondain Oudh. No-
where common, rare west of the Jumna. The flowers appear with or shortly
before the young leaves in March, April; the fruit ripens Oct., Nov. Often
only 15-20 ft. high, and 3-4 ft. girth. A planted tree on Mount Tilla in the
Panjab Salt range 8 ft. girth, and 25-30 ft. high. Branchlets marked by the
scars of the fallen petioles. Bark 4 in. thick, dark grey or blackish, rugose and
longitudinally furrowed, when old exfoliating in large woody scales, showing the
smooth silvery grey inner bark. The dark-green foliage is clustered near the
ends of branches. Sapwood whitish, heartwood distinct, of a chocolate-brown
colour, with conspicuous medullary rays. Close-grained, hard, heavy and strong.
Employed for wheel- and well-work. The fruit is filled with a gelatinous pulp,
which is eaten, and is preferred to that of C. Myxa.

4. C. Rothii, Roem. & Schultes ; Wight Ic. t. 1379.—Syn. C. angusti-
folia, Roxb. Fl. Ind. i. 595. Vern. Gondt, gondni, gundi. Local: Liar,
liai, Sindh.

A small or moderate-sized tree. Leaves rough and pubescent beneath
while young, generally subopposite, oblanceolate or cuneate-oblong, blade
3-4 in. long, and 1-14 in. broad, petiole 4 in. long. Flowers small, white,
generally tetrandrous, in loose, terminal or axillary pedunculate cymes;
peduncles and pedicels slender, glabrous or slightly pubescent, bracts none.
Calyx at the time of flowering turbinate. Corolla-tube somewhat shorter
than calyx, lobes 4 or 5 oblong, reflexed. Stamens 4 or 5 exserted.
Drupe ovoid, acute, mucronate, $ in. long, yellow or reddish brown when
ripe, glabrous, longitudinally striate, fleshy, with yellow, gelatinous pel-
lucid pulp ; generally 1-seeded.

_Planted and self-sown near villages in the Panjab south of the Salt range,
Sindh, N.W.P., Rajputana, Guzerat, and Dekkan. Wild in the Kishengurh
Cordia.] LVI. BORAGINES. 339

forests north-east of Ajmir (D.B.) ; in Mysore, and probably in other parts of
the peninsula, ‘Also in Arabia and Abyssinia, Leaves are renewed in Feb.,
March. Fl, April-June ; fruit ripens in the ensuing cold season. Coppices
well. Attains 30-40 ft., trunk short, 3-5 ft. girth, branches spreading, ex-
tremities often drooping, forming a somewhat lax, rounded crown. Twigs
cinereous, bark of stem thick, light or dark grey, or brownish, longitudinally
furrowed, not much cracked. Heartwood light yellow or light brown, tough,

~42-52 Ib. per cub, ft. Used as fuel, in Sindh for building, and in Cutch for

 

 

agricultural implements. A gum issues from wounds in the bark. Ropes are
made of the bark. The pulp of the drupe is adhesive, hence its name (gond,
gum), and is eaten, though insipid.

2. EHRETIA, Linn.

Trees or shrubs, often glabrous ; leaves alternate. Flowers in terminal
or axillary cymes, with small bracts. Calyx deeply divided into 5 sey-
ments, persistent, but not enlarged in fruit. Corolla-tube short or cylin-
drical, limb of 5 spreading lobes, imbricate in bud. Stamens generally
exserted. Ovary 2-celled with 2 ovules in each cell, or 4-celled, 1 ovule
in each cell; style terminal bifid. Fruit a drupe, the endocarp forming
two 2-seeded, or. four l-seeded pyrenes. Albumen scanty, cotyledons
ovate, not plaited.

Leaves serrate ; flowers in terminal panicles, pyrenes 2 ‘ - I. &. serrata.
Leaves entire ; flowers in terminal and axillary compound corym-
bose cymes; pyrenes 4.
Leaves elliptic; flowers seysile ; corolla not much longer than

calyx. : 5 3 ‘ z 2 - i . 2 #, levis,
Leaves spathulate; flowers pedicellate; corolla twice the
length of calyx. 3 ‘ F 2 : . . 3. £. obtusifolia.

1. E. serrata, Roxb. Fl. Ind. i. 596 ; Bot. Reg. t. 1097.—Vern. Pina,
N.W. India; Puran, kalthaun, Pb.; Pinyan, pinjlawai, panden, koda,
N.W.P. ; Kurkuria, arjin, Oudh ; Nalshuna, Nepal.

A middle-sized tree ; glabrous, only leaves and branches of inflorescence
with scattered, short, generally adpressed hairs. ‘Leaves elliptic-oblong,
acuminate, sharp-serrate, blade 4-6 in., petiole 3 in. long; main lateral
nerves arching, 8-10 on either side of midrib. Flowers numerous, white,
small, fragrant, sessile, in clusters of 3-5, in large terminal pyramidal
panicles. Corolla rotate. Drupe with two 1- or 2-seeded pyrenes, red
orange or nearly black when ripe, as large as a small pea. _

Sub- Himalayan tract and outer ranges from near the Indus to Sikkim,
ascending to 4000, occasionally to 5500 ft. Cultivated in India, China, the
Mauritius, and elsewhere. (£. acuminata, R. Br., Benth. Fl. Austr, iv. 387, of
Queensland and N.S, Wales, is nearly allied to this species.) Fl, Feb,-April,
occasionally July-Dec. ; fr. Nov.-Dec., remains long on the tree, Attains 40 ft.,
‘with a short straight trunk 4-5 ft. girth, numerous branches, forming a handsome,
shady oval crown, resembling Cordia Myxa in appearance. Bark dark grey o1
brown, even, with longitudinal furrows; when old, with many small ragged,

“mostly longitudinal cracks, inner substance brown, leathery, fibrous. Wood
340 LVI. BORAGINEA. [Ehretia,

light brown, with white specks, fairly even and compact, soft, not heavy, easily
worked, made into scabbards, sword-hilts, gun-stocks, and employed in build-.
ing and for agricultural implements. Weight 37 lb.; value of P. 530 (Kyd).
Not durable. The unripe bit is pickled ; ripe it is insipidly sweet, and is
eaten.

2. BE. levis, Roxb=_Tab. XLII—Cor. Pl. t. 56; Fl. Ind. i. 597;
Wight Ic. t. 1382.—Vern. Chamror, chamrir, chamraud, N.W. India ;
Chambal, gin, Pb.; Koda, darar, N.W.P.; Datranga, Oudh ; Tamboli,
Banda ; Tambolia, Banswara ; Dotti mara, Gonds, C.P.

A middle-sized tree ; glabrous or more or less pubescent and ciliate.
Leaves membranous when young, firm and nearly coriaceous when full-
grown, entire, elliptic, obtuse or acuminate, blade 3-8 in., petiole $ in.
long; main lateral nerves 6-10 on either side of midrib, arcuate, joined
by more or less prominent intramarginal veins. Flowers small, white,
sessile or subsessile, in loose, terminal and lateral cymes, composed of
unilateral spikes; bracts none. Calyx hairy, lobes ovate, obtuse. Corolla
rotate or broad-campanulate, tube a little longer than calyx, lobes twice
the length of tube. Anthers not apiculate. Drupe nearly 2-lobed, some-
what broader than long, 4 in. across, red, afterwards black, wrinkled, a
scanty pulp enclosing 3-4 triquetrous, 1-seeded pyrenes.

Trans-Indus, on eastern skirts of Suliman range, ascending to 2500 ft., Pan-
jab, Siwalik tract, ascending to 2000 ft., occasionally in the Panjab plains.
Gangetic plain, and sub-Himalayan tract, ascending to 2500 ft. Oudh forests,
Central India, Behar, Guzerat, and the Konkan. The old leaves are shed Jan.,
Feb. ; the new foliage issues Feb., March, and is light-green, somewhat viscid.
Fl. Jan., Feb., before the leaves are quite out, occasionally up to May, or later ;
fruit April-June. Hard vesiculose galls not rare on inflorescence. Attains 20,
at times 40 ft., trunk erect, short, irregularly scooped, 3-4, at times 5-6 ft. girth. .
Many large branches, ascending and spreading into a rounded, lax crown.
Branchlets light grey, or with a reddish tinge, smooth. Bark 4-1 in. thick,
light-yellowish grey with dark specks. Foliage dark green. Wood dirty-white
or yellowish brown, compact, even- and fine-grained, tough, easily worked, used
for agricultural implements, and for building. The inner bark, in times of
famine, is mixed with flour and eaten. The eae are given as cattle-fodder.
The fruit is tasteless, but is eaten.

Li. floribunda, Royle ; Benth. in Royle II. p. 306, from the Dehra Doon, also
found by Stocks at Shah Bilawal in Sindh, seems to me to be merely a variety
with acuminate, soft-pubescent and ciliate leaves.

LE. aspera, Roxb, Cor. Pl. t. 55; Fl. Ind. i. 598, with smaller elliptic or ob-
long-elliptic leaves, tomentose beneath, scabrous and pubescent above, terminal
corymbose cymes and small globose drupes has not been found within the range
of this Flora. It is closely allied to H. ovalifolia, Wight Ic. t. 1383, of South
India and Ceylon,

3. E. obtusifolia, Hochstetter ; DC. Prodr. ix. 507.

A small shrub, with grey branches. Leaves rough and hairy, spathu-
late or obovate, entire, 1-2 in. long. Flowers } in. long, in short, lax,
hairy cymes at the top of small branchlets, pedicels as long as calyx, or
Ehretia.] LVI. BORAGINEA. 341

longer. Calyx-lobes lanceolate. Corolla campanulate, twice the length
of calyx, lobes ovate, as long as tube. Drupe } in. across, with four
I-seeded pyrenes.

Sindh, Salt range, Panjab. Abyssinia. Fl. March, Apvil.

3. RHABDIA, Martius.

Shrubs with alternate leaves. Calyx deeply divided into 5 segments,
persistent. Corolla-tube short, limb 5-lobed, Ovary 2-celled, style un-

divided. Fruit a dry berry with 4 pyrenes; seeds albuminous, radicle
superior. :

1. RB. viminea, Dalzell in Hooker Ic. Plant. ix. t. 823.—Syn. Ehretia
viminea, Wall. ; E. cwneata, Wight Ic. t. 1385. ,

A small much-branched shrub, branches twiggy. Leaves spathulate,
entire, narrowed into a short petiole, about 1 in. long, more or less hairy
with stiff adpressed white hairs, at times densely hispid ox nearly glabrous.
Flowers pink, on short pedicels, 2 or 3 at the ends of short lateral branch-
lets. Calyx hispid, longer than corolla-tube, somewhat cnlarged in fruit,
which is the size of a small pea, and orange-red when ripe.

Rocky, sandy and shingly beds of streams, Kamaon, ascending to 2500 ft.,
East Bengal, Banda, Konkan, Mysore, Burma. FI. Oct., Nov.; branches frequently
creeping and rooting.

Orver LVII. CONVOLVULACEA,

Herbs, rarely shrubs, often twining. Leaves alternate, without stipules.
Flowers regular, pentamerous, bisexual, usually large and showy. Calyx
free, persistent, often enlarged in fruit, of 5 distinct sepals, much imbri-
cate in bud. Corolla generally campanulate or funnel-shaped, the limb
usually spreading, 5-angled or 5-lobed, folded in the bud, rarely imbricate.
Stamens 5, often of unequal length, inserted in the corolla-tube or at its
base, and alternating with the lobes or angles of the limb ; anthers with
2 parallel cells dehiscing longitudinally. Ovary free, 2- 3- or 4-celled,
1 or 2 ovules in each cell, or 1-celled with 2 or 4 ovules. Fruit a capsule
or succulent and indehiscent. Seeds with scanty mucilaginous albumen.
—Royle Ill. 307; Wight Ill. ii. 200.

Style filiform ; limb of corolla 5-angled or 5-lobed.
Flowers small, ovary 1-celled ; sepals much enlarged in fruit,
forming long, veined membranous wings; fruit a 1-seeded

capsule . . Nm, Se : ‘ . : : ; 1, PorANa,
Flowers large, ovary 2- or 4-celled ; sepals enlarged, but not
membranous in fruit ; fruit a dry or succulent berry. 2. ARGYREIA,
Stigma sessile ; limb of corolla of 5 deeply 2-lobed divisions ;
fruit a berry, supported by the slightly increased calyx ;
leaves coriaceous, evergreen. i f - . ‘ 8. ERYCIBE.

1. PORANA, Linn.

Large twiners. Leaves entire. Flowers usually small, paniculate in the
Indian species. Sepals enlarged after flowering into long membranous
342 LVII. CONVOLVULACES. [Porana.

wings, horizontally spreading under the fruit. Ovary 1-celled, with 2 or
4 ovules, Capsule usually I-seeded by abortion.

1. P. paniculata, Roxb. Cor. Pl. t. 235; Fl. Ind. i. 464.

A large twining shrub; branches, panicles and under side of leaves with
grey or brownish pubescence. Leaves cordate, acuminate, 2-4 in. long,
petiole less than 4 the length of leaf, basal nerves 5-7. Flowers numerous,
small, white, on pedicels longer than calyx, in large axillary and terminal
drooping panicles ; bracts shortly tomentose. Corolla } in. long or less.
Calyx half the length of corolla, sepals 3-5, enlarged after flowering, into _
ovate-oblong, membranous, shortly petiolate, reticulate wings, #-1 in. long,
surrounding the globose brittle villous capsule, which is about the size of
a small pea.

Bengal, sub-Himalayan tract to the Ganges, ascending to 4500 ft., Burma.
Fl. Nov.-Feb.; fr. March, April.

2, ARGYREIA, Loureiro.

Large, often woody climbers. Leaves entire, rarely lobed, clothed
beneath with silky, often silvery white hairs. Flowers large, in axillary
cymes, rarely solitary ; corolla funnel-shaped or campanulate. Ovary 2-
celled, with 2 ovules in each cell, or 4-celled by a spurious dissepiment
between the ovules; style filiform, stigma capitate, entire or 2-lobed.
Fruit indehiscent, a dry or succulent berry, 2-4-seeded ; cotyledons
folded.—This genus was divided into 2 by Choisy in DC. Prodr. ix. 325,
Rivea with a 4-celled and Argyreia with a 2-celled ovary. I follow Ben-
tham, Fl. Hongkong. 236, in uniting them.

Leaves cordate or broad-ovate, breadth equal to the length or nearly

50.
Flowers white, corolla funnel-shaped ; leaves with 5-7 prominent
basal nerves, midrib penniveined.

Peduncles-1-2-flowered . ‘ j . 7 ; 5 . 1. A. unifiorg.
Flowers in corymbose or panicled pedunculate cymes . 2. A. ornata.
Flowers rose-coloured or purple, corolla campanulate; leaves
penniveined.
Branches and under side of leaves white-tomentose . ‘ . 3, A. speciosa.
Branches and under side of leaves hairy.
Flowers sessile in compact pedunculate heads with long, lan-
ceolate bracts. . 4, A. capitata.

Flowers pedicellate in corymbose cymes with short bracts | 5. 4. setosa,
Leaves cuneate-oblong, much longer than broad . 6. A. cuneata.

The geographical distribution in India of several of the species here described

is imperfectly known. I have selected those most likely to be met: with in the
forests of North and Central India.

1. A, uniflora, Sweet.—Syn. Rivea hypocrateriformis, Choisy in DC.
Prodr. ix. 326, Lettsomia uniflora, Roxb. FI. Ind. i. 495.

A woody climber; branchlets and under side of leaves hoary or white
Argyreia) LVII. CONVOLVULACEAE. 343

silky-tomentose. Leaves broad-cordate, obtuse, emarginate or apiculate,
3-6 in. broad, basal nerves 5-7, petiole about as long as leaf. Flowers
large, pure white, peduncles 1-3-flowered, pedicels (shorter than peduncles)
in the axils of linear, deciduous bracts. Corolla-tube 2-3 in. long, slender,
cylindrical, limb 1-2 in. diam.

Sindh, common on dry hills. Panjab, Central India, South India. Fl. May-
Aug. The flowers open at sunset, and close at sunrise.

A. bona-nox, Sweet.—Syn. Lettsomia bona-nox, Roxb. Fl. Ind. i. 494. The
Midnapur creeper. A gigantic climber with spongy cracked ash-coloured bark,
has larger flowers ; very fragrant. Roxburgh calls it the prince of Convol-
vulacez, Bengal (Serampur, Midnapur), Guzerat, the Konkan. Fl. B.S.

2. A. ornata, Sweet.—Syn. Rivea ornata, Choisy ; DC. Prodr. ix.
326 ; Wight Ic. t. 1356. Lettsomia ornata, Roxb. FI. Ind. i. 496.

Differs from A. uniflora mainly by having the flowers in large spreading
corymbose or panicled pedunculate cymes, peduncle generally longer than
petiole. This, as well as the preceding species, demand critical study on
the spot.

Oudh forests, Nepal, Panjab (Aitchison), and probably widely spread in
North-West India. Ceylon. Fl. BS.

3. A. speciosa, Sweet; DC. Prodr. 328.—Syn. Ipomeca speciosa,
Bot. Mag. t. 2446. Letisomia nervosa, Roxb. Fl. Ind. i. 488. The Ele-
phant Creeper.

A large woody climber running up the highest trees. Branches and
under side of leaves white with a dense tomentum of soft silky hairs.
Leaves cordate, acuminate, penniveined, 4-12 in. long, and nearly as broad,
petiole shorter than leaf or nearly as long; main lateral nerves numerous,
prominent, parallel. Flowers deep rose-coloured in axillary corymbose
cymes, peduncles longer than petiole, and sometimes longer than leaf,
pedicels as long as calyx; bracts large, foliaceous, ovate, acuminate,
deciduous. Corolla campanulate, tube 14 in. long, limb 2 in. diam.

South India, Bengal, North-West India (Dehra Doon, Voigt. Hort. Suburb.
351). FL RS. é

4, A. capitata, Choisy ; DC. Prodr. ix. 332.—Syn. Lettsomia strigosa,
Roxb. Fl. Ind. i. 491.

A large woody climber ; branchlets, inflorescence and leaves strigose
with long harsh brown hairs. Leaves ovate from a cordate base, acumi-
nate, penniveined, blade 3-5 in. long. Flowers rose-coloured or lilac, ses-
sile in pedunculate bracteate heads, supported by numerous ovate bracts,
with long rust-coloured hairs, peduncles longer than petioles. Corolla
campanulate.

Eastern Bengal, Burma. Fi. Oct., Nov. A. barbigera, Choisy—syn. Con-

volvulus barbiger, Wall., is closely allied, if specifically distinct. Burma. Java.
Eastern Bengal. N.W. Himalaya.
344 LVII. CONVOLVULACEA. [Argyreia.

5. A. setosa, Choisy 1. c. 332.—Syn. Lettsomia setosa, Roxb. FI. Ind.
i. 490 ; Wight Ic. t. 1360.

A large woody climber ; young shoots and under side of leaves strigose
with adpressed hairs. Leaves broad-ovate from a cordate base, penni-
veined, blade 3-5 in. long. Flowers pink, shortly pedicellate, in compound
corymbose pedunculate cymes. Bracts broad-ovate, deciduous. Corolla
campanulate.

Northern Cirears, Dekkan. FI. Nov.-Jan. This sp. is closely allied to A.
capitata. They require farther examination on the spot.

6. A. cuneata, Bot. Reg. t. 661; DC. Prodr. ix. 330.—Syn. Lettsomia
cuneata, Roxb. F]. Ind. i. 491.

A large woody climber with smooth dark. grey bark, young shoots and
leaves with adpressed silky hairs. Leaves deep green, cuneate-oblong
3-4 in. long, petiole 4 in. long or less. Flowers large, bright deep purple,
on slender pedicels, in short axillary 3-flowered pedunculate cymes; bracts
linear. Corolla campanulate.

Nilgiris, Pulneys, Western Ghats as far north as Bombay, cultivated in gar-
dens. Fl. Aug.-Sept.

3. ERYCIBE, Roxb.

Large climbing shrubs with entire, evergreen, coriaceous leaves. Cor-
olla-tube short, lobes bifid, middle part firm coriaceous, hairy outside, seg-
ments folded in bud. Stamens at the base of the corolla-tube, filaments
short. Ovary l-celled, with 4 erect ovules ; stigma thick sessile, lobed.
Fruit an indehiscent 1-seeded berry ; cotyledons folded.

1. E, paniculata, Roxb. Cor. Pl. t. 159; Fl. Ind. i. 585; Wight TL
t. 180. :

A large climbing shrub ; young shoots and inflorescence covered with
rust-coloured pubescence. Leaves elliptic-oblong, abruptly acuminate
(caudate), 3-5 in. long, narrowed into a short petiole; main lateral nerves
arcuate, 4-6 on either side of midrib. Flowers yellow, in long terminal
leafy panicles. Calyx and middle part of corolla-lobes with dense rust-
coloured hairs, appendices (segments of corolla-lobes) rounded, glabrous,
membranous. Connective prolonged beyond anthers, apiculate. Berry
subglobose, 4 in. diam., supported by the persistent calyx, pulpy, black
when ripe.

South India, Ceylon, Burma, Bengal, Oudh forests. Fl. June-Nov. Indian
Archipelago, Queensland. :

E. Wightiana, Graham Cat. Bombay Plants, 187; scandent, with rigid
stems, and white, fragrant flowers, may possibly only be a variety of L. pani-
culata.— Western Ghats, Bombay to Belgaum.
Lycium.] LVIII. SOLANEA, 345

Orver LVIII. SOLANEZ.

Herbs, shrubs or soft-wooded trees, Leaves alternate, without stip-
ules. Flowers regular, bisexual, usually pentamerous. Calyx free, usually
gamosepalous. Corolla gamopetalous, lobes 5, rarely 4, induplicate-pli-
cate, rarely imbricate in bud. Stamens epipetalous, as many as corolla-
lobes, alternating with them. Ovary free, generally 2-celled, multiovulate ;
style simple, terminal, with an entire or lobed stigma. Fruit an in-
dehiscent berry, rarely a capsule, with several seeds. Embryo usually
curved or spiral, albumen fleshy.—Royle Ill. 279 ; Wight IIL ii. 194.

1. LYCIUM, Linn.

Shrubs, branchlets often spinescent. Leaves entire, usually small,
often clustered. Calyx with 5, rarely 4 teeth, often splitting into 3-5
lobes. Corolla funnel-shaped, limb 5- rarely 4-lobed, the lobes imbricate’
in bud. Stamens usually unequal ; anthers 2-celled, dehiscing longitudi-
nally. Ovary 2-celled. Fruit an ovoid or globose berry.

Leaves lanceolate or oblanceolate; corolla-tube subcylindrical,
more than twice the length of the lobes; calyx 5-dentate . 1. ZL. europeum.
Leaves linear ; corolla funnel-shaped, tube somewhat longer than
segments, but not twice their length ; calyx with 3-4 un-
equal lobes ‘ 3 * : 3 r - 2. L. ruthenicum.
1. L. europeum, Linn. ; Sibthorp Fl. Gree. t. 236.—Syn. L. indicum,
Wight Ic. t. 1403 ; L. medterraneum, Dunal ; Prodr. xiii. i. 523. Vern.
Ganger, kangu, kango, kingu, kiinga biti, Pb. ; Chirchitta, niral, Delhi
and Harriana.

A thorny shrub, with lanceolate or oblanceolate leaves, sometimes
pubescent when young, 4-1 in. long, alternate or fasciculate; branches
grey. Flowers white, 4 in. long, solitary, on slender pedicels shorter than
flower. Calyx campanulate, longer than broad, with 5 equal teeth.
Corolla-tube cylindrical, gradually widening upwards, somewhat curved ;
segments of limb short, rounded or ovate. Filaments glabrous, anthers
nearly included in the mouth of the tube. Berry globose, yellow, or red,
2 in. diam. The specimens of South Europe and Western Asia have
larger leaves, light purple (or white) flowers, and a broader calyx.

Common in the plains of the Panjab, Sindh, and Guzerat—Western Asia
and South Europe. Fl. Oct.-March. The fruit is eaten, camels and goats feed
on the branches. It is used as fuel, and ee (wattled frames) for the walls
of huts are made of it. Hardy in England.

L. barbarum, Linn. ; Miers Illustr. of South American Plants, t, 69, with
pedicels as long as flowers, corolla-segments nearly as long as tube, stamens
exserted, and berry ovoid, grows in Western Asia, Afghanistan, and Beluchistan
naturalised in Europe), and will probably be found in Sindh and the Panjab.
o Edgeworthii, Dunal; Prodr, xiii. 525, from Sirhind, seems to belong to this sp.
346 LVILI. SOLANEZ. [Lycium,

2. L. ruthenicum, Murray ; Prodr. xiii. i. 514; Miers 1. t. 70.—Vern.
Khichar, khitsar, kitserma, Ladak.

A small thorny shrub, wholly glabrous. Branchlets nearly white,
spines at right angles. Leaves fleshy, linear, 1-2 in. long. Flowers soli-
tary, 4 in. long, on pedicels half the length of flower. Calyx white, trans-
parent, with 3-4 unequal lobes. Corolla funnel-shaped, segments longer
than half the length of tube. Anthers long exserted. Berry globose,
4 in. diam.

Siberia, Caucasia, Western Tibet. Common in the Nubra valley and Ladak
at 10,000-13,500 ft. Fl. Aug.-Sept. Fruit sweet, but without flavour, eaten.
Hardy in England.

Orper LIX. BIGNONIACES.

Trees, shrubs or woody climbers. Leaves opposite, rarely alternate,
compound, rarely simple, without stipules. Flowers bisexual, often irre-
gular. Calyx free, tubular or campanulate, truncate toothed or split,
lobes valvate in bud. Corolla tubular or campanulate, often bilabiate,
lobes 5 spreading, generally unequal, imbricate, rarely valvate in bud.
Stamens 2 or 4, rarely 5, in pairs, in the place of the fifth stamen gene-
rally a short staminodium ; anthers 2-celled, rarely 1-celled, the cells
opening longitudinally. Ovary free, supported by an annular disc, 2-celled,
placentas two distinct in each cell attached to the dissepiment ; ovules
numerous ; style filiform, with 2 short stigmatic lobes. Fruit often elon-
gated, dehiscent, or indehiscent (Crescentiew). Seeds numerous, usually
flat and bordered by a membranous wing, albumen none. The following
genera have all a dehiscent capsule, the 2 valves separating from the dis-
sepiment, along the edges of which the seeds are attached. —Royle Ill. 294 ;
Wight Ill. ii. 182 ; E. Bureau, Monographie des Bignoniacées (premiére
partie), Paris, 1864. »

Capsule flat, dehiscing septicidally, the dissepiment parallel
to the valves, wings surrounding the seed on three sides ;
leaves bipinnate, opposite.

Corolla campanulate ; stamens 5, inserted above the base ;
anthers 2-celled . . . , : . ; . 1. CALOSANTHEs.
Corolla funnel-shaped ; stamens 4, inserted at the mouth of
the long cylindric tube ; anthers l-celled . ‘ ;

Capsule flat convex or cylindrical, dehiscing loculicidally, the
dissepiment transverse to the valves, and attached to their
median line before dehiscence. :

Seeds with long, bilateral wings ; leaves pinnate or bipin-
nate.

Dissepiment continuous, cylindrical fiat or (on a horizon-
tal section) cross-shaped ; seeds flat . 7 3 .
Dissepiment jointed, cylindrical ; nucleus of seeds wedge-
shaped, embryo doubled up . . . . . 4, SreRrosPERMUM.

Seeds winged on three sides ; leaves simple (digitate in extra
Indian species) 7 i ‘ j ‘i . f

2. MILLINGTONIA,

3. SPATHODEA.

5. TEcoMA.
Calosanthes. ] LIX. BIGNONIACEA. 347

1, CALOSANTHES, Blume.

A soft-wooded tree, with large, opposite, bipinnate leaves. Calyx large,
corlaceous, persistent, indistinctly toothed. Corolla campanulate, limb
oblique, of 5, nearly equal, toothed or incised lobes: Stamens 5, inserted
above the base of the corolla-tube, all fertile, and nearly equal; anthers
2-celled, cells parallel. Ovary on a thick’ fleshy cylindrical, somewhat
pentagonal disc ;.4 rows of ovules on each placenta. Capsule large, flat,
linear, dehiscing at the edges, the dissepiment parallel to the valves.
Seeds imbricate, surrounded on 3 sides by a broad transparent wing.

1. ©. indica, Blume ; Wight Ic. t. 1337/8; Bureau 1. c. t. 9.—Syn.
Bignonia indica, Linn. ; Roxb. Fl. Ind. iii. 110. Sans. Syonaka, parna.
Vern. Mulin, sori, tatpalung, tatmorang, Pb. ; Ullu, ulla, arlu, kharkath,
N.W.P. ; Pharkath, Kamaon ; Sauna, assar sauna, Oudh ; Tattuniia, C.P.

Glabrous. Leaves 4-6 ft. long, pinne 3 pair, the lowest pair bipinnate,
pinnules broad-ovate, acuminate, petiolulate, 4-8 in. long. Flowers large,
fleshy, dark red, with an unpleasant smell, in erect terminal, somewhat

_. unilateral racemes, on long rough hollow peduncles. Pedicels 1 in. ;
corolla 2-3 in. long, and nearly as broad at the mouth. Capsule shortly

stipitate, 15-30 in. long and 2-34 in. broad. ‘Wings of seeds 2-24 in.
across.

Bengal, Burma, South and Central India. Sub-Himalayan tract, common as
far as the Jumna, ascending to 3500 ft., rare between Jumna and Chenab. Cey-
Jon and Java. The leaves are shed Feb., March, and renewed April, May. FI.
May-July. The great sword-like fruit ripens Dec.-Feb., and often remains
hanging on the tree for months.

Often several stems together, 15-20 ft. high, 12 in. girth, bark 4 in. thick,
whitish brown, corky, wood white, open-grained, light and soft, no heartwood,
pith large, chambered. .The bark and fruit are used in tanning and dyeing,
the seeds are used to line hats, and, placed between two layers of wickerwork,
to make umbrellas, Root, bark, leaves, and seeds are used in native medicine.

2. MILLINGTONIA, Linn. fil.

A large tree, with opposite bipinnate leaves. Calyx with 5 short,
truncate, recurved teeth. Corolla-tube long, slender, cylindrical, widened
into a funnel-shaped, oblique mouth, at the base of which the stamens are
inserted, and which is cleft half-way into 5, nearly equal, ovate-oblong
slightly imbricate lobes, nearly valvate in bud. Stamens 4, didynamous,
exserted, with a 5th staminode; anthers 1-celled, a short appendix in
the place of the second cell. Ovules in 4 rows on each placenta. Cap-
sule flat, linear, dehiscing at the edges, the dissepiment parallel to the
valves ; seeds imbricate, surrounded on 3 sides by a fine transparent wing.

1. M. hortensis, Linn. f.; Bedd. Fl. Sylv.. t. 249; Bureau 1. c. t. 8.
—Syn. Bignonia suberosa, Roxb. Cor. Pl. t. 214; Fl. Ind. iii, 111.

Young leaves and inflorescence slightly pubescent. Leaves 12-24 in.
long, pinne 3 pair, the lowest pair bipinnate at base, pinnules ovate, acu-
348 LIX. BIGNONIACEZ. [Millingtonia.

minate, petiolulate, the blade 1-2 in. long. Flowers numerous, fragrant,
pure white, in large terminal panicles ; bracts minute, ciliate. Corolla 3-4
in. long. Capsule 12 in. long.

Cultivated in avenues and gardens in most parts of India, believed to be in-
digenous in Burma and the Indian Archipelago. In North India the culti-
vated tree seeds very rarely. Attains 50-60 ft., bark corky, deeply cracked.
Fl. C.S. Wood whitish, firm and close-grained. Weight 42 1b.; value of P.
610.

3. SPATHODEA, Beauv.

Trees with opposite (rarely alternate) imparipinnate or bipinnate leaves.
Flowers in racemes or in terminal trichotomous, cymose panicles. Calyx
truncate lobed or spathaceous. Corolla funnel-shaped, limb oblique, the
lower cylindrical part of the tube varying in length, the stamens inserted
at its upper end, so that when it is very short, their insertion is at the
base of the corolla. Stamens 4, didynamous, with a 5th staminodium ;
anthers 2-celled, cells divergent or parallel. Ovary 2-celled, ovules in
more than 2 rows in each cell. Capsule cylindrical, valves woody or
coriaceous, opening loculicidally in 2 valves, the dissepiment free at the
time of dehiscence, transverse with relation to the valves, and before
dehiscence attached to their median line. Seeds numerous, flat, with
long lateral wings, attached (2 rows in each cell) along two prominent
lines (the lines of attachment to the valves) of the dissepiment ; embryo
flat, cotyledons broad-rotundate, auriculate at the base, radicle short,

Leaves bipinnate ; stamens inserted near the base of corolla,
Pubescent ; calyx campanulate, 5-dentate ; pod hard, woody,

tuberculate, more than 1 in. diam. . . : ‘ 1. &. xylocarpa,
Glabrous ; calyx split into 2 lips; pod slender, coriaceous,
4 in. diam. . ‘ - z 7 z . 2. S. amena.

Leaves pinnate.
Calyx spathaceous ; stamens inserted near the throat of the
corolla,
Leaflets rotundate, 1 in. long, the lateral short-petiolulate ;
corolla-lobes oblong, flat; capsule flat, smooth . 8. 8. falcata.
Leaflets ovate-oblong, 2in. long, the lateral long-petiolulate ;
corolla-lobes rounded, curled ; capsule convex, rough . 4. S. crispa.
Calyx bilabiate ; stamens inserted near the base of the corolla 5. S. Roxburghii.

The genus Spathodea, as here defined, will certainly not remain undivided,
and should be confined to the species with pinnate leaves, racemose flowers,
spathaceous calyx, and stamens inserted at the top of a long cylindrical corolla-
tube. Whether S. xylocarpa and 8. amena should be referred to Raderma-
chera, Zollinger, to which they approach by their cylindrical dissepiment, I do
not venture to decide with the materials before me. In that case Raderma-
chera would include a very heterogeneous group with pinnate (BR. stricta, Zoll.)
and bipinnate leaves, with the calyx truncate (stricta), split into 2 lips (gigantea,
Migq., amena), and 5-dentate ieee not to mention the difference between

.the thick woody valves of 2. xylocarpa and the membranous or coriaceous
valves of most other species. Another question to be decided is, whether
Heterophragma is to remain, or, as proposed by Bureau 1. c. 50, to be merged in
Spathodea, from which it differs by the bilabiate calyx and the stamens inserted

‘
uu Spathodea, | LIX, BIGNONIACE. 349

near the base of the corolla. These considerations have induced me, as a pro-
visional arrangement, to keep the species described below united under the genus
Spathodea, although they differ in habit and essential characters, and though
the name Spathodea is not appropriate for all of them.

1. 8. xylocarpa, T. Anderson.—Tab. XLIII.—Syn. Bignonia aylo-
carpa, Roxb. Fl. Ind. iii. 108 ; Wight. IIL t. 1336; Bedd. Fl. Sylv. t. 70.
Vern. Kharsing, kharsingt, Bombay ; Bairsingt, Khandeish Dangs ; Jai-
mangal, sundar-padal, Mandla, Balaghat, C.P.; Dhdta mara, Gonds, Sat-
pura range.

A middle-sized tree. Leaves bipinnate, 1-4 ft. long, glabrous, hard and
somewhat rough when full-grown ; pinne 4-6 pair, pinnules 3-5 pair,
short-petiolulate, ovate or ovate-lanceolate, entire. Flowers white, with a
tinge of yellow, fragrant, appearing before the leaves expand; pedicels as
long as calyx or longer, clustered in bracteate umbellate fascicles, these
in terminal, compound trichotomous cymes ; bracts oblong, shorter than
pedicels, as well as ramifications of inflorescence and calyx soft-pubescent.
Calyx campanulate, coloured, with 5 short and unequal teeth. Corolla
2 in. long, oblique, segments nearly equal, curled, cylindrical part of
tube very short, stamens inserted near the base, filaments hairy below.
Capsule 1-3 ft. long, a little curved, hard, woody, very rough, with
numerous large, ‘irregular, hard tubercles, somewhat compressed, valves
14-14 in. broad, convex, 4 in. thick, inside smooth and shining ;
dissepiment cylindric, grey, shining, attached before dehiscence to the
median line of the valves. Seeds numerous, in 4 rows (2 in each
cell), flat, slightly curved, } in. long, and equally broad, wings delicate,
transparent, oblong, 1-14 in. long from end to end; hilum 4 in. long,
arching.

Common in South India. Khandeish Dangs. Satpura range, Mandla and
Balaghat (not common). Fl. April, May, when nearly leafless. The new foli-
age appears about the commencement of the rains. Fruit takes a year to ripen.
Growth said to be rapid.

Attains 30-35 ft.in the Satpura range, but grows itito a large tree in the
moister forests along the western Ghats. Foliage pale green, resembling that of
Schrebera swietenioides. Bark light grey, t in. thick.

Heartwood light brown, reddish or reddish-brown, close-grained tough and
elastic, medullary rays numerous, fine pores in groups, each group in a roundish
patch of white tissue.

2. S.ameena, A. DC. Prodr. ix. 208.—Syn. Radermachera ameena, Seem.
Journal of Botany, viii. p. 146; Bignonia amena, Wall. Pl. As. rar.
t. 183.

A large tree. Leaves opposite, bipinnate ; leaflets ovate - lanceolate,
entire, acuminate, glabrous, shining. Flowers large, fragrant, white,
orange inside. Calyx bilabiate. Stamens inserted near the base of cor-
olla-tube, anther-cells divergent. Pods rust-coloured, pendulous, slender,
linear, 12-18 in. long, valves coriaceous, $ in. broad. Seeds (including
wings) 4 in. long. .
350 LIX. BIGNONIACEA, | Spathodea.

Malay peninsula and Burma, not seldom cultivated in gardens. Fl. Nov.-
May.

3. S. faleata, Wall. ; Bedd. Fl. Sylv. t. 71.—Syn. Bignonia spathacea,
Roxb. Cor. Pl. t. 144; Fl. Ind. iii. 103. Dolichandrone falcata, Seem.
Journ. Bot. viii. 340. Vern. Hawar, Oudh; Kanséri, Meywar; Mendal,
manehingt, Banswara ; Mersing?, Bomb.

A small or middle-sized tree, glabrous or pubescent. Leaves generally
opposite, 3-6 in. long, leaflets 2-3 pair, short-petioluled, with a terminal
leaflet on petiolule 4 in. long, all rotundate, 4-14 in. long, obtuse or short
acuminate. Flowers white, in few-flowered racemes at the ends of small
branchlets. Calyx 4-%in. long. Corolla 14 in. long; limb deeply cleft
into 5 subequal, oblong lobes. Capsule fiat, curved, smooth, somewhat
shining, with wavy longitudinal lines, 10-14 in. long, and $ in. broad.
Wings of seeds oblong, half the breadth of capsule, and 1} in. long.

Oudh. Meywar (Bassi, Santolah, D.B.), Banswara, South India. Fl. May,
June ; fruit Dec., Jan. Wood light-coloured.

4, &. crispa, Wall.; Bureau 1. c. t. 27.—Syn. Bignonia crispa, Roxb.
Fl. Ind. iii. 103 ; Dolichandrone crispa, Seem. Journ. Bot. viii. 340.

A middle-sized tree ; glabrous, young shoots pubescent. Leaves oppo-
site, 8-12 in. long, leaflets 5-7, ovate-oblong, acute, petiolules of the lateral
1 in., of the terminal 2 in. long, blade 2-4 in. long. Flowers pure white,
fragrant, in terminal, few-flowered racemes. Calyx 1 in. long. Corolla
24 in. long, limb with 5 broad-ovate lobes with curled edges. Capsule
12-15 in. long, 4 in. broad, valves convex, hard, coriaceous, brown, rough
with paler specks.

South India, will probably be found in the Central Provinces. FI. May-
June ; fruit ripe Dec. The timber is esteemed in South India for building and
other purposes, it is light-coloured and heavy.

*
5. S. Roxburghii, Sprengel.— Syn. Heterophragma Roxburghit, DC.
Bignonia quadrilocularis, Roxb. Cor. Pl. t. 145; FL Ind. iii. 107. Vern.
Warras, Bombay.

A large tree, with a tall stem, and grey bark. Leaves tomentose
while young, glabrous afterwards, opposite, but generally approximate
near the ends of branches, 1-2 ft. long, lateral leaflets 3-4 pair, serrate,
short, the terminal leaflet long petioluled. Flowers light rose-coloured,
fragrant, in large terminal erect panicles, ramifications and calyx densely
clothed with soft, tawny tomentum. Calyx bilabiate. Corolla campanu-
late, the stamens inserted at the base of the tube. Capsule erect, straight,
12 in. long, 2 in. broad, 4 in. thick, divided into 4 spurious cells by a 4-
winged dissepiment, with a cross-shaped horizontal section.

Godavery forests (Beddome). Western forests from Khandeish to Canara.
Fi. March, April.
Stereospermum.] LIX. BIGNONIACEA, 351

5. STEREOSPERMUM, Chamisso.

Trees, with opposite, imparipinnate leaves. Flowers in terminal
panicles, Calyx 5-dentate or 2-5-lobed. Corolla campanulate, limb
oblique, lobes equal or bilabiate. Stamens inserted near the base of
corolla-tube, didynamous, anther-cells divergent. Ovary 2-celled; ovules
in | series on each placenta. Capsule linear cylindrical or tetragonous,
generally contorted, opening loculicidally in 2 valves, the valves coria-
ceous, the dissepiment thick, spongy, jointed, entirely filling the capsule,
transverse with relation to the valves, and attached before dehiscence
to their median line. Seeds wedge-shaped, with a rounded back, the
nucleus doubled up between the joints of the dissepiments, radicle and
_ plumula lying along the sharp edge of the wedge, the cotyledons being
doubled up outwards; testa spongy or crustaceous, having the appearance
of projecting into the seed and dividing it into 2 incomplete cells; wings
oblong delicate membranous on 2 sides, attached to the rounded back
of the seed.

Pubescent ; capsule cylindrical, valves hard thick crustaceous,

rough, Zin. diameter . : , é ‘ - 3 1. S. suaveolens.
Glabrous ; capsule compressed, valves thin coriaceous, smooth,
3 in. broad C . . ‘ i F ‘ 2. 8. chelonoides.

1. S. suaveolens, DC. ; Wight Ic. t. 1342.—Syn. Bignonia suaveolens,
Roxb. Fl. Ind. iii, 104. Sans. Patali. Vern. Paral, padal, padiala,
padaria, parur. Local names: Pandri, phandri, C.P.

A large tree; pubescent, young parts soft and viscous -tomentose.
Leaves 12-24 in. long, leaflets 2-3, rarely 4 pair, shortly, the terminal leaf-
let longer petiolulate, oval, acuminate, 3-6 in. long, often serrate, with 6-8
pairs of prominent main lateral nerves, joined by obliquely transverse
veins. Flowers of a dark, dull-crimson colour, exquisitely fragrant, 14
in. long, in large, lax, trichotomous viscid panicles. Calyx campanulate,
4-cleft, the 2 upper divisions each with 2 minute teeth. Corolla pubes-
cent, funnel-shaped, limb oblique, bilabiate, the 3 inferior lobes longer,
and the edges of all much curled. Capsule cylindrical, dark grey, rough,
with elevated white specks, valves thick, hard, crustaceous; 18-24 in. long,
and in. diameter; dissepiment cylindrical, brown, } in. diameter. Seeds
3-1} in. apart, wedged into narrow notches of the dissepiment.

A common tree in South-, Central-India, Bengal, and Burma. In the sub-
Himalayan tract and outer hills ascends to 4000 ft., extends north-west to the
Jhelam, and is common as far as the Jumna. Often associated with Sal, The
old leaves are shed in April, the young foliage appearing by the end of that
nonth or early in May. ‘The flowers issue with or before the new leaves, the
fruit ripens Nov., Dec., and remains long on the tree. Attains 70-80 ft. in
Kamaon, with a tall, fairly straight trunk, to 6 ft. girth, and 30 ft. to the first
branch, much smaller in the drier climate of Central India, Bark 4-3 in. thick,
dark grey or brown, the outer soft corky and darker-coloured layer flaking off
in pieces, leaving a fresh smooth light-cinereous surface, “Leaves of young
plants harsh and serrated, those of the mature tree soft villous and entire ” (R.
352 LIX, BIGNONIACE. [Stereospermum.

Thompson). Sapwood white or yellowish, heartwood with irregular outline,
brown or reddish-brown, often mottled with white. -44 lb. per cub. ft., fairly
durable, and easy to work. Much valued for building, and generally com-
mands a ready sale. Makes excellent charcoal. Root and bark used in native
medicine.

2. S. chelonoides, DC. ; Wight Ic. t. 1341; Bedd. FI. Sylv. t. 72.—
Syn. Bignonia chelonoides, L.; Roxb. Fl. Ind. iii. 106. Vern. Pader,
padel, parral, padre.

A large glabrous tree. Leaves 12-18 in. long, leaflets 3-5 pair, elliptic,
sometimes serrate, long-acuminate, blade 4-6 in., acumen often 1 in.,
petiole 4-4 in. long; main lateral nerves 8-10 pair. Flowers yellow,
fragrant, 4-3 in. long, in large, loose, trichotomous glabrous panicles.
Calyx campanulate, 5-dentate. Corolla campanulate, limb spreading,
oblique, lobes nearly equal. Capsule linear, compressed, curved, 12-24
in. long, $ in. broad, valves convex, coriaceous, smooth. Dissepiment
subcylindrical, grey or light brown, with wide open notches for the seeds,
which are 4-4 in. apart.

Common South India, Ceylon, Burma, and Bengal. Gonda forests Oudh,
rare, on the driest spurs. The leaves are shed Feb., March, and renewed in
April. Flowers appear after the leaves, April-July. Fruit Aug.-Jan., remain-
ing long on the tree. In Oudh a small, elsewhere a large tree, with a tall
straight trunk. Bark 4 in. thick, light-cinereous or brown, furrowed longi-
tudinally. Heartwood reddish-brown, orange (Skinner), close-, even-grained,
hard, elastic, easy to work, said to be durable. Weight 45 lb. (Kyd), 48 Ib,
(Sk.), value of P. 710 (Kyd), 642 ie Used for building, and is a good furni-
ture-wood. Bark, leaves, flowers, and fruit used in native medicine. Flowers
used in Hindu temples. ;

6. TECOMA, Juss.

Trees or shrubs, with opposite, simple or digitate leaves. Calyx cam-
panulate, 5-dentate. Corolla campanulate, limb oblique. Stamens in-
serted in the lower part of the corolla-tube ; anthers 2-celled, the cells
parallel at first, diverging afterwards. Ovary 2-celled, supported or sur-
rounded by a fleshy annular disc ; numerous series of ovules in each cell.
Capsule linear, dissepiment transverse, thin, flat, attached before dehis-
cence to the median line of the valves. Seeds numerous, flat, imbricate,
on 3 sides with a thin, white, membranous wing.

1. T. undulata, G. Don.—Syn. Tecomeila undulata, Seem. Journal of
Botany, i. 18; Bignonia undulata, Roxb. Fl. Ind. iii. 101; Bignonia
glauca, Decaisne in Jacq. Voy. Bot. t. 142. Vern. Reodana, rebdan,
Trans-Indus ; Lahura, luar, row, rahtra, Pb.; Lohiri, lohero, Sindh;
Roira, Mairwara.

A shrub or small tree, glabrous, extremities and young leaves often
pubescent with very minute, fasciculate hairs. Leaves generally oppo-
site, subcoriaceous, grey, somewhat rough when old, oblong, linear-oblong,
Tecoma. | LIX. BIGNONIACEA. 353

sometimes obovate-oblong, entire, blade 2-4 in., petiole 1 in. long. Flowers
very large, bright orange-coloured, inodorous, 5-10, in short corymbs at
the ends of short lateral branchlets. Corolla campanulate, 2 in. across.
Ovary surrounded by a cup-shaped disc. Capsule curved, 6-8 in. long.
(Seemann separates Tecomella from Tecoma by simple leaves, and Bureau,
1. c. 53, agrees with him. The cup-shaped disc is a remarkable character
of this species.)

Low hills of Sindh and Beluchistan. Trans-Indus territory, ascending in the
Suliman range to 3000, at times to 4600 ft. Panjab Salt range, Siwalik tract,
extending eastward to the Jumna. Occasionally in the plains of the Panjab,
near Delhi, Cawnpore, in Bandelkhand, Rajputana, Guzerat, and in one place
in Khandeish (Graham Bombay, 124).—Arabia. Grown in gardens in Calcutta
and Bombay. Evergreen or nearly so in North India, the leaves being renewed.
in Jan. and Feb. The leaves vary exceedingly in size and shape. In full
bloom in March, April, when the tree is a most beautiful sight, especially on
the north-west Panjab frontier. Easily raised from seed and cuttings. Cop-
pices well. Fruit ripens May-July. Where protected grows into a handsome
tree, 30-40 ft. high, with a stem 12-15 ft. clear, and 5-8 ft. girth, with a fine,
rounded, rather open crown, extremities of branches drooping. Generally only
a stiff shrub, 8-10 ft. high. Twigs grey, bark of stem 3-4 in. thick, reddish
brown, or dark grey, corky, rough with shallow longitudinal furrows, and ridges
between, crossed by short, shallow, transverse alee becoming scurfy by age
and peeling off. Heartwood dark greyish-brown, often mottled with white.
Medullar rays fine, whitish, pores surrounded by patches of whitish tissue.
Close- and fine-grained, hard, 44 Ib. per cub, ft. Works easily, takes a beauti-
ful polish, tough, strong and durable, Highly prized for furniture, carving-work,
and agricultural implements. The leaves are greedily browsed by cattle.

Orver LX. VERBENACE,

Herbs, shrubs or trees. Leaves simple or digitate, opposite, whorled
or rarely alternate, without stipules. Flowers irregular, rarely regular.
Calyx persistent, gamosepalous, often enlarged in fruit. Corolla hypogy-
nous, gamopetalous, lobes usually 4 or 5, more or less 2-lipped, imbri-
cate in bud. Stamens inserted in the corolla-tube, usually 4, nearly equal
or one pair longer, and when the corolla is regular, as many as lobes and
alternating with them; anthers 2-celled, the cells usually parallel and
opening longitudinally. Ovary not lobed, or but slightly 4-lobed, 2- or
4-celled, 1 ovule in each cell; style terminal, usually with 2 short stig-
matic lobes. Fruit dry or fleshy, indehiscent, or separating into 2 or 4
segments nuts or pyrenes: seeds few, in the Indian species without albu-
men; embryo straight with thick cotyledons and an inferior radicle,—

Royle Ill. 298 ; Wight Ill. ii, 212.

Fruit a hard bony 1-4-celled endocarp, surrounded by a spongy
_ pericarp, enclosed in an enlarged and inflated calyx; corolla-
tube short ; leaves entire < ‘ oe gt
Fruit a dry or fleshy drupe, the entire fruit separating into 2 or
4 pyrenes, supported by an enlarged and often succulent
calyx; corolla-tube slender, cylindric ; leaves simple . 2, CLERODENDRON.
a Z

1, TectTona.
354 LX. VERBENACE. [ Tectona.

Fruit a fleshy drupe ; calyx not much enlarged ; leaves simple.
Flowers in terminal racemiform panicles composed of lateral
cymes; corolla-tube short, with a wide open mouth ;

style unequally 2-lobed , . . - 8 GMELINA.
Flowers in terminal trichotomous panicles, or in a spike-like
thyrsus ; corolla-tube short, campanulate or cylindrical,
lobes unequal ; style with 2 short acute stigmatic lobes 4, PREMNA.
Flowers in axillary cymes ; corolla campanulate, regular ;
style dilated and truncate, or shortly 2-lobed . . 5, CALLIGARPA.
Flowers in bracteate heads or spikes. . . . 6. Lantana.
Fruit a fleshy drupe ; calyx not enlarged ; leaves digitate 7. VITEX.
Fruit dry, dehiscent into 4 one-seeded segments.
Calyx campanulate ; corolla-tube short, limb bilabiate . . 8 CARYOPTERIS.
Calxy with a large spreading circular limb ; corolla-tube cy-
lindric, curved 9, HoLMSKIOLDIA.

Fruit a 2-valved capsule; calyx "5-sepalous, supported by
bracts ‘ ‘ : : ‘ ‘ : 1 : . 10. AVICENNIA.

1, TECTONA, Linn. fil.

Trees with four-sided branchlets; young shoots and leaves clothed with
stellate tomentum. Leaves large, opposite, entire. Flowers in trichoto-
mous panicles. Calyx campanulate, lobes 5-6, imbricate in bud. Corolla
infundibuliform, tube short, about as long as calyx, lobes 5 or 6, spread-
ing, nearly equal. Stamens as many as corolla-lobes, exserted. Ovary
4-celled, 1 ovule in each cell; stigma bifid. Fruit an indehiscent, hard,
bony 4-celled nut, enclosed in a thick spongy covering, which is sur-
rounded by the enlarged and inflated membranous calyx. Albumen 0;
embryo straight, with fleshy, oily cotyledons, and an inferior radicle.

+ 1.1. grandis, Linn. fil—Tab. XLIV.—Roxb. Cor. Pl. t. 6; Fl. Ind.
i. 600 ; Bedd. Fl. Sylv. t. 250. The Teak tree—Sans. Saka ; Arab. Sq ;
Pers. Saj, sal. Vern. Sagun, Hind. ; Sag, sagwan, Mar. ; Tekku, Tamil
and Malayalim ; Teku, Telugu ; Tégu, Tulu and Canarese ; Kyun, Burm. ;
Jati, Java. :

A large deciduous tree ; branchlets four-sided and channelled, with
large quadrangular pith. Leaves oval or obovate, blade 1-2 ft. long, 6-12
in. broad, petiole 1-14 in. long, in seedlings and coppice-shoots the leaves
much larger, 2-3 ft. long; upper side rough, under side clothed with
dense stellate, grey or tawny tomentum ; main lateral nerves prominent,
8-10 pair, with 2 or 3 large branches near the edge of leaf, joined by
namerous parallel transverse veins. Flowers white, on short pedicels,
in large erect terminal cross-branched cymose panicles 1-3 ft. long, with
short lanceolate bracts. Fruit subglobose, more or less indistinctly 4-lobed,
2 in. diam., the thick spongy pericarp consisting of a dense felt of branched
hairs ; the nut uneven, with 1, 2, 3, rarely 4 seeds, and a central cavity
having the appearance of a 5th cell. "When the seed germinates, the outer
wall of each cell comes off bodily like a round, concave cap. The inflated
calyx, enclosing the fruit like a bladder, is generally ovoid, sometimes de-

pa reticulate, and more or less crumpled or irtegularly plaited, 1-14
in. diam.
Tectona.] LX. VERBENACEA. 355

The Teak tree is indigenous in both penitisulas of India, in the eastern drier
part of Java, in Sumatra, and in some of the other islands of the Indian Archi-
pelago. In Western India it does not extend far beyond the Mhye. In Feb.
1870 I found it in the Sadri or Santola forests a few miles northsof that river,
about 20 miles south-west of Neemuch. In Central India it attains its northern-
most point in the Jhansi district at lat. 25° 30’, and from that point the line of -
its northern limit continues in a south-easterly direction to the Mahanadi river
in Orissa. In Burma proper, Teak is known to extend to the 25th degree N.L.,
and it is reported from Maunipur at about the same latitude. There is no proof
of its being mg eon in Bengal, though there is a report of its having formerly
been found wild in Assam, between. Tezpur and Bishnath. It is, however,
cultivated throughout Bengal, Assam and Sikkim, and in north-west India,
without difficulty, as far-as Saharanpur. In the Panjab it is difficult to raise,
and it has not been grown west of Lahore. “As regards moisture, Teak seems to
require a rainfall of 30, but to thrive best under a mean annual fall of 50 to
120 inches.

The temperature of the Teak-producing districts may be illustrated by the
following statement of the mean temperature {during the four seasons at the
following stations,—four of which, Cannanore, Bombay, Rangoon, Toungoo,
represent a climate where the tree thrives to perfection ; and three, viz., Baitul,
Nursingpur, and Sagar, being situated near the northern limit of its area.

Cannanore. Bombay. Rangoon. Toungoo. Baitul. Nurs. Sagar.

Dec., Jan., Feb., mean,  80°0 75°7 75°6 72°4 60°8. 62°4 64°
March, April, May, 1" 84.4 83.0 80.7 84.3 80:0 80.6 83.5

. June, July, Aug., " 78.9 81.8 80.1 80.4 77.6 82.5 86.4
Sept., Oct., Nov., u 79.9 80.7 80.9 78.6 71.8 75.9 72.8
Year, " 80.8 80.3 79.3 78.9 72.5 75.4 76.8

Thus it may be said that the Teak tree thrives with a mean temperature during
the cold season between 60° and 80°, during the hot season between 80° and 85°,
during the rains between 77° and 87°, during autumn between 71° and 81°, and
that the mean annual temperature which suits it best lies between 72° and 81°.
The absolute extremes of the Teak districts are illustrated by the following
statement of maximum and minimum temperatures observed at three of the
above-named stations during the 12 months of the year :—..

NURSINGPUR. Rancoon. BomBay.

Min. Max. Min. Max. Mtns Max.
Jan., 39° 84° 62° 92° 60° 88°2
Feb., 48 92 59 97 68.8 87.2
March, 58 96 64 100 67.2 93.3
April, 65 102 75 100 74 93.2
May, 74 104 73 95 79:3 94.2
June, vid 106 75.5 90°- 76. 95.3
July, 73 99 75 89 75.8 89.4
Aug., 73 91 76 188.5 744. 89.2
Sept., 67 91 76 96 75. 88.3
Oct., 60 92 74 £92 73° 92.5
Nov., 60 79 69.5 90.5 71.6 91:5
Dec., 47 75 62 90 66.2. 908

Teak, however, can bear temperatures considerably lower than ‘those indi-
cated by these figures. In the valleys of the Satpura range and on the«Mhye
river in Western India frost is not wacommon in the Teak -producing déstricts.
In Burma, Teak ascends to 3000 ft. in the hills east of Toungoo, and in a few
other places, but does not attain large size at that elevation ; and in the Pegu
Yoma hills, a different description. of forest, composed partly of evergreen trees
with a great deal of Xylia dolabriformis, takes the place of Teak at elevations
above 2000 ft. On the Anamallay mountains it grows to perfection at about
356 LX. VERBENACEZ. [Tectona. |

2500 ft. (Beddome Fl. Sylv.), and many of the best Teak forests of Western
India above Ghat in Wynaad, Coorg, and North Canara, are above 2000 ft.
Beddome states that on the mountains of the peninsula it rises to a little above
4000 ft., but at any elevation above 3000 it is of poor growth.

Teak grows on a great variety of soils, but shows a decided preference for
certain descriptions. In Burma it thrives best on the sandstone of the Pegu
Yoma ; there it forms tall, straight, and regularly-shaped stems, and natural
reproduction from self-sown seedlings is fairly good. But it thrives equally
well on the granite of the eastern Sitang forests, and the splendid forests of
North Canara have granite as the underlying rock. Again, some of the finest
Teak localities in the Thoungyeen district of Tenasserim are upon limestone,
and in some of the dells and valleys of the Khandeish Dangs the tree grows to
great perfection on soil produced by the disintegration of basaltic rocks. Thus
we find Teak on light and sandy soils, as well as on those which are binding
and heavy. But under all circumstances there is one indispensable condi-
tion, perfect drainage and a dry subsoil. To the absence of perfect drainage
I ascribe the circumstance that Teak does not seem to thrive on level ground
with alluvial soil. Instances of natural Teak forests in such localities are found
on the headwaters of the Beeling and Domdamee rivers in Martaban, in the
lower Bonee forests, and in some other places in the plains of Pegu. In such
soil the Teak grows freely and rapidly—more rapidly than on the hills—but
the trunks are irregular, fluted, and ill-shapen ; while on the adjoining hills the
tree habitually forms tall, clean cylindrical stems.

It is remarkable that the only pure or nearly pure natural Teak forests
which are known are found on alluvial soil. Otherwise, the tree, though gre-
garious, is always associated with Bamboos and trees of other kinds, often form-
ing a small proportion only of the forest. Thus in the better Teak localities of
Burma, Teak is estimated to form about one-tenth ; but the proportion of Teak
to the trees of other kinds fluctuates exceedingly : sometimes it equals their
number ; in other instances, again, it does not form one-hundredth part of the
trees in the forest. The associates of Teak are, besides Bamboos, the ordinary
trees of the dry forest. To a certain extent these vary in different parts of
India, but. the following kinds may be regarded as the usual companions of
Teak: Schleichera trijuga, Dalbergia latifolia, Ougeinia dalbergioides, Cassia
Fistula, Pterocarpus Marsupium, Terminalia tomentosa, bellerica, Anogeissus
latifolia, Lagerstremia parviflora, Diospyros Melanoxylon, Gmelina arborea,
Briedelia retusa, and to these must be added, in Burma and in some forests of
the peninsula, Pterocarpus indicus, Xylia dolabriformis, Anogeissus acumin-
ata, several species of Sterculia, Hrioleena, Premna, and Cordza. On alluvial
soil in the plains Teak is often associated with Careya arborea, Adina cordi-
folia, Stephegyne parvifolia, and (in Burma) with Lagerstremia Regine.
Teak is hardly ever found in Sal forests, and but rarely in the Ein forest of
Burma (Dipterocarpus tuberculatus). Nor is it a denizen of the evergreen forest
of Burma and the Western Ghats, though there are a few instances on record
a the Attaran and Thoungyeen forests of Tenasserim) where the evergreen

orest has, probably owing to a cessation for a series of years of the annual
forest-fires, extended itself into a Teak locality, and in such cases the Teak has
been drawn up to a great height by the rapid growth of the surrounding ever-
green trees, being fed at the same time by the constantly increasing fertility of
the soil. For there is a vast difference between the moist and loose black soil
of the evergreen forest, which is enriched year after year by the products of the
gradual decomposition of leaves, branches, and other debris of the forest, and
the barren soil of the dry forest, where the whole of the annual fall of leaves
and branchlets is annually consumed by the jungle-fires, and the ashes, instead
of affording nourishment to the trees, are washed away by the first rush of the
Tectona. | LX. YERBENACEA. 357

rains. Seedlings, however, are wanting where Teak grows up under such con-
ditions. For the Teak is eminently a light-requiring tree, analogous in that
respect to the Oak and Scotch Fir—light overhead and free circulation of air
being two conditions indispensable for the development of Teak seedlings.

In dry and hot situations, the Teak loses its leaves in November, December,
or early in January ; but where the ground is moist, the tree often remains
green until Feb. or March. The new foliage comes out in May.

Teak flowers during the rains, in July and August, and ripens its seed be-
tween November and January. In summer it is readily recognised at a con-
siderable distance by the whitish flower-panicles, which overtop the green
foliage ; and in winter, the feathery erect fruit-panicles distinguish it at the
first glance from all other trees. One of the greatest obstacles to the spread
of the Teak is the circumstance, that the seed rtpens and falls to the ground at
the commencement of the hot season, before the annual fires pass through the
forest. The tree produces seed at an early age, and generally seeds freely and
regularly every year ; but a large proportion of the seeds are destroyed by the
fires, and of those which escape numbers are washed away, in the hills at least,
by the first torrents of the monsoon. The germination of the seed is slow and
somewhat uncertain ; a large amount of moisture is required to saturate the
spongy covering, and for this reason it has been found useful, where Teak is
cultivated, to soak the seeds in water for some time before sowing them. At
the time of germination, the expanding embryo bursts open the caps or valves
of the fruit, and two or three plants not rarely spring from one nut. When the
seed is sown in nurseries, it generally takes about a fortnight before the first
seedlings show themselves above ground, and they continue coming up succes-
sively for a considerable period, numerous seedlings appearing during the second
and third year, and a large proportion not germinating at all. The seedlings
have a long taproot, which during the first two or three years is often as long
as the stem above ground. The root is soft, almost fleshy, and seedlings are very
sensitive to any injury of their roots, differing in this respect entirely from Oak
seedlings, which are in no way injured by the shortening of their taproot.
Teak seedlings, therefore, are as a rule best transplanted the same season in
which they are raised. ;

During the early period of its life the growth of Teak is exceedingly rapid.
As an instance, I may mention the Thinganneennoung plantation on the Upper
Winyeo river (Attaran) in Tenasserim. Here a large nursery was established
on rich soil (the site of an old evergreen forest) in March and April 1856, and
in July 1858 I counted on a plot (28 ft. wide and 66 ft. long, or 1848 sq. ft.)
841 plants,—of which 17 were 27-32 ft. high, with a girth, at 1 ft. above the
ground, between 9 and 13 in, ; 70 were 20-27 ft. high, with a girth of 6-9 in. ;
and the rest, viz. 754 plants, were less than 20 ft., with a girth under 6 in., the

_large number of small and oppressed plants being due to the circumstance that
seedlings had neither been taken out for transplanting nor had they been
thinned. Under favourable circumstances, trees attain a girth of 18 in. (at 6 ft.
from the ground) in 10-15 years ; after, that the growth slackens, and a girth of
6 ft. is not generally attained under 100 years, The following figures illustrate
the average rate of growth at the Nelambur plantation in Malabar, on favour-
able soil and in a moist, hot, forcing climate. From a survey made of it in 1868
by Captain W. Seaton, Conservator of Forests, British Bufrma, the cireumfer-
ence was measured at 6 ft. from the ground.

870 trees per acre, 6 years old, 87 ft. high ; average girth 12in., maximum 20 in.
476

” ” ” ” ” ” ”

195 a 24 ”? 65 ” ” 29 » ” 60 ”

This is the oldest large Teak plantation in India ; it was commenced in 1844
by the late Mr Conolly, collector of Malabar. These results are borne out by the
358 LX. VERBENACEA. | Tectona,

experience of Teak planting in Burma, which, however, does not go farther back

than 1856. Thus the average girth of trees in plantations 4 years old (580-660
trees per acre), in the Rangoon, Toungoo, and Tharawaddee district, has been
found to vary from 5 to 9 in., the maximum being 14 in., while their average
height was between 15 and 27 ft, Plantations 10 years old show an average
gut of 15 in., and a height of 40-45 ft. ; and trees 15 years old at Prome have
attained a girth of 23 in., the largest measuring 32 in. In order to obtaina
basis for regulating the working of the Teak forests in Burma in 1856, I col-
lected all data which were available at that time, and based upon them the fol-
lowing estimate, which is placed side by side with a modified estimate, framed
in 1868, to serve as the basis of a revised working plan of those forests.

Girth at 6 ft. from ground. ‘ Age, estimated in 1856. In 1868.
8 in. 10 years. 19 years:
36 ,, 22, 46 ,,
54 ,, 37 y 88 ,,
72 62, 160 _,,

”

The first of these estimates was mainly based upon the growth of trees
planted in gardens of Calcutta and Moulmein, and upon information obtained
from Bombay and Java (Report on the Teak Forests of Pegu for 1856, p. 75, 76);
and the revised estimate was based upon additional data obtained by periodical
measurements of trees in the Thoungzay and Thoukyeghat forests of Pegu, and
by the examination of the annual rings. The plantations of Burma and Mala-
bar, on good soil and under otherwise favourable circumstances, may possibly
attain the rate of growth of the first estimate ; but in the natural forests, where
the soil, instead of being enriched by the decomposition of leaves and branch-
lets, is impoverished by the annual fires, the rate of growth will probably be
found to approach more nearly to the later estimate. These remarks relate to
the Teak in Burma and South India; regarding the rate of growth in the dry
and hot hills of Central India, within the range of this Flora very little is known.
The experience hitherto gained in the plantations made since 1867 in the Sat-
pura hills of the Central Provinces seems, however, to show that with care and
water the plants make fair proeree during the first 5 years, the difficulty being
that frost and drought kill a large proportion. In the Teak forests of Java
the growth is stated to be very rapid; the trees are generally felled at the age
of 40-50, and at 100 years they are said to attain a diameter of 4 ft.

Teak has a powerful terminal shoot, and this is an important point in its
favour, as the young Teak is thus able to pierce through the thicket of other
trees and Bamboos, and to seek the light which it absolutely requires for its
development. In this respect there is considerable analogy between the Teak
and ‘the Ash (see p. 304). Teak, like many other trees, attains nearly its full
height during the early part of its life. It is probable that, as a rule, the tree
attains half its length with a girth of 2-3 ft., and that it does not considerably
increase in height after it has attained a girth beyond 5 or 6 ft. 120-150 ft. is
probably the greatest height which a Teak tree in its natural home, the dry
deciduous forest, ever attains, and stems more than 100 ft. long to the first branch
are not often found. The largest number of tall stems which I have ever seen
were in the Gwaythay forests, east of the Sitang river above Toungoo, on granite
rock. The following is an abstract of the measurements taken by me there in
March 1861 ;—

Girth at 6 ft. from ground, : ft. ; length of stem to first branch, 72 ft.

” M9 ” ere ” 106 7 {
” ” 8 ” ” ” 106 ”
” ” 16 ” ” ” 114 ”

»” ” 9 ” ” eed 78 ”
.. Lectona. | LX, VERBENACE. 359

On the Anamallays Beddome records trees with a girth of about 22 ft., and
‘a straight trunk of some 80 or 90 ft. to the first bough. In the North Canara
i forests clear stems 70-80 ft. long are not rare ; in the Ahiri forests, lat. 19° 30’,
\\'Col. Pearson reports stems 60-70 ft. high ; and even considerably farther north
‘in the Khandeish Dangs, lat. 20° 45’, I have measured clear stems 60-70 ft. long to
the first branch. Teak attains a large diameter, girths of 10-15 ft. are not un-
common, and numerous instances of 20-25 ft. areon record. The forest tracts,
however, in India which now contain Teak of such dimensions, are neither
numerous nor extensive. The Teak forests richest in large timber on the west
side of the Peninsula are the Travancore, Anamallay, Wynaad, South-West
Mysore, and North Canara forests. The Dangs at the foot of the Khandeish
Ghats also have a considerable quantity of large timber. In the centre of the
Peninsula are the Godavery forests, of which Ahiri, east of the Pranhita river,
near the foot of the third barrier, is the most compact and valuable.

In British Burma, the sandstone hills of the Pegu Yomah, the outer valleys
on both sides of the mountain-range which separates the Sitang and Salween
rivers, and the Thoungyeen valley, contain the best Teak localities. Teak,
however, is far more abundant beyond the frontier, in Burma proper on the
tributaries of the Irawaddi, and the headwaters of the Sitang river, in the
Karenee country, the Shan States tributary to Burma, and in Siam on the
feeders of the Salween, Thoungyeen, and Meinam rivers. :

Itis estimated that the Teak plantations of Burma, when mature, will contain
at the age of 80 years about 60 trees per acre, measuring on an average 6 ft. in
girth, and yielding 3000 cub. ft. of marketable timber, which, with the thinnings,
is expected to amount to a mean annual yield of 47 cub. ft. per acre (Report on
the revised plan of working the Burma forests of Feb. 1868). The natural Teak
forests, not being pure or compact, do not distantly approach to this yield. As
an instance of a particularly rich forest, I may quote Col. Pearson’s survey of
a sample acre in Ahiri, stocked with 18 large trees, containing an aggregate
of 22 tons, or 1100 cub. ft. of timber. Most of these trees, however, were pro-
bably more than two centuries old. The following figures, taken from official
reports, illustrate the average quantity of Teak standing on the ground in forest
tracts which are fairly well stocked :— 5

  

AREA SURVEYED. TREES COUNTED ON 100 AcrEs.

Above 6/g. 4/6” ie 6’g. Below 4’6”g. a —s
hia 482 373 1332 2 'eak.

1869-70. Ahiri(Bemaram) 19 sq. m. 20 58 389 467 Blackow ood.
- 185 229 644 1058 Teak.

” » (Mirkulla) 18, 26 43 208 277 Blackwood.
6-67. British Burma 93 170 112 512 794 ‘eak.
ae Bonz 2 = 149 120 1419 1688 Teak.
1870-71. Pegu (Prome dis.) 17 ,, 364 302 2158 2824 Teak,
1871-72. ,, (Tharawaddi) 8 ,, 137 152 610 899s Teak.

A portion of the Ahiri forests (on the hills) contains Teak, Blackwood (Dal-
bergia latifolia) and Bamboos only ; the forests in Burma contain a variety of
trees besides Teak and Bamboo. ;

A great proportion of the Teak on the Kymore and Satpura ranges consists
only of coppice-wood. The same may be said of most Teak forests on the dry
hills of the Dekkan, and of the Konkan Teak forests a great portion consists
of coppice-woods. Teak has great powers of reproduction, 1t coppices vigorously,
and the shoots grow with great rapidity, much more rapidly at first than seed-
lings. This great power of reproduction is another point which favours Teak in
its struggle of existence against other trees, for most Teak seedlings which come
up naturally are cut down ‘to the ground by the jungle-fires of the hot season:
come are killed, but. many sprout again during the rains ; and though they are
cut down repeatedly. by the fires of successive seasons, yet meanwhile the root
360 LX. VERBENACEA. [ Tectona.

stock increases in size every year by the action of the shoots which come up,
and at last, often after the-lapse of many years, it produces a shoot strong enough
to outlive the fire. Thus in many cases what appears a seedling plant of Teak
is really a coppice-shoot from a thick gnarled root-stock, bearing the scars of
successive generations of shoots, which were burnt down by the annual fires,
oe coppice-shoots of Teak attain a large size, and form good serviceable
timber.

The bark of the stem is about 4 in. thick, grey or brownish-grey, with shal-
low longitudinal wrinkles or furrows, peeling off in long narrow thin pieces.
The sapwood is white, narrow ; the heartwood, when a green tree is cut, has a
pleasant and strong aromatic fragrance, and a beautiful dark golden-yellow
colour, which on seasoning soon darkens into brown, mottled with darker
streaks. The timber retains its aromatic fragrance to a great age, whenever
afresh cutismade, It is marked by large pores, mostly single, rarely in groups
of 2-3, unequal in size, and unequally distributed, more numerous and larger in
the inner part of each annual ring (the spring wood), less numerous and smaller
in the outer belt ; the medullary rays are fine. On a vertical section the pores
are distinctly marked. The annual rings of Teak are fairly distinct. When
collecting the data in 1856 for the first regular plan for working the British
Burma forests, I was doubtful whether the concentric rings visible in the wood
corresponded with the annual increment of the tree, This question has now
been set at rest by the examination of sections of numerous trees of known age,
grown in gardens and plantations, and they may now be taken as a safe guide
for determining the rate of growth of the tree. The average weight of seasoned
Teak fluctuates between 38 and 45 lb., and the value of P. between 500 and
700. The experiments on record tend to show that the Burma wood is some-
what lighter than the wood from the Anamallays, Malabar, and other forests
on the west side of India; but the weight of timber depends so much upon
the degree of seasoning, that in order fully to establish a difference in the weight
of the wood produced in different forest tracts, fresh comparative experiments
with timber, dried artificially in the same manner, will have to be made. The
following is a brief abstract of the results of the experiments at present avail-
able, omitting those where one or two experiments only are on record :—

Burma, 94 exper. by various authors, weight 42.63 Ib., value of P. 651
Western coast, 14 ,, $3 44,41 ,, ‘9 665
Peepers, 4 5 Capt. Fowke, » 41.10 ,, ss 472
Half-seasoned timber from different sources, 4 exp. 46.81 ,, 7 691

The first item includes 18 exp. made by me in 1864 at Calcutta, with the
assistance of Mr Clifford and Baboo Tincowry Ghose, giving an average weight
of 40.24 Ib., and value of P. 567, as well as 46 exp. made by usin 1865, giving
37.71 lb., and 654 as the average value of P. A series of interesting experiments
made by Capt. Simpson with different descriptions of Teak imported at Moul-
mein, is recorded in Balfour’s Timber Trees, 2d edit., p. 276, of which the fol-
lowing is an abstract :—

Good timber, killed (by girdling), 13 exp., weight 43.5 lb., value of P. 478
4

Young timber, ,, 24 a 41.8 ,, n 660
Large (old), = » 8 5 38.0 ,, es 591
Dead timber (nathat), not killed, 5 i 39.5 ,, sy 631

The difference in these results may to a certain extent be accidental, for the
variations in different specimens of timber from the same source are very great;
but the fact that the timber of old trees, and of trees which had died naturally,
is lighter than that of younger trees, seems not unlikely. In conclusion, the
result of Skinner’s experiments should be mentioned :—
Tectona. | LX. VERBENACEA. 361

Malabar Teak, weight 45 lb., value of P. 814
Moulmein ,, » 435, $5 809

Pegu ” +» «387 y ” 736

Unseasoned wood he makes 55-60 lb., but the weight of green Teak is consi-
derably higher. The transverse strength of Teak is nearly the same as that of
British Oak, but considerably less than that of either Sal or Sissoo; compared
with these, Teak may be called brittle. Its weight is moderate as compared with
most of the more useful Indian woods, the Conifers of course excepted. It does
not, however, float unless thoroughly seasoned, and for that reason a peculiar
mode of seasoning by girdling is practised in many Teak-producing tracts
from which the timber is exported by floating.

Girdling consists in making a deep circular cut through the bark and sap into
the heartwood, so as completely to sever the communication between the bark and
sapwood above and below the cut. The girdled tree dies after a few days if the
operation has been effectually performed ; but if even the smallest band of sap-
wood is left, connecting the outer layers of wood above and below the girdle, the
tree is not killed, and often recovers completely, one side of the trunk being
clothed again with fresh bark. The girdled tree is allowed to stand one or two
years, ant often longer if a large tree, and being exposed to the wind and to
the action of the sun, seasons more rapidly and more completely than a tree
that has been felled green. Girdling is an old custom in Burma and Travan-
core, and it was formerly practised further north in some of the forests below
Ghat on the western coast. Timber seasoned in this manner is generally drier,
and lighter than timber felled green. Girdling is not now practised in the
Anamallay, Wynaad, Mysore, and Canara forests, whence most of the Teak
commonly known as Malabar Teak is obtained ; and this circumstance may
account for the greater weight of Teak from the western coast as compared
with Burma Teak. It may here be mentioned that most trees with a distinctly
marked heartwood may be killed by girdling, but that the effect is very slow
upon trees which have no distinct heartwood, such as the species of Vauclea,
Hymenodictyum, Ficus, &e. : s :

One of the most valuable qualities of Teak timber is, that once seasoned
it does not split, crack, shrink, warp, or alter its shape. In this respect it is
far superior to Sal, works easily and takes a fine polish, the wood of stems
which have grown up isolated with strong and numerous side branches being
often beautifully mottled. But its principal value is its great durability, which
is greater than that of most Indian woods. In contact with iron, neither the
iron nor the Teak suffers, and in this respect it is far superior to Oak. White
ants eat the sapwood, but rarely attack the heartwood of Teak. It does not,
however, resist the attacks of the Teredo navalis. The great durability of Teak
is, probably with justice, ascribed to the circumstance that the wood contains
an aromatic oil, oh gives it a peculiarly pleasant smell and an oily surface
when fresh cut. In Burma this oil is manufactured on a small scale, to be used
medicinally, by filling an earthen pot, which is placed inverted upon another,
with chips of wood, and putting fire round it, upon which an oily substance
trickles down into the lower vessel. Shipbuilders in English dockyards are of
opinion that the Teak which was brought to England in former years was more
oily than that now impérted, and that pieces of Teak taken out from old
ships are more oily when cut than the Teak which is imported at the pre-
sent time. As nearly all the Teak now comes from Rangoon and Moulmein,
and as a considerable proportion of the Teak imported in former years came
- from the western coast of India, it is not im robable that the circumstance
mentioned above has something to do with this difference—viz., that the Burma
Teak is killed by girdling, whereas the Teak imported formerly from Malabar
362 LX. VERBENACES. [ Tectona.

had for the most part been felled green. This supposition is confirmed by the
circumstance that a considerable portion of the timber formerly exported from
Rangoon consisted of large planks (Shinbyin) not sawn, but split from green
trees. It has even been asserted that the Teak trees in Burma are tapped for
oil, but this is not the case ; and the idea probably originated in the circum-
stance that wood-oil is largely obtained in Burma’ by the tapping of several
species of Dipterocarpus. It will, however, require direct experiments to
establish the fact that the wood of girdled trees contains less oil ‘than the
wood of trees felled green.

The great drawback of Teak is, that the centre of the heart is rarely sound,
but that a more or less irregular hollow, often surrounded by unsound wood,
runs along the axis of the tree. This peculiarity Teak has in common with
other Indian woods, but perhaps to a somewhat greater extent. The mischief
is probably mainly caused by the annual fires, which scorch and often burn the
bark of young trees, for it is well known that all such external injuries are
apt to induce decay in the heart of the tree. An additional cause in the case
of Teak may be the large mass of pith in the centre of young stems, and
particularly in coppice-shoots, which, as ep leined above, are the beginning of
most Teak trees in the natural forests of India. This supposition, however,
requires confirmation by further researches ; at present it is nothing but a sur-
mise which appears to have some probability. So much appears certain, that a
very rapid growth of the tree during its first few years in Teak plantations is
no matter for congratulation, for in such luxuriant shoots the pith is often 4 in.
square or more, and it is often inhabited by insects, which bore through from
the outside, admitting air and foreign substances, and thus facilitate decay.
The comparative value of rapidly and slow grown Teak has not yet been deter-
mined in a satisfactory manner. It is well known that the rapidly-grown Oak
produced on alluvial soil in South and Central Europe is for many purposes
considered equal, if not superior, in value to the slow-grown timber of Northern
France and Germany, or of England. It seems, however, to be a fact, estab-
lished by experience at the Bombay dockyard, that the fast-grown saplings of
the Malabar plantations are less valuable for oars than the slow-grown poles
produced in the coppice-woods of Severndroog and Colaba.

The various uses of Teak are well known. In India, Teak is prized. for
construction and shipbuilding beyond any other timber, though for certain
purposes other woods are preferred. In Europe it is used for railway-car-
riages, for the decks of ships, and the backing of ironclads ; and the demand for
this excellent timber has in no way been diminished by the circumstance tHat
iron has superseded timber for the building of ships generally, Rangoon and
Moulmein are at present the principal places whence Teak is exported, and the
following statement shows the quantities of Teak timber, in loads or tons of 50
cub. ft., brought to those two ports from the interior during the last five years
for which data are available :—

From British Forests, Foreign. Total.

aes ata Tons, Tons.
-68, . ‘ . ‘ . bs eB 88,018, 2 B
1868-69,. . . . . 52358, 76,908, 199°161
, y 129,161.
1869-70, . 3 m 3 . 39,843, 52,157. 92,000.
1870-71, . ‘ . : i 57,086. 82,484, 139,570.
1871-72, . ‘ . z . 52,125. 98,409. 150,534.

The leaves of Teak are used as plates, to wrap up parcels, and for thatchine:
they contain a red dye. The wood rubbed wiih mick on a stone to the eater
ence of a thin paste, allays the pain and inflammation caused by handling the
black varnish (T'hit-st) of Melanorhea usitatissima. Flowers and the young
fruit are believed to be diuretic (Pharm. Ind. 164),
Clerodendron. ] LX. VERBENACE. . 363

2. CLERODENDRON, Linn.

Shrubs. or small trees, rarely herbs. Leaves simple, opposite or in
whorls. Calyx 5-toothed or 5-lobed, enlarged, often enclosing the
fruit. Corolla-tube slender, limb spreading, lobes 5, equal. Stamens 4,
exserted, often very long. Ovary 4-celled, 1 ovule in each cell; style
filiform, with 2 short acute stigmatic lobes. Fruit a more or less succu-
lent or almost dry drupe, the endocarp or the entire fruit separating into
four 1-celled, or two 2-celled pyrenes. Albumen none, radicle inferior.

Leaves broad, the length not twice their breadth, petioles more
than quarter the length of blade. .
Calyx cleft half-way ; fruit dry; leaves small, rhomboid . 1. C. phlomoides.
Calyx cleft nearly to the base ; fruit fleshy ; leaves large,
cordate * , : , . F 3 ;
Leaves ovate or oblong, petioles short ; calyx truncate or with
short teeth.
Corolla white, tube 1 in. long, many times longer than calyx 3. C. inerme:
Corolla blue, tube short, not more than twice the length of
calyx . é . ‘ : if 7 . A 2
Leaves Tie uelanderdate; subsessile ; calyx cleft half-way, cor-
olla-tube 2-3 in. long. ; . . . 5. C. Siphonanthus.

1. C. phlomoides, Linn. ; Wight Ic. t. 1473 ; Roxb. Fl. Ind. iii. 57.
—Vern. Urni, North India ; run, arni, Guzerat.

be

. C. infortunatum.

4. C. serratum.

A tall pubescent shrub, branches cinereous. Leaves rhomboid, 1-2 in.
long, petiole 1 in. Flowers white, fragrant, on slender pedicels, as‘long
as calyx, in a terminal leafy rounded panicle, composed of axillary 3-9-
flowered cymes. Calyx campanulate, cleft half-way down. Corolla-tube 1
in. long. Fruit black, nearly dry, with 4 kernels.

Common in many parts of India, principally in the drier regions. Panjab,
Sindh, Mairwara, the Dekkan, Behar, Bengal. Oudh and the Central Provinces.
Ceylon. FI. nearly throughout the year.

2. C. infortunatum, Linn. ; Wight Ic. t. 1471.—Syn. Volkameria
infortunata, Roxb. Fl. Ind. iii. 59. Vern. Bhant, bhat.

A small shrub, branches and under side of leaves soft-tomentose.
Leaves cordate or ovate-cordate, entire or dentate, 6-9 in. long, petiole
1-3 in. Flowers white, tinged with red, on short pedicels, in terminal
rounded trichotomous panicles, bracts minute. Calyx cup-shaped, cleft
to near the base, lobes lanceolate. Corolla-tube ? in. long. Berry fleshy,
slightly 4-lobed, subglobose, somewhat depressed, $ in. diam., black,
shining when ripe, and enclosed in the enlarged, red leathery calyx.

Common as underwood in forests, and under the shade of isolated large trees
throughout South and Central India, Bengal, and Burma. Oudh forests, very

abundant in the Sal forests of Kheree, where it attains 12 ft. Sal forests of

Kamaon and Garhwal. Fl. Dec.-April.
3. O. inerme, Gartn. de Fruct. et Sem. i. t. 57 ; Roxb. Fl. Ind. iii. 58 ;

DC. Prodr. xi. 660.
A large, often scandent, glabrous shrub. Leaves opposite ovate or
364 LX. VERBENACEA. [Clerodendron.

elliptic, entire, acuminate, subcoriaceous, shining ; blade 2-3 in., petiole
4 in. long. Flowers white, in axillary, pedunculate, 3-9-flowered cymes.
Calyx campanulate, nearly truncate, with 5 short acute teeth. . Corolla-
tube 1 in. long. Fruit dry, pear-shaped, 1 in. long, separating when ripe
into four 1-seeded segments.

Common along the sea-coast of Bengal and the peninsula, probably also in
Sindh. A widely-spread sea-coast plant. Ind. Archip., Australia, China, Fl.
nearly throughout the year. Often planted as a hedge in gardens.:

4. CO. serratum, Spreng. ; Wight Ic. t. 1472.—Syn. .C. ¢ernifolium,
D. Don. Volkameria serrata, Linn. ; Roxb. Fl. Ind. iii. 62. V. farinosa,
Roxb. ibid. 64. Vern. Barang?.

A large shrub, youngest shoots and inflorescence pubescent. Leaves
glabrous, opposite, or in whorls of three, oblong, elliptic-oblong, oblanceo-
late, serrate, shortly petiolate, 4-8 in. long. Flowers blue, in a terminal
thyrsus, cylindrical in flower, pyramidal in fruit, composed of short lateral
trichotomous cymes. Bracts ovate, bractlets lanceolate, Calyx campanu-
-late, truncate or with 5 short teeth. Corolla-tube short, not more than
twice the length of calyx, mouth oblique. Berry succulent, } in. across,
shining black when ripe, lobed, with 1-4 lobes.

Himalaya from the Sutlej to Assam ascending to 5000 ft. Kasia hills,
Nilgiris and Western Ghats. Fl. May-Aug.

5. ©. Siphonanthus, R. Brown ; Wight Ill. t. 173.—Syn. Siphonan-
thus indica, Linn. ; Roxb. Fl. Ind. iti. 67. Vern. Barangi.

A large glabrous shrub, branches herbaceous, hollow, channelled. Leaves
in whorls of 3-5, linear-lanceolate, subsessile, pale beneath, 6-9 in. long.
Flowers white when first opening, gradually changing into cream colour,
in a large terminal loose thyrsus, composed of pedunculate cymes in the
axils of leaves. Calyx campanulate, cleft half-way into 5 ovate segments.
Corolla-tube slender, 2-3 in. long, curved. Berries 1-4, ovoid, dark blue,
joined at the base, and supported by the enlarged, spreading red calyx.

Cultivated in gardens throughout India. Wild in Kamaon, Bengal, Burma,
andthe Dekkan. FI. hot season and autumn. Root and leaves used in native
medicine.

3. GMELINA, Linn.

Trees or shrubs with undivided leaves. Calyx 4- or 5-toothed. Cor-
olla-tube short, widening gradually into a wide open mouth, limb oblique,
with 4 or 5 spreading unequal lobes. Ovary 4-celled, 1 ovule in each
cell ; style filiform, unequally 2-lobed. Fruit a succulent drupe, with a
hard 1-4-celled kernel. Seeds solitary in each cell, exalbuminous.

An unarmed tree, with cordate leaves

1. G. arborea.
A spinescent shrub, with ovate leaves

2. G. asiatica.

1. G. arborea, Roxb. Cor. Pl. t. 246; Fl. Ind. iii. 84; Wight Ie. t.
Gmelina.} LX. VERBENACEA. 365

1470 ; Bedd. Fl, Sylv. t. 253.—Vern. Gumhar, khammara, kambhar,
kumar, gambari. In Western and Central India: Séwan, shewan.

A middle-sized or large tree, pubescent. Leaves tawny tomentose
underneath while young, cordate or broad-ovate, acuminate, with a
rounded or cordate base, blade 4-8 in. long, 3-6 in. broad, petiole ‘more
than half the length of leaf. Flowers pentamerous, yellow, tinged with
brown, in terminal and axillary racemiform panicles composed of lateral
cymes ; inflorescence, calyx and corolla clothed with dense soft tawny
tomentum. Corolla 5-lobed, 2-lipped. Drupe ovoid, smooth, yellow
when ripe, 1 in. long.

A widely-spread tree through the greater part of India, Burma, and Ceylon.
In the sub-Himalayan tract it extends to the Chenab, ascending to 3000 ft. and
even higher, but is scarce in the Panjab. Grows on the dry hills of the Ara-
valli range near Ajmir. Not gregarious, and nowhere abundant. The leaves
are shed Feb.-April, the new foliage appears April-May. Fl. generally before
the leaves, Feb.-April. Fruit ripens May-June. Readily raised from seed,
growth rapid, 3 rings per in.

Attains 60 ft. and 6 ft. girth in Oudh and Central India, but grows to be a
much larger tree in Bengal and Burma. Stem erect, attaining 30 ft. to the first
branch, not very regularly shaped. Bark grey, or greyish brown, smooth, or
scurfy, at last exfoliating in broad, irregular, thick, scurfy flakes, leaving exposed
the fresh, light-coloured, smooth surface. Branchlets ash-coloured, smooth,
with white specks. Wood whitish or pale-yellow, strong and close-grained, but
not heavy. 30-40 lb. per cub. ft. Does not crack, warp, or shrink in seasoning,
is easily worked, takes paint and varnish readily. Lasts well under water, also
in tidal streams, better than Teak (Roxb.) Highly esteemed for planking, fur-
niture, the panels of doors, carriages and palankins, well-work, for decks of
boats, for toys, lacquered boxes, and all kinds of ornamental work. The fruit is
eaten by the Gonds of the Satpura, who protect this tree near villages ; deer
feed on it. Fruit, root, and bark are used in native medicine.

2. G. asiatica, Linn. ; Roxb. 1. «. 87; Wight IIL t. 174.

A large branching shrub, with spinescent branchlets. Leaves ovate,
pubescent when young, glabrous afterwards. Flowers yellow, tetramer-
ous, in racemiform panicles at the ends of branches. Calyx and corolla
strigose with adpressed hairs. Corolla curved, infundibuliform, 1} in.
long. Drupe obovate, $ in. long.

South India, Ceylon, and Indian Archipelago. Probably in the Central Pro-
vinces. Fl. nearly throughout the year. An excellent hedge-plant.

4, PREMNA, Linn.

Shrubs or trees with opposite, undivided leaves. Flowers in a bracte-
ate terminal trichotomous panicle or thyrsus. Calyx persistent, truncate,
or with 2-5 short obtuse teeth, sometimes 2-lipped. Corolla tubular,
short, limb cleft into 5 or more, commonly 4, lobes, either nearly equal,
or 2-lipped, upper lip consisting of 1 (the largest and outer) lobe, some-
times emarginate or nearly bifid, lower lip 3-lobed. Stamens 4, didyna-
mous or nearly equal ; anthers rounded, inserted on the back, the cells
diverging at the base. Ovary 4-celled, 1 ovule in each cell ; style fili-
366 LX. VERBENACEA. [ Premna.

form, stigma bifid, sometimes nearly entire. Fruit a fleshy drupe with
a hard, rugose or tuberculate 2-4-celled kernel. Albumen none ; radicle
inferior. The leaves and twigs of most species have an unpleasant smell
when bruised.

Trees or shrubs, pubescent or glabrate ; stigma bifid, corolla
4-lobed.

Flowers in trichotomous corymbose panicles.

Leaves ovate or obovate, acute or short-acuminate ; main

lateral nerves 2-4 pair. : : ‘ . .

Leaves ovate or ovate-oblong, long-acuminate ; main lat-

eral nerves 4-6 pair . : ‘ é é 3 . 2. P. mucronata.

Flowers in a terminal, cylindrical thyrsus . . i . 8. P. interrupta.

A tree, densely stellate-tomentose ; stigma indistinctly bifid,

corolla 5-lobed ; calyx in fruit cup-shaped enclosing the

base of drupe . 3 : es : 3 . A . 4. P. tomentosa.

A climber ; leaves glabrous, shining é ‘ . 5. P. scandens.

An herbaceous undershrub . : . . 7 e . 6. P. herbacea,

1. P. integrifolia.

1. P. integrifolia, Linn. ; Wight Ic. t. 1469.—Syn. P. serratifolia,
Linn. ; Roxb. Fl. Ind. iii. 77 ; P. spinosa, Roxb. ib. Vern. Bakareha,
Garhwal; Ganniari, Oudh.

A large shrub or middle-sized tree; stem and older branches often
armed with strong opposite spines, branchlets unarmed. Leaves pubes-
cent when young, ovate or obovate, entire or dentate, blade 2-3 in,
petiole 4-1 in. long; main lateral nerves 2-4 pair. Flowers greenish
white, somewhat viscid, exhaling an unpleasant smell, in terminal corym-
bose panicles. Calyx 2-lipped or irregularly 5-toothed. Corolla twice
the length of calyx, the outer lobe much larger than the others. Drupe
black, globose, } in. diam.

South India, Ceylon, Bengal. (Oudh forests, Garhwal, R. Thompson and J.
L. Stewart. I have not seen ae Indian Archipelago, China, and
North Australia. The leaves are shed in Feb., and are renewed between Feb.
and April, earlier in moist places, later on poor dry ground. The flowers
appear soon after the leaves ; they resemble Elder flowers. Attains 30 ft. with
stiff branches. Stem 5 ft, girth, with spines and excrescences. Often a shrub
only. Bark cinereous. Branchlets fetid when bruised. Wood white, moder-
ately close-grained, no heartwood, The fresh-felled wood frequently exudes a
green-coloured sap.

Closely allied, and perhaps not specifically distinct, is P. latifolia, Roxb. Fl.
i ili. 76; Wight Ic. t. 869, from South India, said to have been found in

amaon.

2. P. mucronata, Roxb. Fl. Ind. iii. 80.—Vern. Bankhar, gian, Pb. ;

ee bakarcha, basota (bas, smell), dgniiin (ag, fire), tumari, jhatela,
.W.P.

A small tree, extremities and under side of leaves pubescent or soft
tomentose. Leaves ovate or ovate-oblong, long-acuminate, base rounded
or cordate, entire or irregularly dentate; main lateral nerves 4-6, on
either side of midrib; blade 3-6, petiole 1 in. long. Flowers in ter-
minal corymbose trichotomous panicles. Calyx with 4 or 5 rounded,
nearly equal teeth. Corolla-lobes equal or bilabiate, upper lip retuse or
Premna.] LX. VERBENACEA. 367

emarginate, lower lip of 3 equal lobes, throat closed with white hairs.
Drupe globose, } in. diam.

Sub-Himalayan tract and outer ranges, extending north-west as far as the
Chenab, and ascending to 3500 ft. Oudh forests, Sikkim, Bhutan, Silhet. The
leaves are shed Jan., Feb. Fl. April-June. Attains 25 ft., trunk short, erect,
3 ft. girth, branches divergent, twigs pubescent. Bark light- dark- or reddish-
grey, even, with longitudinal wrinkles. Wood hard, a good fuel, used for light-
ing fires by friction.

Closely allied, and perhaps not specifically distinct, is P. barbata, Wall.—
Vern. Ganhila, Pb. ; Lammar, N.W.P. Outer Himalaya from the Jhelam to
Assam, ascending to 5500 ft., said to differ by a 4-cleft calyx and a less conspi-
cuous beard in the throat of the corolla, A moderate-sized tree, bark cinereous.
Fl. April-June. The twigs have a strong unpleasant smell.

P. glaberrima, Wight Ic. t. 1484, from South India, and P. micrantha,
Schauer, DC. Prodr. xi. 635, are also closely allied to.P. mucronata. P. cordi-
Solia, Roxb. Fl, Ind. iii. 78 ; Wight Ic. t. 1483, a shrub from South and West-
ern India, resembles it in the shape of the leaves, but differs by a truncate or
bilabiate calyx.

3. P. interrupta, Wall. ; DC. Prodr. xi. 633.

A small tree, inflorescence and under side of leaves pubescent. Leaves
oblanceolate or obovate, 4-8 in. long, narrowed into a short petiole, acu-
minate, entire, or indistinctly dentate. Flowers greenish, sessile, in com-
pact sessile or shortly pedunculate cymose clusters supported by folia-
ceous lanceolate bracts, and forming a cylindrical, terminal thyrsus, often
interrupted at the base. Calyx bifid. Corolla-lobes 4, nearly equal. An-
thers and style exserted. Drupe globose, 3-4 in. diam.

Kamaon, 6000-7000 ft. Nepal. Sikkim, 6000-8000 ft. Fl. May-Aug. A
purple gum exudes from wounds in the bark. Wood 43 lb. per cub, ft.,
Wall.

P. racemosa, Wall.; DC. Prodr. xi. 633, Kasia, Sikkim, Nepal, is closely.
allied to this species.

4, P. tomentosa, Willd. ; Roxb. Fl. Ind. iii. 76; Bedd. Fl. Sylv. t.
251.

A moderate-sized tree; branchlets, leaves, and inflorescence densely
clothed with soft tawny tomentum of stellate hairs. Leaves triangular-
ovate, acuminate, entire, 4-6 in. long, 3-4 in. broad, on petiole 1 in. long,
Flowers pale greenish-white, shortly pedicellate, in loose terminal, rounded
trichotomous panicles. Calyx truncate or indistinctly bilabiate at the
time of flowering, clothed with stellate hairs. Corolla 5-lobed, the lobes
nearly equal.. Style exserted, minutely, and indistinctly bifid. Ovary
densely tomentose. Drupe ribbed, indistinctly lobed, globose, 4-} in.
diam., the lower half enclosed in the somewhat enlarged, cup-shaped,
membranous calyx.

South India, Java, Ceylon, and probably in the Godavery forest of the Cen-
tral Provinces. Wood yellow, hard, close-grained, takes a beautiful polish.

‘6. P. scandens, Roxb, Fl. Ind. iii. 82 ; Dalz. Bomb, Fl. 199, is a large climb-
.

368 LX. VERBENACEA. [Premna,

ing shrub in Eastern Bengal and Western India, with glabrous, shining, ovate,
long-acuminate leaves, and greenish- white flowers in a terminal corymbose
panicle. 6. P. herbacea, Roxb. 1. c. 80, is a small undershrub, common in the
grass lands of the sub-Himalayan tract, from Garhwal to Assam, Oudh forests,
Tirhoot, A woody perennial root produces annually, after the jungle-fires, a
cluster of sessile, cuneate or obovate, pubescent leaves, edge with large triangu-
lar serratures, and a terminal, pedunculate, corymbose cyme, shorter than the
leaves, with pale-yellow flowers, which open Feb.-April.

5, CALLICARPA, Linn.

Shrubs, generally clothed with soft stellate tomentum. Leaves oppo-
site, simple. Flowers in axillary dichotomous cymes, with divaricate
branches and small tomentose bracts. Calyx truncate, 4- rarely 5-den-
tate. Corolla-tube short, limb spreading, lobes 4, rarely 5, nearly equal.
Stamens as many as corolla-lobes, exserted. Ovary 4-celled, 1 ovule in
each cell; style filiform, dilated and truncate, or shortly 2-lobed. Fruit
a small succulent drupe, the endocarp of 4 distinct 1-seeded pyrenes.

Clothed with dense woolly tomentum ; leaves crenate . 1. C. macrophylla.
Hoary with short stellate hairs ; leaves entire . : . 2 @. arborea.

1. C. macrophylla, Vahl; DC. Prodr. xi. 644; Roxb. Fl. Ind. i, 393.—
Syn. C. incana, Roxb. 1.¢. Vern. Pattharman, ba-pattra, baunu, Jhelam ;
Sumali, Chenab ; Denthar, driss, Ravi; Daya, Kamaon ; Mathara, mat-
tranja, Beng.

A tall shrub, branches, petioles, and peduncles thickly clothed with
tawny or grey woolly tomentum. Leaves lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate,
rarely ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, crenate, 6-10 in. long, petiole } in,
wrinkled, soft pubescent above, floccose-woolly or cottony underneath ;
main lateral nerves 12-15 pair. Cymes much branched, with numerous,
distinct, small rose-coloured flowers, common peduncle as long as petiole.
Corolla-tube barely twice the length of calyx. Stamens much exserted.

Bengal, Gorakhpur, Oudh, Rohilkhand, extending as far west as Hazara in
the sub-Himalayan tract. Ascends to 6000 ft. Burma. China, Fl. May-Jan.
In Hazara the heated leaves are applied to rheumatic joints.

C. tomentosa, Willd.—Syn. Roxburghii, Schauer ; DC. Prodr. xi. 640 ; China,
differs by long hairs intermixed with the tawny tomentum ; the flowers are in
compact globose hirsute heads on the ramifications of the cymes. Has not yet
been found in Northern India.

C. lanata, Linn. Mant. Plant. 331; Vahl Symbole Bot. iii, 13—Syn. C.
Wallichiana, Walpers ; DC. Prodr. xi. 641 ; Wight Ic. t. 1480, of Ceylon, South
and Western India, white woolly tomentose, has ovate, acuminate leaves, matted
underneath with dense white tomentum, 6-12 in. long, entire or slightly crenate,
petiole 1-2} in. long ; flowers pink or pale lilac, peduncle shorter than petiole,
pas es than twice the length of calyx. Will probably be found in the

ventr. Prov.

2. C, arborea, Roxb. Fl. Ind. i. 390 ; DC. Prodr. xi. 641.—Syn. C.
lanata, Hook. in Hb. Kew. Vern. Ghiwala, dera, Kamaon.

A tree ; branches, petioles, peduncles, and under side of leaves hoary
Callicarpa.| LX, VERBENACEA, 369

with short soft stellate hairs. Leaves ovate or ovate-lanceolate, acu-
minate, entire, glabrous above, blade 6-12, petiole 1-2 in. long; main
lateral nerves 8-12 pair. Flowers lilac or light purple, with an unplea-
sant smell ; cymes large, spreading, twice the length of petiole, common
peduncle as long as petiole or longer.

Burma (common on deserted toungyas on the hills between Sitang and Sal-
ween). Hills of eastern oe Nepal. Baraitch forests of Oudh. Kamaon,
ascending to 4000 ft. A small tree in Oudh, 25 ft. high, stem 18 in, girth. Fl.
are June. Bark soft, grey. Wood whitish, hard, close-grained, polishes beau-

ifully.

C. longifolia, Lam.—Syn. C. lanceolaria, Roxb. 1.c. 395 ; East Bengal, Burma,
Indian Archipelago, Queensland ; pubescent, often glabrate, has serrate, lanceo-
late, membranous leaves, flowers in loose cymes with slender branches. Will
probably be found in the Gorakhpur forests.

6. LANTANA, Linn.

1. L. alba, Miller.—Syn. L. indica, Roxb. Fl. Ind. iii. 89 ; Wight Ic.
e 1464. LZ. collina, Dene. in Jacq. Voy. Bot. t. 141. ZL. dubia, Royle
Il. t. 73.

A shrub; branches 4-sided, hoary or pubescent. Leaves opposite,
ovate, crenate, pubescent or hirsute, blade 1-3 in., petiole 4 in. long.
Flowers white light purple or yellow, scentless, in pedunculate axillary
bracteate heads or short spikes, peduncles as long as leaf, bracts ovate,
hirsute or villous. Calyx minute. Corolla-tube curved, } in. long, limb
oblique, spreading horizontally, divided into 4 unequal lobes. Drupe
smooth, globose, dark violet, as large as a pea, enclosed by the enlarged
but thin transparent calyx ; nut 2-celled.

Plains of North India. Sub-Himalayan tract, ascending to 3000 ft. Sindh,
Dekkan, Nilgiris, Ceylon. FI. April-June.

7. VITEX, Linn.

Trees or shrubs. Leaves opposite, digitate, usually of 3 or 5 leaflets.
Calyx 5-toothed or -lobed. Corolla-tube short, limb spreading, 5-lobed,
lowest lobe larger than the others. Stamens 4, in pairs, ascending and
exserted. Ovary 2- or 4-celled, 1 ovule in each cell ; style filiform, shortly
and acutely 2-lobed. Fruit a succulent drupe, putamen separating into
4 hard 1-seeded pyrenes.

1. V. Negundo, Linn. ; Wight Ic. t. 519; Roxb. Fl. Ind. iii. 70.—
Syn. V. bicolor, Willd. V. incisa, Lam. Vern. Marwan, moraun,
maura, mora, wana, banna, bana, torbana, biuna, Pb. ; Shwari, shiwayi, A
shawali, mewri, N.W.P. ; Nirgunda, Bombay. t Kos

A small tree or large shrub; branchlets, under side of leaves or inflor-
escence hoary with short grey pubescence. Leaflets 3 or 5, lanceolate,
shortly petiolate, entire toothed or pinnatifid, the central one 3-4 in.
long, the lateral ones usually ST common petiole 1 in. long.

A
370 LX. VERBENACEA. [ Vitex.

Flowers small, bluish purple, in opposite lateral cymes, forming an elon-
gated terminal thyrsus, often compound at the base. Calyx-teeth trian-
gular. Corolla $-4 in. long.

- Common nearly evérywhere in the plains and lower hills of India, westward
to Peshawar and Sindh. Ascends to 5000 ft. in the North-West Himalaya.
China. Fl. March-May. The branches are used for wattle-work.

V. trifolia, Linn, ; Roxb. 1. c. 69, is very closely allied, but is supposed to
differ by shorter calyx-teeth, leaves often unifoliate, white-mealy beneath, leaf-
lets short- petiolate, generally sessile, always entire. Bengal, South India,
Burma, Indian Archipelago, Australia.

V. Agnus-castus, Linn., of South Europe and Western Asia, to Afghanistan,
has flowers nearly 4 in. long.

V. altissima, Linn. ; Roxb. 1. c. 71 ; Wight Ic. t. 1466 ; Bedd. FI. Sylv. t. 252.
—Vern. Nauladi mara, Can. ; with 3- rarely 5-foliolate leaves, broadly winged
petioles (on young shoots), the flowers in a terminal thyrsus, is an important
timber-tree with strong wood in South India and Ceylon.

V. Leucoxylon, Linn. fil.; Roxb. lc. 74; Wight Ic. t. 1467; with lax axil-
lary cymes, 5-foliolate coriaceous leaves and unwinged petioles, is a large tim-
ber-tree in Burma, also found in South India and Ceylon.

8. CARYOPTERIS, Bunge.

1. C. Wallichiana, Schauer in DC. Prodr. xi. 625.—Syn. Clerodendion
odoratum, D. Don. Vern. Moni, Kamaon.

A shrub with 4-sided glabrous branches ; extremities and young leaves
pubescent. Leaves opposite, lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, acuminate,
serrate; blade 2-4 in., petiole 4 in. long. Flowers sweet-scented, in
short axillary dichotomous bracteate axillary cymes, opposite or in whorls
of 4-6. Calyx parted into 5 lanceolate segments with distinct middle -
nerves. Corolla-tube twice the length of calyx; limb bilabiate, upper
lip 2-fid, lower 3-fid. Stamens 4, didynamous. Ovary 2-celled. Cap-
sule dry, surrounded by the somewhat enlarged calyx, separating when
ripe into 4 valves, each with a l-seeded kernel attached to the inside of
the valve, so that the kernels appear to have a narrow winged edge.

Outer Himalaya, from the Indus to Bhutan, ascending to 3000 ft. Salt
range. Oudh forests in ravines. Fl. April; the seed ripens soon after flower-
ing.

9, HOLMSKIOLDIA, Retz.

1. H. sanguinea, Retz. ; Jacq. Voy. Bot. t. 140.—Syn. Hastingia
coccinea, Koenig; Roxb. Fl. Ind, iii. 65. Vern. Kul tolia, Kamaon.

A large woody climber with showy flowers. Leaves opposite, petiolate,
ovate, crenate. Calyx membranous, scarlet tinged with orange, tube

short, limb large, circular, 1 in, diameter, entire. -Corolla tubular, curved.
Stamens exserted.

Outer Himalaya, Sutlej to Assam, ascending to 3000 ft. Fl. Oct-Dec.
Avicennia.] LX, VERBENACEA, 371

10. AVICENNIA, Linn.

1. A. officinalis, Linn.—Syn. A. tomentosa, Jacq. ; Wight Ic. t. 1481 ;
Wall. PL As, rar. & 271. power ee ;

A small tree or large shrub, with thick fleshy branchlets and opposite
coriaceous, elliptic-lanceolate leaves. Flowers yellow, sessile, in rounded
heads. Calyx of 5 sepals, supported by ovate ciliate bracts. Corolla-
tube short, limb of 4 nearly equal segments. Capsule compressed, ovate,
mucronate, 2-valved, l-seeded. Radicle woolly, cotyledons thick, fleshy,
folded. The seed often germinates on the tree.

Salt marshes on the coasts of the peninsula, the Red Sea, Africa, Burma,
Australia, Fl. April, May.

Phytolacca acinosa, Roxb—Syn. Rivina Latbenia, Wall. ; Pircunia Lat-
benia, Moguin, DC. Prodr, xiii. ii, 29; Vern. Laibar, Hazara; Jirka, Bias ;
Matazor, Sutlej (Order Phytolaccacec) ; is a large perennial plant, not uncom-
ton in the North-West Himalaya from Hazara to Nepal, between 3500 and
9000 ft., also in Sikkim and Bhutan, with alternate, short-petiolate, ovate-lan-
ceolate leaves, 6-10 in. long, and greenish white pedicellate bisexual flowers in
lax cylindrical racemes, with lanceolate or subulate bracts. Perianth of 5
nearly distinct segments. Stamens 8-10. Pistil of 6-8 distinct 1-ovuled carpels.
Fruit dark purple and succulent, the carpels remaining distinct, forming an
erect cylindrical raceme, 4-8 in. long, 1-14 in. diameter. Fl. June; fr. Sept.,
Oct. In same places the leaves are eaten as a vegetable, and it is cultivated in
Jaunsar (vern. Jerunga) and Kamaon.

Phytolacca acinosa, Roxb., has been referred by Moquin, 1. c. 38, to P. de-
candra, Linn., as a variety ; this, however, is a much larger plant, distinguished
from P. acinosa by 8-10 carpels, which, when ripe, are connate into a smooth
flat circular berry. Upon this character Moquin bases the generic distinction
between Phytolacca and his new genus Pircunia, with 6-8 carpels, which re-

-main distinct when ripe. Roxburgh states (Fl. Ind. ii. 458): “Berries com-
posed of from 6-8 distinct acini,” and this description is supported by the un-
published illustration in Hb. Kew, No. 1556. 2. decandra, Linn., like most
species of the genus, is indigenous in America, but has long been cultivated, and
become naturalised in South Europe. In France it is called raisin @ Amerique,
and the purple juice of the berries is used to colour wine and confectionery.
It is a matter for inquiry whether P. decandra grows in India and whether
the North-West Himalayan plant, which is found in the forest tracts of remote
valleys (e.g., Dippi and Kilba in Kunawar), is really indigenous in India. In
North America the root of P. decandra is used medicinally as an emetic, pur-
gative, and narcotic.

P. dioica, Linn. (Pireunia dioica, Moq.), known as Bella Sombra, is a fast-
growing tree with thick-based trunk and soft coarse-grained fibrous wood, indi-
genous’ in La Plata and Brazil, grown (in avenues) in Spain, Gibraltar, Malta,
and introduced to Bombay and Calcutta.

Orper LXI. POLYGONEZ.

Herbs or shrubs, rarely trees, with alternate simple stipulate leaves.
Stipules usually sheathing the stem (ochreate). Flowers small herma-
phrodite or unisexual. Perianth herbaceous or coloured, 3-6-lobed or
3-6-phyllous, lobes or leaves 1- or 2-seriate, equal or inner series larger.
372 LXI. POLYGONEA. [Calligonum

Stamens perigynous or subhypogynous, usually 6, 9, 10, rarely more,
alternate with the perianth-lobes when 1-seriate. Ovary usually free,
compressed or trigonous, rarely 4-gonous, I-celled, with a solitary erect
ovule. Fruit a l-seeded nut. Seed albuminous; albumen farinaceous,
—Royle Il. 313.

Stamens 10-20; nut setose or echinate . ‘ . . 1. CALLIGONUM.
Stamens 6-8 ; nut smooth, enclosed within the accrescent
inner perianth-leaves ‘ ; : : .  ATRAPHAXIS (p. 373).

1, CALLIGONUM, Linn.

Nearly leafless, much-branched shrubs. Flowers hermaphrodite. Peri-
anth 5-partite, scarcely or not at all accrescent. Stamens 10 or more.
Styles 4; stigmas capitate. Nuts subtetragonous, with numerous closely
forking sete disposed in 8-16 vertical series.

1. C. polygonoides, Linn. ; DC. Prodr. xiv. 29.—Syn. C. comosum,
L’Heritier in Trans. Linn. Soc. i. 180. Vern. Balanja, berwaja, tatuke,
Afg.; Phok, phog, Pb., Sindh and Shekhawatti (flowers phogali).

A glabrous, almost leafless shrub, with numerous branches, which are
grey or reddish grey, flexuose and twisted, branchlets often fascicled,
green and shining when young, internodes 1-2 in. long. Stipules short,
sheathing, thinly membranous, transparent. Leaves scarce, subulate, very
small, Flowers small, numerous, on filiform pedicels, in fascicles of 2-5
from the axils of the sheathing stipules. Perianth deciduous, deeply cleft
into 5 thin obtuse membranous segments, red with broad white edges,
the 2 outer somewhat smaller. Stamens 10, filaments dilated and pubes-
cent at base. Nuts oblong, 4 in. long, densely covered with long filiform,
twice or thrice dichotomously branching sete, 4 in. long, placed in 8-16
longitudinal lines, their base thickened and confiuent so as to form irregu-
larly-shaped crests.

Common locally in the more arid parts of the Panjab plains, both cis- and
trans-Indus, north as far as Lahore. Abundant west of Mozaffergarh, where
it constitutes in places half the larger vegetation, the other half consisting
of Salvadora oleotdes. Sindh all along the base of the hills. One of the most
abundant and characteristic plants of the Bikanir desert. North-East Afghan-
istan, ascending to 5000 ft. Persia, Arabia, Syria, Egypt, Algeria. Grows gen-
erally in groups or clumps, often on hummocks, generally a small shrub 3-4
ft. high, but when old, often arborescent, 12-15 ft. high, stems 2-3 ft. girth, with
spreading branches. The young shoots come out about Feb., March, and the
shrub is soon after covered with small pinkish flowers, filling the air with a strong
pleasant odour, as of over-ripe strawberries. The fruit ripensabout June. The
bark of stem is whitish or reddish-grey, rough with broad, shallow furrows, inner
substance red. The wood is red, with a tinge of brown, often mottled, fibrous
and hard. Heartwood distinct, of darker colour. In the Panjab it is only
used as fuel, but in Bikanir twigs and branches are much employed for walls
and roofs of huts. Most old stems are hollow, even those under 4 in. diam,
The abortive flowers, which fall in great numbers, are (in the South Panjab, and
sometimes in Sindh) swept up, made into bread, or cooked with ghee, and eaten.
The shoots and branchlets are eagerly browsed by goats and camels.
—Atraphazxis. | LXI. POLYGONEA. 373

Atraphaxis spinosa, Linn. (A. afghanica, Meissner, DC. Prod. xiv. 76), is a
__thorny shrub, with small thick ovate leaves, }-4 in. long, perianth 4-cleft to the
_ base, the outer segments smaller, remaining unchanged, and reflexed when the

seed ripens, the two inner enlarged in fruit into 2 broad-ovate, reticulate

wings, ¢ in. diam., closely adpressed to, but much larger than the flat nut, which
—s enclosed by them. Dry stony hills in Afghanistan and Beluchistan, and
—throughout Western Asia.

One of the few trees belonging to this Order is Coccoloba uvifera, Sea-side
rape, common on the sea-shore of the West Indies, introduced to Calcutta.
eaves broad-cordate, fruit reddish-purple, pear-shaped, sweetish, acid, in
drooping racemes, consisting of the fleshy perianth, which encloses a solitary
seed. Wood light, used in cabinet-work.

Orper LXI. LAURINEA.

Trees or shrubs, more or less aromatic, with alternate exstipulate, rarely
opposite, usually entire and evergreen leaves. Perianth regular, deeply 6-
sometimes 4-cleft, segments equal or the outer ones smaller, imbricate in
bud. Stamens normally 12, biseriate, those of the inner series opposite
to those of the outer, and to the segments of the perianth, usually how-
ever half or more of the inner or outer stamens are wanting, or reduced
to short staminodia. Anthers adnate, cells 2 collateral or 2 pairs super-
posed, each cell opening by a valve. Ovary free, 1-celled, rarely imper-
fectly 2-celled (adnate in Hernandia), ovules 1, rarely 2 or 3, pendulous ;

__style simple ; stigma dilated. Fruit a 1-seeded berry or drupe, often sup-
ported by the persistent perianth or base of perianth. Seed pendulous,
exalbuminous ; testa membranous; cotyledons thick, oily, filling the seed
and enclosing the plumula and short superior radicle.—Royle Ill. 324.

Flowers usually bisexual ; anthers 4-celled, those of the inner
stamens extrorse. . ;
Berry supported by the persistent cup-shaped, truncate or
dentate base of perianth . eee ie
Berry supported by the entire 6-cleft perianth, which is in-
durated and somewhat enlarged . 3 _ ‘
Berry supported by the entire 6-cleft, not indurated, spread-
ing or reflexed perianth : : ogres ee j
Flowers bisexual ; anthers 2-celled, those of the inner stamens
lateral ; fruit large, base imperfectly 2-celled. . . 4, BsruscHMrepiaA.
Flowers dioicous ; anthers 4-celled, all introrse.
Flowers in pedunculate heads, enclosed in an involucre of 4-6
bracts ; flower-heads arranged in corymbs racemes or

1. CINNAMoMUM.
2. PHa@BE.

8. MAcHILUS.

clusters ‘ 3 ‘ . . j é , . 5, TETRANTHERA.
Flowers in sessile or subsessile clusters, enclosed (in bud) by
deciduous imbricate bracts . : ‘ : . 6, Lirrsaa.
Flowers dioicous ; anthers 2-celled, all introrse ‘ 7. DAPHNIDIUM.

’ Several American trees of this Order yield excellent timber. The Greenheart of
Demerara, Vectandra Rodici, Schomb., is a splendid timber, hard heavy close-
ained and exceedingly durable. It is not attacked by Teredo navalis. The
fark (Bebeeru bark) is used as a febrifuge in Guiana, and has been found to con-
—tain an alkaloid (Beberia), which has been identified with the alkaloid in the bark
of Buccus sempervirens, and in Pareira Brava (the root of Chondodendron tomen-
toswm, Ruiz et Pavon, not of Cissampelos Pareira, as erroneously stated on p. 10.

It is believed that Beberia is with Quinine an ingredient of Warburg’s drops.
374 LXII. LAURINEA. [Cinnamomum.

1, CINNAMOMUM, Burman.

Evergreen trees or shrubs, bark and leaves more or less aromatic.
Leaves opposite or alternate, 3-nerved or penniveined. Flowers in ax-
illary or terminal panicles, often unisexual. Segments of perianth 6
(sometimes more by the transformation of the outer stamens). Stamens
biseriate, the outer series consisting of 6 perfect stamens, with introrse 4-
celled anthers, each cell opening by a valve, the inner series of 3 perfect
stamens with twin glands at their base, and extrorse sometimes 2-celled
anthers, and 3 short staminodia, alternating with the stamens. Ovary
free; style filiform, terminating in an obtuse, discoid, often oblique, some- _
times 3-dentate stigma. Fruit a 1-seeded berry, supported and surrounded —
at the foot by the persistent base of the truncate or 6-toothed perianth.

Leaves opposite or subopposite, 3-nerved ; persistent base of

perianth 6-dentate (Section Malabathrum) i . 1. OC. Tamala.
Leaves alternate, penniveined ; persistent base of perianth
truncate (Section Camphora) . . s : : . 2. CO. glanduliferum.

1. G. Tamala, Nees ; DC. Prodr. xv. i. 17.—Syn. C. albiflorum, Nees ;
Wight Ic. t. 140. Laurus Tamala, Hamilton ; L.fCassia, Roxb. Fl. Ind.
ii. 297 (not of Willd.) Vern. Dalchini, Pb., N.W.P.; Kirkiria, kikra,
sinkami, silkauti, N.W.P. .

A handsome, moderate-sized tree; young twigs 4-sided, greenish grey,
glabrous, smooth. Leaves subcoriaceous, opposite or subopposite, rarely
alternate, elliptic-oblong, from an acute base acuminate, 3-6 in. long,
glabrous, shining, the midrib dividing some distance (up to } in.) above
the base into 3 longitudinal nerves, joined by distinct reticulate veins.
Flowers whitish, numerous, in axillary and terminal pubescent panicles,
pedicels as long as calyx. Calyx silky-pubescent, lobes membranous,
with 3-7 distinct longitudinal nerves, ovate-oblong, obtuse, separating ina
transverse line above the base, but below the middle, and falling off after
flowering. Berry black when ripe, succulent, ovoid, 4 in. long, sup-
ported by the 5-lobed somewhat thickened base, of the calyx.

Himalaya from 3000 to 7800 ft., common east of the Sutlej, extending
sparingly to near the Indus. Kasia hills, Silhet, Tipper, Burma, also in
Queensland (Australia). Generally in shady, moist glens, not gregarious, but
scattered in mixed forests, The leaves are renewed in May, and at that period
the tree is conspicuous by the delicate pink colour of the young foliage. Fl.
Feb., March, often on to April, May ; the fruit ripens June-Oct., frequently re-
maining on the tree for months. Growth probably slow.

Attains 40 ft., with a straight trunk 4-5 ft. girth, bark compact, aromatic,
brown or with a yellow tinge, with numerous whitish specks and blotches,
wrinkled but not marked by cracks, fissures or furrows. The leaves have a fine
aromatic smell and taste, stronger when dry. Wood light-brown, mottled, even-
grained, with a glossy surface. The bark, especially that of the root, is used
medicinally, and exported to the plains as tajkalmi, tajkalam, but under this
name the bark of other sp. of Cinnamomum also is sold. The leaves also
‘Cinnamomum. | LXI. LAURINEZ. 375

pag and are sold under the name of tezpat, tajpat.—(Pharm. Ind.
Closely allied to this species is C. zeylanicum, Breyn ; DO. Prodr. xv. i. 13—
Syn, Laurus Cinnamomum, Roxb. ii. 295, the true or Ceylon Cinnamon-tree,
distinguished by thick coriaceous leaves, pale beneath, with 3 main nerves from
the base, large terminal flower-panicles, and coriaceous calyx-lobes, without nerves,
separating at about the middle from the lower half, which is persistent. The
flowers have an unpleasant smell. The true Cinnamon is indigenous in the
forests of Ceylon, ascending to 8000 ft. Cultivated in Ceylon, and in other
tropical countries. According to Leschenault de la Tour, Mémoires du Muséum
WVhistoire naturelle, viii. (1822), 436, and notes on the subject collected during
a late visit to Ceylon, which I owe to the kindness of Dr George King, the Cin-
namon tree in Ceylon is generally grown in irregular coppice-woods, pure or
mixed with other shrubs. Some of the stools are of great age and girth, and are
said to have been planted by the Dutch when they held the island. The for-
mation of fresh Cinnamon coppice is thus described by Leschenault de la Tour:
The tree flowers more or less throughout the year, but most abundantly in Jan.,
Feb., and the fruit ripens from June to August. The seeds, which are oily, do
not long retain their vitality ; they are sown soon after ripening, either in nur-
series to be transplanted in Oct. or Nov., or on'the spot in plots about 1 ft. square
and 6-7 ft. apart. The plants attain 7-8 ft. in 6-7 years, and those which are
then fit to be peeled are cut, and the shoots which spring up are thinned out
when they are 2, 3, or 4 years old, or even at an earlier age. They are not cut
when less than 4 in., or more than 24 in. diam. The whole growing crop in
one plotis never cut over at once, as would, for instance, be done in a regularly
managed Oak coppice-wood, but those shoots only are selected which appear
fit to be used, and are in such a state as to be peeled readily. The main
point attended to seems to be, to cut the shoots when quite young and tender;
it is said that the bark of the older shoots yields inferior Cinnamon (G. King).
“The cutting is done during the rainy season, between May and October ; the
bark is peeled off after cutting in 3 or 4 long narrow strips from each shoot; it
is then tied tightly together in parcels, and left for 24 hours, At the end of this
time the epidermis and the outer bark are removed, and the inner bark, which is
the aromatic and valuable part, is dried, the first day in the shade, the second
day in the sun, when it gradually rolls up, forming the quills of Cinnamon,
which are placed into each other and tied in bundles. The fruit of the Cinna-
mon tree is eaten greedily by crows, pigeons, and other birds ; the seeds pass
uninjured, and thus the spread’ and preservation of the tree is secured apart
from the planted coppice- woods. Indeed, formerly almost all Cinnamon
brought to market was from naturally-grown trees ; and to enable their Cinna-
mon collectors to enter the forests beyond the limits of their own possessions, the
Dutch concluded a treaty with the King of Candy: and it is said that planting
was only resorted to when the supply from natural sources had become deficient.

The following species, among others, are described by Meissner in De Can-
dolle’s Prodromus as distinct; but they are so closely allied to the true Cin-
namon that Thwaites, Enum. Pl. Zeyl. 253, and Bedd. Fl. Sylv. (under Cin.
Wightti), consider them as mere varieties: 1. C. obtusifolium, Nees (Laurus ob-
tusifolia, Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 302), a large tree, as large as a Mango, with opposite,
thick coriaceous, elliptic-oblong leaves (6-12 in. long), which are often in fours
under the large terminal spreading panicles. Indigenous in East Bengal and
Burma. 2. C. iners, Reinward (L. nitida, Roxb., C. dubium, Nees) ; Wight Ie.
t. 130, 122, 122 (bis), and 135, lateral nerves and reticulation indistinct. South
India, Burma, East Bengal, Nepal, and (doubtfully) Kamaon. 3. C. Wightie

Meissner ; Bedd. Fl. Sylv. t. 262. Nilgiris.
376 LXIL LAURINEA. [Cinnamomum.

2. GC. glanduliferum, Meissner ; DC. Prodr. xv. i. 25.—Syn. Laurus
glandulifera, Wall. Vern. Malligirt, marisgiri, Nepal.

A large (probably) deciduous tree ; branchlets very glaucous when
fresh ; leaf-buds large, ovoid, covered with ovate imbricate scales. Leaves
alternate, thick-coriaceous, elliptic, acuminate, penniveined, main lateral
nerves 4-8 pair, narrowed into petiole ? in. long, blade 3-4 in. long; small
glandulose pits, generally hairy, in the axils of the lateral nerves. Flowers
small, yellowish-green, fragrant, in axillary grey-pubescent corymbs, several
corymbs approximate near the ends of branchlets. Berry supported by
the truncate base of perianth.

East Bengal (Chittagong, Silhet, Sikkim). Nepal, 6000-8000 ft. (Chandagiri,
south, and Sheopore, north of the Nepal valley), Petora in Kamaon (about 5000
ft.) Fl. May, June. Attains 60-80 ft. with a straight erect trunk of 12 ft.
girth and above. Foliage dense, shady. Bark 1-2 in. thick, the outside cracked
and spongy ; inner substance of a fine cinnamon colour, regularly striped with
white lines, owing to a number of parallel layers of a white resinous substance.
The smell and taste of the bark, while fresh, is extremely aromatic and pleas-
ant, somewhat pungent, resembling that of Sassafras; that of the root is
more powerfully scented than the bark of trunk and branches. Wood pale-
yellow, very light, not strong; while fresh it has a strong smell of Camphor,
like that of which the China camphor-wood trunks are made, becoming by age
somewhat fainter, but more agreeable, resembling that of the bark. Grows
freely at Calcutta.—Wall. in Transactions of Medical and Physical Society, vol.
i, 1823, p. 5.

C. Camphora, Nees & Ebermaier ; DC. Prodr. xv. i. 24~-Syn. Laurus cam-
phorifera, Kempfer’; Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 304, Camphora offcinarum, Bauh.;
Wight Ic. t. 1818 ; the Japan Camphor-tree, belongs to the same section, but
has longer-petiolate leaves, main lateral nerves 2-3 pair, the lowest pair pro-
ceeding from near the base of the leaf. Camphor is a crystalline volatile
substance, in chemical composition akin to volatile oils, which is obtained by
boiling chips of the wood and roots with water, when the crude camphor is
sublimed with the steam and deposited on straw, with which the head of the
retort is filled. It is afterwards purified by sublimation with lime or chalk.
The tree attains a considerable size, and is indigenous in China, Japan, and
Cochin-China ; some of the China camphor-wood trunks sold in Calcutta are
made of it.

The Sassafras tree, Sassafras officinale, Nees ; DC. Prodr. xv. i. 171, belongs
to a different tribe of this Order : it is a large dioicous tree, the male flowers have
9 fertile stamens, all with introrse anthers, and without staminodia, the female
flowers have 6 short sterile stamina, the leaves are obovate, with cuneate basis,
often 3-lobed. Bark and wood of the root are fragrant and a valuable medi-
cine (Pharm. Ind. 192). North America, from Canada to Florida.

2, PHGBE, Nees.

Shrubs and trees (always ?) evergreen. Leaves alternate, penniveined.
Flowers bisexual, in axillary panicles, bracts deciduous. Perianth funnel-
shaped, 6-cleft. Stamens biseriate, the outer series consisting of 6 perfect
stamens opposite to the segments of the perianth, with introrse, 4-celled
anthers, the cells opening by valves ; the inner series of 3 perfect stamens,
Phebe} LXII. LAURINEA. 377

with twin glands at their base, and extrorse anthers, alternating with 3
short staminodia. Ovary free; style filiform, stigma discoid. Fruit a
1-seeded berry, supported by the persistent, somewhat enlarged and in-
durated 6-cleft perianth, fruit-bearing pedicel thickened.

1. P. lanceolata, Nees; Wight Ic. t. 1821.—Syn. Laurus lanceolaria,
Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 309; Ocotea lanceolata, Nees in Wall. Pl. As. rar. ii.
71. Vern. Chan, chandra, badror, shalanghi, Pb.; Haulia, dandora,
kawal, sin kauwal, bilphari, N.W.P.

A shrub or middle-sized tree, glabrous, only youngest branchlets pu-
bescent. Leaves alternate, often approximate and subverticillate at the
base of the flower-panicles, lanceolate, 6-9 in. long, narrowed into a short
petiole ; main lateral nerves 6-10 pair, joined by more or less prominent
reticulate veins. Flowers pale yellow, in lax pedunculate axillary panicles,
often congregated in the axils of the upper leaves, pedicels a little longer
than perianth. Perianth glabrous outside, the segments acute, edge finely
ciliate, hairy inside. Inner series of stamens and staminodia hairy, stam-
inodia obtusely sagittate, on a short stalk. Fruit black, succulent, oblong-
ovoid, 4 in. long.

Outer Himalayan ranges, from Bhutan to the Jumna, ascending to 6000 ft.
west to the Jhelam, not common, J.L.S.) Kasia hills, Silhet, Upper Burma
Bhamo on the Irawaddi). FI. Feb.-June ; the fruit ripens June-July.

P. pallida, Nees ; DC. Prodr. xv. i.34, a small tree with pubescent panicles
and perianth, and somewhat more coriaceous leaves, is probably only a pubes-
cent variety ; I can find no other distinguishing characters. Kamaon, Nepal,
ascending to 5000 ft. Moist ravines of eastern Oudh forests. Fl. June.

P. paniculata, Nees; DC. Prodr. xv. i, 37 Syn. WP. villosa, Wight Ic. t.
1822; Laurus villosa, Roxb. ii. 310, (probably) with broader leaves, tomentose
beneath, tomentose branchlets, petioles, and oo panicles and perianth,
Nepal, Sikkim, Kasia hills, Kamaon? (Mad en),* is closely allied to, if not
identical with, P. Wightii, Meissner 1. c. 38 ; Wight Ic. t. 1820 (P. paniculata),
of the Nilgiris.

Similar in appearance is Apollonias Arnotti, Nees ; Wight Ic. t.1819 ; Bedd.
Fl. Sylv. t. 291, with 2-celled anthers, those of the 6 outer stamens introrse,
of the 3 inner ones extrorse. Berry } in. long. Tinnevelly, Travancore ghats,
Malabar (Beddome),

3. MACHILUS, Rumphius.

Evergreen trees. Leaves alternate, penniveined. Flowers bisexual, in
terminal and lateral panicles. Perianth divided to the base into 6 biseriate

* ¢ There (towards the summit of the Kamola Ghat, above the Kotah Doon) is also
a species of Embelia, with fruit in umbels (probably #. robusta, Roxb., D.B.), and a
handsome shrub, Tetranthera fruticosa, or apetala, which also grows at Pinagiri,
below Gangoli, &., and is sometimes known as the Gar-bijaur, or wild Citron, and
Maida or meda-lakri; but the tree particularly so designated, pointed out to me near
Ramesar, appeared to be Lawrus villosa, Roxb., and its hill-name Kapua kawwal.”—
Madden’ in ‘As, Soc. Journ. xvii. i. 891. At p. 587 he mentions the same vernac-
ular name (Kapua kauwal), as L. tomentosa? Sarda (Sarju) river at the Gangoli or

Shera bridge (2500 ft. elev.)
378 . LXIL. LAURINEA. [Machilus.

segments, persistent, but not changed in fruit. Stamens biseriate, the
outer series of 6 perfect stamens, opposite to the segments of the perianth,
anthers introrse, 4-celled, the cells opening upwards by valves ; the inner
series of 3 perfect stamens with twin glands at their base and extrorse
anthers, alternating with 3 short staminodia ; stamens and staminodia of -
the inner opposite to the stamens of the outer series. Ovary free; style
filiform, stigma discoid. Fruit a 1-seeded berry, supported by the per-
sistent, often reflexed, segments of the perianth. s

I. M. odoratissima, Nees,—Syn. Laurus odoratissima, Wall. Vern.
Datchini, mith-patta (sweet leaf), prora, badror, Pb. ; Kawala, N.W.P.

A middle-sized or large tree with deep-green foliage. Leaves glabrous,
shining, lanceolate, 6-9 in. long, petiole } in. long, main lateral nerves
15-20 on either side of midrib, often alternating with shorter intermedi-
ate nerves, veins very finely and uniformly reticulate, raised so as to leave
minute hollows between. Flowers pale yellow, fragrant. Perianth 4 in,
long, the inner segments a little longer than the outer ones, peduncles,
pedicels and outside of perianth with soft silky hairs. Berry ovoid, 4 in.
long, dark purple when ripe.

Outer Himalayan ranges, ascending to 7000 ft. in the north-west, and to 8000
ft.in Sikkim. Is found, although rare, as far north as Hazara. Kasia hills,
Burma. Fl. March-Aug. The leaves have a pleasant orange-like aroma, they
have frequently small rounded excrescences.

M. macrantha, Nees ; Bedd. Fl. Sylv. t. 264; Wight Ic. t. 1824 (probably
the same species as M. glaucescens, Wight Ic. t. 1825), a small tree with
elliptic thick-coriaceous glaucous leaves, grows on the Western Ghats, and the
Nilgiris (Dalzell Bombay Fl. 221).

Persea gratissima, Gertn. ; Wight Ic. t. 1823 ; Bot. Mag. t. 4580; the Avo-
cado or Alligator Pear, is a large tree, indigenous in South America, introduced
into tropical India (fr. July-Aug. in Calcutta), has paniculate greenish-white
flowers, similar to those of Machilus, and a pear-shaped fruit 4-6 in. long, with
a large seed in a soft butyraceous pulp. The perianth falls off before the fruit
ripens. In the West Indies and South America the fruit is eaten raw or as a
vegetable.

4, BEILSCHMIEDIA, Nees.

Trees with subopposite or alternate penniveined leaves. Flowers bisex-
ual, in short axillary racemes. Perianth deeply 6-cleft, deciduous. Outer
circle of 6 perfect stamens, opposite to the segments of the perianth, gen-
erally alternating with small glands ; anthers introrse, the inner circle of
3 perfect stamens, with lateral, semi-extrorse anthers alternating with 3
short staminodia; anthers 2-celled, valves opening upwards. Ovary in-
completely 2-celled, with 3 ovules ; style filiform,’stigma discoid. Fruit
a dry oblong 1-seeded berry, base incompletely 2-celled.

1. B. Roxburghiana, Nees ; DC. Prodr. xv. i. 63; Wight Ic. t. 1828.
ae Laurus bilocularis, Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii 311. Vern. Kouhdiuah,
udn.
Beilschmiedia. | LXII, LAURINEA. 379

A small evergreen tree with dark-green shady foliage. Leaves glabrous,
shining, thick-coriaceous, subopposite or alternate, 4-6 in. long, elliptic-
oblong, main lateral nerves 6-8 on either side of midrib, joined by promi-
nent reticulate veins, petiole 1 in. long. Flowers whitish, in short axil-
lary racemes, peduncles, pedicels and perianth pubescent, stamens strigose,
with short white hairs, glands and staminodes yellow, thick, fleshy, stipi-
tate, Berry 2 in. long, dark purple when ripe, with much whitish grey
bloom, which rubs off easily, pulp pale yellow.

Burma, East Bengal, Nepal, Oudh forests (sparingly in moist shady ravines
of the Gonda and Baraich district), Durga Deo forest in Kamaon ? leaves only,
DB. FI. April. Attains 30 ft. and 6 ft. girth. Bark smoothish, grey or
brown, peeling off in small corky scales, inner substance red, } in. thick. Heart-
wood small, dark grey, sapwood white.

B. fagifolia, Nees ; Bedd. Fl. Sylv. t. 263 ; of Canara and the Konkan, is
very similar. Dalzell, Bombay FI. 222, refers the tree of the Bombay Ghats to
B. Roxburghiana.

5, TETRANTHERA, Jacq.

Trees or shrubs with alternate, rarely subopposite leaves. Flowers
dioicous, in small umbels or clusters (flower-heads), enclosed in bud by
an involucre of 4-6 large concave deciduous imbricate bracts, arranged in
short racemes or clusters, axillary, or in the axils of fallen leaves. Peri-
anth-segments usually 6, equal or nearly so, sometimes wanting. Male
flowers : stamens 9-12, sometimes more, all polleniferous; filaments of the
inner stamens with 2 glands at the base, anthers 4-celled, those of the
inner stamens sometimes 2-celled. Female flowers: ovary free, 1-celled,
l-ovuled ; stigma dilated and lobed, staminodes sterile or wanting. Berry
supported by the flattened or cup-shaped base of the perianth.

Perianth of a few hairy subulate deciduous segments, or want-
ing; flower-heads in pedunculate umbels or corymbs . LT. laurifolia.
Perianth 6-cleft ; flower-heads in sessile umbels or clusters . 2. 7. monopetala.

_l. ¥. laurifolia, Jacg.; DC. Prodr. xv. i. 178.—Syn. 7. apetala,
Roxb. Cor. Pl. t. 147; Fl. Ind. iii. 819; 7. Roxburghit, Nees. Vern.
Maida, meda lakri,* Pb., N.W.P.; Gwa, rian, chandra, Pb.; Gar
bijaur,* singrauf, N.W.P.; Medh, Oudh;'Ménda, C.P.; Ungdungnet,
Burm.

A middle-sized evergreen tree, very variable, branchlets inflorescence
and leaves more or less pubescent, the older leaves often glabrate. Leaves
alternate, ovate ovate-lanceolate elliptic- or obovate-oblong, pale beneath,

* Madden (see footnote to p. 377) gives these names to 7. fruticosa, Roxb. But
this is a shrub with racemose flower-heads, probably synonymous with 7. glabrata,
Wall. (Lepidadenia glabrata, Wight Ic. t. 1838) ; and 7. Panamonja, Hamilton ;
Wight Ic. t. 1886; DC. Prodr. xv. i. 197. Roxburgh’s 7. fruticosa is from Silhet
(fi. June-July) ; L. glabrata from the Pulneys, the Nilgiris, and Mergui (Wight) ;
and 7. Panamonja has been found in Assam, Mergui, and (according to Wight) near
Courtallum. ‘
380 LXIL. LAURINEA, [ Tetranthera.

blade 5-10 in., petiole 4-2 in. long, main lateral nerves 8-12 pair, joined
by prominent reticulate veins. Flower-heads yellowish, in pedunculate
umbels or corymbs, generally as long as petiole, or a little longer, partial
peduncles shorter than common peduncle, flowers 8-12, rarely less, on
slender pedicels ; involucre of 4 rounded concave membranous bracts, 4
in. long ; involucre, pedicels and peduncles grey-tomentose with soft long
hairs. Perianth-segments very irregular, generally wanting. Filaments
hairy, with long soft hairs. Berry subglobose, + in. diam., black and
almost dry when ripe, supported by the thickened club-shaped pedicel
and base of perianth.

Common in the shady parts of the Oudh forests, scarce in the Central Pro-
vinces, abundant in Kamaon and Garhwal, ascending to 4500 ft., often in Sal
forests, not uncommon in the outer Himalaya to the Ravi. Panjab Salt range,
ascending to 2500 ft. South India, Ceylon, Bengal, Burma, Indian Archipelago,
China, North Australia, and Queensland. Fl. June-July, the leaves are re-
newed April-May. Numerous forms of this extremely variable tree have been
described ; a marked variety from Garhwal (T. Thomson, June 1845), Patlidoon
and Lalldang (April 1863, D.B.), has elliptic-lanceolate leaves, clothed with
dense grey tomentum, but there are intermediate forms which undoubtedly
belong to 7. laurtfolia. A similar variety has been found in Canara (Dr
Ritchie, May 1853). 7. tomentosa, Roxb.; DC. Prodr. xv. i. 177; Wight Ic.
t. 1834, of South India, the leaves of which resemble this variety, has solitary
flower-heads, and is quite different, though Dalzell, Bomb. Fl. 222, seems to
make it synonymous with apetala.

Attains 40-50 ft. and a girth of 4-5 ft. Bark 1 in. thick, dark grey or brown-
ish, somewhat excavated by the exfoliation of dark, rough scales, not marked
by cracks or furrows. Inner bark brown, viscid, and glutinous. The leaves
when bruised have a smell of cinnamon. Wood greyish brown, close- and
even-grained, durable, not very hard, no distinct heartwood. Medullary rays
fine, numerous, pores small, numerous, surrounded by patches of white
tissue. The bark, of this and of the next sp., is sold and exported to the plains
under the name of Meda-lakri, given medicinally and applied externally (bruised
and mixed with goat’s milk) on sprains and bruises.

2. T. monopetala, Roxb.-Tab. XLV.—Cor. Pl. t. 148 ; Fl. Ind. iii,
821.—Syn. T. macrophylla, Wall. Vern. Meda (maida) lakri, plains o
North India; Gwa, Pb. ; Singraf, sangran, marda, kat marra, kakuri,
kerauli, patoia, N.W.P. ; Katmoria (the male), papria (the female tree),
Ganges above Hardwar (Hardwicke As. Res. vol. vi. 378); Randkarri,
katmédh, Oudh ; Mendah, Gonds of Balaghat ; Ungdung, Burm.

A middle-sized evergreen tree, branchlets, under side of leaves, and in-
florescence with slight, often rust-coloured pubescence. Leaves alternate,
elliptic-oblong, acute, blade 4-8 in., petiole 4-1 in. long, main lateral
nerves 8-10 pair. Flower-heads whitish, pedunculate, in sessile or sub-
sessile axillary clusters, peduncles shorter than petioles, flowers 5-6 on
short hairy pedicels ; involucre of 5 rounded concave membranous bracts,
$in. long. Perianth 5-6 cleft, membranous. Stamens 9-13; filaments
hairy, the inner shorter with a pair of kidney-shaped glands at the base.

Berry ovoid, } in. long, black when ripe, supported by the spreading, some-
what enlarged base of the perianth.
Tetranthera.| LXIL, LAURINEA, 381

Abundant in the Oudh forests, sparingly on the Satpura range, not uncom-
mon in Kamaon and Garhwal. Siwaliks and sub-Himalayan tract west to
the Ravi, ascending to 3200 ft. Salt ratige to 3000 ft. Extends farther north
than T. laurtfolia. Bengal, Burma (everywhere in the plains and the valleys
of the principal rivers). South India, Ceylon, Indian Archipelago. Fl. March-
May, the leaves are renewed about the same time ; the fruit ripens June-July.
Generally found in ravines on the banks of streams, or on rich deep soil.

Attains 30-40 ft., trunk short, erect, 4-6 ft. girth, generally hollow when old.
Bark dark grey, smooth, but scabrous with elevated white dots, the older parts
with reticulate cracks, exfoliating in corky scales. The leaves are often beset
with round hollow galls or excrescences. Pith large, wood whitish, pale yellow
or brown, heartwood distinct, darker coloured (R. Th.) Is used for ordinary
agricultural or domestic purposes, The bark has an astringent and somewhat
aromatic taste, and is used in native medicine. The leaves when bruised have
a smell of cinnamon ; silkworms are fed with them.

T. Doshia, Don Fl. Nep. 65.—Syn. 7’. oblonga, Wall.; Cylicodaphne ob-
longa, Meissner ; DC. Prodr. xv. i. 205 ; Lepidadenia Griffthid, Wight Ic. t.
1846, is an evergreen tree with Aeon aces glabrous leaves, 6-9 in. long,
flower-heads on long slender pedicels in sessile or short-pedunculate axillary
corymbs ; berries half immersed in the cup-shaped persistent perianth. Nepal,
Assam, Malay peninsula, Canara. ;

Dodecadenia grandiflora, Nees ; DC. Prodr. xv. i. 210, is a tree with penni-
veined lanceolate glabrous leaves, with fine prominent reticulation, and large
solitary (or twin) subsessile axillary flowers, surrounded by numerous imbri-
cate pubescent bud-scales, berry ovoid, 4 in. long, supported by the flat, persis-
tent base of the perianth. Kamaon, East Himalaya.

Actinodaphne is a large genus nearly allied to Dodecadenia and Tetranthera.
The flowers are in lateral clusters, generally pedicellate, enclosed (in bud), by
imbricate bracts. The leaves are penniveined, whorled at the ramifications and
at the ends of branches, and the branchlets are mostly whorled likewise. A.
Hookeri, Meissner ; Bedd. Fl. Sylv. t. 296—Syn. A. lanceolata, Dalz. Bombay
Fl. 312, is a large shrub, with ovate or ovate-lanceolate leaves, glabrous, dark
green and shining above, glaucous beneath, young shoots and petioles rusty-
fomentose, common along the Western Ghats of Canara and Sattara, and
particularly abundant in the Mahableshwar forest, also found by Beddome in
the North Arcot and Cadapah forests. A. angustifolia, Nees ; Wight Ic. t.
1841, similar in habit to the preceding, but the leaves rusty-tomentose beneath,
Courtallum, Nilgiris, East Bengal, Burma, where it is common in the evergreen
forest-patches of the Pegu Yomah and other hills (Shawoaygjo and Nalingjo,
Burm.)

6. LITSASA, Juss.

Trees or shrubs with alternate leaves, often whorled and crowded at
the ends of branches, usually penniveined; main lateral nerves not
numerous, and the lowest pair often proceeding from near the base and
more prominent, so as to make the leaves appear triplinerved. Flowers
dioicous, pedicellate, in sessile or nearly sessile lateral clusters, surround-
ed by deciduous bracts which are imbricate in bud. Perianth -segments
usually 4. Stamens of the male flower usually 4 in the outer, and 2 in the
inner circle, all perfect, anthers 4-celled, introrse, the lower pair of anther-
cells often lateral; a pair of glands at the base of each of the two inner
382 LXII, LAURINEA. [Litseea,

stamens ; no staminodes. (Sometimes 3 stamens in the inner circle, 2 of
which have single glands only.) No stamens in the female flower.
Berry supported by the persistent base of perianth.

Leaves often whorled, 6-12 in. long, triplinerved . . 1. LZ. lanuginosa,
Leaves alternate, 4-6 in. long, penniveined . . . 2 LD. zeylanica,

1. L. laniginosa, Nees; DC. Prodr. xv. i, 221.—Syn. Tetranthera
lanuginosa, Wall. Vern, Kalban, Pb.; Kokra, N.W.P.

A middle-sized, evergreen tree, with large leaf-buds, enclosed by imbri-
cate, soft-pubescent scales. Leaves often glabrous, coriaceous, lanceolate,
acuminate, 6-12 in. long, narrowed into petiole 1 in. long, midrib divided
some distance (4 in.) above the base into 3 main nerves, the middle
nerve penniveined in the upper half of the leaf. Flowers on hairy pedi-
cels 4 in. long, in dense sessile lateral clusters. Perianth campanulate,
villous outside ; segments ovate, acute. Glands of interior anthers stipi-
tate. Berry oblong, acute at both ends, 4 in. long.

Outer Himalaya, Kamaon, Nepal, Sikkim, ascending to 6000 ft., very spar-
ingly north to the Indus (J.L.S.) Fl. June.

2. L. zeylanica, Nees; Benth. Fl. Austr. v. 307 ; Wight Ic. t. 132, t.
1844,—Syn. L. consimilis, Nees ; DC. Prodr. xv. i. 223; also L. foliosa,
Nees, and L. umbrosa, Nees. Vern. Chirndi, shalanglu, rault, chilotu,
charkha, Pb.; Kanwal(a), titbora, sara, jhatela, chirara, chirchira,
N.W.P.

A middle-sized evergreen tree, glabrous, only leaf-buds and pedicels
pubescent. Leaves alternate, thinly coriaceous, pale beneath, 4-6 in.
long, on petiole 4 in. long, lanceolate, penniveined, but the lowest pair
often more prominent than the others. Flowers yellowish-white, pedi-
cellate, in dense sessile lateral 6-12-flowered clusters. Perianth funnel-
shaped, segments oblong, obtuse, ciliate, pedicels and outside of perianth
pubescent, rarely glabrous. Glands of interior anthers sessile. Be
subglobose, 4 in. diam., on slender pedicels 4 in. long. I follow Bentham
in identifying the North Indian form with the tropical, Z. zeylanica and
foliosa. The only difference that I can trace is, that L. constmilis has
always penniveined leaves, hairy pedicels, obtuse perianth-segments, and
subglobose berries on slender pedicels ; whereas in the tropical form the
leaves are generally triplinerved, the pedicels are sometimes glabrous, the
perianth -segments often acute, and the fruit is occasionally ovoid on
thick pedicels. Farther examination of the trees on the spot is needed
to decide whether there are two or several species, and how they should
be defined. Roxburgh’s Laurus involucrata (top of the mountains, Coro-
mandel coast), Cor. Pl. t. 187, is doubtless intended for this plant, but
the figure and the description have clusters of 4-5 flowers only.

L. consimilis grows in the Himalaya, generally in shady forests between 2000
and_8000 ft. from the Chenab to Nepal, inland as far as Serahn and Poinda
in Bussahir (Sept. 1864, D.B.) Fl. March-May; fr. Sept.-Oct. Attains 20-25
Litsea. | LXII. LAURINEA. 383

ft., and a girth of 3-4 ft. . Oil is extracted from the fruit, which is used for
burning. ‘

_L. zeylanica grows in Ceylon (to 6000 ft.), on the Western Ghats, the Nil-
giris, and other mountains of South India, in Hong Kong, and in Queens-
land. LZ. foliosa and_umbrosa, which I cannot distinguish from L. zeylamica,
grow in East Bengal, South India, Burma, and the Malayan peninsula. Wood
light reddish-brown, compact, even-grained, not heavy. Laurus involucrata
“has much the appearance of L. Clamphora, every part of it smells strongly of
camphor, the roots and berries exceedingly so, and are very acrid, the fresh bark,
well bruised and mixed with pepper, is by the hill people employed to cure
wounds. The leaves are triplinerved, and when they first appear, they are
covered with a most beautiful soft satin-like, yellowish silver down” (Roxb,
Cor. Pl. ii. p. 46).

7. DAPHNIDIUM, Nees.

Trees or shrubs with alternate palminerved or penniveined leaves.
Flowers dioicous, pedicellate, in, sessile or nearly sessile lateral clusters,
surrounded by deciduous bracts, which are imbricate in bud. Perianth-
segments usually 6. Stamens of the male flowers usually 6 in the outer,
and 3 in the inner circle, all perfect ; anthers 2-celled, introrse, a pair of
glands at the base of each of the 3 inner stamens, no staminodes. Berry
supported by the persistent base of perianth,

Leaves glabrous, with 8 main nerves from the base . Ll. Dz pulcherrimum.
Leaves tomentose beneath, penniveined . 3 3 . 2 Dz. bifarium.

1. D. pulcherrimum, Nees ; DC. Prodr. xv. i. 229.—Syn. Tetranthera
pulcherrima, Wall. Vern. Dadia, N.W.P.

An evergreen tree, wholly glabrous, except the inflorescence. Leaves
thinly coriaceous, pale beneath, lanceolate, long-acuminate, apex linear,
1 in. long, with 3 prominent main basal nerves, blade 4-6 in., petiole 4
in. long. Flowers yellow, on short" pedicels, numerous, in axillary sessile
clusters, perianth and pedicels hairy, Berry ovoid, 4 in. long, on pedicels
4 in. long.

Kamaon, Nepal, Sikkim, between 4000 and 9000 ft. Kasia hills, Fl. March,
April ; -fr. June-July.

2. D. bifarium, Nees ; 1. c. 231.—Syn. Tetranthera bifaria, Wall.

An evergreen shrub or tree ; buds, under side of leaves and inflorescence
rusty-tomentose. Leaves coriaceous, glabrous and shining above, rusty-
tomentose beneath, elliptic-oblong, 2-4 in. long, penniveined, petioles
short. Flowers on short hairy pedicels, numerous, in axillary sessile
clusters. Berries subglobose, 4 in. diam., supported by the flat, broad
persistent base of the perianth, on short stalks.

Kamaon, ascending to 5000 ft. Nepal, East Bengal.. Hong Kong. Fl. March,

‘Closely allied to Daphnidium are: 1. Aperula Neesiana, Blume; DC.
Prodr. xv. i. 241, a tree with ovate or ovate-lanceolate leaves, perianth 4-6-fid,
with very aromatic berries as large as a pepper-corn, Nepal, Sikkim, to 8000
384 LXII. LAURINES. [Daphnidium.

ft. Burma, on the higher mountains between the Sitang and Salween, and the
Thoungyeen and Houndrow rivers. In Burma it is called Karawayben. 2.
Laurus nobilis, Linn.— Sweet Bay or Laurel—Ghar, Arab., well known on ac-
count of its aromatic leaves, is a small slow-growing evergreen tree, indigenous
in the Mediterranean region. Hardyin England. Differs from Daphnadium
by a 4-cleft perianth and 12 fertile stamens. A greenish coloured fat is ex-
pressed from the seeds.

Orver LXIIl. THYMELACES.

Shrubs small trees or wiry herbs with tenacious bark, and alternate
or opposite, entire, exstipulate leaves. Flowers usually bisexual, regular.
Perianth gamophyllous, hypocrateriform or funnel-shaped ; lobes 4-5 im-
bricate ; throat with or without scales. Stamens usually as many or twice
as many as perianth-segments, inserted in the throat or tube. Ovary free,
l-celled (in Thymelacee proper), with a solitary pendulous ovule ; style
simple or 0, stigma capitate. Fruit indehiscent, a nut or drupaceous.

Seed usually exalbuminous; embryo straight with a superior radicle.—
Royle Ill. 321.

Leaves evergreen, coriaceous ; perianth not splitting laterally 1, DAPHNE.
Leaves deciduous, submembranous; perianth splitting later-

ally as the fruit enlarges . 2, WIKSTR@MIA.

1. DAPHNE, Linn.

Shrubs with alternate, mostly evergreen leaves. Flowers bisexual,
generally in terminal heads, Perianth coloured, tubular or funnel-
shaped, limb of 4 equal spreading segments, without scales. Anthers on
short filaments inserted in two rows of 4 each, those of the upper series
opposite to the perianth-segments, those of the lower alternate with them.
Stigma capitate, subsessile. Fruit fleshy or coriaceous, remaining en-
closed until near maturity in the inflated perianth-tube. Testa thick,
crustaceous.

*
Flower-heads without bracts; leaves 1-2 in. long . z 1. D. mucronata.

Flower-heads with numergus bracts ; leaves 3-5 in. long . 2. D. papyracea.

D. Laureola, Linn. ; Hook. Stud. Fl. 322—Spurge Laurel—with poisonous
berries, West Europe, North Africa, West Asia, has greenish flowers in short
lateral racemes. D. Mezereum, Linn.; Hook. Stud. FI. 322, is deciduous, the
pink flowers in lateral clusters before the leaves. North-East Europe. Siberia.
The bark is used as a vesicant.

1. D. mucronata, Royle Ill. t. 81.—Vern. Laghune, Afg.; Kutilal,
kanthan, gandalin, gandlena, channi niggt, shalangri, zhikak, zosho, shing,
mashur, swana, jikri, dona, kagsari, sind, kansian, kansai, sondi, Pb. ;
Pech, Sindh.

A tall shrub, branchlets and young leaves soft-pubescent. Leaves
coriaceous, lanceolate oblanceolate or linear-lanceolate, 1-2 in. long, sub- -
sessile, midrib prominent, terminating in a short sharp mucro with indis-
Daphne.]} LXIII. THYMELACE. 385

tinct reticulate veins. Flowers white, with a pink tinge, slightly scented,
subsessile, in terminal heads of 3-9 fl., without bracts, or with a few small
early deciduous bracts. Perianth-tube } in. long, outside densely grey-
tomentose, segments acute, ovate or lanceolate, half or three-fourths of
the length of tube, tube glabrous inside and marked with 8 longitudinal
nerves, 4 terminating in the tips of segments. Stamens inserted on the
longitudinal nerves, those of the lower series in the upper half of the
tube. Fruit when ripe orange or scarlet.

Eastern flanks of Suliman range between 3000 and 7000 ft. Common in
the Himalaya between 2300 and 9000 ft. Also found in the inner more
arid valleys of the North-West Himalaya. Fl Sept., Oct.; fr. May, June
(“blooms May-July, at times Oct., the fruit usually ripening June - Oct.” —
Stewart). The inflorescence is sometimes abnormally enlarged and trans-
formed into angular subglobose lumps. Attains 7-8 ft., bark shining, dark
grey or reddish brown, rugose and irregularly undulate, Wood white, mottled
with wavy lines, soft, used in Chamba to make charcoal for gunpowder. Bark
and leaves are used in native medicine, the berries are eaten, but are said to
cause nausea and vomiting. On the Sutlej a spirit is distilled from them.

D. Cachemireana, Meisner in DO. Prodr. xiv. 535, from the Pirpanjal, is
described with wholly glabrous leaves and axillary short-pedunculate flower-
heads. I have not seen specimens corresponding to the description.

D. acuminata, Boiss. et Hohenacker; DC, Prodr. 536, from Kurdistan,
Persia, Afghanistan, Beluchistan, has longer pedunculate flowers and short ob-
tuse segments of perianth. There are, however, specimens from Afghanistan
intermediate between this species and D. mucronata, and the question arises
whether these species should not be united.

D. oleoides, Schreber ; as described by Meisner in DC. Prodr. xiv. 533, is
closely allied to the Himalayan plant, which he partly refers to it. All
Himalayan specimens, however, both from the inner and outer ranges, belong
to one species. Dr Stewart proposed to unite under D. oleoides the Hima-
layan, West Asiatic, and Mediterranean forms, including D. acuminata, buai-
folia, collina, and sericea, and this view will probably be confirmed by far-
ther researches’ of botanists who may be fortunate enough to study these
shrubs in the Mediterranean region, Western Asia, and India. At pre-
sent it seems preferable briefly to state the slight and variable characters by
which these European and West Asiatic forms are supposed to be distin-

ished :—
oe D. oleoides, var. brachyloba, Meisner, a small depressed shrub. Leaves
crowded at the ends of branches, glabrate, acute. Heads of 2-6 white fl., tinged
with pink. Segments of perianth ovate, acute, shorter than half the tube. FI.
May, June. Western Asia.

2. D. oleoides, var. jasminea, Meisner—Syn. D. jasminea, Sibth. Fl. Graca,
t.358; D. glandulosa, Reichenb. Fl. Germ. t. 553. Same as preceding, but seg-
ments of perianth acute, lanceolate, nearly as long as or longer than half the
tube. South Europe.

3. D. buxifolia, Vahl ; DC. Prodr, 534. Leaves pubescent, segments of peri-
anth subobtuse, shorter than half the tube. Western Asia.

4, D. collina, Smith ; Sibth. Fl. Greca, t. 359; Reichenb. Fl. Germ. t. 554,
Leaves hairy beneath. Fl. large, pink or purple, segments of perianth ovate,
obtuse. South Europe, Asia Minor. Hardy in England,

5. D. sericea, Vahl ; DC. Prodr. xiv. 535, Leaves oblanceolate, obtuse, pu-
bescent beneath, flowers numerous in bracteate heads, segments of perianth
obtuse, shorter than one-third the s Greece, Western Asia.

B
386 LXIII, THYMELACEA. [ Daphne.

2. D. papyracea, Wall. ; Jacq. Voy. Bot. t. 148.—Syn. D. cannabina,
Wall.; D. odora, Don Prodr. Fl. Nep. 68 (not Thunb.) Vern. Mggi,
mahadeo ka phil (God’s Flower), Pb. ; Set bariwa, satpura, N.W.P.

A‘tall shrub, branches often bi- and tri-furcate, youngest branchlets
slightly pubescent. Leaves subcoriaceous, approximate near ends of
branches, glabrous, lanceolate, 3-5 in. long, narrowed into a short, mar-
ginate petiole, midrib prominent, lateral nerves numerous, indistinct.
Flowers scented, white yellowish or purple, sessilé, in terminal heads of
6-12 fl., surrounded by numerous oblong or lanceolate bracts. Perianth-
tube 4 in. long, pubescent outside, segments ovate, acute, less than half
the length of tube. Stamens of the lower series inserted in the middle of
the tube. Fruit ovoid, succulent, red or orange when ripe.

Himalaya between 3000 and 9000 ft., from near the Indus to Bhutan. Kasia
hills. Fl. March-April, also in autumn. Attains 7-8 ft., bark ash-coloured,
smooth, smells unpleasantly when bruised. In Nepal and Kamaon, paper is
made of the inner fibrous bark, which is boiled with wood-ashes, washed, and
beaten to pulp on a stone, and spread on frames made of bamboo matting.
Daphne paper is very strong and tough, does not crack or break, very durable,
is not eaten by insects, and used for important records. There is a tradition in
Nepal that the art of making paper was introduced from China about 500-600
years ago. Indian Daphne paper much resembles some kinds of Chinese paper.
The flowers are offered up in Hindu temples.

D. odora, Thunb. ; Japan, is similar, but has more coriaceous leaves and a
glabrous perianth.

2. WIKSTRGEMIA, Endl.

Trees or shrubs with opposite or alternate, submembranous, deciduous
leaves. Style terminal, short; stigma capitate. Berry at first included
in the perianth, which splits open laterally, and ultimately falls off.

1. W. virgata, Meisner ; DC. Prodr. xiv. 547.—Syn. W. canescens,
Meisner ; W. salicifolia, D®® in Jacq. Voy. Bot. t. 149; Daphne sericea,
Don Prodr. Fl. Nep. 69; D. canescens, Wall. ; D. virgata, Wall. Vern.
Bhat niggi, thilak, Pb.; Chamlia, Kamaon.

A small shrub, with slender branches, pubescent with long soft hairs.
Leaves subopposite and alternate, lanceolate-oblong, about 2 in. long, on
short petioles. Flowers white, subsessile, in many-flowered heads or
spikes, which are arranged in terminal panicles. Perianth-tube slender,
pubescent outside with soft silky hairs, many times longer than the ovate-
oblong, obtuse segments. Ovary hairy.

Himalaya, in the Panjab to near the Indus, between 5000-7000 ft. Common
in Kamaon and Nepal. Kasia hills, Ceylon. Fl. June-Aug. Paper (inferior)
and rope are made from the bark in Kamaon.

Edgeworthia Gardneri, Meisner—Syn. Daphne Gardnert, Wall. is a large
shrub with herbaceous lanceolate leaves, and large, dense, subglobose flower-

heads, 13 in. diam. Ovary with a dense tuft of stiff hairs, style long, filiform.
Nepal, Sikkim.
Wikstramia. | LXIII, THYMELACEA, 387

Lagetta lintearia, Lamarck ; Bot. Mag. t. 4502, the Jamaica Lace-Bark, is a
middle-sized tree, with ovate leaves and white flowers in loose terminal spikes.
The inner bark consists of numerous distinct (annual) layers of finely reticulate
fibre, made into ropes, whips, paper, lace, and all kinds of wearing apparel.

Under this Order is generally classed Agquilaria Agallocha, Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii.
422, and Trans. Linn. Soc. xxi, 199 ; Hoe Ie. t. 6; Boyle Ill. p. 171, t. 36, a
large tree, with alternate leaves and decandrous, bisexual flowers, the stamens
alternating with short scales placed in the mouth of the perianth, which yields
a great portion of the famous Aloes or Hagle-wood, used as incense and to make
ornaments and rosary beads. Mountains east of Bengal. :

Orprr LXIV. ELH AGNES.

_ Trees or shrubs, more or less lepidote, with alternate exstipulate en-

tire leaves. Flowers usually hermaphrodite, or unisexual in Hippophaé,
regular. Perianth inferior, gamophyllous, tubular, with a 4-lobed limb,
valvate in stivation, or dimorphic in Hippophdé (of male fl. diphyllous,
of female fl. tubular). Stamens usually 4, epiphyllous, alternate with
the perianth - lobes; 4, with subsessile anthers, between the 2 perianth
leaves in Hippophaé. Ovary free, 1-celled, with a solitary erect ovule,
closely invested by the persistent accrescent base of the perianth-tube ;
style simple, laterally stigmatose. Fruit indehiscent, enclosed within
the at length succulent perianth-base ; albumen thin; radicle inferior.—
Royle Ill. 322.

Flowers unisexual, dioicous; perianth of male fl. 2-leaved . 1. HipPpoPHAE.
Flowers bisexual ; perianth tubular, 4-cleft . 3 5 . 2, EL@AGNUS.

1, HIPPOPHAR, Linn.

Shrubs or small trees, often spinescent, with alternate narrow leaves and
precocious flowers. Male flowers sessile, in the axil of deciduous bracts.
Perianth of 2 opposite round or oblong leaves. Stamens 4. Female
flowers axillary, solitary, pedicellate. Perianth tubular, minutely bifid at
the mouth.

Under side of leaves white, velvety, with a dense tomentum of

short stellate hairs. . . . . «. . « 4d. A. salicifolia.
Under side of leaves densely clothed with white or rust-coloured
stellate scales ; . : 3 . 2% H. rhamnoides.

1. H. salicifolia, Don Prodr. Fl. Nep. 68.—Syn. H. conferta, Wall.
Vern. Ashik, Nepal; Surch, Bassahir.

A large shrub, with scattered lateral thorns, the ends of main branches
often thorny. Leaves membranous, 2-3 in. long, linear-lanceolate, narrowed
into a short petiole, edges revolute, green and glabrate above (pubescent
while young), white velvety beneath, with dense soft tomentum of short
stellate hairs ; branchlets, petiole and midrib clothed beneath with circular,
irregularly indented rust-coloured scales, a few ferruginous scales occasion-
ally on the under side of leaves. Fruit fleshy ; seed dark brown, shining,
compressed, ovate or obovate, % in. long, with a deep longitudinal furrow
on one and a shallow furrow on the other face.
388 LXIV. ELEAGNEA. [Hippophaé, .

Outer and middle Himalaya. Sutlej valley up to Chini. Baspa valley (Shoang,
Sangla). 5000 to 10,000 ft. _Kamaon, Nepal, Sikkim (7000-10,000 ft.) Probably
also on the Bias river, and in the lower Chenab and Jhelam valley. Fl, June,
July ; fr. Sept., Oct. Attains 20 ft, Hardy in England.

2. H. rhamnoides, Linn. ; Hook. Stud. Fl. 323.—Syn. H. étbetana,
Schlechtendal in Linnza, xxxii. 296. Vern. Tsarapp, tsarma,: tsar-
mang, sirma, tsuk, tarru, niechak, tserkar, Ladak, Piti, and Lahoul.
Regarding the following names it is uncertain whether they relate to this
or to the preceding species: Kula bis, bantphiunt, amb, kanda, milech,
Pb. ; Dhur chiik, tarwa, chuk, chuma, N.W.P.

A large thorny shrub, sometimes a small tree. Leaves subcoriaceous,
4-2 in. long, linear-lanceolate or oblanceolate, narrowed into short petiole,
edges flat or revolute, branchlets and under side of leaves densely clothed
with silvery or rust-coloured circular, irregularly indented scales, but not
pubescent ; upper side of leaves with a few scales when young, glabrous
and dull green afterwards. Fruit fleshy, orange or bright scarlet when
ripe, seed dark brown, nearly black, shining, obovoid, slightly compressed,
less than 4 in. long, with a deep longitudinal furrow on one and a slightly
depressed line on the otherside. The specimens from the inner Himalaya,
Tibet, Afghanistan, and Central Asia are silvery, whereas the European
shrub has often ferruginous, mixed with silvery scales, and this character
does not furnish any distinction between H. tibetana and rhamnoides.
In the seeds I can discover no difference.

Afghanistan, Inner arid tract of the N.W. Himalaya, chiefly in the moist gra-
velly stream-beds (Lahoul, Ladak, Piti, upper Kunawar, inner Kamaon, Tibet),
between 7000 and 12,000 ft., found as high as 15,000 ft. at Darma Yankti in
Tibet (R. Strachey and Winterbottom). Beyond India, in Central Asia, and
in Europe, where it is abundant in the shingly and gravelly valleys of the Alps
and Apennines, along the Rhine (as far as Strasburg), and on other rivers
descending from these mountains, and common in many places on the coast of
the Mediterranean, the Atlantic, the German Ocean, and the Baltic. Cultivated
for ornament in Europe, and (as a fruit-tree) at Kabul. Fl. and fr. May-Nov.
The geographical limits of these two species demand farther inquiry on the
spot. In the upper Sutlej valley Dr Stewart and I collected specimens (in 1864)
of HZ. salicifolva as far up as Chini, and of rhamnoides as low down as Riba,
below the mouth of the Tidong river, and the specimens collected in the arid
region of the upper Sutlej, Chenab and Indus valleys, and on their tributaries,
all belong to H . rhamnoides. Dr Stewart regarded both as one species, and it
remains for future observers to determine whether there are intermediate forms,
and whether (which is quite possible) H. sadicifolia is identical with the Euro-
pean and Central Asiatic plant, modified by the influence of a moister climate,
and less severe cold in winter. Ido not attach much value to the different shapes
of the seeds, discussed in detail by Schlechtendal (1. c. 295), for I find that there
is considerable variation in this respect ; but the stellate hairs (with 6-9 distinct
arms) of salicifolia, are completely different from the flat circular, irregularly
indented scales of rhamnoides, composed of numerous elongated cells radiating °
from a dark centre. It should, however, be borne in mind, that scales and stel- -
late hairs differ in degree only ; and it will be an interesting inquiry to trace -
intermediate stages, if there are any, and to indicate the connection of the struc- -
ture of this fine tomentum with the difference in the climatic conditions, At
present I had no alternative but to keep the two forms apart as distinct species,
Hippophaé.| LX1V. ELZAGNEA. 389

Gregarious, on dry ground a low prostrate shrub, in moist places a small
tree 20 ft. high, with stiff thorny branches, trunk sometimes 5-6 ft. girth,
often forming dense thickets, extending continuously for miles, and nearly
impervious, except along certain beaten tracts (T. Thomson, West Himalaya,
195). The roots of the European shrub are long spreading, with numerous
root-shoots (drageons), and the shrub is very useful in the French Alps in
fixing the loose gravel and rubble of mountain torrents and stream-beds. The
bark is described by Stewart as follows—the description probably refers to the
Tibetan plant: “The older bark gets reddish brown, and remains for a time
pretty smooth, that of the trunk is 3 lines thick, inner substance brownish black
with white dots, externally very dark, almost black-edged, white occasionally
showing through long deep, very irregular, vertical and shallow short transverse
furrows, which divide it into tesselated plates, the surface of which is smoothish,
somewhat shining, but undulated, brownish grey, the base being brown, with
white elevated specks, circular and transverse-oblong to 6 in. long. The bark
has from a little distance some general resemblance to that of Acacia modesta.?
The wood of the European shrub is yellowish brown, and has distinctly-marked
annual rings, the inner or spring wood of each ring being porous, and mainly
composed of numerous moderate-sized vessels, the outer or autumn wood being
more compact with fewer pores, medullary rays numerous, very fine. It is used
for fueland charcoal. The thorny branches are used for piled-up hedges, and the
shrub is invaluable in the dry treeless tracts of the inner Himalaya. In Lahoul
the thickets of Hippophaé are “so valued as to be considered village property ”
(Cleghorn, Panjab Forests, 151). The fruit is intensely acid, but boiled with
sugar it forms a palatable and wholesome preserve (H.C.) In Kunawar it is
made into a condiment (Chatnz).

2. ELMAGNUS, Linn.

Trees or shrubs, occasionally spinescent, with alternate! entire leaves,
densely lepidote at least on the under surface. Flowers hermaphrodite or
unisexual by abortion, regular, pedicellate in axillary fascicles. Perianth
tubular or dilatated above, with a spreading 4-valved limb, base of the
tube closely constricted around the ovary ; limb at length deciduous, cir-
cumsciss immediately above the ovary. Stamens 4, epiphyllous, alternate
with the perianth lobes. Fruit enclosed in the succulent persistent and
accrescent base of the perianth, with a bony or coriaceous kernel.

Kernel thick, osseous ; a deciduous tree . 5 a , 3 l. £. hortensis.
Kernel thin, coriaceous, inside clothed with a dense felt of
white hairs.
Free part of perianth campanulate, not more than twice the
length of segments ; fruit 1-14 in. long ; an evergreen
shrub 2. EL. latifolia.

Free part of perianth tubular, more than twice the length of
segments ; fruit }in. long; adeciduousshrub_ . 2 38. EH. umbellata.
1. E. hortensis, M. Bieberstein. —Syn. £. angustifolia and EL.
orientalis, Linn. (partly); Sibth. Fl. Graca, t. 152; Reichenb. Ic. FI.
Germ. t. 549; Bot. Reg. t. 1156. £. Moorcroftti, Wall. Pers. Zin
zeid. Vern. Sanjit, sanjata, Afg.; Sirsing, sirshing, Tibet ; Shiulik,
N.W.P.
A middle-sized tree with silvery grey foliage and branchlets; branches
shining, reddish-brown. Leaves ovate- or oblong- lanceolate, obtuse,
390 LXIV, ELZAGNEA. [Elewagnus.

blade 1-3 in., petiole } in. long, under side, as well as petioles and branch-
lets, covered continuously by silvery circular scales, composed of radiating
cells, upper side dull green with copious scattered scales, midrib promi-
nent beneath, main lateral nerves 4-6 pair, indistinct. Flowers yellow,
fragrant, axillary, pedicellate, 1-3 together. Perianth silvery outside, gla-
brous and yellow inside, the upper free portion campanulate, 4-dentate,
Fruit axillary, solitary, ovoid-oblong, red when ripe, # in., stalk 4 in. long,
kernel oblong, with a thick osseous shell. Seed oily.

Indigenous in Central Asia, Syria, Macedonia and Greece. Cultivated in the
Mediterranean region, Afghanistan, Beluchistan, Yarkand, and in Tibet, between °
7000 and 10,600 ft, (Baltis, near Leh, Nubra). Thomson, 1. c. 243, describes the
Eleagnus (and Apricot) growing in places in Baltistan where “no cultivation
could ever have existed,” but adds that “ they were too few in number to be really
regarded as indigenous.” Is this tree ever cultivated in the Panjab Himalaya
under the name of Ghewdin ? FI. (in Tibet) May-July ; fr. Aug. The tree is
deciduous, but the withered leaves remain attached to the tree instead of falling
off at the end of autumn. Attains 25 ft., with an erect, straight trunk, 5-6 ft.
girth, and a rounded, close handsome crown. Bark thick, fibrous, smooth, light
grey, between deep longitudinal, ragged, dark-brown furrows. Sapwood narrow,
heartwood dark brown, porous and soft, medullary rays numerous, used for fuel.
A transparent brown and white gum, similar to gum-arabic, exudes from wounds
in the bark (Beluchistan, Stocks), The tree is mainly cultivated on account of
its fruit, which is acid (sweetish acid and mealy when ripe in Greece) and eat-
able. A spirit is distilled from it in Yarkand, and Moorcroft states that the
annual yield of a tree is often 16-20 lb. of dried fruit. Hardyin England. —

2. E. latifolia, Linn.—Tab, XLVI.—Wight Ic. ¢. 1856.—Syn. E.
conferta, Roxb. Fl. Ind. i. 440. #. ferruginea, A. Rich.; DC. Prodr.
xiv. 610. Vern. Ghiwat, mijhaula, Kamaon.

Evergreen, with divergent axillary spines ;. branchlets, petioles and
under side of leaves densely: clothed with silvery or ferruginous, circular,
lobed and dentate scales. Leaves ovate-oblong, acuminate, blade 5-6
in., petiole 4 in. long, upper surface glabrous, shining. Flowers few or
numerous, pale yellow, scented, pedicellate, in axillary, often shortly pe-
dunculate clusters. Perianth clothed outside with silvery scales, the
upper free part (in the bisexual flowers) campanulate, not more than
twice the length of segments. Fruit ovoid-oblong, 1-14 in. long, red or
yellow when ripe, succulent, putamen coriaceous, with 8 prominent ribs,
clothed inside with a thick felt-like coating of white silky hairs.

Himalaya, Kamaon to Bhutan. (Panjab 1500 to 9000 ft., according to Dr
Stewart.) Kasia hills, Silhet, Burma, South India, Ceylon, Indian Archipelago.
Fl. (usually) Nov.-Feb. ; fr. May, June, often remaining long on the tree. A
tall straggling or more or less scandent shrub, or a small tree. The wood re-
sembles that of #. hortensis. The fruit has an agreeable acid taste, somewhat
astringent, and is eaten. ;

Roxburgh, 1. ¢, 441, describes HZ. arborea (with white flowers, Ill. in Herb,
Kew, 2432) as a large tree, a native of the Garrow hills, fruit shaped like an
olive, but much larger. Is this a distinct species ?

3, BE. umbellata, Thunberg.—Syn. E. parvifolia, Wall.; Royle IIL. t.
Eleagnus.] LXIV. ELHAGNEZ. 391

81, fig. 1; Bot. Reg. xxix. t. 51. Vern. Ghiwain, kankol, kankoli, Pb.,
N.W.P.; Giwain, gawél, gahin, ghin, gihen, gianhan, kidin, banmewa,
Pb. (Dr Stewart gives these names to £. latifolia, which is not, as far
as I am aware, a native of the Panjab.)

_A deciduous shrub, often thorny, the current year’s shoots and under
side of leaves silvery grey with shining white scales, branches dull grey-
ish-brown. Leaves oblong-lanceolate, obtuse, blade 1-24 in., petiole } in.
long, under side densely clothed with silvery scales, upper side bright
Sreen, with a few scattered stellate hairs. Flowers white, axillary, often
2 or 3 together, appearing with the leaves on the current year’s shoots.
Perianth silvery outside, white or pale yellow inside, the upper free por-
tion slender, tubular or elongate-conical, the 4 teeth less than half the
length of (the free) tube. Fruit ovoid or globose, 4 in. long, succulent,
pena ribbed, coriaceous, clothed inside with a dense felt of soft white

airs. ,

Himalaya from near the Indus 4o Bhutan, between 3000 and 10,000 ft.

hina. Japan. Hardy in England. Fl. April-June. "The fruit is eaten.

I follow Maximowicz, Diagn. Plant. Nov. Jap. Dec. viii. 560, in uniting 2.
umbellata and parvifolia, and in distinguishing them from £. latifolia, with
which they are united by Thwaites, Enum. Pl. Zeyl. 252. Dr Stewart consid-
ered that both Z. latifolia, the flowers (gil sanjad, daki phal) sold in the
Panjab drug-shops, and parvifolia were found in the Panjab, but the latter,
with white, exquisitely Heliotrope-like scented flowers, much less common.

Orpen LXV. LORANTHACEZ.

Evergreen parasitic shrubs, living on stems, branches or roots of other
shrubs or trees. A few species apparently terréstrial, are probably root-
parasites. Leaves coriaceous, entire, usually opposite, often wanting.
Flowers small and inconspicuous or larger and gaily coloured, regular,
hermaphrodite or ‘unisexual. Perianth in Viscwm and Arceuthobium
simple, epigynous, with 2-4 valvate lobes, in Loranthus apparently double,
the outer (calyx) adnate to the ovary with a free truncate or toothed
limb (probably an annular dilatation of the axis), the inner (corolla) of
3-6 free or equally or unequally cohering segments (petals), valvate in
sstivation. Stamens as many as perianth-lobes or petals, opposite and
adnate to them. Ovary inferior with a solitary erect ovule adnate nearly
throughout to the wall of the ovary, which thus presents a homogeneous
mass on section. Fruit more or less baccate, often with a strongly vis-
cous mesocarp. Seed solitary, albuminous, in Visewm occasionally poly-
embryonous.—Royle Ill. 235 ; Wight IIL ii. 63; Oliver on Loranthacez
in Linn. Soc. Journ. vii. 90.

Flowers unisexual, dioicous or monoicous ; perianth coriaceous
' or fleshy, inconspicuous. : ne
Joints not sheathing; anthers with many cells, dehiscing
by numerous pores. ‘ . . ihe Dee “
Joints terminating in a cup-shaped sheath ; anthers 1-celled,
dehiscing by a transverse slit woke é ; . 2. ARCEUTHOBIUM.
Flowers bisexual, showy ; petals 5-6, long, linear, free or connate 3. LoranrHus.

1. Viscum.
392 LXV. LORANTHACEZ. [ Viscum,

1, VISCUM, Linn.

Glabrous shrubs with trichotomous or dichotomous branches. Leaves
opposite or wanting. Flowers minute, dioicous or monoicous. Male fl;
perianth 3-4-fid, anthers adnate to the perianth-lobes, multilocellate, de-
hiscing by pores on the inner face. Female fl.: perianth 3-4-lobed, lobes
deciduous or persistent. Style short or 0.

Leaves flat, conspicuous ; perianth-segments deciduous.
Flowers dioicous; berries white . : .
Flowers monoicous ; berries dark-coloured.
Berry ovoid-oblong, smooth ; leaves faleate or obliquely
ovate, acute F ‘ is és i : ‘
Berry subglobose, warty or with minute elevated dots; ,
leaves obovate, obtuse : ‘ . : ‘ . 38. V. ortentale
Leaves wanting ; branches flat, jointed.
Joints cuneate; berries minute; perianth-segments per-

1. V. album,

2. V. monoicum,

sistent . a : a ; i ‘i . 4 V. articulatum.
Joints linear; berries 3 in. diam.; perianth - segments :
deciduous . : 7 : é : . 5. V. attenuatum.

1. V. album, Linn.; Hook. Stud. Fl. 324.—Syn. V. stellatum, Don
Fl. Nep. 142 (probably). Mistletoe. Vern. Turapani, Afg.; Bhangra,
banda, bambal, kakbang, ahalu, wahul, rene, reori, reng, Pb.; Ban, banda,
N.W.P.

A rounded, very ramous, yellowish-green shrub, about 2-3 ft. diam.,
wholly glabrous. Stems terete, branches jointed, dichotomous. Leaves
flat, cuneate-oblong or oblanceolate, apex rounded, about 2 in. long, with
3-5 indistinct longitudinal nerves. Flowers dioicous, sessile, in clusters of’
3 or 5, in the bifurcations of branches, enclosed in fleshy, slightly ciliate
concave bracts, the terminal flower solitary in a cup-shaped bract, the
lateral flowers in pairs (at right angles in the case of 5 fl.), each pair in-
cluded in an elongated concave bract, with rounded edges. Perianth-seg-
ments triangular, acute, thick, deciduous. Berry white, smooth, almost
transparent, subglobose, + in. diam.

a

Afghanistan. Trans-Indus on the eastern slopes of the Suliman range at
3000-4000 ft. N.W. Himalaya from the Indus to Nepal, between 3500 and
9000 ft. Europe, Syria, Caucasus, Siberia, Amurland, Japan. Fl, March-
May ; fr. Sept.-Nov., often remaining long on the tree. The Mistletoe lives on
most trees (rare on Oak, and never on the Horse- and Sweet Chestnut) in
Europe. In the N.W. Himalaya it is chiefly found on the Apricot, Peach,
Pyrus variolosa, Crategus Pyracantha, the Walnut, Elm, Alnus, Populus
nigra, less often on Pavia, the Pear, Olea cuspidata, Morus serrata, Salix,
Quercus Ilex (Afghanistan and Suliman range), and has once been found on
Oak in the N.W. Himalaya. In Lahoul it is used medicinally, and in Europe
bird-lime is made of the viscid pulp of the fruit.

When the seed of the Mistletoe germinates, the roots penetrate the bark to
the surface of the wood, where they spread and are gradually enclosed by the
new layers of wood, and thus it comes to pass that the roots of Viscum (and ’
Loranthus) get embedded in the wood of the foster-plant. The tissue of para-
site and foster plants, however, remains always distinct. Branches infested with
these parasites swell out irregularly, are often twisted and deformed, and even-
Viscum.] LXV. LORANTHACE. 393

tually perish. The tissue of the parasite-roots is softer than the surrounding
wood of the foster-plant, and decays readily. This explains the curiously
grooved cavities or cup-shaped hollows in the wood of trees which have been
attacked by Loranthus. Some species of Viscum throw out superficial roots
from their stem, which attach themselves to the bark of the foster-plant by
suckers. Regarding the anatomy of the Mistletoe, and the alterations which
the wood-tissue of the Maple and other trees undergoes when attacked by it,
see Harley on the Parasitism of the Mistletoe (Trans. Linn. Soc. xxiv. 175).

2. V. monoicum, Roxb. Fl. Ind. iii. 763.—Syn. V. bengalense, Roxb.
Ill. in Herb. Kew, t. 1181; V. faleatum, Wall.

Stems terete, branches jointed, trichotomous, or dichotomous by the
abortion of the central or one of the side shoots. Leaves bright green, flat,
faleate or obliquely ovate, acute, narrowed into a short petiole, 2-4 in. long,
with 3-5 prominent longitudinal nerves, edge slightly undulate. Flowers
monoicous (sometimes dioicous?), short-pedicellate, in axillary peduncu-
late clusters of 3-5 flowers, supported by a common transversely oblong
concave bract, with acute cusps. Berry smooth, oblong, blackish-brown
when ripe, } in. long, on a short stalk.

This species is with certainty known only from the Sundarbans (Roxburgh),
Silhet, the Kasia hills (to 3000 ft.), the Sikkim Terai and lower hills (to 4000
ft.), and Gorakhpur. Oudh forests(on Lla@odendron Roxburghit), according to
sp. collected by R. Thompson and identified by Dr Stewart, which, however, I
have not seen. There are also specimens in Herb. Kew collected by Edgeworth
in Banda, on Zizyphus xylopyra and Bassia latifolia, which probably belong
to this species. Fl. May; fr. Aug., Sept.

3. V. orientale, Willd.; W. & A. Prodr. 379; Benth. Fl. Hongkong.
141; Blume, Fl. Jave (Loranthez), tab. 24, 25.—Syn. V. verticillatum,
Roxb. Fl. Ind. iii. 764 (not Linn.)

Stems terete, branches jointed, trichotomous or by abortion dichoto-
mous. Leaves flat, thick, fleshy-coriaceous, obovate, obtuse, 1-2 in. long,
with 3-5 indistinct longitudinal nerves. Flowers monoicous, short-pedi-
cellate, in axillary short-pedunculate or sessile clusters of 3-5 flowers,
often several clusters in one axil, each cluster supported by a common,
transversely oblong concave bract. Berry globose or subglobose, 4 in.
diam., with numerous minute prominent dots, and often with larger
warts.

Behar, South India, Ceylon, Indian Archipelago, Hong Kong. Fl. March-
June. The characters, geographic distribution, and foster-plants of this and

the preceding species demand farther inquiry, and particularly better examin-
ation of the growing plants; they seem to be very closely allied.

4. V. articulatum, Burm.; Benth. Fl. Hongkong. 141.— Syn. V.
- moniliforme, Blume, 1. c. t. 25 B; W. & A. Prodr. 380; Wight Ic. t.
1018, 1019. Vern. Pand.

A small leafless parasite, with numerous slender branches, forming
tufts from a few inches to 2 ft. in length. Stems terete, branches fleshy,
394 LXV. LORANTHACEA. [ Viscum.

trichotomous, flat, jointed, joints }-3 in. long, linear-cuneate, from a nar-
row base widening upwards, not striate, but often with a prominent mid-
dle line. Flowers monoicous (sometimes dioicous, var. corallvides, R.
Wight), sessile and clustered at the end of joints; segments of perianth
minute, triangular, persistent. Berry globose, very small, crowned by
the persistent segments of perianth, 3-4 in sessile clusters.

Himalaya from Hazara to Kamaon 4000-9000 ft, Kasia hills, meuntains of
South India and Ceylon. Mt. Ophir, Malacca, Java, China and Japan, Queens-
land and New South Wales. Fl. May-July ; fr. Oct.-Nov. Grows on a great
variety of trees ; in the N.W. Himalaya on Quercus [lex (Jani and Kunai in
Kunawar), incana, annulata, dilatata (Jaunsar), on Rhus, Olea, Rhododendron
arboreum, and the Apricot tree ; in the Nilgiris on Hurya; in Japan on
Symplocos and Litsea.

5. V. attenuatum, DC.; W. & A. Prodr. 380.—Syn. V. dichoto-
mum, Don Fl. Nep. 142 (probably). Vern. Biudu, pand, Pb., N.W.P. ;
Patha, Banda; Banda, C.P.

Stems terete, branches flat, jointed, di- or tri-chotomous, forming loose
tufts up to 3 ft. long; joints 1-2 in. long, striated with 6-12 prominent
ribs, tapering towards the base, generally linear, less than } in. wide, but
sometimes oblong or ovate-oblong. Flowers monoicous, sessile, in sessile
clusters of 3 at the ends of joints, each flower supported by a rounded,
often ciliate concave bract. Perianth-segments thick, triangular, deciduous.
Berry subglobose, 4 in. diam., yellow when ripe. Iretain the name accepted
by Wight & Arnott, but believe that farther researches will identify the
plant with V. compressum, Poiret, Encycl. Méth. Suppl. ii. 861 (1811);
Blume, l. c. t. 26, in which case this name will take precedence. Miquel’s
identification of V. articulatum (moniliforme) with V. compressum (FL
Ned. Ind. i. pt. i, 806) I fail to understand, the 2 species (as I take
them) being completely different.

Sub-Himalayan tract and outer ranges from the Ravi to Assam, ascending in
the Panjab to 3000, in Kamaon to 5000, in Sikkim to 6000 ft. Kasia hills.
Behar, Banda, South India, Ceylon, and Java, Fl. June-Oct.

2. ARCEUTHOBIUM, M. Bieberstein.

Leafless parasitic shrubs with articulate branches. Flowers minute,
dioicous. Male fi., perianth 3-5-partite. Amthers sessile, 1-celled, de-
hiscing by a transverse slit. Female fi, perianth 2-dentate. Stigma
sessile.

1. A. Oxycedri, M. Bieb.; Ledebour, Fl. Ross. ii. 380.—Syn. Vis-
cum Oxycedri, DC. Vern. Shuk, Sai, Lahoul.

A small parasite, with fleshy stems, dividing di- or tri-chotomously into
numerous jointed branches, forming close tufts 1-5 in. long; joints (of
the lower branches) about 4 in. long, nearly four-sided, somewhat com-
pressed, terminating in a cup-shaped sheath which encloses the base of
Arceuthobium. | LXV. LORANTHACEA. 395

the next joint. Flowers dioicous, sessile in fascicles of 3-5, half immersed
in concave bracts. Fruit short-stalked, ovoid, mucronate, =}, in. long,
fleshy, deep green or blackish, white when dry; seed in the lower half,
cylindrical, thrown out with great force when the fruit is ripe, often
2-3 ft. off, and being covered with a viscous pulp, attaches itself readily
to any branch upon which it falls,

This remarkable plant grows on Junzperus excelsa, in Lahoul on the Upper
Chenab, at 9000-11,000 ft., where it was discovered by the Rev. H. A. Jeschke
of the Tibet Moravian Mission. It pushes long creeping roots between bark
and wood, and thus, as well as by seed gradually overspreads the plant on which
it has once taken root, often killing the branch or the entire tree. Male and
female plants are found on the same foster-tree. The fruit ripens in winter,
fourteen months after flowering. The same species grows on Juniperus Oxy-
cedri and on J. communis on the Caucasus, in Armenia and Kurdistan, Dal-
matia, the French Alps (Basses Alpes near Sisteron), Algeria, and (on Pinus
ee and other species) in America on the Rocky Mountains, in California
and Mexico.

3. LORANTHUS, Linn.

Shrubs with opposite, rarely alternate leaves, often with stellate hairs.
Flowers usually large, showy, usually hermaphrodite. Calyx adnate,
limb entire or toothed. Petals 3-6, epigynous, free or equally or unequally
cohering below. Stamens subequal or alternately shorter, epipetalous
(rarely free) ; anthers variously affixed, elliptical to linear, occasionally
multilocellate, dehiscing longitudinally. Ovary inferior ; style elongate,
stigma capitate. Fruit more or less fleshy, with a single seed.

Petals free ; pedicels opposite, in the axils of deciduous bracts. 1. L. ligustrinus.

Petals connate into a tube ; pedicels generally alternate.
Flowers tetramerous ; pedicel and ovary pubescent.
Branchlets and under side of leaves stellate-tomentose.
Ovary turbinate ; berry club-shaped.

Leaves ovate, 5-7 in.; petiole 1 in. long . .

Leaves broad-ovate from sub-cordate base, 2-3in.; peti-

ole $4 in. long : 5 ;

2. L. pulverulentus.
3. L. cordifolius.

Ovary cylindric ; berry cylindric or ovoid . . 4, LD, vestitus.
Branchlets and leaves glabrous; flowers red and green in
lateral fasciculate umbels or corymbs . 3 , . 5. L. umbellifer.
Flowers pentamerous ; pedicel and ovary glabrous ° . 6. L. longiflorus.

1, L. ligustrinus, Wall. iri Roxb. Fl. Ind., ed. Carey, ii. 219.

A parasitic shrub or a small (apparently) terrestrial tree, probably par-
‘ asitic on roots. Branches grey, young shoots and inflorescence with slight
ferruginous pubescence. Leaves opposite, glabrous, coriaceous, the upper
-sometimes alternate, ovate-lanceolate, narrowed into a short petiole, 1-3
in. long. Flowers 4 in. long, pale-pink outside, deep-red inside ; pedicels
opposite in the axils of lanceolate deciduous bracts, in axillary, often
trichotomous, panicles or racemes, which are shorter than the subtending
leaf; small persistent ciliate bracteoles at the base of calyx. Corolla
of 4 distinct linear petals, the upper half spreading or reflexed, the
396 LXV, LORANTHACEA. [Loranthus.

lower half converging into a four-sided, slightly expanding tube. Fila-
ments red, attached to the base of petals; anthers basifixed. Ovary
rusty-tomentose, campanulate, supported by an ovate, acute, semi-amplexi-
caul, adpressed bracteole, and topped by the narrow, entire calyx-limb ;
stigma capitate. Fruit ovoid, } in. Jong, truncate at top, brown when
ripe.

_ Siwalik tract and outer Himalayan ranges from the Jumna to Sikkim, ascend-

ing to 4000 ft, Kasia hills. Fl. May-July. Generally parasitic, on Albizeia

ae ae Intscea ; found (apparently) terrestrial by Dr Hooker in the
asia hills.

2. L. pulverulentus, Wall. 1. c. 221.— Vern. Parand, Kamaon;
Banda, C.P.

A stout, woody parasite ; inflorescence, young shoots, and under side
of young leaves with dense yellowish-white, mealy, stellate tomentum.
Leaves deep-green, opposite, coriaceous, ovate, blade 5-7 in., petiole 1 in.
long ; 8-10 main lateral nerves on either side of midrib. Flowers pale-
green, | in. long, thickly tomentose, on short pedicels, in lateral racemes
about 2 in. long, which are often fasciculate and axillary, or in the axils of
fallen leaves; bracts none, but a small persistent bracteole at the base of
ovary. Corolla slender, tubular, curved ; segments linear, unilateral, about
one-third the length of the tube. Anthers basifixed, about as long as free
portion of filaments, cells adnate to a brown linear connective. Stigma
minute, capitate. Berry 4 in. long, club-shaped, mealy.

Kamaon, ascending to 4000 ft., Nepal, Sikkim Terai and outer hills, Bhutan,
Central Provinces (on Butea frondosa), Konkan. Fl. Dec.-June.

3. L. cordifolius, Wall. 1. c. 222 ; DC. Prodr. iv. 302.

A stout, woody parasite ; branchlets, young shoots, inflorescence, and
under side of leaves soft-tomentose. Leaves opposite, broad-ovate, obtuse,
from a subcordate base, blade 2-3, petiole 4 in. long. Flowers 1 in. long,
outside with tawny or rusty stellate tomentum, on short pedicels, in
short lateral dichotomous corymbs; bracts none, but a small persistent
bracteole at the base of ovary. Corolla slender, tubular, straight or
slightly curved, segments 4, lanceolate, about one-third the length of tube.
Anthers basifixed, longer than free portion of filament, cells adnate to a
linear obtuse connective. Stigma club-shaped, with a pointed conical tip.
Berry club-shaped, 4 in. long.

Kashmir (often abundant on dead tops of Platanus), Garhwal and Kamaon, -
ascending to 5000 ft. Hazaribagh in Behar. FI. Nov.-Dec.

4, L. vestitus, Wall. 1c. 218, and Pl. As, rar. +. 230.—Vern. Pand,
N.W.P.

A stout, woody parasite; branchlets, young shoots, inflorescence, and
under side of leaves with dense ferruginous tomentum. ‘Leaves coriaceous,
opposite, ovate-oblong or -lanceolate, narrowed into a petiole 4 in. long;
Loranthus. | LXV. LORANTHACEA. 397

blade 2-3 in. long, shining above, concave and densely tomentuse beneath,
margins recurved. Flowers ? in. long; tomentose, rust- and cinnamon-
coloured outside, purple and smooth inside, subsessile in compact lateral
clusters ; bracts none, but a small persistent ovate acute bracteole at the
base of ovary. Calyx indistinctly toothed. Corolla tubular, apex sub-
globose in bud; segments 4, thick, concave, ovate, acute, spreading, half
the length of tube. Anthers basifixed, shorter than free part of filaments.
Ovary cylindric, rounded at the base ; stigma capitate, 3-lobed. Berry
cylindric, or ovoid, 4 in. long.

N.W. Himalaya from the Ravi to the Sarda, ascending to 7000 ft., on Quer-
cus incana, Odina Wodier, Schleichera trijuga, Randia. Oudh forests, Nepal,
Wall) hills (on Oaks and EHlwagnus). FI. Oct.-Jan. (most part of the year,

all.

5. L. umbellifer, Schultes.—Syn. Z. wmbellatus, Wall. 1. c. 222 (not
Roth). Vern. Banda.

Glabrous, with long verrucose branches. Leaves opposite, ovate-lan-
ceolate, glabrous, coriaceous, blade 4-6 in., petiole 4 in. long. Flowers 14
in. long, blood-red at base, green at top, in lateral fasciculate umbels or in
short corymbs; bracts none, but small bracteoles at the base of ovary ;
peduncles, pedicels, ovary, and outside of corolla slightly pubescent. Calyx
short, 4-dentate. Corolla tubular, slender; segments 4 linear, reflexed,
quarter the length of tube. Anthers basifixed; filaments short, strap-
shaped, free portion much shorter than anthers. Style angular, stigma
- minute, capitate.

Himalaya, Sutlej to Bhutan, between 3000 and 10,000 ft. Kasia hills. Has
been found on Rhododendron arboreum, Andromeda, and Salix babylonica.

6. L. longiflorus, Desrousseaux; W. & A. Prodr. 384 ; Wight Ic. t. 302.
—Syn. L. bicolor, Roxb. Cor. Pl. t. 139; Fl. Ind. i. 548. Vern. Pand,
amit, Pb.; Banda, C.P.; Patha, Banda; Bara manda, Beng.

A large handsome parasite, wholly glabrous, bark grey, with numerous
woody branches, large leaves, and handsome flowers. Leaves thick-coria-
ceous, usually opposite, extremely variable in shape, from linear (L. fal-
catus, Linn., South India, Ceylon) to oblong broad-ovate and rotundate
with amplexicaul base (ZL. amplexifolius, DC., South India, Ceylon) ; lat-
eral nerves usually indistinct. Flowers large, 14-2 in. long, the lower
part red, the upper green, in unilateral racemes ; pedicels as long as or
longer than ovary ; bracts none, but a semi-amplexicaul concave bracteole
at the base of ovary. Corolla tubular, curved, split half-way down between
two segments, swelling from the base to within a third of the mouth, then
contracting a little; segments 5, linear, reflexed to one side. Anthers
basifixed, narrow-linear, equal in length to the free portion of filaments ;
filaments attached above the base of corolla-segments, Ovary glabrous,
cylindrical or urceolate, with a rounded base, topped by the projecting,
entire, or irregularly dentate calyx. Berry oblong, pulpy, crowned with
the cup-shaped calyx, black, 4-4 in. long. A remarkable form with oblong
398 LXV. LORANTHACES. [ Loranthus,

leaves and pubescent ovary and pedicels from Western India, perhaps a
distinct species. (Belgaum—Vern. Kokam phil kha banda, on Flacourtia,
Chloroxylon, and Garcinia.)

The most common of the Indian species of Zoranthus. In the Siwalik tract
and outer Himalaya it extends west to the Jhelam, ascending to 3000 ‘and at
times to 6000 ft. in the Panjab, and to 7500 ft. in Kamaon, Common in Oudh,
Bengal, Central and South India, Ceylon, and Burma ; also in North Australia,
Queensland, and New South Wales. Grows on most trees,—in North India
chiefly on Melia, Bauhinia, Albizzia procera, Acacia modesta, the Peach and
Pear trees, on Rottlera tinctoria; in Oudh on Buchanania, Bassia, Diospyros ;
and in most parts of India it infests the Mango tree ; the branches on which it
grows swell, get disfigured, sickly, and eventually die. Fl. chiefly from Nov.
to June, but in places throughout the year.

Orprr LXVI. SANTALACE.

Shrubs, undershrubs, or trees, sometimes (Thesiwm) parasitic on the
roots of other plants. Leaves alternate or opposite, entire, without stipules.
Flowers regular, hermaphrodite or unisexual, Perianth epigynous, gamo-
phyllous ; limb 3-4-lobed ; lobes valvate or subvalvate in estivation. Sta- ,
mens as many as, and opposite to perianth-lobes, epiphyllous. Ovary in-
ferior, 1-celled, with a free central placenta, bearing 2-5 pendulous ovules.
Fruit a nut or drupe, 1-seeded ; seed albuminous, with a straight embryo,
radicle superior.—Royle Ill. 322.

Flowers bisexual, in short axillary panicles ; stamens 4-5; small
trees with opposite leaves , . . q 2 . é
Flowers male and bisexual; stamens 3; male fl. in pedunculate
clusters, arranged in leafy racemes ; female fl. solitary ; shrubs

1, SANTALUM,

with alternate leaves 2. OsyRIs.

1. SANTALUM, Linn.

Trees or shrubs with opposite, rarely alternate leaves. Perianth cam-
panulate; limb usually 4-lobed. Stamens opposite to the perianth-lobes.
Central placenta of the ovary filiform, ovuliferous néar the base. Fruit a
drupe with a pitted or roughish putamen.

1. S. album, Linn. ; Bedd. Fl. Sylv. t. 256; Roxb. Fl. Ind. i. 442;
Bot. Mag. t. 3235.—Syn. S. myrtifolium, Wall; Sirium myrtifolium,
Roxb. Cor. Pl. t. 2. Sandalwood. Sans. Chandana. Vern. Chandan, chan-
dal, sandal. (Gandha, Can.)

A small evergreen, glabrous tree; leaves opposite, ovate or ovate-lan-
ceolate ; blade about 2 in. long, narrowed into petiole 4 in. long. Flowers
deep brownish-purple or blood-red, inodorous, in axillary cymose panicles.
Perianth campanulate, limb of 4 valvate triangular segments. Stamens
exserted, adnate to the perianth-tube, and alternating with 4 rounded ob-
tuse scales. Style as long as perianth. Berry black, globose, 1-seeded.
(For development and fertilisation of the ovule, see Griffith on the
Ovulum of Sant. album in Trans. Linn. Soc. xviii. 59.)
Santalum.] LXVI, SANTALACEA. 399

Indigenous in the drier districts of the peninsula, particularly in Mysore,
extending south to the Madura district aah north to Kolapur ; also on the
hills of the Coromandel coast. Timor and East Java. Grown in gardens in the
Dekkan, Bengal, Central India, Guzerat, Rajputana, as far north as Saharan-
pur. Fl. March-July, also at other seasons. Attains 20 ft. and a girth of 3 ft.,
with slender drooping branchlets, and light foliage. Is mainly spread through
pe agenny of birds, and springs up abundantly in hedges and in the midst of
shrubs.

The sapwood is white and scentless, the heartwood yellowish-brown and
strongly scented ; weight 55 lb. (Fowke), 58 lb. (Skinner); value of P., 878
oe 874 (Skinner). The heartwood is used as incense and perfume, and

or carving. It is an important article of trade in India, and largely exported
to China and Arabia, where it is mainly used as incense. In Madras, the wood
has been found admirably suited for engraving, nearly as good as boxwood,
though not quite so hard. Sandalwood oil is distilled from the wood.

Plantations of Sandalwood have been established in Mysore and in the Madras
Presidency. The climatic conditions under which it seems to thrive best are:
a rainfall between 20 and 50 inches; and the following limits of temperature
during the different seasons—cold season 70°-80°, hot season 80°-90°, rainy sea-
son 70°-80°, autumn 70°-80°, The heartwood of the tree grown in North India
has a slight scent.

The export of Sandalwood from India to China is very old. Other species of
Santalum, which likewise yield fragrant Sandalwood, grow on the islands of the
Pacific. About 1778 the export of Sandalwood from the Sandwich Islands to
China commenced on a large scale. An interesting sketch of the history of the
Polynesian Sandalwood trade is given in Seemann’s Flora Vitiensis, p. 212.

2, OSYRIS, Linn.

Trees or shrubs, with alternate or rarely opposite leaves. Flowers her-
maphrodite or unisexual. Perianth of male fl. slender, of hermaphrodite
fl. obconical, 3-4-lobed above. Stamens 3-4. Central placenta of ovary
very short, ovuliferous at the apex. Fruit drupaceous. Seed solitary,
with copious albumen.

1. O. arborea, Wall—Syn. O. Wightiana, Wall. ; Wight Ic. t. 1853
sometimes called O. nepalensis). Vern. Bakardharra, bakarja, Kamaon
5 ameson Catalogue, 200); Poplt, Belgaum.

A twiggy glabrous shrub ; branchlets 3-sided, with prominent sharp
angles. Leaves coriaceous, obovate or elliptic-oblong, 1-14 in. long, mu-
cronate, subsessile or narrowed into a short marginate petiole; male
flowers 5-10, on short pedicels, in axillary, pedunculate clusters, often
arranged in racemose panicles. Bisexual flowers solitary, axillary on long
slender pedicels. Drupe subglobose, glabrous, } in. long, red when ripe.

Himalaya, ascending to 7000 ft., Simla, Kamaon, Nepal, Bhutan, mountains
of South India, Western Ghats. Fl. Dec.-April. Specimens collected by R.
Thompson in the Central Provinces (in fruit) are pubescent all over, also peri-
anth and drupe ; the leaves are smaller, elliptic-oblong,—-perhaps a new species.
Similarly pubescent specimens are in Herb. Kew, collected by Dr Stocks (in

Sindh ?) ‘
400 LXVIL URTICACEA. [ Plecospermum,

Orver LXVII. URTICACEA.

Trees shrubs or herbs with alternate, rarely opposite stipulate leaves,
Flowers apetalous, dioicous or monoicous, more rarely bisexual or poly-
gamous, inconspicuous, solitary or variously disposed. Perianth simple,
3-5-lobed or -partite, or reduced to 1 or 2 segments, in the female flower
oceasionally tubular and undivided, or wholly wanting. Male fl.: stamens
usually as many as perianth-segments and opposite to them. Female fi. :
ovary free rarely adherent, 1- rarely 2-celled; styles often 2, connate at
base, usually laterally stigmatose or stigma sessile; ovule solitary, erect
and orthotropous, or laterally affixed or pendulous with a superior micro- ,
pyle. Fruit a nut or small drupe, in Moree and Artocarpee usually
consolidated in a syncarpium, in Ulmus samaroid ; seed with or without
albumen ; embryo various, radicle superior.—Royle Tl. 333, 335, 341.

This Order is here taken in a wide sense, including the following Tribes,
which are commonly regarded as separate Orders :—

Urticece.—¥ 1. unisexual ; stamens equal in number to perianth-lobes ; fila-
ments inflected in bud, uncoiling elastically when the fi. opens ; style
1, simple—Boehmeria, Girardinia, Urtica, Laportea, Pouzolzia, Sar-
cochlamys, Debregeasia, Villebrunea, Maoutia.

Morece.—F 1. unisexual, usually in dense spikes or heads; stamens equal
in number to perianth-lobes, filaments inflected in bud; style 1,
oftener 2, connate at the base—Plecospermum, Morus, Broussonetia,
Streblus, Taxotrophis, Phyllochlamys.

Artocarpee.—Fl. unisexual, in dense spikes or heads, often with fleshy
axis, or enclosed in a fleshy receptacle ; stamens as many as perianth-
lobes or fewer, not inflected in bud ; trees or shrubs with milky juice,
leaves convolute in bud and amplexicaul stipules—Ficus, Cudrania,
Antiaris, Artocarpus, Castilloa, Brosimum.

Celtidece. —F]. unisexual or polygamous in axillary or lateral cymes ; fila-
ments short, erect or slightly incurved in bud; styles 2, ovary L-
celled ; fruit drupaceous— Celtis, Sponia.

Ulmacee. Sea: mostly bisexual; stamens not inflected in bud; styles 2,
ovary 1-2-celled ; fruit dry, usually winged—U Imus,

Stamens inflected in bud ; style one, simple.

A shrub, armed with axillary thorns; female flowers in
globose heads; perianths connate, tubular with a small
4-dentate mouth ; fruit a ay compound berry with
few large seeds . 1. PLEcosPERMUM.

Trees or shrubs without thorns ; female fi. in heads, spikes,
or panicles ; perianths not connate.

Stigma long linear ; fruit dry.

Flower-heads in spikes or panicles ; stigma persistent . 2. BoEHMERIA.
Flower-heads sessile, axillary ; stigma articulate 8. Powzouzta.
Stigma sessile, tufted ; fruit of numerous small berries in
globose heads . 4, DEBREGEASIA.
Female perianth none; stigma penicillate ; ; flower. ‘heads
in axillary panicles . 5. Maovtta.
Plecospermum.] LXVIL. URTICACEA. 401

Stamens inflected in bud ; styles two more or less connate at
the base. . ‘
Female fl. numerous, spicate . < & % : . 6. Morus.
Female fl. solitary . : ‘i 3 5 : . 7, SPREBLUS.
Stamens not inflected in bud; style one.
Flowers on the inside of a hollow, globose, or pear-shaped
receptacle F . . : . 7 7 8. Ficus.
Flowers on the outside of a fleshy receptacle ; in globose
or cylindrical heads,
Flowers dioicous ; perianths of 4, free, not connate seg-
ments or leaves . . . . - . 5 9. CUDRANIA.
Flowers monoicous ; male perianth of 2-4 segments or
leaves ; female perianths tubular connate with each

. other ee ee ee 10, ARTOCARPTS.
Stamens not inflected in bud; styles two, more or less connate
at the base.

Flowers polygamous ; ovary 1-celled ; fruit fleshy.
Perianth deciduous ; stamens shorter than perianth . 11. CrEtrts.
Perianth persistent ; stamens longer than perianth . 12. SPontA.

Flowers commonly bisexual; ovary 1-2-celled ; fruit a

winged samara : 3 ‘i és ‘ :

1

18. Unmus.

1, PLECOSPERMUM, Trecul.

Tree or shrub with alternate entire leaves. Flowers dioicous, collected
in dense globular heads. Male fl.: perianth 4-fid, segments imbricate.
Stamens free ; filaments inflexed in xstivation ; anthers globose, 2-celled.
Ovary rudimentary. Female fl.: perianth gamophyllous, with a narrow
4-dentate mouth. Ovary free, 1-celled, with a solitary pendulous ovule ;
style filiform, exserted ;-stigma papillose. Fertile nuts ;consolidated with
the succulent_perianth-segments and abortive ovaries into an irregular few-
seeded berry-like syncarpium ; seed exalbuminous.

1. P. spinosum, Trecul; DC. Prodr. xvii. 233; Wight Ie. t. 1963.—
Syn. Batis spinosa, Roxb. Fl. Ind. iii. 762; Trophis spinosa, Willd.

(partly).

A large shrub or small tree, armed with straight axillary spines ;
branchlets glabrous, only extremities and inflorescence pubescent. Leaves
glabrous, short-petiolate, oval elliptic or obovate, obtuse or acute, entire,
2-3 in. long, lateral nerves and reticulate veins indistinct. Flower-heads.
yellowish, axillary, solitary or 2-3 together, on peduncles as long as heads,
the male heads } in. diam., the female heads smaller while in flower, but
enlarging in fruit to about 4 in. Male fl.: perianth-segments obtuse or
emarginate, hairy outside. Stamens inserted around a hairy rudimentary
ovaty, inflexed in bud, exserted afterwards. Perianths of female fl. con-
nate into a pubescent globose head, the orifice of each perianth indistinctly
4-toothed, and a single filiform papillose style protruding from it. Fruit
a compound irregularly-shaped 1-2-seeded berry, } in. diam., the other

ovaries being abortive.
Nepal, Rohilkhand (Salt range, rare, on the top of mountains at 3000 ft.—

J.L.8.) South India, Ceylon. Fi, Feb.-April. Bark fibrous.
2C
402 LXVIL. URTICACEA. [ Boehmeria,

F 2. BOBHMERIA, Jacq.

Shrubs or small trees with opposite or alternate toothed or occasionally
lobed simple stipulate leaves. Flowers small dioicous or monoicous, in
globose usually 1-sexual clusters. Male fl.: perianth 4- (rarely 3-) -lobed
or -partite, segments valvate in estivation. Stamens as many as perianth-
segments. Pistil rudimentary. Female fl. : perianth tubular, compressed
or ventricose, usually narrowed to a minutely 2-4-toothed mouth. Ovary
free or adherent, 1-celled, with a solitary erect or ascending ovule; style’
laterally stigmatose. Nut dry. Seed with more or less albumen.

Leaves alternate ; branches terete.

Leaves broad-ovate, acuminate; petiole half the length of

leaf or longer. : : : ‘ : Z ‘

Leaves elliptic-lanceolate; petiole many times shorter than

leaf . ‘ ‘ 3 t ‘ , i ‘ 3 2. B. rugulosa.
Leaves opposite; branches four-sided.
Leaves broad-ovate ; petiole one-fourth the length of leaf or
longer ‘ ; ‘ a ‘ ‘ 3 é ‘ 3. B. platyphylla.
Leaves lanceolate ; petiole many times shorter than leaf . 4. B. macrophylla,

1. B. nivea.

1. B. nivea, Hook. et Arn. ; DC. Prodr. xvi. i. 206 ; Hooker's Journal
of Botany, iii. (1851) 315, t. 8—Syn. Urtica nivea, Linn. U. tenacis-
stma, Roxb. Fl. Ind. iii. 590; Wight Ic. t. 688. China grass, Rheea.

A shrub; young branches and shoots herbaceous, branches and _peti-
oles tomentose, with long soft hairs. Leaves alternate, broad-ovate, 3-6
in. long, acuminate, dentate with large triangular, slightly curved teeth,
base truncate but tapering suddenly into petiole, the upper side of leaf
pubescent and rough, the under side white, densely matted with closely
adpressed hairs ; basal nerves 3, all penniveined, the lateral nerves joined
by prominent transverse veins ; petiole half the length of leaf or longer, »
stipules subulate, deciduous. Flowers greenish, monoicous, in axillary
panicles ; panicles in pairs, shorter than petiole, bearing numerous sessile
flower-heads along their entire length, female panicles in the upper, male
panicles in the lower axils. Style much exserted, hairy. .

Indigenous, and cultivated in China, Japan, and the Indian Archipelago.
Cultivated:in Assam, upper Bengal, and (within the last 20 years) in North-West
India. Fil. July-Sept. The inner bark of the young shoots contains one of the
finest fibres produced by the vegetable kingdom. It is soft, fine, with a beauti-
ful silky gloss, and at the same time exceedingly strong. The exquisite textures
known under the name of China grass cloth are made of it. Examined under
the microscope, Rheea fibre consists of large single tubes or elementary fibres,
whereas the fibre of jute, hemp, and flax, consists of bundles of tubes or elemen-
tary fibres. The elementary fibres of Rheea are much longer than those of jute,
hemp, or flax. Cotton, like Rheea, consists of single tubes (hairs), but they are
thinner, much shorter, and less strong. Rheea fibre is an article vastly superior
to jute (the produce of Corchorus capsularis, p.37). Both fibres were brought
to notice in Europe about the beginning of this century, both are produced in
Bengal, but the value of the jute exported from India exceeds £4,000,000 a-year,
and is now inferior in value only to the exports of cotton, opium, and rice, whereas
the export of Rheea is as yet insignificant. The reason of this is twofold. The
preparation of jute is easy, and that of Rheea difficult; and secondly, jute thrives
Boehmeria.] LXVII. URTICACEA, 403

luxuriantly in the climate of Bengal on comparatively poor soil, whereas Rheea
requires rich soil and continuous moisture. Rheea is easily propagated from
cuttings, and when grown for its fibre, it resembles a perennial plant, the her-
baceous shoots being cut several times a-year.

2. B. rugulosa, Weddell.—Syn. Urtica rugulosa, Wall.

A small tree with greyish-brown branches, the youngest branchlets as
well as petioles and under side of leaves hoary. Leaves alternate, elliptic-
lanceolate, short-petiolate, 3-5 in. long, obtusely dentate, with 3 longitu-

~ dinal nerves from the base to the apex of leaf, each nerve penniveined,
the lateral veins of the midrib anastomosing in a marked manner with
those on the inside of the two side nerves, the lateral veins on the outside
of the side nerves being joined by an intramarginal vein running close
under the edge of leaf, nerves and veins prominent on the under side, im-
pressed and (the veins) indistinct on the upper side of leaf. Flowers
dioicous in round sessile clusters, each cluster in the axil of a cordate
membranous bract, the clusters arranged in long undivided lateral spikes.
The leaves somewhat resemble those of Sarcochlamys pulcherrima, with
which it has sometimes been confused, but it is readily distinguished by
the long simple flower-spikes.

Garhwal (Kotridun), Kamaon, Nepal, Sikkim, Bhutan. B. nervosa of Madden
(The Terai and outer mountains of Kamaon, Journ. As. Soc. xvii. i. 587), and of
Jameson (Catalogue, 1854); “Vern. Geti, gaintd ; wood excellent for making bowls,
for which purpose it is extensively used in Kamaon,” is probably this species.

3. B. platyphylla, Don Prodr, Fl. Nep. 60; DC. Prodr. xvi. i. 210.—
Syn. B. rotundifolia, Don, ibid. U. macrophylla, Wall. Vern. Gargela,
Kamaon.

A shrub with four-sided herbaceous branches ; branchlets and leaves
rough with scattered short adpressed hairs. Leaves broad-ovate, acumin-
ate, dentate with large triangular teeth, basal nerves 3, all penniveined,
blade 3-9, petiole 1-5 in. long. Flowers whitish, monoicous and dicicous,
in long axillary interrupted spikes, generally much longer than the sub-
tending leaf. Male spikes often branching, in monoicous plants occupy-
ing the lower axils of the leaves. Styles hairy, exserted. An extremely
variable plant, of which 3 principal varieties may be noted in the North-
West Himalaya. «. macrostachya; Splitgerbera macrostachya, Wight Ic. t.
1977, with very large long-petiolate leaves, female spikes generally undi-
vided. 6. rotundifolia, with rotundate abruptly acuminate leaves. y.
scabrella ; Urtica scabrella, Roxb. Fl. Ind. iii. 581; Wight Ic. t. 691,
with small leaves, flower-spikes as long as leaf or shorter.

Outer ranges of the Himalaya, ascending to 7500 ft. Parisnath in Behar.
East Bengal, hills of South India and Ceylon, Indian Archipelago, Japan and
China. Fl. April-Aug.

4, B. macrophylla, Don Prodr. Fl. Nep. 60; DC. Prodr. xvi. i. 209, —
Syn. Urtica penduliflora, Wall.

A shrub or small tree, branchlets four-sided, and strigose with short
adpressed hairs. Leaves 6-12 in. long, lanceolate, obtusely serrate, soft-
404 LXVII, URTICACEA, [Boehmeria,

pubescent beneath, upper side rough, the substance of the leaf projecting
in raised angular plots between the impressed veins, basal nerves 3, the side
nerves extending through three-fourths of the length of leaf, the midrib
penniveined in its upper part. Stipules lanceolate, with a prominent
hairy midrib, petioles strigose, 1 in. long. Flowers monocicous, in .long
drooping axillary simple spikes ; the clusters of flowers in the axils of
lanceolate bracts.

Kamaon, Nepal, Sikkim, ascending to 4000 feet. Kasia hills. Fl. Aug.-Sept,

The true nettles (Urtica, Girardinia, Laportea) differ from Boehmeria
and its allies by stinging hairs and the perianth of the female flower being 2-4-
cleft, not tubulose. Gtrardimia heterophylla, D™ in Jacq. Voy. Bot. t. 153
—Syn. Urtica heterophylla, Willd. Vern. Keri, Jhelam; Kingi, Chenab; Fin,
sanoli, Ravi; An, jan, kal, Bias; Karla, bhabar, Sutlej ; Awa, alla, chichru,
bichua, N. W. Himalaya, is a large gregarious forest weed, multiplying exceed-
ingly on rich soil; covered all over.with long stinging bristles, leaves large,
dentate, pinnatifid,3-lobed, and sometimes entire, stipules ovate, flowers dioicous,
in branching, more or less glomerate, paniculate spikes, female perianth of two
unequal segments, nuts flat, ovate, acute, 1-2 lines long, glabrous, shining, sur-
rounded by a mass of bristles, with which the ramifications of the panicle are
thickly set. Himalaya, 2500 to 8000 ft. Kasia hills. Fl. July, Sept. Closely
allied, and perhaps not specifically distinct, are G. palmata, Wedd., DC. Prodr.
xvi. i, 101—Syn. G. Leschenaultiana, D2, with large cordate stipules, edge of
leaves cut into long lanceolate triangular teeth—Nilgiris ; and G. zeylanica,
Due.; DC. Prodr. ibid.Syn. Urtica heterophylla, Roxb. Fl, Ind. iii. 586, Wight
Ic. t. 687 ; female panicles when in fruit short compact, irregularly reniform,
but sometimes cylindric, stipules ovate—Burma (abundant in the forests of the
Pegu Yoma, particularly in the Zamayi), Mount Aboo, Western Ghats, and the
Konkan, Ceylon. The Nilgiri nettle includes both G. palmata and G. zey-
lanica. These 3 species (or varieties) yield a fine and strong fibre, which is
made into twine ‘and ropes. Coarse cloth is made of it in Sikkim.

Laportea crenulata, Gandich. ; Bedd. Fl. Sylv. t. 306—Syn. Urtica crenulata,
Roxb. iii. 591; Wight Ic. t. 686—Mealum-ma of Sikkim, is a large shrub, with

lossy penniveined entire or crenulate leaves, 6-18 in. long, flowers divicous,
pee perianth minute, campanulate, 4-lobed ; numerous minute poisonous
hairs on young shoots, which make the handling and even the vicinity of the
plant extremely painful, the effects lasting for days. It is a remarkable fact
that the sting of this plant is poisonous only in autumn (Hook. Him. Journ,
ii. 188). East Bengal, Burma, evergreen forests of the western coast ; Ceylon
and Java. Ropes are made of the fibre. Well known to children in Europe is
the burning sting of Urtica dioica, Linn. ; Hook. Stud. Fl. 332, a perennial herb
of Europe, and the temperate regions of the northern and southern hemisphere
(Kashmir and Kunawar in the N.W. Himalaya).

3. POUZOLZIA, Gaudichaud.

Shrubs or herbs, usually with alternate leaves, Flowers monoicous,
rarely dioicous, in sessile axillary clusters or spikes, the male and female
flowers usually intermixed. Male flowers: perianth 4-5-lobed or -partite,
segments valvate in estivation. Stamens 3-5. Pistilrudimentary. Female
flowers: perianth tubular or ovoid, narrowed at the 2-4-toothed mouth.
Ovary included, usually free, 1-celled with a solitary erect or ascending
ovule; style laterally stigmatose, filiform, deciduous, Nut enclosed in
the persistent, sometimes winged perianth,
Pouzolzia.] LXVIL URTICACEA. 405

1. P. viminea, Wedd. ; DC. Prodr. xvi. i. 228.—Syn. P. ovalis, Mig.
P. borbonica, Wight Ic. t. 2100.

A small shrub with slender virgate branchlets ; branches, petioles and
nerves on the under side of leaves, strigose. Leaves alternate, ovate-
lanceolate, pale beneath, acuminate, dentate with large acute teeth, rough
with numerous minute raised points, blade 3-6, petiole 4-1 in. long; basal
nerves 3, extending to three-fourths the length of leaf. Flowers monoi-
cous, in sessile axillary clusters, with numerous ovate bracts.

Kamaon, Nepal, Sikkim, ascending to 5000 ft. Bhutan, Astam, Kasia hills,
Chittagong, Burma, Java. Fl. June-Sept. In Sikkim the leaves are eaten.

Sarcochlamys ne Gaudich.Syn. Urtica pulcherrima, Roxb. FI.
Ind. iii. 588, is a large shrub with beautiful, alternate, serrate, lanceolate leaves,
grey beneath, shining but rough above, with 3 longitudinal nerves, joined by
regularly transverse reticulate veins, blade 6-12, petiole 1-2 in. long; flowers
dioicous, in short axillary recurved panicles, 2 from each axil, composed
of short glomerate spikes, female perianth obliquely campanulate, the mouth
lateral, 4-toothed. Assam, Silhet, Chittagong, Burma, forming in Pegu, with
Blumea grandis, Buddleia, and other fast-growing large herbs and shrubs, the
dense thicket which springs up on deserted Toungyas. (Tsatyaben, Burm.)

4, DEBREGEASIA, Gaudich.

Shrubs with rough serrate alternate leaves. Flowers monoicous or
dioicous, the male clustered, the female in small heads. Male flowers :
perianth 4- rarely 3-partite, segments valvate in estivation. Stamens 4
or 3. Pistilrudimentary. Female flowers: perianth tubular, dilated below,
with a narrow 4-toothed mouth, more or less adnate to the 1-celled ovary.
Ovule solitary, suberect ; stigma sessile, tufted. Fruit a small drupe, the
outer fleshy layer resulting from change during maturation of the perianth
and outer stratum of the ovary. Albumen copious.

Flower-heads in dichotomous cymes. i 3 é 1. D. longifolia.
Flower-heads sessile or subsessile ‘ . : : 2. D. bicolor.

1. D. longifolia, Weddell in DC. Prodr. xvi. i. 235%.—Syn. Conoce-
phalus niveus, Wight Ic. t. 1959. Missiessya velutina, Wedd.

A large shrub, branchlets pubescent and often with long scattered hairs.
Leaves lanceolate, serrate, upper side rough, under side grey with soft
pubescence of fine adpressed hairs, penniveined, the lowest pair of lateral
nerves from the base, blade 4-6, petiole 1 in. long. Flowers monoicous,
in small heads, on dichotomous axillary cymes, numerous bracteoles mixed
with the flowers. Male perianth longer than bracteoles. Fruit yellow,
of numerous minute, pointed fleshy berries. |

Kamaon, Nepal, Sikkim, ascending to 5000 ft, Kasia hills, Burma (common
on deserted Toungyas), South India, Ceylon, Java. Fr. Oct.-Jan.

2. D. bicolor, Wedd. 1. c. 235%—Syn. D. hypoleuca, Wedd. Missi-
essya hypoleuca, Wedd. Urtica bicolor, Roxb. iii. 589. Boehmeria salici-
folia, Don Prody, Fl. Nep. 60. Vern. Kharwala, shakat, Afg.; Chainchar,
chainjli, chenjil, amrer, sandari, Jhelam ; Sansaru, siss, Chenab; Siaru,
406 LXVIL URTICACEA. [ Debregeasia,

siharu, tulsiari, east of Ravi; Pincho, prin, Upper Sutlej ; Tushiari,
Kamaon. :

A large shrub, branchlets and petioles with soft grey tomentum.
Leaves lanceolate or linear-lanceolate, shortly petiolate, serrate, upper, side’
rough with numerous minute round elevated dots, under side white, with
soft densely matted tomentum, penniveined, the lowest pair of lateral
nerves basal. Flowers monoicous, in round axillary sessile or subsessile
heads, numerous bracteoles mixed with flowers. Male perianth outside
white-tomentose, as long as bracteoles. Fruit yellow, of numerous minute
pointed fleshy berries.

Afghanistan, Salt range. Common, generally in valleys near water, in the
North-West Himalaya east to the Sarda river, ascending to 5000 ft., and extend-

ing up the Sutlej valley as far as Wangtu. Fl. March, April; fr. June-Aug.
Twine and ropes are made of the fibre.

Villebrunea frutescens, Blume; DC. Prodr. xvi. i. 235% (Syn. Urtica frut-
escens, Thunb. ; Roxb. FI. Ind. iii. 589, and Bohmeria efrutescens, Thunb.), is a
shrub, with slender pubescent branches, ovate, acuminate, serrate leaves, con-
color or white beneath, 3-nerved, the midrib penniveined in the upper half of
leaf, blade 2-4, petiole 1-2 in. long. Flowers dioicous, in sessile or subsessile
compact heads, lateral, below the leaves, numerous bracteoles between the
flowers. Fruit of many minute dry ovoid nuts, the base surrounded by the
connate, half fleshy bracteoles—Kamaon, Vern. Gur tushiara (?), Madden,
Nepal, Sikkim, ascending to 5000 ft., Bhutan, China, Japan.

4, MAOUTIA, Weddell.

Shrubs, with alternate triplinerved leaves, hoary-tomentose beneath,
Flowers monoicous or dioicous, clustered or capitate, the clusters loosely
and irregularly cymose, cymes usually in pairs from the axils. Male
flowers: perianth 5-partite. Segments valvate in estivation. Stamens 5.
Pistil rudimentary. Female flowers: perianth usually 0. Ovary ovoid,
with a solitary suberect ovule; style short ; stigma sublateral persistent.
Nut slightly compressed or trigonous, outer stratum slightly fleshy. Al-
bumen thin. *

1. M. Puya, Wedd.—Syn. Urtica Puya, Wall. Boehmeria frutescens, |
Don Prodr. Fl. Nep. 59. B. Puya, Hook. Journ. Bot. iii. (1851) t. 7.°
Vern. Pot, pua, N.W.P. See Madden in Journ. ‘As. Soc, xviii. i, 622.

_A shrub, branches with long soft hairs. Leaves elliptic, long-acumin-
ate, dentate with large triangular teeth, white beneath with densely mat-
ted hairs, 3 prominent basal nerves, blade 3-6, petiole 1-2 in. long, stipules
axillary, deeply bifid. Flowers monoicous, in small round heads, either
unisexual or composed of male and female flowers mixed, the flower-heads
in axillary dichotomous panicles shorter than petioles, with slender
branches. Female flowers without perianth. Nuts triquetrous.

_Garhwal, Kamaon, Nepal, Sikkim, ascending to 4000 ft. Kasia hills. Burma,
hills east of Toungoo above 2500 ft. (D. B.) Fl. May-July. Cloth and fishing-

nets are mace of the fibre. Regarding this and other Nettle-fibres, see Royle,
Fibrous Plants of India.
Morus.] LXVII. URTICACEA. 407

6. MORUS, Linn.

Trees or shrubs with alternate, simple leaves and deciduous stipules,
Flowers unisexual, monoicous or dioicous; male flowers in deciduous
spikes, female flowers in spikes or heads. Perianth in male flower always
deeply 4-parted, in female flower of 4, sometimes of 2 or 3 segments or
distinct leaves. Stamens 4, opposite to and longer than perianth-seg-
ments, inserted around a minute rudimentary ovary, anthers 2-celled, in-
trorse, opening longitudinally, filaments flattened at base. Ovary 1-celled
or 2-celled, one cell smaller and often without an ovule, otherwise one
ovule in each cell. Fruit a compound berry, consisting of the succulent
perianths, enclosing each a 1-seeded carpel with a thin membranous, after-
wards gelatinous pericarp. Embryo curved in a fleshy albumen.

Perianth of female flowers of 4 leaves or segments, the 2 inner
flat or concave, the 2 outer more or less keeled.

Female flower-spikes short ovoid.
Leaves acute; styles short, free, glabrous or slightly

hairy . : i. 7 ‘ . : F 1. M. alba.
Leaves long-acuminate ; styles long, hairy, connate to :
one-fourth their length . , ‘ ‘ - ‘ 2. M. indica,

Female flower-spikes long, cylindric . . : . z 3. M, levigata.
Perianth of female flowers of 2-4, generally 8, equal, oblong

segments 4. M. serrata,

Bureau, in the xvii. vol. of De Candolle’s Prodromus, unites all these
under M. alba, but maintains M. nigra as a distinct species. The matter
seems to demand farther inquiry on the spot in India.

1. M. alba, Linn.—Tab. XLVII.—Roxb. Fl. Ind. iii. 594; DC.
Prodr. xvii. 238 ; Reichenb. Fl. Germ. t. 657.—Syn. M. tatarica, Linn.
Mulberry. Miérier blanc, Fr. ; Maulbeerbaum, Germ.; Moro, It. Vern.
Tut, tul, tulklu, chinni, chin.

A middle-sized deciduous tree, youngest branchlets, petioles, and under
side of leaves along nerves slightly pubescent. Leaves ovate, base often
cordate, dentate, frequently lobed, blade 2-3 in., petiole 4-1 in. long, 3
basal nerves, middle nerve penniveined. Fl. monoicous, the sexes often
on distinct branches (Willkomm). Female spikes pedunculate, peduncle
as long as spike or nearly so, perianth and style glabrous or slightly ciliate.
Perianth-segments of male flower elliptic. Styles distinct, varying in length.

Fruit white or red, sweet. ;
From this species Mf. nigra, Linn. ; Reichenb. Fl. Germ. t. 658—the

Black Mulberry ; Gelso nero, It.—is distinguished by tomentose broader
more firm and thick leaves, often 5-nerved, short-pedunculate or subsessile
female flower-spikes, perianth and styles densely hairy, and purple, acidu-
lous and sweet fruit. Male and female fil. on distinct branches, often dioi-
cous (Willkomm). I do not venture to decide whether M. atropurpurea,
Roxb. 1. ce. 595, with long cylindric dark-purple fruit, brought to Calcutta
from China, should be referred to M. alba, of which Bureau makes it a

variety.
The Mulberry is commonly cultivated in Afghanistan, Beluchistan, abundantly
408 LXVIL URTICACE. [forus.

in the Peshawar valley and the northern part of the trans-Industerritory. Also
in the Panjab plains, in Kashmir and the North-West Himalaya, ascending in
Ladak to 11,000 ft. Likewise in Europe, Western, Central Asia, and China,
The home of the Black Mulberry is unknown ; it is stated to be wild in Persia
and Afghanistan (classic writers were familiar with the tree, which was early
introduced to Greece, and thence to Italy). The black is a larger tree than the
white Mulberry ; both are hardy in England. In Eastern Europe 1. nigra is
more tender than M. alba. The home of the White Mulberry is probably
China ; it was not known to ancient writers, and was introduced into Europe in
the fifteenth century (Hehn Kulturpflanzen, 283). In North India the tree is
leafless during the cold season, the new leaves appear from the middle of Feb-
ruary to March or even to April—there is great variation in that respect ; and
trees are often seen bare, while others close to them are in full leaf. FI. March,
April; the fruit ripens May, June, later of course at great elevations. Attains
30-40 ft., with an erect trunk 6-8 ft. girth (occasionally 10-12), one in the Salt
range 16 ft. Bark grey or light brown, with shallow furrows. Sap white, soft,
heartwood yellow, yellowish-brown or reddish-brown, with distinct annual rings,
which, as in the Ash, are marked by an inner belt of large pores close together,
forming the spring wood, the outer belt being wider, with small, scanty, but
uniformly distributed pores. Medullary rays numerous, showing in a vertical
section like narrow horizontal bands. Polishes well, and is a strong useful
wood, much employed for building, furniture, and agricultural implements.
Also used in boat-building on some of the Panjab rivers. Weight of the Euro-
pean wood 38-56 lb. The twigs are tough and strong, in Kashmir they are used
for binding loads. The leaves are largely used as fodder, particularly for sheep
and goats. In Kashmir the tree is important for feeding the silkworm, and the
felling of trees even in private gardens is prohibited.

The chief product of this tree, however, inthe Panjab, Beluchistan, and Afghan-
istan, is the fruit, of which there are many varieties, sweet and acid, and of all
shades of colour, from white to a deep blackish purple, The large white lind
of the Peshawar valley (Shah tit) is one of the best. The following kinds are
cultivated in Beluchistan, according to Stocks: Sah, colour black and white
mixed ; Bedana (seedless); Pewandi (grafted), with delicious pearly small
white fruit; Shah tut (Royal Mulberry); Khar tat (Jackass Mulberry). It
remains for farther inquiry on the spot which of these varieties should be
classed under M. alba and nigra, and it is not impossible that it may, in
the Panjab and Afghanistan at least, be found impracticable to maintain the
distinction between the two species. In Kashmir and Afghanistan the fruit
furnishes a considerable portion of the food of the inhabitants in autumh,
and much of it is dried and preserved.

2. M. indica, Linn. ; Roxb. Fl. Ind. iii. 596.—Syn. M. parvifolia,
Royle. Sans. Tula. Vern. Tul, Pb. ; Tutri, N.W.P.; Tut, Bengal.

A deciduous shrub or small tree; buds, stipules, and youngest leaves
with-long hairs. Leaves pubescent when young, rough afterwards with
minute round raised dots, ovate, long-acuminate, sharp-serrate, often deeply
lobed, with 3 basal nerves, midrib penniveined, blade 2-5 in., petiole 4-14
in. long. Male fi. short - pedicellate, perianth - segments elliptic, hairy as
well as pedicel and peduncle. Female fl.: spikes short-ovoid, on slender
peduncles about half the length of spike ; leaves of perianth obovate, with
broad white edges ; styles long, hairy, connate to about one-fourth their
length. Fruit small, ovoid or subglobose, black when ripe. Dr Stewart
considered this as merely a variety of M. alba. Farther researches-on the
Morus.] LXVII. URTICACEA. 409

spot will perhaps confirm this view ; the question is, whether the char-
acters here stated—long-acuminated leaves, connate styles, and the shape
of perianth-segments—are constant or not.

Not uncommon wild in the sub-Himalayan tract and outer hills of the Panjab
and Kamaon, ascending to 5000 and occasionally to 7000 ft. Wild in the val-
leys of Sikkim, ascending to 4000 ft. China, Japan. This is the Mulberry
which is generally cultivated as a low shrub in Ben al, Burma, and in places in
the peninsula for its leaves, which are used to feed the silkworm. Fl. Feb. ; fr.
May. Grows sometimes into a small tree, 20-25 ft, high, with 16-18 in. girth.
Bark grey. Wood hard and close-grained.

3. M. levigata, Wall—Syn. M. glabrata, Wall. Vern. Tit.

A middle-sized or large deciduous tree; stipules and bud-scales with
long soft hairs, extremities and youngest leaves slightly pubescent.
Leaves glabrous, smooth or slightly rough, ovate, short-acuminate, some-
times lobed, base often cordate, blade 3-7 in., petiole about 1 in. long,
basal nerves 3, midrib penniveined with 4-6 pairs of main lateral nerves.
Flowers in long, drooping, short-pedunculate spikes, peduncles hairy.
Male fl. sessile, perianth-segments concave, very hairy outside, filaments
slightly dilated at base. Female fl.: perianth of 4 glabrous, rotundate,
concave segments; styles slightly connate at base, papillose, otherwise
nearly glabrous. 3

Wild and cultivated in the Himalaya from the Indus to Assam, ascending (in
East Nepal) to 4000 ft. Burma (evergreen forests, Thoungyeen, D.B,, March
1859). Cultivated (scarce) on the Soane in Behar. Fl. Nov.-March; fr. March-
May. The fruit is long, cylindrical, yellowish-white, sweet but insipid.

4, M. serrata, Roxb. 1. c. 596.—Syn. M. pabularia, Due. in Jacq. Voy.
Bot. t. 151. Vern. Krun, karin, tut, kaura, karru, tulukil, tulklu, soa,
an, shta, chimu, kimu, Pb.; Kimu, himu, N.W.P.

A large deciduous tree with scaly buds ; branchlets, petioles, and young
leaves soft-pubescent or tomentose. Leaves broad-ovate, acuminate, often
lobed, edge deeply cut with large acute serratures, stipules broad-lanceolate,
blade 2-8 in., petiole 1-2 in. long. Flowers (dioicous, Madden) in short-
pedunculate cylindrical spikes, male spikes 1-2 in., female spikes 4 in.
long, peduncles soft-tomentose, with long hairs. Male fl.: perianth-seg-
ments elliptic-oblong, very hairy outside; filaments tapering from a broad
flat 1-nerved base. Female fl.: perianth-segments 2-4, commonly 3, equal,
ciliate, styles connate at base, very hairy. Fruit not very fleshy, mucila-
ginous, sweet, purple.

Common wild locally, in many parts of the N.W. Himalaya, generally from
4000 to 9000 ft., descending in places to 2500 ft. Cultiv. up to Chergaon in
Kunawar. The young leaves come out in May; fl. April, May; fr. June-Aug.
Attains 60-70 ft., with an erect trunk of great girth, 9-10 ft. not uncommon.
Dr Stewart noted several of 20 ft., and one, a magnificent specimen, at the Hindu
temple, Barmaor on the Ravi, in the Chamba State (elev. 7000 ft.), of 28 ft.
girth. Growth apparently slow, annual rings distinct. Bark pale greyish-
brown, with a reddish tinge, smooth or rough with irregular shallow vertical
410 LXVIL URTICACEA, [Morus.

fissures, not running into each other. Sometimes the outer bark peels off in
scales, somewhat similar in appcoran to the bark of sculus indica. Heart-
wood yellowish or dark reddish-brown, with white medullary rays. Easily
worked, not heavy, polishes beautifully, and might answer for cabinet-work.
Is used for agricultural implements, toys, troughs, and similar articles. The
tree is often lopped for cattle-fodder.

Broussonetia papyrifera, Vent. ; DC. Prodr. xvii. 224; Bot, Mag. t,
2358, the Paper Mulberry, is a middle-sized dioicous tree, with ovate
dentate leaves, the upper side rough, the under side soft-tomentose, male
flowers in cylindrical catkins, female flowers in compact, tomentose heads,
from which project, at the time of maturity, long fleshy stalks, bearing 1-
seeded carpels. The leaves of young trees and root-suckers are often lobed.
Japan, China, Polynesia, Siam. Hardy in England, also in France and
Western Germany. Wood light-coloured, even-grained, not hard and not
heavy. The Yapa-cloth of the South Sea Islands is made of the inner
bark ; in Japan paper is made of it, particularly the thick paper for the
eggs of the silkworm; and in Siam and Burma the thick blackened card-
boards, used like slates in Europe for accounts and other writing. (Pala-
baik Burm.) In February 1859 I found it growing apparently wild, on
the Salween river (lat. 18° 40’) near Kolodo and Dahguin zeik, at the
borders of the Karenee country. This useful tree seems to accommodate
itself readily to different conditions of climate, and might advantageously
be cultivated in North-West India.

7. STREBLUS, Loureiro.

Tree or shrub with alternate coriaceous distichous leaves and small lat-
eral early deciduous stipules. Flowers dioicous, male in shortly pedun-
culate axillary clusters, female singly pedunculate. Male fl.: perianth
4-partite, segments imbricate, stamens inflexed in xstivation. Female fl:
perianth 4-phyllous, segments dry concave concealing the ovary. Ovary
l-celled with a solitary pendulous ovule, stigmas 2 filiform. Fruit glo-

pose, enclosed in the accrescent perianth. Albumen none.
‘

1. S. asper, Lour.; Bedd. Fl. Sylv. Anal. gen. t. 26.— Syn.
Trophis aspera, Retz; Roxb. Fl. Ind. iii. 761; Epicarpurus orientalis,
Blume; Wight Ic. t. 1961. Vern. Jindi, Pb.; Stora, sihoura, kar-
channa, risa, Oudh, N.W.P.; Barranki, barinika, Tel.

A rigid shrub or a small scraggy tree with dark-green foliage, branch-
lets hairy, all parts full of milky juice. Leaves short-petiolate, elliptic or
obovate, 2-4 in. long, penniveined, irregularly dentate, rough on both sides
with minute raised round dots; stipules obliquely lanceolate. Flowers
dioicous. Male fl. in short-petiolate globose heads, with a few bracteoles
at the base; perianth campanulate, 4-fid, pubescent’ outside. Female fl.
solitary, on slender peduncles, longer than flower, supported by 2 brac-
teoles ; perianth 6-fid, closely imbricate, two opposite segments inside, two
outside ; styles two, long-filiform, connate at the base. Fruita yellow 1-
seeded berry, partly enclosed in the enlarged perianth.
Streblus. | LXVII. URTICACEA. 411

Sub-Himalayan tract west to the Bias river. Oudh forests, Banda, Behar,
Bengal, South India, Ceylon, Burma, Siam, and Indian Archipelago. Gene-
rally in dry open forests, often on poor soil. Male trees generally more abun-
dant than female trees. The leaves are renewed in March. FI. J an.-March ; fr.
May-July. Attains 20 ft. with a short erect trunk, 3-4, rarely 6 ft. girth.
Bark 4 in. thick, grey, greenish-white or brown, smooth, with faint ridges, rough
when old, with small corky exfoliating scales. Inner substance milky, com-
posed of greenish-white, reticulate, soft silky fibres. Wood white, tough and
elastic, no distinct, heartwood. Weight 423 lb. (Kyd), 45 lb. (Skinner), Value
of P. 570 (Kyd), 604 (Skinner). A good hedge-plant, coppices well, and has
been recommended for the production of fuel. “The twigs are used as tooth-
brushes, and the leaves to polish wood and ivory. In Siam paper is made of
the bark. The leaves are lopped extensively for fodder. The milky juice is
used medicinally, the berries are greedily eaten by birds.

Phyllochlamys spinosa, Bureau in DC. Prodr. xvii, 218—Syn. Taxotrophis
Roxburghti, Blume Mus. Bot. Lugd. Bat. ii. 78; Bedd. Fl. Syly. Anal. gen. t.
26; Trophis spinosa, Roxb. 1. c. 762; Epicarpurus spinosus, Wight Ic. t. 1962
—Vern. Sukali, Tel, is a small tree on the hills of the Coromandel coast and
farther south in the peninsula, with straight axillary, often leaf- and flower-
bearing spines, male f. in sessile heads, female fl. solitary, short-pedunculate,
perianth of 4 lanceolate tapering leaves, enlarged in fruit, and much longer
than the yellow cup-shaped berry, from which the seed, enclosed in a thin
endocarp, protrudes in a way similar to the seed of Taxus, whence the name of
Taxotrophis (uniting the characters of Taxus and T'rophis).

8. FICUS, Linn.

Trees or shrubs, juice usually milky. Leaves alternate, rarely opposite,
entire or lobed; stipules amplexicaul, usually deciduous. Flowers uni-
sexual, minute, on the inside of a hollow, globose ovoid or pear-shaped
receptacle, commonly called a fig, supported at the base by 3 or 4 bracts,
the mouth of the receptacle closed by numerous scales in several rows, the
inner scales turned inwards, those of the outer row more or less erect.
Numerous bractlets generally between the flowers. Receptacles usually
androgynous, male flowers few, near the mouth, rarely numerous, mixed
with the female flowers, or in separate receptacles. Perianth thin, colour-
less, hyaline or membranous or subcoriaceous, and then frequently red,
of 3-6 segments or distinct leaves, the segments of the female perianth
often narrow, and sometimes very thin or entirely wanting. Stamens 1
or 2, rarely more, and then opposite to the perianth-segments ; anthers
generally of two distinct cells, versatile or basifixed. Ovary 1-celled, very
rarely 2-celled, style usually lateral, short or filiform 3 stigma terminal,
peltate, or long, penicillate, or bifid. Receptacles either in the axils of
leaves, generally in pairs, or clustered on leafless but often bracteate race-
mose or paniculate branches onthe old wood. The fruit generally requires
several months to ripen; it consists of the enlarged, generally fleshy recep-
tacle, often stalked, with the bracts at the base of the stalk, enclosing num-
erous minute seed-like nuts, often surrounded by the persistent membran-
ous or succulent perianth. Embryo curved in a fleshy albumen.

A large genus, comprising upwards of 600 species, of which more than 60 are
Indian. : roiana, Covaliea, and other genera, established by Gasparrini and
412 LXVIIL. URTICACEA, [Ficus,

Miquel, are now reunited with Ficus in the enumeration of species published
by Miquel in the third volume of Annales Musei Bot. Lugduni Batayi, 1867.

I. Receptacles axillary, usually in pairs; the ripe fruit often in
the axils of fallen leaves.
Receptacles sessile or subsessile ; leaves glabrous or hairy,
never rough ; male fl. monandrous; stigma elongated,
feathery (subgenus Urostigma).
Main lateral nerves 4-15 pair, prominent.
Petioles short, less than one-fourth the length of blade.
Roots from branches numerous, growing into sup-
ports and secondary stems ; fruit pubescent, red
when ripe 2 . A 5 . a . 1. F, bengalensis.
Roots from branches not numerous ; fruit tomentose,
grey when ripe ; : 2 3 .
Petioles one-third or one-half the length of blade.
Fruit sessile ; main lateral nerves 8-12 -pair; fruit
white when ripe : - : 5 ‘ . 38, F. infectoria.
Fruit on short peduncles ; main lateral nerves 6-8 pair 4. F. Wightiana.
Petioles long, exceeding half the length of blade; fruit
black when ripe.
Point (acumination) of leaf linear, 1-3 in. long; petiole
generally as long as greatest breadth of leaf . 5. F. religiosa,
Point of leaf subulate, 4 to 1 in. long ; petiole shorter
than greatest breadth of leaf . 5 : . 6. F. cordifolia.

7. F. retusa.

2. F. tomentosa,

Main lateral nerves numerous, slender. , ; :
Receptacles pedunculate ; leaves generally rough; male fl.
often 2-3-androus; stigma generally bifid. (These spp.
belong to various subgenera, the characters and limits
of which are not yet exactly defined.)
Petioles between one-fourth and one-half the length of
leaf.
Leaves generally lobed ; branchlets pubescent or gla-
brous 3 . . : . . ‘ . 8 F. Carica.
Leaves ‘dentate, not generally lobed ; branchlets to-
mentose . 7 s : : : . . 9. #. virgata. &
Petioles less than one-fourth the length of leaf.
Leaves elliptic-oblong or ovate.
Leaves elliptic-oblong ; main lateral nerves 7-10 pair 10. F. parasitica.
Leaves ovate ; main lateral nerves 4-6 pair . . Ll. F. scandens,
Leaves oblong-lanceolate, long-acuminate . : . 12. F. trachycarpa
IL. Receptacles on leafless racemose or paniculate branches from the
old wood, generally on the trunk ; male fl. generally monan-
drous, perianth of 3-4 large hyaline segments, enveloping
each other ; female veranth none or small, or very thin and
transparent (subgenus Covellia).
Leaves alternate. ;
Leaves short-petiolate, very unequal-sided, the lower
lobe of the base rounded, projecting . - . 18. F. Cunia.
Leaves not unequal-sided ; petioles 1-4 in. long.

Leaves lanceolate a . ‘ i: . 14. F. glomerata.
Leaves broad-ovate, with deeply cordate base . 15. F. Roxburghit.
Leaves opposite . 7 F . . F . 16. Ff. hispida,

1. F. bengalensis,* Linn.—Syn. F. indica, Roxb. Fl. Ind. iii. 539;

* There is some doubt as to what tree was intended by Linnaeus under the name of
F. indica, and I follow Miquel in calling the Banyan, F. bengalensis, though Roxburgh

referred it to F. indica, Linn, The tree which Miquel refers'to F. indica, Linn., is
mentioned at p. 415.
Ficus.] LXVII. URTICACEA. 413

Urostigma bengalense, Gasp. ; Wight Ic. t. 1989. Banyan.—Sans. Vata.
Vern. Bor, bar, bera, bargat, Hind. ; War, Bombay.

A large tree with spreading branches, sending down numerous slender
roots, which descend to the ground and afterwards become trunks. Leaves
alternate, approximate near the ends of branches, ovate, entire, obtuse,
base cordate or rounded, 3-5-nerved, the midrib with 4-6 pair of main
lateral nerves, joined by fine transverse reticulate and distinct intramar-
ginal veins, coriaceous, smooth above, soft-tomentose pubescent or gla-
brate beneath, blade 4-8, petiole 1-2 in. long, a broad smodth gland at the
top of the petiole on the under side; stipules sheathing, leaving annular
scars on branchlets, Receptacles sessile, axillary, each receptacle supported
by 2-4, more or less connate, broad obtuse bracts. Male and female fl.
in the same receptacle mixed with long linear bracteoles ; perianth 3-4-
parted, male fi. monandrous. Fruit globose, pubescent, red when ripe,
4 in. diam.

_ Commonly planted by Hindoos throughout India, as far north as Peshawar,
in the outer Himalaya as high as 4000 ft. Wild in the forest tracts of the
sub-Himalayan tract, Oudh, Bengal, and Central India, irregularly distributed,
common in places, and wanting in others, In North India the leaves are renewed.
in March and April; the fruit ripens April, May, and remains long on the
tree ; the young foliage has a brownish colour. The Banyan sends down aerial
roots from the branches to a greater extent than any other Ficus ; they root in
the ground and grow into trunks, which serve as a support for the horizontal
branches, and as feeders, thus gradually increasing the diameter of the crown.
Many specimens are known in Bengal with the crown 200-300 ft. in diameter
and larger. Grows 70-100 ft. high, the main stem generally of moderate girth.
In North-West India the rootdrops are much less numerous and strong than in
the moister and warmer climate of Bengal and the peninsula, but the trunk
attains a large size, 25 or 30 ft. girth being not uncommon, and trees exist even
in the dry climate of the Panjab, with numerous rootdrops covering considerable
areas. The bark is 1 in, thick, grey, but darker coloured than that of the Peepul,
smooth and even, with circular shallow furrows, inner bark pale-red, fibrous.
The bark of old stems often exfoliates in flat roundish scales. Wood open-
grained, not durable, whitish, with concentric wavy bands of lighter-coloured tis-
sue. Medullary rays numerous, distinctly marked. Pores large, few, often in
pairs ; the cub. ft. weighs 30-36 1lb., and Skinner gives the value of P. at 600.
Hindoos do not generally fell the tree, but the wood is occasionally used for
boxes, door-panels, and is said to be valued for well-rings. The rootdrops
are tough and elastic, and are used for tent-poles, poles for carrying loads,
also for cart-yokes, A coarse brown cordage is made of them, which the Sikhs
used largely for slow-matches for their matchlocks. Birdlime is prepared
from the acrid milky juice ; when dried it has the form of dark-brown ae
Brahmins use the leaves as plates, and leaves and twigs are a favourite fodder
of cattle and elephants. Lakh is collected from the tree in some parts of the
eastern and central Panjab and in Ceylon, not in Sindh, The fruit is sweetish,
and is eaten during times of scarcity ; it is greedily devoured by birds, The
leaves are applied to bruises, and the bark is used in native pharmacy. Like
other sp. of Ficus, the Banyan often grows from seeds left by birds in the fork
of another tree, whence it sends down aerial roots, which gradually form a net-
work of thick woody roots or stems, enclosing the trunk of the parent tree,
which is buried in the mass of the Ficus, and at last perishes. Trees killed in
414 LXVIL URTICACEA. : [Fieus,

this manner by epiphytic Ficus are called Vyaungthat in Burma. The Toddy
palm (Borassus Haelliterne) is often seen thus encircled by the Ficus, the
crown alone appearing.

2. F. tomentosa, Willd. ; Roxb. 1. c. 550; Wight Ie. t. 647.—Syn.
Urostigma. tomentosum and obversum, Miquel; Hook. Journ. Bot. vi.
(1847) 573.

A large tree, throwing out roots from the branches, which do not, how-
ever, grow large; branchlets, petioles, and under side of leaves grey-to-
mentose. Leaves coriaceous, elliptic- or obovate-oblong, acute, base cor-
date, lateral nerves 6-8 pair, the lowest pair basal; transverse and intra-
marginal veins distinct; blade 3-7, petiole 4-14 in. long. Receptacles
axillary, in pairs, tomentose. Fruit 4 in. across, grey, woolly, supported
by 3 large tomentose bracts.

Banda district, Behar, and probably Satpura range. Western Ghats of Canara
and Mysore.

F, mysorensis, Roth—Syn. Urostigma mysorense and dasycarpum, Migq., is
closely allied, but has larger oblong fruit and 12-15 pairs of main lateral nerves,
A large tree, yielding excellent shade, in Malabar, Canara, and the Konkan.
Ceylon. Common in the western forests of Mysore.

3. F. infectoria, Willd. ; Roxb. Fl. Ind. iii. 551 ; Wight Ic. t. 665.—
Syn. F. venosa, Ham. ; Urostigma infectorium and U. Tjakela, Miq.1.c.566,
567. Sans. Plaksha. Vern. War, var, batbar, jangli pipli, palakh, trim-
bal, Pb. ; Pilkhan (also in Pb.), ramanjir, N.W.P. ; Pakhar, pakharia,
Oudh, N.W. and C.P.; Keol, kaim, khabar, pakri, sohun pakar, C.P.

A large tree, young shoots slightly pubescent. Leaves coriaceous,
glabrous, shining, abruptly acuminate; main lateral nerves 8-12 pair,
alternating with shorter intermediate nerves, the lowest pair from the
base ; blade 4-8 in., petiole 2-3 in. long. Receptacles sessile, axillary, in
pairs, each supported by 3 small bracts. Style filiform, stigma long, peni-
cillate. Fruit globose, + in. diam., white when ripe.

Not uncommon on the lower hills of the Suliman range trans-Indus, in the
Salt range, the Siwalik tract, and outer Himalaya, ascending to 4000 ft, in the
Panjab, to 5000 ft. in Kamaon. Common in the Oudh forests, Bengal, Burma,
and the Central Provinces. West side of the peninsula from the Konkan to
Malabar. The leaves are renewed between Feb. and April; the fruit ripens
May, June, and often remains on the tree until the ensuing year’s fruit is formed.
Attains 40-50 ft., trunk short, irregularly shaped, not rarely sending down single
roots from stem or branches. Often found as an epiphyte on other trees. Bark

ey, even, but exfoliating in long strips ; inner substance fibrous, tough, milky.

ood reddish- or brownish-white. The cub. ft. weighs 30 lb. Not durable.
The young shoots are eaten in curries, and the leaves are used as fodder for
cattle and elephants. A good avenue-tree, grows rapidly, quicker than Stris.

4. F. Wightiana, Wall. ; Benth. Fl. Hongk. 327.—Syn. Urostigma
Wightianum and persecefolium, Miq. in Hook. Journ. Bot. vi. (1847) 566,
567.

A large tree, wholly glabrous. Leaves ovate-oblong, shortly acuminate ;
main lateral nerves 6-8 pair, with intermediate slender ones, the lowest
Ficus.] LXVII. URTICACEA. 415

pair basal, intramarginal veins distinct; blade 3-6 in., petiole 1-14 in.
long. Receptacles axillary, in pairs, sometimes in the axils of fallen
leaves, pedunculate, peduncles 1 line long. Fruit subglobose, 4-3 in, diam,
supported by very small bracts.

South India, Ceylon, Hongkong. I refer to this sp. specimens collected by R.
Thompson in the Baraich forests of Oudh (“a small tree ”), Dr Stewart, how-
ever, referred them to Urostigma Pseudo-Benjamineum, Mig. 1. c. 566, which
he, as well as Beddome, Manual FI. Sylv. 223, identify with #. comosa, Roxb.
Cor, Pl. t. 125; Fl. Ind. iii. 552. F. comosa is described and figured by Roxb.
with slender, often pendulous branchlets, and oval, long-acuminate leaves taper-
ing into a slender petiole about 1 in. long. Fruit contracted at the base, rich
deep yellow or purple when ripe, the size of a gooseberry. Tinnevelly hills and
mountains on the east side of the peninsula.

This group of Indian figs to which #', Wightiana and comosa belong, demands
farther study on the spot. Nearly allied to them are the two following species :
1. #. Tstela, Roxb. 1. c. 549; Wight Ic. t. 668; Bedd. Fl. Sylv. t. 314; Mig.
Ann. Mus. Lugd. Bat. iii, 286—Syn. Urostigma Pseudo-Tiela, Mig. (1847) 566.
A large tree with smooth bark, wholly glabrous, leaves ovate, long-petiolate ;
lateral nerves slender, numerous, some more prominent than the others; fruit
turbinate, purple when ripe. Bengal, mountains of South India, 2. F. indica,
Linn. Syst. Veg. 922; Mig. Ann. Mus. Lugd. Bat. iii. 287—Syn. U. Tjiela, Mig.
Hook. Journ. Bot. vi. 580, with thick-coriaceous, shining, short-petiolate leaves.
East Bengal, Burma, Philippine Islands. a

5. F. religiosa, Linn. ; Roxb. Fl. Ind. iii. 547 ; Bedd. Fl. Sylv. t. 314.
—Syn. Urostigma religiosum, Gasp. ; Wight Ic. t. 1967. Peepul. Sans.
Pippala. Vern. Pipal, Hind. ; Pipro, Panch Mehals; Ravi, Telugu ;
Baude nyaung, Burm.

A large tree wholly glabrous, with irregularly-shaped trunk and wide-
spreading branches. Leaves drooping, coriaceous, shining, broad -ovate,
3-4 in. broad, edge undulate, with a long narrow acumen (1-3 in. long),
basal nerves 5-7, midrib penniveined, basal and lateral nerves anastomos-
ing by close and prominent reticulate veins, petiole slender, generally as
long as greatest breadth of leaf. Receptacles sessile, generally in pairs,
axillary, each receptacle supported by 3 obtuse pubescent bracts, often
splitting as the receptacle expands. Male and female flowers in the same
receptacle, mixed with lanceolate bracteoles; perianth 3-4-parted, male
flowers monandrous. Fruit subglobose, somewhat flattened, } in. across,

dark purple when ripe.

ommonly planted by Hindoos throughout India, and by Buddhists in Cey-
ibe and Baas, This bese is peculiarly sacred to the Buddhists. Rare in the
arid tract of North-West India. In the outer Himalaya planted trees are found
as high as 5000 ft. Wild in the forests of the sub-Himalayan tract, Bengal, and
Central India. Not indigenous in Burma. In North and Central India the
tree is leafless during a short time, generally only for a week or two ; the leaves
are renewed between February and April, the young foliage is reddish. The
fruit ripens during the hot season, in April, May in the. Panjab, and sometimes
as late as Oct., Nov. (Centr. Prov., R. Th.) Attains 80-90 ft., trunk short, most
irregularly shaped, fluted and buttressed, of large girth, 25-30 ft., not uncommon,
Stewart mentions a tree 25 ft. girth at 5000 ft. in Chamba, and another of 36
416 LXVIL URTICACEAE. [ Ficus,

ft.in Sindh. The roots spread wide near the surface, and are often above
ground. Bark thick, light-grey, smooth, on old trunks rough with large exfoli-
ating scales, inner substance red, fibrous, milky.

The seed of the Peepul, like that of the Banyan, often germinates on roofs,
walls, and on other trees. The a is particular] destructive to buildings,
It is often found as an epiphyte on Dalb. Sissoo, Bauhinia purpurea, and other
trees. Loranthus and other parasites are not generally found on this species or
on F’. infectoria and glomerata. The wood is pinkish-white, with narrow con-
centric bands of lighter colour, open-grained, not strong or durable. Medullary
rays marked, showing like narrow horizontal bands on a vertical section. Pores
few, large. The cub. ft. weighs 443 lb. (Cunningham, Gwalior), 34 (Skinner) ;
the value of P. is 458 according to Cunningham’s, and 584 according to Skinner’s
experiments. The tree, being sacred, is rarely felled ; the wood is used as fuel
and to make packing-cases. In Central India the young leaf-buds are eaten as
a vegetable by the hill tribes during times of scarcity, the twigs and leaves are
a favourite fodder of elephants ; Roxburgh states that silkworms like the tender
leaves of this tree next to the Mulberry leaves. Stick-lakh is largely produced
on the Peepul in Central India. Apart from being a sacred tree, it is planted
on account of its dense shade, and is easily raised from seed and cuttings. In
the Panjab cuttings do not succeed so well as those of the Banyan. Grows moré
rapidly than Stssoo, Siris, or even Albizzia procera, At oe elevations (4000
ft.) the extremities are often nipped by frost. The leaves, bark, and fruit are
officinal in native medicine. e skeleton leaves are used for painting by the

Chinese artists.

6. F. cordifolia, Roxb. 1. c. 548 (not Blume*),—_Tab. XLVIII.—
Wight Ic. t. 640.—Syn. Urostigma cordifolium, Miquel in Lond. Journ.
Bot. vi. (1847) 564. Ficus populiformis, Schott ; Miquel Mus. Lugd.
Bat. ili. 287, perhaps &. terminalioides, Griffith, and affinis, Gr. Ic. Pl.
As. t. 550, 553. Vern. Rumbal, palak, badha, pilkhan, Pb.; Kabar,
gajitin, gajua, pipal, N.W.P.; Gagjaira, Oudh; Pakar, khabar, C.P.;
Pakri, Assam ; Pair, Bomb.

A large tree. Leaves wholly glabrous, shining, ovate, acuminate, with
rounded or cordate base, edge undulate, basal nerves 3-5, midrib penni-
veined, basal and lateral nerves joined by closely reticulate and distinct
intramarginal veins, prominent in young, less distinct in old leaves, blade
4-5, petiole 2-3 in. long. Receptacles sessile, axillary, in pairs, each sup-
ported by 3 bracts, male and female flowers in the same receptacle, peri-
anth 3-4-parted, male flower monandrous. Fruit globose, black when:
ripe, $ in. diam.

Wild ; here and there, not common, in the Siwalik tract and outer Himalaya,
ascending to 5000 ft., and extending west to the Chenab. Bengal, Central
India, and Western Ghats near Bombay. The leaves are renewed in March,
and the fruit ripens in May and June. Attains 40-50 ft., trunk short, of irregu-
lar shape, deep-furrowed and fluted, girth 7-8 ft., branches numerous, spread-
ing. Resembles F. religiosa on a small scale. Often epiphytic, embracing

* F. cordifolia, described from Java by Blume (Bijdragen, 1825, 488), has priority,
as Roxburgh’s Flora, though written early this century, was not published until 1832,
but has, according to Miquel Mus. Lugd. Bat. iii. 260, not been found since Blume’s
time. Under these circumstances, Roxburgh’s well-known name for a well-known tree
may be permitted to stand for the present, pending a revision of this difficult genus,
Ficus.] LXVII. URTICACEA. 417

other trees and killing them. Bark 1 in. thick, yellowish grey, longitudinally
wrinkled, with hard scales exfoliating. Wood pinkish white. The leaves are
used as cattle-fodder. The fruit is eaten. In the Durrung district of Assam it
is cultivated for rearing the lakh insect (G. Mann).

._ %. F. retusa, Linn.; Benth. Fl. Hongk. 327; Fl. Austr. vi. 166.—
Syn. F. Benjamina, Roxb. 1. ¢. 550. #. nitida, Thunb. ; Wight Ie. t. 642.
F. pallida, Wall. (?) Urostigma pisiferum and ovoidewm, Mig. in London
Journ. Bot. vi. (1847) 581.

A large handsome tree with dense foliage, wholly glabrous. Leaves
coriaceous, shining, oval or obovate, acute or short-acuminate, blade 2-3
in. long, narrowed into petiole 3 in. long ; main lateral nerves numerous,
slender, not very prominent. Fruit subglobose, 4 in. diameter, sessile,
axillary, solitary or in pairs, purple when ripe, with small yellowish specks
(Roxb. Fl. Ind.) ; the Il. in Hb. Kew, No. 688, has greyish yellow fruit.

Kamaon (Kosilla valley.at 3000 ft., Strachey & Winterbottom), Banda, Bengal,
South India, Ceylon, Indian Archipelago, Burma, China, North Australia, Queens-
land. Dense shade, makes an excellent avenue-tree. Specimens collected in
Oudh, not seen by me, identified by Dr Stewart with this species, are described
by R. Thompson as from a small epiphytic tree, with full dark-green foliage.

F. Benjaminea, Linn., has slender drooping branches, elliptic or broad-ovate,
shortly petiolate leaves, elegantly marked with numberless fine parallel lateral
veins, close together, and joined along the edge by a distinct intramarginal vein.
Fruit ? in, diameter. East Bengal, Burma, Indian Archipelago, Queensland.
apie species, as well as /’. retusa, is called Nyaung-thabieh (Eugenia Ficus) in

urmese.

Ff. elastica, Blume ; Bijdragen tot de Flora van Nederlandsch Indie, 446 ;
Roxb. Fl. Ind. iii, 541; Wight Ic. t. 663; Griff. Ic. Pl. As. rar. t. 552—the
Assam Caoutchouc-tree—vern. Borgach, attah bar, Assam; Kagirt, Kasia
(Griffith) ; Kasmir, Silhet (Roxb.),—is a large tree, with irregularly-shaped
stem and spreading branches, from which roots descend to the ground. The
leaves are thick - coriaceous, shining, elliptic, midrib very prominent, with
numberless straight parallel fine lateral veins, nearly at right angles to the
midrib, blade 3-6 in. long, on seedlings and root-shoots much longer, stipules
long, sheathing, rose-coloured. Fruit ovoid, greenish yellow, the size of an
olive. Sub-Himalayan tract from Sikkim to the extreme eastern boundary of
Assam, foot of the hills at the head and on the south side of the Brahmaputra
valley. Pandua and Jantipur hills, which bound the Silhet valley on the north.
The tree towers above the surrounding forest ; Griffith (Journ. As. Soc. vii. i. 1838,
132) describes a specimen, 100 ft. high, circumference of main trunk 74 ft., of
trunk and supports 120 ft., of area covered by the branches 610 ft. The Assam
Caoutchouc, when pure, is a superior article, but it seems certain that Para rub-
ber, the produce of several species of Hevea (p. 445), retains its firmness longer
and is more suitable for work requiring great elasticity and power of resistance.
In Assam, however, it is often mixed, not only with pieces of bark, wood, sand,
stones, but also with the milk of other species of Ficus which is inferior in

uality. :
F. atasttioa is a free and rapid grower, easily propagated by cuttings, and
its cultivation in Assam on a large scale will doubtless prove successful. In
Gerthany, where it is commonly grown as an ornament of drawing-rooms, it was
formerly known under the name of Berlin weed. It is cultivated in gardens
throughout the tropics and as an avenue-tree in Java. In that island, however,
it seems also to be indigenous; Blume (1. c.), in 1825, states that it grows on
2D
418 LXVIL, URTICACEA. [ Ficus.

limestone, gives the vernacular names as Karet, karet tapok, and describes a
variety, bengalica (introduced from Calcutta *), with acuminate, undulate leaves.
Tn the Preface to Rumphia, ii. (1836),he says that the Java tree is capable of yield-
ing Caoutchouc. Miquel, Fl. Ind. Bat. i. ii. 348, makes three species— Urostigma
elasticum (introduced), U. Karet and odoratum (indigenous in Java) ; but in his
latter work, Ann. Mus. Lugd. Bat. iii. 287, he unites the three under J. elas-
tica, Nois (evidently a misprint for Nobis in Blume). A species nearly allied
to F. elastica is F. macrophylla, Desf. Queensland and New South Wales.
There is no proof of £. elastica being indigenous in Australia. (Benth. Fl.
Austr. vi. 170.)

F. laccifera, Roxb. 1. ¢. 545; Wight Ic. t. 656,—vern. Kathal Bat, Silhet,
—a large tree, wholly glabrous, with large, firm, shining, ovate or elliptic, short-
acuminate leaves, petioles 1-2 in. long, with 3 basal and 4-8 main lateral nerves
on either side of midrib, and numerous fine intermediate nerves between;
fruit sessile, axillary, ovoid, the size of a gooseberry—is said to be tapped for
Caoutchouc, like F’ elastica. This tree grows in Assam, Silhet, the Andamans,
Malabar (Beddome Man. 223), and probably in Burma; the Caoutchouc yielded
by it merits farther examination. In Silhet Lakh is collected from its branches.

8. F. Carica, Linn.—Fig-tree, Vern. Anjir. Local names: Kimri,
fagu, fagurt, fagart, Pb.

A middle-sized deciduous tree, with glabrous, smooth, grey or brown
branches, the branchlets of the current year pubescent. Leaves cordate,
3-5-nerved, dentate, and more or less deeply lobed, lobes obtuse, blade
4-8, petiole 2-3 in. long, upper side rough, under side tomentose ; stipules
early deciduous. Receptacles pedunculate, axillary, turbinate, narrowed
into a stalk, and supported at the base by a few membranous, early decid-
uous bracts. The receptacles which appear first, in the lower axils, are
androgynous, containing a few male, with numerous female flowers, those
which appear later in the year, in the upper axils, only produce female
flowers. Male fl. near the mouth of the fig, perianth-segments 3-5,
stamens 1-5, generally 3, filaments longer than perianth. Female fi:
perianth-segments 3-5, ovary sometimes 2-celled, style lateral, filiform,

bifid at the top. Fruit, when ripe, yellow or dark purple, greatly varying
in size and colour.

Cultivated in the plains of N.W. India, and in the outer hills of the N.W.
Himalaya, as high as 5000 ft., also in the Dekkan. Cultivated largely in Belu-
chistan and sen and said to be wild about Kandahar. Cleghorn (Pan-
jab Forests, 177) states that Figs are indigenous (but small) in Kaghan. The
Fig-tree is indigenous in Syria and Palestine, and its cultivation in those coun-
tries is as old as that of the vine. In South Europe it is completely naturalised,
and is not uncommonly found in an apparently wild state. Hardy in England.
In the Panjab the fruit generally ripens from May to August. Bark whitish or
light grey, smooth or fines he a ood soft, white with a yellowish tinge. Figs
are an important article ot food in Western Asia, In Afghanistan, numerous var-
ieties are cultivated (makkaz with black, sada with white fruit). The Figs grown
in India are generally poor. Dried Figs are used extensively in native phaemaey
(Pharm. Ind. 215). Gasparrini, an Italian botanist, studied the classification of the
genus, the varieties of the (apparently) wild and cultivated Figs, and the process of

* Blume may have received the name F. elastica from the Bot. Garden, Calcutta,

but it is not included in Roxburgh’s Hortus Bengalensis, and the Flora Indica did not
appear until 1832, so that Blume must stand as the authority.
Ficus. ] LXVII. URTICACEAE, 419

caprification, an old practice, by which it was supposed that the setting and ripen-
ing of the Fig was promoted. He established the genera Urostigma and Covellia
(p. 412), and divided the common Fig-tree. (7. Carica) into two genera, Micus
and Caprificus, each of which he subdivided into numerous species, Gaspar-
rini distinguishes Caprificus, which comprises the wild Figs, the fruit of which
is not eatable, from /’icus by the 3-partite female perianth, and the ovary always
l-celled, but the minute sexual organs of this genus, which develop themselves
in a crowded state, pressing against each other, while the delicate parts of the
flower are being formed, present great variation and irregularity, the limits of
which for each species are as yet only imperfectly known. The kind called by
Gasparrini Caprijicus is generally inhabited by an insect (Psenes caprisici), and
it was an old practice in Greece, described by Aristotle and Theophrastus, to
plant the Capri Fig by the side of the Fig, or to suspend the fruits of the one to
the branches of the other, the supposition being that the insect enters the unripe
fruits of the domestic Fig and causes them to set or accelerates their ripening.
This practice of caprification seems to have spread to South Italy from Greece,
and it is still practised in parts of these two countries, as well as in Asia Minor,
though it is unknown in Spain, the South of France, and, as far as I am aware,
in Afghanistan and India. Numerous endeavours to explain the rationale of
this practice have been made by scientific men ever since the time of Theo-
phrastus, the generally accepted opinion being that the insect promotes the fer-
tilisation of the Fig, making an opening by which the pollen escapes, or by car-
rying the pollen from the Figs with male flowers to those which have only female
flowers. Against this stands the fact, that many kinds of Fig attain maturity
with sterile seeds—that is, seeds in which the embryo has not been developed,
and therefore fecundation is not an essential condition to the ripening of Figs.
Gasparrini, however, not satisfied with general objections, made a series of in-
teresting experiments, which he published in 1845, from which it would ap-
pear that caprification has no effect whatever on the ripening of the Fig, and
that, however old the practice of Greek and Italian gardeners may be, its advan-
tage or usefulness can in no way be established. Twenty years later (in 1865),
the same author published the result of experiments, which he had undertaken
to investigate another practice of the Neapolitan cultivators, called punc-
turation, which consists in anointing the mouth of the unripe Fig, when it has
arrived at a certain size, with a very small quantity of olive oil. There is no
doubt that this practice advances maturation by about ten days, and Gasparrini
found that, while the application of other liquids was without any effect, most
oils or fatty substances, as well as most acids (particularly tartaric and diluted
sulphuric acid), if applied to the scales at the mouth of the fig, had the effect of
considerably accelerating maturity. These remarkable experiments seem to sug-
gest the possibility of an action by the insect upon the development of the fruit,
which has not yet been discovered. English translations of these two interest-
ing memoirs will be found in the Journal of the Horticultural Society of London,
iii, 185, and New Series, ii. 1. ; :

Ficus Sycomorus, Linn.— Syn. Sycomorus antiquorum, Gasp., is a large,
spreading, very shady tree, conimon in Egypt and Abyssinia, planted in avenues
near Cairo, and believed to attain a great age. Branchlets, petioles, and nerves
hairy ; leaves coriaceous, glabrate, upper side shining, broad-ovate “with cor-
date base, entire or repand ; basal nerves 3, midrib penniveined. Receptacles
on leafless paniculate branchlets from the trunk or larger boughs, male and
female flowers in distinct receptacles. The wood was used by the old Egyptians
for mummy cases.

9. F. virgata, Roxb. Fl. Ind. iii. 530; Wight Ic. 649.—Syn. F. cari-
coides, Roxb. 1. c, 529; Wight Ic. t. 634 (probably). Vern. Anjir, inzar,
420 LXVIL URTICACEA, [ Ficus.

Afg. ; Fagu, fog, fag, fagoru, dhidi, dhira, phedu, kak, kok, daholia, Pb.
hills; Fagwara, thapur, Pb. plains; Gular, khabara, anjiri, beru, bedu,
N.W.P.

A small or middle-sized tree with hoary or pubescent branches, branch-

lets of the current year, as well as petioles, young shoots and young
leaves soft-tomentose. Leaves rough above, soft-tomentose beneath,
broad-ovate, dentate, not or very rarely lobed, 3 basal nerves, and 4-6
pair of main lateral nerves on midrib ; blade 3-5, petiole 1-2 in. long,
Receptacles tomentose, pedunculate, axillary, pear-shaped, not stipitate
when young, but when farther advanced narrowed into a stalk, which
lengthens out and often attains 4 in., being supported at its base by 3-4
ovate membranous bracts, mouth half closed with numerous cordate ciliate
scales ; peduncle 4-3 in. long. Fruit yellow when ripe, $-1 in. diam.
Leaves of this sp. sometimes slightly resemble those of #. Roxburghit,
but these have more prominent transverse veins, and the upper surface
always glabrous, never rough or tomentose. The branchlets of F. Rox-
burghit are hollow, those of F. virgata solid with large pith, like those of
F. Carica. From F. Carica it is best distinguished by tomentose branch-
lets and the rarely lobed leaves, which are less rough than those of the
common Fig. There is some doubt regarding F. caricoides, which is re-
presented by Roxb. in Ill, Hb. Kew, 1730, with larger leaves and the
fruit not, or very shortly stipitate.
. Common wild on the eastern slopes of the Suliman range, ascending to 5000
ft., and in the plains of the trans-Indus territory, in the Salt range, the Siwalik
tract, and outer hills, extending eastward to Nepal, and ascending to 5000 ft.
(on the Sutlej to 9000 ft.) Urzni the upper limit in Kunawar. Oudh forests,
plains of the Panjab. Cultivated in N.W. India, in Sindh, Beluchistan, and
Afghanistan. The leaves are renewed in March, the fruit ripens June-Oct.
The tree resembles /”. Carica in habit so much as to be easily confused with it;
the trunk is short, 6-7 ft. girth (one of 10 ft. noted by Dr 8.), with a rounded
bushy crown, but it often is only a shrub. Bark of a dull-grey colour (ashy
white, Madden), very smooth, with only a few small scars and specks. In the
plains the fruit is not generally eaten, in the hills it is eaten largely, and. is
often succulent, sweet, and pleasant.

10. F. parasitica, Koenig ; Thwaites Enum. 266; Mig. Ann. Mus.
Lugd. Bat. iii, 292.—Syn. #. Ampelos, Koen. ; Roxb. FI. Ind. iii, 553 ;
Wight Ic. t. 652. 2. excelsa, Vahl; Roxb. 1. c. 552.

A large tree, or epiphytic on other trees. Leaves rough on both sides,
or on the under side only, short - petiolate, elliptic - oblong, entire, main
lateral nerves 7-10 pair, joined by reticulate and distinct intramarginal
veins, blade 5-6, petiole { in. long. Receptacles pubescent, in pairs, axil-
lary, pedunculate. Male flowers few, monandrous, perianth-segments 3-5,
linear, hairy. Female flowers: perianth of 5-6 long, linear, hairy segments ;
style lateral, short, stigma indistinctly lobed. Fruit yellow when ripe,
subglobose, 4 in. diam.

Kamaon, at the foot of the hills, Banda, Behar, Bengal, South India, Ceylon.

Often epiphytic, encircling the stems of other trees with its anastomosing roots.
The leaves are used to polish ivory (Roxb.)
Ficus.] LXVIL, URTICACEA. 421

11. F. scandens, Roxb. 1. c. 536; Wight Ic. t. 643. (Not F. scandens,
Roxb. of Stewart Pb. Plants, 214.)

A climbing shrub; leaves coriaceous, rough on both sides, or on the
under side only, short-petiolate, ovate, entire, main lateral nerves 4-6 pair,
with shorter intermediate nerves between, the lowest pair basal, joined by
slender reticulate and intramarginal veins, blade 4-6, petiole 4-1 in. long.
Receptacles in pairs, axillary, pedunculate, but not stipitate, supported at
the base by 3-4 ovate bracts. Male flowers few, monandrous; perianth of
both sexes red, glabrous, of 4 linear segments. Style lateral, short, stig-
ma 2-lobed. Fruit subglobose, 4 in. diam., yellowish-green when ripe,
peduncle $ in. long.

Kamaon, Parisnath in Behar, Eastern Bengal.

_ Ficus radicans, Roxb. 1. c. 536; Wight Ic. t. 671—Syn. F. urophylla, Wall.,
is a scandent shrub with rooting stems, often epiphytic. Leaves short-petiolate,
elliptic or elliptic-oblong, suddenly narrowed into a long linear apex, midrib,
nerves and veins very prominent beneath, impressed on the upper side of leaf,
main lateral nerves 3-4 on either side of midrib, anastomosing by stout intra-
marginal transverse and reticulate veins. Fruit axillary, subglobose, pedun-
culate, 4 in. diam., yellow or orange when ripe. East Bengal, Burma, Indian
Archipelago.
ae F. trachycarpa, Mig. in Hook. Journ. Bot. vii. (1848) 430; Ann.
A shrub or small tree, with rough branchlets. Leaves rough, short-
petiolate, oblong - lanceolate, long-acuminate, dentate with large distant
teeth, main lateral nerves 6-8 pair, arcuate, blade 4-6 in., acumen (tail)
1 in., and petiole } in. long. Receptacles axillary, solitary, short-pedun-
culate, male and female flowers in one receptacle. Male flowers: perianth
gamophyllous, segments 3-5, hairy ; stamens 1 or 2, anthers versatile, cells
parallel, distinct. Female flowers: perianth-segments linear, ciliate, gen-
erally 5. Ovary stipitate, style short, lateral, bifid at the top, but early
deciduous. Fruit ovoid, 2 in. long, rugose with a very uneven surface, on
short peduncle.

Sutlej valley near Rampur, Kamaon, ascending to 5000 ft. Sikkim, Kasia
hills, Burma. Fr. May, June.

13. F, Cunia, Buch. ; Roxb. 1. c. 561; Wight Ic. t. 648 ; Mig. Ann.
Mus. Lugd. Bat. iii, 296.—Vern. Khewnau, Garhwal ; Khurhur, Oudh ;
Kasse, Gorakhpur; Ghwi, C. Prov.

Asmall or sometimes a large tree, branchlets scabrous. Leaves alternate,
bifarious, unequal-sided, oblong-lanceolate, acuminate, serrate, rough on
both sides, under side soft-tomentose while young, base semicordate, the
lower half forming a large rounded, projecting, 3-nerved lobe; main lateral
nerves 8-12 pair, with prominent transverse veins, blade 6-15, petiole 4
in. long. Fruit turbinate, ribbed, pedunculate, in pairs or in threes, in
long leafless panicled racemes from the trunk, often several feet long.

Sub-Himalayan tract, ascending to 4000 ft. in the outer hills, and extending
west to the Chenab. Oudh forests, in ravines and water-courses. East Bengal,
Parisnath, Coromandel coast, Burma. The principal crop of the fruit ripens in
422 LXVII. URTICACEA. [Ficus,

Aug., Sept. In Oudh it only attains 12 ft., with a girth of 2 ft. It is said that
the leaves are used for polishing wood. The fruit is eaten.

F. conglomerata, Roxb. 1. c. 559, Wight Ic. t. 669, is probably the same species ;
it is said to differ by shorter leaves and sessile receptacles.

14. F. glomerata, Roxb.—Tab. XLIX.—Cor. Pl. t. 123; Fl. Ind.
558; Wight Ic. t. 667.—Syn. Covellia glomerata, Miq. Sans. Udum-
bara. Vern. Kathgilar, krumbal, rumbal,kakammal, dadhuri, Pb.; Gular,
paroa, lelka, N.W.P. ; Gular, Oudh, Banda; Umar, Umrdi, tue, C.P.;
Thapan, yay thapan, Burm.

A middle-sized or large tree, youngest shoots pubescent. Leaves lan-
ceolate, glabrous when full-grown, entire, under side pale, and covered with
minute green dots, main lateral nerves 6-8 pair, the lowest pair near the
base, blade 4-6, petiole 1-2 in. long. Receptacles pedunculate, downy, in
short thick paniculate clusters on the trunk and larger branches. Male
flowers few, near the mouth of receptacle, perianth of broad, very thin,
hyaline segments closely enveloping each other, enclosing 1 or 2 unequal
stamens, filaments short, connate at the base. Female flowers mostly long-
pedicellate. Fruit subglobose, 1-2 in. diam., downy, red or orange coloured
when ripe.

Salt range (rare), Siwalik tract and outer Himalaya. Common in Oudh
and the Gangetic plain. Bengal, Central and South India. Generally on
the banks of streams and rivers. North Australia and Queensland (Benth.
Fl, Austr. vi. 178). Often planted, also in the plains of the eastern Panjab.
The fruit generally ripens from April to July ; the leaves are renewed he-
tween Jan. and April. Attains 40-60 ft., and a girth of 5-8 ft., with a short
stem and large spreading branches. Stewart measured an old hollow tree in
the Bias valley of 14 ft. girth, and trees 80-100 ft. high have been reported from
the Sutlej. Bark 4 in. thick, grey or brown, without cracks or furrows, but in
old trees occasionally rough from exfoliating scales. Wood reddish or brownish
grey, no distinct heartwood, the cub, ft. weighs 36.26 lb. (Cunningham, Gwalior),
26.5 lb. (R. T., Cent. Prov.) From Cunningham’s experiments, the value of P.
appears to be between 403 and 513. Lasts well under water, but is otherwise
not durable. It is used for well-frames. The tree abounds in milky juice, from
which bird-lime is made; the leaves are used for cattle- and elephant-fodder.
The ripe fruit is eaten ; in times of scarcity the unripe fruit is pounded, mixed
with flour, and made into cakes. Leaves, bark, and fruit are used in native
medicine.

15. F. Roxburghii, Wall. ; Miq. Ann. Mus. Lugd. Bat. iii. 296—Syn.
F. macrophylla, Roxb. Fl. Ind. iii. 556 (not Desf.); Wight Ic. t. 673.
Ff. sclerocarpa, Griff. Ic. Pl. As. t. 558 (2) Covellia macrophylla, Miq. Hook.
Journ. Bot. vii. 465. Vern. Urbul, urmil, baru, tusi, trimbal, trimal,
tramal, tirmi, tiamle, Pb. ; Trimmal, témal, timla, N.W.P.

A middle-sized tree, with hollow branchlets ; under side of leaves hoary
or with soft grey pubescence. Leaves broad-ovate, with deeply cordate
base, acute, irregularly dentate, 3 basal and 4-6 main lateral nerves on either
side of midrib, joined by prominent transverse veins at right angles to basal
and lateral nerves; blade 6-18 in. long, petiole 1-4 in. Fruit tubercled,
hairy, yellowish green, tinged with red when ripe, turbinate, 1-2 in. long,
2-3 in. broad, marked with 8-12 longitudinal ridges, mouth closed with
Ficus.] LXVII. URTICACEA. 423

numerous cordate scales, pedunculate, in clusters of 6-20, on short thick
leafless branchlets, on the trunk and at the base of main branches.

Siwalik and outer Himalaya, ascending to 5000, and in places to 6000 ft.,
and extending west to the Indus, Silhet and Chittagong. Fruit ripens (in
North India) March-May. Trunk short erect, dividing into a few stout
branches, which spread into a broad shady crown. The leaves are valued as
elephant- and cattle-fodder. The fruit is eaten and sold in bazaars 3; its flavour
is not unpleasant. Wood heavier and harder than that of other species.

f. triloba, Ham. ; Mig. Ann. Mus. Lugd. Bat. iii, 290—Syn. F. hirsuta,
Roxb. Fl. Ind. iii. 528 ; Wight Ic. t. 670 ; F. hirta, Roxb. 1. ¢. 581; F. Rox-
burghit, Mig. Lond. Journ. Bot. vii. 456, is a tree of Eastern Bengal, belongin
to another section of the genus, branches leaves and receptacles densely clothed
with ferruginous tomentum, leaves large, cordate or 3-lobed, fruit large, sessile,
axillary, in pairs, hairy, of a rich yellow colour, ovoid, thick. fleshy, supported
" oe base by 3 ovate acuminate bracts, perianth deeply 3-5-parted, red, male fl.

androus.

16. F. hispida, Linn. fil. ; Benth, Fl. Austr. vi. 176.—Syn. F. oppositt-
folia, Roxb. Cor. Pl. t. 124; Fl. Ind. iii. 561; Wight Ic. t. 638; Griff.
Ic. Pl. As. t. 560. ¥. demonum, Koenig ; Roxb. 1. c. 562; Wight Ic. t.
641. Sans. Kako dumbara (the Crow’s Udumbara). Vern. Dadiiri,
degar, rumbal, Pb.; Kdagsha, gobla, totmila, Kamaon; Kat gularia,
Oudh ; Dhédu mera, Panch Mehals. ,

A small or middle-sized tree, young luxuriant shoots hollow, nodes
marked by annular scars, branchlets rough with short stiff hairs. Leaves
all opposite, ovate- or obovate-oblong, entire or dentate, rough above,
tomentose beneath, main lateral nerves 4-6 pair, the lowest pair from the
base of leaf, joined by prominent transverse veins, blade 4-8 in., petiole
1-2 in. long. Receptacles pedunculate, sometimes axillary in pairs, more
generally clustered on leafless, often long pendulous branchlets from the
old wood on trunk and branches. Male flowers: afew near the mouth of
receptacle, monandrous, perianth of 3 or 4 broad hyaline segments envelop-
ing each other. Female flowers numerous, pedicellate ; perianth thin and
transparent ; ovary stipitate, stigma large, funnel-shaped. Fruit obovoid,
hairy, with 6 longitudinal ridges, 1 in. long, greenish when ripe.

Siwalik tract and outer Himalaya, ascending to 3500 ft., and extending west
to the Chenab, Abundant (in moist ravines) in the Oudh forests. Common in
Bengal and the Central Provinces. Panch Mehals, South India, Ceylon, Burma,
Indian Archipelago, North Australia and Queensland. The leaves are renewed
Feb., March ; the fruit ripens April, May, and often remains long on the tree.
Usually a small tree, but attains 60 ft. in Sikkim. Bark thin, grey or greenish,
rough, inner bark milky. Wood coarse-grained, very light, 247 lb. per cub. ft.
P.=360 (Kyd). The acrid milk is used medicinally in Kangra, The tree is
much lopped for cattle-fodder. : ; :

The following frutescent species of Ficus, which are found in the North-West
Himalaya, may be briefly mentioned here: 1. F. foveolata, Wall. Cat. No.
4493 ; Griff. Ic, Pl. As. t. 561, ii. ; scandent, branches often rooting, branchlets,
petioles, under side of leaves and peduncles hairy, leaves short-petiolate, coria-
ceous, oblong-lanceolate, main lateral nerves 6-10 pair, alternating with shorter
ones, all anastomosing by prominent reticulate and intramarginal’veins, Fruit
axillary, pedunculate but not stipitate, hairy, subglobose, supported ‘at its base
424 LXVII. URTICACEA, [ Ficus,

by 3 membranous bracts, Style long filiform, undivided. Wangtu bridge,
Sutlej valley, Kamaon, ascending to 7500 ft., Sikkim, Bhutan (a middle-sized
tree, with red, fleshy fruit, Griff. It. not. 137), Kasia hills. Probably = 7.
reticulata, Miq. Ann. iii. 294 (identified with F. scandens, Roxb., in Stewart
Pb. Plants, 214), and F. Luducca, Roxb. 534; Madden As. Soc, Journ. xviii. i.
644—Vern. Kabra, Almora.

2. F. nemoralis, Wall. Cat. 4517. Glabrous. Leaves membranous, lanceo-
late, long-acuminate, main lateral nerves arcuate, 10-16 pair, with numerous
shorter intermediate ones, joined by very fine, distinct, but not prominent reticu-
late veins, blade 5-6, petiole 4 in. long. Male fl. numerous, mixed with females,
2-3-androus ; perianth red, of 3-4 lanceolate segments, anthers large, basifixed,
on short filaments; female perianth of 3-4 lanceolate subconcave segments ; style
short. Fruit globose, + in. diam., in pairs, pedunculate but not stipitate, sup-
ported at its base by 3 acute membranous bracts. Outer Himalaya, from the
Jhelam to Sikkim, ascending to 7000 ft. .

3. F. pubigera, Wall. Cat. No. 4518, identified by Miquel with J” erecta,
Thunb. (Ann. Mus. Lugd. Bat, iii, 294). Extremities and petioles hairy.
Leaves glabrous, or with floccose hairs beneath, oblong-lanceolate, entire, long-
acuminate, main lateral nerves 8-10 pair, blade 5-8, petiole $ in. long. Fruit
hairy, globose, # in. diam., short-pedunculate but not stipitate. Kamaon, as-
cending to 3000 ft. Nepal, Sikkim, Assam, Kasia hills.

A remarkable shrub, of the subgenus Covelléa, common on banks of rivers
and in rocky river-beds in Sikkim, Kasia, the hills of Oudh and Kamaon, is (4.)
F. tuberculata, Wall. Cat. No. 4539 (but not of Roxburgh). S. Kurz (Journal
As. Soc, of Bengal, xlii. pt. ii, 1873, 106) identifies it with a similar shrub which
grows in Pegu and Martaban (F. pyrrhocarpa, Kurz), but the identity of the
Burman and North Indian species seems doubtful. The North Indian shrub
has rough and hairy branchlets, lanceolate opposite leaves, approximate near
the ends of branches, 5-7 in. long, narrowed into a short hairy petiole, harsh on
both sides with short adpressed hairs, stipules lanceolate, persistent, hairy ;
Sothern hairy, with circular raised tubercles, and a few scales on the outer
surface, pedunculate, on short leafless bracteate panicles from the old wood ;
perianth of female fi. none or early caducous, style long filiform, hairy. Far-
ther inquiries may perhaps identify it with, either F. lanceolata, Buch., Roxb.
1, c, 557; Mig. Ann. iii, 297, or F. laminosa, Hardwicke ; Roxb. 531 ; Madden
As. Soc. Journ. xviii. i. 643—Vern. Chancherri, the leaves used to feed cattle.

5. F. heterophylla, Linn. fil.; Roxb. Fl. Ind. iii. 532; Wight Ic. t. 659, is a
straggling shrub, with alternate, short-petiolate, very rough leaves, either undi-
vided oblong, or variously lobed. Receptacles axillary in pairs, pedunculate,
yellow when ripe, with whitish scabrous spots. On the banks of rivers and in
nat places generally. Oudh, Banda district (Edgeworth), Bengal, South India,

eylon.
6. F. repens, Willd.; Roxb. 1. c. 585 ; Wight Ic. t. 636, is a small scandent or
pecune shrub, with rooting stems, common in grass-lands of Oudh, Bengal,
urma and South India ; leaves alternate, long-petiolate, very rough, ovate, often
with cordate base, undivided or variously lobed. Fruit obovoid, narrowed into
a long stalk, supported at the base by bracts, the stalk as long as or longer than
the axillary solitary peduncle. Male fl. few, near the mouth of receptacle, monan-
drous, perianth of 4 hyaline oblong segments ; female fl. numerous, perianth of
5 thin hyaline lanceolate segments ; style short, undivided.

9, CUDRANTA, Trecul.

Spinose shrub with alternate leaves and axillary globose flower-heads.
Flowers dioicous. Male fi.: perianth of 4-5 narrow segments, concave
and obtuse above. Stamens 4, pistil rudimentary. Female fl. of 4 im-
Cudrania.] - LXVII. URTICACE, 425

bricate concave segments. Ovary free, 1-celled, with a solitary pendu-
lous ovule ; style simple, stigma filiform. Nuts free, enclosed in the con-

solidated fleshy perianth and receptacle ; pericarp crustaceous. Albumen
scanty or 0.

1. C. javanensis, Trecul; Benth. Fl. Austr. vi. 179 (not Wight Ic. t.
1960).—Syn. Maclura javanica, Blume Mus. Bot. Lugd. Bat. ii. t. 31.
Trophis spinosa, Wall. Vern. Manda, mandei, kangu, N.W.P.

A straggling shrub, armed with axillary, straight or curved, spines ;
branchlets pubescent. Leaves subcoriaceous, glabrous, short-petiolate, 1-4
in. long, elliptic or elliptic-oblong, acuminate, acute or obtuse, entire, pen-
niveined and reticulate, but veins not prominent. Flower-heads pubescent,
globose, axillary, solitary or 2 together, short-pedunculate, the males } in.
diam., the females smaller at first, but increasing, when mature, to # in.
or more. Male flowers closely packed, perianth leaves 3-5 distinct, often
unequal, cuneate; the upper part concave and hairy outside. Filaments
short, not inflexed in bud, inserted round a glabrous, subulate rudimen-
tary ovary, anthers oblong, 2-celled. Female flowers crowded, more or
less immersed in the fleshy receptacle. ‘Leaves of perianth 4, upper part
thickened and velvety. Style one, short, barely exserted. Fruit a com-
pound, irregularly-shaped berry as large as a small Custard apple (Mad-
den), formed of the enlarged fieshy perianths and receptacle, each perianth
enclosing a one-seeded nut.

Dehra Doon, Garhwal, Rohilkhand, Nepal, Oudh, Sikkim, Kasia, Burma,
Ceylon, Eastern Africa, Indian Archipelago, Queensland, and New South Wales.
Fl. April-June; fr. Aug.-Nov. Bark smooth, yellowish brown or blackish,
marked with white oblong lenticels. Wood used as fuel.

10. ARTOCARPUS, Linn.

Evergreen trees with milky juice ; leaves alternate. Flowers monoicous.
Male and female indistinct, globose or cylindrical heads. Male flowers :
perianth 2-3-4-phyllous, segments free or connate, concave, imbricate in
estivation. Stamen1,exserted. Female flowers: perianth tubular, entire,
with a minute mouth. Ovary free, l-locular (rarely 2-3-locular), with a
solitary pendulous ovule; style terminal or lateral, simple or 2-3-fid),
stigma various. Nuts enclosed in the persistent perianths, which are con-
solidated in a large fleshy syncarpium. Seed exalbuminous.

Nearly glabrous ; branchlets with annular scars : : . 1. A. integrifolia.
Extremities and under side of leaves grey-tomentose ; branchlets
without annular scars i : A . . . 2. A. Lakoocha.

j. A. integrifolia, Linn. ; Roxb. Fl. Ind. iii. 522; Wight Ic. t. 678 ;
Bot. Mag. t. 2833, 2834. Jack-tree.—Sans. Panasa. Vern. Kanthal,
katol, kathal, N.W. India ; Phands, Bombay ; Pein nayben, Burm.

A large tree, glabrous, only youngest shoots with short stiff hairs;
branchlets with annular raised lines, the scars of the stipules. Leaves
coriaceous, smooth, shining above, rough beneath, elliptic or obovate,
obtuse, midrib prominent beneath, with 7-8 main lateral nerves on either
426 LXVII. URTICACEAE. [ Artocarpus.

side of midrib ; blade 4-8 in., petiole 4-1 in. long, stipules large, with a
broad amplexicaul base, sheathing in bud, early caducous ; leaves of young
plants and of shoots from the root often lobed. Flower-heads ovoid,
elongated, on short lateral branchlets, generally on the trunk or larger
branches. Fruit large, hanging on short stalks, oblong, fleshy, with a
thick cylindrical receptacle and a muricated rind 12-30 in. long and 6-12
in. diam. Seeds reniform, oily.

Cultivated in N.W. India (rare in the Panjab, and not beyond Lahore), in
Oudh, Bengal, Central and South India, Burma, Ceylon, and the Indian Archi-
elago. Regarding its native home, there is yet some uncertainty. Rumphius
Herbarium Amboinense, i. 106) states that it grows in the forests of Ceylon, like
other forest trees, but Thwaites, Enum. Pl. Ceyl. 262, is of opinion that it cannot
be considered truly indigenous. In the Indian Archipelago the tree is believed
to be cultivated only, and in Burma, though the Jack is often found in large
and dense forests (e. g., in the Attaran district), yet I have only found it in the
vicinity of deserted settlements. According to Wight 1. c. and Beddome (Fl
Sylv. Manual, p. 219), the tree is wild in the mountain forests of the western
Ghats, ascending to 4000 ft. Fl. Dec.-Feb.; fr. May-July. Attains 40-50 ft.,
with a short erect trunk of great girth, and a dense shady crown. Bark thick,
often with deep cracks, inner substance soft. Sapwood white, heartwood yellow
when fresh cut, reddish brown when seasoned, the wood of old trees some-
what resembling mahogany in colour and appearance. Takes a beautiful polish.
Medullary rays sharply defined, light-coloured, of moderate width, pores large,
uniformly distributed, each pore in a patch of yellow tissue, often in concentric-
ally arranged patches or interrupted bands. Weight between 42 and 45 Ib.
per cub. ft. Value of P. 788, Skinner ; between 513 and 889, Puckle; fracture
splintery. Warps and cracks unless well seasoned. Used for carpentry and
furniture, and imported into a for cabinet-work, turning, and for brush-
backs. A yellow dye is made of the wood. The leaves, bark, and the rind of
the fruit abound in a tenacious white milk, used as bird-lime. The fruit is an
important article of food in Burma, South India, and Ceylon, the seeds are
roasted and eaten. Young trees bear fruit on the branches, older trees on the
trunk, and very old trees often at the base of the trunk near the root.
Other species with amplexicaul stipules and annular scars on branchlets are :
1. A. Chaplasha, Roxb. 1. c. 525 ; Wight Ic. t. 682—Vern. Chaplash, Beng.,
Taun peinnayben (Mountain Jack), Burm., a gigantic timber-tree of East Bengal,
and Burma, wood prized for canoes, structure similar to that of A. integrifolia.
Leaves of young plants pinnatifid, of old trees entire ; flower-heads globose, long-
edunculate ; fruit globose, the size of a large orange. 2. A. hirsuta, Lam.;
Brot, le. 521 ; Bedd. FL. Sylv. t. 308; Angele wood. Vern. Heb Halsu, Canar.,
a most valuable timber-tree of the evergreen forests of the western Ghats, male
fl. in long cylindrical spikes ; fruit ovoid, size of a large lemon, the tops of peri-
anths enlarging and forming numerous hispid spines. Wood strong, close-
grained, of a yellowish brown colour, highly prized for ship-building and other
purposes, weight per cub. ft. 36-40 lb., P.=744. 3. A. incisa, Linn. ; Bot. Mag,
t, 2869-71, the Bread fruit-tree, a native of the South Sea Islands, but now in-
troduced into most tropical countries; bears fruit on the western coast, in
Ceylon, and in Burma, Leaves pinnatifid, with a connate base 1-3 ft. long, male
fl. in club-shaped spikes. °

2. A. Lakoocha, Roxb. Fl. Ind. iii: 524; Wight Ic. t. 681.—Sans.
Lakucha. Vern. Tiun, dheu, daheo, Pb. ; Dhau, dahi, Kamaon; Barhal,
Banda, Behar ; Déphul, Bengal; Myauklouk, Burm.
Artocarpus.] LXVI. URTICACEA. 427

A large tree; branchlets and under side of leaves with soft grey tomen-
tum. Leaves coriaceous, oval or ovate, obtuse or short-acuminate, entire,
blade 6-10 in., petiole 4-1 in. long, upper side glabrous, shining, under
side soft-tomentose, 10-14 pair of prominent main lateral nerves; stipules
lanceolate, with a narrow base, not sheathing, deciduous. Flower-heads

globose, axillary, the male subsessile, the female short-pedunculate. Fruit ..

acid, of an irregular roundish shape, 3-4 in, diam., velvety, yellow when
ripe.

_ Outer hills of Kamaon, ascending to 4000 ft. Sikkim, East Bengal, Burma.
Evergreen forests of the western Ghats, Ceylon. Occasionally planted in the
Siwalik tract of the Panjab, rarely in the plains. Attains 50-60 ft., with a short
trunk of great girth. Bark 4 in. thick, light- or dark-grey, rough, but without
cracks or furrows. Sapwood large, whitish, heartwood yellowish or dark red-
brown, structure similar to that of A. integrifolia. Weight 40 lb. per cub. it.,
D.B., Burma List, 1862. Used for furniture, in Burma canoes are made of it.
The male flower-heads are pickled, and the fruit is eaten.

Antiaris mnoaia, Blume—Syn. A. saccidora, Dalz. & Gibs. ; Bomb. FL. 244 ;
Wight Ic. t. 1958; Bedd. Fl. Sylv. t. 307,—is one of the largest, Beddome says
the largest tree of the evergreen forests of the western Ghats, and the hills
between them and the coast. Found as far north as Kandala, also in Ceylon.
Leaves elliptic-oblong, rough, short-petiolate ; female flowers solitary, enclosed in
an involucre of connate imbricate bracts, sessile, with 2 styles ; male fi. crowded
on a thick flat receptacle ; fruit fleshy, purple, l-seeded. Sacks are made of the
thick woolly fibrous inner bark, described as follows in Graham’s Catalogue,
193: “A branch is cut corresponding to the length and diameter of the sack
wanted, soaked a little, and then beaten with clubs until the liber separates from
the wood. This done, the sack. formed of the bark is turned inside out, and
pulled down, until the wood is sawed off, with the exception of a small piece
left to form the bottom of the sack, and which is carefully left untouched.” In
Ceylon rope is also made of the bark.

Another sp. of the same genus is found in the dense evergreen forests of the
Thoungyeen valley in Tenasserim (Ayah seik, Burm.), the Juice is used by the
Karens to poison arrows, but the poison does not seem equal in its effects to
that of the famous Upas tree of the Indian Archipelago (Antiaris toxicaria,
Lesch.; Blume Rumphia, i. t. 23). The largest tree which I ever measured in
Burma belonged to this species ; it grew in the evergreen forest of the Thoungyeen,
was 250 ft. high, and had a girth of 38 ft., the trees of the surrounding evergreen
forest having an average height of 200 ft. (Attaran Forest Report, 1860, p. 55).
Beddome states that A. innoxia attains a similar size on the western Ghats.

‘ The Caoutchouc exported from Mexico, Central America, the West Indies, and
Ecuador is the produce of the U/eé tree, Castilloa elastzca, Cervantes, and per-
haps a second species of the same genus. It is a superior article, and the intro-
duction of the tree into India seems desirable. C’. elastica is a large tree,
branchlets and under side of leaves with long soft rust-coloured tomentum ;
leaves short-petiolate, oblong. Flowers monoicous, female flowers numerous,
on plane circular lateral receptacles (Collins’ Report on Caoutchouc, 1872, 11).

The Palo de Vaca or Cow tree of Caracas (Galactodendron utile, Kunth ;
Bot. Mag. t. 3723-24), a gigantic tree with coriaceous shining leaves, has been
referred to the genus Broswmum. From incisions made in the trunk it yields
large quantities of thick gluey milk without any acridity, drunk extensively,
and very wholesome and nourishing. Brosimum has one female flower inside
428 LXVII. URTICACEA. [Artocarpus.

a subglobose receptacle, covered on the outside with numerous stamens and
peltate bracteoles. The snake or letter wood of the West Indies, Guiana, and
Mexico, a beautiful heavy dark-coloured wood with small pores and numerous
very fine medullary rays, which on a vertical section appear like linear bands
with sharply defined and exactly parallel sides, is the produce of a tree of this
genus, Piratinera guianensis of Aublet, the Bows de lettres, a large tree of
Guiana, identified by Poppig with Brosimum Aubletia of the Huallaga river in
North Peru, and by Miquel with Brosimum discolor, Schott, a small tree of
Brazil. Another species, B. Vamagua, Seemann, of New Granada and Cen-
tral America, has a thick woolly fibrous inner bark, which is made into beds,
garments, and ropes, and used as sails in the native canoes (Hooker’s Journal,
iii. (1851) 269).

11. CEL'TIS, Tournefort.

Trees or shrubs, with alternate stipulate leaves. Flowers polygamous,
in axillary or lateral cymes. Perianth deciduous, of 4-5 segments, imbri-
cate in bud. Stamens as many as, and shorter than, perianth-segments,
in the male flowers surrounding a rudimentary ovary inserted on a hairy
disc. Ovary on a hairy disc, stigmata 2, sessile, deciduous. Fruit an
ovoid or globose drupe, with a hard, coriaceous or bony kernel.

1. G. australis, Linn, Tab. L.—Reichenb. Ic. Fl. Germ. 1338, t. 667.
—Syn. C. tetrandra, Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 63; C. eaucasica, Willd. ; Mico-
coulier, Fr.; Perlaro, bagolaro, It.; Ziirgelbaum, Germ. Vern. Tagho,
takhum, Afg.; Brimlu, khirk, khatk, khark, khirg, ku, roku, choku, bramjt,
batkar, kai, bigni, biugli, Pb.; Kar, Kunawar; Tagha, Sindh; Kharak,
khartka, khirk, N.W.P.

A middle-sized deciduous tree, with bifarious branches ; young leaves,
branchlets, and petioles hairy. Leaves ovate or ovate-lanceolate, unequal-
based, acuminate, more or less rough when full-grown, serrate, the lower
third of the leaf often entire, 3 basal nerves, the midrib penniveined,
blade 3-5 in., petiole 4 in. long; stipules subulate, caducous, shorter than
petiole. Flowers yellowish-white, tetramerous or pentamerous, bisexual
flowers axillary, pedicels more than twice the length of petiole, the male
flowers on shorter pedicels, in lateral fascicles or short racemes, below the
leaves, or in the axils of the youngest leaves. Drupe ovoid, 4 in. long,
putamen reticulate-rugose, seeds oily.

Afghanistan, ascending to 8800 ft. Suliman range trans-Indus. Salt range.
Himalaya, ascending to 8500 ft., from the Indus to Bhutan. Kasia hills, Also
in western Asia and the Mediterranean region. Upper limit on the Sutlej:
Jangi right, Morung left bank. Frequently planted in the Panjab plains and
the NW. Himalaya, in Sindh and Beluchistan. Fl. March-May, Patate the
leaves appear, or with the first leaves ; fr. July-Sept. Attains 30-40 ft. ; trunk
short, straight, 6-8 ft. girth, one noted 16 ft.; branches spreading. Bark 4 in.
thick, bluish-grey, or brown, smooth or rough with brown and whitish, often
raised specks, not furrowed, but frequently with numerous small cracks and
circular wrinkles, the trunk often appearing as if constricted with cords. Growth
generally slow. Wood light-coloured, close- and even-grained, hard and tough,
a continuous belt of large pores in the spring wood, other pores smaller, uni-
formly distributed, joined by narrow undulating often zig-zag lines of whitish
tissue. Hardy in England. :
 

 
  

Celtis. | LXVII. URTICACEA, 429

In the North-West Himalaya churn-sticks are made of it, and it is used as fuel
iiwiand for charcoal. The wood of the European Celtis varies much in weight—sp.
grav. 0.66-0.88 (41 to 54 1b.)—though not so much as the wood of the Ash, which
1so has a continuous belt of large pores in the spring wood. In the south of
France it is cultivated extensively in coppice-woods ; oars, hoops, whip-handles,
van and similar articles requiring tenacity and elasticity, are made of it. In the
Himalaya it is chiefly planted for shade and fodder, and the winter supply of
hay is often stored in its branches. The bark is used for sandals (Cleghorn).
The fruit is insipidly sweet and has not much flesh. It is eaten: a larger,
blackish or dark purple kind is called roku on the Sutlej ; a smaller, yellow or
orange kind, cial

Aitchison (Cat. 139) notes C. cawcasica, Willd., from the Jhelam, the Salt
range, Kashmir, Kamaon, and (cultivated) Sindh. My opinion is that all the
Celtis of North-West India with glabrous fruit belong to one species, which
I identify with C. australis, L. i

C. eriocarpa, Decaisne in Jacq. Voy. Bot. t. 152, from Kamaon, differs from
C. australis by ovate-lanceolate leaves and a pubescent ovary and drupe, but it
seems doubtful whether it is specifically distinct. Stewart identifies this with
C. Acata, Hamilton, and gives its distribution and vernacular names as follows:
Eastern skirts of the Suliman range trans-Indus. Salt range 2000-3000 ft.
Himalaya from the Indus south-eastward, ascending to 4500 ft., Kamaon, Nepal,
and Ondh. Vern. Tagha, Afg.; Batkar, bat taman, Pb.; Akata (whence the
specific name), hatda, Hindi.

C. Roxburghvi, Planch.—Syn. C’. trinervia, Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 65 (not Lam.,
which is a West Indian species), has subcoriaceous, ovate, acuminate, almost
glabrous leaves, entire or dentate near the apex, fertile flowers often in pairs
(on slender axillary racemes, Dalz. Bomb. Fl. 238). South India, Bengal, Burma.
Dr Stewart states that this species is found (rare) in the Siwalik tract of the
Panjab and Kamaon, also (not common) in the Central Provinces, and gives the
following vernacular names: Kharak, batkar, briimaj, briindu, Pb.; Cheri
chara, kathiiniar,C.P. I have not seen specimens from N.W. and Central India.

In the xvii. vol. of De Candolle’s Prodromus, Planchon refers the Celtis of
North-West India to the following species :—

1. C. caucasica, Willd. Leaves oblique- or rhomboid-oblong-ovate, acumin-
ate, triplinerved. Stipules linear, longer than petioles of young leaves, ovary’
slightly pubescent at the base of the style ; kernel slightly reticulate. Cauca-
sus, North Persia, Cabul, Beluchistan, Salt range, Kashmir.

2. C. eriocarpa, Decaisne. Leaves lanceolate; drupes grey - tomentose.
Panjab.

3 C. tetrandra, Roxb. Leaves subcoriaceous, ovate or ovate-oblong cuspi-
date, with an unequal-sided base, triplinerved, drupe wholly glabrous, kernel
slightly rugose. aon, Nepal, Silhet, Nilgiris (“ common, vern. Adona”),
and to this species he refers the following as synonymous: 1. (. glabra, Planch.
Kamaon. 2. OC. serotina, Planch., Wight Ic. t. 1970. 3. C. Acata, Hamilton
in Trans. Soc. Linn. xvii. 201. Bengal, Behar. 4. C. nepalensis, Planchon.
Kamaon, Tenasserim, Andamans. He does not say that he identifies with it
5. O. Roaburghii, Planch, Ann. Sc. Nat. iii. series x. 302 (C. trinervia, Roxb.),
but seems to imply that it belongs to this species (Prodr. xvii, 179).

12. SPONTA, Comm.

Trees with alternate 3-nerved serrate leaves. Flowers monoicous, in
axillary cymes. Perianth persistent, tube short, limb of 5 segments, con-
cave, induplicate in bud, slightly overlapping, nearly valvate. Stamens
430 LXVII. URTICACEA, [ Sponita,

5, longer than péerianth. Fruit a minute drupe, supported by the persis:
tent perianth, and crowned, while half ripe, by 2 short stigmatose styles.

Leaves rough on both sides, oblong-lanceolate ; male cymes com-
pact, as long as petiole p f 7 : . .
Leaves soft-tomentose beneath, ovate ; cymes spreading, longer
than petiole . 3 5 a A 3 . 7

1. 8. politoria.

2. S. orientalis,

1. S. politoria, Planch. ; DC. Prodr. xvii, 202.—Syn. Celtis politoria,
Wall. Vern. Bantamman, kanglu, khuri, Pb. ; Jaun, khasaroa, marnt,
batu, N.W.P. ; Banharria, Oudh ; Khaksi, Nepal.

A small tree with short trunk and bifarious exceedingly rough leaves,
branchlets rough with long hard white hairs. Leaves oblong-lanceolate,
with almost equal-sided base, 2-5 in. long, penniveined, serrate, pale be-
neath, rough on both sides with scattered hairs and the raised base of
numerous fallen hairs, main lateral nerves arcuate, 4-6 pair, the lowest
pair from near the base of leaf, petiole 4 in. long; stipules deciduous,
longer than petiole. Cymes of male flowers as long as petiole, of. female
flowers a little longer than petiole.

Salt range. Siwalik tract and outer hills from the Chenab to Nepal. Abun-
dant in the Oudh forests in dry sandy or stony places, Sikkim, Central Pro-
vinces. The leaves are renewed in March and April. Fl, April-June. Attains
15 ft. and a girth of 12 in., with a few spreading branches. Bark 4 in. thick,
greenish-white, or reddish-brown, smooth or with longitudinal wrinkles, inner
bark red, viscid, fibrous. Wood reddish nut-brown, fibrous and elastic, with a
moderately close-grain (R. T.) The leaves are as hard as sand-paper and are
used to polish wood and horn.

2. S. orientalis, Planch. ; DC. Prodr. xvii. 200.—Syn. Celtis orien-
talis, Linn. ; Roxb, FI. Ind. i. 65. Probably not different from Sponia
Wightit, Pl. ; Wight Ic. t.1971; Bedd. Fl. Sylv. t.311. Indian Nettle-

tree, Charcoal-tree. Vern. Badu manu, C.P.; Gol, Bombay.
\

A small rapidly growing and short-lived tree with pubescent branchlets.
Leaves ovate, acuminate, 3-nerved, obtusely serrate, base unequal-sided,
cordate, soft-tomentose beneath, and more or less rough on the upper side,
midrib with 3-4 pairs of main lateral nerves ; stipules deciduous, as long as
petioles of young leaves. Cymes lax, spreading, considerably longer than
petiole. Stigmas covered with long threads. Drupe black when ripe.

Nepal, Bengal, Satpura range (not common), South India, Ceylon. Forms
part of the secondary growth where the evergreen forest has been cleared in
Western Mysore and Coorg. Has been planted in Wynaad for shade in
coffee plantations, where the original forest had been imprudently cleared away.
Fl. April-June (the greater part of the year, Roxb.) Attains 30 ft. with an
erect short trunk, 2-3 ft. girth. Bark dark grey or blackish, smooth, The
inner bark is tough and ane :

S. velutina, Planch. ; Benth. Fl. Hongkong. 324, branchlets and under side
of leaves soft-pubescent. China, Indian Archipelago, Burma, Bengal ; is pro-
bably not specifically distinct.
Ulmus.} LXVII. URTICACEA. 431

18. ULMUS, Linn.

: Trees or shrubs with alternate, simple, more or less distichous, unequal-
sided leaves and caducous stipules. Flowers bisexual, in lateral fascicles.
Perianth campanulate, generally persistent, 4-5- or 8-9-fid, segments
imbricate in bud. Stamens as many as perianth-lobes, adnate to the
tube of perianth, and opposite to its segments; anthers fixed by the
back. Ovary free, 1-2-celled; styles 2, papillose on the inner face, 1
ovule in each cell. Fruit an indehiscent flat samara, surrounded on all
sides with a broad membranous wing, on an articulate pedicel. Seed
pendulous, no albumen, embryo straight, radicle superior.

In the following synopsis I have included, besides the North Indian species,
the more important of the European Elms, as some of them are closely allied to
the North-West Himalayan species.

Leaves entire ; perianth deciduous; ovary long-stipitate . 1. JU. integrifolia.
Leaves serrate ; perianth persistent ; ovary subsessile.
Stamens and perianth-segments 5-8 ; flowers appear before
the leaves.
Pedicels more than twice the length of perianth; sta-
mens and perianth-segments 5-8.
Articulation of pedicel near its base, lower portion
much shorter than upper; samara not fringed at
edges ‘ ; . : : : 3 r
Articulation of pedicel near the top; lower portion
much longer than upper ; samara fringed at the
edge with lone hairs . ? : . .
Pedicels less than twice the length of perianth; sta-
mens and perianth-segments 5-6.
Seed in the middle of samara . ‘ 7 : 4, U. montana.
Seed near upper end of samara . ‘ . : a 5. U. campestris,
Stamens and perianth-segments 4 ; flowers appear with the
leaves 7 . . ‘ 6. U. parvifolia.

1. U. integrifolia, Roxb. Pl. Cor. t. 78; Fl. Ind. ii. 68 ; Bedd. FI. Sylv.
t. 310.—Syn. Holoptelea integrifolia, Planch. DC. Prody. xvii. 164 ;
Wight Ic. t. 1968. Vern. Papri, khulen, arjan, rajain, kacham, Pb..;
Papar, kanju, Kamaon ; Papri, Bhartpur ; Dhamna, kunj, Oudh ; Kar-
anji, chilbil, chilmil, kumba, kinja nali, begana, Cent. Prov. ; Chilla,
Banda; Wawali, Mar. ; Navili chettu, Tel.

A large deciduous tree, usually glabrous, only inflorescence pubescent.
Leaves coriaceous, elliptic, acuminate, entire, those of seedlings and root-
shoots sometimes serrate, blade 3-5, petiole 4 in. long, main lateral nerves
5-7 pair. Male and bisexual flowers mixed, in cymose lateral fascicles.
Perianth hairy, nearly cleft to the base, segments 5. Stamens in bisexual
flowers 5, in male flowers 8, anthers hairy, no rudiment of ovary in male
flowers. Ovary stipitate, compressed, generally l-celled. Samara oval or
suborbicular, unequal-sided, 1 in. long, on a long slender articulate pedicel,
the upper portion being the elongated stalk of the ovary, often with the
remains of the perianth at its base. A variety with pubescent extremities
and under side of leaves from Ceylon.

Sub-Himalayan tract, extending west to the Bias, but rare between Jumna and
Bias. Common in Garhwal and Kamaon, ascending to 2000 ft. Abundant in

2. U. Wallichiana.

3. U. effusa.
432 LXVIL URTICACEA. [ Uimus,

the Gonda and Baraich forests of Oudh, and in the Banda district, not uncom-
mon in the Satpura range. Behar, South India, Ceylon, Burma. Often planted
in North and Central India. Prefers a dry, sandy or shingly soil. The leaves
are shed between Sept. and Jan., the fresh leaves appear in March and April;
soon after the flowers, which come out in Feb.-March, The fruit ripens June-
Aug., and remains long on the tree, A fast-growing tree, attains 60-70 ft., with
a tall straight stem, 20-30 ft. clear, and 6-8 ft. girth, with short buttresses, fur-
rowed and scooped out higher up. Bark thick, pale- or dark-grey or light-brown,
with small tubercles in lines, and longitudinally rugose, not cut up by cracks or
furrows, smelling unpleasantly when bruised. Wood yellow or light-brown,
soft and open-grained, light but strong. Medullary rays very fine, pores moder-
ate-sized, uniformly distributed, annual rings distinct. No distinct heartwood.
Employed in building, for carts, carving, durability uncertain. Much used for
fuel and charcoal. The leaves are lopped for cattle-fodder, and the tree is often
used to stack fodder for winter supply. .

2. U. Wallichiana, Planch.—Tab. LI.—-DC. Prodr. xvii. 158. In
Herb. Wall. as U. erosa, Roth, and U. effusa, Willd. Vern. Kain, khat,
bren, brera, bran, brankul, brori, amrai, marari, maral, marrun, marran,
marazh, makshari, manderung, maldung, shko, kummar, Pb. ; Himbareh,
Kullu, Cleghorn ; Mored, pabuna, chambar maya, N.W.P.

A large deciduous tree, branchlets with rough pubescence. Leaves 4-8
in. long, elliptic, long-acuminate, main lateral nerves 15-20 pair, each ter-
minating in a large serrature, the outer edge of which is serrulate, petiole
4 in. long ; stipules membranous caducous. Flowers bisexual, fasciculate,
in short lateral racemes, common peduncle pubescent, 1 in. long, pedicels
fasciculate, 3-6 from one point, the portion below the articulation pubes-
cent, much shorter than the upper glabrous portion. Perianth persistent,
turbinate, glabrous, segments 5, obtuse, ciliate. Samara short-stipitate,
obovate, pubescent, seed about the middle, wing reticulate. The indu-
mentum of the leaves varies exceedingly, in some specimens the leaves
are soft-pubescent or tomentose on both sides, in others they are rough,
in others again they are glabrous above, and pubescent or rough beneath.
Dr Stewart referred this sp. to U. campestris. .

Not uncommon in the North-West Himalaya, from the Indus to Nepal at
3500 to 10,000 ft., often planted, also cultivated at Kabul. FI. early in spring,
while the tree is leafless ; the fruit ripens May-June. Attains 80-90 ft., trunk
erect, often of immense size, tapering from a broad base, 12-16 ft. girth, in culti-
vated and protected trees to 24 ft. Old stems mostly hollow. The branches
are erect at times, which gives the tree a poplar-like appearance. Bark whitish,
light- or dark-grey, or dark brown, very rough, with long diagonal cracks, cut-
ting the outer bark into diamond-shaped exfoliating scales. “Wood brown, not
much valued in the Himalaya. The bark is tough and very strong ; cordage,
sandals, and slow-matches are made of it. The leaves are lopped extensively for
cattle-fodder.

3. U. effusa, Willd.; Reichenb. Ic. Fl. Germ. 1337, t. 666.—Syn.
U. pedunculata, Fougeroux; DC. Prodr. xvii. 154,

A large tree, trunk often buttressed at the base, flowers drooping on long
slender pedicels, in lateral fascicles on the previous year’s wood. Samara
Ulmus.] — LXVIL URTICACEA. 433

fringed at the edge with long hairs, on long slender pedicels, the lower
portion below the articulation, 3-5 times the length of the upper portion.

Eastern Europe. Flowers in spring before the leaves. Wood not much
valued, Specimens very similar to this found by T. Thomson in Kashmir at
5000 ft. (April 1848, at Ganderbal) are in the Kew herbarium, but flowers and

young fruit are subsessile.

4. U. montana, Sm.; Hook. Stud. Fl. 334; Reichenb. Ic. Fl. Germ.
1332, t. 662. Wych or Mountain Elm. Bergriister, Germ.
_ A large forest tree, with lax foliage and drooping branchlets, bark peel-
ing off in linear or oblong scales. Leaves rough, ovate-oblong, long-acumi-
nate, 3-6 in. long, base very unequal-sided. Flowers subsessile in lateral
clusters on the previous year’s wood. Seed in the centre of the samara. —

Indigenous in Scotland, the north of England, Norway (to 65° N.L.), and in
other parts of North Europe. Flowers in spring before the leaves. Not rarely
mixed with Beech in the forests of France and Germany, Japan and North-
Eastern Asia, not in Siberia. Wood highly prized, on the Harz it fetches a higher
price than Oak. Ona horizontal section the spring wood appears as a continuous
belt of large pores, the outer parts of each annual ring — much smaller
pores in narrow wavy concentric bands. On a vertical section the large pores of
the spring wood are very prominent, and the medullary rays appear as straight

horizontal bands with parallel sides.

5. U. campestris, Spach ; Willk. Forstl. Fl. 476 ; Hook. Stud. Fl. 334 ;
Reichenb. Fl. Germ. 1331, t. 661. Common Elm. Feldriister, ulme,

Germ. ; Orme, Fr. ; Olmo, It.

A large tree with stiff, often brittle branches, bark dark, nearly black,
with deep longitudinal furrows, often corky, especially along the branches
(U. suberosa, Ehrh.) Leaves rough, 2-3 in. long, base often nearly equal.
Flowers subsessile, in lateral clusters on the previous year’s wood. Seed

above the centre of the samara.

Indigenous in Central and South Europe, naturalised, not indigenous in Eng-
land, commonly planted in parks and avenues. North Asia, Turkestan, North
China, Japan, Syria, Armenia, Caucasus, and probably Afghanistan, Flowers
in spring before the leaves. In France the wood of this species is valued higher
than that of U. montana for cart and machine building, and for many other
purposes ; but it requires long and careful seasoning (Mathieu, Fl. For. 207).
In England the branches of this elm are exceedingly brittle. The structure of
the wood resembles U. montana. Weight 35-55 1b.

To U. campestris I am inclined to refer (with Dr Cleghorn, Pb. Forests, 79)
the small-leaved elm of the N.W. Himalaya. Leaves 2-3 in, long, base nearly
equal-sided, glabrous, or slightly rough or pubescent, flowers and fruit unknown.
‘Not common, and generally near villages, in the N.W. Himalaya, on the upper
Jhelam, Chenab, Bias, Sutlej, and Indus, and in the Nubra valley, ascend-
ing to 10,500 ft.—Vern. Yambok, Ladak ; Bran, brahmi, kat, morun, mardal,
mauru, mannu, mandu, mamji, meru, merinu, bhamni, Pb. ; chipal, in the Pb.
plains. Some of the specimens ‘resemble U, pumila, Linn., a small shrub of
Siberia, with subsessile fasciculate flowers and glabrous campanulate perianth,
which, however, Maximowicz considers as merely a variety of U. campestris, L.
(Diagnoses plant. nov. Jap. Decas xiii. 22). In the inner Himalaya, it is gener-

i 11 shrub along the river-beds, but it is often planted near vil-

ally found as a sma. é i en <
lages, and is then a middle-sized tree, with thick trunk, attaining a girth of 20-
25

2
434 LXVII. URTICACEA. [ Uimus.

30 ft.and more. Bark brown, surface whitish between deep dark-coloured longi-
tudinal regular furrows, running diagonally into each other. Straight woody
spines (the base of dead branches) often project from the wood into the bark.
The wood is valued more than that of the large-leaved elm (U. Wallichiana.)

6. U. parvifolia, Jacq. Pl. Rar. Hort. Schcenbrunn. t. 262.—Syn. U.
virgata, Roxb. Fl. Ind. it. 67 ; Wall. Pl. As. rar. t. 290.

A slow-growing shrub or tree, branchlets pubescent. Leaves coria-
ceous, smooth, glabrous, oblong-lanceolate, short-petiolate, 2-4 in. long,
serrate, main lateral nerves branching, 14-16 pair. Flowers reddish, ap-
pearing with the leaves, male and fertile mixed, in lateral scaly fascicles,
lower part of pedicel pubescent, much longer than the glabrous upper part
(above the articulation). Perianth campanulate, glabrous, segments 4,
obtuse, ciliate. Stamens 4. Samara obliquely oval, glabrous, short-stipi-.
tate, seed in the middle, wings reticulate.

Kamaon, Sikkim, 4000-5000 ft., Bhutan, Burma, China, Japan. Introduced
into the Bot. Garden, Calcutta, from China. The bark peels off like that of the
Plane tree (C. Koch, Dendrol, ii. 423). Fl. Sept. (Nagasaki), Nov. (Calcutta),
Sept., Oct. (Vienna), May, June (C. Koch). In Japan planted in hedges. Pro-
bably evergreen, or leafless only for a short time. JU. virgata, Wall. Cat. No.
3548 ; DC. Prodr. xviii. 159, from Nepal, is a doubtful species.

Orprr LXVIII. PLATANEZ.

Trees with flaking bark, alternate palmatifid leaves, caducous stipules
and monoicous achlamydeous flowers collected in unisexual globose pen-
dulous heads, intermingled with squamiform bracteoles. Male heads:
consisting of numerous closely congested short stamens and minute some-
what fleshy paleaceous scales ; filaments very short ; anthers 2-celled, de-
hiscing longitudinally. Female heads: of numerous ovaries approximated
in pairs immersed in scales similar to those of the male heads; ovary 1-
celled, with 1 (or 2) pendulous ovules; style subulate-filiform, laterally
stigmatose. Fruit a small 1-seeded nut, crowned by the persistent style,
and surrounded by rigid sete. Albumen 0, or very thin.

1. PLATANUS, Tourn.
(Only genus, the characters those of the Order.)

1. P. orientalis, Linn. ; Sibth. Fl. Grac. t. 945. Oriental Plane.-—Vern.
Chinar (the Persian name). Local names: Buin, bina, boin, Kashmir.

A large deciduous tree, with grey flexuose branches, woolly buds,
young leaves and current year’s shoots with soft, tawny, or ferruginous
tomentum. Leaves glabrous, along nerves pubescent beneath, palminerved,
deeply 3-5 lobed, lobes lanceolate, entire or dentate, 6-9 in. diam., petiole
3-5 in. long, pubescent, with a broad striated thickened base. On young
luxuriant shoots the leaves often have a cuneate base, and the stipules are
foliaceous and lobed. Fruit-heads globose, 1-1} in. diam., on short pedicels,
on drooping axillary peduncles 4-6 in. long.

Cultivated in Afghanistan and the North-West Himalaya, particularly in the
Kashmir valley (5300 ft.), east to the Bias and Sutlej, ascending to 8300 ft. in .
Platanus.] LXVIIL PLATANEA, 435

Western Ladak. It grows well at Peshawar, and at the foot of the North-West
Himalaya—e. g., at Amb in the Hushiarpur district—and fairly well, without
attaining any large size, at Amritsar and Lahore. Farther east it does not
thrive, and in the Saharanpur garden trees do not live longer than a few years.
The oriental Plane is indigenous in ravines and moist valleys of Greece, Mace-
donia, Armenia, and North Persia, Hehn (Culturpfl. 199) thinks that it was
introduced from Asia Minor into Greece. Hardy in England. The foliage
often gets reddish about October before it falls, the young leaves appear late in
April, the flowers appear April, May, the fruit ripening soon afterwards and
remaining long on the tree. Attains 75 ft. in Kashmir and Chamba, with a
girth of 10-20 ft., the largest girth noted by Dr Stewart at Sirinagar being 28 ft.
-The branches spread wide; Stewart records two trees, one at Kishtwar (5500 ft.)
on the Chenab, the other at Tikri in Chamba territory (same elevation), on a
tributary of the Ravi, girth 19-20, extreme length of branches from trunk 37 and
44 ft. The Nasim Bagh on the border of the great Kashmir lake is a large grove
planted by Akhbar the Great soon after he had taken Kashmir in 1588. Originally
the grove, which is about 800 by 400 yards, contained 1200 trees, a large pro-
portion of which are still standing. In 1838, Vigne found the average girth to
be 13 ft., and supposed their age to be 248 years. The largest, close to the water,
averaged 20 ft. in girth. Of two trees170 years old at Brein in Kashmir, Vigne
found one 1622”, the other 20’10” in girth, and the largest Plane he had seen
was under the Elbtirg mountains near Teheran 66 ft. in girth. Near Vostitza
in the Morea, a tree over 40 ft. in girth is recorded. Many renowned large Plane
trees in Asia Minor. ;

The bark is }in. thick, light or dark grey, peeling off in large thin scales.
Wood yellowish white, somewhat resembling Beech-wood, with numerous broad
medullary rays showing on a vertical section as glossy shining plates, with irregu-
larly wavy outline. Pores numerous, very fine, naitormnly distributed. Annual
rings distinctly marked. No distinct heartwood. It is compact, fine-grained
but not strong, and is not valued in Kashmir except to make boxes, trays, pen-
cases, and similar articles which are lacquered and painted. In Afghanistan,
where timber is scarce, it is said to be used for gun-carriages ; in Persia and in
the Levant furniture, doors, and window-frames are made of it. It takes a
beautiful polish, and the mottled grain recommends it for cabinet-work.

P. occidentalis, Linn., of North America, and more commonly cultivated in
Western Europe than the oriental Plane, differs by less deeply lobed leaves,
which are pubescent when full-grown, and by slightly smaller fruit-heads.

Casuarina equisetifolia, Forster—Syn. C. muricata, Roxb. Fl. Ind. iii. 519—
of the Order of Casuarinee, is a large tree with leafless drooping branches,
thickly set at the ends with numerous approximate slender articulate branchlets,
which are deciduous and fulfil the function of leaves. Flowers monoicous, the
male flowers monandrous, in terminal cylindric spikes, the female flowers in-
small pedicellate globose heads. Fruit a subglobose cone, formed of the enlarged
and thickened woody bracts ; seeds with a membranous wing. Indigenous on
the coast of Chittagong and Burma, in the islands of the Indian Archipelago,
North Australia, and Queensland. The Beefwood of Australia. Cultivated
throughout India, thrives at Amballa. Wood hard, heavy, brown, darker near
the centre, medullary rays very fine, very numerous. Polishes well, but cracks
and warps. Yields excellent fuel ; plantations of it for that purpose have been
made near Madras. :

The wood of C. stricta, Aiton; Benth. Fl. Austr. vi. 195—Syn. C. quadri-
valvis, Labill..—the She Oak of Tasmania, South Australia, Victoria, and New
South Wales, and of several other Australian species, is marked by broad medul-
lary rays, and is used for cabinet-work. e
436 LXIX. EUPHORBIACE/. [ Luphorbia.

Orpen LXIX. EUPHORBIACEA.

Trees, shrubs, or herbs, often with acrid milky juice; leaves alternate
or opposite, usually stipulate, rarely compound. Flowers always unisexual.
Perianth very various ; a calyx only or calyx and corolla, both present or
both sometimes wanting. Stamens various. Ovary superior, 3-celled, rarely
2- or 1-celled, or with more than 3 cells; styles as many as carpels, free or
connate, usually stigmatose on the ventral face ; ovules 1 or 2 in each cell,
pendulous. Fruit capsular, separating into its constituent carpels when ripe,
or succulent and indehiscent. Seed oily, albuminous; embryo straight with
a superior radicle and flat cotyledons in a fleshy albumen.—Royle IL 326.

This large Order(containing upwards of 3300 species) is distributed nearly
over the entire globe. Buxus and Sarcococca, which are here included,
are commonly classed under a separate Order, Buaacew, distinguished by
styles distinct from the base and the absence of milky juice. The other
genera here mentioned are classed under the following tribes by Joh.
Miiller in vol. xv. pt. ii, of De Candolle’s Prodromus. They all belong
to the series Platylobece with broad plane cotyledons.
Phyllanthecee,—Ovary-cells with 2 ovules ; lobes of male calyx imbricate

—Bischoffia, Antidesma, Putranjiva, Phyllanthus, Breynia, Melan-
thesopsis, Securinega, Andrachne.
Brideliece.—Ovary-cells with 2 ovules; lobes of male calyx valvate—
Bridelia, Lebidieropsis, Cleistanthus.
Crotonee.—Ovary-cells with 1 ovule; lobes of male calyx imbricate ;
stamens inflexed in bud—Croton.
Acalyphee.—Ovary-cells with 1 ovule; lobes of male calyx valvate ;
stamens erect in bud—Trewia, Mallotus, Homonoya, Ricinus, Hevea.
Hippomanew.—Ovary-cells with 1 ovule ; lobes of male calyx imbricate ;
stamens erect in bud—Zzceecaria, Jatropha, Givotia, Codieum.
Euphorbie.—Ovary-eells with 1 ovule; flowers involucrate, involucres
calyciform, enclosing male and female flowers—Euphorbia.
Flower-heads resembling single flowers, consisting of a calyx-
like involucre, including several male flowers (single
stamens) and 1 central female flower (a single pedicel-
late pistil) . : . . ; . : . . 1, EvpHorsia.
Male and female flowers distinct, not united in heads.
Flowers monoicous or dioicous, in spikes racemes or pan-
icles ; ovary-cells 1-ovulate.
Male flowers with 5 petals alternating with calyx-seg-
ments ; flowers monoicous  . : ‘ . ;
Petals wanting; stamens free, or only connate at the base.
Calyx-segments 3-4, imbricate ; stamens 3-4; flowers
usually monoicous; male flowers in bracteate
spicate clusters . : 2 : ; :
Calyx-segments 5, valvate ; stamens numerous; male
flowers in simple racemes or spikes.
Leaves opposite ; flowers dioicous; fruit a fleshy
drupe, not dehiscent 7 é . .
Leaves alternate ; flowers monoicous ; fruit a dehis-
cent capsule . . : ‘i ; . : 5. Mauorus.
Petals wanting; filaments connate into a man y-branched
central column F : ;

2. CROTON.

8. Exca@caria.

4, TREWIA,

6. Homonoya.
Euphorbia.] LXIX.: EUPHORBIACEA, 437

Flowers dioicous, in panicles, catkins, or spikes ; ovary-
cells 2-ovulate.

Leaves compound ; flowers in axillary panicles . . 7, BISCHOFFIA,
Leaves simple ; male flowers in catkins ; female flowers .
in axillary spikes . : : , bes oe % 8. ANTIDESMA,
Flowers usually monoicous, in axillary clusters, fascicles,
or solitary.

Leaves opposite ; styles free and distinct . :
Leaves alternate, usually distichous ; styles more or less
united.
Calyx 5-lobed, valvate ; petals 5.
Ovary 2-celled ; styles 2; fruit a berry”. P . 10. BRIEDELTA,
Ovary 3-celled ; styles 3; fruit a dehiscent capsule.
Main lateral nerves prominent; petals obovate . 11. LEBrp1ERopsis.
Lateral nerves indistinct ; petals minute . . 12, CLEISTANTHUS.
Calyx 4-6-lobed, imbricate ; petals wanting.
Stamens central ; no rudiment of ovary.
Fruit a drupe with a hard rugose l-seeded putamen 13, PUTRANJIVA.
Fruit dehiscent, dry or fleshy. i
Calyx deep 5-6-cleft ; segments not appendicu-
late 2 : 7 : . . : 14, PHYLLANTHUS.
Calyx turbinate, 6-lobed; the lobes appendi-
culate at the back (berries red) ‘ 5
Stamens surrounding a rudimentary ovary, as long
as stamens.
Small trees; fruit fasciculate, short-pedunculate ;
white dehiscent berries . r é . 16, SECURINEGA.
Small shrubs or undershrubs; fruit capsular,
solitary, axillary, on long slender peduncles 17. ANDRACHNE.

9. Buxus,

15. Breynia,

African Oak or Teak, a heavy wood (60-70 Ib. per cub, ft.), stronger than
English Oak or Indian Teak, which does not affect iron in contact with it, but
is not otherwise as durable as Teak, is employed for certain purposes in ship-
building. It is exported from the west coast of tropical Africa, and the tree
yielding it is as yet imperfectly known. In Hooker’s Journal of Botany, ii.
(1850) t. 6, it is described as Oldjieldia africana, Benth. & Hook., with digitate
leaves and a 3-celled loculicidal capsule, and is doubtfully classed under Huphor-
biacee: Joh, Miiller (Prodr. xv. il. 1259) refers it to Sapindacece.

1. EUPHORBIA, Linn.

Herbs, shrubs, or small soft-wooded trees with fleshy branches abound-
ingin milky juice. Leaves of the stem alternate, without stipules, or with
stipular spines, in some species opposite and stipulate, those of the flower-
ing branches opposite. Flower-heads resembling single flowers, consisting
of a calyx-like cup-shaped involucre, with 4-5 teeth, alternating with as
many large horizontal glands, which encloses 10-15 male and 1 central
female flower. Male fi.: one 2-celled, often didymous anther on an arti-
culated filament. Female fl.: a stipitate, 3-celled ovary, protruding from
the involucre, style 3-cleft, the branches 2-lobed. Numerous fimbriate
bracts often between the male flowers, the outer ones sometimes adnate
to the involucre. Capsule separating into three 2-valved cocci.

Besides numerous annual and perennial herbs, this genus comprises in

India a number of shrubs or small trees with fleshy stems, which should be
noticed here. In the following the characters are given by which the species

,
438 LXIX. EUPHORBIACEA. [ Euphorbia.

are commonly distinguished. They demand, however, farther study on the spot,
and it is not impossible that their number will eventually be reduced. The
geographical distribution of some of them in India is as yet imperfectly known.

Armed with pairs of stipular spines.
Branches with 5 sharp prominent angles . * é - 1. B. Royleana,
Branches round, with 5 more or less spirally-twisted ribs . 2. E. nertifolia.
Branches round, not ribbed or angled 3 ‘i ‘ j 8. EH. Nivulia.

Unarmed ; stems and branches cylindric ; leaves linear-lan-

ceolate . ‘ § 4, E. Tirucalli.

1. E. Royleana, Boissier in DC. Prodr. xv. ii. 883.—Syn. E. pentagona,
Royle Ill. t. 82 (not of Haworth).—Vern. Thor, North India. Local
names in Panjab: Suli, Jhelam; Chila, Chenab; Chin, Ravi; Chu,
chit, chiinga, stirs, Bias; Stra, tsui, Sutlej] ; Sihind, Kamaon.

Branches angular, generally pentagonous, angles sharp, undulate.
Spines twin, short. Flower-heads yellow, in sessile clusters.

Common on the dry hills of the Siwalik tract from Kamaon to the Jhelam,
entering some distance into the valleys, and ascending to 4000, occasionally to
6000 ft. According to Aitchison (Cat. 132), not on Mount Tilla or the Salt range,
but Stewart (Pb. Pl. 194), gives Vordanda, danda, tor as the Salt range names.
This is probably the species on the dry hills near Jeypur, which furnishes a great
part of the fuel for that city. Attains 15-16 ft.; the stems have generally a girth
of 2-3, but sometimes of 5-6 ft. In the outer hills it is often planted as a hedge ;
grows readily from cuttings, even in the driest soil. The wood is soft and use-
less. It is cultivated at places near the foot of the hills—e.g., at Sealkot, Jal-
andar, but does not thrive far out in the Panjab plains.

Besides #. Royleana, the following Indian species with angular branches
have been described :—

a. E. antiquorum, Linn.; Roxb, Fl. Ind. ii. 468 ; Wight Ic. t. 897._Sans.
Sihiinda. Vern. Nara sij, tekata sij, Beng.; Tidhara, tidhara sehnd, Hindi.
Branches with 3, rarely 5 angles, leaves minute or wanting. Peduncles solitary
or in pairs, a little above the spines, usually with 3 flower-heads, the centre head
fertile. Common on dry hills in Bengal and the peninsula. Wood white, light,
soft, but even-grained.

b. E. Cattimandoo, Elliot in Wight Ic. t. 1993, Katti mandu (knife medicine),
Tel. Branches with 5 sharp prominent angles which are deeply sinuate between
the nodes, the furrows between the angles forming deep channels. The leaves
are cuneate, mucronate. This species grows in great panies in the Vizaga-
patam district ; it flowers from March to the beginning of June, after the leaves
fall ; the fresh leaves appear in July and August. Attains 8-14 ft., with a stem
3-4 ft. high, The milk flows freely when branches are cut; it is collected,
boiled, formed into cakes or cylinders, and used as a cement for fixing knives
into handles and for similar oses. When dry it is resinous and brittle,
and i properties are essentially different from those of Caoutchouc or Gutta-
Percha.

c. E. trigona, Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 468 ; Wight Ic. t. 1868. Branches with 3
prominent angles, deeply sinuate between the nodes, and hollowed out between
the angles ; 2, sometimes 4 stout stipular spines, and large, deciduous, shining,
cuneate leaves at the ends of branches. Peduncles from the sinuses on the
angles of the branches, short, thick, generally with 3 flower-heads, the centre
one sessile, with male flowers only, the lateral ones pedicelled, fertile. Fl. Feb.-
April, after the leaves have fallen. Brought from the Molucca Islands to Cal-
Euphorbia.] LXIX. EUPHORBIACEA. 439

cutta in 1798 (Roxb.) Rocky arid hills near Coimbatur (Wight), Andamans
(S. Kurz).

d. E. tortilis, Rottler ; Wight Ic. t. 898. Branches with 3 prominent angles,
spirally twisted. Flower-heads numerous, fasciculate on the angles above the
nodes. Dry hills near Madras and of the Coromandel coast.

+ 2. E, neriifolia, Linn. (not Roxb.) ; DC. Plantes Grasses, t. 46.—Syn.
L. Ligularia, Roxb. 1. c. 465. Vern. Thor, Bombay ; Gangichi, Pb. ;
Munsa sij, Beng.

A smiall tree. Stem cylindric, branches terete, but with 5, more or less
spirally twisted ribs. Spines twin. Leaves near the ends of branches,
cuneate or oblanceolate, 6-12 in. long, narrowed into petiole. Peduncles

solitary, in the sinus between the nodes with dichotomous cymes of 3-15
flower-heads.

Common in the Konkan and Dekkan (Dalzell Bomb. Fl. 226). Cultivated
near villages in most parts of India, also in the Siwalik tract of the N.W. Him-
alaya._ Fl, Feb.-March. The leaves fall in autumn and appear again after
flowering, in March or ie Attains 20 ft., stem often 12 in. diam. The
milk is employed externally in native medicine, and the root, mixed with black
pepper, for the cure of snake-bites.

fe 3. E. Nivulia, Hamilton in Trans. Linn. Soc. xiv. 286; Wight Ic. t. +
1862.—Syn. E£. neriifolia, Roxb. 1. c. 467. Vern. Sij, Beng.

A shrub, stems and branches round, without ribs or angles ; branchlets
‘in whorls of four. Spines in pairs, spirally arranged. Leaves cuneate or
obovate, sessile, fleshy, mucronate, 4-6 in. long. Peduncles 3-flowered,
from the nodes.

Dry hills Garhwal, Peninsula, Guzerat, and Sindh (Dalzell Bomb. Fl. 226).
Leafless Jan.-March, FI. March; fr. April-May. Grown in hedges.

4, BE. Tirucalli, Linn. ; Roxb. 1. c. 470.—Milk-bush. Vern. Lanka
sij, Beng. ; Sehnd, Hindi; Tiru kalli, Malayalim.

A small tree or shrub, with round stems and smooth green, terete
branches, not angled and unarmed. Leaves linear-lanceolate. Flower-
heads numerous, in clusters at the ends and in the forks of the branches.

Indigenous in Africa, introduced into India, and now naturalised in the Penin-
sula and Bengal, cultivated in North-West India as far as Hushiarpur. Often
planted in hedges. Fl. during the rains. Attains 20 ft.; the wood is strong, and
used for building. Milk extremely acrid and vesicant.

Huphor tia uicherrima, Willd.—Syn. Poinsettia pulcherrima, Graham ; -
Bot. Mag. t. 3493, is'a well-known garden shrub, with large crimson floral leaves.
Indigenous in Mexico and Central America, and now commonly grown in Indian
gardens as far north as Saharunpur.

2, CROTON, Linn.

Trees, shrubs or herbs, with alternate, petiolate leaves, often with scales
or stellate hairs.’ Flowers usually monoicous, in terminal spike-like rac-
emes, the female flowers at the base of the spike. Calyx 5-parted. Petals,
in the male flowers, alternating with calyx-segments, in the female flowers
440. LXIX. EUPHORBIACEA. [ Croton.

often wanting. Disc of 5 glands, alternating with petals. Stamens cen-
tral, numerous, filaments free, with the anthers inflected in bud. Ovary
2-4-, generally 3-celled, 1 ovule in each cell. Capsule dividing into 3, 2-
valved cocci.

1. ©. oblongifolius,* Roxb. Fl. Ind. iii. 685 ; DC. Prodr. xv. ii. 573.
—Syn. C. levigatus, Wall. Vern. Arjunna, Oudh ; Bara gach, Bengal.

A middle-sized tree ; extremities, inflorescence, calyx and ovary with
small adpressed circular silvery scales. Leaves pale green, glabrous,
oblong-lanceolate, dentate, penniveined, blade 5-10, petiole 1-2 in. long,
stipules small, caducous. Flowers pale yellowish-green, on short pedicels,
in the axils of minute bracts, in long terminal racemes, female and male
flowers generally mixed ; the latter more numerous. Calyx of 5 ovate
segments. Petals white, woolly, as long as calyx-segments. Stamens 12.
Fruit subglobose, indistinctly 3-lobed, 6-furrowed, } in. diam.

Common in the central and eastern part of the Gonda district, Oudh, spread-
ing in belts through miles of forests. Behar, Bengal, Burma, Ceylon. The
leaves are shed early in March, and turn red before falling, the young foliage
appears soon afterwards, forming a pleasant contrast with the leafless forest
around. Fl. April (Oudh), Nov.-Feb. (Burma). Seed ripens April-May. Attains
20 ft., and a girth of about 3 ft. Trunk erect, short, often irregularly furrowed,
bark 1 in. thick, grey or brownish, inner bark red, coarsely fibrous. Wood
white, close-grained, moderately hard, cracks in seasoning, no distinct heartwood.
Bark leaves and fruit are used externally in native medicine.

C. Tiglium, Linn. ; Roxb. Fl. Ind. iii. 682 ; Hayne Arzneigew. xiv. t. 3—the
Purging Croton ; Vern. Jepal, jamal gota—is a small tree, glabrous, without
scales, pedicels and ovary hairy. Leaves ovate, acuminate, serrate, with 3 basal
nerves. Female fl. without petals. Capsule obtusely 3-cornered, ? in. long.
The seeds area powerful drastic purgative, and the oil is a valuable medicine
(Pharm. Ind. 200). Bengal, South India, Burma, Ceylon, Indian Archipelago.

3. EXCCSCARIA, Linn.

Trees or shrubs, mostly glabrous, with alternate, rarely opposite, stipu-
late and petiolate leaves. Flowers monoicous, rarely dioicous, in terminal
or axillary spikes ; female flowers generally few, at the base of the spike,
sometimes in separate spikes. Male flowers fasciculate, sessile or short-
‘pedicellate, the fascicles bracteate, generally with bracteoles between the
flowers. Calyx membranous, sometimes cup-shaped, generally of 2-3 seg-
ments or distinct sepals. No disc or petals. Stamens 2-3, filaments gener-
ally free, central, anthers didymous, dehiscing longitudinally. Ovary 2-3-
celled, 1 ovule in each cell ; styles as many as cells more or less connate
at the base, stigmatose inside. Fruit a dry capsule or a berry, 2-3-celled,
and always opening loculicidally in 3 valves.

A few female flowers at the base of the male spikes.
Calyx of male flowers 3-fid, segments ovate ; leaves rhomboid,
long-petiolate entire - : A , - 7 :
Calyx of male flowers of 3 distinct linear segments ; leaves
elliptic-lanceolate, short-petiolate, serrate . . 7 2. EL. acerifolia.

1. H. sebifera.

* Linneus made Croton nenter, but Kpérwy is masculine.
Excecaria. | LXIX. EUPHORBIACEA. . 441

Male and female flowers in distinct spikes ; calyx of male flowers
of 2 broad, nearly distinct, thinly membranous segments ;
leaves large, oblong-lanceolate, dentate . ‘ 7 i 3. ZH. insignis.

1. E. sebifera, Miill. Arg.; DC. Prodr. xv. ii. 1210.—Syn. Croton
sebiferum, Linn, Stillingia sebifera, A. de Juss.; Benth. Fl. Hongk.
302. Sapium sebiferum, Roxb. Fl. Ind. iii. 693. The Chinese Tallow-
tree.

A small and glabrous tree. Leaves rhomboid or. broad-ovate, entire,
long-acuminate, blade 2-3, petiole 1-2 in. long, main lateral nerves
6-8 pair. Flowers greenish-yellow, in terminal drooping spikes 3-5 in.
long, with a few female flowers at the base of the spike. Male flowers
unequally pedicellate, in bracteate fascicles, 2-3-androus ; calyx 3-fid.
Female flowers solitary, short-pedicellate ; calyx 4-partite. Capsule dry,
smooth, subglobose, acute, 4 in. long. Seeds 3, enclosed in a thick layer
of white fatty substance, attached to a central column which splits into
3 slender divisions.

Indigenous and cultivated in China and Japan. Introduced into Bengal and
the sub-Himalayan tract of North-West India, where it thrives luxuriantly. FI.
June ; the seeds ripen in autumn. Bark grey. In Japan and China the tallow
is separated from the seeds by boiling in water ; it is harder than animal tallow,
and candles are made of it, which are coloured and generally used in Chinese
temples. The seeds (after the tallow is removed) yield oil, and a black dye is
made of the leaves. The wood is light and soft but even-grained.

E. baccata, Mill. Arg.—Syn. Sapium baccatum, Roxb. 1. c. 694; S. populi-
folium, Wight Ic. t. 1950—is a large glabrous tree with ovate, entire, acuminate
leaves, main lateral nerves 8-12 pair, flowers in paniculate spikes, male and
female flowers generally on distinct branches (dioicous, Roxb.) Male flowers
in bracteate fascicles, calyx 4-dentate. Fruit a 2-celled more or less 2-lobed
berry, purple when ripe. East Bengal (Bolla, Silhet), Burma (Linhlin), Indian
Archipelago.

2. E. acerifolia, F. Didrichs.—Syn. Stillingia Himalayensis, Klotzsch
in Reise des Prinzen Waldemar, t. 21. Vern. Puthia, phutkia, N.W.P.

A large glabrous milky shrub, with deep-green foliage. Leaves mem-
branous, elliptic-lanceolate, serrate, short-petiolate, main lateral nerves
prominent, 6-8 pair. Flowers monoicous, a few female flowers at the base
of the spikes. Male flowers sessile, in bracteate fascicles ; calyx of 3, some-
times 2 or 4, almost distinct linear segments. Stamens 3. Fruit a dry
coriaceous, 2-3-lobed capsule, # in. across.

Kasia hills, Nepal, Kamaon, abundant in a few places, Fl. May; fr. Oct.-
Nov. Attains 20 ft., bark brownish-grey, longitudinally wrinkled. The root
when crushed has a disagreeable smell, and is used occasionally as a carthartic.

Nearly allied is H. indica, Miill. Arg—Syn. Sapium indicum, Roxb. 1. c.
692; Wight Ic. t. 1950 (Hurtia, Beng.)—a small tree with coriaceous oblong-
lanceolate, serrulate leaves on short petioles, Spikes solitary, with a few female
flowers at the base. Male flowers in short, bracteolate spikelets ; calyx 3-cleft
to near the base, segments broad-ovate. Frutit a large globose 3-seeded capsule,
with thick woody valves. Bengal, Burma (evergreen forests), Ceylon. The
seeds are used to intoxicate fish.
442 LXIX. EUPHORBIACES. [Excecaria.

3. E. insignis, Mill. Arg.—Syn. Falconeria insignis and F. Wallicht-
ana, Royle Ill. t. 84% F. malabarica, Wight Ie. t. 1866. Vern. Dudla,
bilodar, biloja, karalla, Pb. ; Khinna, khina, tienda, lendwa, linda, N.W.P.

A middle-sized or large, glabrous, milky, deciduous tree, with thick
branches and bright-green foliage. Leaves oblong-lanceolate, acuminate,
dentate, blade 6-15 in., petiole thick, 1-2 in. long, with 2 stipitate circular
glands at the apex, main lateral nerves arcuate, 15-20 pair. Flowers in
long, somewhat fleshy, naked terminal spikes, male and female flowers on
distinct branches (dioicous, Wight). Male flowers shortly pedicellate, in
circular fascicles, the inner flowers, which expand first, falling off from
the persistent, base of their pedicels. Calyx of 2 broad, nearly distinct
thin membranous segments. Fruit a spike of numerous, subsessile, ovoid
capsules, } in. long, on a thick rachis, the capsules 2-3-celled, fleshy at
first, dry and irregularly dehiscent when ripe.

Sub-Himalayan tract and warm valleys of the outer hills, extending west to
the Bias, and ascending to 4000 ft. (in Kamaon to 5500 ft.), Chittagong, Burma,
Karnil hills (Bedd.) and Western Ghats, known as far north as Nassik. Leafless
during the dry season; the young foliage appears in May. Fl. Jan.-March,
while the tree is bare; fr. May, June. Attains 50-60 ft., trunk 12 ft. long and
3 ft. girth. At 5000 ft. in Kamaon a stunted tree, 10-12 ft. high, and not rarely
killed to the ground by frost. Bark grey, smooth, shining, with large broad
longitudinal wrinkles. All parts of the tree are full of an acrid milk, said to
be poisonous. Wood whitish, very soft, spongy and brittle, used to make the
cylinders of native drums.

E. Agallocha, Willd. ; Roxb. 1. c. 756, is a small, glabrous, crooked, and
stunted milky tree in the Sundarbans, on the sea-coast of Bengal, the peninsula,
the Indian Archipelago, and North Australia (Geria, Beng.), with coriaceous,
elliptic-lanceolate, slightly crenate leaves, lateral nerves indistinct, and dioicous,
fragrant flowers in axillary spikes. Male tlowers fasciculate, calyx of 4 linear
sepals, anthers 3, on long exserted filaments. Capsule 3-lobed, coriaceous, } in.
across. The white milk is acrid and poisonous. The Agallochum wood is not
the produce ot this tree, but of Aguilaria Agallocha, Linn. (p. 387).

To the tribe of Hippomanec belong also :—

Jatropha Curcas, Linn. ; Roxb. FI. Ind. iii. 686, is a glabrous soft-wogded
shrub, with long-petiolate cordate, angular leaves, and yellow flowers in axil-
lary pedunculate paniculate cymes. Calyx-segments 5, imbricate in bud.
Petals twice the length of calyx-segments. Disc of 5 glands alternating with
petals. Stamens 10, the 5 inner connate into a central column, the 5 outer free.
Ovary 3-celled, 1 ovule in each cell. Capsule ovoid, 1 in. long, 3-celled, 3-
valved with 3 dark brown or black seeds. Indigenous in tropical America ; cul-
tivated in most tropical countries and naturalised in India. Common at the
foot of the hills in Oudh and Kamaon—Vern. Safed ind (Madden). The oil of
the seed (English Physic Nut) is a strong purgative (Pharm. Ind. 208).

Giwotia rottleriformis, Griff. ; Wight Ic. t. 1889 ; Bedd. Fl. Sylv. t. 285, a
middle-sized tree, young shoots, inflorescence, and under side of leaves densely
grey-tomentose with stellate hairs, leaves alternate, broad-ovate or rotundate
with cordate base, crenate. Flowers dioicous, in axillary slender panicles, calyx
nearly to the base 5-cleft, petals alternating with the sepals in both male and ..
female flowers. Fruit fleshy indehiscent, 1-seeded. Mysore and Dekkan. Wood

soft = light, used to carve figures, toys, and the like, which are lacquered and ..
painted,
Excecaria.] LXIX. EUPHORBIACES, 443

Codicum variegatum, Blume—Syn. C. pictum, Hook. Bot. Mag. t. 3051 ;
Croton varvegatum, Linn.—a shrub with glabrous, shining, entire, oblong leaves
with prominent lateral nerves, often variegated, and cultivated on that account
in gardens of tropical and sub-tropical India. Male flowers with petals ; fruit
a dehiscent capsule. Indigenous in the Indian Archipelago.

4, TREWIA, Linn.

A deciduous tree, with opposite long-petiolate leaves. Flowers dioicous,
the male in long drooping racemes, the female in few-flowered racemes.
Calyx-segments 3-4, in the male flowers equal and valvate, in the female
flowers unequal and imbricate. Petals none. Stamens central, numerous,
filaments free, anthers dehiscing longitudinally, connective not prolonged
beyond the anthers. Ovary 3-4-celled, 1 ovule in each cell; style 1, short,
with 3-4 long filiform very papillose stigmas. Fruit a fleshy drupe, not
dehiscing, with a hard bony, 3-4-celled endocarp. Seeds without arillus,
flat cotyledons and superior radicle in a fleshy albumen.

1. T. nudiflora, Linn. ; Roxb. FI. Ind. iii. 837; Wight Ic. t. 1870,
1871; Bedd. Fl. Sylv. t. 281.—Syn. F. macrostachya, Klotzsch Reise des
Prinzen Waldemar, t. 23. Vern. Tumri, khamara, Kamaon; Bhillaur,
bhillaura, Oudh ; Pitali, Beng. ; Petari, Bombay.

Youngest parts with caducous tomentum, ovary soft-tomentose, other-
wise glabrous. Leaves cordate or broad-ovate, glabrous, with 5 basal
nerves, the midrib penniveined, blade 6-9, petiole 3-4 in, long. Flowers
greenish yellow; male racemes 4-9 in. long; flowers on short slender
pedicels, in bracteate fascicles of 3-4; female flowers on longer pedicels,
solitary or in few-flowered racemes. Calyx-segments of female flowers
thinly membranous, caducous. Stigma 1 in. long. Drupe depressed-glo-
bose, mucronate, 1 in, diam.

Sub-Himalayan tract, west to the Jumna, and ascending to 3000 ft. Common
in the Dehra Doon, the Kamaon Bhabar, and in Oudh. Banks of the Nerbudda
between Jubbulpur and Mandla. Bengal, South India, Burma, Ceylon and
Java. Banks of rivers, in swamps and damp places. The leaves are shed Jan.-
Feb., and the young foliage comes in March, April. Fl. Nov.-April. Attains
60 ft. with astraight trunk, 30 ft. to the first branch, and 6-7 ft. girth. These are
the dimensions of male trees in the Oudh forests. Female trees are smaller, with
shorter trunks and more straggling branches (R.T.) The leaves somewhat
resemble those of Gmelina arborea and Thespesia populnea, Bark 4 in, thick,
smooth, whitish, greenish, or greenish-brown, inner bark greenish-yellow, fib-
rous. Wood whitish, straight-grained, moderately tough, no distinct heartwood.
Used to make the cylinders of native drums, and for agricultural implements.

5, MALLOTUS, Loureiro.

Shrubs or trees with alternate (rarely opposite) long-petiolate stipulate
leaves. Flowers usually dioicous, in racemes or spikes. Calyx 2-5-cleft,
valvate in the bud. No disc or petals. Stamens numerous, central on a
raised receptacle, filaments free or cohering at the base, anther-cells dis-
tinct, longitudinally adnate. Ovary 2-5-, generally 3-celled, 1 ovule in
each cell ; styles as many as cells, simple, recurved, plumose along the inner
side. Capsule tomentose or muricate, 2-5-celled and 2-5-valved.
444 LXIX. EUPHORBIACE. [ Mailotus,

1. M. philippinensis, Mull. Arg. ; Bedd. Fl. Sylv. t. 289. Syn. Rott-
lera tinctoria, Roxb. Cor. Pl. t. 168; Fl. Ind. iii, 827. Sans. Punndga,
kesara. Vern. Kamela, kamila, kamal, kambal, kembal, kumila, North
India; Rien, riuna, rol, Kamaon; Rohni, Oudh; Rauni rori, C.P.;
Shendri, Bombay ; Taw thidin, Burm.

A large shrub or small tree, branchlets, inflorescence and under side of
leaves hoary. Leaves alternate, ovate or ovate-lanceolate, entire, glabrous
above, hoary and with minute red glands beneath, blade 4-9 in., petiole
2-3 in. long, 2 depressed glands at the base of leaf, 3 basal nerves, midrib
penniveined, the nerves joined by numerous parallel veins at right angles
to the midrib. Flowers white and yellow, dioicous, subsessile, in axillary
and terminal paniculate bracteate spikes. Ovary tomentose, 3-celled,
styles 3, + in. long, thickly papillose. Fruit a 3-lobed, 3-celled, 3-valved
capsule, 4 in. diam., dehiscing loculicidally, and densely covered with a
bright red powder, consisting of minute stellate hairs and fine grains of a
red resinous substance soluble in alcohol and ether.

Common in the sub-Himalayan tract, extending nearly to the Indus, and as-
cending to 4500 ft. Common in Oudh, Bengal, Central- South-India and Burma,
Ceylon, the Indian Archipelago, Formosa and Loo Choo islands, and North
Australia. Fl. Nov.-Jan. ; the fruit ripens in the hot season. Never leafless ;
the leaves are renewed Noy.-Dec. (Oudh, R.T.) Attains 20-30 ft., generally with
branches from the base, sometimes with an erect but short, generally fiuted
and irregularly-shaped trunk, 3-4 ft. girth. Bark 3 in. thick, inner substance
compact, fibrous, reddish-brown, visible at the bottom of numerous, shallow
reticulate longitudinal wrinkles, surface between the wrinkles light- or dark-grey,
at times nearly black. Wood light-brown, only used for fuel. The bark is used
for tanning ; leaves and fruit are applied externally, with honey, against the bite
of poisonous animals. The most ee produce, however, is the powder
which covers the ripe fruit (Kamela, Kamala). It is used for dyeing silk, also
as a purgative and anthelmintic (Pharm. Ind. 202). The seeds are sold in the
Panjab bazaars as a medicine under the name of baobrang, and at Almora they
are said to be sold as bebarang (Hmbelia Ribes, p. 284).

MM, albus, Mill. Arg.—Syn. Rottlera tetracocca, Roxb. Fl. Ind. iti. 826; R.
mappoides, Dalz. Bomb. Fl. 230—is a large tree with large cordate, often subpel-
tate alternate leaves, branches and under side of leaves tawny with dense stellate
tomentum, ovaries 4-celled, capsules generally 4-celled, 4-valved, tomentose, and
covered all over with soft hairy appendices.—Bengal, Indian Archipelago, West-
ern India, perhaps in Nimar.

M. repandus, Mill. Arg.—Syn. Rottlera dicocca, Roxb. FI. Ind. iii. 829, is a
weak subscandent shrub, tawny tomentose, with cordate leaves 2-4 in. long,
ovaries 2-celled, styles 2, capsules 2-lobed, 2-valved, hairy. Bengal, Indian
Archipelago, South India.

6. HOMONOYA, Loureiro.

Shrubs with alternate leaves, stipules caducous. Flowers generally
dioicous, the male flowers in spikes, the female flowers in spiciform rac-
emes. Calyx of the male flowers of 8, of the female flowers of 5 nearly
distinct segments, those of the former valvate, of the latter imbricate in
bud. Disc and petals none. Stamens polyadelphous, anthers numerous,
Homonoya.] LXIX, EUPHORBIACEA. 445

l-celled, adnate to a many-branched central column. Ovary mostly 3-
celled, 1 ovule in each cell, Capsule small, 3-seeded.

1. H. riparia, Lour.—Syn. Adelia neriifolia, Roth ; Roxb. Fl. Ind. iii.
849 ; Wight Ie. t. 1868. Vern. Taniki, Tel. Yay-tagyiben, Burm.

Asmall shrub, somewhat resembling a willow, branches hairy. Leaves
‘linear-lanceolate, 4-8 in. long, penniveined, under side with circular scales
and scattered hairs. Flowers dioicous, in axillary bracteate spikes about
half the length of leaves. Anthers and stigmas red. Capsule tomentose,
3-celled, 3-valved, 3-seeded.

Common in rocky river-beds of South and Central India. Attains 6-8 ft.,
and flowers Nov.-March.

I. retusa, Mill. Arg.—Syn. Adelia retusa, Wight Ie, t. 1869—has sessile obo-
vate or oblanceolate dentate leaves, female flowers in short spikes, male flowers in
axillary fascicles. River-beds in the Dekkan.

Ricinus communis, Linn. Roxb. Fl. Ind. iii. 689—Sans. Hranda; Vern.
Rand, arand, rendi, erendt, ind, Hind. : Local n. Aneru, Chenab ; Harnautli,
Salt range ; Turki, the small kind in Guzerat ; Haralu, Canar.,—the well-known
Castor Oil or Palma Christi plant, a soft-wooded tree, of short duration, which
is often cultivated as an annual, e. g., in Guzerat and Bengal, for its oil, is nearly
allied to Homonoya, but differs, apart from the peltate palmately lobed leaves,
by monoicous flowers, and a fleshy appendage on the seed near the funicle. The
large prickly capsules consist of 3 subcylindrical lobes rounded at the ends, with
3 spotted seeds. Cultivated in the Mediterranean region, the United States, the
West Indies, India, China, and the Indian Archipelago. Naturalised in the sub-
Himalayan tract of the Panjab, indigenous in Arabia and North Africa. Asa
small tree, it is cultivated near villages in Bengal to feed the Arindi silk-worm

Roxb. in Trans. Linn. Soe. vii. 42), Regarding the cultivated varieties of the

astor Oil plant in India, see Hamilton in Trans, Linn. Soc. xiv. 248,

Para Rubber, the finest and most durable caoutchouc as yet known, is
the produce of several species of Hevea, a South American genus, particu-
larly of H. braziliensis, Miill. Arg.—Syn. Siphonia brasiliensis, Willd. ;
Hayne Arzneigewiichse, xiv. t. 5 ; Collins’ Report on Caoutchoue, 1872, 1
—a large evergreen tree, indigenous in the province of Para, and on the
Orinoco river, with alternate, glabrous, ternate, long - petiolate leaves,
leaflets entire, acuminate. Flowers monoicous, in large white-tomentose
lateral panicles. Calyx campanulate, 5-lobed, petals none. Anthers adnate
to a central column. Fruit a large 3-lobed, 3-valved capsule, having the
appearance of 3 slightly connate cylinders, rounded at the ends, thick,
woody-fibrous. Seeds 3 large, smooth, shining, spotted, with a thick
brittle testa.

7, BISCHOFFIA, Blume.

Leaves trifoliate, stipules early caducous. Flowers dioicous or monoic-
ous, in axillary panicles. Calyx of 5 valvate segments, those of the male
flowers concave, enclosing the stamens at first, afterwards reflexed, those
of the female flowers lanceolate. Petals none. Stamens 5, opposite the
segments, and inserted round a raised circular central body (rudimentary

wwovary), filaments very short. Ovary 3-celled, 2 ovules in each cell, styles
446 LXIX. EUPHORBIACES. [ Bischoffia.

linear, entire. Fruit a globose drupe, enclosing 3 indehiscent 1-2-seeded
cocci.

i. B. javanica, Blume.—Syn. B. oblongifolia, D™ in Jacq. Voy. Bot.
t. 154; Andrachne trifoliata, Roxb. F1. Ind. iii. 728 ; Microelus Reperi-
anus, W. & A.; Wight Ic. t. 1880; Stylodiscus trifoliatus, Bennett ;
Dalz. Bomb. Fl. 235. Vern. Kein, Garhwal; Korsa, Kamaon; Irum,
Oudh.

A large glabrous tree. Leaflets petiolulate, crenate, elliptic, acuminate,
4-6 in. long. Flowers pale-greenish yellow, on short pedicels, bracts lan-
ceolate, deciduous.

Moist shady ravines in the sub-Himalayan forests of Kamaon and Garhwal.
Common in the Gonda forests of Oudh, and in the Gorakhpur forests. Bengal,
South India, Burma, Indian Archipelago, South China, Polynesia. The leaves
are renewed in Feb. and March. Fl. March, April. The fruitripens in April of '
the ensuing year. An exceedingly handsome tree, attaining 70 ft., and 7 ft. girth,
with a shady oval crown. In dry places a stunted tree 15-20 ft, high. The
foliage is deep green, and turns red before falling. Bark 4 in. thick, dark grey,
brown or blackish, smooth or rough, with cracks, and exfoliating fibrous angular
scales, inner bark reddish, fibrous. Wood pale red, fine- and close-grained,
greyish or reddish brown, seasons well, is said to be durable. Used for furniture.

8 ANTIDESMA, Burm.

Trees or shrubs with alternate, entire, stipulate, penniveined leaves.
Flowers dioicous, numerous, small, the male flowers in deciduous spikes,
the female flowers in spikes or spike-like racemes. Calyx of 3-5 imbricate
lobes. Petals wanting. Stamens opposite to calyx-lobes, inserted round
a rudimentary ovary, filaments free. Disc of distinct glands, alternating
with filaments and calyx-segments. Ovary 1-celled, with 2 pendulous
ovules, styles 3 or 4, short, united at the base. Fruit an indehiscent,
generally 1-seeded drupe.

Soft-tomentose ; flowers sessile; calyx deeply 5-cleft; stamens5 1. A. Ghasembilla.
Extremities with scattered rust-coloured hairs; flowers pedi-
cellate ; calyx cup-shaped ; stamens 2-3, : 3 . 2. A. diandrunt:

1. A. Ghesembilla,* Gertn.; Benth. Fl. Austr. vi. 85; Bedd. Fl.
Sylv. Man. 200.—Syn. A. paniculatum, Roxb. Fl. Ind. iii. 770; Wight
Ic. t. 820. A. pubescens, Roxb. Cor. Pl. t. 167 ; Wight Ic. t. 821. Vern.
Byaitsin, Burm.

A small deciduous ramous tree with light grey bark, branchlets, young
leaves and inflorescence soft-tomentose. Leaves oval or obovate, 2-3 in.
long, short-petiolate, main lateral nerves 4-6 pair, stipules subulate, as long
as petiole. Flowers greenish yellow, male spikes 1-2 in. long, female
spikes somewhat shorter, both in short terminal panicles and very tomen-
tose, female flowers sessile. Calyx deeply 5-cleft, stamens 5. Drupes small,
dark purple when ripe, pulp agreeably acid.

* It epee doubtful what Gaertner included under 4. Ghasembilla. See Tulasne

Ann. Se. Nat. ser. iii. xv. 238. I follow Miiller, Bentham, and Beddome in identi-
fying it with this sp.
= Antidesma.] LXIX. EUPHORBIACEA, 447

Nepal, Oudh, forests (common), Bengal, South India, Ceylon, Burma (in the

Eng forest of Dipterocarpus tuberculatus), Indian Archipelago, Hong-Kong.
FL May, June. Fruit eaten. Y ae e :

2. A. diandrum, Tulasne.—Syn. Stilago diandra, Roxb. Cor. Pl. t.
166; Fl. Ind. iii. 759. Vern. Ami, sarshoti, sarsheti, Garhwal; Dhakkt,
Gur mussureya, Ban miissureya, Oudh, Gorakhpur.

A small deciduous tree, branchlets, petioles, and under side of leaves
along midrib, with scattered rust-coloured hairs, otherwise glabrous.
Leaves lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, shortly petiolate, 2-4 in. long, glab-
rous, shining, stipules lanceolate. Flowers greenish-yellow, male and
female on short pedicels, in the axils of subulate bracteoles, spikes (rac-
emes) terminal, solitary, or 2-3 together, slender; male spikes 2-3 in.
long, female spikes shorter. Calyx cup-shaped, 5-dentate. Stamens 2-3.
Drupes small, of a pleasant acid taste.

Sal forests of Garhwal, Kamaon, and Oudh. Behar, Bengal, South India, Java.
Fl, May, June; fr. Dec.-Jan. The leaves turn brick-red before falling. Bark
thin, smooth, whitish, scooped, inner bark pale red, fibrous. Trunk often chan-
nelled. Wood pinkish white, hard, and close-grained. The leaves are acid, and
made into preserve (chutney) ; the fruit is eaten,

9. BUXUS, Tournefort.

Evergreen shrubs or undershrubs, with 4-sided branchlets. and oppo-
site, exstipulate leaves. Flowers monoicous, in axillary clusters. Calyx,
of male fl. deeply 4-cleft, the segments opposite in pairs, of female fi,
deeply 6-cleft, the segments in two circles of 3 each. Stamens 4, oppo-
site the calyx-segments, inserted around a 4-sided rudimentary ovary.
Ovary 3-celled, 3-cornered, with a flat top, the corners terminating in.
thick short styles, which alternate with the 3 inner calyx-segments. Cap-
sule coriaceous, loculicidally 3-valved, each valve ending in 2 horns, being
the halves of 2 of the styles, dissepiments attached to the valves. Seeds
3-6, trigonous.

1. B. sempervirens, Linn. ; Hook. Stud. Fl. 330.—Syn. B. Wallichiana,
Baillon ; DC. Prodr. xvi. i. 18. Box. Buchsbaum, Germ.; Buis, Fr. ;
Bosso, It. Vern. Shanda laghiune (barren Daphne), Afg.; Chikri, Kash-
mir; Pappar, papri, piprang, shamshad, shumaj, Pb.

A shrub, or small tree, extremities and petioles hairy. Leaves ever-
green, coriaceous, glabrous, shining, varying in shape from linear-lanceolate
to ovate, 1-3 in. long, narrowed into a short petiole, the tissue of the leaf
consisting of two distinct strata, cohering at the edge, the upper stratum
containing midrib, nerves, and veins. Flowers sessile, yellowish, with a
powerful, unpleasant smell (Himalayan tree), in short, sessile, axillary
heads or spikes, the terminal flower generally female, surrounded by
numerous male flowers.. Styles (in the Himalayan specimens) half the
length of ovary, shorter in the European specimens.

Trans-Indus on the east side of the Suliman range (3000-4500 ft.) Salt
448 LXIX. EUPHORBIACEA. [Busus. .,

range, common here and there in the N.W. Himalaya between 4000 and 8000
ft. (¢.g., in Khagan ; on the Ruttun Pir and near Pinch in Kashmir ; opposite
Chergaon on the left bank of the Sutlej in Kunawar, &c. Also in Bhutan, at
about 6000-7000 ft. A widely spread tree, Central and South Europe, North
and West Asia. China and Japan.

Fl. March-May. The fruit ripens Aug.-Oct., the open empty capsules remain-
ing on the tree a long time. Gregarious, attains 15-16 ft., with a short, erect,
straight trunk 20-30 in. girth, generally stunted from lopping. Growth slow,
15-20 rings per inch of radius. Bark 4-4 in. thick, somewhat corky in texture,
grey or yellowish, often irregularly tesselated in small polygonal plates by

wrinkles and deep furrows. Wood yellowish-white or grey, no distinct heart-

wood, but the colour often deeper near the centre. Very close-grained, compact,
and heavy. Himalayan Boxwood resembles that from Europe, Smyrna, and
the Black Sea in structure and mechanical properties ; the pores are uniformly
distributed, exceedingly fine and numerous ; its weight is 60-65 lb. per cub. ft.
The use of Boxwood for engraving, carving, turning, and mathematical in-
struments is well known: the Himalayan wood has by some authorities been
stated to be softer and less fitted for these purposes ; others, again, have found
it equal to the best wood from Europe and western Asia. Boxwood to be
used for engraving, requires careful and lengthened seasoning. In the N.W.
Himalaya small boxes for butter, honey, snuff, and tinder are made of it,
and in the plains it is carved into combs. The branches of the Himalayan Box
are often placed on roofs of houses in the hills under the layer of earth with
which they are covered, and last well when thus employed. The leaves are
poisonous to cattle’; only goats eat them sparingly with impunity. In the south
of France the leaves are largely used as manure in vineyards.

Baillon (Monographie des Buxacées, Paris, 1859) and Miller, DC. Prodr. xvi.
i. 18, distinguish the Himalayan Box as a distinct species, under the name of
B. Wallichiana, the difference mainly consisting in the length of the styles.
The unpleasant smell of the flowers is also noticed in the Box grown in France
(Mathieu Fl. For. 211).

Sarcococca saligna, Mill. Arg—Syn. Buxus saligna, Don FI. Nep. 63; S.
pruniformis, Lindley Bot. Reg. t. 1012; S. trinervia, W. Ic. t. 1877 ; Lepido-
delma podocarpifolia, Klotzsch in Reise des Prinzen Waldemar, t. 22—is a small
evergreen glabrous shrub with alternate lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate leaves,
more or less distinctly triplinerved, yellowish-white flowers in short axillary
racemes, a few female flowers at the base of the racemes, and small purple ovoid
berries, Afghanistan, Himalaya at 4000-7000 ft., Kasia hills, Nilgiris and
western coast, Fl, March-May.

10, BRIEDELIA, Willd.

Trees, shrubs, or climbers ; leaves alternate, short-petiolate, generally
distichous, with prominent parallel lateral nerves. Flowers monoicous,
subsessile, in axillary clusters ; bracteoles numerous between the flowers.
Calyx-tube more or less turbinate, often short and flat ; segments 5, val-
vate in bud. Petals 5, smaller than calyx-segments. Male fl.: stamens
5, inserted on a central column, placed on a flat sinuate disc. Female fi.:
ovary 2-celled, the base enclosed in the calyx-tube, and surrounded by an
inner membranous, cup-shaped, or tubular disc, variously lobed or lacin-
iate, which is inserted at the mouth of the calyx-tube, and is generally
surrounded at its base by an outer fleshy annular disc ; styles 2, bifid, more
or less connate at the base. Fruit a berry, enclosing 2 indehiscent cocci.
Briedelia.] LXIX. EUPHORBIACE. 449

Branchlets and under side of leaves tomentose ; bracteoles few,
coriaceous.

A tree ; lateral nerves 15-20 pair ; calyx slightly enlarged in

fruit. ‘ ‘i ‘i ‘ ‘ . : é 1. B. retusa.

A climbing shrub ; lateral nerves 8-12 pair; calyx much en-

larged in fruit . . : ; : : . :

Branchlets and leaves wholly glabrous; bracteoles numerous,

thinly membranous . : 7 ‘ ‘ : 2 ‘

2. B. stipularis.

3. B. montana.

1. B. retusa, Sprengel. Tab. LV.—DC. Prodr. xv. ii, 493; Bedd.
Fi. Sylv. t. 260.—Syn. B. crenulata, Roxb. Fl. Ind. iii. 734 ; B. spinosa,
Willd. ib. 735 ; Cluytia spinosa, Roxb. Cor. Pl. t. 172. Vern. Pathor,
mark, Pb. ; Khaja, Bijnaur, Oudh, Gorakhpur ; Kassi, khassi, Oudh and
C.P.; Gauli, Garhwal; Angnéra, Banswara; Asana, asauna, Bombay ;
Tsetkchyt, Burm.

A middle-sized or large deciduous tree, spinescent when young, branchlets
and under side of leaves usually soft-tomentose. Leaves short-petiolate,
elliptic-oblong, 3-6 in. long, midrib prominent, with 15-20 pairs of promi-
nent, straight, parallel, latreal nerves ; stipules subulate, deciduous. Flowers
monoicous, yellow, subsessile, crowded in lateral clusters, generally arranged
in terminal paniculate spikes. Petals of male flowers on long claws, lam-
ina thick, obovate, lobed ; of female flowers lanceolate. Fruit subglobose,
green, nearly black when ripe, fleshy, 4 in. diam., supported by the some-
what enlarged coriaceous calyx. B. crenulata, Roxb., with axillary flower-
heads, is said to be dioicous by Roxburgh. At present I am inclined to
regard it as a variety only, chiefly found in Western India.

Sub-Himalayan tract, not common, ascending to 3500 ft., generally-in moist
ravines, found west as far as the Chenab. Common in the Oudh forests and on
the Satpura range, in Bengal, Burma, Ceylon, South India, abundant in the
forests of Western India, where I have found it north as far as Banswara near-
the Mhye river. Commonly associated with Sal in Oudh and on the Satpura
range. A middle-sized tree in North and Central India, not generally exceed-
ing 30 ft. in height and 4 ft.'in girth, but a large tree with a straight tall trunk in
Bengal, Western India, and Burma, stems and branches of young trees have nume-
rous scattered long sharp spines, which fall off as the tree gets older. Fl. May-
July ; fr. Oct-Jan. Old leaves shed March-April, young leaves appear May,
June. Bark thin, grey or brownish-black, rough, scurfy with small scales,
sometimes deeply cracked, inner bark reddish, fibrous. Sapwood pale yellow-
ish-white, heartwood grey, yellowish or dark olive brown, compact, even-grained
and hard. Medullary rays fine, numerous. ;

Weight 54 1b. (R. Th., Cent. Prov.), 60 (Skinner), 66 ('seikchyt from Burma,
D. B., List No. 23). Not easy to work, but durable. Used for house-building,
agricultural implements, and cart-building. The bark is very astringent and
is used for tanning, the leaves are valued as cattle-fodder, and the tree is fre-
quently lopped. The fruit is sweetish and eatable.

2. B. stipularis, Bl. ; DC. Prodr. xv. ii. 499.—Syn. B. scandens, Roxb.
Fl. Ind. iii. 736 ; Cluytia scandens, Roxb. Cor. Pl. t. 173. Vern, Mad-
latah, undergupa, Oudh.

A large, more or less climbing shrub, with drooping branches ; branch-

—lets and under side of leaves with soft tawny tomentum. Leaves short-
2F
450 LXIX, EUPHORBIACEZ. [Briedelia.

petiolate, elliptic or obovate, 2-6 in. long; lateral nerves 8-12 pair, with
prominent transverse veins at right angles; stipules broad-lanceolate,
Flowers monoicous, yellow-tomentose, subsessile, crowded in lateral heads,
in the axils of leaves or bracts, generally arranged in terminal panicu-
late spikes. Broad-lanceolate tomentose bracteoles between the flowers.
Calyx-segments long-triangular, persistent and considerably enlarged in
fruit. Drupes oblong-ovoid, often 2-seeded, nearly 4 in. long, black
when ripe.

Sub-Himalayan tract, ascending to 2000 ft., from Jumna to Sarda, Abundant
in the Oudh forests. Bengal, South India, Ceylon, Burma, Malay peninsula,
Indian Archipelago. FI. at various seasons, mainly May-Oct.

3. B. montana, Willd.; Roxb. Fl. Ind. iii. 735.—Syn. Cluytia mon-
tana, Cor. Pl. t. 171. Vern. Geta, Oudh, N.W.P. ; Kargnalia, Kamaon.

A middle-sized tree, wholly glabrous, branchlets tuberculate. Leaves
elliptic or obovate, pale beneath, 4-8 in. long, main lateral nerves 10-15
pair; stipules deciduous. Flowers monoicous, greenish, short-pedicellate,
crowded in compact axillary heads with numerous, thin, membranous, ciliate
and fimbriate bracts between the flowers ; male and female flowers in the
same head. Petals oblanceolate. Drupes ovoid-oblong, or globose (Roxb.),
din. long, on short thick stalks, supported by the not enlarged membran-
ous calyx.

Sub-Himalayan tract, west to the Jhelam, ascending to 3500 ft. Oudh forests
(ravines in the hills). Bengal, Orissa, Behar. Fl. April, May; fr. Sept.-Nov.
The leaves are lopped for cattle-fodder.

11. LEBIDIEROPSIS, Mill. Arg.

A small tree with alternate, short-petiolate, oval leaves ; lateral nerves
not prominent. Flowers monoicous or dioicous, subsessile, in axillary
bracteolate clusters, male and female flowers in distinct clusters. Calyx-
tube flat, shortly turbinate, segments 5, lanceolate, valvate in bud.
Petals minute. Male flowers: stamens 5, filaments inserted on a central
column, which is placed on a broad circular disc and prolonged into a
short 3-lobed rudimentary ovary. Female flowers: ovary 3-celled, styles
3, bifid. Fruit a hard 3-celled, 6-valved capsule on a thick stalk. Seeds
3, cotyledons flat, fleshy.

1. L. orbicularis, Mill. Arg. —Syn. Cluytia collina, Roxb. Cor. Pl. t.
169 ; Fl. Ind. iii. 732. Briedelia collina, Wall. Vern. Garrar, gharrar,
C.P. ‘

A large shrub or small tree, with scanty light-green foliage. Branchlets,
petioles, calyx and bracteoles hairy. ‘Leaves glabrous, 2-4 in. long, with
reticulate venation. Flowers yellowish green. Capsule 1 in. long ; brown
shining, ovoid or obovoid, indistinctly 3-lobed.

Satpura range, Bandelkhand, South India, Ceylon. Fl. June; fr. Dec., Jan.
Bark blackish, very rough. Wood reddish, durable, but brittle. The rind of '
the fruit is said to be poisonous.
Cleistanthus. ] LXIX. EUPHORBIACEA. 451

12, CLEISTANTHUS, Hooker.

Trees with alternate, short-petiolate, penniveined leaves, lateral nerves
prominent. Flowers monoicous or dioicous, subsessile in axillary clusters
or short spikes, with bracteoles between the flowers. Calyx-tube turbi-
nate or cup-shaped, segments 5, valvate in bud. Petals 5, those of the
male flowers minute. Male flowers: stamens 5, filaments free, inserted
round a thick rudimentary ovary. Disc urceolate. Female flowers:
ovary partly immersed in the calyx-tube, 3-celled, styles 3, more or less
2-fid. _Dise membranous, cup-shaped or cylindric. Fruit a 3-celled 6-
valved capsule. Seeds often connate in pairs at the base.

1. C. oblongifolius, Mill. Arg.—Syn. Cluytia oblongifolia, Roxb. Fl.
an iii. 731. Briedelia oblongifolia, Hooker & Arnott. Vern. Dukesa,
ilhet. ,

A middle-sized tree. Leaves elliptic-oblong, acuminate, 6-12 in. long,
glabrous above, pubescent beneath. “Flowers greenish yellow, in small
lateral clusters ; bracteoles broad-ovate ciliate. Female flowers : calyx-tube
turbinate, disc cylindric, laciniate at the top. Petals obovate, ciliate.
Fruit ovoid, supported by the persistent base of calyx, + in. long.

Silhet, Sub-Himalayan’ tract and outer valleys of Sikkim and Assam,
ascending to 4000 ft. According to Stewart in the Siwalik tract of Kamaon,
extending west to the Ganges. Fl. March-May; fr. Aug., Sept. Wood hard
and durable (Roxb.)

13. PUTRANJIVA, Wall.

Trees with alternate, coriaceous, stipulate leaves. Flowers dioicous, the
male flowers in axillary clusters ; the female flowers pedunculate, axillary,
solitary or a few together. Calyx of the male flowers 2-5-parted, of the
female flowers 4-6-parted, segments narrow. Petals and disc wanting.
Stamens 2-3, central, filaments free, monadelphous or diadelphous. Ovary
2-3-celled. Fruit indehiscent, 1-seeded with a hard bony éndocarp.

1. P. Roxburghii, Wall.—Tab. LIII.—Wight Ic. t. 1876; Royle I.
t. 833; Bedd. FL. Sylv. t. 275.—Syn. P. amblyocarpa, Mill. Arg. DC.
Prodr. xv. ii. 444. Nageia Putranjiva, Roxb. Fl. Ind. iii. 766. Sans.
Putranjiva. Vern. Putajan, .Pb.; Jia puta, joti, juti, putra jiva,
N.W.P. ; Patji, Oudh ; Jwputrak, Hindi.

A middle-sized evergreen tree, with dark-green foliage, branchlets and
petioles pubescent. Leaves elliptic-oblong, with unequal-sided base, ser-
rulate, short-petiolate, 3-5 in. long, the upper side glabrous, shining, lateral
nerves numerous, joined by reticulate veins ; stipules subulate, deciduous.
Male flowers small, yellow, subsessile, numerous, collected in sessile irregu-
larly globose axillary heads; calyx 3-5-cleft, stamens 3, filaments more
or less connate. Female flowers pedunculate, axillary, often in twos or
threes ; calyx 5-6-cleft, segments oblong, obtuse. Ovary 3-celled, pubes-
452 LXIX. EUPHORBIACEZ. [ Putranjiva.

cent, styles 3, short, dilated into triangular lobed stigmas. Fruit ovoid,
smooth, white, 2 in. long, nut pointed, very hard, rugose, 1-celled, 1-seeded.

Sub-Himalayan tract, common in places, ascending to 2500 ft., and extending
west to the Chenab, frequent in the Oudh forests. Bengal, Burma, South India,
Ceylon, often cultivated. Generally in low shady, moist, mixed forests, often
associated with Hugenia and Ficus glomerata. Fl. March-May, and the fruit
ripens in Jan.-June of the ensuing year. Leaves renewed in April. A fine
shady tree, which merits extended cultivation. Attains 40-50 ft., with a straight
erect trunk, 4-5, at times 9 ft. girth, numerous divergent, spreading branches.
Bark 4 in. thick, grey, smooth or verrucose, with numerous horizontal lines of
round light-coloured specks, inner bark yellow, fibrous. Wood light-grey,
streaked with darker lines and patches, not very hard, even-grained and durable.
Weight 36.6 Ib. per cub. ft. (Wallich), probably heavier. Used in places for
tools and in turning. The leaves are lopped for cattle-fodder, the nuts are
strung up in rosaries and in necklaces for children to keep them in health,
whence the name, “life of the child.” The nuts of Alaocarpus Ganitrus (p. 43)
are used in the same manner.

14. PHYLLANTHUS, Linn.

Trees shrubs or herbs ; leaves stipulate, mostly distichous, entire, pen-
niveined, short-petioled. Flowers monoicous or dioicous, in axillary or
lateral clusters, sometimes solitary. Calyx-segments 4-9, generally 5-6,
imbricate, without any appendages at the back. Petals none. Disc of
distinct glands, alternating with calyx-segments, sometimes wanting,
Stamens central, 2-15, generally 3, filaments free or variously connate.
No rudiment of ovary in male flowers. Ovary 2-15-celled, generally 3-
celled, 2 ovules in each cell ; styles as many. as cells, generally slender,
bifid, and more or less connate. Fruit always dehiscent, sometimes fleshy.
Seeds without arillus or strophiole.

Small trees with ovate or elliptic leaves ; no disc or glands at the
base of stamens or ovary; anthers 3-6 on a central column;
styles connate into a short column ; fruit a 4-6-celled cap-
sule with red seeds. (Subgenus Glochidion.) ;
Softly tomentose ; anthers 3 . - . . . 7 « 1. P. nepalensis,
Glabrous ; anthers 4-6 . 3 ae oe : ‘ ‘ . 2 P. lanceolarius.
A climbing shrub with elliptic or obovate leaves ; disc of 5 dis-
tinct glands alternating with calyx-segments ; stamens 5,
the 3 inner connate into a central column; ovary 8-12-
celled ; styles distinct, minute; fruit a dark-purple small
succulent berry . é ; ar . és F . 38. P. reticulatus.
A middle-sized tree with numerous linear leaflets ; anthers 3-5 on
a central column ; ovary half enclosed in a cup-shaped disc ;
style 1, deeply 3-fid; fruit a large globose pale-yellow 3-
celled berry ‘ @ . a ‘ si 7 - . 4 P. Emblica.

1. P. nepalensis, Mill. Arg. 1. c. 291.—Syn. Bradleia ovata, Wall.
Vern. Gol kamela, (gur)sawa, sama, chamar kas, amblu, kalm(a), koa-
mil, Pb. ; Mowa, bakalwa, N.W.P. ; Kart, koria, C.P.

A small tree, branchlets softly tomentose. Leaves ovate or elliptic,
pubescent on both sides, 2-3 in. long, short-petiolate, main lateral nerves
Phyllanthus.] LXIX, EUPHORBIACEA. 453

arcuate, 4-6 pair; stipules subulate. Flowers in axillary fascicles, the
female subsessile, the male on long filiform pedicels, male and female
generally in the same fascicle. Male fl.: Calyx of 6 lanceolate segments,
slightly hairy outside. Anthers 3, oblong, 2-celled, extrorse and cohering
at the back, on a short central column, connective prolonged beyond the
anther-cells, Female fl.: Calyx of 5-6 ovate segments, hirsute outside.
Styles connate into a cylindric column, nearly as thick as the ovary,
divided at the top into 4 thick ovate teeth longer than calyx, the lower
part hirsute. Capsule 4-6-celled, pubescent, seeds red.

Sub-Himalayan tract and outer ranges, ascending to 5500 ft., and extending
west to the Indus. Sikkim, Western Ghats, Canara,and Mysore. Glochidion
velutinum and arboreum, Wight, t. 1907, from the Nilgiris, are probably the
same species. Fl. and fruit Feb. to Aug. Attains 25 ft., and 3-4 ft. girth.
Bark grey or reddish, with shallow longitudinal furrows. The leaves have a
powerful nauseous smell. Wood brownish-white, compact but soft, the bark
is used for tanning. :

_ Glochidion ned haves Wight ; Bedd. Fl. Sylv. t. 277, a tree of the Nil-
giris, is similar, but glabrous.

Phyllanthus bicolor, Mull. Arg. 1. c. 311.—Syn. Briedelia acuminata, Wall.,
belongs to the same group, with 3 anthers, but differs by lanceolate leaves,
glabrous above, slightly pubescent beneath along midrib, male and female fi.
generally in separate fascicles, small 3-5-celled capsules on pedicels longer than
the diam. of capsule. Nepal, Sikkim, Kasia, hills,

2, P. lanceolarius, Miill. Arg.—Syn. Bradleia lanceolaria, Roxb. FI.
Ind. iii. 697; Glochidion lanceolarium, Dalzell Bombay Flora, 235.
Vern. Bhoma, Bombay ; Angiti, Silhet.

A small glabrous tree.- Leaves shining, coriaceous, elliptic or elliptic-
oblong, acuminate, 4-6 in. long, stipules triangular, main lateral nerves
arcuate, 6-8 pair. Flowers pale greenish-cream-coloured in axillary fasci-
cles, the.male numerous, on long filiform peduncles, the female few and
sessile. Male fl.: Calyx of 6 glabrous, linear-oblong segments. Anthers
4-6, oblong, 2-celled, extrorse and cohering at the back, on a short central
column, connective prolonged beyond the anther-cells. Female fl.: Calyx
of 6 unequal, thick, imbricate segments. Styles 6, glabrous, connate into
a 6-sulcate, glabrous column, much thinner than the hairy ovary. Cap-
sule shortly stalked, depressed, 4 in. diam., 4-6-celled, seeds red.

Kamaon Bhaber, Oudh forests (in moist ravines), Nepal, Sikkim Terai, East-
ern Bengal, Burma. FI. Dec.-April. Bark grey, with longitudinal wrinkles,
the outer bark peeling off from the reddish-brown smooth inner layers. Rox-
burgh states that-it grows to be a large useful timber-tree, the wood being hard
and durable.

3. P. reticulatus, Poiret.—Syn. P. multiflorus, Willd. Roxb. Fl. Ind.
tii. 664 (not Poiret); Anisonema multiflora, Wight Ic. t. 1899; Dalz.
Bomb. Fl. 234. Vern. Panjili; (makhi, Bhurtpur).

A large straggling or climbing shrub with numerous stout woody
branches, and long drooping branchlets. Leaves membranous, glab-
454 LXIX. EUPHORBIACE. [ Phyllanthus.

rous or slightly pubescent, elliptic or obovate, short-petiolate, about 1 in,
long; lateral nerves joined by reticulate veins. Flowers in axillary fas-
cicles, on slender pedicels, male fl. more numerous, generally 1 or 2 female
fl. in a fascicle of male flowers. Calyx of 5 ovate membranous segments,
and 5 distinct glands alternating with them. Stamens 5, the 3 inner
longer, on thick filaments, more or less connate into a central column,
the 2 outer short, free. Ovary globose, 8-12-celled; styles short. Fruit
a black or dark-purple depressed succulent berry } in. diam.

Common on low moist ground. North-West India, Sindh (climbing over the
largest trees in the Belas along the Indus), Rajputana (Bhurtpur Ghunna), Ben-
gal, South India, Burma, Ceylon, Indian Archipelago. Flowers nearly through-
out the year. Bark grey; wood greyish brown, light, soft, pores large and
numerous,

4, P. Emblica, Linn. Tab. LII.—Roxb. Fl. Ind. iii. 671; Bedd. Fl.
Sylv. t. 258.—Syn. Emblica officinalis, Gertn. ; Wight Ic. t.1896. Sans.
Dhatri, dmalaka. Vern. Ambal, ambali, Pb. ; Daula, amla, amlika, aura,
aunra, aola, North and Central India; Milli mara, Gonds of Satpura ;
Nelli mara, Canarese ; Shabju, Burm.

A small or middle-sized tree with grey bark and light-green feathery
foliage. Leaves linear acute, glabrous, $ in. long, edge thickened, subses-
sile, distichous and approximate, imbricate when young, on hairy 4-8 in.
long branchlets, having the appearance of pinnate leaves ; stipules minute.
‘Flowers small, greenish-yellow, in lateral fascicles on the leaf-bearing
branchlets, in the axils of the leaves or on the naked portion of the branch
below the leaves, female flowers few, subsessile, male flowers numerous,
on short slender pedicels, both on the same branchlet. Calyx of 6 ob-
long obtuse segments. Disc in the male flowers of 6 minute glands.
Anthers 3-5, extrorse on a central column. Ovary 3-celled, half immersed
in an annular disc, style short with 3 recurved stigmas, dilated and lobed
at the top. Fruit a fleshy globose berry, 2 in. diam., 3-celled, 6-seeded,
with 6 prominent lines, pale yellow, sometimes reddish when ripe, of an
acid and astringent taste. .

Common in dry deciduous forests in most parts of India, except in the ex-
treme north-west corner of the Panjab, ascending in Garhwal and Kamaon to
4500 ft. Burma, Ceylon, Indian Archipelago. Often cultivated. Fl. March-
May ; the fruit ripens Oct.-Feb. More or less leafless from February to April.
Attains 30-40 ft., and 3-6, occasionally 9 ft. girth, but generally smaller. Trunk
often crooked or gnarled, frequently with irregular excrescences, branches stron;
spreading. Bark thin, grey greenish or brown, with fine, close horizonta
wrinkles, and few vertical cracks, inner substance dark red or purple, compact
and fibrous. Wood mottled brown, red, and yellow, inner wood darker colour-
ed, but no distinctly marked heartwood, hard, close- and straight-grained.
Medullary rays very broad, of a lighter colour than the tissue between, showing
on a vertical radial section like shining pee and giving a reticulate appear-
ance on a tangential section. The broad medullary rays give the wood some
resemblance to that of Carallia integerrima. Weight between 42.5 and 49 lb.,
value of P. between 532 and 617. Puckle (List of Western Mysore Woods,
1862) gives the weight at 67.5 lb., and the value of P. from 898 to 1052. Used
Phyllanthus. | LXIX, EUPHORBIACEA. 455

for agricultural implements, and much valued for well-work, as it is durable under
water. The bark is employed for tanning ; chips of the wood and small branches
thrown into impure or muddy water are said to clear it effectually (Pharm. Ind.
205). The fruit is the Emblic Myrobalan ; used as a medicine, for dyeing and
tanning, and pickled and eaten.

15. BREYNIA, Forst.

Glabrous shrubs with penniveined stipulate leaves. Flowers monoicous,
axillary. Calyx turbinate, 6-lobed. Stamens central ; three 2-celled an-
thers longitudinally adnate to a central column. Disc wanting. Ovary
longer than calyx, truncate ; styles minute. Seeds without arillus.

1. B. rhamnoides, Miill. Arg. 1c. 440.—Syn. Phyllanthus sepiaria,
Herb. Roxb. (identified by Miiller also with P. Vitis-idwa, Roxb. Fl. Ind.
a 665). Melanthesa rhamnoides, Wight Ic, t. 1898. Vern. Tvkhar,

udh.

A large shrub or small tree, wholly glabrous. Leaves ovate, obtuse,
shortly petiolate, 1-14*in. long’; stipules triangular, acute. Flowers soli-
tary, axillary, pedicels short, with a few membranous bracts at the base.
Fruit a red globose berry.

Oudh forests common, Banda, Bengal, South India. Fl. April, May.

Melanthesopsis patens, Mill. Arg.—Syn. Melanthesa turbinata and obliqua,
Wight Ic. t. 1897, 1898 ; Phyllanthus turbinatus and patens, Roxb. Fl. Ind. iii.
666, 667—is a shrub or tree of South India and Bengal, similar to Breynia
rhamnoides, but distinguished by a trifid style and arillate seeds.

16. SECURINEGA, Juss.

Glabrous trees or shrubs with more or less distichous branchlets and
penniveined stipulate leaves. Flowers usually dioicous, the male flowers
in axillary fascicles. Calyx 5-cleft, segments imbricate, persistent, the
2 outer somewhat smaller. Petals none. Stamens 5, opposite to the
calyx-segments ; filaments free, filiform, surrounding a rudimentary 2-3-
fid pistil as long as stamens. Disc of 5 glands alternating with the
stamens, Ovary glabrous, 3-celled, 2 ovules in each cell, styles 3, connate
at the base, generally bifid. Fruit more or less succulent, separating when
ripe into 3 (sometimes 2 only) 2-seeded cocci.

Flower-bearing branchlets angular, unarmed .. 1. 8. obovata.
Flower-bearing branchlets terete, spinescent . ‘i 2. S. Leucopyrus.

1. S. obovata, Mill. Arg. 1. c. 449,—Syn. Phyllanthus retusus and
virosus, Roxb. Fl. Ind. iii. 657, 659. Vern. Dalme, dhani, bakarcha,
ghart, gwala darim, N.W.P.

A large ramous unarmed shrub or small tree, wholly glabrous, branch-
lets angular. Leaves subsessile, oval or obovate, 1-2 in. long. Flowers
dioicous, on slender pedicels, numerous, in axillary fascicles. Styles
156 LXIX. EUPHORBIACEA. [Securinega.

spreading or reflexed, deeply-cleft into 2 or 3 linear-segments. Fruit a
white globose dehiscent berry, 4 in. diam. A

Trans-Indus at the base of the Suliman range oe not common in the sub-
Himalayan tract of the Panjab. Common in Kamaon (ascending to 5000 ft.)
Nepal, Bengal, South and Central India, Burma, Indian Archipelago, China, and
Australia. Fl. (in North India) May, June ; fr. July-Oct. ; in Bengal in fl. and
fr. nearly throughout the year. Attains 25 ft, or more, with a short erect trunk
3-4 ft. in girth. Bark grey, rusty or reddish-brown, with small light-coloured
specks, Wood white, said to be close-grained, strong, and durable, and not
attacked by insects ; it is used for agricultural implements. The bark is very
astringent, and is used to intoxicate fish. The fruit is eaten.

2. S. Leucopyrus, Mill. Arg—Tab. LIV.—Syn. Phyllanthus Leu-
copyrus, Roxb. Fl. Ind. iii. 658. Fliggea Leucopyrus, Willd. ; Wight Ic.
t. 1875. Vern. Peret pastawane, Afe.; Karkin, rithei, girthan, gargas,
bhathi, bata, vanuthi, girk, Pb. (some of these names possibly apply to S.
obovata) ; Hartho, ainta, N.W.P.; Kiran, Sindh; Challa manta, sale
manta, C.P.

A large spinescent shrub or small tree, wholly glabrous, branchlets
terete. Leaves ovate, 1-2 in. long, petioles 4-4 in. long. Flowers dioic-
ous, on slender pedicels in axillary fascicles. Male flowers numerous,
female flowers few. Styles erect or spreading, entire or shortly bifid.
Fruit a white globose dehiscent berry 4 in. diam.

Trans-Indus, eastern slopes of Suliman range, ascending to 3800 ft. Salt
range, not uncommon. Sindh. Sub-Himalayan tract, ascending in Garhwal and
Sikkim to 5000 ft. Bengal, Central and South India, Ceylon, Burma, Indian
Archipelago, Australia, Fl. chiefly May, June; fr. July-Sept., often remain-
ing long on the tree. Bark ash-coloured, dark-bluish, or dark reddish-brown
with small white specks. Wood close-grained, strong, chiefly used as fuel. The
fruit is eaten.

17. ANDRACHNE, Linn.

&

Shrubs and undershrubs with alternate, stipulate, entire, generally
ovate leaves. Flowers monoicous, male flowers generally fasciculate,
female flowers solitary, axillary on long slender pedicels. Calyx-segments
5-6, imbricate in bud. Petals as many as calyx-segments, shorter than
calyx, those of the female flowers minute. Disc of free or connate glands.
Stamens 5-6, around a cylindric rudiment of ovary, filaments free or mona-
delphous. Ovary 3-celled, styles 3, connate at the base, the free portion
dichotomous ; stigma capitate, minute. Fruit a 6-valved capsule. Seeds
without aril or strophiole.

1. A. cordifolia, Miill. Arg.; DC. Prodr. xv. ii, 234.—Syn. Phyllan-
thus cordifolius, Wall. P. Hoffmeisteri, Klotzsch. Reise des Prinzen
Waldemar, t. 24. Leptopus cordifolius, Decaisne in Jacq. Voy. Bot. t. 156.
Vern. Kurkni, gurguli, Jhelam ; Bersu, Chenab; Barotri, madare, Ravi ;
Miutkar, chirmutti, pin, Bias; Tsdatin, Sutle].
Andrachne.] LXIX, EUPHORBIACES. 457

A shrub with slender branches, in places only an undershrub, extremi-
ties, petioles, and under side of leaves hairy. ‘Leaves ovate-oblong, obtuse,
penniveined, blade 1-2 in., petiole filiform, }-2 in. long. Flowers monoic-
ous, axillary, on long filiform pedicels. . Disc of male flowers consisting
of 5 flat bifid glands. Styles shortly connate at the base, deeply bifid.
Capsule } in. across.

Common in the North-West Himalaya from the Indus to Nepal, ascending
to 8000 ft. (Dippi forest). Fl. May-Sept. F
A. telephioides, Linn., is a’ small sini erslisead of the Mediterranean region and
West Asia, found also in the Panjab Salt range, with ovate or obovate leaves.
= aera, Sprengel, has reniform or orbicular leaves and grows from Egypt to
indh,

Orpen LXX. BETULACEA.

Trees with scaly buds and alternate penniveined simple leaves; stipules
deciduous. Flowers monoicous in drooping catkins. Male flowers:
bracts stalked, often peltate, bearing on the stalk and on their inner face
2-3 generally tetrandrous flowers with small perianths of membranous,
often unequal scales. Anthers 2-celled, cells often distinct. Female
flowers: 2 or 3 in the axils of (generally) 3, more or less connate bracts ;
perianth none. Ovary free, compressed, 2-celled, 1 pendulous ovule in
each cell. Fruit a small l-seeded nut. Seeds without albumen ; cotyle-
dons flat, radicle superior. The cotyledons of the germinating embryo
are raised above the ground.

Anther-cells distinct ; scales of female catkin deciduous . é . 1. BETuLA.
Anther-ceJls more or less connate ; scales of female catkin persistent,
enlarged and woody in fruit ‘é . . é : . . 2. ALNUS.

1. BETULA, Tournefort.

Deciduous trees with serrate leaves, resinous dots beneath. Anthers
8-12 inserted on the inside or stalk of the bract, more or less distinctly -
arranged in tetrandrous flowers, each anther opposite to a membranous
scale ; anther-cells distinct. Female flowers, 3 in the axil of each bract.
Bracts of catkin deciduous in fruit, generally membranous. Fruit with a
membranous wing on 2 sides.

Female catkins single ; bracts in fruit indurated, deeply 3-lobed,

broader than wings ; wings narrower than fruit a : 1. B. Bhojpatira.
Female catkins fasciculate ; bracts in fruit membranous, linear-

oblong, with 2 small teeth or lobes at the base, narrower than

wings ; wings much broader than fruit . . . 5 2. B. acuminata.

1. B. Bhojpatira,* Wall.—Syn. B. Jacquemontti, Spach. ; Jacq. Voy.

*T retain Wallich’s name Bhojpattra (Pl. As. Rav. ii. 7, 1831), which is adopted by
Lindley, Bot. Reg., and Regel (Monographia Betulacearum, 1861, and DC. Prodr. xvi.
ii. 177), though it seems certain that Don’s B. utilis (Prodr. Fl. Nep. 58, 1825) was in-
tended for this tree. But Don’s description, “‘ foliis ovatis acuminatis ineequaliter ser-
458 LXX, BETULACES. [ Betula.

Bot. t 158. Sans. Bhurja. Vern. Burj, bhuj, biirzal, phurz, Pb. Hima-
laya; Shag, shak, pad, phatak, takpa, Ladak, Lahoul, Piti, Kunawar ;
Bhijpattra, N.W.P.

A moderate-sized tree, shrubby near its upper limit ; extremities, peti-
oles and leaf-buds pubescent, the bark exfoliating in thin broad horizontal
belts. Leaves ovate, acuminate, unequally serrate, hairy along midrib,
pubescent when young with scattered hairs; blade 2-3 in., petiole } in.
long; main lateral nerves 8-12 paix, prominent beneath, impressed on
the upper side; the under side generally with resinous dots. Bracts of
male flowers stalked, the stalk bearing numerous glabrous scales, ciliate
at the edge, the lower membranous, transparent, the upper coloured.
Anther-cells distinct, glabrous, with a tuft of few hairs at the tip. -Bract
of female flowers pubescent, deeply 3-lobed, hardened in fruit, broader
than the winged fruit ; lobes linear-oblong. Wings narrower than greatest
breadth of nut.

Higher ranges of the Himalaya, extending far into the inner arid tract, in the
Panjab not under 7000, in Sikkim and Bhutan not under 9500 ft., ascending
commonly to 11,000, and often to 12,000 ft., in Zanskar, Tibet, and inner Sik-
kim to 14,000 ft. Chir at 12,150 ft. Afghanistan, Higher mountains of Japan.
Gregarious, forming pure forests, often at the upper limit of arborescent vegeta-
tion, generally rising 500 ft. above the upper limit of Abies Webbiana; seems to
prefer north and west aspects. The leaves are shed in Oct., and the new foliage
comes out in April and May. Attains 50-60 ft. ; trunk erect, somewhat crooked,
6-7 and at times 10-12 ft, girth ; branches erect, twigs drooping, forming a hand-
some broad-oval crown with light foliage. Bark smooth, wrinkled, reddish- or

urplish-brown, with whitish linear or oblong stripes (lenticels) and fine parallel
ines, the outer bark consisting of numerous distinct paper-like layers, exfoliat-
ing in broad horizontal rolls or belts. Wood white, straight-grained, not hard,
but tough to cut. Weight 35.5 lb. per cub. ft. (Wall.) In the arid inner Hima-
laya, where timber is scarce, it is used extensively for building, and other pur-
poses, It is elastic, and has been recommended for turning. The bark is the
most valuable part of this tree ; it is used as paper for writing and packing, for
umbrella-covers, and to line the inside of the hooka-tube. Hindoos use it in
various religious ceremonies. It is called Toz, bhoj pattar, in Kashmir, drawa
on the Chenab, and bharangi in Kamaon, and is largely exported to the plains.
In Kashmir and Kunawar itis often placed under the flat earth roofs, and is
said to be very lasting. Twig bridges are made of the branches of this Birch,
and the trees are often lopped for fodder.

2. B. acuminata,* Wall.—Tab, LVI.—Pl. As. Rar. t. 109.—Syn. B.
cylindrostachys, Wall.; DC. Prodr. xvi. ii. 179. Vern. Piya udish, chambar
maya, Pbo.; Bhijpatira, haur, shaul, N.W.P.; Shakshin, Tibet; Utis,
Nepal.

ratis utrinque ramulisque villosis basi rotundatis subtus canescentibus,” hardly applies

to this species, and certainly does not give its distinguishing characters. Don adds,

on Wallich’s authority, that the epidermis is used under the name of Bhog Pattrah;

but io proves nothing, for both species of Birch are called Bhuj pattra in the N.W.
imalaya.

* T retain this name, which is supported by Wallich’s plate and description. Don’s
B. alnoides, which he describes as dioicous, and nitida, are probably synonyms, but
Don’s descriptions are insufficient to identify them. B. nitida, Don, is retained as a
distinct but doubtful species in De Candolle’s Prodromus.
Betula.) LXX. BETULACEA, 459

A moderate-sized tree, the current year’s branchlets pubescent ; root-
suckers and luxuriant shoots soft-tomentose. Leaves ovate or ovate-lanceo-
late, acuminate, unequally serrate, teeth cuspidate, often aristate, more or
less pubescent, sometimes soft-tomentose beneath when young, glabrous and
often shining when full-grown, with scattered hairs on the under side along
midrib, numerous brown red or black resinous dots on the under side ;
blade 3-6 in., petiole 4 in. long; main lateral nerves 8-12 pair. Catkins
fasciculate, short-pedunculate, 3-4 in. long, slender while in flower, } in.
diam. while in fruit. Bracts of male catkin subsessile, with 3 tetrandrous
flowers on the midrib ; perianth of 4 hairy linear leaves ; anthers hairy, cells
distinct. Bracts of female catkin lanceolate at the base, with 2 obtuse or
acute teeth or short lobes, as well as ovaries and styles hairy with long
hairs. Wings much broader than fruit, and broader than the membran-
ous bract of the fruit.

Himalaya, generally in the outer ranges, extending west to the Sutlej basin,
commonly between 5000 and 10,000 ft. Kasia hills 3000-5000 ft. In shady
mixed forests, in valleys near streams, mostly singly, not gregarious. FI. Nov.,
Dec. ; fr. April, May. Attains 50-60 ft, trunk short, 6 ft. girth and more,
branchlets somewhat drooping. Wood whitish, there is some doubt regarding
its qualities: Wallich, Pl. As. Rar. ii. p. 7, states that it is hard and greatly
esteemed by the inhabitants of Nepal, and is employed for all purposes where
‘strength and durability are required. The bark peels off in thick rolls, the
lenticels are shorter than in B. Bhojpattra, elliptic or elliptic-oblong.

Betula alba, Linn. ; Hook. Stud. Fl. 346—Birch ; Birke, German ; Bouleau,
French—the most important of the numerous species and varieties of this genus
in Europe, has long-petioled rhomboid or ovate leaves, solitary female catkins,
the fruiting bracts with a cuneate base and a broad 3-lobed apex, wings twice or
nearly thrice the breadth of fruit. The,wood is yellowish- or reddish-white,
with numerous fine medullary rays, and numerous fine, uniformly distributed
pores. No heartwood. Weight 32-48 Ib. Excellent fuel. Used for carving,
furniture, and agricultural implements ; in the Highlands of Scotland, and in
North Scandinavia also, for building and a variety of other purposes. The
bark is used on roofs under a layer of earth like the Himalayan Birch, and is
said to be imperishable. Baskets, boxes, mats, and cordage are made of it
in Lapland. ; /

B. papyracea, Willd., the Paper or Canoe Birch, is a most useful large tree
in Canada and the Northern United States. The bark splits into fine paper-like
layers, is used as paper, for thatching, and ornaments are made of it. But its
principal use is to make the light portable canoes used on the lakes and rivers
of Canada. In spring the bark is detached for this purpose in plates 10-12 ft.
long and 33 in. broad, which are stitched together with fibrous roots of the white
ae (Abies alba, Michaux). Regel classes this Birch as a sub-species under

. alba.

2. ALNUS, Tournef.

Deciduous, rarely evergreen trees, with dentate, sometimes entire leaves.
Male fl.: either tetrandrous, with 4-lobed perianth, or 6-12 anthers inserted
on the stalk of the bract, in the axils of membranous scales; anther-cells
connate, rarely distinct. Female fl.: 2 in the axil of each bract; bracts
460 LXX. BETULACEA. [Alnus.

indurated, woody, persistent in fruit, covered before maturity by a waxy
or resinous substance. Nuts with a membranous or coriaceous wing, or

unwinged.

Branchlets glabrous ; fruit catkins numerous in large erect pani-
cles . . 1. A. nepalensis.

Branchlets pubescent ; fruit catkins 3-5 in short erect racemes. 2. A. nitida.

1. A. nepalensis, D. Don; Wall. Pl. As. Rar. t. 131.—Vern. Kohi,
koe, Pb. ; Udis, udish, wusta, N.W.P. ; Boshi swa, Nepal.

A moderate-sized tree; branchlets glabrous. Leaves coriaceous, glabrous,
with tufts of hairs in the axils of lateral nerves, elliptic, acute, entire or
indistinctly denticulate, blade 4-6, petiole ? in. long ; main lateral nerves
14-18 pair. Flowers appearing after the leaves. Catkins paniculate or
racemose. Male catkins subsessile, slender, 4-10 in. long, numerous,
in large terminal pedunculate drooping panicles; each bract with 6-12
anthers on short filaments, more or less distinctly separated by ciliate
scales into several 2-4-androus flowers; anther-cells connate. Female
catkins 4 in. long, pendulous in flower ; perianth-leaves and stamens
10-12, in lateral racemes or racemose panicles. Fruit catkins ovoid or
subcylindric, short-pedicellate, 4-1 in. long, in erect lateral panicles.
Wings of fruit membranous, narrow, often broader at the top, somewhat
irregular.

®w

Himalaya, extending west to the Ravi, between 3000 and 9000 ft. Kasia
hills, Mixed forests, often in ravines, or fringing the banks of streams. Fi,
Oct.-Dec.; the fruit ripens in winter, and remains long on the tree. Attains
50-60 ft., with an erect, straight trunk and a shady crown. Bark thick, com-
pact, outside oe or yellowish silvery, somewhat resembling the bark of

irch. Wood pale brownish-red, with large very distinct reddish-brown medul-
lary rays. The bark, exported to the plains under the name of Uftis, is used
for tanning and dyeing.

2. A, nitida, Endl.—Tab. LVII.—Vern. Gira, Afg.; Shrol, srol,
saroli, sawali, rikunra, chamb, chaap, chapu, tsapu, piak, kunsa, kindash,
niu, Pb. Himalaya; Rajan, rajain, Pb. plains.

A large tree ; current year’s petioles and branches pubescent. Leaves
subcoriaceous, glabrous, with tufts of hairs in the axils of lateral nerves
beneath, ovate, acuminate, more or less distinctly dentate; blade 4-6,
petiole 1-14 in. long; main lateral nerves 8-12 pair. Flowers appearing
after the leaves; catkins racemose. Male catkins short - pedicellate,
drooping, 2 in. long, 4-6 in terminal erect bracteate, and at the base often
leaf-bearing racemes. Anthers sessile, densely crowded, so that the
arrangement into distinct flowers cannot be traced ; anther-cells nearly
distinct. Fruit catkins ovoid or cylindric, on short stalks, 3-14 in. long,
3-5 in erect lateral racemes. Fruit with a narrow coriaceous edge.

Common in the Panjab Himalaya, ascending to 9000 ft., and not uncommon
along the banks of the main rivers some distance into the plains. On the Sutlej,
its upper limit is Spui on the right, and Namgia on the left bank. Pabur and
Alnus.] LXX. BETULACEA. 461

Tonse rivers. Generally fringes the banks of mountain-streams and rivers. Fl.
Sept.-Oct. Attains 80-90, and at times 100 ft., with a straight tall clear trunk,
generally 6-8, often 12, and at times 15 ft. girth. The largest trees are seen in
the basins of the Jhelam and Chenab. Bark brown, rough with dark furrows.
The wood is whitish, used for bedsteads ; the hooked sticks of rope bridges are
made of it. The twigs are tough, and are used for tying loads and in the con-
struction of twig bridges. The bark is used for dyeing and tanning.

A. orientalis, Dne, ; DC. Prodr. xvi. ii. 185, somewhat resembles this species,
but differs by large short ovoid or subglobose fruit catkins, fruit without wing
or edge. Syria, Lebanon, Cyprus, Cilicia.

The two sp. of this genus which are important for the forester in Europe are :
1. A. glutinosa, Linn. ; Hook. Stud. Fl. 346; Alder,» Schwarzerle, German;
Aune glutineux, French ; Ontanonero, It., with glabrousglutinousleaves. Europe,
North Africa, Cilicia, Asia Minor. Important as coppice-wood in deep marshes.
Wood soft, white when fresh cut, turning, on exposure to the air, into orange-
red, pale red when seasoned, the wood of knotty trees often beautifully mottled.
No heartwood. Weight 26-40 lb. Used for carving ; herring-barrels are made
of it. Lasts well under water. 2. A. incana, Willd. ; Weisserle, Germ. ; Aune
blanc, Fr. ; with pubescent leaves. North-East Europe, and mountains of
Central Europe, descending to the plains along the main rivers, and often cul-
tivated. Caucasus, Siberia, Amurland. Throws up abundantly root-suckers.
Both have distinctly tetrandrous flowers, 4 on the stalk of each scale, with 4-
lobed perianth, fruit with a narrow coriaceous edge.

Orpen LXXI. SALICINEA.

Deciduous, fast-growing but not long-lived trees or shrubs, with scaly
buds. Wood soft, light, even-grained. Leaves alternate, simple, stipu-
late. Flowers dioicous in lateral catkins, which are similar in both
sexes, with spirally-arranged scales, each bearing one flower in its axil.
A glandular cup-shaped or irregularly-formed disc, in the male fl. with
two or more, generally free stamens ; in the female fl. with a 1-celled
ovary, consisting of 2-4, generally 2, connate carpels which terminate in
as many short styles as there are carpels, numerous ovules on parietal
placentas adnate to the median line of the valves. Fruit a I-celled 2-4-,
generally 2-valved capsule dehiscing from the apex, the valves spreading
or rolling back. Seeds numerous, minute, with a mass of long silky
hairs on the funicle, which enclose the seed ; albumen none; embryo,
straight ; radicle inferior. Fruit catkins not persistent.

Leaves short-petiolate ; scales entire ; stamens 2-12, generally 2,

long exserted ; capsule 2-valved ; . : . . 1. Satrx.
Leaves long-petiolate ; scales cut or jagged ; stamens 4-30; cap-
sule 2-4-valved . . : ‘ : . : . 2. Porunus.

1. SALIX, Tournef:

Leaves lanceolate ovate or elliptic, petioles short, generally less than
one-fourth the length of leaf. Stipules deciduous, larger and more per-
sistent on shoots and root-suckers. Scales of catkins deciduous or more or
462 LXXI. SALICINEA. [Salzzx.

less persistent, lanceolate rotundate or obovate, entire. Dise of 2
glands or nearly annular. Stamens 2-12, generally 2, long, protruding
from the scales, filaments filiform, free or more or less connate. Stigmas
2, often bifid or lobed, at the end of a short or elongated filiform, some-
times bifid style. Capsule 2-valved, the valves generally rolling back,
placentas near the base of the valves.

In the following enumeration, a selection has been made of the more import-
ant willows of N.W. India, and notes have been added regarding those European
willows which are most nearly related to them. The study of this genus is
difficult, on account of the numerous hybrids and cross-breeds between the dif-
ferent species. The arborescent willows are most useful trees, and merit great
attention on the part of foresters in India.

Willows are invaluable to protect and fix the banks of rivers, and extensive
plantations for that purpose may be seen all along the banks of the Rhine and
other large European rivers. As coppice-woods with short rotation they are
grown in Osier-beds, and cut annually (for basket-work), or when 3-4 years
old, for hoops and other larger material. Along roads, brooks, and on meadows
they are often grown as pollards. The wood is used for carving and many
other purposes. The inner bark is tough and fibrous, fishing nets and lines are
made of it in North America,

Stamens 8 or more, free.
Leaves lanceolate, serrulate ; capsules ovoid, long - pedicel-

late . s i é . 7 . . 2 . 1, S&S. tetrasperma.
Leaves linear-lanceolate, entire; capsules ovoid-lanceolate,
short-pedicellate . ji zi . ‘ ‘ »  . 2 S&S. acmophylia.

Stamens 2, free.
Flowers with or after the leaves; catkins on leaf-bearing
peduncles.
A tree with generally drooping branches; leaves linear-

lanceolate, glabrous ; style short a ‘ . 38 S. babylonica.
A tree with spreading branches ; leaves lanceolate, silky

beneath; style short 3 . ‘ ie . 4 S&. alba.
A large shrub or small tree; leaves elliptic or obovate-

oblong, glabrous, glaucous beneath ; style short 5. S. elegans.
A small shrub; leaves broad-elliptic, green on both sides,

paler beneath ; style long filiform . - é 6. S. hastata.

Flowers before the leaves ; catkins sessile or subsessile, *

Stigma sessile or subsessile.

Leaves elliptic or obovate, rugose, crenate ; 7.. S. Caprea.

Leaves lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, not rugose,
entire . 3 ic s 3
Style long, slender.
Leaves lanceolate, glabrous, serrate, glaucous beneath ;

8. 8S. Wallichiana.

capsule glabrous ; 5 ; . ‘ . 9. 8. daphnoides.
Leaves linear - lanceolate, white-tomentose beneath ; :
margin revolute ; capsule grey-tomentose . » 10. S&S. viminalis.
Stamens 2, connate to the apex or nearly so. ; .
Leaves linear-lanceolate ; scales dark-coloured at top, with
long silky hairs 3 ‘ ‘ ‘ 3 i « 11. S. pyenostachya.
Leaves narrow-linear ; scales yellow, glabrous. * - 12. S. angustifolia.

1. 8. tetrasperma, Roxb.—Tab. LVIII.—Cor. Pl. t. 97; Roxb. Fl.
Ind. iii. 753 ; Wight Ic. t. 1954 ; Andersson in DC. Prodr. xvi. ii. 192 ;
Bedd. Fl. Sylv. t. 302.—Syn. 8. ichnostachya, Lindl.; Wight Ic. t. 1953.
Salix. ] LXXI. SALICINEA. 463

Vern. Bed, bet, bent, baishi, Hindi; Laila, bains, bhainsh, N.W. India.
Local n.: Badha, Pb. plains; Bis, bish, beis, bitsa, bin, bidu, kechme, bake
shel, magsher, safedar, Pb. Himalaya; Vir, Kashmir; Bilsa, Oudh ; Pani
Jama, Bengal; Wallinj, bacha, Bombay ; Momakha, Burm. Bed is the
Persian name for willow ; no Sanscrit name is known.

A small or moderate-sized tree, extremities with long silky haixs. Leaves
lanceolate, rarely ovate-lanceolate, 4-6 in. long, serrulate with minute ser-
ratures, glaucous beneath, glabrous when full-grown, or with a few soft
adpressed hairs, often long persistent and subcoriaceous ; main lateral
nerves numerous, prominent. Flowers after the leaves, catkins on leafy
peduncles; scales pale, those of the female catkins deciduous. Male catkins
sweet-scented, lax, drooping, 2-3, sometimes 4 in. long, rachis, scales and
base of filaments hairy ; fl. 5-10-androus; stamens free, anthers minute,
elliptic. Fruit catkins lax; capsules 2 lines long, on slender pedicels
half the length of capsule or longer, often in groups or half whorls of 3-4,
glabrous or hairy, mostly rugose when ripe, ovoid, base often subglobose,
narrowed into a short style with 2 spreading, generally entire stigmas ;
gland semicircular, many times shorter than pedicel, seeds 4-6. Andersson
describes the capsules as “glaberrime.” Wight (ichnostachya) and Bed-
dome figure them as pubescent, and Ihave found them hairy in several
cases. Roxburgh describes them as 4-seeded, whence the name, which
Andersson retains on account of the arrangement of the capsules (“ capsule
subquaternatim collectz ”). a

Common on river-banks and in moist places nearly throughout India; in
Sindh and the plains of the Panjab only planted, except near the banks of the
Chenab, and other Himalayan rivers. Sub-Himalayan tract and outer ranges of
the Himalaya, west to the Indus, ascending to 6000, and at times to 7000 ft.
Ascends to 7000 ft. on the mountains of South India. Java. Often gregarious.
R. Thompson mentions a forest of great extent in the swamps of Dharmapur
in Baraich. Cultivated in Afghanistan. In North India the leaves are shed in
Dec. and Jan., the new foliage appearing Feb.-March. In Burma I have seen
it leafless during the rains. It flowers in autumn and the cold season, but also
in March and April. The seeds in this as in the other willows ripen soon after
flowering. Attains 30-40 ft., with a straight trunk, hollow when old, 5-6 ft.,
and not rarely 10 ft., in girth. Bark 4 in. thick, grey brown or blackish, rough
with broad shallow, irregular vertical furrows, and irregularly-shaped plates
between the furrows. here the tree grows near water, particularly if subject
to inundation, the lower part of the stem gets covered, A en 2-3 ft. high, with
numerous small rootlets. :

Sapwood large, whitish, heartwood distinct, of dark-brown colour (R.
Thompson). The Burma wood weighs 37 Ib. (D.B. List of 1862). Not much
used. The charéoal has been used in the manufacture of gunpowder.. Baskets
are made of the twigs, and the leaves are given as cattle-fodder, the tree being
often lopped for that purpose. According to Dalzell (Bombay Fl. Suppl. 82),
the bark is used as a febrifuge ; it is, however, believed not to contain any salicine
(Pharm. Ind. 213). = ;

S. pyrina, Wall. ; DC. Prodr. xvi. ii. 193, from Nepal, is very similar, only
more hairy, and the capsules more elongated.

2. S, acmophylla, Boiss. ; DC. Prodr. 195.—Vern. Bed, Afg. ; Bada,
bisu, Ph. Himalaya.
464 LXXL SALICINEA. [Salix,

A moderate-sized glabrous tree; branchlets often pendulous. Leaves
linear-lanceolate, entire, wholly glabrous, pale or glaucous beneath, 2-3 in.
long. Flowers after the leaves, catkins on leaf-bearing peduncles ; scales
pale, with long silky hairs, those of female catkins deciduous ; male catkins
compact, cylindric, erect or slightly nodding, 1-2 in. long, scales and base
of filaments with long silky hairs; stamens 4-6 ; anthers short, elliptic, or
nearly circular. Female catkins nodding, 1 in. long, capsules on short
pedicels, ovoid-conical, glabrous, style short, with 2 spreading entire
stigmas.

Afghanistan, Sindh, N.W. Himalaya (Indus to Bias), and near Delhi. Often
cultivated. Persia and Syria. Fl Feb., March. A handsome tree with a
straight trunk 6-7 ft. girth, often much larger, branches lax, forming a rounded
crown, the branchlets often pendulous. About Quetta the tree is much lopped
for cattle-fodder.

Andersson refers to this S. glaucophylla and dealbata, two species previously
established by him upon specimens collected in North-West’ India by Jacque-
mont, Some specimens, however, which evidently belong to this species, in Herb.
Kew. were referred by him to S. octandra, Sieber, which is identified with S.
Safsaf in his Monographia Salicum, 1863, p. 10, and in the Prodromus, p. 196.
Aitchison (Cat. 140) calls the tree S. octandra, Del., and Stewart referred it to
S. Safsaf, Forsk. This, however, is a different tree, with serrulate leaves, 8-
androus flowers and subglobose capsules on long slender pedicels, common in
Nubia, Abyssinia, and Egypt. Geographically, and as regards characters, S.
acmophylla appears to be intermediate between S. tetrasperma and Safsaf.

There is another willow in Afghanistan, apparently intermediate between S.
Safsaf and S. acmophylla, with serrulate leaves, wholly glabrous, glaucous be-
neath, lateral nerves numerous, distinct, small erect male catkins, stamens 3-8,
and large ovoid capsules on long slender pedicels, A low shrub with long red
branches, in river-beds near Topchi, with Berberis, Tamarix, Rosa, Hippophaé,
in other places a middle-sized tree with pendulous branches (Griffith).

S. egyptiaca, L., is, according to Andersson in DC. Prodr. 196, an uncertain
species. Dalzell (Suppl. to Bombay FI. 81) quotes it as growing on the road from
Poona to Kandalla, and describes it with very narrow, almost linear leaves,
branches not drooping, and the flowers like those of S. tetrasperma.

8. triandra, L. ; Hook. Stud. Fl. 336—Syn. S. amygdalina, L. ; Reichenb.
Ic. Fl. Germ. t. 604, is a large glabrous shrub or moderate-sized tree. Leaves
wholly glabrous, oblong-lanceolate, serrate, with glandular teeth, stipules semi-
cordate, flowers with the leaves ; catkins on leaf-bearing peduncles. Male cat-
kins slender, slightly drooping ; the flowers triandrous, lax ; disc of 2 glands.
Capsules glabrous, pedicellate, stigma subsessile. Common in Osier-beds, yields
excellent material for basket-work. Bark of old trees exfoliating in thin flakes.
Throughout Europe, north to ieee Caucasus and Siberia.

S. pentandra, L. ; Hook. Stud. Fl. 336; Reichenb. Ic. Fl. Germ. t. 612, is a
glabrous shrub or large tree. Leaves wholly glabrous, viscid when young,
shining, subcoriaceous when full-grown, elliptic or elliptic-lanceolate, obtusely
dentate ; teeth often glandular. Flowers aller the leaves, catkins on long leaf-
bearing peduncles. Male catkins compact, cylindric, drooping, the flowers 4-12-
generally 5-androus, close together. Capsules glabrous, pedicellate ; stigma sub-
sessile, Disc of 2 glands in both male and female flowers. Throughout Europe
(north to Lapland), North Asia.

The bark of the two last-named, as well as that of several other species—e.g.,
Salix. | LXXIL SALICINEA. 465

_ 8. daphnoides and purpurea—is bitter, and contains 4 crystalline principle called
Salicine, which has been used in Europe, with doubtful success, as an antiperi-
odic and tonic. The bark of some kinds contains as much as 3-4 per cent of this
substance. 7
3. S. babylonica, Linn.—Tab, LIX.—_DC. Prodr. xvi. ii. 212.—Syn.
S. pendula, Meench ; C. Koch, Dendrologie, ii. 507. Weeping Willow.
Vern. Bisa, bada, bed, kattra,-majnin, Pb. ; Giar, Kashmir.

A large tree with drooping branches, glabrous ‘shining branchlets, and
thin cylindric acute buds. Leaves glabrous, pale or glaucous beneath,
petiole sometimes hairy and the youngest leaves occasionally with a few
adpressed hairs, linear-lanceolate, 3-6 in. long, generally not more than
% in.. wide, finely serrulate, midrib whitish, prominent, lateral nerves
numerous but not conspicuous ; stipules falcate, serrate. Flowers appear-
ing with the leaves ; catkins on peduncles with a few small leaves. -Male
catkins short, cylindric, slender, curved, }-1 in. long, of a straw-yellow
colour ; scales lanceolate, pale, hairy as well as rachis; stamens 2 free,
anthers short, elliptic. Female catkins drooping, 1 in. long; scales lan-
ceolate, pale ; capsules sessile, conical, glabrous or slightly pubescent at
the base ; stigmas 2, sessile, ;

Cultivated in Afghanistan, Commonly planted in the plains of North-West
India, westward more common ; also in the Himalaya (to 9000 ft. on the
Jhelam), Kamaon, Nepal, Sikkim (to 7000 ft.), Bhutan (to 8000 ft.) In North
India the male tree is much more common than the female tree. Wild, accord-
ing to Dr Stewart, in places on the eastern flanks of the Suliman range, and
“apparently indigenous,” according to Aitchison (Cat. 140),in one locality near
Hushiarpur.

Cultivated in South and Central Europe (Britain, Denmark, but not in
Northern Scandinavia and Russia), and in most subtropical countries. Pos-
sibly wild in North China, Persia, and Kurdistan (the specimens collected by
Kotschy are in leaf only), Introduced into Europe, the female tree only,
and propagated by cuttings, in the seventeenth century, possibly earlier ; repre-
sented by Benvenuto Cellini on a basin at Florence, executed in the sixteenth
century. (Extracts from Targioni-Tozetti, historical notes on the introduction
of various plants into Tuscany, in Journ. Hort. Soc. of London, ix. 1855, 177.)
Not mentioned by classical writers. The Garad of the 137th Psalm, which Lin-
neeus considered the Weeping Willow, and called S. babylonica, was, as pointed
out by C. Koch 1. ¢, 507, probably not a Willow, but Populus euphratica. In
the Panjab it is leafless during the cold season, and the new foliage appears in
Feb., March. Fl. Feb.-May. Attains 50 ft. with a straight erect trunk, 6-7 ft.,
at times 10-12 ft. girth, branches numerous large spreading, forming an elegant
oval crown, the branchlets always drooping, sometimes nearly reaching the ground
exactly as the Weeping Willow cultivated in Europe. Bark 3-4 in. thick, grey,
yellowish-grey or brownish, cleft into narrow smooth shining plates by wide,
shallow, rough furrows and short straight transverse cracks. Wood close- and
éven-grained, takes polish. The chief use of the tree is that the branches are
made into baskets, wattles, and are used for weirs and the protection of canal-
banks. It is propagated by cuttings, and grows rapidly if sufficiently supplied
with water. Dr Stewart records 4-5 rings per in. and a girth of 4 ft. as the
average of 6 trees, 10 years planted out.

Andersson ¢lasses S. japonica, Thunb, Fl. Jap. 24, with longer cylindrical |

2G
466 LXXI. SALICINEA. [Salix

male catkins and sharply-serrate leaves, as a variety of S. babylonica. C.
Koch 1. ¢. 506, keeps it Aistinot, and states that the branchlets are not pendulous,
Kempfer describes the tree with hanging branches. The Weeping Willow of
Europe is probably nothing but the pendulous variety of a Willow with erect
branches, analogous to the Weeping Ash or the pyramidal Poplar, Oak, and
Kikar, and having constantly been propagated from cuttings and not from seed,
its characters have not varied. Regarding the character and mode of growth of
the original wild forms of this species farther inquiries are needed. The names
of S. tetrasperma (laila) and of babylonica (majniin) are supposed to relate to
ine well-known Persian love-story, the subject of many poems (Stewart Pb.
. 208). : :

4, S. alba, Linn.; Hook. Stud. Fl. 337; Reichenb. Ic. FI. Germ. t.
608.—Common Willow. MSaule blanc, Fr.; Weisse Weide, Germ.

A large silky-pubescent tree with grey or whitish foliage. Leaves
white beneath with adpressed silky hairs, narrow-lanceolate, denticulate ;
stipules lanceolate, deciduous. Flowers after the leaves, catkins on leaf-
bearing peduncles. Male catkins compact, cylindric, drooping ; stamens 2
rarely more, scales yellow or brown, oblong, ciliate. Female catkins lax,
scales yellow, ciliate. Capsules pubescent, subsessile ; style short, bifid,
each branch bearing a bifid stigma.

Cultivated in Ladak, Kashmir, to 6000 ft. (Thomson Western Himalaya, 180).
Western Asia, Siberia, North Africa. es (introduced from Asia, according
to Andersson). Fl. April. Attains 70-80 ft., but is commonly cultivated in
Europe as a pollard tree along streams and on moist meadows or pastures. A
variety with yellow or reddish branchlets (vitellina) is common in Osier beds.
The wood of this, as of most Willows, is white near the circumference, yellow or
brown towards the centre, the medullary rays are fine and numerous, the pores
are very numerous, fine and uniformly distributed. The annual rings are dis-
tinctly marked by a dark line. It is soft, and weighs 26-33 lb.

S. fragilis, L.; Hook. Stud. Fl. 336; Reichenb. Ic. Fl. Germ. t. 609—The
Crack- or Redwood Willow, is a fast-growing moderate-sized bushy tree, extremi-
ties silky-pubescent, branchlets divergent, forming nearly a right angle with the
branches, and easily broken off at the junction (whence the name). Leaves
glabrous, lanceolate or oblanceolate, crenate or serrate. Flowers after the
leaves, catkins generally lax, on leafy peduncles, scales long, pale-yellow, ob-
long-lanceolate, obtuse ciliate. Male catkins cylindric, drooping, stamens 2,
free, sometimes 3-4. Capsules glabrous, short-pedicellate, narrowed into a short
bifid style, each branch bearing a bifid stigma. Europe (often cultivated),
Siberia, Asia Minor, Aleppo, Caucasus. One (male) specimen from Lahoul
(Rev. H. Jeschke). Cultivated in Ladak with 8. alba (Thomson 1. c. 180),
Wood (in Europe) yellowish red, supposed to be more durable than that of
other Willows.

S. Russelliana, Sm., the Bedford Willow, is a variety of S. fragilis ; by some
it is considered a hybrid between S. fragilis and alba. ”

5. 8. elegans, Wall. ; DC. Prodr. xvi. ii. 256.—Syn. S. Kumaonensis,
Lindl. 8S. denticulata, And.; Reise Prinz. Wald. t. 89. The following
names, given in Pb. Pl. 208, partly relate to this species: Beds, bitsu, bed,
bida, beli, yr, Chenab; Bada, Ravi; Bashal, Sutlej.
Salix. ] LXXI. SALICINEA, 467

A shrub or small tree, branches glabrous, dark brown or black, the
current year’s branchlets, petioles, and upper side of midrib often pubes-
cent with short hairs. Leaves elliptic- or obovate-oblong, wholly glabrous
except midrib on the upper side, glaucous beneath, 2 in. long, when young
membranous, afterwards hard, subcoriaceous, lateral nerves indistinct,
numerous, joined by prominent reticulate veins. Flowers after the leaves ;
catkins slender, on pubescent leaf-bearing peduncles, scales yellow or dark
brown. Male catkins compact, 14 in. long; stamens 2, distinct, anthers
short-elliptic. Female catkins 3-5 in. long, drooping, scales minute, slightly
pubescent ; capsules glabrous on short pedicels; styles short, stigmas
spreading.

Common in the North-West Himalaya, particularly in the outer ranges from
6000 to 10,000 ft. Lahoul, Sdiling forest Kunawar, Niti Pass at 11,500ft. Also
in Nepal. Known as far north as Marri, Fl. March, April.

6. S. hastata, Linn. ; DC. Prodr. xvi. ii. 257 ; Reichenb. Ic. Fl. Germ.
tab. 570.

A small shrub, young shoots with long soft deciduous silky hairs,
branches glabrous, dark brown or black. ‘Leaves membranous, glabrous
when full-grown, or with long soft hairs along midrib and nerves beneath,
green on both sides, but somewhat paler beneath, elliptic, dentate, 1-3 in.
long, 2-2 in. broad ; stipules large, broad-ovate or semicordate. Flowers
with the leaves ; catkins subsessile, supported by a few small leaves, scales
small, brown or black, but generally entirely concealed by long white
silky hairs. Male catkins cylindric, compact ; stamens 2, free, anthers
yellow, oblong, protruding with the shining filaments from the dense
mass of long silky hairs. Female catkins somewhat lax, 2-6 in. long;
capsules glabrous, often }in. long, on short pedicels, terminating in a long
filiform style with 2 spreading stigmas.

Inner arid Himalaya and Western Tibet, between 9000 and 15,000 ft. Baltal
at the head of the Sind valley in Kashmir, head of the Butna valley below the
Bardar Pass in Kishtwar, Dras, Luhoul, and the Werang Pass in Kunawar, are
the outermost points where this Alpine Willow has yet been found. Alps and
mountains of Central Europe, also in Sweden and Denmark. Fl. June-Aug.

This species is nearly allied to two Alpine European Willows which are also
found in the mountains of Scandinavia, England, and Scotland—S. nigricans,
Sm., and S. phylicifolia, Linn. ; Hook. Stud. Fl. 338, 339. They flower before
the leaves, the scales are less hairy, the capsule is pubescent, longer pedicellate
and terminating in a long filiform bifid style, with bifid stigmas. S. nigricans
has ovate-oblong reticulate pubescent and often rugose leaves. 8. phylicifolia
has glabrous leaves, shining above, glaucous beneath, generally elliptic-lanceo-
late. Both are shrubs, but often attain the stature of small trees.

7. $. Caprea, Linn.—Tab. LX.—Hook. Stud. Fl. 337 ; Reichenb. Ic.
Fl. Germ. t. 577.—Sallow. Saule Marceau, Fr.; Sahlweide,Germ. Vern.
Bed mushk (scented willow), Pb.

A large shrub or small tree. Leaves elliptic or obovate, crenate, glab-
468 LXXI. SALICINEA. [Saliz.

rous above, grey-tomentose beneath, more or less rugose; main lateral
nerves prominent, 8-12 on either side of midrib, with shorter intermediate
ones between ; stipules large, semi-reniform. Flowers appearing before
the leaves ; catkins densely silky, subsessile, supported at their base by a
few foliaceous bracts. Male catkins ovoid-oblong, thick, about 1 in. long,
erect, sweet-scented, scales dark-coloured ; stamens 2; anthers elliptic-
oblong. Female catkins cylindric, 2-3 in. long, nodding ; scales’ black
above the middle; capsules downy grey, } in. long, cylindric from an
ovoid base, on short pedicels; stigmas 2, erect, subsessile.

Cultivated at Peshawar, Lahore, Ludiana, and elsewhere in the Panjab, also
in Rohilkhand. Wild throughout Europe (Lapland), in North Asia, on the
Caucasus, in Asia Minor at Persia. Said to have been introduced in the
Panjab from Kashmir by Hari Chand, soon after he conquered that country
for Ranjit Singh, but has not been found wild there. Dr Stewart thought that
it had been introduced into India by the Moguls, The leaves are shed about
the end of December, and the tree is leafless until March. The flowers appear
in Feb. while the tree is bare; they are collected and a scented water is dis-
tilled from them, which is mixed with sherbet and is a favourite drink of wealthy
Musalmans in North India.

As grown in India, it is a small tree 25-30 ft. high, with short erect trunk 3 ft.
girth. The Willow-gardens at Lahore, several acres in extent, are on low alluvial
moist land near the Ravi, and consist entirely of male trees. The tree is raised
from cuttings ; they are irrigated occasionally, and are never pollarded. Bark
dark grey or yellowish-brown, cut into irregular smooth plates by longitudinal,
branching black furrows, with cracked wrinkled edges, and short cross-cracks.

In Europe the Sallow occurs generally as a large shrub, as underwood, and in
coppice-woods ; often a useless companion of more valuable woods in young
thickets, plantations, or coppice-woods, and generally thinned out whenever
possible. In Kent there were formerly large extents of coppice of this willow,
for the Lee of hop-poles, but they have mostly given way to the more
profitable Ash and Sweet Chestnut. In England it flowers about the end of
March or the beginning of April, and the flowering branches of the male tree
are used instead of palms in Roman Catholic churches on Palm Sunday. The
bark of this and of several other Willows contains tannin, and is used for the
manufacture of leather in Scotland and the’ north of Scandinavia. In Europe
the wood is reddish near the centre ; it is somewhat heavier than that of most
other European species, Nérdlinger gives 27-39, and Mathieu mentions a piece
from Corsica of 46 Ib.

8. 8. Wallichiana, And.—Tab. LXI.—DC. Prodr. xvi. ii. 223.—Vern.
Bwir, Pb. ; Bhains, bhangli, katguli, N.W.P.

A shrub or small tree, youngest shoots and under side of leaves glossy
with grey silky pubescence. Leaves lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, smooth,
not rugose, entire, 2-3 in. long; lateral nerves numerous, not very con-
spicuous. Flowers appearing before the leaves; catkins densely silky, sub-
sessile, supported at their base by a few foliaceous bracts; scales black.
Male catkins erect, cylindric, 1-14 in. long; stamens 2, anthers elliptic-
oblong. Female catkins cylindric, 3-4 in. long, drooping, scales black ;
capsules downy, grey, slender, } in. long, short-pedicellate ; stigmas 2,
erect, subsessile. Distinguished from S. Caprea by the shape and silky
Salix. | LXXI. SALICINEA. 469

tomentum of the smooth leaves and the long female catkins with slender
capsules, ;

Afghanistan, Kashmir valley, common, also cultivated. In the plains near the
Chenab. Mahassu near Simla (7000-8000 ft.) Kamaon (2500-9000 ft.) Nepal
and Bhutan. Fl. March, April. Baskets are made of the branches, and twigs

“are used as tooth-sticks,

9. S. daphnoides, Vill. Tab. LXII.—DC. Prodr. xvi. ii. 261 ; Hook.
Stud. Fl. 340.—Syn. S. pomeranica, Willd., and pruinosa, Wendl. ;
Reich. Ic. Fl. Germ. t. 602, 603. Vern. Bed, biddi, betsu, belt, bushan,
bashal, mudanu, shun, thail, Pb.; Yur, Kashmir; Changma, chamma,
malchang, kalchang, West Tibet.

A tall shrub, sometimes a large tree, with glabrous shining yellowish
reddish-brown or nearly black branches, often covered with grey or glau-
cous bloom, easily rubbed off ; youngest shoots slightly pubescent ; buds
large, ovoid-lanceolate, downy. Leaves 3-5 in. long, linear- or elliptic-
lanceolate, glabrous, glaucous beneath, serrate ; lateral nerves numerous,
prominent. Flowers appearing before the leaves; catkins densely silky,
sessile, scales fringed with long silky hairs, the upper half black. Male
catkins erect, cylindric, 1-14 in. long; stamens 2, anthers oblong, yellow.
Female catkins cylindric, 2-4 in. long, nodding ; capsules glabrous, sub-
sessile, style long slender, stigmas 2, divergent, entire. The stipules of
the Indian and North Asiatic form (S. acutifolia, Willd.) are lanceolate,
of the European form they are semicordate. The leaves in the inner arid
Himalaya are linear-lanceolate, in the outer ranges they are broader, ellip-
tic-lanceolate. There is a variety with velvety branches and leaves.

Common in the inner arid Himalaya, ascending to 15,000 ft. Indus valley
near Iskardo (7000 ft.), Ladak, Lahoul, Dras, Shayok, Nubra, Piti, Kunawar.
Frequently cultivated (to 14,000 ft. in Ladak). Outer ranges, descending to 2300
ft. (Atewarb Kashmir (Stewart), Mahassu ridge near Simla 8000 ft. (T. Thom-
son), Deoban range (D.B.), Kamaon, Betali Pass at 8700 ft. (Strachey & Winter-
bottom). Alps and mountains of Central Europe, descending into the plains
along the Rhine and other rivers; coasts of the Baltic; Russia, Siberia,
Amur. Introduced to England in 1820, and run wild in Yorkshire. Planted
largely, within the last 20 years, in North Germany, to fix the ground on
railway embankments and cuttings, and on dry sandhills, for which its strong,
long-spreading roots render it particularly suitable. Fl. March, April, later at
high elevations.

‘Attains*60 ft. with a straight erect trunk, 6-7 and at times 9-12. ft. girth,
branchlets at times pendulous. In Ladak at 15,000 ft. it is a small tree 15 ft.
high and 3 ft. girth. Round gall-like knots are not uncommon on the branches,
Bark usually light grey, in old trees and at great elevations often nearly black
and rough with furrows. This species (according to Stewart) is much grown in
Lahoul between 8500 and 11,000 ft., from cuttings 9-12 in. long, generally near
water ; it thrives best in light soil, where it sends down long roots. Three trees
are usually planted together, and they are often bound round with cloth or
branches to protect them against cattle. The twigs are used for baskets and
wattles in the N.W. Himalaya. In Ladak the houses are built of willow wattle
and daub. ‘T'wig bridges of willow branches are found in Piti, Zanskar, and
Ladak. The wood of this and of the other species cultivated in the arid forest-
less inner valleys is used for building, pails, tubs, and tools. But the principal
470 LXXI. SALICINEA, [Salix.

use of this and other willows in those tracts is to furnish cattle-fodder. The
trees are pollarded every 3d or 4th year, at higher elevations every 5th year.
This is done in spring, before the new leaves appear, the smaller twigs are given
unstripped with the bark of the larger branches, the wood of these being used
as fuel. In Lahoul the leaves of willows, like the leaves of most available trees,
are used as litter for cattle.

S. insignis, Anders. ; DC. Prodr. xvi. ii. 262— Vern. Bitsu, Pb. ; Gir, Kash-
mir,—is a large shrub or small tree, with many strong branches, with tomentose
branchlets and semicordate stipules ; differs from S$. daphnoides by hairy cap-
sules and glabrous, large, obtuse, black scales of the female catkins. Not com-
mon. Kashmir (5000-8000 ft.), Piti (9000-12,000 ft.)

10. S. viminalis, Linn. ; Hook. Stud. Fl. 340; Reichenb. Ic. Fl. Germ.
t. 597.— Osier, osier blanc, French ; Korbweide, German. Vern. Bitsu.

A shrub or small tree, young shoots with dense grey silky pubescence.
Leaves linear-lanceolate, margin revolute, 4-5 in. long, pubescent or glab-
rate above, densely clothed beneath with soft matted silky tomentum ;
stipules lanceolate. Flowers before the leaves; scales of catkins brown or
black at the apex, fringed with long silky hairs. Male catkins sessile,
erect, cylindric, 1 in. long; stamens 2, anthers elliptic, yellow. Female
catkins subsessile, cylindric, 2-4 in. long; capsules } in. long, grey-tomen-
tose, subsessile, narrowed into a long slender style, longer than the diver-
gent stigmas. SS. Smithiana, Willd., supposed to be a hybrid of S. uim-
inalis and Caprea, has semicordate stipules, the leaves often broader, and
style shorter than the stigmas.

Panjab, Himalaya, Jhelam and Chenab, 5000-9000 ft. Kashmir. Dras
to 10,000 ft. Baspa valley, Kunawar at 9000 ft., Lahoul. S§. Smithiana in
Sikkim 5000-8000 ft. Common throughout Europe, where it is the principal
and most valuable willow of Osier-beds, on account of its long and tenacious
branches, in Siberia, Songaria, and on the Amur. Fl. March, April.

S. incana, Schrank ; Reichenb. Ic. t. 596, has the foliage of xminalis, but the
catkins are (not at first) pedunculate, the scales and capsules are glabrous, The
stamens are more or less connate at the base. South Europe, Asia Minor.*

11. &. pyenostachya, And.; DC. Prodr. xvi. ii. 309.—Vern. Chang-
ma, West Tibet.

A shrub or a small tree, young shoots silky-pubescent ; branchlets vio-
let, brown red or blackish, smooth, shining. Leaves glabrous when full-
grown, lanceolate, entire or serrulate, 2-3 in. long, midrib prominent,
lateral nerves numerous, oblique, not conspicuous. Flowers after the
leaves, scales fringed with long soft hairs. Male catkins cylindric, nod-
ding, on leaf-bearing peduncles ; scales brown, oblong, obtuse ; stamens 2,
filaments connate to the apex or nearly so. Female catkins cylindric,
compact, nodding, 2 in. long; scales black at the top, capsules sessile,
silky (glabrous, Andersson); style short, thicker at the top, stigmas 2,
broad, bifid.

At high elevations in the inner arid Himalaya, not common. Zanskar
Saliz.] LXXI. SALICINEA, 471

(12,000-14,000 ft.) Ladak, ascending to 15,000 ft., often found dying at the
higher elevations. Cultivated at 13,000 ft. in Ladak. Fl. May, June. The
leaves turn red in Sept., before falling. Generally a shrub 6-7 ft. high, growing
in clumps in dry stream-beds, at times a small tree 16 ft. high, with a trunk
2 Se gith, and divaricate branches. Red and brown galls occur on petioles
and midrib.

S. oxycarpa, And. ; DC. Prodr. 310, is a monadelphous willow closely allied
to the preceding sp., and only differing by the fl. appearing with or a little before
the leaves ; larger, more pubescent, serrate leaves; black scales of male and
brown of female catkins, catkins longer and less compact, the female attaining
4 in. Kashmir and Kishtwar 6000-11,000 ft. Fl. June. S. Ledebouriana,
Trautvetter ; DC. Prodr. 308, of the Baikal and Altai mountains, in Songaria ;
Elbrus in North Persia, is similar to S. pycnostachya. S. purpurea, Linn.
Hook. Stud. Fl. 342—Syn. 8. Helix, Linn. Reichenb. Ic. Fl. Germ., tab. 582-
585, is a glabrous shrub, with lanceolate serrate, often opposite leaves, fl. before
the leaves, scales dark coloured silky, stamens monadelphous, anthers red be-
fore bursting, afterwards black, capsules short, ovoid, obtuse, sessile, stigmas
subsessile, ovate. Common in Osier-beds of England, France, and Germany.
Europe, North Asia, Persia, and Asia Minor. Mixed with this sp. and S. vim-
inalis is often found an intermediate form, believed to be a hybrid between the
two: S. rubra, Hudson; Reichenb. Ic. Fl. Germ. t. 586, with leaves soft-
pubescent beneath, margin revolute, stigmas linear on a shorter or longer filiform

style.
12. S. angustifolia, Willd. ; DC. Prodr. xvi. ii, 315.

A low shrub, with long virgate, glabrous branches ; young shoots silky-
pubescent. ‘Leaves narrow-linear, 4 in. broad, subsessile, 1-2 in. long,
midrib prominent. Flowers after the leaves in subsessile cylindric catkins,
with a few leaves at their base; scales yellow, oblong, obtuse, glabrous.
Stamens 2, filaments connate, bearing two 2-celled anthers. Capsules
sessile, grey with silky adpressed hairs, narrowed into a short style bear-
ing two 2-cleft stigmas.

Inner arid Himalaya, 7000-12,000 ft. Iskardo, Shayok and Nubra valley
(also cultivated), Zanskar, Afghanistan. North Persia, Songaria, Caucasus, Ural.
Fi. May.

Several species of Willow form small procumbent shrubs on the higher ranges
of the N.W. Himalaya’; the more common are: 1°. S. flabellaris, Anders. ;
Reise Prinz. Waldemar, t. 90, with obovate acute crenate leaves, blade 3-J in.,
petiole } in. long, scales oblong, as long as capsules ; Dras, Lahoul, Kunawar,
11,000 to 15,000 ft. 2°. 8. Lendleyana, Wall.; DC. Prodr. 296, with small lan-
ceolate or elliptic-lanceolate leaves, scales ovate, shorter than capsules. Kamaon
(11,000-14,000 ft.), Nepal, Sikkim (at 16,000 ft.) Both are wholly glabrous, the
catkins appear after the leaves on leafy peduncles, the male fl. are diandrous, the
capsules glabrous, and the styles short. They are nearly allied to S. retusa, L. 5
Reichenb. Ic. Fl. Germ. tab. 558, which inhabits the Pyrenees and the Alps of
Switzerland and Austria, and they-are somewhat similar to S. Myrsinites, Linn.
Hook. Stud. Fl. 341; Reichenb. t. 559, which, however, has longer cylindric
catkins, hairy capsules and reticulate leaves.
472 LXXI. SALICINE&. [ Populus,

2. POPULUS, Tournef.

~ Leaves broad, rarely lanceolate or linear ; petioles generally exceeding

one-fourth the length of leaf, the leaves of shoots and suckers often differ-—

ently shaped. Scales of catkins caducous, obovate or rotundate, crenate
lobed or cut. Disc flat or cup-shaped, often oblique, membranous or thick
and slightly fleshy. Stamens 4-30, inserted on the disc, filaments gener-
ally less than twice the length of anthers. Stigmas 2-4, often lobed. Cap-
sule 2- 3- or 4-valved, with the valves spreading, each valve bearing a
placenta along its median line.

Capsule 2-valved.
Buds viscid ; leaves and catkins glabrous . s 5 : 1. P. nigra.
Buds hairy ; leaves white-tomentose beneath, catkins hairy 2. P. alba.
Capsule generally 3- or 4-valved, rarely 2-valved.
Capsule pedicellate ; leaves of different shapes, some linear, :
others broad-ovate, cut and lobed é : ; 3. P. euphratica.
Capsule pedicellate ; leaves cordate, ciliate 3 : ‘ 4. P. ciliata,
Capsule subsessile, rugose ; leaves ovate, not ciliate 5. P. balsamifera.

1. P. nigra, Linn. ; Hook. Stud. Fl. 335; Reichenb. Ic. Fl. Germ. t.
619. Black Poplar.—Vern. Suféda, Pb. plains ; Frast, Kashmir ; Prost,
farsh, makkal, Chenab; Kramali, biins, do, Sutlej; Yarpa, yulatt, kabul,
Ladak. (Saféddr is the Persian for Poplar.)

A large glabrous tree with spreading, or (in N.W. India always) erect
branches, forming a narrow cylindric crown (P. pyramidalis, Rozier—
Syn. P. fastigiata, Desf., the Lombardy Poplar). Buds viscid. Leaves
glabrous, subcoriaceous, broad-ovate rhomboid or almost triangular, nearly
as broad as long, crenate and acuminate ; blade 2-4, petiole 1-24 in. long;
3 basal nerves, midrib penniveined. Male catkins compact, red, glabrous,
stamens 15-30. Female catkins glabrous, lax, drooping, disc shallow, in-
distinctly dentate, pedicel shorter than cup ; stigmas 2, subsessile, broad,
obcordate. Fruiting catkins 4-6 in. long; capsules 2-valved (always ?)
pedicels shorter than capsule. .

Planted in the N.W. Himalaya, particularly in Kashmir, and in the basins
of the Jhelam, Chenab, and Sutlej rivers (Kunawar to Spui and Dabling), be-
tween 3000 and 11,500 ft., in Ladak as high as 12,500 ft. Occasionally rlantel
in the plains, at Lahore, Peshawar, Hushiarpur, and elsewhere. Nearly always
the cupressiform or pyramidal variety. The tree is common in Afghanistan
(wild, according to Griffith, at Shekkabad, near Kabul, at 7500 ft.) The
spreading variety is wild in Europe (naturalised, not indigenous in England),
and throughout North and West Asia. C. Koch (Dendrologie, ii. 489) states that
in Hungary, South Russia, and Asia Minor, the tree has more erect branches,
forming an elongated crown, similar to that of the Lombardy Poplar. The latter
has long been cultivated in Italy ; it is not, however, mentioned by classical
writers, and must have been brought from Asia by the Arabs, or ata later period.
From Italy it was introduced into France in 1749 (Mathieu), and into England
in 1758 (Loudon). Like the Weeping Willow, it has maintained its peculiar
characters unaltered, having always been propagated from cuttings. Most of
the Lombardy Poplars in Europe are male; the female tree of it is known, but
Populus. | LXXI. SALICINEA. 473

scarce. In India the tree does not often flower, but specimens in young fruit
(collected in Kashmir by T. Thomson) are in Herb. Kew. ‘The tree is leafless
in winter, and the leaves turn yellow before being shed. The pyramidal Poplar
in N.W. India has the same shape, and attains the same size (90 ft. high, 6-8, some-
times 10-12 ft. girth) as the Lombardy Poplar in Europe ; it is generally planted
as an avenue-tree—a very fine specimen of a poplar avenue is the one near Siri-
nagar in Kashmir, about a mile long, perfectly straight, lining a road which
runs east and west across the fine grassy plain towards the Takhti Suliman. Dr
Stewart estimated the number of trees at 1700; they are 90-105 ft. high and 6-7
ft. girth, many of the trees with dry branches at the top. In Ladak the trees
do not exceed 50-60 ft.

The Lombardy Poplar, when old, has a furrowed and often twisted trunk ;
the bark is grey, rough with numerous vertical cracks and fissures. The wood
is whitish brown, near centre very soft and light, even-grained ; its structure is
similar to that of P. alba. The weight of the Lombardy Poplar wood is between
24.9 and 27.4 lb., that of the round-headed black Poplar 24.3 to 32.4 lb. per
cub. ft. (NGrdlinger). In Afghanistan it is, like the white Poplar, used for grape-
boxes. In Europe the wood of the black Poplar is used for planking, packing-
cases, wooden shoes, and (in Italy) for window-blinds. Paper is also made of
it. The wood of the Lombardy Poplar, which is often knotty, is (in France)
sometimes used for veneering. The black Poplar pollards well. Both kinds
are rapid growers ; the black Poplar attains 80 ft. and a diam. of 2 ft. in 50
years ; they are always propagated from cuttings ; the black Poplar is useful to
fix the soil on slopes too dry for the Willow. a India the tree is often lopped
for cattle-fodder.

2, P, alba, Linn. ; Hook. Stud. Fl. 335 ; Reichenb. Ic. Fl. Germ. t. 614.
—White Poplar, Abele. Silber pappel, German ; Peuplier blanc, French.
Vern. Sperdor, spelda, Afg.; Chitta (white) bagnu, safedar, jangli frast,
Sras, prist, rikkan, sanniin, chantin, mal, Pb.

A large tree, the current year’s branchlets, buds, petioles, and under
side of leaves with dense white, soft, cottony tomentum. Leaves ovate,
with obtuse sinuate lobes, those of luxuriant shoots deeply 3-5-lobed,
blade 2-4, petiole 1-2 in. long, basal nerves 5, the midrib penniveined.
Catkins hairy ; male flowers 4-10-androus. Female catkins : disc shallow,
entire, stigmas apparently 4, really 2, each of 2 linear lobes. Pedicels
longer than disc and shorter than ovary. Capsule short-pedicellate, 2-
valved. :

“Wild and cultivated in the N.W. Himalaya between 4000 and 10,000 ft., on
the Jhelam, Chenab, and (planted only) in Kunawar above Miru and Poari, on the
Shayok in Chorbat as high up as Turtuk (9200 ft.) Planted in the Peshawar val-
ley, the trans-Indus territory, in the Panjab plains (not common), and in Sindh.
Wild and planted in Afghanistan, Beluchistan, North Persia, Caucasus, Siberia,
Songaria, Europe, North Africa. Flowers in early spring, before the leaves ; these
come out in March (in the plains). In India a moderate-sized tree, 30-40 ft. high,
girth 6, rarely 8 ft.. In Europe often attains 100 ft., with a tall straight stem 50-
60 ft. long, anda diam. of 6-10 ft. Bark 4-2 in. thick, light- or yellowish-grey,
smooth when young, getting darker and rough when old. Wood white, with a
reddish tinge, brown near the centre, soft and light, but even-grained. Not much
valued in India. In Afghanistan the shallow round boxes in which grapes are
packed for export to India are made of the wood of this species and of P. nigra.
The wood has numerous very fine medullary rays, and numerous small pores
474 LXXI. SALICINEA. [ Populus.

uniform in size and uniformly distributed, annual rings fairly distinct. Weight
25-35 Ib, (Nérdlinger). In Europe the wood is much in request for packing-cases,
the bottom planks of carts and waggons, for turning, and toys. In India it is
generally raised from cuttings, often of large size. The growth is rapid ; the
tree (in Europe) attains a diameter of 2-3 ft. in 50 years (according to Mathieu,
a diam. of 2 metres in 40 years). Like most Poplars, itsends up abundant root-
suckers, The Indian tree does not often flower, specimens in fruit, collected in
W. Tibet by T. Thomson, are in Herb. Kew. Dr Stewart states that he never
saw a tree in flower or fruit.

P. canescens, Sm., the Grey Poplar of Europe, leaves hoary, and afterwards
glabrous beneath, is by Hooker classed as a sub-species under P. alba. The
wood takes a good polish.

P. tremula, Linn. ; Hook. Stud. Fl. 335; Reichenb. Ic. Fl. Germ. t. 618—
the Aspen—Tremble, French; Aspe, Zitter pappel, German; belongs to the same
group as P. alba, with 2-valved capsule and pubescent buds. The leaves are
pst when young, almost orbicular, on long slender pedicels, dentate with

arge obtuse teeth, the leaves of shoots and suckers are different, larger and
short-petiolate, Europe, North and West Asia, Africa, A moderate-sized, some-
times a large tree, spreads widely by means of root-suckers, and is often very
inconvenient in coppice-woods and thickets of hardwood trees. The wood is
white, and of late has been much sought after for the manufacture of paper.
Burckhardt, in his excellent work, “Saen u. Pflanzen,” 451, states that in the
north-eastern Harz forests the price of this wood has increased sevenfold
within a short time on that account.

3. P. euphratica, Olivier.——Tab. LXIII.——DC. Prodr. xvi. ii. 326.—
Syn. P. diversifolia, Schrenk. Vern. Bahan, bhan, jangli bentt, safedar,
Pb.; Bahn, Sindh ; Patki, Brahui; Hodung, Ladak.

A large glabrous tree, extremities sometimes hoary; buds slightly pu-
bescent, not viscid. Leaves coriaceous, most variable in shape, those of
seedlings, young trees and luxuriant shoots, pollard- and coppice-shoots,
linear, short-petiolate, 3-6 in. long, those of older trees and on branches
with short internodes, generally broad-ovate rhomboid or cordate, blade
2-3 in. long and equally broad, often broader than long ; petiole 1-2 in.
Jong. The broader leaves have generally the upper half dentate, cut or
lobed, they have also 3-5 basal nerves, and the midrib penniveined ; the
narrow leaves are entire, without prominent lateral nerves. All kinds of
intermediate forms are frequently seen on the same tree, and on the same
branch the lower leaves are often broad, and the upper narrow, lanceolate.
(In Tibet the leaves vary much less than in the plains of the Panjab.)
Catkins lax, nodding. Male fl.: scales oblanceolate ; disc on long slender
pedicels, flat, 8-cleft ; stamens 8-12, anthers oblong, quadrangular, longer
than filaments. Female fi. pedicellate, disc membranous, caducous,
tubular with 8-12 linear segments; stigmas 3, more or less irregularly
crescent-shaped, narrowed into short styles. Capsule lanceolate, open-
ing ae 3, rarely 2 valves, }-4 in. long ; pedicel slender, shorter than
capsule.

Common in the forest belt of Sindh along the Indus, particularly in upper
and middle Sindh, where its seedlings spring up in abundance, some time after
Populus.] LXXI. SALICINEA. 475

the annual floods have receded, on the fresh alluvial deposits (Katchas) which
are formed every year by the action of that river. There the Poplar forms
standard trees over the underwood of Tamarisk (p. 22). Not uncommon in
the valleys of the Suliman range to 3000 ft. on small feeders of the Indus,
and also found in nooks and corners along the main river between Dehra
Ismail Khan and Attok. Higher up the Indus and its feeders, it is known in
Ladak, it is common in Nubra along the Shayok river, growing in pure sand
(Thomson, West. Him. 191). Dr Stewart mentions a tract along the (Nubra 7)
river at 10,500 ft. almost a mile long, covered by it, a plot of over a score of
trees at 12,000 ft., and an occasional tree at 13,500 ft. The tree is also wild in
the Southern Panjab (female more common than male trees), forming thickets
along the lower course of the Sutlej river, about Multan and between the Sutlej
and Indus. It has not been found, however, wild on any of the other Panjab
rivers in the Himalaya or along-their upper course in the plains. It has been
reported from Lahoul ; but Dr Stewart, who botanised over both branches of the
Chenab in that district, the Chandra and Bagha, to the upper limit of trees,
never found it, nor was it reported by the Rev. H. Jeschke. It is commonly
planted in gardens and on roadsides in the plains of the Panjab, and thrives well.
The tree is indigenous in Afghanistan (abundant near Kandahar), in Songaria,
on the Sir Daria in Turkestan (Fedtschenko), in Kurdistan, on the Euphrates
and Tigris, between Shiraz and Aboushir in Persia, in Central Arabia, along the
river Jordan in Palestine, and along ravines in the hills of Oran in Algeria
(Bourgeau). On the banks of rivers, which form its principal habitat, the tree
is often gregarious. It is nearly leafless from Jan. to March, and flowers in Feb.,
the seeds ripening between April and June. While in flower it is either leafless
or with a few old leaves left.

In the Sindh forests the tree attains 40-50 ft., and a girth of 5-8 ft.; the
trunk is regularly shaped, but not very straight. In Ladak it is 20 ft. high,
with a girth of 3-4 ft, Bark 4 in, thick, marked with irregular vertical furrows ;
inner bark fibrous. Where the tree is subject to inundation, the lower part
of the trunk often gets covered with short horn-like roots, similar to what is

- seen on Willows, and from the wood of the trunk short hard spine-like pro-
cesses are often found projecting into the inner part of the bark, as in Ulmus
(p. 434). The wood is harder and more compact than that of the preceding
species ; the outer: wood is whitish, the inner reddish with dark-brown veins,
nearly black in old trees. The medullary rays are fine, numerous, the pores
are much larger than in nigra and alba, they are uniformly distributed, solitary
or in groups of 2-5. In the South Panjab the wood is only used for the linin
of walls, but in Sindh it is employed largely for beams, rafters, panelling, an
turnery. Most of the lacquered Sindh boxes are made of this wood. On the
Euphrates and Tigris it is also used for planking and boat-building. ' It is em-
ployed as fuel for domestic use in Sindh and the South Panjab. The heating
powers are not great, and it is therefore not much used for the river steamers ;
but in Ladak, where fuel is very scarce, it is much prized. The leaves fur-
nish fodder for goats and cattle, and the tree is lopped occasionally for that pur-
pose both in the plains and in Tibet. Gun-match is made of the inner bark in
Sindh, and the bark is given as a vermifuge. The tree grows rapidly (3-4 rings
per in. of radius); the annual rings are often unequal in width; it throws out
numerous root-suckers, and becomes troublesome.in gardens. It coppices vig-
orously ; in Sindh coppice-shoots are often used for rafters, and it bears pollard-
ing for a long time.

4. P, ciliata, Wall. ; Royle Jl]. t. 84%. Vern. Sufeda, bagnu, phalja,
phlassu, falis, phalsh, ban phrastu, dud phras, asan, suali, rtkkan, sake,
pabe, chaniim, krammal, Ph.
476 IXXI, SALICINEA. [ Populus.

A large tree, with lanceolate, viscid, resinous buds, the yellow resinous
gum sometimes secreted in masses; young shoots slightly pubescent.
Leaves pale and pubescent along nerves beneath, cordate, acuminate,
dentate, with obtuse, glandular, ciliate teeth, otherwise glabrous, blade
3-7, petiole 2-5 in. long; basal nerves 3, the midrib prominent, penni-
veined. Female catkins drooping, compact while in flower, lax in fruit.
Dise large, enclosing more than half the ovary, dentate with rounded
obtuse teeth, pedicel shorter than disc, but lengthening out in fruit.
Stigmas 3-4, large, obcordate, subsessile. Fruiting catkins 6-9 in. long,
pendulous ; capsule ovoid, }-4 in. long, 3-4-valved, each valve bearing a
placenta on a black median line ; hairs of seeds as long as capsule ; pedi-
cels as long as capsule.

Himalaya, at 4000-10,000 ft. from the Indus to Bhutan in mixed forests, most
common north-west of the Jumna. In Kunawar, Rarang is its upper limit ; it
is not uncommon near Chini and Pangi, but there is no proof of its having
been found in the inner arid tract either on the Sutlej or on the Indus. It has
not been found trans-Indus, but Dr Stewart thought that it would probably be
found higher up on the Suliman range than where he had been, and in his MSS.
he entered Shawa as the Pushtu name of the tree. The leaves are shed in
October, and turn light yellow before falling ; the new leaves come out early in
spring, with or soon after the flowers. Attains 60-70 ft., with a tall, erect
straight trunk, 6-8, occasionally 10 ft. girth, often ridged and almost buttressed.
Bark grey, smooth with vertical wrinkles. Galls, brittle, brown, subglobose,
1 in, diam., are often found on young branches. The leaves somewhat resemble
those of Ficus religiosa, and the tree is sometimes called pahart pipal, with
the least breath of wind they make a continuous fluttering noise. The’wood
is soft, white ; water-troughs are made of it. The leaves are valued as fodder
for goats.

5. P. balsamifera, Linn.—Syn. P. suaveolens, Fisch., and laurifolia,
Ledebour Fl. Ross. iii. 629. Vern. Phalsh, makkal, pakhshu, pakh bit,
kramal, Pb. Berfa, changma, yarpa, magkal, mahal, West Tibet.

A large tree, with long, angled, flexuose, graceful branchlets and viscid
resinous buds, youngest shoots slightly pubescent. ‘Leaves often crowded ~
at the ends of short lateral branchlets, subcoriaceous, glabrous, pale, often
tawny beneath, ovate, acuminate, dentate, blade 2-5, petiole 1-3 in. long.
Male catkins cylindric, drooping, rachis angular, slightly winged; disc
pedicellate ; stamens 20-30, filaments slender, longer than anthers. Female
catkins lax, drooping, 5-6 in. long when in fruit; rachis generally hairy.
Dise cup-shaped, or turbinate, sinuate-dentate. Ovary rugose, often
hairy ; stigmas 2-3, broad, 2-lobed. . Capsule subsessile, girt at base by the
glabrous yellow disc, 2-4-valved, each valve bearing'a placenta on the
inside along its median line,

Commonly planted in the inner arid N.W. Himalaya. Lahoul (9000-10,800
ft.), Kunawar {8000-9000 ft.), Piti_(10,000-13,000 ft.), Zanskar, Ladak (to 14,000
ft.) Wild on the Shayok in West Tibet, and throughout North Asia and
North America (Tacahamac tree), Also in Afghanistan (Hyderkhet, on the
Schneesh river, Stewart), Hardy in England. Fl. April-May; the fruit
ripens in Aug. and Sept. Attains (in Tibet at moderate elevations) 60-70
Populus. | LXXI. SALICINE. 477

ft., and a girth of 6, sometimes 9 ft. Trunk not very tall, often gnarled when
old, crown broad rounded, or more frequently long, oval, sometimes approx-
imating to the cypress shape. Bark thick, furrowed and rough, dark grey.
Galls are common on leaves and branches, Leaves and branchlets are full of
balsamic juice, which stains paper ; balsam also exudes on a fresh cut between
bark and wood. The trees are often lopped for cattle-fodder. A. tincture pre-
pared from the buds has been used medicinally in North America.

Orprr LXXII. CUPULIFERA,

Trees, rarely shrubs, with scaly buds and alternate simple leaves with
deciduous stipules. Flowers monoicous. Male flowers in bracteate spikes,
catkins or heads, rarely solitary. Perianth none, or consisting of 5 or more
lobes or leaves. Stamens 5, or more, rarely fewer; anthers 2-celled.
Female fl.: 1 or several enclosed in an involucre of free or more or less
connate bracts. Perianth adnate to ovary, limb minute, indistinct, or
more or less regularly toothed. Ovary inferior, generally 2-3-, in a few
cases more -celled ; styles as many as cells. Fruit indehiscent, generally
1-seeded, more or less enclosed in the enlarged foliaceous or hardened in-
volucre. Seed large, solitary, rarely 2 or 3; testa thin; albumen none ;
cotyledons thick, fleshy, farinaceous or oily ; radicle short, superior,

Male flowers in heads or in lax interrupted catkins or spikes ;
perianth of 4-10 lobes or leaves ; anthers 2-celled, cells
connate ; ovary 3-7-celled, 2 collateral ovules in each cell.
(Order Cupuliferce of most authors.)
Fruit a gland (acorn), solitary, 1-seeded, the lower part (rarely
‘the entire acorn) included in a cup of imbricate scales
or concentric belts . 3 ‘ ‘ ‘ ‘ . 1. QUERCUS.
Fruit of 1-3 generally 1-seeded nuts, enclosed in a thick cori-
aceous prickly involucre, opening irregularly : :
Male flowers in dense cylindrical drooping catkins; perianth
none ; stamens inserted on the base or inside of a broad
scale ; anthers 1-celled, or 2-celled with distinct cells; ovary
2-celled, one ovule in each cell, (Order Corylacece of most

2. CASTANOPSIS.

authors.)
Fruit small, 1-seeded, in the axil of large foliaceous bracts in
drooping spikes . : : ; wt . ‘ 3. CARPINUS.
Fruit a large 1-seeded nut, enclosed in a large cut and
lobed, sometimes spinescent, sheathing involucre . ° 4, CoryLus.

1, QUERCUS, Linn.

Deciduous or evergreen trees, with entire or serrate, coriaceous or sub-
coriaceous leaves. Male flowers in drooping catkins or erect spikes. Peri-
anth 3-8-lobed, stamens as many as lobes, or more numerous ; anthers hairy
or glabrous, cells connate. (A rudimentary ovary in subg. Pasania.) Fe-
male flowers in clusters or spikes, rarely solitary, each flower enclosed in
an involucre of numerous bracts, which in fruit form a cup, and are either
imbricate or connate into concentric belts. Limb of perianth minutely
toothed. Ovary 3-celled, with 2 ovules in each cell ; styles 3, stigmatose
along the inner surface or at the apex only, often red. Fruit a gland
(acorn), with a coriaceous pericarp, 1-seeded, the rudiments of the abortive
478 LXXIL. CUPULIFERA, [ Quercus,

ovules at the base or the top of theseed. The cotyledons are thick fleshy,
as a rule farinaceous, in a few cases oily (candles are made of the acorns
of an oak in New Grenada).

Of this large genus 281 sp. are described in De Candolle’s Prodromus. A. S.
Crsted, in his introduction to “Liebmann, Chénes del’ Amérique tropicale,” 1868,
proposes to divide it into 4 genera, with the following diagnostic characters, three
of which contain species described below :—

Styles stigmatose along the inner surface ; male
flowers in drooping catkins ; leaves generally
serrate or lobed. A

Scales of cup imbricate : 3 ‘ » 1: QuERcus (1-15).
Scales of cup in concentric belts. 7 . 2, CYoLoBALANopsis (16,17).

Styles stigmatose at the apex only; male flowers
in erect spikes ; leaves entire.

Scales of cup imbricate z : : . 3. Pasanra (18).
Scales of cup in concentric belts. : . 4, CYCLOBALANUS.

Under this arrangement the species of Quercus are American, European, and
West Asiatic, whereas the species of the other genera are confined to Eastern
Asia and the Indian Archipelago, with one exception, Pasania densiflora, CErst.
of California. The following clavis includes (in brackets) the more important
European and West Asiatic Oaks.

Leaves serrate dentate lobed or pinnatifid ; male fl. in pen-
dulous catkins, without rudimentary ovary.
Cup with imbricate scales, adpressed or spreading (Quercus,

Crsted).

Scales closely adpressed in the ripe fruit, more or less
connate at base..

Leaves persistent until winter, generally beyond the
appearance of the new leaves; styles linear or
linear-clavate.

Full-grown leaves tomentose or pubescent beneath.
Acorn globose, supported at the base by a flat or
slightly concave cup; main lateral nerves 8-
12 pair, bifurcating . ‘ . 5 - 1. Q. semecarpifolia.
Acorn cylindrico-conical, the lower half or third
part enclosed in a hemispherical cup.
Main lateral nerves 6-12 pair, not prominent . 2. Q. Ilex.
Main lateral nerves 10-20 pair, prominent.
Leaves 4-8 in. long, rusty or tawny-tomentose
beneath ; main lateral nerves 10-16 pair 3. Q. lanuginosa.
Leaves 3-6 in. long, grey-tomentose beneath ;
main lateral nerves 14-20 pair :
Full-grown leaves glabrous on both sides é é

Leaves deciduous in autumn; styles short, thick,

clavate, and often lobed.
Leaves dentate, deeply lobed or pinnatifid; main
lateral nerves 6-12 pair.
Leaves glabrous, short-petiolate, with auriculate
base; fruit pedunculate : ‘i ; 5
Leaves pubescent beneath, narrowed into petiole ;

*

. Q. incana.
. Q, dilatata.

of

(6. Q. pedunculata. )

fruit sessile . : 3 5 : ‘ . (7. Q. sessilifora.)
Leaves velvety beneath, pubescent above; fruit
short-pedunculate ‘ . (8. Q. Toza.)

Leaves dentate, main lateral nerves 10-14 pair . (9. Q. lusitanica.)
Quercus. ] LXXII. CUPULIFERA. 479

Scales free, spreading or reflexed in the ripe fruit ; styles
linear, acute or subulate.
Main lateral nerves 6-10 pair ; leaves dentate lobed
or pinnatifid. :
' Branchlets glabrous ; leaves deciduous in autumn ci
(in some varieties later), pubescent beneath . (10. @. Cerris.)
Branchlets tomentose ; leaves deciduous in spring,
- _ tomentose beneath 7 2 5 Q. Aigilops.)
Main lateral nerves 6-10 pair; leaves persistent, den-
tate, tomentose beneath.
Fruit on the current year’s shoots ; 7 . (12. Q. Suber.)
Fruit on the previous year’s shoots. ‘ . (13. Q. occidentalis.)
Main lateral nerves 14-16 pair, each nerve terminat-
ing in a long fine subulate serrature ; leaves
deciduous ‘ i ‘ . 5 7 . 14 Q. serrata.
Main lateral nerves indistinct; leaves persistent,
glabrous when full-grown, with spinescent teeth (15. Q. coccifera.)
Cup with concentric belts (Cyclobalanopsis, CErsted).
Leaves pubescent beneath, 3-6 in. long; main lat.
nerves 10-14 pair . . F < .
Leaves glabrous, white beneath, 6-12 in. long ; main
lat. nerves 20-25 pair : : F .
Leaves entire ; male fl. in erect spikes ; stamens surrounding
a rudimentary ovary (Pasania, CErsted) a

=
i
=

16. Q. annulata.

ran
a

- Q. lamellosa.
18. Q. spicata.

According to A. De Candolle, the abortive ovules are in spp. 1-15 at the base
of the fruit, generally attached to a more or less elongated placenta, but in Q.
spicata, and probably in Q. annulata and lamellosa, at the top of the fruit.

1. Q. semecarpifolia, Smith.—Tab. LXIV.—Wall. Pl. As. Rar. t,
174.—Vern. Barchar, jangal ka parungi, Shelam; Kreu, khareu, kriti,
Chenab, Ravi; Karshu, karsut, karzu, sauj, Sutlej] to Sarda; Ghesi,
Nepal.

A large tree, leafless for a few weeks in spring, the spring shoots catkins
and young leaves with soft hairs. Leaves coriaceous, rigid, glabrate above,
densely clothed beneath with ferruginous tomentum, very variable in
shape, subsessile or short-petiolate, elliptic- or obovate-oblong from cordate
base, obtuse, 2-5 in. long, entire or dentate with long, subulate, spines-
cent teeth, main lateral nerves 8-12 pair, generally bifurcating and branch-
ing at half their length, prominent beneath, and impressed on the upper
side of leaf. Male flowers in drooping slender catkins 2-3 in. long, the
catkins generally fasciculate, from the base of the spring shoots, or from
the axils of fallen leaves on the previous year’s branchlets. Bracts broad-
ovate, ciliate. Perianth-segments obtuse, ciliate; stamens 6-18, anthers
glabrous, apiculate. Female flowers in short-pedunculate spikes; styles
3-5, elongate, linear, recurved. Scales of cup membranous, brown, ovate-
lanceolate, obtuse, softly hairy. Acorn globose, 1 in. diam., glabrous,
black or dark brown when ripe, supported, but not enclosed, by the small,
concave cup; the ripe acorns on the current year’s wood. The leaves
of young trees or young shoots are generally dentate, but entire and
dentate leaves are not rarely found on the same branch.

Safedkoh at 10,000 ft. N.W. Himalaya, mostly on north and north-west slopes,
480 LXXIL. CUPULIFERE. [ Quercus...

between 8000 and 10,000 ft., occasionally descending to 6000 and ascending to.
12,000 ft. Nepal, Bhutan. Leafless for a short time in April and May, the
flowers generally appear with the fresh leaves, sometimes in June ; the fruit ripens
in August, and soon falls to the ground, where it often germinates within a few
days. Generally gregarious, often covering considerable areas to the exclusion
of almost every tree of other kinds, not rarely forming the upper limit of forest
vegetation. Attains a larger size than any oak of the N.W. Himalaya. Trees
70-80 ft. high, with 7-8 ft. girth, are not rare; they often attain 12 ft., and Dr
Stewart measured one 15 ft. girth at 5 ft. from the ground, the trunk bifurcat-
ing at 10 ft. In Nepal, Wallich mentions 80 to 100 ft., with a girth of 14-18 ft.,
as common dimensions. Where the young trees have grown up close together,
the Karzu has an erect, straight trunk, clear of branches. The growth of the
tree is generally slow, 10-15 rings per in. of radius. Bark grey, cut by shallow
cracks into small four-sided scales, with truncate corners. Wood greyish-brown,
hard and heavy, medullary rays fine andnumerous. In the hills it is used for
building, door-frames, bedsteads, carrying-poles, helves, and ploughs, but it is
said to warp and to be liable to be eaten by insects. Owing to the remote locali-
ties where it mostly grows, and to its great weight, it has not been exported to
the plains. Yields excellent charcoal, The leaves are commonly stored as
winter fodder for cattle.

. 2. Q. Ilex, Linn. Holm Oak—Yeuse, Fr. ; Leccio, It.—Syn. Q. Baloot,
Griff. ; DC. Prodr. xvi. ii. 38. Vern. Charvrei, serei, balut, Afg. ; Sper-
cheret, pargat, kharanja, Trans-Indus ; Chur, kharsu, khareu, irri, yuru,
yirt, heru, (kathiin)ban, bre, brekche, Pb.

A middle-sized evergreen tree, often only a shrub, the shoots of the cur-
rent year-pubescent, with grey stellate hairs. Leaves 2-3 in. long, coria-
ceous, exceedingly variable in shape, elliptic or oblong, entire, or with
large spinescent teeth, -petioles and under side clothed with soft grey
tomentum, upper side at first pubescent with stellate hairs, afterwards
glabrate, main lateral nerves 6-12 pair, not prominent. Male flowers in
slender drooping catkins, the catkins in axillary fascicles, perianth some-
what irregularly divided into 4-5 membranous ciliate segments. Anthers
(in the Indian specimens) hairy, shortly and obtusely apiculate. Ovary
conical, soft-tomentose, exserted ; styles 3-5, linear-clavate, spreading, sur-
rounded at the base by the acute, more or less distinct scales of the perianth.
Fruit pedunculate, rarely sessile, generally 2-3 acorns at the end and angles
of a flexuose peduncle, shorter than the leaf. Acornsat first nearly enclosed
in the campanulate or turbinate cup, when mature cylindric with conical
top, light brown, glabrous, shining ; scales of cup closely adpressed, hoary,
base ovate, narrowed into a linear or lanceolate apex, the ripe acorns on
the current year’s wood. A variety with eatable seed is Q. Bailota, Desf.
Th. Kotschy (Die Eichen Europas u. d. Orients, t. 38) describes and
figures the anthers of Q. Ilex as glabrous, but there are specimens from
Greece and other parts of the Mediterranean with hairy anthers. It isa
matter for farther inquiry whether in this section of Quercus this is a
good specific character. The Indian and Afghanistan specimens have
densely hairy anthers, and short nearly oval leaves.

North-East Afghanistan, Kaffiristan, on the Safedkoh, ascending to 10,000
ft, Abundant on the eastern flank of the Suliman range (5000-6500 ft.) Hills
Quereus.] LXXIL CUPULIFERA. 481

north of the Peshawar valley at 3500 ft. Arid tracts of the inner Himalaya, on
the upper J helam, Chenab, Ravi, and Sutlej, generally between 3000 and 8500
ft, In Kunawar its lower limit is Chergaon and Panwi, its upper Teling and
Purbni. The Holm Oak is also indigenous in the entire Mediterranean region,
extending in the west of France north to the Loire, and in a few places even
farther (Sarthe, Finisterre), Forms extensive forests in Provence, Algeria,
Spain, Sicily, Corsica (in the region of P. Pinaster, above the zone of Phillyrea,
Arbutus, Postacia, and below the forests of Pinus Laricio). It is known from
Asia Minor, near the Black Sea, and De Candolle quotes it.from Palestine ; but
as far as known at present there is a gap in its range of distribution between
the Mediterranean region and Afghanistan, which seems to favour the main-
tenance of Griffith’s species, Q. Baloot. There is, however, no essential char-
acter separating the Indian from the Mediterranean tree, and I therefore follow
T. Thomson, who first identified them (Western Himalaya, 73). The tree was
introduced into England in 1581, is commonly planted, and attains a large size.
In favourable seasons the acorns ripen regularly at Kew. It is hardy in south-
west Germany, not in the north a north-east. Fl. April-May. In France the
fruit ripens in Sept. (Mathieu), in England in Nov. In Europe the leaves remain
two years on the branches. Gregarious, but not often forming dense or pure
forests ; in N.W. India sometimes associated with Olea.

In India generally attains 20-40 ft., with a short straight trunk 5-6 ft. girth,
but is often seen of larger size. In Afghanistan it is often a large shrub, and in
central France it grows in the same manner. It is a slow-growing tree, but
coppices vigorously ; there are extensive coppice-woods for fuel and bark in the
south of France (¢.g., near Draguignan). Seedlings have a long straight tap-root.
The bark is light- and dark-grey, often nearly black, tesselated and cut into quad-
rangular plates by wavy longitudinal furrows and straight transverse smaller
cracks, somewhat resembling the bark of Reptonia buxifolia. Sapwood small,
whitish, heartwood dark-brown, often mottled or with darker patches, and in
old trees the centre wood often reddish-brown or nearly black, the annual rings
indistinct. Pores small, medullary rays very broad (4-4 line), giving an irregu-.
larly reticulate appearance on a vertical section. ‘The wood is close-grained,
very hard and heavy ; the weight of the European tree varies between 60 and
69 lb. per cub. ft. It warps, twists, and splits much in seasoning, but takes a
fine polish. Ploughs and other agricultural implements are made of it where it
grows in the N.W. Himalaya; and quantities are imported into the western
Panjab from the Suliman range, in the shape of short cylindrical pieces, called
Kharanja ka bazu (arms of oak), to be made into tool-handles. The wood is ex-
cellent fuel, and much of the fuel used in Peshawar consists of it. It. yields good
charcoal. Fences are made of the branches with prickly leaves, and those with-
out prickles are stored for winter fodder. The acorns are said to be a favourite
food of the large white-faced monkey (Langiir): the acorns of the sweet variety .
form an important article of food in Spain and Algeria.

It is not improbable that part of the oak-galls of the Panjab bazaars (majz),
which are given medicinally as an astringent, and used for dyeing the hair, are
from this species,

3. Q. lanuginosa, Don Prodr. Fl. Nep. 57.—Syn. Q. lanata, Wall.
Vern. Ranj, rianj, rai banj (King of Oaks), Kamaon; Banga, Nepal.

A large evergreen tree ; spring shoots and young leaves densely clothed
with thick soft rust-coloured or tawny tomentum. Leaves coriaceous,
oblong-lanceolate, dentate with distant obtuse triangular teeth, upper side
glabrous, shining, under side densely clothed with thick soft tawny or

4H
482 LXXI. CUPULIFERA. [ Quercus,

rust-coloured tomentum ; midrib and main lateral nerves 10-16 pair, pro-
minent beneath, impressed on the upper side of leaf, blade 4-8, petiole 4-1
in. long ; stipules ovate or oblong, middle part hairy, edge thinly mem-
branous. Male fl. densely clothed with long soft hairs, in slender droop-
ing catkins, bracteoles acute ciliate. Perianth irregularly divided into 4-5
short lobes ; anthers glabrous, shortly and obtusely apiculate. Female 4.
densely tomentose, styles linear. Acorns sessile, solitary or in pairs, on
the current year’s wood, cup hemispherical, with adpressed ovate scales.

Naini Tal and a few other places in Kamaon, between 6000 and 7500 ft.
Nepal, Bhutan. Fl. April, May; fr. Oct., Nov. Gregarious, often associated
with Q. incana, attaining 70-80 ft., with a straight erect trunk, The leaves are
used as cattle-fodder.

4, Q. incana, Roxb. FI. Ind. iii. 642.—Vern. Ban, banj, banj. Local
names: Vari, Salt range ; Rij, rin, Jhelam.

‘A middle-sized or large evergreen tree, with grey foliage, the current
year’s shoots and petioles hoary. ‘Leaves coriaceous, oblong-lanceolate,
serrate with sharp mucronate teeth, glabrous above, densely clothed be-
neath with short white tomentum ; main lateral nerves 14-20 pair, pro-
minent beneath, blade 3-6, petiole 4 in. long; stipules linear. Male fl.
pubescent with soft white hairs, in slender drooping catkins, bracteoles
obtuse, longer than perianth. Perianth irregularly divided into 4-5 short
lobes ; anthers glabrous, shortly and obtusely apiculate. Female fl. axil-
lary, sessile, generally in clusters of 2-5; styles linear-clavate, spreading.
Acorns on the current year’s wood, sessile or subsessile, cup at first
almost entirely enclosing the acorn, afterwards campanulate, enclosing
half the acorn, which is at first tomentose, afterwards glabrous, brown and
shining ; scales rough, closely adpressed.

Outer Himalaya from the Indus to Nepal, generally between 3000 and 8000
ft. ; not in the Kashmir valley or the surrounding hills, and not in the arid
tracts. Its upper limit in the Sutlej valley is opposite Chergaon. Gregarious,
often associated with Rhododendron arboreum and. ‘Atsdromeda, The leaves are
generally renewed in March and April, the flowers appear about the same time,
the acorns commence to ripen in August, and frequently remain on the aed
until the young fruit of the ensuing year appears. Attains 50-60 ft., with a
short straight trunk 6-8 ft. girth (12 ft. has been noted), but at lower elevations
it does not generally exceed 30 ft. and 4-5 ft. girth. .It can be grown in the
plains (Saharanpur). Bark dark-coloured, rough with cracks and fissures.

Sapwood soft, porous, heartwood reddish-brown, compact, hard and heavy ;
used for building and ploughs, as fuel, and to make charcoal. The bark is used
for tanning, and the leaves are lopped for cattle-fodder. The acorns are greed-
ily eaten by pigeons, bears, and the large (Langiir) monkey. They form part of
the officinal Batat of the Panjab bazaars, given as a diuretic and in gonorrhea,

5. Q. dilatata, Lindley; Royle. Il. t. 84, £ 2.—Syn. Q. floribunda,
Lindl Vern. Zaih, Kafiristan ; Ban, banji, banchar, barachar, barain,
banni, parungi, chora, kali ring, maru, maur, moru, karsh, marghang, Pb.; .
Moru, tilanga, kilonj, tilonj, timsha, N.W.P.

A large evergreen tree, glabrous, youngest shoots only with slight floc-
Quercus.} LXXIL. CUPULIFERA, 483°

cose pubescence. Leaves glabrous, dark-green, coriaceous, shining, oblong-
lanceolate with a rounded or cordate base, entire or with sharp spines-
cent teeth ; blade 2-3 in., petiole } in. long ; main lateral nerves 8-12 pair;
joined by minute reticulate veins. Male fl. in slender, lax, drooping cat-
kins ; female fi. in short axillary spikes, Styles 3-5 linear-clavate. Acorns
generally solitary, short-pedunculate or subsessile, ovoid, brown, half ex-
serted, the lower half enclosed in a hemispherical cup; scales lanceolate,
closely adpressed, the ripe acorns on the branch of the current year,

North-east Afghanistan, Bharaul in Kafiristan (6000-7000 ft.) Safedkoh
(9000-10,000 ft.) Eastern flanks of the Suliman range (6000-7000 ft.) Common
on the outer pugs of north-west Himalaya from 4500 to 9000 ft., extend-
ing east to the Kali. In the Sutlej valley Jani in Kunawar is the upper
limit of this species. Flowers and changes its leaves in spring. Gregarious,
but generally associated with other trees. Attains 80-90 ft., with a fine close
dark-green crown, and a tall, erect, but often gnarled trunk, 8-9 ft., at times
15 or 18 ft. in girth, Madden notes a tree 100 ft, high and 19 ft. 8 in. girth.
Bark brownish-grey, with elongated scales, darker and larger than those of Q.
semecarprifolia. Wood brownish, hard heavy and durable, largely used in
building, for agricultural implements, axe-handles, and for Jampan-poles. On
the Sutlej the timber of this species is prized more than that of the other Oaks,
the order of merit of the others being Q. incana, semecarpifolia and annulata.
The leaves are prized as fodder for sheep and goats, and the trees are often
severely lopped for that purpose. :

6. Q. pedunculata, Ehrh. British Oak. Chéne pédonculé, French ; Stieleiche,
German. A large long-lived timber-tree. Leaf-buds ovoid ; leaves deciduous,
short-petiolate or subsessile, obovate - oblong, with auriculate base, generally
deeply cut into broad rounded lobes, glabrous or slightly hairy beneath along
midrib ; main lateral nerves 6-12 pair, often alternating with shorter inter-
mediate ones. Perianth-segments of male flower lanceolate ; anthers glabrous ;
styles broad and short. Fruit 1-5 on axillary peduncles 2-6 in. long on the
current year’s wood. Scales of cup adpressed. Europe, Asia Minor, Ural and
Caucasus, forming extensive and often nearly pure forests in the alluvial plains
along the principal rivers of Central Europe—e.g., in Hungary, Croatia, on the
‘Oder and Elbe in North Germany, on the Loire and the Adour in France,

7. Q. sessiliflora, Sm. Chéne rowvre, French; Traubeneiche, German. Like
the former, but leaf-buds ovoid-lanceolate, leaves obovate-oblong, narrowed into
a petiole 4 in, long, deeply cut into oblong or broad rounded lobes, pubescent
when young, glabrate or pubescent when full-grown; main lateral nerves 6-10
pair, often alternating with shorter intermediate ones. ‘Fruit in sessile or sub-
sessile clusters. Leaves and flowers generally 10-14 days later than of Q. pedun-
culata. Europe and Asia Minor, forming extensive forests, often associated with
the Beech and _Hornbeam, rarely pure, on mountainous and hilly ground, not,
as a rule, on alluvial soil. @. pubescens, Willd., is a tomentose variety princi-
pally found on warm dry hills in South Europe, where it takes the place of the
more glabrous @. sessiliftora of the North.

In England and the lowlands of Scotland Q. pedunculata is the commoner of
the two Oaks, but in North Wales and the hill-parts of northern England @Q. ses-
siliflora is more frequent (Benth. British Fl. 422), Intermediate forms between
these two Oaks are found in England and elsewhere, and the leading systematic
botanists of the present day, Bentham, Hooker, and A. De Candolle, unite.
“484 LXXII, CUPULIFERA. [ Quercus,

them under the name of Q. Robur, Linn. Foresters, however, particularly in
France and Germany, find no difficulty in keeping them apart. The seedlings
of both species have a long tap-root ; they coppice vigorously, and the bark is
used largely by tanners, The value and uses of Oak-timber for casks and barrel-
staves, furniture, house- and ship-building, are well known. There is not much
difference in the structure and qualities of the timber of the two species. Sap-
wood small, soft, whitish, decays rapidly, and is attacked by insects ; the heart-
wood well defined, brown, hard, strong and generally durable, except under certain
circumstances in contact with iron. Medullary rays of two classes ; numerous
very fine rays and (comparatively) few very large rays, some commencing at the
centre, others at the outside of annual rings ; the large rays 4-3 line wide, 2-3
in. high, giving the wainscot appearance on vertical sections. Annual rings
distinctly marked by an inner belt (spring wood) of large pores, close together,
and an outer belt of compact wood with fine pores, generally arranged in linear
or wedge-shaped patches at right angles to the annual rings, and only visible
under the glass, The weight of Oak (seasoned heartwood) fluctuates between 33
and 64 lb. per cubic ft. It is an interesting question, which is not without prac-
tical importance, how far the weight of Oak-timber depends upon the width of
the annual rings. Mathieu (FI. For. 234, 240) is of opinion that faster-grown
Oak-timber is generally heavier, the porous tissue of the spring wood forming a
smaller proportion of the entire wood. The following data, which I have noted
on samples of Oak-timber from different sources presented to the Kew Museum
by the Admiralty, bear out this view to a certain extent; slow-grown Adriatic
timber, for instance, with 20 rings on one inch of radius, weighing 41 Ib. per
cub. ft., while faster-grown wood from Trieste, with only 63 rings, weighs 50 lb,
Exceptions, however, are not wanting; thus the heaviest timber is a somewhat,
slower-grown wood from Sardinia with 11 rings per inch :—

Sardinia, 66 rings on 6 in. of rad. Weight, 59.3 lb.

Trieste, 40 ,, ‘5 » 50.6 ,,
Dantsic, 75 ,, 59 » 48.4 ,,
Italy, 72 ” ” ” 48.1 ”
Tuscany, 84 ,, a » 46.2 ,,
Adriatic, 120 ,, * » 40.9 ,,

8. Q. Toza, Bose ; Kotschy 1. ¢. t. 22. Chénetauzin, Fr. A small deciduous
tree, young shoots silvery white ; with long spreading roots, throwing up abundant
root-shoots, Leaves petiolate, obovate-oblong, generally pinnatifid, segments
linear-oblong, the middle ones often lobed, thick-velvety beneath, and pubescent
above with stellate hairs, Perianth-segments of male fl. lanceolate, hairy ; an-
thers glabrous ; styles broad and short. Fruit 2-4, short-pedunculate, on the
current year’s wood ; scales of cup adpressed. West of France, Spain, Portugal,
probably also in Syria. Forms vigorous coppice-woods on sandy soil, and yields
excellent bark for tanning. Wood mainly used for fuel.

9. Q. lusitanica, Webb; DC. Prodr. xvi. ii. 17. A large tree, sometimes
a shrub, the foliage deciduous in autumn or persistent to the end of winter.
Leaves ovate- or obovate-oblong, generally grey-tomentose beneath while young,
glabrate when full-grown, dentate with large triangular rounded or oblong teeth ;
main lateral nerves straight, parallel, undivided, 10-14 pair. Perianth-segments
of male fl. lanceolate ; anthers glabrous ; styles thick, short. Fruit on the cur-
rent year’s wood, sessile or short-pedunculate, solitary or in pairs ; scales of cup
adpressed. Mediterranean region, Syria and Asia Minor. ‘To this sp. belong,
according to A. De Candolle, a. the “Chéne zeen” of Algeria, Q. Mirbecki,
Durieux, Mathieu Fl. For. 250, a magnificent long-lived tree, attaining 120 ft.,
with 20 ft. girth, and forming extensive forests, particularly in Eastern Algeria.
Quercus.] LXXIL. CUPULIFERZ. 485

B. Q. infectoria, Olivier, the Gall or Dyers’ Oak. A shrub or middle-sized

tree in Greece, Bosnia, Asia Minor, and Syria, extending east to the confines

of Persia, with cylindrical acorns, the leaves grey underneath, yielding the

te pees in medicine and dyeing, which are imported into Europe from the
evant.

10. Q. Cerris, Linn.; Reich. Ic. Fl, Germ. t. 650.—Syn. Q. austriaca,
Willd. ; Kotschy Eichen, t.20. Turkey or Mossy-cupped Oak. Chéne chevelu,
Fr.; Zerreiche, Germ. A large tree. Leaves petiolate, elliptic or oblong, vari-
ously lobed, often pinnatifid, pubescent and pale beneath, glabrous above, main
lateral nerves 6-10 pair; stipules and outer bud-scales long, setaceous. Perianth-
segments of male tl. 4-6, oblong or ovate ; stamens 4-6, anthers hairy ; styles
linear, recurved. Fruit on the previous year’s wood, solitary, or in clusters
of 2-4, sessile or on short thick peduncles; cup large, scales free, subulate,
spreading or recurved. Asia Minor, North Syria, South Europe, extending
north to Hungary and Lower Austria, and in France to the Doubs and Loire.
Often associated with the common Oak. Fl. May ; the fruit ripens in Sept.
of the second year ; the leaves fall in Oct. or Nov. The Lucombe and Fulham
Oaks, believed to be hybrids between Cerris and Suber, are evergreen, or nearly
so. Structure of the wood similar to that of the common Oak ; the sapwood
is larger, the heartwood of a deeper brown, and the large rays more numerous,
giving it a most varied and beautiful wainscot grain. Weight, 53-58 lb. It grows
more rapidly than the common Oak, with a straight powerful terminal shoot ;
in England it was introduced in 1735, and trees 10-12 ft. girth are not rare.

Q. pseudosuber, Santi; Kotschy 1. ¢. t. xxxv., differs from Q. Cerris by per-
sistent, coriaceous, less deeply lobed leaves which are grey-tomentose beneath.
In a few localities of Provence, in Algeria, Sicily, Italy, and Istria. Yields
cork of an inferior description. -

1l. Q. Zgilops, Linn, ; Hook. Trans, Linn. Soc. xxiii. 384, t. 38.—Syn.
Q. Vallonea, Kotschy 1. c. t. 7. Vallonea Oak. A moderate-sized tree, leaf-
buds obtuse, hoary, branchlets of the current and previous year grey-tomentose.
Leaves ovate or ovate-oblong, grey-tomentose beneath, and often on the upper
side also, dentate with large triangular cuspidate teeth or deeply lobed and often
pinnatifid, main lateral nerves 6-10 pair, midrib flexuose in the upper part of
leaf. Male fi. mostly hexandrous, bracteoles lanceolate, caducous, generally
longer than perianth, anthers hairy, not apiculate. Styles subulate, recurved.
Fruit sessile, solitary, cup large, 1-1} in. diam., at first enclosing the acorn,
afterwards hemispherical, scales free, thick, linear, often angular, hoary, erect or
more generally reflexed, acorn ovoid, more commonly cylindrical, 1-2 in. long,
green when ripe. Eastern Mediterranean, Asia Minor, Syria. In Syria the tree
grows gregariously, never as a bush, but rising on astout gnarled trunk 3-7 ft. in
girth, to the height of 20-30 ft., Hook. 1. c. 385. The acorns are eaten raw and
boiled, the cupule is used for tanning and dyeing, and is exported in large
quantities from Asia Minor under the name of Vellani, Vallonea. The leaves
fall in winter or early spring, a little before or after the young leaves come out.

Q. persica, Jaub. et Spach ; DC, Prodr. xvi. ii. 47, of Persia and Kurdistan,
differs by oblong or ovate-lanceolate leaves, with’ 10-16. pairs of main lateral
nerves. :

12. Q. Suber, Linn.—Cork Oak. Chéne liage, Fr. Sovero, sughero, It. A
middle-sized, long-lived tree, with thick corky bark, and scanty foliage, other-
wise resembling Q. lew. Leaves evergreen, remaining two years on the
branches and sometimes longer, branchlets and under side of leaves with short
grey tomentum. Leaves ovate or ovate-oblong, acute, crenate or dentate, the
teeth sometimes long-cuspidate ; blade about 2, petiole} in. long. Male fl. in
fasciculate, somewhat compact, drooping catkins, perianth campanulate, 6-fid,
anthers generally hairy. Styles linear, recurved. Fruit solitary or in pairs, on
486 LXXII. CUPULIFERA. [ Quercus.

short thick peduncles, on the current year’s wood. Lower scales of cup ovate,
adpressed, upper lanceolate, spreading. Western Mediterranean region, South-
ern and Eastern Spain, Algeria, South France, Corsica, Italy, Sicily, Dalmatia,
Attains a very large size in Andalusia. Hardy in England. The wood is simi-
lar to that of Q. Ilex, medullary rays very broad, nearly 1 line wide, but larger
pores. Cork is the outer bark of the trunk, composed of cellular tissue ; it com-
mences to form at an early age, and is generally taken off in intervals of 7-10
years. It is removed during the summer months, and great care is necessary
not to injure the surface of the inner bark, and the layer of soft cellular tissue
between the inner bark and the cork, from which the latter is regenerated.
The naked trunks of the trees from which the cork has recently been removed,
have a peculiar reddish colour, until they reclothe themselves with a fresh layer
of cork. The first crop (called déége male in Provence) is cracked and irregu-
lar, and is generally without value; the succeeding crops form the cork of
commerce, and a tree continues to yield these periodical crops until an advanced
age. The principal supply of cork comes from Spain, but France also has fine
and valuable Cork-Oak forests; the tree is often mixed with @. Ilex. and
Pinus Pinaster, on the range of hills called Les Maures in Provence, be-
tween Hyéres and Draguignan, and in Corsica. In Algeria the Cork-Oak
forests are more extensive, but they have of late years suffered much from fires,
The tree has a thin and light foliage, and thus favours the growth of Hrica
arborea and other underwood, which catches and spreads fire readily during the
dry and hot summer months. In Provence, also, destructive forest-fires have
at various times damaged extensive forests containing the Cork-Oak. Plants
of the Cork-Oak have repeatedly been sent to India, but as yet without much
success,

13. Q. "occidentalis, Gay ; DC. Prodr. xvi. ii. 44 (figd. by Kotschy L. «. t. 33
as Q. Suber), differs from Q. Suber, mainly by requiring two years to ripen its
fruit, which is on short stout peduncles on the previous year’s wood. Portugal,
Gallicia, Asturia, South-West France. The leaves remain a little more than a
year on the branches, Produces cork of excellent quality, which is collected
like that of Q. Suber. More hardy than Q. Suber, extends considerably farther
north; many of the old Cork-Oak trees in England and Ireland belong to this
species. Mathieu (Fl. For. 265) relates a remarkable instance of Cork-Oak
plantations made at Belle-Isle-en Mer (lat. 47° 20’), in 1826, with plants and
acorns brought from Catalonia (Q. Suber) and the Landes (Q. occidentalis).
The former all perished, but the latter survived. In spite of these interestin:
and well-established facts, it seems doubtful whether Q. occidentalis ought to be
retained as a distinct species. The duration of the leaves, and the time which
the acorns require to ripen, are subject to great variations in several species of
this genus; and it seems doubtful whether these characters can, in the present
case, be relied upon for specific distinction.

14, Q. serrata, Thunb. Fl. Jap. 176 (not of Roxb.)—Syn. Q. poly-
antha, Lindl. in Wall. Cat. 2771.

Amiddle-sized deciduous tree; buds ovoid-lanceolate, closed, scales acute,
floccose, youngest shoots pubescent with soft hairs, flowers tawny-tomen-
tose. Leaves oblong-lanceolate when mature, coriaceous, glabrous, shin-
ing, often with tufts of hairs in the axils of the main lateral nerves, young
leaves soft-tawny-tomentose beneath, and with scattered hairs on the upper
side ; main lateral nerves 14-16 pair, parallel, each terminating in a long
fine subulate serrature, often } in. long, transverse nerves numerous, fine,
-at right angles to lateral nerves ; blade 4-6, petiole slender, 1-1} in. long.
Quereus. ] LXXIL CUPULIFERA. 487

Male flowers in slender pendulous racemes, bracteoles ovate-lanceolate, a
little longer than perianth. Female flowers in short axillary spikes, style
filiform, with capitate and often bifid apex. Fruit subsessile on the pre-
vious year’s wood, solitary or in clusters of 2-3, cupule at first enclosing
the acorn, opening afterwards, scales numerous, free, linear or subulate,
hoary, the outer reflexed, the inner erect; acorn subglobose, glabrous,
shining, more than half immersed in the cup, which is 14 in. diam.

Nepal, Sikkim (3000-5000 ft.), Kasia. Japan, Korea, North and West China.
Fl. March-May. The young leaves appear with or after the flowers (in Japan,
in May). The wood has middle-sized pores and broad medullary rays. This
is one of the species of Oak on which the Japanese Oak-silkworm (Yamamdaz
cr Yama mayu, Mountain Cocoon) lives, which yields a strong but rough and
hard silk, spun in Japan with cotton or other silk, but not much exported.
The tree is either planted in avenues or as short rotation coppice-wood, which is
cut over every third or fifth year. The eggs (glued on strips of paper) are tied to
the Oak-bushes when the buds begin to swell ; sometimes they are bred under
cover on Oak-bushes placed in water, and put out upou the trees when they are
a few weeks old. This silkworm is also raised on the hills of the Shantung and
Sechuen districts in China (Ostr. Ungar. Expedition nach Siam China u. Japan,
1872, Append. 172, 282).

Q. serrata, Roxb. FI. Ind. iii. 641; Il. in Herb. Kew, 2393, has male and
female flowers, with much soft dark-brown down (Roxb.), in long erect panicu-
late spikes, and probably is Castanopsis indica, A. DC.

15. Q. coccifera, Linn. ; Sibthorp. Fl. Greeca, t, 944; Reichenb. Fl. Germ.
t. 643; Kotschy lc. t. 29.—Chéne kermés, Fr. A shrub, sometimes a
small tree, branchlets and young leaves with scattered stellate hairs. Leaves
ovate or oblong-ovate, dentate with spinescent teeth, small, firm, coriaceous,
glabrous, shining, dark green, with prominent reticulate’ veins and indistinct
lateral nerves. Male flowers distant, in lax pendulous catkins, perianth 2-6-
fid ; stamens 2-6, anthers glabrous, apiculate ; styles subulate, recurved. Fruit
solitary, sessile on the previous year’s wood, scales of cup connate at the base,
upper part free, linear, reflexed, the innermost scales erect. Forms large
extent of low brushwood on dry hills in the Mediterranean region, used as
fuel, the bark for tanning ; a Coccus which lives on this species was formerly
collected and used largely as a dye.

Q. calliprinos, Webb ; DC. Prodr. xvi. ii. 54—Syn. Q. pseudococcifera, Hook.
Trans. Linn. Soc. xxxiii. 381, not Desf.; Chéne garrigue, Fr.—is supposed to
differ from Q. coccifera, by oblong leaves with cordate base, the teeth rarely spin-
escent, and a larger cup with longer but not spinescent scales; but these charac-
ters are not constant, and there are intermediate forms, so that possibly they may
eventually be regarded as one species only. Mediterranean region and Western
Asia to the borders of Mesopotamia. Often a low shrub only, but where protected

rows into a stately tree. “The famous Oak of Mamre, called-“ Abraham’s Oak,”
foongs to this species ; Hooker (1. c. t. 36) gives a sketch of it, and states that
this species is by far the most abundant tree throughout Syria, covering the
rocky hills, of Palestine especially, with a dense, brushwood of trees 8-12 ft.
high, branching from the base, thickly covered with small evergreen rigid leaves
and bearing acorns copiously, which like the cup are exceedingly variable in
shape.

16. Q. annulata, Smith. —Tab. LXV.—DC. Prodr. xvi. ii. 100.—Vern.
Bran, bren, banni, indri, Pb. ; Pharonj, phanat, phaliant, Kamaon.
488 LXXIL, CUPULIFERA. [ Quercus. .

A large or middle-sized evergreen tree, nearly glabrous, buds glabrous,
shining, ovoid, often more or less distinctly 4-sided, the scales imbricate
all round or arranged in four vertical rows. Leaves coriaceous, glabrous
and shining above, clothed beneath while young with grey short silky
pubescence, lanceolate-oblong with an unequal-sided base, acuminate,
lower half entire, upper half with sharp cuspidate and somewhat curved
serratures, main lateral nerves undivided, 10-14 pair ; blade 3-6, petiole
4-1 in. long. Male flowers in lax slender drooping catkins, bracteoles
lanceolate, twice the length of perianth, hairy, perianth of 5 lanceolate
segments, Female flowers sessile, 2-3 on short axillary peduncles, scales
of cupule more or less connate into 2-3 concentric sheaths, the outer often
5-lobed, styles 4, broad and short, recurved. Fruit solitary or in pairs,
on short stout peduncles, cup hemispherical, consisting of 4-8 concentric
grey velvety belts, the inner entire, the outer obtusely dentate, acorn
short ovoid, glabrous, shining, the lower half enclosed in the cup.

Q. semiserratu, Roxb. FI, Ind. iii. 641; Wight Ic. t. 211, from Silhet,
is probably this species ; the description and the drawing (Ill. in Hb. Kew,
2392) agree, with one exception ; the gland is cylindric and four times
longer than the cup. Nothing is known regarding the male flower, and
I have not seen authentic specimens. It isa common tree in Burma, where
it is called Thiteha. Q. velutina, Lindl., is probably the same species.

Valleys of the outer Himalaya, ascending to 5000 ft., here and there on the
Jhelam, Chenab, Ravi, Bias, and Sutlej, more common in Garhwal and Kamaon,
Nepal, Sikkim, Bhutan, Kasia hills. Generally on warm dry slopes, often gre-
garious and associated with Q. incana near the lower limit of that tree. These
two species form coppice-woods in the Kangra valley with standards of Albizzia
stipulata (0%). Fl. March, June; the fruit ripens Aug. to Oct. Attains 60 ft,
with a straight erect trunk 5-6 ft. girth. Growth slow. Bark dark grey, rough
with transverse deep and short thick-edged fissures. Wood similar to that of
Q. tncana, but less valued.

17. Q. lamellosa, Smith ; Wall. Pl. As. rar. t. 149; Hook. f. Ill. Him.
t. 20.—Vern. Shalshi, pharat-singhali, Nepal. "

A large tree, with thick branchlets, and short subglobose leaf-buds, the
scales spirally arranged. Leaves firm, coriaceous, white, waxy beneath,
and with matted deciduous pubescence, oblong-lanceolate or elliptic, cus-
pidate-serrate, main lateral nerves 20-25 pair, like the midrib impressed on
the upper side and very prominent beneath, joined by transverse veins
at right angles, blade 6-12 in., petiole 14 in. long. Fruit in short pedun-
culate axillary spikes, cup while young of few, when full-grown of nume-
rous (10-16) concentric belts, hemispherical, attaining 2 in. diam., acorn
velvety, subglobose, more than half enclosed in the cup. Q. paucilamel-
losa, Alph. DC. Prod. xvi. ii, 101, is not specifically distinct, the number
of concentric belts is larger in full-grown cups.

Nepal, Sikkim (5000-8000 ft.) One of the commonest trees about Darjiling.
Bhutan. Fi. in spring ; the fruit ripens in November. Attains 80-120 ft., wit
a tall straight trunk 40-60 ft. high, and 9-15 ft. girth.
Quereus.] LXXII. CUPULIFERZ, 489

18. Q. spicata, Smith; Wall. Pl. As. rar. t. 46.—Syn. Q. squamata,
Roxb. FL. Ind. iii. 638 ; Wight Ic. t. 213. Vern. Dandwa singali, phaco
singhali, arkaula, Nepal; Bara chakma, Silhet ; Thitcha,* Burm.

A large evergreen tree, with thick, glabrous branchlets. Leaf-buds
open, scales imbricate, lanceolate, cuspidate. Leaves entire, glabrous,
shining, coriaceous, thick and firm, elliptic-lanceolate or oblanceolate,
narrowed into a short petiole, 6-9 in. long, main lateral nerves 12-18 pair.
Flowers in erect terminal and axillary spikes, forming terminal panicles.
Male and female flowers on distinct spikes, and often on separate trees.
Male flowers in sessile globose or elongated tomentose heads, supported
by 3 lanceolate bracts, the middle one longer than the lowest flower, with.
subulate bracteoles between the flowers. Perianth-segments 5-6, stamens
10-12, surrounding a tomentose rudimentary ovary. . Fruit in sessile
clusters of 3-5, arranged in erect spikes with woody rachis, 9-12 in. long.
Cup with adpressed imbricate scales, enclosing the acorn while young,
afterwards flat-concave, supporting the base of the subglobose acorn, ad-
joining cups generally connate. Acorn hard, 2-1 in. diam.

Nepal, Sikkim (2000-4000 ft.), Bhutan, Assam, Kasia, Chittagong, Burma,
Indian Archipelago. Fl. March, April; the fruit ripens Sept.-Oct. of the
second year,

Other common Indian evergreen Oaks of this section with entire leaves and
spicate fruit, are: 1. Q. fenestrata, Roxb., glabrous; scales of cup imbricate, nearly
connate, apex free, spreading. East Bengal, Burma. Wood hard, warps much,
medullary rays very broad. 2. Q. dealbata, Hook. f. & Th. (probably identical
with Q. acuminata, Roxb.), leaves white-hoary beneath, scales of cup imbricate.
East Bengal, Burma. 3. Q. lappacea, Roxb., with pubescent membranous or
thinly coriaceous leaves, upper half of cup-scales free, spreading. East Bengal,
Burma. 4, Q. lanceceefolia, Roxb., glabrous ; cup with concentric bands, with-
out scales, enclosing # of acorn. A species differing from most other Oaks by
a ruminate albumen, and by the structure of the wood, which has very fine
medullary rays. East Bengal, Burma,

2, CASTANOPSIS, Spach.

Evergreen trees with entire, rarely serrate coriaceous penniveined leaves.
Flowers in erect spikes, arranged in terminal panicles, the female flower-
spikes generally terminal, the male spikes lateral and more numerous.
Male flowers fasciculate ; perianth 5-6-lobed ; stamens generally twice as
many, surrounding a hairy rudimentary ovary ; anthers small, 2-celled,
cells connate. Female flowers 1-3, included in an involucre of numerous
scales. Limb of perianth of 6 biseriate segments, Ovary 3-celled, with 2
ovules in each cell ; styles 3, rarely more, linear, stigmatose at the apex.
One to three l-seeded nuts entirely included in the enlarged capsuliform
subglobose involucre, which is coriaceous, outside thickly covered with
sharp, often branching, prickles, and splits open irregularly. Cotyledons
farinaceous.

* Thitcha is the Burmese name also for Q. fenestrata, lappacca, semiscrrata, and
other Oaks,
490 LXXII. CUPULIFERA. [ Castanopsis,

Leaves entire, glabrous ; involucre tomentose, with stout stellate
and branching spines : : , : . . il. CO. tribuloides.
Leaves serrate, tomentose beneati z _ 4s ‘ ‘ . 2. C. indica.

1. C. tribuloides, Alph. DC. ; Prodr. xvi. ii. 111.—Syn. Quercus armata,
Roxb. Cor. Pl. t. 296; Fl. Ind. iii. 640; Wight Ic. t. 770. Q. ferox,
Roxb. 1. c, 639; Wight Ic. t. 218. Vern. Tumari, katonj, Kamaon ;
Kanta singar, Assam ; Singhara, Tipperah ; Kyantsa, Burm.

A large evergreen tree, youngest shoots slightly pubescent, leaf-buds
open, with erect lanceolate scales. Leaves entire, firm-coriaceous, glab-
rous, shining, pale beneath, lanceolate, 3-6 in. long, narrowed into short
petiole, main lateral nerves 8-12 pair. Flowers in erect paniculate pubes-
cent spikes, male and female flowers on distinct spikes, but generally in
the same panicle, Male flowers sessile, solitary, or 3-5 together, in small
clusters ; perianth of 6 segments ; stamens 12, on long filaments, surround-

. ing a tomentose rudimentary ovary. Styles long, linear, erect. Fruit on
long erect spikes, with woody rachis; acorn ovoid, completely enclosed
by the thorny involucre, which is grey-tomentose, and thickly set with
stout stellate and branching spines, each about 4 in. long. Cotyledons
ruminated,

South-east Kamaon, near the right bank of the Sarda river, between 2000 and
6000 ft. Nepal, Sikkim (4000-7000 ft.), Bhutan, Kasia, Chittagong, hills in
Burma above 3000 ft. Fl. April, May; the fruit ripensin autumn of the second
year. Wood hard, weight 62 lb.; in Nepal large mortars and pestles for grind-
ing grain are made of it, and it is a favourite wood for carpenters’ work.

2. ©. indica, Alph. DC. ; Prodr. xvi. ii. 109.—Syn. Castanea indica,
Roxb. 1. «. 643.

A middle-sized evergreen tree, current year’s branchlets and under side
of leaves rusty-tomentose, leaf-buds open, scales lanceolate. Leaves subses-
sile or short-petiolate, elliptic or elliptic-lanceolate, cuspidate-serrate, 6-9
in. long, main lateral nerves 15-20 pair. Flowers in erect paniculate
tomentose spikes, male and female flowers generally in distinct spikes; but
in the same panicle. Male flowers sessile, in rounded bracteate clusters ;
perianth of 6 segments ; stamens 12, filaments long slender, surrounding
a tomentose rudimentary ovary. Female flowers solitary, or 2-3 in one
cup, often with short stamens; styles linear, erect, the ends spreading.
Fruit in erect spikes, with a thick woody rachis. Acorns often 2 in one
cup, which encloses them completely, and is thickly set with fasciculate
prickles about 4 in. long. Cotyledons not ruminated.

Nepal, ascending to 4000 ft. Sikkim, Terai, Assam, Kasia, Chittagong. FI.
Aug.-Nov. ; the fruit ripens in the following autumn. The seeds are eaten in
Silhet, and are said to taste like inferior filberts.

Two genera, Fagus and Castanea, important as forest-trees in Europe, are
allied to the Indian Castanopsis. In both, the involucre encloses several Teale
flowers with linear styles, and is‘enlarged and hardened during maturity into a
coriaceous capsule-like covering, which splits into 4 valves, covered, in the case
Fagus.| LXXII. CUPULIFERA. A491

of Fagus, with soft bristles, enclosing a three-cornered nut, and in the case of
Castanea with numerous sharp stellate prickles, enclosing a rounded nut, The
male flowers of /agus are in pendulous heads, those of Castanea in long slender
erect spikes, having at their base a few involucres with female flowers. The
cotyledons of Fagus are oily, raised aboveground, and become green when ger-
minating. Those of Castanea are farinaceous, and remain underground.

Fagus sylvatica, Linn. ; Hook. Stud. Fl, 344, the Beech—Buche, Germ. ; Hétre,
Fr. A large, not very long-lived, deciduous tree, with dense shady foliage, under
which no grass, and very few shade-enduring shrubs, such as the Holly, will grow,
but which enriches the soil. The tree bears a large amount of shade over-
head, and forms a most useful mixture with Oak and Scotch Fir, the Beech
being cut at 80-100 years, and the Oak and Fir being left to attain twice that
age. The wood is white when fresh cut, turning into a reddish-grey when dry ;
it has no distinct heartwood. The pores are fine, numerous, uniformly distri-
buted ; the medullary rays numerous, not long, often interrupted, of two classes,
narrow and broad, appearing on a vertical section as shining plates. An excel-
lent fuel, but not durable, and apt to warp and split. Weight, 41-52 lb. The
wood is used for tools, furniture, wooden shoes, the keels of vessels ; and in
France, North Italy, and Austria, after impregnation with sulphate of copper,
for railway-sleepers. The wood of clean stems which have grown up in compact
masses splits well,and is made (in North Italy, Cansiglio forest near Treviso)
into sieve-frames and similar articles. The Beech does not attain the same age
-as the Oak, but it generally grows more rapidly. The tallest tree I have seen
is arenowned beech in the;Steigerwald, near Kloster Ebrach, Franconia ; 150 ft.
high, stem 90 ft. to the first branch, 15 ft. girth at foot, and 9 ft. at the first
branch, supposed to be 300 years old. Beeches exceeding 20 ft. girth are not
uncommon in England. Its home -is Western, Central, and South Europe,
not in Greece, and it’is common on the Taurus and Caucasus (Talish and
Elburg). Its north limit passes through the south of Norway and Sweden ;
it is not found indigenous in Russia north of the 52d degree north latitude.
In South Europe the Beech is only found at a considerable elevation, and
sometimes forms the upper limit of forest vegetation. On the mountains of Cor-
sica, for instance, the vertical regions are as follows: 1°. Evergreen brushwood
(Maki) ; 2°. Pinus Pinaster, Quercus Ilex, and Castanea vesca ; 3°. Pinus Lar-
acio ; 4°. Abies pectinata (the Silver Fir) ; and 5°. the Beech, The tree has a
marked partiality for limestone and chalk ; well-known instances are the fine
beech-forests of Buckinghamshire, the luxuriant growth of the tree on the chalk
cliffs of Moen and Riigen, and the magnificent forests on Muschelkalk and Lias
in Central Germany.

Castanea vulgaris, Lam. ; DC. Prodr. xvi. ii, 114.—Syn. C. vesca, Geertn,
Sweet Chestnut—Chataignier, Fr.; Edelkastanie,Germ. <A large, long-lived,
deciduous tree, of rapid growth while young, more rapid than the oak, and at-
taining a gigantic size, stems 30-40 ft. girth and certainly 1000 years old not rare
in South Europe, and much larger stems being on record—e.g., the renowned
chestnuts of the Atna, two trees, sound and vigorous, 60-80 ft., and one (cas-
tagno dei centi cavalli) hollow, in 5 pieces, more than 190 ft. girth, Sapwood
white, heartwood dark-brown, the annual rings distinctly marked by a belt of
large pores close together (spring wood), surrounded by an outer belt of more
compact wood with very fine pores, enerally arranged in wavy lines. Medul-
lary rays very fine, numerous, whic distinguishes. chestnut from oak timber
at a glance. Weight, 37-54 Ib. Old trees have often ring-shakes and central
hollows, and the timber is not so durable as that of oak ; in the south of Europe
it is used for building, furniture, and cask-staves ; but the legends of the roofs of
old churches and other buildings made of chestnut timber, in France and Eng-
492 LXXIL CUPULIFERA. [ Castanea,

land, are mythical—-wherever examined, such timber has been found to be oak,
It coppices vigorously; along the Vosges it is grown for vineyard poles, in Kent
and Sussex for hop-poles. In the south of Europe the chestnut forms extensive
forests more or less cultivated, the fruit being its most valuable produce, form-
ing an important article of food for the inhabitants of the mountainous regions
of Central France, Spain, Corsica, Italy, and Greece. It is not certain whether
its original home is in Asia Minor and Greece, or whether it is also indigenous
in Italy and Spain. In England it was introduced at an early age. The tree
has been grown in the N.W. Himalaya, and should be encouraged as an im-
portant food-producing tree, wherever it bears fruit.

3. CARPINUS, Tournef.

Deciduous trees ; buds elongate, closed, with imbricate scales, Leaves
membranous, serrate. Male flowers in drooping sessile lateral hairy cat-
kins ; perianth none; stamens 6-12 on short filaments, attached to the
base of the broad-ovate scales ; anther-cells distinct, stipitate, hairy at the
tip. Female flowers in slender drooping terminal spikes, in pairs in the
axils of deciduous linear-lanceolate bracts, each flower supported by a 3-
lobed. or undivided persistent involucre, which is enlarged in fruit. Ovary
2-celled, limb of perianth dentate ; styles 2, erect, filiform. Fruft 1-seeded,
enclosed in a hard pericarp, 6-12-ribbed, crowned by the perianth-teeth,
and often by the persistent styles, small, many times shorter than the en-
larged membranous 3-7-nerved reticulate involucral bracts.

Leaves ovate-lanceolate, long-acuminate, duplicate-serrate . . 1. C. viminea.
Leaves ovate-oblong, acute, serrate, teeth simple, subulate . 2. C. faginea.

1. C. viminea, Wall., Pl. As. Rar. t. 106; DC. Prodr. xvi. ii. 127.
Vern. Charkhri, kai, Pb. ; Pumne, goria, chamkharak, N.W.P.

A moderate -sized tree with slender drooping verrucose branches;
leaf-buds cylindric, scales shining, fringed with short soft hairs. Leaves
glabrous, ovate-lanceolate, with large serratures serrulate on the outside,
long-acuminate, acumen linear, serrate; blade 3-4 in., petiole slender, hairy,
$ in. long. Involucral bracts 3 in. long, 3-5-nerved, lanceolate, unequal-
sided, the broad half dentate with large obtuse teeth, the narrow half
entire, often with a short lobe near the base; fruit 1-2 lines long (2-seeded,
Lindley in Wall. 1. c.)

Himalaya, extending west to the Ravi, between 5000 and 7000 ft. Kasia
hills. Male catkins appear before the leaves, female fl. with the leaves in spring.
Fr. June-Sept. Often found near water. Bark thin, grey. Wood yellowish-

white, tas, heavy, believed to be durable. Growth moderately slow, 10 rings
per inch.

2. C. faginea, Lindley.—Tab. LXVI.—Wall. Pl. As. Rar. ii. 5. Vern.
Shirash, imar, Pb. ; Gish, N.W.P.

A moderate-sized tree ; branchlets and petioles soft-tomentose. Leaves
pubescent when young, glabrous afterwards, elliptic-oblong, acute, short-
petiolate, serrate with simple subulate serratures, 3-5 in. long. Involucral
bracts 3 in. long, pubescent, 4-6-nerved, triangular, very unequal-sided, the ...
Carpinus. | LXXII, CUPULIFERA. 493

midrib close to one side, which is entire, forming the basis of the triangle,
the other two sides coarsely dentate. “

On the Bias between 4000 and 5500 ft., on the Sutlej at 6000, in Garhwal,
Kamaon at 7000 ft. Nepal and Bhutan. Bark dark brown, smooth, lightly
wrinkled. Fl. March, April; fr. July, Aug.

Two species of Carpinus are in Europe. 1°. C. Betulus, L.; Hook. Stud. Fl.
345, the Hornbeam—Charme, Fr. ; Haanbuche, German, with duplicate-serrate
leaves, 3-lobed involucral bracts, the middle lobe longer ; a moderate-sized slow-
growing tree, with great powers of reproduction. Coppices vigorously, and
makes useful pollards on dry grass-land. Is not injured by frost, and is often
seen in Germany fringing the edges of the Beech-forest along the bottom of val-
leys, where the Beech would suffer. The wood is white, heavy (39-51 Ib.,
Nordlinger), and is marked by numerous medullary rays, which on a vertical
section are 3-4 in. high. Greatiheating power, yields a better fuel than even
the Beech. Used mainly as fuel; tool-handles, the teeth of cog-wheels, and
screws of wood are made of it. Central and Eastern Europe, very common in
Northern and Eastern France, indigenous in the South of England, and of Swe-
den. Western Asia as far east as Asterabad, south of the Caspian. In Central
Europe commonly associated with the Beech.

2°. CO. duinensis, Scop.—Syn. C. orientalis, Lam.; Reichenb. Ic. Fl. Germ.
t. 634. A small tree or large shrub, with (generally) small duplicate-serrate
leaves and ovate.6-8-nerved involucral bracts. Italy, Dalmatia, Hungary,
Greece, Turkey, Asia Minor, Caucasus, Persia, and Turkestan.

Ostrya carpinifolia, Scop.—Syn. O. vulgaris, Willd. ; Reichenb. Fl. Germ,
t. 635—the Hop Hornbeam, is a moderate-sized tree, with leaves similar to
those of the Hornbeam, from which it is distinguished by the involucral bracts,
forming a membranous oval bag enclosing the fruit. Central and Eastern
Mediterranean region, not in Spain, and in France only near Nice, and on
the coast alittle farther west. Forests of it in Greece. Asia Minor, Armenia.

4, CORYLUS, Tourn.

Deciduous shrubs or small trees ; buds closed, scales imbricate ; branch-
lets and petioles generally with glandular hairs. Male flowers in drooping
cylindrical hairy catkins, catkins fasciculate, or 2-3 on a common ped-
uncle, perianth none, stamens 4, attached to the inside of a broad scale, to
the edges of which are attached two smaller scales ; anther-cells distinct,
with a tuft of hairs at the tip, on short, often partially connate fila-
ments, appearing sometimes as 8 stamens with 1-celled anthers. Female
flowers in small sessile ovoid lateral bud-like spikes, with imbricate scale-
like bracts, the flowers in pairs in the axils of the upper bracts, each
flower enclosed by two or more minute scales (involucre) cleft into numer-
ous narrow lobes. Limb of perianth minutely toothed. Ovary 2-celled, 1
ovule in each cell; styles 2. Fruit usually clustered, each consisting of a
hard usually 1-seeded nut, enclosed in the enlarged involucre (scales), which
forms a leafy entire or 2-leaved sheath, mouth lobed, lobes sometimes spin-
escent. The oily cotyledons of the germinating seed remain underground.

Leaves ovate-oblong ; lobes of involucre spinescent; stamens 4,

anthers 2-celled, cells distinct, pafallel of ‘ é 7 1. CO. ferox.
Leaves obovate; lobes of involucre not spinescent ; stamens 8,
anthers 1-celled . ‘ ‘ . * 5‘ F 2. C. Colurna,
494 LXXII, CUPULIFERA. [Corylus;

1. ©. ferox, Wall. Pl. As. Rar. t. 87 ; DC. Prody. xvi. ii. 129.

A small tree, with elongate silky buds, the outer scales erect. Leaves
pubescent when young, ovate-oblong, acuminate, closely serrate with un-
equal cuspidate serratures; blade 4-5 in., petiole hairy, 4 in. long. Catkins
fasciculate, scales obovate, acute, bearing at their base 4 subsessile stamens,
each with 2 distinct contiguous anther-cells. Fruit in clusters of 3-6, in-
volucre villous, thick, almost fleshy, with pinnatifid lobes, the divisions
terminating in slender spines 4 in. long. Pericarp hard thick.

Nepal, Sikkim (8000-10,000 ft.) FI. Sept. Oct. Wood light, compact, and
of a pale colour.

2. ©. Colurna, Linn.—Syn. C. Jacquemontii, Due. in Jacq. Voy. Bot.
t. 160. ©. lacera, Wall. Vern. Urni, Jhelam ; Winri, wii, warawi,
wuriya, thangi, thankoli, Kashmir and Chamba; Shirl, sharolt, geh,
Sutlej ; Kapas?, bhotia, badam, N.W.P.

A small or moderate-sized tree; buds short, nearly hemispherical.
Leaves glabrous, obovate, acuminate, base cordate, unequally serrate, main
lateral nerves 10-12 pair, each nerve terminating in a more or less distinct
lobe ; blade 5-6, petiole 1-14 in. long. Catkins fasciculate, scales obovate,
acute, bearing along the midrib eight 1-celled anthers on short often more
or less connate filaments. Fruit in clusters of 2-3, involucre subcoriaceous,
double, the inner sheathing, with numerous elevated ribs, cleft into linear-
lanceolate serrate lobes with glandular hairs ; the outer of several laciniate
bracts.

N.W. Himalaya, 5500-10,000, ascending in places to 10,500 ft., on the Sutlej
as far as Pangi on the right, and Poari on the left hank. Also in South-East
Europe and Asia Minor. Gregarious, often forming extensive thickets, not rare
near the upper limit of tree vegetation, and sometimes associated with Parrotia.
Often cultivated. Hardy in England. FI. early in spring ; the fruit ripens in
July, August. Generally a small tree with short trunk, but often (particularly
cultivated specimens) attains 40-50 ft., with an erect somewhat gnarled trunk,
6-7 ft. girth, Growth apparently slow, 10-12 rings per inch of radius. Bark
thin, brownish-grey, very rugose with numerous dark wrinkles, equal in width
to the intervening low rounded ridges, the ridges divided by short cross-fissures
into long scales, which in old trees often detach themselves at the base, and ex-
foliate upwards, like the bark of Msculus indica. Wood compact, not hard or
heavy, with fine medullary rays, considered a good timber—(have old trees a dis-
tinct, dark-brown heartwood?) The kernels are as good as English hazel-nuts,
and form an important article of food in some parts of the hills, In the bazars
of the Panjab plains they are sold under. the name of findak for medicinal
purposes. They are imported into England from the Levant as Turkey nuts.

C. Avellana, Linn.—Hook. Stud. FI. 345, the common Hazel—Hasel, German ;
Coudrier, French, is a shrub with short-petiolate broadly ovate or rotundate
leaves, hairy while young, and a single palmately-lobed involucre. Europe,
Caucasus, Armenia, and Asia Minor. Ascends to 5000 ft. in Tyrol. The male
catkins are formed in autumn, and open very early, between Jan. and April, long
before the leaves are out. The Hazel is common in mixed coppice-woods in
England, the North of France, and some parts of Germany. It requires a good
Corylus. | LXXII. CUPULIFERA. 495

deal of light, but thrives well under standards of Oak, Birch, and Ash. Makes
excellent hoops. No heartwood, medullary rays broad, pores fine.

Orpen LXXIIL MYRICACEA,

Shrubs or trees, mostly aromatic, with alternate simple, exstipulate,
generally serrate, coriaceous leaves with a prominent midrib and often
resinous dots beneath. Flowers monoicous or dioicous, the male and
female in catkins or spikes. Male fl.: Stamens 2-16, in the axil of lateral
bracts, sometimes with 2 or more lateral bractlets ; anthers 2-celled, the
filaments often connate at the base. Female fl.: Perianth none; ovary
l-celled with 1 basal ovule, in the axil of a lateral bract, generally
surrounded by 2-4 more or less adhering bracteoles; stigmas 2, sessile,
Fruit a hard-shelled, 1-seeded nut, clothed with a fleshy or waxy pericarp.
Seed exalbuminous, cotyledons fleshy, radicle superior.

1. MYRICA, Linn.
(Characters those of the Order.).

1. M. sapida, Wall. Tent. Fl. Nep. t. 45.—Vern. Kaphal, kaephal,
N.W. Himal.; Kobusi, Nepal.

A moderate-sized (always!) evergreen dioicous tree, the current year’s
branchlets tomentose or pubescent. Leaves with a faint pleasant aromatic
smell when rubbed or broken, alternate, lanceolate or oblanceolate, nar-
rowed into a short petiole, those on older trees 3-5 in. long, entire, coria-
ceous, on the under side pale or rust-coloured, with numerous black
resinous dots; petiole and midrib pubescent ; main lateral nerves anasto-
mosing by prominent intramarginal and reticulate veins. Leaves on
young plants and shoots 5-8 in. long, membranous, with large and sharp
serratures, and more numerous, prominent, main lateral nerves. Male
catkins cylindric, } in. long, sessile in lax axillary drooping racemes, as
long as leaf or shorter. Female flowers in slender axillary spikes, styles
red. Fruit a sessile ovoid drupe, several on axillary peduncles, ? in. long,
tuberculate, pubescent while young, glabrous when ripe, with scanty red-
dish pulp, which is composed of cylindric or clavate fleshy hairs filled
with red juice mixed with fine dry hairs or fibres. Nut rugose, pitted. -

Himalaya, outer ranges, from 3000 to 6000 ft., extending north-west to the
Ravi, but scarce beyond the Sutlej. Assam, Kasia hills. Not gregarious in the
N.W. Himalaya, generally in mixed forests. The leaves are renewed in April
and May ; flowers generally in Oct.-Dec., the fruit ripening in May. It has,
however, been found in flower in spring. Attains 30 ft., with a thick erect
trunk. Bark dark- or brownish-grey, with deep vertical wrinkles. Wood pale-
brown, heavy, compact, and hard. The fruit is eaten, and it is sold in the bazars
of the hills, the pulp is scanty, but with a pleasant aromatic sweet and acidu-
lous taste. The bark is the most valuable product of the tree ; it is largely ex-
ported to the plains, used as an aromatic stimulant, and externally as a plaster
against rheumatism (Pharm. Ind. 217).
496 LXXIII. MYRICACEE. [Myrica.

Wallich identified this with a Japanese tree described by Kempfer (Ameen,
Exot. 798) under the name of Jubaa (vulgo Jamma momu). Hooker, Bot. Mag,
t. 5727, is of opinion that it may be a variety of I. Nagi, Thunb. (Na, vulgo
Nagi, tsikkura siba, Kempfer Am. Exot. 773, 874), to which he refers as a syn-
onym Jf, integrifolia, Roxb. Fl. Ind. iii. 765 ; Wight Ic. t. 764, 765, a shrub or
tree of Silhet, the Kasia hills, and Assam, with an ovoid drupe, the size of a
prune, yellow when ripe, which ripens in May, is too sour to be eaten raw, but is
pickled and used as a condiment. Jf. Nagi, Thunb., is synonymous with
rubra, Sieb. et Zucc.; Benth Fl. Hongkong. 322; it is a large tree, not un-
common on the hills in Japan (vern. Jamamo Nokt), and much cultivated on
account of its deep-red purple acidulous fruit in Japan and China, which is
eaten raw and cooked. The characters by which these three species are gen-
erally distinguished are as follows: male catkins simple, not paniculate in M.
Nagi, paniculate in M, integrifolia and sapida, the partial catkins short, few-
flowered, closely approximate in M.integrifolia, with the bracts larger, as long
as or longer than the stamens. The number of stamens varies, Dr Hooker's
view is probably correct, and when it is fully established, the North Indian
tree must then be called . Nagi, Thunb., with a wide range, from the Panjab
to Japan, and from China to the sea-coast of Singapore and Borneo, where it
grows as a shrub 12 ft. high.

Myrica Gale, Linn. ; Hook. Stud. Fl. 347, Sweet Gale, or Bog Myrtle, is a
deciduous gregarious aromatic shrub in peat-bogs, moors, and wet places
of Britain, North and Central Europe, North Asia, and North America, which
flowers before the leaves come out in April, May, and ripens its fruit (compact
resinous spikes) in August.

The following, and probably several other species of this genus yield vege-
table wax, which forms the outer covering of the fruit: 1. . cerifera, L,,
Bayberry or Wax Myrtle, a small shrub of North America, shores of Lake Erie
and sea-coast to Florida, with numerous small nuts encrusted with white wax.
2. M. cordifolia, L., the Wax Myrtle or Candleberry bush of dry sand-hills in
South Africa and the Cape of Good Hope. Leaves ovate-dentate with cordate
base, fruit in. diam. 3. M. arguta, Kunth., a monoicous evergreen shrub on
the mountains of Venezuela and New Grenada, and the Andes of Ecuador, Peru,
and Bolivia.

Orprr LXXIV. JUGLANDES.

Trees, rarely shrubs, with alternate pinnate often aromatic leaves with-
out stipules. Flowers monoicous, the male in lateral catkins, the female
solitary, clustered in erect or drooping spikes. Male fl.: Stamens 3-10,
inserted on lateral bracts, generally surrounded by 3-6 membranous scales ;
anthers 2-celled, filaments short. Female fl.: Perianth adnate to ovary,
sometimes enclosed by foliaceous bracts, connate and cup-shaped at the
base ; ovary l-celled with 1 erect ovule. Fruit a l-seeded 2-valved nut,
often incompletely 2- or 4-celled at the base, and enclosed by a coriaceous
or fleshy pericarp, which remains attached to the nut or eventually separ-
ates from it. Seed without albumen, cotyledons fleshy, oily, sinuous or
corrugated, 2-lobed, radicle short, superior.

Fruit a large woody nut, enclosed in a thick coriaceous-fleshy
pericarp, which separates from it when ripe. 4 . 1. JUGLANS.

Fruit small, enclosed in large foliaceous bracts, in drooping
spikes ; pericarp not separating from the nut . ; - 2 ENGELNARDTIAy
Juglans. | LXXIV. JUGLANDEA, 497

This small but remarkable family, which has great analogy with Pistacia
among Anacardiacew, except the free ovary and curved embryo of the latter,
contains,‘besides these two genera, the following : 1-Carya, inflorescence similar
to Juglans, but male flowers fasciculate, and petals of the female flowers want-
ing; C’. alba, Nutt., and several other species of this North American genus (hardy
in England) furnish valuable timber, and yield ‘the well-known Dickory nats.
2. Platycarya strobilacea, Sieb. & Zuce. (Fortunea chinensis, Lindl.), a tree of
Japan and China (hardy in England), with the female flowers at the base of the
male catkins, forming a cone when in fruit. 3. Pterocarya fraxinifolia, Spach,
a tree of Armenia, the Caucasus, and North Persia (hardy in England), with 12
pair of serrate leaflets, the male catkins at the base of the female flower-spikes,
which are long, lax, and drooping, the fruit with 2 broad: lateral wings.

1. JUGLANS, L.

. Aromatic trees. Leaves imparipinnate ; petioles broad-based, leaving
large scars on falling. Male flowers in lateral catkins from the axils of
fallen leaves, on the previous year’s wood. Perianth of 3-6 unequal lobes
inserted on a lateral bract. Stamens 10-40, filaments free, very short.
Female flowers solitary or several together at the ends of branches ; calyx
tubular, adhering to the ovary, 4-toothed, 4 small petals in the sinus be-
tween the teeth. Stigmas 2, more or less fleshy, fimbriate. Fruit with
a thick coriaceous or fleshy pericarp, enclosing a hard woody, mostly irreg-
ularly-furrowed endocarp or nut-shell. Embryo sweet, edible.

1. J. regia, Linn. ; Roxb. Fl. Ind. iii. 631.— Walnut—Noyer, French ;
Wallnuss, German. Sans. Akshota, akhota. Pers. Charmaghz (four
brains or kernels), used in Kashmir and Afghanistan. Vern. Akhrot.
Local names: Ughz, waghz, Afghanistan ; Akhor, khor, krot, dun, Kash-
mir; Kdbotang, thanka, Pb.; Starga, Ladak; Ka, Kunawar; Akhor,
khor, kharot, korot, Jaunsar and Kamaon.

A large tree, youngest shoots velvety or with floccose pubescence. Leaf-
lets elliptic-oblong, entire (rarely serrulate), subcoriaceous, glabrous, with
tufts of hairs in the axils of nerves beneath, main lateral nerves prominent,
15-20 pairs ; terminal leaflet largest, petiolulate, the lateral, 3-4 sometimes
5-6 pair, subsessile, nearly opposite, those near the base smaller ; common
petiole 6-12 in. long, glabrous or hoary. Male catkins appearing with the
leaves in the previous year’s axils and on the previous year’s wood, some-
times in pairs, green, pubescent, cylindric, 2-5 in. long ; bracts pedicellate,
oblong, with 6 perianth-lobes and 10-20 stamens, the buds of the coming
year’s catkins being ready-formed in the leaf-axils. Female flowers 1-3,
limb of calyx minute, indistinctly toothed, petals linear-lanceolate, green,
varying in length, sometimes half the length of ovary. Fruit green, ovoid,
glabrous, 2 in. long, enclosing a brown, irregularly-furrowed nut, which is
2-valved, acute at the upper end and divided by 2 thin coriaceous dissepi-
ments into 4 incomplete cells, one dissepiment separating the’2 cotyledons,
the other dividing them at the back into 2 lobes. Seed with 2 integu-
ments, the outer yellowish brown, the inner white, very fine.

Of the varieties described in DC. Prodr. xvi. ii. 136, the following may

21
498 LXXIV. JUGLANDEA. [ Juglans.

be mentioned. «. tenera, shell of nut thin, fragile. 8. beloudchistana,
leaflets 2 pair, entire, the terminal leaflet 8-10 in. long. Beluchistan
near Quetta (a few trees only, Stocks). y. kamaonda, petiole rusty-tomen-
tose, leaflets oblong-lanceolate, entire, 6-9 in. long, fruit pubescent, shell
of nut thick and very hard. Kamaon and Jaunsar (cultivated, and wild
on the head-waters of the Dharaghad, June 1873, D.B.)

Wild in many forests of the North-West Himalaya and in Sikkim ; also,
according to the generally received opinion, in trans-Caucasia and probably in
Armenia. C. Koch, however (Dendrologie, i. 584), states that the tree is not
wild in either of these countries or in Asia Minor, and suggests that its home may
possibly be found in Central Asia. Cultivated in Afghanistan, Beluchistan, on
the hills in the trans-Indus territory, at 5000-6000 ft. near villages; abundantly
in Kashmir, in the North-West Himalaya between 3500 and 10,000 ft., both in
the outer ranges and in the inner arid tract, in Nepal, Sikkim, and the Kasia
hills, In Kunawar its upper limits are Spui on the right and Namgia on the
left bank, and in Nubra it is cultivated up to nearly 11,000 ft. Grown and
bears fruit in gardens in Peshawar, grows but does not bear fruit in Calcutta.
Commonly cultivated in Europe and Western Asia. In Western Europe the
Walnut is grown nearly to 58° N.L. in Ross-shire, but only in sheltered places.
Near Edinburgh the tree grows with vigour, but ripens its fruit only in the finest
and hottest summers (Selby, British Forest Trees, 44). On the east side of Europe
it is found to 52°. It was known to the ancients, and Pliny states that it was
brought from Persia (A. De Candolle, Geographie Bot. 393, 968). Leafless in win-
ter, the new foliage comes out from Feb. to April, according to elevation, and the
flowers appear about the same time. The fruit ripens July-Sept. Attains, under
favourable circumstances, 80-100 ft. and a girth of 10-15, and not rarely of 20 ft.
Instances of large trees are: 22 ft. girth at Sali on the Chenab at 8200 ft. ; 28
ft. Kullu, Stewart ; 17 ft. and 100 ft. high, Tutwa forest, Dharaghad, Jaunsar,
D.B, Old trunks’ are often buttressed. In Ladak the trees have short trunks
not exceeding 7-8 ft. girth, with a low rounded crown. Bark 4 in. thick, silvery
or dark grey, sometimes mixed with reddish brown. Sapwood greyish white.
Heartwood brown or greyish brown, often veined with darker shades, darker
near the centre. Weight, 40-48 Ib. (Europe). Medullary rays short, moderately
broad, numerous. Pores equal in size and uniformly distributed, solitary or in
radial groups of 2-4, annual rings distinct ; besides the annual rings, numerous
minute concentric lines. The heartwood is very durable, works well and doés
not warp or split ; it is a beautiful furniture-wood and polishes well ; the prin-
cipal use is for gun-stocks. It is also used for turning, and in Kashmir much
oft the lacquered ware is made of it. The bark is largely exported to the plains,
and sold, under the name of danddsa, to clean the teeth and strengthen the
gums. It is also used (on the Bias) as a dye-stuff and in native medicine. The
twigs and leaves are used as winter fodder, which, with hay, is often stored on
the large boughs of the tree. On the Sutlej it is said that trees which are
lopped for fodder will continue yielding fruit, provided they get rest every
fourth year. The nut, however, is the most important product of the tree ;
that of the wild tree has a thick, extremely hard shell with a small kernel,
which is rarely eaten : the cultivated varieties are numerous, one much valued
in Kashmir is called kaghazi (paper-shelled). Where the tree is most commonly
cultivated, in Kashmir, Pangi, and Kunawar, Walnuts form an important article
of food. They are also exported largely to the plains, to Bengal, and the rest
of India. Oil is made of them in Europe and in India. The outer covering of
the fruit is employed as a dye in Kashmir ; in Europe it is-used for tanning, as
well as the bark of the tree. The tree produces fruit at an early age. On the
Juglans. | LXXIV. JUGLANDEA. 499

Chenab and in Kunawar it does not ripen its fruit well at an elevation above
9500 ft. The wild Walnut merits cultivation as a forest-tree on account of its
timber ; when grown in compact masses it cannot be expected to produce much
fruit, but the timber would probably prove one of the most valuable of the
leaf-bearing trees of the North-West Himalaya, and it has the advantage of not
being too heavy for floating. The tree, however, requires a rich and deep soil,
and will probably not prove to be a rapid grower.

J. migra, L., the Black Walnut, sometimes called Black Hickory, of North
America, particularly in Ohio and Kentucky, south to Florida and Texas, has
serrate, ovate-lanceolate, long-acuminate leaflets, and a spherical incompletely
4-celled nut. Wood beautifully veined, valued for furniture, heavier than that
of J. regia (lighter according to Nérdlinger, Techn, Eigensch. d. Holzes, 522).

J. cinerea, L., the Butter-nut of Canada and the Northern States, has oblong-
lanceolate, downy leaflets, an oblong nut, 2-celled at the base.

2. ENGELHARDTIA, Leschenault.

Resinous trees or large shrubs. Leaves sometimes apparently paripin-
nate by the abortion of the terminal leaflet. Male flowers in cylindric
lateral catkins. Perianth of 3-6 lobes, adnate to a lateral generally stip-
itate often 3-lobed bract. Stamens 4-12, anthers subsessile. Female
flowers in long drooping bracteate spikes. Calyx adnate to the ovary
with a 4-dentate limb, Petals none. Stigmas 2, sessile, linear, papillose.
Bract cup-shaped, enclosing the flower, limb divided into 4.unequal seg-
ments, the inner rounded, often crenate, the three outer membranous,
veined, generally oblong, the middle one longest. Fruit small, enclosed
by the enlarged bract ; pericarp thin, firmly adhering to the endocarp.

1. E. Colebrookiana, Lindl. in Wall. Pl. As. rar. t. 208.—Vern. Tumar
rikh, Pb.; Mowa, gobar mowa, bodal mowa, Kamaon ; Khusam, Banda.

A large shrub or moderate - sized tree, the current year’s branchlets
tomentose or pubescent. Leaves generally approximate near the ends of
branches, mostly imparipinnate, leaflets 3-5 pair, nearly opposite or alter-
nate, shortly petiolulate, elliptic-oblong, obtuse’ or acute, base unequal-
sided, subcoriaceous when full-grown, pubescent or tomentose when
young, the upper side glabrous when full-grown, the under side tomen-
tose or with minute round yellowish scales ; main lateral nerves 10-15 on
either side of midrib, joined by prominent reticulate and intramarginal
veins. Male catkins numerous, 3-5 in. long, generally clustered at the
base of the female spikes. Bract stipitate, more or less 3-lobed, bearing
4-5 oblong obtuse scales, one generally at the base, the others at the top
or along the sides of the bract, and 6-8 sessile hispid mucronulate anthers.
A tuft of hairs, in the place of a rudimentary ovary, not rarely between
the anthers. Female spikes pedunculate, 5-6 in. long, drooping, lax when
in flower, cylindric, compact when in fruit, outer bracts in fruit spathulate-
oblong, obtuse, the middle one 1-1} in. long, the two lateral ones half
that length, each with a prominent midrib, and reticulate veins, with
minute round scales, glabrous or pubescent, the inner bract irregularly
dentate, hispid with long stiff hairs. ~
500 LXXIV, JUGLANDEA. [Engelhardtia.

Siwalik tract and outer North-West Himalaya, ascending to 6500 ft., common
and often gregarious, covering large areas on dry hillsides in Kamaon and
Garhwal, extending to the Chenab, but scarce west of the Jumna. Kalliangarh
hills in the Banda district. Leafless during part of winter; the flowers appear
with the young leaves in March and April, and the fruit ripens in May. Bark
light or dark grey. Attains a girth of 4-5 ft. in North-West India.

Farther researches on the spot will probably show that this species is only
a tomentose and small-sized variety of E. spicata, Blume Flora Javae. t. 1, 5, of
Nepal, Sikkim, East Bengal, Burma, and the Indian Archipelago. In Java this
is a gigantic tree, 150-200 ft. high, with pale-red, hard, and heavy wood, made
into (solid) cart-wheels and gigantic cattle-troughs. The leaves are more gla-
brous, the leaflets more oblong and acuminate, petiolate or sessile, the female
spikes are 12-20 in. with bracts 2 in. long, and the male catkins 4-8 in. long.
The bracts of the male flowers often terminate in a mucro, and they are some-
times abnormally lengthened out into a 3-lobed bract, similar in appearance to
the outer lobes of the female bracts. The scales attached to these bracts vary
in size and shape, from linear-oblong to triangular, and the number of stamens
in one flower is between 4 and 10, In the female flower the styles are some-
times bifid.

E. Roxburghiana, Lindl. in Wall, Pl. As. rar. t. 199—Syn. Juglans ptero-
cocca, Roxb. Fl. Ind. iii. 631—is difficult to identify. Roxburgh’s figure exactly
represents the habit and fruit of #. spicata, Blume, for which it is probably in-
tended. Casimir De Candolle identifies it with that tree, but the representa-
tion and description of the male flower is entirely different. Roxburgh describes
and figures ee in Herb. Kew, 2395, copied in Pl. As. rar.) the male flower as
consisting of 4 regular scales or sepals, with 3 stamens at the base of each, and
in the plate these stamens surround what appears to be intended for a rudimen-
tary ovary. The female flower-spikes also are erect, and not longer than the
male catkins, I have seen no specimens at all corresponding to the plate, and
probably there was a mistake in the original drawing. Wallich’s specimens
from Nepal marked £. Roxburghiana, agree with EH. specata, Blume. It seems
remarkable that Wallich, who was acquainted with the tree, should have over-
looked the error in the original drawing when publishing it in his Asiatic Plants.
Roxburgh states that the bark of Juglans pterococca is thick, dark-brown, pos-
sessing much tannin, and is reckoned by the natives (of Silhet, where it is called
Bolas) the best they are acquainted with for tanning.

Orpar LXXV. GNETACEA.

Shrubs, climbers, undershrubs, rarely trees, the branches articulated at
the nodes. Leaves opposite (Gnetum) or rudimentary, consisting of a
2-lobed sheath (Ephedra). Flowers monoicous or dioicous, in heads or
spikes. Male flowers consisting of 2-8 monadelphous stamens, enclosed
in a 2-fid sheathing perianth ; filaments connate into a fleshy column ;
anthers 1- or 2-celled (3-celled in the abnormal genus Welwitschia). Female
flowers consisting of a naked ovule, enclosed by a sheathing or imbricate
bract, and several integuments, one of which is often prolonged into a fili-
form appendix resembling a style. Fruit 1- or 2-seeded, enclosed in the:
more or less succulent, persistent fleshy bracts. Embryo in the axis of a
copious albumen, with 2 foliaceous cotyledons, radicle superior.—Royle
Tl. 347.
Ephedra. | LXXV. GNETACEA. 501

1. EPHEDRA, Tourn.

Shrubs or undershrubs with nodose stems, and articulate opposite or
whorled branches. Wood analogous in structure to the wood of conifers,
composed of rays and wood-cells with discs, Leaves reduced to a mem-
branous sheath with 2 opposite, sometimes linear lobes. Flowers dioicous,
rarely monoicous, in terminal and lateral short, bracteate, sessile or pedun-
culate spikes, opposite in pairs or whorled. Male flowers in the axils of
opposite bracts, forming an ovoid 4-20-flowered spike ; anthers 2-10, two-
celled, opening by pores at the top. Female spike of 2 flowers, rarely 1,
enclosed by a membranous bifid or bipartite sheath, surrounded at the base
by numerous imbricate bracts. Seeds two, flat on the inner, convex on
the outer face, rarely 1 seed only.

Branches erect, internodes 1-2 in. long ; anthers 6-10, stipitate ;

tube of inner sheath of female flowers short, included within

the outer bracts, bifid, lobes exserted ‘i “ , 1. £. vulgaris.
Branches slender, flaccid, sometimes scandent, internodes 1-4 in.

long ; anthers 2-5, sessile; tube of inner sheath of female

flowers exserted, truncate or indistinctly 2-lobed 3 3 2. E. Alte.

1. E. vulgaris, Rich. ; DC. Prod. xvi. ii. 354.—Syn. E. monostachya,
and distachya, Linn. ; Reichenb. Ic. Fl. Germ. t. 539. Vern. Asmania,
budshur, butshur, chewa, Pb. ; Khanda, khanna, Kunawar ; Tse, tsapatt,
trano, Ladak.

A small rigid shrub, branches green or brownish, cylindric, with numer-
ous raised scabrous lines, internodes 1-2, sometimes 24 in. long, sheaths
yellow or brown, with a white membranous edge and 2 acute teeth, shorter
than sheath. Male spikes yellow, subsessile, in lateral or terminal, often
whorled clusters ; anthers 6-10, the inner ones stipitate. Female spikes.
lateral or terminal, in pairs or whorled clusters, subsessile or short-pedun-
culate ; tube of inner sheath short, included within the outer bracts, 2-fid,
lobes exserted. Fruit ovoid, succulent, sweet, pale- or bright-red when
ripe, + in. long, seeds 2.

Dry stony hills, Afghanistan and Beluchistan, inner arid and intermediate
Himalaya, Jhelam, Chenab, and Sutlej, between 7800 and 12,800 ft. (Urni the
lower limit in Kunawar), West Tibet to 16,600 ft, (Stewart), inner Kamaon and
inner Sikkim, and adjoining parts of Tibet, ascending to 16,000 ft., South Europe,
North Africa, Western Asia, Caucasus, Siberia. Fl. April-June, later at high
elevations ; the fruit ripens Aug.-Oct. At high elevations, often not more than a
few inches high, lower down attains 2-4 ft., with woody, often gnarled, stems, and.
numerous, opposite or whorled, straight erect, and often tuberculate branches.
Bark grey, rugose, inner substance fibrous, brown, very tough. Wood whitish-
yellow. The fruit, which looks pretty, clustered on. the dark-green branches, is
very sweet, and is eaten in some places—e. g., on the Sutlej. The branches are
browsed by goats, the Yak does not touch them. In the treeless parts of Ladak
the woody roots and stems are used as fuel.

9. EB. Alte, C. A. Meyer-Tab. LXIX.—Versuch einer Monographie
d. Gattung Ephedra, St Petersburg, 1846, 75.—Syn. L. ciliata, Fischer
502 ; LXXV. GNETACEA. [ Ephedra.

et Meyer. Arab. Alte. Vern. Kuchan, nikki (small), hurkan, bratta,
tandala, lastuk, nangarwal, Pb.

A shrub with slender flaccid, generally whorled branches ; branchlets
often filiform, with numerous raised longitudinal lines, often rough with
short hairs, internodes 1-4 in. long, sheaths very short, with two tri-
angular or linear teeth longer than sheath, often prolonged into narrow
linear leaves. Male spikes sessile, in lateral or terminal, often whorled
clusters ; anthers 2-5, sessile. Female spikes pedunculate, solitary or in
pairs ; tube of inner sheath exserted, truncate or indistinctly 2-lobed.
Fruit ovoid, succulent, tasteless, } in. long, red when ripe.

Plains of the Panjab and Sindh, ascending in the Salt range to 3000 ft. Af-
ghanistan, Persia, Arabia, Aden, Sinai. Madden, As. Soc. Journ. xvii. i. 404, men-
tions an Hphedra in Rajputana (Vern. Phok, generally the name of Calligonum
polygonoides) ; if an Ephedra, it probably is this species. Somewhat gregari-
ous, forming dense clumps of low brushwood in the most arid, sandy or stony
places ; branches brown or somewhat glaucous, often scandent on other trees.
Fl. March, April (sometimes in October) ; the fruit ripens in May, and is often
long persistent. Bark brown, bunches of stem and branches are sometimes used
for cleaning brass dishes.

£. alata, D®* ; DC. Prodr. 358, is a much larger shrub, 9-10 ft. high, with
stiff erect branches, marked by having bracts and sheath of female flowers with a
broad white membranous margin, the inner sheath of the female flowers nearly
2-partite to the base, and 3-8 subsessile anthers on a long-exserted column.
Deserts of North Africa, from Algeria to Egypt, Sinai, Persia.—Aitchison (Cat.
142) quotes “ Edgeworth, Multan.” I have not seen specimens ; Edgeworth in
Florula Mallica Journ. Linn, Soc. vi. 194, enters #. alata (without auth.),
which may possibly be intended for #. alata, Schimp., a synonym of £. Alte.

Gnetum scandens, Roxb. Fl. Ind. iii. 518—Syn. G. edule, Blume ; Vern.
Kumbal, imbli, Bombay—is a stout climbing shrub, with opposite coriaceous
elliptic - oblong petiolate leaves, 5-6 in. long, which turn black in drying ;
flowers monoicous in cylindric verticillate, paniculate spikes, with numerous
short annular sheaths, the flowers mixed with articulate hairs closely packed in
their axils. Male flowers monandrous, anthers of 2 distinct cells, opening by aslit
at the apex, at the end of a thick column, protruding from a thick clavate angular
sheath, which splitsin two. Female flowers consisting of numerous naked ovules
similarly arranged, and mixed with articulate hairs. Fruit an oblong 1-seeded
drupe, 1-14 in. long, narrowed into a thick short stalk, red when ripe. The
seeds are eaten. Common in the dense forests of the Western Ghats and
the Konkan—East Bengal, Burma, Indian Archipelago, China. The wood
of Gnetum consists of a large number of distinct wedge-shaped ligneous masses,
which are arranged in concentric circles, and separated by cellular tissue. It
thus resembles the wood of Menispermacec (p. 10).

Orver LXXVI. CONIFER,

Shrubs or trees, generally evergreen and resinous. "Wood without |
vessels, hence on a horizontal section without pores, consisting of medul-
lary rays and long thick-walled wood-cells, tapering at the ends, with
circular discs (lenticular cavities between the walls of adjoining cells), on
the sides parallel to the rays ; in the wood of roots on all sides. The tur-
Araucaria. | LXXVI. CONIFERA. 503

pentine (resin) is generally secreted in large, branching, intercellular ducts
lined by thin-walled cells, either in the bark, or in the wood, vertical
in the mass of wood-cells, and horizontal in the medullary rays. The
annual rings are, as a rule, distinctly marked by a belt of thick-walled
wood-cells in the outer (autumn) wood, and a belt of larger wood-cells
with thin walls in the inner (spring) wood of the succeeding year. In
many coniferous woods the inner belt of each annual ring is soft, and
the outer belt compact and hard. Leaves alternate, rigid, scale-like,
subulate, acicular or linear, rarely with a broad blade ; without stipules.
Flowers monoicous or dicicous, without perianth. Male flowers. in
deciduous catkins. Female flowers solitary, capitate, or in spikes (cones),
consisting of one or several ovules adnate to, or surrounded by carpel-
lary scales. Albumen fleshy and oily (in Araucaria farinaceous) ; coty-
ledons generally more than two, whorled.—Royle Ill. 348.*

According to Parlatore, in DC. Prodr. xvi. ii, this Order comprises 216
species. Those of North-West India belong to the following tribes :—

Abietinee (Pinew, Parlatore).—Fruit a cone, with numerous imbricate,
carpellary, generally woody scales, each bearing at its base two seeds
(developed from inverted ovules) and inserted in the axil of a bract,
the bract often dry and not apparent when the fruit is ripe—Pinus,
Cedrus, Abies, Larix.

Cupressinece.—Fruit with few carpellary scales, varying in shape and
substance, sometimes fleshy, each bearing at its base, or on the stalk
when the scales are peltate, 1 or numerous seeds (developed from
erect ovules). No bracts—Cupressus, Juniperus, Callitris, Biota.

Tuxinece (a distinct Order of many botanists).—Fruit 1-seeded (1 erect
ovule), supported by a few imbricate scales—(in Tawus surrounded
by a fleshy cup-shaped disc) Taxus, Podocarpus.

There are two other tribes—Araucariee and Taxodiee—to which the
following remarkable trees belong: Araucaria Bidwilli, Hook., the
Bunya Bunya of the aborigines of North-East Australia in 27°S.L. A
tall tree with a straight stem and numerous tiers of short rigid whorled
branches. The cones, which are said to ripen every third or fourth year
only, are nearly as large as a man’s head, and contain numerous large far-
inaceous seeds, which are an important article of food of the inhabitants.
The cones of Araucaria consist of numerous imbricate carpellary scales,
each scale with only 1 seed at the base.

The seeds of A. imbricata, Pavon, are also eaten. This tree grows on
the higher mountains of Chili (36°-48° 8.L.), is hardy, though it is occa-

* Regarding the Coniferous trees of the N.W. Himalaya, the following papers in
the Journ, Agric. and Hortic. Society of India contain much valuable information :
Madden, Observations on some of the Pines and other Coniferous Trees of the Northern
Himalaya, and on Himalayan Conifer, vols. iv. and vii., 1845, 1850; Cleghorn,
Notes upon the Pines of the N.W. Himalaya, vol. xiv., 1866. Of official reports, the
report on the Deodar forests of Bussahir, by D. Brandis, J. L. Stewart, and Capt. E.
Wood, Calcutta, 1865, contains most information on the growth and natural history
of the Himalayan Conifers.
504 LXXVI. CONIFERZ. [ Sequoia.

sionally injured by severe frost, and extensively cultivated in England,
where it was introduced in 1796, the highest specimen being at Dropmore,
50 ft. high in 1871. This, like the other species of this genus, continues
its growth throughout the year; the buds are open, not enclosed in scales;
and young leaves are being formed at all times of the year. The wood of
some Araucarias is supposed to have no proper annual rings ; the con-
centric bands are often incomplete, and are believed not to indicate any
periodical interruption of the vegetation, like that which causes the
formation of annual rings of other coniferous and leaf-bearing trees.

The tribe of Taxodiew includes, besides many other interesting trees of
North America, Japan, China, Australia, and South Africa, the two giants
of California, Sequoia sempervirens, Endl., and 8. gigantea, Torrey ( Welling-
tonia gigantea, Lindley). The former, the Redwood of the coast, is found
in a narrow belt between 34° and 42° N.L. in the mountains of California ;
it has been known to attain 300 ft., with a girth of 55 ft. Its cones are
1 in. long, the timber is excellent, and it coppices vigorously.

Sequoia gigantea, the Wellingtonia or Mammoth-tree, is well known as
the reputed tallest tree on record, attaining 300 to 330 ft., and a circum-
ference of 80-100 ft. One individual is stated to have been 450 ft. high.
As regards height, Eucalyptus Globulus and obliqua of Tasmania, and
other Australian Lucalypit (p. 231), rival the Californian tree. Abies
Douglasit (p. 527) and Sequoia sempervirens probably stand in the sec-
ond rank ; and Antiaris innowia (p. £27), with the Deodar (p, 518), under
exceptionally favourable circumstances, take the third. Of European
trees the Silver Fir (p. 529) comes next, but it rarely attains, even in the
most luxuriant and compact forests of the Southern Schwarzwald, 200 ft.
Eng., one-half the height of the Wellingtunia ; and it remains consider-
ably behind the great variety of trees which compose the dense evergreen
forests of Tenasserim and of the crest of the Western Ghats (where not
cleared for coffee plantations), which often form a dense mass of vegeta-
tion, unbroken for-miles, on an average 200 ft. high.

The Mammoth-tree has a much more limited range of distribution than
any of the other forest giants just mentioned. Like the Deodar, Pinus
excelsa, and the Larch of the Alps and Carpathians, it is an inhabitant of
the mountains, but, so far as known at present, it is only found in a belt
25 miles long in N.L, 38°, in the valleys on the west side of the Sierra
Nevada of California at an elevation of 4000 to 7000 ft.

The wood of the Mammoth-tree has distinct concentric rings, the inner
belt of each being composed of soft spongy wood, while there is a narrow
but hard and horny outer belt of darker colour. It has been asserted that
two or more of such rings are formed in one year. The cones of 8. gigan-
tea are 2-24 in. long; they consist of imbricate scales, like the cones of
Abietinew, but each scale has 5 seeds at its base. Both Sequotas are
hardy in England.

Fruit a cone with imbricate scales, : .
Leaves persistent, in clusters of 2-5, in the axils of membran-
ous scales; cones ripen the 2d, sometimes the 3d year,

scales thickened at the apex * ‘ ‘ 1, Pints.
Pinus.) LXXVI. CONIFERA, 505

Leaves persistent, numerous, in tufts at the ends of arrested
branchlets ; cones requiring 2 years to ripen, scales broad
with a thin sharp edge ‘i : ; . . .
Leaves persistent, single, not in tufts; cones ripening the
same year; scales with a thin sharp edge. 3 “ 3. ABIES.
Leaves deciduous, in tufts ; cones ripening the same year;
_ scales with a thin sharp edge eg : ; 7 4. Larix.
Fruit woody subglobose, with peltate scales, tightly closed
before maturity ; leaves persistent, closely adpressed, scale-
like and imbricate, or subulate ‘ 3 ‘ . i 5. Cupressus.
Fruit fleshy.
Female catkins ovoid, of 3-6 coalescent scales, fleshy in fruit,
ripening the second year forming a 1-3-seeded berry . 6. JUNIPERUS.
Female flowers solitary, consisting of an erect ovule seated on
a fleshy disc, which enlarges into a fleshy cup surround-
ing the seed . 5 . ‘ é - . : :

pe

. CEDRUS.

7. Taxus.

1. PINUS, Linn.

Evergreen monoicous trees, the branches generally in whorls at the base
of each year’s terminal shoot. Leaves on the first shoots of seedlings and
on elongating branchlets single, acicular subulate or squamiform, bearing
in their axils arrested branchlets, consisting of a short, tubercular axis, and
a number of membranous sheathing scales which surround a cluster of 2-5
acicular leaves. Axillary buds are as a rule only developed into elongated
branches at the end of each year’s terminal shoot, one whorl of side branches
being formed annually, so that the age of a young tree may be ascertained,
not only by counting the annual rings of the wood, but also by the num-
ber of whorls on the stem. There are, however, exceptions: Pinus excelsa
and Pinaster often form two whorls in one season, and P. Gerardiana and
others are apt to throw out scattered side branches, not in regular whorls.
The male catkins are in the axils of membranous bracts, clustered round
the branch in a dense raceme at the base of the current year’s shoot, so
that in those branches, which habitually bear male flowers, there are often
breaks in the foliage indicating the position of previous year’s catkins.
Antheriferous scales numerous, imbricate, each scale with 2 distinct an-
ther-cells on its under surface, prolonged beyond them into a membranous
crest. Female flowers on separate branches, solitary or in whorls, gener-
ally at the end of the current year’s shoot, subsessile or pedunculate, ped-
uncle with scaly bracts. Ovules inverted, in pairs at the base of the car-
pellary scales, each scale in the axil of a bract which disappears before the
fruit ripens. Cones sessile or stipitate, formed of the enlarged woody
carpellary scales, which are more or less thickened at the apex. Seeds
oily, with a hard woody testa, in shallow excavations at the base of the
scales, often winged. Cotyledons 3-12, linear.

Leaves in clusters of three ; cones ovoid or ovoid-conical.
Sheathing scales persistent, fimbriate at the edges; seeds
with a large wing - . é a a 7 $
Sheathing scales deciduous ; seeds with a short caducous
wing . : 4 ‘ ; ‘ : 3 ‘ :
—_ Leaves in A anters of five ; sheathing scales deciduous ; cones
cylindric, scales not much thickened at the top . ‘ 3. P. excelsa.

1. P. longifolia.
2. P. Gerardiana,
506 LXXVI. CONIFER. [ Pinus.

A two-leaved Pine is described under the name of P. Royleana, Jameson
(Report upon the Bot. Gardens of the N.W. Provinces, 1854, p. 43, and Journ.
Hort. Soc. 1855, 52). The cones, of which a number are in the Kew Museum,
are ovoid-conical, 2 in. long, the ends of the scales with a sharp hook similar to
the cones of some varieties of P. sylvestris. The leaves (which I have not seen)
are described as 2 in a sheath, 2-24 in. long, stiff and light glaucous green,
sheaths short and partially persistent. Seeds very small with a broadish wing,
rather more than}$in.long. Cotyledons6. Jameson states that it was discovered
in 1850 by the Garden Seed Collectors on the Gosainthan mountain in Nepal,
at an elev. of 10,000 ft. above the sea. Seeds were sent to England, from which
plants were raised in the Hort. Soc. Garden in 1853, but this is all that is
known regarding this doubtful species, which Parlatore doubtfully suggests
might be P. Kasya (DC. Prodr. xvi. ii. 390), but it evidently is closely allied
to P. sylvestris. Another doubtful species, classed by Parlatore under the
2-leaved Pines, is P. persica, Strangways (Loudon’s Gardeners’ Magazine, 1839,
p. 130), shape of the cone said to be like that of P. Pinea, seeds large, with
gibbous wings. Under this name a 2-leaved Pine is cultivated at Kew, be-
lieved to be P. halepensis. Parlatore describes it with cylindric obtuse cones,
and the leaves in threes and fours.

_l. P. longifolia, Roxb. Fl. Ind. iii. 651; Cleghorn, Pines of the N.W.
Himalaya, t. 3; Royle Ill. t. 85. Sans. Sarala. Vern. Nakhtar (shautai,
splinters of wood), Afg. ; Chal, chir, drab chir, Pb. ; Saral, Jaunsar ; Chir,
salla, sapin (straight tree), kolon, kolan, kolain, kallon, Garhw., Kamaon ;
Thansa, Royle, N.W. Him. ; Dhup, Oudh. In Sikkim called Gniet-hung
by the Lepchas, and Teadong by the Bhotias.

A large tree with symmetrical branches high up on the trunk, forming a
rounded head of light foliage. Bark rough, cut into polygonal plates by deep
dark-coloured furrows. ‘Leaves in clusters of three, 9-12 in. long, some-
times longer, slender, inner face keeled, so as to be nearly triquetrous, with
a rounded convex back. Sheath persistent, greyish brown, of numerous
closely imbricate bracts, fimbriate at the edges with long fibres. Cones
on short stiff stalks, spreading or recurved, solitary or in whorls of 3-5,
ovoid-conical, 4-7 in. long, 3 in. diam. above the base. Scales 14-2 in.
long, ? in. broad, and 4 in. thick at the top, the apex (apophysis) forming
a spreading or recurved obtuse pyramidal beak, with 4-6 more or less dis-
tinct rounded faces. Seeds with a thin membranous wing }-1 in. long,
obtuse, oblanceolate and unequal-sided. Cotyledons 12 on the average
(Madden).

Afghanistan, cultivated at Kandahar, 3500 ft. Kafiristan at 6000 ft. Eastern
slopes of the Suliman range, where Dr Stewart, in 1860, supposed its lower limit to
be over 9000 ft., Pb. Pl. 226. Abundant in the Siwalik tract and outer Himalaya
from the Indus to Bhutan, generally between 1500 and 6000 ft. elevation, occa-
sionally ascending higher, to 7500 ft.in Kamaon. The lower and upper limits of
this tree in the different parts of the Himalaya, under different circumstances, are
by no means well known. In the Panjab, north of the Sutlej, 1800 ft. is gene-
rally regarded as the lowest, and 5000 ft. as the upper limit ; at Simla the tree
grows as high as 7000 ft., and this is generally its upper limit in Kamaon. In
Sikkim and Bhutan it does not rise beyond 3000 or 4000 ft. In the Sutlej
valley this Pine skirts, in open forests, the trees standing far apart, the lower
slopes of the hills on both sides of the Sutlej river as far as the Wangtu bridge,
where it reaches its upper limit in the valley. Cultivated in the plains of North-
Pinus. | LXXVI. CONIFERA. 507

ice India, and grows even at Calcutta, In England requires shelter in winter.
regarious, forming nearly pure, open forests, often with scanty underwood of
Andromeda, Berberis, Rhus Cotinus, and locally at lower elevations, of Carissa
diffusa, Fl, Feb.-April ; the cones require 12-15 months to ripen; they open and
shed their seeds in April or May, but are long persistent afterwards, so that in
autumn there are numerous seedless cones on the trees. ‘Ribbentrop (Panjab Arbo-
ricult. 178) states that in the Panjab the seed ripens in October, and that the best
time to collect seed is to pick the cones from Dec. to March, The leaves gene-
rally remain 2-3 years on the branches, the oldest being shed in May and June.
Attains 70, and at times 100-110 ft.; trunk tall, erect, straight, 5-7, rarely 10-12
ft. girth. Crown oval when young, rounded when old, extremities of branch-
lets turned upwards, foliage of old trees dark, of young trees lighter green.
Bark $ in. thick, cut up by deep fissures and cracks into irregularly polygonal,
sometimes oblong thick, large grey or reddish plates, inner substance reddish-
brown, compact. Wood yellowish, reddish-white or brown, no distinct heart-
wood. The weight of seasoned Chir, according to experiments made at Rurki,
is 27 lb., and the value of P. 932 (average of 10 exp., extremes 818 and 1084).
Experiments made at Almora by Capt. Jones in 1844, and recorded by Madden,
give 34-45 as the weight of unseasoned wood felled one month, P=626 (15 exp.),
and 36-41 1b. for seasoned timber, P=545 (5 exp.) The wood is easy to work,
and is extensively used in the hills for building—roof-trees are‘said to last two
generations in Kamaon—also for shingles where slate is not available, at the tea
plantations for tea-boxes, and there is a considerable export of it to the plains on
several of the Himalayan rivers, On the Sutlej and Biasit is largely employed for
the bottoms of boats. As a rule, however, the wood is not durable; ;it-is attacked
by insects, and decays rapidly when exposed to wet. In Kamaon, about Pitra,
and in several places on the Wardwan branch of the Chenab, a large proportion
of the trees have the bark and the fibres of the wood much spirally twisted, in
the same way, only to a much greater degree than is often seen in horse-chest-
nuts in Europe. The wood of the twisted trees is useless for any purpose save
fuel. It has been supposed that the twist is caused by the local winds, but the
twisted are often mixed with straight-grown trees, exactly as is the case in an
avenue of horse-chestnuts, and their occurrence is confined to particular locali-
ties not more exposed to the action of the wind than the neighbouring tracts,
The Chir probably produces more turpentine and resin than the other Coni-
fers of the North-West Himalaya ; it is obtained by making incisions in the
stem, or by stripping off the bark. The crude turpentine and resin is called
Biroza or gandha firoza, generally in N.W. India, dhup in Oudh, berja or
biroja in Garhwal, and khalja near Simla. The Sanscrit word is kshtra, whence
probably the name chir. In a report on the resinous products of the Garhwal
Forest Division, of March 1867, R. Thompson states that the quantity of berja
annually brought down to the markets at the foot of the hills may be assumed
at between 1000 to 1200 maunds of 80 Ib. each, at prices varying from 3 to 43
rupees per maund,—and he describes the procedure as follows: “ Several deep
triangular-shaped niches are cut into and around the trunk of the tree. The
niches are 12-18 in. long, and 6-8 in. deep. The base of the niche is hollowed
out so as to form a sort of receiver for the resin after it exudes, These are
emptied out as filled, which takes‘l0-15 days from the time of first cutting.
The receivers are filled and emptied several times during the season, which lasts
from 15th March to 15th June, or 3 months. The yield of an ordinary-sized
tree is 10-20 Ib. of berja for the first, and about a third of the quantity the
second year, after which the tree either dies or is blown down.” In the Panjab
in 1868 the crude resin sold for 4-7 rupees permaund. Tar (mixed with turpen-
tine and products of destructive distillation of wood) is also made by filling an
earthen pot (perforated at the bottom with small holes) with chips of resinous
508 LXXVI. CONIFERZ. [ Pinus.

wood, the pot is closed and luted over with wet mud, pieces of dry cow-
dung are heaped over it, and lighted. This fuel burns slowly, and the tar runs
into a second smaller pot placed underneath the other ina hole ee in the
ground (Journ. As. Soc. ii. 249). Spirit of turpentine is distilled from the crude
turpentine in the Panjab, the Bijnaur district, and elsewhere in North-West
India ; in the Panjab the crude turpentine to be distilled is mixed with water
and carbonate of soda. The residue (pale resin, colophony) is called sténdras in
Bijnaur. The wood of stumps and of trees which had been notched and muti-
lated is often so full of resin as to be translucent, and such wood is used for
torches and in place of candles, in houses and mines. The hark is used for
tanning, and as fuel.for iron-smelting. Charcoal is often made of the wood.
The charcoal of the leaves, mixed with rice-water, is used instead of ink. The
seeds (kalghoza, chathatti) are eaten, and are of some importance as food in
times of scarcity; they have a strong taste of turpentine.

The Chir requires much light, and seedlings will not spring up under shade.
Nevertheless the regeneration of Chir forests by self-sown seedlings is good, and
will, with properly-regulated cuttings, probably not present any great difficulty
wherever fires and cattle can be excluded. It is easily raised from seed, but re-
garding its cultivation on a large scale not much experience has yet been gained.
Ribbentrop (Hints on Arboriculture in the Panjab, 179) states that the tree
makes a long tap-root in its early youth, which must not be injured in trans-
planting. The growth is moderately rapid (4-5 rings per inch). It has much
tenacity of life.

Nearly allied is P. Kasya, Royle; DC. Prodr. xvi. ii, 390, the Pine of the
Kasia hills (2000-6000 ft.), and of the mountains east of Toungoo, between the
Sitang and Yunzalin rivers in Burma, where I found it in Feb. 1859, forming
extensive forests at elevations above 3000 ft., as a large tree, attaining 200 ft. in
height, the wood very resinous. (Zinyuben, Burm.) It has shorter and more
slender leaves (3 in a sheath), the young cones are recurved, on long bracteate
stalks, the ripe fruit is smaller than that of P. longifolia, 2-3 in. long, the top
of the scales flat or convex, without any prominent beak at the end. On the
Yunzalin plateau, the male flowers open in Feb., and at that time cones of
several stages of growth are on the trees. Of the tree in the Kasia hills Hooker
gives the following account: “They had 5 years’ old cones on them as well as
those of all succeeding years ; they bear male flowers in autumn, which impreg-
nate the cones formed the previous year. Thus the cones formed in the sprin
of 1850 are fertilised in the following autumn, and do not ripen their seeds til
the second following autumn, that of 1852.”—Himalayan Journals, ii. 288. The
time of impregnation of the female flowers of P. longifolia merits farther in-
quiry, also the time which the cones require to ripen. It would be remarkable,
though not ae (see Quercus Suber and occidentalis), if two species so
closely allied were found to differ in this respect.

2. P. Gerardiana, Wall.—Tab. LXVII.—Royle IIL +. 85 ; Cleghorn
let. 4. Vern. Chilghoza, jalghoza, Afg.; Chirt, prita, mirri, galboja,
galgoja, Chenab ; Kashti, Ravi; Ri, rhi, Kunawar ; Kannuchi, koniun-
chi, kaninchi, West Tibet. Called Konecha, kolecha, by the Juwahir Bhu-
tiyas. (Madden). The seeds: MNeoza, nioza.

A middle-sized tree with a short rounded crown and grey bark, peeling off
in large flakes. Foliage dark green, branches smooth, nut-brown. ‘Leaves
in clusters of three, 3-5 in. long, stiff, 2 line broad ; sheath and bracts
deciduous. Cones while young (catkins) erect on stout scaly peduncles
1 in. long, when mature glaucous, ovoid-oblong, 6-9 in. long, 4-5 in. diam.
Pinus.] LXXVI. CONIFER, 509

at base. Lower part of scales 1-14 in. long, 1-1} in. broad at top, upper
part recurved, obtusely triangular, compressed, spinescent. Seeds cylin-
dric, 1 in. long, with a short caducous wing.

Common in North Afghanistan and Kafiristan, abundant on the Safedkoh
and probably also at high elevations on the Suliman range, In the N.W.
Himalaya, locally in the inner valleys with a drier climate, beyond the influ-
ence of the periodical rains. Indus valley between Astor and Iskardo, and in
Gilgit. On the Chenab, common below Kilar, on a short portion of the main
river, and on the Marru, a tributary (5800-8000 ft.) A few trees occur at one place
on the Ravi (at 8000-8500 ft.) In Kunawar, generally occupying the lower
slopes of the mountain-sides near the river, between 6000 and 10,000 ft. (Capt.
Gerard states up to 12,300 ft. near Sungnam), from Chergaon and Jani to Han-
garang and Dabling. Planted at Serahn, 15 miles lower down the valley, and
within the full range of the monsoon, but does not bear fruit. Also in British
‘Garhwal, between Malari and Bampa, on the route to the Niti Pass, at 6000-
10,000 ft. (Dr Jameson, 1846). Gregarious, but not forming dense forests, fre-
quently associated with Deodar, often on dry steep rocky slopes, on granite and
clay-slatein Kunawar. The male flowers appear in June and July,and the yellow
pollen falls abundantly at that time, and is carried about by the wind. The
cones ripen in the second year; at lower levels by the end of September, at
higher alevationa about the middle of October. The leaves remain 3-4 years on
the branches, Attains 30-40, at times 50-60 ft., with a short straight trunk (clear
of branches, to 8 or 10 ft.), girth 6-7, rarely 12 ft. ; branches strong, horizontal
or decurved, the ends turned up, forming a broad oval or rounded compact
bushy crown. Bark grey, greenish grey, often silvery, with darker blotches,
without fissures cracks or roughness, exfoliating in long thin flakes, leaving ex-
posed patches of the fresh, smooth, darker-coloured inner bark, The peculiarly
smooth bark of this species, which is never transformed into a rough outer coat-
ing like that of the other pines, was first noticed by Dr W. Hoffmeister, who
accompanied Prince Waldemar of Prussia in his journey through India in 1845
and 1846.

The wood is used for the hook which supports the passenger’s seat on the
single-rope swing-bridge ; it probably is ee but is hardly ever felled, as the
tree is valuable on account of the edible seeds. It is very resinous, and a white
resin also exudes abundantly from the bark and cones. Baskets and rough
water-buckets are made of the bark. The cones are plucked before they open,
and are heated to make the scales expand, and to get the seed out. Large quan-
tities of the seeds are stored for winter use ; they form a staple food of the in-
habitants of Kunawar, are often eaten ground and mixed with flour, Itisa
common saying in Kunawar, “One tree a man’s life in winter.” They are
also exported to the plains, and considerable quantities are imported annually
into North-Western India from Afghanistan by the Khaiber and Bolan Passes.
They are oily, with a slight but not unpleasant turpentiny flavour. The seeds
and an oil extracted from them are used in native medicine.

To the same section (Zeda, with 3 leaves in a sheath) as the preceding species,
belong three important trees of Eastern North America: 1. P. australis, Mich-
aux, the Long-leaved or Yellow Pine, also called Pitch Pine, a large tree, which
clothes extensive dry sandy tracts, known as the Pine Barrens, along the
coast of South Virginia, the two Carolinas, Georgia, and Florida, The heart-
wood is compact, heavy (40-53 1b. per cub. ft.), strong, durable, and much prized
in America for house- and ee o is very resinous, and yields the

in supply of American resin and turpentine. = ;
Mca (Biotest Trees of North America, 1819, ii. 271) gives the following
510 LXXVI. CONIFERA. [ Pinus.

description of the mode of procedure, which is confirmed by other accounts :
In winter a cavity is cut into the base of the trunk about 3 or 4 inches from the
ground, commonly of the capacity of 3 pints, and about 4in.deep. These cavities
are called boxes, and they have the shape of a large distended waistcoat-pocket.
When the trees are large, 2 or sometimes 4 boxes are excavated on opposite
sides of the trunk. Two oblique gutters are made at the edges of the box, and
the surface of the stem is hacked or chipped above the box ; this is repeated once
a-week ; the first year the chippings extend 12 in, upwards, and are carried up
higher every year, but after 5 or 6 years the tree is generally abandoned. The
turpentine begins to run about the middle of March, and the hottest months,
July and August, are the most productive. The boxes generally fill every three
weeks, and the turpentine is ladled out with wooden shovels into pails. Fires
are the great danger, and on that account the ground at the foot of the trees is
carefully cleared of leaves and herbage. The solid masses of resin, which con-
erete on the chipped part of the stem, are collected under the name of scrap-
ings. In ordinary years it is estimated that 3000 trees, which generally form
the charge of one person, yield 75 barrels of turpentine and 25 barrels of scrap-
ings in one season, which supposes the boxes to be emptied five or six times
during the season. The method of collecting resin of P. Pinaster, Laricio, and
halepensis, in France and Corsica, described at p. 514, differs essentially
from the American system, the scars being flat, and the turpentine being col-
lected either in earthen pots, or in cavities cut in the roots or made in the
sand at the foot of the tree. Large quantities of tar are made from the tops
and branches and dead trees of Penus australis in charcoal-kilns, which have
the shape of a truncated and inverted cone ; Michaux states that a kiln 10-12
ft. high, 20 ft. diam. below, and 25-30 ft. above, yields 100 barrels of tar,
which seems a very large quantity. It is evident that the yellow pine is more
resinous than most other Conifers. The wood of this tree is extensively used for
building in the Southern States, it is also exported largely to the West Indies.
The species is distinguished by long cylindrical cones, 6-10 in. long, the scales
armed with short recurved spines ; the leaves are 10-15 in. long.

2. P. Teda, Linn., the Loblolly Pine, grows in the Southern States, mainly
in the long narrow marshes that intersect the Pine Barrens. It also is tapped’
for resin, but is less valued.

3. P. rigida, Mill, the Ptch Pine, inhabits the Northern States ; during last
century it yielded large quantities of resin and tar, -but the wholesale destruc-
tion of the trees has diminished or stopped the supply from that source.

3. P. excelsa, Wall. Pl. As. Rar. t. 201; Cleghorn 1. c. t. 2.—Syn. P.
Peuce, Grisebach ; P. pendula, Griff. Vern. Piuni, Afg.; Biar, Hazara ;
Chal, chir, chiltu, chitu, chiu, from Kashmir to Jaunsar ; Chila, Garhwal ;
Kail, Bias and Sutlej (outer hills); Lim, him, Chamba and Kunawar ;
Yara, ytir, yiro, Kashmir ; Shomshing, Lahoul ; Raisalla, lamshing, byans,
on the upper Sarda; Tongschi, Bhutan.

A large tree, with dark-coloured bark, divided into small irregular plates.
Foliage bluish-green, or greyish-green in exceptional cases, particularly at
high elevations. Leaves in clusters of 5, 6-8 in. long, slender, drooping,
sheath and bracts deciduous. Cones erect while young, on peduncles 1-2
in. long or longer, pendulous when mature, cylindric, 6-10 in. long ; scales
closely imbricate, 2-2} in. long, 1-1} in. broad, cuneate-oblong, flat, apex
(apophysis) not much thickened, rhomboid, the ends rounded. Seeds

ovoid, 4 in. long, or a little longer, with an oblong, obliquely truncate
wing. Cotyledons usually 9. :
Pinus. | LXXVI. CONIFERA. 511

Mountains of Kafiristan north of Jellalabad (Griffith), Safedkoh (Griffith and
Bellew), near Rondu on the'Indus below Iskardo. Himalaya between 6000 and
10,000 ft., from the Indus to Bhutan, extending considerably into the more arid
tract. Lahoul, Kunawar as far as Sungnam and Namgia. Niti Pass in Garh-
wal. Nepal, Bhutan. Wanting in central and north-west Kamaon (Madden), and
in Sikkim. The tree is occasionally found as low as 5000 and as high as 12,500
ft. 2. Peuce, which. has ‘been identified with P. excelsa by Hooker (Journ.
Linn. Soe. viii. 145), was first discovered by Grisebach on Mount Pelister or
Peristeri near Bitolia in South Macedonia, near the borders of Albania, where it
forms a considerable extent of forest at the upper limit of arborescent vegetation,
above the range of the Beech, from 4400 to 5800 ft., descending to 3000 ft. (as a
shrub only), and in places ascending to 6100 ft.; and has since been found far-
ther north on the Kom mountain in Montenegro. Between Macedonia and Af-

hanistan, a distance of 2200 miles, no trace of the tree has yet been discovered.

. excelsa is hardy in England, but seems inclined to seed rather early and too
freely ; its leading shoots ‘are very luxuriant, but often bent and irregular.
These peculiarities are noticed near Simla, wherever the tree grows below its
normal line of elevation. Introduced 1823, the largest tree at Dropmore is 70
ft. high.

E vacéln is gregarious, but does not often form pure forests of large extent.
It generally is mixed with the Deodar, Abies Webbiana, and Smithiana, and is
often found at the edges of mixed forests of leaf-bearing trees. At higher levels
it grows among the Alpine Birch (B. Bhojpattra), and at lower levels it is not
rarely found associated with Pinus longifolia near the upper limit of that tree.
In Kunawar it forms forests of considerable extent above and below the Deodar
belt, and is mixed with it. In the Baspa valley Deodar ceases at an elevation
of about 9500 ft., but P. excelsa extends considerably higher, both at the bottom
and on the sides of the valley. In the forests on the left bank of the Sutlej.
above the mouth of the Baspa, it often forms the main portion of the forest
between the Deodar and the Alpine Birch.

It flowers from the end of April to the middle of June ; in October the young
cones are 1 in. long, and pea-green, in April they attain 3-4 in., and they ripen
in the autumn of the second year. The seedless cones are persistent for a long
time, hanging on the branches with their broad gaping scales. The leaves remain
3-4 years before they are shed. Attains 100-120, and sometimes 150 ft. in height.
In isolated trees the branches are low, nearly to the ground ; they are whorled,
horizontal, the ends turned up, except when laden with fruit. Branches smooth,
dark-grey, sometimes purplish-brown. Bark dark-coloured, cut into drab-grey
rough scales, by parallel vertical fissures and cross-cracks ; in old trees the scales
are broad, irregularly polygonal, with whitish or silver-grey surface, divided by
dark-coloured rough furrows. . ; : ;

Sapwood whitish, heartwood light-brown, often with reddish lines and
resinous knots, compact, even-grained, soft and easy to work. As regards
durability, it ranks next to Deodar, of the north-west Himalayan Conifers, and is
preferred to Abies and to Pinus longifolia. Inthe Panjab Himalaya, it is said
to last 7-8 years as shingles, 8-10 years as beams in walls, and 15 years as ordi-

: nary inside planking. Where Deodar cannot easily be obtained, itis largely used
for house-building, shingles, water-channels, water-troughs, wooden spades, and
other implements. It is said to be the best wood available in the Panjab
for pattern-making, as it works extremely well and can be got without much
resin. It yields an excellent charcoal for iron-smelting. A variety of the wood,
valued less than the normal kind, is called dar chil at the Ravi and Chenab timber
depots. The term is not used in the forests. The wood grown on south aspects
is said to be heavier and to contain more turpentine. Turpentine, resin, and
tar might be readily obtained trom this tree ; it probably is nearly as resinous as
512 LXXVI. CONIFER. [ Pinus.

P. longifolia. The wood is much used for torches ; jagni, Pushtu ; mashal,
Hindi. ‘Chips and small pieces of the wood form an article of trade in the tree-
less inner Himalaya, under the name of Lashi, chanshing. The cones are useful
for lighting fires. The bark is used to roof huts in the forest, and trees are
often seen denuded of their bark to a considerable height. The leaves and
twigs are much used for litter ; and the leaves of this species, as well as of P.
longifolia, are mixed with mortar and plaster in building. Madden states that
in Kamaon, in a fair dry winter, the leaves and branches get covered with a liquid
exudation, which hardeus into a white kind of manna, sweet, not turpentiny,
which is eaten. A similar exudation (Manne de Briangon) is collected in the
French Alps on the leaves of the Larch, and used as a purgative.

P. Strobus, Linn., called White Pine in America, and Weymouth Pine in
England, is similar to P. excelsa, but has shorter leaves and more slender cones.
It is a large and most important timber-tree, formerly often found 200-250 ft,
high and 18 ft. in girth, which grows luxuriantly in damp forests mixed with
leaf-bearing (deciduous) trees, in the Northern United States from the head-
waters of the Mississippi eastward, on the Alleghany Mountains, and in Southern
Canada. The wood is white or pale-yellowish white, soft and light (80-35 Ib.),
free from knots, easily worked, is durable, but has little strength. It is the
wood used most in North America for building, furniture, and other purposes,
and is exported from Canada. The tree grows rapidly while young, is hardy in
England (introduced 1705), France, and Germany, it has been cultivated on a
considerable scale in some forest tracts of Germany, where the timber pro-
duction per acre has been found higher than that of other Conifers.

To the same group, with 5 leaves in one sheath, belongs P. Cembra, Linn. ;
Reichenb. Ic. Fl. Germ. t. 530.— Arve, Zirbelkiefer, Germ. ; Cirmolo, It. ; Cein-
brot, auvier, Fr.; Arolla of the Alps. A middle-sized, slow-growing, and long-
lived tree of the Alps and Carpathian Mountains in Central Europe, which forms
extensive but irregular forests between 4000 and 7000 ft., often at the upper
limit of arborescent vegetation. The leaves are short, stiff, dark-green, and the
cones short, ovoid ; the seeds are wingless, broad, ovoid, and somewhat 3-sided.
They are eaten.

Of the Section Pinaster, with 2 leaves in each sheath, no species except the
doubtful one mentioned at p. 506 inhabits North-West India, The remark-
able tropical Fir of Tenasserim and Siam, which S. Kurz has identified with P.
Merkusit of Sumatra and Borneo (Flora, 1872, 264) belongs to this section. * It
is closely allied to P. sinensis, Lambert (Benth. Fl. Hongk. 337)—Syn. P.
Massoniana, Lamb. ; of South China, Formosa and Loo Choo islands. Both
species have semicylindric leaves, 7-9 in. long. the convex back marked
with numerous prominent lines, and persistent sheaths; the cones are ovoid
or ovoid-lanceolate, 2-3 in. long, recurved when ripe, the thickened part of |
the scales rhomboid. They are much alike, and may perhaps eventually be
united. In the Tenasserim specimens the end of the scales (apophysis) is pyra-
midal, 4.7-sided, while in P. sinensis it is flat. The Tenasserim Pine grows in
forests of Dipterocarpus tuberculatus of the Thoungyeen valley, which occupy
vast areas of high ground and dry undulating hills, the moister valleys be-
tween being covered with Bamboo forest, often containing Teak. The wood is |
exceedingly resinous, the stems not very tall (50 ft. to first branch) and not
very regularly shaped. om ¥

at Thunbergit, Parlatore; DC. Prodr. xvi. ii. 388—Syn. P. Massoniana,
Sieb. et Zuccar ; Fl. Jap. t. 113, 114—is a large tree of Japan, Corea, and North
China, hardy in England, with stiff rigid leaves 3-5 in, long. :
Pinus.] LXXVI. CONIFERA. 513

The following are the more important European species of the section
Pinaster :—

* P. sylvestris, Linn., Hook. Stud. Fl. 348 ; Reichenb. Ic. Fl. Germ. t. 521,—
Scotch Fir, Kiefer, Féhre, Germ. ; Pin sylvestre, Fr. A large tree with tall
stem, clear of branches to a great height, bark red, foliage greyish, sometimes
bluish green, crown pyramidal while the tree is young and growing vigorously
upwards, rounded afterwards. Leaves glaucous, 2-4 in. long, remaining on the
branches 2-3 years ; sheath short. Cones pedunculate, recurved, not shining,
ovoid-lanceolate, unequal-sided, 14-24 in. long, ends of scales rhomboid, rugose,
with a transverse keel, sometimes pyramidal and beaked. Wings 3 times the
length of seeds.. Central and North Europe. Also on the mountains of Spain,
North Asia, Caucasus, mountains of Asia Minor and of North Persia. A variety
with longer cones (3 in.), the lower scales with a thick blunt beak, leaves and
twigs fragrant when bruised, is described by Andrew Murray as sub-sp. Haynensis
(Gardeners’ Chronicle, 1869, p. 473). _It was raised from seed supposed to have
been received from the North-West Himalaya. The tree, however, has not yet
been found in India, unless it is P: Royleana mentioned before. It seems not
impossible that some Scotch Fir cultivated in the Himalaya has been the origin
of P, Haynensis and Royleana. In the northern Alps its upper limit is 5000,
and in the southern 6000 ft. In the Maritime Alps inland from Mentone its
range is from 1770 to 5100 ft. On the Pyrenees it grows between 3000 and 5000,
and on the Sierra Nevada between 5000 and 6500 ft. Fl. May ; the cones ripen
in the autumn of the second year, but often do not open until the following spring.
Eminently gregarious, forms extensive natural and generally pure forests in the
Highlands of Scotland, in the plains of North and East Germany, and in the
Baltic provinces of Russia. Thrives best on soil which transmits water readily,
particularly in sandy soil. Attains under favourable circumstances 150 ft., with
clean stems 70-80 ft. long. Such dimensions are not rare in the Scotch Fir
forests of Franconia, particularly in the Steigerwald, between Wiirzburg and
Bamberg, where it is grown with an underwood of Beech. Sapwood large,
enclosing a distinctly-marked reddish heartwood, durable and strong. Weight
25-46 lb. The seedlings require much light, but forests of Scotch Fir can,
under favourable circumstances, be regenerated by natural reproduction. Im-
ported into England from the Baltic and Norway, under the names of Red
Memel, Dantzg Fir, and Red Deal.

2. P. montana, Mill.; Willkomm Forstl. Flora, 169.—Syn. P. Mughus,
Scop. P. Pumilio, Henke; P. uncinata, Ramond; P. obliqua, Saut. ;
Reichenb. Ic. Fl. Germ. t. 522, 523. Pin & crochets, Fr.; Krummholz, Leg-
Sohre, Latsche, Germ. A slow-growing moderate-sized tree, with branches down
to the base, unless growing in close masses ; crown pyramidal, not rounded or
tabular when old, the lower part of the stems mostly bent down and prostrate
along the ground ;“bark dark-coloured, greyish-brown, never red, foliage dark
green. Leaves green, rigid, 2 in. long, remaining 3-5 years on the branches, the
sheaths a little longer than those of P. sylvestris, Cones sessile, erect or spread-
ing, not recurved, shining, ovoid or ovoid-lanceolate, unequal-sided, 1-24 in,
long ; ends of scales rhomboid, often with a recurved beak, always with a black
ring round the centre. Wings 3-4 times the length of seed. Alps and moun-
tains of Central Europe, from the Pyrenees to Bukowina, also on the moun-
tains of Spain and Calabria. Forms a large extent of dense but low forests on
the plateaus of the Schwarzwald above 2000 ft., the stems creeping and inter-
lacing in a remarkable manner, but always sending up erect leaders. Much
of this land, wet and swampy formerly, has now been drained and planted
with spruce. An important Hrcocttaes on the Bavarian Alps between 2000 and

2K
514 LXXVI. CONIFER. [ Pinus.

5000 ft. 'The wood is much heavier than that of the Scotch Fir, very durable,
mainly used as fuel and for charcoal; but the chief value of the tree in the Alps
consists in its thriving on poor soil and in exposed situations, and serving to
clothe steep stony, dry and wet slopes, preventing their denudation, and affording
protection against slips and avalanches. Young plants bear more shade than
£. sylvestris.

3. P. Laricio, Poiret; Willkomm Forstl. Flora, 184; Reichenb. Ic. Fl,
Germ. t. 524:—Syn. P. austriaca, Endl. ; Schwarzkiefer,Germ. A large tree,
with tall straight cylindric stem, clear of branches to a great height, foliage dark
green, branchlets turned up at the ends. Leaves green, 2-5 in. long, persistent,
3-4 years on the branches, with a sharp whitish point. Cones sessile, 2-3 in,
long, spreading, ovoid-lanceolate, shining, yellowish red when ripe. Seeds large,
wing 3-4 times the length of seeds. Mountains of South Europe and Asia Minor,
forming extensive forests in Spain, in Corsica at 3000-5000 ft., and lower Austria
(Wiener Wald). Fl. May; the cones of this, as of the other allied species, ripen in
autumn of the second, and shed their seed in spring of the third year. Attaing
150 ft. in Corsica. Wood very resinous, sap large, heartwood red, very durable,
heavier than Larch, up to 56 Ib. (Mathieu). Mathieu, Fl. Forest, 398, records
an instructive series of measurements of the number of rings of sap- and heart.
wood of the wood from Corsica. A tree 90 years old, with a radius of 235 mm.,
had 73 rings of sapwood, in the aggregate 185 mm. broad; and a tree of 375
years, with a radius of 380 mm., had 190 rings of sap, measuring 80 mm, and
185 rings of heartwood. The Austrian Pine is tapped for resin in Austria, and
of late years the splendid forests of P. Laricio in Corsica have been worked on
a large scale for resin, the mode of procedure being the same as in the forests
of P. Pinaster in France. In its youth the tree has a rapid growth, and long
powerful leading shoots. In England the Corsican and Austrian Pine are con-
sidered distinct varieties.

4, P. Pinaster, Solander ; Reichenb. Ic. Fl. Germ. t. 525.—Syn. P. maritima,
Lamarck ; Cluster Pine—Pin maritime, Fr. A large tree, with a tall but not
very straight stem attaining great girth, branches high up, forming a rounded
crown; bark very thick, cut by deep fissures, fliage dense, dark green.
Leaves thick, rigid, 1 line broad, 5-8 in. long, remaining 3 years on the branches,
Cones purple when quite young, clustered at the end of the current year’s shoots,
when ripe subsessile, spreading or reflexed, in whorls and dense clusters of 5-10
or more, ovoid-cylindric, nut-brown, shining, 4-5 in. long, and 2-3 in. diam. at
base, ends of scales sharply and transversely keeled, with a dark-grey conical,
sharp tip. Mediterranean region, Algeria, Portugal, Spain, South and West
France, Corsica, where it forms, with Quercus Ilex, a zone intermediate between
the evergreen Maki of the coast and the forests of P. Laricio. Italy, Dalmatia.
Fl. April, May ; the cones ripen in autumn of the second year. Prefers a light
sandy soil, and thrives luxuriantly on the white shifting sands of the Dunes along
the coast of Gascogne, which, by means of sowings steadily continued ever
since 1789, have now been converted almost entirely into forests of this tree.
It also forms extensive nearly pure forests, toa great extent planted, on the
heaths of the “ Landes.”

The wood has numerous large resinous ducts, and the tapping of the tree is car-
ried on in a methodical manner in Gascogne, which sho t be imitated in India
if it be resolved to work any of the Himalayan Pines systematically for resin.
When the tree has attained a ou of 3-4 ft., a flat cut is made near the ground
through the bark into the wood, a few inches high, and about 5 inches wide ; the ..
resin which exudes is collected in small earthen pots, fixed at the base of the cut,
into which it runs over a flat piece of zinc. From time to time, once or twice |:
a-week during the season (1st March-15th Oct.), the cuts are extended upwards, ,
Pinus.) LXXVI, CONIFERA, 515

and this is continued until the flat scar or cut (carre) is 10-19 ft. high. This is
generally accomplished at the end of'5 years, and then the old scar is abandoned,
and a fresh scar is opened at the opposite side of the tree, and when this has
been completed, a third and at last a fourth scar are opened. In this manner a
tree can be worked for resin during a considerable period, the old scars healing
over by the formation of fresh bark, while fresh scars are opened, often on the
place of an old scar. ‘This procedure, when only one scar at a time is worked,
is called “gemmage @ vie.’ But when a tree is to be cut, then numerous scars
are opened and-worked simultaneously, and this is styled “gemmage @ mort.”
In the same manner, when young trees are to be thinned out, they are tapped at
a much earlier age, and as much resin got out of them as possible. As the scars

- advance in height the pots are raised also, and in order to get up to them the
workmen carry a short pole with notches, which serves as a ladder. Fire in
summer is the great risk in forests worked for resin, and in order to prevent its
spread, broad fire-paths are cleared throughout the forests. P. Penaster has
been cultivated on a considerable scale in the -sand-dunes near Boulogne; it
was introduced into England as early as 1596, and there are splendid speci-
mens in Windsor Park (Belvidere), Fulham, and elsewhere. An attempt has
also been made to plant it on the sands of the Madras coast, but a tropical cli-
mate is not apparently adapted to the requirements of this tree. The tree grows
with great rapidity while young, and in South-West France often forms two
whorls of branches in one season. It has’ powerful descending and spreading
roots, and is thus peculiarly adapted for fixing loose movable sands.

5. P. halepensis, Mill. ;-Christ in Flora, 1863, p. 370 ; Lambert, Pinus, ed. 1832,
t. 7; Reichenb. Ic. Fl. Germ. t. 526.—Syn. (the Greek tree) P. maritima,
Lamb.1. c. t. 6; Sibthorp FI. Greeca, t. 949. Pin d Alep, Fr. A moderate-sized
tree, sometimes shrubby, with light foliage, of a light-green or bluish-green
colour, and a rounded crown. Bark on branches and young stems smooth,
shining, silver grey, on older stems dark coloured, furrowed. Leaves slender,
2-4 in. long, grey or bluish green, remaining two, often only little more than one
year on the branches, hence the thin foliage ; sheaths } in. long, whitish, mem-
branous. Cones on peduncles $ in. long, recurved, solitary or 2-3 together, lan-
ceolate, 2-4 in. long, reddish brown, and mostly shining when mature, the ends
of scales rhomboid, flat or convex, with or without a distinct transverse keel.
Mediterranean region, from Portugal and North Africa to Syria and Arabia.
Taurus in Asia Minor, where it forms extensive pure forests. Ascends in
‘Spain to 3000, and on the Taurus to 3500 ft. Fl, April, May ; the cones
require two years to ripen, and do not shed their seeds until July and Aug. of
the third year. Hardy in the south of England. Might be tried in the plains
of the Panjab. In Provence, where this pine is common in the vicinity of the
sea, itis tapped for resin, but is less productive than P. Pimaster. In Greece
the tree (wevxos, modern Greek) is abundant, forming extensive but irregular
and open forests on the stony and rocky hills of Attica, Megara, around the
Gulf of Lepanto, on the islands of the Archipelago, and in the Morea, ascend-
ing to 3000 ft. on Hymettus and Pentelicus, The wood is used for building,
and the tree is largely tapped for resin ; pieces of the resinous wood -are used
as torches, and the bark is employed for tanning. Link, after having seen the
Greek tree in Attica, in 1838, maintained it under the name of P. maritima,
Lamb., as distinct from P. halepensis, distinguishing it mainly by the (light)
green colour of the foliage, which is generally more grey or glaucous in the tree
of Italy and France ee xv. (1841) 495). He added, however, that these
2 species were difficult to distinguish. Christ (Flora, 1863, 371) shows that the
forms from Greece, Italy, and France vary exceedingly in the end of the scales
(apophysis), and equally go in the other characters, and that no fixed distinction
516 LXXVI. CONIFERA. [Pinus.

can be maintained between the two species. Grisebach, however, retains P, mari-
tima, Lamb., as a distinct species, peculiar to the evergreen region of the eastern
Mediterranean, distinguishing P. halepensis by shorter leaves and the ends of
the scales transversely keeled (Flora, 1861, 597, and Vegetation d, Erde, i. 315),

P. pyrenaica, Lapeyr.; DC. Prodr. xvi. 384.—Syn. P, Brutia, Tenore Fi.
Neap. t. 200, is a large tree, forming extensive forests in the mountains of Cen-
tral Spain, and on the south face of the Pyrenees (2000-3000 ft.), also found
in Calabria (2400-3600 ft.), Crete, Cyprus, the Taurus of Cilicia, and in Syria
and Bithynia, with subsessile spreading cones 2-3 in. long, conical, with a flat
base, and in dense clusters of 3-15 or more, ends of scales almost flat ; leaves
4-8 in, long, dark green, narrow, lax, not rigid.

6. P. Pinea, Linn. ; Reichenb. Ic, Fl. Germ. t. 428, 429. The Stone Pine.
Pignon, Fr.; Pigno, It.; Pinie, Germ. A large tree with a tall not very
straight stem, clear of branches to a great height, and bearing a flat umbrella-
shaped crown, Leaves 3-6 in. long, rigid, with a sharp point, remaining 3
years on the branches, narrower than those of P. Pinaster. Cones large, ovoid
or subglobose, 4-6 in. long, smooth, shining, the ends of scales convex-pyrami-
dal with 4-6 rounded faces, seeds 2 in. long, without wings, edible, forming an
important article of trade. Throughout the Mediterranean region, chiefly
in the vicinity of the coast, and often in forests of large extent. The cele-
brated Stone Pine forest “ Pineta,” near Ravenna, stretches for a distance of 20
miles along the coast of the Adriatic. Stone Pine forests are in Tuscany,
Portugal, Andalusia, on Mount Athos in Macedonia, and in Asia Minor. The
original home of the Stone Pine is probably the eastern Mediterranean region,
The tree is hardy in the south of England, and its cultivation might be tried
in the sub-Himalayan tract of the Panjab. Fl. April, May; the cones take 3
years to ripen.

2, CEDRUS, Link.

Evergreen monoicous trees. ‘Leaves needle-shaped, single on elongated
shoots and on the first shoots of seedlings, otherwise in dense fascicles
on short arrested branchlets. Catkins single, cylindric at the ends of the
leaf-bearing branchlets. Anther-cells 2, dehiscing longitudinally, adnate
to the under side of imbricate scales, which are prolonged into flat ovate-
oblong, obtuse, denticulate crests. Ovules inverted, in pairs at the base
of the carpellary scales, these in the axils of small bracts, which disappear
before the fruit ripens. Cones ripening the second year, lateral, erect,
formed of broad obtuse carpellary scales, with a thin edge and a thickened
woody base. Seeds oily, with a hard woody testa, and broad membran-
ous wings.

1. C. Deodara, Loudon; Cleghorn 1. c. t. 1.—Syn. Pinus Deodara,
Roxb. Fl. Ind. iii, 651. Deodar, Himalayan Cedar. Sans, Devadaru
(the divine tree). Vern. Nakhtar, lmanza, Afg.; Didar, dewdar, deodar,
dedwar, dadar, Hazara, Kashmir, Garhwal, and Kamaon; FPalidar,
Hazara ; Kelu, keolt, kilar, kilei, Chenab to Jumna; Kelmang, Kunawar ;
Giam, Tibet.

A large tree with dark-coloured bark, the extremities of branchlets
drooping while young. Foliage (in North-West India) dark green, lighter,
Cedrus. ‘LXXVI. CONIFERA, 517

sometimes bluish green in young trees. Leaves 1-1} in. long, rigid, sharp,
triquetrous, the leaves of 3-5 years on the branches. Cones erect, 4-5 in.
long and 3-4 in. diam., ovoid or ovoid-cylindrical, obtuse, scales closely
imbricate, broadly cuneate, 2-24 in. broad and 1-14 in. long, the upper
edge rounded. Seeds } in. long, wings large, triangular, with rounded sides.

The Deodar, so far as known at present, has a limited range of distribution.
It is indigenous on the mountains of Afghanistan and North Beluchistan, and
in the North-West Himalaya, where its eastern limit is below the Niti Pass on
the Dauli river, one of the main feeders of the Alaknanda. No indigenous
forests of it are known east of 80° or west of 66° long. On the Safedkoh
it grows between 6000 and 10,000 ft., and in the Himalaya generally between
4000 and 10,000 ft., but descends in places to 3500 and ascends to 12,000 ft.
The tree is commonly planted in Kamaon near villages and in temple-groves,
and here and there in Nepal. It is gregarious and forms extensive forests
in the basin of the main tributaries of the Indus, on the Tonse, Jumna,
and Bhagirati rivers, and on two feeders of the Alaknanda. In these
forests the Deodar alone covers large areas, or is associated with Pinus ex-
celsa and Abies Smithiana, less commonly with Abies Webbiana, and the three
Oaks, Quercus incana, dilatata, and semecarpifolia. The Cypress, Birch, Taxus,
and in Kunawar and Pangi Pinus Gerardiana, are also companions of the
Deodar. It extends to the limits of the arid zone, but does not enter it as Pinus
excelsa. On the Chenab it ceases at Galing above Triloknath, and in the Sutlej
valley the upper limit is the Hangarang Pass on the right and Dabling on the
left side, and on the Baspa it ceases below Rakcham. In these valleys and
on the Indus P. excelsa grows much higher up. It is wanting in Lahoul. The
Deodar was introduced into England in 1822, and is hardy in England and Scot-
land, also in South Europe, France, and South-West Germany. On the Rhine
at Coblenz, Bonn, and Cologne it suffers from late spring frosts. On the other
hand, at Tharant in Saxony, where the winter is more severe, the Deodar seems’
to do well. In the Himalaya it is found on gneiss, granite, and silicious shales,
and is not wanting on limestone (Jaunsar, Chenab).

The male catkins appear in September, and shed their yellow pollen in Octo-
ber, which is blown about in abundant profusion. In the ensuing spring the
young cones are about 1 in. long ; in October, twelve months after flowering they
have attained half size, and ripen in October or November of the second year,
thus requiring 24-26 months to come to maturity. The scales and seeds fall, and
in November and December the persistent scaleless axis of the cones is often seen
on the same tree with the half-formed cones of the preceding year and the
female catkins recently fertilised. The Deodar seeds freely and regularly,
but every third or fourth year the cones are apt to fail. In April a flush of
young leaves comes out at the ends of the tuft-like branchlets, of a light, often
bluish-green colour, forming a striking contrast with the older darker green
foliage of the previous years. Owing to the close proximity of the leaves of
successive years on the stunted branchlets, it is not easy to say how many years
they persist, 3-5 years seems to be the average. The foliage of young Deodars
grown in Europe is generally bluish green; in the Himalaya this colour is
seen occasionally, but as a rule the foliage, save the youngest shoots of spring,
is green and rather dark. Young Deodar requires shelter and bears a good
deal of shade ; the terminal shoots, like the extremities of the branches, are soft
and drooping, nevertheless, they pierce with great vigour through thickets of
other trees, and it is not a rare occurrence to see the proportion of Deodar in
an Oak forest increase by self-sown seedlings, which come up under the shelter.
of the Oak and make their way through its foliage. In compact forests the tree
518 LXXVI. CONIFERA, [ Cedrus.

clears itself early of its side branches, and forms tall clean straight cylindrical
stems, which carry their girth well up to a great height. The ‘tallest Deodar
which I have measured was in the Nachar forest on the oe (Oct. 1864), 250
ft. high, 20 ft. in girth at the base, and'more than 550 years old, and there was
a considerable number of trees in the same forest above 200 ft. high. This,
however, was an exceptional case ; the forest had grown up close together on
terraces of fields deserted centuries ago, and the trees had found ample nourish-
nent in the deep and loose soil of these terraces, the old walls of which were still
standing (Bussahir Forest Report, 1865, 3). dred

In this place, as under similar circumstances elsewhere, the Deodar carries its
girth well up, as illustrated by the following measurements of the girth of five
trees in Nachar, at the base of the stem, at 40 and at 80 ft. :—

AT BASE. AT4O FEET. AT 80 FEET,

ft. in. ft. in. ft. in.
1, 9 10 7 6 6 6 5’ 11” at 94 ft.
2. 9 7 7 ll 4 6
3. 10 9 8 7 7 6
4, 15 10 ll 2 10 2 8 7” at 122 ft.
5. 14 7 12 7 1l 0 7’ 1” at 150 ft.

Taking the girth at base at 100 in. and the sectional area at 100 sq. in, the
poe and sectional area os of quarter girth) would on an average be as fol-
ows, at heights of 40 and 80 ft. :—

Average girth, 100 in. 78 in. 65 in.
Av. sec. area cal-
culated by sq. ) 100 sq, in, 60 sq. in. 42 sq. in.
of qr. girth.

When isolated, the tree has in its youth a pyramidal crown with branches
close to the ground. At a certain age, which varies according to locality and
circumstances, the Deodar loses its leading shoot, the uppermost branches spread.
out and form a flat tabular top. Trees which grow. isolated on the crest of
ridges or otherwise in exposed positions, have these flat tabular tops in a very
marked manner. Isolated trees attain large girths, the largest on record, in
Kunawar, are 30-36 ft.; and Dr Stewart measured one at Ktarsi in the Ravi
basin, at 7500 ft, elevation, 44 ft. 2 in, at 2, and 36 ft. 4 in. at 6 ft. from the
ground, A tree measured in October 1864 above the village of Purbanisin
Kunawar, was 34 ft, 4 in. in girth, and judging by the annual rings of trees felled
in that neighbourhood, probably about 900 years old.

The bark is 1-1} in. thick, dark grey, often blackish with a brown or purple
tinge, cut by long vertical dark furrows and short transverse cracks into long
irregularly truncate scales. The wood of mature Deodar, unless very old, is
penerally sound throughout, but there are exceptions. Thus in the following

locks of the Bhagirati forests the proportion of unsound first-class trees was
found to be as follows :—

Hirsil, sound 920, unsound 736.

Tailgari, » 1179, #5 589,

Dinargad, ,, 35,178, » 22,386,
(Colonel Pearson’s Report on the Bhagirati Forests, 1869.)

It has not been ascertained whether this unsoundness should be attributed to
the practice of burning the forest for temporary cultivation or to other causes,
The sapwood is whitish and not durable, in mature trees it is 14-3 in. thick, the
heartwood has a fine light-brown colour, is fragrant and somewhat oily, com-
Cedrus. | LXXVI. CONIFERA. 519

pact, even-grained, does not readily warp or split, and is exceedingly durable.

The timber from the Jhelam forests is reckoned the best; it is very oily and

darker coloured. The weight of seasoned Deodar varies between 25 and 44 Ib.

In the Panjab it is generally supposed to weigh 40 lb. The transverse strength

is less than that of P. longsfoled, so far as recorded experiments go. The values

of P. are as follows: I. Panjab timber, nine experiments made at Rurki—549

to 669 ; ten experiments by Major Robertson and Captain Henderson—461 to

649 ; thirty-three experiments by Cunningham—189 to 858 ; average of Panjab

timber, 575. II. Garhwal timber, eight experiments made at Rurki—390 to

798 ; average, 592, III. Kamaon timber, twenty experiments made by Captain
Wm. Jones, and recorded by Madden in Journ. Agric. Soc. of India, vii. 1850,

at Almora in Oct. 1844—viz., ten with timber cut Sept. 1844, weight 38 Ib.,

value of P. 443, and ten with seasoned timber, weight 40 lb., value of P. 560.

In this case, as in the experiments with P. longifolia noted above, it is remark-
able that the average weight of seasoned timber 1s about the same as of that cut
a month previous. It should, however, be mentioned, that the Almora experi-
ments do not give P. longifolia a much greater transverse strength than Deo-
dar ; and it has been stated, but probably on insufficient grounds, that the trans-
verse strength of Deodar is greater than that of either Pinus longifolia, Pinus
excelsa, or Abies Smithiana. A larger series of systematic experiunents to de-
termine the physical and mechanical qualities of the timber of the more impor-
tant Himalayan Conifers is much wanted. The sapwood commences to decay
while the logs are seasoning in the forest, much of it is knocked off on the slides by
which the timber is sent down to the water’s edge, and during the long water tran-
sit to the plains, while the logs are rubbing and bumping against the numerous
rocks in the rivers. The heartwood is by far the most durable of the Himalayan
timbers of this tribe ene in the climate of Kashmir and the Panjab
it is almost imperishable. Stewart states (Panjab Pl. 220) that the Deodar pillars
of the great Shah Hamaden mosque in the capital of Kashmir are probably
more than 400 years old ce date, 804 Hijra, 1426 a.D., is entered in an inscrip-
tion over the door), and that to all appearance they are perfectly sound. Some
of the bridges in Srinagar are said to be of still greater antiquity ; the wood of
which the piers are constructed is Deodar, and part of it is alternately wet and
dry. These piers, it is believed, have never been renewed since the bridges were
built. White ants eat the sap, but rarely attack the heart-wood. The boats
built of it on the Panjab rivers are said to last forty years. Owing to these ex-
cellent qualities, combined with lightness, Deodar has from time immemorial
been the wood most prized in the Panjab and Sindh, and the timber-trade on
the five rivers and their feeders is of very old date. The consumption of the
wood, however, has, like that of most of our more valuable Indian woods
(Teak, Sissoo, Sal, Blackwood), increased largely and rapidly since the British.
occupation of the country. Barracks and other public buildings, bridges,
canals, and mainly the construction of railways, have created a large and press-
ing demand, the first effect of which has been the destruction, beyond hope of
recovery, of numerous and extensive forests formerly stocked with fine Deodar.

Not only were the forests cut down wholesale without any regard to their re-
generation, but of the timber felled a small proportion only was utilised, the
greater part being destroyed by the forest-fires, or broken to splinters on their.
way to. the river over precipices and rough slides, and another portion being.
jammed up in numerous narrow my passages in the river, or caught and.
abstracted by the people living near the banks. This state of things was first
prominently brought to notice by Dr Cleghorn, who was deputed in 1861 to
report on the timber resources of the Panjab; and thorough and. vigorous
action to remedy these evils was taken by the late Dr Stewart, who in 1864
was appointed the first Conservator of Forests in the Panjab.
520 LXXVI. CONIFER. [ Cedrus.

During the first 3-4 years of its life Deodar grows slowly, attaining 12-20 in.
in height, with spreading roots, which do not go deep down. In this shrubby
and stunted state the young plant can maintain its existence under the shade of
other trees for a conmaernble number of years without making much progress,
but when light overhead is given, then a leader is at once formed, which
shoots up rapidly. Ata more advanced age the rate of growth of the Deodar
is determined without difficulty by counting the annual rings: they are well-
marked, and as vegetation rests completely in winter at the elevation where the
tree grows, there is no reason to doubt that each concentric ring indicates one
year’s growth, in the same manner as is the case in the coniferous trees of Europe.
It has been asserted that the Wellingtomia gigantea, and several other conifer-
ous trees, form two rings a year. There is no ground to suppose that this is the
case in the Deodar or in any of the other Himalayan Conifers; and we have
from the commencement employed the same methods for ascertaining the funda-
mental facts upon which the plan for working these forests must be based, which
are used for regulating the management of coniferous forests in France and Ger-
many. The data available show clearly that the rate of growth of the Deodar
is much influenced by the greater or less moisture of the climate. Thus,
in the forests at the head-waters of the Bhagirati river, in a dry climate, the
tree requires upwards of 200 years to attain a girth of 6 ft.; whereas in the
Jaunsar forests, in the outer hills, with a heavy rainfall, 70 years suffice to
attain this size. The present estimate is, that in the upper Bhagirati forests it
takes a Deodar on an average 86 years to increase in girth from 4 ft. 6 in. to 6
ft., and that in Jaunsar this is accomplished in 23 years. In the upper Kuna-
war forests, in a dry climate, where vineyards occupy the lower slopes of the
valley, and where Pinus Gerardiana and Quercus [lex are associated with the.
Deodar, the age of a tree 6 ft. in girth is 140 years or more ; while in the outer
hills, in the vicinity of Simla, with an annual rainfall of 50-80 in., it is usual
to find that trees 70-100 years old have attained that size. Again, the Deodar
timber floated down the Cabul and Swat rivers to Peshawar, which is pro-
duced in the comparatively dry climate of Afghanistan, shows a slow rate of.
growth—logs from the Cabul river having at the butt end, for a girth of 6 ft.,
on an average 214, and timber from the Swat river 156 rings. In the case of
the Cabul timber the lower temperature has, probably in addition to the dry
climate, a considerable influence in retarding the rate of growth. Besides
climate, there are other elements which influence the rate of growth of Deodar,
as well as of other trees in mountainous countries. Foremost stands elevation,
in the second place the greater or less steepness of the slope, and the nature of
the soil. Again, trees which have grown up in a crowded state lay on wood
more slowly, and have necessarily narrower rings, than trees which have stood
more isolated and bear a fuller head of branches. Of these elements several are
often found combined, and it is not therefore in all cases easy to determine the
influence of each separately. The rate of growth of Deodar in the Bussahir and.
neighbouring forests was studied with special care in autumn 1864, with the
view of determining the data which should form the basis of a preliminary plan
for working these forests, and the results are recorded in the official Report.
already quoted. Additional data have since been collected in other forest dis-
tricts. At page 9 of that Report an abstract statement is given, exhibiting the
results of the examination in detail of the annual rings near the base of 380
trees, classified in three es divisions—forests with slow, average, and rapid
rate of growth. As explained before, the forest tracts classed under the first
division (age of trees 6 ft. in girth above 140 years) are mostly situated in a dry
climate in the vicinity of the arid zone of the inner Himalaya; those classed
under the third division (age of trees 6 ft. girth below 110 years) are mostly in
the outer ranges under the full influence of the monsoon ; and those with an
Cedrus. ] LXXVI. CONIFERA, 521

intermediate rate of growth are chiefly situated in the intermediate ranges
and valleys. There are, however, several noteworthy exceptions, showing that
various circumstances besides moisture influence the rate of growth of the
Deodar. Thus, in the Phinla, Kiuden, and Kilba forests, 138-154 years were
found as the average age ofa tree 6 ft. in girth—a slow rate, although these forests
are situated in the lower, that is, moister portion of Kunawar. The high eleva-
tion of these forests (8000-10,000 ft.) explains this apparent anomaly. Again,
Col. Pearson records an average of five rings to an inch of radius in the Bodia
forest of Jaunsar at an elevation of probably 6000 ft., and eight rings in the
Tutwa forest, north of the Karama Peak, several thousand feet higher. Another
pe ie is the Nachar forest, at the bend of the Sutlej valley, at about 7000
ft. elevation, under the influence of a heavy monsoon, on level ground with
deep and rich soil, as mentioned above. Yet the growth of 30 trees examined
gave an average of 149 rings for a girth of 6 ft. Here the trees had grown up
close together, hence the unusually tall stems and slow growth. To a certain
extent this circumstance may have contributed to keep down the rate of growth
in the Phinla and Kilba forests. The influence of the gradient was exemplified
by a number of trees examined in the Serinche forest, on the Baspa river above
Sangla. Here 10 trees, which had grown on level ground, attained a girth
of 6 ft. in 62 years on an average ; and 4 trees on a slope of 30 degrees had re-
quired 132 years to accomplish this,—the extremes being, in the first case, 36
and 83, and in the second case 102 and 173 years.

Regarding the crop of timber per acre in a mature Deodar forest, our informa-
tion is scanty. The large mass of the natural pure Deodar forests is imper-
fectly stocked ; most of those from which the timber could readily be sent
down to the river are nearly exhausted, so that the opportunities for examining
fully-stocked tracts have not been numerous. The flowing data are recorded.

in the Report quoted above :—
AREA SURVEYED, AGE OF FOREST. TREES PER OROP.PER ACRE.
Acres. Years. ACRE, Jub. ft.

1. Jaunsar, Mayshak forest, . a 0:69 70 54 2464
2 ow above Khattowa village, 0.46 84 69 3604
3. " Chilara forest, . * 0.34 83 70 4323
. 4. Kunawar, Kiuden forest, . a 1,60 180 56 5512
. " " . . 0.83 180 90 8972
6. " Nachar forest, . 2 2.30 250 62 12,300

Cub. contents calculated by square of quarter girth.

This includes, not the tops and branches, but only that portion of the stem
which, under existing circumstances, yields marketable timber. In the Nachar
forest, the available length was taken at 80 ft., and in the other forests at 50-60
for first-class (above 6 ft. girth), and at 25-30 for second-class trees (4-6 in. to
6 ft. girth). That portion of the Nachar forest in which this survey was made,
contained (before felling operations commenced) per acre 54 first-class trees,
yielding 218 cub. ft., and 8 second-class, containing 66 cub, ft. each. The
other forest tracts contained between 54 and 90 trees of the two first classes—
that is, exceeding 4 ft. 6 in. in girth. By way of comparison it may be stated
that, in North Germany, forest tracts of limited extent, exceptionally well
stocked, and older than 120 years, have been found to yield the following
crop :—

Scotch fir 85-95 ft. high, 565 cub. metre per hectare, 8,074 cub. ft. per acre.

Beech above 95 ft. ,, 600 ‘ z 8,574

Spruce 95-130 ft. ,, 760 » 10,860 e

Cub. contents calculated by exact measurement, not by squares of the quarter
girth, ;
522 LXXVI. CONIFER. [ Cedrus,

\

Some of the mixed forests of spruce and silver fir in the Schwarzwald, 150-
170 ft. high, contain more, probably about 12,000 or 13,000 cub. ft. per acre,
In mature forests of average quality the crop is between one-half and three-
fourths of these figures. These quantities do not include tops and branches, but
they include all wood above 7 centimetre diam., or 8¢ in. in girth, and they
are calculated by exact measurement ; whereas in calculating the data relating to
Deodar, that part of the tree only was taken into account which was supposed.
to be marketable at the time the surveys were made, and consequently nothin;
under 3 ft, girth was included, and the calculation was made by the square o'
the quarter girth. In the Nachar forest, moreover, the length of available timber
was arbitrarily assumed at 80 ft.; because, though the average height of the trees
was 150-200 ft, yet, on account of breakages, a greater length was not as a rule
supposed to be utilised (Bussahir Forest Report, 2: 24). If in the Nachar
forest the entire length of stem down to 9 in. girth had been taken, and the
calculation made by exact measurement, the result, would probably have been
18,000 cub. ft. per acre. These, however, were exceptional cases of compact and
pure Deodar forests of limited extent. Hecnding such exceptional cases, there.
seems no ground to expect that regular Deodar forests will yield timber crops
heavier than those of the Spruce and Silver Fir in Central Europe. The great
mass of Deodar-producing tracts in the N.W. Himalaya is very poorly stocked.
with mature timber. The result of 20 surveys made by me in June 1863 in
the different parts of the Jaunsar forests on an aggregate area of 485 acres, gave
1195 first- and 1662 second-class, or a total of 2857 Deodar trees above 4 ft. 6
in. girth, amounting to nearly 6 trees per acre of both classes ; and 82 surveys
made in the Bussahir forests in October 1864, in conjunction with Capt. E, Wood
and the late Dr Stewart, gave 3743 Deodar trees of the first and 4099 of the
second class—total, 7842 trees of both classes, amounting to 12 trees above 4 ft.
6 in, girth per acre. The survey of the Bhagirati. forests, which was made in
1869 under the direction of Colonel Pearson, gave a total of 116,700 first- and
53,660 second-class trees on 11,500 acres, or about 15 trees above 4 ft. 6 in. girth
per acre on an average. The second-class trees in this case were fewer than
those of the first; as a rule, most surveys in forests already worked have hitherto
shown an excess of second over first class trees. A great portion of the Bhagi-
rati forests, however, had never been worked when the survey was made;
but many of those I surveyed in Bussahir had been much impoverished by fell-
ing, and in the ey Deodar was not the only tree, but was associated in
varying proportions with Pinus excelsa, Abies Smithiana, and a few other trees,

The great demand for Deodar wood has naturally called forth estimates of the
total quantity of mature timber available for the requirements of the present
ae The foregoing remarks regarding the irregular character of these

orests will explain that these estimates could not be made from areas stocked
with Deodar, but the only way in which a result could be obtained was to make
approximate estimates of the number of trees available. In December 1868,
the late Dr’ Stewart estimated the number of first-class Deodar trees in the
Kashmir forests, which could be made available for the market without great
trouble and expense, at 117,000 trees, and he thought that the Panjab forests in
British territory, and those leased from the Rajahs of Chumba and Bussahir,
might probably yield the same quantity. The Jaunsar forests on the Deoban
ridge, between the Tonse and Jumna river, were estimated by Colonel Pearson in
May 1869 to contain 34,000 available first-class trees, and the Bhagirati forests
(not including the Nilang valle } as mentioned above, 116,700 first-class trees,
If to these are added the probable contents of the available forests on the head-
waters of the Tonse and Jumna rivers, the total number of first-class Deodar
trees which were considered readily available for the market in 1868 and 1869
did not at that time exceed 500,000. Regarding this estimate, it should be borne
Gedrus.] LXXVI. CONIFER. 523

in mind that most of the northern forests, from-the Jhelam to the Sutlej, had
been worked excessively during the last 25 or 30 years, and that in the Panjab
those localities only were included in the estimate which were situated on slopes
immediately overhanging the river or its main tributaries, whereas a large por-
tion of the south-eastern forests on the feeders of the Jumna and the Ganges
rivers were intact, and that here forests situated at a distance from the main
river were included in the estimate. In addition to the quantit mentioned,
there are extensive forests containing Deodar in side valleys, on small tributaries,
and in places difficult to work, which it is hoped may be found to contain twice
or three times the quantity estimated to stand in the vicinity of the main
rivers. Nevertheless it is evident from these data that the quantity of Deodar
growing in the N.W. Himalaya is limited. The natural regeneration of this
valuable tree by self-sown seedlings is good when the climate is moist, the
soil ample, and the slopes not too steep, save where a complete clearance has
been made, for then herbs, brambles, and brushwood occupy the ground and
prevent the growth of seedlings, And this is noticed equally where the clear-
ance has been effected by felling and where the forest has been cut down by
avalanches. Deodar requires shelter while young, and does not come up with-
out-it, Most forests, however, contain a large proportion of young trees, In
the Bhagirati forest (area 11,500 acres), excluding the Nilang, the number of
trees of the different classes was reported as follows :—

First class ahove 6 ft. in girth, , ‘ : 116,700 trees.
Second class 4 ft. 6 in. to 6 ft, girth, a 53,660 __,,
Third class 1 ft. 6 in. to 4 ft. 6 in girth, . 5 127,536 ,,
Fourth class below 1 ft.6in girth,  . , 213,281,

and the proportion is similar in other forests. Speaking broadly, the trees which
now belong to the two first classes must be made to last until a sufficient number
of the younger classes and planted Deodar shall have attained a marketable size
—that is, for a period which will be found to vary in the different forest tracts
between 50 and 100 years.

As compared with other Conifers of the tribe of Absetinew, Deodar has a
great power of reproduction, and its branches often show a tendency to form
straight leading shoots. In many parts, ee in the outer ranges, the
tree near villages is lopped of its branches to a considerable height. The naked
stem reclothes itself with side branches in a short time. Trees are often found
with the main stems, instead of running up straight, dividing into numerous
branches, each forming a separate leader. This division sometimes takes place
near the ground, sometimes at a height of 10 ft. or more. These leaders form
tall and well-shaped tops, so that ata distance the forest has a deceptive appear-
ance. The trees appear to be tall and well formed, whereas on approach they
are found to be worthless for timber, being only the candelabrum-like branches
of a short stem. Forked stems also are not rare, with two parallel leaders in-
stead of one ; and when young trees grow up isolated, with branches down to the

‘ound, it sometimes happens that one of the lower branches sends ‘up a straight
fester at some distance ee the stem, This tendency to form secondary leaders
sometimes shows itself in Deodar planted in England ; in the Himalaya it is

articularly marked where the main leader has been cut or mutilated, or crushed
iy snow, or where avalanches have oe through the forest. In the vicinity
of villages, and particularly near the edge of the arid and treeless tract, the
Deodar is much cut to furnish material for building and fencing; and in places,
e.g., in upper Kunawar, it is customary to cut the upper part of the stem only
(ine top of the tree answering the oe with less labour), upon which the
side branches left on the stem lower down repair the damage by taking the lead
and forming straight ascending secondary stems. The Deodar has so great a
524 LXXVI. CONIFER. [ Cedrus.

power of reproduction that if only a small branch is left on the stump of a felled
tree, numerous shoots grow up, which almost have the appearance of coppice-
shoots. Unlike most other trees, the trees of the Pine tribe do not coppice
from a leafless stump ; but so great is the power of reproduction in the case of
the Deodar that the appearance is often deceptive, and indeed it has, though
I believe without sufficient data, been asserted that Deodar coppices like Oak,
Teak, and other leaf-bearing trees (Laubhélzer, Bois feuillus),

C. Libani, Barr.—Syn. Pinus Cedrus, Linn., and C. atlantica, Manetti—the
Lebanon and Atlas Cedars—are so closely allied to the Deodar that it is not
possible to separate them by constant specific characters. This has been clearly
proved in Dr Hooker's important paper in the Natural History Review, 1862, 11,
on the Cedars of Lebanon, Taurus, Algeria, and India. Both have shorter leaves
than the Deodar, and the extremities of the branches are stiff and not drooping.
Under cultivation in England the three Cedars show each a peculiar habit of
growth, the Atlas Cedar being particularly oa by a stiff erect rigid
leader, and stiff spreading branches with short leaves. The te of the
Lebanon and Atlas Cedar is generally dark, that of the Deodar is often light
or bluish green, but there is a silvery variety both of the Atlas and Lebanon
Cedar, and, as mentioned above, Deodars with bluish foliage are not wanting,
though rare, in the N.W. Himalaya, Old trees of all three kinds when growing
isolated, particularly in exposed situations, are apt to form tabulated tops;
and, on the other hand, where the Lebanon Cedar grows up crowded in
groups or compact masses, it forms tall and erect stems, like the Deodar in
the Himalaya. The male catkins, the cones, and seeds furnish no difference of
importance. At Kew the Deodar is the first to come out with a flush of young
leaves, the Lebanon Cedar follows a fortnight later, and the Atlas Cedar comes
last, after another interval of a few days. The early commencement of the
vegetation in the case of the Deodar explains its being less hardy on the conti-
nent of Europe than the Lebanon Cedar, which thrives well and attains a con-
siderable size all along the Rhine from Basle to Cologne. In central France
young trees often suffer from frost (Mathieu, Fl. For. 379). On their native
mountains all three Cedars have a distinctly marked heartwood, which is brown,
close-grained, and aromatic ; but the wood of trees planted in Western Europe
has a pale-reddish colour, is light, spongy, soft, and slightly aromatic. ‘The
wood of the Lebanon Cedar grown in England weighs 30 Jb., and Mathieu
quotes 29 lb. as the weight of wood grown at Nancy (age 19 years, diam. 11 in.),
while a piece of wood from the Atlas (age 88 years, diam. 7 in.) weighed 48 ib.

In Western Europe the Lebanon Cedar has an extremely rapid growth.
Mathieu cites one, 125 years old, and 28 ft. girth at 6 ft. from the ground (FL
For. 381). Of the numerous instances of rapidly-grown Cedars in England, it
will suffice to quote a group at Bayfordbury, Herts, mentioned by Selby (British
Forest Trees, 539), of 12 or 14 trees, 90 years old, and measuring 10-14 ft. in girth
near the base. The Atlas Cedar grows on the higher mountains of Algeria,
where it forms extensive forests at an elevation between 4000 and 7000 ft. The
Lebanon Cedar is found in Asia Minor on the Anti-Taurus (lat. 40°) between
3900 and 4200 ft., and, farther south, on the Taurus mountains, where it forms
(with Pinus Laricio) the upper forest region between 4000 and 6400 ft. up to
the limit of arborescent vegetation. It also occurs in the northern part of the
Lebanon chain, where Ehrenberg found it in' forests of Oak ; and the last outpost
is that remarkable grove of about 400 trees, at the head of the Kedisha valley
(lat. 34° 14’), which has been mentioned by many travellers, and which Hooker
has well described in the paper quoted above. The grove measures about 400
yards in diameter, it stands in a‘ broad shallow valley, drained by a feeder of the
Kedisha, which runs to the Mediterranean, at an elevation of about 6500 ft.
Cedrus. | LXXVI. CONIFERA, 525

above the sea, which, as the crow flies, is only 18 miles ‘distant, and 3500 ft.
below the highest point of the Lebanon, which is about 3 to 4 miles farther
north, The trees stand in nine groups on the broken ground of an ancient
moraine, the relic of a colder period when the Lebanon was covered with per-
pee snow, and sent its glaciers down into this valley. The largest tree is 40
t. in girth, but 8 trees only measure above 20 ft., and the smallest have a girth
of 18 inches. The growth, as might be expected at that elevation, has evidently
been slow ; no young growth is coming up. At present this grove does not
recruit itself by self-sown seedlings, which are all destroyed by goats, but appears
destined to diminish slowly by the death and destruction of the old trees.

It is a remarkable fact that the natural habitat of the Deodar, Pinus excelsa,
and several other coniferous trees, is limited to high elevations on large moun-
tain-ranges, that they are nowhere found indigenous in the plains, and that
their area of distribution is interrupted by great distances.

3. ABIES, Tournef.

Evergreen monoicous trees. Leaves single, not tufted, needle-shaped,
or narrow linear, Branches whorled and scattered. Male catkins single,
cylindric, in the axils of leaves ; anther-cells 2, dehiscing longitudinally,
transversely, or in an irregular manner, adnate to stipitate scales. Ovules
inverted, in pairs at the base of the carpellary scales, which are in the
axils of membranous or coriaceous bracts. Cones ripening the same year,
terminal or lateral, hanging or erect, formed of numerous, obtuse, imbri-
cate, carpellary scales, with a thin edge and a woody base, deciduous or
persistent. Seeds oily, winged.

Cones at the ends of branches; scales persistent after the seeds

fall ; bracts small, drying up and not apparent in ripe cones
(Abies of Loudon, Picea of Link, and Tsuga of Carriére).

Cones cylindric, pendulous, 4-6 in. long ; leaves green : 1. A. Smithiana.
Cones ovoid, spreading or drooping, 1 in. long ; leaves white
beneath F : 4 : ‘ : : . . 2. A. dumosa.
Cones lateral, erect ; scales fall with the seeds (Picea of Loudon,
Abies of Link) . . ‘ . F ; ‘ 3, A. Webbiana.

I follow-Asa Gray, Botany of Northern United States, 471, and Willkomm,
Forstl. Flora, 58, in uniting Abies, Picea, and Tsuga.

1. A. Smithiana, Forbes, Pinetum Woburnense, t. 36; Cleghorn, L c.
t. 5.—Syn. A. Khutrow, Loudon; A. spinulosa, Griffith ; Pinus Smith-
jana, Wall. Pl. As. Rar. t. 246; P. Khutrow, Royle Ill. t. 84; Picea
Morinda, Link. in Linnza, xv. 522. Vern. Wesha, bajur, Afg. ; Kachan,
kachal, Hazara and Kashmir; Rewari, ban ludar, sangal, salla, salle,
sarei, kault, rot, rag, rao, bang re, krok, Panjab Himalaya; Landar, an-
andar, timber depots in the plains; Rau, raiang, re, Sutlej ; Rai, Jaun-
sar; Kandre, re, rhai, rao, kudrau (khutrau, Royle), rialla, ragha, mor-
inda, kail, kilu, Garhwal and Kamaon ; Seh, Sikkim.

A large tree with tall straight stem, pyramidal crown, dark - green
foliage, and pendulous branchlets. Leaves single, scattered in spirals all
round the branches, persistent 5 years, stiff, sharp, 4-sided, 1-1} in. long.
Cones terminal, pendulous, cylindric, obtuse, 4-6 in. long, 1-2 in. diam.,
dark brown when ripe ; scales broadly ovate from a cuneate base, upper
 

|
526 LXXVI. CONIFERAL [ Abieg | | |

edge thin, sharp, rounded. Seeds small, 24 lines long, with large spath....
ulate wings.

Afghanistan, Kafiristan, Gilgit, north of the great bend of the Indus, Com-...
mon in the Panjab Himalaya, in Jaunsar, and in the Bhagirati forests, less com-
mon in Kamaon. Is generally found on northern and western slopes, between
6000 and 11,000 ft., alone, but more commonly in mixed forests with leaf-bearing |
trees, or associated with Deodar, Pinus excelsa, and Abies Webbiana, growing |:
500 ft. higher than Abies Webbiana on the Harang Pass in Kunawar, but generally
remaining below the upper limit of that tree. In lower Kunawar A. Smithiana
is commonly associated with Deodar ; it forms a large proportion of the Dippi,
Jani, and Punang forests, some of those in the Baspa valley, and of the Barang
forests above the mouth of the Baspa river. It does not, however, extend into the
arid tract, its upper limit being Pangi on the right, and the Tidong river (Rispa)
on the left bank. In upper Kunawar Pinus Gerardiane, takes its place in the
Deodar forests. In Silk and Bhutan A. Smithiana grows in the innermost
valleys between 7800 and 10,000 ft. Hardy in England and Scotland, where it
grows with great vigour, often grafted on the common Spruce.

In April a flush of young light-green leaves at the tips of the branchlets gives
the tree a variegated appearance, the old foliage being dark green, slightly darker
than that of Deodar, but not so dark as A. Webbiana. The bud-scales generally
cohere, like a conical cap at the end of the young shoots, until they at last fall
off. The flowers appear in April, the young cones increase in size rapidly and
ripen in Oct. and Nov. of the same year. In the N.W. Himalaya the tree attains
100-120, and sometimes 150 ft., with a girth of 8-10, often of 12-15 ft. Dr
Stewart records one of 21 ft. The tree is covered with branches down to the
ground, except where it grows in compact masses ; the branches are whorled and
horizontal, spreading out farther than those of A. Webbiana ; their extremities
are very bushy, with numerous hanging vertically, leafy, tassel-like branchlets,
which give the tree a peculiar an aren appearance. The crown is tall,
conical, and the foliage dense. The bark is pale- or brownish-grey, tesselated
by shallow cracks into small irregularly four-sided scales,

The wood is white, the outer wood turning red and decaying rapidly. It is
even- and straight-grained, and is good for packing-cases, planking and indoor
work, but as a rule not durable, except under shelter; yet-in many places it
is used by the hill people for shingles, and for construction. It is generally
somewhat heavier than the wood of A. Webbiana. The bark is used to roof
shepherds’ huts, and water-troughs are made of it. Twigs and leaves furhish
litter and manure. The young cones form part of the drug sold as gaz-pipal in
the Panjab bazars.

Nearly allied to A. Smithiana is the Huropean Spruce, A. excelsa, DO.—
Syn. Pinus Abies, Linn.; Picea excelsa, Link.; Hpicéa, Fr.; Fichte, Rothtanne,
Germ. ; Pezzo, It., extensive forests.of which are found in the mountains of
Central Europe, in East Prussia, the Baltic provinces, Norway and Sweden, and
in a great part of Russia. On the south side of the Alps the Spruce forms large
forests in Friaul on the head-waters of the Piave and Tagliamento rivers, which
have from time immemorial furnished building timber to the eastern Medi-
terranean. The fact that most of these belong to towns and villages, has en-
abled the communities of these districts to build roads, bridges, and schools,
and has thus served largely to increase the prosperity of the country. Tt is
found in the Cansiglio forest near Treviso ; on the maritime Alps, inland of Nice
and Mentone, where it descends to 1800 ft. (M. Moggridge), on the north side of
Mount Ventoux, and on the Pyrenees, but it is wanting in Turkey, in Italy
south of the Euganean hills, in Corsica, and in Spain, It is not indigenous in
Abies.] LXXVI, CONIFER. 527

Western France, or in Britain. A variety with smaller cones (Siberian Spruce

forms large forests on the Ural Mountains, in Siberia, and Dahrie In p) a
tions the ae succeeds more readily than most conifers. It is the principal
tree in the forests of the higher Harz, and of agreat portion of the Saxon forests,
where it is almost exclusively regenerated by planting. On the other hand,
on the Schwarzwald, on the Vosges, and on the Jura, it reproduces itself without
difficulty from self-sown seedlings. The resinous ducts of the wood are few and
small, but the bark is highly resinous, and in former times the Spruce on the
Schwarzwald and in Thuringia were largely tapped forresin, For this purpose
a narrow longitudinal cut was made into the late to the wood, and the dry resin
which collected in this channel was from time to time scraped off; the cut
was occasionally enlarged, and thus old trees may still be seen on the Schwarz-
wald the trunks of which are furrowed with numerous deep longitudinal.chan-
nels, 4-5 ft. long. The wood of the Spruce, however, is much more liable to
dry-rot than that of P. Pinaster, and the result is that almost all the old Spruces
tapped for resin are found rotten in the heart as high up as the channels, and
often higher, so that the lower part of the stem is useless. Apart from this,
there are other circumstances, not yet: sufficiently investigated, which often
cause unsoundness in the heart of the Spruce. The wood, ioe in England
under the name of White Pine, or White Deal (imported from Norway and the
Baltic), has no distinct heartwood, and the cub, ff. weighs between 21 and 37
1b, (Nordlinger).

2. A. dumosa, Loudon.—Syn. Pinus dumosa, Don Prodr. Fl. Nep.
55; DC. Prodr. xvi. ii. 429. P. Brunoniana, Wall. ; Pl. As. rar. t. 247,
Hemlock Spruce, of Nepal. Vern. Tangshing, changathasi dhup, Nepal ;
Semading, Sikkim.

A lange tree with spreading branches and pendulous branchlets. Leaves
narrow-linear, 3-1 in. long, edge recurved and finely serrulate near the
apex, covered beneath with a white mealy substance. Male catkins short,
subglobose, axillary, shorter than leaves, pedunculate ; numerous lax
ovate bracts at the base of peduncle. Cones terminal, erect or horizon-
tal, ovoid, 1 in. long, scales persistent, broad-elliptic, obtuse, bracts not
apparent when the cone is ripe. Seeds winged.

North-East Kamaon, first discovered by oe Webb, and found again by Mr
T. Webber, late of the Forest Dept. of the N.W. Provinces, Nepal. In the inner
valleys of Sikkim descending to 8000, and ascending to 10,500 ft. Bhutan, Fl.
May, June. Dr Hooker records one in Sikkim 120 ft. high and 28 ft. girth,
Him. Journ. ii. 108. The leaves are apt to fall from branches cut or broken off,
and on this account Wallich first called it Pinus decidua, Not quite hardy in
England ; suffers from late spring frosts. Wood soft, white, not rable ; bark
used for roofing.

The Hemlock Spruce of Canada, A. canadensis, Michaux, with short linear
distichous leaves, white beneath, and small terminal drooping cones, is a large
tree of Canada and the northern United States. Wood not durable, and often
ae twisted, but the bark extensively used for tanning leather. Hardy

oiguont North Europe. win ; ; :

The Douglas Spruce, A. Douglasii, Lindl,, is a tree forming extensive forests
in the valleys of the Rocky Mountains, in Vancouver's Island, Columbia,
and other parts of North-West America, which attains 300 ft. and more
near the coast of the Pacific, and furnishes valuable timber, very strong,
believed to be equal to the best Larch, has narrow-linear leaves 1 in. long, white
528 LXXVI. CONIFERA, [Abies.

beneath, and cylindric cones 3 in. long, with lax rounded scales, much shorter
than the linear-oblong persistent bracts, which are deeply trifid at the apex, the
middle segment longest, 4 in. long, spinescent. Hardy, and of very rapid growth
in England and Scotland. Introduced 1827; at Dropmore there is a tree which,
at the age of 44 years, was 100 ft. high with 9 ft. 7 in. girth, at 3 ft. above the
ground, Many specimens in Perthshire raised from layers and cuttings since
1846, were in 1871 40-70 ft. high (Gardeners’ Chronicle, 1870).

3. A. Webbiana, Lindl. ; Pinetum Woburnense, t. 41 ; Link in Linnea,
xv. 5323 Griff. Ic. Pl. As, t. 371.—Syn. A. Pindrow, Royle Ill. t. 86.
Picea Webbiana, Loudon; Cleghorn, l.c. t.6. 2. Pindrow, Loudon.
Pinus spectabilis, Lambert; Don Prodr. Fl. Nep. 55. P. Webbiana,
Wall. ; DC. Prody. xvi. ii. 425. P. Pindrow, Royle; ib. 424. Himalayan
Silver Fir. Vern. Paludar, rewari, Jhelam ; Badar, budar, ting, Kash-
mir ; Dhunu, rag, rail, pe, re, salle, sara, Chamba; Tos, Kullu; Spun,
pun, krok, kalrai, Kunawar; Bharda, thanera, Shali; Pindrau, pindrai,
Hattu ; Kudrom, Muttiana; Burul, burra, buldu, Baji; Kalra, satrai,
chur, Kotkai; Raho, row, chilrow, kilaunta, Chir; Morunda, morinda,
Taroche, Jaunsar, and Garhwal; Chilrow, Kullu, Garhwal; Ragha, rao
ragha, ransla, raisalla, Kamaon ; Wiman, Byans ; Gobria, (gobra), salla,
Sikkim ; Dun shing, Sikkim, Bhutan ; Partal, palt, Panjab plains at tim-
ber depots.

A large tree with a dense cylindric crown of dark-green foliage. Leaves
single, spirally arranged all round the branchlets, but generally more or
less spreading in one plane so as to appear distichous, flat, narrow-linear,
1-3 in. long, 1 line broad, narrowed into a short terete petiole, apex emar-
ginate, or with 2 sharp teeth, under side with 2 whitish longitudinal fur-
rows on either side of the raised midrib, upper side dark green, shining.
Duration of leaves 8-10 years, catkins axillary, cylindric, obtuse, about 1
in. long. Cones erect, subsessile, cylindric or ovoid, often clustered, obtuse,
4-6 in. long, 14-3 in. diam., dark purple or brownish purple when ripe.
Scales closely imbricate, broadly cuneate or obovate, edge rounded, bracts
many times shorter than scales. Seeds oblong or obovoid, half fhe length
of the broad obovate truncate wing. Two varieties, considered as species
by Royle, Madden, and Parlatore; «. A. Webbiana, on exposed rocky
ridges at higher elevations, a smaller tree, with shorter, less bifarious leaves,
and usually thicker and shorter cones: 8, A. Pindrow, on better soil, in
sheltered places, a large tree, with longer leaves and generally cylindric
cones. The scales fall when the seed ripens, and leave the naked persis-
tent axis of the cone standing upright on the branches.

North Afghanistan and Kafiristan, on the Safedkoh, between 8000 and 9000
ft. Himalaya, from the Indus to Bhutan, forming extensive forests, in the
North-West, pure or mixed with Acer and other leaf-bearing trees, at high ele-
vations with Betula Bhojpattra ; often associated with Abses Smithiana and
Pinus excelsa. In the Panjab it is usually found between 7000 and 11,500 ft.,
hut descends occasionally to 5500, and ascends to 12,500 ft., which is its upper
limit in Kunawar. Up the Sutlej valley it extends to Lipi on the right, and
Dabling on the left side. On the Chir its lower limit is 10,000 ft. In Jaunsar,
Garhwal, and Kamaon its limits are 7500 and 13,000 ft., and here it is only
found in the middle ranges at a distance of 35-40 miles from the plains, In the
Abies. ] LXXVI. CONIFERA. 529

inner ranges of Sikkim and Bhutan 4, Webbiana forms, with Abies dumosa, the
Yew, together with Oak, large Rhododendrons, and small Bamboo, the upper
zone of coniferous forest, between 9000 (sometimes 8500) and 13,000 ft. In
the outer ranges it does not descend below 10,000 ft. (Hook. Him. Journ. i. 191).

In the North-West Himalaya it thrives best in cold damp glens, with a nort
or west aspect, and in such places it often constitutes alone, or associated with
the alpine Birch, the upper forest belt ; Pinus excelsa often going higher, and
always extending farther into the arid tract. A flush of young leaves breaks out
in April and May, of a bright green colour, contrasting strongly with the dark-
green old foliage. At a distance the foliage looks almost black; and, like the
silver fix of Central Eurdpe, the tree has given the name of Black Forest (Kala
ban) to several mountain forests of the N.W. Himalaya. Fl. April; by the
end of May the cones are about 3 in. long, and they ripen in Sept. of the same
year, the scales and seeds falling in October. In North Europe the tree
suffers in spring, because it starts into growth too early; it succeeds in
Ireland and South-West England. Attains 120-150 ft., and a girth of 9-15
ft, Several instances are recorded of trees exceeding 20 and even 30 ft. in
girth. Except in very compact and dense forests, the branches go low down,
nearly to the ground ; they are short, spreading nearly horizontally, and form-
ing a tall narrow cylindric crown, the outline resembling that of the Cypress
or Lombardy Poplar. Bark of young trees smooth, silvery grey, of old stems
darker grey or brownish grey, cut into long narrow acute scales by deep nar-
row vertical grooves, often running in spirals round the trunk, and anasto-
mosing at acute angles. The wood is whitish, inodorons, open-grained and soft.
“Exposed to the weather it is not durable. Weight, 21 Ib. (Wallich), 27-35.
Value of P. (average of 10 exp.) 440, Capt. W. Jones, Oct. 1844, cut Sept.
1844, In Bhutan the wood is used for house-building ; from Sikkim it is ex-

orted to Tibet. “It splits well, is white, soft, and highly prized for durability,”

ook, Him. Journ, ii. 44. In Kullu and near Marri shingles are made of it ;
indoors it is said to last 3-6 years in Kullu, and 8-10 years at Marri. In the dry
climate of Lahoul and Kunawar it is much valued for construction. Pieces of
the bark are employed to roof shepherds’ huts. On the Jhelam the twigs and
leaves are used. for fodder, and are stored for the winter. According to Wallich,
a violet dye is extracted from the cones in Nepal. A large yellowish fungus
heviae grows on the roots in N.E. Kamaon, eagerly eaten by the Bhoteas
(Madden).

The Silver Fir of Europe is A. pectinata, DC.—Syn. Pinus Picea, Linn.; P.
Abies, Du Roi; Picea pectinata, Loudon: Sapin, Fr. ; Tanne, Weisstanne,
Edeltanne, Germ. ; Abete, abezzo, Ital.,—the largest of the European conifers,
which, when grown in compact masses on good soil and under exceptionally
favourable circumstances, attains a height of 180 to 200 ft. The leaves. persist
8-10 years, they are linear, apex emarginate, dark green and shining above, and
white beneath. The cones are erect as in the Himalayan Silver Fir, the bracts

ointed, longer than the scales, which fall after the seed ripens. The tree is in-
Rigenows in the mountains of South and Central Europe. It forms splendid
forests on the north face of the eastern Pyrenees, south of Carcassonne and
Limoux in the Département de Aude. In Spain it is found on the moun-
tains of Catalonia and Aragon ; in Corsica it constitutes a belt of forest between
the Pinus Laricio and the Beech, and is associated with the latter near the
limit of arborescent vegetation. Forests of it, though unfortunately less exten-
sive than might be desirable, are in several places on the crest of the saree
Inthe Vosges and the Schwarzwald it is the most important tree ; and Silver
Fir is found in some of the Spruce forests of Saxony and Thuringia. In Britain
and Scandinavia it is not indigenous. While young the Silver Fir bears a

2L
530 LXXVI. CONIFERA. [ Abies,

great deal of shade, and is on that account particularly well suited for regeneration
by self-sown seedlings. Its artificial cultivation ismuch more difficult and uncer-
tain than that of.the Spruce. The fine Silver Fir forests of the old convent of
Vallombrosa, however, ‘below the crest of the Appenines overhanging the Arno
above Pontassieve, are an instance of successful reproduction of this tree on a large
scale, continued for centuries entirely by planting. These forests are now State
property, and are attached to the Royal Italian Forest School of Vallombrosa.

The stems are cylindrical, carrying their girth well up. The Silver Fir hasa
considerable power of reproduction ; trees which have been lopped and mutilated
often send up'a number of leaders from their side branches, and parallel double
or forked stems are not rare. The wood has very fe® minute resinous ducts,
As regards weight, Nérdlinger gives it the same range as aces but Mathieu
states that as a rule it is somewhat heavier (Fl. For. 365). In the same place
he records that the wood of the Aude Silver Fir was found to possess a greater
transverse strength and elasticity than any other coniferous timber, excepti
the wood of Pinus australis from Florida. By puncturing the bark smal
quantities of turpentine are obtained.

Closely allied to the Silver Fir is the Cephalonian and Greek Silver Fir,
united with it by Parlatote and Grisebach, but distinguished by Loudon, Link,
and Willkomm as A. cephalonica, Loudon—Syn..A. Apollinis, Link, and A. .
Regine Amalie, Heldreich. It is supposed to be distinguished by acute, often
sharply-pointed leaves, and by spindle-shaped cones. This tree forms extensive
forests on the mountains of Cephalonia and Greece, generally commencing
above 3000 ft., but sometimes descending to 1500 ft., often forming the upper
limit of the forest where the mountains are sufficiently high, sometimes asso-
ciated with P. Laricto. For the Indian forester this tree has a special interest,
as it is one of the few abietineous trees, which are supposed to have the
power of ae oe coppice-shoots from the stump. A full account of it
is given by T. v. aldvaicth in Regel’s Gartenflora, 1860, p. 313. Two Greek
Forest Officers, Balsamaki and Origoni, visited in 1859 an extensive forest of
this fir in Central Arcadia in the district of Tripolitza. The inhabitants of
the neighbouring villages had been in the habit from time immemorial of cut-
ting the upper part of the stems at different heights, according to the size of
the scantling required, and the result was the same as that described, p. 523,
in the case of the Deodar in upper Kunawar—the side branches below the
cut had sent up a number of vertical shoots, which often attained 18-20 ft. in
length, and a diameter of + ft., thus forming candelabrum-like trees, exactly
like the Deodar in mutilated forests of the N.W. Himalaya, It was even stated
that young trees cut down above the root had thrown up regular coppice-shoots.
This last statement, however, seems to require confirmation. All that is proved
at present is, that the Deodar and the Greek Silver Fir have (compared with
other trees of the Pine tribe) great hone of reproduction ; it remains for
farther inquiry, whether they actually throw up coppice-shoots from leafless
stumps. : - ,

A. Nordmanniana, Link, a stately tree with dark compact foliage, and ovoid
cones, of late years much cultivated in England, forming forests in the Crimea
and the Caucasus, is regarded as a variety of the Silver Fir by Parlatore and
Grisebach.

A. Pinsapo, Boissier, is a beautiful tree with regularly whorled branches, rigid,
short broadly linear thickly set leaves, erect, at right angles, all round the branches
in a regular spiral. Male flowers numerous, purple. Cones cylindric-ovoid,
4-5 in. long, the bracts shorter than the seed-scales. On the Serrania de Ronda,
in the province of Malaga, between 3000 and 3600 ft., and lately found on the
Atlas mountains in Algeria (A. baborensis), Extensively cultivated in England,
where it thrives remarkably well.
Lariz.] LXXVI. CONIFERA 531

“4, LARIX, Tournef,

Deciduous resinous trees. Leaves needle-shaped, single on elongating
shoots and on the first shoots of seedlings, but otherwise in dense fas-
cicles on arrested branchlets, which do not as a rule lengthen out and
develop. into side branches. Male catkins sessile, lateral on short thick
scaly but leafless peduncles (stunted branchlets), Anther-cells 2, longitu-
dinally dehiscent. Female catkins often on the same branches as the
male, at the ends of arrested leaf-bearing branchlets. Ovules inverted, in
pairs at the base of the carpellary scales, these in the axils of cuspidate,
l-nerved bracts, which are longer than the scales. Cones erect ; scales per-
sistent, with a thin obtuse edge ; bracts generally protruding between the
scales when the fruit is ripe. Seeds oily, winged.

1. L. Griffithii, H. f & Th. ; Hook. Ill. Him. Pl. t; 21.—S8yn, Pinus
Grifithii, Parlat. in DC. Prodr. xvi. ii. 411. Vern. Sah, saar, Sikkim.

A graceful tree with conical crown and long pendulous branches. Leaves
slender, narrow-linear, about 1 in. long. Male catkins ovoid-cylindric, din.
long. Cones cylindric, 2-3 in. long, erect—é.e., on recurved branchlets on
the pendulous branches. Bracts reflexed, subulate, twice the length of
the carpellary scales, persistent in fruit.

Inner ranges of West Bhutan, Sikkim, and East Nepal, between 8000 and
12,000 ft. Said to extend west to the sources of the Did Kosi river, which
descends from Mount Everest. Fl. May, the fruit ripening in Oct. of the same
year, Wood white, soft, without heartwood, but splits well, and is reckoned
the most durable of the coniferous timbers exported into Tibet from. Sikkim
(Hook. Him. Journ. ii. 44).

The European Larch is L. europea, DC.—Syn. Pinus Larix, Linn. ; Larche,
Germ. ; Méléze, Fr.; Larice, Ital—a large tree with small ovoid cones 1-14
in. long, the bracts dry when the cones ripen, and barely protrude beyond the
lower carpellary scales. Indigenous in the Alps and Carpathian mountains,
forming extensive forests in the French Alps, pure, or mixed with Pinus Cembra
and P. montana, less abundant, and generally associated with the Spruce in
Switzerland, the Bavarian and Austrian Alps. It ascends to the limit of arbor-
escent vegetation, and is not rarely the highest tree in company with the Spruce
and P. Cembra. The Siberian Larch, Z. sebirica, Led., which forms large forests
in the plains of Russia and Siberia, and is found on the Ural and Altai mountains,
isa different species. The heartwood of the European Larch is well defined, red,
compact, even-grained, strong, and very durable, does not warp nor split, and
is prized more than Oak in the mountains where it is indigenous. Resinous
ducts numerous, small or moderate-sized. The Romans prized the wood much.
Pliny mentions a beam 116} ft. long and 23} in. square, brought to Rome by
the Emperor Tiberius. The cubic ft. weighs 27-49 lb. and even more. On
account of the value of the wood, its rapid growth, and the certain success
of plantations while young, the Larch has been cultivated on a very large
scale far beyond the limits of its natural habitat, particularly in Germany,
Scotland, and France. Speaking broadly, the result is favourable up to a
certain age. Larch plantations, which are cut down at the age of 40-60 years,
532 LXXVI. CONIFER. [Larix

have in many instances been found to give most satisfactory results ; beyond
that age, however, its ‘ee is not satisfactory on a large scale, and a
disease has shown itself of late years which has in many cases seriously in-
jured plantations of much younger age. Considerable quantities of Larch
seed have at different times, by well-meaning persons, been imported to the
N.W. Himalaya, but as yet without any result. Except on the borders of
the arid tract, beyond the range of the Déodar—e.g., in Lahoul, Piti, and
Ladak—there seems no inducement to repeat these experiments, as the
Deodar is at home in the N.W. Himalaya, and is fully equal in value and
in rapidity of growth to the best mountain Larch. The wood of the Larch
yields large quantities of turpentine, which is used medicinally under the name
of Venetian turpentine. A number of holes, about 1 in. diam., and somewhat
inclined towards the circumference, are bored into the trunk, but not quite to
the heart of the tree, small channels of wood are inserted in each hole, and the
ey which runs out during summer is collected in wooden buckets placed
underneath. Holes that cease to run are closed, and yield a fresh supply
when reopened. In autumn all holes are carefully closed with wooden stop-
pers, and if this precaution is duly observed, it is said that a tree will continue
to yield during 40-50 years; but the wood of the trees thus tapped is said to
lose its good quality, and can only be used as fuel. This is the practice in
the valley St Martin, Pignerolo district of Piedmont, between Mont Cenis and
Monte Viso. It is described by Duhamel in his ‘ Traité des Arbres et Arbustes,’
1755, and quoted by Mohl. The editor of the ‘Nouveau Duhamel’ (1812),
states that it is the practice in the Swiss Canton de Vaud, probably a mistake. In
South Tyrol one hole only, 1 in. diam., is bored about a foot above the base of the
trunk fully to the centre in spring, and is at once firmly closed by a wooden
stopper. In autumn the hole is opened and emptied of the turpentine which
has collected in it during summer, and is then closed again. It is again opened
and emptied in the second autumn, and so on during a number of years. In
this way all large trees are tapped in certain forests of South Tyrol, as described
by Mohl in ‘ Botanische Zeitung,’ 1859, p. 329, and the wood of the trees thus
tapped is said not to deteriorate in any way. Mohl’s paper discusses the con-
nection between the different modes of tapping coniferous trees for resin and
the distribution of the resinous ducts in wood (Larch, Pinaster, and Laricio),
and bark (Spruce and Silver Fir). The bark of the Larch is used for tanning
and for dyeing.

5. CUPRESSUS, Linn.

Evergreen aromatic trees, with small closely adpressed scale-like broad-
based. opposite leaves, imbricate on the younger branchlets, distant, decus-
sate, and often less closely adpressed on older branchlets. Male catkins
numerous, small, cylindrical, sessile at the ends of branchlets ; scales stipi-
tate, peltate, each bearing 2-4 subglobose anther-cells under the edge.
Female catkins terminal, fewer than male; scales few, decussate, each
bearing at the base 8 or more erect ovules narrowed at the apex. Cone
subglobose, requiring somewhat longer than a year to ripen, consisting of)”
thick woody peltate, angular scales, with numerous: seeds, attached to
the stalk of the scales. Cotyledons 2-3.

Crown narrow-cylindrical ; branches erect; cones few, 1 in.
diam. . ae j . ‘ ‘ ‘i fc < 1. C. sempervirens.
Crown broad-pyramidal ; branches spreading ; cones numer-

ous, clustered, 4 in. diam. 2. C. torulosa.
Cupressus. | .LXXVL CONIFERA, 533

1, 0. sempervirens, Linn. ; DC. Prodr. xvi. ii. 468 ; Reichenb. Ic. Fl.
Germ. t, 534. In India only the cylindrical (so-called pyramidal) variety
occurs, C. fastigiata, DC. Cypress.—-Cipresso, Ital. Vern. Saru, sarw,
saras, N.W. India.

A tall tree with a fluted stem ; branches erect, often adpressed to the
trunk, forming a narrow dense cylindrical crown of dark-green foliage.
Branchlets four-sided, leaves ovate-oblong. Cones few, 1 in. diam., and-
grey when ripe, greatly varying in shape, on peduncles 4 in. long; scales
rough, with a projecting point or boss, convex or keeled. Seeds ovoid
or oblong, angular, with a narrow wing.

Planted in poses in Afghanistan and N.W. India, ¢g., at Agra, Ajmir,
Delhi, also in Kashmir and the outer Himalaya, in Kamaon to 3000 ft. Grows
in Calcutta. Cultivated throughout the Mediterranean region. Hardy in
England. The pyramidal variety is not found wild anywhere ; the variety
with spreading branches, regarded by Grisebach and others under the name of
C. horizontalis, as a distinct species, is wild on the west side of Lebanon, on
the mountains of Crete and Asia Minor, and probably also in North Persia.
Fl. Feb.-April ; the fruit ripens during summer of the second year, and is often
long persistent on the tree. In N.W. India the tree attains 6-7, occasionally 9
ft. girth, and 70-80, occasionally 100 ft. in"height. Its growth is slow ; Grise-
bach mentions two cypresses found by him near a convent on Mount Athos,
proved by inscriptions to be more than 1000 years old, the radius of which had
increased at the rate of 35 inch only a-year. Near Somma, in Lombardy, a
cypress is shown which was renowned in Casar’s time on account of its size
and beauty. The bark is thin (less than 2 in.), dark grey or brown, with
numerous longitudinal wrinkles and shallow furrows. The wood is reddish- or
brownish-white, close-grained, but not hard, the inner belt of each annual ring
(spring wood) soft, the outer belt (autumn wood) harder and reddish. Medullary
‘rays numerous and distinct. Very fragrant, with a strong peculiar and pleasant
scent. It is exceedingly durable, and in the Levant and Greece is prized for
trunks and boxes, the contents of which are proof against most insects.

2. C. torulosa, Don; Prodr. Fl. Nep. 55.—Himalayan Cypress.
Sans. Surahva. Vern. Devi diar, Ravi; Deodar, Kullu, Baji; Leaurt,
Jaunsar; Raisalla, Naini Tal. :

A large tree ; branches horizontal, whorled, with drooping extremities,
forming a broad pyramidal crown. Branchlets round or indistinctly four-
sided ; leaves ovate-triangular, white-margined. Cones numerous, clus-
tered, erect, bluish when ripe, $ in. diam. ; scales flat or convex, rugose,
but smoother than those of C. sempervirens. Seeds compressed, convex
on both sides, with a narrow orbicular wing. ‘

Outer ranges of the Himalaya from Chamba to Nepal, but more local and less
common than most other Sale conifers, generally, but not always on dry
warm rocky slopes. Several small patches on the Ravi, more abundant in part
of Kullu, between 5500 and 8000 ft. (not in Mandi, where, according to Stewart,
Vigne and Moorcroft mistook a small Deodar forest for Cypress.) Common, on
limestone, on the north side of the Shali and Tikka ridge north of Simla, asso-
‘ciated with Deodar, Abies Smithiana, A. Webbiana, and Tasxus. In Jaunsar,
on the limestone rocks of the Lokandi and Moila Hills, on limestone below the
Karama Peak, associated with Deodar and A. Smithiana. On the south-east
534 LXXVI. CONIFER, [ Cupressus.

face of Chinar Peak, above Naini Tal, on clay-slate, but in the vicinity of lime-
stone rocks. Not uncommon in Garhwal and Kamaon, and in Nepal. Grows
at Saharanpur, at Poona, at Calcutta, and thrives vigorously on the Chikalda
Hill in Berar at 3000 ft. elev. Madden states that the tree is indifferent to the
nature of the rock, and that it is found both on limestone and on silicious rocks,
What I have seen of its growth makes me think that it prefers limestone. Fl.
Jan.-Feb., the cones ripen in Oct.-Nov. of the second year, and are often long
persistent on the trees, Attains generally 70-80 ft., and a girth of 6-8 ft., but
larger trees are not uncommon. Dr Stewart records one near Girar on the
Belj, a feeder of the Ravi, at 6500 ft., 15 ft. girth, and over 120 ft. high; and
Madden speaks of 15-17 ft. girth, and a height of 150. The roots often embrace
masses of rock, and the base of the trunk swells out in such cases. At Naig,
south of Lobha, Stewart records a famous grove, the trees 12-17 ft. girth, and
one 27 ft. girth near the ground, with enormous roots clasping great rocks, pro-
bably not under 1000 years old. The growth, as far as known, appears to be
slow. Dr Stewart records 12-18 rings on one inch of radius. Bark very thin,
barely } in. thick, the outer layer peeling off in numerous long narrow dark-
grey thin strips, which are often spirally twisted round the trunk ; inner sub-
stance of bark reddish brown. The surface of the bark is rougher and darker
than that of Juniperus excelsa, with which this Cypress is often confounded.
Wood white, with a tinge of red or yellow, deeper coloured in the centre, fra-
grant, the scent similar to the scent of the Cypress wood from Turkey and
Greece, even-grained, not hard, easy to work, but not strong. Medullary rays
distinct, somewhat darker than the rest of the wood, annual rings consist of an
inner softer and an outer harder and darker belt. At Naini Tal it has been
much used for building, particularly for indoor work, and on the Ravi and
Sutlej it is sometimes used for beams. But, as a rule, the tree is not used for
secular purposes. In Kullu images are made of it, and the poles to carry the
sacred ark, for which purpose Birch and Elm are also employed. The’wood is
often burnt as incense in temples,

C. glauca, Lam, ; DC. Prodr. xvi. ii. 470 ; Dalz. Bomb. Fl. Suppl. 83.—Syn.
C. lusitanica, Willd, Commonly cultivated in gardens in Western India above
Ghat ; does not sueceed below Ghat, according to Dalzell. Largely cultivated
in Portugal, believed to have been introduced from Goa. Supposed to be dis-
tinguished from the two preceding species mainly by the bluish colour of the
leaves and cones, and by the projecting subulate boss of the scales. The
value of the former character, however, is demonstrated by the Deodar, which
is commonly bluish when cultivated in Europe, and occasionally in the Hima-
laya, but the great mass of which, in its native forests, is dark green. The
character taken from the scales of the cone may be more constant, but the
specific distinctions between the three Cypresses described, sempervirens, toru-
losa, and glauca, seem to invite farther inquiry.

C. funebris, End].; the weeping Cypress—Vern. Chandang, Sikkim—an ele-
gant tree, with hanging distichous branches and lanceolate mucronate leaves,
with a spreading apex, is planted in China near pagodas, also planted in
Bhutan near temples and monasteries, between 2000 and 7000 ft., and on the
great Ranjit river in Sikkim near convents and cemeteries; also in Nepal.
Grows at Calcutta,

Biota orientalis, Endl.—Syn. Thuja orientalis, Linn., the Arbor vite, is a
small evergreen tree, indigenous in Japan and China, much cultivated in India
and Europe, with the foliage similar to that of the Cypress, but the cones con-
sisting of 3-4 pairs of decussate oblong woody scales, with the apex recurved,
and at the base of each 1 or 2 unwinged seeds.
Cupressus. ] LXXVI. CONIFERA. 535

Cathitris quadrivalvis, Vent. ; DC. Prodr. xvi. ii. 452.—Syn. Thuja articu-
lata, Vahl—is a small tree of Western North Africa, where, according to Mathieu,
it covers large areas either alone (Fl. For. 355), or mixed with Pinus hale-
pensis, Phallyrea, and other evergreens, and is remarkable on account of
the compact heavy and very fragrant heartwood, which has a rich brown
colour, and takes a most beautiful polish. The tree coppices readily, and the
forest-fires, which are lighted by the Arab herdsmen (as they are by the pastoral
repuleow of India), frequently kill the stem to the ground, when abun-

ant shoots spring up from the root, which attains a great age, and often a
considerable size. These masses of root have a beautifully mottled grain ; ex-
oS ornaments and small articles of furniture are made of them, and veneers

or the most elegant cabinet-work. This wood was one of those called -Kédpos,

citrus (see e 56), was highly prized by the Romans, and fabulous prices were
paid for tables made of it. The branchlets are green, articulate, and bear at
the base of each joint 4 minute decussate scale-like leaves. The fruit is $ in.
diam., four-sided, consisting of 4 valvate scales, and containing 6 winged seeds.
The tree exudes a strongly-scented resin (Gum Sandarach).

6, JUNIPERUS, Linn:

Evergreen trees or shrubs, with distinct, generally red-coloured heart-
wood. Leaves either all linear or subulate, erect or spreading, in whorls
of three or dimorphous, viz., on the first shoots of seedlings, and on
luxuriant shoots, subulate and spreading, and on the other branches scale:
like, opposite, generally decussate, and imbricate. Flowers monoicous or
dioicous, terminal or axillary. Male catkins small, cylindrical or ovoid ;
scales whorled, imbricate, bearing each at its base 3-6 anther-cells. Fruit
ripening the second year, fleshy, subglobose, consisting of 3-6 connate
carpellary scales (the lower sterile), the tips of which are often visible on
the surface of the ripe fruit. Seeds 1-3, with coriaceous testa embedded
in the resinous pulp of the berry (galbulus).

All leaves whorled, erect or spreading, linear, pungent ; catkins 5

axillary . : F . . . . ‘ . - LL. J. communis.

All leaves whorled, subulate, pungent, the upper adpressed,
imbricate ; male catkins terminal ; female catkins at the
ends of short lateral branchlets - 3 : ‘ ‘

Leaves dimorphous, those on the great mass of branches scale-
like, decussate, adpressed and imbricate, on others subu-
late, pungent, erect or spreading.

Foliage bushy; branchlets four-sided ; the scale-like leaves
oblong, more or less keeled at the back, apex not closely
adpressed; berries ovoid, subacute, 1-seeded. (A shrub
in the N.W. Himalaya, in Sikkim atree) .  .

Foliage light and open ; branchlets spreading, indistinctly

‘ four-sided ; the scale-like leaves ovate, convex, closely
adpressed, with a large resinous gland on the back ;
berries globose, very resinous, 2-5-seeded. (A tree in
the N, W. Himalaya) . . . : F a

1. J. communis, Linn. ; Hook. Stud. Fl. 348; Reichenb. Ic. FL
Germ. t. 535.— Juniper. Genévrier, Fr. ; Wachholder, Germ, Vern. Nich,
pama, pethra, bentha, betar, Kashmir, Chamba, and Kullu; Lang shur,
thelu, lewar, Kunawar; Chuni, shipa, Piti.

2. J. recurva.

3. J. Wallichiana.

4, J. excelsa,
536 LXXVI. CONIFER. [Juniperus.

A dense, diffuse shrub, in Europe sometimes a small tree, procumbent
at great elevations. Foliage greyish green. Leaves spreading, in whorls
of three, linear, }-4 in. long, pungent, narrowed at base, nearly flat and
bluish green above, light green, convex or obtusely keeled beneath, per-
sistent 3-4 years, Catkins axillary, supported at the base by small bracts ;
the male ovoid, yellow; the antheriferous scales broad-ovate, acuminate ;
the female flowers small, resembling leaf-buds. Berries subglobose, on
short scaly stalks 4-4 in. long, crowned at the apex with the tips of the
carpellary scales ; pulp sweet and resinous. Seeds generally 3.

South side of Safedkoh at 9000 ft. North-West Himalaya, but not in the
innermost arid tract, abundant in places as far east as the Sutlej, less common
beyond it. Hills near the mouth OF the Sindh valley, Kashmir, at 5400 ft, ; in
the Butna valley ascending to 11,000 ; in Lahoul to 12,500 ft.; in Kunawar be-
tween 9000 and 11,000 ft.; to 14,000 ft. on the Bias and in Garhwal ; eastern-
most point entrance of the Bians valley in North-East Kamaon. Throughout
Europe to the North Cape. In Greenland, North Asia, also on the Caucasus and
on Mount Ararat. In North and Central Europe it is found both on the plains
and on mountains. On the Riviera, near Nice and Mentone, it goes down to
the coast, but farther south it is found on mountains only. Thus in Spain it
occurs (according to Willkomm) on the Guadarama mountains from 3500 to
6000 ft., in the Sierra Nevada from 6500 to 8000, and on Mount Athos in Mace-
donia (according to Grisebach) from 5200 to 6000 ft. Juniperus nana, Willd.,
which many botanists consider as a variety merely of the common Juniper,
ascends even higher, and is found in the Alps and on the mountains of South
Europe, in the Alpine zone far beyond the forest belt. On the dry stony hills
of the Muschelkalk formation in North and Middle Germany the Juniper is
sometimes a useful nurse of plantations, and it often affords shelter in such
localities to self-sown seedlings of other trees. In East Prussia and the Baltic
provinces the Juniper is often gregarious, covering large extents of ground with
open brushwood ; and under partial shelter it becomes arborescent, extending
over large areas, associated with other trees ae Forstl. Fl. 217). In the
North-West Himalaya the Juniper is chiefly found on high dry bleak slopes,
usually gregarious, sometimes mixed with J. recurva, often in patches form-
ing a belt above the upper limit of the forest. Fl. March, April; the fruit
ripens in August and September of the second year. ;

Generally an irregularly-shaped shrub with stiff branches, branchlets erect or
oe procumbent at high elevations. In the Himalaya it rarely attains more
than 6-7 ft. with a disproportionately thick stem, 18-24 in. girth. In Europe the
tree occasionally grows 30-40 ft. high with a girth of 4-5 ft. Bark whitish grey,
exfoliating in thin flakes, leaving the brown inner substance exposed. Sapwood
large, white ; heartwood brown, fine-grained, compact, the annual rings dis-
tinctly marked by a dark narrow line. Used for fuel, very acceptable on high
passes. The twigs are resinous and aromatic ; they are placed before the Deota
in temples, and, Tike the wood, are burnt as incense (dhup). The fruit is sweet,
aromatic, and very resinous. In Kamaon it is added to spirits distilled from
barley. (In North Germany the berries are largely collected and exported
to Holland for the manufacture of gin.) They are sold as medicine in the bazars
of North India under the name of Abhil, haber, administered in decoction as a
stimulant, diuretic, and emmenagogue.

2. J. recurva, Ham. ; DC. Prodr. xvi. ii. 481.— Weeping Blue Juni-
per, Hook. Him. Journ. ii. 28. Vern. Wetyar, bettar, chiich, thelu, telu,
Juniperus.] LXXVI. CONIFERAL, 537

talu, phulu, Pb. 3 Bettir, bhedara, bendhara, bidelgunj, thelu, phulu,
jhora, guggal, bil, uri, agani, N.W.P.; Pama, Tibet 3 Deschu, Sikkim.

A gregarious shrub or moderate-sized tree; branchlets decurved or
drooping. Leaves adpressed, 4 in. long, in whorls of 3, generally approxi-
mate and imbricate, distant on older branchlets, lanceolate, pungent, back
convex. Catkins and berries at the ends of short lateral leaf-bearing
branchlets. Berries oblong or ovoid-oblong, pointed, 4-4 in. long, with
the tips of carpellary scales near the apex, green at first, olive or blue
afterwards, dark-brown or almost blackish-purple, smooth shining when
ripe, Seed 1, oblong, obtuse.—J. squamata is a procumbent variety with
broader, curved leaves.

South side of Safedkoh near Pewar Pass 8000-9000 ft. Himalaya 7500 to
12,000 ft., ascending to 13,000, and on the Niti Pass to 15,000 ft. In Sikkim
and Bhutan at 9000-12,000 ft. Occasionally planted near temples, e.g., at Panwi
in Kunawar. FI. chiefly in June, July ; the fruit ripening July to October of
the second year. In Sikkim and Bhutan attains 30 ft. with a pyramidal crown,
and drooping branchlets. In the North-West Himalaya it is only known as
a gregarious shrub, often covering large areas, either pure or mixed with J. com-
munis, the stems decumbent, at times 6 in. diam., very long, running over or
under the surface of the ground, and from these creeping stems rise numerous
short erect branches, which make it very difficult to traverse such thickets.
Bark smooth, cinnamon-coloured, generally peeling off in conspicuous flakes
which curl up. Heartwood reddish-brown, fragrant, useful as fuel at high ele-
vations. The sprigs are used in the distillation of spirits ; coarse barley-flour
is made into balls, covered with the sprigs and leaves, wrapped up in blankets
and kept warm for 3-4 days until it ferments, when it is used in the distillation
of arrack from rice. The shrub is sacred, and the resinous twigs are used for
incense (dhiip, giigal).

\

3. J. Wallichiana, Hf. & Th. in Herb. Kew.—Black Juniper of Sik-
kim, Hook. Him. Journ. ii. 55. Vern. Tchokpo, Sikkim.

In the north-west a large gregarious shrub, in Sikkim a large tree, with
densely massed bushy branchlets. Leaves dimorphous, the scale-like
leaves oblong, back almost keeled, obtuse, in 4 rows, so as to make the
branchlets 4-sided, apex not quite adpressed, those on the lower branch-
lets linear, pungent, and somewhat spreading. Male catkins terminal.
Berries numerous, erect, on lateral leaf-bearing branchlets of variable
length, ovoid, acute, }-4 in. long, blue, shining when ripe, 1-seeded.

Himalaya 9000 to 15,000 ft. from the Indus to Sikkim. Fl. April, May ; fr.
Aug. Bark brown, smooth, exfoliating in large flakes. | This is the large tree
Juniper of the inner ranges of Sikkim, attaining 60 ft., with spreading branches.
The wood of the Sikkim tree resembles J. excelsa in structure.

J. Pseudo-Sabina, Fisch. et Meyer ; Ledeb. FL Ross. iii, 682, a shrub of
Siberia, mountains of Davuria and Songaria, is identified with this species by
Parlatore in DC. Prodr, xvi. 482; but the fruit, which is 1-seeded like that of
J. Wallichiana, is described as recurved, not erect. The classification of the

Junipers of Asia seems to require critical revision.
538 LXXVI. CONIFERA}. [ Juniperus.

4, J. excelsa, M. Bieb.=_Tab, LEVIII.—DC. Prodr. xvi. ii. 484.—
Syn. (partly) J. chinensis, Linn., as accepted by Parlatore in DC. Prodr.
487, Himalayan Pencil Cedar. Apiirs, uppurz, Beluchistan; Chalat,
chalet, Jhelam; Shikpa, shuir, shurgu, lewar, Chenab and Sutlej ; Shar
bita, shirgu, shiikpa, Tibet; Dhiup, padmak, surgi, N.W.P.; Dhupi,
dhupri chandan, shukpa, Nepal. Lt

A small or middle-sized tree, stunted at high elevations, with slender,
terete, nearly distichous branchlets. Foliage light green, not unlike in
colour that of Pinus excelsa. Leaves of two kinds (dimorphous), on the
upper and outer branches scale-like, closely adpressed, imbricate, ovate,
acute or pungent, back convex with a resinous gland; on the lower
branches, subulate, pungent, 4 in. long. Male catkins terminal. Berries
very resinous, } in. diam., subglobose, black when ripe, at the ends of
lateral leaf-bearing branchlets of variable length, 4-3 in. long, seeds 2-5.

Afghanistan and North Beluchistan. Arid tract of the North-West Himalaya
and West Tibet, generally gregarious on rocky slopes. At the head of the Kun-
har river (the westernmost feeder of the Jhelam), in Kaghan, at the head of the
Sind river in Kashmir, on the upper Chenab, Bias and Sutlej (above the Tidong
valley and the Werang Pass), on the upper Indus and its tributaries, and at the
head-waters of several feeders of the Ganges. Said to be plentiful in inner
Nepal, but not found farther east. The range of elevation is from 5000 ft.
(Rondu on the Indus) to 14,000 ft. in Ladak. It grows at the Saharanpur

arden, and is hardy in England. Beyond India it is difficult to define the
anita of this tree, as there are several species closely allied to it which will be
noticed below. The Indian tree seems to be identical with that found in the
Crimea, on the Caucasus, and the Ural mountains. In the N.W. Himalaya it
flowers in summer, and the berries ripen in September of the second year. The
tree does not generally attain a heey exceeding 50 ft., the trunk is short, but
of great girth, 10 ft. and 6-7 ft. at higher elevations (11,000 ft.) being not un-
common, and several over 20 ft. girth being known. The trunk is generally
crooked and gnarled, and divides into many large, diffusely spreading twisted
boughs, which rapidly diminish in girth, and grow to no great height. “An ex-
treme specimen is in Lahoul, 33} ft. girth, divided into contorted branches not
over 30 ft. high. The crown has often an irregular and grotesque shape. The
branchlets are slender, glaucescent, erect or spreading, shorter and less pendu-
lous than those of Cupressus torulosa, but very like it in hand specimens. Bark
of branchlets reddish-brown, shining, with a cinereous silvery pellicle peeling off.
The bark of the trunk is reddish-brown or grey, smooth between longitudinal
cracks, exfoliating in long fibrous strips. Inner substance compact, fibrous, The
rate of growth is slow, three sections recorded by Stewart gave 24, 40, and 44
rings per inch of radius respectively. The sapwood is large, light-coloured,
the heartwood light or dark red, even- and close-grained, with a scent similar to
that of the pencil cedar, but less powerful ; it is much harder than the American
pencil cedar. Like the wood of most Junipers, the annual rings in the wood of
J. excelsa are distinctly marked by a dark narrow line. The medullary rays
are often darker than the rest of the wood. Weight, 25-37 lb. per cub. ft. In
Quetta and Kelat it is much used for rafters and building. E the bare and
arid tracts, where it is chiefly found, it is used for many purposes. Supports
of water-channels are made of it, and the heartwood is said to be almost im-
perishable in moist earth. In Lahoul it is used, alternating with stones, for the
walls of houses, as well as’ for beams. In Kunawar some of the temples are
built of it ; it is made into drinking-cups and walking-sticks.
Juniperus. ] LXXVI. CONIFERA, 539

_At Leh it is largely used as fuel (the driftwood that comes down the Zanskar
river); it burns quickly with a peculiar smell. Charcoal is made of it in places,
In Kunawar it is burnt for incense, and is exported for that purpose. The fruit
is very turpentiny and not eatable ; under the name of Afidber, it is medicinal
in Sindh, and is said to be used as incense, ;

The species closely allied to this are: 1. J. chinensis, Linn., China, and
Japan, very similar to J. excelsa. 2. oS. feetidissima, Willd. ; DC. Prodr. xvi. ii,
485 (united with J. excels, by Grisebach Veg. der Erde, i. 572), Forms forests
with other conifers on the mountains of Greece, Macedonia, Asia Minor, Ar-
menia, Syria, and is also found on the Caucasus ; 1-2 seeds, according to Parla-
tore. 3. J. procera, Hochstetter, on the mountains of Abyssinia and Arabia
Felix ; 2-3 seeds. 4. J. thurifera, Linn. ; Portugal, Spain, and Algeria, above
3000 ft. elevation ; 2-3 seeds, All these are trees, sometimes attaining a con-
siderable size ; and in addition to them Grisebach distinguishes 5. J. egea,
from the Greek Archipelago, with sessile fruit. 6. J. Sabina, Linn., is gene-
rally a shrub, rarely a small tree ; seeds generally 1-2, rarely 3-4, Parlatore ;
fruit smaller than that of the preceding species, except J. procera, which also
has small berries. The distinguishing characters between.thése species are some-
what uncertain.

Juniperus virginiana, Linn., the American Pencil Cedar, near the coast of
the Atlantic from Maine to Florida, with compact scented red heartwood, and
J. bermudiana, Linn., of the Bermudas, the West Indies, and Florida, mainly
yield the wood of which pencils are made.

Juniperus drupacea, Labill. ; DC. Prodr. 476—Syn. Arceuthos drupacea, An-
toine & Kotschy—is a dioicous shrub or small tree, with large subglobose fleshy
and eatable fruit 1 in. diam., consisting of 9 scales, the tops of which are pro-
minent in 3 whorls, 6 near the apex and 3 at the base of the fruit. Leaves in
whorls of three, lanceolate, rigid, pungent, ? in. long, 1-14 lines broad. Moun-
tains of Asia Minor, on Lebanon and Antilebanon, rare on the higher mountains
of Greece. Attempts might be made to cultivate this useful tree in the drier
parts of the Panjab Himalaya. Hardy in England.

7. TAXUS, Tournef.

Slow-growing and long-lived evergreen trees or shrubs, with tough red
heartwood. Leaves linear, distichous. Flowers sessile in the axils of
leaves, usually dioicous. Male catkins subglobose, stipitate, supported
at the base by empty bracts, the axis bearing at its end numerous peltate
scales, each on its lower edge with 3-6 anther-cells, dehiscing longitudin-
ally. Female flowers resembling leaf-buds, consisting of a few imbricate
scales, enclosing an erect ovule, surrounded at the base by a disc which
is membranous in flower, but enlarges into a red fleshy cup, surrounding
the seed. Testa bony, embryo with 6-7 cotyledons.

1. T. baceata, Linn. ; DC. Prodr. xvi. ii. 500; Hook, Stud. Fl. 349 ;
Reichenb. Ic. Fl. Germ. t. 538.—Syn. 7. nucifera, Wall. Tent. Fl. Nep.
t. 44; T. Wallichiana, Zucce. Yew. ibe, Germ. ; Lf, Fr.; Tasso, It.
Vern. Sardp, badar, Afg.; Birmi, barma, tung, thiinu, sungal, pistil,
chogu, Kashmir, Chamba; Rukhal, Bias ; Barmi, Shali ; Thuna, Hattu ;
Yamdal, Kunawar; Thiner, geli, gallu, list, N.W.P.; Nhare, Tibet ;
Tingschi, Sikkim.

A large tree with dense, dark-green foliage. Leaves linear, 1 line
broad and 1} in. long, apex sharp, base narrowed into a short petiole,
540 LXXVI. CONIFERA. [ Taxus,

decurrent along the branch with two raised lines. Male flowers yellow.
Fruit a red ovoid berry, somewhat more than 4} in. long, open at the
mouth, so that the top of the dark olive-green seed appears.

Kafiristan, south side of the Safedkoh. Himalaya from the Indus to Bhutan,
abundant in places, but very local. Not uncommon in Hazara, common in the
dense forests of A. Webbiana, A. Smithiana, Acer, Pavia, Juglans, on the upper
part of the northern slopes of the range stretching from the Shali to Narkanda,
also on the sides of Hattu, both north and south, in the Balsan forests east of
the Giri, opposite to Imbri, and in many other places between Sutlej and a=
In Kunawar it is found, here and there, above 9000 ft.—e. g., above the Nachar
forest, and in the Baspa valley. In Garhwal and Kamaon it is generally found
between 6000 and 8500 ft., ascending to 11,200 ft. at Kedarnath. It grows in
Sikkim, on the outer ranges at 9500 to 10,000 ft., in the inner ranges descending
to 7000 ft. in Bhutan and on the Kasia hills (at 5000 ft.), and has been found
in upper Burma. As defined by Parlatore, this species extends throughout
Europe, North Africa, and is found on the mountains of Asia Minor, Armenia,
and on the Caucasus; he enumerates 5 species besides, two from Japan and
three from North America, which Hooker regards as all forms of the same species,
In Central and North Europe the Yew is indigenous both in the plains and
on the mountains, but in the Mediterranean region it is only found at a con-
siderable elevation. In some regions of the Himalaya its lower limit is not
exactly known ; it does not extend into the inner arid zone. It is certain that
the Yew was more common formerly in many forests of Central Europe than
it is at present ; the young plant requires shelter, and, like the Holly, thrives
in deep shade. Any system of forest management, therefore, which requires
entire or partial clearances, impedes its growth and prevents reproduction by
self-sown seedlings, In the Himalaya the Yew clothes itself with young bril-
liant green shoots in April and May, and the flowers open between March and
May. In Europe it flowers, according to latitude and elevation, between March
and May, and the young shoots generally appear a week after flowering (Will-
komm, Forstl. Fl. 223). The fruit ripens (in India and Europe) from Sept. to
Nov. of the year of flowering.

In the Himalaya the Yew attains a considerable size ; Madden records a tree
at Gangitri 100 ft. high and 15 ft. girth. In the Panjab Himalaya the com-
mon size is 5-6 ft. pith ; in Hazara 8-9 ft. is not uncommon. In Europe the
largest and oldest Yew-trees are recorded in Britain ; specimens 10 ft. diam.
and 30 ft. girth are not rare in England and Scotland, and some are on record
with a diam. of 15-20 ft. The growth of the tree is slow ; and there is no doubt,
from an examination of the annual rings and from historical records, that some
of the Yew-trees now in existence in England are considerably more than 1000
years old, The bark is thin, brownish-grey, hard and smooth, cleft longitud-
inally and peeling off ; inner substance fibrous. The growth is very slow, 20-
32 rings per-in. of radius are recorded from the Himalaya, and this accords
with the experience of the growth of the tree in Europe. Sapwood whitish,
the heartwood is reddish-brown, compact, hard and heavy, 46-59 Jb. per cub.
ft. It is strong and elastic, and takes a beautiful polish. In Europe it is
‘used for all kinds of turnery, for carving, and other purposes which require
a firm and elastic wood. Whip-handles are made of the branches, and from
time immemorial it has been fhe principal wood used for bows. The Indian
wood, as far as known, has the same qualities as that of the European tree ;
bows, carrying-poles, and native furniture are made of it, but it might be more
extensively used. The tree is held in great veneration in some parts of the
N.W. Himalaya, it sometimes is called Deodar (God’s tree); the wood is burnt
for incense, branches are carried in religious processions in Kamaon, and in
Taxus. | LXXVI. CONIFERA. 541

Nepal the houses are decorated with the green twigs at religious festivals. The
bark (sang, sangha) is exported to Ladak from Kunawar, to be mixed with tea,
and to be used_as a red dye, In Kunawar a decoction of it is administered for
rheumatism. The branches are used to support earth roofs. The leaves (birmi)
are exported to the plains of the Panjab, and used medicinally as a stomachic ;
in Europe they are considered poisonous, but not everywhere nor under all
circumstances. Goats, rabbits, and sheep eat them freely (Selby, Brit. Forest

Trees, 374). The berries are sweet and harmless, and are eaten by the nati
of the N.W. Himalaya. > y the natives

Podocarpus neriifolia, Don ; DC. Prodr. xvi. ii. 514, is a large evergreen
tree with somewhat whorled branches and alternate, coriaceous, linear-lanceo-
late leaves with a prominent midrib, 4-5 in. long ; male catkins axillary, cylin-
dric, antheriferous scales with 2 anther-cells; fruit axillary, fleshy, 1-seeded,
ovoid, on a fleshy receptacle.

Nepal, Sikkim, Kasia, ascending to 3000 ft. A remarkable tree in Burma,
nearly allied to it, which 8. Kurz, however, refers to P. bracteata, Blume, of the
Indian Archipelago, grows in the evergreen forests of the Bithoko range, be-
tween the Yunzaleen and Salween rivers, above 2000 ft., where I found it in
March 1859, also on the coast-range of the Tenasserim provinces. It is called
That min, the Prince of trees, in Burma. The wood is close-grained and highly
prized in Burma,

Orpen LXXVIL PALMA.

Stem solid, either an underground perennial rhizome, producing flower-
stalks and tufts of leaves, or more commonly above ground, erect, scandent
or supported by other trees and bushes. The stem above ground is, with
few exceptions, simple and without leaf-bearing side branches. The vas-
cular bundles do not unite into concentric masses of wood and bark,
separated by a continuous cambium layer, but are distinct, scattered in the
cellular tissue of the trunk. They consist of vessels, varying in size, which
on a horizontal section appear as pores; secondly, of elongated or poly-
gonous cells, generally forming a mass of softer tissue, immediately sur-
rounding the vessels ; and, thirdly, of a mass of long thick-walled bast-
cells or fibres, of which the hard horny portion of the bundle is composed.
Near the circumference the bundles are generally more numerous, smaller
and harder, owing to the predominance in them of the bast-cells or fibres,
while near the centre they are sparse, containing a relatively larger pro-
portion of cells and vessels. The result is, that the centre of a Palm stem
is generally the softest part, not rarely becoming hollow by the decay of
the cellular tissue. The vascular bundles can be traced from the interior
of the stem to the base of the leaf, which is generally broad, and in most
cases cylindric and sheathing. The youngest leaf in the terminal bud is at
the top in the centre ; as the bud expands it enlarges, and at last encloses
the circumference of the stem, hence the vascular bundles descending from
it bend inward towards the centre. Lower down these same bundles
gradually bend outward toward the circumference, where they can be
traced for a considerable length in a vertical direction under the surface.
This explains a remarkable feature in the structure of the Palm stem,
which shows itself most distinctly in a vertical section made parallel to
542 LXXVIL PALMA, [ Borassus,

the radius, but may also be observed ina horizontal section. In vertical
sections a portion of the vascular bundles will be found to run straight
downward, but they are crossed by other bundles at oblique angles. The
latter are those portions which bend outward towards the base of the leaf or
the lower part of the stem. In transverse sections some bundles may gene-
rally be noticed, cut through in a slanting, not horizontal direction ; these
were cut across in their outward course towards the circumference of the
tree. Again, the structure of each bundle is different in its upper and lower
part: in its upper part it contains all three classes of elementary organs
enumerated above, vessels, fibres, and cells; whereas the lower part is almost
entirely composed of fibres. This will explain the different composition
of the vascular bundles near the centre, and the circumference of the stem.,
The stem of many Palms has a distinct rind composed of thick-walled cells,
and inside of it the outer vascular bundles (consisting mainly of thick-
walled fibres) are sometimes nearly confluent, but never entirely so. But
though the outer stratum is harder, there is no distinct bark that can be
stripped off, and no continuous confluent cambium layer as in Dicotyledons
and Conifers. Nor are there any annual rings in the wood of Palms.
After the stem has once attained a certain size, it does not materially
increase in thickness, though it sometimes swells out in an irregular
manner.

As regards the surface, one group of Palms has smooth and shining
stems, annulate with raised rings, which are not quite horizontal, but
slightly and alternately inclined to opposite sides. These rings are the
scars of fallen leaves, and according to the length of the joint or internode,
they are at greater or less distances from each other. The Rattans (Cala-
mus) and the Betel Palm (Areca) are instances of this group. In another
group (Chamerops, Borassus, Cocos, Phenix) the surface of the stem is
rough with the persistent base of the petioles, and in this group the inter-
nodes are always short, and the leaves and scars of petioles are arranged:
around the stem in a series of close spirals. It will be readily understood
that in the Palms of the second class the leaves always stand close together,
forming a dense tuft at the end of the stem, while in those of the first

oup the leaves stand at some distance, often covering a considerable
length of the stem (Calamus).

The leaves of seedlings are always undivided ; those which are formed
at a later period are generally either pinnately or palmately divided, the
pinne or segments being linear or lanceolate, mostly folded longitudinally
with numerous and parallel nerves. The segments of palmatifid leaves are
frequently bifid, those of pinnately divided leaves are either entire or
irregularly lobed (Wallichia, Caryota, and allied genera), and in that case
the edge or outline of the leaf runs partly with the nerves, partly across
at an oblique angle, a portion of the outline appearing dentate by the pro-
jecting ends of the nerves. The petiole is always broad-based, and gene-
rally amplexicaul or sheathing.

The inflorescence is terminal in some Palms (Corypha, Metroxylon), but
lateral in most cases, either in the axils of existing or fallen leaves. It is
generally a panicle enclosed in bud by large sheathing bracts (spathes),
Borassus. | LXXVII, PALMA. 543

the common peduncle (spadix) being often branching, thick, and some-
times woody. The flowers are rarely bisexual, generally dioicous, monoi-
cous, or polygamous. Calyx and corolla, as a rule, consist of 3 segments
or leaves each, those of the fertile flowers are commonly persistent in fruit.
Stamens 6, rarely 3, 9, or numerous ; anthers 2-celled, opening longitudi-
nally. Ovary 3-celled, one ovule in each cell; sometimes 3 distinct
l-celled carpels. Seed albuminous, albumen cartilaginous, horny, or oily.
Embryo small, cylindric, when germinating the upper. end remains en-
closed in the seed, enlarging considerably at the expense of the albumen,
while the lower part lengthens out, throwing out lateral rootlets, and at
a greater or less distance from the seed, the plumula emerges from the
slit, bearing one or two truncate sheaths, which surround the undivided
leaves of the seedling.—Royle Ill. 394 ; Martius, Historia Naturalis Pal-
marum, folio, vol. i-iii, 1823-1850. Griffith, The Palms of British
India in the Calcutta Journal of Natural History, vol. v., 1845, and
sn plates and additions) in folio in the Posthumous Papers: Calcutta,

This Family, which comprises upwards of 680 species, is commonly
divided into the following six Tribes :—

Borassinew.—Leaves fan-shaped ; flowers unisexual, commonly dioicous ;
male flowers in the axils of whorled closely imbricate bracts, in thick
cylindric spikes ; albumen horny or cartilaginous—Borassus, Hy-
phene, Lodoicea.

Coryphinece.—Leaves fan-shaped, base of petiole broad-based or sheath-
ing, sheath fibrous ; flowers bisexual or polygamous, in compound
panicles ; carpels 3, distinct or cohering ; albumen horny—Chame-
rops, Corypha.

Phenicinece.—Leaves pinnate, leaflets entire, petiole on a short reticulate
fibrous sheath ; flowers dioicous, in long spikes at the end of a com-
pressed, often woody peduncle ; carpels 3; fruit fleshy, 1-seeded,
enclosing a hard seed with bony albumen—Phenia.

Arecinece.—Leaves pinnate, leaflets entire or jagged ; petioles sheathing ;
flowers monoicous, inflorescence of long drooping spikes at the end
of a thick, almost fleshy peduncle ; seeds hard with horny albumen
—Wallichia, Caryota, Areca, Ceroxylon, Arenga.

Cocoinee.—Leaves pinnate, leaflets entire, petioles amplexicaul, with a
fibrous base; flowers monoicous, inflorescence of long drooping spikes
at the end of a thick sometimes branched peduncle ; albumen oily
or cartilaginous—Cocos, Elis.

Lepidocaryine.—Leaves pinnate, leaflets entire, petioles on long sheaths,
petioles and sheaths with prickles, scattered or in oblique lines or
rings ; flowers monoicous or dioicous, in compound panicles, with
sheathing bracts at the ramifications, common peduncle, petiole or
sheath often terminating in long thorny whip-like thongs ; ovary
3-celled ; fruit covered with closely adpressed, imbricate, recurved
scales ; albumen horny—Calamus, Metroxylon, Sagus.
544 LXXVIL. PALMA, [Borassus

Leaves fan-shaped. é : .
Flowers dioicous, in paniculate spikes; male spikes thick,
cylindrical, flowers fasciculate in the axils of broad

whorled imbricate connate bracts, ovary 3-celled 2 1. Borassus.
Flowers polygamous, in compound panicles without bracts ;
carpels 3, distinct . . . . 3 ; - 2. CHAMSEROPS.
Leaves pinnate or pinnatifid.
Pinnz cut and jagged, often cuneate . . . . 8. WALLICHIA.

Pinnz linear or lanceolate, entire.
Leaves terminal.
Flowers dioicous; fruit fleshy, enclosing a hard seed

with bony albumen : : . ; , 4, PH@NIX.
Flowers monoicous ; pericarp fibrous, endocarp hard,
bony, albumen oily. ‘ 3 nee é 5. Cocos.
Leaves distant, lateral, on long thorny sheaths ; flowers :
in long panicles with sheathing bracts . ; . 6. CaLAMus.

1. BORASSUS, Linn.

Stem tall cylindric, with a large terminal crown of fan-shaped leaves.
Petiole semiterete, broad-based, edges serrate, with hard horny spinescent
serratures. Flowers dioicous, spadix with few simple branches, lower
part covered with numerous large sheathing coriaceous and fibrous imbri-
cate bracts. Male inflorescence composed of thick cylindric spikes, in
pairs or in threes at the ends of the branches of the spadix. Axis thick,
cylindric, covered with numerous broad whorled closely set and imbricate
bracts, connate at the edges, each bearing in its axil a fascicle of 10-12
flowers and numerous membranous bracts, the flowers concealed in bud,
but becoming exserted on expansion by the lengthening out of the cor-
olla tube. Calyx campanulate, trifid to the middle; segments narrow-
oblong or linear. Corolla a slender solid tube, which, lengthening out,
rises above the bract, and expands into a 3-partite limb, with oval con-
cave segments. Stamens 6, inserted on the solid corolla tube ; filaments
short ; anthers sagittate ; no rudiment of ovary. Female spikes pani-
culate, with numerous annular sheathing bracts, each flower consisting
of 8-12 unequal, closely imbricate, rounded coriaceous concave leaves
(bracts sepals and petals), all similar in shape and texture. Ovary 3-celled,
surrounded by 6-9 small sterile stamens; stigma sessile. Fruit enclosed
by the enlarged and partly fieshy closely imbricate perianth and bracts,
3-seeded. Albumen horny.

1. B. flabelliformis, Linn. ; Roxb. Cor. Pl. t. 71, 72; Fl. Ind. 790.
The Palmyra Tree.—Sans. Trinaraja (king of grasses) Vern. Tal,
tala, tar, Hind. ; Potu tadi, the male, penti tati chettu, the female tree,
Telugu; Htanben, Burm. :

Young stems covered all their length with the dry leaves or lower part
of petioles, old stems marked with the hard black long and narrow scars
of the fallen petioles. Base of stem surrounded by a dense mass of numer-
ous long cylindrical rootlets, consisting of a tough central vascular axis
surrounded by a mass of fibres and a layer of thin brittle bark. Segments
Borassus.] LXXVII, PALMA, 545

of leaves 60-80, parchment-like, smooth, shining, folded along the midrib,
linear-lanceolate, connate to half their length, entire, at last bifid, 18-30
in, long, diameter of the leaf 3-5 ft.; petiole 2-4 ft. long. Male spikes
drooping, flowers delicate, pink and yellow, one flower only opening at
a time in each bract. Fruit subglobose, depressed, 5-7 in. diam., smooth,
shining, dark brown shaded with yellow, rind coriaceous, enclosing a
yellow pulp mixed with tough straw-coloured fibres, which surround
the seeds. Seeds 2-4, generally 3, broad, heart-shaped ; albumen white,
cartilaginous.

Cultivated in the Indian Archipelago, the trans-Gangetic peninsula, Ceylon,
South and Central India, Bengal, and Lower Sindh. In North-West India as far
north as Alligarh and Shahjehanpur. Isolated trees in gardens in Rohilkhand
and the Upper Ganges Doab as far as Saharanpur. Also on both sides of the
Persian Gulf, attaining there about the same latitude as in North-West India—
30° N.L. Fl. March ; the fruit ripens in April or May. Generally 40-60 ft.
high, but attains 100 ft. in Burma (in the splendid Palmyra groves of the
Prome district), and perhaps elsewhere. Forked and branching stems are occa-
sionally found. Diam. of a full-grown tree above the generally thick base,
about 18-24 inches. The heart of the tree is soft, but the outer wood is hard,
heavy, and durable, consisting of numerous thick black vascular bundles.
Weight, 65 Ib. ; value of P. 944, Skinner. The stems are hollowed out and em-
ployed as water-pipes ; cut half through lengthwise they serve pene and open
channels. The outer wood is used for posts, rafters, and building generally,
also for furniture. The leaves are, like those of Corypha, universally employed

. for writing upon (with a pointed iron style); documents written on Palm-leaves
last eel centuries ; the leaves are also used as thatch and for mats and basket-
work, The pulp of the fruit is eaten, raw or roasted, and a preserve is made
of it in Ceylon. The unripe seeds, and particularly the young plants 2-3 months
old, are an important athicle of food. But the most valuable produce of the
tree is the sweet sap which runs from the peduncles cut before flowering, and
collected in Bamboo tubes or in earthen pots tied to the cut_peduncle, Nearly
all the sugar made in Burma, and a large proportion of the sugar made in South
India and the Konkan, is the produce of this Palm. The sap is also fermented
into toddy and distilled.

To the same genus belongs the Deleb Palm, Borassus Aithiopum, Mart., a
common tree in a large tract of ane Africa south of the Sahara, from Tim-
buktu to the Nile, and from Lake Tchad to the Nyassa Lake. The fruit, but
still more the young seedlings, which are raised on a large scale for that purpose,
are important as an article of food. Two other remarkable Palms are classed
under the tribe of Borassinew : 1. Lodoicea Sechellarum, Labill. ; Bot. Mag. t.
2734-38, the Coco de Mer, Double Cocoa-Nut. A tall Palm with distinctly
annulated stem, crowned with a tuft of 12-20 gigantic leaves, folded up
when young like a shut fan, expanding afterwards into a broadly ovate blade,
numerous lateral ribs diverging from a prominent midrib at acute angles,
the edges more or less deeply cut ; petiole as long as leaf. The flowers are
dioicous, and similar to those of Borassus ; the male flowers, however, have
15-20 monadelphous stamens. The fruit takes several years to come to
maturity. It attains a gigantic size ; the weight of the ripe fruit is often
40-50 Ib., and consists of a thick fibrous rind, enclosing 1, sometimes 2 or 3, hard
nuts, which are 2-lobed, sometimes 6-lobed. When ripe the albumen of the
seed is horny, but when unripe the inside of the fruit is soft and eatable. The
unripe fruit is eaten, and the hard ae shell of the nut is carved into orna-

M
546 LXXVII. PALMA. [ Borassus,

ments, and Fakirs’ drinking-cups. The leaves when young yield a beautiful
material for basket and plaited work ; hats, fans, and various other articles
are made of them; when full-grown they are used for partitions and roofs
of houses. This Palm is only found on two or three small rocky islands of
the Seychelle group north-east of Madagascar. These islands were discovered
in 1749, but long before that time the double Cocoa-nut had been known
in India, and on the Indian Archipelago, having been washed upon the
Maldive Islands by the monsoon, and the tree being unknown, wonderful
stories were current regarding the nature and origin of these curiously-
shaped nuts. 2. Hyphene thebaica, Mart.; Hist. Nat. Palm. t. 131, 132, 133,
the Doum Palm of Upper Egypt and Nubia, extending west to the Niger near
Timbuktu, one of the few species of this Order, the stem of which habitu-
ally and normally divides into bifurcating branches, each branch bearing a
crown of fan-shaped leaves. The flowers are dioicous ; the fruit is in long
hanging clusters, irregularly shaped, surface shining brown, 1-seeded, with a
sweet fibrous mealy rind which has a taste like gingerbread—is eaten, and forms

an important article of food in some parts of Africa. Rosary-beads are made of
the horny albumen.

2, CHAM ROPS, Linn.

Stems densely covered while young with the lower parts of petioles.
Base of old stems indistinctly annulate. Leaves fan-shaped, forming
a rounded terminal crown ; petioles sheathing, the sheath fibrous, edges
of petioles mostly aculeate. Flowers yellow, polygamous, often dioicous,
inflorescence a compound panicle on a thick peduncle (spadix), enclosed
in bud by a coriaceous oblique sheath. Calyx tripartite, corolla of 3 petals,
valvate in bud, petals and calyx-segments often more numerous. Sta-
mens 6-9. Carpels 3, distinct. Berries 3, or fewer by abortion. Albu-
men horny or cartilaginous ; embryo dorsal.

1. C. Martiana, Wall. Pl. As. rar. t. 211.—Syn. C. Khasyana, Madden,
On the occurrence of Palms and Bamboos at considerable elevations in the
Himalaya, Trans. Edin. Bot. Soc. iv. 186 (1853). Vern. Jhangra, jhaggar,
tal, Kamaon ; Taggu, the Newar name in Nepal.

A tall slender tree, 40-50 ft. high, stunted on dry ground or in other-
wise unfavourable localities, with a globose crown of dark shining leaves.
Petioles 3 ft. long, the sheathing base consisting of 2 layers, the inner
layer, which separates from the outer, being composed of a network of
brown tough fibres, crossing each other at oblique angles, forming a close
network of rhomboid meshes ; upper part of petiole half-round, woolly,
edges slightly denticulate. Blade orbicular, consisting of 30-40 linear
segments 15-20 in. long, connate to one-third or one-half their length,
emarginate or shortly bifid at the top. Inflorescence a drooping com-
pound panicle covered with dark rust-coloured down, with several stout
main branches, each in the axil of a large coriaceous sheathing bract.
Petals three times longer than calyx, ovate, concave, whitish. Stamens
6, filaments subulate, nearly free, longer than anthers. Ovaries and rudi-
ment of ovary hairy. Berry 1, oblong, yellow at first, dark glossy blue
when ripe. In Wallich’s figure, and Martius’ description which accom-
panies it, the fruit is yellow, probably because unripe.
Chameerops.] LXXVIL. PALME, 547

Grows in great numbers, mane clumps and rows, on the Thakil Moun-
tain in eastern Kamaon, in the fork between the Sarju and Kali rivers, between
6500 and 7800 ft., where snow generally covers the ground from Nov. till March,
above the zone of Pinus longifolia in the region of Quercus, Rhododendron,
Andromeda, and Tasus, in damp shady glens on the north and south-east, but
chiefly on the north-west side. Also on Dhuj Mountain, north-east of the
Thakil, on the Kalimoandi range between the Ramgunga and Gori rivers, and
in the Sarju valley near Bagesar. Dwarf specimens were found by Madden in
two localities of north-west Kamaon—viz., at the base of the Satbiinga Moun-
tain, south-east of the Gagar Pass, in very dense forest at 6500 ft. elevation, and
on the Berchula, a spur of the Bhatkot Mountain, considerably farther in the
interior, and at about 8000 ft. elevation, which probably is its western limit,
Also in great abundance at ae in the great Nepal wally 5000 ft. elevation
(Wallich). Fl. April, May ; fr. Oct. The fruit is eaten, though the pulp is
scanty and almost tasteless,

C. khasyana, Griff. ; Calcutta Journ. Nat. Hist. v. 341, on precipices at Mtismai
and Mamli, Kasia, alt. 4000 ft—Vern. Pakha, Hook. Him. Journ. ii, 279—is
described as a distinct species, differing by the petioles toothed throughout, the
nature of the fibrous net of the petiole sheaths, and the thick white paleaceous
tomentum with which the young leaves are covered. The fruit is blue when
tipe, like that of C. Martiana, and both Madden and Hooker have suggested the
identity of the two. In Griffith’s posthumous work (Palms of British India,
134), Thakil in Kamaon is given as a locality of C. khasyana. In Voigt’s
Hort. Suburb. Calc. 641, the Kasia Palm is mentioned as cultivated in the Cal-
cutta gardens (without having flowered) under the name of C. Grifithiana,
Wall. MSS. In the Revue Horticole of 1870, 276, C. Grifithii, Lodd, is de-
scribed and figured as a Palm 10 ft. high, petiole unarmed, without serratures,
but white-tomentose when young ; received at Paris in 1839 from Dr Wallich in
Calcutta. This probably is C. Martiana of Nepal and Kamaon. The question
whether the Kasia plant is a distinct species is a matter for farther inquiry.
No Chameerops has yet been reported from Sikkim.

Hermann Wendland, as quoted by Gay (Chamerops excelsa, Thunb. in Bulle-
tin de la Société Botanique de France, 1861), classes the two species mentioned,
together with C. excelsa, Thunb., of Japan and North China, under anew genus,
Trachycarpus, distinguished from Chamerops by an elongated inflorescence,
subulate filaments, hairy ovaries; the embryo dorsal, but situated above the
middle ; whereas in C. Aumilis, and allied species of Chamcerops proper, the
embryo is situated near the base of the back, the ovaries are glabrous, and the
filaments short, broad, and connate at the base. ©. excelsa isa most useful

lant ; the leaves are made into hats and waterproof cloaks, and rope is manu-
factured of the inner fibrous layer of the sheath.

C. humilis, Linn., is a widely ee Palm, with small semicircular leaves of
20-30 segments, of the western Mediterranean region and North Africa, its nor-
thernmost limit being the Riviera near Nice, N.L. 43°. In Spain it covers
large extents of waste land, and is sometimes found difficult to eradicate, on
account of its deep and tough roots. Mats and baskets are made of the leaves,
and they have of late years been employed to make paper. The hard horny
ruminated albumen of the seed is made into rosary-beads.

2, O. Ritchieana, Griff. Cale. Journ. Nat. Hist. v. 342.—Mazri. Vern.
Mearai, trans-Indus (maizurrye, Pushtu, Griff.) ; Kilu, kaliun, Salt
range. The fibre is called patha in the Panjab. Pfts, pesh, pease, feuse,
pfarra, pharra, Sindh, Beluchistan.
548 LXXVIL PALMA, [Chamerops.

A low gregarious shrub with greyish-green coriaceous leaves. Petioles
entire and unarmed, 6-12 in. long, base without any reticulate inner layer,
but with a mass of rust-coloured wool. Segments 8-15, linear, rigid, 12-
15 in. long, induplicate, deeply bipartite. Inflorescence erect, a slender
compound panicle, branches and branchlets from the axils of tubular
membranous sheathing bracts with prominent reticulate longitudinal
nerves ; branchlets bifarious, with numerous flowers in the axils of turbi-
nate membranous sheathing bracts, witha thin membranous edge. All the
bracts are closed sheaths, with a short subulate or triangular apex ; they
are spirally arranged, though apparently distichous on the principal axis
and the main branches. Male (bisexual ?) flowers enclosed, while in bud,
in the sheathing bracts, and supported by a hyaline 2-nerved, and bicus-
pidate bracteole (similar to the palea of grasses). Calyx gamosepalous,
thin, hyaline, 3-dentate; petals 3, oblong obtuse ; stamens 6, and a glab-
rous conical, syncarpous rudimentary (?) ovary. Anthers sagittate, attached
at the back above the base to the subulate filaments. Fruit an ovoid or
subglobose 1-seeded berry, with the rudiments of 2 abortive carpels, sup-
ported by the marcescent calyx, petals, and the remains of the 6 filaments,
Fruit subglobose or oblong, varying in size, from 4 to 4 in. diam., surface
minutely wrinkled. Albumen horny, with a large central cavity. Em-
bryo basal.

This species is altogether unlike a Chamcerops, and will eventually form
a new genus, the inflorescence, bracts, and 2-nerved bracteoles resembling
those of some species of Calamus. The materials available (unripe fruit
and young buds of male or possibly bisexual flowers) do not admit of
establishing the generic characters in a satisfactory manner at present.
This interesting Palm is recommended to the attention of botanists who
may visit its native habitat.

Abundant in the Peshawar valley, in Kohat, and in the trans-Indus territory
along the eastern skirts of the Suliman range, ascending to 3000 ft.; also on the
hills which form the western boundary of Sindh. Common locally on a limited
area in the central Salt range, between 2500 and 5000 ft., and on Mount
Sakesar. Also found by Dr Stewart in one place in the Siwalik tract east of
the Jhelam, near Sumani above Bhimbur. Common in the Khaiber Pass, and
generally in the low arid mountains of eastern Afghanistan. Everywhere up to
5000 ft. in Beluchistan and Mekran, except near the coast. The fruit ripens in
summer, It is generally stemless, the tufts of leaves arising from a creeping un-
derground rhizome, and in this shape it covers large tracts of rough rocky ground.
But a stem grows up sometimes ; in Sindh Stocks notes it 6-8 ft. high, and Dr
Stewart records a specimen planted in the Saharanpur garden, from seed brought
by Dr Jameson from Kohat more than twenty years ago, with a trunk 10-12 ft.
high. It is a most useful plant in the arid regions where it is common. The
Stems, porate, and leaves serve as fuel, the delicate young leaves are eaten as a
vegetable, the reddish-brown moss-like wool of the petioles is impregnated with
saltpetre (steeped in the juice of Mulberry-leaves, Bellew), and used as tinder for
matchlocks, Excellent matting is made of the leaves (superior to that made of
Phenix, Aitchison). Rope is also made of leaves and leaf-stalks ; at the Jhelam
bridge of boats it was used one season, when minj (Saccharum Sara) was
scarce, but Dr Stewart records that it snapped with a strain which it is supposed
mij would have resisted. The leaves are also made into fans, sandals, baskets,
Chamerops.] LXXVII PALMA. 549

pouches, brushes. Trans-Indus, a rude kind of drinkin -cup is made of the
entire blade, by tying together the tops of the segments, The seeds are pierced,
made into rosaries, and are exported for that purpose to Mekka via Muscat, from
Gwadur on the Beluchistan coast west of the Indus.

Corypha\ umbraculifera, Linn, Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii 177, the Talipat Palm of
Ceylon and the Malabar coast, has bisexual hexandrous flowers in a large erect
compound ‘pyramidal panicle, which is terminal in the centre of the crown of
leaves, and as tall as the trunk of the tree. After the seeds ripen the vegetation
of the terminal shoot is completed, and the tree dies. The leaves are nearly
orbicular, with a diameter of 10 ft., segments 40-50, united beyond the middle,
and bifid. Fans, mats, and umbrellas are made of the leaves, and the segments
of this as well as of a closely allied species, 0. Taliera, Roxb. Cor. Pl. t 255,
256—Sans. Tali; Vern. Tara, Beng.—which grows in Bengal, are used for
writing, like the leaves of Borassus, and books of these leaves last for centuries,
There is a third species, C. elata, Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 176—Vern. Bajir, Beng.,
also a native of Bengal, trunk 60-70 ft, high, and inflorescence one-fourth the
length of the trunk. Roxburgh records that two trees of this species at Calcutta
came into flower when about thirty years old. The two Bengal species flower
in March and April, the seed ripening 8-9 months afterwards. The albumen of
Corypha is horny.

3, WALLICHIA, Roxb.

Cespitose shrubs, generally monoicous, with tufts of leaves or slender
reed-like stems, from an underground rhizome. Leaves pinnatifid, petioles
with short fibrous sheaths; pinnz white beneath, lanceolate or cuneate,
sinuate or lobed, alternate, the upper generally broader and confluent, the
lower often subopposite and fasciculate ; lateral nerves fine, numerous,
separating at oblique angles from the prominent midrib, and terminating
in unequal subulate teeth, where they do not run parallel to the edge of
the leaf. Male and female flowers in distinct inflorescences, enclosed in
bud by numerous imbricate sheaths. Calyx of male flowers gamosepalous,
stamens 6 (subgenus Harina), or 3 sepalous, stamens numerous (sub-
genus Orania). No rudiment of ovary. Calyx and corolla of female
flower deeply 3-partite, generally coriaceous. Ovary 2-celled. Fruit
fleshy, with acrid juice, 2-seeded or (by abortion) 1l-seeded ; albumen
uniform, horny, embryo in the convex part (back) of the seed.

1. W. densiflora, Martius; Bot. Mag. t. 4584.—Syn. Harina oblongi-
folia, Griffith Palms, t. 237, A.B.C. Vern. Kala Aunsa (black reed),
gor aunsa, Kamaon. Ooh (uh) of the Lepchas in Sikkim.

A stemless palm, forming thick tufts of large leaves 10 ft, long or more,
which die to the ground after the fruit ripens. Petiole angular, naked in
the lower half or two-fifths of its length, the edges separating into black
fibres covered with dark-brown scurf; pinne linear-lanceolate, 9-18 in.
long. Male flowers nearly white, crowded, in numerous densely packed
spikes, which form a compact drooping, ovoid panicle, enclosed before
flowering in large ovate, imbricated, dark-purple sheaths, streaked with
yellow. Calyx tubular, truncate, 2 lines long ; petals linear, twice the
length of calyx, connate at the base with each other and the stamens into
a short fleshy stalk. Stamens as long as petals. Female flowers in rigid
550 LXXVII. PALMA, [Wallichia.

spreading spikes, forming an erect panicle. Fruit crowded in erect spikes,
ovoid-oblong, brown and purple, supported at the base by the persistent
coriaceous perianth ; pulp scanty, with a mucilaginous acrid juice ; seeds
2, plano-convex.

Hills east of Chittagong, Kasia hills, ascending to 4000 ft. Assam, Sikkim,
up the Teesta valley to Chakiing, at 4400 ft., growing side by side with the
birch, willow, alder, and walnut (probably this species, Hook. Him. Journ. ii.
18). Kamaon, in shady and moist valleys, ascending to 3500, and at times to
4000 ft., forming extensive thickets in the valleys of the Kali and Sarju.
Bamauri Pass, below Naini Tal, and in the Patli Dun, which seemis to be its
north-west limit. Fl.May, July. In Kamaon the leaves are used as thatch,
and are said to be imperishable. W. caryotoides, Roxb. Cor. Pl. t. 295—Syn.
Harina caryotoides, Ham. ; Griff. Palms, p. 174, differs by cuneate pinney, and
narrower ovate-lanceolate sheaths of the male inflorescence. Roxburgh’s plate
gives the calyx of the male flower subglobose, but the description makes it
cylindric. Chittagong, where, according to Roxb., it is called Chilpatia or Bel-
patta. Dense evergreen forest in the Rangoon district of Pegu (Pounglin,
Bonee, Zantingben). Tab. 237, in Griffith’s Palms, marked H. caryotozdes, is
evidently intended for H. oblongifolia.

Nearly allied is Caryota urens, Linn. ; Roxb. FI. Ind. iii. 624; Mart, Hist. Nat.
Palm. t. 107; Griff. Palms, p. 169—the Madar Palm of Western India, <A splendid
tree with a smooth annulate stem, large bipinnate leaves 18-20 ft. long, 10-12
ft. broad, petioles sheathing, nearly amplexicaul, panicles wedge-shaped, the
lateral nerves terminating, as in Wallichea, in numerous short subulate teeth.
Flowers monoicous, the male and female flowers on the same inflorescence, one
female between two larger male flowers. Inflorescence long, hanging, 10 ft.
long and more, consisting of a thick cylindric peduncle (spadix), surrounded at
its base by numerous imbricate sheaths, and bearing at its end numerous slender
simple pendulous spikes. Calyx and corolla coriaceous, anthers numerous, on
short monadelphous filaments. No rudiment ofovary. Fruit with a thin acrid
pulp, producing a burning sensation on the tongue, whence the name, 2-seeded,
or 1-seeded by abortion ; seeds ee oblong, 4 in. long, albumen horny,
ruminate, with black simple lines. Embryo at the back of the seed. Evergreen
forests of the Western Ghats, extending north to the Sattara district. o in
Ceylon and eastern Bengal, ascending to nearly 5000 ft. in Sikkim (Hook. Him.
Journ, i. 148), Burma (fimboben). The centre of the stem is generally soft, the
cells being filled with a Sago-like farina (starch), which is made into bread, and
eaten as gruel. The outer part is heavy and hard, with numerous firm, black
vascular bundles, which are closely packed, but not confluent near the circum-
ference, it is strong and durable, and is much used for building and agricultural
implements. The fibres of the sheathing petioles, and of the peduncle (spadix),
are made into rope and fishing-lines, which are said to be indestructible. But
the main value of this Palm consists in the abundance of sweet sap which is
obtained (as in Cocos and Borassus) from the cut spadix, and which is either
fermented or boiled down into syrup and sugar.

Allied to Caryota urens is Arenga saccharifera, Labill. ; Griff. Calc. Journ. v.
472 ; Palms, t. 235 ASyn. Saguerus Rumphii, Roxb. Fl. Ind. iii. 626—30-40
ft. high, with long leaves, 15-25 ft. long, 10 ft. broad, petioles sheathing, with a
network of black horsehair-like fibres, which surround the stem, and are used
for cordage ; pinne fasciculate, linear, dentate, and jagged at the apex with
numerous longitudinal nerves, white underneath. Fruit 2 in. long, fleshy,
yellow when ripe, 3-seeded, pulp very acrid. The heart of the stem contains
Wallichia. | LXXVII. PALMA. 551

large quantities of Sago, and the cut flower-stalks yield a sugary sap, of which
sugar and palm wine is made. Malay Peninsula, Indian Arc ipelago. Said to
grow on the hills of Orissa, Hook. & Thomson Fl. Ind. 142,

To another subdivision of the same tribe (Arecinec) belongs the Areca Palm
—Sans. Guvaka ; Vern. pipe : Areca Catechu, Linn. Roxb. Cor. Pl. t. 75; Fl.
Ind. iii. 615 ; the Betel Palm—a tall slender annulate stem, attaining 80 ft. and
more, with a diam. of only 12-15 in. Leaves pinnatifid, petiole on a long smooth
green sheath, pinnz linear-oblong, with a broad base and numerous par-
allel basal nerves, several of which are more prominent. ‘Flowers monoicous,
male and female on the same inflorescence. Peduncle thick fleshy, erect, from
lateral buds below the lowest leaf, branching, the branches bearing solitary
female flowers and numerous slender spikes, thickly set with fragrant male
flowers. Stamens 6, on short broad filaments, surrounding a rudimentary
ovary. Sepals and petals of female flowers imbricate, ovary 3-celled, surrounded,
by 6 sterile stamens. Fruit orange-coloured, ovoid, 2-24 in. long, supported by
the persistent coriaceous calyx and corolla. Pericarp fibrous, l-celled. Seed
depressed-conical, obtuse, 1 in. diam. or less; albumen horny, ruminated with
numerous dark-brown or black curly radial lines ; embryo basal. Cultivated
throughout the Indian Archipelago, in Ceylon, the west side of India, below
and above Ghat, in Burma, Siam, Cochin-China, Bengal, Silhet. Believed to
be originally a native of the Sunda islands. The use of the seed for chewing
with lime and the leaves of Piper Betel in India, the countries of the trans-
Gangetic Peninsula, the Indian Archipelago and China, is well known, The
finest groves of the Betel Palm which I have seen are in British Burma, on
the hills between the Sitang and Salween rivers, and in the valleys drained by
the feeders of the Yoonzaleen and Beeling rivers, and the Thoukyeghat and
other tributaries of the Sitang. In the valleys of these hills are flourishing
Betel Palm gardens to an elevation of nearly 3000 ft. Large quantities of Betel-
nuts are brought down these rivers, and exported from Rangoon and Moulmein,
and a grove of these Palms isasmallfortune. Fora new plantation the ground
is trenched and prepared with the greatest care ; long irrigation channels, winding
along the sinuosities of the hills, bring the needful water to the spot; and the
result is seen in large compact groves, which in dells and sheltered places some-
times attain an average ‘height of 80 ft., or even more. Examples of flourish-
ing Betel Palm groves in a comparatively dry climate are the plantations on the
plateau of Mysore, below the great tanks, and irrigated by them. In Mysore,
Canara, and Malabar, as in Burma, a fresh plantation is always made under
the shelter of Plantains. In western India the Betel Palm is generally planted
along with the Cocoa-nut, and often with Cardamoms. The soft but tough
sheaths of the leaves are used in Burma and in western India to wrap up eatables,
tobacco, and other articles ; also as paper to write upon, Necklaces, the tops of
walking-sticks, and other small objects, are turned of the seeds.

Ceroxylon andicola, Humboldt and Bonpland, Pl, Atquinoct. i. t. 1, also
classed among Arecinew, a tall elegant Palm with whitish stem, attaining 190
ft., is Siacate ble because, like Chamceerops Martiana, it grows at high eleva-
tions, Humboldt first discovered it at the foot of the snow-clad volcano of Tol-
ima, on the Parama di Quindiu, the high pass which leads across the central
Cordillera, from the Magdalena to the Cauca river. It has since been found by
other travellers, particularly by Albert Berg, who has represented it towering
over the forests of Oak and Podocarpus, in plates 5 and 6 of his admirable
work, ‘Tropical Vegetation of South America,’ London, 1854. At an elevation
between 6500 and-9700 ft. N.L. 4° 35”, it grows in abundance, associated with
another alpine Palm, Oreodoxa frigida, Humb.et Kunth. The trunk is an-
552 LXXVIL PALMA. [ Wallichia.

nulate, covered all over with a thin coating of a whitish substance, which is
scraped off, mixed with tallow, and made into candles. It consists of vegetable
wax, and a crystalline resin called Ceroxylin.

Another wax-yielding Palm, attaining 200 ft., is described by Karsten (Flora:
Columbia, i. t. 1), as Klopstockia cerifera, from the mountains in the vicinity’
of Caracas in Venezuela, at an elevation of 5000 ft. Vegetable wax is also ob-
tained and used to make candles from the young leaves of Copernicia certfera,
the Carnaba wax-Palm of Brazil, which are coated with it, This Palm has
fan-shaped leaves, and belongs to the tribe of Coryphinee.

4, PHGENIX, Linn.

Low shrubs or tall trees, the upper part of the stem closely covered by
the bases of the petioles, the lower part rough with their scars, rarely an-

nulate. Leaves pinnate, pinne entire, linear, rigid, folded longitudinally |

and attached obliquely with their folded base to the laterally-compressed.
petiole, the lowest pinne often transformed into spines. Petiole semi-
terete below the leaves, base a reticulate fibrous amplexicaul sheath,
Flowers dioicous; a rigid, often woody axillary compressed peduncle,
bearing near its upper end numerous long slender but rigid spikes, which
are interrupted in the female, compact in the male inflorescence ; pedun-
cle enclosed in bud in a single thickly-coriaceous keeled sheath. Calyx
cup-shaped, 3-toothed ; petals 3, oblong and valvate in the male, ovate
or rounded and imbricate in the female flowers. Male flowers: Stamens
commonly 6, rarely 3 or 9, surrounding a rudimentary ovary. Female
flowers: Carpels 3, distinct, with recurved styles. Fruit a single, generally
oblong 1-seeded berry. Seeds with a longitudinal furrow. Albumen
horny, embryo dorsal.

Tall trees ; leaflets opposite or alternate, not fasciculate.
Foot of stem often surrounded by root-suckers ; leaflets mak-

ing a very acute angle with the common petiole. . 1. P. dactylifera,
No root-suckers ; leaflets making half aright angle with com-
mon petiole . , j $ : . s . . 2, Pi sylvestris,
A low shrub with a bulbous stem, or a small tree with a slender
stem; leaflets fasciculate. . . . « «. «. 3&8 P, acculis,

1, P. dactylifera, Linn. ; Roxb. Fl. Ind. iii. 786.— Vern. Khajiir,
khaji. The fruit: Khurma, chuhara, kukyan, khujiyan, kujran.

A tall tree, attaining 100-120 ft., trunk covered with the persistent
bases of petioles, the foot often surrounded by a dense mass of root-suckers,
Leaves grey, longer than those of P. sylvestris ; pinne 8-16 in, long, reg-
ularly distichous, often approximate in twos or threes on the same side
of petiole ; petiole grey, laterally compressed, almost flat. Male panicles
white, compact, 6-9 in. long, on a short peduncle; flowers }-4 in. long,
sweet-scented ; sheaths outside with rusty down. Peduncles of female
inflorescence 4-4 in. broad, sometimes broader below, spikes 12-24 in.
long. Fruit oblong, 1-3 in. long, generally reddish- or yellowish-brown
when ripe, pulp fleshy sweet. Numerous varieties cultivated, differing in
colour, shape, and taste of the fruit. Seed cylindric, with a longitudinal
furrow in front, and a small cylindric embryo in the middle of the rounded
Pheniz.] LXXVIL PALMA. 553

back. When the seed germinateg, that end of the embryo which remains
enclosed in the albumen enlarges at the expense of the albumen, the
horny substance of which is converted into sugar and other soluble sub-
stances, which are absorbed by the embryo furnishing the substance for
its early growth. The process is analogous to the conversion into sugar
of the starch which fills the cells of the albumen of wheat, maize, rice,
and bamboos, during germination, with this difference, that the starch
forms the contents of the cells, whereas, in the stone of the date, the walls
of the cells themselves furnish the food of the growing embryo.

In India the Date Palm is cultivated and self-sown in Sindh and in the southern
Panjab, particularly near Multan and Muzaffargarh, also in the Sind Sagar Doab
and trans-Indus territory. Near Dhera Ghazi Khan, Date Palms are very numer-
ous on @ strip 10 to 12 miles Jong from north to south. A few trees are found
planted at many places in the eastern Panjab, also at Saharanpur, and here and
there in the Ganges Doab and Bandelkhand. Is grown in the Dekkan and Guz-
erat, but does not thrive in Bengal. The tree was probably introduced into India
at the time of the first Mahomedan conquest of Sindh, in the commencement of
the eighth century. Its home is believed to be the lower part of the Euphrates
and Tigris Doab, Arabia, Palestine, the Oases of the great African Sahara, and the
eastern Canary Islands. It thrives luxuriantly in the arid rainless regions of North
Africa and West Asia, where it is exposed to extreme heat in the day-time, and not
uncommonly to frost at night, but it requires a certain amount of moisture in the
soil. In Europe it is cultivated in Spain, where it was introduced by the Arabs,
and where it produces eatable fruit ; also on the Hyéres islands, the Riviera near
Nice, St Remo, and Genoa, where it attains its northernmost point at 44° 30’ N.L.
There is a wood of Date Palms at Bordighera near St Remo, said to contain over
4000 stems, cultivated mainly to yield Palms for Palm Sunday at Rome, In South
Italy, Sicily, and Greece, the tree is not uncommon, but the fruit is small and poor.
On the island of Delos, Date Palms, sacred to Apollo, had been planted before
Homer’s time. In Syria and Palestine the cultivation of the Palm-tree is older
than the first historical records in existence. On the south shores of the Caspian
Sea the Date Palm was formerly cultivated to a large extent.

The tree flowers in March and April; male trees are generally less numerous
than female trees, the female flowers are fertilised artificially. In Sindh (near
Karachi), in Arabia, and elsewhere, this is done before the flower-sheaths open ;
a hole is made in the sheath of the female flower, and a few bits of the male

anicle are inserted (Stocks in Hooker's Journ. of Bot, vii, 551), ‘The fruit ripens
Rot, Oct. Branching stems are occasionally found in the Panjab ; it has been
supposed (Stewart, Pb. Plants, 244) that these branches are merely apparent, caused
by seeds germinating in the axils of the pee this view, however, is im-
probable. Many Palas have occasionally bifurcating stems, and sometimes de-
velop a large number of side branches. A remarkable instance of a branched
Phoenix sylvestris, in the Residency garden, Indore, with a trunk 22 ft. high
to the first branch, and with 22 vertical closely-packed branches, is mentioned
in the Gardeners’ Chronicle of 1874, p. 116.

The wood of the Date Palm is lighter than that of Cocos and Borassus. The
cellular tissue is soft; the vascular bundles generally show, on a horizontal
section, an oval shape with two distinct large pores (vessels) at one end, the hard
woody portion grey ; on a vertical section, they appear as shining narrow lines.
The wood of male trees and of trees past bearing is used for building, water-
channels, bridges, and various other purposes. Of the leaves, mats and the bag-
like baskets universally used in the whole Mediterranean region, and in other
countries, are made. In the Panjab mats and fans are made of the leaves ; they
554 LXXVIL PALMA, [Phenia,

are called Butra or pattra in Muzaffargarh, and khashab in Shahpur. The
petioles make excellent light walking-sticks, split up they furnish material for
crates and baskets ; the fibrous network, which forms the sheathing base of the
petioles, is called kabal or khajiir ka bokla in Muzaffargarh, pack-saddles for
oxen are made of it, and the fibre separated is made into ropes. It is also
Known as khajur miinj (Powell, Pb. Products, 517). The fruit, however, is the
most useful product of the tree; it furnishes, fresh or dried, the staple food of-
the inhabitants of Arabia, part of Syria, and the desert tracts of North Africa.
In Sindh the Date is called khiirma when pulled ripe, and chuwarar when
pated before it is fully ripe, and boiled and dried in the sun. In the Panjab,

ates form an important article of food in certain districts, and they are sold in
the bazar under different names, according to quality and the mode of prepara-
tion. Thus, according to Coldstream (Powell, Pb. Products, 268), the most es-
teemed kind is called chirni in the Muzaffargarh district ; this is the Date of the
best Palms, split up in the middle and dried in the sun. The second best is called

und ; it is eaten as it comes from the tree, without farther preparation. The

east esteemed kind is bugrz, taken from inferior trees and boiled in oil and water.
The Panjab Dates are smaller than those of Arabia or Egypt, but they are very
good, and particularly so when there has been little or no late rain. When begin-
ning to get ripe, a piece of matting is often oe over the cluster of Dates to prevent
birds eating them. The kernels are deemed medicinal. The large succulent head,
cut from among the mass of leaves, is eaten—gaddah, Hind. ; gar or gall in
Muzaffargarh. The tree yields a gum, called hukm chil. Attempts have been
made, but without much success, to tap the Date-trees of Multan for their
sugary sap (Stewart, Pb. Plants, 245),

2. P. sylvestris, Roxb. Fl. Ind. iii. 787; F. Hamilton in Trans. Linn.
Soc. xv. 86; Griffith Calc. Journal of Nat. Hist. v. 350 ; Palms, t. 228,
A. Wild Date Palm. Sans. Kharjiira. Vern. Khajir, khaji. In the
North-West Himalaya, Salma, thalma, thakil.

A tree, attaining 30-40 ft., stem rough with the prominent scars of
fallen petioles, no root-suckers. Leaves greyish-green, 7-12 ft. long,
pinnz very numerous, 6-18 in. long, alternate and opposite, not fascicled ;
petiole compressed in the leaf-bearing part, brown at base. Inflorescencé
and flowers similar to those of P. dactylifera, peduncles of female flowers
often 3-4 ft. long and 2-3 in. broad. Fruit oblong, about 1 in. long, green
at first, reddish-yellow when ripe, pulp scanty, sweetish and astringent.

Indigenous in many parts of India, forms extensive forests in Rohilkhand, on
the low ground along the Ramganga river, and on the plateau of Mysore between
Shimoga and Tumkir, in moister stretches of low ground which intersect and
drain the rocky undulating granite hills. Not uncommon in the Siwalik tract
and the outer Himalaya, often associated with Pinus longifolia, attaining 5000
ft. in Kamaon, with stems 40-50 ft. high (Madden, arborescent form of P. humi-
is). Ghiaunla in Garhwal at 3500 ft., 24-30 ft. high (Jacquemont). Banks of
the Bias above Mandi (Cleghorn). In the Jamu hills at 2000 ft. elevation
(T. Thomson, Him. Journ. 320). Salt range. Commonly planted and self-
sown in most re of India and Ceylon, except in Sindh and South Panjab,
where P. dactylifera takes its place. Most abundant in Bengal, Behar, on the
Coromandel coast, and in Guzerat. Fl. in March ; the fruit ripening in Sept.
and Oct. Mats and baskets are made of the leaves, but the chief product of the

juice, which is extracted during the cold season from Nov. to

tree is the sugary i
Feb. The lower leaves and their sheaths are removed, and a deep notch is cut
Phenizx.] . LXXVIL PALMA, 555

into the trunk, which then bleeds for some time, a thin slice being taken off
every day from the surface of the cut. When the bleeding stops the tree is
allowed a short rest, after which it is cut again and begins to bleed afresh. In
the ensuing year the tree is allowed rest, and in the third season a notch is cut
on the apes side of the trunk, This is the account given by Martin (Drury,
Useful Plants of India, 340), and he adds that a tree is fit to be cut when ten
years old, and conginues to yield for about twenty years, The juice is either
fermented. or boiled down into sugar and molasses, and a large portion of the
sugar made in Bengal, on the Coromandel coast, and in Guzerat, comes from
this source. The wood of the Khajur is lighter than that of Borassus and
Cocos, 39 Ib., value of P. 512 (Skinner). The vascular bundles are not black,
but light-brown. It is used for building, water-tubes, and other purposes,
Roxburgh describes the leaves of P. sylvestris as standing in subopposite fas-
cicles, pointing four ways. This to a certain extent is the case in young leaves
and leaves of young trees, but on full-grown trees the leaflets are always dis-
a opposite or alternate. Dalzell (Bombay Flora, 278), points out the
inistake.
_ P. humilis, Royle, is probably synonymous with P. sylvestris. Madden,
Journ. As. Soc, xviii, 629, states that at Almora the fruit ripens in July and is
then of a black purple colour, sweet, and eaten ; and that on warm aspects and
in a dwarfed state it reaches 7000 ft. on Binsur. It is for farther inquiry
whether the black-fruited kind of the North-West Himalaya is a distinct
species (see below P. acaults var. melanocarpa and P. farinifera, Roxb.)

_ 3. P, acaulis, Roxb. ; F. Hamilton in Linn. Soc. Trans. xv. 88 ; Roxb.
Fl. Ind. 783; Griff. Calc. Journ. v. 345; Palms, t. 228. Dwarf Date
Palm. Vern. Khajuri, pind khajir, jangli khajur.

A low Palm with a thick, short, ovoid stem like a bulb, densely covered
with the persistent and hardened bases of petioles. Leaves 2-6 ft. long,
petiole flat below, laterally compressed or 4-sided above; pinne narrow-
linear in remote, nearly opposite fascicles, the upper 12-18 in. long, the
lower short, straight, rigid, and ending in sharp spines. Flower-panicles
of varying length, half buried in the ground, or peduncle 1-2 ft. long.
Fruit ovoid, 4 in. long, fleshy, bright red, sweetish. A variety with
black fruit is described by Griffith (Calc. Journ. v. 346) as P. acaulis
var. melanocarpa.

Common on dry stony ground in the sub-Himalayan and Siwalik tract, ex-
tending west to the Jumna, and ascending to 2500 ft. Often associated with
Sal and Pinus longifolia. Abundant in the Sal forests of Oudh and the Satpura
range, Chota Nagpur, Behar, Sikkim Terai, and Sal forests of the Runjit
valley (Shaap of the Lepchas, Hooker). Hin or Dipterocarpus forest of
Burma. FI. cold season ; fr. ripens April, May. i, ‘ :

To P. acaulis I am inclined to refer two ade described by Griffith in
Palms of East India, p. 138, 139, P. Ouseleyana from Chota Nagpur and Assam,
and P. pedunculata, common and very gregarious on open ground of the hilly
country about Courtallum and Kunur on the Nilgiris, at 6000 ft. elevation,
both stemless with fasciculate leaflets and long fruit peduncles (fruit red and
sweet in pedunculata). Gzertner’s P. pusilla (Fruct. p, 24, t. 9), seems to be
near this, but his specimens are said to have come from Ceylon, where only P.
sylvestris is reported to grow (Thwaites, Enum. Pl. 329), Whether the Palm.
described doubtfully as P. acaulis, in Bentham’s Fl. Hongkong. 340, belongs
to this species, remains for farther inquiry. ! ae
556 LXXVII. PALMA. [ Phenix,

On the Bababuden hills in Mysore, on the Satpura range, and in other parts
of South and Central India, is found a small Phenix, stemless, or with a
slender stem, attaining 6-10 ft., leaflets slender, fasciculate, in twos and. threes,
less rigid than those of P. sylvestris and acaulis, fruit on long erect peduncles,
12-24 in. long, and }-$ in. broad, with numerous spikes 4-6 in. long, appar-
ently the same plant, from the Ghat forests, which Dalzell (Bombay FL 279),
doubtfully refers to P. paludosa. I have often found it, but do not know
whether the fruit turns black when ripe, or whether it is red. This, how-
ever, may not be a character of great moment. Roxburgh, Fl. Ind. 785, de-
scribes P. farinifera with shining black fruit, stem 1-2 ft. high, 6 in. diameter,
leaflets rigid, opposite. If it were not for the description of stem and leaves,
I should be disposed to identify the slender-stemmed Phenix of South and Cen-
tral India with P. farinifera, Roxb. Hamilton (Trans. Linn. Soc. xv. 87) states
that what Roxburgh calls P. farinifera, is common in all the hills of India
south of the Ganges, and is called Palawat in North India; he adds, that its
leaves, which are not so rigid as those of the other species, are bruised and
twisted into ropes. Roxburgh states that it is a native of dry barren ground,
chiefly of the sandy lands at a small distance from the sea near Coringa. Fl,
Jan., Feb. ; the fruit ripens in May. He mentions that mats are made of the
leaves and baskets of the split petioles, that the exterior or woody part of the
trunk encloses a large quantity of farinaceous substance, used as food in times
of scarcity, and adds, that in 1791 and 1792 it saved many lives. The identi-
fication of Roxburgh’s tree, P. farinifera, is a matter of importance on account
of the food produced by it. The Telugu name given by him, Chilta-ecta, is
Chittita-chettu in Elliot’s Flora Andhrica.

A marked species, which cannot be confused with any of the others, is P,
paludosa, Roxb. Fl. Ind. iii. 789 ; Griff. Palms, t. 229, A. B. It forms impene-
trable thorny thickets throughout the Sandarbans, in the Delta of the rivers
Irawaddee and Salween (7’himbaung, Burm.), in Penang and on the Andamans,
The stems are slender, 6-20 ft. high, annulate below, the upper part densely
covered with the thorny base of petioles. Leaflets narrow flaccid, white beneath,
fruit ovoid, first yellow, then red, at last black-purple, 4 in. long, not eatable.

5. COCOS, Linn.

Tall Palms, mostly with smooth annulate stems. Leaves pinnate, termi-
nal, petioles amplexicaul with fibrous base. Flowers monoicous, inflores-
cence of numerous simple spikes on a short and generally thick, sometimes
branching peduncle (spadix), enclosed in bud in 1 or 2 boat-shaped hard
coriaceous, often woody sheaths, opening longitudinally at the time of
flowering. Male flowers more numerous than female flowers, generally in _
the upper part of the inflorescence; calyx 3-sepalous ; corolla of 3 oblong -
or lanceolate petals, valvate in bud. Stamens 6, filaments subulate, with
or without a (minute) rudimentary ovary. Female flowers: calyx of 3
imbricate broadly ovate or rounded sepals, supported by 2 bracts similar
to sepals; petals smaller than sepals. Ovary 3-celled, surrounded by
6 sterile stamens. Fruit 1-seeded ; pericarp consisting of an outer fibrous
layer and an inner hard osseous kernel, which has 3 pores at the base.
Albumen fleshy, oily, with a central cavity ; embryo cylindric at the base
of the albumen, when germinating protruding through one of the pores
of the kernel.

1. ©. nucifera, Linn. ; Roxb, Cor. Pl. t. 73, Fl. Ind. iii. 614; Mart.
Cocos. ] LXXVIIL PALMA, 557

Hist. Nat. Palm, ii. t. 88. The Cocoa-nut Tree. Sans, Narikera, nari-
hela, langalin. Vern. Narikel, Beng. ; Narel, nariyal, Hind. ; Kobbart
chettu, Tel. ; Ung ben, Burm.

Trunk annulate, often*curved or flexuose. Leaves 6-12 ft. long, pinnze
distichous, equidistant, linear-lanceolate. Sheath of inflorescence of a
woody texture, cylindric, 2-3 ft. long, outside with numerous longitudinal
elevated lines, inside smooth shining. Peduncle (spadix) erect, stout,
divided into short thick branches, female flowers on these and at the base
of the numerous slender drooping spikes which are thickly covered with
the male flowers. Fruit ovoid, indistinctly 3-cornered, 10-15 in. long,
the fibrous pericarp covered by a thin membranous epidermis. Cavity of
the albumen large before maturity, filled with sweetish acidulous juice
(Cocoa-nut milk), from which, as the seed ripens, the cellular tissue of
the albumen is gradually formed. When the seed germinates, the grow-
ing embryo is maintained at first by the oil which fills the cells of the
albumen, and which is gradually transformed into sugar and other sub-
stances soluble in water.

Cultivated nearly throughout the tropics, particularly in the vicinity of the
sea, in Asia, in parts of Africa, in America, and on the islands of the Pacific ;
somewhat beyond the tropics, on the Canary Islands, in Lower Sindh and Ben-

al. On the Mysore plateau, cultivated like the Betel Palm in irrigated groves

elow the large tanks. Its original home and the history of its spread are
not yet sufficiently known. The Sanscrit name indicates its ancient culti-
vation in India; it was, however, not known to classic writers, and it seems
certain that it was introduced by the Portuguese into Western Africa and the
Cape Verde Islands, and that it did not exist in the West Indies, Guiana, nor
Brazil at the time of the discovery of America. It has been supposed to be
indigenous in the Indian Archipelago and on the Nicobar and Coco islands of
the Bay of Bengal—and this would explain its early cultivation on the coasts
of India and Ceylon. But the nineteen species of this genus enumerated by
Martius are all indigenous in Mexico or South America, excepting C. nucifera
and C. mamillaris, Blanco, which Blume (Rumphia, iii. 84) considers as a
dwarf variety with small fruit of the Cocoa-nut. Considerations of botanical
geography would therefore point to the west coast of Central America as its

ome. Martius, indeed ae ms, i. 188), considers it not improbable that the
original home of this Palm was on the islands near the Isthmus of Panama,
and that the nuts were transported thence by westerly currents to Cocos Island,
200 miles west of the coast, which was found densely covered with Cocoa-nut
trees, by its first discoverer, without any sign of human habitations. From
there it is not difficult to explain the farther spread of the nuts by the use
currents and by storms to the Sandwich, Marquesas, and other islands of the
Pacific, and to the islands of the Indian Archipelago, whence it may have been
introduced into India. The Cocoa-nut is said to preserve its vitality for a long
time floating in sea-water of a certain temperature. A. De Candolle, Géographie
Bot. ii. 976, seems inclined to accept the erican origin of the Cocoa-nut, and
Grisebach (Vegetation der Erde, ii, 11) entertains no doubt on the subject. In
India the Cocoa-nut flowers in the hot season, and the nuts require 9-10 months
to come to maturity.

The manifold uses of the Cocoa-nut tree are well known: the outer wood of
the stem is close-grained with dark-brown vascular bundles ; it works smooth
and takes a good polish, It weighs 70 lb., value of P. 608, Skinner ; 46 1b.
558 LXXVII PALMZ, [ Cocos,

value of P. between 436 and 838, Puckle. Commonly known as Porcupine
wood, made into ornaments and fancy articles ; the wood of trees past bearing is
used for building. The leaves are employed for thatching, and the web-like net
of fibres which surrounds the stems at the base of the petioles is made into
bags and paper. The cut flower-stalks, like those of Borassus and Caryota,
yield sugar and toddy, from which arrack is distilled and vinegar made ; but the...
nuts are the most valuable part of this useful tree. The thick fibrous rind (coir)
is made into ropes, mats, carpets, brushes, and a variety of other articles. The
hard inner shell of the nut is made into spoons and cups, and is carved into all
Kinds of ornaments. The oil forms an important ati: of trade, it is used for
cooking and burning, and in Europe for the manufacture of soap and candles.
For a detailed account of the cultivation and uses of the Cocoa-nut tree, see
Drury, Useful Plants of India, 147.

Eleis guineensis, Linn.; Mart. Hist. Nat. Palm, ii. t. 54, 56, of the
tribe of Cocotneee, is indigenous in tropical Western Africa, and cultivated
in Brazil, Both the albumen and the flesh of the orange-coloured or red

drupe are, like seed and pulp of the Olive, full of fat oil, the Palm Oil of ~~

commerce, which during the last fifty years has become a most important article
of trade. The flowers are monoicous, but on distinct erect, compact, many-
flowered panicles. The male flowers are crowded in numerous thick cylindric
spikes, anthers 6 on the teeth of a cylindric tube. The drupes, 1-2 in. long, are
ovoid, closely packed, 600-800, with lanceolate bracts between, in a huge ovoid
compact panicle, often weighing 401b. A second species, 2. melanococca, Gertn.,
with a partly decumbent and creeping stem, is indigenous in South America,

6. CALAMUS, Linn.

Stems long flexible, scandent or supported by trees and Bamboos, rare-
ly short, stiff, and erect; the upper part covered with leaves and the
sheaths of fallen leaves, the lower part annulate. Leaves pinnate, alter-
nate, remote ; pinne flat, linear, rarely oblong or cuneate, often armed
along nerves and edges with spinous bristles ; petiole and the long persis-
tent amplexicaul sheaths armed with rigid dark-coloured prickles, often
flat and placed in continuous, horizontal or oblique lines, sometimes form-
ing complete rings; petioles or sheaths terminating in long whip-like
thongs armed with prickles, scattered, or in oblique lines or rings,
Flowers monoicous or dioicous, in long axillary or extra-axillary panicles ;
peduncles often connate at base with the sheath of the next following leaf,
armed with prickles, the main branches in the axils of cylindric sheaths,
truncate or terminating ina flat or concave blade ; branches and branchlets
generally enclosed in a succession of cylindric or funnel-shaped sheaths,
Male flowers in distichous, often scorpioid spikes, in the axils of an outer,
generally broad-ovate and acute bract, with an inner, bicuspidate and cup-
shaped bract, which may be regarded as analogous respectively to the flower-
ing glume and palea of grasses. Calyx campanulate, 3-dentate. Petals 3,
valvate in bud. Stamens 6, surrounding a rudimentary 3-fid ovary ; anthers
sagittate, adnate at the back. Female flowers often pedicellate, supported
by 3 or more imbricate bracts, spirally arranged on the branchlets; calyx and
petals like those of male flowers. Ovary 3-celled, surrounded by 6 sterile
stamens, closely covered with imbricate reflexed scales, styles 3, recurved,
l erect ovule in each cell. Fruit 1- rarely 2-seeded, nearly dry, with a
Calamus. | LXXVIL PALMA, 559

hard shining rind, composed of numerous retrorse imbricate scales, spirally

arranged on the surface of the fruit. Albumen more or less ruminate near
the outside, embryo basal.

1, C. Rotang,* L.; Mart. Hist. Nat. Palm, iii. 334; Roxb. Fl. Ind.
iii, 777 ; Kunth Enum. Plant, iii, 207.—Syn. C. Roxburghit, Griff. in
Cale. Journ. of Nat. Hist. v. 43, and Palms, t. 192. Common Rattan.
Sans. Vetra, vetasa. Vern. Bet.

Stems long, slender, climbing, enveloped in the prickly sheaths of the
leaves, without the sheaths }-4 in. diam. Leaves 18-36 in. long, no whip
at the end of petiole, but sheaths generally furnished with long prickly
whip-like thongs ; leaflets equidistant, opposite or alternate, linear-lanceo-
late, with numerous longitudinal nerves, 4-9 in. long, fine spinescent hairs
along the edges and nerves. Prickles on sheath scattered, rigid, straight,
with a thick concave or flat base, those on petiole chiefly at. the insertion
of leaflets, similar, but stouter and often recurved. Common peduncle of
inflorescence with stout recurved prickles, main branches paniculate, in the
axils of cylindric prickly sheaths wider and obliquely truncate at the
mouth, 2-6 in. long. Fruit straw-coloured, with scanty sharply acid pulp,
l-seeded, ovoid or subglobose, 4 in. long.

Abundant in damp places, near Jheels, in the eastern Dehra Doon, locally in
the Siwalik tract, the outer hills of Garhwal and Kamaon, in Nepal, Eastern
part of the Khairigarh forests, and a few places in Gonda, in Oudh. Bengal,
the Terai of Sikkim, valleys of the Satpura range (vern. Pepa, prabba, chettu;
Thave not seen specimens), Western Ghats, South India, and Ceylon. Fl, July ;
fr. in the cold season. Yields the common Rattan of North-West India, which
is largely paige: to the plains ; chairs, door-blinds, and many kinds of basket-
work are made of it.

Griffith, Palms t. 191, described a second species from the Doon as C. Roy-
leanus, and Martius (Palm. iii. 335) adopted it. According to Griffith, it differs in
solitary long spines of petioles and sheaths, linear leaves, the corolla as long as
‘the calyx, and the fruit globose, not ovate. Martius adds that the fruit of this
has 15, and that of Rotang 19-20 rows of scales; but as far as known at present,
the arrangement of these scales is subject to great variations in the same species.
I do not consider C. Royleanus distinct ; fait the cane-brakes of the N.W.
Himalaya require farther study.

Nearly allied are the following species, which may be found within the range
ofthis Flora, They have whip-like thongs on the sheaths, not at the end of the
etiole.
: C. tenuis, Roxb. Fl. Ind, iii, 780 ; Griff. in Calc. Journ. v. 45, and Palms, t.
193, A.B.C. Scandent, monoicous, flowers in pairs, female and male flowers
on the same spike, leaflets equidistant, alternate, 3-nerved. Stems when cleaned
not thicker than a common quill, Vern. Bet. Common in Assam, Silhet, and
Chittagong. f Pane
C. fasciculatus, Roxb, Fl. Ind. iii. 779 ; Griff. in Calc. Journ. v. 52 ; Palms,
t. 195, A.B, Erect when young, afterwards leaning in*search of support, and
climbing over trees and bushes. Leaflets collected in fascicles of 2, 3, or 4, on
opposite sides of the petiole, prickles on petioles 1-2 in. long, in twos or threes

* Linneus’s name C. Rotang included several species ; Griffith abandoned it on that
account, but Martius, after considering Griffith’s objections, restored it,
560 LXXVII PALMA. " [Calamus,

at the base of the pinna, on sheaths broad-based, and often in oblique lines,
sheaths and petioles with brownish-white mealy tomentum. Bracts of male
flower-spikes large, funnel-shaped. Bengal, in the plains as well as in the hills ;
walking-sticks are made of the stems.

The Rattan, which yields the long rope-like canes in Burma (Yaimatta,
Kyein),used in the place of ropes on timber rafts,and of which the cables stretched
across the Salween river at the rope-station are made, grows in moist valleys in
Martaban and Tenasserim, often 200 ft. long, the elegant crown of leaves sur-
mounting gigantic trees, over which it climbs. It is referred to C. latifolius,
Roxb. Fl. Ind. iii. 775 ; Griff. Palms, t. 198, leaflets fasciculate, broadly lanceo-
late, petioles of older leaves ending in prickly whip-like thongs; prickles on
sheaths and petioles, large in oblique rings. Also found in Eastern Bengal, The
various kinds of canes and Rattans imported into Europe from India, Siam, Co-
chin-China, and the Indian Sees chiefly the produce of species of Cala-
mus and allied genera. The Malacca cane of Sumatra is generally ascribed to
C. Scipionum, which Loureiro described from Cochin-China,

Sago. is chiefly the produce of several species of Metrorylon (Sagus) which
belong to the same tribe as Calamus, but have tall erect stems and the heart
filled with farinaceous substance. Metroxylon Rumphii, Mart. Hist. Nat.
Palm. t. 159, and M. laeve, Mart., grow in the Indian Archipelago, Malacca, and
Siam.

Two remarkable genera, Vipa and Phytelephas, resemble Palms in general
habit, and their large pinnate leaves, but they differ essentially in the structure
of the flowers. Mipa ie aiolar Thunb. ; Mart. Hist. Nat. Palm. t. 171,172,
is abundant in the mud of the Sundarbans, in the delta of the Irawaddee and
Salween rivers, and elsewhere on the coasts of the Bay of Bengal, and on the
islands of the Indian Archipelago. A creeping stem bears tufts of gigantic
feathery pinnate leaves often more than 20 ft. long. The flowers are monoicous
on one inflorescence, a thick spadix with numerous bracts, bearing numerous
lateral deciduous male catkins, and at the ends of each branch a few heads of
female flowers. The male flowers are triandrous, the 3 stamens connate into one
column ; the female flowers are without any perianth. The fruit forms large
compact rounded heads, consisting of numerous 1-seeded fibrous angular drupes
with a hard horny albumen.

Phytelephas macrocarpa, Ruiz et Pavon ; Bot. Mag. t. 4913, 4914, has hard
seeds which are largely imported into England, under the name of Vegetable
Ivory, and used extensively for turning. Like Vipa fruticans it is gregarious,
and has a creeping stem often 20 ft. long, with large pinnatifid leaves, 18-20 ft.
long. The flowers are generally dioicous; the male flowers with numerous
stamens ; the female flowers with a 6-9-celled ovary, and a long erect 6-9-fid
style. Western South America, between the 9th degree of north and the 8th
of south latitude.

Orprr LXXVIII. GRAMINEA,

Annual herbs with a fibrous root, or a perennial underground stem
(rhizome) producing annual or perennial stems (culms), generally in tufts or
clusters. Rhizome mostly branching, composed of vascular bundles scat-
tered in cellular tissue. Stems jointed, usually hollow between joints ;
the joints near the ground often with rings of adventitious rootlets (speci-
 

Arundinaria.] LXXVII. GRAMINEA, 561

ally in Bamboos). Leaves alternate, consisting of a tubular sheath, split
to the base, and a narrow, linear or lanceolate blade (in Bamboos joined
to the sheath by a petiole) ; inner face of sheath often prolonged into a
membranous or coriaceous ligule. Flowers mostly bisexual, arranged in
distichous 1- or many-flowered spikelets. Spikelets supported at the base
and often enclosed by two or more bracts (empty glumes), the axis or
rachis bearing one or numerous distichous bracts (flowering glumes).
Each flowering glume bears in its axil, on the short axis of the flower, the
palea, a membranous, generally transparent bract, mostly 2-keeled. Be-
tween palea and the flowering glume are a l-celled ovary, with 2 distinct,
often lateral, styles, or 1 terminal style, generally 2- or 3-fid, surrounded
by 3, 6, rarely more or fewer stamens, and 2 or 3 membranous, often cili-
ate scales (lodicules). Anthers 2-celled, cells contiguous, opening longi-
tudinally. Fruit a 1-seeded caryopsis, pericarp generally closely adhering
to the testa, and sometimes (Oats, Barley) adhering to the palea and fiower-
ing glume. Embryo at the base of the albumen on the outside, small,
its position conspicuous on the surface when the pericarp is thin and closely
adhering to the testa ; not conspicuous when the pericarp is thick, coriaceous,
woody or fleshy. Albumen farinaceous, composed of thin-walled cells, filled
those near the outside with albuminous (nitrogenous) substances, the mass of
the cells chiefly with grains of starch. -Embryo consisting of a broad cotyle-
donary body (scutellum) contiguous to the albumen, a basal radicle and the
plumule. When germinating, the scutellum remains enclosed in the seed,
the radicle protrudes and lateral root-fibres emerge from it, while the plu-
mule, in the opposite direction, unfolds its leaves. During the process of ger-
mination the starch of the albumen is gradually converted into sugar and
other soluble substances, which pass into the embryo through the scutel-
lum, and serve as the food of the plant in the first stage of its growth.
Grasses comprise upwards of 4500 species, grouped under numerous tribes.
Those here described all belong to the tribe Bambusew, which are charac-
terised by woody, mostly perennial stems (culms) with numerous branches
at the nodes, leaves petiolate, articulate at the base of the petiole, decid-
uous, leaving the branchlets surrounded by persistent, generally coriaceous
sheaths, stamens 3 or 6, rarely more, style 1, 2-3-fid, rarely undivided.
As in Palms, the vascular bundles in the inner part of the Bamboo stem
are composed of vessels, cells, and fibres, while those near the surface
consist of fibres only. These are close together, almost confluent, forming
the hard outer rind of the Bamboo. At the nodes the vascular bundles
cross from one side of the stem to the other, forming the principal mass of
the hard horizontal partition walls which separate the joints. The stem
of Bamboos with hollow joints has much less cellular tissue than the stem
of Palms, and the vascular bundles differ in shape also. Morphologi-
cally and with regard to its anatomical structure, the underground stem
(rhizome) of Bamboos has more analogy with the perennial stem of Palms
like Phoenix, Borassus, Cocos; but these points demand farther study.
An excellent monograph of Bamboos by General Munro is published in
the 26th volume of the Transactions of the Linnean Society, where the

number of species described is 170. ‘
N
562 LXXVIIL GRAMINEA, [Arundinaria.

Czspitose shrubs with slender, mostly annual stems ; spike-
lets pedunculate, racemose or paniculate ; stamens 3.
Branches of panicle in the axils of small linear bracts . 1. ARUNDINARIA.
Branches of panicle in the axils of large amplexicaul bracts 2. THAMNOCALAMUS.
Compact clumps of tall perennial stems ; spikelets generally
sessile, in interrupted spikes; stamens 6.
Lodicules 2 or 3; style deciduous, deeply 2- or3-fid ; em-
' bryo conspicuous on the surface of the caryopsis . 3, Bamposa,
Lodicules none ; style filiform, undivided or 2-3-fid at the ©
apex,'base persistent ; embryo not conspicuous on the

surface of the caryopsis  . 4, DENDROCALAMUS.

1, ARUNDINARIA, Michaux.

Stems slender, generally annual, erect, cespitose, with small leaves.
Inflorescence generally terminal, paniculate or racemose ; in some species
the flowers are on distinct leafless culms. Spikelets 2-12-flowered, flowers
distant, distichous, imbricate, mostly bisexual, the terminal generally ster-
ile. Empty glumes 2, narrow, with few nerves, the lower smaller than
the upper. Flowering glume concave, with numerous nerves. Palea 2-
keeled, narrow, generally shorter than the flowering glume. Scales 3, cili-
ate. Stamens 3. Style divided at the top into 2 or 3 plumose stigmas.
Caryopsis terete, with a deep furrow.

1. A. falcata, Nees ; Munro in Trans. Linn. Soc. xxvi. 26.—Syn..A.
utilis, Cleghorn. Vern. Nirgal, nigal, ringal, nagre, narri, garri, gero.
Local n. Spitig, gorwa, spiksv, pitso, Kunawar; Kwet, Tibet; Prong,
N.W.P.

Stems annual, 6-10 ft. high, densely cespitose, }-4 in. diam., hollow,
internodes 6-12 in. long, the sheaths on young shoots thinly membran-
ous, glabrous 6-7 in. long, tapering into a subulate apex 14 in. long.
Branches slender, numerous, in compact half-whorls. Leaves linear, 4-5
in. long, 4 in. broad, glabrous above, with scattered soft long hairs
underneath ; midrib prominent, whitish, longitudinal nerves numerous,
3-5 pair, prominent; no transverse veins. Flower-bearing stem leafless §
branches slender, numerous, in compact half-whorls. Spikelets in pani-
culate racemes, the principal ramifications in the axils of short linear or
ovate membranous bracts. Spikelets lax, 4-3 in. long, 2-3-fiowered, the
terminal flowers generally sterile. Empty glumes 2, about half the
length of the lowest flower, membranous, with prominent longitudinal
nerves, apex obtuse, ciliate. Flowering glume scabrous, acute, 7-9-nerved,
membranous, hairy at the apex. Palea as long as the flowering glume,
2-keeled, with longitudinal nerves outside the keels. Scales 3-nerved
and fimbriate. Style deeply bifid.

North-West Himalaya between 4500 and 10,000 ft., ascending to 12,000 tt,
from the Ravi to Nepal, abundant in places, gregarious, often forming under-
wood in moist forests of Abies Smithiana, A. Wenerane, Quercus semecarpifolia.
Fl. May, the seeds ripen in August. Clusters compact, of 100 or more stems,
attains 20-40 ft. according to Madden. Hardy in England. Two kinds are
generally distinguished, one growing at lower elevations (up to 7000 ft.), thinner,
Arundinaria.] ‘LXXVIIL. GRAMINER, 563

with solid or nearly solid culms and narrow leaves, the other, growing between
Ao 12,000 ft., with shorter, thicker, and hollow culms an roster leaves,
; e foliage more feathery, Vern. Garu girch (Powell, Panjab, Products, 518,
67). | Tt is'a matter for ing whether one of these is not T’hamnocalamus
spathiflorus, or another species of Arundinaria. The solid kind is said to be
the ene nee of the two, and is’ used, when dry, a year after cutting, to support
the earth-roofs of the hill-cottages, "It is also made into mats and basket-work.
The hollow kind is made into shepherds’ pipes, fishing-rods, and is exported to
the plains for Hooka-tubes ; it is also employed for basket-work. vets
The small Bamboo of the Nilgiris is A. Wightiana, Nees ; Bedd. Fl. Sylv.
Anal. Gen. t. 28; annual stem 6-12 ft. high ; flowers in terminal slender-branched
panicles at the end of leaf-bearing culms, spikelets 2-5-flowered, 4-3 in. long,
single, on long filiform peduncles, leaves with indistinct transverse veins,
sheaths persistent, coriaceous, adpressed to branchlets.

2. THAMNOCALAMUS, Falconer.

Characters of Arundinaria, excepting. the bracts subtending the main
branches of the inflorescence, which are lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, en-
closing the racemes of spikelets in bud, and exceeding half their length
when fully developed. My ict

Leaves with prominent transverse nerves; sheathing bracts 3

_ in. long . $ . . . . ‘ - : . LD. spathifiorus.
Leaves without transverse nerves; sheathing bracts less than
lin. long. : F ‘ : . a, - 2 T. Falconeri.

1. T. spathiflorus, Munro 1. c. 34.—Vern. Ringall, Deoban range.

Stems cespitose, } in. diam., internodes 4-8 in. long, brown, shining,
branches 12-18 in. long, in fascicles or in half-whorls; the sheaths on
young shoots glabrous, with numerous prominent nerves, fimbriate at the
mouth and edges, narrowed somewhat abruptly into a distinct, subulate
apex 2 in. long. Leaves 3-5 in. long, 4:4 in. broad, distinctly petiolate,
3 prominent secondary nerves on either side of midrib, transverse nerves
conspicuous ; sheath 2 in. long, striated with raised longitudinal lines,
fimbriate at the mouth, with a long ligula, persistent aiter the leaves
fall, forming an acute angle with branches. Flowers in large panicles,
with slender drooping branches. Racemes of 2 or 3 spikelets in the
axils of large amplexicaul oblong multinerved bracts 3 in. long. Spike-
lets linear-lanceolate, 1-1} in. long, of 6-8 hairy distinct flowers. Empty
glumes 2, white, membranous, glabrous, linear-lanceolate. Articulation
of rachis between two flowers $-4 the length of flowering glume. Flower-
ing glume 4-3 in. long, long-acuminate, 7-9-nerved, roughly hirsute, with
long hairs at'the base. Palea much shorter than flowering glume, 2-ribbed,
with 2 nerves between the ribs, and 2 on each side. Scales 3, lanceolate.

Stamens 3. Style 3-fid..

Upper part of Hattu (8400 ft.), T. Thomson, Aug. 1847, Deoban (8000 ft.)
D.B., May 1863. .Diidatoli in Garhwal (8500 ft.), Strachey and Winterbottom.
Tn Kamaon, Nepal, and in Sikkim on Mount'Singalelah at 11,000 ft, ‘Hooker.

2. T. Falconeri, Hook. fil; Munro 1. c. 34.
564 LXXVIIIl. GRAMINEA. [Thamnocalamus.

Leaves thin, 3-4 in. long, 4-4 in. broad, narrowed into a slender peti-
ole ; sheaths membranous, truncate below the petiole. Flowering branches
(on leafless culms?) numerous, slender, 12-18 in. long, bearing numerous
distant short racemes. Racemes sessile, 1 in. long, supported at the base
by 6-8 imbricate membranous bracts, the outer shorter, ovate, the inner
ovate-lanceolate, nearly as long as spikelet. Spikelets glabrous, of one
fertile and a terminal sterile flower ; empty glumes 2, more than half the
length of spikelet.

Madhari Pass, Kamaon (8000 ft.), Strachey and Winterbottom, Nepal.

3. BAMBUSA, Schreber.

Large, mostly erect, often gigantic Bamboos, the stems generally massed
together in compact clumps or clusters. Flowers in a few species on
leaf-bearing stems, generally on stems without leaves, which die after the
seed is ripe. In some species one or a few stems only of the entire cluster
bear flowers at one time—these are the Bamboos which flower annually ;
in others all or nearly all stems of one cluster come into flower at the
same time, followed by the death of the entire cluster—these are the
Bamboos which flower after long periods, for it generally happens that all
or most clusters of the same species come into flower simultaneously in one
district, so that in one year all Bamboos of one species die over extensive
areas, followed by a dense mass of seedlings, which come to maturity and
bear flowers after a period varying according to circumstances. Spikelets
generally many-flowered ; empty glumes 2 or more, the lower shorter, the
upper similar to the flowering glumes. Palea 2-keeled, keels generally
fimbriate. Scales 3, ciliate, membranous or hyaline. Stamens 6. Cary-
opsis with a deep longitudinal furrow, often adhering to the palea and
flowering glume. :

Branches spinescent ; leaves small . ‘ . . . > 1, B. arundinacea,
Branches unarmed.
Spikelets terete. *
Leaves middle - sized, pale and soft - pubescent beneath,
transverse veins none, spikelets 1-2 in. long, joints
of rachis elongated, thickened into a hairy disc under
the flowering glume; scales cuneate, thickened at

base, but without prominent nerves . . . . 2 B. Tulda.
Leaves large, concolorous, glabrous but scabrous along
edges, transverse veins distinct ; spikelets 3-4 in. long,
joints of rachis short, glabrous; scales ovate or obo-
vate, with distinct longitudinal nerves ‘ 8. B. Balcooa.
Spikelets laterally compressed, flowers distichous; leaves
with distinct transverse veins . . ‘ 7 . 4 B. vulgaris, *

1, B. arundinacea, Retz; Munro 1. c. 103; Roxb. Cor. Pl. t. 79;
Fl. Ind. ii. 191; Bedd. Fl. Sylv. t. 321.—Sans. Vansa. Vern. Magar
bans, nal bans, Pb.; Bans, kattang, kuttung bans, N.W. and Central
India; Mandgay, Bombay (Dalzell) ; Veduru, Telugu.

Stems tall, green, shining, with spinescent branches, packed close in
 
  

Bambusa.] LXXVIII. GRAMINEA, 565

large compact clumps of 30-100, generally 30-50 ft. high, but attaining
much larger dimensions on the west coast and in the Satpura. Joints
4-9 in. diam., walls thick, cavity small; lower branches stiff, green,
spreading, spinescent, with a few leaves ; upper branches alternate, regu-
larly distichous, Spines strong, sharp, curved, either in pairs at the base
of a branch, or in threes, the middle one the largest. ‘Leaves small, thin,
lanceolate, 4-8 in. long, and 4-2 in. broad, generally glabrous, sometimes
with scattered hairs underneath, 5-6 pair of prominent longitudinal nerves
on either side of midrib; sheaths persistent, coriaceous, 1-2 in. long,
glabrous or pilose with scattered hairs, more or less fimbriate at mouth or
edges. Flowers at long intervals, probably at the age of thirty years, all
stems of one clump being covered with flowers at the same time, a few
leaves often appear with the flowers. Spikelets mostly sessile, in dense
half-whorled clusters at the nodes, glabrous, shining, the fimbriate edges
of the palea prominently apparent. Empty glumes 2-4; flowering glumes
4-10, the upper generally staminiferous only and sterile. Flowering
glume thickened and mucronate at the apex, wholly glabrous, not ciliate
at the edges, often shorter than the palea. Scales 2, hyaline, fimbriate.
Anthers with an obtuse glabrous point between the cells. Ovary glab-
rous ; style deeply 2- or 3-fid, stigmatic branches long-plumose. Caryopsis
3 in. long, enclosed in glume and palea.

Throughout South India, particularly abundant in the Anamallays, Wynad,
the adjoining forests of Mysore, Coorg, Malabar, and Canara. In Belgaum, the
Khandeish Dangs, at Sironcha on the Godavery. On two feeders of the Bagh
river, a tributary of the Wainganga at the base of the Satpura range. Jubbul-
pur, Bengal, and (cultivated) in the sub-Himalayan tract of the Panjab.

The stems attain 70-90 ft. in the forests of Bejagarh near the Bagh river, and
on the western coast. The manifold uses of this Bamboo for building, scaffold-
ing, ladders, carrying and tent poles, the masts of boats, water-pipes, and various
other purposes, are well known. Continued immersion of Bamboos in water,
or better still in a solution of sulphate of iron or lime-water, renders them more
durable. It forms thick and impenetrable hedges. In Hyder Ali’s time, the
town of Bednor in north-west Mysore, was defended by a deep trench filled
with clumps of this Bamboo. :

Isolated flowering clumps of this Bamboo are found occasionally, but as a
rule all clumps in one district come into flower simultaneously, a few clumps
flowering in the previous, and some in the succeeding year. After the seed
ripens, the stems die down to the ground, and in the following year a dense mass
of seedlings springs up, forming during a series of years a close thicket of
slender stems, until the young rhizome gets sufficient strength to produce
larger shoots. Shoots of a full-grown rhizome attain their full Jength in one
or two months, being covered in that stage with large leafless hairy sheaths.
Subsequently the le “bearing branches develop in the axils of their sheaths, and
the stem gradually matures and gets hard and firm. It is a matter for farther
inquiry whether this and other Bamboos come into flower after they have
attained a certain age. Beddome (FI. Sylv. Manual, p. 229) is of opinion that
this species generally flowers at an age of about 32 years, there being a flower-
ing on record (on the western coast) in 1804, 1836, and 1868. In Canara, how-

-ever, this species (probably), Bidun; uu, Can., flowered in the Stipa forests

in 1864, This difference is in accordance with what I have observed in the
case of other species (B. polymorpha, Kyathounwa, B. Tulda, Teiwa), that
566. LXXVIIM. GRAMINES. [Bambusa.

though the Bamboos of the same kind in one district flower simultaneously,
those in another district follow afew years later. The large Bamboo (this species
probably) on the Nerbudda between Jubbulpur and Mandla flowered and died
in 1839, and the same happened a few years ago. Dr Hooker (Him. Journals,
i. 155) is of opinion that Bamboos do not flower at any prescribed age, but at
any period when full-grown and the circumstances of the season are favourable
to their flowering. The question is by no means cleared up, and more accurate
records of the flowering, not.of Bamboos generally, but of certain species, are
wanted, It also is a matter for farther inquiry, whether the rhizomes of those
Bamboos, all stems of which flower and seed, die or produce fresh shoots.
What I have seen in Burma and India, leads me to think that they die, and
that in such cases reproduction takes place entirely from seed. It is different
with those kinds of which a few stems only of one clump come into flower.
The seed of this and other species of: Bamboo’ has often saved the lives of
thousands in times of scarcity,: 1812 in Orissa, 1864 in Canara, and 1866
(probably. B. Tulda) in Malda. When young, the hollow joints of Bamboos
are partly full of a. watery ee which gradually dries up as the stems get
older. It is not, impossible that the well-known silicious ee (Tabasheer),
which is found in the joints of this and other species, may be the residuum
of fhe Sige which often fills the joints. The ashes of all Bamboos are rich
in silica. ; ‘ oy. ;

B. spinosa, Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 198; Munro 1, c. 104; Bedd. Fl. Sylv. 231, is
believed to differ in more solid stems, a paler-coloured and more striated flower-
panicle, smaller and more coriaceous spikelets, with fewer flowers and generally
smaller leaves often hairy on the under side. Bengal and Burma, and, accord-
ing to Beddome,.on the north-east (not on the west side) of the Madras Pre-
sidency. §&. Kurz, however, calls the Burmese Kyakatwa, B. arundinacea, and
I have never been able to find any difference either in growing or in herbarium
specimens between the thorny Bamboo of Western India and Burma, Pend-
ing farther research, I am inclined to unite the two species.

2. B, Tulda, Roxb. Fl. Ind, ii. 193 ; Munro 1. ¢. 91.—Vern. Peka Bans,
Hindi; Tulda Bans, Beng.; Theiwa, Burm.

Stems tall, unarmed, the joints with a large cavity and thin walls. Leaves
lanceolate, 6-9 in. long, about 1 in. broad, glabrous above, underneath pale
and with short soft pubescence, edges scabrous ; 6 pairs of slightly prominent
secondary nerves, transverse veins none ; sheaths glabrous, with 2 distinct
rounded, auriculate, often fimbriate lobes at the base of the short flat peti-
ole. Flowers at. long intervals, all stems of one clump bearing flowers at
the same time, each stem being converted into an “immense oblong waving
panicle, composed of innumerable supra-decompound ramifications” (Roxb.)
Spikelets lanceolate, 1-2 in. long, sessile, in clusters of 4-10, in long slen-
der, interrupted, often branching spikes, 12-24 in, long, 1 or several stout
and woody branches at each node, bearing numerous lateral spikes, and
surrounded. at the base by fascicles of slender sometimes branching spikes.
Spikelets glabrous, shining, 4-10-flowered, with 4-6 empty glumes at the
base, which are often gemmiparous. Joints of rachis elongated, thickened
into a hairy disc under the flowering glume, and distinctly articulate at that
point, joints one-third the a of the flowering glume. Flowering glume
mucronate, with 13-15 broad, whitish, prominent nerves, slightly pubes-
cent at the edges near apex. Palea sharply 2-keeled, keels long-ciliate,
ae Bambusa.] LXXVIIL GRAMINEA, 567

but not conspicuous without removing the flowering glume; 7 prominent

erves between the keels. Scales cuneate-oblong, obliquely truncate,
irregularly cut and fimbriate with broad subulate teeth, base thickened,
“particularly on one side, edges and upper part transparent, no distinct
aad nerves, the third lodicule generally long, linear. Anthers glabrous, con-

nective with a short blunt apex. Ovary obovate-oblong, hirsute; style
ind deeply 3-fid.

   

The common Bamboo of Bengal. Not uncommon in the deciduous forest of
Pegu, poy occupying lower and moister stretches of ground in company
with Zinwa (Cephalostachyum pergracile, Munro), the dry hills surrounding
being covered with. Dendrocalamus strictus. Also associated with Bambusa

ok polymorpha, Munro, Kyathounwa. FI. May. Generally used for roofs and
scaffolding, found more durable if soaked in water previous to being used. The
young shoots are pickled. Used largely to make mats for the walls and roofs
of cottages. Baskets, fans, and window-blinds are made of it,

B. nutans, Wall. ; Munro 1. ¢. 92, of Nepal, Assam, Kasia hills, and Silhet,
agrees with B. 7'ulda in all essential characters ; the leaves are of medium size,
pale beneath and with slight soft pubescence, the spicules are long, with elon-
gated distinctly articulate clavate joints of the rachis, terminating in a hairy
disc under the flowering glume, the fimbriate edges of the palea are not con-
spicuous on the face of the spikelet, the connective of the anthers terminates in
ablunt glabrous point, and the lodicules are cuneate, with a thick base and
without prominent nerves, Munro states that it isa much smaller plant, with
a slender and nearly solid stem, the leaves whiter below, and few fertile spike-
lets. Nepal, Sikkim at 5000 to 7000 ft. (vern. Mahlo), Assam (Bidhali Bans,
Mukial Bans), Kasia, Silhet, and, according to Dr Stewart, in the Siwalik tract,
probably extending west to the Ganges.

3. B. Balcooa, Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 196; Munro 1. c. 100.—Vern. Balku
Bans, Beng.

Stems tall unarmed, stouter and often taller than of B. Tulda. Leaves
oblong-lanceolate, with a large rounded subcordate base, 6-12 in. long
and 1-2 in. broad, glabrous, green on both sides, edges scabrous; se-
condary nerves 7-11 on either side of midrib, not very prominent ; trans-
verse veins distinct but distant ; sheath truncate at the base of the short
petiole ; ligula membranous, broadly triangular. Spikelets 4-4 in. long,
ovoid-lanceolate, 4-6-flowered, conspicuous by the fimbriate keels of palex,
sessile, in compact half-whorled clusters on long interrupted spikes.
Empty glumes 2, unequal. Flowering glumes thin, menibranous, with a
broad concave base, and a wide membranous edge, ciliate near the top,
with prominent longitudinal nerves. Rachis not distinctly articulate,
joints short, glabrous, not much thickened below the flowering glume.
Palea as long as flowering glume, fimbriate at keels and hairy at edges ;
nerves indistinct ; lodicules ovate or obovate, with longitudinal branch-
ing nerves, each branch terminating in a long subulate cilia or tooth.
Anthers glabrous, connective terminating in a short dark point.

Bengal, Assam (Bara Baluka), Cachar. Reckoned the best Bamboo in Ben-
gal for building, scaffolding, and other works requiring both size and strength.
Long immersion in water tends to make it firmer, and proof against the
568 LXXVIII. GRAMINEAE, [Bambusa.

attacks of Bostrichi (Roxb.) To B. Balcooa I am inclined to refer the large
Bamboo which is cultivated near villages in the outer hills below Simla, as.high
as Sairi (5500 ft.), but not higher. e stems attain 40 ft., they are branchless
to a height of about 5 ft., the rings at the nodes are nearly horizontal, the joints
12-18 in. long and 3 in. diam. ; the sheaths of young shoots are large, densely
covered with black hairs, their breadth at base about half their length, narrowed
into a triangular apex, longer than broad, and about 4-3 the length of the sheath.
Leaves large, 9-12 in. long, 1-2 in. broad, very scabrous at edges, otherwise gla-
brous ; secondary nerves 7-11 on either side of midrib, not very prominent,
transverse veins distinct, but distant. I have never found it in flower.

B. Falconeri, Munro 1. c. 95, is a remarkable species, described from flower-
ing specimens collected by the late Dr Falconer in the Dehra Doon in Sept.
1840. Spikelets lanceolate, wholly glabrous, nearly 1 in. long, about 10-flowered,
the upper 4-5, fl. male or sterile, with short effete anthers. Flowering glumes
mucronate, with numerous broad prominent nerves somewhat resembling those
of B. Tulda. Palea much shorter than glume, 2-keeled, keels fimbriate ; 7 dis-
tinct nerves between keels, and 2 lateral nerves on either side of keels. An-
thers pilose at the top, lodicules 3, with prominent longitudinal nerves termin-
ating in subulate teeth. Leaves, supposed by Munro to belong to the same
species, collected by Falconer in the previous year (Oct. 1829), and by Strachey
and Winterbottom at 4000 ft. elev. on Okenath in Garhwal, are 16 in. long, 3
in. broad, with 14 to 16 pair of prominent secondary nerves and distinct trans-
verse veins, concolorous and Aabrous but scabrous beneath, they resemble the
leaves of Dendrocalamus Hamiltonianus. The identification of the large Bam-
boo of the Dehra Doon and of the outer ranges between Kalka and Sairi remains
for farther inquiry.

4, B. vulgaris, Wendl. ; Munro 1. c. 106 ; Dalzell Bombay FI. 299;
Bedd. Fl. Sylv. Manual, p. 232.—Syn. B. Thouarsi?, Kunth; B. arundi-
nacea, Aiton. Kulluk, bamboo, Bombay ; Una gass, Ceylon.

Stems tall unarmed, 20-50 ft. high, green, yellow, or with green and
yellow stripes, joints 4 in. diam. and more, with thin walls. Leaves thin,
linear-lanceolate, 6-10 in. long, 3-14 in. broad, very scabrous on the lon-
gitudinal nerves close to the edge, secondary nerves conspicuous, 6-8 on
either side of midrib, transverse veins numerous. Flowering stems often
leaf-bearing. Spikelets sessile, oblong-lanceolate, laterally compressed,
%-1 in. long, glabrous, 4-12-flowered, distichous, so that the flowers
of each side appear distinct, and separated by a furrow, fasciculate, or
in compact half-whorls on long, interrupted, paniculate spikes. Empty
glumes 2 ; flowering glumes ovate-lanceolate, narrowed at the base, longi-
tudinal nerves prominent near apex, indistinct below, mucronate and
ciliate at the apex, fimbriate keels of palea conspicuous near the top of
flowering glume. Lodicules transparent, thinly membranous. Anthers
penicillate at the apex, with short hairs. Style slender, filiform, 2-3-fid
at the end.

Cultivated in many districts of India, particularly in the western Dekkan,
Kolapur, Sattara, Poona, Silhet, Cachar, Chittagong. In the eastern Panjab,
according}to Stewart. Abundant in Ceylon, up to 2000 ft. (Thwaites Enum, 375).
Indian Archipelago, tropical America, and the West Indies. Commonly grown
in conservatories in Europe, where it not rarely comes into flower.
Dendrocalamus.] LXXVIII. GRAMINEA, 569

4, DENDROCALAMUS, Nees.

Characters those of Bambusa, several species (D. strictus, D. Hookert)
are known to flower annually. Scales none. Ovary hirsute ; style long,
filiform, undivided, or 2-3-fid at the apex, base persistent. Caryopsis
with a thick pericarp, narrowed into the persistent base of the style ; posi-
tion of the embryo generally not conspicuous on the surface.

Spikelets linear-lanceolate, spinescent . F s 1, D. strictus.
Spikelets cuneate, soft-membranous . ee 2. D. Hamiltonii.

1. D. strictus, Nees.—Tab. LXX.—Munro 1. c. 147; Bedd. Fl.
Sylv. t. 8225.—Syn. Bambusa stricta, Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 193, not Cor. Pl.
t. 80, which is Oxytenanthera Thwattesti, Munro, a Bamboo of Ceylon,
the Nilgiris, and Shevaroy hills—Munro 1. c. 129. Male Bamboo, Vern.
Bans, North India. Myinwa, Burma. Bas, Udha, Bombay.

A middle-sized, generally deciduous Bamboo, stems with small cavity,
or entirely solid, closely packed in dense clumps, the lower part of stem
often variously bent, with fasciculate, stiff, horizontal, generally leafless
branches, the upper part spreading out in all directions, often curved
downwards, or nearly horizontal, with fasciculate slender flexuose solid
branches, the leaves on fasciculate branchlets enclosed in coriaceous
shining persistent sheaths ; joints 12-18 in. long, 1-3 in. diam. Sheaths
of young shoots shorter than joints, glabrous, shining outside, tapering
into a triangular apex. Leaves distichous, hairy beneath, rough ‘and
often hairy above, exceedingly variable in size, generally middle-sized,
3-9 in. long, }-1 in. broad, with 6 pairs of secondary nerves, and no
transverse veins. Flowers annually, 1 or a few stems of each clump
only producing flowers, often mixed with leaf-bearing branches. Spike-
lets spinescent, hairy, forming, with a number of sterile spikelets, dense
globose spiny heads arranged in long interrupted spikes, joints between
the flower-heads about 1 in. long. Empty glumes 2-6, flowering glumes
2-3, generally 2, spinescent, hairy. Palea of lower flower 2-keeled, keels
pilose, of upper flower convex, not keeled, 8-nerved. Ovary stipitate,
hairy, style long filiform. Caryopsis brown, shining, ovoid, 4 in. long,
narrowed into the persistent hairy style, pericarp (perigynium, Munro)
coriaceous, separable from the seed, narrowed into the hairy persistent
base of style.

i common throughout India and Burma, up to the
ie % aaa OF the Aravalli hills, where J found it wild on Tod-
arh in Mairwara. In the Panjab only in the sub-Himalayan tract, locally in a
ew places, and on the east side of the Saltrange ; notinSmdh. Not in Ceylon,
but in Java. Ascends to 3000 ft. in the Peninsula, and to 3500 ft. in the outer
N.W. Himalaya. Inthe Panjab it is common near the Sutlej, forms two forests
of importance on the left bank of the Bias, several small tracts on the Chenab,
and covers a considerable area west of the Jhelam, north of Rawulpindi. Gene-
rally gregarious, forming extensive forests on dry hot stony hills. The youn

foliage, which appears in May, is bright green, the old leaves get yellow an

fall during winter, except on moist ground, where this Bamboo remains green
570 LXXVIIL GRAMINEZ. [Dendrocalamus.

throughout the year. Fl. between Noy. and April, the seed ripening in June.
The stems that have flowered die after the seed ripens. Attains 20-40 ft. in the
Panjab, in South India it grows 30-50 ft. high ; in Burma, on dry hills, 20-40, and
on moist ground 100 ft. The stems attain their fill height in a few weeks at
the commencement of the rains ; in the Panjab they do not harden fully during
the first year. The stems are strong and elastic, they are much used for roofing,
basket- and wattle-work, and they make excellent spear-handles. In the Bamboo
forests of the Panjab and the North-West, the different sizes and descriptions of
this Bamboo, as they are brought to market, are classified under a multitude of
names. :

2. D. Hamiltonii, Nees et Arnott; Munro 1. c. 151.—Vern. Pao of
Lepchas, Wah of Mechis in Sikkim.

Stems tall, 40-60 ft. high, joints short, 4-7 in. diam., with thick walls.
Leaves firm, subcoriaceous, 6-15 in. long, 2 in. broad, glabrous above,
rough, often hairy and generally pale beneath, transverse veins and 12-
15 pairs of secondary nerves prominent on the under side, indistinct on the
upper side of leaf; sheath of leaf projecting considerably on both sides
beyond the short petiole, continued into an obliquely truncate coriaceous
ligula. Flowers annually ; spikelets in long interrupted panicled spikes,
common peduncle thick, hollow, with numerous elevated longitudinal
lines. Spikelets soft, membranous, glabrous, not spinescent, cuneate, in
rounded compact lateral heads, each head supported by several broad
shining bracts. Empty glumes 2, subequal, flowers 2-4, one only fertile.
Style long, filiform, 3-fid at the apex.

Sikkim and Bhutan 2000-5600 ft., Assam. The young shoots are boiled. and
eaten.

D. Parishii, Munro 1. c. 149, is described from flower-spikes only, believed
to have been collected in the Panjab Himalaya by Lt. Parish. It is closely allied
to D. Hamiltonii, but differs by ovate-lanceolate acute spikelets. If the speci-
mens were really found in the Panjab, then it is not impossible that they be-
long to the large-leaved Bamboo of the Dehra Doon, or to the one of the outer
hills below Simla, which has been doubtfully referred to Bambusa Balcooa, for
the leaves of both, particularly of the former, resemble those of D. Hamiltoniz.

Another pialey nm Bamboo of this group is D. Hookeri, Munro 1.c, 151.
Leaves similar to D. Hamilton, but larger, 15 in. long and 3-4 in. broad, se-
condary nerves 15 pairs, with transverse veins very prominent on the under side,
indistinct on the upper side of leaf. Spikelets ovate, apex tapering, hairy.
Assam, Kasia hills, Vern..Assey. Nearly allied, but a smaller-sized Bamboo,
20-30 ft. high, with a longer 8-flowered spikelet, is D. latiflorus, Munro 1, ¢.
tab. vi., of Hong Kong and Formosa.
ADDITIONS AND CORRECTIONS.

P. 3. Schizandra grandiflora, H. f. and Th.; Fl. Ind. i. 44.—Syn. Kadsura
grandiflora, Wall. Tent. Fl. Nep. t. 14 (Magnoliaceee).* A glabrous climbing
shrub, without stipules, with white, fragrant, drooping axillary flowers ; ovaries
numerous, imbricated on a conical receptacle, which lengthens in fruit into a
cylindrical fleshy axis, 6-9 in. long, bearing numerous scarlet, fleshy, 2-seeded
carpels. Himalaya, Sutlej to Bhutan, between 6000 and 10,000 ft. Fl. April,
May ; fr. Oct. The fruit is eaten.

-P. 3, line 17 from below, dele “ gynophore stalked.”

PB3 4 4 % read “ carpels in a loose stalked spike,” instead of
“capsules sessile on an elongated stalk.”

P. 5. Polyalthia cerasotdes, Benth. & Hook. Prome district, 8. Kurz.

P.8. Stephania rotunda, Lour. ; Hook. Fl. Ind. i. 103.—Syn. Cocculus
Roxburghianus, Wall. Cissampelos glabra, Roxb. Fl. Ind. iii. 840. IMenisper-
macee. Vern. Gajera, garjial, Kamaon. A large glabrous climber with a sub-
globose tuberous root. Leaves peltate, broad-ovate or suborbicular, often repand.
or sinuate-lobed, pale beneath, 3-7 in. diam. Flowers yellow, in axillary cymose
umbels. Male flowers: sepals 6-10, narrow-cuneate, biseriate, petals 3-5, obo-
vate, anthers 6, connate, inserted round the top of the staminal column, burst-
ing transversely. Female flowers : sepals 3-6, petals of the male. Drupe glab-
rous, endocarp compressed, horseshoe-shaped, dorsally tubercled, sides hollowed
and perforated. Seed almost?annular. N.W. Himalaya, ascending to 7000 ft.
Kasia hills, Burma. FI. April-June. For the structure of the wood see Hooker
& Thomson, Flora Indica (1855), p. 195.

P. 8. Tinospora cordifolia, Miers.—Vern. Giarcha, Kamaon.

P. 8 Under Anamirta Cocculus. For a full description of this climber, see
Wallich, Descriptions of Indian Plants in Asiat. Researches, xiii. 403, :

P. 10. Cissampelos Pareira, Linn.—Vern. Pari, Kamaon. The botanical
origin of the various stems and roots known as Pareira Brava and Radix Par-
eirae has lately been investigated by D. Hanbury (Pharm. Journ. 1873, Aug.
9d and 9th). "The result is, that the drug is-not yielded by this plant. One of
the best kinds is the root of Chondodendron tomentosum, Ruiz and Pavon, a
large climber of the same Family in Brazil, with bunches of large oval berries.

P.12. Berberis asiatica, ce ag Kimora, kingora, Kamaon.

P. 12. B. Lycium, Royle—Vern. Kingora.

P.12. B. ich 8 reng—Vern. Pande kilmora, chotara, chotra, Ka-
maon. Hardy against walls in England. _ : nae

P. 13. Holbellia latifolia, Wall.—Syn. Stauntonia latifolia and S. angus-
tifolia, Wall. Vern. Gophia, Kamaon. The fruit is eaten.

P. 14. Capparis aphylla, A common and characteristic shrub of Soudan,
572 ADDITIONS AND CORRECTIONS.

N.L. 15°-20°, as far as Timbuktu on the Niger, according to Barth.—(Grisebach
Veg. d. Erde, ii. 123.) :

P. 15. Capparis horrida, Linn. fil_—Vern. Ulta kanta, bipua kanta, Kamaon,

P. 20. Other species of Tamarix, of North-West and Central India, are 1. 7.
salina, Dyer ; Hook. Fl. Ind. i. 248, a glabrous, glaucous shrub, with cordiform,
subamplexicaul, strongly impress-punctate leaves ; pentandrous (like T. gal-
lica, dwica, and articulata). Saltrange. 2. T. ericoides, Rottler.—Syn. Trich-
aurus ericoides, W.& A. Prodr. 40; Wight Ill. t. 24 B, Ic. t. 22. A small decan-
drous shrub, with foliage like the common Tamarisk, but larger flowers ; seeds
rostrate, beak straight, feathered with long spreading hairs. Common in the
rocky river-beds of the Dekkan, often associated with Rhabdia and Homonoya.
3. T. stricta, Boiss. ; Hook. Fl. Ind. i. 249, decandrous, hoary with impress-punc-
tate glands. Sindh. Beluchistan.

P. 28. Thespesia Lampas, Dalzell ; Bombay F1.19. T. populnea, Correa, the
Bendy tree of Hobie, ortia tree of Madras.—Vern. Poresh, Beng., a fast-grow-
ing tree, with cordate, long-acuminate leaves, and close-grained wood, readil

own from cuttings, is often found in gardens and avenues of Central India.

P, 32, 1. 20 from above, read “4” instead of “5.”

P. 39. In Hooker’s FI. Ind. i. 387, the name G. scabrophylla is substituted for
G. sclerophylla. The latter, however, is the older and more suitable name.

P, 40. G. vestita, Wall., should be called G. elastiea, Royle, the name being
supported by figure and description.

P. 44, Hiptage Madabdlota, Gertn.—Sans. Pundraka.

P. 45. Hooker, in Fl. Ind. i, 421, calls the Garhwal and Kamaon plant, with
subcordate leaves and silky white tomentum, Aspidopterys Wallichit, and the
eastern plant, Nepal to Burma, leaves not cordate, A. nutans, Hook. f. ;

P. 47. Zanthoxylum alatum is found up the Sutlej valley as far as Wangtu.

P. 48,49. Limonia acidissima, Murraya Kenigit and Clausena pentaphylla,
common in Burma, 8. Kurz.

P. 50. Skimmia Laureola. Fi. sweet-scented, drupes with 2-3, 1-seeded car-
tilaginous kernels, Flowers both in spring and autumn, according to Madden,
As. Soc. Journ. xviii. i. 606.

P. 50, line 16, add : leaves (of Citrus) more or less dentate.

P.51 , 25 ,,  Rissocalls the five species accepted by him: 1. C. Auran-
tium, the sweet ; 2. C. vulgaris, the bitter orange ; 3. C. Limetta ; 4. C. medi-
ca; 5.0. limonum. Risso and Poiteau classify what they call types or races,
with regard to the shape of the oil-vesicles in the rind, as follows : Ur decumana,
with flat or convex vesicles, C. Aurantium, Lumia, limonum, with convex,
Bigaradia, Bergamia, Limetta, with concave vesicles of oil in the rind.

P, 53, line 17, read “ 2000 and 4000” znstead of “4000 and 3000.”

P.53  ,, 22, add the following remarks concerning what are believed to be
wild oranges on the Nilgiris. 1. C. vulgaris, Risso ; Wight Ic. t. 957. On the
slopes below Kotagiri and Kunnur (Nilgiris), apparently wild, with large elliptic
dentate leaves, petiole more or less winged, flowers large, white ; fruit orange-
coloured, roundish or slightly elongated or depressed ; pulp acid or bitter. 2.
C. Limetia, Risso ; Wight Ic. t. 958. Inthe Orange valley near Kotagiri, flowers
Aug.-Sept., certainly wild ; a low, very ramous, erect, thorny bush, covered
during the flowering season with a profusion of beautiful white fragrant flowers ;
leaves ovate, dentate, petiole winged or margined ; flowers small white, fruit
pale yellow, ovoid or roundish, terminated by a knob; pulp watery, acid or
sweetish, occasionally slightly bitter.

P. 56. Feronia Llephantum. Wild in the Prome district, Pegu, S. Kurz.

P. 58. Atlanthus malabarica. Forests of the Pegu Yoma, S. fears
ae 60. Ochna pumila, Ham. ; Don Fl. Nep. 224, add Syn. O. nana, Royle

. 165.
ADDITIONS AND, CORRECTIONS. 573

P. 61. Bursera serrata, in Burma.—Vern. Thadiben, 8. Kurz.

P. 61, line 6 from below, read “ Boswellia serrata, Roxburgh in Asiatic Re-
searches, ix. 379,”

The correct name of this common and well-known tree has not yet been finally
settled. H. 'T. Colebrooke, in a paper on Olibanum or Frankincense, As, Res.
ix. 377 (London edition of 1809), gives Roxburgh’s figure and description of it
under the name of B. serrata. Colebrooke found it frequent in the forest between
the Sone (Soane) and Nagpur (vern. Saldz), on the route by which he travelled
to Berar in 1797, and came to the conclusion that it was the tree yielding the
Olibanum of commerce. In a note at the end of his paper he stated, that if
the genus had not already received a botanical name, it might have been suit-
ably denominated Libanus thurifera, In a later volume of the Asiatic Researches,
xi. 152 (Calcutta edition of 1810), Dr John Fleming published a catalogue of
Indian medicinal plants, the names and characters of new species being, as he
says, transcribed from Roxburgh’s manuscript, and among them will be found,
at page 158, Boswellia thurifera, Roxb. (Salai, Hindi). Fleming refers to Cole-
brooke’s paper in the ninth volume, and there is no doubt that he means the
same tree. It is evident, therefore, that Roxburgh, soon after the publica-
tion of Colebrooke’s paper, probably by way of compliment to the author's sug-
gestion, altered the name from serrata into thurifera. Since that time both
names have been employed by. different botanists—Roxburgh Catalogue, p.
32, and Flora Indica, ii. 383, Graham (Cat. 42), and Wight & Arn. (Prodr. 174)
adopt the name thurifer'a, while De Candolle (Prodr. ii. 76, 1825), Colebrooke
in a paper on Boswellia oS Linn. Soc. xv. 363, 1827), and Wallich
oe 8486) give the name J. serrata to the same tree. De Candolle quotes

tackhouse, Extracts from Bruce’s Travels in Abyssinia respecting the Balsam
and Myrrh Trees, Bath, 1815, as authority for the name, but Stackhouse,
p. 19, calls it B. serrata, Roxb., and refers to Colebrooke’s paper in the
‘Asiatic Researches, from which he extracts his account of the tree. It cannot
be said that either of the names has been more generally used by botanists, and,
under these circumstances, the older name, B. serrata, ought to take precedence.
There is, however, this against it, that the leaflets, though described as serrate,
are obtusely dentate, and often entire.

B. glabra, Roxb., first described in the Coromandel Plants, iii. p. 4, is, as ex-

lained at p. 62, a doubtful species, Graham (Cat. 42) identifies it with the
Ras of the bare rocky hills of the Dekkan and the Satpura range.

P. 67. In Burma, I have seen Melia indica and M. Azedarach only cultivated,
but §. Kurz informs me that I. indica is wild in the Yoma hills of the Prome
district, and I find a note in my herbarium that I, indica is wild beyond the
British frontier. This is a subject for farther inquiry. According to Mason,
the Persian Lilac is called Kamakha, and the Neem, which is cultivated by
the Burmans on account of its medicinal qualities, 7'’hambaw kamakha, indicat-
ing importation by ship (¢himbau) from beyond the seas, as in the case of Thim-
bau tht (Carica Panga and other foreign trees introduced into Burma,

P. 68. Royle, Ill. 141, mentions two species of Melia in North India besides
the Weem, one the Bakain, the other the Dek ; but Madden, in As. Soc. Journ,
xviii, i. 638, points out that there is no difference between them. ;

P. 69. Melia composita has the inside of the staminal tube covered with
white hairs, which protrude at the mouth. ie

P. 69. Amoora Rohituka, enous in Burma.—Vern, Thitni (red wood).

. maida febrifuga, Burma, .

BP 72. me pekinese given to distinguish C’. serrata from Toona demand

farther inquiry on the spot. In Kunawar, C. serrata has its upper limit oppo-

ae me. Cunslert Rheediz. Common in Prome district, S, Kurz,
574 ADDITIONS AND CORRECTIONS.

P. 77. Ilex odorata, Ham.—Syn. J. serrata, Royle. Vern. Garshiin, Gar-
kaula, Kamaon. : ;

P. 84, Several climbing shrubs of this Order are found in Central India and
the sub-Himalayan forests, belonging to the tribe of Gouaniece, with the ovary
adnate to the calyx : 1. Gouania leptostachya, DC. ; Wight & Arn. Prodr. 166,
—Vern. Kala lag, Kamaon. Leaves ovate-acuminate, crenate, with 5-6 main
lateral nerves, arcuate. Flowers greenish in long slender, panicled racemes,
tendrils simple, generally at the base of racemes. Fruit dry, inferior, with 3
broad wings, 4 in. across, separating into 3 coriaceous, 1-seeded, indehiscent
carpels, Sub-Himalayan tract of Kamaon. Bengal. 2, G. microcarpa, DC.;
Wight & Arn. Prodr, 167. Similar, but racemes, branchlets, and young leaves
rusty-tomentose while young ; leaves entire, glabrous and subcoriaceous when
full-grown, and smaller fruit. South and probably Ceritral India. 3. Helinus
lanceolatus.—Syn. Gouania lanceolata, Wall. A slender twining shrub with
entire lanceolate leaves, branchlets ending in short simple tendrils, flowers um-
bellate, fruit obovoid, not winged, coriaceous. Plains of N.W. India, common
in the sub-Himalayan tract of the Panjab and Kamaon, ascending to 4000 ft.
Fl. in May, June.

P. 85, 1. 10 from below, read “ Acajou” for “ Acayou.”

P. 95. The shrub mentioned as Paliurus aculeatus in the Bussahir Forest
Report, p. 68—Vern. Tham, upper limit in Kunawar at Javi—is Sageretia
theesans, Brongn. Paliwrus is a shrub similar to Zizyphus, but fruit with a
broad orbicular membranous wing 1 in, diam., of the Mediterranean region,
common in Palestine, found east as far as Armenia, Kurdistan, and North
Persia.

- 96. S. Kurz informs me that the common Ventilago of Burma is JV. caly-
culata.

P. 99, E, Regel, in a late paper on the American, Chinese, and Japanese
species of Vitis, unites V. parvifolia, Roxb., with V. vulpina, Linn, and V.
lanata, Roxb., with V. Labrusca, Linn. V. vulpina and Labrusca inhabit
North America and Japan, In the same paper he advances the opinion, that
V. vinifera is no original species at all, but the product of long-continued cul-
tivation of the two last-named species. It is true that the grape-vine agrees
with them as well as with V. parvifolia and lanata, in pentamerous flowers
and petals cohering at the apex; but its cultivation commenced in Western
Asia, and neither v. lanata nor parvifolia, nor any of the forms of V. Labrusca
and vulpina, have, as far as I am aware, been found in Western Asia. ‘ ,

Pp. 99-101. Vites latifolia, lanata, indica, adnata, lanceolaria, are common
in Burma, 8. Kurz. V. himalayana is found in Kunawar as far as Urni,

P. 102. Leea macrophylla. Common in Burma.

P. 104. At high elevations the Indian Horse-Chestnut is bare in winter, the
young leaves appearing some time before the flowers. The buds are small and
membranous, those of A. Hippocastanum are large and viscid. Cultivated in
Kunawar, upper limit in the valley, Jangi on the right and Purbani on the left
side.—Vern. Pa.

P.114. Staphylea Hmodi. Kunawar as far up as Chergaon.

P.117. Sabia campanulata has purple, not green flowers ; the flowers of S.
paniculata—Vern. Bakal pata—Kamaon, are yellow, and the ripe fruit of an
ultramarine blue (Madden). ‘

P. 117. Character of Anacardiacece, add: ovary free. ;

P, 118. In Kunawar upper limit of Rhus Cotinus above Wangtu, and of R.
semialata, Urni. :

P. 122. Pistacia integerrima, J. L. Stewart. Upper limit in Kunawar:
Umi on the right, and Kilba on the left bank.

P. 152. Dalbergia volubilis. Common in Burma, 8. Kurz.
ADDITIONS AND CORRECTIONS. 575

P. 154. Derris robusta, In Burma, vern. Thitpagan—read D. Krowee, Roxb.

P. 158. Acrocarpus fraxinifolius. Burma, 8, Kurz.

P. 162. Bauhima Vahlii. “Burma, 8S. Kurz,

P. 167. Line 6 from below, read “Mimosa scandens, Linn.”

P. 174, Pithecolobium lobatwm, Benth., is a large tree in the moister forests
of Burma, with large, lobed pods and seeds similar in size and shape to those of
Lntada scandens ; eaten as a condiment in Burma, Fi. Jan., Feb. (Tanyin,
Burm.) Also Indian Archipelago. aad

P.175. Albizzia procera, Indian Archipelago, Philippine Islands, and North
Australia.

P. 176. Albizzia Lebbek. Burma, 8. Kurz.

a 177. Albizza Julibrissin.. In the Kunawar valley extends as far as
angtu.

P.179, Albizzia amara, Tn Kamaon, Madden.

‘P. 180. Acacia arabica—Sans, Khadira.

P. 181. Line 24 from below, dele “uniformly distributed.”

P. 183. A. eburnea has sometimes.5 or 6 pairs of pinne. The twisted and
broad pod represented in t. 199 of Roxb. Cor. Pl. does not belong to this species ;
it may possibly belong to A. planifrons, W. & A. Prodr. 276, a small thorny
tree of South India, which differs from A. eburnea by having the shorter spines
crooked, not straight. The Acacia from Kamaon(Bhes), mentioned at p. 180
under A. Latronum, is probably a villose variety of A.eburnea. This appears
from the full description given by Madden in p. 631 of his second paper on the
Terai and outer mountains of. Kamaon (As. Soc. Journ. xviii. i. 631). Young
branches, petioles, and thorns very villous with rufous down, pinne 3-5, leaflets
4-10; flowers white ; pods in umbels of 3-7, flat, smooth, linear, nearly straight,
pendulous, 3-8-seeded, 3-5 in, long, less than a quarter of an inch broad, the
border with a long shallow sinus between each seed. All this agrees well with
A. eburnea, except the colour of the flower. Common in Garhwal up to the
Ganges; but apparently confined to the banks of the streams and rivers where
they enter the plains and Doons. ;

P. 184. Mr Bentham informs me that A. rupestris is closely allied to, and
perhaps not specifically distinct from, A. Senegal, Willd., which is synonymous
with A. Verek, Guill. et Perr., mentioned at p. 186.

P. 191. Prunus persica, cultivated in Kunawar as far as Sungnam on the
right, and Morung on the left bank.—Vern. Rek.

P, 194, Line 6 from above, read “for” instead of “ but.”

P. 195. Prunus Mahaleb. Mountains of Greece in the region of the Silver
Fir.

P. 196. Prinsepia utilis. Found in Kunawar as far as Urni.—Vern, Bekling.

P. 196. Rubus cordifolius, htgeqe Katrola, katrota, Almora, is, accord-
ing to Madden, onymous with R. tiliaceus. . e

®. 199. Two mre species are mentioned by Madden in As. Soc. Journ. xviii.
i.: Rubus hypargyrus, Edgew., with red flowers and yellow woolly fruit. Crest
of Chinar near Naini Tal—p. 605. R. affinis, Madden, near R. flavus, Ham.,
very green and glossy. Gagar Pass, Binsar, to 7300 tt., in shade only—p, 624,

P, 302, Rosa Webbiana—Vern. Ring yal. Commences at Pangi in Kunawar,

P. 204. Pyrus Pashia, Hamilton in Don’s Fl. Nep. 236, is the older name,
and should take precedence of P. variolosa, Wall. In Kunawar as far up as Urni,

P. 208. Photinia japonica—Syn. Eriobotrya japonica, Lindley ; W. & A.
Prodr, 302; Wight Ic. t. 226; Mespilus japonica, Thunb.; Roxb, Fl. Ind. ii,
510; Bot. Reg. t. 365; the Loquat—is a well-known fruit-tree, indigenous in
J apan and China, and now cultivated in Bengal, South and North-West India,
Leaves large, lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, tomentose beneath, with prominent
lateral nerves, flowers white, fragrant, in terminal tomentose panicles,
576 ADDITIONS AND CORRECTIONS.

P. 216. Parrotia Jacquemontiana. In Kunawar near Shoang at 9000 ft.—
Vern. Sha.

P, 219. Line 12 from below, read “ malabarica” and “parviflora.”

P, 221. Combretum decandrum. Burma, S, Kurz. ’

P, 223. S. Kurz makes Pangéh, Burm., a distinct and new species, T. tomen-
tella, marked by a glabrous smooth calyx-tube, smaller fruit, and more copious
cupreous pubescence,

P, 226. For an account of the Tusseh silkworm (Phalena Paphia), which
lives on the leaves of Terminalia tomentosa and Zizyphus Jujuba in Behar,
see Roxb. in Trans. Linn, Soc. vii. 33.

P. 246, According to another account, the Prickly Pedr was destroyed in
1849-50 in the Jalandhar district. The insect was collected largely by the
cloth-dyers, and yielded a brilliant colour.

P. 255. According to Dr Stewart, Lonicera angustifolia is common in Zans-
kar, Ladak, Nubra, ascending to 15,000 ft.—Notes of a Bot. Tour in Western
Tibet, Trans. Bot. Soc, Edin. 1869, p. 207. Is this not Z. spinosa, Jacquem. ?
L. glauca, H. f. & Th. Journ, Linn. Soc. ii. 166, a small shrub, with linear-
oblong obtuse leaves, glaucous beneath, and large ovate-oblong ciliate bracts,
common in Zanskar, Piti, Nubra, Pangong lake, Tibet, 13,000-16,000 ft.

P. 258. Madden (As. Soc. Journ. xviii. i. 609) gives the following additional
vern. names for some of the Viburnuwms of the N.W. Himalaya: 1. V. cotini-
folium (black fruit), Gaya, Kamaon, 2. V. Mullaha, Hamilton in Don’s Prodr.
Fl. Nep. 141, which name, being older, should take precedence of V. stellala-
tum, Wall, with abundant red, bitter fruit. Zvi, Simla. 3. V. foctens, De-
caisne. Gdiya, Kamaon; Thelain, Bussahir.

P. 260. Sambucus adnata, Wall. ; H. f. & Th.in Journ. Linn, Soc. ii. 180, is
an undershrub with furrowed branches and red berries of Sikkim (6000-11,000
ft.) Nepal, and, according to Royle Ill. 236, on the mountains of Kashmir (?)

P. 269. A species, nearly allied to Wendlandia tinctoria, is W. puberula, DC.
Prodr. iv. 412. Leaves with less prominent lateral nerves, and long hairs, par-
ticularly along midrib and nerves. Corolla-tube funnel-shaped (not tubular, as
in W. tinctoria), twice or barely twice the length of segments. Anthers linear
(not elliptic, as in W. tinctoria). Common in Kamaon and Garhwal, ascending
to 4000 ft. Nepal.

P. 282. Rhod. Anthopogon.—Vern. Talsir, Bussahir. Sans. Talisa patra
(Madden).

P, 299. Symplocos ramosissima (nervosa), of Madden Journ. As. Soc. xviii. i.
625, is “evergreen, with beautifully glossy leaves, common on the north side
of the Gagar Pass, and in similar shady Eee on Binsar, Bira Pinnath, and
Panjok Khal in Garhwal, from 6000-8000 ft.”

P. 303. Fraxinus excelsior, Linn—Ash. Esche, German; Fréne, French.
Weight 34-52 lb., according to Dr Hurst’s edition of Tredgold, 454 (1871).
Nordlinger’s data correspond to 35-58 lb.

P. 304. In Kunawar /. Moorcroftiana is found as far as Spii on the right,
and Namgia on the left bank.

P. 305. Schrebera swietenioides—Vern. Ghant, ghanta (not ghaut), patali,
ghanta parali (Bell Bignonia), Bandelkhand,

P. 307. The name Olea ferruginea, Royle, ought to take precedence of O. cus-
prdata of Wallich’s Catalogue, being supported by description and figure.

P. 310. Ligustrum compactum, common by brooks in the warmer valleys ot
Kamaon and Kydintal near Simla, has a very bitter leaf.—Madden. As. Soc.
Journ. xviii. i. 633.

P. 318. Buddleia paniculata—Vern. Diusheria ; ascends to 7500 ft. in Kamaon
(Madden),

P. 334, Pergularia pallida, Kosilla at 4000 ft. (Madden),
ADDITIONS AND CORRECTIONS. 577

P. 341, Edgeworth, Catal. of pl. found in the Banda district, maintains 3

species of Rhabdia : 1. R. viminea ; 2. R. sericea, Edgew., with silky pubescence,
stems procumbent, as thick as one’s wrist, and 5-6 ft. long, abounds in the bed
of the Sarju river, ascending to 2500 ft. ; 3. BR. Sluvialis, Kdgew. (glabra in List),
wholly glabrous, very peculiar in habit, growing upon granite rocks in the
bed of the Ken river, Banda, often submerged for weeks, its long branches hang-
ing down into the water when the rocks are left exposed. These branches are
so flexible and tough, that they may be tied in a knot without breaking.
_ P. 361. The following interesting data regarding the durability of Teak timber
in Bengal were communicated to me by J.C. Marshman, C.8.L.: The fort of
the Dutch settlement of Chinsurah was erected about the year 1695, and the
beams, the scantling of which was, if I remember aright, 12 in. by 15, were
brought from the Teak forests in Java. The settlement was transferred to the
English Government about the year 1826, when the old fort was pulled down
to make room for barracks, and the beams which I saw were all as sound and
perfect as when they were put in. Moreover, the Shah-in-Shah, a vessel built
at Cochin of Malabar Teak, which sank in the Sundarbans some thirty or
thirty-five years ago, was authentically known to have been at the time more
than a hundred years old.

P. 364. Clerodendron Siphonanthus.—Sans. Barbara, brahmant.

P. 369. Vitex Negundo.—Sans. Sinduka.

P. 379. In a subsequent paper (Journ. As. Soc. xviii. i, 632) Madden calls
Tetranthera Roxburghii, Gar byjaur, which is right.

P. 386. Daphne papyracea, Wall.— Vern. Bhallu soang, bhalua, Nepal, de-
scribed and figured in As. Researches, xiii. 385, under the name D. cannabina,
Loureiro. There are 2 varieties in Kamaon, according to Madden, As. Soc. Journ.
xviii. i, 610; one with white flowers and yellow fruit, 4000-8000 ft.—the other
with purple flowers and fruit, 7000-8000 ft.

P. 387. Aquilaria Agallocha.—Sans. Aguru, agaru. .

P, 418. It is remarkable that the Fig, though a soft-wooded tree, is long-lived.
Pliny mentions several aged wild Fig-trees in Rome, among others, one in the
Forum existing in his time (70 4.D.) under the shade of which, according to
tradition, the wolf had suckled Romulus and Remus. Whatever the truth of
this and similar stories may be, fhe Fig-tree in Italy attains a great age.

Dr Cleghorn believes that the wild Fig-tree in Kaghan may be only /. virgata.

Garden Figs (with eatable fruit) have repeatedly been raised from the seeds
of the wild Caprifig, and the two kinds are certainly of the same_species.—
(Targioni Tozetti, Historical Notes on the Introduction of Various Plants into
Tuscany, Journ. Hort. Soc. 1854, 168.) ; :

P. 424, In general appearance J’. tuberculata, Wall., agrees with the speci-
mens which Wallich distributed under /. lanceolata, Roxb. (Cat. No. 4512),
and with the Burma specimens of /. pyrrhocarpa, Kurz. Roxburgh’s deserip-
tion, and his IIL in herb. Kew, No. 1736, also agree as far as they go; the
question is whether the Burma shrub and the plant cultivated in the Calcutta
Bot. garden show the same structure of the female flower. This I have been
unable to verify. This species, whatever it may be called, should not be con-
fused with I. pyriformis, Hook. & Arn. ; Benth. Fl. Hongk. 328 ; Miq. Ann.
iii, 294, a shrub with similar leaves, which grows in similar localities, in water-
courses, and between rocks in torrents in East Bengal, Burma, and China, but
has pedunculate receptacles in the axils of the leaves, and does not belong. to
the section Covellia. : aa

P, 424, _ Chincha, Roxb. iii. 534, is (doubtfully) identified by Madden (As,
Soc, Journ. xviii. i. 644), with F. squamosa, Roxb. 531. A shrub; at the foot
of the mountains a small spreading ne (Madden). Leaves alternate, rough, 3-

4 0
578 ADDITIONS AND CORRECTIONS.

nerved, with distant veins running into each other along the margin of the leaf;
petioles very short, hairy. Fruit axillary, solitary, sessile, rough, globular,
about the size of a small gooseberry (Hardwicke in As. Soc. Res. vi. 379).

P. 446. Bischofia javanica, Blume; Bedd. FI. Sylv. t. 259.

P. 480. A. De Candolle distinguishes Q. Baloot, Griff. (Afghanistan), from Q.
Ilex, Linn., mainly by the pubescence on the under side of the leaves, “ Stelle
plan, parenchyma sub limbo tegentes iis Q. /dicis triplo minores, puncto cen-
trali magis distincto, radiis gracilioribus et multo brevioribus.” JI have been
unable to trace any essential difference in the pubescence between the Afghanis-
tan and Kunawar specimens on the one hand, and those of Spain, France, and
Greece on the other. As regards shape and spinescence of the leaves, the
Afghanistan and Indian specimens show the same variations as those from the
Mediterranean ; there is no difference in cup and gland, and the only point
apparently of any importance is, that the anthers are hairy in all Eastern speci-
mens, while the Mediterranean tree has sometimes glabrous, sometimes hairy
anthers.

P. 553. The branching Date-Palm at Indore is figured in Jour. Ag. Hort.
Soc. Ind. iv, N.S., 1873.

The following names of species should be written with small initials:
Berberis kunawarensis, p. 12; Salmalca malabarica, p. 31; Balsamodendron
gileadense, p. 65 ; Zizyphus, var. hysudrica, p. 87; Piptadenia oudhensis,
p. 168; Prunus avium, p. 193; Pyrus kumaonensis, p. 206; Aralia cashe-
mirica, p. 248 ; Willughbeia martabanica, p. 320. The following should have
large initials: Swietenra Chloroxylon, p. 74; Rhus Kakrasingee, p. 122.

The spelling of the following Sanskrit and Arabic names should be corrected :
Swadu, p. 18; Salmali, p. 31; Ndgaranga, Naranj, p. 56; Malira, p. 57;
Kachha, p. 72; Inab, p. 98; Nii, p. 135 ; Jaya, jayanti, p. 137; Sinsapa, p.
149; Kharavallikd, p. 160 ; Chukra, chincha, p. 163 ; Padmaksha (doubtful),
p. 194; Baheduka, p. 222; Haritaki, p. 223; Dhatri pushpita, p. 238;
Déalima, rumman, p. 24); Mallika, asphota, saptala (Yasmin, Persian), p. 311;
Ayugma chhada, p. 325; Karavira, p. 328; Syondka, p. 347; Tula, p. 408;
Kakodumbara, p. 423; Putranjiva, p. 451; Dhdtrt, p. 454; Bhiirja, p. 458.

ANALYTICAL KEY
s ji

579-580

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1
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I

 

 

ICAL KEY TO THE CHIEF ARBOREOUS CONIFERS OF THE NORTH-WEST HIMALAYA.
BY J. L. STEWART, MD.
1. ae oe 2. EEE) 3. P. Seales 4. Cedrus deo-|5. Abies Smithi-|6. Picea Webbi-| 7.Cupressustor- | 8. Juniperus ex-| 9. Taxus bac-
awoke a Wall. dara, Loud. ana, Forb. ana, Lél. ulosa, Don. celsa, Bieb. cata, L.
e \ : . : ;
Crown. ... eee pc Short ovate, bushy. | Conical, long ovate. Byeeaes ore Te aerton, eylin- Very narOW, eylin- | Long conical, like | Like 7, diffuse, irre- | Broad oval, irregu-
2 ’ wr a s
broadish top. pressed columnar. _ = geen ee Bales ai
Branches | Begin high, droop | Begin low, straight- | Begin low, sub-hori- | Begin low, straight, | Begin low, horizon- | Begin 1 Hi i i fl
: ‘ 7 : i -|Begin low, short, | Begin lowish, of | Begin low, large, nu- Trunk short or none,
Le hela eres then| ish, horugntal, uontal, ends up-| horizontal. , tal, or downward, | declined. , waumng Ronzeatal merous, arene: branches lax, irre-
pen. peurved. curving up at en turned, when not with tassel - like sub-declining ; of} ing, diffuse, an| gular.
fruit-laden. twigs. old horizontal,| exaggerationof 9.
; . with drooping, :
subdivided tips.

Colour of| Young, light; old, | Darkergreenthan1, | Bluish or greyish|Lightish groen Like 8, but with| Very dark. You: bluishgreen ; | Gre reen; not | Darkish green,
the foli- dark green. and grey branches green. : Ponte) qetpene, a rather darker . ald. ‘taker ike mattis a 7 =
age. showing through. old. tinge. (but browner

than) 6.
Bark. . | Rough, grey plates, | Large, long, green- | Dark, smoothish, | Dark, smooth, ent | Very smooth, cut| Young, smooth sil- | Brown, smooth, sul- | Rather like 7, but| Young, silvery, old,
and deep irregu-| ish-grey plates,| furrowed into| into long, narrow into small quad-| very; old, grey,| cate,fibrous,peel-| smoother, and smooth, , brown,
gu 8) q Y3 Abe, yp
lar furrows. peeling off, dark-| irregular,: small,| scales, by vertical| rangularplatesby|) cut into long nar-| ing off in long| more flaky. fibrous, compact,
er under. whitish plates. fissures. shallow furrows, row scales by an- seins, often subr not suleate, peel- -
astomosing spiral wisted. ing off in layers. _
clefts. 1 ei
: ; er ,

Leaves. ... |6-18" long, in 38s,|8" long, in 3s, stiff, | 6-7” long, usually in 1" or more long, | 13” long, compress- | 2” long, 2 pointed, | Scale-like, quadri- As of 7 nearly. Flat, faleate,
stiff, erect,in per-| in deciduous} 5s, thin, droop- trigonous, stiff,| ed tetragonal, a silvery band on furiously close im- tire, sharp muc-
sistent sheath, 6"-| sheath. ing, sheath cadu-| sharp, in tufts of| stiff, sharp, solit- each side under, | bricate. ronate, alternate
1" long. : cous. 3-40,. on ‘short| ary, scattered all |. quasi-bifarious, -| =~ distichous.

branclilets, atlast | round branches. '
scattered. |

Duration | 2—3 years. 2—-3 years. 4 years. 5 years. 8—10 years. 8—10 years. 2 2 2

of leaves. :

: " A ys x i

Cone. ... | Pendulous sub-glo-| Erect, young sub- Pendulous, tight, | Erect, thick cylin- | Pendulousfromtips Erect, subglobular Glqbular or sub - | Galbulus 5'6’diam.;|Sub-drupe, 4 - 5g

: bular or rs globular,oldovate| conical, “eylindri-| dridal, svat or| oblong cylindri-| or oval eylindri-| oval, 6” long, 13”| young, yellowish long, 13-13" girth,
young; old, coni-| oblong, narrowed | cal, 6" long, 5-83" | oval-oblong, ob- cal, sub-narrowed| cal, narrowed) ¢ hh, fuscous,blu-| green, ripe dark) cup red, fleshy,
cal, 5-7" long, 13"| upward, 6-9"long,| girth, resinous} tuse, 33-4” long, upward, 8-4”) above, 3-44” long, ish, glaucescent. purple or black. nucule gteonish
girth at base, 14-15" girth low,} young, bluish. 73-94 girth, dark} long,'43-5}" girth, 5-9" girth, dark \ | olive.
brown, bluish. green. brown, ~ ae or purp-| purple. | | %

18D,
‘ = es § . : : hat ha : i Bach scale with 4— |
. «| With very~ thick, | Thick, spinous apex. Close imbricate,|Close imbricate,|Thin, membranous Broad, thin, dark,

neal 2 iescbby = points, persistent, seed| acute edged, tor- | broad, thin, deci- edged, persistent. | deciduous. G facets.
porsistent. edible, minal thickish| duous. . ' \ be

umbo, persistent. : | |
October. October, October. October. October. October, Nov. September onward. | September to Jan.

Ripe.

 

. | (Oct.) Apr. May.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

en-

 

 

 

 
581

SANSKRIT, ARABIC, AND PERSIAN NAMES.

Achyuta, 277; agaru, 577; agnivala,
238 ; aguru, 577; ainab, 98; akhota,
497 ; akshota, 497; alte, 502; amala-
ka, 454; dmra, 125; amrataka, 128;
andr, 241; angitir, 98; ankola, 250;
arak, 815; aralu, 58; arishta, 106;
arjuna, 224; arka, 331; arushkara, 124;
asana, 225 ; asoka, 166 ; asphota, 311;
asvakarna, 26 ; avigna, 320; ayugma
chhada, 325 ; ayuk chhada, 325 ; azad-
dirakht, 67.

Badara, 86; baheduka, 222, 578; band-
huka, 275; barbara, 577; bed, 468;
phallataka, 124; bhtrja, 458; bilva,
57; brahmani, 577.

Champaka, 3; chandana, 398; chara,
127; charmaghz, 497; chinar, 434 ;
chincha, 163; chukra, 163.

Dalima, 241 ; devadaru, 516 ; dhatri, 454;
dhatri pushpita, 238, 578 ; draksha, 98.

Eranda, 445.

Gunja, 189; guvaka, 551.

Haritaki, 223.

Inab, 578; irak, 315 ; irak-hindi, 316.

Jambira, 52; jambu, 233 ; jambila, 233;
jaya, 137 ; jayanti, 187 ; jembut, 171;
jhavuka, 20.

Kabbar, 14; kachha or kachchbha, 72;
kadamba, 261; kakodumbara, 428 ;
kakubha, 224; kanchanara, 160 ; kan-
chi, 189 ; kapitana, 128 ; kapittha, 56;
karamarda, 320; karanjaka, 153 ; kara-
vira, 328 ; karkandhu, 86; karmara, 45 ;
karma-ranga, 45 ; karnikara, 35; kata-
ka, 317; kendu, 294; kesara, 293 ;
kesara, 444; khadira, 575; kharjara,
554; kharvallika, 160; kharzahra,

828 ; koli, 86 ; kovidara, 160; kshira,
507; kuberaka, 72; kuchandana, 168 ;
kunda, 312.
hainohe, 426; langalin, 557; lodhra,
00

Madhika, 289; mallika, 311; malura,
57; mandara, 139 ; mendhi, 238.

Nagaranga, 53; naranj, 53, 56; narikela,
.957 ; narikera, 557 ; nikochaka, 250;
nili, 135 ; nimba, 67 ; nipa, 261.

Otroj, 52.

Padmaksha, 194; palasa, 142; panasa,
425; parna, 347; patali, 351 ; pichu-
la, 21; pippala, 415; piyala, 127;
plaksha, 414; pundraka, 572; pun-
naga, 444 ; putranjiva, 451.

Raktaka, 275 ; rohitaka, 69; rudraksha,
43 ; rumman, 241.

Safedar, 472; saj, 354; saka, 354; sai, 354;
sala, 26; salmali, 31; sana, 144 ; sap-
tala, 811; sarala, 506; savara lodhra,
300; selu, 336; sephali, 314; setu,
16; sinduka, 577; sinsapa, 149; sir-
isha, 176 ; sobhanjana, 129; sodada, 14;
surahva, 583; suvarna, 164; swadu
kantaka, 18 ; syonaka, 347.

Tali, 549 ; talisapatra, 576 ; tinduka, 294 ;
tinisa, 146; trinaraja, 544 ; tila, 408 ;
tunna, 72; tusha, 222.

Udumbara, 422; utrej, 52.

Vaka, 137; vakula, 293; vanjula, 166 ;
vansa, 564; varana, 16; varuna, 16;
vata, 413; vetasa, 559; vetra, 659 ;
vijapiira, 52.

Yasmin, 578.

Zambac, 311; zin zeid, 389.
VERNACULAR NAMES.

Abnis, 294 ; ach, 277; acha, 162; achar,
127 ; ack, 277 ; adei, 255, 257 ; agani,
537; agati, 137; aggai, 2; agla, 156,
172, 189; aglaia, 95; agnitin, 78;
agniin, 366; agnu, 78; ahalu, 392;
ahtber, 539; aila, 156; ailah, 188;
ain, 225; ainshi, 277; ainta, 456;
aira, 156; aita lagila, 44; ajanta, 338 ;
ak, 331; ak, 331; akata, 429; akaul,
250 ; akhe, 198 ; akhi, 197; akhiari, 203 ;
akhor, 497 ; akhora, 250; akhota, 497 ;
akhreri, 198 ; akhrot, 497; akol, 250;
akola, 250; akoria, 120; al, 277;
alach, 197; alangi, 250; ali, 164;
alish, 197; alla, 404; alladi, 277;
alleri, 277; allian, 252; aloal, 243;
alticha, 192 ; am, 125 ; amalgich, 194 ;
amaltas, 164; amara, 128; amb, 388;
ambal, 454; ambali, 454; ambara,
128; ambat, 284; ambodha, 128 ;
ambi, 125; ambia, 296; ambli, 163;
amblu, 452; ambre, 259; ami, 118 ;
amila, 101; amla, 454; amlai, 85;
amlanch, 213; amli, 159, 163, 447;
amliaicha, 258 ; amlika, 454; amlok,
297 ; amlosa, 159; amlak, 297 ; amnia,
85 ; amra, 128; amrai, 482; amrer,
405; amri, 125; amritphal, 52; amrola,
259; amriad, 232; amrit, 232; amti,
284 ; amiidanda, 12 ; amir, ‘128; amtt,
397 ; an, 404; an, 409; andr, 241 ;
anchu, 196 ; aneru, 445; angan, 302 ;
angiar, 280; angnéra, 449; angou,
302; angtr, 98; angiti, 453; anjan,
162 ; anjani, 224; anjir, 280, 418,
419 ; anjiri, 420; anjun, 224; ankol,
95; ankri, 197; ankri, 197; ankria,
326; antéri, 34; anvalla, 46; aola,
454; adr, 191; aor, 192; apfirs, 588 ;
arand, 445; arara, 273; arbambal,
248 ; ardawal, 281; areinj, 184; arg-
hawan, 132 ; ari, 259 ; arinj, 184; ar-;
jan, 224 ; arjan, 431; arjan, 224, 339 ;
arjima, 224; arjuna sadra, 224; ar-
junna, 440 ; arkaula, 489; arkhar, 60 ;

arkhar, 119, 120, 121; arkol, 119, 120,
121 ; arlu, 156, 347 ; arni, 363 ; arsain,
225; aru, 191; aru, 281; arta, 58;
arur, 280; asan, 475: asana, 449; as-
auna, 449; ashta, 159; ashto, 159 ;
ashik, 387 ; asid, 289; asktita, 214 ;
askitar, 214; asmania, 501; asna,
225; asoja paharphuta, 99; asok, 5,
166 ; asoka, 166; asokan, 5; asrelei,
22; assain, 225; assaina, 225 ; assan,
225 ; assar sauna, 347 ; assey, 570 ;
ata, 6; atki, 283 ; atilgan, 286; anga,
304 ; aunra, 454; aura, 454; awa, 404;
awal, 165, 189; ayadr, 280; ayatta,
280; ayin, 225; azad-dirakht, 67.

Babarung, 284; babbar, 180; babbil,

183; babool, 173; babal, 183; babul,
180; babar, 180; bacha, 463 ; bada,
463, 465; badam, 190, 494; badar,
528, 539 ; badha, 468 ; badlo, 80 ; bad-
ror, 377, 378; badu manu, 430; bag-
nu, 475; bagriwala darim, 80 ; bahamb,
128 ; bahan, 474; bahera, 222; bahn,
474; bahal, 87; bai, 65; baikal, 81;
bains, 463; bairala, 336; bairi, 248 ;
bairsingi, 349; baishi, 463; bajir,
525, 549 ; bakain, 68 ; bakalpata, 574 ;
bakalwa, 452; bakam, 156;_ bakar,
366 ; bakar, 253 ; bakarcha, 366, 455 ;
bakardharra, 399; bakarja, 399; bakhru,
255; bakkiamela, 119; bakli, 227;
bakra, 82; bakshel, 463 ; balanja, 372 ;
balda, 222; balkubans, 567; balra,
222; balat, 480; bamaur, 253 ; bambal,
392; bamboo, 568 ; bamora, 258, 285 ;
bamtstnt, 205; bamil, 183; ban, 85,
392, 482; bana, 369; banarish, 302;
ban-bakhru, 114; ban bakhuru, 257;
ban bakir, 253; banchar, 482; ban-
chir, 806; banchir, 78; banchor, 78 ;
banda, 248; banda, 392, 394, 396, 397 ;
ban dakhir, 306; bandara, 240; ban-
daru, 286 ; banderu, 113 ; bandir, 151;
bandurgi, 113; banga, 481; bang re,
525 ; ban-galab, 203 ; banharria, 480 ;
VERNACULAR NAMES. 583

banj, 482; banji, 482; ban kalla, 35 ;
ban keint, 204; bankhar, 366; ban.
kharra, 152 ; ban-khor, 103; bankanch,
258 ; ban ladar, 525; ban mehal, 205;
ban-mendu, 113 ; banmewa, 391; ban
mussureya, 447; banna, 369; banni,
482, 487; ban-nimbu, 49; ban pala,
206; banpalti, 206; banpatara, 310;
ban phrastu, 475; ban phiint, 306;
ban pindalu, 271; ban-ritha, 188 ;
bans, 564, 569; ban-sanjli, 207; ban-
shagali, 114; bansn, 313; bantamman,
430; banthra, 118; bantphint, 388 ;
ba-pattra, 368; bar, 413 ; bara balaka,
567; bara chakma, 489; bara chali,
5; barachar, 482; bara gach, 440;
bara garri, 272; barain, 482; bara
karanj, 154; bara manda, 397; barangi,
364; bara nimbu, 52; barari, 14;
barau, 177; baraulia, 177; barbat,
151 ; barbatti, 284; barchar, 479 ; bar-
gat, 413; bargiind, 336; barial, 160;
bari kari, 6 ; barinika, 410; barj, 85;
barma, 539; barmi, 5389; barna, 124;
baro, 175; baror, 205; barotri, 456 ;
barranga, 29 ; barranki, 410; barrarra,
330; barre, 330; barru, 50; barsanga, 48 ;
barsoli, 293 ; bart, 194; barthoa, 267 ;
bartu, 267 ; baru, 422; bas, 175, 569;
bashal, 466, 469; basna, 137 ; basota,
366 ; bassar, 14; bassein, 175; bata,
330, 456; batang, 203 ; batangi, 204 ;
batank, 203 ; batavi-nebu, 55 ; batbar,
414 ; bather, 43 ; bathor, 258 ; batindu,
8; batkar, 428, 429; batrin, 123; bat
sinjal, 92; battali, 78; bat taman,
429; batu, 430; baunra, 24; baunu,
368; baurala, 336; bauri, 14; bayi,
65; bebrang, 284, 286; bed mushk,
467 ; bed, 463, 465, 466, 469; bedu,
420; begpura, 52; behari-nimbu, 52;
behedo, 222; behli, 6; beimu, 191;
beinni, 191; beis, 463, 466; bejaura,
52; bekala, 196; bekkar, 196; bek-
kli, 196; bekkra, 196; bekling, 575 ;
bel, 57; belambu, 46; beli, 47, 466,
469 ; belpatta, 550; bemal, 37; bend-
hara, 537; benkar, 44; bent, 463;
bentha, 535; ber, 14, 85, 88; ber, 86 ;
bera, 413; bera, 86; berain, 99;
beresi, 285 ; berfa, 476 ; beri, 85 ; béri,
90; berja, 507 ; berra, 88; bersa, 175 ;
bersu, 456; beru, 420; berwaja, 372;
bet, 463, 559; betain, 67, 68; betar,
585; bet kukri, 255;. betsu, 469 ;
bettar, 536; bettir, 537; bewal, 37;
bhabar, 404; bhaikoi, 34; bhains, 468 ;
bhainsh, 463 ; bhaira, 222 ; bhala, 125 ;
bhalaio, 120; bhalena, 267; bhaliau,
124; bhalitin, 120; bhallia, 125 ;

bhamina, 267 ; bhamman, $7 ; bhamni,
483; bhan, 118, 474; bhanber, 18;
bhandara, 271 ; bhandir, 175; bhangli,
468 ; bhangra, 392; bhant, 363 ; bharda,
528; bhat, 363; bhata, 144; bhati, 318 ;
bhathi, 456; bhatia, 152; bhat kikra,
255; bhat niggi, 386 ; bhaulan, 267 ;
bhedara, 5387; bhekal, 196; bhéndu,
34; bhengil, 37 ; bhigal, 196 ; bhilawa,
124; bhillaur, 448; bhillaura, 443 ;
bhimal, 37; bhimial, 42; bhirra, 74;
bhohar, 267 ; bhokar, 336; bhokra, 177 ;
bhoma, 453 ; bhora, 217; bhorins, 281 ;
bhor-salai, 61; bhoti, 29 ; bhotia, 494 ;
bhotiya badam, 193 ; bhij, 458; bhaj-
pattra, 458; bhirkir, 267; bia, 152;
biar, 510; bibla, 152; bichua, 404; bida,
466 ; bidai, 469 ; bidelgunj, 537 ; bidhali
bans, 567; bidu, 463 ; bidungulu, 565 ;
bigni, 428; bihi, 205 ; bihra, 74; bija,
152 ; bijasal, 152; bijasar, 152; bijaura,
52; bijgai, 255; bijhua, 152; bijouri,
52; binsin, 286 ; bil, 57, 537 ; bila, 16,
57; bilai kand, 141; bilangra, 18;
bilasi, 16; bilati, 18 ; bili, 57; biliana,
16; bilimbi, 46 ; bilin, 56; billa, 441;
billar, 9 ; billi, 141 ; billu, 74 ; bilodar,
442; biloja, 442; bilphari, 377 ; bilsa,
463 ; bilsi, 285 ; bin, 463 ; bipua kanta,
572; birali, 141 ; birar, 88 ; birari, 85 ;
birmi, 539; biroja, 507; biroza, 507;
birsah, 269; bis, 23, 463; bisa, 465;
bish, 463 ; bisir, 205; biskoprah, 155 ;
bisténd, 296 ; bisu, 468 ; bithia, 151 ;
bitsa, 463; bitsu, 466, 470; bitgli,
428 ; bidl, 37 ; biuna, 369 ; biting, 37 ;
bitins, 472; blimbu, 46; bodula, 34;
borla, 336; bodal mowa, 499; boin,
434; bor, 413; boshi swa, 460;
bowala, 48 ; braa, 136; brahmani, 78 ;
brahmi, 433 ; braksh, 30; bramji, 428 ;
bran, 432, 488, 487; branchu, 286 ;
brankul, 4382; brarna, 16; bras, 281;
bratta, 502; brazen, 202; bre, 480 ;
brekche, 480; bren, 482, 487; brera,
432 ; brimlu, 428 ; brind, 177 ; brinkol,
95; broa, 281; brori, 432; brimaj,
429; briimbrim, 248; briindu, 429;
budhal, 251; budjari-dhamin, 36;
bidshir, 501; biidu, 394; bii, 144;
bain, 434; buka, 137; bukain, 68;
bukal, 293; bildu, 528; bimsutu,
205 ; bun, 276 ; bina, 177, 434; bin-
arila, 194; birins, 281; biarj, 458;
burkundu, 133; birra, 528; buril,
528; biirinsh, 281; birzal, 458;
bushan, 469; bita, 144; bitru, 304;
bitshir, 501; buzimpala, 110; bwir,
468 ; byans, 510; byebering, 284.

Chaap, 460; chabuk chiri, 44; chachri,
584

286 ; chadua, 92; chainchar, 405 ;
chainjli, 405 ; chaitira, 290; chakotra,
55; chal, 201; chalai, 538; chalei,
538; chalhatti, 508; challa manta,
456; chalta, 1; chamaggai, 2; cha-
mar kas, 452; chamb, 460; chamba,
3; chamba, 311, 313; chambal, 340;
chambar maya, 432; chambar maya,
458; chambel, 313; chambeli, 313;
chamiari, 194; chamkat, 145 ; chamkha-
rak, 492 ; chamhtn, 94; chamkal, 145;
chiamma, 469; chamlia, 386; champa,
3; chamra, 145; chamraud, 340;
chamréor, 340; chamrtr, 340; chamyar,
145; chan, 377; chanch, 198; chan-
dal, 398; chandan, 146; chandan, 398,
538 ; chandi, 241; chandra, 377, 379;
chandui, 322; changathasi dhtp, 527 ;
changma, 469, 470, 476; chaniat, 118;
chanin, 473, 475; chanshing, 512 ;
chapkia, 335; chappal send, 245; chap-
pertain, 101; chappertang, 101; cha-
pu, 460; char, 127; chara, 127; char-
keint, 203; charkha, 382; charkhri,
492; charr, 153; charrei, 480; cha-
terni, 92; chatitin, 325; chato, 92;
chatr, 92; chaulai, 269; chauli, 82;
chaunkra, 169; chaunsh, 95 ; chauri,
82, 218; chechar, 119 ; chedwala, 92;
chench, 197; chenjtil, 405; cheprain,
101; cherara, 196; cherauni, 110 ;
cheraya, 255; cheri chara, 429; cher-
kush, 191; cheroli, 191; cheta bata,
257; chettu, 90; cheuli, 290; chewa,
501; chichra, 142; chichru, 404;
chichwa, 175; chihar, 162; chikan,
78; chil, 506, 510; chila, 269, 510;
chilana, 206; chilanghati, 306; chilara,
243; chilbil, 431; chilghoza, 508 ;
chilkiya, 269; chilla, 248, 431; chil-
lar, 156; chilmil, 431; chilotu, 382;
chilpatta, 550; chilrow, 528; chilta-
eita, 556; chiltu, 510; chimkani, 164;
chinannu, 191; chinar, 434; chinni,
407; chinta, 338; chinytk, 63; chir,
506, 510; chirara, 382; chirauli, 127;
chirchira, 382; chiri, 508; chirchitta,
345 ; chirichog, 313; chirmitti, 456;
chirndi, 19, 382; chironji, 127; chiror,
12; chirinda, 19; chiti must, 145;
chiti-sirin, 72 ; chitpattra, 251; chitra,
12,114; chitta bagnu, 473 ; chittania,
90; chittita chettu, 556; chitu, 510;
chiu, 281 ; chit, 488; chiu, 510; chii-
la, 142 ; chitira, 290 ; cho, 205 ; chogu,
539; choklu, 120; choku, 428; chola,
206 ; chopar, 44; chopra, 19, 79; chora,
482; chosi, 120; chotara, 571; chotra,
571; chowdi, 241; chi, 488; chia,
202; chual, 78; chial, 114; chiari,

VERNACULAR NAMES,

191; chiich, 536; chihara, 552; chij,
804; chuk, 388; chiklapatha, 29;
chila, 438; chulcha, 142; chile, 194;
chim, 304; chuma, 388; chin, 407,
438 ; chiinga, 488 ; chiini, 535 ; chiint,
205; chiipra, 285, 286; chir, 480,
528; churna, 89; chutian, 325.

Dab, 259 ; daberi, 82; dadar, 516; dad-

huri, 422 ; dadia, 388 ; dadtr, 92 ; dad-
ari, 423 ; dahai, 288; dahan, 46; da-
heo, 426; dahi, 337; daholia, 420;
dahi, 426 ; dain, 249 ; daira, 324; daj-
kar, 81; dakari, 248; dakh, 98; dak-
hang, 98; dakhani, 173; dakhmila,
119; dakh-nirbisi, 10; dakki, 98 ; dak-
kari, 302; daki phal, 391; dal, 738;
dal, 241; dala, 73; dal chini, 9; dal-
chini, 374 ; dalchini, 378 ; dalim, 241;
dalli, 73; dalme, 455; daltung, 257;
dama, 134; damanat, 41; damon, 40;
dampara, 124; danda, 488; dandal, 19 ;
dandelo, 267; dandora, 377; dandwa
singali, 489 ; daral, 73; darar, 340 ; dar-
chob, 12; darhald, 12; darhela, 324;
darim, 241; darlu, 73; darmar, 47;
darnu, 241 ; darn, 241 ; dasaundu, 296 ;
dassi, 313; daswila, 119; datranga,
340; dau, 227; dauldhak, 140; dawa,
227 ; dawi, 288 ; daya, 368 ; debdari, 5 ;
dedwar, 516 ; degar, 423 ; deingan, 337 ;
deikna, 68; dek, 68; dekamali, 270;
dendru, 255 ; denthar, 368 ; deodar, 516,
533 ; dephtl, 426 ; dera, 368 ; deri, 73 ;
deschi, 537 ; deughan, 337 ; deura, 24 ;
devidari, 5 ; devi diar, 523 ; dewan, 337 ;
dewdar, 516; dha, 238; dhae, 238;
dhaian, 337 ; dhaivan, 337 ; dhak, 142 ;
dhakka marrah, 82 ; dhakki, 447 ; dhal,
73; dhiman, 337; dhamin, 40, 41;
dhamin, 40, 41; dhamman, 37, 40;
dhamna, 431; dhamin, 40; dhani, 455 ;
dhao, 229; dharauli, 324 ; dharu, 241 ;
dhatela, 196; dhau, 227, 426; dhau-
kra, 227, 229 ; dhaula, 238, 318 ; dhaula
khejra, 188; dhauli, 267; dhauntika,
123; dhaura, 89, 227, 288 ; dhauri, 89,
227; dhawa, 227; dhédu mera, 423;
dheu, 426; dheugr, 2; dhewas, 146;
dhewtie, 288; dhobela, 221; dhobin,
150 ; dhddi, 326 ; dhokri, 227 ; dholtu,
318 ; dhondri mara, 159 ; dhorara, 159 ;
dhota mara, 349; dhidi, 323; dhidi,
824, 326, 420 ; dhiina, 28 ; dhiinu, 528 ;
dhip, 506, 507, 538 ; dhapi, 538 ; dhupri
chandan, 538 ; dhir chiik, 388 ; dhira,
420; dhuvie, 238; diadr, 316, 516;
didriar, 172; dikamali, 271; dila, 123 ;
dindaga, 227 ; dindal, 227; diusa, 76 ;
divi-divi, 157; do, 472; doani, 36;
dobein, 150 ; doda, 206; dodan, 107;
VERNACULAR NAMES. 585

dodani, 107; dodru, 76; dohu, 227;
dom-sal, 6 ; dondru, 267 ; dor, 73, 120;
dotti mara, 340; drab, 73; drab chir,
506 ; draksha, 98 ; drange, 95 ; drangu,
95; drawi, 72, 73; drek, 68; drendu,
19 ; drob, 133 ; driinda, 76 ; driiss, 368 ;
daden, 306 ; dudhapar, 78 ; dudhi, 327,
338 ; dud phras, 475 ; diidla, 119, 194,
442 ; dugdugia, 234; dukesa, 451 ; dim-
ni, 313 ; din, 497 ; dungla, 119 ; dinri,
73; diinshing, 528; dzaral, 80.

Eilan, 280; ein, 404; eistr, 69; ellal,
280; ellan, 280; endra, 44; er, 192;
erendi, 445 ; eri, 576 ; esar, 197 ; eyar,
280.

Fag, 420; fagari, 418; fagora, 92; fa-
goru, 420; fagu, 418, 420; fagiri,
418 ; fagwaira, 420; falis, 475; faras,
22; farri, 40; farsh, 472; farwa, 22;
fease, 547; findak, 494; fisauni, 278 ;
fog, 420; fras, 473; frash, 22; frast,
472

Gab, 298; gabdi, 17; gad kiyi, 204; ga-
dimbal, 120; gaggar, 281; gagjaira, 416 ;
gaha, 304; gahin, 391 ; gainti, 168 ;
gair, 309 ; gajachinni, 81; gajera, 571 ;
gajitin, 416; gajua, 416; galboja, 508;
galdu, 309; galgoja, 508 ; galion, 206 ;
gallu, 589; gambari, 365; gan, 321;
gandal, 260; gandela, 48; gandera,
322; gandha, 398 ; gandha firoza, 507 ;
gandhal, 275; gandi, 48; gandla, 48 ;
ganger, 38, 95, 345; gangerun, 38 ;
gangr, 88; gangichi, 489; ganhila,
367; ganhira, 328; ganhula, 260; gani,
48; ganira, 328; ganjak, 123; gan-
niari, 366; gant, 48; garar, 287; gar
padero, 328; gar bijaur, 379, 577 ;
gardal, 167 ; gardalu, 191, 192; gardar,
116; gardhan, 92; gargas, 48, 456;
gargela, 403; garinda, 321; garjera,
571; garjial, 571; garkath, 213; gar-
kaula, 574; garkum, 251; garmalu,
164; garmehal, 210; garna, 321; gar-
yar, 450; garri, 209, 562; garshtin,
574; gar-shina, 19; gar-silung, 19 ;
garugirch, 563; gariir, 79, 309 ; gauli,
449; gaunta, 285 ; gausam, 105; gautha,
305; gawal kopra, 39; gaz, 21; geang,
255; geh, 494; geia, 450; geli, 539 ;
gengri, 151; genti, 168; geria, 442 ;
gero, 562; gewaun, 123; ghant, 92,
576 ; ghanta parali, 576 ; ghanta patali,
576; ghar, 384; ghari, 455 ; gharrar,
450; gharri-marra, 124; ghattl, 90;
ghaut, 305; ghazlei, 20; ghesi, 479 ;
ghin, 391; ghiwai, 390; ghiwain, 391 ;
ghiwala, 368 ; ghogar, 63; ghont, 92 ;
ghorar, 175; ghotia, 90 ; ghowl, 250 ;
ghunja, 63 ; ghirga, 270; ghurri, 63 ;

ghiter, 90; ghittia, 318; ghwareja,
132; ghwareshtai, 191; ghwet, 90;
ghwi, 421; giam, 516; gianhan, 391;
glanru, 208 ; gidardak, 95, 194; gidar-
rakh, 6; gidiri, 336; giggar, 85; gihen,
891; gilas, 198; gilla, 167; gilo, 9;
gin, 340; gingaru, 208 ; gir, 470; gira,
460; girchi, 248; girgitti, 49; girk,
456; girmala, 164; girthan, 95, 456;
girya, 74; gish, 492; gidr, 4653 gi-
wain, 391; gniet-kiing, 506; goa-sal,
6; gobar mowa, 499; gobla, 423; go-
bra, 528; gobria, 528; goganda, 25;
gogatti, 257 ; gogera, 151; gogina, 25 ;
gogsa, 92, 283, 285 ; goher, 95 ; gohinla,
278; gojar, 132; gol, 430; gorkatri,
186; goleil, 38; golkamela, 452; gond,
339 ; gondhun, 336 ; gondi, 338 ; gond-
ni, 338; gonjha, 138; gonta, 24; go-
phla, 571 ; gorado, 188 ; gorak-imli, 30 ;
gor aunsa, 549; goria, 492; gorwa,
562; gotaha, 90; gotho, 320 ; goti, 90;
gotti, 90; giich, 258, 259; giidgudala,
32; gidlei, 92; gigal, 26, 64; gugal,
63; giggal, 537 ; guggar, 61; guggur,
63 ; giigu, 103; gugul, 63; gugul, 286;
gi-kikar, 180; gulab, 203; gilabi,
203 ; gulab jaman, 233 ; gulab resham,
177; gula chin, 323 ; gular, 33; gilar,
420, 422; gildar, 114; gildei, 92;
gilili, 309; gilkandar, 32; gulli, 33 ;
gilnashtar, 140; gulo, 9; gil sanjad,
391; gilu, 33; guluncha, 9; gulwail,
8; gumar, 236; gumgacha, 310; gum-
har, 365; gunacha, 198; gunchi, 139 ;
gundi, 338; gungat, 271; gungo,
38; gin palos, 206; guracha, 198 ;
giras, 281; gurbari, 175; girbheli,
40; gircha, 571; girgu, 122; gur-
gili, 456; girgira, 287; gurar, 175 ;
garial, 159, 160; gurinda, 196; gir
kats, 145; gurkur, 175 ; gurl pata, 50 ;
gurmala, 164; giir mussureya, 447;
gurshagal, 145 ; gur tushiara, 406 ;
giti, 90; guvaini, 286; giya, 576;
wa, 379; gwala darim, 80, 455; gwa-
am, 205; gwaldakh, 214; gwaldakh,
215; gwalidar, 297; gwandish, 260 ;
gwep, 115; gwia, 258; gwiar, 160;

tya, 6.
Hada, 252; hadri, 225; hadru, 296;

hag, 225; hajeru, 172; hala, 60; ha-
Jad-wail, 44; halbambar, 248 ; haldu,
263 ; haldwa, 263; haleo, 252; halra,
223; hamu, 302; hanidain, 103 ;
hanchu, 78; hane, 103; hantz, 304;
har, 223, 314; haralu, 445; harara,
223 ; hardu, 263; hardu marrah, 263 ;
hari, 191; haringar, 314; harin harra,
69; harin khana, 69; harjewri, 10;
586

harjora, 100; harki, 120; harla, 223 ;
harnauli, 445; harra, 223; harrani,
151 ; harréri, 176 ; harri, 48 ; harriana,

144; harrt, 252; harsankar, 100 ; har- ~

singhar, 314; hartho, 456 ; haulia,
377; haur, 458; heddi, 263; hedu,
268 ; hern, 480; hewar, 184; hiasmin,
306; himbareh, 432; himu, 409; hin-
gen, 59; hingot, 59; hingota, 59 ;
hingu, 59 ; hir, 223 ; hirek, 296 ; hiro-
jah, 164; his, 15; hisalu, 197; his-
halu, 197; hiingarna,g15; hodung,
474; hombu, 28 ; hond, 226 ; hoom,
5, 7; hulas, 282; hulashi, 60; hulda,
74; hulia, 206; him, 302; humbu,
23; hurta, 441.

Illar, 9 ; illupi, 290 ; imar, 492 ; imli, 163,
173; ind, 445; indak, 338; indarjan,
324; indrajau, 324; indri, 487 ; ingar,
235 ; ingol, 59; ingua, 59; inzar, 419;
inzarra, 39; iogia padera, 278 ; ippe,
290; ippi, 290; irri, 480; irum, 446;
irun, 363; irtp-mara, 289; iser, 191 ;
ishwarg, 322; itola, 164.

Jaggarwah, 164; jagera-marra, 164 ;

jagni, 512; jahi, 313; jaimangal, 349 ;

jaldaru, 191 ; jalidar, 93 ; jallaur, 161;

am, 233; jamal gota, 440; jaman,

233, 2384; jamana, 194; jamara, 259 ;

jamawa, 234; jamba, 171; jamir, 52;

jamni, 233; jamoa, 82; jamrassi, 82;

amu, 194 ; jamui, 194 ; jan, 404; jand,

88, 136, 169; jangal ka paringi, 479 ;

jangli benti, 474; jangli frast, 473 ;

jangli khajiir, 555; jangli pipli, 414;

angra, 88; janjhan, 137; jant, 169;

jarimu, 112; jarlangei, 255; jaral,
240; jassundi, 166; jati, 313; jau,
21; jaun, 430; jawa, 258 ; jawa, 144;
jawan, 144; jawani, 144; jawasa, 144 ;
jaya, 137; jayanti, 137; jehali, 36; jepal,
440 ; jerunga, 371 ; jewassi, 144; jhag-
gar, 546; jhal, 315; jhal, 316; jhand,
169, 184; jhangra, 546; jhar, 315,
316; jharberi, 88; jhari, 88; jhatela,
196, 366, 382; jhau, 20; jhigna, 123 ;
jhijan, 137 ; jhinghan, 128 ; jhit, 315 ;
jhora, 537; jia puta, 451; jiban, 123 ;
jikjik, 203; jindi, 410; jinti, 196;
jirka, 371; jit, 315; jivputrak, 451;
jonkaphal, 34; joti, 451; juari, 306;
juaci, 313; jai, 275; julpai, 44; jum-
rassi, 82; jati, 451; juti, 48; jutru,
286.

Ka, 497; kabar, 416; kabarra, 14; kab-
bar, 315, 316; kabotang, 497; kabra,
14; kabul, 472; kachal, 525 ; kacham,
481; kachan, 525; kacheyta, 172;
kachir, 252 ; kachka, 156 ; kachlei, 21 ;

 

jait, 137 ; jal, 315, 316 ; jal bagi, 258 ;

VERNACULAR NAMES.

kachlora, 173 ; kachnal, 159 ; kachnar,
160; kachri, 326; kachir, 252 ; kadal,
296 ; kadamba, 261 ; kaddam, 261, 262 ;
kadewar, 80; kaephal, 495; kaghak,
214; kaghania, 114; kaghzi nimbu,
52; kagsha, 252, 423; kagiji nebu,
52; kchimu, 306; kahit, 307; kahtia,
224; kahwa, 276; kai, 428, 433;
kaiger, 186; kaikar, 63; kaikra, 63 ;
kaikun, 18 ; kail, 510, 525; kaim, 414;
kain, 432; kait, 56; kaitha, 56 ; kajei,
201; kii zaban, 282; kajra, 317; kaj-
rauta, 6; kak, 420; kakdi, 122; ka-
kammal, 422; kakar, 63; kakbang,
892; kakhum, 286; kakkar, 122;
kakkeran, 119; kakkrangche, 122;
kakkrein. 120 ; kakkri, 111, 119 ; kak-
kru, 112; kakla, 122; kakmari, 8 ;
kakoa, 18, 90; kakor, 90; kakra, 122 ;
kakrai, 111; kakra-singi, 123 ; kakri,
14; kakria, 142; kakria, 239 ; kakrio,
239; kaksh, 252; kakumdan, 82;
kakiri, 380; kal, 404; kala akhi, 196 ;
kala aunsa, 549; kala dhokra, 229;
kala hisélu, 196; kala hisalu, 198;
kalakat, 194; kala lag, 91, 96, 574;
kala muka, 82; kala sakena, 186 ; kala
titmaliya, 259 ; kalauri, 33 ; kala-war,
198; kalban, 882; kalchang, 469;
kalghoza, 508; kali harreri, 175; kali-
katha, 285 ; kali must, 145; kalindra,
111; kali ring, 482; kaliin, 547;
kallai, 2; kallam, 262; kalliachi, 198;
kallon, 506; kalm, 452;. kalp, 30;
kalrai, 528; kalsis, 176; kalsis, 283 ;
kalicho, 76 ; kalvari, 14 ; kamal, 444;
kamarali-nebu, 52; kamaranga, 45 ;
kamarri, 270; kambal, 120, 444; kam-
bhar, 365 ; kamela, 444 ; kamila, 444;
kamini, 48; kamla, 12; kamlai, 123 ;
kammal, 12; kamo, 217; kampti, 44;
kanachi, 197, 198; kanak, 95; kanak-
champa, 35; kanalla, 161; kanapa
chettu, 235; kanchan, 296; kanchli,
112; kanda, 388 ; kanda, 95 ; kandan,
160 ; kandara, 252; kandei, 18; kan-
der, 14; kandhara, 19 ; kandi, 18, 169 ;
kandiari, 80, 85, 198; kandika, 85;
kandla, 161 ; kandlar, 76 ; kandlu, 76 ;
kando, 156; kandre, 525; kandu, 80;
kaner, 328 ; kanera, 278 ; kangar, 120,
122; kangei, 262 ; kanghi, 206 ; kanglu,
430; kango, 345; kangi, 18; kangu,
302, 345, 425; kanguni, 82; kaniar,
160, 164; kaninchi, 508; kanira, 328;
kantiri, 248; kaniyiir, 328; kanj, 46;
kanja-liita, 334; kanjar, 112; kanji,
92; kanji, 158; kanju, 431; kank,
18; kankar, 63; kanki, 18; kankol,
391; kankoli, 391; kanmar, 107 ; kan-
VERNACULAR NAMES. 587

nena, 156; kanni, 123; kannuchi ;
kanor, 108 ; kanshin, in 3 kinsi, eee
kantalu, 278; kantanch, 198; kanta
Singar, 490; kantena, 287; kanta, 88 ;
kanthal, 425; kantian, 202; kanwail, 96:
kanwal, 882; kanzal, 111, 112; kao,
307; kapasi, 34, 494; kaphal, 495;
kar, 428; karal, 160 ; karalli, 160 ;
karalla, 442; karallu, 128, 175; karam,
261; karambru, 175; karanga, 196 ;
karangal, 164; karanj, 153; karanja,
156; karanjh, 153; karanji, 175, 431;
karanjo, 156 ; karanphal, 52; karanta,
330; karanto, 39; karar, 160; karaun,
320 ; karaunj, 156; karaunda, 320;
karbaru, 248; karbat, 156; karchan-
na, 410; kardahi, 229; karer, 198,
201 ; kargnalia, 450; kari, 14, 452;
kari, 326; karil, 14; kari matti, 225;
karkanna, 88; karkannie, 284; kar-
kari, 156; karkiin, 456; karla, 404;
karmarri, 270 ; karmora, 248; karni-
kara, 85; karo, 175; karolu, 62;
karonj, 156; karra, 175, 326 ; karralwa,
15; karrauth, 10; karri, 7; karru, 409;
karsine, 9; karsh, 482; karshu, 479 ;
karsii, 479; karuk, 286 ; karuk, 338;
karin, 78, 409 ; kariinda, 320; kariir,
95, 248 ; karvila, 15; karwa indarjau,
326; karwant, 10; karzu, 479 ; kas,
144; kashin, 119; kashti, 508; kas-
kei, 185; kasmal, 12; kasmol, 253;
kasir, 178; kasir, 252; kassce, 421 ; kassi,
449 ; kassuma, 105; kasu, 142 ; kasari,
79; kat, 23; kataia, 429; katari, 19,
204; katbel, 56; katber, 90; kat bhe-
wal, 42; kat dhaura, 239; kat eularia,
423 ; katguli, 468 ; katha, 187 ; kathal,
425; kathera, 243; kathewat, 135;
kathgilar, 422; kathi, 23, 132, 135,
136 ; kathinidr, 429; kathu, 135 ;
kati, 185; katila, 34; katira, 34;
katira, 465; katkaranj, 156; kat kar-
inga, 156; katmanna, 62; kat marra,
380; katmédh, 380; katmoria, 380 ;
kat-nim, 48 ; katol, 425 ; katonda, 258 ;
katonj, 490; katori, 10; katrain, 95 ;
katrar, 189; katrola, 575; katrota,
575 ; katsirsa, 150; katsu, 135 ; kat-
tir, 18; kattawa, 19; katti, 18; katti
mandu, 438; kattang, 564; katul,
273; katila, 62; kau, 307; kaula,
76; kauli, 95; kauli, 525; kaunjeria,
178; kaunki, 120; kaur, 14; kaura,
409; kauri, 111; kauria, 275; kau-
riala, 144; kauri jal, 315 ; kaurio, 278 ;
kauri van, 315; kawa, 224; kawal,
377 ; kawala, 378 ; kazurati, 88 ; keim,
262; kein, 446; keindu, 296; kel-
mang, 516; kelu, 516; kemal, 12;

kembal, 123, 444; keml&, 12; kendu,
294; kent, 204; keol, 414; keoli, 516;
keor, 823, 326; kerauli, 380; keri,
310, 404; kewan, 34; khabar, 414,
416 ; khabara, 420 ; khabbar, 316 ; khai,
432; khair, 172, 186; khair champa,
328 ; khairwal, 160 ; khaja, 449 ; khaji,
552,554; khajir, 205 ; khajur, 552, 554 ;
khajuri, 555; khakra, 142 ; khakro, 142;
khaksi, 480 ; khalja, 507 ; khalk, 428 ;
khamara, 443 ; khammarra, 365 ; khan-
da, 501; khaniara, 198; khanjak, 123 ;
khanna, 501; khansing, 112; khar,
169; kharai, 81; kharak, 428, 429;
kharanja, 480 ; kharanji, 175 ; kharas,
116; khardhawa, 227; khardi, 229 ;
khareu, 479, 480; kharika, 428; kha-
riz, 209; kharjal, 315; khark, 428;
kharkath, 347; kharlei, 22; kharmo,
256 ; kharmuch, 198; kharnib nibti,
166; kharot, 497 ; kharpat, 62; khar-
rei, 6; kharsan, 144; kharsing, 349;
kharsingi, 349; kharsu, 480; khar
tit, 408; kharwala, 405; khasaroa,
430; khassi, 449; khatip, 258 ; khaa,
307; kheir, 186; khejra, 169; khejri,
169 ; khenti, 135, 136 ; khep, 144 ; kher,
186 ; khersari, 314 ; khewnau, 421 ; khi-
char, 346; khimor, 258; khina, 442;
khinjak, 123 ; khinna, 442 ; khip, 144,
335 ; khippi, 144 ; khir, 291; khirg, 428;
khirk, 428; khirni, 291, 324; khish-
ing, 73; khitsar, 346 ; khor, 184, 497 ;
khowsey, 34; khujiyan, 552; khulen,
431 ; khim, 255 ; khumb, 44; khumbi,
236; khirhir, 421 ; khtri, 430; khu-
riari, 270 ; khirma, 552 ; khirrir, 270 ;
khusam, 499 ; khutrau, 525 ; khwairal,
160; kidin, 391; kiam, 326; kiamil,
123 ; kiar, 164; kiari, 14; kikar, 180 ;
kikra, 9, 874; kilai, 175; kilar, 516 ;
kilaunta, 528 ; kilawa, 323 ; kilei, 516 ;
kili, 175; killar, 216; kilmich, 258,
259; kilmira, 62 ; kilmora, 571 ; kilonj,
482; kilpattar, 111; kilpattar, 112;
kilu, 525; kilu, 111, 547; kimlu, 123 ;
kimri, 418 ; kimu, 409; kindal, 226 ;
kingaro, 81; kingi, 404; kingli, 172;
kingora, 571; kingrei, 172; kingri,
156; kinjal, 226; kinye, 175; kip,
335; kioch, 78; kiral, 14; kiran, 456;
kiri, 318 ; kirkiria, 374; kirmira, 49;
kirmoli, 110; kirni, 291 ; kirrari, 218;
kirru, 216; kirsaru, 314; kisu, 142;
kithu, 204; kitla, 111; kitmirria, 62 ;
kitola, 164; kitserma, 346; kitwali,
164; klianti, 255; ko, 307; koamil,
452; koaimla, 123 ; koan, 20,21; kob-
bari, 557; kobusi, 495 ; kocham, 105;
kochan, 252; koda, 340; kodi, 256;
588

kodwari, 160; koe, 460; koeli, 250;
kogar, 326; koha, 224; koham, 105;
kohen, 132; kohi, 460 ; kohoka-mar-
rah, 125; koht, 307; kok, 420; koka,
125; kokam phtl ka banda, 398 ; ko-
kan ber, 85; kokhiri, 286; kokkita,
271; kokra, 382; kolain, 506; kolan,
506 ; kolar, 160; kolecha, 508 ; koliar,
160; kolon, 506 ; konda manga, 271 ;
konecha, 508 ; konhaiah, 378 ; konitin-
chi, 508 ; kora, 326 ; koria, 452 ; korin-
da, 320; korna nebu, 52; koroh, 26;
korot, 497; korsa, 446; kossum, 105;
kosum, 105; kosiindra, 159 ; kowa, 224;
kramali, 472; krammal, 475; kreu,
479; krishna-chira, 157; krok, 525,
528 ; krot, 497 ; krucho, 76 ; krii, 479 ;
krimbal, 422; krin, 194, 409; krus-
bal, 193; kschme, 463; ku, 204; ka,
428 ; kiar, 326; kuchan, 502; kuchla,
817; kichni, 93; kudrau, 525; kid-
rom, 528; kier, 326; kiji, 201; kuj-
van, 552; kiju, 201; kikai, 18; ki-
kandra, 111; kukei, 93; kurkni, 251;
kikarkat, 267; kukyan, 552; kur-
kiria, 339 ; kula bis, 388 ; kulara, 259 ;
kulluk, 568 ; kalru, 33; kul tolia, 370;
kilu, 33; kim, 95, 303; kumali, 102;
kimar, 365; kimba, 431; kambal,
502; kimbh, 236; kumbi, 17 ; kumbi,
236 ; kimbi, 338; ktmila, 444; kum-
la-nebu, 58; kummar, 432; kim-pai-
man, 338; kumra, 262; kumri, 236;
kimta, 184; kumtia, 188; kin, 132;
kuniachi, 197 ; kinch, 189, 259 ; kunda,
812; kindash, 460; kundi, 169;
kundo, 312; kundur, 62; kundura,
62; kinga biti, 345; kunghi, 111;
kungku, 79 ; kingking, 285; kingu,
345; kinj, 153, 431; kiinja nali, 431 ;
kunji, 92; kinku, 79; kunlai, 171;
kunrat, 171; kinsa, 460; kira, 80,
326; kurat, 275; kari, 314; kurie,
248; kirkan, 502; kirkan ber, 85;
kirkni, 456 ; kurmali, 102, 255 ; kirm-
ru, 177; kurol, 248; kidrsi, 269 ;
kiisam, 105 ; kishiala, 241 ; kushmul,
12; ktshi, 205; kisi, 298 ; kussumb,
105; kit, 257; kuts, 185; kuttung
bans, 564 ; kiitz, 185 ; kwer, 313 ; kwia,
201; kwiala, 201 ; kwillar, 160 ; kwil-
lim, 259.

Labanu, 62; laber, 145; ladiri, 314;
lahan, 46; lahiira, 352; lai, 20; laila,
463 ; lakhar, 121 ; lal jhau, 21; lallye,
178; lammar, 367; lamshing, 510;
lanang, 98; lanebar, 335; langshir,
535 ; tinea, 439 ; lao, 21 ; lashi, 512 ;
lasiara, 336; lasora, 336; lasrin, 175 ;
lassdra, 336 ; lastiik, 502 ; laswara, 336 ;

VERNACULAR NAMES.

lathia, 144; latkan, 17; laudar, 299
laur, 112; lauri, 583; lebu, 52; lehtia
138; lei, 20, 80; leila, 306; leindia,
239 ; leinya, 20, 21; lelka, 422 ; lendia,
239; lendwa, 442 ; lesiira, 336 ; lesuri,
336 ; lewar, 535, 538; lhijo, 205:
lhim, 510; li, 203; lidi, 338; liar,
338 ; lidhra, 123; lienda, 442; lim,
510 ; limbara, 70 ; limbarra, 69 ; limbo,
67 ; limbu, 52; limoun, 52 ; limu, 52;
lin, 208 ; linda, 442; lia ; 205; liwar,
205 ; Imanza, 516 ; lodh, 299, 300 ; lohari,
296 ; lohasa, 120 ; lohéro, 352 ; lohiri,
352 ; loj, 299 ; lokandi, 96 ; lolti, 306 ;
losh, 299; lrash, 119; la, 299; liar,
352 ; libar, 371; ludh, 299 ; lullei, 178 ;
lin, 208 ; lini, 209 ; list, 539.

Madar, 331; madara, 140 ; madare, 456 ;

madlatah, 449; mad malti, 44; magar
bans, 564; magkal, 476; magsher, 463 ;
mahadeo ka phal, 386 ; mahaka-marra,
57; mahal, 476; maha limbo, 68, 72;
maha nim, 72; maha-nimbu, 55; ma-
harut, 63; mahauli, 159; mahlo, 567 ;
mahlun, 72; mahdka, 223; mahita,
289; mahiir, 335; mahwa, 289; mii,
23; maida, 379; maidan-ka-kusum,
60; mail, 92; maila, 206; maimiina,
95; main, 273 ; mainhiri, 273 ; maini,
273 ; mainphal, 278 ; maizurrye, 547 ;
majniin, 465 ; makar tendi, 296 ; mak-
kal, 472, 476; makhi, 453; makkai,
418; makkina, 159; makola, 128;
makshari, 432 ; mal, 473 ; malan, 132 ;
malchang, 469; maldung, 432; mal-
ghan, 161; maljan, 161; mal kakni,
82; mal kangoni, 81 ; malla, 88 ; malla
nim, 68; malligiri, 376; malu, 161;
maluk, 297 ; mamji, 483 ; mamral, 92;
mamiri, 82 ; manda, 425; mandal, 281 ;
mandar, 111; mandarang, 111; man-
dari, 111; mandei, 425; manderung,
432; mandgay, 564; mandia, 248;
mandkolla, 273; mandu, 433; mani-
oga, 219; manjit, 222; manneul, 278;
mannu, 433; manyar, 202; manyil,
273; mara, 78 ; maradsing, 34; maral,
432, 433; marara, 145; marari, 432;
marazh, 432 ; marchob, 114 ; marchula,
48; marda, 380; mareila, 81; mar-
ghang, 482; mar ghwalawa, 258 ; mar-
gosa, 67; marisgiri, 376; mark, 449;
marka-marrah, 125 ; marlea, 252; mar-
liza, 252; marmat, 183; maror phal,
34; marpol, 206; marran, 482; marria
kari, 269 ; marriin, 482; martan, 145;
maru, 482; maruk, 58; marwan, 369;
marwar, 161; mashal, 512 ; massu, 32;
masua, 122; massiri, 128; matazor,
371; mathara, 368; mathirshi, 177 ;
VERNACULAR NAMES. 589

matta, 145 ; matti, 225, 335 ; mattipal,
59; mattranja, 368; matzbang, 257 ;
maudh, 138; maul, 161; maula, 143,
159; mauli, 206 ; maulsari, 293 ; maur,
482; maura, 369 ; maurain, 161 ; mau-
ru, 433 ; maya rawa, 287 ; mazri, 547;
méal, 204 ; meda lakri, 379, 380 ; meda
timri, 19; medh, 379; mehal, 204;
mehndi, 232, 238 ; meini, 144 ; manda,
379 ; mendah, 380; mendi, 238 ; men-
dru, 113; merinu, 483; meru, 433;
metkir, 82; mewri, 369; mhar, 550;
mhiia, 130; mijhaula, 390; milech,
388; milli mara, 454; mindla, 273;
mirandu, 82; mirri, 508 ; misri-lei, 23 ;
mitha nebu, 52; mithi diar, 316; mi-
thi van, 316 ; mith-patta, 378 ; mochi,
140 ; mohwa, 289 ; moian, 124 ; moina,
124 ; moka, 305 ; mokha, 305 ; mol, 204;
momanna, 95; moni, 370; mora, 369 ;
moraun, 369 ; mored, 432 ; morinda, 528 ;
moru, 482 ; moriia, 282; morin, 433 ;
morunda, 528; mota karmal, 1; mor-
phal, 206 ; mowa, 335, 452, 499; mowi,
124; moyen, 124; mudanu, 469 ;mudar,
831; mugra, 311; muhli, 68; mukial
bans, 567; mula, 143; mulaka, 129;
mulin, 347; mulsari, 293 ; mundi mar-
ra, 262; muneti, 212; miinga, 129;
minj, 548; munri, 257; munsa sij,
489; miirad, 282; muradh, 215; mu-
ria, 127; murkila, 333; mur-marra,
142; mirt, 145; muskei, 278 ; mush-
kidra, 260; miss, 145; mitkar, 456;
mitni, 92; mzarai, 547.

Nabar, 215 ; nabre, 215; nagdaum, 114;
nagphana, 245; nagphansi, 245 ;
nagre, 562; nak, 203; nakhtar, 506,
516; nal bans, 564; nalkarru, 256 ;
nalshina, 339; nina, 240; nandi,
240; nang, 252; nangarwal, 502;
nangke, 214; nani, 240; nar, 93;
narangi, 58; narasij, 438; narel, 557 ;
narikel, 557; naringi, 538; nariyal,
557; narlei, 22; naro, 248; narri,
562; nashpati, 203; naspal, 241;
nasiit, 140; nauladi mara, 370 ; navili
chettu, 431; nebu, 52; nehar, 50;
nelkar, 149; nelli mara, 454; nelmal,
317; neoza, 508; ner, 50; nera, 282 ;
nermali, 317; newar, 79; nhare, 539 ;
niangha, 215 ; nichni, 282; niechak,
388; nigal, 562; niggi, 278, 386;
nikki, 502; nikki bekkar, 43 ; nikki
kander, 93; nim, 67; nimbar, 184;
nimbarra, 69 ; nimbu, 52 ; ninai, 297 ;
nior, 92; nioza, 508; niral, 345;
nirgal, 562 ; nirgunda, 369 ; nirmali,
317; nit, 198, 460; niich, 304, 535;
nimani, 95 ; nyai, 214; nyangha, 214.

Olchi, 192, 193; ooh, 549; osha, 32;

otroj, 52.

Pian, 118 ; pabe, 475; pabiina, 432 ; pachi

manu, 228 ; pad, 458 ; padal, 351 ; pad-
aria, 851; paddam, 194; padel, 352 ;
pader, 352; padiala, 351; padlu, 251 ;
padm, 194; padmak, 588; padri, 150,
352; padriain, 160; padriiin, 82; pag-
unai, 198; pahar gingri, 132; pahari
cha, 286; pahari kagizi, 52; pahu,
216 ; paiman, 238, 284 ; pair, 416 ; paja,
194; pajja, 194; pakar, 416; pakha,
547; pakhana, 197; pakhar, 414;
pakharia, 414; pakh bit, 476; pak-
hur, 255; pakri, 414, 416; pakshu,
476; pakira, 314; palai, 120; palak,
416; palakh, 414; palas, 142 ; palawat,
556; palla, 291; palosa, 185; palt,
528; paltu, 206; palu, 205; palidar,
516, 528 ; pama, 535, 537 ; panan, 146 ;
panar, 273; panchman, 228; pand,
393, 394, 396, 397 ; pande kilmora, 571 ;
pandri, 351; pangara, 139 ; pangra,
139; pangra, 140; paniah, 273 ; pani
jama, 463; panjira, 139; panjili,
453; pankar, 103; panniabhil, 271;
panniari, 235; pao, 570; papar, 78, 431 ;
papar, 78, 153; papat kalam, 258 ;
papaya, 244; paphar, 271; pappar,
447; papra, 271; papri, 96, 431,
447 ; papri, 153, 286 ; papria, 380 ; pap-
rang, 447; parand, 396; paras, 194;
parbati, 151; parbik, 10; pargai, 480 ;
pari, 571; pariara, 140; paroa, 422 ;
parral, 352 ; parsid, 162; partal, 528 ;
parur, 351; paringi, 482; parura,
9; parwana, 285; pasend, 296;
pasendu, 296; pash, 78; pasi, 14;
passi, 150; passi, 204; pastiwanne,
87; patakhan, 207; pataki, 80;
pataki, 10; patang, 156 ; patangalia,
110; patha, 29, 394, 397 ; pathor, 333,
449; pati nebu, 52; patji, 451; patki,
474; patoia, 380; pattah, 29; pattali,
78; pattarola, 196; pattewar, 296 ;
pattharman, 368; pattia, 29, 178;
patti kasmiri, 282 ; patwan, 296 ; paun-
chinan, 228; paulon, 29; paja, 194 ;
pe, 828 ; pease, 547 ; peirah, 127 ; peka
bans, 566; pendra, 270; peni, 257;
pepa, 559; pepiya, 244; perei pasta-
wane, 456; pesh, 547; peshora, 216 ;
petari, 448; pethra, 535; pfis, 547 ;
phaco singhali, 489 ; errs 185; phalai,
185 ; phalani, 233 ; phaldu, 262 ; phal-
iant, 487 ; phalinda, 233 ; phalja, 475 ;
phalsa, 40; phalsh, 475, 476; phalsi,
40; phalwa, 40; phalwara, 290;
phanas, 425; phanat, 487; phandri,
351; pharat-singhali, 488; pharenda,
590 VERNACULAR NAMES.

233 ; pharengala, 110; pharonj, 487 ;
pharra, 547 ; pharsa, 41; pharsai, 40 ;
pharsia, 39, 40; pharsiila, 40; pharwa,
37; phatak, 458; phaunda, 2338;
phedu, 420; phendra marra, 270;
phindak, 207; phillu, 278; phiphar,
271; phipni, 92 ; phitni, 85; phlassu,
475 ; phog, 372; phogali, 372; phok,
372; phok, 502; phomphli, 95;
phulahi, 185 ; phulanch, 214; phulel,
290; phulla, 92; phulsel, 258; phulu,
537; phulwa, 290; philwara, 196;
philwari, 201; phwipari, 80; phurz,
458 ; phusera, 283 ; phus-kakrein, 119 ;
phit, 255; phitkia, 441; piak, 460;
pial, 127; piar, 127; pichka, 123;
pilchi, 20; pilchi, 21; pilkhan, 414,
416; pilikcha, 218; pilru, 255; pilru
potala, 49; pilsa, 213; pilu, 315;
pimpri, 243; pin, 338, 456; pincho,
79; pindalu, 273; pindara, 273;
pindkhajiir, 555; pindrai, 528; pin-
drau, 528; pingyat, 207; pipal, 415;
pipal, 416; pipro, 415; pistan, 336;
pitali, 443; pitni, 85; pitso, 562;
pitta marra, 238; piuni, 510; piydra,
232; po, 216; pola, 144; polach,
175; pona, 141; popli, 399; popli-
chukay, 97; poresh, 572; potari, 29;
potir, 267 ; prabba, 559 ; pratshu, 286 ;
pri, 145; prita, 508; prist, 473;
prong, 562; prora, 378; prot, 251;
prost, 472; pi, 574; pudari, 278;
pukana, 197, 198; ptlau, 29; pili,
29; pumne, 492; pun, 528; punjla-
wal, 339; punk, 221; pinyan, 339;
puran, 339; purain, 99; pursha, 142 ;
pusser, 216; piistul, 539; putajan,
451 ; pitkia, 441; pitir, 267; putra
jiva, 451; ptiya udish, 458.

Rag, 525, 528; ragha, 525, 528; ragi,
155 ; rahiva, 352; raho, 528; rai, 525;
rai banj, 481 ; raiang, 525 ; rai jaman,
234; rail, 528; raila, 164; rain, 291;
raisalla, 510, 528, 588; rai tang, 119;
rajain, 431, 460; rajal, 258; rajan,
460 ; rakat-pita, 96; rakhal, 539;
rakti, 139; ral, 28, 172; ramanjir,
414; ramnia, 207; ranai, 78; rand,
445 ; randkarri, 380; rangan, 275; rang-
chii, 306; rang chil, 78; rangkrin,
806; rangoe, 10; rangul, 82; ranj,
481; rannel, 119; ransla, 528; rao,
525; rao ragha, 528; rapesho, 256;
rapori, 194; rasaut, 12; rasut, 12;
ratabauli, 183 ; rattanjote, 49; rattan-
kat, 280, 282; rattika, 139; rau, 208 ;
rau, 525; rauli, 382; raundra, 184;
rauni rori, 444; raunj, 184; rauns,
208, 209; razbam, 255; razli, 306;

re, 528; rebdan, 352; reis, 194; rek,
575; relmi, 156; relnu, 85; relu, 156;
rendi, 445; rene, 392; reng, 392;
reodina, 352; reori, 392; reru, 184;
res, 208 ; reteon, 92; reunja, 184; re-
wari, 525, 528; rgelta, 20; rhai, 525;
theea, 402; ri, 208; rialla, 525; rian,
379; ridnj, 481 ; richabi, 258 ; richh kas,
260; rich aklu, 258; rikhali, 120;
vikhan, 473, 475; rikhal, 121; ri-
kinra, 460; rin, 482; ring, 207; rin-
ga, 184; ringal, 562; ringall, 563;
ringo, 207 ; rinj, 184, 482; rinjal, 26;
ringyal, 575; ris, 259; rish, 208;
ritha, 106, 107; rithu, 78; riu, 208;
rit, 209 ; ritina, 444; rdde, 215; rohan,
71; rohani, 184; rohi, 82; rohin, 71;
rohini, 71; rohni, 71, 444; rohun, 71;
roi, 525; roir, 352; roira, 352; roku,
428 ; roli, 444 ; romiisk, 92 ; row, 528;
rowanra, 140; richia, 252; rudrak,
43; rudraksh, 48; rien, 444; ruinsh,
208, 209; rakh, 20, 22; rakhro, 120;
rumbal, 416, 422, 423; riingara, 140;
rungra, 140; runjra, 184; risa, 410;
rusot, 12.

Saar, 531; sada, 418 ; saddr, 225 ; sider,

225 ; sadri, 225; safed-ak, 331; safe-
dar, 463, 473, 474; safed ind, 442;
safed - siris, 175; safri- Am, 232; sag,
225, 354; sagdi marra, 105; sagun,
354; sagwan, 354; sah, 531; saherwa,
314; sahti kiindru, 123 ; sai, 255, 257,
394; saihan, 129; saihiari, 314; sai-
kanta, 188; sain, 225; sij, 225; sak-
her, 26; sikhu, 26; saki, 475; sakna,
136; saksal, 148; siku, 26; sakun,
23 ; sal, 26; sala, 26; salla, 506, 525,
528; salai, 61, 573; salanker, 257;
sale, 61; salei, 61; sale manta, 456;
saler, 61; salhe, 61; salima, 111;
salle, 525, 528; salma, 554; saloha,
141; salwa, 26; sam, 31; samazrri, 34;
sambar, 145; sama, 452; sammar, 145 ;
samdka marra, 326; samsem, 313 ;
samsundra, 178 ; samul, 31; samundar
phil, 235 ; sanatta, 113; sandal, 304,
898 ; sandan, 146; sandari, 405; san-
gal, 525; sangran, 380; sangri, 169;
sangtara, 53 ; sanjata, 389 ; sanjit, 389 ;
sinjna, 129°; sankar, 169; sann, 144;
sanna makki, 166 ; sannan, 146; sanni,
144; sanniin, 473; sanoli, 404; san-
saru, 405 ; sapin, 506; sara, 382, 528;
sirika-merrah, 127; saral, 506 ; sarao,
151; sarap, 589; saras, 533; sarawdn,
122; sarei, 26, 525; sarngar, 281 ; saroli,
460 ; sarsheti, 447 ; sarsholi, 447 ; saru,
583 ; sarw, 533; saslendi, 110; sarye,
26 ; sat-bargi, 138 ; satitin, 325 ; satni,
VERNACULAR NAMES. 591

825 ; satpiira, 386; satrai, 528; sat-
win, 325 ; siuj, 479 ; sauna, 347 ; saun-
der, 169; saunjla, 256; sautha, 238 ;
sawa, 452; sawali, 460; sea, 202; seb,
205 ; seh, 525 ; sthnd, 489 ; seina, 239;
sejan, 129; semadiing, 527; sémri,
169; sémru, 169; semul, 31; semur,
31; senjna, 129; senseni, 156; seo,
205 ; sepistan, 336; seran, 111; serei,
480 ; serissia, 175; serkuji, 191 ; serla,
176 ; ser-marra, 146; seta pajja, 92;
set bariiwa, 386 ; seutoalla, 103 ; séwan,
365; sewar, 322; sha, 576; shafri,
306; shag, 458; shagali, 135; shah
tat, 408; shajna, 129; shak, 458;
shakshin, 458; shakai, 405; shalakat,
23; shalanghi, 377; shalanglu, 382 ;
shali, 314; shalshi, 488 ; shambar,
145 ; shamor, 85 ; shamru, 145 ; sham-
shad, 286, 447; shanda laghtine, 447 ;
shang, 304; shangal, 304; shangala,
76; shangri, 169; shanjan, 146; sha-
pri, 306 ; sharamna, 123 ; shargar, 281 ;
shari, 191; sharifa, 6; sharoli, 494;
shash, 121; shaul, 458; shauria, 82;
shautai, 506; shawali, 202; shawéli,
369 ; she, 194; sheawna, 123; shegul,
204; shej, 239; shema, 169 ; shembal,
31; shemi, 169; shendri, 444; shera-
wane, 93; sheveri, 137; shewa, 149,
205 ; shewan, 365 ; shewarie, 137 ; shia,
149; shikand, 202; shilli, 304; shil-
ling, 309; shimarra, 164; shin, 149;
shindar, 204; shingari, 202; shinwala,
281; shiran, 191; shirash, 492; shir-
ish, 176; shirsh, 177; shisham, 148,
149; shitlik, 389 ; shitintra, 318 ; shi-
wari, 369 ; shko, 482 ; sho, 205 ; shom-
fol, 92; shomshing, 510; shrol, 460;
shta, 409 ; shi, 205; shué, 122; shiik,
394; shikpa, 538 ; shumaj, 447 ; shin,
302, 469; shipa, 535; shiir, 538 ;
shirgi, 538; shurli, 494; shwan, 307 ;
shwari, 369; shya-kil, 86; sia, 202;
siah, 408 ; siali, 141 ; sialu, 251 ; siaru,
405; sidda, 239; sidhera, 78; sihar,
322; sihar, 161; siharu, 314, 406 ;
sihoura, 410; sihiind, 438; sij, 489;
sijra, 225; siju, 304; sikanda, 202,
sikekai, 188; siki,.78; sikikai, 188 ;
silang, 309; silkauti, 374; sim, 164;
simal, 31; simli, 85; simlu, 12; sim-
mal, 31; simrung, 281; simiir, 47;
sindan, 123; sindrol, 92; singhara,
490; singi, 78; singraf, 380; sing-
rauf, 379; sinjli, 85; sinkami, 374 ;
siora, 410; sirai, 176 ; sirla, 176 ; siran,
175, 178; sirij, 176; siri manu, 227 ;
sirin, 176; sirin, 177, 178; siris, 175,
176, 177; sirisha, 176; sirma, 388;

sirras, 148; sirsa; 148; shirsha, 178 ;
sirshing, 389; sirsing, 389; sis, 144;
siske, 260 ; sissa, 148 ; sissai, 144, 149 ;
sissu, 148, 149; sitaber, 90; sita phal,
6; sitsal, 148 ; soa, 409; soanjna, 129 ;
sohiga, 69 ; sohun pakar, 414; sondar-
padal, 349; son kairi, 188; sori, 347;
soymida, 71; spalwakka, 331; spelda,
473 ; spera wuna, 318; spercherei, 480 ;
sperdor, 473 ; spikso, 562; spiiig, 562;
spun, 528; srol, 460; starga, 497;
suali, 475; suféda, 472, 475; sufedar,
149; sujna, 129; stikchein, 153; su-
lamba, 123; sili, 438; sitlia, 206;
sim, 302, 303; stmali, 368; simb,
302; stimlu, 12; simri, 169 ; sun, 205;
sind, 210; sungal, 539; sin kauwal,
877; sunkeint, 203 ; sinnid, 302; sun-
thura, 53; supari, 551; sira, 438;
suran, 89; stirangru, 177 ; sirch, 387 ;
siirganch, 198 ; surgi, 538 ; surjmukha,
49; surkila, 334; surmali, 312; sirs,
438; stir sinjli, 207; surtadri, 238 ;
siss, 405 ; stissi, 258 ; swanjera, 129.

Tabasheer, 566; tadru, 92; taggai, 322 ;

taggar, 322; taggu, 546; tagha, 428,
429 ; tagho, 428; tahaka marra, 222;
tahasi, 302; taindu, 294; tajkalam,
874; tajkalmi, 374; taker, 14; tak-
hum, 428; takoli, 151; takpa, 458;
tal, 546; tal, 544; tala, 544; talhang,
259 ; tali, 149 ; talisa, 282; talisa patra,
576 ; talisfar, 282 ; talisri, 282 ; talkar,
81; talle, 193; talu, 537; talsir, 576 ;
tama, 134; tamaku, 282 ; taman, 240;
tambili, 340 ; tambolia, 340; tamruj,
82; tandai, 177 ; tandala, 502 ; tandei,
259 ; tang, 203, 204 ; tangi, 204; tang-
shing, 527 ; taniki, 445 ; tantarik, 119 ;
tantia, 151, 176; tar, 333; tar, 544;
tara, 549; tara, 193; tarkhana, 111,
112; tarni, 132; tarru, 388 ; tarwa, 388 ;
tarwar, 165; tasar, 260; tatmorang,
847 ; tatpalang, 347; tatri, 119, 121;
tattuntia, 347; tatiia, 196; tatike,
372; taur, 159, 161; tawa, 238 ; tawi,
238 ; tazak-tsun, 282; tchokpo, 537 ;
teadong, 506; tegu, 354; teila, 213;
tekata sij, 438; tékku, 354; teku,
354; telu, 536; telus, 146; temru,
294, 296; tend, 294; tendu, 294, 296;
ter, 193 ; tetar, 119, 120; tetta manga,
271; tewas, 146; teyrtr, 49; tezbal,
47; tezmal, 47; thab, 140; thail,
469; thalma, 554; thakil, 554;
thamther, 39; thanera, 528; thangi,
494; thanka, 497; thanki, 206;
thankoli, 494; thansa, 506; tha-
pur, 420; tharbal, 253; tharmal,
253; tharwar, 253; thaur, 159;
92

thawi, 238; thelain, 576; thelu, 535,
536, 587; thesi, 258; thilak, 386;
thissa, 119; thitni, 108; thor, 438,
439 ; thorlagiinj, 168; thim, 95, 574 ;

thina, 539; thiner, 539; thinu,
539; tiamle, 422; tidhara, 438 ;
tidhara sehnd, 488; tikhar, 455;

tikkoe, 263; tikri, 10; tikta-raj, 69 ;
tilanga, 482; tilats, 259 ; tilhanj, 259 ;
tiliakoru, 10; tilki, 269 ; tilliah, 269;
tilonj, 482; tilpara, 9; tilpattar, 111;
tilpattra, 251; tilpatto, 111; timal,
422; timar rikh, 499; timbur, 47;
timburni, 294; timla, 422; timru,
47; timsha, 482; timukhia, 320;
timir, 47 ; tingschi, 539 ; tinnas, 146 ;
tinisa, 146; tirmal, 47; tirmi, 422 ;
tiru kalli, 489 ; tiswal, 47 ; tita bateri,
255; titar, 121; titari, 120; titbora,
382; tithai, 60; tithu, 60; tit maliya,
258; titri, 119; tittri, 118; tii,
426; tiwas, 146; tondri mara, 243 ;
tongschi, 510; tor, 438; tordanda,
438; torjaga, 103; tos, 528; totmila,
423 ; trama, 1384; tramal, 422; trano,
501 ; trekan, 111; trekhan, 111, 112;

trimal, 422; trimbal, 414, 422;
trimmal, 422; tsapatt, 501; tsapu,
460; tsarapp, 388; tsarma, 388 ;

tsarmang, 388 ; tsatin, 456; tse, 501;
tserkar, 388; tstii, 438; tstik, 388 ;
tiiin, 259; tal, 407, 408; tilanch,
198 ; tulda bans, 566; tulenni phil,
278; tialklu, 407, 409; talikil, 409;
tulsiadri, 406 ; timari, 76, 490 ; tumari,
366; timbri, 251; tue, 422; timma,
258; tumra, 119; tumri, 443; timri
marra, 294; tin, 72; tinani madani,
92; tinani zanani, 92, 259; tindhe,
259; tindhi, 92; tindri, 243; ting,

VERNACULAR NAMES.

118, 528, 589; tinga, 118, 119;
tingla, 118, 119; tingu, 122; tini,
72; tinni, 72; tunnia, 146; tiran,
89; tiirapani, 392; tisi, 422; tistis,
258; tushidri, 406; tat, 407, 408,
409; titai, 60; titri, 408; titrum,

12.

Udalla, 32; udar, 82; udha, 569; udial,
82 ; udis, 460 ; udish, 460; ughz, 497;
th, 549; tkhan, 22; iklu, 259; ul-
du, 263; ulta kanta, 572; umar, 422;
imbli, 502 ; umbu, 23 ; umrai, 422 ; una
gass, 568; undergiipa, 449; ippurz, 538 ;
tran, 156 ; urbil, 422 ; dri, 156 ; urmil,
422; urn, 156; urni, 363, 494; tra,
537 ; utis, 458 ; utrej, 52.

Vallir, 9; van, 316; vani, 316; vani-
thi, 456 ; var, 414 ; vargind, 386 ; vari,
482; veduru, 564; vena, 322; veri,
833 ; vilayati babul, 180; vilayati imli,
173; vilayati kikar, 158, 180; vur-
tuli, 171.

Waghz, 497 ; wah, 570 ; wahal, 392 ; wah-
rangur, 82; walena, 34; wallaiki,
81; walliinj, 463; wana, 369 ; wansh,
119; war, 413, 414; warawi, 494;
warga, 164; warras, 350; watal, 78;
wawali, 431; wesha, 525 ; wetyar, 536;
winri, 494; wiri, 494; wodier, 124;
wude, 124; wiman, 528; wurak, 93;
wiiriya, 494; wiista, 460.

Yakishi, 70; yange, 214; yara, 510;
yarpa, 472, 476; yekaddi, 19; yelta,
20; yeshul, 198; yir, 468, 466; yiri,
480; yiro, 510; yalatt, 472; yiir, 469,
510; yurmi, 281 ; yiiru, 480.

Zaitin, 807; zam, 194; zambu, 194;
zardalu, 191; zbang, 255; zhiko, 256;
zirishk, 11; zirishk tursh, 12; zim,
194.
BURMESE AND EUROPEAN NAMES. 593

BURMESE NAMES.

 

Baude nyaung, 415; bingah, 263 ; boay-
gyin, 159 ; bummaizah, 178 ; byaitsin,
446 ; bytiben, 2.

Chinyak, 63.

Doani, 36.

Ein, 29, 555. :

Gnishwoay, 164; gyoben, 105.

Hnawben, 263; htanben, 544; htein
thay, 262; hpalanben, 159.

Kadatben, 16; kamakha, 573; karaway-
ben, 384; khabaung, 317; khayaben,
293; kuppali, 293; kwayben, 128 ;
kyakatwa, 566; kyantsa, 490; kyatha-
unwa, 565, 567; kyan, 354.

Letpan, 31; lettauk, 326; lettaukthein,
324 ; linhliin, 441 ; lumboben, 127.
Magyiben, 163; manioga, 219; mhani-
ben, 273; mimboben, 550; momakha,
463; myah seik, 427; myauklouk,
426 ; myaukshaw, 243 ; myinwa, 569.

Nabhay, 124; nalingjo, 381; nyaung-
thabieh, 417 ; nyaungthat, 414.

Padouk, 158; palabaik, 410; pangah,

223, 576; pein nayben, 425 ; pymma,
240; pynkado, 171.

Shaben, 186; shabji, 454; shwoaygjo,

381 ; sitben, 175.

Tanyin, 575; taukkyan, 225; taunma-

yoben, 325; taun peinnayben, 426;
taunpoewitn, 35; taw thidin, 444;
thabutgyi, 6; thabyiiben, 1; tha-
diben, 573; thanatben, 336; tha-
pan, 422; thayetben, 125; theiwa,
566; thidin, 17; thimbau kamakha,
573; thimbaung, 556; thimbauthi,
245, 573; thitcha, 489; thitmagyi,
175; thit min, 541; thitni, 573; thit-
pagan, 595; thitpayaung, 264; thitso-
ayledu, 305; tinwa, 567; tinyuben,
508 ; tissein, 222; toziben, 86; tsaty-
aben, 405 ; tseikchyi, 449.

Ung ben, 557; ungdung, 380; ungdung-

net, 379; ushitben, 57.

Yaimatta, 560; yay-tagyiben, 445; yay

thapan, 422; yungben, 228.

Zaningben, 550 ; ziben, 86; zimbytin, 2.

EUROPEAN NAMES.

Abele, 473; abete, 529; abezzo, 529;
acajou, 85, 574; African oak, 437 ;
African teak, 437; alder, 461; alli-
gator-pear, 878; almond, 190 ; aloes-
wood, 387 ; angeli-wood, 426 ; apfelsine,
58; apple, 205 ; apricot, 191; arancio,
53; areca palm, 551; arolla, 512 ; ar-
notto, 17; arve, 512; ash, 303, 576 ;
aspe, 474; aspen, 474; Assam caout-
chouc, 417; Atlas cedar, 524; aune

blanc, 461; aune glutineux, 461 ;
auvier, 512 ; avocado, 378; avorniello,
802.

Bael, 57; bagolaro, 428; bamboo, 564 ;

bamboo (nrale), 569; banyan, 413;
baobab, 30; barberry, 11; bastard
cedar, 68, 71; bastard teak, 152; bay-
berry, 496 ; bead-tree, 68 ; beberine-tree,
373 ; Bedford willow, 466 ; beech, 491 ;
beefwood, 435; Bella Sombra, 371;
594

bendy, 572; bergamot, 54; betel-palm,
542, 551; bergriister, 433 ; bigaradier,
53 ; birch, 459 ; birke, 459 ; blackberry,
197 ; black hickory, 499 ; black poplar,
472; black walnut, 499; blackwood,
- 148; bladder-senna, 137; blue gum,

231; bog-myrtle, 496; bois de Ste
Lucie, 195 ; bosso, 447; bouleau, 459;
box, 447; bramble, 197; bread fruit-
tree, 426; buche, 491; buchsbaum,
447 ; buckthorn, 93; buis, 447; bul-
lace, 192; bullet-wood, 292 ; bullock’s-
heart, 6; butter-nut, 499.

Calamander, 296; camel-thorn, 88, 144;
canoe-birch, 459; candleberry, 496 ;
caoutchouc, 427; caper-plant, 14;
earob-tree, 166; castor-oil plant, 445 ;
catechu, 187; cedar (Himalayan pen-
cil), 588 ; cedar (American pencil), 539 ;
cedar of Lebanon, 524; cédratier, 52;
cedro, 52 ; ceinbrot, 512 ; charcoal-tree,
430; charme, 493; chAtaignier, 491 ;
chéne chevelu, 485; chéne garrique,
487; chéne kermés, 487; chéne liége,
485; chéne pédonculé, 488; chéne
rouvre, 483 ; chéne tauzin, 484; chéne
zeen, 484; cherry, 193 ; chestnut, 491 ;
China- grass, 402; China-rose, 200;
Chinese guelder-rose, 211 ; Chittagong-
wood, 66 ; cinnamon-tree, 375 ; cipresso,
5383 ; cirmolo, 512; citron, 51 ; cittron-
nier, 52 ; clearing-nut tree, 317; cluster-
pine, 514; cocoa-nut, 557 ; cocoa-nut,
double, 545 ; coco de mer, 545 ; coffee,
276 ; copal-tree, 26 ; cotton, 28 ; cotton-
tree, 31; coudrier, 494 ; cow-tree, 427 ;
crab, Siberian, 205; crack - willow,
466 ; croton, 440 ; currant, black, 215 ;
custard-apple, 6; cypress, 538.

Dantzig fir, 513; date- palm, 553; date,
wild, 554; date, dwarf, 555; deodar,
516; dogwood, 253; Douglas spruee,
527; Doum palm, 546; dwarf elder,
260

Eagle-wood, 387; ebony, 296; edelka-
stanie, 491 ; edeltanne, 529 ; eibe, 539 ;
elephant-apple, 56 ; elm, 433 ; elephant-
creeper, 343; epicéa, 526; esche, 576.

Feldriister, 433 ; fever-nut, 156 ; fichte,
526 ; fig, 418, 577 ; flame of the woods,
275; fohre, 513; frascinu di manna,
302; fréne, 576.

Gelso nero, 407; genévrier, 535; goose-
berry, 213; graselbeere, 213; green-
heart, 373 ; groseille, 213 ; guava, 232 ;
guelder rose, 257 ; gum-arabic, 57, 181.

Hainbuche, 493; hasel, 494; hawthorn,
207 ; hazel, 494 ; heliotrope, 335 ; hem-
lock spruce, 527; henna- plant, 238;
hétre, 491; hickory, 497, 499; Hima-

EUROPEAN NAMES.

layan cedar, 516; Himalayan cypress,
533 ; Himalayan holly, 76 ; Himalayan
honeysuckle, 255; Himalayan labur-
num, 132; hog-plum, 128; honey-
suckle, 254 ; hop-hornbeam, 493 ; horn-
beam, 493 ; horse-chestnut, 104 ; horse-
radish tree, 129.

Tf, 5389; Indian coral-tree, 139; Indian
horse - chestnut, 108, 574; Indian la-
burnum, 164; Indian nettle-tree, 430 ;
Indian redwood, 71; Indian rose, 200 ;
indigo-plant, 135 ; ironwood of Burmah,
171; ivy, 248.

Jack-tree, 425 ; Japan camphor-tree, 376 ;
jasmine, 311; jujubier, 85 ; juniper, 535,
juniper (black), 537.

Kiefer, 513 ; kino, 153 ; korbweide, 470;
krausbeere, 213; krummbholz, 513;
krusbaer, 213; krushownik, 213.

Lac-tree, 26 ; lace-bark, 387 ; larch, 531 ;
larche, 531; larice, 531; latsche, 518;
laurel, 384 ; legféhre, 513 ; lemon, 51;
lime, acid and sweet, 52; lime-tree, 36 ;
limonier, 52 ; loblolly pine, 510 ; Lom-
bardy poplar, 472; loquat, 575 ; lotus-
tree, 298.

Mahogany, 70 ; maki, 514 ; Malacca cane,
560 ; mammoth-tree, 504 ; mango-tree,
125 ; mangrove, 219; Manilla tamarind,
173; manna-ash, 302; maple, 109;
marking-nut tree, 124 ; maulbeerbaum,
407 ; medlar, 206 ; mélaze, 531 ; mico-
coulier, 428; Midnapur creeper, 348 ;
milk-bush, 439; mistletoe, 392; mon-
key-bread tree, 30; moro, 407; mul-
berry, 407 ; mfrier, 407; myrrh, 63;
myrtle, 232 ; Mysore thorn, 156.

Nectarine, 191; Neem-tree, 67; Nepal
bladder-senna, 136 ; Nepal privet, 310 ;
nettle, 404; noyer, 497; oak, 479;
oak, British, 483 ; oak, cork, 485 ; oak,
dyer’s, 485 ; oak, gall, 485 ; oak, holm,
480; oak, mossy-cupped, 485; oak,
Turkey, 485 ; oak, Vallonea, 485; ole-
ander, 329 ; olive, 307 ; olmo, 483; on-
tanonero, 461; orange, 58; oranger,
53; oriental plane, 484; orme, 483;
ornello, 302; osier, 470.

Palm-oil, 558; palmyra, 544; palo de
vaca, 427; papaw, 245; paper-birch,
459; paper-mulberry, 410; para-rub-
ber, 445 ; peach, 191; pear, 203 ; pee-
pul, 415; perlaro, 428; Persian lilac,
68; peuplier blanc, 478; pezzo, 526;
physic-nut, 442; pigno, 516 ; pignon,
516; pin & crochets, 513; pine, clus-
ter, 514; pine, loblolly, 510; pine,
long-leaved, 509 ; pine, pitch, 509, 510 ;
pine, stone, 516; pine, Weymouth, 512;
pine, white, 512; pine, yellow, 509;
EUROPEAN NAMES. 595

pin dalep, 515 ; pinie, 516; pin mari-
time, 514; pin sylvestre, 513; pis-
tachio, 123; plane, 434; plum, 192;
poirier, 204 ; pomegranate, 241 ; pome-
ranze, 53; pomplemoes, 55; poplar,
472 ; porcupine-wood, 558 ; Portia-tree,
572; portogallo, 53 ; prickly pear, 245,
ae ; primrose-creeper, 334; pumelo,
5

Quince, 205.
Raisin d’ Amerique, 371 ; Rangoon creeper,
220 ; rattan, 559; red deal, 513; red
, 232 ; red sanders, 153 ; red sorrel,
28 ; red-wood, 504; rheea, 402 ; rhodo-
dendron, 281; rose, 199; rose-apple,
382; roselle, 28; rosewood-tree, 148 ;
rothtanne, 526.
Sago, 560; sahlweide, 467; sal, 26; sal-
low, 467; sandal-wood, 398; sapin, 529 ;
sappan-wood, 156; sassafras, 376 ;
satin-wood, 74; saule blanc, 466;
saule marceau, 467; Scotch fir, 513 ;
Scotch rose, 202; schwarzerle, 461 ;
schwarzkiefer, 514 ; seaside grape, 373 ;
service, 207; shaddock, 55; she-oak,
435; shoe-flower, 28; silber pappel, 473 ;
silver fir, 528, 529; siris, 176, 177;

?
sissoo, 149; sloe, 192; snake-wood, -

428; soap-berry, 108; sour-sop, 6;
sovero, 485; spindle-tree, 78 ; spruce,
526; spurge-laurel, 384; stieleiche, 483 ;
stone-pine, 516; stringy-bark, 231 ;
sugar-apple, 6 ; sughero, 485 ; sumach,
120 ; sweet-bay, 384; sweet-gale, 496 ;
sweet-sop, 6; sycamore, 109. —

Tacahamac, 476 ; talipat-palm, 549 ; tal-
low-tree, 441; tamarind, 163; tanne,
529; Tartaric furze, 1384; tasso, 539 ;
tea-plant, 25 ; teak, 354, 577 ; toon, 72 ;
torch-tree, 275; traubeneiche, 483 ;
Trincomalee wood, 36; tremble, 474.

Ule tree, 427; ulme, 433.

Varnish-tree, 121; vegetable ivory, 560 ;
vine, 98.

Wachholder, 585; walnut, 497; wall-
nuss, 497; wattle, silver, 180; wax-
myrtle, 496 ; wax-palm, 552; weeping
willow, 465; weischsel kirsche, 195;
weisserle, 461; weisse weide, 466;
weisstanne, 529; west-coast creeper,
834; white thorn, 207; willow, 466 ;
wood-apple, 56; woodbine, 254 ; wood-
oil tree, 26; wych, 433.

Yeuse, 480; yew, 539.

Zerreiche, 485; zirbelkiefer, 512; zitter
pappel, 474 ; ziirgelbaum, 428,
INDEX

OF

ORDERS, GENERA, AND SPECIES.

*,* The Synonyms are printed in italics.

Abelia, 257.
triflora, 257.

Abies, 525.
alba, 459; Apollinis, 530;
baborensis, 530; canaden-
sis, 527; cephalonica, 530;
Douglasii, 527 ; dumosa,
527; excelsa, 526; Khut-
row, 525; Nordmanniana,
530; pectinata, 529; Pind-
row, 528; Pinsapo, 530;
Regine Amalie, 580;
Smithiana, 525; spinulosa,
525; Webbiana, 528,

Abietinez, 503.

Abrus, 138.
precatorius, 139.

Acacia, 179.
amara, 178; arabica, 180,
575; casia, 189; Catechu,
Bentham, 187; Catechu,
Willd., 186; catechuoides,
186; concinna, 188; cu-
ressiformis, 182; deal-
hata 180; duwmosa, 185;
eburnea, 183, 575; Farne-
siana, 180; ferruginea,
185 ; frondosa, 172; hamu-
losa, 185 ; Intsia, 189 ; Jac-
quemonti, 183; Julibris-
sin, 177; kangraensis, 178 ;
Latronum, 180, 575; Leb-
bek, 176; lenticularis, 186;
leucophlea, 184; melan-
oxylon, 180; modesta, 185;
mollis, 177; nilotica, 181 ;
odoratissima, 175 ; pennata,
189; planifrons, 575; po-
liacantha, 188; procera,
175; rugata, 189; rupes-
tris, 184, 575; Sandra,
186; Senegal, 575 ; Smith-
dana, 178; speciosa, 176;
stipulata, 178 ; Suma, 187 ;
Sundra, 186; Verek, 186,
575; Wightiz, 178.

Acalypher, 436,
Acer, 108.

argutum, 112; cesium,
111 ; Campbelli, 109 ; cam-

estre, 109; caudatum,

12; creticum, 111; cul-
tratum, 112; Hookeri, 109;
letum, 112; levigatum,
110; laurinum, 110; Lo-
belii, 113; JDfono, 112;
monspessulanum, 109, 111;
oblongum, 110; opulifoli-
um, 109, 110; palmatum,
109; pectinatum, 112;
pennsylvanicum, 109, 110;
pentapomicum, 111; pic-
tum, 109, 112; platanoides,
109, 110 ; pseudoplatanus,
109, 111; reticulatum, 110;
rufinerve, 109; sacchari-
num, 109, 110; sikkimense,
109; spicatum, 109, 110;
sterculiaceum, 112; tatari-
cum, 109; Thomsoni, 109 ;
oe 111; villosum,

Achras.
Sapota, 288.
Acrocarpus.
fraxinifolius,
Actinodaphne, 575, 158.
angustifolia, 381; Hook-
eri, 381 ; lanceolata, 381.
Adansonia, 29.
digitata, 30.
Adelia.
neriifolia, 445; retusa, 445,
Adenanthera, 168.
aculeata, 169; Oudhensis,
168 ; pavonina, 168.
Adina, 263,
genetolis, 2638; sessilifolia,

Zigle, 57.
Marmelos, 57.
Aischynomene.

aspera, 147; grandiflora,

137; Sesban, 137.
4isculus, 103.

assamica, 104; Hippocas-

tanum, 104, 574; indica,
108, 574; punduana, 104,

Agati.
grandiflora, 137.
Ailanthus, 58.
excelsa, 58; glandulosa,
58; malabarica, 58, 572.
Alangiew, 250.
Alangium, 250.
decapetalum, 250; hexape-
talum, 250; Lamarckii,
250 ; tomentosa, 250.
Albizzia, 174.
amara, 178, 575; Julibris-
sin, 177, 575; Lebbek, 176;
575; lophantha, 174; lu-
cida, 174; odoratissima,
175 ; procera, 175, 575; sti-
pulata, 178.
Alhagi, 144.
Maurorum, 144,
Alnus, 459.
glutinosa, 461; incana, 461 ;
ae 460; __nitida,
460 ; orientalis, 461.
Alstonia, 325.
cuneata, 325; lucida, 327 ;
scholaris, 325.
Amoora, 68,
Rohituka, 69, 573.
Ampelides, 97,
Ampelopsis.
lamalayana, 100.
Amygdalus.
communis, 190 ; persica, 191.
Amyris. fyilla, 49
pent a, 49.
comico, 117, 574.
Anamirta, 8.
Cocculus, 8, 571.
Andersonia.
Rohituka, 69.
INDEX OF ORDERS, GENERA, AND

“Andrachne, 456.
‘aspera, 457; cordifolia,
45 er ae 457 ; tri-
foliata, 446.
Andromeda, 279.
formosa, 280; ovalifolia,
280.
Antsonema.
multiflora, 453.
Anogeissus, 227.
acuminata, 228; latifolia,
227 ; gyreisien, 229; pen-
dula, 229.
Anona, 4, 6.
muricata, 6; reticulata, 6 ;
squamosa, 6.
Anonacee, 4,
Anquetilia.
aureola, 50.
Anthocephalus, 261.
Cadamba, 261.
Antiaris.
innoxia, 427;  saccidora,
427 ; toxicaria, 427.
Antidesma, 446.
diandrum, 447; Gheesem-
billa, 446; paniculatum,
446 ; pubescens, 446.
Aperula.
- Neesiana, 338.
Apocynez, 319.
Apollonias.
Arnotti, 377.
Aquilaria.
Agallocha, 387, 577.
Aralia, 248.
cachemirica, 248, 577; di-
ee 249; papyrifera,
Araliacese, 247.
Araucaria, 503.
Bidwilli, 503; imbricata,
503.
Araucaries, 503.
Arceuthobium, 394.
Oxycedri, 394.
Arceuthos.
drupacea, 539.
Ardisia, 286.
floribunda, 287; humilis,
287 ; solanacea, 287.
eca,
Catechu, 551.
Arecines, 543.
Arenga.
saccharifera, 550.
Argyreia, 342.
barbigera, 343; bona-nox,
343; capitata, 343; cune-
ata, 344; ornata, 348 ; set-
osa, 344; speciosa, 343;
uniflora, 342.
Armeniaca.
vulgaris, 191.
Artocarpex, 400.
Artocarpus, 425. :
Chaplasha, 426 ; hirsuta,

426; incisa, 426; integri-
folia, 425; Lakoocha, 426,
Arundinaria, 562.
falcdta, 562; uétdlis, 562;
Wightiana, 563.
Asclepiadex, 329.
Asclepias.
gigantea, 331 ; F page 334;
tenacissima, 333; tinctoria,

Aspidopterys, 44.
lanuginosa, 44 ; nutans, 45,
572; Roxburghiana, 45;
Wallichii, 572.

Atraphaxis.
afghanica, 373; spinosa,

Aucuba, 254,
himalaica, 254; japonica,
254

Aurantiacee, 46,
Averrhoa, 45.
peels 46; Carambola,
5.

Avicennia, 371.
eeeene, 371; tomentosa,

Azadirachta.
indica, 67.

Beobotrys.
indica, 283.

Balanites, 59,
segyptiaca, oe
egyptiaca, ight,
Eeeburgt, 59.

Balsamodendron, 63.
Berryi, 65; gileadense, 65,
578; Mukul, 64; Opobal-
samum, 65; pubescens, 65;
Roxburghii, 65.

Bambusa, 564.
arundinacea, Ait., 568;
arundinacea, Retz., 564;
Balcooa, 567; Falconeri,
568; nutans, 567; poly-
morpha, 565, 567 ; spinosa,
566 ; stricta, 569; Thouar-
sit, 68; Tulda, 566; vul-
garis, 568

Bambusew, 561.

Baptisia.

alensis, 132.

Barringtonia, 235.
acutangula, 235.

Bassia, 289. my,
butyracea, 290; latifolia,
289°; longifolia, 290 ; Par-
kii, 291

Batis.
spinosa, 401.

Bauhinia, 158. :
acuminata, 159; candida,
161; emarginata, 161; mal-
abarica, 159; parviflora,
159 ; purpurea, 160; race-
mosa,Lam., 159; racemosa,

59;
59;

SPECIES. 597

Vahl, 161; retusa, 161;
tomentosa, 159; triandra,
160 ; Vahlii, 161, 575 ; va-
riegata, 160. .

Beilschmiedia, 378.
fagifolia, 379 ; Roxburghi-
ana, 378,

ieee oe
ragifera, 253,

Bante 11.

Berberis, 11.
aristata, 12; asiatica, 12,
571; kunawarensis, 12, 578;
Leschenaultti, 12; Lycium,
12, 571; nepalensis, 12,
571; tinctoria, 12; vulga-
ris, 11

Berchemia, 90.
floribunda, 91; lineata, 91;
racemosa, 91,

Bergera.
Koenigii, 48.

Berrya.
Ammonilla, 36.

Betula, 457.
acuminata, 458 ; alba, 459;
alnoides, 458 ; Bhojpattra,
457 ; cylindrostachys, 458 ;
Jacquemontii, 457; nitida,
458; papyracea, 459; ut-
ilis, 457.

Betulacez, 457.

Bignonia,
amena, 849; chelonoides,
352; crispa, 350; glauca,
352; india, 347; quadri-
locularis, 350; spathacea,
850; suaveolens, 351; sube-
rosa, 347; undulata, 352;
xylocarpa, 349

Bignoniacex, 346.

Biota, 503.
orientalis, 534,

Bischoffia, 445.
javanica, 446, 578 ; oblongi-
Solia, 446

Bixa, 17.
Orellana, 17.

Bixines, 16.

Bilaberopus.
lucidus, 327.

Blackwellia.

. nepalensis,
tosa, 243. °

Blumea,
grandis, 405.

Behmeria, 402.
efrutescens, 406 ; frutescens,
406; macrophylla, 403 ;
var. macrostachya, 403;
nervosa, 403; nivea, 402;
platyphylla, 403; Puya,
406; rotundifolia, 403;
rugulosa, 403; salicifolia,
405; var, scabrella, 403 ;
tenacissima, 333

Bombax, 80.

244; tomen-
598

gossypinum, 17 ; poapts' I-
dum, 31; mal labaricum,
Borages, 335.
Boraginex, 335.
Borassinex, 543,
Borassus, 544.
AKthiopum, 545; flabelli-
formis, 544.
Boswellia, 61.
glabra, 61, 573; serrata,
61,573; thurifera, 61, 573.
Bradleia,
lanceolaria, 453; ovata,
452.
Breynia, 455.
rhamnoides, 455.
Briedelia, 458.
acuminata,’ 4535; collina,
450 ; crenulata, 449; mon-
tana, 450; oblongifolia,
451; retusa, 449; scan-
dens, 449; spinosa, 449;
stipularis, 449,
Briedelies, 436,
Brosimum, 427.
Aubletii, 428; discolor,
428 ; Namagua, 428.
Brousgonetia,
papyrifera, 410.
Bruguiera, 218.
caro ee 219 ; eri-
opetala, 219; gymnorhiza,
219; malabarica, 219; pa-
rietosd, 219 ; parviilora,
a Rhecdii, "219.

Bry.
Bhenus, 147.
Buchanania, 127.
latifolia, 127.
Buddleia, 318.
asiatica, 318; crispa, 318 ;
discolor, 318; "Neemda, 318;
paniculata, 318, 576.
Bursera.
serrata, 61, 573.
Burseracen, 61.
Butea, 141.
frondosa, 142;
143; superba, 1
Biitineriacea, 32,
Buxacez, 436,
Buxus, 436, 447.
saligna, 448; sempervirens,
447; Wallichiana, 447.

Cactesx, 245.

Cactus.
indicus, 245 ; Opuntia iner-
mis, 246; Tuna, 247.

Cooaalpinia, 155.
Bondue, 156; Bonducella,
1563 coriaria, 157; cucul-
lata, 155; Nuga, 157 ; pan-
tculata, 157; pulcherrima,
157; Sappan, 156; sepi-
aria, 156.

Ceesalpinieze, 154,

pens

Calamus, 558.
fasciculatus, 559; latifol-
ius, 560; Rotang, 559;
Roxburghté, 559; Royle-
anus, 559; Scipionum, 560;
tenuis, 559,

Callicarpa, 368.
arborea, 368 ; incana, 368 ;
lanata, Hook., 368; lanata,
Linn., 368; Jlanceolaria,
369; longifolia, 369; ma-
crophylla, 368; Roxburghit,
368 ; tomentosa, 868; Wal-
lchiana, 368.

Calligonum, 372.
comosum, 372;
noides, 372.

Callitris, 503.
quadrivalvis, 535.

Calosanthes, 347,
indica, 347.

Calotropis, 331.
gigantea, 331 ;

polygo-

procera,

Calycopteris,
floribunda, 220,

Camellia, 25.
Bohea,, 25; japonica, 25;
Thea, 25 ; theifera, 25.

ee hora.

inavum, 376.
Densiers, 75.
os 75, 573; scandens,
Canthium.
didymum, 276; wmbella-
tum, 276.

Capparidez, 13,
Capparis, 13.
aphylla, 14, 571; horrida,
572; Murrayana, 14;
ce 14; sepiaria, 15;
Sodada, 14; spinosa, 14;
es 16; zeylanica,

Caprificus, 419.
Caprifoliacese, 254.
Caragana, 133.
ambigua, 134; brevispina,
133 ; crassicaulis, 134;
Gerardiana, 183; pygmea,
184; spinosissima, 133; uli-
cina, 184, versicolor, 134,
Carallia, 21
integerrima, 219; lances-
folia, 220; lucida, 220.
Careya, 236.
arborea, 236; var. austra-
lis, 236; herbacea, 237.
Carica, 244.
Papaya, 244, 573.
Carissa, 320.
Carandas, 320; congesta,
320; diffusa, 821.
Carisse, 320.
Carpinus, 492.

Betulus, 493; duinensis,

INDEX OF ORDERS, GENERA, AND SPECIES.

493; faginea, 492; orien
talis, ee ; viminea, 492,
Carya, 49
alba, 497.
Caryopteris, 370.
e Wollichians, 370.
faryota.
urens, 550,
Casearia, 242,
elliptica, 243; graveolens
243; tomentosa, 248.
Cassia, 164.
angustifolia, 166; auricu.
lata, 165; Fistula, 164
holosericea, 166 ; "lance
lata, 166; obovata, 165
obtusa, 165.
Cassine.
excelsa, 76.
Castanea, 490, 491.
indica, 490 ; 3 vesca, 491;
vulgaris, 491
Castanopsis, 489.
indica, 487, 490;
loides, 490.
Castilloa,
elastica, 427,
Casuarina.
equisetifolia, 435; muri-
cata, 335; quadrivalvis,
435; stricta, 435.
Casuarines, 435.
Cathartocarpus.
Fistula, 164.
Ceanothus. «
Slavescens, 92; triquetra, 92.
Cedrela, 72.
australis, 73; serrata, 73,
573; Toona, 72, 573.
Cedrus, 516.
atlantica, 524; Deodara,
516; Libani, 524.
Celastrinex, 77.
Celastrus, 80.
montana, 81; nutans, a
paniculatus, 82; rufus, 80
senegalensis, 81; spinosus,
80 ; verticillata, 19.
Celtidess, 400.
Celtis, 428.
Acata, 429 ; our 428;

tribu-

caucasica, 428, 429; erio-
ae 429 ; pairs 429 ;
at lensis, dg orientalis,

j, politoria, 430; Rox-
barekh 429; serotine, 429;
tetrandra, 428, 429; triner-
via, 429,

Cephalostachyum.
pergracile, 567.

Cerasus.
caproniana, 193; cornuta,
194; Mahaleb, 195; Pa-
dus, 194 ; Puddum, i94,

Ceratonia,
Siliqua, 166,

Cerbera, 321.
INDEX OF ORDERS, GENERA, AND SPECIES.

Odollam, 322.
Ceriops, 218.

Candolliana, 218,
Ceroxylon.

andicola, 551.
Chaméerops, 546,

excelsa, 547 ; Griffithiana,.

547; Griffithii, 547 ; humi-
lis, 547; khasyana, Griff.,
547 ; Lhasyana, Madd., 546,;
Martiana, 546; Ritchie-
ana, 547,

Chenopodiacee, 314.

Chickrassia,
tabularis, 66.

Chloroxylon, 73.
Swietenia, 74.

Chondodendron.
tomentosum, 373, 571.

Chonemorpha, 328.
antidysenterica, 326; mac-
rophylla, 328.

Cinchona, 264.
Calisaya, 266; Carabayen-
sis, 266; Chahuarguera,
Pavon, 267; Condaminea,
266 ; cordifolia, 265; cor-
ymbosa, 265; crispa, 267 ;
excelsa, 267 ; heterophylla,
267 ; Josephiana, 266 ; lan-
cifolia, 265; micrantha,
267; nitida, 267 ; officinalis,
266; Pahudiana, 266 ; peru-
viana, 267 ; pitayensis, 265 ;
succirubra, 265; thyrsi-
flora, 268; Triane, 265;
Uritusinga, 267.

Cinchonacee, 260.

874; albdi-
jlorum, 374; Camphora,
376; dubiwm, 375; glan-
duliferum, 376; iners, 375;
obtusifolium, 375; Tama-
la, 374; Wightii, 375 ;
Zeylanicum, 375,

Cissampelos, 10.
convolvulacea, 10; glabra,
571; Pareira, 10, 571.

Cissus.
adnata, 100; capreolata,
101; carnosa, 101; edulis,
100; lanceolaria, 101; late-
folia, 99 ; quadrangularis,
Linn.,100; guadrangularis,
Roxb. 100; rosea, 100. ~

Citrus, 50.
acida, 52; acidissima, 54;
Aurantium, 58, 572; Ber-
gamia, 58, 54, 572; Bigar-
adia, 58, 572; decumana,
55, 572; inermis, 51; japo-
nica, 50; Lima, 54; Lom-
etta, 58, 572; limonum, 51,
572 ; Lumia, 51, 572; me-
dica, Linn., 51, 572 ; medi-
ca, Risso et Poiteau, 51;
nobilis, 51; vulgaris, 572.

Clausena, 49; pentaphylla.
ay eke oe

Cleistanthus, 451.
oblongifolius, 451.
Clerodendron, 363.
inerme, 363; infortunatum,
363 ; odoratum, 370 ; phlo-
moides, 363; serratum,
864 ; Siphonanthus, 577,
364 ; ternifolium, 364.
Cluytia.
collina, 450; montana, 450;
oblongrfolia, 451; scandens,
449; spinosa, 449.
Coccoloba.
uvifera, 373.
Cocculus, 9.
acuminatus, 10; cordifol-
tus, 8; glaber, 9; laurifol-
ius, 9; Lexba, 9; Roz-
burghianus, 571; villosus, 9.
Cochlospermum, 17
gossypium, 17,
Cocoines, 543.
Cocos, 556.
mamnillaris,
fera, 556.
Codizeum.
fo 443; variegatum,443.
‘offea, 276, —
arabica, 276 ; bengalensis,

557; nuci-

Cola,
acuminata, 277.
Colbertia.
coromandeliana, 2.
Colutea, 136.
arborescens, 137 ; cruenta,
187; nepalensis, 136 ; ori-
entalis," 137.
Colvillea, 157.
racemosa, 157.
Combretacez, 220.
Combretum, 220.
decandrum, 221, 576; nan-
um, 221.
Conifer, 502.
Conocarpus.
acuminata, 228.
saponin, 227; myrtifolia,
22

Conocephalus.
niveus, 405.
Convolvulacez, 341,
Convolvulus.
barbiger, 343.
Copernicia.
cerifera, 552.
Corchorus.
capsularis, 37.
Cordia, 336.
angustifolia, 838; incana,
338; latifolia, 336; Mac-
leodii, 337; Myxa, 386;
obliqua, 336; polyoma,
836; Rothii, 338 ; vestita,
338 ; Wallichii, 337.

599

Cordiacee, 335.

Cordiese, 335.

Coriaria. .
myrtifolia, 129; nepalen-
sis, 128.

Cornacez, 250.

Cornus, 252.
australis, 253; capitata,
253 ; macrophylla, 252 ; ob-
longa, 253; sanguinea, 253,

Corylaces, 477.

Corylus, 493.

Avellana, 494; Colurna,
494; ferox, 494; Jacque-
montii, 494; lacera, 494.

Corypha.
elata, 549; Taliera, 549;
umbraculifera, 549.

Coryphinex, 543,

Cotoneaster, 208.
acuminata, 209; affnis,
208 ; bacillaris, 208 ; buxi-
folia, 210; crenulata, 208 ;
congesta, 210; frigida,
209; glauca, 210; micro-
phylla, 209; nummularia,
209 ; obtusa, 208; Pyra-
cantha, 208 ; thymefolia,
210 ; vulgaris, 209.

Covellia, 411, 412, 424, 577.
glomerata, 422; macrophyl-
la, 422, .

Crataegus, 207.
crenulata, 208 ; glauca, 210 ;
monogyna, 207, 208; Oxy-
acantha, Jacq. » 208; Oxy-
acantha, Linn., 207; Pyra-
cantha, 208.

Crateva, 16.
relieroehs 16; Roxburghit,

Crescentiew, 346.
Crotalaria, 144.
Burhia, 144; juncea, 144,
Croton, 439,
levigatus, 440 ; oblongifoli-
us, 440 j sebiferum, 441 ; Tig-
lium, 440 ; variegatum, 443.
Crotonez, Pts
Cryptolepis R
"Buchanani, 330
Cudrania, 424,
javanensis, 425.
Cupressinese, 503,
Cupressus, 532.
fastigiata, 533; funebris,
534; glauca, 534; borizon-
talis, $33 3 lusitanica, 534 ;
sempervirens, 533; toru-
losa, 533.
Cupulifere, 477.
Cyclobalanopsis, 478.
Cyclobalanus, 478.
Cydonia.
vulgaris, 205.
Cylicodaphne.
oblonga, 381,
600

Dalbergia, 147.

JSrondosa, 151; hircina, 151;
krowee, 154; lanceolaria,
151; latifolia, 148; nigra,
148 ; Oojeinensis, 146; pani-
culata, 150; rimosa, 148;
robusta, 154; scandens, 154 ;
hore 149 ; volubilis, 152,

Dalbergiesx, 131.

Daphne, 384,
acuminata, 385; var. bra-
chyloba, 385; buxifolia,
385; cachemiriana, 385;
canescens, 386; cannabina,
386, 5773 collina, 385;
Gardnert, 386 ; glandulosa,
885 ;jasminea, 385 ; Laureo-
la, 884; Mezereon, 384; mu-
cronata, 3845; odora, Don,
ital one aoe 386 ;
oleoides, 3 Papyracea,
386, 577; ieee Don,
386 ; sericea, Vahl, 385;
virgata, 386.

Daphnidium, 383. :
bifarium, 383; pulcherri-
mum, 383. -

Debregeasia, 405.
bicolor, 405 ; polewen,
405 ; longifolia, 405.

Dendrocalamus, 569.
Hamiltonii, 570; Hook-
eri, 570; latiflorus, 570;
Eepand 570; strictus,

1

Derris, 154.
Krowee, 154, 575 ; scan-
dens, 154; robusta, 154,
575.

Desmodium, 145.
argentewm, 145; concin-
num, 146; dubiwm, 146;
floribundum, 146 ; ganget-
icum, 146; gyrans, 146;
latifolium, 145; multi-
florum, 146; nutans, 145;
oxyphyllum, 146 ; pendu-
lum, 146 ; pulchellum, 145;
tilisfolium, 145; trique-
trum, 146.

Deutzia, 211.
Brunoniana, 212; corym-
bosa, 212 ; staminea, 212.

Dicerma.
pulchellum, 145.

Dichrostachys, 171.
cinerea, 171.

Dilleniacez, 1.

Dillenia, 1.
augusta, 2; aurea, 2; in-
dica, 1; ornata, 2; pen-
tagyna, 2; pilosa, 2; spe-
ciosa, 1,

Diospyros, 294.
caprtulata, 297 ; Chloroxy-
lon, 297; cordifolia, 296 ;

INDEX OF ORDERS, GENERA, AND

Ebenum, 296; Embryop-
teris, 298; exsculpta, 295 ;
glutinosa, 298; Goindu,
296; lancesefolia, 297 ; Lo-
tus, 297; Melanoxylon,
294 ; montana, 296; que-
sita, 296; tomentosa, 295 ;
Tupru, 295; Waldemarii,
296 ; Wightiana, 295.
Dipterocarpes, 26.
Dipterocarpus, 26.
tuberculatus, 27, 447.
Dodecadenia.
grandiflora, 381.
Dodonea, 113.
angustifolia, 113; Burman-
niana, 113; dioica, 118;
viscosa, 113.
Dolichandrone.
srispa, 350; falcata, 350.

Ebenacex, 294.
Echites,
antidysenterica, 326; di-
chotoma, 3827; frutescens,
327; macrophylla, 328
Edgeworthia.
pe alag 287; Gardneri,

Edwardsia.
Tonge, 132; mollis,

Ehretia, 339,
acuminata, 339; aspera,
340; cuneata, 341; flori-
bunda, 340; levis, 340;
obtusifolia, 340; ovalifolia,
340 ; serrata, 339; umbel-
lulata, 76; viminea, 341.
Ehretiesw, 335
Elewagnes, 387.
Elzagnus, 389.
siren, 389 ; arborea,
890 ; conferta, 390; ferru-
ginea, 390; hortensis, 389 ;
latifolia, 390; Moorcroftit,
389; ortentalis, 389; par-
ioe, 390; umbellata,

Elzis. 5
guineensis, 558; melano-
cocca, 558, ,

Eleocarpus, 43.

Ganitrus, 435 serratus, 43.

Eleodendron, 82.
Roxburghii, 82.

Embelia, 284.

Basaal, 284; glandulifera,
284; Ribes, 284; robusta,
284; Tsjertam cottam, 284 ;
villosa, 285,

Emblica.
officinalis, 454.

Embryopteris.
glitinifera, 298.

Engelhardtia, 499.
Colebrookiana, 499; Rox-

SPECIES.

cage ate. 500; spicata,

Entada, 167.
asia 167; scandens,

Ephedra, 501.
alata, Dne., 502; alata,
Schimp. 502; Alte, 501;
ciliata, 501 ; destachya, 501;
monostachya, 501; vulga-
ris, 501.
Epicarpurus.
aoe 410; spinosus,
Erica arborea, 486, ,
Ericaces, 279.
Ericinex, 279.
Eriobotrya.
japonica, 575.
Erioglossum.
ee 108 ; rubiginosum,

Eriolena, 36.
flavescens, 36; Hookeri-
ana, 36; spectabilis, 36;
Stocksii, 36.

Erycibe, 344,
paniculata, 344; Wight-
jana, 344,

Erythrina, 139.
arborescens, 140; indica,
139; resupinata, 141;
stricta, Madden, 141;
stricta, Roxb., 141; subér-
osa, 140.

Euapocynex, 320,

Eucesalpiniex, 158.

Eucalyptus, 230.

Globulus, 231; gigantea,
231; obliqua, 231; resini-
fera, 232; rostrata, 232.

Eugenia, 232,
caryophyllefolia, 234 ; cer.
asovdes, 234 ; Jambolaua,
233; Jambos, 233; ner-
vosa, 234; obtusifolia,
234; operculata, 234; Pan-
tala, 234; salicifolia, 234,

Evonymus, 77.
atropurpureus, 78; echin-
atus, 80; europsus, 78;
Jimbriatus, 78 ; grandiflor-
us, 79; Hamiltonianus,
78 ; japonicus, 79 ; lacerus,
7 : ; pendulus, 79 ; tingens,

79.
Euphorbia, 437.
antiquorum, 488; Catti-
mandoo, 438 ; Lngularia,
439; neriifolia, Linn., 439;
nervifolia, Roxb., 489 ; Ni-
vulia, 439; ag 438;
pulcherrima, 439; Royle-
ana, 488; Tirucalli, 439;
tortilis, 489; trigona, 438,
Euphorbiacezx, 436,
Euphorbiex, 436,
INDEX OF ORDERS, GENERA, AND

Eurya, 24.
acuminata, DC., 24; acu-
minata, Royle, 24; japo-
nica, 24; Wightiana, 24.
Exceecaria, 440.
acerifolia, 441; Agallocha,
442; baccata, 441; indica,
441; insignis, 442; sebi-
fera, 441.

Fagus, 490, 491.
sylvatica, 491.

Peon, is adidas
insignis, 3 malabarica,
442; Wallichiana, 442.

Fatsia.
papyrifera, 250.

Feronia, 56.

Elephantum, 56, 572.

Ficus, 411
Ampelos, 420; affinis, 416;
bengalensis, 412; var.
bengalica, 418; Benjamina,
Roxb., 417; Benjaminea,
Linn,417; Carica, 418 ; cari-
coides, 419 ; Chincha, 577 ;
comosa, 415; conglomer-
ata, 422; cordifolia, Blume,
416; cordifolia, Roxb., 416 ;
Cunia, 421 ; demonum, 423;
elastica, 417; erecta, 424;
excelsa, 420; foveolata,
423; glomerata, 422 ; he-
terophylla, 424; hirsuta,
423; hirta, 423; hispida,
423; indica, Linn., 415;
indica, Roxb., 412; infec-
toria, 414; laccifera, 418;
Jaminosa, 424; lanceolata,
424, 577; Luducca, 424;
macrophylla, Desf., 418;
macrophylla, Roxb., 422;
mysorensis, 414; nemora-
lis, 424; nitida, 417; op-
positifolia, 423; pallida,
417 ; parasitica, 420; popu-
liformis, 416; pubigera,
424; pyriformis, 577 ; py
rhocarpa, 424, 577; radi-
cans, 421; religiosa, 415;
repens, 424; reticulata,
424; retusa, 417; Rox-
burghtt, Miq., 423; Rox-
burghii, Wall., 422; scan-
dens, Roxb., 421; scandens,
Roxb. in Stewart, 424;
sclerocarpa, 422; squa-
mosa, 577; Sycomorus,
419; terminaliordes, 416;
tomentosa, 414; trachy-
carpa, 421; triloba, 423;
Tsiela, 415; tuberculata,
424,577; wrophylla, 421;
venosa, 414; virgata, 419,
577; Wightiana, 414.

Firmiana. colorata, 84.

Flacourtia, 18.

Ramontchi, 18;°
18; sepiaria, 18,

Flemingia.
Chappar, 148; congesta,
143; fruticulosa, 143; in-
volucrata, 148; lineata,
143; semialata, 143; stro-
bilifera, 143,

Fluggea.
Leucopyrus, 456.

Fortunea.
chinensis, 497.

Fothergilla.
involucrata, 216.

Fraxinus, 301.
angustifolia, 303; austra-
lis, 303; excelsior, 303,
576; floribunda, 302; heter-
ophylla, 803; Moorcroft-
jana, 304, 576; Ornus,
302; oxyphylla, 303; re-
tusa, 303; rostrata, 303;
rotundifolia, 802; syriaca,
303 ; zanthoxyloides, 304.

sapida,

Gertnera.
racemosa, 44.
Galactodendron.
utile, 427. -
Galedupa.
indica, 153.
Galegeze, 131.
Gardenia, 269.
arborea, 270; dumetorum,
273;  enneandra, 272;
florida, 271; mifera,
270; latifolia, 271; lucida,
271; tetrasperma, 272; tur-
gida, 270; uliginosa, 273.
Garuga, 62.
pinnata, 62.
Genista.
versicolor, 184,
Genistex, 131.
Geraniaces, 45.

Getonia.
floribunda,220; nutans, 220,
Girardinia.
heterophylla, 404 ; Leschen-
aultiana, 404; palmata,
404; Zeylanica, 404,
Givotia.
rottleriformis, 442.
Glochidion, 452.
arboreum, 453;
larium, 453;
rense, 453;
453.
Glycosmis, 49.
pentaphylla, 49.
Glycyrhiza.
glabra, 139.
Gmelina, 364.
arborea, 364 ; asiatica, 365.
Gnetacer, 500.
Gnetum, 500.
edule, 502; scandens, 502.

lanceo-
neilgher-
velutinum,

SPECIES. 601

Goebelia.
alopecurotdes, 133.
Gossypium,
herbaceum, 28,
Gouania,
lanceolata, 574; lepto-
es 574 ; microcarpa,

Gouaniex, 574.

Graminex, 560.

Granatew, 237.

Grewia, 37.
abutilifolia, 40; asiatica,
40; aspera, 40; betule-
Folia, 38; bicolor, 43 ; car-
pintfolia, 39 ; didyma, 42;
elastica, 40, 572; helicteri-
folia, 42; hirsuta, 39;
levigata, 42; nana, 41;
oppositifolia, 37; pilosa,
Lam., 39; pilosa,Roxb., 39 ;
polygama, 42; populifolia,
38; Rothii, 43; salvifolia,
Heyne, 43;  salvifolia,
Roxb., 43; sapida, 41;
scabrophylla, 339, 5,
sclerophylla, 39, 572;
sepiaria, 42 ; tilizfolia, 41 ;
yeniita, 40, 572; villosa,

Grislea,
tomentosa, 238.
Grossulariee, 210.
Guatteria,
cerasotdes, 5 ; longifolia, 5 ;
suberosa, 5.
Guilandina.
qiepaecs 156 ; Bonducella,

Gymnosporia,
spinosa, 80.

yniaion.
vestitum, 338,

Hematoxylon,
campechianum, 158,
Hamamelidex, 215,
Hamiltonia, 278,
mysorensis, 279; propin-
ud, 278; suaveolens,

78.
Hardwickia, 162.
binata, 162,

aring.
caryotoides, 550; oblongi-
Folia, 549, 550.
Hastingia.
coccinea, 370,
Hedera, 248.
SFragrans, 248 ; Helix, 248 ;
Leschenaultti, 248; para-
sitica, 248; terebinthacea,
249 ; trifoliata, 248.
Hedysares, 131,
Tle eas
Althagi, 144; gangeticum,
146; gyrans, 146; lagen-
602

avium, 147; latifolium,
145; pulchellum, 145;
strobiliferum, 143;  tri-

wetrum, 146; tuberosum,

Helicteres, 34,

lanceolatus, 574,
Heliotropiex, 335.
Heliotropium.

peruvianum, 335.
Hemigymnia,

Macleodit, 337.
Heptapleurum, 249.

venulosum, 249,
Heteropanax, 249,

fragrans, 249,
Heterophragma,

Boer rghit, 350.

Hevea.

braziliensis, 445,
Heynea, 70.

affinis, 70 ;
Hibiscus,

esculentus, 28; Lampas,

28; Rosa - sinensis, 28 ;

Sabdariffa, 28.
Hippocratea, 83.

« arborea, 83 ; indica, 83,
Hippomanes, 436,
Hippophaé, 387.

conferta, 387 ; rhamnoides,

388 ; salicifolia, 387 ; tibe-

tana, 388.

Hiptage, 44,

Madablota, 44, 572.
Hivea,

indica, 45;

44; nutans, 45.
Holarrhena, 326.

antidysenterica, 326 ; Coda-

ga, 826; var. glabra, 326 ;

pubescens, 326.

Holbeellia, 13,
Suan SONG, 18 ; latifolia,
57

» O71,
Holmskioldia, 370.
paras 3870.

Holoptelea.
integrifolia, 431.
Homalium, 243,
nepalense, 244;
tosum, 243,
Homonoya, 444,
retusa, 445 ; riparia, 445,
Hovenia, 94,
dulcis, 94,
Hydrangea, 211.
altissima, 211; aspera, 211;
Hortensia,211; vestita, 211:
Hymenodictyon, 267.
excelsum, 267 ; flaccidum,
268 ; obovatum, 268,
Hyper ‘anthera,
Moringa, 129.

trijuga, 70.

lanuginosa,

tomen-

Hypheene.
thebaica, 546.
Hyptianthera, 274.

stricta, 274,

Ichnocarpus, 326.
fragrans, 327; frutescens,
2

Leica indica, 61.

Tlex, 76.
Aquifolium, 76 ; dipyrena,
76; excelsa, 76’: exsulca,
76; odorata, 77, 574; par-
aguayensis, 76; serrata,
574.

Tlicines, 75.

Indigofera, 134.
Anil, 185; arborea, 186;
argentea, 186 ; atropur-
purea, 136 ; exrulea, 136 ;
Gerardiana, 135; heter-
antha, 135; linifolia, 136 ;

polyphylla, 135 ; pulchella,

136 5 tinctoria, 185; vio-
lacea, 1

Inga.
Femina: 1738 ; dulcis, 173;
lucida, 174; ayloconpe, 71.

Ipomea.
spectost, 343,

Isonandra.
gutta, 286.

Isora.
re 34,

Itea, 213.
eae 218.

Ixora, 274.
Bandhuca, 275; coccinea,
275 ; grandiflora, 275 5

arviflora, 275 ; Pavetta,

B75, tomentosa, ‘075.

Jambosa.
vulgaris, 233.

Jasmine, 301,

Jasminum, 311,
arborescens, 311; disper-
mum, 312; glandulosum,
312; grandiflorum, 313;
hirsutum, 312; latifolium,
311; officinale, 313; pub-
escens, 312; revolutum,
313 ; Sambac, 311.

Jatropha.

Cureas, 442.

Jonesia.

A soca, 166,

Juglandez, 496.

Juglans, 497.
cinerea, 499; nigra, 499;
eee 500; = regia,

Juniperus, 535,
segeea, 589; bermudiana,
539 ; chinensis, Linn.,
589 ; chinensis, Linn. (par-

INDEX OF ORDERS, GENERA, AND SPECIES,

tly), 588 ; communis, 535;
drupacea, 539 ; excelsa,
538 ; feetidissima, 539 ; na-
na, 536; Oxycedri 395 ;
procera, 539; Pseudo-Sab-
ina, 537; recurva, 536; Sabi-
na, 539; squamata, 537;
thurifera, 589 ; virginiana,
589; Wailichiana, 537.

ge ks
randifiora, 571.
Een ie ;
Rheedii, 218.
Keyserlingia, >.
Griffith, 133."
Klopstockia.
cerifera, 552.
Kydia, 29,
calycina, 29; fraterna,
29; Roxburghiana, 29.

Lagerstroemia, 239.
indica, 240; lanceolata,
240 ; parviflora, 239 ; Re-
ginz, 240.
Lagetta,
lintearia, 387.
Landolphia, 3820.

Lantana, 369,
alba, 369; collina, 369;
dubia, 369 ; 3 indica, 369,
Laportea.
crenulata, 404.
Larix, 531.

europa, 531 ;
581; sibirica, 531.
Laurinese, 373.
Laurus.
bilocularis, 3878;
78. 883 5 can nor fer,
Cassia, 874; Cmna-
he 3875 3 glanduli-
Sera, 376; imvolucratapr
882 ; lanceoluria, 377 ;
nitida, 875; nobilis, 384;
obtusifolia, 375; odoratis-
sima, 878 ; Tamala, 374; to-
mentosa, 377; villosa, 377.
eet Hie 238,
238; inermis, 238 ;
Ss ae 238.
Lebidieropsis, 450.
orbicularis, 450.

Griffithii,

Cam-

Leea, 101.

alata, 102; aspera, 102;
macrophylla, 102, 574 ;
rubra, 102; sambucina,

102; ‘Staphylea, 102.
Leguminosea, 130,
Lepidadenia,

glabrata, 879; Griffithii,
Lepidocaryines, 543.
Lepidodelma,

podocarpifolia, 448,
INDEX OF ORDERS, GENERA, AND

Leptodermis, 279,
lanceolata, 279,

Leptopus.
cordifolius, 456.

Lettsomia,
bona -nox, 343; cuneata,
3445 ornata, 343 ; nervosa,
343 ; setosa, 344; strigosa,
343 5 uniflora, 342,

Leuceena, 172.
glauca, 172,

Leycesteria, 256,
formosa, 256.

Libanus.
thurifera, 573.

Ligustrum, 310.
bracteolatum, 310; com-
pactum, 310, 576; ne-
palense, 310; robustum,
310 ; spicatum, 310.

Limonia, 47.

Acidissima, 47, 572 ; cren-
ulata, 47; Laureola, 50;
pentaphylia, 49.

Litseea, 381.
consimilis, 382; foliosa,
382; lanuginosa, 382 ; wm-
brosa, 382; zeylanica, 382.

Lodhra.
crateegoides, 299.

Lodoicea,
sechellarum, 545.

Loganiacez, 317.

Lonicera, 254,
alpigena, 256; angusti-
folia, 576, 255; diversi-
folia, 255; glauca, 576;
Govaniana, 256; hetero-
phylla, 256; hypoleuca,
256; linearis, 255; Myr-
tillus, ay i rents,

, 256 ; oxyphylla, 3 par-
vifolia, 258 3 Periclyme-
num, 254; purpurascens,

" 255; quinquelocularis, 255 ;
spinosa, 576, 255 ; Webbi-
ana, 256; Xylesteum, 256.

Loranthacex, 391,

Loranthus, 395.
amplexifolius, 397 ; bicolor,
397 ; cordifolius, 396 ;
falcatus, 397 ; ligustrinus,
895 ; longiflorus, 397 ;
pulverulentus, 396; wm-
bellatus, 397 ; umbellifer,
397 ; vestitus, 396.

Lumnitzera, 221.
racemosa, 221,

Lycium, 345.
barbarum, 345; Edge-
worthii, 345; europeum,
845 ; indicum, 345 ; medi-
terraneum, 345; rutheni-
cum, 346.

Lythrariez, 237.

Lythrum.

Salicaria, 238,

Machilus, 377.
glaucescens, 378; macran-
= 378; odoratissima,

Maclura,
javanica, 425,
Mesa, 283.
argentea, 283 ; indica, 283;
montana, 283.
Magnoliacee, 3, 571.
Mahonia.
nepalensis, 12.
ee eg
albus, 444; philippinensis.
444; sapandus, ae, :
Malpighiaces, 44,
Matus.
communis, 205.
Malvacer, 28.
Mangifera, 125; indica, 125;
sylvatica, 126
Maoutia, 406.
Puya, 406.
Marlea, 251.
ig 251; begoniefolia,

Marsdenia, 332.
lucida, 333; Roylei, 333;
tenacissima, 333; tincto-
ria, 332.
Melanorhza,
usitatissima, 121.
Melanthesa,
obliqua, 455; rhamnoides,
455; turbinata, 455.
Melanthesopsis.
patens, 455.
Melia, 66.
Azadirachta, 67; Azedar-
ach, 68, 573; composita,
69, 573; indica, 67, 573;
sempervirens, 68; superba,
69; robusta, 69.
Meliacee, 65.
Meliosma, 115.
angulata, 116; dillenizefo-
lia, 115; myriantha, 116;
pungens, Brand, 116; pun-
gens, Bedd., 116; simplici-
folia, 116; Wightii, 116,
Menispermacez, 7, 571.
Menispermum, ;
Cocculus, 8; cordifoliwm,
8; hirsutum, 9; laurifoli-
um, 9; polycarpon, 10,
Mespilus. : .
germanica, 206; japonica,
575.

Metroxylon.

leve, 560; Rumphii, 560.
Mezoneurum, 155.

cucullatum, 155.
Michelia, 3.

aurantiaca, 3; Champaca,

3; Doltsopa, 3.
Microelus.

Reperianus, 446.

SPECIES. 603

Miliusa, 4, 6.
velutina, 6,

Millettia, 138.
auriculata, 138.

Millingtonia, 347.
dilleniefolia, 115 ; horten-
sis, 3473; pungens, 116;
simplicifolia, 116,

Millingtoniew, 115.

Mimosa, 172,
amara, 178; arabica, 180 ;
ceesia, 189; Catechu, 186;
cinerea, 171; concinna, 188;
dulcis, 173; dwmosa, 185;
eburnea, 183; elata, 175;
Farnesiana, 180; ferrugi-
ned, 186; Latronum, 180 ;
leucophlaa, 184; lucida,
174; mutabilis, 172; obo-
vata, 185; octandra, 172;
odoratissima, 175 ; pennata,
189; pulchella, 178; rubi-
caulis, 172; scandens, 167,
575 ; Strissa, 176; stipula-
nes a ee 187; a

ra, 3 xylocarpa, 3

Mimoseex, 167. oe

Mimusops, 291.
Browniana, 293 ; dissecta,
292; Elengi, 293; hexandra,
291; indica, 291; Kauki,
Linn., 292; Kauki, R. Br.,
293; Kauki, Wall, 291;
Roxburghiana, 293.

Missiessya.
ae 405; velutina,

Monotheca.
Muscatensis, 287.
Moree, 400.
Morinda, 277.
angustifolia, 278; bracte-
ata, 278; citrifolia, 278;
exserta, 277; multiflora,
278 ; scandens, 278; tinc-
toria, 278; umbellata, 278,
Moringa, 129.
aptera, 180; concanensis,
130 ; pterygosperma, 129,
Moringez, 129.
Morus, 407.
alba, 407; atropurpurea,
407; glabrata, 409; indica,
408; laevigata, 409; nigra,
407 ; pabularia, 409; par-
vifolia, 408 ; serrata, 409;
tatarica, 407.
Murraya, 48,
exotica, 48; Keenigii, 48,
572; paniculata, 48.
Myrica, 495.
arguta, 496; cerifera, 496;
cordifolia, 496 ; Gale, 496;
integrifolia, 496; Jubai,
496; Nagi, 496; rubra,
496 ; sapida, 495.
Myricacex, 495.
604

Myricaria, 23.
bracteata, 23; elegans, 24 ;
germanica, 2B,
Myrsine, 285. ~
acuminata, 285; africana,
286; bifaria, 286 ; capitel-
lata, 286 ; semiserrata, 285.
Myrsinex, ‘82
Myrtacee, 230.
Myrtus.
communis, 232,

Nageia.
Putranjiva, 451.
Nauclea, 262.
Cadamba, 261; cordifolia,
268 ; diversifolia, 263; par-
vifolia, 262; purpurea,
262 ; sessilifolia, 264.
Nectandra.
Rodisi, 373.
Neerija.
dichotoma, 82.
Nerium, 328.
odorum, 328; Oleander,
3829 ; reticulatum, 3380 ; ténc-
torum,824; tomentoswi,823.
Nima.
quassioides, 59.
Nipa.
dratican, 560.
Nyctanthes, 314,
Arbor-tristis, 314.

Ochna, 60.
collina, 60; humilis, 60;
lucida, 60 ; 5 nund, ;
pumila, 60, 572 ; squarro-
sa, 60.

Ochnacez, 60.

Ocotea.
lanceolata, 377.

Odina, 123.
Wodier, 123.

Olacinex, 74.

Olax, 74.
nana, 75; scandens, 75.

Oldfieldia.
africana, 437.

Olea, 307.
acuminata, 309; compac-
ta, 310; cuspidata, 576,
307 ; europea, 307 ; ferru-
ginea, 576, 307 ; fragrans,
309; glandulifera, 309;
paniculata, 809; robusta,
310; Roxburghiana, 309.

Oleinez, 301.

Opuntia, 245.
amyclea, 247; Dillenii,
245; Ficus -Indica, 246;
nana, 247; Tuna, 247;
vulgaris, 246, 247.

Oreodoxa.
frigida, 551.

Orthanthera, 334,
viminea, 335.

INDEX OF ORDERS, GENERA, AND

Osmanthus.
Ffragrans, 309.

Osmothamnus.
fragrans, 282.

sirya.
carpteliay 493; vulguris,

Osyris, 399.
arborea, 399; nepalensis,
899 ; Wightiana, 399.
Otosema, ’
macrophylla, 138.
Ougeinia, 146.
dalbergioides, 146.
Oxalidex, 45,
Oxytenanthera.
Thwaitesii, 569.

Paliurus.
aculeatus, 574.
Palme, 541.
Panax.
ae 248 ; fragrans,

Papayacee, 244.

Papilionaceex, 130.

Paratropia.
venulosa, 249,

Parechites.
Thunbergii, 327.

Pareira.

Brava, 571.

Parkinsonia, 158.
aculeata, 158.

Parrotia, 216.
Jacquemontiana, 216, 576;
persica, 217.

ee 477, 478; densiflora,

Passifloreze, 244.
Pauletia, 159.
Paullinia.
sorbilis, 277.
Pavetta, 275.
indica, 275 ; tomentosa, 275.

avia.
indica, 103.

Pentapanax, 248.
Leschenaultii, 248; para-
siticum, 248.

Pentaptera.

Arjuna, 224; coriacea,
225; crenulata, 225; gla-
bra, 224 ; paniculata, 226 ;
tomentosa, 225.
Fen ularia, 334.
odoratissima, 334 ; pallida,
334, 576.

Periploca, 330.

Spars, 830; calophylla,

Persea.
gratissima, 378.
Persica.
vulgaris, 191.

Petaloma.

alteriifolia, 221,

SPECIES,

Phalena.

Paphia, 576.
Phanera, 158,
Phaseolex, 131.
Phelipzea.

Calotropidis, 332.
Philadelphee, 210.
Philadelphus, 212.

coronarius, 212;

sus, 212,
Phillyrea.

robusta, 310,
Phebe, 376.

lanceolata, 377; pallida,

377; paniculata, 377; vil-

losa, 877 ; Wightii, 377.
Phoenicinez, 543.

Phoenix, 552.

acaulis, 555; dactylifera,

552; farinifera, 556; hu-

milis, 555; var. ‘melanocar-

pa, 555; ’Ouseleyana, 555;

Paludoss, 556; peduneu-

lata, 555; pusilla, 555 ;

sylvestris, 553, 554.
Photinia.

dubia, 208; japonica, 575.
Phyllanthes, 436.
Phyllanthus, 452.

bicolor, 453; cordifolius,

456; Emblica, 454; Hoff-

meistert, 456 ; lanceolarius,

453 ; lewcopyrus, 456 ; mul-

tiflorus, 453 5 eS palgiaee

452; patens, 455; reticu-

latus, 453; retusus, 455 ;

sepiaria, 4555 turbinatus,

455; virosus, 455; vitis-

idea, 455.

Phyllochlamys.

spinosa, 411,
Phytelephas.

macrocarpa, 560.
Phytolacca. *

acinosa, 871; decandra,

871; dioica, 371.
Phytolaccacee, 371.

Picea, 525.

excels, 526; Morinda, 525 ;

pectinata, 529; Pindrow,

528; Webbiana, 528.
Picrasma, 59.

quassioides, 59.

Pieris.
formosa, 280; ovalifolia,
280.

tomento-

Pileostigma, 158.
Pinaster, 512, 513.
Pines, 503

Fi, 505.

Abies, Du Roi, 529; Abies,
Liun., 526; australis, 509 ;
austriact, 514; Brunoni-
ana, 527; Brutia, 516;
Cedrus, 54 ; Cembra,
512; decidua, 527; Deo-
dara, 516; dumose, 527 ;
INDEX OF ORDERS, GENERA, AND

excelsa, 510; Gerardiana,
508; Grifithii, 531; hale-
pensis, 506, 515; Hayn-
ensis, 513; Kasya, 506,
508; Khutrow, 525; La-
ricio, 514; Larix, 581;
longifolia, 506 ; maritima,
Lamarck, 514; maritima,
Lamb, 515, 516; Massoni-
ana, Lamb,, 512; Massoni-
ana, Sieb, and Zucc., 512;
Merkusii, 512; montana,
518; Mughus, 513; obli-
qua, 518; pendula, 510 ;
persica, 506; Pewce, 510;
Picea, 529; Pinaster, 514;
Pindrow, 528; Pinea, 516 ;
. ponderosa, 395; Pwmilio,
13; pyrenaica, 516; rigi-
da, 510; Royleana, 506,
513; sinensis, 512; Smith-
tana, 525; snectabilis, 528 ;
, Strobus, 512; sylvestris,
.506, 5138; Tada, 510;
Thunbergii, 512; wncinata,
518; Webbiana, 528.

Piper.

Betel, 551.

Piptadenia, 168.
oudhensis, 168, 578.

Piptanthus, 182.
nepalensis, 132.

Piratinera.
guianensis, 428.

Pircunia.
dioica, 371; Latbenia, 371.

Pistacia, 122.
atlantica, 123; cabulica,
128; integerrima, 122, 574;
Khinjuk, 123; Lentiscus,
123; Terebinthus, 123;
vera, 123.

Pithecolobium, 173.
bigeminum, 178; dulce,
173; lobatum, 575.

Pittospores, 19.

Pittosporum, 19. ;
eriocarpum, 19; floribun-
dum, 19.

Platanex, 434,

Platanus, 434. :
occidentalis, 435; orien-

po 434,
atycarya.
ee anrecsae 497.

Platylobex, 436.

Plecospermum, 401.
spinosum, 401

ck

yma, 276.

Plumeria, 323. siege?
acuminata, 323 ; acutifolia,
323 ; loranthifolia, 323.

‘Podalyriex, 131.

‘Podocarpus, 503. Jaks

bracteata, 541; neriifolia,

541.

  

ere 157.
elata, 157 ; regia, 157 ; pul-
cherrima, iy
Poinsettia.

pulcherrima, 439,
Powwrea.

Roxburghii, 221.
Polyalthia, 4.

cerasoides, 5, 571; longi-

folia, 4; suberosa, 5.
Polygonesx, 371.
Polygonum.

tinctorium, 135.
Pongamia, 153.

caine, 153; macrophylla,

Populus, 472,
alba, 473 ; balsamifera, 476 ;
canescens, 474; ciliata, 475 ;
diversifolia, 474 ; euphrati-
ca, 465, 474; fastigiata,
472 ; lawrifolia, 476 ; nigra,
472; pyramidalis, 472; sua-
veolens, 476 ; tremula, 474.
Porana, 341,
paniculata, 342,
Pesoquerts. oe
umetorum, 3 _rigida,
278 ; uliginosa, 273.
Pouzolzia, 404.
borbonica, 405; ovalis, 405 ;
viminea, 405,
Premna,. 365.
barbata, 367 ; cordifolia,
367 ; glaberrima, 367 ; her-
bacea, 368; integrifolia,
366; interrupta, 367 ;
latifolia, 366; micrantha,
367 ; mucronata, 366 ; race-
mosa, 367; scandens, 367;
serratifolia, 366; spinosa,
366 ; tomentosa, 367.
Prinsepia, 195.
utilis, 196, 575.
Prosopis, 169.
spicigera, 169; Stephani-
ana, 171.
Protium.
Gileadense, 65.
Prunus, 190.
Amygdalus, 190; armeni-
aca, 191 ; aviwm, 193, 578 ;
capricida, 195; Cerasus,
193 ; Cerasus - Griffithii,
194 ; cerasifera, 192; com-
munis, 192; var. dasy-
carpa, 192; divaricata,
192 ; domestica, 192; Grif-
fithii, 194; humilis, 194;
insititia, 192; japonica,
194; Mahaleb, 195, 575;
Padus, 194; persica, 191,
575 ; prostrata, 193 ; Pseu-
docerasus, 194; Puddum,
194; spinosa, 192; sylva-
tica, 194 ; tomentosa, 194.
Psenes.

SPECIES. 605

caprifici, 419,
Psidium, 232.
guava, 232; pomiferwm,
282; pyriferum, 232.
Pterocarpus, 152.
erinaceus, 153; indicus,
153 ; Marsupium, 152 ; san-
talinus, 153
Pterocarya.
fraxinifolia, 497.
Pterospermum, 35,
acerifolium, 35 ; lancezefo-
oe 35 ; semisagittatum,

Pueraria, 141.
tuberosa, 141.

Punica, 240,
Granatum, 241.

Putranjiva, 451.
amblyocarpa, 451; Rox-
burghii, 451.

Pyrus, 203.
Aria, 206 ; aucuparia, 207 ;
baccata, 205 ; communis,
203; Cydonia, 205; foli-
osa, 207 ; germanica, 206 ;
Jacquemontiana, 205 ; ku-
maonensis, 206,578; kuma-
oni, 204 ; anata, 206 ; Ma-
lus, 205 ; Pashia, 204, 575 ;
Sorbus, 207; syriaca, 204 ;
ursina, 206 ; variolosa, 204,
575 3 vestita, 206.

Quercus, 477.
acuminata, 489; Atgilops,
485; annulata, 479, 487;
armata, 490; austriaea,
485; Ballota, 480; Baloot,
480, 578; calliprinos, 487 ;
Cerris, 485; coccifera, 487;
dealbata, 489; dilatata,
482; fenestrata, 489 ; feroz,
490 ; floribunda, 482 ; Tlex,
480, 578; incana, 482; in-
fectoria, 485; lamellosa,
479, 488 ; lanata, 481; lan-
cexfolia, 489; lanuginosa,
481; lappacea, 489; lusi-
tanica, 484; Mirbeckii,
484; occidentalis, 486;
paucilamellosa, 488; ped-
unculata, 483; persica,
485 ; polyantha, 486 ; pseu-
dococcifera, 487; pseudo-
suber, 485; pubescens,
483; Robur, 484; seme-
earpifolia, 479; semiser-
rata, 488; serrata, Roxb.,
487; serrata, Thunb., 486;
sessiliflora, 483; spicata,
479, 489; squamata, 489;
Suber, 485; Toza, 484;
Vallonea, 485; velutina,
488,
Quisqualis.
indica, 220 ; villosa, 220.
606

Radermachera.
amena, 349; gigantea,
348 ; stricta, 848; xylo-
carpa, 348,

Randia, 272.
dumetorum, 273; longi-

spina, 274; rigida, 278 ;
stricta, 274; tetrasperma,
272; uliginosa, 278.
Reptonia, 287.
buxifolia, 287.
Rhabdia, 341.
fluvialis, 577 ; glabra, 577 ;
ae 577; viminea, 341,

Rhamnem, 84.

Rhamnus, 91.
catharticus, 935; hirsutus,
92; oleoides, 93; persicus,
93; procumbens, 93; pur-
pureus, 91 ; spathuleefolius,
93; triquetrus, 92; virga-
tus, 9235

stricta, 322.

Rhizophora, 217.
Candelaria, 217; caryophyl-
loides, 219; conjugata, 218;
gummorhizw, 219; Mangle,
217; Dee 217; par-
viflora, 2 19,

Rhizophores, 217.

Rhododendron, 280.
Anthopogon, 282, 576 ; ar-
boreum, Sm., 281; arbo-
reum, Wight, 281; cam-
panulatum, 281; lepido-
tum, 282; nilagiricum,
281; _ Walliebi, 282.

Rhus, 1 17.

acumimata, 121,122; Bucki-
amela, 119; coriaria, 120 ;
Cotinus, 118, 574 ; indeger-
rima, 122; javanica, 119;
juglandifolia, 120; Kakra-
stngee, 122, 578 ; mysoren-
sis, 119; ‘parviflora, 119 ;
punjabensis, 120; semial-
ata, 119, 574; succedanea,
121; sylvestris, 120; velu-
tina, 118; vernicifera, 120;
vernix, 10.

Rhynchospermum.
jasminoides, 827.

Ribes, 213.

INDEX OF ORDERS, GENERA, AND

hypocratertformis, 342; or-
nata, 343.
Rivina.
Latbenia, 371.
Robinia.
eees 188; macrophylla,

Rondeletia.
cinerea, 269; exserta, 268;
tinctoria, 269.
Rosa, 199.

alba, 200; Banksisw, 200;
bracteata, 199; Brunonii,
201; Calendarum, 200 ;
canina, 200; centifolia,
200; chinensis, 200; da-
mascena, 200; eglan-
teria, 201; Fortuniana,
201 ; fragrans, 200; gal-
lica, 200 ; glandulifera,
200; Hoffmeister, 208; in-
dica, 200; imermis, 200;
involucrata, 199; Leschen-
aultiana, 201; lutea, 201;
Lyellii, 199; macrophylla,
203; microcarpa, 201; mi-
crophy lla, 200; moschata,
201 ; multiflora, 201; Noi-
settiana, 200; *pimpinelli-
folia, 202; pubescens, 201 ;
Rapini, 200 ; semperflorens,

200; sempervirens, 201;
sericea, 202; sinica, Aiton,
201; sinica, Linn., 200;
spinosissima, 202 ; sul.
phurea, 1 199; Webbiana,
202, 575.

Rosacex, 189,

Rotilera.
dicoéca, 444; mappoides,
444; tetracocctt, 444; tine-
toria, 444,

Rubiaces, 260.

Rubus, 196.

affinis, 575 ; albescens, 198 ;
biflorus, 198; cordifolius,
575; discolor, 197 ; ell ae
cus, 197; flavus, 197, 57:
fruticosus, 197; Gowreephul,
197; Hamiltonianus, 197;
hirtus, 197; hypargyrus,
575 ; lasiocarpus, 198; ma-
cilentus, 199; mysorensis,
198 ; niveus, 199 ; panicu-
latus, Ley pungens, 198 ;

 

twm, 214; alpestre,
213; glaciale, 214; 3 gland-
ulosum, 214; Grossularia,
218 ; Himalense, Decaisne,
215’. 3 Himalense, Royle,
218; leptostachywm, 214;
orientale, 214 ; nigrum,
15 ; rubrum, 215; villo-
swim, 214; Uva-crispa, 214,
Ricinus.
communis, 445,
Rivea,

198; reticulatus,
197 ; roseeflorus, 1 3 Tro-
sefolius, 198 ; sees
197; tiliaceus, 196, 575;
Wallichianus, 197.

Rutacex, 46.

Sabia, 116.
campanulata, 116, 574; pa-
niculata, 117, 574.
Sabiacee, 115,
Saccharum.

SPECIES,

Sara, 548.

Saccopetalum, 7.
longiflorum, 7; tomento.
sum, 7,

Sageretia, 94,
Brandrethiana, 95; oppo
euler 95; theesans, 95,

nape
umphit, 550.
Sagus, 560.
Salicariee, 287.
Saliciness, 461.
Salix, 461.
acmophylla, 463; acuti-
folia, 469 ; aeyptiaca, 464;
alba, 466 ; amy gdadines,
464; angustifolia, 471; ba-
bylonica, 465 ; Caprea,
467 ; daphnoides, 465, 469;
dealbata, 464 ; denticulata,
466; elegans, 466 ; flabel-
laris, 471; fragilis, 466 ;
glaucophylla, 467 ; hast.
ata, 467; Helix, 471;
ichnostachya, 462; incana,
470; paens, 470 ; japon-
ica, 465; ‘UMKonensts,
466 ; Ledebouriana, 471;
Lindleyana, 471 ; Myrsini.
tis, 471; nigricans, 467;
octandra, Del., 464; oc:
‘tandra, Sieb., 464; oxy-
carpa, 471 ; endl, 465 ;
pentandra, 464 ; phylici:
folia, 467 ; pomeranica, 469;
pruinosa, 469 ; purpurea,
465, 471; pycnostachya,
470; pyrina, 463 ; retusa,
471; rubra, 471 ; *Russell-
iana, 466 ; Satsaf, 464;
Smithiana, 470; tetrasper-

ma, 462; triandra, 64 5
viminalis, 470 ; Wallich-
iana, 468.
Salmalia.
feelers, 31, 578.
Salvadora, 3

indica, Royle 816; indica,
Wight, 315 ; oe 316;
persica, Linn., 315 per.
sica, T. Anderson, ae;
Stocksti, 315.
Salvadoracem, 314.
Sambucus, 260.
adnata, 576; Ebulus, 260.
Samydacem, 242,
Santalacess, 398.
Santalum, 398.
oe 398 ; myrtifolium,

Sapindaceax, 103.
Sapindus, 106.
acuminatus, 107; deter-
gene, 107 ; emarginatus
07; laurifolius, 106; rubi
nosus, 108 ; Saponaria, 1¢ 8.
INDEX OF ORDERS, GENERA, AND

||| Sargptecm,
eee Jif i indicum,
3 populifolium, 441;
sebiferatn, 444,” :
Sapota,
Achras, 288,
Sapotacez, 288.
Saraca, 166.
indica, 166.
Sarcochlamys.
pulcherrima, 405.
gies Fas i
runiformis, ; saligna,
448 ; trinervia, 448,
Sassafras.
officinale, 376.
Saurauja, 25.
nepalensis, 25.
Saxifrages, 210.
Schizandra.
grandiflora, 571. we
Schleichera, 104.
trijuga, 105.
Schrebera, 305.
pubescens, 305;
nioides, 576, 305.
Scopolia,
aculeata, 46.
Securinega, 455.
TERRI 456 ; obovata,
455.

swiete-

Senna.

auriculata, 165 ; officinalis,

166; obtusa, 165.

Semecarpus, 124.
Anacardium, 124.

penale ei

igantea, 3
SR 504,

Sesbania, 137.
egyptiaca, 137; grandi-
flora, 137.

Shorea, 26.
laccifera, 26; robusta, 26.

Simarubes, 58.

Siphonanthus.
indica, 364.

Siphonia.
braziliensis, 445.

ns . -
rtifoluum, le

Skicrmia, 50.

Laureola, 50, 572.

Sodada.
decidua, 14.

Solanem, 345.

Sonneratia, 242.
acida, 242.

Sophora, 132. :
alopecuroides, 133; Grif-
fithii, 183; mollis, 182;
Moorcroftiana, 133.

Sophorex, 181.

Sorbus.

Aria, a

Soymida, 71.

febrifuga, 71, 573,

.

semper-

Spathodea, 348,
amena, 349; crispa, 350;
falcata, 350; Roxburghii,
350; xylocarpa, 349,
Spatholobus, 143.
Roxburghii, 143.
Spermadictyon.
azureum, 278; suaveolens,
278.
Splitgerbera.
macrostachya, 403.
Spondias, 128.
Mangifera, 128,
Spondies, 117.
Sponia, 429.
orientalis, 430;  polito-
ria, 480; velutina, 430;
Wightii, 430.
Stauntonia. BTL; latifol
angustifolia, 5 latifolia,
orl .

Staphylea, 114.
Bumalda, 115; colchica,
115; Emodi, 114, 574;
pinnata, 115; trifolia, 115.
Stephegyne, 262.
diversifolia, 263;
folia, 262.
Stephania.
rotunda, 571.
Sterculia, 32.
colorata, 34; urens, 33;
villosa, 32; Wallichit, 34.
Sterculiaces, 32.
Stereospermum, 351.
chelonoides, 352; suaveo-
lens, 351.
Stilago.
diandra, 447.
Stillingia.
himalayensis, 441 ; sebifera,

parvi-

Stranvesia, 210.
glaucescens, 210.

Streblus, 410.
asper, 410.

Strychnos, 317.
Nux-vomica, 317; pota-
torum, 317; Tieute, 318.

Stylodiscus.
trifoliatus, 446,

Styracez, 298,

Swietenia, 70. d
Chloroxylon, 74, 578 ; febri-
fuga, 71; Mahagoni, 70.

Sycomorus.
antiquorum, 419.

Symplocos, 299.
crategoides, 299; Hamil-
toniana, 301 ; nervosa, 301,
576; paniculata, 299; po-
lystachya, 300 ; racemosa,
300; ramosissima, 299,
576; spicata, 300,

Syringa, 306.

Emodi, 306; persica, 306 ;
vulgaris, 307.

\

SPECIES. 607

Syzygium.
crake pine 2335 nervo-
sum, 284; salicifolium, 234.

Tabernzemontana, 322.
coronaria, 322; utilis, 322.
Tada, 509.
Tamarindus, 163.
indica, 163.
Tamariscinex, 20.
Tamarix, 20.
articulata, 22; dioica, 21;
ericoides, 572; gallica, 20;
indica, 20; orientalis, 22;
Pallasii, 21; salina, 572;
stricta, 572.
Taxines, 503,
Taxodies, 503, 504.
Taxotrophis.
Roxburghit, 411.
Taxus, 539.
baceata, 539; nucifera, 539;
Wallichiana, 539.
Tecoma, 352. *
undulata, 352.
Tecomelia,
undulata, 352.
Tectona, 354.
grandis, 354.

Terminalia, 222.
Arjuna, 224; bellerica, 222;
Berryt, 224; Chebula, 223 ;
citrina, 223 ; coriacea, 225 ;
crenulata, 225 ; glabra, 224 ;
paniculata, 226; tomen-
ei 225, 576 ; tomentella,

Ternstremiacer, 24,

Tetrameles.
Grahamiana, 245; nudi+
flora, 245.

Tetranthera, 379.
apetala, 379; bifaria, 383;
Doshia, 381; fruticosa, 379;
glabrata, 379; lanuginosa,
382; laurifolia, 379; macro-
phylla, 380; monopetala,
880 ; oblonga, 381; Pana-
monja, 379; pulcherrima,
883; Roxburghii, 379, 577;
tomentosa, 380.

Thamnocalamus, 563.
Falconeri, 563; spathi-
florus, 563,
ett.
Bohea, 253 chinensis, 25;
viridis, 25.

Thespesia.
Lampas, 28, 572; popul-
nea, 443, 572,

Thuja,
Greeny 585 ; orientalis,

Thymelacez, 384,
2

608 INDEX

Tilia.
europea, 36,
Tiliacese, 36.
Tiliacora, 10.
racemosa, 10.
Tinospora, 8.
cordifolia, 8, 571.
Toddalia.
aculeata, 46.
Trachycarpus, 547.
Trewia, 443; macrostachya,
443 ; nudiflora, 443,
Trichawrus.
ericotdes, 572.
Triopteris.
indica, 45.
Trophis.
aspera, 410; spinosa, Roxb.,
11; spinosa, Wall., 425;
spinosa, Willd. 401.
Tsuga, 525.

Ulmaces, 400.

Ulmus, 431.
campestris, 433; effusa,
Hb. Wall., 432; effusa,
Willd., 482; erosa, 482;
integrifolia, 431; montana,
433; parvifolia, 484; pedun-
culata, 482; pumila, 483 ;
suberosa, 433; vergata,
Roxb., 484; virgata,
wets: 434; Wallichiana,

Urceola,
elastica, 320,

Orostigma, 411, 412.
bengalense, 418; cordifoli-
wm, 416; dasycarpum, 414;
elasticum, 418; infectorium,
414; karet, 418; mysorense,
414; obversum, 414; odora-
tum, 418 ; ovoidewm, 417;
persecefolium, 414; pisifer-
um, 417; Pseudo- Benja-
mineum, 415; Pseudo-
Tela, 415; religioswm, 415;
Tjakela, 414; Tyiela, 415 ;
tomentosum, 414; Wighti-
anum, 414.

Urtica.
bicolor, 405; crenulata, 404;
dioica, 404; frutescens, 406;
heterophylla, Roxb., 404;
heterophylla, Willd., 404 ;
macrophylla, 408; nivea,
402; penduliflora, 403;
pulcherrima, 405; Puya,
406; rugulosa, 403; scabrel-
la, 403; tenacissima, 402,

Urticaces, 400.

Urticex, 400,

OF ORDERS, GENERA, AND

Ovaria. :
cerasoides, 5; longifolia, 5;
suberosa, 5; tomentosa, 7 ;
villosa, 6

Vacciniex, 279.

Vaccinium, 279.
Mpyrtillus, 279. as

Vachellia.
Farnesiana, 180.

Vahea,
gummifera, 320.

Vallaris, 327.
dichotoma, 327.

Vateria,
indica, 26.

Ventilago, 96.
bombaiensis, 96; calycu-
lata, 96, 574; maderaspa-
tana, Gert., 96; madera-
spatana, Roxb., 96.

Verbenacem, 353.

Viburnum, 257.
acuminatum, 260 ; capitel-
latum, 259; coriaceum, 259;
cotinifolium, 258, 576 5 cy-
lindricum, 259
258; foetens, 259, 576;
grandiflorum, 259; involu-
cratum, 258; Lantana, 258;
Muliaha, 258, 576; nervo-
sum, 259; Opulus, 257;
polycarpum, 258 ; puncta-
tum, 260; stellulatum, 258,
576; Tinus, 257; Wightia-
num, 258.

Viciex, 131.

Villebrunea.
frutescens, 406.

Viscum, 392.
album, 392; articulatum,
393; attenuatum, 394; ber-
galense, 393; compressum,
394; dichotomum, 394; fal-
catum, 3933. moniliforme,
393 ; monoicum, 393 ; ori-
entale, 393; Oxycedrt, 394;
stellatum, 392; verticilla-
tum, 393.

Visiania.
robusta, 310.

Vitex, 369.
Agnus-castus, 370; altis-
sima, 370; 1 bicolor, 369 ;
incisa, 369; Leucoxylon,
870; Negundo, 369, 577 ;
trifolia, 370.

Vitis, 97.
adnata, 100, 574; capreo-
lata, 101; carnosa, 101;
himalayana, 100, 574; in-
dica, 100, 574; Labrusca,

; erubescens,’

SPECIES.

574; lanata, 99, 574; lan-
ceolaria, 101, 574; lati-
folia, 99, 574; parvifolia,
99, 574; quadrangularis,
100; rugosa, 99; tomen-

tosa, 101; vinifera, 98,
574; vulpina, 574,
Volkameria.

Sarinosa, 364; infortunata,
363 ; serrata, 364,

Wallichia, 549.
caryotoides, 550;
flora, 549.

Wellingtonia.
gigantea, 504.

Welwitschia, 500.

Wendlandia, 268.
exserta, 268; puberula,
576 ; tinctoria, 269, 576.

Wikstremia, 386.
canescens, 386; salicifolia,
386 ; virgata, 386.

Wiliughbeia.
edulis, 320; Martabanica,

820, 578.

Woodfordia, 237.
floribunda, 288,

Wrightia, 323.
coccinea, 325; mollissima,
823; Rothii, 324; tinctoria,
324; tomentosa, 323; Wal-
lichii, 324,

densi-

Ximenia. ws
egyptiaca, 59,
Xylia, 171.
dolabriformis, 171,
Xylosma, 17, 19.
longifolium, 19.
Xylosteum.
spinosum, 255; purpura-
scens, 255. é
Zanthoxylex, 46, 58,
Zanthoxylum, 46,
alatum, 47, 572; Clava-
Hereulis, 47; hostile, 47 ;
oxyphyllum, 47.
Zizyphus, 84,
Caracutta, 90 ; elliptica, 90;
flexuosa, 85; floribunda, 91:
Jujuba, 86, 576; hysu-
drica, 87,578 ; latifolia, 89 ;
Lotus, 89; microphylla, 88 ;
Napeca, 86; nummularia,
88 ; nitida, 85; Cnoplia,
86; oppositefolia, 95; oxy-
pele 85; rugosa, 89;
pina-Christi, 87; vulgaris,
85; xylopyra, 90.