Gifr of Fk. STANENSF

 

 

 

 

LIBRARY
_NEW YORK STATE VETERINARY COLLEGE
ITHACA, N. Y.

 

 

 

 

 
 

Cornell University Library
SF 961.S81t 1893

iT
 
A TREATISE

ON THE

DISEASES OF THE OX:

‘BEING A

_ MANUAL OF BOVINE PATHOLOGY.

ESPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR THE USE OF VETERINARY
PRACTITIONERS AND STUDENTS.

BY

JOHN HENRY STEEL, M.R.C.V.S., A.V.D.,

PROFESSOR OF VETERINARY SCIENCE AND SUPERINTENDENT, BOMBAY
VETERINARY COLLEGE ;

LATE DEMONSTRATOR OF AND LECTURER ON ANATOMY AT THE
ROYAL VETERINARY COLLEGE OF LONDON ;
CORRESPONDING MEMBER OF THE ITALIAN VETERINARY ACADEMY ;
AUTHOR OF ‘OUTLINES OF EQUINE ANATOMY,’ AND
‘ DISEASES OF THE ELEPHANT.’

FOURTH EDITION.

j LONDON:
LONGMANS, GREEN, AND CO,,
AND NEW YORK: 15 EAST 16th STREET.
1898.

All rights reserved.
be hd « ge Rt 45 ne x

 

 

WORKS BY J. H. STEEL, F.R.C.V.S.

A TREATISE ON THE DISEASES OF
THE DOG; being a Manual of Canine Pathology.
Especially adapted for the Use of Veterinary Prac-
titioners and Students. With 88 Illustrations.
8vo, 10s. 6d.

A TREATISE ON THE DISEASES OF
THE OX; being a Manual of Bovine Pathology
specially adapted for the Use of Veterinary Prac-
tioners and Students. With 2 Plates and 117
Woodeuts. 8vo, 15s.

A TREATISE ON DISHASES OF THE
SHEEP; being a Manual of Ovine Pathology for
the Use of Veterinary Practitioners and Students.
With Coloured Plate and 99 Woodcuts. 8vo, 12s.

Lonpon: LONGMANS, GREEN, & CO.

 

ra)

ol)
Bit
a

a)

lp

9)

 
On
PRINCIPAL JAMES BEART SIMONDS,

PROFESSOR OF CATTLE PATHOLOGY AT THE ROYAL VETERINARY
COLLEGE, HONORARY MEMBER OF THE AGRICULTURAL
SOOIETY OF ENGLAND, ETO.

WHO FOR

SO MANY YEARS PASSED HAS ENCOURAGED THE STUDY OF
CATTLE PATHOLOGY,
AT ONCE BY PRECEPT AND EXAMPLE,

AND HAS THEREBY MATERIALLY ASSISTED IN GIVING
TO BOVINE PATHOLOGY IN GREAT BRITAIN SUCH
SCIENTIFIC TENDENCIES AS IT MANIFESTS
IN THE PRESENT DAY,

THIS WORK IS

DEDICATED BY HIS FORMER PUPIL,

THE AUTHOR.

1881.
POSTSCRIPT.

 

Tuts edition of “ Diseases of the Ox” has been edited
many miles away from Great Britain. The publishers have
endeavoured to avoid material increase in size of the
book, although much new matter has been added, there-
fore the expedient of small type has, here and there, been
resorted to. So it must be remembered by the reader,
that smallness of type represents printer’s convenience
and expediency, and not unimportance of matter.

My best thanks are due to Veterinary Surgeon Fred
Smith, of the Army Veterinary School, Aldershot, for his
kindness in assisting to correct the proofs. The few
illustrations fresh to this edition are from Klein’s
valuable little work on micro-organisms, and permission
to make use of them is here acknowledged, with thanks.

J. HS.

Bompay, 1887,
PREFACE

TO THE

SECOND EDITION.

Tue five years which have elapsed since first this work
was introduced to the professional public have been marked
by important increase in our knowledge of the diseases of
cattle. Foremost among facts of practical interest and
scientific value to be recorded was the discovery of acti-
nomyces, which has cleared up several points which we
were, for lack of sufficient evidence, in our first edition
compelled to consider doubtful. The determination of the
distinct pathological nature of “ black leg,” the general
acceptance of Pasteur’s anthrax vaccination, the marked
progress of Willem’s inoculation for pleuro-pneumonia,
introduction of intratracheal injection as a method of
treatment for husk, and general application of the theory
of micro-organisms in blood diseases will be observed as
important matters inserted in this edition as the outcome
of recent progress.

The author has availed himself of the opportunity
afforded by a demand for a new edition to correct such
few inaccuracies as escaped notice in the former issue,
Vi PREFACE TO THE SECOND EDITION.

and also to add a few points which it is considered will
increase the practical value of the work to the reader.
The additions have been made with as little alteration in
style and in bulk as possible.

J. H.S.

Bompay, 1886,
PREFACE.

Bovine pathology has not been hitherto adequately re-
presented in British Veterinary Literature, but the time
has now come when it ought to take up its proper position
as a distinct section of veterinary science. Under these
circumstances it is somewhat surprising that none of our
leading veterinary surgeons have produced a scientific
work of a comprehensive nature on diseases of cattle.
Tt seems that some, owing to their professional engage-
ments, have had little time left for literature, while others
have been deterred by supposing that there must already
be many preparing to fulfil so urgent a task. An oppor-
tunity of preparing a work on this subject having pre-
sented itself, I have not hesitated to avail myself of it;
and in doing so I have not advanced to my work heedless
of the amount of labour involved in it, or of the uncer-
tainty of the data on which it would have to be based.
My ideal of a work on special pathology necessitated, in
the first place, the somewhat dogmatic summary of the
general study of disease comprised in the Introduction,
Section 1. With the data thus afforded I was in a better
position to specially consider diseases of the ox. No
trouble has been spared in assigning to each part of the
work its proper position, with a view to practical conveni-
ence and facility in study. The table of contents is, to a
certain extent, an expression of the careful arrangement
which I haveadopted. The intimate matter requires some
comment; my aim has been to tersely indicate the bear-
ings of the subjects dealt with, to point out that which
has been based on science and confirmed by experience
in contrast with crude theory and superstitious empi-
ricism. In following out this plan I have been compelled
vili PREFAOE.

to omit the arguments which have been advanced in
support of many theories. It may be fancied that in
these cases I am dogmatic, but a full statement of each
controversy would have trespassed too much on my space
and perchance on the patience of my readers, to many
of whom the work will, even in its present form, seem
quite large enough. I the less regret that I have
not been in a position to exhaustively treat my subject,
since simultaneously with the announcement of this manual
appears that of alarger and more pretentious work on the
same subject, by an author whose ability has been already
proved by an excellent volume on ‘Canine Pathology,’
Professor J. W. Hitt, F.R.C.V.S. My treatise on ‘ Bovine
Pathology’ is specially prepared for the veterinary practi-
tioner and student. I desire that for the former it may
be a useful means of recalling facts, which in the rush of
daily business are apt to slip the memory, and may also,
afford a ready reference to past periodical literature,
through which he would neither have time nor inclination
to wade. At the expense of severe literary research I
have summarised and arranged the facts which have been
communicated to the profession through the medium
of our journals. But while I have thus endeavoured
to produce an exact statement of the present condition
of cattle practice, I have not aimed at a record of pro-
found investigation. Neither the state of the profession
nor of science demands this, so I have been content to
think at every point “how does this concern the prac-
titioner ?” The requirements of the student are similar,
also his knowledge must be comprehensive and exact for
the emergencies of examinations. Thus, I have specially
aimed at method, the application of general principles,
and precise statement of facts and conclusions. Also I
have inserted accounts of methods of administration and
other details which might to the practitioner seem trivial.
I have endeavoured to as much as possible indicate the
relations of diseases of the ox to those of other animals,
and have, wherever necessary, alluded to liability of com-
munication of disorders to man, as by contagion, meat,
PREFACE ix

milk, &c. The time has not yet arrived when in considera-
tion of special pathology we can afford to omit a hasty sum-
mary of the leading points of the anatomy and physiology
of the object of our investigations. My method has been
chosen in the hope that it will refresh but not burden the
memory of the reader. Having thus, to the best of my
ability, prepared this work for the veterinary profession,
it will be observed that I have made free use of technical
terms (all of which, I believe, are explained in the intro-
duction), and have not encouraged empiricism by the
insertion of numerous prescriptions; I have indicated the
line of treatment, but the exact means to be used must
be adapted to the emergencies of each case. The few
formule given are such as from their general usefulness
or repute ought to be remembered by the reader. It will
be constantly found in practice that the difficulties arising
from complications of disease or from surroundings
necessitate special modifications of the methods here
suggested. Much of the success of a practitioner depends
on his skill in applying general principles to special cases,
and acting accordingly. JI may by some be considered
to have too much curtailed the list of symptoms of special
disorders ; in this matter I have in each case acted
advisedly, wishing to economise the labours of the
reader. Thus, “ general signs of febrile disorder ”
frequently does duty for the somewhat prolonged list of
these in detail, and so on in similar cases.

There being much difference of opinion among our
leading authorities on cattle pathology, it has seemed
to me best to express my own opinions, while stating
and acknowledging those of others. Thus, I am
fully prepared to find that many of my views do not
meet with general acceptance. I await the verdict of
the professional public, however, since I have proceeded
throughout on scientific methods, and have supplemented
such practical experience as was at my disposal by
most careful literary research. I have endeavoured to
express my acknowledgment of the assistance which I
have derived from the few comprehensive works on bovine
x PREFACE.

pathology, and the numerous works on veterinary surgery
and medicine which allude to diseases of cattle, as
well as from some very excellent writings on special
sections of my subject. Accordingly a bibliographical
list of these has been inserted, which will, I hope,
prove a useful guide to any reader who may wish to
work up a special subject. Lastly, I have to acknow-
ledge the kind courtesy by which the publishers and
authors of the following works have afforded to Messrs.
Longmans & Co. the numerous engravings, which have
been inserted in the hope of rendering the work of greater
value :—

Armatage, ‘ Clater’s Cattle Doctor’ (Messrs. F. Warne
& Co).

Harley & Brown, ‘ Practical Histology’ (Longmans &
Co.). :

Fleming, ‘ Veterinary Obstetrics’ (Balliére, Tindall &
Cox).

Colin, ‘ Traité de Physiologie Comparée’ (Balliére &
Co.).

Cobbold, ‘Internal Parasites of our Domesticated

‘Animals’ (The Field Office).

Dobson, ‘On the Diseases of the Ox’ (Messrs. Long-
mans & Co.).

Hrichsen, ‘ Surgery ’ (Messrs. Longmans & Co.).

Cut 4 has been copied by permission from Gant’s
* Science and Practice of Surgery.’

Messrs. Arnold and Son, the well-known veterinary
instrument makers, of West Smithfield, have supplied me
with some cuts of instruments, for which I hereby convey
my thanks.

Thus I submit my manual to the veterinary profession,
and in appearing for the second time as an author, I
venture to hope for such favour and consideration as
my first effort has received.

JOHN HENRY STEEL,

NOVEMBER, 1880,
CONTENTS.

CHAPTER I.—INTRODUCTION.

Stcrron 1. General Consideration of Disease.—Etiology, 2; Diagnosis, 3;
Symptoms and signs, 4; History,5; Pulse,6; Respirations, 8; Asphyxia,
9; Cough, 10; Internal temperature, 10; Other symptoms and the
means of observing them—Prognosis, 14; Death, 15; Morbid anatomy
or intimate pathology, 17; Degenerations, 18; Infiltrations, 20; Inflam-
mation, 23; Suppuration, 26; Caries and ulceration, 29; Gangrene, 32 ;
Necrosis, 33; Varieties of inflammation, 34; Congestion, 35; Hemor-
rhage, 36; Solutions of continuity, 37; Functional disease, 37; Post-
mortem examination, 38 ; Varieties of disease, 40; Treatment, 41; Opera-
tions, 43 ; Nursing and prevention, 46 ; Salutary inflammation, 47; Value
of rest, 48; Antiphlogistics, 49; Counter-irritants, 51; Treatment of
congestion, hemorrhage, and dropsy, 53.

Sgorion 2. The Ox in his relations to the General Consideration of Disease.
—Summary of general peculiarities of conformation and internal strac-
ture, 54; The influence of domestication on the constitution of the ox,
57; Other predisposing causes, breeding “ in-and-in,” gregariousness,
58; Diet, 59; Pregnancy, 59; Influence of surrounding air and climate,
60; Age, sex, and conformation, 61; Exciting causes, 61; Symptoms,
general, 62; Pulse,62; Temperature, 64; Respirations, 64; Cough, 65;
Other symptoms, objective, and subjective, 65; Prognosis, 68 ; Treat-
ment, 69; Methods of restraint, 70; Chloroform and chloroforming, 74;
Nursing and prevention, 75.

Sxotion 3. Bovine Therapeutics and Materia Medica.—Methods of admin-
istration of agents to the ox, 76; drenches, 76; balls, 77; enemas, 78;
inhalations, 79; subcutaneous injection, 80; Doses, 80; Materia medica,
tables, 82 to 87; Agents which are administered internally and those
which are applied externally, 88; Application of boiling water
and blistering, 88; Fomentations and poultices, 88; Disinfection, 89;
Bloodletting, 89; The use of setons, &c., 92.

CHAPTER II.—DISEASES OF THE BLOOD.

Srot1on 1. Non-specific Hamal Affections.—Hasty summary of the anatomy
and physiology of the blood in general, that of the ox in particular, 93.
Nutritive Disorders : Hypertrophy (plethora), 95 ; Atrophy (anzemia), 96 ;
xi > CONTENTS.

Cachexia aquaso verminosa (liver-fluke disease), 97; Perverted nu-
trition (pyrexia or fever), 99; Necremia, effects of lightning on animals,
102. Variations in Constitution: Increase or decrease of normal con-
stituents, 103; Leucamia or leucocythemia, 104; Retention of matter
which should be excreted, 105; Carbonic anhydride poisoning, 105;
Icterus, jaundice, 105 ; Urwmia, 108; Rheumatism, 109; Hemoalbumi-
nuria, muir ill, red-water or black-water, 111; Scarlatina, 115; Purpura
hemorrhagica (doubtfully urticaria tuberosa), diabetes insipidus and
mellitus, 115; Introduction into the blood of matters soreh to it—
ordinary toxic agents, specific toxic agents.

Srorion 2. Specific Hamal Affections—On the nature of these disorders in
general— inoculation, infection, and contagion, 117; Cancer, 124;
Scrofula or tuberculosis, 126; Phthisis pulmonalis, 126; Tabes mesen-
terica, 128; Tubercular meningitis, 129; Scrofulous arthritis, 129; Scro-
fulous tumours, “ wens” and “ clyers,” 129; Scrofulous inflammation of
the supra-pharyngeal lymphatic glands, 180; Tubercular mammitis, 132 ;
The essential nature of tubercle, 130; The changes which the miliary —
tubercle undergoes, 183; Relations of tuberculosis of cattle to that of
man, 134; Bacillus of tubercle, 185; Diagnosis of tuberculous and typhoid
ulcers, 186; Actinomycosis, osteosarcoma, spina ventosa or fibro-plastic
degeneration of bone, 189; Wens or “ clyers,” cancer of the tongue, 140 ;
Milk sickness, “trembles,’”? 141; Pleuro-pneumonia epizootica v. con-
tagiosa v. exudativa, 141; Post-mortem appearances, intimate pathology
after Dr. Yeo, 146; Treatment, the question of inoculation, 150; Eczema
epizootica v. contagiosa, 153; Its complications, 155; Its relations to
disease in man, 159 ; Rinderpest, cattle plague, or puschima, 160; Spread
of the contagium, 163; Means of eradication, 164; Its pathological
equivalent in man (different views), 168; Exanthemata, their general
characters, 168; Vaccinia, cow-pox, variola vaccinia, 169; Jenner’s
conclusions, smallpox in the cow, 170; Considerations on lymph for
vaccination use, 170; Relations to variola ovina, 171; Varicella and
vaccinoides, 171; Stages of vaccinia, 172; Infectious aphtha, 173;
Stomatitis pustulosa equi, 173; Aphthous disease of the genital organs
of cattle, 173; Anthracoid affections, charbon, 174; Its relations with
Bacillus anthracis, 175-177 ; Post-mortem appearances of these diseases
in general, also curative and prophylactic means, 177; splenic fever, splenic
apoplexy, essential charbon, 181; Texas fever, splenic fever (American),
or Spanish fever, 182; gloss anthrax, maligant sore-throat, blain or
“hawks,” 183; Charbonous gangrene of the lungs, 184; Emphysema
infectuosum, known also as black leg, black quarter, &c., 185; Ite rela-
tions to true anthrax, Arloing’s methods of inoculation, 185 ; Pyzmia and
septicemia, 188; Parturient septicemia, 189; septic mammitis, 190;
Glanders, farcy, and strangles, doubtful cases in the ox, 191; erysipelas,
191; and Diphtheria, 192; Croup, the relations of diphtheria of man to
“garget ”’ in cows, 193; Gangrenous stomatitis, 193; General considera-
tions of non-contagious specific disorders, 196 ; Malignant catarrh, coryza,
CONTENTS. xiii

or “ glanders,” 197 ; Rabies, “ hydrophobia,” 199; Recurrent fevers, 200;
Parasites in the blood or which are distributed throughout the system by
the blood, 201; Echinococcus disease, 201.

ADDENDUM 1. Poisons, 203.—Classification, 204; Cumulation, 204; Causes of
poisoning, 205 ; Examination ofa field, from grazing in which animals are
supposed to have been poisoned, 205; Treatment and post-mortem ap-
pearances, 206; Special stimulants—strychnia, 208; and ergot of rye,
208; Narcotics—opium, 209; Phosphorus poisoning, 209 ; Chloroform,
tobacco, 210; Hyoscyamus and belladonna, 211; Sedative poisons—
hydrocyanic acid, aconitum, 211 ; Conium, 211; Colchicum, yew, digitalis,
212; Lead, laburnum, 213; Irritant poisons, astringent poisons, corrosive
poisons, 214; Corrosive sublimate, 215; Eliminative poisons—arsenic,
antimony, calomel, nitre, 215; Copper-smoke disease, 216.

ADDENDUM 2.—Parasites and Parasitismus, 216 ; Animal parasitic organisms,
219 ; Tabular list of parasites infesting the ox and his allies, 222; Vege-
table parasitic organisms, 224.

CHAPTER III—DISEASES OF THE CIRCULATORY SYSTEM.

Srction 1. Of the Heart.—Summary of special points of anatomy and phy-
siology of this organ, 225 ; “ Functional” disease—palpitation, 227 ; Or-
ganic diseases—inflammation, carditis, or myocarditis, 228 ; Hypertrophy,
228; atrophy with fatty and cretaceous degeneration, also the condition
known as “ pouched heart,” endocarditis, 229; Pericarditis, 231; Trau-
matic and idiopathic, 234; Hydrops pericardii, rupture of the pericar-
dium, cardiac polypi or hematomata, 235 ; Tumours and parasites on and
in the heart, rupture of the heart, 236; Malformations and misplace-
ments (ectopie), 237.

SEcTion 2. Of the Arterial System.—Degenerations (atheromatous and tu-
bercular), aneurism, 238 ; Thrombus, wounds of arteries, 239 ; Irregulari-
ties, 239.

Sgotion 3. Of the Capillary System.—Capillary hemorrhage, 240.

Sxcrion 4. Of the Venous System.—Phlebitis, 240; Thrombus, rupture
varicosity, 241; Varicocele and tumours of the veins, 242.

AppEenpuM 1. Diseases of the Lymphatic System.—Inflammation, mistakenly
called “farcy,” 242; Lymphadenoma or lymphoma, 243,

AppENDUM 2. Diseases of the Vascular or Ductless Glands.—Spleen—
hypertrophy, atrophy, inflammation, parasitic invasion, rupture, 243;
Of thyroid and thymus, 244.

CHAPTER IV.—DISEASES OF THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM.

Sxcrron 1. Of the Alimentary Canal.—Irregularities and diseases of the lips,
teeth, 245 ; and palate, 247; Dropping the cud, 248; Anatomy and phy-

" siology of the salivary glands of the ox, 248; Ptyalism, inflammation,
parotiditis, 249; Non-occurrence of salivary calculi; the tongue, 250;
xiv CONTENTS,

_glossitis, 251 ; Induration, 252; Cramp, 253 ; Cystic diseases and injuries,
253; Paralysis, and ulcers, 253; Aphtha, 254; Congenital malformation
of the palate, 255; Pharyngeal polypus: the esophagus, 255; Csopha-
gitis, fibrous degeneration, dilatation, stricture, 256 ; Parasites, Rupture,
257; Warty growths or degeneration of the mucous membrane, Choking,
258; Passing the probang, 261; Csophagotomy, 263; Vomition, true
and false (after Youatt), 264; Anatomy of the gastric apparatus, 265;
Rumination, 269 ; Tympany, “ Hoven” or “ Blown,” 272 ; Puncture of
the rumen, 276; Impaction of the rumen, 278; Alvitis, 278; Rumino-
tomy or “ paunching,” 279; Rupture of the rumen, 280; Foreign bodies
in the rumen and reticulum, 281; Parasites, calculi, hair-balls or ega- _
gropiles, 281; Hernia of the rumen and reticulum, Impaction of the
omasum, 282; Omasitis, 284; Abomasitis, 285; Impaction of the abo-
masum, also atrophy of the lamin of the omasum, 285; Rupture of the
abomasum, parasites in it, also rupture of the blood-vessels of the stomach,
286 ; Indigestion, stricture of the pylorus, 286 ; Gastro-enteritis of calves,
vulgarly known as “ white scour” or “skit,” 287; The intestines, 288;
General anatomical and physiological considerations: colic, simple spasm
of the bowels, 291; Colic, flatulent, 292; Impaction or distension with
obstruction of the bowels, calculi, intussusception or invagination, 292 ;
Volvulus, ileus, or twist of the bowel, 293; Laparotomy, 293; Hernia,
294; Umbilical, exomphalos, 295; Ventral, 297; Phrenic, mesenteric,
inguinal and scrotal, 298; Pelvic hernia, “gut-tie” or “bound,” 299 ;
Prolapsus ani, 301; Constipation, 302 ; Use of cathartics in cattle prac-

_ tice, 303; Hemorrhoids or piles, diarrhea, 304; Dysentery, “ bloody
flux,’’ 806 ; Pantas, moor-ill, or wood evil, 8308; Enteritis, 309; Crupous
form with fibrinous intestinal casts, 310 ; Intestinal apoplexy, perforation
or rupture of the intestines ; of the rectum, 311; Intestinal parasites and
tumours, malformations of the intestines, proctatresia or impervious anus,
mechanical distension of the rectum, 312.

SxEctTIon 2. Of the Liver.—Hepatitis, 313 ; Congestion of the liver, hepati-~
rhoea, hemorrhage from and rupture of the liver, 315 ; Ramollissement or
softening, 316; Hepatic hernia, 317. :

ADDENDUM 1.—The gall-bladder and its diseases, 317.

ADDENDUM 2. The pancreas and its diseases, 318.

Sxorion 3. Of the peritonewm.—Peritonitis, 318 ; Ascites or dropsy, 319.

CHAPTER V.—DISEASES OF THE RESPIRATORY APPARATUS.

Comparison of this apparatus of the ox with that of the horse, also anatomical
and physiological details, 321; Auscultation, 322; Nasal and laryngeal
sounds, 323; Cavernous rale, sibilus, rhonchus, &c., 323; Examination
of the chest of the ox by auscultation, 324; Percussion, 326; Mani-
pulation, succussion, and mensuration, 327; Nasal chamber, anatomical
facts, 8327 ; Catarrh, 828; Epistaxis, nasal polypus, 329; Parasites, nasal
gleet, laryngitis, 330; Tracheotomy, 331; Laryngotomy, 332; Pharyn-
CONTENTS. XV

gotomy, 333 ; Tumours of the larynx and fractures of the cartilages,
333; The trachea, its anatomy, 333; Bronchitis, 335; Chronic form,
336; Asthma, 337 ; Parasitical form, “ husk,” “ hoose,” “ hoast,” phthisis
pulmonalis verminalis, 337; Fumigation, 340; Pulmonary congestion,
acute, 341 ; subacute, 341; Pulmonary apoplexy, 341 ; Hamoptysis, 341 ;
Pneumonitis, 342, Crupous and catarrhal forms, 342, Interstitial form,
343; Cysts in and wounds of the lungs, 345; “Tic,” 346; The Pleura,
pleuritis, pleurisy, hydrothorax, 346; Empyema, 347; Paracentesis
thoracis v. thoracentesis, 348 ; Pneumothorax, pleuro-pneumonia spora-
dica, 349; The diaphragm, rupture of, 350.

CHAPTER VI—DISEASES OF THE URINE AND URINARY
APPARATUS.

Auatomical features of urinary apparatus, 351; Composition and characters
of the healthy urine of the ox, 352.

SEoTION 1. Abnormalities of the Urine.—Diabetes simplex v. insipidus, 352 ;
Non-secretion of urine, hematuria, 353; Albuminuria, 354.

SEctTIon 2. Diseases of the Kidney.—Nephritis, 355 ; Abscess, Renal calculus,
357; Parasites, renal encephaloid, 357.

SECTION 38. Diseases of the Urinary Passages.—Calculi in and dilatation of
the ureter, 357; The bladder, retention of urine and ischury; passing the
catheter, 358; Incontinence or diuresis, 359; Dysuria, strangury, cystitis,
360; Spasm of the neck of the bladder, rupture, inversion (prolapsus),
361; pervious urachus, calculus, and sabulous matter or “ gravel,” 362 ;
Rupture of the urethra, lithecstasy, lithotrity, 363; Lithotomy, 364;
Tumours in the bladder, 364; urethral calculi, stricture of urethra, pra-
putial calculus, 365.

CHAPTER VII.—DISEASES OF THE ORGANS OF SPECIAL SENSE.

SEorion 1. Abnormalities of the Skin.—Hidebound,” “staring coat,”
Classification of skin disorders, 366.

Sub-section 1, Non-parasitic Diseases : Inflammation.— Dermatitis, erythema,
E. mamillarum (“sore teats”), 367; Eczema, psoriasis, herpes, 368 ;
Impetigo (pustular dermatitis), urticaria (nettle-rash or surfeit), urt.
tuberosa, stinge (blain or singe), 369; Ecthyma or acne, furunculus, car-
buncle, pemphigus, 370. Hypertrophie.—Keratoid, pityriasis, nzvus,
371; Dermopilous cysts, scleroderma (elephantiasis), warts (“angle
berries,” verruce), 372. Atrophic—Alopecia (depilation or baldness),
373. Functional—Cdema or anasarca, emphysema, 373; bloody sweat,
Pruritus (neurosis), 374; effects of colour on diseases of the skin, 374,

Sub-section 2. Parasitic Disorders of the Skin.—Animal Parasitic Diseases
of the Skin of Cattle—Mange, acariasis, 375; Phthiriasis (lousiness),
estriasis (“ warbles”), 378; tsetze fly, maggots, and ticks, 379. Vege-
table Parasitic Diseases of the Skin of Cattle—Tinem, “ringworm,” T.
xvi CONTENTS.

favosa, (honeycomb ringworm), 379; T. tonsurans, decalvens v. depilens,
380. :

SECTION 2. Diseases of the Foot.—Anatomical considerations, 381; Foul (loo,
low), 382; Amputation of the foot, 384; Laminitis (founder), loss of a
hoof, sore feet, shoeing, 885; Overgrowth of horn, pricks and other
penetrating wounds, monstrous conditions, interdigital fibromata, ulcera-
tion of the heel, 386.

SECTION 3. Diseases of the Ear—General considerations, otitis, 387.
SxcTIon 4. Diseases of the Eye and its Appendages, 387.

Sub-section 1. Abnormalities of the Ocular Appendages.—General considera-
tions, 387; Bony tumours on and fractures of the margin of the orbit,
fungus hematodes, lacerations, emphysema, edema, warty growths of
the eyelids, 388; Ptosis, tumours on caruncula lachrymalis, 389.

Sub-section 2. Diseases of the Hyeball—Anatomical features, conjunctivitis
(simple ophthalmia), keratitis or corneitis, 389; opacity of the cornea,
nebula, albugo, staphyloma, 390; Congenital hairy tumours, worm
in the eye, lymphy deposits in aqueous chambers, specific or periodic
ophthalmia (retinitis), 391; Cataract, amaurosis, 392.

SECTION 5. Diseases of the Organ of Taste.—Perversion of gustation, 393.

CHAPTER VIII.—DISEASES OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEM.

General considerations, 394.

Srcrion 1. The Cerebro-spinal System.—The brain, phrenitis (encephalitis,
cerebritis, phrensy), 894; Epilepsy (megrims and staggers), 396; Apo-
plexy, 397 ; Dropsy (hydrocephalus). Hydr. congenitalis, operation for
delivery, 398; Parasites, 400; Bony tumours in cranium (“ossified
brain”), “stomach staggers,” coma, narcosis, delirium 401; The spinal
cord, myelitis; tetanus, 402; Paralysis (palsy), 404; Progressive lipoma-
tous paralysis, 406; Adynamia nervosa generalis, 407; Chorea (string-
halt), parturient apoplexy (milk fever, dropping after calving), 408;
“ Bedsores,” 409; Parturient fever, mania puerperalis, the nerves:
neurotomy, division of the pneumogastric nerve, 414.

SECTION 2.—TZhe Sympathetic System, 414,

CHAPTER IX.—DISEASES OF THE SKELETON, &o.
General anatomical considerations, 415.

Suction 1. Abnormalities of the Osseous System.—Ostitis, 416; Periostitis
and inflammation of the outer lamina of a bone, periostosis and exostosis,
417; Osteophytes, fragilitas ossium, cachexia ossifraga malacia, 418 3
Osteoporosis, rachitis (rickets), 419; Fractures, 420; Of the horns, of
the metatarsal or metacarpal bones; of the os innominatum, 421 3 of
the ribs, and cranium, “ greenstick fracture”? and separation of epi-
physes, 422,
CONTENTS. xvil

Srorion 2. Injuries to and Diseases of Ligaments and Muscles.—Sprain,
complete rupture, sprain of the fetlock-joint, 423; Of ligamentum teres
of the hip, ruptured suspensory ligament, ruptured serratus magnus,
424; Displacement of abductor femoris, parasites in muscles, open tendi-
nous sheaths, 425.

Suction 3. Abnormalities of the Joints.—Arthritis, 425; Hydrops articu-
lorum (dropsy of joints), 426; Synovitis, relaxation of the pelvic sym-
physis; Dislocations or luxations, 427; Of the patella, 428.

CHAPTER X.—WOUNDS AND OTHER SURGICAL CONDITIONS.

SECTION 1. Wounds.—Incised, punctured, lacerated, 430 ; Contused, poisoned,
gunshot, methods of repair, 431; Treatment, 432; Sutures, 434; Anti-
septic surgery or “ Listerism,” 435; Results of wounds, 436.

Srction 2. Tumours, 436.

Sub-section 1, Malignant.—Cancers, carcinomata, scirrhus, 437; colloid,
medullary sarcoma (encephaloid), 4388; Epithelioma, melanosis (“black
cancer ”’), treatment, 439; Sarcomata, 440.

Sub-section 2. Non-malignant, Innocent, Simple.—Solid, epidermic, or epithe-
lial, fibromata, 440; Lipomata, enchondromata, exostosis and osseous
tumours, calcareous, lymphomata, cystic, hamatomata, serous abscesses,
441; Bursal enlargements, hydatids, dermopilous cysts, 442; Treatment
and surgical removal, 443.

CHAPTER XI.—THE GENERATIVE ORGANS.

Sgorion 1. Diseases of the Male Organs of Generation.—Anatomical con-
siderations, castration, 446; The various methods of procedure, orchitis,
450; sarcocele, varicocele, sterility, hydrocele, injuries and cancer of the
penis, 451; Phymosis, urethral calculus, 452; Gonorrhea, “ bull-burnt,”
453 ; Urethritis, 455.

SrctTion 2. Diseases of the Female Generative Organs.—Anatomical con-
siderations, 455 ; Dropsy and atrophy of the ovaries, 456; Ovariotomy,
“spaying,” 457; Menstruation, “cestrum,” or “ heat,” 458; Profuseness,
suspension, or retention of cestral products, amenorrhea, sterility, “ free
martins,” 459; Utero-gestation, false labour-pains, 460; Signs of preg-
nancy, abortion, “slinking,” 461; Premature birth, prolonged utero-
gestation, excess in number of the progeny, superfcetation, extra-uterine
conception, 463; Cesarean operation, parturition, 464; “Cleansing,” or
“after-birth,” retention of the foetal membranes, 465; After-pains,
placenta previa, hemorrhage per vulvam, 466; “ Blood flux,” presenta-
tion, normal; mechanical assistance sometimes required, 467; False or
abnormal, 468-475; Diseases and irregularities of the calf—hydroce-
phalus, ascites, emphysema, polysarca, oedema, 475; Monstrosities, 476;
“Lusus nature,” 478 ; Embryotomy, 478; Twins, 480; Diseases of the

b
XVIii CONTENTS.

foetal membranes, dropsy of the amnion, hydramnios, 480; Hair-balls
in liquor amnii, obstructions of the genital passages, tumours, imper-
forate vagina, 481; Stricture of os uteri, soft strictures, vaginal
hysterotomy, impervious os uteri, 482; Persistent hymen, torsion of
the uterine neck, 483; Dilatation of os uteri, imperfect post-partum
contraction of the uterus, uterine inertia, 484; Furor uterinus, bydrops
uteri, inflammation of the uterus, endometritis, 485; Ecthymatous
disease of the arms of veterinary obstetrists, metroperitonitis or puerperal
peritonitis, 486; Lacerations of the uterine walls, uterine fistula, rupture
of the uterus, 486; Prolapsus vel inversio uteri, 489; Amputation of the
uterus, inversion of the vagina, 493; Inversion of the bladder, hernia
uteri or hysterocele, tumours in the uterus, malformations of the uterus,
494; Rupture of the vagina or vulva, recto-vaginal fistula, vesico-vaginal
fistula, leucorrheea (“ the whites ”), vaginitis, 495.

ADDENDUM 1. The Lactiferous Apparatus.—Absence or imperforated state
of the teats, 496; Mammitis, v. “ garget,” downfall of the udder, 497;
Scirrhous state of the mammary gland, 498; Congestion, tumours on the
teats, 500; Obstructions in the teats (as lacteal calculi), inflammation of
the lining membrane of the duct, stricture, relaxation, lactorrhea, 501.

ADDENDUM 2. Milk and its Diseases, 501; Agalactia, 502; Hypergalactia,
changes in the quality, 503.

ADDENDUM 8. Diseases of very Young Animals, 503.—Umbilical hemor-
rhage, perviousness of the urachus, gastro-enteritis, accumulations of
meconium, inflammation of the umbilical cord v. omphalitis, edema of
the umbilicus, 504.

Bibliography, 505.
FIG.

165.

20.

23a.

24,
25.
26.
27.
28.
29.

31.
382.
33.
34.
35.
36.
37,
38,

LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS.

 

Exploring trocar (Arnold) ‘ .
Fatty degeneration of the heart (Harley andl Brown) is
Pus-corpuscles and mucus-corpuscles (Harley and Brown)

Process of healing of a wound by granulation (after Gant)

Spray diffuser for anesthetics or disinfectants . :
The “bull dogs” applied (Armatage) . . ‘
An ox prepared for casting (Armatage) . . .
The stomach-pump in use (Armatage) . . .

Application of steam to the nostrils (Armatage) .
Method of covering the nostrils for steaming (Armalagey

Hypodermic syringe (Armatage) . . ‘
Clyster syringe (Arnold) . : . .
. Ox prepared for bleeding (emaiase) A : .
Bleeding fleam (Arnold) . ; 2 : .
Seton needles (Arnold) . . . 7 .
Red blood-globules (Dobson) s 3 5 .
Fascicola hepatica (Cobbold) . 7 % .
Distoma lanceolatum (Cobbold) . . . .

Amphistoma conicum (Cobbold) . ; .
Elemeuts of an encephaloid tumour (Harley and poe .

Tubercle (Harley and Brown). ‘
Incipient pleuro-pneumonia epizootica (Simonds)
Advanced stage of pleuro-pneumonia (Simonds) . .
Bacillus anthracis (Klein) . .
Gloss anthrax, or blain, early stage (Armatage)
248, 24c. Bacilli (Klein) . ; 3
Malignant catarrh, second stage (asmiatase) ‘ :
Teonia echinococcus (Cobbold) . . °
Infusoria from alimentary canal (Colin) . 7
Cysticercus tenuicollis (Cobbold) : 7 *
Beef measles in the heart of a calf (Cobbold) * ‘
A beef measle (Cobbold) . . . . ‘
Pentastoma (Cobbold) 7 fs é
Thoracic contents, as seen from the left aida (BSimondé) .
The heart with right cavities opened (Simonds) . ‘
Ectopia cordis (Fleming) . 7 : ‘ .
Artery ligature knots (Erichsen) . é j ‘

Tying an artery (Erichsen) :
A piece of a thymus of a calf (Harley and Brewed .
Incigors of the ox (Chauveau) . ‘ : :

223
223
223
228
225
226
237
240
240
244
246
39.

42,

LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS.

Teeth of the ox (Chauveau) . . . .
Salivary glands with their ducts (Simonds) . .
Passing the probang (Simonds) 7 r . .
Armatage’s wooden gag. .

Forceps or grasping probang (dsmasapey. a

Csophageal groove (Carpenter)

Rumen and reticulum opened, seen from the left (Simonds)
Ditto, muscular coat (Simonds) .

Omasum and abomasum (Simonds) . 7

Gastric mass, from the left (Simonds) . < ‘ ‘
Ditto, from the right (Simonds) . : - s .
Rumen in state of distension (Simonds) . ‘ .
Seat of puncture of rumen (Simonds) . . ‘ .
Trocar and canula 3 . . : . .
Stomachs of the calf (Simonds). . ‘ . .
Position of intestines of the ox (Colin) . , . ‘
Intestines, from the left (Simonds) x * ‘ %
Ditto, from the right (Simonds) . ‘ : j <
Truss for the umbilical hernia (Armatage) . . .
Clamps for umbilical hernia (Armatage) . . .

Liver and pancreas of ox (Simonds) i

Tracheotomy tube (Armatage) . Z

Animal wearing tracheotomy tube (hematawe) .

Larynx and os hyoides of the ox (Simonds)

Bronchi and lungs of ox (Simonds) . :
Thoracentesis v. paracentesis thoracis (enistana) Z

Ditto, primary incision (Armatage) . ‘ .
Kidney of the ox (Chauveau) ; 7 . :
Passing the catheter in the ox (armatage) : .

Mange insects (Dobson) . i
Hair with trichophyton spores (Nantes anid ewe) .
Method of applying dressings between hoofs (Armatage)
Staphyloma (Armatage) . . . 7
Congenital hydrocephalus (Simonds) . . . :
Ccenurus cerebralis (Cobbold) 2 . . .

Ditto, in sitd (Cobbold) . ¢ é ‘
Natural position of rest, as in adynamia (Ar snuteeds 3
Puerperal (parturient) apoplexy (Fleming) 7 i ‘
The catheter ‘e ‘ i ; ‘ 3
Skeleton of the ox (Dobson) : s : :
Dislocation of the patella (Armatage) ‘
Means of prevention of its recurrence (Armatage)

Pin or figure-of-eight suture (Dobson) é
Interrupted suture (Dobson) 3

Scirrhous growth from the mammary siand (Harley a Browa)

Suction trocar (from Erichsen’s ‘Surgery ’) .
Pneumatic aspirator . : . ‘ .
Miles écraseur 8 . ¥ - + %

PAGE

248
261
261
262
265
266
267
268
270
270
273
276
276
287.
289
289
290
296
296
313
331
331
332
334

348
351
359
375
380
384
390
399
400
400
407

413
416
428
428
434,
434
437
441
442
444
LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS,

FIG.
87. Beach’s écraseur . . . . .
88. External generative organs of a bull (Chauveau) .
89. Urethral canal of the ox (Armatage)
90. Castrating clamps . . . . .
91, Female generative organs (Simonds)
92. Maternal and fotal cotyledons of the cow (Fleming)
93. Normal presentation (Simonds) . . .
94 —99. Abnormal presentations (Simonds)
100. Congenital ascites (Simonds) : .
101. Hydrocephalus congenitalis—calf eming) .
102. Harelip (Fleming) .
103. Common embryotomy knife
104, Gowan’s knife . : . . .
105. Finger hook é 7
106. Chain saw .

xxi

PAGE

449

458

468
469-47 4
- A476

477
479
479
479
479

107. Portion of chorion with plaventulie (from Fleming’ 8 ‘Obstetrics 489

108. Cotyledon of a cow’s uterus (do.) .
109. Gowing’s truss (Simonds) .

110. The loop of Delwart’s truss (Fleming’ 8 ‘Obstetrics 0)
111. Lobules of lacteal gland (after Langer) .

112. Means of supporting the udder in mammitis (Armutape)
113. Injection of fluids into the mammary gland (Armatage) .

114. Section of a cow's teat (Colin) . ‘
115. Lobule of a mamma filled with milk (Calin .
116. Milk or teat syphon «i ‘ .
117. Parturition forceps e ‘ . .

Plate I.—Section of a pleuro-pneumonic lung—Frontispiece.

Plate I1.—Feetus in utero—To face page 455.

Instruments of control (Peuch and Toussaint)—To face page 72.

Page 72, 14th line from bottom should be Vigan.

3 18th ‘5 o 5b Goiffon.

490
» 492

493
+ 496
- 499
+ 499
+ 602

+ 603
- 504
LIST OF SURGICAL OPERATIONS AND
DIAGNOSTIC MEANS.

PAGE

1. Taking the pulse—sphygmograph . : : : ‘ 6
2. Taking the temperature—thermometer 3 ‘ . - (10
8. Ophthalmoscope and exploring needle . : . . (4
4. Method of conducting a post-mortem examination . . - 388
5. Methods of restraint . ; ‘ ‘ $ - 70
6. Use of anesthetics . 3 . a é «74
7. Administering a draught  . - a ‘ ‘ - 76
8. Administering anenema . . ‘ . - 7
9. Administering an inhalation . . . 5 : . 79
10. Subcutaneous injection : : . : ; . 80
11. Application of boiling water . : . ‘ ‘ 88, 310
12. Bleeding P . . . . . . . 89
13. Setoning . . . . . . . 92
14. Tests of urine in jaundice . F ‘i . : - 106
15. Inoculation for pleuro-pneumonia . . . . . 161
16. Vaccination . : ; 5 . : . . 170
17. Operation for traumatic pericarditis . c 7 - + 234
18. Ligature of arteries . . ° 7 240
19. Passing the probang . . . i. . 261
20. Esophagotomy . . . : : 263
21. Puncture of the ramen : . . ‘ : . 276
22. Ruminotomy, “ paunching” . : . . ‘ . 279
23. Laparotomy or gastrotomy . . - 293
24, Operation for umbilical hernia rs : ‘ 296
25. Operation for ventral hernia . : 7 - 3 - 297
26. Taxis . , . . A . : A » 299
27. Operation for inguinal and scrotal hernia ‘ . - 299
28. * pelvic hernia . 7 . fs + 300
29. Operation for impervious anus . . : 3 - 812
30. Paracentesis abdominis 2 . * s . » 3820
31. Auscultation . . . . . : . » 324
32. Percussion . 7 . : F . . - 826
33. Operation for pharyngeal polypus. . . 2 - 330
34, Tracheotomy . . . . . . . - 331
35. Laryngotomy. 7 . . . ' . + 332

36. Pharyngotomy . . S . . ‘ « 883
37.
38.
39.
40.
41.
42.
43.
4A,
45.
46.
47.
48.
49.
50.
51.
52.
53.

54.
55.
56.

57.
58

70.
val
72.
73.
74,
75.
76.
77.
78.
79.
80.
81.
82.

LIST OF SURGICAL OPERATIONS AND DIAGNOSTIC MEANS. xxiil

“Mulling,” or pnchitiilasts, 446 ; lashing,” 447; with
elastic band, 448; with hot iron, 448; scraping, 448 ;
ligature, 448; torsion, 448; “ tearing out the testicles,”
449; with the écraseur, 449; with the clamps, 449;
covered operation, 449.

PAGE

Fumigations in parasitical bronchitis ‘ ‘ . . 340
Paracentesis thoracis or thoracentesis : : . . 348
Testing for albumen in albuminuria - . . » 354
Operation for. renal calculus é ; s . . 857
Passing the catheter : . F . . 3859
Lithotrity, lithecstasy, and lithotomy . % * 863
Operation for urethral calculus. ; . ‘ . 3865
Amputation of the foot . 4 . . . . 884
Shoeing ‘ s : s . “ - 385
Removal of worm from theeye . - . ‘ 391
Delivery of hydrocephalic calf . ; - . 398
Trephining for Coenurus cerebralis . . . . - 401
Neurotomy ‘ : . . ‘ . - 414
Periosteotomy . . . . e : . 417
Setting a fractured bone . . . « 421
Operation for dislocation of abaivetan fasartx , 7 « 425
Reduction of a dislocated patella . ‘ ‘ . - 428
Means of checking hemorrhage. . 5 . + 432
Treatment by means of sutures. ‘ . - 434
Antiseptic surgery, or “ Listerism ” . . . + 435
Surgical removal of a tumour ‘ : F . 443
—69. Castration 7 . . 446-450

Ovariotomy, “spaying” . . . * 7 « 457
Signs of pregnaney . . . . . - 461
Cesarean operation . . . . : . 464
Signs of parturition . : . . . - 465
Removal of the foetal membranes . + 465
Management of a parturition case with connie ‘srouentatfod - 467
Ditto, abnormal : . - 468
Operations for hydrocephalus donpen tats sei aseitnd . - 475
Embryotomy . : . : . - 478
Operation for stricture of os uteri . . ° - 483
Operations for torsio cervicis uteri . _ e - 484
Restoration of uterus in prolapsus ‘ . . - 491

Amputation of the uterus . ' . ° .

494,
oonrowond =

LIST OF TABLES.

PAGE
. System of record of cases ‘i . ; . 7 7 6
. Agents whichare administered internally . és : « 682
. Ditto, externally . . . a . . - 86
. Classification of poisons . 2 . . 3 + 204
. Parasites (after Cobbold) : ° . . g - 222

. Classification of skin diseases . i . . . . 866
BOVINE PATHOLOGY.

CHAPTER I.—INTRODUCTION.

Srctrion 1.

Diszasz is a departure from a healthy condition, and is
consequently modified in its characters and effects in
animals of different species by special anatomical and
physiological peculiarities. In by far the larger number
of cases functional disorder is present, dependent on
structural changes, and it seems that, with the improve-
ments which will be made in our methods of minute
examination of tissues in health and in disease, we shall
in direct ratio find that diseases supposed to be purely
functional are due to alterations in structure. This has
already been done in many cases, and we may take it as a
law, sufficiently proved for working purposes, that disease
is a departure from healthy structure of constituents of
the body. These constituents of the body are elements,
such as cells, fibres, membranes, and granules, which are
combined together to form tissues, which produce by
union in various ways the organs which co-operate to
accomplish the various processes essential to life. In
the highest animals these organs are collected into
systems for the accomplishment of the various functions
which high complexity of vitality necessitates. Thus,
in pathology, we have to deal with elements, tissues,
organs, and systems, and all of these are bound together
so intimately in the animal mechanism, that alteration of
any one of them tends to throw the body into an abnor-

1
2 BOVINE PATHOLOGY.

wal state. Alteration of structure as present in disease
is often brought about by changes from ordinary states of
parts in situation, relations (either among themselves or
with foreign bodies), andform. Such changes may result
occasionally from inherited and other intrinsic influences,
but are almost always due to agency from without. Every
living being is adapted to certain external conditions, and
is capable of undergoing modification in accordance with
any variations which these conditions may show within
certain limits ; but the complexity of organisation in such
an animal as the ox requires gradual transitions, or dis-
order ensues. Thus, we generally seek the cause of any
attack of disease in changes of surrounding agencies, as
weather, food supply, &c. This branch of study is termed
Erronoey.

Causes are predisposing or exciting. The greater the
amount of activity in a part or animal the greater the
liability to disease. Thus may be explained a-number of
facts, such as that highly organised animals are most
often diseased, when we develop one system specially for
economic purposes it most frequently of all the body
systems is liable to disorder, and the most active body
tissues are similarly susceptible. But apart may be in such
a highly active condition and yet able to do its duties, until
some sudden change disturbs its relations with surrounding
parts and alters its structure. These states of verging on
disease are termed Prupisposine Causes. Thus, the milch
cow is predisposed to mammitis, and the fattening ox to
diseases of the digestive apparatus. By an extension of
meaning, predisposition has come to imply also liability to
disorder from any external surrounding conditions ; thus,
we hear of predisposition to choking in the fact of animals
being fed on improperly prepared turnips, and to hair
accumulations in the rumen, as a result of the habit oxen
have of licking themselves and each other. Determination
of all predisposing causes present is highly necessary, for
counteraction of them is essential to success in treat-
ment.

By some authorities intrinsic causes are termed Predis-
INTRODUCTION. 3

positions, in contrast with simple predisposing causes
which act from without. Among these, hereditary pre-
disposition is of great importance. When we consider
that the parent transmits to the offspring similarity of
external structure, with the specialities of function result-
ing therefrom, we shall hardly deny that peculiarities of
internal structure are also transmissible. So intimate is
the connection between the various parts of the body that
each must be affected by the others. Thus, the germ-cell
and sperm-cell have special family characters manifested
only in the product of their development. The parent
and offspring being alike in most structural points, and
special structure giving special liability to disease, we can
understand how it is that hereditary predisposition to
disease of special form occurs in such disorders as tuber-
culosis and cancerous diseases. The reverse of predis-
position is termed immunity.

Excitine Causes are the direct producers of disorder ;
sometimes they are enabled to act deleteriously in spite of
the absence of predisposition, but generally they find
certain favouring states, so, the cautery always arouses
diseased action, but a mild external stimulant may simply
arouse the activity of the part to which it is applied; the
latter, however, becomes an active promoter of mischief
when the part is already in a disordered state. Removal
of the cause, of all causes, is the grand principle in treat-
ment of disease. Our inability to draw a sharp line of
demarcation between health and disease is a direct result
of deficiency in our acquaintance with structure and
function. We cannot yet tell whether structure exists in
the protoplasmic contents of cells; and when we see that
a white blood-corpuscle is capable of exhibiting all the
properties of life, we cannot doubt that profound secrets
of nature, as carried on in the laboratory of cell structure,
remain yet to be explored.

Diagnosis oF Disuasz is determination of the seat and
nature of a malady. An animal is brought to us “ill,”
as manifested by certain symptoms. ‘These may be
general or special. All animals have certain ways of
4 BOVINE PATHOLOGY.

showing that they are unwell, and we shall have to notice
such among bovines. These depend upon special structural
or physiological peculiarities, so that one of our earliest
duties will be to indicate these as distinctive of the ox
and his allies.

These general symptoms are often the first which appear,
and then are pREmMoNITORY; they do not always persist
throughout the attack, being obscured by special symptoms
in many cases. They especially come under the notice of
caretakers of animals, and the value of such depends
much upon their ability to mark at the earliest stage
departure from the usual habits of the animal.

Stans, Diacnostic or Spectan Symptoms, serve either to
enable us to determine the seat or nature of a malady.
They may be simply manifested in the diseased part or
parts, but we often find that local disorder becomes
systemic, as a result of the close relations existing between
all parts of the body, especially in their functions.

Systemic Symproms are found in inflammations and
debilitating diseases, for example; they prove useful in
determination of the nature of the disease, but observation
of Loca, Symprroms is essential to complete diagnosis. The
latter indicate to us what parts must be especially affected
by treatment, the former show us what the nature of the
remedial means must be. Sometimes the systemic sym-
ptoms are present, but no local indications can be observed.
This occurs in “ blood diseases ”’ in which the blood, a tissue
with liquid intercellular substance, being circulated in
every part of the body, gives a generally diffused mani-
festation of disease, which is the condition known as
fever.

Some practitioners err in treating only symptoms. In
each case these must be taken merely as indications of the
conditions of the diseased parts. Any clue they give as
to the causes which produced, or tend to continue the dis-
ease must be specially noted; for, our aim in each case
must be to “ remove causes that effects may cease.” Such
is the accuracy of mechanism in the economy of a living
being that it returns to true working when disturbing
INTRODUCTION. 5

agencies no longer act. In the diagnosis of disease
COMPLICATION is an important element. As a rule, we have
to do with disease of more parts than one, and have to
come to a clear understanding in each case, for the dis-
ease which causes the others, the PRIMARY DISORDER, must
be that against which our medicinal efforts are directed.
If we succeed in removing it, SECONDARY DISEASES result-
ing from it will generally disappear. Thus, dropsy is a
secondary condition often dependent on heart disease.
Secondary pathological conditions may be due to co-
operation in function, or to continuity or contiguity of
structure. The instance just given illustrates the first
method, for the dropsy results from escape of watery con-
stituents through the walls of the overloaded vessels which
cannot perfectly pour their contents into the heart. Ex-
tension by continuity of structure is seen when the pleura
becomes involved by extension of disease which originated
in the lungs. Contiguity is less frequently a means of
spread; sometimes we see a gangrenous patch on the
wall of a serous cavity opposite a gangrenous portion of
a contained viscus. This means is also exemplified in joint
diseases, and wherever living cells lie together without or-
ganic connection. Occasionally we find in a special disease
some symptoms by means of which its nature may be at
oncedetermined; such a symptom is termed Parsoanomonic.
Thus, the presence of the anthrax Bacillus im the blood is
pathognomonic of charbon, and the changed condition of
the urine similarly enables us at once to determine the
presence of heemo-albuminuria.

The History of every case of disease should be ascer-
tained with the utmost care, and when possible a written
record should be kept for future reference. It should
comprise all ascertained particulars of the case, from its
commencement to its termination. It will prove not only
a more sure guide to diagnosis and prognosis than the
memory, but will enable the practitioner to perform his
duty to the profession in recording the case if it prove
interesting. We can never be assured of the professional
value of a case until it has terminated. Much of the
6 BOVINE PATHOLOGY,

value of good cases is often lost from paucity or inaccu-
racy of records of the early stages. In each case a
regular system should be adopted; dates especially should
be insisted upon, and all records should be made at once.
We have found the following a satisfactory system of
record:

Date of admission Date of
Case, Colour. Sex. Age. totreatment. discharge. Disease. Progress.

Pulse, State of the blood, if any has
Respirations, hos special chart. been removed.

Internal temperature, Conditions of mucous mem-
Excretions, branes.

Appetite, Temperature of surface of body

and condition of the skin.
Special features of case.

The Putsz is due to periodical enlargement of arteries
such as results from their distension with blood in con-
sequence of the heart’s beat. It is one of the most useful
indications of the state of an animal’s health, and can be
taken at any accessible artery ; but, under ordinary circum-
stances, we utilise for this purpose only such vessels as
are but slightly separated from the surface of the body,
and are so placed in relation to hard structures that they
can be compressed against the hard adjacent tissues by
the fingers, and thus their beats rendered perceptible to
the observer. These beats vary in number with the
heart’s contractions, and are perceptible sooner after the
heart’s beat in vessels near that organ than in those more
remote. They depend upon the conditions of the arteries
as well as of the heart, and the vessels passing from the
heart are so constructed that the pulse is less marked in
the smaller arteries than in the larger ones, even rela-
tively, and disappears in the smallest of these vessels.
The sphygmograph is an instrument used to obtain a
written record of the condition of the pulse; it has not
yet been applied to Bovine surgery. The pulse assumes
various characters according to its rapidity of beat, frequency
of occurrence, resistance to pressure, regularity, and per-
ceptibility. Thus we have the quick and slow, frequent and
infrequent, hard and soft, full and imperceptible, large and
INTRODUCTION, 7

small pulses, the characters of which may be determined
from their names, also that form known as the intermittent,
either regular or irregular. In the latter case the beats
and intervals are uncertain, in the former at regularly
recurring intervals the pause is prolonged. The dicro-
tonous or double pulse is found in blood diseases; it
consists in a double rise of the arterial wall for each beat
of ‘the heart; physiologists debate its nature; it is a
symptom of importance. ‘The thready pulse is extremely
small, and scarcely perceptible. The “ running down”
pulse occurs just before death, especially in cases of
hemorrhage, and consists in rapid loss of force of beat,
with increasing frequency, until the pulse becomes imper-
ceptible. It is a very grave symptom. The “venous
pulse” is a sign of which we shall make use when
treating of heart diseases. The sharp beat of the
‘quick ”’ pulse must be distinguished from the increase
in number of beats per minute characteristic of the
“frequent” pulse. Sometimes the enlargements of the
_ artery vary in successive beats, then the pulse is termed
unequal, while extreme irregularity, and difficulty in
perception and appreciation of its characters constitute
the confused beat. The oppressed beat is prolonged and
not very marked, while the vessels are much distended.
We are not desirous of drawing attention here to. the
exact method by which these conditions of the pulse are
produced, but will merely state that variations in frequency
and rapidity of beat are connected directly with the action
of the heart, and, therefore, especially dependent on states
of the nervous system and fever, inducing rapidity,
and certain brain disorders, reducing the beats below the
normal number per minute ; while the quick pulse shows
an irritable state of the heart, slowness of beat often de-
pends on impediment to egress of the blood. Hardness
and softness depend upon the tone of the arteries, which
consists in slight persistent contraction of their white
muscular fibres adapting them to their contents ; while
largeness or smallness depends upon the amount of blood
in the arteries, resulting from the state of supply from

fee aye Ole

ee
pete

|

pe
8 BOVINE PATHOLOGY.

the heart and outfall into the capillaries. With largeness
of the pulse may be associated hardness, constituting the
“corded” beat; the “wiry” pulse is small and hard,
and a soft pulse may be large or small. The complicated
vaso-motor mechanism, by means of which these variations
in the states of the artery of the living subject, together
with the intrinsic and extrinsic nervous mechanisms of
the heart are brought about, are explained in all modern
works on physiology. We have given enough information
‘to enable us to complete our remarks on this point, by
observing what states of our patients may modify the pulse.
The beats vary with age, being generally frequent in very
young animals and declining until old age ; somewhat more
frequent in the female than the male, they are especially
increased by conditions of pregnancy (varying with the
stages) and lactation. Individual temperament may
affect the number, but especially alters the character of
the pulse. The nature of the animal’s work and mode of
life, as also various processes of digestion (especially
rumination) and some minor influences also affect the
pulse.

The Rzsprratory System, by means of which much
impure matter is removed from the blood and much
oxygen is added to it, gives us indications of importance,
as serving for diagnosis and prognosis of disease. Varia-
tions occur in the manner of introduction of air into the
lungs, and of its expulsion after utilisation, also in the
frequency of these processes. The extent of this system
renders it liable to become affected by contiguity to many
parts. Also its nervous connections are of considerable
importance. Hence, in every case we should examine the
number and kind of breathing efforts, and we shall often
find it necessary to note the presence and character of
a cough or other sound produced by respiratory acts. . It
has been observed that under healthy conditions the pulse
and respirations bear to each other a definite numerical
relation, one to four, but this is hardly exact. Fevers,
inflammations, and other diseased conditions affecting the
system, cause increased frequency of breathing.
INTRODUCTION. 9

Respirations consist of two acts, inspiration and
expiration. The former is brought about by elevation of
the ribs, and contraction of the diaphragm—both acts of
muscular exertion. The effect of contraction of the
diaphragm is to lessen its concavity towards the abdomen,
hence it presses on the abdominal viscera and causes
bulging of the walls of the belly. Expiration under -
ordinary circumstances depends upon elastic recoil of the
elevated walls of the thorax, resulting in expulsion of air
through the trachea and larynx. Respirations vary with
their depth, frequency, quickness, facility, and the nature
of the movements by which they are brought about. Thus,
they may be quick or slow, frequent or infrequent, deep
or imperfect, laboured, unequal, irregular, &c.

Dyspnea is a term used to imply difficulty of breathing
of any kind.

Apnea is the extreme of infrequent respiratory effort,
dependent upon the circulation of highly oxygenated
blood through the medulla oblongata, where the respira-
tory centre resides. Until its natural stimulus, venous
blood, is supplied to this centre, no respiratory effort will
occur.

OrrHorpn@a is that condition in which difficulty of
respiration is marked except when the animal is in a
standing position.

Aspuyxta (literally pulselessness) is a complicated con-
dition due to insufficient supply of air for respiratory
purposes. It commences as dyspnoea, convulsions with
violent expiratory efforts succeed, and, finally, exhaustion
sets in, leading to death. In the later stages of asphyxia
the animal is stretched out in a recumbent position, with
dilated pupils, loss of general sensibility, scarcely per-
ceptible pulse, visible mucous membranes dark purple in
colour, respirations deep and slow. Finally, he gasps
for breath, extends the limbs, shudders, and dies. And
on post-mortem examination the lungs, right side of
the heart, medulla oblongata, and various body tissues
are found in a state of venous engorgement. Lungs,
heart, and medulla are all concerned in the fatal result,
10 BOVINE PATHOLOGY.

neither of these organs being stimulated because of the
deficiency of oxygen. Inhalation of such heavy gases as
prevent access of oxygen to the lungs, suffocation, and
many other diseased conditions bring about death in this
way. Sometimes the expulsion of air from the lungs is
laboured, and accompanied by a harsh rattling sound; the
breathing is then said to be Srmrrorous. It depends
upon the movement of velum pendulum palati by the
expiratory current, and may be observed in cases of
parturient apoplexy, for instance.

Coven is brought about by a deep inspiration, the
glottis is then closed until the outward current of air
suddenly forces the vocal cords apart, when the air
escapes with a sharp sound, and emerges either through
the nostrils or mouth with some force, carrying with it any
foreign body, such as a mass of mucus, &c., which may
have been about the glottal opening. Cough depends upon
reflex nervous action, and may be primary when the
irritation exists in the lungs or air passages, or secondary,
when due to irritation of the stomach, intestines, or
other parts having nervous communications with the
respiratory apparatus. We speak of harsh, difficult,
paroxysmal, suppressed, and other coughs which do not
require special description. Some coughs are considered
pathognomonic signs, such as that of pleuro-pneumonia
azymotica,

Oxygen introduced by the process of respiration into the
blood is the grand agent in the production of animal heat. It
combines with various matters, whether in the blood or in the
other tissues, and produces with them carbonic anhydride
and water (which are passed off by excretory organs, espe-
cially the lungs) and heat, which enables the several parts
of the body to perform their functions. Observation has
proved that for each species of animal we may determine a
standard internal temperature, which proves useful in
the diagnosis of disease, especially when of an epizootic
and contagious character; to a slight degree indi-
viduality modifies the readings. Thermometry is now gene-
rally practised and many valuable results have been obtained
INTRODUCTION, 11

from it. The clinical thermometer (self registering) is
the instrument used, and proves a most valuable aid to
the veterinary inspector of contagious disorders. The
vagina, mouth, and preferably the rectum, are the seat of
insertion. The instrument requires to be “ set ” to near
the expected reading, as by warmth from the hand, to be
introduced a short way and then moved farther in, and to
be rested against the walls of the cavity for about three
minutes, These precautions are mentioned, as neglect of
them may lead to imperfect observation. Ordinary
-physiological influences as exercise, digestion, &c., give
rise to slight variations of internal temperature, but a rise
of 2° or 8° is sufficient to lead us to suspect some febrile
disturbance, and it has been found that a rise of the
internal temperature is the earliest perceptible indication
of various eruptive fevers. It therefore is a valuable
indication of the advisability of separation when it occurs
in animals which have run risk of contagion. A marked
fall in temperature below the normal occurs in most cases
shortly before death, and a low temperature is observable
in typhoid fever and other diseases of a low or asthenic
type. When this instrument is not available we must
resort to the usual methods of investigation of the surface
temperature. OColdness or the reverse of the extremities,
of the mouth, of the expired air, must be estimated by our
sense of touch, while care is taken to note any variations of
these points, either at different times or at one and the same
time among similar members. Any tendency to coldness or
unequal temperature of these parts must be viewed with
suspicion, as indicating deficiency or perversion of the blood |
supply whereby heat is diffused throughout the body.
Excessive warmth indicates febrile conditions. A fall in
temperature of the surface is generally a precursor of
death, so we often read of “deathly coldness of the
extremities.” The conditions of the skin also require
attention, it is the principal regulator of internal tempera-
ture, and the effects of its disorder are well seen in the
rise of the mercury in fever cases. Its supply of blood
and its nervous organisation are very marked, so it-is
12 BOVINE PATHOLOGY.

liable to disorder, and very early indicates systemic
disease. It varies under diseased conditions in its
moisture and smoothness as well as temperature. We
see it dry and harsh, with an erected condition of its
hairs, “staring,” as it is termed, in most disorders. It
may be bedewed with moisture, locally or generally, as a
result of pain. While coldness with dampness—“ cold
sweats ”’—are a sign of approaching dissolution. The
mucous membranes exhibit variations in conditions visible
to the eye, and thus serve to supplement the conclusions
arrived at from the state of the skin; they become.
reddened in fever, purple in certain morbid conditions of
the blood, pale in low fever and other debilitating con-
ditions.

The various excreta should be most carefully examined
as to their quality, quantity, and mode of expulsion.
Each excretion has a definite normal composition as ex-
hibited by certain physical and chemical characters.
Odour, appearance (including colour, form, and arrange-
ment of components), consistence, and in some cases even
taste, exercise the special sense faculties of the observer.
Specific gravity is especially altered in the fluid matters
given off from the body, such as urine and milk; it is
tested by modified forms of the hydrometer, or by sp. gr.
balls, which sink or float according to the density of the
liquid in which they are placed. The faces and urine
should be subjected to physical and chemical tests.
Sweat, saliva, and especially milk should be likewise
examined. We shall hereafter note the special features
of various excreta and secretions as altered by disease.
Among other ejecta the expired air must not be forgotten ;
its odour often leads to diagnostic inferences. Micro-
scopical examination enables us to determine whether
those constituents of excreta which have a definite form
present their ordinary characters, and are in proper pro-
portion. The microscope is a most useful aid to diagnosis,
and as having a wide utility may be here mentioned.
Moderate powers, as the $-inch and }-inch by good makers,
are sufficient for ordinary diagnostic purposes. The blood
INTRODUOTION. 18

may be obtained for examination in any case; its charac-
ters in such disorders as leuceemia and anthrax are diag-
nostic. Morbid products of various kinds, as discharges
from membranes and new growths, may disclose their
nature to the microscopical observer. . Parasites, as ova,
immature forms, or adults, may by this instrument be
proved to be present in active disease reasonably attri-
butable to them. The spectroscope is now used by
pathologists and physiologists; its application to veteri-
nary surgery affords an untrodden path to reputation for
some future observer.

In our examination of the patient we require next to
examine the special features of the case. The indications
derived from the observations above mentioned are usually
of a general rather than a special character, and at every
stage of the examination we must endeavour to determine
whether the conditions observed are due to local or general
disorder ; the special features of the case have generally
somewhat of a diagnostic character, so much so that from
the messenger sent to request our services we may some-
times learn the sort of case which we are about to take in
hand. ‘The popular names of disorders are not without
their use (thus farm labourers can understand the nature of
“ dropping after calving ”’ to a certain extent), and though
not always correct, will enable the practitioner to select
such instruments and medicaments as are most likely to
be urgently required.

Some means of determination of symptoms with a view
to diagnosis are special in their application. Thus, men-
suration, auscultation, and percussion will be considered
when treating of diseases of the thoracic viscera.

These means, nevertheless, have somewhat a more ex-
tended application; thus, auscultation has been recom-
mended for determination of the presence of a foetus in
utero, and it is a most important means in diagnosis of deep-
seated fractures, while percussion assists in the distinction
of tympany from impaction. We must especially lay stress
upon the value of MANUAL EXPLORATION, either by introduc-
tion of the lubricated hand into the rectum, vagina, or
14 : BOVINE PATHOLOGY.

mouth, or by manipulation of the surface, whereby we are
enabled to ascertain by touch the form of superficial
structures, their relations, and size, determining whether
these are normal or abnormal. Their consistence is de-
tected by palpation, skilled touch. The “ tactus erwditus”
reveals many obscure states, such as deep-seated ab-
scesses, aneurisms, &c.

The ophthalmoscope and other valuable instruments are
limited in their application. The exploring or grooved
needle must be mentioned here, for its value in deter-

 

Fie. 1.—Exploring trochar (used for the same purpose as the grooved needle).

mining the contents of fluctuating swellings, cavities, and
the constituents of, tumours. It is so small as not to
seriously injure the parts into which it is introduced. Its
groove or cup brings up sufficient material for micro-
scopical examination. It is to us what the dredge is to
the deep-sea explorer. It must not be supposed that the
methods of observing symptoms suggested by us require
to be all adopted in every case. Our aim is to ensure
systematic examination of those symptoms of disorders
which from their general prevalence may be deemed of
minor importance. The determination of the seat of dis-
order will suggest to us which of the less general aids
should be adopted in any particular case.

Prognosis must depend upon extended diagnosis. It
too frequently assumes the character of simple guesswork
or of empirical surmise. The practitioner should in fancy
“see through” his patient, should know what parts are
diseased, their pathological conditions, with the possibility
of renovation, the resisting power due to constitutional
energy of the patient ; also the probable influence of medi-
cinal means. He must note how the disease tends to inter-
fere with essential vital functions, and especially its influence
upon the “ vital trio,” the brain, heart, and lungs.
INTRODUCTION. 15

Duarte may be either systemic or local. This is a direct
result of the composition of the body of cells bound to-
gether to form a complicated mechanism. Local death is
of two kinds, molar and molecular. In the latter form
cells die by themselves and at different times, and thus a
gradual loss of tissue occurs; the former results when a
number of cells and other tissue elements simultaneously
succumb to some injurious influence. Ulceration is
molecular, gangrene is molar death. Local death
results from systemic as soon as the amount of nutritive
material supplied to each tissue by the last blood which
entered it has been exhausted. So the most active tissues
die most readily, while less highly-organised parts retain
vitality for some time after systemic death. It must be
remembered also that the life of each part of the body
varies in its duration,and that in the course of life of such
an individual as an ox, every element of a tissue is not
always the same, but consists of a number of short-lived
minute bodies which succeed one another. The blood is the
most important bond of connection between all the body-
cells. Of the value of the nervous system in this respect we
are not so assured. ‘The action of each cell depends upon
a due supply of fresh blood containing nutritive matter.
Cessation of the circulation of the blood is in every case
the immediate cause of death. ‘The failure of the heart
may arise in itself, on account of some failure in its nervous
or muscular elements, or by reason of some mischief affect-
ing its mechanical working. Or it may be due to some
fault in its internal medium, such for instance as a want
of oxygenation of the blood, which in turn may be caused
by either a change in the blood itself, as in carbonic oxide
poisoning, or by a failure in the mechanical conditions of
respiration, or by a cessation of the action of the respira-
tory centre. The failure of this centre, and, indeed, that
of the heart itself, may be caused by nervous influences
proceeding from the brain, or brought into operation by
means of the central nervous system; it may, on the other
hand, be due to an imperfect state of the blood, and this
in turn may’ arise from the imperfect or perverse action of
16 BOVINE PATHOLOGY.

various secretory or other tissues. The modes of death
are in reality as numerous as the possible modifications of
the various factors of life; but they all end in stoppage
of the circulation, and the withdrawal from the tissues of
their internal medium” (Foster).

The following methods of death may be remembered :

Death from Anmmia, due to cessation of blood-supply,
as after profuse hemorrhage. The symptoms observed in
such cases are running down pulse, respirations irregular,
pallor of visible mucous membranes, coldness of extre-
mities and of general body-surface, which may be bedewed
with cold sweats; dilatation of the pupil, and loss of
sensibility of the retina; loss of voluntary power, and,
finally, convulsions. The first vital organ which fails in
this case is the brain. The recumbent position, therefore,
tends to prolong life by mechanically keeping up the supply
of blood to that important organ.

Transfusion of Blood has been successfully resorted to
in such cases in man. It is a dangerous operation to the
healthy animal from which the blood is taken. It has
been accomplished experimentally in the lower animals by
connecting the carotids of two individuals by a tube, such
as an ureter (Percivall). Thus, it has been proved that ~
the blood must be from individuals of the same species.

Death from Nucrmmia occurs in blood diseases where
the vital fluid has lost the stimulating power by which it
excites the heart to action, as a result of putrid decom-
position.

Death by Asruenra is sudden cessation of the heart’s
action, and may be due to poison or shock, as in
lightning injury. After death the right side of the heart
is found to contain venous and the left arterial blood.
This form of death is also known as syncope, but this
term is generally also applied to ansemic death. Asthenia
sometimes occurs gradually, then the pulse becomes irre-
gular, and the blood supply to distant parts of the body
is defective. This culminates debilitating disorders.

Death by AspHyxta has been elsewhere described.
Apnea does not cause death, it accelerates life,
INTRODUCTION. 17

Death by coma commences at the brain. The sym-
ptoms present are, firstly, those due to deficiency of cere-
bral energy, loss of sensation and power of voluntary
motion, stupor, with slow stertorous breathing, and later
the medulla becomes involved, and the respiratory centre
ceases to perform its function, and the right side of the
heart becomes blocked up with dark blood. Apoplexy
causes death in this way. Prolonged artificial respiration
may enable the medulla to regain its energy, as when
coma results from certain poisons.

Our prognosis requires especially diagnosis of the patho-
logical conditions of the diseased parts, and makes a
knowledge of MoRBID ANATOMY, sometimes termed INTIMATE
PATHOLOGY, a matter of the highest moment. The ana-
tomical changes which occur in organs during the progress
of disease vary according to the structure of the parts and
to the nature of the diseased action. The objects of
morbid anatomy are to determine exactly the changes
which structures undergo as a result of diseased processes,
how those changes are related to each other, how their
causes have operated to produce them, and how they are
liable to affect the wellbeing of the animal. The methods

of morbid anatomy comprise examination of all organs,
tissues, and elements which have been altered by disease.
These parts may be procured in many cases from the living
animal, but in others only on post-mortem examination.
They require to be subjected to all available processes,
physical, chemical, microscopical,—indeed, the study of
morbid anatomy is but a branch of diagnosis—the exten-
sion of its methods as above enumerated. Our determi- —
nations of the changes which have occurred in an organ
are only made in some cases after death, and the infor-
mation thus gained must be applied at an earlier stage of
future cases. The changes which structures undergo:
during disease may be in situation, structure, form, and
size; also it seems that in some cases their function may
be changed either by increase, decrease, or perversion
without appreciable alteration in structural characters.
Displacement of elements, tissues, and organs results in

2
18 BOVINE PATHOLOGY.

interference with function when such displacement also
causes change of structure. Thus, most of the non-malig-
nant tumours are said to consist of normal tissue-elements
out of place, and may exist without seriously disturbing vital
‘functions until their bulk causes them to interfere with
neighbouring parts in a purely mechanical manner ; and as
soon as structural changes of these neighbouring parts
causes them to become secondarily involved, the disease as-
sumes a more urgent character. Again, a displaced bowel in
a case of hernia causes no inconvenience nor true patholo-
gical condition until it becomes strangulated, and thus
structurally disordered. Displacement simply of tissues
seldom occurs. Ohanges in size of a tissue-element may
be of increase or decrease, and these may be due to altera-
tion of constituents, or to simple variations in their quan-
tity. The various degenerations are changes in consti-
tuents generally either of a retrograde or a retrospective
character. To understand this, we must recall to our
minds the elementary structure of the body. It originates
as a simple cell, or even earlier, perhaps, a simple mass of
protoplasm. This cell is endowed with all the properties of
a living organism, dependent upon the high vitality of its
protoplasm ; hence it exhibits the phenomena of irritability,
contractility, spontaneous power of movement, and repro-
ductive energy. All the elements of the adult body are
lineal descendents of this primitive element, but each has
progressed in a special line; hence, in a muscle-cell con-
tractility is the prominent property ; in a nerve-cell spon-
taniety or irritability, and in white fibrous tissue-corpuscles
probably the control of local nutrition. Under certain
diseased conditions, each of these forms of cell is liable to
regain some of its lost or dormant powers; thus, the
tissue-corpuscle becomes a reproductive cell, and proli-
ferates freely in suppuration; the muscle-cell exhibits
spontaneity. Such are retrospective degenerations. Re-
trograde metamorphoses are much more frequent, the
principal being mucoid, colloid, and fatty degenerations.
Mucor Dscenzration consists in such an alteration of
the tissues that they assume a mucus-like character. It
INTRODUCTION. 19

is considered to be generally a retrospective change,
whereby the primitive characters of the tissues aro
resumed ; it occurs especially in connective tissues and
cartilages, affecting generally the intercellular substance.

CotLo1 Duaenzration depends upon the conversion of
the protoplasmic contents of cells into a tenacious jelly-
like material. The cells are burst by accumulation of
this matter, and considerable lumps of gelatinous material
are produced. The thyroid body is the most frequent
seat of this change, but both mucoid and colloid changes
may cccur in tumours, whether of a malignant or non-
malignant type. Neither of these has any bearing of
importance upon cattle pathology, though we shall find it
occasionally necessary to allude to them.

Farty Dsceneration is extremely liable to occur in
organs which have nerve or blood supply interfered with,
for it is a retrograde process resulting from deficient
supply or appropriation of nutritive matter. It is a
conversion of the contents of the cells of a tissue into fat,
which may accumulate so considerably as to burst the
cell-walls, whereby a secondary process of diseased action

        

h

Niele gier |

19 Oop Bn 2 Celi”

° ons a oS OB Glee

4 G Oo” 0 WSN Te a
af 70D, Be 93] S316]
a 200% e Ey 8
> dose

Fig. 2.—Fatty degeneration of the Heart. x 200 diameters.
After Harley and Brown.

occurs. It affects especially the muscles, as also the
lining membranes of arteries and the bowels (in which case
the epithelial cells are involved). This process is of very
considerable importance, for it occurs often when a
morbid product is to be absorbed and passed into the
blood. Sometimes casEOUS CHANGE supervenes upon this
20 BOVINE PATHOLOGY.

form of degeneration, the part affected becoming a mass
of substance of a cheese-like character, yellow in colour,
inelastic, and rather soft. Tuberculous deposits are very
liable to undergo this change, as also certain malignant
growths.

Catcarzous Cuancz depends upon the deposition of
lime salts in the intercellular substance of a tissue,
whereby it assumes a gritty character and becomes opaque
and resistant. It occurs very frequently as a result of
excessive activity of the process which normally hardens
the costal and laryngeal cartilages of old animals, and is a
means by which deposits are rendered permanent and
prevented from absorption.

These processes of degeneration take place normally
in certain parts of the. body, and when they occur in
disease are either in excess in normal situations, or in
abnormal sites. The mucoid and colloid degenerations
tend to softening of tissue. Fatty degeneration places
the matter in that condition under which it is most
fit for removal. Caseous change tends rather to per-
manency, while calcification exhibits this to a still more
marked degree. The calcareous change generally as-
sumes the character of an INFILTRATION, involving
intercellular tissues rather than the cellular elements
of a part, and resulting from the deposition of matter
from the blood instead of its production as a result of
change in the protoplasm of the cells. Fatty infiltra-
tion is very common, involving such organs as the liver
and muscles (especially the heart) in animals fattened for
slaughter. This proves prejudicial when the accumula-
tions of fat pressing upon the tissue elements of the
affected part impair their nutrition. Accumulations of fat
of this nature occur physiologically in the processes of
fattening, then the connective-tissue corpuscles are
affected, and this very frequently occurs also in disease.

Picmentary Inrinrration especially affects the lungs
of old animals.

_ Amyzorp Iyrinrration has been observed in the liver,
and consists in the deposition from the blood of a starchy
INTRODUCTION. 21

material, which gives to the organ in which it occurs a
waxy character. The process generally commences in the
small vessels of the part. It has not been found, as yet,
to have much clinical importance. Special chemical,
microscopical, and physical tests enable us to determino
the presence of these changes in parts. These will be
found recorded in more special works. Fatty, calcareous,
and pigmentary changes, when sufficiently advanced to
produce serious disorder, can readily be detected by the
unaided senses of the observer. Let it be clearly under-
stood that all these degenerations and infiltrations are
physiological processes in excess or out of place; they
may also be deficient, as occurs in rachitis where there is
deficient deposition of lime in the bones. They result
from perverted states of nutrition, dependent upon con-
ditions of the blood or of the cell-elements themselves.
Certain forms of degeneration lead to increase in the sizo
of organs, and very considerable modification of form.
_ The tissues are so arranged as to form solid or hollow
organs. When the former are the seat of changes their
increase in size and change of form cause them to press
upon neighbouring parts, and thereby interfere with
functional duties; or softening with rapid enlargement
may lead to rupture, as is sometimes seen in the liver.
It must be remembered that very considerable degeneration
of an organ may occur without alteration in bulk, increase
in size of some parts atoning for diminution of others,
and vice versd. Here we have a case of degeneration
with atrophy. When a hollow organ is involved in these
degenerative processes they may lead to thickening of its
walls with or without diminution of its cavity, or to
thinning of the walls—atrophy—a condition which, with
concomitant softening, tends to produce rupture. When
an organ is subjected to free supply of nourishment, with
high functional activity, it becomes HYPERTROPHIED, this
condition consisting of an increase in the number (hyper-
plasia) or size of active tissue elements; such a change
must be carefully distinguished from other forms of enlarge-
ment. It occurs often as a provision against disease ;
22 BOVINE PATHOLOGY.

thus the bladder may have its walls thickened when any
obstruction in the urethra interferes with the passage of
urine. The reverse of this is ArropHy or wasting, which
is described as of two kinds, simple and numerical. The
former depends upon decrease in size of the proper
elements of a tissue dependent upon deficient supply of
nutritive matter, the latter is a more advanced stage of
the same state in which actual removal of tissue elements
has occurred. Atrophy may result from an imperfect
supply of blood or from imperfect ability to appropriate
nutritive matter, such as often results from inflammation. It
may be difficult to ascertain this state from simple inspec-
tions of organs, for as the useful elements are removed the
connective elements may be increased in quantity, or dis-
placement of some material into the organ may serve to
maintain its size. The ADDITIONS OF MATERIAL TO AN ORGAN
in almost all cases take place from the blood, and hence
have the character of infiltrations. They may be solid,
liquid, or gaseous. Liquid matters most frequently over-
flow from the blood, or are removed in excess from that
fluid by over-excited tissue elements. They contain solid
matters. in solution, and as their fluid portions are most
readily removed by absorption, solid deposits may remain
behind. These latter either become organised by exten-
sion of vessels into them, undergo calcareous change
and become permanent (but in the condition of foreign
matters), or undergo retrograde changes, especially the
fatty, and become absorbed. We shall have more to
say about these processes when treating on inflammation.
Accumulation of liquid added material constitutes Dropsy.
Gas sometimes occurs in a tissue either as a result of
gangrenous change of the tissues (the blood for instance)
as in black quarter, or as a result of ill-explained nutri-
tive changes in a part, or entry of air through an external
or pulmonary wound. The gases which occur are such as
normally exist in the blood or the atmosphere. Having
dealt with the general changes which structures undergo
as a result of diseased processes, we must next examine
the characters of those processes themselves,
INTRODUCTION. 23

PaiecMon or INFLAMMATION is defined to be “ perverted
nutrition of a part resulting from the application of a
stimulus not sufficiently powerful to cause immediate
death.” It is a familiar but complicated series of pheno-
mena of the highest pathological importance, since it occurs
in all tissues, and varies considerably according to its seat.
We may consider it is nature’s method of rising to the
emergencies of injury, whereby repair is brought about.
Tn all cases it seems to follow injury of the part affected ;
thus it ensues in the majority of cases of wounds, and
originates in internal organs either as a result of local
injury, or when impressions made upon the surface of
the body have proved injurious to more deeply seated
parts through the intimate nervous unions which occur
between the structures. Of these nervous unions we are
not yet assured by physiologists. It cannot be expected,
therefore, that the pathologist will be in every case able
to determine how any cause which he suspects of having
originated internal inflammation acts. We accept this
theory of the nature of inflammation since it sufficiently
explains all the phenomena of that condition to afford us
a good practical basis. Inflamed parts are found to be the
seat of stagnation of blood in the vessels, of transudation
of its fluids with migration of its formed elements, also
of an altered condition of the tissue elements. Probably
the latter change is the most essential, for it is marked in
cartilage and other tissues which have only indirect blood
supply. It consists of high reproductive activity of these
cells (proliferation), the products not being so highly
developed as the parent cells. The stagnant condition
of the blood in the vessels is brought about gradually
through certain stages. It is found, by observations of
the circulation in the blood-vessels of an artificially in-
flamed transparent membrane, that dilatation of the
vessels first occurs with acceleration of the flow of blood,
which, however, very soon becomes retarded, then irre-
gular and oscillatory until stagnation—“ stasis ”—ensues.
Then a large number of colourless corpuscles are found
to have accumulated in the affected vessels near the walls,
24 BOVINE PATHOLOGY.

while red corpuscles, aggregated into bundles, lie nearer
the centre of the vessels. Migration now occurs as a
result especially of the amceboid activity of the white
corpuscles, whereby they are able to penetrate the proto-
plasmic, and, therefore, living walls of the capillaries.
Thus they, and sometimes a few red corpuscles, pass into
the tissue interspaces, and intermingle with the new
generation of cells produced by the proliferation of the
tissue elements. At the same time the serous portions of
the stagnated blood transude through the walls of the
vessels, and thus originates EFFUSION as well as EXUDATION,
for they are rich in solids. Hffusion of serum and exuda-
tion of lymph are early accompaniments of inflammation ;
they occur, to a more or less degree, in almost every case,
and are the principal cause of sweLtinc. This depends,
also, to a certain extent, upon the conditions of the
vessels in the parts bordering on that inflamed. They
are very full of blood coursing rapidly through them, are
in a state of hypereemia or congestion. The presence of
this large quantity of rapidly flowing blood, with, perhaps,
also the rapid tissue changes in the inflamed part,
generates the characteristic heat; to the congestion and
amount of blood, even in the seat of disease, the REDNESS,
characteristic of inflammation, must be attributed ; while
pressure from effused material and distended vessels is
the cause of the painful nature of the process. The pain
present must also be attributed to heightened sensibility
of the nervous structures. It is related to the hardness
of the part, hence inflammation of unyielding organs is
most painful. The reproductive activity of the tissue.
elements replaces their normal function, and the rapidity
of new cell formation prevents the elaboration of inter-
cellular substance, hence the intercellular material accu-
mulates in a state of imperfect development as fluid, and
tends to increase the added liquid and plastic material
which has been thrown out. Effused liquid material can
be taken up again by the capillaries and lymphatics of a
part with facility if the vessels have not themselves
undergone change. When the latter complication is,
INTRODUCTION. 25

present fluid accumulations occur, which constitute
(ipema when they are in areolar tissue, and Droprsy
(hydrops) when into cavities of various kinds. These may
take place apart from inflammation when an excess of
liquid material exists in the blood, or when the vessels
are over-distended. The former condition occurs in cases
of debility resulting from defective supply of nutritive
matter ; also certain poisonous materials aggravate their
effects by causing excessive fluidity of the vital fluid. An
illustration of the latter condition may be drawn from
general dropsy, whereby excessive distension of the veins
is relieved when any obstruction prevents return of the
blood to the right side of the heart. When the material
added to a part has a more solid character, it primarily
assumes the form of CoacuLasLe Lympu. Thisis fibrinous
material which is deposited between tissue elements, ren-
dering the parts abnormally hard, or as bands extending
across cavities, also membranes lining them, and it will
be noticed in the straw-coloured liquid portion of the
serous effusion. When all active inflammatory change
has subsided, the lymph tends either to permanency or
to disappearance. It may be rendered permanent either
by organisation, when vessels shoot into it by ordinary
processes of development and it thus becomes vascular and
in process of time somewhat like areolar tissue, or by
calcareous deposition in its substance. The former change
occurs in the repairs of any large gap of living tissue which
has resulted from injury. It causes filling up of abscess
cavities, and of deep penetrating wounds, but is not
always so salutary ; for when it occurs in such a cavity as
the pleural sac, by uniting the lungs to the wall of the
chest, it may seriously impede respiration. Calcification is
the process which normally occurs in the hardening of lymph
between the fragments of a broken bone forming the mass
known as callus. Its appearance is not always desirable,
thus when it takes place in the walls of arteries it renders
them liable to rupture, and frequently its presence acts as an
impediment to movement, as when false anchylosis results
from the calcification of ligaments around joints.
26 BOVINE PATHOLOGY.

Supruration is that result of inflammation which is
manifested by the production of the fluid which is familiar
to us as pus. It results especially when inflammation
runs high in a very vascular organ, but may occur under
different circumstances. Pus consists of highly active
corpuscles, which closely resemble white blood-corpuscles,
and float in serous fluid—Liquor Puris. It has a sp. gr.
of 1030. This fluid is simply the effused material with a
large number of cells resulting from proliferation of
tissue elements, and migration of leucocytes, This result

 

Fria 3.—A. Pus corpuscles from an abscess; (a) the same after treatment
with acetic acid. B. Mucus corpuscles from the Schneiderian mem-
brane ; (a) after a drop of acetic acid has been added. C. Mucus
corpuscles speckled with pigment granules from a case of chronic
irritation of lining membrane of the larynx. After Harley and Brown.

of inflammation is most frequent when a natural moisture
of the part and capability of yielding to swelling are
properties of the diseased organ or tissue. While exuda-
tion most frequently occurs on serous membranes, the
mucous surfaces generally when inflamed produce pus ; but
pus may be produced by a serous membrane and plastic
deposits by a mucous membrane, such as that of the bowel
or trachea. When suppuration assumes a local character,

€
INTRODUCTION. 27

and the pus which is formed accumulates in the areolar
tissue, it exerts a solvent action upon the white fibrous
elements, and thus produces an Axscuss. Ordinarily we
may observe that the inflammatory process, where less
acute at a distance from the centre of pus production,
causes exudation of lymph which limits the infiltration
of pus into the neighbouring tissues, and constitutes the
boundary of the abscess cavity, though forming no
distinct membrane. This firm limiting tissue gives
way with extension of suppuration, and at the same
time, the parts external to it, which previously were only
the seat of effusion of serum, have lymph exuded, and thus
in turn prevent infiltration of pus into the undiseased
areolar tissue. So, in puncturing a large or a small
deep-seated abscess we pierce first tissue with serous
effusion, then tissue with lymph exudation, and so arrive
at the abscess cavity. In chronic abscesses the inflam-
mation has subsided, as also has the serous effusion.
The lymph deposit has become organised to form a wall
of the abscess cavity in which has accumulated pus, often
of a fetid character, but sometimes broken up into the
liquid serous portion and the solid materials, the latter
being converted into more or less regularly rounded and
hardened masses of a curdy or cheesy character, which
are bathed by the fluid. These abscesses are sometimes
termed cold; they are seen in deep-seated positions
where the inflammation has been only moderate in
intensity.

Purvuient Inrinrration occurs when collections of pus
are allowed to enter the areolar tissue of an organ, either
by non-deposition of lymph circumscribing the seat of pus
formation and leading to abscess, or by the giving way of
only a thin layer of this material. It is especially liable
to occur in the less active forms of inflammation, and in
organs with a considerable amount of areolar tissue ; thus,
it may be observed in scrofulous disease of the lungs, and
leads to rapid spread of diseased action. Sometimes pus
is found in serous cavities. When the pleura is the seat
of this the disease is termed empyema. This state seldom,
28 BOVINE PATHOLOGY.

if ever, results from pus production by the serous mem-
brane, but from bursting of an abscess into the serous
sac. It has been observed that layers of fibrous tissue,
fascize, aponeuroses, limit the extent of abscesses. A
knowledge of the position of these is, therefore, important
from a surgical aspect, for when externally placed to the
pus accumulation they oppose that extension of the abscess
towards the surface which leads to evacuation of the pus
by bursting through the skin. The local symptoms of for-
mation of an abscess are primarily hardness of the diseased
parts, with an cedematous condition of the tissues around,
with elevation of temperature, and throbbing of the arteries
of supply ; then the centre of the seat gradually becomes
softer, and at length fluctuates on pressure. The part is
swollen and most prominent centrally. After this the fluc-
tuation extends from the centre, where the hairs fall off, and
a slight amount of serous fluid exudes until the pressure of
pus in the abscess bursts the skin, which has been much
attenuated by absorption, and thus the pent-up fluid
escapes ; and any which forms after this also escapes, for
nature has produced an opening with a jagged edge, such
as does not readily close. As the pus, which is now pro-
duced, exerts no pressure on the abscess-walls, a rapid
closure of the cavity results from deposition of lymph
around its walls, each layer undergoing changes which
terminate in conversion of them, in order of seniority, into
an organised tissue somewhat resembling the white fibrous.
This process is termed granulation. By it, finally, the
cavity is filled; then the external wound closes. Escape
of pus by bursting of an abscess on to the surface of the
body, or of a mucous membrane, is a very salutary process.
But it may take place into serous cavities and other in-
ternal spaces when the result is not so. satisfactory.
Evacuation of pus from a mucous membrane is often to be
encouraged as being nature’s method of relief of its in-
flamed state. When pus does not become removed by
natural or artificial evacuation, its permanence or the
reverse will depend upon the state of the vessels of the
parts, and also on whether its corpuscles undergo the
INTRODUCTION. 29

retrograde process of fatty degeneration, pus-cells seem
to be never absorbed. When they have undergone fatty
change, and with the Liquor Puris form the so-called
ParnotoeicaL Mizx, this may be taken up, just as so much
‘chyle would be, by the lymph-vessels. The blood-capil-
laries probably assist, but when neither blood nor lymph-
vessels can take up the metamorphosed or unchanged pus,
a cold abscess results. Pus is of various kinds:

Laudable, when it has a creamy, whitish-yellow ap-
pearance ; is devoid of smell and rich in corpuscles. This
is the form which is familiar to us as occurring in well-
matured abscesses.

Fetid, when it has undergone decomposition, either
from a long pent-up condition, or from a depraved state
of the parts producing it.

Sanious, when it is thin and watery, and intermingled
with blood in small quantity.

Ichorous, when thin, watery, almost devoid of cor-
puscles, largely made up of cell débris, and often with a
marked odour, and an acrid, irritating character. This
is produced in parts which are of low organisation, or
have been reduced in vitality by long continued diseased
action. It occurs in diseases of the feet in long standing
fistulous ulcers, where the healing process is at a stand-
still.

Specific, when it contains the virus of some specific
disorder, as when it is produced by the mucous mem-
branes in cattle plague. Such pus when used for inocu-
lation transmits the specific disorder.

Strwmous, when resulting from the breaking down of
tubercle, This is white, watery, and has specific cha-
racters.

Pus may be mixed with other fluids as in muco-purulent
discharges from mucous membranes. The characters of
Inspissated Pus which occurs in chronic abscesses have been
already alluded to.

Caries AND ULCERATION are processes of molecular dis-
integration, which sometimes occur when inflammation
cuts off the nutritive supply of a part in a gradual manner.
30 BOVINE PATHOLOGY.

Caries especially affects articular surfaces of bones as well
as those portions invested by fibro-cartilage. In it no
tendency to repair is exhibited but the process of exten-
sion of the disorder progresses slowly, and removal of the
articular lamina of the bone by molecular disintegration
leads to death of the cartilage which it supports, and so
to roughness of a surface which for due performance of its
functions ought to be smooth. Hence results secondary
disease of the opposing surface, whether articular or ten-
dinous. The process of caries isremarkable for the small
amount of liquid product, and hence generally the absence
of marked distension of the joint capsule or wall of the
tendinous sheath. Ulceration is of much more general
occurrence, and as removal of tissue occurs at one part,
repair takes place at another. Pus is produced often in
very considerable quantity by ulcers, and may be of any
of the different kinds mentioned above. Ulcers are local
deficiencies of structure, which generally appear on mucous
membranes or the skin as breaches of the epithelial layer,
with the deeper layers of the membrane more or less in-
volved. In the cornea we sometimes see ulcers consisting
in local deficiency of the tissue of the cornea propria, in
which the conjunctiva is not involved; this is due to the
fact that the latter membrane is supplied with nutriment
from a different source than the cornea. As a rule, the
epithelium is nourished by the deep-seated structures, and
is early involved in the diseased process. We must not in
all cases consider ulceration due todeath of tissue-elements ;
it probably much more frequently results from cell pro-
liferation, which, replacing the parent by numerous cor-
puscles in a fluid medium, leads to breach of tissue, and
formation of a fluid with suspended cells, which either
escapes aS pus, or is removed by the action of absorbent
vessels. The breaches of tissue resulting from ulceration
and suppuration are repaired by Granutation. This con-
sists in the production of small pointed projections over
the exposed surface, which are found to be composed of
cells, the deeper seated of which undergo organisation,
while the superficial degenerate into pus. By their
INTRODUCTION. 31

growth these projections coalesce, and new blood-vessels
shoot into them from the neighbouring parts. Thus, by
formation of successive crops of granulations, their fusion
and organisation, the ulcer is constantly reduced in size
whenever the activity of repair exceeds that of disin-
tegration. Thus, also, we generally see pus produced in
considerable quantity from a granulating surface; but it
seems possible by means of dressings to increase granula-
tion at the expense of suppuration, and thus promote
rapidity of healing of a wound. The granulation tissue
tends to the conversion of its cells (exudation corpuscles)

 

Fia. 4.—Granulation tissue. (After Gant.) To the left, granulation corpuscles
with rounded pus cells. To the right, the newly formed vascular loops.

into proper tissue-elements resembling those of ordinary
fibrous tissues. The process of cicatrisation, whereby the
breach is “skinned over,” will be dealt with when we
treat especially of wounds. Ulcers are of various kinds,
according to their shape, products, causes, and granula-
tions. — :

The Simple or Healthy Ulcer occurs in animals of
healthy constitution, presents small, vascular granulations,
uniform in size and in diffusion over the surface, which is
concave. Laudable pus is produced, and the edges are
not hard.

The Inflammatory Ulcer depends upon an irritable state
of the constitution, and presents few granulations, a raw
32 BOVINE PATHOLOGY.

appearance, and ichorous or sanious pus. When the irri-
tation is local, it gives rise to excess in size and extreme
painfulness of granulations, while the surrounding parts
are congested and cedematous—such is an Inflamed
Uleer.

Weak Ulcers have large, cedematous, pale, flabby
granulations ; they occur on cedematous organs.

Callous Ulcers are usually deep with pale base, pre-
senting small, imperfectly formed granulations, and having
an ichorous discharge of tissue débris. The borders of
the ulcer are thickened, hard, and project considerably.

A Fistula, or Sinus, often has this character. Fistule
penetrate deeply into parts, and open at each extremity.
Sinuses have only one opening to each; but we may have
fistulee and sinuses which present all the characters of
healthy ulcers except their shallowness.

Specific Ulcers are such as occur in specific diseases.
Sometimes these lesions are diagnostic, but often their
special character may be proved only by the nature of the
pus produced by them.

A Cold Ulcer is surrounded by a purple ring of con-
gested tissue, and is of a very painful character. It is
very often specific, and results from marked deficiency in
circulatory energy in the affected part. It occurs under
a special form in those parts of old animals which are far
from the centre of circulation. It is then termed “ Senile
Ulcer,” and is characterised by a deficient tendency to
repair with a liability to rapid spread by sloughing of
tissue. Thus, several ulcers “run together,” producing
a widespread breach of tissue. They are then said to be
Confluent Ulcers, and this tendency to blending of ulcers
is marked in several specific disorders.

The Phagedenic Ulcer rapidly spreads by sloughing of
masses of neighbouring tissue. A large foul surface with
an ichorous discharge is thus left. This serves to draw
our attention to molar death, which may result from in-
flammation, and is termed Ganerenz, depending upon the
processes which constitute sphacelus or mortification.
When the supply of blood is cut off from an organ or any
INTRODUCTION, 83

part of the body it dies, and chemical forces are enabled
to bring about its decomposition. Sometimes the blood is
not permitted entry into a part through obstruction of
the arteries of supply; then dry gangrene may take
place, which consists in the drying up of the tissues, their
diminution in size, and complete loss of all vital pro-
perties. The dry, mummified mass remains as a foreign
body, perhaps becoming invested by a coating of lymph.
This has been observed in the case of pleuro-pneumonic
lung. When a part is the seat of moist gangrene, it be-
comes very dark in colour, pits on pressure, swells in con-
sequence of the liberation of gases by decomposition and
their accumulation beneath the epidermis, which they raise
in spots forming blebs. A sanious discharge with foctid
odour takes place from the surface of the mass, which is
sodden with a similar material, and has lost all sensation
and other physiological processes, and is very cold.
Moist gangrene is more frequent than the dry form,
and depends on impeded return of blood. A _ part
which has thus undergone mortification is removed by
sloughing. Salutary inflammation sets in on the line of
junction of the dead with the living parts, and here con-
solidation by exudation takes place to prevent infiltration
of gangrenous material into healthy parts. Suppuration
of this consolidated layer occurs, and thus the dead mass
is thrown off. Molar death of bony tissue is termed
Necrosis, and the portion of removed material is a
Srquzstrum. During this process of gangrene the con-
stitutional powers are much diminished, the pulse being
small and weak and frequent, and the strength rapidly
failing. The animal has a wild, apprehensive look, and is
very restless ; cold sweats bedew the skin, and there is a
gangrenous odour. Sudden cessation of pain often
announces this result of inflammation. The termination of
the case will be favorable or otherwise, according as the
strength of the body proves equal to removal of the slough
or the reverse. Inold age senile gangrene may occur asa
result of deficiency of vital energy, affecting especially those

‘parts most remote from the central organ of circulation.
3
34 BOVINE PATHOLOGY.

Resolution is a termination of inflammation most to be
desired ; it consists in the gradual resumption of healthy
conditions of the diseased part. In it the products of
cell proliferation are absorbed, lymphy deposits and serous
effusions undergo the same fate, and the blocking up of
the vessels which has resulted in stasis gives way, so that
healthy circulation is resumed. When this process occurs
very suddenly, as when only stasis and effusion of serum
have to be overcome, a few hours suffices for resolution,
which is then termed Drtitzscencz. Occasionally this is
related to appearance of inflammation in some other organ,
when it is termed Martastasis, a phenomenon which occurs
very frequently in rheumatic affections. How this is
brought about we are not in a position to say. Cases of
false metastasis have been found to be due to direct con-
tinuity of structure, and true alteration of the seat of an
inflammation may be due to the ill-ascertained conditions
of nerve continuity. There are various terms used to.
indicate the forms assumed by inflammation as dependent
on consitutional or local conditions :

Specrric, when it depends upon the presence of special
materies morbt.

Traumatic, when it is due to local injury from without
through mechanical, chemical, thermal, and other agen-
cies.

Iproraruic, when not attributable to any such cause.

SrHenic, when occurring in a constitution with high
vital energy, and tending to the throwing out of plastic
lymph, which rapidly undergoes organisation, or to sup-
puration. The pulse being full and strong, and the
internal temperature high, and the nervous system in a
state of high activity, these cases run their course in a
short time.

AsTHENIC, when tending to assume a low character with
imperfect lymph deposits which do not circumscribe the
accumulations of badly matured pus, which, therefore,
tends to spread widely by infiltration into neighbouring
parts. This leads to extensive destruction of tissue, and
a depressed state of the constitution, the pulse being
INTRODUCTION. 35

weak, quick, and often irregular, and the temperature
being liable to marked variations. This depends upon a
depraved condition of the blood in the majority of cases.

Acuts Inriaumartion is of the sthenic type, running its
course with well-marked symptoms, and passing rapidly
either to resolution or to suppuration, ulceration, or gan-
grene.

In the curonic form both local and general sym-

ptoms are slight ; the tendency is to firmness and organi-
sation of deposits with permanency of effects, and the
conditions which are set on foot by it are slow. Inflam-
mation is considerably influenced in its course and effects
by the tissue in which it is located; thus, we shall notice
that mucous membranes thus affected tend to suppurate,
fibrous tissues to undergo calcification, serous and
synovial to exudation of lymph, cartilage to caries and
ulceration, &c.
’ Conczstion is a form of diseased action, second, indeed,
to inflammation in importance and complexity, but never-
theless exercising an important influence upon pathology.
Dr. Williams distinguishes between congestion and
hyperemia, considering the former to differ from the
latter in that retardation of movement of blood through the
affected part has occurred. In both cases there is excess
of blood in the part, but in hyperzmia the flow is rapid
and the outfall as great as the income. Hyperzmia is,
therefore, not disease ; it occurs in every organ or tissue
which is in a state of activity. Congestion may be active,
passive, or mechanical.

Active Congestion is that accumulation of blood in a
part which occurs when the income is great but the out-
fall is small. It occurs as a result of irritation, precedes
the inflammatory process, and often is confused with
hyperemia.

Passive Congestion results from a relaxed condition of
the small arteries and the capillaries of a part depending
upon deficiency of tone, so the flow of blood becomes
slow, and the vessels distended. It may arise either from
local or general disorder of the vessels, from imperfect
36 BOVINE PATHOLOGY.

action of the heart, or from a depraved condition of the
blood.

Mechanical Congestion depends upon impediment to
return of blood from a part in consequence of pressure on
the veins ; it generally assumes the passive character. In
active congestion there is swelling, pain, redness, and
heat, with an exaltation rather than a perversion of func-
tion, but practically it is extremely difficult to distinguish
from inflammation upon which it verges. Passive con-
gestion is indicated by swelling due to serous extra-
vasation, coldness and deficient vitality of the part, which
has a dark blue colour. The swelling is influenced by
position of the patient, for it is caused by a watery fluid
devoid of plastic elements. Such swellings may dis-
appear very rapidly and occur in pendulous positions.
Congestion terminates either in inflammation or resolu-
tion, and may persist for a long time, giving rise to
Exrravasations, either serous or sanguineous, or mixed
(sero-sanguineous).

Serous ExrravasaTIoN may occur either on a serous or
mucous surface, or into intercellular spaces. It may be seen
in the early stages of catarrh of various mucous membranes,
and, mingling with mucus, constitutes the discharge of the
early stages of inflammations of those structures. When
serum is extravasated into a serous cavity as a result of
congestion, it is a salutary relief to the diseased parts, and
the liquid can be readily returned into the blood, for the
serous cavities are only large dilatations of lymph-vessels.
Intercellular collections of serum are similar in their
pathological importance. Sometimes, however, accumu-
lations of serous or sero-sanguineous fluid appear on the
surface of the body as a result of injury ; the surrounding
areolar tissue becomes condensed and retains the fluid.
Incision into these “serous abscesses” is sometimes
necessary.

Sanguineous extravasation is known as HamorrHacs.
It depends either upon a depraved state of the blood, or
on a giving way of the walls of vessels. Not only in the
latter case is unaltered blood displaced, but it is allowed
INTRODUCTION. 8?

that a migration of red corpuscles (diapedesis) as well
as of white may occur from the vessels under certain
circumstances. Hemorrhage is TRAUMATIC when due to
injury from without, and ipioparHic when dependent
on intrinsic causes. Traumatic haemorrhage may be
due to injury of arteries, veins, heart, or capillaries,
and will be treated more at length under the heading
* Wounds.” Idiopathic blood-extravasation may be
active or passive.

Active Hemorrhage occurs in plethoric subjects, and is
preceded by active congestion. It results from a giving
way of the walls of capillary vessels, and the blood which
thus escapes is considerable in quantity, of a bright colour,
flows rapidly, and coagulates freely. Passive hemorrhage
generally depends upon debility and a disordered state of
the blood. It occurs in organs which have been weakened
by disease, and is often a symptom of some value. The
escape of blood tends to still further reduce the strengt'
of the patient. In certain blood disorders we find extra-
vasations of blood, either considerable infiltrations of
areolar tissue (hemorrhagic infarctions), or circumscribed
small patches of blood, petechta. Rupture of the wall
of a vessel, fracture of bone, and other lesions of a like
kind, are known in surgery as “ Sonutions or Continorty.”
These give rise to disorder only when the continuity of
structure is essential to due performance of function;
thus, a solution of continuity of horn may be present and
give rise to no inconvenience if the sensitive structures
beneath be not exposed to injury, as from compression.
Again, a simple incised wound, when the parts are brought
and maintained in contact, may become obliterated by
simple growth without the intervention of inflammation.
In bones continuity is essential to render them firm bases
of support. FRacruxzs, therefore, interfere with function,
and must be carefully studied. The walls of blood-vessels
are constantly subjected to pressure by the contained
blood, when a solution of their continuity takes place,
therefore, Hamorruace results.

In the present state of pathology we must admit the
38 BOVINE PATHOLOGY.

existence of certain FUNCTIONAL DISORDERS, on the under-
standing that they will probably, with improvement of
methods of research, be proved to be due to alteration of
structure. The term “ Functional disease” is of value
clinically, especially in relation to disorders of the nervous
system and other parts, with the physiology of which we
are not very well acquainted, but as our knowledge of
physiology and its relation to structure advances, we
trace such disorders to appreciable changes of struc-
ture. Functional disease of the rumen occurs in some
cases, and leads to accumulation of gas and food in that
viscus. Probably the derangement is due to nervous
disturbance, for such accumulation is found in many
brain diseases. We must be understood, therefore, to
imply a certain amount of ignorance when we speak of
disorder of function.

In conducting a post-mortem examination we must be
as systematic and thorough as circumstances will allow,
_ so that we shall be in a position to give evidence on each
case to either legal or medical authorities. The note-
book should be in constant use, and we must adopt an
established routine, to be varied as little as possible with
the exigencies of time, place, &c. Thus, the external
evidences of disorder must first be noted, position, expres-
sion and rigidity of the patient ; then the presence of dis-
order of the skin and visible mucous membranes, any indi-
cation of discharges or of injury, the age, sex, condition, and
breed of the animal, also special circumstances of history.
The carcase of the ox in the field must be supported by
means of pitchforks so placed as to sustain the limbs like
props. In the cow-house, or barn, or shed, the limbs of
one side may be supported by ropes thrown over a beam.
In opening the peritoneal sac by incisions through the
abdominal walls the conditions of the peritoneum and the
position and general appearance of the abdominal organs
must be observed, also any abnormality of the contents of
the peritoneal sac, which may be bloody, purulent, loaded
with flocculi of lymph, contain food material, &. The
stomachs, with the intestines, should then be removed,
INTRODUCTION. 89

and thus the liver, kidneys, diaphragm, and genito-urinary
organs are more or less exposed. The situation of each
of these should be examined before removal, any abnormal
relations and adhesions being carefully noted. To
thoroughly examine the genito-urinary apparatus one of
the hind limbs should be removed from the hip, and the
symphysis of the os innominatum and the neck of one
ilium cut through with the saw, and the portion of bone
thus loosened removed. Next, the thoracic viscera should
be subjected to scrutiny, the articulations between the
sterno-costal cartilages and the true ribs having been
divided, some of the anterior sterno-costal cartilages
of false ribs may be cut through, and thus the sternum
drawn away from its position and forwards. To do this
the connections of the fore extremities with the trunk
must be divided, and the skin reflected from the median
inferior longitudinal line of the body. During this
process dropsical collections or diseased conditions of the
axillary lymphatic glands may be found. The pericardial
and pleural sacs must then be examined for they are
exposed, and their contents must be observed. The
heart and lungs may be then removed en masse. Next,
the diaphragm and liver may be separated together from
the surrounding parts. After this the structures in the
lower part of the neck must be separated from their
surroundings and examined, but left in position until we
have the structures of the fauces ready for removal with
them. ‘This is accomplished either by dissection of the
skin from the central line of the sub-maxillary space, and
a deep incision on either side against the inner surface of
the lower jaw, whereby the tongue is freed from its
attachments, anteriorly and laterally, and can be drawn
between the branches of the lower jaw, or by removal of
the skin farther up the side of the face, and amputation
of half of the inferior maxilla at the symphysis, and just
below the condyle. The mouth, pharynx, posterior nares,
and isthmus faucium may thus be examined, and the
temporo-hyoid articulations being divided, the tongue,
larynx, and pharynx removed with the trachea, esophagus,
40 BOVINE PATHOLOGY.

&c. The head having been skinned and disarticulated at
the occipital condyles, may be retained for examination of
the brain, eye, nasal chambers, &c., secundum artem,
The subsequent examination of solid organs, variations in
size, form, and structure must be noted and deter-
mined to be primary or secondary causes of death. The
contents of hollow viscera must be retained and examined,
and the capacity, form, and structure also placed on
record. Finally, a scientific summary of post-mortem
results, with conclusions deduced from them, should be
drawn up after each organ or tissue exhibiting disease
has been specially examined.

Disease may assume various forms dependent upon its
method of appearance and the manner in which it runs its
course. Thus, acute disorders are characterised by short
periods of attack and rapid morbid changes leading to death
or to resolution in a few days, whereas chronic cases last
for some time, changes occur more slowly and lead to
greater permanent alteration of structure. Such attacks
as are active in their phases, but chronic in their effects,
are termed Subacute. Different diseases generally affect
one or other of these characters. Certain blood diseases
are very liable to assume the chronic form, rheumatism,
for instance, while inflammations of important viscera, as
the lungs, heart, &c., are generally acute. When
a number of animals of the same species become
simultaneously affected with a disease which does not
seem to be confined to any special locality the outbreak
is said to be Epizooric, but if animals of various species
suffer from the disorder it is termed Panzoortc.  Enzoorics
are those diseases which affect a number of animals in a
circumscribed locality. Thus, eczema epizootica is a
panzootic, pleuro-pneumonia zymotica is an epizootic, and
anthrax generally manifests itself in enzootic outbreaks.
The term Srorantc is applied to those disorders which do
not affect a number of animals simultaneously, but now
and then an individual becomes attacked, while a number
of others subjected to like conditions escape unharmed.
Most non-specific disorders assume the sporadic character,
INTRODUCTION. 41

Having determined the nature of the attack under which
an animal is labouring, and by the various methods of
“inquiry above noted, in so far as they are applicable to
the special case, having arrived at a conclusion as to the
part disordered, and the extent to which it has undergone
pathological changes, and to which its altered conditions
affect surrounding parts, the practitioner must next
determine the method of treatment to be adopted and
rigidly enforced with a view to restoration of health, or
to a condition of fitness for special duties according to the
nature of the patient. It has been truly remarked that
in many cases a veterinary surgeon has not the oppor-
tunity to carry his medicinal skill to its full extent since
his patients are almost always viewed as representing so
much capital, and not as being in a position to claim
moral protection for life so long as it exists. Again, in
the majority of cases the veterinary surgeon must
thoroughly cure his patient, and may find a “ patched up ”
case which would bring his medical confrére much credit,
is apt to prove even prejudicial to him. Such being the
case, it can hardly be a matter of wonder that the study
of the treatment of such animals as our bovine patients
has not been pursued with such energy as certain other
branches of therapeutics. The animal if slaughtered at
once will prove useful for food, if kept alive will probably
have its system impregnated with medicinal agents, and
at the same time will rapidly decline from ‘‘ market con-
dition.” The veterinary surgeon’s bill and the keep of the
animal until it is again fit for its special duties will
mount up very considerably, so the owner is too often
tempted to send the patient immediately to the butcher.
Promptness is most essential, then, in the treatment of
our patients, both in prognosis and in administration of
remedies. In all cases we must remember the grand rule
“remove the cause and the effect will cease,” and must
not only remove the immediate cause, but any other
influences which are tending to bring about increase of
the disorder. We must thoroughly trace out the value of
each pathological condition in relation to other morbid
42 BOVINE PATHOLOGY.

states, and the primary disease must in all cases determine
the course of our therapeutical efforts.

All secondary diseases, symptoms of which show that
they are liable to destroy the patient, must also receive
attention ; thus, in a case of indigestion we often require to
prevent death from suffocation when distension of the
rumen with gas impedes movements of the diaphragm,
evacuation of the gas is then urgent and must be adopted
asa palliative measure, together with the curative means
directed to reduction of the indigestion. Curative means
may be either medicinal or surgical. Medicinal agents of
various kinds have been found to have different effects
upon the animal system since they increase, retard, or
prevent natural processes. A judicious selection of these
agents may be made to assist nature in her attempts to
restore healthy conditions; in all cases the educated prac-
titioner must apply his knowledge of the action of special
medicaments and of the methods which nature adopts as
reparative. Thus, with a wound of a sluggish character,
he will endeavour to promote salutary inflammation by
means of digestives, and in a case of hemorrhage, he will
endeavour to coagulate the fibrine of the blood and so
plug up the orifice of escape. Treatment must be of no
definite and fixed character, nostrums and recipes occupy
too prominent a position in works on cattle diseases ; the
educated practitioner alone should treat the case, and he
will be able to vary the doses and agents administered
according to the many and ever variable phases of diseased
action.

Human medicine has been facetiously termed “the art of
amusing the patient while nature cures the disease.”’ All
medicinal treatment consists in a state of constant vigilance
and free supply of aid whenever the vis medicatrix nature
requires us to assist her in restoring health equilibrium.

Surgical Treatment comprises all operations performed
upon the various parts of the body with a view to
restoring the natural condition of the constitution or a
satisfactory state of health. Many refinements which have
been adopted in human surgery and so materially allevi-
INTRODUCTION. 48

ate suffering and prolong life, have not been able
hitherto to find a place in veterinary surgery. For want
of co-operation on the part of the patient and his slight
pecuniary value if imperfectly restored, and the expense of
keep, prove sad opponents of our advancement in this
respect. Thus the medical and surgical branches of
professional work have not been artificially delegated to
distinct. sections of practitioners, and as they depend on
the same laws of disease, and are at every phase in
close interunion, we have not deemed it right to separate
surgery from medicine in the work before us. Surgical
treatment comprises operations, the use of appliances, and
dressings of various kinds.

Orzrations may be performed with special instruments or
by manipulatory methods; they have for their aim either
removal of the cause of disorder as in cesophagotomy, or
palliation of its effects, as opening the trachea in a case
of laryngeal obstruction. Again, they may have a pre-
ventive effect, as in removal of ® tumour which by its
spread tends to involve important organs, and ovariotomy
in an animal with some mechanical impediment, to expul-
sion of afcetus, Operative surgical skill may, to a certain
extent, be acquired in the dissecting-room by the study of
topographical or regional anatomy, but can only be per-
fected by operations on the living subject, preferably in
the course of general practice; though some educational
authorities consider that the pain inflicted on a few animals
during a course of operative vivisectional surgery, will be
amply atoned for by subsequent more skilful execution of
professional duties. In the performance of any operation
the practitioner must have determined beforehand the
most favorable methods for the particular case, the com-
plications liable to arise, and the measures of after treat-~
ment which will be necessary if everything succeeds
according to his expectations. It is in the occurrence of
complications that the skill of the operator is best tested ;
coolness, promptness in emergency, and neglect of sur-
roundings, are valuable qualities under these circumstances.
With large patients special means of restraint during all
44 BOVINE PATHOLOGY.

major operations have to be resorted to by the veterinary
surgeon. The animal requires to be cast or otherwise to
be disarmed of defensive powers and ability to escape.

AnzstHetics have not been hitherto used much in
veterinary surgery. They are not so frequently required
as in human surgery because major operations on animals
are less frequent, and also because the amount of nervous
wear and tear in the lower animals is not so great as in
man, with his extremely elaborate and delicate nervous
mechanism. The pain of anticipation, also, in animals,
is reduced to a minimum. CxHLoRororM requires to be
administered in very large quantity to large herbivores,
and seems to so thoroughly impregnate the blood as
to interfere with subsequent healing processes and to
give rise to serious complications. This agent proves
more expensive than the owner of the patient generally
likes, and the preliminary stage of excitement produced
by it induces severe struggling and reduction of the
strength of the patient. Local anesthesia as induced by
Dr. Richardson’s spray diffuser, has been used for certain
veterinary operations ; cold water is sometimes continuously
applied to produce this effect, and cocaine has been utilized
in this way for Bovine surgery.

 

Fra. 5.—Spray diffuser for anmsthetics or disinfectants,

The preliminary treatment of a patient must be such as
will induce as vigorous a state of the constitution as is
compatible with the circumstances. Food of good quality
and wholesome, a free supply of air, and exercise, should
INTRODUCTION. 45

be adopted when possible. Operations should not be per-
formed when certain blood diseases are present, and organic
disease of various organs, together with the special condi-
tions of the patient, should be most carefully considered.

Professor Williams is careful to caution us lest we ope-
rate with dirty instruments or hands or near a dissecting
room. The operation should be performed in a place where
there is lots of room, light, and quietude. The subject
should be placed in position by skilled assistants, and the
necessary instruments and appliances should be clean, in
order, and placed under the charge of a special assistant.
Thoroughness, cleanliness, and judgment should be the fea-
tures ofalloperations. Emergencies asthey arise must be met
and counteracted. Heemorrhage, protrusion of viscera, and
collapse of the patient, are some of the most formidable.

Cot.apse consists in sudden interference with the heart’s
action, the result of nervous shock. The patient ceases to
struggle, and loses all voluntary power, the limbs are
relaxed, the pulse scarcely perceptible and extremely

irregular; sighing, pallor of visible mucous membranes,
and coldness of the body are present in most cases.

In this state of affairs a free supply of fresh air must
be secured, and sometimes artificial respiration resorted to.
Stimulants must be administered and frictions applied to
the extremities and general surface. Extreme quiet and
stimulant tonics must constitute the after-treatment.
When death occurs from this cause, the blood is found
diminished in consistency and occupying all the cavities
of the heart, the right especially being engorged.

Tn all cases after a serious operation the patient should
be kept in a well-ventilated house, and supplied with good
and not over-nutritious diet, the necessity for stimulant and
tonic agents being estimated in accordance with the case.

The various forms of appliances and dressings will re-
quire special notice. An important rule to be observed in
operative surgery is to preserve every portion of structure
which can become useful, while removing all diseased parts
with an unsparing hand. This is the grand doctrine of

7 EP)
“ Conservative Surgery.
46 BOVINE PATHOLOGY.

Finally, we must impress upon our minds the extreme
value of Nursine and PREeveNnTION.

Nursing consists in attention to minor details which
are conducive to the comfort of the patient. Supply
of tempting and palatable food, and water or other drinks,
as suited to the state of the patient ; free supply of fresh air
of an agreeable temperature, prompt removal of ejecta, and
the supply of a good clean bed of straw, clothing properly and
with judgment, administration of medicines in the gentlest
and most effectual manner, and application of dressings of
various kinds, also constitute the duties of the nurse.

When it is remembered that very frequently these simple
matters prove more valuable than more active treatment, the
necessity for good nursing in all cases will be evident.

PREVENTION or PROPHYLAXIS is a most important question.
We have seen that conditions are rather unfavorable to
curative treatment, but prevention is correspondingly
valuable. Veterinary surgeons are called in to prevent
disorders of any kind among a herd of cattle, or to adopt
special prophylactic means against such a disorder as
anthrax. In each case he must carefully adopt hygienic
measures with a view to avoidance of predisposing causes.
When exciting influences occur they will then be less able
to produce marked effects. The quality and quantity of
the food must be duly regulated ; the purity and tempera-
ture of the air and the sanitary conditions of stalls, houses,
&c., as well as the general treatment of the beast, must
be adapted to the object for which they have been kept
Such individual predispositions as result from age, con-
formation, breed, and temperament, must as much as
possible be obviated ; and, lastly, all exciting causes, such
as standing in draughts and sudden transitions from heat
to cold must be guarded against. There can be no doubt
that by such means latent tendency to tubercle and other
similar affections can be restrained for a considerable
time. The effect of disease of parents may be manifest
at birth when it is termed Concenrrat, or it may remain

1 J . ] . »
Neceasity for lnprovement ia Farm Hygiode'” (pabiiued wee evetadeee

Journal’ and ‘ Veterinarian’ for 1886) ought to be studied by both practi-
tioner and student.
INTRODUCTION. 47

in a latent state until the young animal has attained a —
definite age corresponding often with that in which it
first appeared in the parent. For the prevention of out-
breaks of special disorders various means are adopted.

Inocunation depends for its value upon the fact that
some diseases do not occur twice in the same subject, and
when artificially induced have a mild character.

Vaccination consists in securing immunity from a
severe disorder by bringing on an attack of a closely
allied but very mild disease.

SprcraL BREEDING consists in the crossing of animals of
a breed predisposed to a disorder with animals of a breed
manifesting no such tendency, as in crossing shorthorns
with less carefully bred animals.

SPECIAL LEGISLATIVE MEASURES, with which we shall after-
wards have to deal, are necessary to check contagious
disorders.

The treatment of inflammation is complicated in accord-
ance with the complex conditions of that pathological
state, and the effects of these processes. We must
remember that inflammation is in very many cases salutary
and that it must therefore be encouraged under the
following circumstances ; when reparative, constructive, or
usefully destructive.  Reparative inflammation is the
means by which injuries are repaired, and when a con-
siderable amount of new tissue has to be produced, as in
filling up’ an abscess cavity, constructive inflammation
causes granulative repair. In the removal of foreign bodies,
whether introduced from without or resulting from death
of a part, as in sloughing, inflammation is usefully des-
tructive. Inflammation under these circumstances must
be carefully watched, and either promoted or controlled
as occasion may require. If the process becomes sluggish,
as in indolent ulcers, on account of deficiency either of
local or constitutional energy, stimulants must be applied
or administered ; while if the local changes are intensely
acute and give rise to a high state of fever sedative
means must be adopted locally, and general sedatives
and antiphlogistics be used. At the same time the
48 BOVINE PATHOLOGY.

cause of excess or deficiency must be sought for and
removed. In salutary destructive changes where a
foreign body becomes the centre of an abscess, whenever
necessary the tendency of the abscess to pass in the
direction of least pressure must be directed by relaxing
superficial parts by moisture and warmth, also any impe-
diment to such progress towards the surface, as layers of
fascia, must be overcome by operation. Our anatomical
knowledge will guide us in this matter. Local energy
must be promoted in cases of removal of gangrenous
parts by sloughing, and when the general or local powers
begin to flag they must be assisted by surgical removal
of the altered mass. The circumstances of each case will
suggest to the practitioner the proper time for operation,
and when there is inability to produce a “ line of demar-
cation,”’? removal must be made where the tissues retain
vital energy sufficient for repair. When it is necessary to
treat inflammation of a non-salutary character the original
cause of the disorder must be first removed. Thus, a
foreign body in the muscular structures of a part, resting -
op the conjunctiva, or situated in a passage too small
to accommodate it under ordinary circumstances, if not
removed artificially will be thrown off if possible by
exacting processes of nature, or death will result from the
attempt. Occasionally a coating of lymph will be thrown
out over a foreign body, and thus its irritating characters
obviated. Next, ail causes which tend to produce similar
inflammation must be removed, for they simply aggravate
the casein hand. Thus, in inflammation of the peritoneum
quiescence of the bowels is to be sought, for active peris-
talsis, suchas results from cathartics, causes friction between
the inflamed surfaces. As activity predisposes to disorder,
both directly and by influencing blood supply, we must
secure Rust whenever possible ; thus we keep the animal
in a dark place in cases of ophthalmia, and endeavour to
promote the action of other excretory organs in cases of
inflammation of the kidneys, to relieve the diseased glands, .
There is a natural tendency to this which we must
eudeavour to promote. The substitution of the action
INTRODUCTION. 49

of one excretory organ for that of another is vicarious
activity. Agents which, when administered internally,
counteract inflammation, are termed antiphlogistics.
Many of them act by promoting vicarious secretion,
whereby the blood is purified; also in doing so they act
as derivatives. There is a marked determination of blood
towards a part suffering from inflammation, and a corre-
spondingly diminished supply to other parts of the body.
Our efforts must be directed to the diffusion of nervous
energy which controls vaso-motor activity, so we resort
to general stimulants, clothing, hand rubbing of limbs,
and stimulating applications to the surface. It has been
long recognised that when blisters applied to the surface
of the body during internal acute inflammation act freely
it is a favorable sign. We must look upon it as a proof
of diffusion of nervous energy and blood which previously
had been accumulated in. the affected part. Derivatives
assist in the process of diffusion. The excess of blood is
removed from the zone of congestion and simple hyperzemia
around the part where stasis has occurred, and thus the
disease limited in its extent. The same effect results
from certain modifications in posture, and from bloodletting.
Certain agents have been extolled as especially efficacious
in cases of severe inflammation, either by producing
changes in the blood or by their action upon the heart.

Mercury, as calomel, acts on numerous secretory organs,
and is correspondingly valuable as a means of purifica-
tion of blood which is over-loaded with inflammatory
débris; also it is considered to check or prevent plastic
deposit. It is a debilitating agent of a very powerful
kind, and so is often contra-indicated. _

PorassIO-TARTRATE OF ANTIMONY is considered valuable
in reducing the heart’s action as does bleeding, but having
the advantage of it being permissible to administer it
several consecutive times.

Diarrauis also controls the heart’s action, but it is cumu-
lative, and thus requires very careful watching. It pro-
duces intermittency of the heart.

Opium is valuable “in various ways; by quieting the

a
50 BOVINE PATHOLOGY.

nerves, by sustaining the faltering action of the heart, by
keeping the inflamed parts at rest’ (Watson).

In nursing a patient suffering from severe inflammation
we must select such food as is very easy of digestion, and
therefore not likely to aggravate the disordered condition
which the stomach shares with other organs of the body
in such cases. The appetite of the patient must be
tempted, for it is generally difficult to make him take
anything which will assist in husbanding the strength
against the emergencies of the attack. Some practitioners
rely almost wholly on stimulants in the treatment of in-
flammation; these, they urge, foster the strength, and
hasten the local changes to a favorable issue, while they
prevent all those unsatisfactory effects, such as ulceration
and gangrene, of deficient local power which are apt to
result from the depletory system of treatment; they also
prevent the attack from lapsing into a chronic character.
There certainly is much feasibility in this line of argu-
ment, and the benefit of the system is proved by the un-
doubted fact that under it cases of true hydrothorax less
often result from pleurisy. But we must exercise judgment
and discriminate when we can afford to run the risk of
plastic results of an acute attack, and when haste is less
essential than thorough ultimate recovery. In all cases
where vital organs are inflamed stimulating treatment is
likely to be of value. With regard to local conditions,
too, sometimes stimulation is beneficial. This is well
shown in many cases of so-called counter-irritation, as in
application of vesicants to the sides in cases of pleuritis.
Undoubtedly many cases of supposed inflammation, are at
first simply congestion, and nowhere does this more often
occur than in the pleura; the stimulus arouses the activity
of the congested blood-vessels, and enables them to expel
their contents, and thus immediate relief follows. Again,
undoubtedly deficient nervous energy in a part is a potent
cause of inflammation; stimulation removes this cause.
It is even possible that when stasis has occurred a sti-
mulus may so strengthen the blood-current as to enable
it to break down the obstruction, and so alter the local
INTRODUCTION. 51

states of nutrition as to give no tendency to renew it.
But while admitting this mode of action of external
stimulants, we cannot refuse to admit the derivative effect
of COUNTER-IRRITANTS.

Recent researches on the vaso-motor system have
proved how powerful an effect a stimulus may have in
altering blood-distribution. These researches, though by
no means complete, are favorable to the view that a
deep-seated inflammation may be relieved by originating
a similar process in superficial tissues. Setons, blisters,
cauteries, and rubefacients are means to this end.

Coup, when applied locally in a continuous manner for
a long time, will, in such cases as open joints and similar
pathological states, enable repair to occur with a minimum
of inflammation, for such, if it set in to a marked degree,
would cause high fever on account of the unyielding nature
of surrounding parts. Also under this treatment the in-
flammation is not so liable to involve the joint surfaces.
This continuous application numbs the parts, and so lessens
pain; but some say that ultimately the white muscular
fibre of the arteries relaxes, and passive congestion occurs.
However this may be, its practical value in joint diseases
has been proved.

Hear with Moisture relaxes parts, and so eases pain, it
also tends to promote suppuration. It must be used,
therefore, to assist the maturation of abscesses, but should
be avoided whenever suppuration would be prejudicial. In
the earliest stages of inflammation resolution may be
brought about by warmth mechanically relaxing the
vessels in which stasis has occurred, and thus readmitting
the current of blood, or the same effect may be the result
-of extravasation.

Loca Szpatives, as Goulard’s solution of the subacetate
of lead, check the spread of inflammation by lessening the
passive congestion around the seat of stasis; they are very
useful in cases of ophthalmia, contusions, &c.

Loca Bioop-LETtine must never be brought about by
incisions in the inflamed part, but rather in the proximity.
It seems to temporarily relieve congestion and hyperemia,
52 BOVINE PATHOLOGY.

but the effect is evanescent. Occasionally free scarifica-
tions allow the escape of excessive extravasated material,
which, by pressure, tends to interfere with favorable pro-
gress towards resolution, For the removal of effused
material pressureand stimulation have been found beneficial.
The effects of pressure are very gradual, and some mechani-
cal applianceisnecessary; the moreconvenient planof stima-
lation is, therefore, generally adopted, compounds of iodine,
especially the biniodide of mercury, being most useful. The
friction in application also tends to promote absorption.

When ulceration is present the treatment must be
regulated according to the condition of the sores. Often
tonics and stimulants must be administered internally.
Indolent ulcers require local stimulation; callous, the
application of caustics, whereby a fresh granulative surface
will be exposed ; inflamed, local sedatives; inflammatory
and specific, attention to constitutional conditions ; phage-
denic, powerful caustics, followed by poultices.

When Surrvurarion has occurred, free exit must be given
to the pus by means of a depending orifice, but the abscess
must not be opened until fully matured. Purulent infil-
trations should be relieved byincision. The system must
be well supported by nourishing food and stimulant tonics
in the meanwhile, and the animal be clothed carefully, for
suppuration is an exhausting process, and causes febrile
symptoms, rigors, debility, and fulness and rapidity of the
pulse. Tonics will be favorable to the constructive pro-
cesses by which the abscess cavity will be filled up;
locally, carbolic dressings are most useful.

Mortification necessitates support of the strength of.
the patient, for not only is the system severely taxed in
throwing off the slough, but also gangrenous fluids tend
to enter the circulating current, and give rise to an asthenic
character of subsequent changes. Stimulants and tonics
require to be administered freely internally, while poul-
tices such as Cataplasma Calcis Chlor., or Catap. Fermenti,
promote the separation of the slough. We have already
indicated that surgical removal of the diseased part is
oftea necessary.
INTRODUCTION. 53

It remains only for us here to state that febrile com-
plications of inflammation will be subsequently noticed,
and that inflammation is sometimes induced as a prophy-
lactic means, as when a seton is inserted in the dewlap of
young cattle as a preventive against “black quarter.”

ConeEstion requires treatment directed to the removal
of causes, such as relaxation of arteries or impediment
to return of blood through veins. Often a local stimulant
will remove any tendency to stagnation, while astringents,
such as cold water, will cause tonic contraction of the
previously passively-relaxed vessels. When the conges-
tion is due to weakness of constitution, tonics must be
prescribed. Often it is necessary to palliate the accumu-
lation of blood by scarifications, phlebotomy, or applica-
tion of equable pressure to the part. An elevated posture
will prove beneficial. Moisture with warmth may lead
to removal of congestion by causing the vessels to relieve
themselves by serous effusion.

Haworruacs, when traumatic, must be treated as here-
after described. When due to blood disease, and occur-
ring as petechie and hemorrhagic infarctions, they must
be deemed of minor importance as secondary to the
general disorder of the blood. The other form of passive
hemorrhage, that due to debility, must be treated by
strengthening the patient; and in active hemorrhage we
must reduce plethora and tendency to congestions by less
food and more exercise, and also laxative and diuretic
agents. Local astringent applications, as cold water, act
as styptics, restraining hemorrhage. Certain medicinal
substances, when administered internally, are considered
heemostatic, as oleum terebinthineg.

Drorsy will disappear with the congestive or inflam-
matory state from which it originated. The process may
be promoted by stimulating the water excreting organs,
kidneys, and skin; also such agents as lessen blood
pressure promote absorption; digitalis is one of the
best. If the supply of fluid for drinking purposes be
limited, effused fluids will be taken up to maintain the
due liquidity of the blood. Iodine and its compounds are
54 BOVINE PATHOLOGY.

supposed to assist the process of absorption in these cases.
When absorption is prevented by lympby deposits on the
walls of a sac, or when the fluid has collected in such
quantity as to cause extreme tension, paracentesis (or
tapping) must be resorted to. Injection of a stimulating
agent may close a serous abscess by lymph exudation.
This is, of course, inadmissible in dropsies of serous
cavities. Senile dropsy is generally incurable.

Section 2.

The ox, Bos Taurus, is a ruminating, hoofed mammal,
and presents certain leading anatomical and physiological
characteristics which leave their impress upon his patho-
logical conditions. Thus the alimentary system is remark-
ably well developed, constituting a considerable propor-
tion of the total weight of the body. It is largely composed
of stomachs, which fill the greater part of the abdomen and
consist mainly of three compartments, modified forms of
the inferior extremity of the cesophagus, adapted for pur-
poses of rumination. The fibres of the tubular portion of
the cesophagus are arranged in such a manner as to readily
permit either upward or downward passage of the food,
and the organs of mastication and salivation are specially
adapted for prolonged action.

As in other herbivorous mammals, the molar teeth are
large grinding organs, which, by the size of the fangs
firmly implanting them in the jaw, necessitate a large
condition of the face in comparison with the cranium ;
and by their weight so increase that of the head that the
neck is short and presents superiorly a highly developed
ligamentum nuchx.. The weight of the skull is also in-
creased by offensive organs, the horns, developed from the
fontal bones at the superior prominence of the skull.
But the weight of these is lessened by the fact that into
them extend prolongations of those large facial sinuses
which contain rarefied air, and buoy up the unsupported
skulls of most mammals, as the air sinuses in the bones of
birds also buoy up their bodies in adapting them for rising
INTRODUCTION. : 55

in the air during flight. As in other ruminants incisors are
deficient in the upper jaw, being there replaced by a dental

“pad, and in the inferior maxilla the canines assume the
figure of incisors and form part of a continuous series of
eight.

The anterior extremities of the nasal and oral chambers
are connected together by a duct of Stenson, leading to
the organ of Jacobson, an accessory olfactory appa-
ratus, in all probability closely connected with the mouth
that the sense of smell may exercise more direct control
against ingestion of poisonous herbs. The upper lip and
the anterior nares are occupied by the muffle, a fibrous
organ covered with a delicate but firm membrane devoid
of hair, but constantly, in health, secreting a dewy moisture,
and kept clean by the tongue, which latter organ is deve-
loped to aremarkable extent for prehensile purposes. The.
eyes are prominent and rather far back as in other herbi-
vores, whereby extensive range of vision enables the animal
to view an enemy afar and not be disturbed suddenly
during the prolonged period of rumination. This act is per-
formed by the animal preferably in the recumbent posi-
tion. The rumen when full presses against the diaphragm,
and the thorax, under any circumstances, is not remarkable
for extent, but has special provisions whereby it may in-
crease in transverse diameter when the animal is lying
down, Besides the shortness of the thorax of the ox and
other ruminants as compared with that of the horse and
his allies, the lungs are more largely composed of areolar
tissue, the calibre of the trachea is less, and the anterior
nares are smaller and less mobile, and devoid of that
remarkable complexity of formation which assists in
adapting the horse for rapid movement over the earth.
Altogether the respiratory system is less developed than
in the horse.

In accordance with this the circulatory system is less
developed, the arteries being small and the heart generally
more frequent but less powerful in its action, so that the
pulse has a somewhat soft beat. The blood does not ex-
hibit that tendency to the formation of- the buffy coat
56 BOVINE PATHOLOGY.

which that of the horse does under normal conditions,
though the corpuscles are about equal in size.

The nervous system has a rather small cerebrum, due
especially to deficiency in size of the anterior parts of the
hemispheres; these also are remarkably short in the ox.
The spinal cord is fairly developed, and the ganglionic
system large and energetic. The organs of the senses are
all well developed, the skin is thick and somewhat loosely
applied, and covered with a dense coating of hair; the
thermogenic functions are active, hence the internal tem-
perature is high. This we may associate with smallness
and insensibility of the organs of exit of heat as compared
with those of production. The other excretory organs,
kidneys and liver, are large and active; the urine of the
ox differing in some marked chemical and physical char-
acters from that of the horse.

The muscular system is less developed for functional
purposes than that of the horse, and is less compact.
The basement structures of the limbs are less adapted to
secure sharpness and precision in movements, and termi-
nate inferiorly in division, which produces the characteristic
cloven condition of the hoof in ruminants, while the limbs
of the ox are capable of more varied mobility than those
of the horse, of which the forward kick is a rather forcible
illustration. In each case these organs are used simply
for purposes of progression, the ox therefore is devoid of
ossific union of the fore extremity with the trunk, the
clavicle being absent and the scapula large.

The generative system is largely developed both in male
and female. Sexual desires are urgent in the male, and
he is specially endowed with strength and weapons suitable
to enable him to maintain supremacy against intruders into
the herd of which he is lord and master. A struggle
for existence among the males determines at once the
numerical excess of females and the continued improvement
of the race. The female is prolific, frequently producing
twins, with a period of gestation shorter than that of the
mare. The mammary gland is largely developed and
placed in the hypogastrium,
INTRODUCTION, 57

In a state of nature the ox is gregarious, the females
much predominating in numbers over the males. Inhabits
prairies and other wide expanses of pasture land, spends his
time partly in grazing and considerably in ruminating.
Migrates frequently to fresh pasture land or flies rapidly
with considerable energy from a foe. When attacked,
defends himself with his horns and by trampling the foe
under foot, sometimes also by kicking.

Under domestication these conditions are much wigdl
fied.. The range becomes limited to meadows and straw
yards, or to the extreme of stall life, thus the fat produc-
ing powers are increased, leading to either general fatness
for feeding purposes or to increase in lacteal secretion to
a most extraordinary degree. Warmth, such as results
from shelter,and diminished supply of oxygen due to con-
finement, operate in the same direction, and tend to
dimimish vital energy while encouraging fat production.
Limited range also lessens the activity and compactness
of the muscular system, the “wiry” organism of the
wild animal becomes altered into the “soft” state of the
domesticated. There is no necessity for frequent migra-
tion nor flight when they are protected by man, and the
prevention of combats between males tends to interfere
with the inherent energy of the race, and probably to
generate a more docile offspring. Increased supply of
more nutritious food, obtained without the necessity of
traversing large tracts of country, and without the dis-

-turbing influence of constant dread, causes actual increase
in the size of the race.

Artificial conditions to which the ox is subjected are
such as tend to diminish the circulatory, respiratory, and
cerebro-spinal sensory organs, to lessen acuteness of smell,
taste, sight, and probably hearing, and also the secretory
activity of the skin. On the contrary, the alimentary and
generative systems (with, as a result, the ganglionic
centres) are increased in activity in adaptation to our
requirements.

In the working ox the conditions of life are not so
profoundly altered; he spends his days in the open air
58 BOVINE PATHOLOGY.

utilising his locomotory system, and not indulging in
either excess of alimentary or reproductive pleasures. He
is hardy, but gives us examples of diseases of the locomotor
system as also of the cloven hoof.

Such marked subjection to the uses of man has led to
two results; increase in varieties of the ox and increased
liability to disease. As varieties differ from the original stock
so in direct proportion do they become liable to disease, and
when by culture we generate remarkable activity of an organ
we render it correspondingly predisposed to disorder.

In the production of a breed with special qualities there
is a transmission of hereditary tendency to special pecu-
liarities of structure and to activity of function, conditions
predisposing to disease, and these predispositions are very
marked as a result of “breeding in and in,” which pre-
vents the counteraction of family tendency to some special
degeneration by the introduction of new blood. Excessive
development of one part of the body tends to cause a want
of reciprocity of different parts of the body, to the preju-
dice of the whole; only by very gradual development can
modifications of species occur; nature shows us this, for
variation under domestication tends to disease. The mere
fact of breeding from near relatives is not prejudicial, if
both be in a state of thorough health. -

Gregariousness is not favorable to individual peculiari-
ties, nevertheless, when epizootic disorders occur certain
individuals will exhibit immunity under extreme conditions
of exposure ; this seriously complicates experiments on
the transmission of these disorders. A similar immunity
from the effects of altered conditions may be noted after
the ingestion of medicinal or toxic agents; some
individuals require immense doses, while others become
seriously influenced by small quantities. The latter con-
dition is termed intolerance ; the former, tolerance, may
be due to frequent administration of the same agent when
it is of a non-cumulative character. Immunity in certain
blood diseases is secured often by an attack either of the
same or of a closely allied disorder,

Diet acts as a predisposing cause of disease either by
INTRODUCTION. 59

its quality, quantity, or mode of preparation. A very
rich diet predisposes to anthrax and inflammatory disorders,
a poor diet to anzmia and dropsies. Food materials may
be in themselves prejudicial either by medicinal or poison-
ous constituents. Mouldy fodder serves to illustrate
this, also the various cases of poisoning by oil cake.
Excess of food either causes excessive distension of the
stomach as in plenalvia, or, when in small quantities fre-
quently administered, gives rise to plethora. Deficiency
of food gives rise to debility and anamia. When not
enough food at a time is given to an ox he is unable to
ruminate, thus indigestion is produced. The familiar
instance of choking from an uncut swede is an example of
ill effects from improperly prepared foodstuff. Diet
unadapted to the special uses for which an animal is kept
will frequently cause disappointment to the owner and
require correction by the veterinary surgeon consulted
about the case. An extreme instance of this may be
seen in pregnant animals, for the nature of the diet will
affect the well being of the foetus in utero. Anemic
conditions of the mother will give rise to dropsy of the
foetus and its membranes and perhaps to its death,
while not unfrequently an ergotised condition of pasture
grass is the cause of abortion.

Pregnancy in itself alters the nutritive equilibrium of
parts, and hence predisposes to disease, especially of the
generative organs; it produces important though tem-
porary systemic changes. ‘The pulse beats more rapidly,
the amount of carbonic anhydride excreted from the lungs
is altered, the constituents of certain excretions, especially
the urine, are modified, the appetite often becomes depraved,
and the state of the nervous system different from ordi-
nary. These changes culminate in the special phenomena
of parturition and lactation, and with decline of the latter
diminishes the predisposition to disease from pregnancy.
The conditions of surrounding air may predispose to
disease. Many specific disorders originate through vola-
tile contagions conveyed through the air and taken up
through the respiratory mucous membrane ; this is termed
60 BOVINE PATHOLOGY

Inrgcrion. Again, the air has an important influence on
respiration and cutaneous exhalations. When loaded
with deleterious gases it may act as a poison, but if these
be present only in small quantities it may simply produce
local disorder. Variations in the surrounding air consist
principally in moisture, temperature, or purity. When
moisture is deficient, but the air warm, the skin acts
readily but the muscular system is relaxed, hence the
system is predisposed to herniw. Tetanus is prevalent
in countries with such a prevailing climate as this, and
diseases become acute. Warmth, with moisture, while
determining blood to the skin, lessens the escape of
moisture from the surface and from the lungs; thus a
sluggish lymphatic condition is induced, and the animal is
predisposed to dropsical effusions and low fevers. These
conditions are specially favorable to the growth and
multiplication of vegetable organisms, fungi, such as give
rise to anthracoid disorders and intermittent fevers. Cold,
with dryness, produces just the reverse effects, and gives
a very low rate of mortality. It is remarked that the
first touch of frost checks the ravages of an epi-
zootic. These conditions tend to slowness and stunted
growth, but produce hardihood, and are favorable to
the healing of wounds without the occurrence of septic
accidents. Cold with moisture, tends to a lowering of
vital energy, and an accumulation of impurities in the
system due to defective excretion by the lungs and skin,
diseases tend to an asthenic type, internal congestions
frequently occur, and rheumatismal diseases are prevalent
and severe. But where currents of air give rise to draughts
they are active agents in production of disorder, they
disturb the nervous system and originate inflammation
in that organ which is most predisposed to disease.
While warmth promotes fattening and the production of
milk, it must not be procured at the expense of venti-
lation and drainage. Unless fresh air is admitted, and
foul air escapes, and ejecta are not allowed to accumulate,
the air in the cowhouse will become overloaded with
impurities which predispose to disease, will tend to make
INTRODUCTION. 61

epizootics and other specific disorders of a highly destruc-
tive character, will induce any disease which occurs to
assume a low type. The drinking water supplied to an
animal may be so impure as to originate or communicate
disease. Besides the conditions already mentioned, age,
sex, and conformation determine individual liability to
disease. Young animals respire quickly, have a quick pulse,
and high internal temperature, they are particularly liable to
diseases of growth, to acute inflammations, and to catarrhal
affections of the alimentary and respiratory tracts, also
their constitutional energy is hardly able to check and
counteract the ravages of entozoa. In adult animals the
tendency is to certain disorders resulting from diet, also to
diseases of the generative system. In old animals we
find the effects of deficient energy of the heart and
degeneracy of blood-vessels ; hence metastatic congestions,
senile gangrene, and heart disorders occur especially in
them. Male animals are most liable to acute disorders,
_as being endued with higher vital energy than females.
Castration materially modifies constitutional conditions,
and secures immunity from such acute disorders of the
generative organs as occur in the entire animal, facilitates
fattening, and lessens lability to injury. It causes the
disorder known as pelvic hernia or “ gut-tie.”” Females
run the risks of parturition and lactation, their respira-
tory, circulatory, and nervous functions are generally less
active than those of the male. Conformation and the
uses to which the animal has been put have marked
effects as predisposing causes; thus, the shortness of
the neck of the ox accounts for his frequent attacks of
apoplexy, and too free exercise of generative powers
will bring about atrophy of the bull’s testes. Previous
disease of an organ predisposes it to renewal of an attack.

Sometimes only imperfect repair occurs, and the partially
formed tissue is liable to again become the seat of morbid
changes, even without the action of any appreciable
excitant. Recurrent abscesses are of this nature, as also
certain forms of dysentery. Exciting causes are varied, .
such as exposure to currents of cold air, sudden transition
62 BOVINE PATHOLOGY.

from cold to heat, mechanical and chemical irritants.
They will be specified under the heading of each disease.
The general symptoms manifested by cattle suffering
from acute disorders are dulness and separation from the
rest of the herd, unwillingness to move, a “ hide bound”
or “staring” condition of the coat (cutis anserina).
The animals do not lick themselves or one another,
nor stretch properly on rising; dryness of mufile,
failure or deficiency of the appetite, and cessation of
rumination. In the milch cow the lacteal secretion is
diminished or suppressed. Frequently when these are
observed examination by the experienced will detect
fever and even local disorder, but generally we have only
the history of the case to determine any efforts against
special contingencies. Nursing must here be relied
upon. The patient must be housed ina moderately warm,
well-ventilated place, frictions applied to the surface, and
laxative, easily digestible matter given as food; change of
diet being particularly beneficial, but the appetite must be
tempted, not forced. A diffusible stimulant will be
useful under these circumstances, it may divert an inflam-
matory attack, and is so evanescent that it will not influence
any disorder which may assert itself shortly after. The
experience of many observers has sanctioned also the
administration of a laxative saline dose at the same time.
The alimentary canal being so extensive in the ox is often
laden with matter of an indigestible character, which will
tend to aggravate local or general disorder. The Putss
of the ox may be taken at the submaxillary artery, the
vessel of the right side being felt by the right hand
passed over the neck, while the left hand holds the left
horn ; at the brachial within and rather to the front of the:
elbow-joint, the hand being passed round the front of the
limb to its junction with the trunk; at the large
metacarpal above and behind the fetlock; at the middle
coccygeal on the middle line of the root of the tail; at the
carotids in the channel of the neck; and at the anterior
auricular in front of the root of the conchial cartilage.
Different practitioners make a practice of selecting each one
INTRODUCTION. ; 63

of these vessels. The submaxillary we find the generally
most convenient ; it is smaller and less firmly bound down,
and therefore suffersmore displacement than the correspond-
ing vessel in the horse; also the arrangement of the lower
margin of the inferior maxilla and masseter externus are
less advantageous for accurate determination of its position,
and the pulse can not be estimated here when the animal
is feeding. The brachial or radial artery will afford useful
indications after a little practice; the large metacarpal
is a vessel of considerable size, and can be conveniently
felt without disturbing a patient who chances to be in a
recumbent position. The pulse in the ox is small, slow,
and frequent as compared with that of the horse, its beats
average 46 per minute. In the young animal it is
faster (55—65).

Pregnancy causes irregularity of the pulse, and con-
siderable increase in frequency. Digestion produces in-
creased fulness and sharpness; and Dobson tells us :—
* Animals in warm cowsheds and in plethoric condition
will have the number of beats increased several strokes
per minute as compared with their brethren in the straw-
yard and the field.” Williams says:—“‘In the cow
during rumination it may be observed that the pulse is 70
or 80 a minute, and the respirations not more than ten.
Indeed, the pulse of the cow in a state of confinement, in
so far as regards the number of its beats, cannot be de-
pended upon in the diagnosis of disease; the states of
pregnancy and obesity, the effects of artificial food, and
of the activity of the lactiferous glands, as well as the ex-
citement caused by the act of rumination, generally pro-
duce such an impression upon the nervous system as to
cause the action of the heart to be much increased, such
increase being entirely consistent with a state of perfect
health in an animal so circumstanced.”

Useful information is gained by examining the heart’s
action by auscultation, placing the head against the
side. The “venous pulse” is the periodical change in
calibre of a vein, which sometimes results from regurgi-
tation of blood into it. It is seen at the jugulars in heart
64 BOVINE PATHOLOGY.

disease, but in health generally the action of the carotid
artery causes changes in the jugular which lead to appa-
rently pulsating movements.

The normal remprraTurE of the ox, as taken at the
rectum, is 38° C.—38°5° C., according to Colin; 389° C.
(Siedamgrotsky) ; 39° C. (Zundel) ; oxen and cows 100°8°
F. during confinement, and 101°8° F. during work or at
liberty; calves and stirks, 100-9° F. to 101-9 F. (Armatage)?

Variations resulting from ordinary conditions of the
system are but slight, seldom amounting to more than
1° F. Any rise above this must be considered suspicious
as indicating the presence of fever. The reading will be
higher in a young animal and lower than the normal mean
in a very old animal. Ingestion of food, exercise, and
change of external temperature cause slight variation.
The thermal regulators of the body are very efficient during
health. When fever sets in, escape of heat is prevented and
its generation increased; in typhoid disorders and shortly
before death heat generation is interfered with, and the
temperature markedly falls. The rectum should always be
the seat of thermometric observations in the ox, and the
routine already recommended should be always carried out.
The temperature of the vagina is somewhat lower.

Respiration is performed in the adult ox about fifteen
times per minute. The acts are slightly more frequent in
the calf (18—20). They vary in number somewhat with
surrounding conditions, but any marked increase or
decrease in number must, if permanent, be attributed to
disease. The increase which results from exercise quickly

1 Careful observations by Prof. Robertson and Mr. Singleton have proved °
Armatage’s estimates too low. They gave the following results :

Fat cattle at Smithtield Show—
Under 2 yrs. old, average temp., M., 102-05° F.; E., 102-39°; Resp. 32

Between 2 and 8 yrs., $s » 101°87°F.; ,, 102°3° ; 4, 28°4
39 3and4 ,, 5 x» 101°83° F.; ,, 102°11°; ,, 30:2
Over 8 yrs., 5 » 1019° F.; ,, 102:2° ; ,, 34
Various ages, 3 » 101°4° F.; ,, 101°4° ; 4, 29°08
Dairy cows—
Various ages, $5 >» 101°5°

General average, from 352 animals, cows and oxen, morning, 1C1°65° F.;
evening (from over 200 animals), 102° F.; respirations 30°25. Variations in
eaiee animals in health from 99°8° F. to 104°6° F.; respirations from 11
to 106.
INTRODUCTION. 65

disappears when the animal is placed at rest. We have
already alluded to the remarkable difference in position
between the horse and ox suffering from pulmonary dis-
order ; while the former stands persistently, the latter
rests on the lower part of the chest and on the abdomen.
The position which an animal assumes during an acute
attack is often diagnostic or even pathognomonic. This
may be seen in tetanus, in hoven, and many other
diseases.

The Covanof the ox is shorter and less powerful than that
of the horse. It may become almost pathognomonic in
certain diseases, as especially pleuro-pneumonia contagiosa.
In our determination of disease of the ox, as in those
of most other dumb animals, we have to rely principally
on OBJECTIVE Symptoms, which are independent of the
animal’s sensations, rather than upon those SUBJECTIVE in-
dications conveyed by the animal himself. Nevertheless,
we have a few of the latter to guide us, such as shaking
of the feet in eczema epizootica, backing in pelvic hernia,
and flinching when pressure is applied to the intercostal
spaces in cases of pleuritis. The expression of the animal
is often the means of conveyance of useful information
to us; the retracted condition of the angles of the
mouth in trismus, the wild look in rabies, the staring
of the eyes under acute abdominal pain, and the altered
expression due to opacity of the eye are familiar to
most practitioners. General sensation is sometimes per-
verted or lost, and is tested by inserting a pin into a limb
presumed to be paralysed. The movements of the animal
may be stiff as in tetanus, rheumatism, &c., or the inter-
ference may amount to absolute lameness, due either to
disorder of the affected limb or to sympathy with other
parts, as may be observed in the lameness of the right
fore-limb in liver disorder. The visible mucous mem-
branes of the ox during health somewhat vary in colour.
The Schneiderian is moist and pink, but under disease
may ‘become livid, yellow, scarlet, or very pale, ulcerated,
and covered with discharge of a nature varying according

to the case, mucous, purulent, sanguineous, &c. The
5
66 BOVINE PATHOLOGY.

lining membrane of the mouth is very dense in the ox,
developed into horny papillae on the inner surface of the
cheek and the dorsum of the tongue, and modified to form
the dental pad at its antero-superior part. It sometimes
exhibits abrasions either from coarse material taken into the
mouth, or from the sharp prominences of the molar teeth.
In other cases it has vesicles of a specific or ordinary cha-
racter upon it ; in febrile cases it isdry. While observing
its condition we can note also the characters of the saliva,
which may be profuse, constituting PryaLism, as seen in
injuries of the mouth or mercury poisoning, or defi-
cient. Sometimes it is materially altered in quality,
thus it may be viscid (“ropy”’) or fcetid, as in some
cases of tetanus. In cases of enteritis and other abdo-
minal inflammatory disorders, the rectum will, on manual
exploration, be found markedly elevated in temperature,
and its mucous membrane may protrude somewhat
through the anus, being of a bright scarlet colour. In
prolapsus recti it forms a rounded purple mass, its walls
being thickened . by gelatinous deposit. This mucous
membrane is the seat of tumours (hemorrhoids or piles)
which may protrude after expulsion of the feeces. Manual
exploration of the rectum of the ox presents no special
features. The feces are soft, pultaceous, and form a
rounded cake of a dark greenish-brown colour. They may
be altered in quality or quantity, scanty or wanting as in
constipation and costiveness, profuse in diarrhoea and dy-
sentery, mixed with much mucus in the former and with
blood in the latter case. The nature of the diet and the
activity or inertness of the liver alter their qualities, while
their odour also is very variable. The mucous membrane
of the vulva may be altered in colour, ulcerated, or the
seat of profuse discharge of a purulent, mucous, or san-
guineous nature; it becomes congested during cestrum.
The conjunctiva during health is of a rosy colour where it
lines the eyelids, and transparent where it invests the
cornea. In the latter position it may become opaque and
clouded, in the former of a bright scarlet in cases of
fever, yellow in liver disease, pale in anemia, &c. The
INTRODUCTION. 67

tears may be profuse, as in local irritation, blocking of the
ductus ad nasum, and in the early stages of catarrh ; acrid,
as in certain blood diseases; mucous or purulent under
inflammation. The eyes may be over sensitive to light,
in consequence of which the eyelids droop ; frequently the
Meibomian secretion is profuse and adhesive, and the eye-
lids are swollen. The conditions of the alimentary canal
afford some useful indications. Hxamination of the mouth
may detect diseased teeth, presence of foreign bodies, &c.
Enlargement may be present along the cervical portion of
the course of the cesophagus, due either to presence of
an impacted body, or to a dilated state of the tube. De-
glutition may be difficult (dysphagia) or the appetite
impaired or absent (anorexia).

Navsza may be present or vomition, the former being
an uncomfortable sensation, manifested by attempts to
return matters from the stomach for expulsion from the
body, the latter being a successful performance of the act.
These are due to irritability of the stomach, and evacua-
tion of the contents of the ramen somewhat readily occurs
in the ox, in consequence of the adaptation of the cesophagus
for regurgitation, as well as downward passage of food.

Borzoryema is abnormal rumbling of the bowels, such as
may be observed after administration of drastic purgatives.
Often it depends on accumulation of gas in the stomach or
intestines, FLATULENCE, or TyMPANY. The conditions of the
abdomen, whether diminished in size, “tucked up ” as in
acute disorders, or distended by gas, tumours, or food
accumulations, should be noted. The size, movements, and
general conditions of the thoracic walls also vary.

The Usine oF THE ox normally has a specific gravity of
1080—1040, a yellowish-white colour, a special odour, and
an alkaline reaction. Its chemical, physical, and micro-
scopical characters vary much with different conditions of
life and in disease. The specific gravity may be tested by
the urinometer, or by specific-gravity globules. The urine
will be found modified, under various circumstances, in
quality and quantity, and especially in proportions of its.
several constituents.
68 BOVINE PATHOLOGY.

Tue Sern or THE ox éxhibits a fair amount of activity.
Animals in health keep it clean by licking, and thus often
introduce hairs into the stomach. Perspiration may occur
generally or locally under disease, and the perverted con-
ditions of the cutaneous secretions in weak patients, and
those with a scrofulous tendency, as also dirt accumulations,
predispose to local irritations, and invasion by vegetable
or animal parasites.

The expirep Arr has an odour characteristic of the
animal, due to effete matter which it carries from the
system. Its temperature and odour vary. Thus, it may
be cold in later stages of asthenic disorders, warm in acute
attacks, footid in gangrenous disease of the lungs.

Our prognosis, when medically attending the lower
animals, does not hold in view simply the chances of a fatal .
result ; we have to consider our cases from a pecuniary point
of view, and to determine promptly for the owner the length
of time which will elapse before return to health, and also
whether the value of the animal after recovery will be such
as to make treatment an advantage to the owner. Prompt
decision is especially called in a case of disease in the ox,
for the flesh of an animal slaughtered in the early stages of
some diseases, before the system has been interfered with
by medicinal agents, may be used for human food. This
seems to lessen our opportunities of tracing cases of dis-
ease in the ox from commencement to termination, and
proves a very sharp test as to the correctness of our dia-
gnoses. We often have an animal brought under our
notice in sufficiently good condition to fetch a good price
from the butcher. The owner propounds the following
questions in order :—What is the matter with this animal ?
Will it be likely to die? How soon will it recover?
Will it be reduced considerably ? and, if so, how long will
it take to regain its present state of flesh? If it seems
likely to die, it is at once killed, and our diagnosis verified
or the reverse. If it is allowed to live, the prognosis is
subjected to similar smart scrutiny. With milch cows
the interference with milk supply is the source of the
owner’s solicitude; while animals kept for breeding pur-
INTRODUCTION. 69

poses necessitate considerations of the bearings of various
disorders on the reproductive functions. In no branch
of medical study does the practitioner require skill more
than in cattle practice.

The milk varies in quality and quantity, and its production
has been much inereased by artificial selection. The first
milk, colostrum or beastlings, is rich in fatty matter and
worn-out, tough, epithelial cells filled with fat globules.
It acts as a natural cathartic; freeing the bowels of the
newly-born calf from the accumulation of biliary and other
matters which constitute the meconium. The milk may
be bloody, may contain pus or specific virus. It requires
special examination in each case of disorder, for in some
instances it can convey disease to animals of other species,

‘eventoman. Dears of the ox may take place by either of
the above described methods, necremia being observable
in such disease as anthrax, according to some pathologists,
while others attribute the fatal result to asphyxia. With
regard to MORBID CHANGES, the degenerations of various
kinds are frequent, especially the caseous and calcareous,
and the tendency of disease is to the production of deposits
of a lymphy or serous character rather than to gangrene
and ulceration. Abscesses are frequent, metastases seldom
occur, hemorrhages are rather frequent. Inflammation
tends rather to the chronic type, and is less frequent than
in most other animals subjected to similarly complex
conditions as the ox. Epizootic and enzootic diseases will
occupy a great deal of our space as being of great
importance, numerous, and widespread, causing immense
annual loss to stock owners, and often directly related
to human disorders.

In the trzarment of the diseases of the ox palliative
measures are often important as giving time for fattening
or as preserving an animal useful for breeding or dairy
purposes. Curative means of medicinal character are
often hampered by our deficiency in information as to the
specific influence of certain agents on the ox and the doses
in which they should be administered. Surgical opera-
tions of minor importance as cesophagotomy, tracheotomy,
70 BOVINE PATHOLOGY.

and puncture of the rumen are frequent, while major
operations, amputations, lithotomy, laparotomy, &c., are
occasionally resorted to and might be more frequent, but
we have already mentioned how our bovine patients are
frequently handed over to the butcher without our having
had a fair trial of curative means. In accordance with
paucity of major operations anesthetics are seldom re-
sorted to, but various means of restraint are adopted.
Altogether cattle are not endowed with high nervous
organisation, and will therefore stand operations very well,
and are correspondingly seldom the subjects of collapse.’
Thus artificial respiration is not very frequently required,
fortunately so, for when brought about by pressure rhyth-
mically applied to the thoracic walls it is imperfect, and
seldom effectual in our larger patients. The ox is usually

 

Fie. 6.—The “Bulldogs” applied. (Armatage.)

held by one horn, the thumb and forefinger of the dis-
engaged hand being introduced into the nostrils and
pressed together against the septum narium, or the
familiar ‘‘bull-dog” is fixed to the nostrils in a somewhat
similar manner and held in the hand. (See Fig. 6.)

1 A case of death from collapse under operation has been recorded in the
specimen issue of the ‘Quarterly Journal of Veterinary Science in India,’ the

Peet being an artillery draught bullock affected with aneurism of the
carotid,
INTRODUCTION. 71

The Sipexrve is sometimes fixed on the ox as on the horse.

In minor operations on the posterior parts of the body,
the hind legs are fixed together by means of a double
hobble or tied by a rope, which commences at the right
hind limb, involves the left in a loop, and is tied in front
to the right fore limb above the fetlock. This is termed
* shackling.”

Peuch and Toussaint give the following methods of
restraint of bovine animals in a standing position :—To
fiw the head, with a view to prevent assaults and to limit
the brusque movements of the animal : (1) Hold his head
by horn and nostrils (sec. art.). (2) A cord tied at one
end to the horns, then laced (first) round the sides and
(second) round the flanks and tied round the root of the
tail will prevent him getting his head down to charge, by
the pain the dragging would cause at the root of the tail.
(3) Tying the head either to a tree or post. (a) The fore-
head is placed against the post, then a running knot of
cord is fixed around the base of say the right horn, from
which the cord first passes round so as to embrace the
left horn ; it then comes again round the right, over the
neck, and round the post to the left; the end of the rope
is then passed between the head and the post, and brought
down along the face, looped round the muzzle, and the
end given to an assistant. (6) The beast is fixed with
one side of the neck resting against the post, one horn
also against the latter. The loop of cord is fixed on
the left horn, looped round the base of the right horn,
brought round the post from left to right over the neck,
round the left horn again. It is brought round in the
same way a second time, then over the face, looped round
the muzzle, and held by an assistant. (4) Sometimes an
animal is controlled by fixing him under the yoke with
another ox.

To limit the movements of the limbs and prevent attacks.
—The ox strikes forward with the hind limbs, backwards
with the fore limb (when raised), shifts suddenly side-
ways, or throws himself down.

Bouley recommends the following methods: (1) To
72 BOVINE PATHOLOGY.

hobble together the hind limbs. (2) To bring the tail
between the hind limbs, around the thigh of the limb
which threatens the operator, and to have it held firmly
by an assistant supporting himself by one hand against
the hip. (3) Place a tourniquet (such as a twitch) above
the hock, and tighten until the tendo Achillis rests against
the back of the tibia. (4) Raise the hind limb from the
ground by a rope tied round the pastern, and fix the other
end of the rope either to the forearm or to the horns.
(5) Have a pole held in the bend of the two hocks by
two assistants. (6) Or use the pole as a lever, by means
of which the body may be kept firmly against a wall and
forward bounds prevented. The pole is supported
obliquely from the ground of the side opposite the opera-
tor and brought in front of the stifle. An assistant then
supports the upper end on one of his shoulders, and uses
the pole as a lever to shift the animal up to the wall and
keep him there. Or two poles may be used, one on each
side of the animal, by which means he can be turned as
required. (7) Or the animal may be fixed against the
wall by a strong strap running from a ring just in front
of the chest to a ring behind the buttocks.

(3) To control a bull and move him about as required
are used (a) Bull-dogs of various forms, (b) rings (of dif-
ferent patterns), with ropes or conducting staffs, such as
that of Roland and that of Vignon.

Peuch and Toussaint describe and figure Goffon’s trevis
as used. for the ox.

To put a ring in a bull’s nose.—Fix him, stand on his
right side, perforate the nasal septum from the right with
a trocar, leave the cannula in position until in it has been
fixed one end of the ring, then withdraw the cannula, and
fasten the ends of the ring together.

To cap the horns.—Place on their tips caps of wood or
copper and fix with a screw or rivet inserted transversely.

Hozsizs are also used for throwing the ox. It is
advisable to fix them above the fetlocks. Calves may be
thrown by drawing one hind leg forwards with the side-
line and pushing at the opposite quarter.
INSTRUMENTS OF CONTROL.

B

 

 

Nose ring (Roland’s), open and closed. (Peuch and Toussaint.)

 

Conducting staff (Roland’s). (Peuch and Tonssaint.)

[To face page 72.
 

7

Y

 

Goiffon’s Trevis. (Peuch and Toussaint.)
INTRODUCTION. 73

Ropzs. The ox is very frequently thrown just as is the
horse when the long cart rope is used for securing the
animal for castration. (See Fig. 7.)

 

Fie. 7.—An Ox prepared for casting. a. Seat of incision in ruminotomy.
(Armatage.)

Peuch and Toussaint describe in detail two methods
suggested by Rueff (Reportorium f. Thierheilkunde). The
Jjirst consists in taking a cord about five-and-twenty-feet
long, doubling it and looping it at the centre, fixing the
loop on the horns, passing the ends between both fore and
hind legs, bringing them from within outwards around each
pastern, and then through the loop round the horns, which
is to act as a pulley. Two assistants (at a signal from
the operator) pull the ends powerfully ; this causes the
animal to sink down or to yield behind and finally be
stretched on the litter. Assistants must also drag at head
and tail to aid in throwing the animal, and any resistance
on his part will only make him fall the more promptly and
the ropes run more freely.

The second method (called “Entangling ”’) is that
commonly used by the natives of India. Gurlt and
Hertwig also mention it. The animal should be kept
short of food for some time. A rope similar to that used
in the first method has a running knot at one end, which
74, BOVINE PATHOLOGY.

is fixed around the horns. The rope, well lubricated with
lard or soap, is then brought along the dorsal margin of
the neck as far as its posterior third, where the first loop
is formed; it then is carried backwards above the withers
and the second loop formed behind the shoulders, the
third loop is formed around the flanks and belly, and then
the end of the rope brought straight backward along the
sacrum. ‘Two assistants drag the cord to the side opposite
that on which the animal is to fall, and one at the head
tries to throw him. The traction tightens the loops and
the animal soon flexes his limbs and lies down quietly. In
India the neck loop is not formed, and the animal is often
pushed over before he goes down of his own accord.
Casting is therefore a frequent cause of fracture of the
hip-joint and neck of the femur in that country.

Dressing the feet of the ox, as in eczema epizootica,
may be effected either by means of a long stick with some
tow fixed on the end, or, when the hind feet are to be
treated, by raising the foot towards a beam by a hobble
fixed above the hock, the rope passing from it over the beam
and its free end held by assistants. Another method is to
pass a pole between the hind legs and have the limb sup-
ported just above bend of the hock by a man at each end
of the pole in such a way as to raise the limb as much as
required.

Slinging of the ox is not often resorted to. It too
much interferes with digestive and respiratory processes.

Four drachms of chloroform administered to a two-year
old heifer caused slow and laboured respirations at the
end of a minute, at two anda half minutes the animal
staggered, and at three and a half minutes fell to the
ground. At six minutes the breathing had become more
laborious. At six and a half minutes the animal seemed
completely insensible, the pupils were fully dilated, the
conjunctives congested. The sponge was now removed.
At ten minutes respiration became quick and agitated ; at
eleven minutes the animal got up but had much difficulty
in standing ; shortly afterwards it staggered into the straw-
yard. Morton gave four ounces of chloroform toa heifer
INTRODUCTION. 75

and it produced no insensibility, the animal only seeming
to be intoxicated by it (‘ Veterinary Record,’ vol. iv).

Method of administration of chloroform to large animals.
—It is essential that the animal be cast previous to
administration, otherwise he will be uncontrollable in the
preliminary stage of excitation. Then a due admixture
of air must be ensured by the use of an apparatus with
two tubes, one of which communicates with the outer air,
the other passing from the chloroform vessel, each fitting
at the other extremity into a nostril; several inhalers
varying slightly in form have been suggested. Or a
sponge with chloroform poured on it may be held against
the muzzle, and the hand and muzzle loosely covered with
a cloth, the chloroform being renewed from time to time.
The amount of chloroform essential for the production of
insensibility to external impressions varies much in different
cases, and must be regulated by the judgment of the chlo-
roformist. If after the operation is completed the animal
does not regain sensibility sufficiently soon, cold water
may be thrown over the body and air freely admitted.

Why nursing should not be utilised to the full in
treatment of cattle affections, when circumstances are
favorable, we cannot say, but in some quarters there
seems to be a prejudice against nursing an ox. It must
be our duty in every case to ensure such nursing means
as we have already indicated, they will very materially assist
our medicines ; even rough methods of preserving a com-
fortable warmth of the surface of the body and a due
supply of fresh air, and a draught of cool water so refresh-
ing to the palate of a feverish patient, are valuable.

The prevention of disease consists in the careful super-
vision of those details of management which experience
has suggested as best for various kinds of animals, but it
assumes a special character when we are requested to
check the ravages of an epizootic in a herd or to prevent
access of a dreaded disorder.

In such cases ISOLATION must %e rigidly enforced, all
predisposing and exciting causes must be removed or
obviated. The slightest trace of disease, of any kind, in
76 BOVINE PATHOLOGY.

one or more of the animals, must lead to sEGREGATION.
Measures of pisinrection of houses, utensils, and atten-
dants, must be carried out with energy; and to effect
this, the manager of the herd must be a thoroughly reli-
able man. Under these circumstances we shall probably
succeed in our efforts to prevent or limit an invasion.

Section 3.

In the present section we will place before our readers
as succinctly as possible the therapeutical actions of
such medicinal agents as have been utilised in the
treatment of cattle, availing ourselves of modern thera-
peutical ideas, of the researches which have recently been
occupying observers of the actions of medicines, and of
the assistance of the several works on veterinary medicine
and pharmacy, which have been presented to the profes-
sion. We shall follow in the main the system adopted
by Headland in his most admirable ‘Action of Medicines,’
adapting this to our special requirements. We shall use
the tabular form as most economical of space, and shall
so arrange matters that we may utilise our system after-
wards in our notice of toxicology.

For ADMINISTRATION to the ox agents are generally prepared
in a draught (or “ Drench”), soluble matters being dissolved
in the water, which is usually the principal vehicle, insoluble
matters being in a state of powder and suspended. Drenches
are preferred for the ox because they can be readily ad-
ministered, act sooner than solid masses, and probably al-
most always mainly pass into the third and fourth stomachs!
directly without delay in the rumen, and the chance of
rejection during rumination. In practice, a bottle with
a gradually tapering neck is found to be useful for ad-

1 Finlay Dunn, discussing this matter, says, “It is a very prevalent notion
that medicines, when poured very slowly down a cow’s throut, pass, like the
ruminated food, direct to the fourth stomach. From a number of observa-
tions made at the slaughter-houses on both cattle and sheep, I find, however,
that neither animal can be induced to exert this voluntary effort in behalf of

our medicines, which in all cases, no matter how slowly soever they be given,
fall into the first and second stomachs,”’
INTRODUCTION. 77

ministering the dose. Generally the head of the patient
is straightened on the neck by drawing the muzzle
forwards and upwards, the nostrils being grasped so as
not. materially to interfere with respiration. Preferably,
however, the head is flexed to the right, and the admin-
istrator stands with his back against the right shoulder,
keeps the left hand partially in the left side of the mouth,
and gives the draught with the right. The opening
of the bottle is then inserted into the mouth, and the
contents gradually allowed to pass down towards the
pharynx; sometimes the drenching horn is used, but the
_ bottle is preferable as giving continuous, steady, and
ready flow. This operation is much easier than adminis-
tration of a draught to a horse, the ox receives his drench
more quickly, and loses hardly any. It is necessary to
cease the operation when any sign of coughing appears.
An ordinary cattle drench measures from a pint and a half
to two pints. Cases of suffocation from passage of fluid
into the larynx and trachea occur sometimes, as we shall
detail hereafter. This is liable to take place in attacks
of parturient apoplexy, and must be avoided by giving
any medicines the animal requires by means of the
stomach pump. Some practitioners consider balls useful

 

aa

Fig. 8.—The Stomach-pump in use. (Armatage.)

for the ox, others as strongly object to them. Aloes
may be conveniently and beneficially administered in this
78 BOVINE PATHOLOGY.

form; its active principle is soluble in alkaline solu-
tions, such as the secretion of the rumen, and hence
becomes more rapidly absorbed than it would have been
if it had passed at once into the true digestive stomach.
Few other agents are better given in solid form than in a
drench, powders do not harmonise well with the ordinary
food of the ox, and would probably pass directly into the
huge mass of masticated matter in the torpid rumen of the
diseased animal.

Enemas (injections, clysters, or glysters) may be either
gaseous or liquid. The former, as tobacco smoke, &c.,
are well worthy of more frequent trial. They are easily
administrable, and prove local sedatives in enteritic dis-
orders. They are administered with an enema tube con-
nected by a long flexible pipe with a vessel in which
tobacco is burnt. Liquid enemas are administered to
produce either local or general effect. In the latter case
they form the vehicle of such agents as are most readily
absorbed from the large intestines such as strychnia.
Locally, they act as fomentations, demulcents, and laxa-

    
   

A) ¥ Pp
1

s Deen 4) :

  

Fie. 9.—Application of steam to the nostrils. (Armatage.)

tive means. In the latter respect they are most useful,
INTRODUCTION. 79

softening any fecal accumulations, and arousing peristalsis
in a simple but effectual manner. They should be admin-
istered in such quantity that they will be retained for
some time, and may be injected by means of the enema
syringe, Reid’s pump, or the gravitation funnel.
Inhalations of chloroform, steam, chlorine, and carbolic
acid are used in cattle practice, the first has been noticed
as anesthetic. Chlorine, under the form of Vapor Chlori, is
generated in a loose box or stable, into which are collected
calves suffering from bronchitis parasitica. It acts as a

 

Fia. 10.—Method of covering the nostrils for steaming. (Armatage.)

very powerful irritant, gives rise to distressing cough,
and expulsion of numbers of the strongyles:. which cause
the disorder. Vapor Acidi Carbolici is generated for
internal disinfection by pouring some of the Calvert’s
acid into a pan resting on a tripod, a box in the bottom
of the pan holding a red hot flat iron heater. The box
and the animals become thoroughly disinfected, but the
beneficial effects have not been proved as far as internal
disinfection is concerned.

The thickness of the skin of the ox prevents frequent
taking up of medicinal matters into the system after in-
unction. Intra-venous injection is sometimes practised, as
also is the absorption of medicines from an abraded sur-
face, but administration of agents by the skin may best
80 BOVINE PATHOLOGY.

be by subcutaneous injection. The syringe for this pur-
pose (seo Fig. 11) is small, and can conveniently be
carried in the pocket; has its barrel graduated, and made

 
    

A

ce

Fiq. 11.—Hypodermic Syringe. (Armatage.)

of glass; generally has a handle to its piston, every complete
turn of which expels a known quantity of the contents, and
a nozzle shaped like a trocar with a side opening of exit.
The puncture is scarcely noticed by the animal, and
should preferably be made where the subcutaneous areolar
tissue is plentiful and the skin thin, By this means ex-
tremely small doses of very potent agents may be given
with certainty in solution of not more than one ounce
measure. We must conclude, then, that methods of
administration to the ox are seldom other than by drench.

M. Taborin estimates the dose for the ox to average 3ths
that requisite for the horse, but specific differences between
the animals, as far as the actions of different agents go,
render this useful conclusion not always reliable. He also
reckons the ox’s dose three times as large as that for the
sheep.

Hertwig suggests for an animal aged one to two years
half a dose, six months to one year one quarter, three to
six months one eighth, and one to three months one
sixteenth. Pregnancy and lactation and other conditions
also influence the dose, and we must remember that
many agents administered to the cow pass off by the
milk and affect the calf.

It is thought that all “agents which produce their
effects upon remote parts of the system must be absorbed
and added to the blood.” ‘The phenomena of certain
cases of poisoning hardly enable us to accept this dictum
unreservedly, When very large doses have been taken
INTRODUCTION, 81

death completely and immediately occurs, seemingly
similar in its characters to that which has been seen to

result from a blow on the epigastrium. These observa- -

tions on poisoning in man apply to animal poisoning, but
this “death by shock” is quite the exception. When
agents enter the blood they circulate in its current and
act upon various organs. Accordingly they are divided
into hematics, neurotics, eliminatives, and astringents.

ete H CR ax, See
eee

ST
gs tee
ae

ROSS SINT INST rod

Fic. 12,—Clyster Syringe, with elastic tube and ebony pipe; used also as 4
stomach-pump.

 
BOVINE PATHOLOGY.

aA
eo

"x—A ‘812 ‘asoq] ‘oINasty

*(Apyous94xe perydde uoqzo yng ‘Ay[eureqU! pos wopjes) 4v9 10 plow oyoqIED
“sosvosIp UTYS UL

quauiquio ue Jo usos ut poydde ospy —*([1¥ ‘oaryuxuy se 40) [E‘esoq ‘anyding

(stopsosip urys
ul [njosn szuasy)
syosommnbs-4up

‘(sxaaaz quayyrar = | —Zatstrdm0o

‘orm0} B sv sqov ospy “{<—[g ‘oyeydins ony Jo esoq. § ‘ouyuINy 4 -s98qUt 4ovr10yUN0Q) «(seSueqo
sopowad-yup | [erogeueq eonp

*(o9qip) eurmorg }-ur poorq out

squonaysqoap & sv [nZas—, “CE ‘unyssvjod Jo eprporsy “LE esoqy =| *aposoynfoaos-y0y ; ur soueseid

sorjeanip ospy ‘Als—fic “esoq 9 *svmoqreaiq pus ‘suuoqiegj—spunoduiod ysvjog : : orem aroyy £q
‘ojaule pus Saatzepas ‘soupUnays-23UP ; .¢8AATPEIO}[V 9)
‘ouzeqqeo ospy “M—[E ‘asoq ‘poxepaod ‘oxs09 (uorges MOpRatL) WNITYO[OD 4 BOILA'IVLYD
“ , *suToqIBoIq zi ss
ang tangs “ose, “aE osiv{ “suuoqivo assejod [aA epog
*UINprxo “

“BeOTIAVIP UW] SaATVO ToJ QATQBXB] pus plowyUy “ss “esocyy “svuogivoiq =“
“sBMOqIRO eIsIUSe yy
HE—E ‘amyyoy -[E ‘aso =“ ypeyo ‘svuoqvd siojsp
‘eta euitid Jo )
Aqrproe Suyoersoo ‘sprowyue se joe We}Jo soywTOgIED soy} pus syyiEe OUITeA[e puwe say7oy1—
(qyyoa Areurpio wi) o1408'] —sploe [eMIUy
“sploe a1qugeda A,
*hE—CE ‘sprow oynpip Jo aso, sppoy
“[NoTwO VAIOF ASTMIATJO PTNOA PONT sz]Bs Poorq eq} ur popuadsns daay 09 ‘rq31
-Ijue UB 8B Pash sf J09}vl eT}—oNo[yoorpAg pue “orngdns ‘orsqTN[—splow [BAIT
*SOUT[BS UILZIGD PUB 1948 AA—SqUAATOS
“aANYVU PIOUTUING]L JO 8.19}{VOI snOMASoIPIN—SIOULIOJ-ONSSIT, p $7UaUI]
“quyz pus ‘xeSns ‘qoruys sv ‘s10}}eU snosoeuogrvoomphy AT[Rdroulsg—srow10j-789

 

*Suruostod [voruesie +(aaqyem Sarrnojoo per (x0u07,)
oO} aqupiyue =f unpimny tanprxorad = 18,7 aaa Jo woronposd soz “uodt Ajddng)
“squad seuoqi¥o 1119,7 fJosgTeS sazvaghpyo 10 snu0Wo ~-Suistidui0a
-u1yse se oe osfe FC | seqdins weg (qUelDysp sem Gog
*(synqs poox Areurp quenqzystoo = [RULOu
‘urlmUey 07 onp “TOT}oOR -10 Jo safdioutsd 10491q O49 04 eu0s poorq ey} 03
quaSuryse we osye eawy f AI esoq—syreq 1ayj3o pus FeO | pue ‘oriq UL punoz 4eyy 0} payTy) | uiwse Ayddas yorq M)
*AIS ‘xo JOF aWOZIYI padepaod Jo esoq—uvizueL) sapdraursd £99729 90U0,7, SLALLVEOLSAY

‘fyjousuy pasajsvuvupy aso yorym syuaby— YT

—reyy19
Buraq (poojq
ayy wo yoy)

 

SOILVAWH
83

INTRODUCTION.

“LE ‘govazxe Jo sop oSeraay ‘[Idnd jo uoryeyeiIp osnvo (squerafeq) BANyep pue ‘suvquey “euNOprTag |
SBUOU @YOUIS-0008q03 sv ydeoxe ‘AT[BUIEqUI pasN WOp[ag *oDDBQOy,
Suraywo zaqze Sururesys yuopora ur] ([E—ss€ ‘aqgvapAy pesoryo f(oyernrp Apyqsys) [ ‘esoq -roqdmep
['Gaemumyy) Asdapide pue] ‘alg qnoqy ‘qtaids joorg |
“alg qnoqe sqinds fg “au A,
‘atmo v osie ‘LQ ‘soag
‘soTJOTISVUY 1dy4O puv ‘wLoJoIOTYO “09H
; “LE aangoury 10 ‘{E rapmod ‘asogy
*(souXpoue pus ‘(soytodos) sooud dy ‘sorpomsedsryue se tnjasn aaoid sorjoorvu saqjo puv) wanidg J
‘ssf ‘saavo] JO as0q] “aAT}eTNUINO st pus ‘uOIOR 8qaeaq Jo Aouaz4rUILEq UI SAONpUT sITBILSIC.
‘ung Kojuyg— oH WNoyytA [[e “MOr4NIos UL stAyOKAp Ua} aAVs 4uaqity pus ‘x
09 (r¢ woay Surkrea soryyuenb aavS Si0qrA pus StImyla_Y *“Snp aq} Jo uoryow [eos
-ojorshyd oy9 Fo Aue wos Sutsayns qynoyyim yuese sty} Jo sesop odiey Ara aye, WO
‘sos10y OT] 2198. “OATJBUIUTITO OS[e ‘OTJemMe IvzIe} sv ‘LUOMTYUY *418eT oy} WO SUV,
‘ung hoyuyy—,aostod aatyou £19 ‘7
BSE vIUOD ‘UsAOT GUSTS uy yoage reqo Aue ynoyyi ‘spunod a9144 07 seouno xis
toay Surkiva soyyuenb ut ‘qiey plo-rvad-om9 ysady 04} MOO B ABS SIMAIOF ,, “TANTHOA) -
“SUITUIU QZ ‘PIO OINTIp Jo asoq ‘plow olssnrg - [BLIUeH
‘as10y OY} WO UBY} WOT{O" UT [NZ1aMod pus 4yduoad sso!
go. Peengminu sesneo poe ¢ oh ee og Bane ‘a ‘a J ‘equoow 7 rats D
‘quomeqioxe opaqoy skelty “SULIUTUT QT ‘aso *s, Suture sv uaAts Ayer y° J
*poyeodar Aquonbary oq Avy Tay OL esd *S curme Td HISTTEIOUEE)  “egTmOy: J
‘tandea sed oy} pus Youmoys on} Jo Lay 1qQeqzIIIT o41oxa squvasnen pus soeUq )
“s]UaIIND OTUBATBH)
*(pesn Wopyas) JeATIs JO ayeryia pue (vom0A xnu jo ft ag Moaz Sursvesout Aypenpeas
esop) vIUgosT1g "se13Ua0-aAreU JayJO pue pioo [eulds 049 UO AyTBIOads gow YoIUA sues y
‘uvlde[@A “posn wopyas (xx—x +18) soplaegyuyQ—oeqtqadde [worst 043 o410xe ‘sowrstporydy
*pasn Wwopas ‘uravs pue ‘(30v14x0 pmbiy Jo ss$z ‘asop) aA Jo yoS1a se ‘squ194 syUalINngivg
-00 891 Jo uors—ndxe [wroeds Sutsnvo ‘snieqn yueuderd oy} Uo Joe YoryMsquasy f 10 sorpoqory J
"840858 d1ZOOIVT UT{AO SE [IAM SB ‘)
S}UR[NUMITS [e1oUES sayy JoowWos ostAdm09 ,,S}UL[NUIIYs a[qisnyIp,, ayy, “(E Jo sasop
ut ‘asodand sty4 Joy wears ose st aurquading jo [IQ “ft£—N¢e st esop esessae ayy
eseyy [[e Fo fo “TaSuIs ‘uruuno ‘yaa1snuay ‘AEmeivo ‘poostue su yous ,, SOATPVUTUL
+180 ,, PUB ‘B[BIPIOD ‘SOTyEMOI ‘soIyDETIOJS sv UMOUY 83U0Se snolea ay} pus shioydsoyg
“hE ‘asoq + ‘setoqies wruomMy
‘ *rayem Jo ATddns
hE ‘asoq — ‘atuouure szonbrry
‘SnoIzBWOIe BIMOMMB snytiidg

se—joqoory

{Eesoq *(o~nqdms) zoqg

Tepedg |

saovzins Lpoq oq}

 

. _yeradg )

. [erauay

wniuouMe Jo
spunoduos Surstsdaop | J

 

 

[e4eqI, WIM UaATs oq ysnPT
“NE ‘80g

(saqqnoey

yeiuent = yaa
Lolayiequl puy

Q010F VATOU

ssoidap usyy

pure oqtoxe 4811,q)
SOILLOOGV NT

—ole pue
‘(e010 oArOM

ssaadep yoru)

SHAILYGEG

ore Yoru
(2040; earau

 

eyoxe yor)
SINVIOWILG

—(poenuryu0d) fppousaquyt pasajsvumupy arp yorym squaby

—r9T}10 Sureq
(u10}s4s snoa
-I9u ay} UO yoy)
SOLLOWNEN
BOVINE PATHOLOGY.

84

*Arequasfp ut pasn umnido qyIM £ WoryeUtMEBUt Ur seoSsapun poorg oy} Yor
seZueyo ay} Zuryows1equnod ‘orgsrbopydequy [nziomod v st yt § 4UBpAMIys Jest 10 enbobyjoya
B pus oijurmmpeyyus sev posn osty ‘ff ‘asoq  ‘oryzeqywo & se pasn AT[BIOMOX)  ‘[OUMOT[BD

‘(aung Avjurg) ,, [anid ur wears ‘Ing—lE Jo sosop ur ]99¥0 UL ROYAIEIp

JO saswo ur qt aqriosaid ApTSurpiooow pues ‘aoryezrsat skul[V pue spamog ayy suedo A[Quad 41
JY JOPISUOD SULTABULIEJaA YOUSIY IeyjOo puB puozEpEg ,, ynq £ pasn wopleag “eyarnowoady

“SINVTA
-NILg GNVID TVHINAY

(soueaquiem snoonar
Axoyeridsar ey} uo yy)
, SINVEOLOTAX
(pues
Aww eq uo yy)

‘THJWQuop UoTY ‘jeuue,T
SIADODVLOVIVH

‘uoyoedut pus sjemoq oxy Jo Lqrprdi09 ur [njosn Ayye10]
-eds st ourmSysoskyg  -aarvsand v st osye anyding “fqy ‘osoqy  *o14.18q4¥O PTIUT & SI [OAL
‘@AIQUPAS PUB JUBISNE BI OSTY
‘xxx ‘si3 ‘asoq ‘pidvr f1ea ynq ‘snoseduep uoNoy ‘unayeIaA ‘az0qgeTEAY SUGAA OSTY
aI] Tame ‘snorenovaa AioyEAs
: Seay BEN MOLES, LG rosot{ aint arts | Suen meq one
*(mnsemo jo uotouduat ur AT]e10adse uasts) [E—ss$ ‘“osoq *(andoSvapfy) e8oqury eee ‘gr12A08 UO
*xkx ‘8999 ‘(IO wotor snoutsa b ssquatsadva0 saatuany
“XXX ‘S13 ‘parapmod spoeg 70K) 1990 peulie, a18 pliu we
‘olquiparun Ar9a sy ‘oUIMpeTqUY pue o104 osTe fra ‘“asoq ‘se0ryJ : (sjaaoq
Casney gg yn east) eq} uo Ayewads yoy)
*s‘b‘anby £ {i¢ “peratnd Buz £ (qr-dins ‘Sepp Y .;youeup saunvgy STAILVD
‘J -Ha_ 80 SoILAVHLYO

*sanbobouphy

snowbya1Q

seqdyus epog }

O171eY{eO,, SB “BALZVTIUIIU B AIM peurtqutoo ‘punod T ‘asoqg RUNSInE een ely

: (spues Lreatpes

STQDOPOTVIG
‘QCrpousedsyus pu oryurmMpaqyue os—e) [ak “asoq = -euryyutqerey wuna[O (sfoupry
“aS ‘asoq: « ‘wulsay 4) ayy uo Ayerads yoy)
‘alg “osoq, «= ‘sBayIU eessR{Og sOLLaa AIG
‘(ang Avyurgq) sogrsopns ear3 siqy 441M UOTyoUNfu0D UT
«dT (OL 7G ‘asoydsowye Arp B Ut pur “sq4O]Ie810Y YIM poatsd0d [Jam [eUITUB 049 deoxy (ons

(ra
ULIEM JOqSIMIMIpE OF B1¥ 9199789 UT sIsatordeIp Zursneo Jo spoyjyour yserduns pue 4soq OU, 5, SOMO He

SINVaNdaa

zo
(Azepuoses
Aquanbagj ere
syoaye I1ey,
*uOTyoR pasvaso
“UI 0} «suBs
-10 @soyy 2419
-Xa pue spurs
qSnosq} poolq
aq} wou ssed

 

*(oljeaNIp pus quelnuntys O88) ssIg ‘asoq “1s0I4TU sIIAyA@ sngiaIdg | -vIq 0 soraraoaas J soma . syueay)

*(payava you syoagza ynq) [iE ‘esoq  ‘wingvseqae7-o1ssejod Tuomay vw

—(penurzu09) Ayousajut posaysvurupy aio yorym squaby

SHALLVNIWITS
85

INTRODUCTION.

{
OUT] JO aplo[yg ‘spunodmoo viuomme pure qvooiwyQ -AlpeussjUI paquteues sasus qtosqe Jo yyIM sUIqmIOD SOINVUWALILNV

“Tg—ss€ ‘qowo Jo asoq + “epos jo agiydiusoddy puv oyiqdins puy “fiE ‘asoq = *ysejod jo eyer0[qD SINV.LO@d NISTA
*kep v a01M4 Jo vouo (¢ ‘asoq = “prog o1joqaeg ‘moysks ay} UO eLsBzU0D Jo soUANBU ay} 4OBIAqUNOD JO QUSADIG TIVNUALNI
*saAT}epas [eloads pu squurnuITys [eloeds ureqia avy ‘Aqrtqeqord [je ur STAISTOATYW
Io

‘os[@ SB “MO1J9B SITY OAT SJUV[NUIIYS [BUIN}XO PUB SOAYLUIMMY  “aodlof earsU JO UOI4NGIAySIp oy} SUaN_UL osys
keut fay], ‘sxayjgo ey} yo asuadxa 04} ye Apoq oy} Jo syred arom 10 aUO UT poojq Fo Uoyeazueouos ouimIo}og L SHAILLVAINAC

‘torjoRIeqanoo yeatp Lq uteyshs ay4 UO
sj00q79 S41 OSI[BIyNET Jo ‘sorjouIe pue soIyreqy¥eo sv ‘maqsks oy} WOIJ UOSIod oY} Jo UOIs{Ndxa eyomoad szoqIIG TYOIDOLOISAB
“spunodmod aatqoe set 10 419UT UIIOF 02 UOstod ay} UTM WoLyeuIQUtoo oFUT 19zUqy —TVOINAHD x
“qu gp poxe\stuUIpE pus ‘seSeponu sv pas ‘uatUNgyY pue ‘wnykue ‘INTMISSIIEIIEN WINUT epnto MvOrNVHOS

sur ‘suosiod aaisor109 pus yULzLIIT Wosy Moy} yoojord pus sad¥jIns snOoNM YWwEys YOY ‘squso[NMEp sy
—spury 2e1q} Jo ore Aayy, ‘suostod yo uonoe 044 4onraqunod 09 AT[vuteqzUt pareqstuIMpe syuedB ole STLOGLLNV
(uosny) ,,,e3u0ds v y41m eoezane posvostp oy9 07 parpdde ‘gutse0h3 JO 0m4 10. ‘10984
Jo sqaud 90143 WRIA paxim poe oy} Joyaed euQ,, ‘prow snoanyding ‘TeyAqdoyemseqg maeana
*(OP—T) Wrjoqied prow sonbiy sv yse] oy} ‘suorsnyzur IU bog
BB PIsNn OB syUITE IOWILOJ OMY OTT, “plow dI[oqrvo ‘oo0vqGQo} ‘odOBSeAKIG *[BOZOJOT

-£Tpeoraeyoout sow ssaprowMtay
BunoN]_ ‘sepoyeuteu 103 pasn ‘uruoquvg *({i€-y ‘esop) ourueding fyemoleg “sIOyIO p “sI2gueumpoyUP
“set ‘asop oSuIVAY ‘SVUI XI[L] “nu wooly ‘sadnzeruay, ‘sabnfimsag J) SOILISVAVAIENY

—pegissepo snyy oq Avo sqoege osayy sonpord yory syuede
snoea ayy, ‘sayfydeuntap pue v0z0\0a aaowar pus Aorsap 0) pasn syueSe papnpour oq Avut os[e Sutpvoy qorya sapun £ sorpesnsvdr4upy
—pauliey o18 sqooyja asa} Jo 1au4Ie Suronpoad squesy ‘men, Lowqsep sapeoinand *eozojue Jo uorsjndxa osneo sabnfimsay
“BAATIBUINAITS Jo ‘soryATey¥O ‘soo1neU JaqyIe ore Aoyy f TeAay yORIEJUNOD YOIYM syUISTE ale sabnfiogag
; “ss€ “sULIOg

apnio a3 JQ “TE “sploe oy9 Jo esoq’ “[NJosn Os|e are MPD 1 sor
ourqued.iny pus prov o1anydyns esodand yorqa soz ‘aseys “(ow foury Pee ‘s[je3) o1muey, PPV
AMY Sutaresjsar Ul soydéys 10 sorvysomey sv os[B JoW HIGVIENTA |

(‘fo ‘soyem qutuseddeg
*4yStu pus Surusou ‘synyucodsatqvy p—zg | {arf ‘mnido ee

*saatwo toy asoqy{f(E ‘sosuis bywipLog saayng puv dasyy (41 ureyu09
Ke ‘nyoeq¥"0 palopMog Wor sogreyo
£h ‘qyeyo porederg -sIp pue uenmnq
, “{E -} ‘sprou aqnqrp Jo asoq ‘sploe [edourtur os[y -[@ 978[nSv00
‘(orayjemexy ospy) ‘“{C ‘asoq ‘eyeqding ‘uoar =“ é ‘ osys fay} £erq
-{E ae “(01003 pur queens oe) seydins-ormomure 1dng ‘souvAquIeul snoo odd a “J = avpnosnut
3 “fC ‘esoq = ‘seqdyns tadnQ | -nu uo Ayewedse yoy aon aqiyA JO uo0r
‘ <a : TE ‘asoq = -aqeqdins a4 ATpetoodse ‘ourz jo sq[¥g -9817U09 OsnBo
' "AIS —fiE ‘osoq «= “uA Jo UoWeroes ay} dn Surkap ur ATpoxreMt syoy — “wNTy IVaaNIW J yoy sqzuesy)

; at. SINTONINLSV
BOVINE PATHOLOGY.

oO
co

suojes SY—SNVA]L TVOIDUAg \

_ *xo ay} 0} pardde syerea
qnq fo» ‘oSeqiiomay Suruywrysea Ur ‘B[NgSy oFwUTYSqO Jo sasvd UI pos~, “S#UL|NUNIIS yeureyxo
Jeyjo Sq pasneo qvyy ueq} peureysns stout st Yor ‘uoTyBMUNU_OT fq paaower £uenbesqns |
exe osay} { pordds yorq 0} szavd Jo Yyvop ayeIpeuMT sosnU “(doar peqvag oy3) Asoqneo yenqoy
*pordde qoras 07 sqzed
Jo Burysnojs e[qeiepisao0o
sasnuo {81200 ShOTNysy Ut peasy) (Jo unos
“om (TBM JO [BAOUIEL JOJ posy, ‘ow “MNoTJoo" “uMoLNYIns “cnoLyTU ‘cmowo[qoorpsy Bploy fod ysnu weyy
i : epog | syed = sou,
pasn Woppes “PHS MT Gages “QAISUO4XO SSOT
“‘qUBIOOTUISIP BI OS[Y “PING s4yeuIng se pes “WINPHOrYy foulz | Io e1out sqjaed
‘oryBsoMeY SB pasn ospy ‘sonbiy 10 vangouly ‘mnptopqored tae | Jo yeep esneg)
“ovIQA sqted sUIN], “WUNpLOTYD TuomTYUY | SOLLOAVHOST

oTUEsIB TBGY Peqrosqe oq 0} O[qQUIT SSarT “umpisoryoted tABreIpAH
‘olpiserediquy Os[y ‘WNsoluesie WINPIOV

*[euTUB PIqvt 10
w £q pasneo esoq} sv ‘spunom pouostod roy [nyosn Saoq ‘sqaed sueypeyqg fsyoys ul “sey yUesIY SOILSAVD
‘umnguandun se pes—y “UNG (mo esuvalo snyy pus ‘spunom Wor asrBYsIp sNodas ayomorg ) B

-na woptxo whsaerpéy *Arnoseut Jo s9[Bg SINIDUILA 96 fe
*eangqouly ae 2 3 e
‘eulser TINQTENSuN UMOF sepun pesyy ‘uIsey | (spunoA 07 pord See
suoryeanddns aseer0ut 07 depwop 944 Ul Moyes aT} Jo SsINOd oy} UT Pop1ESUL BE JooT oTOGOT[ON -de ueqm oly aes
YOB[q Jo Sod v uoigo ‘Iazes108A VUNQUENSUN pus 113MM TogaT[ay WNyTENSUN sy ‘aIOgaT[aH -vanddns eyomorg) | 2 ES
‘TanqUeNnSunN sv peasy, “SVUlyJUIqoIe} WINe[O SHATLSADIC. J feet

(x0 Jo ULYS Yor, UO szuBoIsea sv
‘stuojoro umne[Q J ov ATdmig ‘suo1qoeT[00 aepnoryND
(8—1) ‘Sag “443 god -uyuy ) -qus peqiiosumnorto quornand asneQ)
(‘uoq10yy) ‘toNoNy SINVIOLSOg
WHA pardde eq of —eostyl s1agva Surpog’) (peye[ost pue TTems ueqm eo
"gsoqizd ‘Ip ‘yoo PLY (g—1)'8uy ‘wmprpomng wh 31erp éH (-1s04 pomisey‘oporyno on4 Yyeeu

<9 soqaed qdureo garda suargnosey COT (9—1) wngquenZug ‘stqe[Apq [ -Jopun suoisnye snores esnep)
one pur ‘10; qo01p (9—T) WnquensuQ ‘seprreyyUE_E SENVOISH A
¥ -4y ‘eyooumy Ff Sem siq} Ul oe SUIPOL pus oINzoUT}-voTUTY (2[ogno Jo Moryeuenbsap
“squanegsqoay exe Loy syisodep woay spue]s so syonp 049 eeay Log} WaT A quenbesqns esned os[y)
*gIMoUINg 4uaTOpUT Jo [estedstp 079 Ueysey sny} pus ‘uorydr0sqB ajyomoad Loy, SENTILAOSIC.
—omlooaq pus AT[NJremod arom gow esayy seuTyeuI0g
*1948M Jo U9} PUL vIUOUIMME pus aUTZUEdINy Jo Yove yaed ono YIM dn (ssouper

|PVU PIVISNUL ST 9]}9VO OF FULITIII-IoyFUNOD FUOTUEAMO PUL dAT}OIH JsOUr OY} SLapIsuod UNC Serr | pesvesout ydeo

JON “WOIPDTTT YATA\ GoBsANS eATsue}XO Ue JoAO pordde “aozwm ULEAL YT oysed & OJUI PaxIP. ‘pavysnyr 4 -X8 edu. 9Tq

*jayaomod Aaa] sungisodmoo eurgyurqese} wnquemmIay se ‘uooTZ ygIM peyddy ‘euruedany, | Ista ou esneg)
“moor Sqr sesvarour syred 04} Sultesog “uoroTy yyIM poydds ‘syuemlay sy ‘BluoMMY \_ SENaIOVaEEOy 3

(sjaed 043
JO so1si10ua [82
“IA 0G} 989109

 

Worm squedy)
SLINVTONILS

-payddn yorym of quod ayy wo 70 pun ‘hypousajegy payddn aun yoyn syuaby—' g
87

INTRODUCTION.

"prow orropqoopAY *(1[Hoyeo Fo worNJoss!p esnvo ‘sappryq oy} oFUr pozoofur Maya ‘yoIyM squESY) SO]LITNOHLIT
‘(ung Avyurg) 2193¥9 pues sasioq yy0q Aq
PORITStp St YOU “fous AT yas B Jo esuqueapusip og} sey sopmod Zuryovatg ‘ow ,,‘NoqHoA0dg ,,
‘sping s4zouIng pus s[fesnogoyy “eorjdesique [lv ysouye A[quqoig *(w1Sequoo Ao14sep 10 4oV19}UNOD) SINVLOTANISIGL

*q[88 UOUIUIOD “CANSOIMasIY TANpIOB ‘plow o1foqaeg *AZ1[BzIA Jo suustuKZio odes Sutatidep Kg) (uortsodmoo
‘OMIZ JO aptso]yo ‘gseqod “2p eAlqousoy
jo oyvuvSueutsed ‘plow o1yiyy “stastuedio odes jo uory{sodmoosp jeormayo soqjo 10 uoeprxo Lg (-nd yovrequnop)
*awT] JO eplso[yo ‘[eooreyo ‘plop ‘vldeyoVq Jo sMOIyIpuod-ajI] 1ay}0 pus JoqyBM Jo ;eaomer Mg) sOoILdEsIUNY SHLOCLLNY
*feooreyQ *(wiey} asnvo Gory sodioutad opye[oa oy} Surzagqe Lq syjaus ealsueyo eaomey) saziIaodomg } TVWNUALXA
soup ‘s][@9 Jo WOIsHyUt ‘oyBUNTTGNsS AIsoI{09 ‘MIN[e ‘splovjuUY *(sedteqostp osnjoid YooyD) SINVOOIsEq) |
i (seSreqostp osnzoid
, pus seseyiowmey
ae mean Ajpeadsa
uniporjoo feyarfur 49 ‘ipraopyosed ts9ey “apes wainqoury fumidAssod ‘umnqe ‘plop GO peatoy one 9)
(seSeyis0mayq yoy) soinastg) SLNTONIDLSV
‘op ‘prow ofoqaeo “pwoy jo oyejyeoy ‘ured Lele 0} eAgeg = *([eu109}xq) BENACONY
‘om ‘10}8M prENoY ‘satddod jo uorsnyzur se ‘suotyo] afe oayyepag §=‘VIaATIOD

soutpid (aotjeanddns aj0ut01d
-o18uods jo pru og Lq puv ‘10}8M JOY YPM SUOI}ezUEMIOY 4 pus suLsIO pameBuT Jo ured uesse, edueY ‘sjaed xeoy)
“eqeusedeqed SLNGITIONG

( (soyoyiseus

(‘uosny) “j1ed paueput eq} uo mo43 Avy ;
pue uoIgnjos oy} UT suyo[ dip peajossip a18 “SBAqIU @Sse{0T | tact a Cae
foqy Ayoamp pus “seyem aq} 07 ysujod jo “HANPHOTTO HUOMMV J way $qaed — | -x9ue pep peur
aqeayTU pus BMoMMME Jo apHoTyo yy ppy ¢ supsahyrfoyr 01.07 MOOV aro fornqueuaa | psouye 50 [har

. 40 anby | pordde & ‘ TU | pue eanqesed -1ou — ssgidap
arigiee 5 qiu e2ssB}0q pordde AenonupyU0d “199848 PIOD | “tyaq ony wasserq) | yoiya — squoSy)

Sis 22°) (zopsod ur) ‘zopyo viuommy J ; ; !

: , SINVEEDIaGEY~ SAALLVGES

—(penuryu09) peyddn yorym 07 yund ay} Uo 490 pun ‘fyyousoqeg poyddn asp youyn syuaby
88 BOVINE PATHOLOGY.

Besides the agents administered medicinally, certain
drugs gain a place in the Pharmacopceia as constituting
useful and convenient means of giving bulk to remedies,
whether for internal or external use. Such are—

Excipients, as common mass, formed of equal parts of
linseed meal and treacle thoroughly intermingled. Gly-
cerine and linseed meal, or soft soap, vaseline or lard
are used for this purpose; but agents of this kind are not:
used much for the ox, as :

Vehicles, fluid media, are more frequently considered
necessary. Water is the most common, the active sub-
‘stances being either dissolved or suspended in it. Gruel
is also very useful for this purpose, and in many cases the
medicines may be given in beer.

The application of boiling water, as mentioned above, to
the sides or other parts of an animal, must be effected by
dipping a blanket in the water and keeping it held upagainst
the part from each side. As soon as it begins to cool, more
boiling water is baled into it, and the process is thus con-
tinued for half-an-hour or upwards. ‘Then to the surface a
little stimulating liniment may be applied to keep up the
excitation and prevent a relapse. Considerable serous
effusion into the subcutaneous areolar tissue will result.
This is a most valuable means of external stimulation.

Blistering should be performed by removal of the hair
from the part by means of scissors or the clipper, and well
rubbing in the ointment for about ten minutes. The action
of the agent seldom runs too high, but in such a case the
removal of any remains of the blister is called for, and
alkaline or anodyne lotions must subsequently be applied.
Occasionally too extensive appiication leads to absorption
of the vesicant and constitutional symptoms of its medi-
cinal or poisonous action.

Fomentations must be continuously applied, of uniform
temperature, as much as possible, and when necessary
may be medicated.

Poultices or cataplasmata must be of soft consistence,
moist, but not too watery—generally are made with lin-
seed meal and bran. Boiled turnips are sometimes used
INTRODUCTION. 89

for this purpose. Several special cataplasms are used:
Cat. Fermenti and Cat. Carbonis.. The substance known as
spongto-piline retains moisture. well, and has all the bene-
ficial influence of a poultice when properly applied.
Disinfection after the outbreak of a contagious disorder
in a cowhouse should comprise removal of animals from
the house and their quarantine until after the termination
of the period of incubation of the disorder, strict super-
vision being resorted to, and sometimes internal disin-
fection. Special attendants should be told off to diseased
animals, and not be allowed to approach healthy ones
‘except after thorough disinfection; destruction by burn-
ing of bedding and minor appliances such as are inex-
pensive and easily replaceable ; thorough scraping, scalding,
and disinfection of walls, partitions between stalls, and
major utensils. The drains should be sluiced out with
bucketfuls of water and carbolic acid (1—40). The walls
should be limewashed, each pail of the wash containing
half-a-pint of crude carbolic acid. If the flooring is of round
flints, these should be taken up, and the sub-soil removed.
This soil frequently harbours contagia. Then the doors
and windows should be thrown open, and the place
remain thus exposed for about a fortnight, and, if pos-
sible cattle not be readmitted under six weeks. When
animals must remain in the house, chlorinated lime may
be sprinkled about the floor after it has been thoroughly
cleansed, and also thrown down the drains, or cloths
dipped in solution of carbolic acid may be hung up in the
place, or the carbolic fumigation may be resorted to.
Thorough cleanliness and ventilation must also be secured.
Railway trucks used for conveyance of cattle should be
constantly purified in the same way, and the method of
disinfection by means of super-heated steam has been
found specially practicable and effectual for railway rolling
stock.
It remains for us to describe two surgical means of
treatment of great value in cattle practice:
Blood-letting—venesection, or phlebotomy—is performed
at the superficial jugular. This vessel is very large, and
90 BOVINE PATHOLOGY.

is compressed by means of a cord tied round the neck at
the posterior part.! The knot must be of a special kind,
such as is shown in Fig. 12, that it may be easily loosened

 

Fra. 12.—Ox prepared for bleeding. The place at which the vein is opened
indicated by the mark (a) at the lower portion of the neck. (Armatage.)

when it is considered advisable to check the flow of escaping
blood. The fleam, or lancet, must have a large blade, and

  
 

   
 
    

bins
i i)
A KI
AN
ie
ee
KD

\
Ny
\

      
   

Fre. 18.—Bleeding fleam.

be sharp and in good condition, that it may penetrate the
thick hide freely. The animal having been duly secured
by an attendant (or, if a large one, tied to a tree or post),
and the cord fastened, the head is somewhat flexed to the

1 This cord is rendered necessary by the looseness of the connective tissue
of the neck and the great mobility of the skin of that region, otherwise the
wound in the skin will not remain opposite that in the vein and the flow of
blood will be obstructed. (Peuch.)
INTRODUCTION, 91

side opposite the seat of operation. Gourdon, to get due
pressure on the neck, finds it sometimes necessary to tie
a cord to the lower part of the neck ligature, bring it
between fore and hind limbs, and have it dragged by an
assistant. Some giddiness may often be noticed on first
tightening or loosening the ligature. The operator (who
should stand well against the shoulder) places the instru-
ment longitudinally to the course of the distended vein,
and inserts by a single stroke. When a sufficient amount
has been removed, as indicated by the state of the pulse,
in accordance with the condition of the animal, the cord
should be removed, and the wound closed by means of a
pin suture retained by a strand of tow wrapped round in
a figure of eight manner. Bleeding produces a sudden
and powerful impression on the nervous system of a seda-
tive nature, seriously debilitates the animal, and its effects
last for some time. The blood pressure is not affected
long after cessation of the operation, for fluid matters are
rapidly absorbed from the tissues to keep up the due bulk
of the blood. It very seriously diminishes the number
of red corpuscles present, but increases the amount of
fibrin in the blood. This means 1s seldom called for
except in relief of acute congestions which threaten to
bring about speedy death. Local bleedings by scarifica-
tions and opening of vessels is seldom resorted to in treat-
ment of cattle. The cephalic, saphena, and superficial
abdominal veins are sometimes opened.

Arteriotomy is a form of bleeding occasionally resorted
to for cattle, the facial and the posterior auricular arteries
being opened in different cases. The former is opened as
in the horse; the latter is used, as Maillet and Gourdon
recommend, in cases of encephalic congestion, to give
local relief. Having fastened the animal securely, rub
the upper part of the outer surface of the ear to raise the
artery, place the thumb and fore-finger of the left hand
on either side of the vessel, the rest of the fingers in the
ear; then with the right hand divide the artery trans-
versely by means of a lancet, enlarging the skin-opening
in the act of withdrawing the lancet. Drops of blood
92 BOVINE PATHOLOGY.

will flow. Then encourage the escape of sufficient blood
by frequent slight blows on the artery. The flow will
stop spontaneously, but the animal should be so tied up
as to prevent rubbing the wound. The median coccygeal
artery may be opened, but not too near the root of the tail.
Setons produce long-continued and considerable inflam-
mation, resulting in suppuration. They may be inserted by
means of the ordinary seton needle, which can be removed
from the handle, or by a fixed needle which has the eye
near the point (see Fig. 14), it is threaded after insertion,

 

Fig. 14.—Seton needle with fixed handle,

and then withdrawn. The dewlap is the general seat of this
operation, but setons may be introduced into other parts, as
through fistula, &c. They are usually inserted transversely
through the dewlap, and may be simple or medicated with
blistering ointment or turpentine solution of croton.
DISEASES OF THE BLOOD. 93

CHAPTER II.—DISEASES OF THE BLOOD.
Section 1.—Non-sreciric ABNoRMAL CONDITIONS.

Tue blood of the ox forms only jth of the weight of his
body, that of the horse being estimated at jth. Its red
corpuscles are larger (ox, ;j4g mm.; horse, ;, mm.), and
form a greater portion of the bulk of the blood, but do
not exhibit such a marked tendency to aggregate into rou-
leaux as is observable in the horse.. The blood does not,
under ordinary circumstances, give a buffy coat on coagula-
tion. Fibrin-forming materials and fat are present in larger
quantity, water, albumen, and salines being less plentiful.
(See Cottn’s ‘ Traitéde Physiologie Comparée des Animaux.’)
The vital fluid must be considered as a tissue, the red
corpuscles constituting its essential elements. These,

 

Fie. 15.—Red blood-globules.

from the nature of their duties as oxygen bearers, must
occur in a fluid medium, such as is the Liquor Sanguinis.
This Liquor Sanguinis consists of an albuminous solution
of salines of a most varied character, sufficing for the
supply of every requisite to any tissue in the body. Be-
sides the red corpuscles, colourless bodies or leucocytes are
found. They are independent cell-like bodies capable of
spontaneous motion, and of deriving their support from the
surrounding fluid. They become converted into the red
94 BOVINE PATHOLOGY.

corpuscles in all probability, and in addition have been
found to migrate through the walls of the capillaries into
the interspaces between the cells of which the tissues are
composed ; whether or not they thus nourish the tissues is
unknown. ‘The blood of the ox has a specific gravity of
1060, and gives off a characteristic milky odour when
fresh, or when a little sulphuric acid is added to it. The
blood being circulated through the blood-vessels, mainly
by the action of the heart, requires for its proper functional
activity due bulk and viscidity and a proper chemical
composition. It must consist of the right constituents in
the right proportions, It may be excessively poor or rich
according to the conditions of its nutritive supply. It
may be irregularly distributed through the vessels as in
congestion with variations in rapidity of flow, and perhaps
of tissue interchanges. It is these latter which most
materially affect the composition of the blood. Every
tissue of the body bears during health the relation of an
excretory organ to every other part; by the combined
action of all the blood should be kept in a proper condi-
tion, its nutritive supplies being especially important.
The excretory organs proper have especially the duty of
removing impurities ; if one of them acts imperfectly the
rest may endeavour to atone for its deficiencies by vicarious
action, but they do not always do so successfully. Thus,
uremic and jaundice cases occur. Sometimes poisons,
whether specific or ordinary, gain entry from without. and
cause serious disorder. The blood being a generally
diffused tissue, we must look for general symptoms during
its disorders; there will be an indefiniteness and want of
localisation about them which to the unscientific man will
make them seem most obscure; but we, armed with our
full list of heematics and eliminatives, view them with more
confidence. While the causes of blood disorders often lie
in defective nutrition or elimination, or in the addition of
poisonous matter from without, not unfrequently may
diseases of this generally diffused tissue be found due to
extension of disorder from some of the tissues through
which it rushes in its circulatory course. Thus may be
b ggBen 2 8

 

DISEASES OF THE BLOOD, 95

accounted for the frequency of symptomatic fever consti-
tuting general disorder as a result of local inflammation.
While the tendency to this and other fevers is not very
marked in the ox, the liability to specific blood poisons is
considerable, and we shall have to treat of many special
disorders which devastate our herds and have proved the
scourge of the agriculturist from time immemorial. The
relatively small amount of blood of the ox and the larger
size of the red globules may be, perhaps, considered the
cause of the immunity from general fever and from inflam-
mation leading to ill effects after major operations, which is
observable in bovine practice as compared with equine.
At the same time we must remember, too, that some parts
of the body, as the alimentary canal, receive a great deal
of blood, and that the venous system is remarkable for its
largeness as compared with the arterial.

A. Nutritive Hxcess—HypnrtropHy oF THE Bioop (War-
son), PietHora—vulgarly known as Fulness of Blood—
results from high activity of the blood-forming organs,
whereby the blood becomes loaded with red and white
corpuscles. This condition is denoted by redness of
visible mucous membranes with a tendency to active
hemorrhages, a full, bounding pulse, high constitu-
tional vigour, and tendency to thrive and lay on fat.
Such a state“of the body as this can not be considered
disease, but predisposition to apoplectic and acute inflam-

‘ matory affections. - We are familiar with the frequency

of black quarter in yearling calves in a highly plethoric
condition. The causes of plethora are excess of food,

' vigour to. appropriate nutritive matters, and insufficient

exercise to bring about a demand for fresh material pro-
portioned to the supply. Treatment must therefore con-
sist in urgent cases in abstraction of blood, whereby
plethora is at once relieved; in gradual reduction of
diet, exhibition of laxatives, and giving the animal a wide
and not too rich pasture to graze over. It is the custom
to insert a seton in the dewlap that the resulting suppura-

tion may drain away the precursors of the red corpuscles,

This certainly lessens the predispositions above mentioned,
96 BOVINE PATHOLOGY.

When growth ceases to draw largely upon nutritive
supplies plethora often occurs, and a somewhat similar
throwing back of blood on the system takes place at
parturition, to be relieved by lactation.

B. Nutritive Deficiency —AtRopHY oF THE Boop, ANE-
iA, debility, poverty of the blood. The principal additions
tothe blood occur from the alimentary canal,any impediment
to this source of supply gives rise to anemia. Imperfect
performance of subsidiary or principal digestive functions,
defective absorption, imperfect assimilation, or insufficient
or improper alimentary matter and excessive removal
of material from the blood will cause debility, hence it
results from fluxes, persistent hemorrhages, &c.

Symptoms, general deficiency in vital energy, excita-
bility and languor, often inappetence and tendency to
indigestion. Pulse feeble, frequent, and irregular ; heart’s
action liable to extreme irregularity of beat. Mucous
membranes very pale. - Coldness of the extremities and a
peculiar sound audible over the larger veins, “‘ venous
murmurs.” Rapid wasting, and frequently the patient is
found to be covered with lice. Often this disorder is due
to scrofulous tumours internally, or tosome specific disorder
which has interfered with the nutritive properties of the
blood. The essential morbid lesion consists in deficiency of
blood-corpuscles. It has been supposed that this results from
an abnormally watery state of the serum whereby the red
globules absorb moisture in excess and disintegrate. This
may beso, but we are inclined in the generality of cases, to
consider the excess of water rather the result of the fact that:
the few red corpuscles do not suffice to stimulate suffi-
ciently the water removing organs, kidneys, and skin,
consequently the urine is scanty, and the skin dry and
tight on the emaciated body. Sometimes the excess of
water in the blood causes dropsical effusions either into
serous and synovial cavities or into the subcutaneous areolar
tissue. Death may result either from lungs or other parts
becoming the seat of congestion, or in the manner which we
have already described, as death from anemia, It is
generally preceded by diarrhea of an exhausting character,
DISEASES OF THE BLOOD. 97

This state predisposes to certain disorders, especially those
of a low type and a specific character ; even small wounds
of anemic patients may assume an ulcerative character. and
bevery obstinate. Operations are often followed by ill effects.

Pasturage on heath lands where the herbage has an
astringent character and is unnutritious, also feeding upon
turnips which contain excess of watery material, may be
enumerated as special causes. Treatment must be directed
to removal of all causes which can possibly be in opera-
tion, by thorough change of diet and most careful nursing.
The transition to good food must not be too sudden, and
generally the administration of a laxative dose will rouse
the bowels into activity, and remove any accumulation of
unnutritious matter from them. Salt sprinkled over
the fodder will make it more palatable. Tonics should be
administered, generally a combination of iron and gentian
will be found useful. Hematinic compounds are especially
indicated, but care must be taken lest too large doses be
given at first. Under such treatment the animal will
generally be restored to health, but some cases, where the
anemia is due to specific conditions, are incurable.

The state of the system produced by the ravages of the
liver fluke, Fasciola hepatica, known technically as ‘ Ca-
cHEXIA AQuosa VERMINOSA,” must be mentioned here as
consisting in a true anemia. The early action of these
parasites, when they are but few and scattered in the bile
ducts throughout the extent of the liver,is one of stimula-
tion of that organ, whereby its’ glycogenic and bile pro-
ducing powers are increased, the effect on nutrition being
_ favorable. As these organisms increase in number they
cause thickening of the walls of the ducts and dilatation
of their passages; this is at the expense of the true liver
substance, and bile production is thus impeded, the ducts
become filled with parasites and a viscid bile. Generally

1 Hedley has drawn attention to the somewhat frequent occurrence of
flukes in the lungs of cattle, contained in cysts which in due course become
calcified and contain a brownish fluid or a pus-like substance ; the distoma in
such capsules being generally well developed and sexually ‘mature. Other
and younger capsules contain younger parasites, which occur singly and may
be overlovuked. :

7
98 BOVINE PATHOLOGY.

at this stage the constitutional power of the animal
enables it to withstand this interference with the produc-
tion of bile and grape sugar. But this is not always so,
for in some years the parasites are so plentiful, and so
thoroughly invade the liver substance, as to give rise to
the above-mentioned symptoms of anemia, and ultimately to
death. Such outbreaks occur after extraordinarily wet sea-

  

Fria. 16.—Fasciola he- Fie. 17.—Disto- Fie. 18.—Amphistoma coni-

patica, the common ma _ lanceola- cum.
liver fluke. a., 3., and tum.

e., its alimentary ap-

paratus.

Certain flukes, Trematodes, found in the ox (after Cobbold).

sons, when meadows have been flooded, and flocks are being
decimated by “rot.’? Usually they may be seen about at
Christmas time or in the early spring. The collateral
conditions of the case, together with a yellowness of the
visible mucous membranes, will enable us to diagnose such
cases from those of simple anemia.

Our efforts must be directed to support of the strength
of the patients by the above-mentioned means. Iron and
salt are very useful as being anthelmintics. Good oil cake
is especially called for. Prophylaxis must be observed in
wet seasons, and consist of measures based on our know-
ledge of the life-history of the fasciola. The larval forms
DISEASES OF THE BLOOD. : 99

abound in meadows! (generally low-lying, and well known
to shepherds) during the later months of summer or the
earlier of autumn, according to the season. At these
times young or debilitated stock should not be turned out
to pasture in such meadows, or, if circumstances render
this a necessity, they should receive a fair allowance of
salt. The parasite which produces this disorder is that
which causes “ rot” in sheep.

Science tells us that ‘more careful destruction of feces
containing myriads of ova of this parasite, whether of cattle .
or sheep affected would be beneficial, A more widely
diffused knowledge of the relations of diseases as they occur
among his live stock is essential for the agriculturist.

Post-mortem Examination of a case of anemia, while often disclos-
ing the special cause, invariably shows a bloodless condition of the
tissues, absence of fat, which is replaced by gelatinous areolar tissue,
muscles small and very pale, blood forms a white clot, often before
removal from the larger blood-vessels, frequently ante-mortem clots,
which have complicated the case during life, may be observed in the
heart; they are supposed to result from the uneven internal surface
of the heart, whipping up the abnormally fluid blood.

Is the flesh fit for human food? In a case of extreme anzmia,
such as has resulted in death, we cannot hesitate to reject it. It
probably has distributed through it deleterious matters accumulated
from defective excretion; these have not been proved injurious to
man but certainly are not beneficial, and the flesh is devoid of
nutritive matter, so cannot prove a loss of valuable food material.

c. Nutrition Perverted.—Pyrexia, Fever, inflammation
of the blood. We have adopted this pathology of
fever after due consideration, for it seems to us that
all the phenomena of fever may be traced to perverted
nutritive conditions of the blood. This state may
originate in itself as simple fever, or by extension of inflam-
mation from some of the tissues through which the blood cir-
culates, constituting sympathetic or symptomatic fever. It
has been debated whether simple fever occurs in the lower
animals, but we cannot doubt that it does, and under this
heading may be classified those cases which exhibit an in-
definiteness of symptoms, an absence of diagnostic signs.

Symptoms.—The attack commences with a shivering
fit and general signs of disorder. Pulse quick, rather

1 And their bearers have been recently discovered by Thomas. This scien-
tific observation of the molluscan forms essential to full development of the
fluke ought to be pregnant with practical results in eradication of “ rot,”

e
li
100 BOVINE PATHOLOGY.

hard, and often exhibiting a tendency to dicrotism. Mucous
membranes injected. Warmth of extremities, mouth, and
general surface of the body, with a dryness of the skin.
Respirations slightly increased in frequency. Excretions
deficient, hence mouth dry, bowels torpid, and urine
scanty and high coloured. Secretion of milk lessened.
Irritability of the animal is generally present. Internal
temperature elevated. Thirst considerable. As the case
progresses there is a tendency for the different organs of
the body to become involved in the disorder. The lungs,
as being most concerned in alterations of the composition
of the blood, are liable to become the seat of congestion.
The bowels may also become affected or the liver, and,
in a less degree, other parts of the body. Thus, we often
find that cases which originate as fever pure culminate in
acute inflammation of some important vital organ. The
blood has its fibrin-formers increased, and also its amount
of fat, while the globules (generally) and the albumen
and salines are diminished. The urine owes its high
colour probably to the rapid disintegration of red
corpuscles, increased specific gravity to deficiency of
water and organic salines and increase of extractives,
hippurates, &c. Gant thus expresses his views of the
cause of one important change in the blood, “the flotilla
of oxygen-laden cells perishes seriatim from overpressed
service, and their wrecks are converted into fibrin.”
Such is the peculiar character of the blood-tissue that
it can not exhibit the ordinary characters and changes ot
inflammation. It is non-vascular, yet more highly nourished
than any other, hence the changes must be manifested
only in the tissue elements. These, the red globules,
have their functions perverted, they no longer convey
oxygen satisfactorily to the tissues to stimulate them to
action, the energy of oxidation expends itself in the
breaking up of the globules. Diminution of globules
takes place, proper nutritive interchanges between the
blood and the tissues not occurring, the fluid becomes
overloaded with impurities, and so causes disease of other
organs, the lungs being especially unwilling to allow the
DISEASES OF THE BLOOD. , 101

passage of impure blood. Sometimes a crisis occurs, one
or more of the excretory organs (bowels, liver, and skin)
overcomes all difficulties by its inherent energies, removes
impurities, and so relieves the blood. Resolution then
occurs unless a relapse checks the salutary process. In
declining fever a lateritious sediment frequently may be
found in urine. Fever may be caused by any conditions
which interfere with due removal of matter from the
blood. Thus, close and ill-ventilated houses, want of exer-
cise, and excessive feeding all predispose to the disorder,
while sudden changes of temperature, long journeys,
exposure to draughts or to severe weather prove exciting
agencies. Acute inflammation of internal organs, or of
any other part of the body, the presence of poisonous
material, whether ordinary or specific, in the blood, and
defective action of eliminatory organs are causes of
the symptomatic affection, which is more frequent than
the simple form. Thus, in our examination of many
disorders we shall have to allude to complicating febrile
conditions, such as those which have just received notice
from us. It is remarkable that frequently fevers abate some-
what towards mid-day. Again, they may re-appear periodi-
cally, when they are termed inéermitient, and generally
are due to special organisms in the blood, the periodic
activity of which accounts for regularity of recurrence of
the disorder. Thus, relapsing fever in man is due to
Spirochete, which is supposed to be a bacterian organism,
and certain intermittent disorders affecting the ox have
been described as occurring in low districts which probably
are attributable to a similar cause. Recent researches on
relapsing fevers gave negative results from inoculation of
Indian cattle with their specific organisms.

In the treatment of febrile affections nursing must
be resorted to with assiduity, the skin especially being
roused into activity by frictions. Stimulants, particularly
such as act upon the excretory organs, as nitrous ether,
may be used with benefit. The bowels may be acted
upon by a saline laxative. The stimulants check any
tendency to local disorder by equable diffusion of blood
102 BOVINE PATHOLOGY.

and nervous energy. MacGillivray in fever gives quinine
in six-grain doses hypodermically in the form of an acidu-
lated aqueous solution. The beneficial effects of fresh
air must not be neglected in symptomatic cases, Though
the impurities accumulated in the blood as a result of
defective excretion in fever are not known to act delete-
riously on man when the flesh is ingested after cooking,
we should when possible prevent such meat from passing
into the market. The general custom is to destroy the
animal when recovery seems hopeless, and to have it
dressed for the public; any parts which exhibit signs
of disease being rejected.

Necrauia is the term which has been applied to death
of the blood en masse, such as occurs in black quarter and
certain other blood diseases. It may be observed in cases
of death resulting from a sudden and powerful alteration
in vital conditions, as is seen in animals struck by light-
ning. Probably the other tissue elements of the body,
especially the nervous, are also affected in this case, for
they, like the blood, exhibit imperfect tendency to congela-
tion, and rapidly commence to putrefy. The non-coagulation
of the blood is not present in every case, but this fluid is
always dark in colour, and any clot which forms is deficient
in firmness and permanence. Such cases never call for
treatment, but not unfrequently for determination of the
cause of death. Collateral circumstances must be care-
fully considered, and the surface of the body examined for
local discoloration or singeing; but it is quite certain
that death may occur in this manner without any injury
to the surface. A lightning shock may cause injury short
of death, as paralysis of a part. After such injuries the

principal indication is to avoid collapse by means of
stimulant agents."

+ Mr. G. A. Banham has worked up the “Effects of Lightning on
Animals ” with his usual thoroughness (‘ Veterinary Journal,’ xii). We must
refer to his paper for details. Amaurosis, burns, “entire herds of pregnant
cows have been known to abort, whilst the mares remained unaffected,” are
enumerated as non-fatal effects. A curious case of benefit is alluded to as
follows:— Boehm (Carus and Radius, ‘ Wéchentl. Beitrage,’ B. 1, S. 370)
reports that a cow which was paralysed in the hind quarters, as a sequel of
difficult parturition, was lying in a shed, near to which was a tree. During
a thunderstorm the tree was struck by lightning, and the cow jumped up
DISEASES OF THE BLOOD. 103

D. Variations in Constitution. (a) Increase or decrease
of normal constituents.

Having already dealt with such diseased conditions ag
arise from irregularity of distribution of blood in the circu-
latory organs constituting the phenomena of hyperemia
and congestion, we may now examine those states which
result from variations in the constituents of the blood,
whether in quality or in quantity. Increase of water,
salines, &c., may occur without any appreciable influence
upon the health of the animal, simply causing predis-
position to disorder. Such is the case when excretory
organs act inefficiently, or when excessive material is
added. These states are, therefore, generally purely of a
secondary character. The cause being removed they will
cease. Decrease of these normal constituents may be
similarly of minor importance. We have seen that fibrin
is increased in fevers, especially those due to considerable
local inflammation. It seems this is associated with disin-
tegration of corpuscles; hence we find products of a
highly plastic character generated under these circum-
stances. In anemia the fibrin factors are deficient, the
blood and deposits wanting in plasticity. Though occur-
ring frequently in disease, variations of amount of fibrin
factors have not been proved to constitute distinct
disorder.
quite recovered.” An extraordinary effect of colour is noted, the lightning
affecting white parts of the skin of particoloured animals, thus (¢ Phil.
Trans.,’ vol. lxvi, p. 493): ‘A red and white bull was struck by lightning,
the white patches alone were singed, the red were untouched ;” and a similar
case in two brown and white speckled oxen is noticed in ‘ Hufeland’s Journal,’
-lxiv, p. 78. A remarkable case is recorded from the ‘ Preuss. Verein Zeitung,’
1836, p.45: ‘“Ashepherd at Treves, seeing a storm approach, took refuge
with thirty cows beneath a beech tree, and had scarcely done so when a
violent thunderstorm occurred. The man found himself enveloped in a sheet
of flame, was thrown down, and lost consciousness. On recovering, in about
half-an-hour, he discovered that twenty-seven of his cows were dead, one was
lying stupefied and soon recovered, and the remaining two were grazing.
Twenty-four hours afterwards V.S. Fuchs arrived, and found the twenty-seven
dead cows lying on the right side, six did not exhibit any external lesions,
twenty-one showed on the left side ziz-zag bands from two to four lines in
width, formed by the hair being singed. The lines passed downwards to the
knees, the haunches, and the teats. All the carcases were in a state of
decomposition. In one animal the lightning appeared to have entered by the

mouth. Beyond an accumulation of dark blood, nothing was noted in-
ternally.”
104 BOVINE PATHOLOGY.

Levcamia, on LeucocyrHemia, results from excessive
production of white corpuscles in consequence of the
activity of the spleen, lymphatic glands, and medulla of
bone, these being the blood-making organs. The spleen
and lymphatic glands undergo enlargement and become
altered in appearance. The white globules of the blood,
instead of being in the proportion of one to three or four
hundred, are as one to thirty or forty. This disease has
been described by Siedamgrotzky (‘ Veterinarian,’ 1880,
p. 159). He mentions it as occurring in cattle, females
being most subject. The symptoms are those of
anemia.

The red corpuscles we have seen are largely increased
in plethora, and they. may be more numerous in fevers ;
evidence is rather uncertain on this point. This simply
gives rise to increased functional energy; indeed, in
health the improvement of a breed and high feeding
increase the number of these elements. ‘‘ Free exposure
to fresh air and light seems also to powerfully promote
the formation of red blood as much as the deprivation of
them tends to destroy it”? (Jones), From this we deduce
a practical indication for treatment of anemia. When
the destruction of red corpuscles predominates over their
formation poverty of the blood results. Mercury seems
to have a special power of disintegrating red globules.
Under certain circumstances the red colouring matter be-
comes dissolved in the surrounding serum, which stains
the walls of the blood-vessels. This occurs, more or less,
in all cases of stasis or extravasation of red corpuscles,
but especially from certain chemical changes in the
serum, as admixture of bile salts. As potash and phos-
phates occur particularly in the corpuscles, while sodium
and chlorides are mainly in the serum, we can see that
various foods are adapted especially for the formation of
special parts of the blood.

(8) Retention of matter in the blood which should be
excreted.

There are certain organs which remove effete matter
from the blood. Of these the principal are lungs, liver,
DISEASES OF THE BLOOD. 105

skin, and kidneys. If either of these organs act im-
perfectly, and the others are unable by vicarious action to
perform its duties with sufficient energy, accumulation
of effete matter leads to blood disease. |

Carsonic ANHYDRIDE POISONING results from defective
action of the lungs. It may also take place from exposure
to an atmosphere containing excess of this gas, as the
“choke damp” generated by explosions in mines. The
fact that a chronic form, as it.were, of this disorder
results from imperfect escape of foul air from cow-houses
must make us attend to due ventilation. This chronic
state predisposes to disease of a low type, lessening con-
stitutional vigour. Thus, 3 per cent. of this gas in the air
lessens the frequency of the pulse and increases the respira-
tions ; 1:5—2 per cent. suffices to produce headache in man,
and fatal results ensue on exposure to air containing 5—10
percent. The severity of disorders of the lungs is consider-
ably increased by the accumulation of carbonic anhydride
in the blood which results from them. This substance
acts as a narcotic poison, Acute cases of carbonic acid
poisoning are manifested by laboured breathing and other
signs of narcosis, ultimately leading to death from
asthenia.

Treatraent must consist in exposure to fresh air, ad-
ministration of stimulants as ammonia and artificial
respiration. On examination of the body after death, the
lungs are found congested and the blood dark.

JauNDIcE—Ictrrus—is accumulation in the blood of
matters which should be removed by the liver. This
seldom causes acute diseases, and may be due either to
non-elimination in consequence of structural derangement
of the organ or to reabsorption of bile in consequence
of obstruction to its escape into the bowel. The bile
constitutes an outlet for much of the colouring matter
set free by breaking up of the red corpuscles, also for
cholesterine and for certain bile salts, glycocholates and
taurocholates. When these salts enter the bowel they
undergo changes, and probably become reabsorbed and
utilised for respiratory purposes, as they contain a con-
106 BOVINE PATHOLOGY.

siderable amount of carbon and hydrogen. But if intro-
duced into the blood before undergoing change they
cause solution of the red colouring matter in the serum.
They are probably formed in the liver. This is a useful
fact as far as diagnosis is concerned. If the bile be not
secreted only the colouring matter will be removed by the
kidneys, whereas if the bile be reabsorbed the character-
istic bile acids will be found in the urine. We will
summarise the testing processes from Dr. Legge’s useful
little work on the urine. The urine is deep in colour, and
stains white filtering paper yellow.

Gmelin’s Test determines presence of bile pigments.
Allow a drop of nitric acid and of the urine to be
examined to run together on a porcelain dish, at their line
of contact a play of colours will occur, consisting of green,
violet, blue, and red. The red colour will appear with
any urine. The green colour is most distinctive.

Pettenkofer’s Test is for the bile acids. ‘ Pour the
fluid containing the bile acids into a test tube; sulphuric
acid being then added, at first in small quantity, to preci-
pitate the bile acids, but afterwards in amount sufficient
to redissolve them, which renders the mixture perceptibly
hot to the hand. <A drop of syrup may now be let fall
into the liquid, which then shows a play of colours, passing
from pink to cherry-red, and from red to purple.” This
test must not be applied directly to the urine, but the
latter must first be rendered faintly ammoniacal with
caustic ammonia, and then diacetate of lead added until
it produces a precipitate—this must be washed with dis-
tilled water, boiled with alcohol, and thrown into excess of
ether—the bile salts will crystallise out and being dissolved
in distilled water may be tested by Pettenkofer’s test.

Besides the altered colour and chemical reactions of the
urine, other symptoms of a marked character may be
noted in this disorder, the visible mucous membranes and
the skin become yellow; the change in colour of the eye
gives a very characteristic appearance ; besides the general
symptoms of disorder the animal is markedly dull and
debilitated. The pulse is slow, and there is considerable
DISEASES OF THE BLOOD. 107

disorder of the bowels as shown by torpidity and flatulence,
the feces being scanty, dry, and dark coloured. The
bile acts as a natural stimulus to the coats of the intes-
tines, and its loss is felt. In milch cows the milk is deep
in colour. If these conditions be not relieved the debility
increases, the temperature of the body-surface falls consi-
derably, the patient wastes away rapidly, dropsical swellings
occur in various parts of the body, obstinate diarrhcea sets
in, and death from anzmia gradually results. The causes
which give rise to this affection are organic disorder of
the liver, or such functional derangement as occurs in
congestion, also any disorder of the excretory apparatus
leading to obstruction, such as tumours, either of the
walls of the ducts or gall bladder, or neighbouring parts,
parasites, calculi, stricture, or disease of the wall of the
duodenum around the opening of the bile duct. This
disease appears among cows especially in the spring and
autumn, altogether it is rather frequent in the ox.

Post-mortem appearances will enable us to conclusively
determine the cause of the disorder; there is a diffused
yellowness of the tissues and a high colour of the serum ;
effusions into the areolar tissue, and into serous sacs, as
well as other anemic conditions are present. The flesh of
animals which have died from this disease is discoloured, it
contains a cathartic principle not, however, of a very active
character, also anzemic conditions are present, therefore
its use as food is to be condemned.

Our treatment must depend upon extended diagnosis
of the case. Derangements of the liver must be removed
according to their nature in each instance. Thus, in some
cases we need cholagogues, in others sedative agents.
In tuberculous and other structural derangements of the
organ, as well as when the escape of the bile is obstructed,
we must adopt palliative rather than curative means, which
latter can hardly prove effectual. Dieting with succulent
food of a nutritious and easily digestible character, gentle
and regular exercise, and the administration of eliminatives
which aid the action of skin and kidneys must be
adopted in all cases of jaundice. Stimulant tonics which
108 BOVINE PATHOLOGY.

mildly promote the activity of the liver, such as beer,
prove useful, and the nitro-muriatic acid is recommended
in cases due to torpidity of the biliferous organ. Animals
highly fed, either for the production of milk or fat, are
very much predisposed to disorder of this nature, even
during health there is a yellowness of the skin and visible
mucous membranes in these animals, It is wonderful
what an amount of structural derangement and removal
of substance the liver may undergo without jaundice
appearing. Youatt remarks upon a special scaly eruption
which appears on the skin in these cases.

Urauta is described by Armatage as occurring in the
ox. It certainly is not frequent. It is accumulation in
the blood of urea and other urine constituents, either as a
result of a blocking up of the urinary passages, or of con-
siderable disorganisation of the kidneys. The retained
materials act upon the nervous system, producing active
toxic effects. The most marked symptoms are the
presence of urinary constituents in the sweat, which is
profuse, and has a very marked odour, and the slowness
of the pulse and respirations, with a marked fall of in-
ternal temperature. This is the result, generally, of long-
standing organic disease of the kidneys, and rapidly
proves fatal, inducing death by coma. Such is the
structure of the urinary passages that absorption of their
contained fluid will not occur, but sometimes acute ureemia
takes place when after lithotomy urine infiltrates the
areolar tissue around the wound.

Treatment. comprises removal of the causes, nursing,
and administration of stimulants. The disease is generally
only a precursor of death.

Ruevmatism seems to be mainly dependent upon de-
creased activity of the skin and accumulation in the blood
of the normal constituents of sweat ; whether or not this be
the case, the blood is often found to be acid in its reaction,
which has been attributed to the presence of lactic acid
and lithic acid in excess. The matters which have accu-
mulated in the blood cause inflammation of the white
fibrous tissues of the body, especially those situated in
DISEASES OF THE BLOOD. 109

connection with joints and the deep fibrous structure of
the endocardium and pericardium. This disease is some-
what frequent in the ox, and is due to exposure to damp-
ness and cold, Thus it is most frequent in marshy
countries, and during the spring and autumn, affecting
old rather than young cattle. It has been observed to
follow exposure to draughts, especially when the animal is
in a perspiring condition, also it appears in cows exposed
during or immediately after calving. Undoubtedly it is
hereditary. Rheumatism may assume an acute or a chronic
form, and becomes localised in the fascie of the loins, (lum-
bago, or “chine felon’), in the serous membranes of the
heart, or in the joints (rheumatic arthritis, “ joint felon,”
*chrocles’’). The animal at first in an acute attack is dull
and hide-bound ; has a staring coat, and is unwilling to
moye, and there is generally a peculiar rigidity of the spine,
due to affection of the lumbar fascia; shrinks on pressure
being applied to the loins, and soon the extremities be-
come involved in the stiffening. There are then local
signs of inflammation, with special hardness of the swel-
lings around the affected joints; also fever is present,
characterised by the hardness of the pulse and the sharp-
ness of its beats. The animal becomes very lame on one
or more limbs, when suddenly the disease seems to shift
into another, frequently the corresponding, part of the
body. This metastatic character of rheumatism is a very
marked feature of the disease. Walley has observed that
in cows the disease in its acute form is very apt to become
localised in the laminz of the fore feet, causing intense
suffering and ultimately attacking the heart. The
tendency of the disorder to recur in a part once affected
is also very evident. The swellings of a hardened character
which appear around the joints seldom lead to suppuration,
though the local inflammation runs high, and causes severe
fever, the blood containing very much fibrin. The changes
which result from this special arthritis are peculiar. Re-
moval of articular surfaces in parts occur, and the exposed
cancellated tissue becomes consolidated by deposition of
bony substance, and exhibits a high polish, which results
110 BOVINE PATHOLOGY.

from friction. This is termed eburnation, or porcellaneous
deposition. The urine in rheumatism contains much saline
matter, due to increase in amount of hippurates excreted.
When the disease assumes the chronic form it is most
liable to produce the above-mentioned change of articular
surfaces: Calcification, or even ossification, of the fascize
and ligaments may result from the chronic form; thus,
tumours, apparently of a bony character, may be found
embedded among muscles, or loosely or firmly connected
with bones. They are not truly ossific, being composed
largely of hippurates or urates of alkalies, sometimes,
especially when they appear in joints, they are termed
gout-stones. The endocardium tends to become the seat
of fibrinous deposit, and the pericardium to cpacity, cal-
cification, and even ossification in chronic rheumatism.
Disorder of this kind renders the heart irritable, inter-
mittent in its action, and the pulse quick, hard, and
small. ‘‘ The soft structures above and below the affected
joints in horned cattle sometimes swell, suppurate, and
continue to discharge pus for a lengthened period, the
animal rapidly wasting, and finally becoming worthless ”
(Williams) ; and when suffering from the arthritic form
cattle obstinately remain recumbent.

Treatment must comprise most careful nursing of the
animal, and avoidance of exposure to draughts; ad-
ministration of eliminatives, such as will promote the
action of the skin, bowels, and kidneys. Colchicum is
found to be especially useful in disorders of this character.
Iodide of potassium also has been found beneficial. Also
alkalies are valuable to counteract acidity. In arthritic
complications fomentations are considered but loss of time.
Stimulants are beneficial, especially vesicants, for it is
supposed that they draw off the poison from the blood,
and lessen its tendency to affect the heart. The general
fever must be combated by doses of tincture of aconite.
Williams recommends that the bedding be frequently
changed to prevent bed-sores, and the inflamed joints
wrapped in flannel to prevent bruising. He considers
also that if suppuration sets in the animal should be
DISEASES OF THE BLOOD. l11

destroyed, as chances of recovery are very slight. Rheu-
matism tends to assume the chronic form, and may cause
death by cardiac complication, or by continuous irritative
fever. The flesh, being full of impurities, is unfit for food.
The joints, besides the lesions already noticed, frequently
exhibit false anchylosis and ulceration of cartilages.

. Hao-atpuminuria—Murr-111, Repwatsr, BhackwaTER—
is a disease which is very prevalent in some parts of the
country and especially affects cows (just before or) after |
calving, generally on about the fourteenth day. It com-
mences with general febrile symptoms and diarrhea. Then
the animal stands with arched back, obstinate torpidity of the
bowels sets in, and about the same time urine of a high
colour in small quantities is expelled with some force
by straining; also tenderness over the loins is present.
The respirations are laboured, pulse very quick, small, and
dicrotous, and the animal very dull and giving no milk,
or only a little of a yellowish colour and unpleasant odour.
The visible mucous membranes are of a yellow colour.
The discoloration of the urine is very characteristic, and
undergoes increase in intensity as the disorder progresses.
Youatt mentions two forms of the disorder, acute and
chronic. The former, manifested by the symptoms above
indicated, runs its course in a few days; the latter is
more prevalent, and may be slight, and terminated by a
spontaneous diarrhoea, or else may extend over a con-
siderable time. All the above-mentioned symptoms ex-
cept fever being present, generally such prolonged cases
terminate in death from gradually increasing anemia.
Calves, bullocks, and even bulls may be affected with this
disorder, but less frequently than cows.

Causes.—It is very prevalent on certain pastures, and
not on others even in the immediate neighbourhood. It
has been associated with certain special soils, and par-
ticularly with movement of stock from land of one kind
to another. Overdriving is considered a cause, as also
certain special states of the air and great alternations of
temperature. It is on the latter account, probably, that
it occurs very much during the summer among animals
112 BOVINE PA'HOLOGY.

brought to highland pasture from richer lowland soil.
As a rule, the disease is most frequent in spring and
autumn, and high condition, as well as difficulty in
cleansing after calving, is considered a predisposing cause.
Cases have been traced to the drinking of stagnant water,
while Harrison attributes its prevalence in some cases to a
hot and dry condition of pastures, and to excess of drain-
age. It has been found very prevalent in woody districts.
Also a poor diet of any kind, as turnips, about the time
of calving, will prove a cause. A specific bacterian
organism has been observed in the blood in these cases.
We owe the latest information on the subject to South
Africa, where Dr. Berry and Government Veterinary
Surgeon Hutcheon regard the disease as infectious through
food or drink contaminated with the droppings of diseased
animals. Its period of incubation is fourteen days.

The Urine has an average specific gravity, 1041, with
alkaline reaction, and a more or less powerful odour of
rotten turnips; contains 1°82 albumen, 1:26 urea, and
1°28 extractives in 100 parts of urine, while on micro-
scopical examination crystals of cholesterine, hippurates,
phosphates, and epithelial scales were found more or less
abundantly (Williams). It becomes almost solid with
heat and no discs are detectable in it (Hutcheon).

Post-mortem examination.—Youatt speaks of consider-
able inflammation, ulceration, and often the formation of
foetid pus, and occasionally gangrene of the uterus in acute
cases ; but probably he was labouring under some error, for
he also speaks of inflammation of the kidneys, which cer-
tainly is not present. The uterus simply contains dark-
coloured mucus, while the kidneys, though occasionally they
are found congested, usually are paler than ordinary. The |
bladder contains some of the characteristic red or black
urine, according to the stage of the case. The serum of
the blood is very high coloured, as are also the contents of
the areolar interspaces and serous cavities, and of the lym-
phatic vessels. Hcchymoses are perceptible under the
endocardium. The first three compartments of the
stomach are generally full, and the contents of the omasum
DISEASES OF THE BLOOD. 1138

especially very dry. The abomasum exhibits congestion
of its internal surface. The liver seems to be invariably
diseased, being congested both with blood and bile, hence
enlarged, dark, and soft. The bile collected in the gall-
bladder is generally thick, viscid, and dark. The spleen
is enlarged, softened, and diffluent.

Pathology—Numerous theories on the nature of this
disorder have been advanced :

(1) It has been attributed to the presence of certain
ranunculi in pastures, but it arises under circumstances
where animals could not obtain such poisons.

(2) Youatt considers the acute form is inflammation of
the kidneys, and “ probably may be traced to the quality of
the general produce of the soil rather than to the presence
of certain plants of known acrimonious or poisonous pro-
perties.” The chronic form he attributes to an acri-
monious condition of the bile, which is absorbed into the
blood, and irritates the kidneys.

(3) It was thought that the colour of the urine de-
pended upon the presence of blood in it, but the absence
of blood as blood is proved by the absence of red
corpuscles. Gamgee considers the disease hama-
turia, and this opinion is held by many continental
authorities. In true hematuria, however, blood occurs
in the urine in clots and is expelled in this state.

(4) Professor Williams says :—‘I am induced to con-
clude that the disease originates in an impoverished con-
dition of the blood, arising from want of proper food ;
that the albumen of the blood is thus degraded in quality,
and as such is unfit to be appropriated for the nourish-
ment of the tissues, and is consequently excreted by the
kidneys, and expelled from the body; that the blood-
globules are in a broken-down or disintegrated condition
arising from solution of their outer layers or cell-walls,
when their coloured interior—hematin—escapes, which,
mixing with the serum of the blood, and being eliminated
by the kidneys, gives the characteristic tinge to the
urinary secretion.”

(5) The disordered conditions may all be referred to

8
114 BOVINE PATHOLOGY.

defective action of the liver, whereby it is rendered unable
to elaborate albuminose which is passing from the in-
testine, and therefore accumulates in the blood. At the
same time congestion of the organ seems to lead to
excessive bile production, the superfluous material being
removed by diarrhcea until reaction sets in, and then
entering the blood, and causing disintegration of blood-
corpuscles. Until we are more assured of the condition
of the liver in this disease, as also the spectroscopical
characters of the blood and urine, we shall not be able to
state its pathological nature with full confidence.

We trust in future issues of this work to be able to
state that the discovery by Berry and Hutcheon of a
bacillus (Bac. hematuriz) in the blood has been confirmed
and to transfer this disorder to another part of the book.
The bacillus is considered demonstrable by drying in the
air a thin film of blood on a cover slip, allowing a drop of
glacial acetic acid to remain in contact with it for a few
seconds, washing in distilled water, drying over a spirit
lamp, and floating on solution of gentian violet. The
bacillus is shorter and thicker than Bac. anthracis, and
not found in the urine.

(6) Armatage attributes it in many cases to the icy
coldness of a large quantity of frozen turnips introduced
into the rumen, and undoubtedly this is one of the ways
in which it may originate. Our knowledge of the phy-
siology of the liver is hardly yet sufficiently advanced to
enable us to understand the complex perversions which
occur in such a disorder as this.

Treatment.—Professor Simonds, who first showed that
this isa disease due to alteration in the blood, and pointed
out the presence of blood colouring matters and albumen in
the urine, considered bleeding advantageous in the earliest
stages of the disorder. Certainly the administration of
a cathartic is beneficial, it removes from the alimen-
tary canal indigestible material which tends to cause
irritation, Again, it arouses the liver to activity when
this is necessary, and enables it to relieve itself of con-
gestion. It follows nature’s indication, for a salutary
diarrhoea often ushers in a favorable turn of the case,
DISEASES OF THE BLOOD. 115

The animal should be nursed carefully, and subjected to a
thorough change of diet. The kidneys should be assisted
in their endeavours to purify the blood by stimulant
diuretic agents. At the same time formation of good
fresh blood should be promoted by restorative hamatics.
Professor Williams, in accordance with his theory of the
nature of the disease, suggests eggs and milk, and in
addition to this highly albuminous food, stimulants and
chlorate of potash. Thompson, of Aspatria, has found a
top dressing of five or six cent. per acre of rock salt an
effectual preventative of this disorder in his locality.
(‘ Vet. Journ.,’ xvi, 129.)

Scartatina has been described by Professor Barlow.
It is very similar to the disease next described, but differs
in the less marked swelling and in the spotted character
of the mucous membrane which is covered with red points,
and altogether has a scarlet colour differing. from the
ecchymoses and blood infiltrations of purpura. There is
also, generally, sore throat. ;

Poureura Hamorruacica.— Urticaria tuberosa (Simonds) ?
is described as affecting cattle, though certainly it is not
so frequent in them as in the horse. Calves are deemed
most liable to this disease which consists in a disordered
condition of the blood. That fluid is thin and so related
to the blood-vessels that extravasations occur especially
on the mucous and serous membranes. Swellings appear
on various parts of the body which are hot and painful
and somewhat sharply circumscribed. From them and
from the nostrils flows a reddish fluid. The animal is
extremely debilitated. The swellings of the mucous
membrane obstruct respiration and deglutition. The
depraved state of the blood causes a weak and fluttering
action of the heart, anda small dicrotous pulse. Petechia
and blood extravasations on the mucous membranes are
pathognomonic. Undoubtedly these conditions may arise
from several pathological states, which interfere with the
relations of the blood with the vessels which contain it.
It is not essential that capillary ruptures should take
place in production of petechi and extravasations of red
corpuscles. <A slight migration of these bodies occurs in
116 BOVINE PATHOLOGY.

health (diapedesis), but doubtless in most cases of purpura
there is a true giving way of the walls of the capillaries.
By some authorities purpura is considered anthracoid in
its nature. This is not the place to minutely discuss the
various pathological theories of purpura; the disease
follows debilitating influences, as previous disease, exposure,
and inhalation of foul air.

Autopsy shows petechie of serous and of deeply-seated
mucous membranes, together with extensive hemorrhagic
infiltrations; also sero-sanguineous accumulations in
areolar spaces. ‘The disease generally assumes a sub-
acute character, and after about a week terminates in
gradual recovery of strength, or more frequently in
sinking of the patient, and death from asthenia.

Treatment consists in careful attention to hygiene, supply
of nutritious and easily digestible food, the use of elimi-
natives and stimulants. Oilof turpentine is recommended
since it acts on the kidneys, is a stimulant and also
a hemostatic. The tincture of perchloride of iron promotes
the formation of red corpuscles, and also acts as a styptic.
Sulphuric acid, as a styptic and tonic, is also used with
benefit. The disease is rather liable to recur, and the
stage of convalescence is prolonged.

Diabetes insipidus sometimes arises from excessive introduction
of water into the blood, but as it occurs more frequently from other
causes will be treated hereafter.

Diabetes mellitus has not been proved to affect the ox.

y. Introduction into the blood of matters foreign to it.

(1) Ordinary toxic agents.

Here ought to be considered those cases of ordinary poisoning
which result from the entry of matters into the blood, which either
act on the blood itself or upon parts distant from the point of entry,
and thus cause serious inconvenience and even death. Such poisons,
however, must be considered in relation with others which have a
local action, and therefore will be examined hereafter.

(2) Specific toxic agents.

Section 2.

These give rise to SPECIFIC DISEASES, under which
heading may be comprised all disorders which manifest
characters of a highly special kind, whether in their
course, cause, or termination. This definition, like most
others, does not enable us to accurately limit the thing
DISEASES OF THE BLOOD. 117

defined, but rather while strictly applicable to the central
figure of the group allows us to arbitrarily decide its out-
lying limits. Thus, some authors include rheumatism
and tetanus among specific disorders, while others refuse
tubercle, cancer, and influenza a place in the list. We
have included under this heading diseases which seem to
be due to minute living organisms, the nature of which
varies in different cases. On the one hand, we have
cancer consisting of body cells which have a high degree of
vital energy, as manifested by their reproductive power.
They resemble certain natural components of the tissues,
but are remarkable for retaining their vitality when
grafted on to a fresh organism, after removal from that in
which they originated. Tubercle is closely allied to
cancer in its clinical features, but its pathogenic organism
has now been demonstrated. On the other hand, we
have anthracoid affections which are undoubtedly due to
the presence of minute, independent, and entirely foreign
organisms in the system. Of the diseases lying between
these extremes some have been traced to certain relations
with foreign minute organisms, while the cause of others
remains a mystery. In no branch of medical inquiry is
more progress being made than in the study of specific
disorders. This is a direct result of the fact that they,
more than any other disorders of domesticated animals,
make themselves felt by the community, for they spread
rapidly among herds, are generally very fatal in their
effects, and not unusually can originate disease of like
kind in man. Though it has not been proved in every
case that these diseases are due to special organisms, we
shall find it advantageous to adopt the “ germ theory ”

a hypothesis for working purposes. We may safely do
so, for it has already explained many previously obscure
facts, and no positive evidence has been brought to bear
against it. Given this supposition we must then conclude
that the organised generators of disease have certain
special characters of form, composition, and life conditions.
Among the latter we must consider their origination,
metamorphoses, habitat, products, &c. On some of these
points we are profoundly ignorant, ‘there are many of the
118 BOVINE PATHOLOGY.

organisms whose existence we can at present affirm only
from reasoning, they being probably too small to be seen
in the present state of optics. Many have only just been
discovered, and their nature and action are by no means de-
cidedly ascertained. Others, as the anthrax organism, we
are fairly well acquainted with. These diseases often assume
the epizootic or panzootic character, the atmosphere seems
to be the temporary habitat of the organisms, which occur
in groups,—disease clouds—much as shoal of fish in the sea.
Such a theory will account for many obscure facts of cause
and propagation of influenza and other diseases. It is well
known that blights occur in clouds; why should not also
disease germs which are probably closely allied in nature ?
Certain conditions of climate are found favorable to distri-
bution of disease in this manner. Heat, with moisture, states
favorable to the growth of fungi, most readily promote
the spread of specific disease. Frosty weather, on the
other hand, is very healthy and checks prevailing epizootics.
Again, it has been found that currents of air, as prevailing
winds, may determine the direction of passage of specific
disorders of a certain kind, though not so as to impede
less rapid and energetic progress in other directions.
Diseases of this kind, then, seem to be communicated
without contact of a diseased animal, or of objects which
have been in contact with one, with a healthy animal of
the same or other species; this is termed Infection.
But we can readily admit that certain disease- bearing
organisms cannot be taken up and diffused by the air,
though they may be communicated from one animal to
another when actual contact cccurs, such is Immediate
Contagion ; when the contact is indirect.as when the two
animals are fed out of the same bucket or taken care of by
the sarhe man, either man or bucket may convey the morbid
producers from the diseased animal and thus act as the
vehicle, by means of which Mediate Contagion is brought.

Inoculation consists in the introduction of the active
disease producer directly into the blood-vessels or areolar
tissue of an animal, or causing its absorption through an
open wound or an exposed vascular surface. It will be
DISEASES OF THE BLOOD. 119

observed that infection, contagion, and inoculation are
different only in degree, and directly related to the readi-
ness with which a disease is communicable from one
animal to another. Thus, most active and freely com-
municable disorders are propagated by infection, generally
also by contagion, and they may be generated by inocula-
tion. In infection the organic particles principally gain
entry through the delicate lining membrane of the air-
passages. We can easily understand that some of these
particles will be able to produce no effect when they come
in contact with the surface of the cuticle through which
they cannot readily pass, and thus a disease may be infec-
tious and not contagious. Again, certain of these organisms’
may require to undergo development probably on a mucous
surface before they can cause disorder when they enter
the blood. We do not. accordingly find that infectious
diseases are always communicable by inoculation, though
most of them can be thus propagated with facility. Con-
tagion, mediate and immediate, is well illustrated in
certain skin diseases, due to animal parasites. Specific
disorders affect some animals more readily than others in
consequence of predisposition or immunity. Generally,
debilitated animals are most prone to disorders of this
character, and debilitating influences even after expo-
sure to infection or contagion may act as determining
causes (causes which render the system susceptible after
exposure to the influence of the disease producer). Shocks
to the nervous system are especially potent in this respect.
Immunity may be due to conditions of the species (specific),
or of the individual. The latter form is especially marked
in epizootic or enzootic outbreak when all of the herd will.
be more or less victimised, except a few animals which
remain quite free from disease. Immunity is some-
times secured by a previous attack of disorder as is well
_ seen in cases of smallpox in man, this results from pro-

found alterations in nutrition, but it seems that in time
this immunity becomes lessened. Again, immunity may
be secured by an attack of an allied disorder. When the
latter is much milder in its attack it may be artificially
120° BOVINE PATHOLOGY.

produced to act as a prophylactic. When the morbific
organisms are hardy and capable of withstanding con-
siderable variations in life conditions so that animals of
very different kinds are invaded by them, the disease which
they produce is panzootic; foot-and-mouth disease is a
good illustration of this. Our diagnosis of these specific
disorders generally must be prompt, to check any tendency
to spread. Inall cases where any doubt exists the animal
must be isolated as suspicious, and other prophylactic
measures adopted. Diagnosis is often followed by the
stringent test of accuracy of opinion which immediate
slaughter affords. Fortunately, therefore, these disorders,
especially the most acute of them, are ushered in by con-
siderable rise in temperature. This occurs very shortly
after introduction of the poison into the system, and before
it has had much time to multiply therein and to become
expelled into the air around, or with the excreta. This rise
is the first indication of the fever which constitutes the
systemic disturbance in all these cases. Later the general
signs of fever are manifested, and they run their course
for some time before any local manifestations of disease
are shown. Indeed, the latter in some diseases (exanthe-
mata) seem to constitute a crisis generally of a favorable
character. In all cases, then, febrile symptoms, more or
less acute, usher in an attack, and constitute the pre-
monitory indications of disorder. Only when we are
aware of the prevalence of a specific disease are we, in
the first stage, able to surmise the nature of the coming
disease, for the fever does not differ from ordinary pyrexia.
Only when local lesions occur can we complete our diag-
‘nosis, and we shall generally be able to find some patho-
gnomonic symptoms. It will be observed that the virus in
these specific disorders almost always like an eliminative
medicinal agent enters the blood, causes certain changes
in that fluid, and then is removed by some tissue or other.
And as different medicines are severally removed by tissues
on which they exert their special action, so in specific
disorders we find that in epizootic eczema the feet and
the mouth are affected, in pleuro-pneumonia the lungs, and
DISEASES OF THE BLOOD. 121

so on. Often we have to deal with complications of these
disorders, non-specific conditions to which they give rise,
thus in eczema to sloughing of the hoofs and mammitis ;
but such especially occur in the less acute disorders which
we shall have to mention, cancer and tubercle. It is then
that we must be careful to distinguish between primary
and secondary disease, for this will considerably affect our
diagnosis and treatment.

It seems that an outbreak of a specific disorder, espe-
cially when the disease is epizootic, may be related to the
severity of all exciting causes. Thus, if the disease
first appears in a place where from neglect of sanitary
precautions and the general conditions of health, animals
are very predisposed, severe attacks and extensive spread-
ing power are the results; but if it be unable to gain a
firm hold on its first victims, it will never “ gain head ”
enough to assume a marked degree of virulence. The
tendency of disorders of this kind fortunately is to lessen
in intensity with time, a happy condition, whereby they
are prevented from annihilating races of animals. Some
individuals escape by immunity, others by recovery after
comparatively slight attacks, and some by accidental or
intentional escape from disease-bearing influences. Thus,
an outbreak of a disease of this kind passes over a dis-
trict, and spreads from it into a new locality, diverging
from the centre in every direction, or in lines determined
by favorable conditions; finally, its spread is checked by
dilution of the original stock of virus, or by influences
unfavorable to its progress as reaching the sea, or a range
of high mountains, or being subjected to a frost. The
question which next suggests itself to us is the source of
these disorders. ‘This question is one of the most urgent
of the present day.. Hither they can originate de novo, or
can be propagated only from centres of disease already
existing. The latter method of origin of an epizootic
affection is well illustrated in those disorders of which
rinderpest is the type. It constantly exists under a com-
paratively mild form as an enzootic in certain localities as
the steppes of Russia and Central China. From these it
122 BOVINE PATHOLOGY.

periodically extends in whatever direction climatic con-
ditions, war, and trade may determine, sweeping over
wide tracts of country, and leaving desolation and terror
behind it. Unless introduced into such a country as
Great Britain, it does not occur there, but this is no proof
that in places with a very different state of climate, pro-
duce, and soil it might not be generated spontaneously.
Tubercle and cancer, though communicable by inoculation,
undoubtedly appear without any communication, either
by contagion, infection, or inoculation. But they are
hereditary disorders, and the immature cancer or tubercle
elements may have been transmitted from the parent, and
have remained in a dormant state, resembling ordinary
non-specific tissue elements until surrounding conditions
became favorable to the display of their full vigour.
This view seems to derive support from the fact that just
as in due time each feature of development appears in the
progeny as in the parent, so tubercle appears at a fixed
age, which is the same in each. ‘Tissue elements,
hitherto normal, perhaps undergo change when subjected
to certain conditions ; thus, the epithelium of the lungs
may sometimes become converted into tuberculous
matter, such as may propagate the disease by inoculation,
and disease which is transmissible to the offspring may
be artificially introduced by non-specific means, but this
has not by any means been proved, for until quite recently
the characters of tubercle were not sharply defined, and
accumulations of ova of parasites, of Gregarinide, of
degenerated epithelial cells—in fact, any mass tending to
calcareous or caseous change, was termed tubercle. On
this account experiments on the spontaneous origin of
tubercle are to be accepted with reservation. Both
cancer and tubercle are associated with special constitu-
tional conditions, cachexiz, termed respectively the can-
cerous and the scrofulous diathesis. The lesions which
are observed in these disorders are considered to be
local manifestations of a constitutional disorder. The
time which elapses between the entry of a specific poison
into the system and the manifestation of its presence
DISEASES OF THE BLOOD, 123

is termed its latent period. It varies much in different
diseases, and while it lasts the poison is undergoing
elaboration and multiplication in the blood. We may find
this latent period very prolonged in hereditary scrofula
or cancer, and by attention to avoidance of all exciting
causes it may be extended through even a long life.
The lesions of specific disorders are special, and therefore

- pathognomonic, but they are not always present. The virus

introduced into the blood multiplies more or less readily,
according to its nature. It has to oppose the efforts of
nature for its excretion as well as, in some cases, to
struggle for existence with certain constituents of the
blood. If the resistance be too powerful the poison may
be thrown off before the end of the incubatory stage, or it
may persist until the febrile stage; but not until it has
produced local effects. Ordinarily it acts locally, but
sometimes, especially in young and debilitated stock it
may increase in the blood so rapidly as to cause the fever
to run very high and destroy the animal before lesions
appear. We shall enlarge upon and illustrate these
points hereafter. In such cases as I have last described |
no lesions are detectable after death except such as result
from the febrile state of the blood and the conditions of
that tissue itself. It is very dark in colour asa rule, and
petechize and also more extensive blood extravasations in the

‘various tissues occur, especially on the serous and mucous

membranes. “Specific organisms may be detectable in the
blood when examined under a high power of the micro-
scope.

Treatment of these disorders comprises reupliyistio

measures, including sanitary port and county inspection—
measures of isolation, such as quarantine ; thorough dis-
infection of all infected places and things. Such imply
Government as well as private enterprise. This is ab-
solutely essential, as has been proved by many a national
loss incurred, and a few such disasters prevented: The

public must learn that remedies must be proportioned to

diseases. Sporadic cases are of individual interest, and
must be attended to by individuals; enzooties require
124 BOVINE PATHOLOGY.

local co-operation to combat them; epizootics and pan-
zootics are of national importance.

Cancer is a general term applied to tumours of a
malignant character. The tendency in the present day is
to restrict its use to the carcinomata, which are new
growths of cells similar to epithelial, grouped irregularly
in a stroma. We shall give a detailed account of cancers
of various kinds later on, when treating of tumours.

 

F1q@. 20.—Elements of an Encephaloid Tumour. x 200. (After Harley and
Brown.)

Certain forms of cancer have been successfully inoculated,
but great care is essential to success; the morbid matter
must be directly transferred from one body to another,
and must be in a definite stage of activity. The process
reminds us of “ grafting,” and seems to indicate the
possibility, under certain circumstances, of cells differing
but little if at all in appearance from ordinary healthy
cells, acting as true contagia. In cases of cancer induced
by inoculation, the general constitutional disorder is an
effect of local conditions which seems to be the reverse of
the ordinary rule in specific affections. This exception is
rather apparent than real. In cancer the contagium must
attain local vigour and incorporation with the tissues
before it can involve the general mass of the blood. This
is not essential to any other known specific disorders
except, perhaps, scrofula and rabies, In examining a
DISEASES OF THE BLOOD. 125

case of cancer during its progress and post-mortem, we
shall ascertain that the parts diseased are involved in two
ways—by primary and secondary disease. The latter
changes only are similar to those of special tissues in
exanthemata. It seems, too, that as the local elabora-
tion and incubation of cancer are remarkably prolonged,
so, also, as a rule, its growth in parts secondarily diseased

is slow, but from the same cause very potent, and capable
of invading all tissues, though some in preference to
others, especially those which are actively concerned
in cell production. So lymphatic glands and adenoid
tissue are most frequently the seat of cancer; the spleen,
liver, and mucous membranes also are liable to this dis-
ease. We have not only to deal with circumscribed ac-
cumulations of cancer-cells, but also with infiltrations,
which in this relation are of the highest importance, for
the growth and extension of cancer does not actively
irritate sufficiently to lead to deposits of lymph circum-
scribing ‘the diseased parts; the morbidly active cells
have, therefore, free scope for migration, and in whatever
situation they become placed can originate changes, for in
no part of the body do they materially differ from tissue ele-
ments, so uniform has been the development of these gene-
ralised cells. Cancerous infiltrations or tumours cause death
in two ways, by exhaustion when they are numerous and
extensive, and by active interference with the function of
a part by disorganisation of its tissues. Prognosis must,
therefore, be based upon the position, size, rapidity of
_ spread, and length of existence of the cancer. Injuries
of various kinds aet as exciting causes, probably by
lowering vital actions, and hence power of resisting dis-
ease in the part. Hereditary predisposition is very
marked, and the diagnosis may be much facilitated by
use of the grooved needle and the microscope. In can-
cers of hollow organs, as the bladder or the stomach, the
characteristic cells may be seen in the contents either
after death, or as expelled before. Complications are
brought about by the blood taking up morbid material
and diffusing it through the system; by the lymphatics,
126 BOVINE PATHOLOGY.

whence probably the frequency of invasion of lymphatic
glands; or by continuity and contiguity of structure.
The systemic symptoms are not acute enough to constitute
fever, producing rather a cachexia, or unhealthy state of
the constitution. Determination of whether any local can-
cerous deposit is primary or secondary is of importance
from a surgical point of view. When primary, a growth
may be excised with some chance of success in permanent
removal of the disease. In secondary cases the system is
hopelessly invaded ; and it will be found that any injury,
however slight, is almost sure to take on unhealthy action.
Local treatment except by excision has not proved satis-
factory, probably in consequence of the difficulty of access
to all the diseased parts. Acetic acid has been recommended
as causing alterations in the cells, of which the growth is
composed. Its value is doubtful. When the morbid matter
is removed by excision care must taken that not the smallest
diseased part remains as a centre for renewed growth.

Scroruta, Tusercutosis, is frequent in cattle, extremely
serious in its effects, and has interesting relations with
human disorders. It is a constitutional disease, specific,
and infective. It seems to increase in frequency pari
passu. with improvement of the breed, and thus short-
horns, especially good milkers, are most predisposed to the
disorder, Thatit is a blood disease is proved bythe fact that
it very frequently affects many organs of the body, that its
local manifestations are varied in position, and that its
presence is generally denoted by a cachexia, an ill-disposed
habit of the body, which is termed the scrofulous diathesis.
It is undoubtedly hereditary, and therefore manifests
its presence most forcibly after “ breeding in and in.”

Scrofula is the disease of the system of which Tubercle
is the local manifestation. That we may be in a position
to appreciate the interesting questions raised in the study
of this disorder, we must first note the forms which it
assumes in the ox.

Phthisis Pulmonalis is pulmonary scrofula. It is a
chronic disorder in which tubercles occur in the lungs, and
give rise to a slow local inflammation by the irritation
DISEASES OF THE BLOOD. 127

which they excite. It affects especially narrow-chested
animals with long legs. A young animal or a milch cow
(well-bred in most cases) is observed to cough slightly,
and the characters of this sign of disorder are rather re-
markable; it isweak and hoarse. It is almost diagnostic.
The affected animals are generally “ bullers,” ever ready
to take the male, but sterile. Attention having thus been
drawn to the animal, it is found that the skin is dry, the
coat “staring.” The constitutional conditions, in fact,
are those described by human practitioners as hectic.
The mucous membranes are pale, and the respiratory
murmur is inaudible on auscultation of some parts of the
chest. Pain is evinced on percussion of the sides, and
on pressure of the loins. The patient is debilitated with
a weak, quick pulse, and the bowels respond too easily to
the action of laxatives. The milk is bluish, with an
unpleasant flavour, and is said to quickly become sour,
and to form only bad butter and cheese. Generally, too,
the internal temperature is a little above the normal ;
appetite capricious. In pregnant animals abortion, in
other females irregular cestrum occurs. This state of
affairs continues for some time, increasing in severity ;
the cough becomes hacking, the animal very thin and
hidebound, often. covered with lice, and the respirations
very quick, and death takes place, the patient being
carried off by an attack of diarrhoea, leading to anzemia.
Autopsy reveals deposits in the lungs of a nodular
character, aggregated into masses by the lung-tissue and
inflammatory deposits, and varying in their characters.
The tissue in which they are imbedded is inflamed, and
they have pressed on the bronchial tubes, preventing
air from passing to and from the air-cells. Hach of the
nodulés is a tubercle, and the compound mass exhibits in
different parts caseation and softening, perhaps also cal-
cification (also known as cretification). On slitting open the
bronchial tubes, we find that many of these softening
tubercles have involved their lining membrane, which,
therefore, presents ulcers of the true scrofulous character,
often confluent, gritty, and irregular on the surface, and of
128 BOVINE PATHOLOGY.

sulphur colour. The tubes are occupied by softened
scrofulous matter, intermingled with frothy mucus. Accu-
mulations of softened tubercle, surrounded by cretaceous
or caseous matter, are termed vomice. ‘The anterior
appendix of each lung is, perhaps, the earliest seat of
deposit. The pulmonary lymphatic glands at the roots
of the lungs are involved in the diseased action. The
serous membranes are very frequently the seat of scro-
fulous deposit. The pleura is especially liable to present
growths of this nature. Such may occur in phthisical
cases, or may exist independently of lung invasion.
Very frequently they are found in fat cattle slaughtered
for food, animals in very fine condition which have not re-
cently exhibited the slightest appreciable sign of disorder.
In such cases we sometimes wonder how respiration can
have been sufficiently performed, to such an extent do these
“ grapes’? occupy the cavity of the thorax. The base of
the tumour formed by them may be attached to the dia-
phragm, or most frequently to the pleura costalis. Some-
times the mediastinum and the pericardium are the seat of
the deposit. Besidesthese large main masses, smaller tu-
mours occur in various parts of the membrane, consisting of
more recently formed material, the larger masses exhibiting
different stages of retrograde change in their various parts.

Tabes Mesenterica is that form of scrofula in which the
mesenteric glands are the seat of tubercle. Animals ema-
ciated as a result of tuberculosis, especially the form at
present under description, are vulgarly known as “ piners.”’
The symptoms present are those of general ill health, and
rapidly increasing debility. There may be sympathetic
cough. Occasionally the animal manifests slight abdominal
pain ; diarrheea is persistent. The appetite is good, and per-
haps inordinate. This state of affairs occurs most frequently
in young animals, and post-mortem examination, besides
the tumefied and tuberculosed condition of the mesenteric
glands, shows tumours on many parts of the peritoneum.
The mesentery and the omentum are extensively involved,
and the stomachs, liver, and intestines, are frequently
bound together by deposit. As a concomitant there may
DISEASES OF THE BLOOD, 129

be scrofulous disease of the walls of the intestines, or of
the uterus or vagina. In these cases characteristic lesions
are to be found on slitting open the organs, and during
life there is, in the one case, a discharge of purulent
material with the watery feces, in the other a continuous
escape of muco-purulent matter from the vulva, constituting
scrofulous leucorrhoea. Cases of tabes, and scrofulous
ulcers of the intestinal canal and the generative organs,
are generally protracted, and death results from anemia.

Tubercular Meningitis has also been observed in cattle.
The pia mater is the seat of tubercle. The disease may
make considerable progress before any signs of ill health
are manifested. Suddenly the symptoms of pressure of the
brain occur, due to products of the inflammation induced,
or to the increased size of the tumours. This leads to
apoplectic symptoms, so that our diagnosis must be based
on the pedigree and scrofulous diathesis of the patient.

Arthritis is a frequent manifestation of scrofula in young
stock. It must be distinguished from the rheumatic
disease of these organs by the fact that it appears less
suddenly, is less acute, does not lead to false anchylosis,
and more extensively involves the neighbouring bones.
Also the tendency is to softening rather than hardening of
the diseased parts, and when the tuberculous matter under-
goes the softening change abscesses form and lead deeply,
not only into the cavity of the joint, but into the enlarged
extremities of the bones which are the main seat of scrofu-
lous deposition. On post-mortem examination the disease
cannot be confounded with rheumatic arthritis, for there
is a total absence of porcellaneous deposit and of calci-
fication of surrounding ligaments, while the enlarged
extremities of the bones contain tubercular matter. The
knee and stifle seem to be most frequently affected, and
when the joints of the foot are involved we have scrofulous
* foul.”

Scrofulous Tumours.— Under this heading used to be
described the growths known as “ Wens,” or “ Clyers,”
which are now considered generally to be actinomycosis.
In every case of cold abscess or tumour, however, diagnosis

9
130 BOVINE PATHOLOGY.

must comprise decision as to whether the condition is
scrofulous or actinomycetic.

Scrofulous Inflammation of the Supra-pharyngeal Glands
requires a special notice, since when these organs are
enlarged there is an impediment to swallowing, and fre-
quently even torespiration. Roaring, marasmus, frequent
spasmodic attempts to swallow, and profuse flow of saliva
from the mouth are found in these cases. Tracheotomy
and then opening the abscess from without constitutes the
best treatment (Wentworth). They seem to suppurate or
soften readily, but do not come to a point externally.
Insertion of the hand through the mouth will enable us to
detect the abscess, and its wall may generally be broken
down with the fingers. “Abscesses of the guttural
pouches of the ox,” described by some practitioners whose
anatomy has rather gone to the wall in the rush of general
professional practice, are of this nature.

A most interesting case of tubercular mammitis is
recorded in the ‘ Veterinary Journal,’ xiii, p. 316. There
attention is drawn to the fact that scrofulous animals may
have their milk contaminated in two ways:—(1) As a
secretion it may share any specific disorder of the blood ;
and (2) Tubercle elements may be actually intermingled
with it, derived from disease of the gland itself. Several
cases of tubercular disease of the kidneys in cattle have
recently been placed on record, in one by Bampfield Kettle
the enlargement of the organ could be detected by
manipulation in the region of the flank, but there was no
pain on pressure nor any appreciable alteration of the
urine from the normal (‘ Veterinary Journal,’ xi, p. 156).

Scrofulous lesions are often congenital. Tabes and
phthisical tubercle are frequently present at birth. It
will be observed that in all cases of scrofulous lesion
we find tubercle present, this, then, is deemed the distinc-
tive product of scrofula. If taken in its earliest state a
tubercle is a rounded mass of cells of a peculiar kind,
united together by a stroma, which is often very scanty,
and penetrated to a certain distance from the periphery by
blood-vessels. Though the outer part of the tubercle is
DISEASES OF THE BLOOD. 131

well defined, its stroma is continuous with the areolar
tissue of the part in which it is placed. Tubercle cells
are generally small, but some few are large, and in the
nodule are also present free nuclei in abundance and

  
  
    

   

     

 

   
    

   

          

eee Thay ; BOSC Y K if
eae fe mye
7 RN Nt f\ ith // 5 es
Wa Ds Be ii mk Z
Ege ZZ

Fig. 21.—Tubercle. A. Deposit in the air-cells of the lungs. B. Miliary
Tubercle. x 200. (After Harley and Brown.)

granules. The small cells are most frequently seen ; they
are rounded, with irregular margins, and each with a large
nucleus. “They sometimes approach, both in size and
appearance, the white cells of blood and lymph. We
believe that sometimes a tubercle does develop into a
structure like a lymphatic gland (adenoid) ” (Jones). A
tubercle, such as we have just described, is termed
“miliary” or “grey,” it being semi-transparent and
about the size of a millet seed. It is remarkable that it
does not increase in size, but new cells which are pro-
duced are deposited in its outer vascular zone, and the
interior undergoes change. This alteration is degenera-
1382 BOVINE PATHOLOGY:

tive, being either calcareous, caseous, or softening. These
changes have nothing specific about them, with the excep-
tion, perhaps, of the softening, the product of which is a
special kind of purulent fluid. The frequency of casea-
tion and calcification account for the chronic tendency of
scrofula. We must now determine what the tubercle is.
Some say it results from changes of epithelial cells,
others from connective-tissue corpuscles, others consider
it a special materies morbi, deposited from the blood or
formed anew in a formative extravasated fluid, and some
say it is a hyperplasia of lymphoid tissue. Gerlach says,
“the presence of a tubercle virus is evident.” There are
other theories of its nature. In the state of the question,
we originally took the view which most readily chimes
in with clinical facts, and considered tubercle cells specific
organisms resembling those of cancer, to which the large
cells sometimes seen in tuberculous matter are remarkably
similar. Recent research has, however, clearly shown
that the specificity resides not in the cells themselves,
but in the bacilli which they contain. The pathological
analogies between cancer and tubercle are very marked ;
Jones says “ a tubercle, thus, seems to be a structure inter-
mediate between the products of inflammation and the new
growths properly so-called being less transitory than the
former, less permanent than the latter, and less capable of
development than the latter.’ Sanderson indicates three
essentials to the development of tubercle—a constitutional
predisposition, local irritation, and subsequent infection.
A freshly developed tubercle consists of animal matter,
albumen, fibrin and fat, and earthy matter, insoluble
phosphates and carbonates of lime, and the soluble salts of
soda (Glover). Calcification consists in increase of the
earthy and decrease of the animal matter. Grey
tubercle ” results from caseation ; the fat has considerably
increased. The fact that inflammatory products undergo
these retrograde metamorphoses has long complicated the
pathology of scrofula; many pathologists still hold that
tubercle owes its origin to the absorption of metamor-
phosed products of inflammation. Diagnosis of scrofula
DISEASES OF THE BLOOD. 184

post-mortem must be based on the presence of the
miliary tubercle. Hence, a doubt frequently exists as to
the tuberculous or non-tuberculous characters of deposits in
connection with serous membranes, as the pleura. Our
decision in each case must be carefully arrived at. Gene-
rally, the occurrence of isolated tumours of rounded lobu-
lated masses and of indications of other scrofulous lesions
will enable us to diagnose scrofula. There is but one
cause of scrofula, the specific element, but there are many
determining influences. Neglect of sanitary measures,
exposure, changed climatic conditions (notably cold, with
dampness), debilitating influences, especially excessive
and prolonged lactations, all act in this direction, and must
be corrected as a prophylactic measure; but they in
themselves are not able to originate the disorder in so
far as we know. The specific element comes from the
parent or from without. Fresh blood must be introduced
into a herd with a scrofulous tendency, breeding in-and-
in avoided ; also, perhaps, we shall shortly admit that
measures of disinfection are necessary in this disorder, for
it has been shown that animals standing side by side and
feeding out of the same manger and drinking from the same
trough or bucket have both succumbed, one only having
_ been at first affected. It has been recently proved that
tubercle is communicable by inoculation. Chauveau
long ago caused tuberculosis in cattle by feeding them on
scrofulous products (‘ Gaz. Med. de Lyons,’ 1860, p. 550).
The intestines were affected in this case. The experiment
has been frequently successfully performed on other
animals, as dogs, poultry, and guinea-pigs. Bollinger’s
experiment’ with milk is remarkable. He took half of a
litter of pigs from a healthy sow, and fed them with milk
from a phthisical cow. The state of the cow was proved
by autopsy. The pigs were destroyed at regular intervals,
and those kept on the milk of the sow were found to be
healthy, while those fed with the scrofulous milk were all
more or less affected with tuberculosis.
It is most important to decide what relation tubercle in
man bears to tubercle in the lower animals, The milk
184 BOVINE PATHOLOGY.

of scrofulous cows, though much altered from healthy
conditions, finds its way into the market ; numbers of
children and weak persons are fed on uncooked milk.
Cases of intestinal and mesenteric scrofula are frequent
in man. We cannot avoid the conclusion that many
human beings share the fate of Bollinger’s pigs.’ Next we
must ask ourselves about the flesh of scrofulous animals.
This is almost invariably consumed as food, and is not
often thoroughly cooked. We are not yet in a position
to say that ill effects result from this, but since such flesh
is under grave suspicion, would reject it, for we consider
the chance of causing serious human disease must not be
run, even though meat which may be harmless must be
sacrificed. Bouley has recently shown that the disease
can be transmitted by inoculation with the juice of muscle
(Walley). Certainly all scrofulous deposit must be re-
moved before the meat is sold, under protest, if it is found
necessary to let it go into the market; for we are sure
that feeding animals on scrofulous tumours has given rise
to the disease.

Gerlach, the discoverer of the transmissibility of
tubercle through the digestive organs, as a result of most
careful investigations, decided that “the flesh of a tuber-
culous cow is infectious, and is unfit for food when there
is decided disease of the lymphatic glands, when the
tubercles are breaking up and becoming cheesy, and when
tubercles are found in different parts of the body”
(‘ Veterinary Journal,’ v, 203, &c.).

Quite recently Virchow has decided that human tubercle
is not the same as the disease in the ox; and in the ‘ Lancet’
for 19th June, 1880, Dr. Creighton gives this matter a new
aspect by stating that in the human subject two tuber-
culous diseases occur, one of these being the true patho-
logical equivalent of bovine tuberculosis, bearing to it

1 While this sheet is passing through the press, receipt of * Tuberculosis
from a Sanitary and Pathological point of view’ reminds me that in justice
to the persistent efforts of the author, Mr. George Fleming, P.R.C.V.S., 1
must mention him as the most forcible exponent in this country of the ill
effects which may result from feeding on milk, meat, and ‘tuberculous
material from cattle affected with this serious disorder,
DISEASES OF THE BLOOD. 135

the same relations which human “ glanders” bears to
equine.!

Treatment.—In phthisis and tabes the prognosis must
be decidedly unfavorable. Asa rule they end in death,
but some cases of rallying have been recorded. How-
ever, animals suffering from these conditions are unsafe
to use either for breeding, milking, or for human food ;
besides, they never become fat properly. The expense
and constant trouble of keeping them is not such as will
be atoned for by subsequent value of the animal. In
arthritic cases, which occur in young stock, treatment is
not satisfactory. Some of the patients recover, but
the scrofulous tendency hangs about them, and they
do not do well. Very frequently the suppuration against
the joints wears out the patient. Stimulating applications
locally applied are beneficial as promoting nature’s efforts
to throw off the tuberculous matter in abscess. Tonic
agents must be administered, and deobstruents, especially
the compounds of iron and bromine. When the ab-
scesses have formed we shall have to resort to stimulant
injections to promote granulation. Scrofulous tumours
must be treated much in the same way. Generally
external manifestations of the disorder are but accom-
paniments of internal changes.

1 Koch’s brilliant discovery of the Tubercle Bacillus has revolutionised the
diagnosis of Tuberculous disease in man, no case being established as such
until the characteristic organisms have been found in sputa or deposits.
Organisms have been found similarly in Perlsucht of the ox, so the question
arises as to whether the organism in man differs from that found in the ox.
The strongest evidence seems to be in favour of their identity, but the ques-
tion is still sub judice. The following Report is interesting in this relation :
Sutton considers Perlsucht distinct from Human Tuberculosis, its variations
and ultimate effects being very different from those seen in man. Klein has
shown that the bacilli in the bovine form differ morphologically and in their
distribution from Koch’s bacillus. Heneage Gibbes inclines to the same view.
Up to the present time bacilli have been found most frequently in the pnen-
monic form of Tuberculosis in cattle. Norman Moore exhibited a specimen
of Tuberculosis of the Kidneys of the Ox with Bacilli. The kidneys were
much enlarged and one completely changed into a great white mass with
hardly any remains of kidney structure except external lobulation. The
other had undergone a similar change in the right lobe, and elsewhere showed
white nodules. The diseased parts showed abundant groups of bacilli, which
organisms agreed in form, method of staining, and size, with Koch’s bacilli.
The tuberculous part of the kidneys was nowhere broken down, but showed
many zones of more or less complete calcification. (‘ Proceedings of Patho-
logical Society of London,’ 17th February, 1885.)
186 BOVINE PATHOLOGY.

In speaking of the lesions of phthisis, we have al-
luded to the scrofulous ulcer of mucous membranes.
Tt occurs not infrequently in the larynx (tubercular
laryngitis), and animals fed with tuberculous matter
almost always exhibit lesions of this nature throughout
the length of the alimentary canal. Green tells us that
the development of tuberculous nodules in these ulcers is
secondary to a hyperplasia of the lymphoid tissue of the
mucous membranes, which leads to formation of an ulcer,
with thick and prominent margins, in the bottom of
which the nodules appear. In the intestine these changes
have their seat especially in the solitary Peyer’s glands,
which also are affected in typhoid fever. The tubercular
differs from the typhoid ulcer in that “its edges and base
are thickened and indurated. And the tuberculous
nodules, tending to become caseous, are seen scattered over
its floar.’? The nodules develope around the blood-vessels.
It seemsthese changes ofthe mucous membrane are brought
about by actual contact with diseased matter (Gerlach).

Actinomycosis.—Dr. Johne, of Dresden, has published
an excellent paper on this disease, known as Strahlenpil-
zerung, from which we have obtained materials for the
following précis. This disorder is caused by a fungus of
the genus Actinomyces, which has been found in man, pig,
and ox. Professor Perroncito, in 1863 (‘Ann. della Acca-
demia di Agricolt.,’ Turin, 1878), found cryptogamic ele-
ments in sarcomatous tumours, but did not recognise them
asa cause. Rivolta and Hahn also observed them, but
Bollinger, in 1877, first insisted on their pathogenic signifi-
cance. Harz examined them from a biologist’s point of
view, termed them Actinomyces bovis, but as yet their true
place in mycology remains unascertained. Actinomyces
appears as small masses, visible to the naked eye, about
the size of a millet seed, rounded, white or yellowish, and
of soft consistence, generally freely yielding under the
knife, but sometimes gritty as a result of cretification.
Slight magnification shows in them the rayed fungus, re-
sembling to an extent the crystalline agglomerations found
in fats. The largest masses are 0°5 mm. in diameter, and
DISEASES OF THE BLOOD. 137

compounded of similar tufts more or less rounded and
forming irregular conglomerations somewhat reminding
one of blackberries, The fungal masses consist of elements,
club-shaped and radiating from the centre towards the cir-
cumference, lying side by side like the stakes in a palisade,
so the exterior surface consists solely of the rounded thick
extremities of the elements. Sometimes a few of the rays
outgrow the others, which seem aborted and are only visible
on section of the mass. Besides these regularly rounded
groups we find here and there, especially where suppu-
ration has begun, other elements such as appear to have
resulted from the filaments (hyphae) of the mycelium.
Gradually increasing compression of the fungal elements,
the result of growth, obscures the structures in the deeper
parts of the tumours, but the ray arrangement is distinct
on the surface ; thus the deep parts of the tumours may
become calcified or amorphous. The mass of the tumour
consists of a network of hyphal tubes (mycelium) with mi-
crococcus-like cells interspersed among them, the rays are
conidia developed as reproductive organs on the mycelium.
The club-like rays branch often freely and may be recti-
linear or flexuous; sometimes from the free end of the
conidium many buds shoot out. The development of the
growth is determined by the density of the tissue in which
it occurs ; when the latter is uniform and considerable the |
growth is most regular and uniformly eccentric. The
fungus is coloured yellow by iodine and readily takes
cochineal, being but slightly tinted by aniline dyes. Johne
injected under the skin and into the abdominal cavity of
two calves, and into the teat of a cow, parasites obtained
by agitating with water fresh fragments of a tumour from
the jaw due to Actinomycosis, and thus he communicated
the disease ; his observations have been confirmed. Also
intravenous injection conveyed the disorder ; all experi-
ments in this direction with dogs and rabbits have given
negative results. The tumours of Actinomycosis exhibit
a tendency to work towards the mucous or cutaneous
surfaces. The fungus develops at first in giant-cells, around
these are some epithelioid cells, the fibroblaets of Ziegler,
188 BOVINE PATHOLOGY.

near the surface the tumour consists mainly of fibrous
tissue ; thus the characteristic features of the growth
increase in definiteness from the surface towards the
centre ; it consists of conjunctival or connective elements
from the section of which the yellowish grains of fungus
ean be expressed or picked out with the point of a needle,
especially when the tumour has for some little time been
lying in water or alcohol. Thus the fibrous mass of the
tumour contains small isolated or communicating cavities
and its texture has a spongy character (Bollinger). These
growths especially occur in the bones of the jaw (origina-
ting either in the medullary substance or in the periosteum),
in the tongue (where the parasite grows most luxuriously),
and less frequently in the pharynx (as lympho-sarcoma,
pharyngeal polypus, lymphoma of the pharynx and of the
parotid), in the larynx (especially the epiglottis), ceso-
phagus, teats, lungs, skin, subcutaneous and inter-muscular
tissue, the soft and superficial parts of the face and of the
upper cervical region, and, especially, in the peripharyngeal
tissue (where they are termed Drisenkrabs). In many of
these cases cold abscesses form instead of hard tumours ;
this is most frequently seen in the peripharyngeal region ;
the abscess of Actinomycosis is lined by a soft granulating
tissue of a reddish or greyish colour, it never assumes a
large size and contains always laudable pus with which the
Actinomyces is intermingled (Bang). The lingual form of
the affection is said to be the most frequent in England,
the peripharyngeal in Denmark. It is probable that the
disease is communicable by contagion and infection through
any of the pores or natural orifices of the body ; Jensen
has recorded an enzooty of Actinomycosis, which in 1880
occurred among the bovine animals of the northern coast
of the Island of Seeland (at Nykjoebing) on reclaimed
ground. These were fed with mixed forage and especially
barley grown on land but little cultivated; almost all
became affected with Actinomycosis. Spontaneous cure
as a result of abscess is occasionally seen in lower animals,
but as a rule surgical extirpation of the tumour is
absolutely necessary. In man Actinomycosis tends to
DISEASES OF THE BLOOD. 189

deep abscesses and extensive necrosis of tissue with
formation of fistule, and it frequently proves fatal through
pyzmia resulting (‘Encyklopadie der Gesammten Thierheil-
kunde und Thierzucht’). It is worthy of remark that Axe
of London contributed valuable information about the form
of this disease which affects the tongue, but, unfortunately,
did not recognise as fungal the elements observed by him
in the tumours. The discovery of Actinomyces has proved
of the greatest moment in advancement of bovine pathology;
no less than three conditions described as somewhat
obscure in our first edition must now be dealt with under
this heading, and can be combated with more confidence
than previous to the successful researches which will
associate the name of Bollinger especially with this
disease.

The disease known as Osrzosarcoma or SPINA VENTOSA
used to be considered as cancer, but is now known to be
a form of Actinomycosis. It appears as a swelling of the
face, which is hot and painful, opposite the molar teeth
either of the upper or lower jaw. This increases in size
but does not materially prevent the animal from feeding.
The patient is generally young, and the disease seems to be
more prevalent in some parts of the country than in others.
As it progresses the molar teeth become loose, and
softening of the swelling occurs in spots, which ultimately
burst, and there is then a profuse discharge of a gelatinous
or purulent character.

Post-mortem examination shows disorganization of the
bone apparently of a colloid nature. The swollen bony
structure is arranged in bands and layers, the spaces
between them being filled with a gelatinous reddish or
somewhat white and creamy substance. The true nature
of the disease was doubtful until quite recently. Gamgee
terms it “ Fibro-plastic degeneration of the bone.”’ Williams
described it as tubercular. By others it was considered
either truly cancerous or sarcomatous or simply a form of
osteomyelitis. In the first edition of this work it was
stated that until more careful examination of its nature
had been made we could hardly be in a position to decide
140 BOVINE PATHOLOGY.

this matter. Since then such an examination has been
made by able microscopists and its pathology amply proved.
Generally some injury is the exciting cause.

Treatment in the early stages must consist in cutting
down on the diseased parts and removing them, which
must be done with a sawor bone forceps. All the growth
must be removed to avoid recurrence. The edges of the
wound must be closed by sutures, and the ordinary treat-
ment of such lesions adopted. In advanced cases the
animal may be fattened with care for the butcher.

“Wens,” also known as “ Clyers,”’ occur frequently in
various parts of the body, especially affecting those parts
which have lymphatic glands situated in them; thus, in
the parotid and superior pharyngeal region they may often
be found. Though they may take place in other tissues
the lymphatic glands are their most frequent seat; thus,
when the tumours are in the parotid region these are
primarily affected, the salivary glands being only secondarily
involved. They increase in size slowly as a rule, but may
manifest a first acute stage, which changes to a phase of
less activity. Softening often occurs, but the inflammatory
action aroused by the presence of the parasitic matter is
often not active enough to cause bursting of the abscess,
which, therefore, assumes the “cold”? character. When
it has burst or been opened surgically it gives exit to
white, flakey, grumous pus, and the abscess cavity manifests
scarcely any tendency to heal. The tumour may undergo
calcification or caseation, and thus remain in stati quo for
along time. The exploring needle is here very useful for
diagnosis, for when drawn out of such a tumour it con-
tains in its groove the peculiar white or yellow gelatinous
pus. Metherell advises treatment by the application of
Acid. Sulphuric., with friction to the bases of the tumours
by means of a suitably shaped brick, stone, or piece of wood
(‘ Veterinary Journal,’ xiii, p. 414). Captain Russell finds
a single blister a very good remedy.

* Cancer or THE Tonevz.”—In this disease the organ is
the seat of small nodules of yellowish deposit, which more
or less replace the proper substance of the tongue, and
DISEASES OF THE BLOOD, 141]

some of them bulge beneath the mucous membrane of the
dorsum, which is enlarged and tender. Some undergo
softening, and the submaxillary and parotid lymphatic
glands are generally involved through absorption of
diseased matter. This disease progresses slowly and
materially interferes with the development of the animal.
It is incurable.’ The condition of the dorsum lingua is
diagnostic. The patient slavers freely, drops semi-mas-
ticated food from the mouth and its breath smells fetid.
The earliest account of this with which I am acquainted
is in the ‘ Edinburgh Veterinary Review,’ 1864, p. 1538.
Some authorities considered this disease scrofulous, others
thought it a form of carcinoma, but it is now known to be
a manifestation of Actinomycosis.

MILK Sickness, “ TREMBLES ;” is a remarkable disease reported
from North America, where it has been observed in many places on
unreclaimed land. We are indebted to Professor Law, of Cornell
University, for an account of the disorder (quoted in Williams’s
‘ Veterinary Medicine,’ 4th edition). The affection is communicable
to man, dogs, pigs, and probably other animals, by milk, flesh, and
cheese from diseased cattle. Dr. Phillips has found “living moving
spiral bacteria in the blood and urine,” and his results have been
confirmed. Fatigue proves an exciting cause, and a good run
before purchase is a test to which cattle are submitted in localities
where it prevails. Milch cows rarely show the disease, but convey
it in the milk. Dry cattle suffer most; when driven fast for miles
they are seized with a rigor and all the more urgent symptoms of
the disorder. The breath has a peculiar fetid, sweet, mawkish
odour. The symptoms are those of great prostration, the patient
remains recumbent as much as possible with head extended on the
ground. The bowels are usually constipated, appetite and rumina-
tion may be preserved; delirium generally precedes death, which is
due to asthenia. Milder cases tremble on being made to undergo
the slightest exertion, look very haggard, drag their limbs slowly
and stiffly, and after a drive of four or five miles may suddenly drop
dead. Autopsy shows inflammation of stomach and intestines, the
mucous membrane being the main seat of the disease. Sometimes
the coats are gangrenous. Recovery is said to occur, but popular
report is that this is never thorough, the patient being liable to
relapses. The study of this disease promises to lead to most impor-
tant results in comparative pathology.

PLEURO-PNEUMONIA zymoTica, vel Conraciosa, vel Hxu-
pativa— Lung disease.”  Plewro-, Peripneumonia is a
specific disease affecting only horned cattle (some say

1 Gresswell recommends incision into each nodule and painting with iodised
phenol.
142 BOVINE PATHOLOGY.

also the deer), spreading with rapidity in consequence of
its highly infectious characters, and causing remarkable
changes of the lungsand pleura. At first introduced into
this country by importation of diseased animals, it has
now become domiciled here, and destroys large numbers of
British cattle. Sometimes a case of apparently sporadic
pleuro-pneumonia occurs in a neighbourhood, and results
in an enzootic outbreak. The animal first affected has,
perhaps, recently arrived in this part of the country, her
history being unknown; or, having been purchased from
a known farm, this on inquiry may turn out to have been
invaded by the disease. Unfortunately, the period of incu-
bation of pleuro-pneumonia is long, ranging even from two
weeks to two months, or even more than six months (Walley).
While this lasts, changes are going on in the lungs, and
certainly during the later periods of incubation the dis-
ease is communicable from one animal to another. The
general means of communication is by infection (i.e. through
the air). Many animals in a herd manifest immunity, but
beasts of all ages and sexes are liable to take the disor-
der. They may be rendered more susceptible by exposure
to severe weather, bad feeding, an insanitary condition
of cowsheds, &., and by some authorities it has been
supposed that such conditions may result in sp.ntaneous
origin of the disorder ; this, however, can hardly be, for
countries where sanitary measures for domesticated animals
were scarcely thought of and never carried out, remained
free from lung complaint for a long time. The contagium
probably enters the system through the respiratory organs,
for, as we shall see, it has been determined that the
bronchial mucous membrane is the seat of primary lesion.
The blood is not seriously contaminated,’ for it has been
found that transfusion will not communicate the disease
(this, however, requires to be verified), and animals fed
on portions of diseased lungs did not take the disease,
showing that it is not readily communicable through the

1 Principal McCall finds in the blood drawn from the living animal, and
in sections of the lungs, micrococci, distinctly oval, dumb-bell shaped, in
colonies, well shown by staining with Bismark Brown.
DISEASES OF THE BLOOD. | 1438

alimentary tract. Until quite recently the analogy of this
disorder with other specific diseases was a matter of
obscurity, but recent pathological researches, notably those
of Dr. Yeo, have thrown important light upon the subject.
An infected animal introduced into a pasture, or into a
cowshed, remains apparently well for a long enough time
to communicate the disease to others. If careful thermo-
metric examinations are made daily, the temperature of some
of these will be found to rise ; an increase of 2° above the
normal is suspicious (especially if accompanied by sudden
improvement in condition), and calls for prompt isolation
and disinfection. This rise in the temperature takes
place some days before the disease manifests itself. It
ushers itself in slowly and stealthily. There are visible the
ordinary signs of ill-health, separation from the herd, un-
thriftiness, and staring condition of the coat, and an irregular
condition of the bowels, appetite, and rumination, together
with diminution of milk, Auscultation will enable us to
detect, often in only one lung, the mucous rile. The
respiratory efforts are slightly more frequent than in
health, and there is a cough which at first is only obser-
vable after drinking and in the morning and evening, or
when the patient is hustled, or pressure applied between
the ribs, disappearing during the middle of theday. The
second stage is marked by more decided fever, the cough
is more persistent, harsh, and frequent. The respirations
are quickened and laboured, and the expirations are
accompanied by a pathognomonic grunt; the animal
generally stands with muzzle protruded, dilated nostrils,
and heaving flanks. The breath also becomes feetid.
There is a watery discharge from the nose and eyes, which
later assumes a purulent character, and is of an unpleasant
odour. The skin, already, dry, harsh, and tight, now
becomes yellow and dirty. The pulse at first beats firmly,
and is full though fast (70 or 80). Afterwards it becomes
very small and scarcely perceptible. The back is arched,
and pressure on the loins produces shrinking ; percussion
of the intercostal spaces is evidently very painful, for it
causes the patient to moan, and the sound yielded is dull
144 BOVINE PATHOLOGY.

and devoid of healthy resonance. Auscultation determines
dulness, more or less marked in certain parts of the
thorax, this being dependent either upon fluid in the
chest or lung consolidation. Sometimes only one lung is
affected, then there is increased resonance in the other ;
also a “friction sound,” indicative of pleuritic changes, is
present. With the progress of the disorder the milk
becomes reduced to a very small quantity, and sometimes
entirely suppressed. There is expulsion of colourless,
or white, pale, straw-coloured and blood-tinged casts,
by coughing or expectoration (Walley). The bowels remain
constipated, as before, until the mouth becomes clammy,
and signs of debility (cedematous swellings, diarrhcea, hoven,
and pallor of mucous membranes, &c.) usher in death.
Post-mortem examination.—No appreciable alteration in
the blood except such changes as are characteristic of dimi-
nished excretion and anemia. Pathological conditions ob-
servable only in the thoracic viscera. The pleura presents
extensive false membranes, and its sac is full of serous fluid
of a somewhat milky colour, with numerous shreds of lymph
floating about init. Adhesions unite the pleura pulmonalis
to pleura costalis, and the deposits have a markedly plastic

 

Fia. 22.—Incipient Pleuro-pneumonia epizootica. @. Diseased patches as
seen from the surface. 6. A section into the healthy and diseased parts,
(Simonds.)

character. Occasionally, it is said, but very rarely, there

is pues in the pleural sac, The membrane itself ig
DISHASES OF THE BLOOD. 145

thickened, opaque, and varying in colour in different parts.
The pericardium is also involved ; the intercostal muscles
are darkened. The lungs are the main seat of disease ;
sometimes only one of them (generally the right) is affected,
and there is disease of only one pleura (see Fig. 23),

  
  
   

 

Ui,

  

(be

 
 

Yi

     

    
      
 
 
 

Hiss \
ini
NOR

/
(ct i
\

 
  
 

     
      

       
   
 
  
    

AB

~—
SSS
SSS

=

     

 
 
  
 
    

Sw: Z
Le
SEZ

SS
SS

=

=

ZS

IN r
i
Nt |

A
i

NN il \
\ x ti | N)
Wr yj Mg i
Tra
- wes o

==
=
Sa

ZS
SS

=

 
 

==

=
es
S=

=

         
 

   

SZ
=

   

SS

   

    
   

(
By,
i
Ty
Ws ay); p

\

SSS

zy

—
SZ
SSS

    
 
  

    
  
  
 
 

VE
SS

Uf
(A

 
     
  
      

Fig. 23.—Pleuro-pneumonia zymotica. Right lung affected. ec. Interlobu-
lar bands. d. Lobules. (Simonds.)

A distinctive peculiarity of the lesions of the lungs
is their circumscribed character, whereby a diseased
portion exhibiting very marked changes may lie against
a piece which is either but little affected or even healthy.

Hence results the well-known mottled condition of the
10
146 BOVINE PATHOLOGY.

section of a pleuro-pneumonic lung. The diseased organ
is consolidated, and hence very remarkably increased in
weight. This depends upon extravasation of gelatinous
material into the interlobular areolar tissue, whereby the
yellow bands of the section are produced. Lymphy
deposits plug up the bronchial tubes. The lobules are
congested, presenting a reddish-brown colour, or altered by
deposition of gelatinous matter in the lobular areolar
tissue. Sometimes the pulmonary cells have collapsed,
yielding to the surrounding pressure ; at other parts they
are filled with deposits, and are in the condition termed
hepatization. The bronchial lymphatic glands are en-
larged by gelatinous deposit. The lung in the early stage
presents only circumscribed hardened portions, owing their
solidity to gelatinous effusion (see Fig. 22). In the later
stages the part which is most extensively involved is gan-
grenous and friable, and of'a greenish colour and putrid
odour. The diseased lungs in every case have a special
sickening odour. The excellency and thoroughness of
Professor Yeo’s work will render his summary interesting
to our readers, and must be an apology for its insertion:

“To recapitulate, then—

“The various items in the pathological sequence may
be thus enumerated :

“1. Irritation of the mucous membrane of the smaller
bronchi, probably by some infective material (specific
virus ?).

“2. Chronic ulcerative bronchitis, localised to a few
minute bronchi.

«3. Occlusion of the affected air-tubes.

“4, This produces such changes in the air-cells belong-
ing to the affected tubes that the lobular parenchyma
becomes solid.

“5, As the bronchial disease progresses the walls of the
air-tubes become thickened and infiltrated with the pro-
ducts of chronic inflammation.

“6, The peri-bronchial lymphatics are implicated by the
extension of the infective process from the bronchus, and
are soon filled with dense exudation.
DISEASES OF THE BLOOD. 147

“7, The block in the lymphatics of the broncho-vascular
system impedes the flow of lymph from the corresponding
territory.

“8. The tributary lymph channels are thus mechanically
engorged, and at the same time they are irritated by
infective materials.

“9, The inflammation of all the coats of the air-tube
gradually spreads towards the root of the lung.

“Thus, we have a deep-seated cone of typical consolida-
tion, traversed by numerous wide whitish lines, corre-
sponding to the swollen interlobular connective tissue
(marbling). In fact, the essential features of the disease
are all established.

“The morbid process seldom stops here however. It
spreads in two ways. First, by the broncho-vascular
lymph passages :

“1, The irritating and infective materials find their way
along the lymphatics towards the root of the lung, follow-
ing the normal course of the lymph stream. _

“2, The wall of the bronchus becomes affected after a
time by the irritative matter in its surrounding lym-
phatics.

“3, The lymphatics of tributary bronchial tubes, met
with as the disease thus advances, are choked, and the
drainage of their territory impeded.

“4, The interlobular lymph spaces of the newly affected
territory soon become filled with exudation. Thus, the
clear kind of consolidation is produced.

“ Secondly, by the pleura:

“1. The pleura becomes affected over the focus of con-
solidation by means of the subjacent lymphatics.

“2. The pleurisy soon extends far beyond this limited
region, or the serous membrane becomes generally in-
flamed.

«3. The inflamed pleura infective materials reach the
lymphatics beneath it, and also those lying between the
neighbouring superficial lobules.

“4, Extending along the interlobular lympathics, the
irritation and exudation may pass towards the deeper
148 BOVINE PATHOLOGY.

parts, so that an immense tract of lung is converted into
a semi-translucent mass, with swollen interlobular spaces.
The consolidation formed in any of these ways may become
intense induration if the animal live long enough.

“With regard to the origin of the disease of the vessel-
wall, we must also start from the peri-bronchial disease.

“1, The lymphatics of the bronchus readily allow the
morbid products to pass to those immediately around the
vessels.

“2, The wall of the vessel becomes greatly thickened by
chronic inflammatory products.

“3, The inner coat, which resists the disease for some
time, ultimately becomes diseased in small patches.

“4. The blood coagulates over the diseased inner coat,
and may occlude a small branch at its origin, or even the
entire vessel.

“5, Particles of the clot may break off, and, passing
into the minute arteries, form these embolic plugs.

“6, Thus numerous arteries of varying size may be
stopped up.

“7, The most varied forms of hemorrhagic infarction
are thus produced.

“8, The infarction may become gangrenous, cheesy, or
may dry up into a crumbling mass.

«9, A capsule may form around the most diseased part,
and shut it off from the rest of the lung.”

Thus we are advanced a stage in our knowledge of the
pathology of this disorder. We see that in it, as in other
specific affections, the poison localises itself in a special
tissue, and there originates specific lesions.1 Sometimes
the disorder rapidly runs its course, leading to death from
congestion of the lungs; more frequently it progresses
as above described, lasts for six weeks or two months,
and causes death by anemia. In other cases, making an

1 Willems and Van Kempin in 1851 pointed out the presence of a corpuscle
with special movement in the fluid product of pleuro-pneumonia, and the
former observer finds microbes in the swelling of an inoculated part, and virus
of the twenty-fifth remove is said to lose nothing of its value. The charac-
teristic cocci have been cultivated, and their identity may now be considered

as established. Generation of the disease by subjecting an animal to an
atmosphere charged with these cocci has hitherto failed.
DISEASES OF THE BLOOD. 149

average which varies much (from 20 per cent. to 70 per
cent.) in different outbreaks, recovery takes place. The
animal passes through a prolonged convalescence, during
which, tt is said, he is capable of communicating the disease,
and ultimately may be fattened for the butcher. Animals
which have recovered from an attack are exempt from the
disorder in future. When an animal has been slaughtered
after recovery from pleuro-pneumonia, his lungs will be
found to exhibit traces of the diseased action, such as old ad-
hesions to the walls of the thorax, consolidation, atrophy
of certain parts; while often it will be found that the
portion of the lung which formed the main seat of
disease has been thrown off as a slough, and encapsuled
by lymph; or it may have become calcified. An im-
portant question for the verification of our diagnosis here
presents itself. How are we to distinguish the lungs in
this disease from those presenting the conditions observed
in sporadic inflammation of the lungs and pleura? Many
skilful veterinary pathologists state that in some cases of
sporadic disease the marbled state of the lung occurs, and
that hence we are not in a position, from simple inspection
of a portion of lung, to determine the nature of the case.
Generally the sporadic disorder affects both lungs, and the
stage of the disease is uniform throughout, we cannot
note the abrupt transitions found in the infectious disease ;
also the lymphatic glands are not so much involved. The
history of the case will assist us in our inquiry. During
life sporadic cases differ from specific in that they are
more acute, cannot be traced to contagion, and may
generally be put down to some other cause of a non-
specific nature. Also abortion takes place ; the grunt is
present (see Walley, “ Four Bovine Scourges,” for a full
list of distinguishing features).

Cases of pleuro-pneumonia are liable to be confused in
diagnosis with those of pleural scrofulous deposits known
as “grapes.” Professor Williams considers that these
deposits are very frequently due to changes of pleuritic
adhesions, and says that cough during swallowing is
diagnostic of their presence, for they tend to compress
150 | BOVINE PATHOLOGY.

the wsophagus. His views are not generally accepted. In
some cases the differential diagnosis of these two conditions
is very unsatisfactory. The history of the case will help
us, and we must carefully look for any scrofulous lesions.

Treatment.—Sometimes, during an enzootic of this
affection, animals fall sick, are feverish for a short time,
and then resume their originally healthy state. Probably
they have been subjected to the action of the virus, and
nature has enabled them to throw it off. Some autho-
rities, during the more acute periods of the attack, recom-
mend application of blisters to the side, a cathartic dese,
and even bleeding when performed early. It is question-
able whether these measures prove beneficial, except by
debilitating the patient and so shortening the case. More
success seems to have attended the administration of mineral
tonics, especially the Cupri Ammonio-Sulphas, together with
stimulants, eliminatives, and hyposulphites; also attention
must be paid to careful nursing. Isolation of diseased and
suspected animals, and disinfection, are most useful prophy-
lactic means, and the administration of iron tonics has been
suggested. Itis often best in the long run to stamp out an
outbreak. The Contagious Diseases (Animals) Acts require
special measures for eradication and prevention of spread.

An animal after recovery should not be reintroduced
into the herd before the lapse of three months, and the
virus is said to be potent for as much as six months after
the animal’s death.

Inoculation.—It had been noticed that one attack of
certain blood diseases ensures immunity more or less
permanent against a second of the same disorder. It was
therefore suggested that a first attack of a mild character
might be artificially induced by direct introduction of
morbific material into the system. This was first tried
with smallpox in man, and succeeded in so far as im-
munity was secured ; but the disease as artificially gene-
rated proved severe, communicable, and frequently even
fatal. The practice of inoculation was falling into dis-
repute when Jeénner’s observations of the diseases of
animals in relation to those of man enabled him to dis-
DISEASES OF THE BLOOD. 151

cover vaccination. Here an artificially induced attack of
a very mild disorder acts as a prophylactic against a more
severe one of not the same, but a closely allied disease.
Vaccination has been tried haphazard for certain diseases
of lower animals, in no case with markedly beneficial
effect. Inoculation for pleuro-pneumonia is at present
much advocated by professionals and non-professionals.
It is performed by taking the lungs of an animal which
has died in the early stage of the disorder, cutting up the
diseased yellowish portions of lung, and allowing a serous
‘fluid to escape and accumulate in a vessel. This is the
lymph. Some of it is injected subcutaneously with a
syringe, or shreds of cotton steeped in it are inserted
into the tail near its tip ; the shreds are removed after
twenty-four hours. Subsequently, in favorable cases, a
considerable amount of swelling occurs here, and may
extend up the tail to the quarters of the patient, giving
rise to violent inflammation of the caudal appendage,
which often results in the end of the tail sloughing and
gangrene involving even the upper parts of the hind ex-
tremities. Cases of this kind are common in dairies
where the animals have been inoculated.’ It is necessary
to amputate the tail when gangrene sets in. Sometimes
in France amputation of the tailis,as a matter of routine,
practised twenty-four hours after inoculation, without
(it is supposed) rendering the vaccination null. Caussé
describes pustules of the size of a franc-piece as resulting
from inoculation. Intravenous injection of virus has not
been found effectual. The irritative fever depending on
these processes is sometimes fatal. To understand
whether this means is prophylactic, we must put it to the
crucial test by exposing animals which have been inocu-

1 Rutherford, of Edinburgh, states that during two years the mortality
attending his inoculations has not exceeded 1°5 per cent. He has always
succeeded in arresting an outbreak in ten to twenty-one days. In four to six
days the tail begins to swell, from the sixth to the ninth day the swelling
enlarges and becomes erythematous ; bead-like eminences appear on the swollen
surface, they contain a fluid which has properties identical with those of the
lymph used. Failure in the operation frequently occurs from the lymph beiug

stripped from the thread during insertion, or from bleeding taking place
during the process,
152 BOVINE PATHOLOGY.

lated to contagion; some of them succumb. These, the
advocates of inoculation urge, did not thoroughly take, or
had the seeds of the disease in them before they were
operated upon. They say that where the process is syste-
matically carried out pleuro-pneumonia has almost disap-
peared; though their opponents will not admit this. That
inoculation does not produce pleuro-pneumonia they allow,
but believe that it expends itself in producing changes at
the seat of inoculation, while the system is imperceptibly
affected and immunity secured. On the other hand, it is
urged that inoculation does not cause any general dis-
order except sympathetic fever, and cannot, therefore, be
useful; that it causes a certain loss by the ill effects
which result from it ; that the practice is based neither on
sound theoretical nor practical views. The ill effects
consequent upon the operation are reduced to a minimum
when it is properly performed, the exuded matter from
the lungs being fresh, devoid of gangrenous material, and
introduced in a proper manner. The so-called sympa-
thetic fever may be somewhat specific, and it must be
remembered that in ordinary cases of the disease the blood
has been found remarkably free from virulent properties,
so it is quite possible that the disease may take place after
inoculation, and run its course at the seat of puncture,
without the lungs becoming involved specially. A slight
cough is said to frequently succeed the inoculation, and
cases are on record of origination of pleuro-pneumonia
from inoculated animals. Cattle owners, as a rule, have
strong faith in inoculation. The experiments which have
been most carefully conducted in this country have failed
to show that it is beneficial. These have been rather on
a small scale, and are, therefore, not conclusive. The
important question of inoculation as a prophylactic means

1 Delamotte, in a valuable article on pleuro-pneumonia inoculation, quotes
the theories as to its action :—Dr. Boens considers inoculation causes a more
or less prolonged artificially-produced disease, which, by the eliminations it
causes and by the systemic changes it produces, renovates the substance of
the body and purifies the economy. Thierness considers the temporary pre-
servation attributed to inoculation due to a derivative or revulsive action.
Cagny considers that by inoculation pleuro-pneumonia is reproduced in all its
virulence, but, its local phenomena being in an organ of minor physiological
importance, it is less dangerous to the auimal.
DISEASES OF THE BLOOD. 153 |

is not settled! It seems to have been proved that the
flesh in this disease is not prejudicial to man except in
the advanced stages; the milk, too, has been consumed
freely without any ill effects resulting. There seems,
then, no true reason why flesh and milk should not be
utilised. Of course, thorough cooking should be in-
sisted on.

Pleuro-pneumonia has been considered the pathological
equivalent of rubeola or measles of the human subject, and
of typhoid fever of the pig. No evidence of any weight
has been advanced in support of these theories.

Eczmma EPIzoovica, v. Contaciosa, APHTHA EPIZOOTICA,
VeEsicuLar epizootic, Murratn, Foot-and-mouth disease, &c.,
is a specific eruptive disorder, panzootic in its characters,
and has been prevalent in all parts of this country at dif-
ferent times, having been first imported from abroad about
1839. Its special lesions consist in vesice, which may
occur on any mucous membrane, but especially affect that
of the mouth. The skin of the inter-digital space also is
the special seat of disorder.

Symptoms.—After an animal has been exposed to con-
tagious influences, the incubation lasts from twenty-four
hours (twenty hours, Williams) to four days; and the
first appreciable alteration of the normal conditions of
the animal is a gradual rise in temperature. This may
be so marked that the thermometer at the maximum
may reach 107° F, Shivering and other febrile signs
are present in the first stage of the disorder, the mouth
is sore and has hanging from it a little viscid mucus,
the animal does not feed, grinds its teeth, and exhibits
general signs of ill health, the bowels are constipated, |

1 Rutherford summarises his experience (which exceeds that of any other
British observer in this matter) as follows:—lInoculation is based on the
theory of pleuro-pneumonia being an eruptive fever; it is the application to
a healthy animal of the virus of pleuro-pneumonia, but does not produce that
disease. An inoculated animal does not infect another animal, nor can he
contract pleuro-pneumonia. The time taken by the operation is four to eight
weeks. In the case of milch cows the operation does not materially interfere
with their milking. Inoculated animals thrive better and are freer from
other diseases than the uninoculated; the loss from the operation need not
exceed 2 per cent. Fourteen to twenty-one days may be accepted as the time
required to arrest an outbreak (‘ Veterinary Journal,’ vol. xv, p. 30).
154, BOVINE PATHOLOGY.

and the breath fcetid. This lasts for about two days,
and then the characteristic eruptions appear. In the
mouth they occupy the dental pad, the gums, lateral
parts and dorsum of the tongue and the palate; gene-
rally rounded or oval, they are of considerable size,
averaging about that of a shilling, but often as large as
half-a-crown. They consist of elevations of the some-
what dense epithelium, which is softened and macerated
by the saliva, and so rendered white. Soon they are
broken by the action of the tongue and other influences,
and a red raw surface is exposed. The discharge of
saliva is now profuse, and hangs in shreds from the mouth,
or collects like foam around that opening. ‘There is a
peculiar smacking of the lips to get rid of this. Some-
times smaller vesicee appear on the transitional membrane
of the muffle, and in some cases the nostrils are similarly
diseased. There are vesicles developed on the udder in
milch cows, which especially affect the teats, and some-
times the diseased action is said to involve even the
lining membrane of the milk ducts. These mammary
vesicles are ruptured by the calf, or their contents
become absorbed and a dark brown scab remains, and
ageregation or confluence of these vesice may take place.
The lesions of the feet are preceded by pain, manifested
by restlessness, frequent lifting and shaking of fore and
hind feet, and the back is arched and thus all four feet
brought together. Swelling of the coronet appears, and
is quickly followed by the development of vesicee, gene-
rally between the digits, but often extending almost all
round the coronet, and sometimes above the rudimentary
hoofs of the fetlocks. There is considerable lameness
and the animal lies somewhat persistently. Here, also,
the vesicles rupture. The serous fluid, when exposed to
the air, dries and forms a yellowish layer of material
which readily pulverises. The last stage is marked by
disappearance of acute febrile. symptoms, increase in
quantity of milk, which has been much reduced, oblitera-
tion of the exposed surfaces by development of new epi-
thelium and cessation of lameness. Sometimes the disease
DISEASES OF THE BLOOD. 155

assumes a more virulent type, dependent upon defective
hygienic arrangements, or upon obscure climatic influences.
Then the nasal, laryngeal, conjunctival, bronchial, gastric,
and duodenal mucous membranes present vesice ; the anus
and vulva are similarly affected; there is a tendency to
sloughing of parts in connection with the vesice, and
extensive removals of epithelium. In severe cases young
animals will die before the eruptive stage, the only lesions
manifested on post-mortem examination being congestion
- of the lungs; while older animals suffer from severe
irritative fever, rapidly lose flesh, and are liable to suc-
cumb from exhaustion. In these cases, too, there is a
marked liability to the various complications of this
disorder. In whatever part they occur the vesice may be
associated with acute inflammatory action of deeper tissues,
such as glossitis leading to extensive sloughing or indura-
tion, mammitis, and inflammation of the structures of the
foot, with production of sinuous ulcers and a tendency to
sloughing of the claws, open joint, and casting of the hoofs.

Mammitis may result either from extension of inflam-
mation along the lining membrane of the ducts of the milk
glands, or from a blocking up of the openings of the ducts
leading to over-distension with milk. Abscesses, indura-
tion, and blind teats supervene upon these cases, also the
frequent irritation in milking a cow with sore teats may
render her permanently vicious.

When the alimentary mucous membrane is involved
in the disease diarrhoea replaces the constipation which
is generally present. (idematous swellings, too, some-
times are manifested. In each of these latter com-
plications there is extreme debility. Under ordinary
circumstances the prognosis must be favorable, as re-
covery will take place after from eight to twelve or
fifteen days from the premonitory rise of temperature.
The various complications which we have just noticed
necessarily protract the case, but our prognosis, too, must
include grave loss to the owner, especially when milch
cows are affected. From the first stage of the attack the
milk is yellow in colour and gradually diminishes in
156 BOVINE PATHOLOGY.

quantity until it becomes about one fifth the natural yield.
Its specific gravity is low, 1024, and it generally has a fair
proportion of cream. White corpuscles, having the
characters of pus-globules, are always present, their
number varying with the severity of the symptoms.
Some of these were seen three weeks after recovery.
Monads and bacteria were observed in every specimen,
and remained unaffected by boiling (Professor Brown).
The produce of a dairy, then, is very seriously diminished
by an attack of eczema. In the severer forms, too,
abortion occurs, and in all cases the animals are very much
reduced in condition ; 10 per cent. is given as the average
loss by death when the disease is most severe. One attack
of this disorder does not secure immunity from others ; it ©
is not rare to see animals which have been affected three
times. From cattle, who are especially affected by it, and
are the most important bearers of contagion, it will
spread to the sheep, pig, poultry, and also to the human
subject and the horse. The cases which have been
recorded can leave no doubt of this latter fact. The con-
tagion is both fixed and volatile, so that the disease is
contagious and infectious. The characters of the materies
morbi have not yet been determined. Professor Brown
mentions the occurrence in the blood and other fluids of
monads, bacteria, and vibriones, but does not attribute a
specific influence to any of the observed forms. Williams
has seen in the discharges, in a few instances, a mycelium
resembling the Saprolignix ferox of the salmon; but he
has not been able to fix on any organism as the disease-
inducing one. The viruliferous principle resides in its
most concentrated form in the saliva. Williams found
in an outbreak that when many of the affected animals
presented no other symptoms than lameness and high
temperature, they were yet capable of conveying the
disease, the virus being exhaled by the breath and
excretions of the diseased beasts, thus doing away with
the popular fallacy that the disease is not contagious
before the eruption. In 1839, Professor Simonds com-
municated the disease by feeding an animal on hay
DISEASES OF THE BLOOD. 157

saturated with saliva; vesicles appeared in the mouth in
forty hours. He also found that warm milk from a
diseased cow given to pigs generated the disease. Thus,
it seems that the virus may gain entry into the system
through almost any mucous membrane. Nature endeavours
to. throw off the contagium after it has entered into the
blood through the mucous membranes and such parts of
the skin as we have indicated as being involved. Inocu-
lations at first failed, but Contamine produced the disease
by inoculation of the mouth, and since then this process
has been resorted to, not with a view to prevent recurrence,
but in order to ensure all animals of a herd being simul-
taneously affected, whereby the period of isolation, as en-
forced. by law, is shortened. This inoculation is a measure
of questionable value, since some animals might have
escaped by proper segregation and disinfection, and also
the same animal may be several times affected; inocula-
tion, also, is liable to multiply infection centres. The virus
may be conveyed by attendants or by appliances ; also it
is said to be carried for a distance of 120 yards, but this
probably depends upon the direction of prevailing winds
and other atmospheric influences. The virus is said to
retain its vitality for at least three months; Williams
mentions a case where a man’s clothes conveyed the
disease after twelve months.

Diagnosis.—EHczema epizootica may be confounded with
aphtha simplex, and undoubtedly has been by some
authors. The latter appears under an enzootic form,
dependent upon special characters of the food. The
lesions are confined to the mouth, and consist of very
numerous true vesice, surrounded by an areola or ring
of redness, due to inflammation, and pointed. These
contrast markedly with the large blebs of eczema epi-
zootica, which are few in number, and occur in definite
positions. A difficulty is presented to inspectors in the
later stages of this disorder in determining whether foot
lesions are specific or simply due to the disease called foul.
Complicated foot lesions succeeding eczema are really one
form of foul. All chronic cases of this kind may be
158 BOVINE PATHOLOGY.

passed as incapable of communicating the disease. The
same remark applies to glossitis and disease of the
mammary gland.

Treatment, as in other eruptive disorders, must be
directed to avoidance of complications and assistance of
nature’s efforts to expel the contagium. To remove the
causes we must divide the herd into diseased, suspected,
and unsuspected lots. The latter should be examined
daily to detect any rise of internal temperature ; the
suspected should be isolated and drafted into the diseased
lot as they become affected. Disinfection should be
rigidly enforced, and the animals not removed from
quarantine until about a week after the last case of disease
has been removed from among them. The diseased should
have soft diet as much as possible, and those but slightly
affected require little more attention. Where the patients
are seriously debilitated they will require tonics. When
the eruptions on the teats tend to block up the milk
passages, the milk must be drawn off with the syphon.
When the udder is inflamed it must be duly supported
and treated as in ordinary mammitis. The diseased feet
must be kept as clean as possible and protected by
bandages, complications receiving the attention recom-
mended in “foul.” Calves ought to be removed from cows
affected by this disorder and hand-fed with good milk,
for these young animals are liable to suffer severely from
the disease, the whole alimentary tract being involved.
Fairs, markets, and other centres of cattle traffic are the
sources of introduction of this disease into farms; and
high roads are often traversed by diseased flocks and herds,
which thus leave virus behind them for those that follow.
The farmer must be advised, therefore, to keep newly
purchased animals away from the rest of his stock for a
few days after their arrival, to avoid pasturing animals
on fields bordering on high roads when the disease is
rife in the neighbourhood, and, as a public duty, not to
place diseased animals there; also all measures of disin-
fection should be strictly enforced ; but Williams con-
siders that, as a means of preventing the spread of the
DISEASES OF THE BLOOD. 159

disease, disinfection may be looked upon as a failure as
concerns spread in a particular herd or flock. White.
washing railway trucks, byres, &c., with slaked lime, he
points out, is simply preserving the virus for future
mischief by covering it up; he in no way argues against
the use of some thoroughly reliable disinfectant for this
purpose. Especially the same attendants should not have
charge of both sick and healthy animals. Unless sanitary
measures be strictly enforced the disease may assume its
severest forms.

Post-mortem examination shows the mucous membranes
variously involved in different cases. Thus, the larynx,
nasal chamber, and alimentary canal, sometimes present

vesicee and other inflammatory conditions. Sometimes
the abrasions of the palate and the lesions in the stomachs
resemble those observed in rinderpest. Frequently

hemorrhagic spots are observable on the serous membranes.
In fatal cases the blood is anemic. When extracted
during life the red corpuscles are found to be stellated,
and to exhibit changes of form. White corpuscles are
increased in number. Bacteria and masses of living
matter, together with minute spherical bodies, are con-
stantly present. In the saliva are small stellate crystals
and actively moving monads. In the fluid from the vesicles,
and in the discharge from the eyes, are monads, bacteria,
masses of germinal matter, and large nucleated cells.
We owe these conclusions to Professor Brown’s obser-
vations. Abscess, induration, and even gangrene of the
mammary gland, may be present. Open joints, fistulous
ulcers burrowing beneath the hoof, and extensive sloughing,
also separation of the hoofs, may follow the foot disease.

This disease is certainly communicable to man through
the milk ; thus, children are liable to become affected.
Suspected milk should either be rejected or boiled before
consumption. We have no evidence to prove that the
flesh is injurious to man. Cases are on record where
attendants upon diseased animals have taken the disease.
Since it is intercommunicable between all the animals
which can become affected, our prophylactic measures
160 BOVINE PATHOLOWY.

must embrace all animals on the farm. By law animals
affected with foot-and-mouth disease, or herded with
affected animals, are not to be removed, nor are animals
from contiguous buildings, except.for immediate slaughter
under the regulations of the local authorities, or if not for
slaughter, under permit from the officer of the local autho-
rities. All sheds occupied are to be disinfected and
cleansed. It has been clearly established that there are
periodical accessions of this disease having an average
duration of somewhat over two years, followed by a period
of subsidence lasting about a year and a half. Professor
Brown attributes this to the “disease having affected all
susceptible subjects within its range, and then, having
exhausted its virulence, remaining in a quiescent state
until it finds a new generation of animals to attack.” But
the same animal may be attacked over and over again
with this disease, a fact which is opposed to Professor
Brown’s conclusions, and strong evidence in favour of the
view that the periodic outbreaks are distinct invasions
from abroad.

Rinperrest—Cattie Pracue—Puscuima (Hindustanee).
—This disorder is the most formidable specific disease of
cattle ; it is enzootic in the steppes of Russia, China, and
it seems, also, in some parts of Burmah, occasionally visits
Great Britain, and requires most active measures of re-
pression. It is of a most highly infectious and contagious
character, affects also deer and sheep, and generally gives
rise to a very great fatality, estimated at 90 per cent.
An attack here proves fatal about the seventh day after
the first manifestation of signs of the disorder. Its period
of incubation varies somewhat considerably, in some cases
being supposed to extend to the fourteenth day, but gene-
rally it lasts from four to eight days. The first indication
of disorder is a rise in internal temperature, which occurs
twenty-four to twenty-eight hours before any other ap-
preciable symptoms; then the animal exhibits evident
signs of disorder, extreme dulness, rapid loss of strength,
irregular rumination and feeding, and diminished supply of
milk, also generally a certain amount of constipation is pre-
DISEASES OF THE BLOOD. 161

sent, the coat stares, and there is a persistent shivering.
Later the visible mucous membranes assume a pink and
then a dark purple colour, most perceptible at the vulva.
Twitchings of the voluntary muscles take place, and there
is a husky cough, which Professor Simonds describes as
‘like that of a broken-winded horse with sore throat.’
The pulse at first is scarcely affected, later it becomes
frequent and full, and afterwards loses tone, becomes
feeble, thready, and double, and towards the last is im-
perceptible, and the beats of the heart are irregular and
feeble. The breathing, at first not materially altered,
afterwards is frequent, complicated by the muscular
twitchings, so that it presents a double expiratory move-
ment, and at each expulsion of the air the animal moans.
The breath is fetid. The temperature of the surface is
variable, but the diffusion of heat throughout the system
is very irregular, and as the debility of the patient and
the weakness of the heart’s action increases, extreme cold-
ness of those parts distant from the centre of circulation
sets in. The nervous system is in a very disordered
stata ; sometimes the animal is delirious in the early
staga, while in the later there is extreme debility, so
that the recumbent position is persistently maintained.
Abdominal pains are present, marked by the usual signs,
and diarrhea early supervenes, the evacuations being
watery, of a dirty yellow colour, highly offensive with a
peculiar odour, containing floceuli of lymph, and some-
times a little blood, and being expelled suddenly and with
great force at first, but later trickling away involuntarily.
The back is arched, the skin dry and tense, the loins are
tender, and emphysematous swellings occur, especially
about the back in the region of the loins. A similar dis-
engagement of gas takes place into the interlobular areolar
tissue of the lungs. Non-emphysematous tumours are
described as sometimes appearing about various parts
of the body. In some cases the secretion of milk is sud-
denly and completely arrested, but in others this fluid con-
tinues to be produced in small quantity, until an advanced
stage of the disorder, its “specific gravity being
11
162 BOVINE PATHOLOGY.

diminished, its salines less plentiful, its fat increased, and
sometimes it is reddish and acrid.” The urine is scanty,
often albuminous, and contains a diminished amount of
salines, but an increase of urea. The blood is dark and
coagulates imperfectly, has an excess of fibrin, and an
altered condition of itsalbumen. The conjunctiva, at first
reddened, produces acrid watery tears, which trickle down
the face and cause removal of the cuticle; later the secre-
tion becomes gelatinous, accumulates at the inner canthus,
and the membrane becomes pale, saliva is produced in
considerable quantity, and the mucous membranes undergo
special and definite changes; the congestion above in-
dicated is succeeded by proliferation of the epithelium,
with an altered condition of the products. The buccal
mucous membrane about the lips, gums, and palate, pre-
sents elevations of some extent, which are considered to
be liable to be confounded with those lesions which occur
in foot-and-mouth disease. They are not due to separa-
tion of the epithelium from the corium, but to alterations
of the former. The yellowish masses of thickened epi-
thelium are but slightly adherent to the corium, and they
can be readily removed as branny scales, leaving patches
of highly vascular sensitive tissue, surrounded by the
white mucous membrane, as yet unaltered. These lesions
are first marked in the conical papille of the cheek and
the tongue. The altered epithelium, when thrown off or
removed, passes out of the system with the profuse dis-
charge of saliva. After the mucous membrane of the
vulva becomes of a very dark purple colour, the epithelium
undergoes changes similar to that of the mouth, and there
is an albuminous discharge, which hangs from the lower
commissure. The Schneiderian membrane, after exhibiting
the early congested condition, becomes pale, petechiated,
and its blood-vessels are very evident ; then its epithelium
becomes altered. There is a discharge which hangs about
. the nostrils and dries there. The skin is involved in
diseased action; the parts covering the udder, teats,
inside of the thighs, and those neighbouring the mucous
membranes are especially affected, though we often see
the general surface implicated. In the male the preputial
DISEASES OF THE BLOOD. 168

membrane and the scrotum are very liable to become
affected. The lesion may range from a scurfy condition,
through a papular stage to the pustular, exudations taking
place which mat the hairs together, or the pustules become
confluent, and form brown patches of a considerable size.

Prognosis.—Williams says: —‘‘ Some cases of cattle
plague recover, and in these cases it is observed that
the skin over the neck, withers, &c., becomes covered
with a yellowish sebaceous secretion, but there are no
vesicles or pustules.” It is found that recovery from one
attack secures futureimmunity. It must be remembered,
however, that an animal himself exempt may conyey the
contagium. The complications of this disorder, altera-
tions of the intestinal mucous membrane, persistent diar-
rhoea, and excessive debility, are such as prevent frequent
recovery ; but in its enzootic abode many mild cases are
seen. No known race of cattle is exempt, but it is said
that animals native to the districts whence it comes can
resist its influence much more frequently than others.
Some few animals enjoy immunity during an attack even
in Western Europe.

Causes—The climatic and hygienic conditions of
animals in the enzootic abode of this disorder are pecu-
liarly trying to the constitution. Drought, starvation
and plenty, extreme cold and almost tropical heat, being
peculiarly combined on the wide grassy expanses of the
steppes. Thus, the animals there become much predis-
posed to this as well as other disorders, but we must
coincide with the opinion at which Professor Unterberger
has arrived, that even here the disease does not originate
spontaneously. From this enzootic.centre the disease is
carried along the great traffic roads towards Western
Europe, and follows the course of armies in the field.
Thus, as trade facilities increase the disorder will be
liable to spread to a greater distance in a shorter time ; also
certain definite rinderpest routes from Central Russia might
be noted ; also times of war prove times of pestilence, a
fact which has long been observed. Meat food for troops
in Central, Eastern, and Western Europe must be drawn
from the large supplies of Eastern Russia, and in the
164 BOVINE PATHOLOGY.

hurry of the transport and the commissariat duties vete-
rinary inspection is too often neglected.

Little is really known about cattle plague contagium.
Semmer and Archangelski, of Dorpat, inoculated a sheep
with some decomposed rinderpest material sent from the
South of Russia. The animal showed marked signs of
rinderpest and died. Micrococci from his lymph glands
on culture gave a plentiful mass of typical micrococci
and chain-like rods. Inoculations with the cultivated
material did not prove fatal. The observers conclude
“that the micrococci found in nearly all the organs of an
animal affected with rinderpest are the essential virus
(contaginm), and that cultivation and heat (46° or 47° C.)
diminish the virulence, while cold (15°—20° C.) destroys it
altogether.” It is said to diffuse through the air to the
distance of 500 yards (Gerlach, 40 métres; Hayne, 30 to
1000 métres), bringing about infection of other stock, but
most observers are inclined to consider the latter esti-
mate must be taken to apply to mediate contagion
rather than true infection. The discharges may retain
their power of communicating the disorder for eleven
months (Jessen), three months (Camper and Viedazyr),
six years (Weiss and Hering). In the latter cases it was
retained in capillary tubes, or between two pieces of glass,
and hence not exposed to the air. So we can bring ‘to
bear weighty arguments against the theory of spontaneous
origin of this disorder ; any statement that it may occur
as a result of ordinary causes must not be admitted.
Practically, all efforts must be directed against the con-
tagium which already exists. This may be conveyed by
an unaffected animal, by hides of affected ones, by at-
tendants, &c.; and the persistence of the virus renders
disinfection, and, where possible, destruction of things
which have been in contact with any diseased animal
imperative. Burning tar in byres and sheds used to be
recommended as a means of disinfection, but now we
prefer the use of the numerous agents of tried value,
which are mentioned in our Pharmacopceias—carbolic
acid, sulphurous acid, chloride of zinc, &c. Special
DISEASES OF THE BLOOD. 165

attendants must be told off to infected animals; these
must be strictly prevented from approaching any healthy
cattle, and ought to be disinfected daily. All carcases of
diseased animals should be burnt in their hides, together
with the straw upon which they have been lying. The
virus may remain in a latent condition after the animals
have been buried, and render the soil a medium of con-
tagion (except when they have been buried in quicklime).
The sheds should be sluiced down with strong disinfecting
solution, so that no excreta bearing virus in a harmful
condition may pass into the sewers. The patients should
for the most part, and, as a rule, be slaughtered at once,
and their hides slashed. If some of the milder cases are
kept for observation or treatment, an endeavour must be
made to support the strength of the patients by stimulants,
combined with vegetable tonics, as beer or gentian, with
nitrous ether. Numberless receipts have been submitted,
tested, and proved worthless. We can name no agent
capable of acting as an antidote to rinderpest poison.
The strength requires to be supported by every available
means, especially the administration of gruel and other
easily digestible but nutritive matters. Internal disin-
fection has been much recommended, and in this direction
future endeavours to treat specific diseases must be made.’
But inspection, stoppage of cattle traffic from diseased
countries, stamping out any outbreaks which occur, and
quarantine of all suspected animals must be adopted.

Inoculation has been tried as a prophylactic, but it
reproduces the disease in all its fatality and communi-
cability. Vaccination, too, was unsuccessfully resorted to
during the 1865-66 outbreak, under the supposition that
rinderpest is a form of smallpox. Neither of these mea-
sures, therefore, is advantageous.

Post-mortem examination.—Considerable variations of

1 Crooke’s experiments are noteworthy. He injected into the veins of
a cow affected with cattle plague 105 grains of carbolic acid, dissolved in
six ounces of glycerin and water; the patient recovered. Cattle in plague-
infected buildings receiving daily one ounce of carbolic acid along with their
food, and having carbolic and sulphurous acid fumes frequently liberated in
their sheds, did not catch the contagious plague (‘ Third Report of the Cattle
Plague Commission,’ quoted by Finlay Dun).
166 BOVINE PATHOLOGY.

internal temperature or a rapid fall of the mercury are signs
of approaching death. The local lesions observable in the
mucous membrane are principally due to plugging of even
large vessels by lymph deposits, whereby the nutrient supply
of the epithelium is cut off, and it undergoes fatty change.
This reminds us of the plugging of the minute vessels which
occurs from accumulation of bacteria in anthrax, septicemia,
and other diseases of their class. The specific organisms
of rinderpest have not yet been conclusively recognised.
During the great outbreak in this country medical observers
noted the presence of ovoid bodies in the muscles between
the sarcous fibres, and termed them “cattle-plague bodies,”
more careful examination showed that they are harmless
parasites of the division Gregarinz. The mouth, pharynx,
and first three compartments of the stomach are generally
congested, the oesophagus having undergone no change in
the majority of cases. The glandular structures of the velum
palati, tonsils, and of the base of the tongue are diseased,
their ducts being plugged up with stringsof lymph. The
rumen sometimes shows somewhat extensive patches of con-
gestionof a ‘ port-wine”’ colour, or of epithelial proliferation.
The omasum almost invariably has its contents in a very
hard condition, its epithelium separates somewhat readily,
showing a congested surface, and sometimes the leaves are
the seat of more severe lesions, and may be ulcerated,
as a result of sloughing, to such an extent that they
are perforated. The abomasum is congested, and, espe-
cially near the pylorus, shows extensive blood extravasa-
tions and sloughing after the formation of the character-
istic false membranes. The contents are reddish-brown
viscid mucus, intermingled with blood. Sometimes it is
noted that both in the abomasum and the intestine a
certain amount of pigmentary degeneration occurs. The
small intestines are rendered dark in appearance by the
altered characters of the mucous membrane. This is
congested in a streaked or patchy manner, which is rather
distinctive of this disorder. TExtravasations of blood are
present, and the contents are something like those of the
abomasum. Where the epithelium has separated from the
DISEASES OF THE BLOOD. 167

corium the latter is covered by a lymphy deposit, which
hides the bright red colour of the erosions. Peyer’s
patches are generally diminished in size, and are covered
with a layer of lymph. Sometimes, however, they are
enlarged (as also are the solitary glands), and are
covered with false membranes of variable colour. The
large intestines may be more or less diseased than
the small. The ileo-cxcal valve is very frequently the
seat of change; in other parts the bowel exhibits conges-
tions, extravasations, and false membranes, the latter
- often being in process of removal by sloughing. The
rectum especially is intensely diseased. The lining mem-
brane of the gall-bladder is similarly altered to that of the
intestines, and the gall-ducts contain lymph. Wherever
these congestions occur the capillary vessels become very
much distended with micrococci (according to Klebs).
Also some of these invade the submucous-tissue, of which
they cause thickening, and others pass off in the discharges.
The respiratory mucous membrane in the trachea, bronchi,
and larynx is congested, and the latter exhibits ulceration
and cedema against the arytenoid cartilage. In very bad
cases along the whole length of the air-passages the mucous
membrane will often show ecchymoses and false mem-
branes. There is an emphysematous condition of the lungs.
The kidneys are enlarged, and their lining membrane, as
well ag those of.the uterus, urethra, and bladder, are
characteristically altered.. The urine is scanty and bloody.
The conditions of the blood, skin, &c., have been already
noticed. No marked lesions of the nervous system are
present. The mammary gland is congested. The flesh
varies but little from the healthy in physical properties.
Sometimes it has a bluish colour or is of a darker
red than usual. The heart is soft, and there are
often extensive extravasations beneath its lining mem-
brane. Petechize and ecchymoses are observable on most
of the serous membranes. The little milk produced by
affected animals should be thrown away, but, according to
the best authorities, we have no evidence that the flesh of
animals in the early stage of the disease willprove prejudicial]
168 BOVINE PATHOLOGY.

to man.! Such flesh should be thoroughly cooked, and it may
convey the disease to other cattle. It was concluded at the
International Veterinary Congress at Vienna, after evidence
from Professors Rawitsch and Jessen, that hard dried hides
will not communicate the disease. It is interesting to
inquire into the question whether rinderpest has intimate
affinities with any disease of man. This matter is fully
discussed in Professor Gamgee’s valuable and exhaustive
work on the Cattle Plague. It was thought to be
equivalent to typhoid fever of man, but the patches of
Peyer do not undergo the changes characteristic of that
disease. Again, smallpox has been considered the patho-
logical equivalent, especially by Dr. Murchison, who very
ably supports his view, but skin lesions of the true pustular
character are seldom present in rinderpest. Also it is
difficult to understand how, if the diseases are one and the
same, smallpox is always present in this country and
rinderpest only when introduced from without. The false
membranes formed in cattle plague are described fre-
quently as diphtheritic and croupous ; the disease is often
termed typhus, and some superficial resemblances to
certain other human disorders may be noted. Suffice it to
say, with regard to these, that it has not been found that
rinderpest is the equivalent of either of them. We can
only consider it as a disease of a peculiar character due to
a special pathogenic organism—which, probably, Klebs is
right in considering a bacterium.

Cattle plague and eczema epizootica are exanthemata,
eruptive disorders. In addition we find that variola and
a special form of aphtha are mentioned under this heading
in bovine pathology. Recently stomatitis pustulosa has
been added to the list. These are specific disorders,
generally communicable with facility by contagion and
inoculation. They run their course with remarkable
regularity, exhibiting a number of consecutive changes of
a special character, culminating in the formation of vesicles

1 “Tn the early stage of rinderpest, if the animal is bled to death and the
carcase properly dressed, the flesh is not only fit for human food, but it will

defy an expert, by any method of investigation, to detect the sli
ee ee (recall igation, to detect the slightest trace
DISEASES OF THE BLOOD. 169

by accumulation of serous fluid between the corium
and epithelium of skin, or mucous membrane, or both.
The fluid of the vesicle contains the materies morbi in a
concentrated state, and is therefore very useful for inocu-
lation purposes. The virus is thus thrown off from the
system, so that generally these diseases have a benign
character, but under defective sanitary arrangements, and
in animals with vitiated constitutions, they may become
malignant, and highly destructive. In all of these dis-
orders we see a well-marked incubative stage, a period of
invasion, an eruptive stage, and, lastly, the stage of
repair. It is noticed that certain specific poisons are
eliminated by certain membranes, and in special ways.
We cannot explain this any more than why particular
medicinal agents act on special organs. The nature of the
contagium is still obscure ; by some it is considered to be
corpuscular, by others bacterian.. These diseases are little
influenced by medicinal treatment, but may be altered very
much for the worse by neglect of sanitary precautions.
Then we see considerable and permanent disorganisation
of structure, complications tending to render the animal
useless, even if it recover. The eruption must be en-
couraged in every possible way, and its various changes
promoted. The animal’s strength must be supported.
Measures of isolation and disinfection are essential. These
diseases, especially vaccinia, derive great interest and
importance in their relations to diseases of other animals.

Vaccinia, Cow-pox, VarioLa Vaccinia [with which are
noticed Varicella vel Vaccinoides, and Smallpox in cattle].
Variole constitute a class of diseases, one form being
peculiar to each species of animal ; thus, the eruptions of
this nature which occur in our domesticated animals and
in man are not identical, but only allied. Equine and
bovine variole are sometimes considered exceptions to this
rule. Jenner observed that milkmaids took this disorder
from milking cows affected with it, and were thereby
exempt from smallpox, so he originated the system of vacci-
nation to the great and lasting benefit of mankind. The
same observer also assented to an observation of a con-
170 BOVINE PATHOLOGY.

temporary of his (Dr. Loy), that the disease vulgarly
known as “grease’’ in the horse, also termed eczema
impetiginodes, is really equine variola, and its virus intro-
duced into the system of the ox originates variola vaccinia.
These diseases of the two species of animal were, therefore,
by him considered identical. This communication of virus
may be direct or indirectly through attendants. Human
variolous matter, when introduced into the system of the cow
is stated to cause a smallpox eruption, while vaccine intro-
duced into thehuman system does not producesmallpox, only
vaccinia. From the eruptions in the latter case may be col-
lected lymph, which, when preserved in capillary tubes or
on ivory points, is available for other vaccinations. It
always produces the milder disease, and always proves
effective against smallpox if the lymph be good and the
inoculation successful. Thus, much lymph derived by
linear descent from that which originally came from the
cow is in circulation. Two important questions arise in
connection with it :—

1. Has it degenerated by successive passages through
the systems of numerous human beings, so as to prove
less effectual in securing immunity now than formerly,
and, if so, will it not be better to renew the stock?
Certainly, lymph just taken from the cow produces more
marked effects than humanised lymph, but this is not always
a benefit. The lymph of the present day ordinarily acts
with quite sufficient potency and seems to be very effectual.

2. Has it become admixed with human specific poisons—
scrofula, syphilis, and the like, which would not be
present in animal lymph. There is much feasability in
this argument in favour of animal vaccination. Un-
doubtedly there is much vitiated lymph in circulation.
Some lymph “ stocks” are very pure, in consequence of
great care in selection of lymph for preservation. The
production of fresh supplies of lymph from the cow is,
therefore, by: all means to be encouraged, but good old
lymph is not to be rejected, as it is decidedly better for
weakly subjects. Vaccination and other inoculations are
performed by removal of the epidermis, and insertion of
the virulent fluid on the exposed surface of the cutis.
DISEASES OF THE BLOOD. 171

Blood should not be drawn, for this would tend to wash
away the virus; also the seat of inoculation may be
advantageously protected by adhesive plaster. Chauveau
has made some most interesting researches on vaccine.
It is said that the disease may be communicated through
the digestive organs, or by intravenous injection.

Variola ovina is not the same disease as variola vac-
cinia, Zundel relates how two beasts became affected
by living with sheep suffering from their pox. Professor
Simonds’ conclusions with regard to vaccination for
sheep-pox are indefinite. He quotes Sacco:—“In the
event of an outbreak of sheep-pox, if we cannot procure
lymph to vaccinate the animals, we may ovinate the
human subject or the cow, and thus destroy the virulence of
the virus,” and “ the vaccination of sheep gives immunity,”
also Mayer, whose researches (‘ Veterinarian,’ xx, p. 629)
showed him that the French experiments lead to the
conclusion that vaccination does not secure immunity from
sheep-pox.

An attack of vaccinia secures immunity from the disease
in future. Outbreaks, which are apparently spontaneous,
occur among cows, especially when confined to close. sheds,
and shortly after calving. The disease does not seem to
originate spontaneously in the bull, but it occurs as a result
of inoculation. We must look with suspicion on the asserted
spontaneity of this disease, remembering that horses, as
well as other cattle, may be the source of an outbreak, and
also some attacks in the cow are very slight, and there
are several conditions with which they may be confounded
if due care be not exercised. Thus, eczema epizootica
and cattle plague often present an eruption on the teats
and udder, and there are several forms of disease which
run through a herd, and are communicable to many,
being known under the common name VaRICELLA, or
Vacctnorpes, of which Fleming mentions three—the
acuminated, the papular or warty, and the emphyse-
matous forms. All these may be distinguished from
the eruption of the true vaccinia, which never assumes
either the acuminated or emphysematous character, and
only passes through a papular stage, which lasts about
172 BOVINE PATHOLOGY.

four days. Vaccinia is not a severe affection; it renders
the milk unfit for food, and diminishes the supply pro
tem., though febrile conditions seldom run very high, and
present nothing very special in their characters. The
first manifestation of local lesion is redness, at first dif-
fused, subsequently circumscribed, in patches over the
mammary gland and teats, also pain and general swelling.
When the parts are reddened, small hard nodules appear
and increase in size until they attain about the size of a
sixpence. This is the papular stage ; next comes the vesi-
cular. A serous accumulation extends from the centre, ren-
dering the vesice bluish, though they are still surrounded
by a congested ring (areola). The central point, however,
does not project, but remains somewhat slightly bound to
the corium, Consequently the vesica has an umbilicated
appearance. About the eighth or tenth day these vesice
attain their maximum development. Then comes the
pustular stage, which lasts for two or three days, and then
the contents of the pustule, if not set free by rupture,
become absorbed, and a peculiar brown scab remains
(siccative stage) for a varying length of time. Vaccine
lymph should be collected only from the matured vesice,
and should contain neither pus nor blood, neither should
it give the slightest evidence of putridity or milkiness.
An attack of cow-pox generally extends over several
weeks ; the disease prevails especially in the spring, and
in certain parts of the country. It seems to be less
frequent now than formerly. In warm countries it be-
comes malignant; thus, in India it is manifested by high
fever, confluence of the vesice, and the mucous mem-
branes in general becoming involved in the diseased action.
Thus, there is a discharge from the nostrils, profuse saliva-
tion, diarrhoea, and abdominal pains. Young animals and
weakly subjects even succumb to the disorder.
Treatment.—Prevent retention of milk, such as is apt
to occur by scabbing over of the extremity of the teat.
Draw off the milk regularly with the syphon. Occasionally
mammitis results from extension of inflammation along the
mucous membrane of the gland. This will require the
DISEASES OF THE BLOOD. 178

ordinary antiphlogistic means. Avoid communicating the
disease from sick to healthy animals when milking ; iso-
lation is seldom necessary. Reject the milk.

Sometimes customers bring dogs to the veterinary
surgeon that they may be vaccinated as a preventive
against distemper. We have no proof that this is of the
slightest value ; on the contrary, evidence is not wanting
to prove the fallacy of this method.

Inrectious AputHa is described by some authors
as affecting cattle. Hczema epizootica is frequently
called aphthous fever, and a form of aphtha, of an
enzootic character, is sometimes seen as a result of special
characters of food supplied to a number of animals.
Probably the true “ infectious’”’ form is the acuminated
varicella mentioned above, the mouth being involved. The
vesicz are numerous, conical in shape, and occur in all
parts of the mouth; thus, the disease may be distinguished
from eczema epizootica. This aphtha is said to be most
frequently met with in India and other warm countries ;
we are inclined to think that in the majority of cases it is
simply foot-and-mouth disease. Our knowledge of the
cattle diseases of India is scanty and indefinite. Doubt-
less, when scientific investigations of them have been
made, we shall find our list of exanthemata enlarged.

Stomatitis Pustutosa Equi, described by Professors
Eggeling and Ellenberger (see ‘ Veterinary Journal,’ vii,
306), is communicable to cattle by inoculation and from
one cow to another. Nodules first formed; these became
pustules, which burst and produced superficial ulcers ;
these increased in size, and then commenced healing, a
scab being formed. The contagion may occur from the
skin, but takes place most readily from the mucous mem-
brane. The virus, when passed through several animals,
seems to lose its potency.

Fleming, in his ‘ Veterinary Sanitary Science and
Police,’ mentions a bovine aphthous disease of the genital
organs as observed by Numan, of Utrecht, in 1831, since
when it hag several times appeared in Holland. It is
anthracoid, gives rise to malignant carbuncle in man, and
174 BOVINE PATHOLOGY.

is communicable by cohabitation and contagion. Inflam-
matory swelling affects the vulva and vagina in the
female, the anus and rectum in the male, and phlyctene
are produced. Fever not generally detectable is accom-
panied sometimes by general inflammation of mucous mem-
branes and bloody evacuations per anum and vulvam, the
conjunctiva being so injected as to look like a clot of blood.
Autopsy showed infiltrations into the subcutaneous con-
nective tissue, and the fourth compartment of the stomach
and small intestine filled with bloody fluid. Treatment
in Numan’s hands proved very successful. Isolation and
disinfection are important. :

Anthracoid Affections, Charbon.—A number of
diseased conditions of cattle, apparently distinct from each
other, may be associated under this heading. They are of
the highest importance, for they are communicable; we
know their contagium ; they are highly fatal, are to a
certain extent preventable, and are intimately related to
the health and wealth of mankind. Ordinarily enzootic
or even only sporadic, under favoring circumstances they
become epizootic and traverse whole continents, causing
fearful loss of animal wealth. The researches of Pasteur,
Toussaint, Feser, and other continental observers have
thrown great light on their nature, causes, and prevention.
Anthrax literally means a boil; the name was derived
from the manifestation of this disorder in man as
malignant carbuncle. Charbon is a term derived from
the black condition of the blood. This results from the
presence in that fluid of the Bacillus anthracis, a very
large bacterium, a full account of the life history of
which may be seen in our paper on Bacteria in the ‘ Veteri-
nary Journal’ for 1879. This vegetable organism gainsentry
into the blood, and there multiplies by rapid reproduction.
Itis imagined that it wars with the red corpuscles for the
possession of oxygen. While the bacteria are few no
symptoms of disorder are detectible in very many cases,
in others only a rise of the internal temperature. Acute -
disorder may suddenly set in and run its course in a few
hours, in other cases the attack may extend over days.
DISEASES OF THE BLOOD. 175

It has been proved that these bacteria are the producers of
anthrax, and they generate also an irritating matter which

het

 

Fig. 23a.—Bacillus anthracis, culture, stained with Spiller’s purple.
x 300. (Klein.)

heightens their tendency to give rise to inflammatory action.
The beautiful researches of Toussaint seem to prove that
they accumulate in enormous numbers in the small capil-
laries of the lungs, and, by blocking them up, cause “me-
chanical asphyxia.”” Some authorities will deny that they are
the sole producers of charbon, and consider this disease may
originate spontaneously and the organisms be accidentally
present in the blood. They also state that organisms of this
kind may be present without causing disease, but we note:

1. That these bacilli are invariably present in cases of
anthrax. :

2. That when bacilli of this kind have been cultivated
in a solution of known chemical composition and are
injected into the blood they generate anthrax.

3. That these bacilli in the condition of spores have a
remarkable vitality, and will bear any extremes of tempera-
ture and dryness to which they may be subjected in nature.

4, That since all animals are liable to charbon, un-
doubtedly wild ones diffuse the bacteria and bring them
into parts of the country where they have been hitherto
unknown. Flies may be vehicles of contagium.
176 BOVINE PATHOLOGY.

5. That bacilli capable of producing disease have been
found in the soil of meadows well known for their power
of generating the disorder, and especially from those parts
where post-mortem examinations of victims of this malady
have been made, or where these victims have been buried.

6. That these bacilli in the spore condition can persist
for a very long time, and subsequently enter into the
animal system and generate anthrax.

7. That anthrax is most frequent in marshy places and
during warm weather, heat and moisture being very
favorable to growth of bacteria, as of all other fungi.

8. That when anthrax assumes an epizootic form,
climatic conditions are extraordinarily favorable to the
growth of other fungi.

9. That harmless bacteria closely resembling those forms
found in the blood in anthrax have been observed; itis these
which have been found in the system of healthy animals.

10. That the severity of the symptoms is proportional
to the ratio of the number of parasites present to the
strength of the animal.

11. Whereas cases of supposed spontaneous anthrax
used to be considered common, we can now prove that
they are rare. Their diminution has been exactly pro-
portioned to our advances in knowledge of the bacillus.

12. That the opinion that anthrax originates only from
the bacillus gaining entry into the animal system, is
more likely to lead to good practical results, as preventive
measures and curative means, than any other opinion
which has been advanced; the theory of spontaneous
origin of disorders of this kind being particularly liable
to discourage hygienic prophylactic measures.

The mode of entry of the Anthrax bacillus into the
organism has been the object of recent research. MM.
Pasteur and Toussaint simultaneously arrived at the result
that in almost every case the food is the vehicle, and
wounds are the points of entry. Toussaint proved this by
careful post-mortem examinations, in which he found the
lymphatic glands in connection with the mouth and pharynx
in the large majority of cases earliest involved. Pasteur
DISEASES OF THE BLOOD. 177

found that only animals with injured mouths who fed on
forage watered with culture fluid containing ‘the bacillus
became affected, and that when harsh irritating food was
given almost all the animals experimented upon succumbed.
A low percentage of cases which naturally occur in a pasture
may be traced to entry through wounds on the limbs and
other parts of the body.

Death is brought about either, as above indicated, by
mechanical asphyxia, or by deoxidation of the red cor-
puscles, or by decomposition of the blood before death
(necremia). The presence of the organisms in the blood
gives rise to high febrile disturbance and direct stimu-
lation of various tissues as denoted by erratic nervous
energy and muscular twitchings, thus death may result from
exhaustion. In some cases (especially of young and weak
patients) death occurs very early, No marked lesions
are present, except that the lymphatic glands are high
coloured and the lungs are congested. It seems almost
as if the animal had collapsed under the shock of invasion.

Certain definite post-mortem appearances may beobserved
in all cases of charbon. Decomposition sets in even before
death, so the body is disfigured by gaseous accumulations in
the subcutaneous areolar tissue; also the abdomen becomes
enormously distended. Signs of mucous or watery dis-
charges mixed with blood are apparent at the natural
orifices, and red spots or blotches frequently occur on the
mucous and cutaneous surfaces. The areolar tissue is the
seat of a sero-sanguineous fluid, and similar material is
collected in somewhat large quantities in the serous sacs.
The endocardium and other serous membranes present
petechize, ecchymoses, and blood infiltrations. The blood
is black, fluid, and iridescent on the surface; it contains
the bacilli (perceptible with 4-inch power), and stains the
walls of the vessels. The heart is soft and relaxed. The
other muscles are the seat of serous and lymphy deposit,
more or less marked, and frequently present red blotches,
probably due to rupture of vessels: the blocking of
minute blood passages leads to over distension, then
rupture, whereby ecchymoses are produced: the hemo.

12
178 BOVINE PATHOLOGY.

poietic organs are considerably altered. The spleen is
enlarged and gorged with the dark blood; the liver en-
larged, and with its blood-vessels distended. The kidneys
are also increased in size and congested.

We must next see what indications for treatment pre-
sent themselves. These diseases occur especially on low-
lying lands periodically flooded, by the sides of rivers and
pools ; on clay-lands, which retain moisture ; also on chalk,
but seldom on granite. In spring these diseases are most
frequent, but they often occur in the summer and autumn.
Special winds also have been associated with their pre-
valence; the south-west is most remarkable in this
respect. Fogs are sometimes concomitants of outbreaks
of anthrax, but whether related to them as cause it is
difficult to say; for doubtless the spores are diffused
through the air and carried about, probably aggregated |
into spore clouds. Of this nature may be some “ blights,”
for often the presence of fungus mycelium has been re-
corded as a feature of anthracogenic pastures. Com-
munication of anthrax by true infection is not generally
admitted ; certainly mediate and immediate contagion best
explain the phenomena of almost every outbreak. It is
certain that once the bacilli gain entry into the system
they will be little, if at all, influenced in their progress of
invasion by medicinal agents. Chlorate of potash, hypo-
sulphite of soda, and carbolic acid may be tried in various
cases in the endeavour to accomplish internal disinfection ;
as yet we cannot hold out prospects of success.

Prophylactic means are most important. M. Chauveau
has shown that certain breeds of sheep have immunity
from anthrax, and this question of pathological immunity
of special races promises to give good results in the future.
All pastures known to be favorable to the development of
anthrax ought to be kept free from cattle for a number
of years. All animals dying from anthrax should be re-
moved from the pasture before post-mortem examination.
The carcases should be burned in the hides, or, the skins
having been thoroughly slashed with cross-cuts, should be
buried in quicklime. Ordinary burial is not sufficient, for
DISEASES OF THE BLOOD. 179

_ Feser’s researches show that the spores of the bacilli pass
to the surface of the superincumbent ground (some say
they are carried thither by earth-worms); thus, each
grave becomes a fruitful centre of contagion. All ejecta,
blood, &c., from diseased animals should be collected and
mixed with quick lime. All stables, sheds, &c., occupied
by cattle affected with anthrax should be thoroughly dis-
infected. Pigs, dogs, and poultry should not be allowed
to feed on blood, flesh, and ejecta of anthrax victims.
Attendants should be. warned that the disease is com-
municable to man by inoculation, and every care should be
taken in making post-mortem examinations of these cases.

The time-honoured method of prevention is a full bleed-
ing and insertion of .a seton in the dewlap. The former.
means we are not inclined to consider of the slightest
value; the latter is supported by very many accurate ob-
servers as producing alterations of the blood the reverse
of those observable in charbon. It relieves plethora,
which lessens the resisting power of the constitution, and
so also proves beneficial. The most useful preventive means
are those which tend to promote constitutional vigour,
administration of laxatives, good but not too high feeding,
supply of pure water, also internal administration of
common salt. Fresh air and a certain amount of physical
exertion should also be secured for the patients... The
dark colour of the flesh, blood extravasations, and lymph
exudations, and the tendency to putrid decomposition will
enable us to detect the flesh of animals which have died
from or been destroyed for anthrax. Also, sometimes,
here and there. may be seen a congested small lymphatic
gland. This flesh ought never to be used for the food of
any animal ; it has been known to give rise to malignant
carbuncle in man, and even after cooking retains a trace
of the unpleasant odour, which depends on a principle so
noxious as to give rise to severe headache, nausea, and
giddiness when any one spends much time in an elaborate
investigation of an anthrax carcase. The milk of animals
suffering from anthracoid diseases is a vehicle of contagion ;
its properties are altered, and its odour and colour changed.
180 BOVINE PATHOLOGY.

Under no circumstances should it be used as food for
man or other animals. The list of human disorders of an
anthracoid nature obtained from animals is increasing, a
happy indication that they will in future be prevented by
removing their causes. Some day, doubtless, we shall see
human and veterinary practitioners co-operating in this
matter for the benefit of mankind. Malignant carbuncle
and woolsorters’ disease are the most fatal of these dis-
orders known as yet.

On the prospects of inoculation for anthrax.—Some
animals can withstand anthrax. The high temperature
of birds, or their highly oxygenated blood, defends them
in the majority of cases. On the other hand, we have a
well authenticated case of anthracoid disease of fish. When
bacilli are introduced into the subcutaneous areola tissue
of an animal which will not become affected, an abscess
forms, and so the organisms are confined and then thrown
off. M. Pasteur has announced that by a special method
of culture he has so modified the bacterium of fowl
cholera that imoculation with the altered fungus secures
immunity from future attacks of this invariably fatal dis-
order. The learned Frenchman has been able since to
apply his method to the similar disease, anthrax.’

A Commission appointed by the Prussian Minister of
Agriculture in 1882 experimented with Pasteur’s vaccine
and decided that (1) Cattle which withstand inoculation
with the cultivated material do not contract the natural
form of the malady; (2) The weakest cultivated fluid
(premier vaccin) did not produce any signs of disease
either in the cattle or sheep ; (8) The second inoculation
with the more virulent cultivated material (deuaiéme
vaccin) produced a decided rise of the internal tempera-
ture and illness, although it was not, as arule, fatal. At

1 Since the above was written, Professor Toussaint, the distinguished
teacher of physiology at the Toulouse Veterinary School, has announced that
anthrax blood from which the bacilli have been removed by filtration is
effectual for what he terms “ Anthrax Vaccination.” He also has found that
when employed according to certain rules the heating, for a very brief time, of
blood infected with bacteria transforms that fluid into a vaccine as certain in

effect as that of Pasteur. The details for preparation and use of this vaccine
are given in ‘ Veterinary Journal,’ xv, p. 181.
DISEASES OF THE BLOOD. 181

the seat of inoculation various sized nodules or swellings
formed which were either painful or painless; (4) The
controlling experiments with the blood of an animal that
had died of anthrax and with the virulent fluid from
Pasteur’s laboratory produced only a slight disturbance
in the cattle and sheep that had been previously protected
by the cultivated fluids ; but those animals which had not
been so protected became very ill indeed. On large farms
where anthrax prevails inoculation, especially of cattle,
would be economical and advantageous.

Spienic Fever, Sprenic Aportexy, Hssentian CHarson,
is one of the most frequent forms of anthrax in cattle.
It is remarkable for its sudden invasion, its extreme
fatality (99 per cent., Simonds), and its rapid course. It
occurs among cattle of all sorts, especially those at pasture,
and supplied with water contaminated with excreta and
sewerage. It is also attributed to bad or too nutritive!
food, to sudden changes of diet, and other ordinary
influences ; but almost every outbreak may be traced to
contagion, either direct or indirect. This used to be and
still is cited as an example of a disease of a specific charac-
ter, originating spontaneously; but now we know the
apparent commencement of the attack is simply when the
bacilli begin to manifest their effects. For some time
they must have been multiplying in the system. Until
lately, then, investigators have not been accustomed to
look for causes in the past, except the most recent, and
until actual experiment proved conservation of the spores
in all their power of development, we were right not to
attribute cases of this kind to others which preceded them
some time. Also we have only just learned the various
forms which anthrax may assume.

Symptoms.—The appearance of the disorder among a
number of cattle is denoted frequently by death of some
of them in even so short a time as two hours. Thus,
several may be found dead when the shed is entered in the

1 Thompson, of Aspatria (‘Veterinary Journal,’ xvi, p. 127), quotes cases

to prove the effects of over-nitrogenous diet in production of anthrax, which
may be read with advantage.
182 BOVINE -PATHOLOGY. —

morning. . Others are affected, but withstand the disease
longer, though death generally occurs before twenty-four
hours have elapsed. Febrile and general symptoms are
present, and in the early stages the patient is excited.
The internal temperature is considerably elevated.. Next
signs of abdominal pain appear, the animal is very uneasy,
the pulse becomes rapid, small, and fluttering ; respirations
accelerated, and somewhat laboured. There is pain on
pressure of the loins, stiffness, and staggering gait ; alsoa
discharge of mucus and saliva from the mouth, and mus-
cular twitchings over the body. Rapid debility sets in ;
there is a discharge of bloody feces, and the urine also
contains blood. The pulse is lost, and paralysis supervenes,
so that the animal is recumbent. Williams speaks about
cases of this disorder assuming the characters of remittent
fever, and lasting for several days. Convulsions occur in
the later stage, and the animal dies generally by necremia
and coma. In all cases death is ushered in by rapid and
extreme fall of the internal temperature.

Treatment.—Curative means have not been found use-
ful. We could hardly expect them to be so since the
animal is all but dying when we are sent for. Prophy-
lactic measures comprise those recommended for anthracoid
cases in general. Dogs and pigs have been known to die
from consumption of the evacuations.

Post-mortem examination shows the spleen enormously
distended, even to five times its natural size and weight,
by the dark blood, which gravitates freely, since the tissue
of the organis brokendown. The blood, tissues in general,
serous mucous, &c., present the characteristic anthrax
lesions, which are especially marked in the bowels. The
contents of the intestines and bladder are mixed with
blood. ;

Texas Fever, Spanish Fever, Amertcan Spienic Fever
is an anthracoid enzootic of the region of the Gulf of
Mexico, whence it is spread through the cattle districts
of the United States by contagious influences. It pre-
sents several peculiarities, though it closely resembles
splenic apoplexy. It differs in the following points, which
DISEASES OF THE BLOOD. 183

I venture to collect from a paper by Mr. Myers in the
‘American Veterinary Review.’ Urine reddish-black,
sometimes coffee coloured, turbid, sometimes with a foul
odour. After standing for twenty-four hours gives a brick-
coloured precipitate. Sometimes this urine is streaked
with blood. Colicky pains seldom present. Mucous mem-
branes greyish. Fecal matter soft and streaked with blood.
Blood more arterial than venous gives a reddish yellow-
tinged serum. The ticks are considered an important
aid to diagnosis in doubtful cases. They tell whence the
animal came or the exposure it has encountered. “A
sick creature covered with ticks and showing a high fever
heat on thermometer,”’ is almost sure to be suffering from
Texas fever in the early stages (‘ Chicago National Live
Stock Journal’).

Autopsy.—Subcutaneous blood-vessels very: seldom en-
gorged. Muscles pale, epithelial lining of intestines often
partially detached, and of a greyish-green hue and gan-
grenous odour, the denuded muscular coat being congested.
Peyer’s patches large and livid. Spleen much enlarged.

The disease generally lasts from two and a half to four
days, and is prevalent during the hot summer months.
Texan cattle convey the disease without necessarily suffer-
ing from it appreciably, although post-mortem examina-
tion shows that they are affected. A summer’s grazing
suffices to remove power of disease transmission (Gamgee).
Salmon, D.V.M., has demonstrated that the border line
between the enzootic Texan fever locality and that into
which it is imported is gradually, but surely, extending
northwards year by year, in.a manner which constantly
aggravates the national importance of this disorder to
our American cousins. The import trade of cattle into
England threatens us with importation of this disease
from America. Whether animals which receive the disease
can transmit it to others has been questioned.
~ Gross AnrHrax—Matianant Sorz Taroat; Blain—
“ Hawks.’ Sometimes the fauces become the special
seat of anthrax lesions, the tongue being enlarged espe-
cially at the base, livid in colour, and the seat of putrid
184 BOVINE PATHOLOGY.

decomposition. The mucous membrane covering it and

 

!

Fie. 24.—Gloss anthrax or blain. Early stage. (Armatage.)
inside the lips being raised in the form of blebs or phlyc-
tens, which may be especially observed at the lateral
parts, and give exit to a foul smelling, yellowish, or dark
red fluid. Large sloughing ulcers remain behind. The
surrounding parts are congested and swollen by extension
of inflammation. Saliva mixed with the putrid serous
discharges pours profusely from the mouth. Respiration
is considerably interfered with, fever runs high, and
debility early sets in and increases rapidly. The pulse
very soon becomes small, double, and scarcely perceptible.
Sometimes recovery occurs, when there is considerable
sloughing of the tissues of the tongue, and the animal
has to be nursed through a long period of convalescence.
Generally death takes place early, and post-mortem
examination shows general anthrax lesions besides the local
morbid conditions.

Treatment.—Care must be taken lest the discharges
from the mouthfall on an abradedsurface. Cases of thiskind
ought to be isolated. Free incisions should be made into
the gangrenous organ, and antiseptic applications be used
locally. The strength must be husbanded in every possible
manner, especially the patient must receive soft nutrient
food. Where the swelling of the throat threatens guffo-
cation tracheotomy must be performed.

Oharbonous gangrene of the lungs is described by Pro-
DISEASES OF THE BLOOD. 185

fessor Williams as a secondary anthracic condition, He
mentions it as appearing like a relapse on about the tenth
day, the breath becoming very foetid, the respiratory
movements much accelerated, and the animals sinking
rapidly, the lungs after death being gangrenous, emphy-
sematous, and loaded with black, tarry, and decomposing
blood. ‘

Empuysema Inrecruosum, Black Quarter, Black Leg,
Carbuncular Erysipelas (Armatage), Quarter Evil, Speed,
Inflammatory Fever, §c.—This is an anthracoid disease,
but is probably not anthrax, not due to Bacillus anthracis.

It used to be considered “external or symptomatic
charbon,” an endeavour of nature to throw off anthrax
poison from the system, and was by some thought rather
a favorable condition ; but quite recently the identity of
splenic fever and black quarter has been successfully called
into question (see ‘Synopses of Continental Veterinary
Journals,” ‘ Veterinarian,’ February and April, 1880; also
Dr. Greenfield’s Lecture IV, February number of ‘ Vete-
rinarian,’ 1880) by MM. Arloing, Cornevin, and Vernaut.
These diseases are not reproducible one from the other, do
not occur together in a herd subject to deleterious influ-
ences, and no bacteria have been generally recognised as
occurring in the blood in black quarter, nor did inoculations
with that fluid give rise to any attack of anthrax or of
the emphysematous disease (except in Dr. Greenfield’s
case). Cattle of all ages are liable to become affected,

1 Arloing, Cornevin, and Thomas found this disease inoculable in the ox
and in certain other species; transmissible by a microscopic organism which
germinates in the muscular and connective tissues of the tumour, and which
is seldom or never found in the blood. It is retained by a plaster-of-Paris
filter, and differs essentially from Bacillus anthracis in habitat, characters,
and effects. Arloing employs two procedures for protective inoculation against
symptomatic anthrax (vide ‘ Veterinary Journal,’ vol. xvii, p. 190). “The
oldest and most efficacious consists in injecting into the veins of an ox 4—1
cubic centimetre of virulent juice extracted from the muscles involved in a
symptomatic tumour” as of a guinea-pig. Triturate the muscles of this
creature in a mortar, “adding one half of their weight of pure cold water,
and squeeze the mass in several doubles of fine muslin, to prevent embolic
particles getting into the juice, which prepared in this way is fit for intra-
venous: injections.” Throw the animal, expose the jugular for about two
inches, inject the virus with subcutaneous injection syringe. “Take the
greatest care, by using good instruments and adopting every precaution with
regard to cleanliness, to prevent any of the virns getting into the cellular
tissue around the vein.” Second procedure.—Inject subcutaneously on inner
186 ' BOVINE PATHOLOGY. *

but! this disorder generally appears in young stock aged
from six months to two years, which have been changed
from poor to rich pasture, especially low-lying land.? Such
animals thrive with rapidity until they attain a high state
of plethora, when some of them, perhaps, become lame:
A swelling commences in some part of the body, especially
the hock. This is very hot and painful; it is apt to be
mistaken for an injury; it rapidly extends up the limb,
causing very considerable tumefaction, at first highly
painful: - Later insensibility may be observed in the parts,
they become gangrenous, cold, and crepitate on pressure,
im consequence of accumulation of gases in the subcutaneous
areolar tissue as a result of decomposition. When. cut into
it is found to be produced also by accumulation of putrid,
sanious, and yellow gelatinous material underneath the skin
and between the muscles of the part ; also patches of black
pulpy substances may be observed in various parts of the
tumour. Similar swellings in other cases occur in the
fore limb, breast, back, or sides, manifesting the charac-
teristic changes mentioned. Constitutional symptoms run
high at this stage. The earliest. signs may be observed
before any local disorder when a herd is under close super-
vision. They are those of general disorder and acute fever.
The occurrence of tumefaction is said to be accompanied by
diminution in the constitutional symptoms, but we can

surface of tail (about two hands’ breadth from its free extremity) virus
attenuated by the action of heat. At first use very attenuated virus, eight
or ten days after inject stronger virus. One centigramme of dried virus is
mixed in‘a mortar with one cubic centimetre of water, this is the dose for a
French calf. The connective tissue at seat of incubation is dense and resistant.
Take care not to break the cannula, by making a small hole with a very fine
trocar. The local. phenomena are insignificant; general phenomena vary
according to susceptibility of subject. They are manifest in four or five days.
Very rarely the malady develops fully and kills the patient.

1 The celebrated’ Lyons professors just mentioned have investigated the
fact of immunity of adult cattle born and bred in localities where black
quarter is perennial, whereas imported animals of all ages succumb to it. It
is supposed that the immunity results from spontaneous inoculation with
infinitesimal doses of the poison; those individuals which receive large enough
doses succumb to the disease, but those which receive very small doses recover.
’ 9 Hable says that in some places, swamps, pits, springs, &c., there is such
an immense fatality from this disease that they are termed “death pits.”
It is very frequent and fatal in the Alps, and the farmers breed more cattle
than their land can support so that a margin may be left for losses from it,
The hides when tanned are so inferior as to be valueless (‘ Mist. Vierteljahr.
f. wissensch. Veterinarkunde,’ 1. i, H, 1).
DISEASES OF THE BLOOD, 187

hardly regard this as correct; the change consists rather
in inability of the constitution any longer to maintain the
acute fever. The animal rapidly loses strength, maintains
the recumbent position, becomes tympanitic and comatose,
and death may occur even within twelve hours after the
first manifestation of lameness. In the early stages the
bowels are torpid, and during the acute attack the feces
may be bloody, and the urine is highly coloured from ad-
mixture with blood. This is an acutely painful disease ;
the animal at first stands with straightened neck and
muzzle protruded, breathing rapidly, and sometimes moan-
ing. Some few cases recover, the constitutional energy
being sufficiently powerful to throw off those parts which
have undergone mortification. The tumours burst spon-
taneously, and by ordinary processes large masses of dead
tissue are removed, whereby deep and extensive ulcers are
left which heal by granulation, or, in some cases, it is
said, by cicatrisation with a considerable breach of
surface. The skin sometimes sloughs in patches, and
phlyctenze may be observed in the mouth. ‘Delitescence
or metastasis of the tumefaction is recorded. On post-
mortem examination, besides the local conditions, the
general signs which we have mentioned as occurring in
‘anthrax are present. The lungs are congested, and the
bronchi filled with sanious and frothy mucus. Hable
notes the frequent occurrence of considerable swelling
and a black colour of the lining membrane of the large
intestines, besides the general indications of blood disorder.
- -Qauses.—Dr. Greenfield has observed in a case of this
disease which he reproduced by inoculation of a guinea
pig, not Bacillus anthracis, but Bactertwm termo, or an
organism like it, in the blood. Arloing speaks of certain
refractive corpuscles which do not by culture develop into
the anthrax bacillus as being visible in the blood. The-
disease is prevalent at certain times and in certain places.
It is seen most often in summer and in hot seasons, and
on low-lying or undrained pastures; never occurs in
winter, and seldom in animals which are housed, or in
poor beasts. It seems to have some predilection for
188 BOVINE PATHOLOGY.

well-bred stock, and generally has somewhat a sporadic
character. Its communicability by a fixed contagium is
probable.

Treatment.—Free incisions should be made into the
tumours, and the living parts around stimulated. Stimu-
lant tonics and internal disinfectants should be freely
administered, and the strength should be supported in
every possible manner. When sloughing has taken place,
antiseptic dressings must be applied to the exposed sur-
faces. For prevention of outbreaks among the rest of the
herd, bleeding is often resorted to, but its value is doubt-
ful, Administration of a cathartic dose and insertion of
a seton in the dewlap (with a peg of hellebore root) are
recommended by experience. Antiseptics should be freely
administered, and the animals should be removed. from
the pasture to which the attack is attributed. Such
pastures should be avoided until thoroughly drained, and
all changes of diet should be gradual. When the disease
is seen in its earliest stages bleeding may be practised
with benefit. Disinfection, destruction of carcases, and
other precautions should be taken, since contagion is
probable. The hides also should be destroyed with the
carcase. The flesh should not be consumed as human
food for “there can be no doubt that the diseased pro-
ducts are dangerous to life, for persons who have been
engaged in working with the dead bodies have been killed
by the poison entering their systems from wounds, &c.,
on their hands” (Hable).

Pyxmia and Septicemia (except the “ parturient fever ”’
forms) are not often noticed in works on cattle pathology,
but we must devote a few lines to them here, because of
their importance in any system of classification of diseases,
and because, though they have not often been observed,
they probably do affect bovines. The latest views con-
cerning their nature may be seen in the ‘ Veterinarian ’
for January, 1880, where Dr. Greenfield draws a dis-
tinction between these two diseases, which are too often
confounded.

Pyamia is an invasion of the system by micrococci,
DISEASES OF THE BLOOD. 189

very simple bacteria, which are developed when atmo-
spheric germs fall on pus. They enter the system, cause
fever, and the formation of “ secondary ” abscesses in
various parts of the body. They are enabled to produce
the abscesses by accumulation in branches of small blood-
vessels and migration into the surrounding intercellular
interspaces, there giving rise to irritation. The patient
frequently succumbs to the weakening effects of con-
siderable suppuration and fever. Cruzel treats of this
disease at some length.

Srpriczmia results from the entry into the blood of one
of the organisms which abound in putrid solutions. It is
probably not the ordinary bacterium of putrefaction
(B. termo). The blood undergoes putrefactive changes,
and the whole system collapses, yielding to gangrenous
results in various parts of the body. It supervenes on
poisoned wounds, &. Chauveau and Arloing insist that
gangrenous septicemia does not occur in bovines.

Parrurient Sepricemia, * Parrurient Fever,” has been
confused with parturient apoplexy. Itis apparently only
ordinary septicemia, originating through lesions of the
genital organs, and, frequently, putrefactive decomposition
of genital products. Thus, it has been observed after abor-
tion, when laceration of the cotyledons of the uterus
occurs. Also it is associated with cases of retention of
foetal membranes, decomposition of the foetus, or the
introduction of instruments, hands of an operator, &c.,
contaminated with septic matter. It generally appears
within a week after calving, and is almost always accom-
panied by metritis. The ordinary symptoms of this latter
affection are modified by the septicaemic condition. Hcchy-
moses take place on serous and mucous membranes.
Characteristic gangrenous ulcers and diphtheritic deposits
are to be seen in the vulva, vagina, and uterus. The
labia are swollen, tender, and from between them is dis-
charged a fcetid brownish matter. Tympany, ascites,
and other complications appear. The temperature falls
very low, the pulse becomes imperceptible, and the respi-
rations very quick, and there is loss of power in the hind
190 BOVINE PATHOLOGY. -

limbs before death. Feser considers this disease identical
with symptomatic anthrax.

Treatment.—Remove from among other cows, for they
are liable to infection. Disinfect the discharges and hands
of the operator, remove the decomposing foetus or en-
velopes, and inject a solution of carbolic acid into the
-uterus.. . Apply glycerin and carbolic acid directly to
any ulcers within reach. Stimulants must be administered
freely.. Quinine has been highly recommended in such
cases. The carcases of all fatal cases must be burnt.

By some authors all forms of “ parturient apoplexy ”
are attributed to specific organisms. We are not assured
of this, however, and shall see that- our best authorities
are not of this opinion.

Here we ought to notice that e Sane Mamaurris of
contagious character is recorded by continental observers.
Professor Diekerhoff investigated an outbreak in Olden-
burg (‘ Veterinary Journal,’ viii, 335). It commenced in
1873 and “ still continues.’’ It commences in the teats, and
the inflammatory action extends thence into the milk
ducts and intimate structure of the mammary gland. It
produces changes similar to those which result from or-
dinary mammitis; thereis slight fever present. It affects
all female bovines, even before the functional activity of
the gland commences, and persists until the next calving.
It often destroys one or more quarters of the gland.
Occasionally suppuration takes place, and sometimes the
gland loses secreting power by complete induration of its
lining membrane. It is attributed to local contagion, the
virus ‘being either conveyed by the milker’s hand, or ob-
tained when the animal lies down where diseased milk has
been spilt. Franck (see Fleming’s ‘ Veterinary Obstetrics,’
p. 695) injected pus from the udder of an affected animal
into that of a healthy cow, and thus communicated the
disorder. He considers most cases of mammitis septic, and
has found bacteria (micrococci) in the milk in this disease.
But we must remember that milk is one of the best culture
fluids for all forms of bacteria, and.so the forms: he ob-
served may have been harmless. The disease is attri-
DISEASES OF THE BLOOD. 191

buted ‘to a septic ferment, causing decomposition, which
leads to inflammation-producing substances, when under-
going development in stagnant milk in the udder.
Milking every two hours and destruction or disinfection of
the milk are suggested as the best measures in these cases.
The milk is acid, it proves fatal to calves and other small
animals. Fleming suggests that some forms of contagious
mammitis are diphtheritic, resulting, perhaps, from suck-
ling calves affected with diphtheritis. :

Glanders and Farcy have been described as affecting
the ox. This results from mistaken diagnosis, malig-
nant catarrh and certain eruptive disorders having ‘been
thus confounded with the disorder, which is with difficulty,
if at all, communicable from the horse to ruminants. The
farcinous form of equinia may be confused with ordinary
inflammation of lymphatics such as results po a pononed
wound of any kind.

Strangles, too, has erroneously heen stated to affect the
ox, scrofulous enlargement of the parotid and submaxillary
glands, as well as sporadic inflammation of the salivary
glands, having been recorded under this. heading. We
are not aware whether any attempts have been made to
communicate this disease from the horse to the ox by
inoculation.

Erysipelas is probably somewhat sivaitor in its nature.
There are on record some cases of its occurrence in cattle,
but this point is contested. It is a specific inflammation of
the skin and subcutaneous areolar tissue, which sometimes
also affects the mucous membranes, and is considered to
be infectious. There is a highly congested condition of
the cutaneous vessels, so that the skin has a scarlet colour
temporarily removable by pressure. Is remarkably tense,
and the seat of a peculiarly intense burning sensation.
This spreads rapidly and terminates in resolution, effusion.
of a considerable amount of serum (forming blebs), and
gangrene of patches of skin. The latter is seldom fol-
lowed by recovery. In phlegmonous erysipelas the
areolar subcutaneous tissue is involved, and: deep-seated
suppuration is liable to occur. Treatment comprises dis-
192 BOVINE PATHOLOGY.

infection and fomentations of affected parts, and such
constitutional measures as may seem necessary to support
the strength of the animal. This disease may attack one
animal several times. When there is a constitutional
tendency to this disorder an erysipelatous patch appears
around any wound and rapidly spreads. In this disease
the fever generally runs high.

Direnraeria of man is attributed to micrococci, which
invade the system and bring about changes in the mucous
membranes, especially that of the air passages, resulting
in a characteristic highly consistent false membrane,
which forms casts of the larynx, trachea, and bronchi.
When a firm cast of a passage results from deposition of
lymph on the surface of a mucous membrane it is a
crupous layer, but when the deeper structures are involved
so that the membrane adheres more firmly to the surface
from which it is not removable without leaving an ulcer
it is diphtheritic. Probably crupous formations are non-

specific, while diphtheritic are due to special organisms
destroying the texture of the corium. Armatage speaks
of croup as having “ been observed in the cow with greater
frequency than other lower animals,” and Williams men-
tions the same disorder as affecting ‘“‘ young cattle, varying
from a few weeks to a few months old, when kept on low
damp pastures, more especially in meadows near rivers,
and during the fall of the year.” And he says, “I have
seen this disease in one district only.” Still he views it
as non-specific. Mr. W. Beach worked up this subject
in the commencement of 1880, and came to the con-
clusions which he expressed in an essay read before the
Veterinary Medical Association, that diphtheria affects
cattle, and is probably originated by outbreaks of the
same disease in man, also that the disease termed croup does
not exist in lower animals, cases which have been described
under this heading being diphtheritic. He has sufficiently
supported his views to sanction our insertion of an account
of the disease known as diphtheria or croup here, but we
would have it clearly understood that we believe our data
on the subject are not sufficiently numerous to warrant
DISEASES OF THE BLOOD. 193

any permanent conclusions. Some day, perhaps, the ques-
tion will be elucidated by experimentation.

Synuyptoms.—Fever, giving rise to a quick, hard pulse; sore throat
with swelling, difficulty in swallowing, paroxysmal cough, discharge
of mucus from the nostrils and of saliva from the mouth; breathing
quickened; a crowing sound during inspiration, also laryngeal spasm,
which is very liable to come on suddenly when the animal is excited ;
debility, denoted by the usual signs, brought about by the inability
to introduce a due amount of air into the lungs, also by imperfect
feeding. Later, the pulse becomes weak, and the coughing more
violent, until on about the third day either. casts of the bronchi or
_ flakes of lymph are coughed up, and the animal may recover. Some-
times suffocation occurs before this has had time to take place.
“Fibrinous deposits have been observed between the digits and
around the pasterns and the hoofs, and even the horns may be
shed ” (Fleming).

Autopsy discloses the larynx, trachea, and bronchi, and also the
tonsils, lined more or less perfectly by a greyish consistent mem-
brane, which in a fresh case is firmly attached, but in one of some
standing is loosened by effusion or suppuration beneath it. In some
epizooties of this disease the alimentary canal is extensively invaded,
the eyes, too, may be the seat of morbid changes, and deposits of
the characteristic exudation may be found in the subcutaneous tissue
as firm nodules; even the mucous membrane of the genito-urinary
passages may be involved, which, in pregnant animals, causes abor-
tion (Fleming). Micrococci have been observed in these deposits
taken from man.

Treatment.—Nurse with great care, especially giving
liquid diet. Steam the air passages. Give a free supply
of water with nitre and chlorate of potash in it. Secure
as much fresh air for the patient as possible; if suffoca-
tion threatens perform tracheotomy. The seat of the
operation. must be determined by auscultation of the
trachea. Where false membranes are present a peculiar
vibration results from the rush of air. As a precau-
tionary measure we should disinfect. There can be now
no doubt as to the transmissibility of diphtheria from man
to lower animals. A disorder has been described by M.
Lenglen, of Arras, in a paper which has been translated
for the ‘ Veterinarian,’ December, 1880. It is termed
GanoreNnous Stomatitis, being similar to a disease of the

- same name which affects children who are badly nourished.
The buccal membrane sloughs in patches of considerable
size against the molar teeth or on the tongue, and there
is a tendency to the formation of an abscess in the cheek

13
194 BOVINE PATHOLOGY,

or lips. Foetid diarrhoea is present, and often carries off
the patient. Though most frequently seen in very young
animals this disease may be found in calves several
months old, and should be treated by nourishing diet,
vegetable tonics, and, according to M. Lenglen, coffee.
The lesions should be touched with caustic after the
sloughing patches have been removed. James has obtained
excellent results from scraping off the deposits and dre&s-
ing the ulcers with tincture or solution of iron perchloride.
All the hygenic conditions should be carefully regulated
and careful measures against contagion adopted. The
able researches of Dammann tend to prove that the disease
here mentioned is diphtheria. He finds that the disorder
is general as well as local, and affects the air passages as

 

Fie. 24a.—From a section through necrosed and adjoining inflamed parts
of the ear of a rabbit, inoculated with matter taken from ulcerative
stomatitis of the calf.

1. Necrosed part. 2. Inflamed tissue. 3. Bundles of bacilli.

. Magnifying power 700. (Stained with magenta.)
well as the mouth, also secondarily it extends into the
intestines and lungs ; it also affects the clefts of the digits,

The principal symptoms are fever, prostration, salivation,
swelling of the cheeks, stiffness, sore throat, and detection
DISEASES OF THE BLOOD. 195

of the local lesions on opening the mouth. The presence
of micrococci as bright-looking granules and rods in the
deposits confirms the diagnosis. Cough and diarrhcea
may be present according to the parts involved in the
disease. The disorder is communicated by both fixed
and volatile contagium to other calves as well as to man-
kind (Fleming). Salicylic acid is valuable in treatment.
MacGillivray has made valuable additions to our clinical
knowledge of this disease in calves, but considers it
tubercular. Lingard and Batt, of the Brown Institution,
in a preliminary note on this disorder (‘ Veterinary

 

 

  

Fie, 24c.—From a scction through the
é cartilage of rabbit’s ear in which ulcera-
Fig. 246.—From a section through tion had been produced by inoculation

tongue of calf, ulcerative stomatitis. with necrosed matter of calf’s tongue.
1. Muscular fibres. 2. Inflamed 1. Cartilage capsules. 2. Bundles of good
tissue. 3. Bundles of the bacilli. hacilli. 3. Bundles of degenerating bacilli.
Magnifying power 700. (Stained Magnifying power 700. (Stained with
with magenta.) magenta.)

Journal,’ xvi, p. 840), describe it as an “ infectious ulcera-
tive disease of skin and mucous membrane caused by a
specific bacillus. . . . A mass of bacilli occupy the line
of junction of the necrotic with the healthy tissues having
the appearance of a dense phalanx advancing upon the
196 BOVINE PATHOLOGY.

healthy tissues. The disease has been proved capable of
transmission by the bacilli in question, which are equally
numerous and virulent after passing through several
generations by inoculation.” In each case we should
endeavour to prove or disprove relation with a similar
outbreak in man. Pigs and other domesticated animals
are said to be affected by this disorder. Diphtheria
of man has been attributed to “garget” in cattle (at
a meeting of the Pathological Society). The idea was
originated by Dr. Power, who totally ignored the intimate
acquaintance which veterinary surgeons have with mam-
mitis. His ideas were soon refuted, but, as Mr. Beach
suggested, may there not be a diphtheritic form of mam-
mitis of the cow? We are not in a position to disprove
this. It must be considered a question for the future.
Hitherto among specific disorders we have remarked
communicability from one animal to another. There are
specific diseases, however, which cannot be transmitted in
this way; they occur as epizootics or enzootics, and seem
to be associated with special conditions of theair. These
atmospheric states may be electrical, chemical, or, as is
most probable, due to the prevalence of minute organisms.
This view is strongly advocated by the celebrated ob-
server Leydig, who goes so far as to compare ordinary
contagious disorders to trichiniasis, which disease one
warm-blooded animal directly communicates to another,
and these non-contagious diseases to trematode invasion,
where externally to the warm-blooded body is an inter-
mediary bearer in which the parasite develops until
fit to enter the body of the high vertebrate. In the
latter case it will be observed that no direct communica-
tion of disorder can occur. So it is with influenza and
its allies. Higher animals can only become affected
as a result of the maturation of the (probably organic)
poison in the air. We mention this as the most plausible
explanation of influenzoid affections with which we are
acquainted. The epizootic attack of influenza seems to
extend in a definite direction with varying rapidity ; from
the subtle nature of the poison it is difficult to guard
DISEASES OF THE BLOOD. 197

against. It affects the majority of animals in a neighbour-
hood, and often its progress in the system is marked by
extreme and rapid debility. It has been observed in
islands, whither it must have been conveyed by the air,
since they have not been visited from the mainland during
an outbreak. Many of the phenomena of these affections
may be explained on the theory of clouds of disease-pro-
ducing bodies in the air. One of the most remarkable of the
diseases of this nature is enteric fever of man. It can gene-
rally be associated with ingestion of impure water polluted
with the filterings of drains and cesspools, the intermediary
phase of the disease-generating organism being passed in
human ejecta. Some have attributed outbreaks of this
disease among men to consumption of diseased milk, and
also of diseased flesh, but the diagnosis of enteric fever
in man is not accurate. Trichinosis, for instance, is
mistaken for it, and is liable to be confounded with any
gastro-enteric disturbance. Where there could have been
no doubt about the diagnosis, the typhoid or enteric fever
has been traced to polluted water admixed with the milk.
When influenza is prevalent as a panzootic it is said to
sometimes affect the ox, but the most remarkable influen-
void disease of cattle is known a8 MALIGNANT CATARRA,
coryza, or “ glanders”’ (but with the disease of the same
name affecting the horse it has not the slightest relation).
It is a specific febrile disorder, the lesions of which are
most marked on the mucous membrane, especially that of
the facial sinuses. It is non-contagious, and generally
affects only two or three animals in a herd. Old animals
seldom, if ever, suffer from it. Fever is marked at the
commencement, but later there is extreme prostration and
the animal dies asphyxiated. The visible mucous mem-
branes are purple and dry, and later tend to undergo
ulceration. There is an abundant flow of saliva from the
mouth in the early stages, and the bowels are torpid, but
soon diarrhoea sets in, the urine becomes offensive, and
the breath fetid. The eyelids are swollen, admission
of light into the eye proves painful, and there is profuse
lachrymation. There is also a painful cough.
198 BOVINE PATHOLOGY

Sloughing ulceration ther sets in, the discharges from
mouth, eyes, and nostrils become purulent, and the latter
often sanguineous Ulceration of the cornea may occur,
ulcers are visible im the Schneiderian membrane, and
since these extend into the sinuses the pus becomes pent

 

Fic. 25.—Malignant catarrh. Second stage. A horn lost, and nostrils, lips,
&c., ulcerated. (Armatage.) clair
up in these cavities. The vascular investment of the horn-
cores is involved in the diseased action, so that the horns
drop off. Red patches form in the mouth, and then
slough away. It is said the hoofs also sometimes fall off,
so that severe lameness is present. Pregnant animals abort.
On post-mortem examination the sinuses are found full
of fetid pus, and their lining membrane very considerably
ulcerated. Superficial lesions and ecchymoses are evident
on the mucous membrane of the air and alimentary
passages. Hcchymoses also occur on the serous mem-
branes, and there is general venous distension with dark
blood.

Treatment.— Change of air as much as possible, nursing,
liberal steaming of the head. Administration of stimu-
lants combined with vegetable tonics. During the stage
of convalescence mineral tonics, liberal diet, and fresh air.
Nutritive and laxative enemas are rendered particularly
DIEHASES OF THE BLOOD. 199

useful by the swollen and irritable state of the fauces.
The ulcerations may be treated with solution of carbolic
acid or chloride of zinc, and the same application may be
made to any exposed keratogenous structures. Death
gradually occurs in less than a week after the attack.
Rasigs (erroneously called Hyprornosia).—The poison
which exists in its greatest virulency in the saliva of the
mad dog induces disease when introduced by inoculation
into the system of the ox. It has been proved that from
the latter animal the disease may be conveyed to man by
the saliva falling on an abraded surface. The virus of
rabies is remarkable in many respects. Thus, its incuba-
tory period is long, usually in the ox about a fortnight,
but in man it has been found to extend over years. In
this respect rabies reminds us of scrofula and cancer. It
is held by most authorities that the virus remains during
this time undergoing changes at the seat of introduction,
and this view, is confirmed by the local irritation almost
invariably present when. acute symptoms set in, which
again reminds us of the above-mentioned diseases. Many
animals are able to resist the virus, so that often true
inoculations do not result in acute symptoms, and it seems
that the virulence very soon passes from the carcase.
Symptoms.—Some three weeks or so after the animal
has been bitten it manifests general signs of disorder
and is very excitable, and probably the sexual func-
tions are perverted, as indicated by increased sexual
appetite, especially in the male. The appetite is depraved,
the faeces scanty, and the patient is either in a dull state or
vicious, charging at and “riding ”’ other cattle, and occa-
sionally attempting to bitethem. The excitement becomes
more marked, the patient bellows, but the voice is said to be
altered in tone. A profuse discharge of frothy saliva
flows from the mouth, there is a constant champing of the
jaws, the eyes are projecting, and the conjunctive injected.
Painful tenesmus is present. This lasts for some time,
and the animal loses flesh rapidly, paralysis of the hind
limbs occurs, and death soon ensues. -The recurrence of
irritation at the seat of injury takes place in the ox as in
200 BOVINE PATHOLOGY.

other animals, and the patient may endeavour to tear his
inoculated limb to pieces. The ox thus affected plunges his
nose into water when it is presented to him, but is prevented
from drinking by spasms of the throat. The period of
incubation is shorter when the head is the seat of inocula-
tion than when other parts of the body are injured.
Post-mortem appearances.—Congestion of the brain and
its meninges and accumulation of serous fluid in the
arachnoid sac. Accumulation in and around the cerebral
vessels of corpuscles of a special character. Small circum-
scribed spots of blood extravasation in various parts of the
body. Congestion of the mucous surface at the base of
the tongue and of the lining membrane of the abomasum
and bowels. Foreign bodies in the rumen. Blood dark
red, viscid, and imperfectly coagulable.
Treatment.—Curative, ineffectual and dangerous; there-
fore, except for experimental purposes, not to be attempted.
Prophylactic: when an animal has been bitten by a rabid
dog shave off the hair around every injury, and deeply
cauterise with the red-hot iron, or excise with a consider-
able part of the surrounding tissues. Nitrate of silver
and other caustics have been recommended in these cases,
but it is difficult to ensure application to all the wounds,
and especially to their depths. Pasteur’s preventative-
means for rabies have not yet come within the scope of
practical bovine medicine. Special urgency for its use
occurs only in human and canine practice.
Diagnosis.—Rabies has been mistaken for phrenitis.
In the latter disease the wildness of the animal is perfectly
uncontrolled, but in the former there is a “ method in his
madness.”’ It also resembles mania puerperalis (which see).
The flesh of animals which have died from rabies has been
eaten with impunity, but ought preferably to be destroyed.
It has been observed fora long time that even ordinary
febrile attacks become less severe towards midday, but
aggravated in the morning and at night. This we have
been accustomed to vaguely associate with the phases of
rotation of the earth, &c. Certain researches upon relaps.
ing fever, which have been lately made by Dr. Manson and
DISEASES OF THE BLOOD. 201

others, promise to elucidateour pathology of these disorders,
and to explain occasional or regular access of intensity of
febrile diseases. _Spirilla are corkscrew-shaped organisms,
which occur in the blood in relapsing fevers; they were
considered special life phases of bacteria ; by observers of
high standing they are thought to be nematodes. Manson
notes that they are absent from the blood of the patient
during midday, but are generally diffused through that fluid
at night, when their intermediary bearers, the mosquitoes,
are actively blood-sucking. We have already observed
that disorders of this intermittent character affect the ox,
especially in low lying, marshy places. Quinine is the
most useful of the antiperiodic agents suited for these
cases.

Parasites in the blood, or which are distributed through-
out the system by the blood, and thus are found in many
parts of the body.—Hematozoa, parasites whose habitat is
the blood, though frequent in some animals, have not yet
been observed in the ox. Many entozoa are supposed
when immature to enter into the blood, and by that fluid
to be carried to their special habitats, and when they
arrive there instinctively tomigrate through the walls of the
blood-vessels, just as wemay imagine the contagia of specific
eruptive disorders do in selecting special membranes as their
seat of lesion. Of these we need only instance Strongylus
- micrurus, the producer of parasitic bronchitis. Other
entozoa are carried in an immature condition indifferently
to various tissues. Of these the most important clinically
is Echinococcus veterinorum, the cystic phase of Tenia
echinococcus of the dog. —

Ecurwococcus Diszasz is especially prevalent in certain
localities, as, for instance, the Vale of Aylesbury, and con-
sists in the growth in certain organs, notably the lungs
and liver, of cysts, frequently multilocular, and always
enclosed in a dense capsule and filled with a watery fluid.
The true cyst is thin-walled, of a pure white colour, and
soft. As these grow very gradually they cause little, if
any, functional disturbance, so that often their presence is
not even suspected, the bearer being slaughtered, and the
202 BOVINE PATHOLOGY.

liver, for instance, found filled with enormous cysts, being
thereby much enlarged and deformed, and with compara-
tively little secreting substance remaining. These parasites

 

Fie. 26.— Tenia echinoceoceus. A. Mature form. B. Tenia head
or scolex of cyst (Cobbold).

have been observed in many parts of the body,even in bones;
they seem to prefer protected situations, as parenchymatous
or soft viscera. Dogs, foxes, and other canine bearers of
Tania echinococcus pass the segments of that parasite
with their feeces, and thus act as diffusers of this disorder.
Parts containing the cysts should never be given to dogs,
but destroyed. Intimate association of dogs with cattle is
related to prevalence of this disorder. The eradication of
this disease is of great importance, as it causes a certain
mortality among human beings, especially in Iceland.

In concluding our notice on specific blood diseases, we
must observe one remarkable argument in favour of the
hypothesis of their parasiticnature. As methods of research
have improved diseases previously classed among the exan-
themata have been traced to animal or vegetable parasites ;
favus and scabies prove this. Hurtrel d’Arboval was only in
accordance with his times when he gravely discussed the
value of vaccination as a preventive of the latter disorder.
POISONS, ~ 203

CHAPTER II (Continued).

ADDENDUM 1.—Porsons.

In the consideration of matters which act deleteriously
upon the animal system some difficulty is experienced in
defining the term poison. For if we accept the common
interpretation of the term, anything taken by an animal
which causes sickness or death, we are at once faced by:
the difficulty that certain parasites and mechanical impedi-
ments to passages, as calculi or a turnip in the cesophagus
may be thus considered, and any alimentary matter would
thus be a poison if taken in sufficient quantity or in an un-
prepared state. Dr. Taylor’s definition is about the best
with which we are acquainted : “A poison is a substance
which, when absorbed into the blood, is capable of seriously
affecting health or of destroying life.’ But it seems to
exclude certain corrosive agents which we must consider
as poisons. A poison is any substance which, when intro-
duced into the body in moderate doses, is capable of
producing serious disorder or death, without acting me-
chanically or by vital growth and propagation. We thus
exclude, on the one hand, impactions of foreign bodies, on the
other, parasites, and especially bacterial organisms, which
are the active principles of the majority of animal poisons
(so-called) or preferably “virulent” matters. Aconsiderable
analogy exists between poisons and medical agents, and
no small difficulty will be found in distinguishing one from
the other. This arises from the fact that there is no true
distinction but that of degree in action ; every therapeu-
tical agent has a maximum dose, which varies according to
the special circumstances of each case, and if this be
exceeded will act asa poison. Thus, our most powerful
poisons, when given in moderate doses are our most useful
medicines. Thus, we may revert to our table of medi-
204 BOVINE PATHOLOGY.

cinal agents as classified, and shall be able to examine
poisons under the various headings there indicated. Of
Hematics, acids, alkalies, tonics, and chalybeates do not
exert a toxic action by passing into the blood, but by
their irritant and astringent effects upon the surfaces
with which they come into contact. Hence they must be
considered somewhat as astringeuts and arranged with
astringents in the Irritant division. Again, general
stimulants cannot be considered poisonous in the same
sense of the term, for they simply accelerate vital process.
It is only the most powerful of them which exert any direct
toxic effects, as oxygen gas when inhaled in an undiluted
condition. Thus we classify poisons as—

Special stimulants, as strychnia.

Narcotics, as belladonna.

General, as prussie acid.

Special, as digitalis.
Simple irritants, as mustard.

eat

NEvROTICS
Sedatives

Corrosives, as bichloride of mercury.
Astringents, as oak shoots.
Eliminatives, as nitrate of potash.

With regard to the particular conditions of the animal to
which poisonous agents are administered, we must remem-
ber the phenomena of idiosyncrasy and toleration. Large
quantities of most vegetable agents are necessary to exert
a poisonous action on herbivora, and a small amount of
animal poison is effectual, but there are marked exceptions
to this as toall other rules. The phenomenon of tolerance
is the condition of becoming accustomed to the remedy, so
that larger doses are required than at first to produce medi-
cinal effects. Sometimes, however, agents are cumulative,
so that successive doses at length simultaneously exert their
action and may thus destroy the patient. This results in
the case of those agents which are not readily thrown off
from the system by the excretory organs. We see this
in the action of digitalis, which only after several doses is
removed by the kidneys. Certain diseases may be con-
founded with poisoning, and it is a matter of extreme
difficulty in some cases to make a correct diagnosis. We
shall not be surprised at this if we consider that poisons
are but special causes of certain and varied disorders,
such as gastero-enteritis, tetanus, and inflammation of
POISONS. 205

the kidneys. Taking this view of our subject, we shall
not here enter into unnecessary details, but shall confine
‘our attention to special points in the etiology, sympto-
matology, and pathology of cases of poisoning.
Causes.—Poisons are obtained by cattle in various ways.
Of these, the principal are overdose of medicinal agents,
either as a result of mistake or ignorance or its accumu-
lation in the food; presence of deleterious matters in the
food, as poisonous plants or lead refuse on pastures, or
poisonous seeds incorporated with the proper ingredients
of cakes. In these cases we see that the matters have
been passed into the alimentary canal, and this is generally
the method of entry in cases of malicious poisoning.
Thus, it behoves us in cases where the slightest suspicion
of foul play or poisoning is indicated to inquire closely
into the surroundings of the patient, whether it has
recently been subjected to medicinal treatment, either
openly or secretly, by the attendants. This must be
judged more by the evidence of surroundings than by
verbal statements. The accidental observation of a medi-
cine bottle or of a piece of waste paper may sometimes give
us more information than an hour’s conversation with indi-
viduals who are apt to endeavour to conceal the truth either
from shame or guilt. Again, the nature of the diet and its
composition should be noted, and in this respect the prac-
tical investigation of pastures is of the highest importance.
When called in to a case of supposed poisoning of
animals out at pasture, the practitioner must set about the
inquiry with an entirely unprejudiced mind. He will often
find that the outbreak is one of anthracoid or other
enzootic disease not due to poison properly so-called.
The well-known jequirity or abrus-poisoning by leather
workers (Chamér) in India is remarkable for the very
close resemblance of the lesions produced by the agent
when introduced subcutaneously to those of anthrax, and
the confusion of criminal poisoning with anthrax thus
produced. The abrus is not poisonous when ingested.
It is in a case of this nature that the scientific prac-
titioner finds the value of a knowledge of botany. When
celled in to put a stop to some unusual fatality in a flock
206 BOVINE PATHOLOGY.

or herd, after duly recording the history of the out-
break, the symptoms, post-mortem appearances, and
general treatment of the animals, he directs his investiga-
tions to the nature of the pasturage. Careful inspection of
all parts of the field or fields is necessary, for the growth
of some plants is confined sometimes to very small spots,
and one individual plant may destroy aherd. The general
and special nature of the flora must be examined, all known
plants being duly noted, all unknown plants suspected
and investigated. The hedges, trees, and substances around
the field, which are accessible to the occupant, must be
observed, and the general character of the ground, as nature
of soil, elevation, and irregularities; also the kinds of manure
which have been used to it must not escape notice.
Poisons, however, gain entry into the system also
through the respiratory mucous membrane, as in carbonic
acid poisoning and overdose of chloroform, or through the
skin, as where poisonous dressings have been applied
for skin disease, especially when surface abrasions are
present. Cases are sometimes seen in which agents are
absorbed from wounds, as arsenic in cases of fistula; and
the subcutaneous areolar tissue may be the seat of intro-
duction of the poison, as in overdose of agents by the
subcutaneous-injection method of administration. How-
ever they gain entry into the system these agents either
give rise to great local disorder or undergo absorption,
and thus produce their poisonous effect as medicinal agents
act. They are in the latter case sooner or later removed
by the excretory organs, which is a fact of great clinical
value, for thus, by an examination of the faces or the
urine, a diagnosis may be confirmed or otherwise, and
sometimes guilt be brought home to a culprit who would
otherwise escape unless his victim died. Death is pro-
duced in the usual ways; by the action of poisons, either
directly or indirectly, cessation of the heart’sactionis brought
about. It must be remarked that in cases of proved or
suspected poisoning the greatest care should be exercised
in making a plain record of the facts, as, perhaps more fre-
quently than any others, these prove the cause of litigation.
L'reatment comprises certain general principles of great
POISONS. 207

importance. The poisonous action may be arrested, if
we be called in and make our diagnosis in good time,
either by preventing the taking up of the poison or its
irritant action on the tissues by intermingling it with
mucilaginous matter. In the case of irritants this measure
might be supplanted by dilution, but this only tends to
promote absorption, and therefore is inadmissible in the
case of those poisons which act from the blood. Adminis-
tration of such bland and mucilaginous agents as white of
egg, wheat flour, and meal, or even of blood, should be
one of the first measures resorted to in cases of poisoning
through the alimentary canal. It has this advantage,
that the alouminous matters in some instances chemically
unite with the poisons, and so convert them into insoluble
and harmless albuminates. This is the simplest means
of antidotal treatment. Antidotes are of two kinds,
chemical or physiological. The former when they meet
poisons exert chemical action upon them, giving rise to
harmless products. The latter are available in the case
of those agents which act from the blood; they produce
the reverse physiological action, and thus tend to neutral-
ise the excessive effects of the agent. These effects also
must be counteracted as much as possible by such measures
as the case, viewed purely from a clinical point of view,
seems to require. Sometimes we are enabled by direct
methods to remove the poison from the system, as by
washing it off from the skin or by causing its expulsion
from the alimentary canal with greater rapidity than is
compatible with absorption. Thus emetics, the stomach-
pump, and cathartic agents are valuable in the hands of
the toxicologist.

In observing the post-mortem appearances we must
carefully examine the position of the animal, the state
of rigor mortis, also the tendency to putrefactive changes
in relation to the length of time which has existed
since death. The conditions of the surface of the body,
as indicating an easy death, or the reverse, should be
noted, and the markings of the animal, for purposes of
identification. Examination of the various organs must
then be made in the usual way, and specially the eye and
nose must be examined to detect any unusual lesion or
noteworthy contents of the alimentary canal or any special
odour, for some agents are at once detectable by their
special odour which they impart to the blood (chloroform).

be Ue Cees
rT Pe iss. 4

feat ge Fe [

yhoel
os] | be}
208 BOVINE PATHOLOGY.

The contents of the alimentary canal are of the greatest
importance, for small particles of mineral poison may be
found, or leaves of special plants, or some vehicle of a
poisonous dose surreptitiously administered, such as food
material not recently administered by the owner, generally
of a tempting nature. Some of the contents of the
stomach, intestines, and bladder, should be put aside in
a closed and sealed vessel for chemical analysis, not too
exactly filled lest the swelling of the contents from
decomposition cause it to burst, and it is advisable to
similarly preserve portions of the walls of the stomach,
and of the bowels and liver, as in these will often be
found traces of the poison. Here the practitioner’s duty
comes to an end, unless he be willing to adopt the methods
of testing suggested in works of toxicology. We may
remark that the complexity of these processes generally
renders the opinion of an expert desirable, if any import-
ance is to be attached to the case. It is advisable to be
careful as to the manner in which parts and liquids im-
pregnated with the poison are disposed of, for pigs and
dogs may involuntarily afford a verification of our surmises
by the physiological test.

In special consideration of the various kinds of poisons
we must observe certain characters general to the groups,
and then those points of importance with regard to parti-
cular noxious agents. General stimulants pass into the
blood and are rapidly removed ; they never act as poisons
after absorption, but the Specrat Stimunants are less readily
eliminated, and, therefore, produce toxic effects varying
with the agent. Thus, strychnia, under its various forms,
nux vomica, strychnine, and Ignatius bean, stimulates the
spinal cord and the nerves passing off from it, and thus
increases sensibility to a slight degree (Headland), and
causes tetanic spasm. It is seldom used for malicious
poisoning, but may be given in overdose. It can be
detected in the contents of the stomach by Stas’ test.
The prolonged and exaggerated post-mortem rigor is
also distinctive. The contents of the alimentary canal are
generally poisonous. The body decomposes slowly. Ergot
POISONS. 209

of rye and other ergots may be obtained from the pasture,
as this fungus grows not only upon the rye, but on many
other grasses. It is apt to prove the cause of epizootic
abortion through its special action on the muscular fibres
of the pregnant uterus. Professor Robertson attributes the
nervous disorder, “louping ill” of sheep, to its action. It
is seldom given in overdose, but then has a dangerous action
on the brain, producing at times narcotism, at other times
syncope. It is considered to have a special action also on
the white muscular fibres of the small arteries, and hence
has been used as a hemostatic, but it has been known to
cause gangrene of parts distant from the centre of circu-
lation. The symptoms and a careful examination of the
food must prove our guide in diagnosis of these cases.
Cathartics, sedatives (local and general), and an imme-
diate change of pasture, are indicated in an enzootic of
abortion due to this poison.!

Narcotics are distinguishable from sedatives by their
preliminary stimulating effects, and by the fact that they
cause perversion of the mental faculties. Thus, they cause
inebriation and delirium, and briug about death by coma,
whereas sedatives produce syncope.

Opium is essentially soporific. It is obtained by feeding
on white poppies, overdose, and by malicious adminis-
tration. The principal symptom is an uncontrollable
tendency .to sleep, the animal stands or lies with eyes
closed, breathing slow and deep, pulse full and rather
slow, opens the eyes sleepily when roused by any sound,
and then rapidly dozes off again. There is a contraction
of the pupil of the eye and a cessation of any pain from
which the animal may have been suffering. These signs
become exaggerated, the pulse imperceptible, breathing
infrequent, and, finally, apnoea causes the death of the
animal as a culmination of coma. After death the blood,
contents of the alimentary canal, and tissues are found to

1 Markt (‘ Adams’s Wochenschrift ’) describes cases of phosphorus poison-
ing in cattle, the result of fumes from the refuse of lucifer match factories
thrown into drains communicating with the cattle sheds. This gave rise to
groaning, dyspnea, frequent and violent cough, and anorexia, also the
symptoms of pulmonary and subcutaneous emphysema. 14
210 BOVINE PATHOLOGY.

smell of opium, and ‘meconic acid and morphia may
be detected. The blood is dark, there are ecchy-
- moses of serous membranes, and the contents of the
alimentary canal-are hard and dry. With regard to
poisoning by the red poppy (Papaver rheas), Weiss (as
quoted by Gamgee) says :— Grimm observed that cattle
having eaten much-of the red poppy had a weak, awkward
gait, uttered a groan at every step, were affected with
diarrhoea, and remained in a_ stupid sleepy condition.
Schmager and Lichte witnessed trembling, foaming at the
mouth, loss of consciousness and sensibility, rolling of
the eyes, loud bellowing, restlessness, amounting even. to
raving, tympanitis, shivering and twitching movements of
the eyes, fixed and widely dilated pupil, agitated pulse ; the
secretion of milk is stopped. According to Gaullet, the
secretion of milk was watery, without fat or caseous
matter, and diminished in quantity, the pulse small
and quick, skin dry, staring coat, grinding of teeth;
the animals flew as if rabid on the people that
approached them, and bit themselves in the legs. There
was constipation, the feces dry and tinged with blood.
As the symptoms of raving and roaring subsided, the
animals became dull, stupid, and sleepy; sometimes they
lay down, at others they stood, but every now and then
the signs of furor supervened. In one, case the cattle got
loose, ran madly up the village, and struck their heads
against the walls and posts. The mad stage lasted for
about two hours; the animals fell like dead, but awoke
again after several hours. The food taken by these animals
was examined by an apothecary, who found it to consist
of about three fourths of the corn poppy, ripe and unripe
seed capsules ; Adonis autumnalis (pheasant’s eye) ; del-
phinium (larkspur), and the remaining fourth was clover.”
Camphor, alcohol, and ether are also narcotic poisons.
Chloroform also may be detected by its odour. Its
preliminary stimulating effect is more powerful than that
of opium.
Tobacco is also a narcotic, but inebriant rather than
soporific. It is not a frequent poison of cattle,
POISONS. 211

Hyoscyamus and Belladonna are obtained by accidental
ingestion or overdose, but the fresh hyoscyamus herb is
said to be eaten with impunity by Herbivora. The sym-
ptoms induced are dilatation of the pupil; falling to the
ground, due to loss of power over the hind extremities ;
convulsions and delirium ; relaxations of the various sphinc-
ter muscles, with diarrhoea ; coma sets in, and then death.

Treatment comprises ruminotomy, with complete removal
of contents ; stimulants; bleeding and cold applications
to the head. Poisoning by Solanum dulcamara is also on
record. The conditions are similar to those just described.

Sepative Poisons comprise hydrocyanic acid, aconite,
conium, colchicum, and yew. They produce death by
asthenia and syncope. In large doses they cause gid-
diness and convulsions, which supervene rapidly, and
death takes place in a very short time. On post-mortem

examination no very marked lesions can be noted; the
vessels are full of dark blood, and there may be the
peculiar smell of the agent. Testing for the active prin-
ciple is not always satisfactory, but a careful examination
of the contents of the rumen will generally show the
presence of portions of the poisonous plant.

Hydrocyanic Acid.—Poisoning results from overdose.
The patient, some little time after the administration, falls,
breathes quickly, and is convulsed ; the pupils are dilated.
After death there may be observed a slight reddening of
the lining membrane of the stomach, and the blood smells
strongly of the poison.

Treatment: stimulants and iron salts. Detection in
recent cases results from its characteristic odour and
chemical reactions,

Aconite (Aconitum napellus), the monkshood or wolfs-
bane, is a plant grown in gardens, and wild in some parts
of this country. Itis easily recognisable by its peculiarly
dark-green pedatipartite leaves and its blue irregular calyx.
This agent produces numbness of the surface of the body,
excites vomition and tympany; the pupil is contracted ;
over-dose causes hiccough ; ammonia is the best antidote.

Conium (Conium maculatum), the hemlock, is a white-
212 BOVINE PATHOLOGY.

flowered umbellifer, rather common, and readily detectable
from similar plants by its spotted stem and its foetid
smell. It causes rapidly spreading paralysis of the
voluntary muscles, swelling of the head, profuse saliva-
tion, then of those of respiration, leading to death by
apneea. The pulse is small, feeble, and slow, the pupil
dilated ; these cases must be treated by evacuation of the
rumen and stimulants. .

Colchicum autumnale, the meadow saffron, is a bulbous,
lily-like plant, with purple flowers, frequent in this country.
When consumed by cattle it causes violent catharsis, the
feeces being nearly liquid and foetid, tympany and other
signs of abdominal disorder, pupils dilated, perspiration,
loss of power, coldness of extremities, syncope, and death.
After death there are found blood extravasations in the
alimentary canal and ecchymoses of serous membranes,

Treatment: careful nursing, emollients, also enemas ;
opium, to counteract the tendency to anzmia of the brain.

Yew (Taxus baccata)—When fodder is scarce cattle
will feed on this plant. Dr. John’s, in the ‘ Treasury
of Botany,’ says: ‘It appears, from all accounts, that the
poison is more virulent in the young shoots than in any
other part of the tree, but that it exists in greater or less
quantities, both in the leaves and in the green bark. The
leaves are more dangerous in a half-dry state than
when fresh.” Yew shoots are too often carelessly left
about after cutting. They produce a powerful sedative
effect. Sometimes the animal is found dead with yew
in his mouth. When seen before death the patient is found
to have a rapidly sinking pulse and the ordinary sedative
signs. On post-mortem examination, blood extravasations
in the alimentary canal may be noted, but sometimes they
are entirely absent. The stomach is full, and generally
contains the yew shoots. Little can be done in such cases,
except the administration of stimulants and cathartics, and
clearing out the stomach by means of the stomach-pump,
or ruminotomy. Why cattle should be able to eat much
green yew with impunity is uncertain.

Digitalis (D. purpurea), foxglove, a well-known British
POISONS. 213

plant, grows on banks exposed to the sun. When an
excessive dose of this special cardiac sedative has been
administered it causes irritation of the alimentary canal.
The symptoms are those characteristic of a sedative
poison, together with a peculiarly violent action of
the heart, and subsequently diuresis. Signs of irrita-
tion of the alimentary canal are visible post mortem, and
the heart is soft and ecchymosed. Agents containing
tannin are suggested as antidotes.

Lead, when taken into the system, acts as a local
and general sedative. This metal and its salts are highly
important to us from a toxicological point of view. It
may gain entry in the water, since several of the com-
pounds of lead are soluble, from the lead diffused in a
state of minute division over the pastures near smelting
works or near rifle butts, or from refuse paint brought
with manure and spread over fields. These lead salts are
sweet, so that cattle readily consume them. In some
cases of lead poisoning there is indigestion with colic, due
to paralysis of the stomach in which food accumulates,
and tympany sets in; this is accompanied by general signs
of disease, depression, and a small pulse. Later, deposits of
lead may be seen, of a greyish colour, inthe gums. There
is paralysis throughout the alimentary canal, paralysis of
the hind limbs sets in, and the animal dies after a some-
what prolonged illness. On post-mortem examination the
hardened condition of the intestinal and gastric contents
may be noted, and the blackness or reddened state of
the mucous membrane. The presence of lead may be
shown in many of the tissues. Sulphuric acid and the
sulphates of soda or magnesia and alum are the best che-
mical antidotes, forming the insoluble lead sulphate.
Cathartics must be given to remove the poison. In other
instances lead produces the symptoms of “stomach
staggers,” with a slow pulse, delirium, and death.

Laburnum, as described by Dobson, seems to act as a
sedative poison, producing paralysis of the hind limbs, and
an accumulation of food as a dense mass in the rumen.
Besides the special characters of their contents there may
214 BOVINE PATHOLOGY.

be noted inflammation of the small intestines. Purgatives
sufficed to save some of the calves attacked (Dobson).

Irerrant Porsons.—Stimulating agents, when taken
internally, exert a local irritant action, and thus give rise
to enteritis or gastro-enteritis, which do not in any essen-
tial respect differ from these diseases when they arise from
other causes—sometimes the systemic action of the agent
is apparent after its absorption. We have seen that some
neurotics exert a local irritant action, but all of them cause
death by their effects while acting from the blood.

Oxalic acid, lime, and ammonia, act as irritant poisons.
Among vegetable substances which thus act are Anemone
pulsatilla, Mercurialis annua (which causes hematuria),
Mercurialis perennis, certain Ranunculi, Bryony, Rhododen-
dron, and Veratrum album. Helleborus niger and H. foetidus
also act similarly ; the root of the former is sometimes used
for increasing the irritant action of setons. It is inserted
as a peg into the subcutaneous areolar tissue, and when the
fresh root is used may give rise to most acute inflamma-
tion. The most active general and local antiphlogistic
measures are necessary to save the animal. Charlock
(wild mustard) sometimes acts as a simple irritant when
taken in with the food. Sometimes the various kinds of
cake contain mustard-seeds, and act asirritants. The taste
and odour is sufficient to enable us to determine whether
or no this is the case with any particular specimen of cake.

Cicuta virosa (the water hemlock), Mihusa cynapium
(the fool’s parsley), and Gnanthe crocata (the water drop-
wort),’ are poisonous umbellifers, which exert a narcotico-
irritant action.

AstRIncent Poisons are generally irritant in their effects.
They cause symptoms such as we shall enumerate under the
heading “ Gastro-enteritis,’”” Pantas, or Moor-ill. Acorns,
fern, and oak shoots are the principal of these agents.

Corrosive Poisons, by their chemical action, cause dis-
organisation of the parts with which they come in contact,
and thus, in treating of them, we have to deal with their

1 Seventy-four cattle ate fresh leaves of this plant, and forty-three died,
foaming at mouth, shivering, reeling, staggering round in a circle, with
rapid and laboured breathing, tetanic spasms, and death within a few
minutes (Finlay Dun).
POISONS. 215

irritant effects, and also with ill consequences result-
ing from sloughing of the corroded tissues, the prin-
cipal being actual loss of useful substance, perforations,
and strictures. Thus, corrosives are much more formid-
able than simple irritants. This obtains with the sym-
ptoms as well as with the effects. Enormous doses
generally cause immediate collapse.

Corrosive Sublimate is the best representative of this
class. It is administered maliciously or by mistake for
calomel. It causes acute gastro-enteritis and death when
given in doses of two drachms. It causes an exhausting
cough in ruminants (Gamgee). Albuminous materials are
the best antidotes. Copper, zinc, silver, and iron salts
are corrosive poisons. When given in large enough doses
concentrated alkaline solutions especially disorganise the
epithelial layers of the membrane with which they come in
contact. Mineral acids act as corrosives, nitric turns the
parts with which it comes in contact yellow, sulphuric
renders them black,and hydrochloric white. Dilute alkaline
solutions and demulcents should be given in these cases.

Eniminative Poisons enter the blood and are removed
thence by the excretory organs, which they over-irritate in
the act of passage, and so inflame. ‘Thus, the symptoms
vary much with each agent, and we have more time for
treatment. The poison, once it enters the blood, is singu-
larly inaccessible.

Aloes, castor-oil beans, euphorbium, and gamboge act
in this way on the intestines.

Arsenic is obtained by malicious administration, over-
dose, or accidental presence in cakes and other articles of
food. It.is eliminated by the stomachic and intestinal
glands, of which it causes very extensive inflammation.
The hydrated peroxide of iron is recommended as an
antidote. The tests are numerous and very definite.

Antimony, besides its influence on numerous glands of
the body, is a sedative.

Calomel affects especially the salivary glands and liver.
Tt must be opposed by albumen and astringents.

Nitrate of Potash may be detected in the urine by the
216 BOVINE PATHOLOGY.

fact that blotting-paper dipped into that fluid and dried
becomes “ touch paper.”

A peculiar form of arsenical poisoning is known as the
Corrnr-smoxe Diszasz. It is supposed to be due to finely
divided arsenic spread by the copper-smelter’s furnace.
“Young animals are most susceptible of this influence;
and among the most marked effects are a disposition to
ophthalmia, which in general quickly terminates in cata-
ract, enlargement of the knee- and hock-joints, and
periosteal exostosis of the bones of the extremities. The
first indications of animals being thus affected are dul-
ness and refusal of food. On examination the teeth will
be found incrusted with a bluish concretion, the gums
humid and red, and the saliva secreted in increased
quantities, symptoms analogous to ptyalism ” (Morton).

Post-mortem.—It is observed that the bones are friable,
and have a peculiar reddish-brown colour. Such are the
most frequent poisons of the ox.

AppENDUM 2.— PARASITES AND PARASITISMUS.

Amone the special causes of the various diseases of
the higher animals those which are themselves distinct
organisms, whether of an animal or vegetable nature,
demand special notice, whether it be on account of their
clinical importance or of the peculiar features of their
life-histories.

That one animal should live inside another was at first
thought to be such a very strange matter that it was
attributed to evil agencies generating such beings de novo,
and it was then, and is sometimes even now, thought that
the presence of parasitic organisms in the body consti-
tutes disease. But so far from this being so, we now
know that large groups of animals have their typical
habitat within other beings, and some observers have even
gone so far as to attribute to the gastric infusoria of her-
bivora (see Fig. 27), a decidedly beneficial effect in the
elaboration of chyme. Far-fetched as this idea is, we can
well believe, that under certain circumstances animals and
PARASITES AND PARASITISMUS. 217

plants may be beneficial to the organisms in which they
live. On the other hand, in parasites we often note that
nature finds a means of removing a surplus animal popula-
tion. Thus, in some years, sheep, cattle, and horses, fall
victims to the “worms ’”’ in large numbers, as seen in the
diseases rot, husk, &c. The obtaining of parasites also
depends on the nature of the diet; vegetable food cannot
prove the direct bearer of the majority of parasites, but
many can be taken in with meat.

It must be distinctly understood that it is quite the
exception for a few parasites to cause serious mischief,
since they generally give rise to disorders only when they
are present in large numbers. The manner in which these
few act is either by producing functional nervous disease or
destroying the walls of the organ in which they are situated.
These actions are rarely, if ever, seen in the ox. Some
parasites do not live upon the structures of the host, but
simply inside or upon other animals not being dependent
directly upon them for nutriment. Such are fellow-
boarders ; a barnacle on a whale is an example of this
relationship. From this the interests of the two indi-
viduals tend more and more to clash. The fluke resides
in the liver, and consumes the bile which would be useful
to its host; other forms prey on mucus, some on the
contents of the alimentary canal, and some, finally, are
blood-suckers, and thus prove to the highest degree
exhausting.

Though these parasites are intimately associated with
the pathological conditions to which they give rise, and
often dependent on them at certain phases of their life,
the processes prove more or less troublesome to the host ;
and if the invaders have been numerous the conditions to
which, by their combined efforts, they give rise may lead
to severe disorder and even death. Thus, the ill effects
of parasitic organisms are, in many cases, directly related
to the number of them present.

Yet it must be remarked that except where essential to
the well-being of the parasite, the disorder which it
causes is not nearly so severe as that which would result
218 BOVINE PATHOLOGY.

 

~YHeolet ae. VVERMCREKENSR,

Fia. 27.—Infusoria from the alimentary canal of the horse, similar to those
which have been found in the contents of the rumen of the ox. (From
Colin, ‘Physiologie des animaux domestiques.’)

from a portion of dead material of similar size and form. The
living state seems to produce an absence or imperfectiou
of the tendency which is observable in the system of the
ox to throw off anything which does not belong to it, as
foreign matter. Since the ill effects of parasites are so
often proportional to the number of worms present, we
find that when the climatic conditions of any season have
been especially favorable to their growth and develop-
ment epizootic outbreaks of parasitic disorders are noted,
PARASITES AND PARASITISMUS. 219

and this is most marked after a warm wet season with
frequent floods; and those animals pastured on lowland
soil are most liable to become affected. These parasitic
living beings, endowed with a power of motion, and to a.
certain extent of selection of their special abodes, in their
migrations through the system cause irritation, and this
occurs as well with the movements of the larval as of the
mature forms. The former sometimes bore through the
tissues until they come toa desirable place to stay at, the
latter generally limit their movements to those which
suffice to enable them to traverse the canal or organ in
which they are found. The irritation causes slow local
changes, condensations, sometimes abscesses, and so on.
And it often gives rise to a debilitated state of the con-
stitution which kills animals, either being induced by
some impediment to function, by drain on the constitu-
tion, or by excess of nervous irritation.

Thus it is that debility (and constitutional deficiency of
energy, as seen in young or old animals) is a marked
phenomenon in disease of a parasitic nature; it supple-
ments that caused by the parasites, and the two together
suffice for the production of death, which would not have
resulted from either of them operating by itself. In this
sense we must take the statement that debility is a cause
of parasitismus, and not infer that a weak state of the
patient will tend to the generation of parasites de novo.
According as parasites live in or upon their bearers or
hosts, as the affected animals are termed, they are
classified as Enrozoa and Ecrozoa. Whereas the former
are Annuloida, such as tapeworms, fluke-worms, and
round worms, the latter are generally allied to spiders,
being truly Annulose; insecta, or arachnida. There are,
of course, exceptions to this rule; thus, the larval form of
the insect cestrus, and the spider-like pentastoma, are —
found internally in the horse and dog respectively, but in
the ox the cestrus is an external parasite, and the penta-
stoma in its larval form only is harboured by this animal.

The phases of development of the various parasites are
of the highest interest and practical importance. Thus
220 BOVINE PATHOLOGY.

the Cystic, or larval tenia, are found in animals other
than the bearer of the adult tapeworm, and some con-
nection between the hosts of larval and adult forms must
occur or the race will die out.

Under these circumstances it may seem astonishing
that this event has not happened long ago, but we must
recollect that each of the usually numerous segments of
- a tapeworm contains an enormous number of eggs; that
these eggs can remain exposed to weather and to other
such influences for a long time without injury; that the
hydatids produced are sometimes many-headed, each head
being capable of becoming a distinct individual; that, in
other cases, the hydatids are capable of producing a
number of secondary cysts within themselves.

To prevent excessive action of these favorable influences
many of the ova are lost; the embryo does not always suc-
ceed in obtaining a bearer. Many of the bearers of hy-
datids are not sufficiently infested to die, and are not killed
and eaten sufficiently soon for the parasite, which, there-
fore, undergoes calcification after dying. The hydatids
are not always sufficiently fortunate to obtain a nidus for
development into the adult. Thus, under ordinary cir-
cumstances, the chances of invasion by Tzeniz are about
even. When intermediary bearers are prevalent, when
conditions are favorable to development of the embryos,
and under other special circumstances, a severe outbreak
of parasitismus occurs. If we can break through the chain
of development at any one link we shall arrest parasitic
invasion, and the enemy, being thus cut off from rein-
forcements, will be defeated in its attempts to produce
disease. Thus, in the case of Tznixw, communication of
dogs with cattle, and the former running over pastures
is to be avoided as much as possible. All parasites
passed, and all livers and lungs containing hydatids
should be destroyed, and not given to dogs or used as
manure. Thus, we may hope to succeed in eradicating
tapeworm. Jlukes have a free stage of existence when,
as cercarians, they frequent the drinking-water, and thus
gain entry into the alimentary passages of the higher ani-
PARASITES AND PARASITISMUS. 221

mals. At one stage they inhabit the tissues of mollus-
cous animals. Their ova are numerous, the developmental
forms multiply by budding, and numbers simultaneously
gain entry to the system. The contingencies of the lives
of these parasites are less numerous than those of Teenie.
Flakes, therefore, are often most prejudicial. The best
means to counteract them are to endeavour to remove ani-
mals fitted to act as bearers from the grounds in which
fluke larveas abound, and to ensure a pure water supply.
Another means is to check the passage of mollusca across
pastures, either by a well-limed border against every por-
tion of marshy land and every stagnant ditch, or by salt-
ing the pastures. Our evidences as to the action of anti-
parasitics is not very good. We know of some Teeniafuges
and some Teeniacides, but flukes and certain round worms
are very inaccessible, and we can only back up the system
against their attacks by tonics. Parasitism degrades ;
animals not entirely dependent on their own resources
lose many organs essential to independent life, therefore
much difficulty has been found in placing parasites in their
proper position in the animal kingdom. The Nematodes
and Acanthocephala puzzle even Huxtny. Thus, some of
these comparatively high organisms respire simply by
means of the general surface of the body, like the Amceba
and other Protozoa. In some also, the general surface takes
in nutritive matter. There is evidence to show that in
the present day some forms are becoming parasitic which
have hitherto been living in independence, and perhaps the
reverse also holds. The phenomenon of partial parasitism
is shown when an animal only lives as a parasite through
one or more of its developmental phases, in the others being
free and independent. This is a lazy method of life adopted
by gad-flies and the like, which feed remarkably when in
the larval stage, at the expense of their animal hosts, remain
for a time in the chrysalis stage, and then spend a brief but
exciting existence in the acts of reproduction and provision
for the preservation of their own race, to the discomfort of
that of far higher beings. We may now draw up a short
classificatory notice in a tabular form of bovine parasites.
BOVINE PATHOLOGY.

229

 

2 “UO [Np (te ‘Stq) x
oq} “seploime, -quag oyu! sdopeaop 41 esoyat “eroAtaAvo Jo sasnuis wngojnoyuagq MW VIUVaHOVaL
Telowy 94} 07 ss9d0B sUIEIqQG “B1adSTA YY UT pazsXoud JO aaty punog NOL YUN
“(008 *d aes) ordoososorpY “ssoTMB_, “saUTys0zUT puB syowuloys ul usaag—("1Z “S1q) SNVIBOSAANT
“(egT ‘doos) ,soisuieg ,, OSTY “OST “UBL “ya0UV'T, ‘ploqqog ‘iq Aq aaded w qinsu0e i voz0Loud
‘sapsnur jo saouds sB][IqyseqUT ayy UL punog ‘ssa[WIeyY ,,"sarpoq ansed-o134%O t ATED)
: 4
*(9x09 998 ‘syoaye 0x) aa oy} Ut puno a{ eee eo Dio aT
“saUlysazUl UI punogy—seuly snpoydaroyor47
é s0bhiB ‘tag
*syonp-[[B3 ay Ul punog—snzorpow “wag { an
*SITI9SO4UI OSIBE UL punog—snzuzlne *9,
*SOUTISOJUL [[BUUS UT eee ae smphibuougg SadOLVASN
“WAIOM-TTJIVS OT} UL S9PISAI UITOF [VAIBY (9x99 908) E
<< SIWWouorg otseaed ,, sasnvo pus ‘sSuny pus vayowsy oy} ur punog f lei “9S
‘saploowiqun) "fF —sapriwosp |
‘ay9989 UBNdASy ur (oulsuog) staog wizIVYTIg puv ‘a]94v9 UBIPUT jo sauLysoqzUT )
UL TUNgR[MoLEqna “Y “eppeyq-][¥S puw Jeary oy} UI 1049%] OYg ‘UoUINA 949 UL LoUIIOZ (61 ‘3ta)
aug ‘ngqez oy UT punoz osje useq aaBy wnquuyjdxe “‘y poe wndeziuouNso-y yorum $ wnauoda
JO ‘somoystydmy oy9 Jo sinqvez aAlqoUl|sIp oq} “pus Yowe ze s1ayoNs sit jo ouo sepy =| vwossrydup
‘souvaveddy pus azis Ur sayqmasar yuymoutos 41 yoy Jo efided oq ‘uowna ut punog } (seqn1,7)
‘Teuvo ArequaMle payrorerun ue seq pus (81 St) wngn) [ sadoLvwagy,
‘jozeuorjs0do1d aoMorwT PU JoT[VUIS ST ING “LEppe]q-[[¥S PUL IAL, 949 UT Puno} osTe sq f -os0uD) DUOgseT
‘[reus-10yUM CLT Sta)
uouwos # ut anod0 Ayqeqoid wauey UvIauoIe0 s3y «*[wUBO ATe}UAUIITe pagrorvs s}t pus Davy
‘advys-ofos sz Sq positayoevyo sy -(siseiforosey) vIxeyouo sasneD “zaAI] 949 UT punog | -vday vpo.snq |
*(egT -d 29s) Sop jo snooovouryoe “J, Jo WAoJ [BAIL] | -asvastp (9% °*S1q) wnsow)
SNOODOUIOY », 0} OSI Saaty) “sSunl pur sary oyy Aqperoadsa ‘sueSao snorsea ul punog f -21a790 ‘owyogr
‘dasys 043 Aqyetoedse syoopy “Sop ony at snanuwo eine, 8270.49
soonpolg ,,pts,, io ,,Apangs,, Sutsneo ‘pioo yeuids pue urriq uo Sursserd punog f -aua0 snunumyp
‘ow ‘1aap ‘daays os[e sqoo-y (‘82 31g) (smsomadeg)
‘Sop Jo uyeusivm vues, seonporg ‘mneuozsed oy} qyeeuZepun Apyoamrp- punog f s7jzoarua2 “gsho rene iL.
‘UBUI JO BIV[IUBIOIPAML BIUB], ayy JO uI0Z (oe ‘6z “Sta) ‘4 a L
[eAIV] 84 SJ ‘spuoMIIg ‘Jorg pue pfoqqog aq Aq Argunod sig} ur AT[e}UEWTIadxa #6 Sat snaoisa
peonpoid pue ‘erpuy wi Ajquanbeaz wees waeq seyT “ysep 04} sqiqeaur ,‘o[svam qoog ,, | “9% tae a
*Suol sv pvoiq sv : : oy
sauity. Kquag squauSes sey pus ‘q7Saey Ut 400} auo seSvIaAY ‘souysaqut ur punog ospy f ”P72"7MOP LL -isvied ATToqas
*‘queulses yoa Jo apis yous uo vided aayonposdar v sey pur ‘Suoj L10A sy seupdes , *VOZOLNT
‘(Z8P ‘UAX UBLIVULI0}9A , 998) UOTJSaSIpul aynoe sasneg ‘sauiysayuI oy} UI punog ZL J —IvWINV

 

 

“64ST ‘TryounyD Aq paysyqnd ‘soysereg , U0 yIOM cag (“pj 9qq09 wif)

*SaVISDLD
223

AND PARASITISMUS,

PARASITES

Cproqg (pleqqog) = ‘saaqons

Cpyoq -q0Q) ‘“wynjzauno02.pam vIUDy, Cpjoqqod) osts ‘syooy Jo yapoqta Surmogs “pea “_
-qog) *BuI098 jo WdoJ [earey “4840 Sqr ULOy ‘Jeo Be Jo yavaq ut ‘jemlue aoym ayy, “Vy  “pueptg paxoeu
-vyueag—'Te “Ol peaouled a[svaut Jooy Y—"OS ‘OI so[svam Joog—EZ “HI -opUs]s ey, “s¢posmuag snosa0xgshD —'8S “OLA

  
 
   

of
call

     
   

My

i

(lui

(

   

ul

ly
tiie.

  

(!
i!

i

|

     
  

¢¢ WIOMSUII MOUTON ,, sasney ‘suUBINSToZ Le Eau SHLISVEVA WIAVIGOTA

<c MIOMSutt quoofauoy,, sasney ‘“itUletuQyog Uuolloyoy
“(poqqog) Blasag pue SreSunqzy ut 919380 09 eayyonsysap AT[NJ1v9z soaoid AB 10992] 7
STq]) sisuoqosequinjoo oeqy pure ‘s{xomojg ‘snqisy ‘sdoskayH ‘seummngne “y, ‘snuraoq snarqey, ‘eutaog vosny_ osTy | owqisea
‘anSu0y Jo Joor 07 payoryiw punoy are a fqrerqae d
vary “(pjoqqog) staoq vikmousqdey fsierxou viqozemiag ‘vyeeulT "WH ‘StAoq vusopodéy 90,» VLOUSNT =| ;
‘e2rojdiq jo @awy = ,,sjossryy ,, J
*(4o1,) staoq—sapoxy

*(., OV] ,,) SIPTBOS sojoopoyprty, pue ‘snuseyshina “FY “yoga snurdoywmay OI iser
“SIAOG “IBA ‘SII}sOITSUOT seydososg b-ed  Ayjoqa
“sIAog sojnapoqwulIag] p Vpleoy - VdINHOVay | ‘Voz0Loq

*staoq sajorquikg 5)
224 BOVINE PATHOLOGY.

Vecerrasie Parasitic Orcanisusare either fungi orclosely
allied to them, consequently they are not, as are our ordi-
nary plants, dependent on the surrounding air for much nu-
triment, but they are adapted for the appropriation of all
their nutritive material from the soil in which they are grow-
ing. When this is rich they grow with the greatest rapidity
and luxuriance, thus the ringworm plant attains a high de-
velopment on the ox. They consist of tubes and spores pro-
duced by them. The former appropriate the nutritive
material, the latter become free, and, being very minute,
can be conveyed by contagion, immediate or mediate, or
wafted through the air. They are also endowed with high
resisting power. The larger and more conspicuous of these
fungi grow on the surface of the body of the host, causing
disorders due to irritation, varying in intensity with the
activity of growth of the cause. Those more minute and
infinitely more important fungi, which develop internally,
acting as Entophyta, are known under the name Bacteria.
We have already dealt with them at length in our descrip-
tion of ‘‘ Blood diseases.” We are aware of some agents
which eradicate those organisms which flourish on the
surface; such have been suggested for the treatment of
ringworm, Anti-bacterian agents are by no means so
well known. Our main efforts in the management of
vegetable, as of animal parasites, must be directed to
prevention of contagion and development, and to rendering
the system an unsuitable soil, or sufficiently strong to
resist their attack and throw them off.

It will be remarked how gradual the transition is from
parasitic disorders to those specific blood affections which
have not been proved to be parasitic. Rheumatism and
some other diseases serve to connect these latter with
ordinary diseases, which, in themselves, are simply modi-
fications of physiological conditions. Physiological action
of parts depends upon the vitality of cells, and these are
in their most generalised forms exactly similar to low
non-parasitic organisms, which in their turn do not differ
essentially from parasites. Thus, pathology, physiology,
and biology form a grand cycle.
THE CIRCULATORY SYSTEM. 225

CHAPTER ITI—DISEASES OF THE CIRCULATORY
SYSTEM.

Section 1.—Or roe Heart.

Ir will be remembered that the heart of the ox is
small as compared with that of the horse, and averages
about 3} to 44 lbs. in weight. It is estimated by Colin
at 7}; to 2; parts of the weight of the body, that of the

 

Fr@. 82.—Thoracic contents, as seen from the left side. (Simonda.)

horse being ~; to 7}. The apex is very pointed, and
there are three ventricular furrows. There is a very stout
muscular moderator band in the right ventricle, below
which is a large tendinous band. In consequence of the
comparative shortness of the chest in the ox, the peri-
cardium extends nearly to the antero-inferior part of the

15
926 BOVINE PATHOLOGY.

diaphragm. The heart, therefore, at its base corresponds
to the second and sixth ribs and those which intervene

 

Fra. 33.—The heart, with its right cavities opened, part of the pericardium
in position, and the large vessels at its base. (Simonds.)

between them. The thorax of the ox being wide and the
pulmonary mass large, the heart is more separated from
the thoracic walls, and less exposed than in the horse.
Its beat may be best felt at the fifth intercostal space at
about the level of the point of the elbow, at the meeting
of the ribs with the sterno-costal cartilage, but it is not
so clear and distinct as is that of the horse. For satis-
factory auscultation of this organ the left fore limb
requires to be drawn forwards and the ear applied as
closely as possible behind the muscular mass of the
shoulder. ‘The heart of the ox very frequently has a
large amount of fat deposited in its furrows. Such -
THE CIRCULATORY SYSTEM. 227

deposits have been erroneously described as fatty degenera-
tion. They are generally seen, to a more or less marked
degree, in prize beasts, and must be considered normal, for
in no case has it been proved that they interfere with the
heart’s action.

Os cordis is the name applied to a bony nodule, generally
somewhat triangular in form and flattened on each side,
which constitutes a basis for attachment of the muscular
fibres of the heart, and is situated at the base of the
ventricles in connection with the aortic opening. It is an
ossification of the fibrous ring of the heart, such as is
seen in the horse in exceptional cases. Sometimes this
bone consists of two parts, and frequently it involves the
whole aortic ring.

Diszases or THE Huarr are primarily divided into
functional and organic. In the former we have not yet
been able to trace the lesions upon which the disorder
depends. Such probably exist in the complex cardiac
nervous mechanism. Dr. Pettigrew has especially investi-
gated this mechanism in the ox (see his ‘ Physiology of the
Circulation in Plants, in the Lower Animals, and in Man’).
When we consider that the pneumogastric nerve, pulmonary
plexus, and the medulla oblongata, certainly are sources of
nervous supply to the heart, we shall be inclined to
attribute “ functional’’ disease of the heart to our present
want of knowledge of structural changes in the case
rather than to absence of disorder of so complex a me-
chanism.

Patritation is the form which this nervous disorder
generally assumes, but it is rare in the ox, this animal not
as a rule being subjected to extremes of exertion, nor to
high strains upon the nervous system. Dyspepsia causes
this disorder probably by reflex inhibition through the
vagus, while in blood poisoning the impurities in the blood
probably do so by acting directly upon the cardiac ganglia
and the muscular fibres of the heart ; perhaps, too, there is
perverted stimulation of the inner surface of the heart, as
in anzmic palpitation, when venous murmurs are marked
and the impoverished blood tends to clot around the
228 BOVINE PATHOLOGY.

prominences and cords inside jhe cavities. The prin-
cipal symptoms are powerful and jerky action of the
heart, frequent and small pulse, anxiety, and loss of ap-
petite.

Organic Diseases :—InFLAMMATION oF THE Heart—Car-
pitis—Myocarpitis.—Is not of frequent occurrence, and it
is doubtful whether it is ever present as a distinct disease,
being generally a complication of pericarditis. Traumatic
carditis has been recorded, and sometimes it is found that
penetration of the heart by a foreign body leads to
instant death. Circumscribed inflammations occasionally
affect this organ, leading to the formation of small abscesses
in its walls. The principal symptoms are extreme quick-
ness of the pulse, considerable elevation of internal tem-
perature, increased respirations, coldness of the extremities,
and rapid death. An instance of this disease is men-
tioned by Armatage. If a case of this nature is diagnosed
it may be treated in the same way as pericarditis in the
early stage. Formation of abscesses in the walls of the
heart may result from certain forms of blood poisoning.

HYPERTROPHY OF THE Heart may be simple when the
walls are thickened, but the cavities normal in size;
eacentric when the heart and its cavities are proportion-
ately dilated ; concentric when the walls of the organ are
thickened at the expense of the cavities, which are, there-
fore, small. Simple hypertrophy may be seen in some
working oxen, and is not to be considered disease when it
clearly is an attempt of nature to perform the duties
necessitated by the special labour of the animal. It must
be remembered, however, that there should be a due uni-
formity between this increase and that of other parts of
the body. The other forms ensue generally from impedi-
ment to escape of blood from the heart, either as a result
of disease affecting the arterial valves, or of pressure upon
or disease of the large arteries, while hypertrophy of the
right side may accompany chronic lung disease. Ex-
cessive force of the heart’s contraction, with sometimes a
laboured effort and irregularities of the pulse, indicate
these conditions, which, however, are very rare. The
THE CIRCULATORY SYSTEM. 229

animal must be kept as quiet as possible, and fed for the
‘butcher.

ArropHy or THE Haart, usually termed fatty degenera-
tion, must be carefully distinguished from the above-
mentioned deposition of fat normally in the furrows. Here
the muscular fibres waste, and their protoplasm is trans-
formed into fat. It is a disease of old age, and as such
is seldom, if ever, seen in the ox. To the naked eye the
organ is pale, with yellowish patches; it feels soft and
flabby, and breaks with a granular fracture; often the
visceral pericardium is depressed, here and there, through
diminution in size of the structure internal to it. Car-
ditis, pericarditis, or senile degeneration of protoplasm,
are causes of this condition, which predisposes to rupture
of the heart.

A case of Cretaceous Degeneration is recorded in the
‘Veterinarian,’ vol. xxxv, p. 800 (1862). The pericar-
dium and brain were also affected in this instance.
Yellow calcareous spots were diffused through the heart-
substance.

Under the heading “ Atrophy” must be included those
cases in which the walls of the heart are thin, while the
cavities are dilated. This condition known’ as pouched
heart is frequent in the ox as in many other animals.
A paper on this subject is given in the ‘ Veterinarian,’
vol. xxv, pp. 50 and 105 (1852).1 On examination of
the organ after death the flabby clay-coloured condition
of its walls, which retain the impression of the finger, is
evident.

Enpvocaropitis, like inflammation of other serous mem-
branes, leads to thickening and roughness of the surface ;
these conditions are unfavorable to the passage of the
blood, which deposits coagula on the diseased parts. The
roughness of the membrane is due to cell proliferation of
its substance, whereby granulations are produced, which

1 The author mentions this as a dangerous and incurable disease, incidental
to cows and oxen in fattening; present in seven out of every ten animals
unduly fattened ; generally affecting the right side of the heart, commencing

at the conus arteriosus ; associated with congestion of the lungs; sometimes
due to over-driving.
230 BOVINE PATHOLOGY.

sometimes undergo calcareous and fatty degeneration.
The arterial valves, but much more frequently the auriculo-
ventricular, are the most important seat of deposit. Some-
times ulceration of the valves occurs, and they are per-
forated. These changes almost always result from
rheumatic disorder. Sometimes post mortem no deposi-
tions are found, simply reddening of the lining membrane
of the heart, and sometimes ecchymosis.

Symptoms.—With the general symptoms of disorder
and acute febrile disturbance are associated the pecu-
liar rushing sound known as the “bellows murmur,”
which varies according to the parts affected. “A bel-
lows murmur with the first sound indicates mitral in-
sufficiency, stricture of the aortic orifice, disease of the
aortic valves, or deposits on the ventricular surface of
the mitral valves; or it may depend upon an altered
condition of the blood itself, as in anzmia, in which
case it resembles a churning sound, heard also in the
large arteries and veins. A bellows murmur with the
secund sound indicates aortic insufficiency, roughened
auricular surface of the mitral valves, or mitral obstruc-
tion” (Williams). The pulse is intermittent and irregular,
“a rapid but violent tremor,” and does not correspond to
the cardiac impulse. The venous pulse is present. Some-
times endocardial growths develop gradually, and do not
materially affect the patient, until sudden death occurs,
and the slaughter-house furnishes us with specimens from
animals to all appearance in a good state of general health.

Treatment.—In a chronic case the animal should be
fattened for the butcher, but in an acute inflammatory
attack such measures may be adopted as are suggested for
pericarditis. External stimulation, say some authorities,
should never amount to vesication, for the inflammation
thus excited would tend to increase the already excessive
amount of fibrin in the blood; but it must be remembered
that inflammatory blood coagulates more slowly than
healthy. Salines, especially such as are useful in rheu-
matism, should be administered. Aconite may be used to
counteract the excessive sympathetic fever,
THE CIRCULATORY SYSTEM. 231

Sequele.—Portions of the valvular clots separating from
their attachments may pass into the general blood stream,
and, becoming fixed in the smaller vessels, give rise to
embolic disease. Pneumonia may thus result.

Prognosis of this serious disorder can seldom prove
favorable. In acute cases death may occur at any moment.
In chronic cases recovery cannot be expected. Often,
however, where the inflammation is circumscribed, endo-
cardial growths and fibrinous deposits result in large
“cardiac polypi,” which seem sometimes to completely
block up the cavity.

PERICARDITIS.— INFLAMMATION OF THE PERICARDIUM seldom
exists as a disease per se, being a complication of rheu-
matism and other blood diseases, or the result of penetra-
tion of the membrane by a foreign body which has been
swallowed, and found its way from the reticulum. Again,
in pleuritis and pleuro-pneumonia, this membrane seldom
escapes invasion by the disease. The traumatic form is
rather frequent. The foreign body which gives rise to it
is generally a knitting-needle, hair-pin, or nail, which has
accidentally gained entry into the stomach with the food,
or been ingested by the animal under the influence of
depraved appetite. Why such bodies pass into the reti-
culum in particular it is difficult to say, but in almost
every case the foreign body has started from this viscus.
Probably it is only those which start from here which give
rise to appreciable mischief, or these foreign bodies may
be brought by the rumen to the cesophageal groove for
regurgitation, and on being rejected they fall into the
reticulum. Pressure of the diaphragm leads the sharp
body to puncture its structure after penetrating the wall
of the stomach, and thus to enter the pericardial sac
(we have a case on record in which it penetrated the
pleura, and escaped by abscess in an intercostal space),
which is just anteriorly placed to the reticulum, separated
from it only by the diaphragm. Perhaps the contractions
of the heart exert a suction influence. This organ becomes
penetrated, and thus the body enters generally, it seems,
the left auricle. Gamgee mentions an interesting case by
232 BOVINE PATHOLOGY.

M. Camoin, in which a large thorn thus entered the heart,
and became fixed by the chorde tendinz.

Symptoms.—Sometimes after ingestion of the body, the
animal remains apparently in full health. Then signs of
indigestion may be present as indications of abdominal pain,
tympany, and loss of appetite. Later, and especially, as
Williams has shown, after efforts in parturition, the animal
manifests signs of general disorder and acute febrile dis-
turbance. Also the pulse is found to be small, frequent,
irregular, and intermittent, with a quick and irritable
beat. Respirations short, sometimes slow, in other cases
frequent, abdominal, and with a double expiratory effort ;
cough may be present.

The internal temperature is high, and the blood being
imperfectly diffused through the system, the muzzle is
dry and cold, the limbs are cold, the mucous membranes
are pale, and rigors as well as superficial muscular twitch-
ings (clonic spasms about the neck and pectoral region)
may be observed; there is general stiffness and cede-
matous swellings occur in various parts of the body, as
under the belly and in the dewlap. The action of the
heart is irregular, sometimes sharp, at others extremely
quick and scarcely perceptible. The larger veins are dis-
tended with blood and the venous pulse is generally
present. The patient usually suffers a considerable amount
of pain, and sometimes lies preferably on the right side,
grinding the teeth, moaning, and looking back anxiously
every now and then towards the seat of the heart ; pressure
over the cardiac region causesa groan. Tympany is some-
times present, and there are gaseous eructations. Auscul-
tation detects a friction sound, which differs from that of
pleurisy in coinciding with the heart’s movements ; also
a rushing or gurgling sound, which M. Boizy, as quoted by
Gamgee, attributes to the consistency of the fluid and
gaseous admixture. Williams, however, insists that cases
of traumatic pericarditis occur without gaseous eructa-
tions, splashings, and gurglings. Percussion gives dul-
ness of sound over the inflamed membrane.

Port-mortem examination.—Stomach and intestines con
THE CIRCULATORY SYSTEM. 233

tain gas. Reticulum, containing sometimes clotted blood or
food intermingled with blood, presents a fistula extending
to the pericardial sac ; sometimes several are present. The
walls of the passage are formed of lymph, which firmly
binds the rumen, diaphragm, and pericardium together.
Generally the passage is blocked up with lymph. Fluid
may be present in the subcutaneous areolar tissue and in
the abdominal and thoracic cavities, attributable in the
two former to the impediment to the circulation, in the
latter case also to congestion or inflammation of the pleura,
such as is generally present. The mediastinal layer of
the pericardium is involved in this inflammation. The
fibrous layer is thickened by interfibrillar deposit, and
the two layers of the serous pericardium are the seat of
thick deposits of organised lymph, which is firmer as it
is more distant fromthe serous cavity. Hence it projects
into the latter as a flocculent layer, and in some places
the parietal and visceral layers are bound together either
over an extent of surface or by bands of lymph. An
amount of serous fluid, rendered milky by admixture of
lymph, or sanguineous, occupies the sac. Sometimes the
lymphy deposits have undergone cretaceous degenera-
tion and fatty change. Often a lesion of the heart
can be detected, and generally the foreign body is found
in the passage somewhere between the reticulum and
the heart-cavity; it being more or less altered by |
its strange journey. The muscular structure of the
heart is the seat of interfibrillar lymphy deposit,
and sometimes the fibrous bands of the cavities are
lacerated.

Prophylaxis consists in the rigid exclusion of needles,
large pins, &c., from the dresses of dairymaids and other
female attendants on cows, also careful examination of the
food of the horned beasts.

Curative measures are deemed useless in such cases, and
on diagnosis, immediate slaughter is to be suggested. A
French practitioner was recently successful in curing a
case by operation.

In ‘ Veterinarian,’ vol. vi, p. 128, is recorded a case in
234 BOVINE PATHOLOGY.

which the needle seems to have passed back from the
pericardium and re-entered the rumen, in the walls of which |
it became fixed.

Prognosis unfavorable. The animal lives under the
acute attack several days.

Mr. Litt describes a case due to a wound through the
thoracic walls! The idiopathic form of Pericarditis
depends upon exposure, change from a hot to a cold
atmosphere, and other influences of a like nature which
determine visceral inflammation. This disease assumes
an acute character, and is very painful. Its symptoms in
the main resemble those of the traumatic form, but differ
in the less marked audibility of the diagnostic sounds, and
in the absence of signs of indigestion and the gaseous
eructations. But, as we have seen, these differences are
not always reliable (‘ Veterinary Record,’ vol. i, p.119). In
one case the patient had every appearance of a horse suf-
fering from laminitis ; also the pulse was full and bounding,
100, with irregular intervals of vibrating jerks ; the heart’s
action conveyed a singular tinkling noise. In early stages
of this disorder the pericardium is congested, and later
it is rendered opaque and then obscured by false mem-
branes. It may become gangrenous, serous effusion
and lymph exudation into the serous sac may take place,
as in the traumatic form. A heart covered by floccu-
lent false membranes is a very pretty specimen. Some-
times a heart which has been affected with this disorder
is found here and there covered with opaque spots of
thickened pericardium. This has been attributed to
rheumatism.

Treatment. — Comprises careful nursing, stimulant
applications to the sides of the chest, aconite to con-
trol the action of the heart and to lessen the amount of
fever present. Digitalis, too, proves very useful through
its sedative influence and its tendency to promote absorp-
tion. In the advanced stages of the disease stimulants
are required, and tonic agents promote resolution. The
iodide of iron seems to be especially indicated if all febrile

1 See ‘ Veterinary Record,’ 1845.
THE CIRCULATORY SYSTEM. 235

disorder has subsided. After-treatment must be directed
to fattening the animal as the deposits around the heart
constantly tend to impede its action.

Complications have been already indicated, the most fre-
quent are carditis and pleuro-pneumonia sporadica.

Hyprors Prricarpii—Drorsy or THE Prricarpiat Sac—
is generally that stage of pericarditis in which effusion
has taken place. The accumulation of liquor pericardii
may occur in connection with other dropsical disorders,
especially hydrothorax. And in cases of anemia the
normal amount is increased, but in such instances the
accumulation does not interfere with the action of the
heart or with respiration. “ Tapping ”’ the pericardial sac
has been tried in this disease of the horse. The sym-
ptoms and treatment are those of the advanced stage of
pericarditis.

Rupture of the Pericardiwm.—A case of this nature is
recorded in the ‘ Veterinarian,’ vol. viii, p. 819; com-
plicated thoracic and abdominal disorder existed, and on
post-mortem examination, the pericardium was found
ruptured on the right side, forming a foramen of about
1jth inch in diameter, and it appeared as if the edges of
the opening on one side had receded from the surrounding
parts. Adhesive inflammation had formed a complete
duplicature of the pericardium, which “ presented the
appearance of tanned leather.”

Carpiac Potyri, or Hematomata, are tumours inside the
heart, generally resulting from endocarditis, with granu-
lation or subendocardiac blood extravasations and deposi-
tion of coagula upon the roughened surface. They.
generally grow on the valves, but may appear on any part
of the lining membrane of the heart. Frequently they
assume the shape of casts of the cavity in which they are
placed. They seem often to cause no appreciable sym-
ptoms, not being suspected before the animal’s slaughter.
A tumour of this kind may extend from the wall
of the auricle through the auriculo-ventricular opening
into the cavity of the ventricle, impeding the action of
the valves. These masses of fibrin are often attached by
236 BOVINE PATHOLOGY.

a peduncle of fibrous or fibro-cellular tissue. Sometimes
the tumour is gritty in parts. These polypi may cause
sudden death, in other cases the action of the heart
is irregular and intermittent, and there is gradually
increasing debility leading to paraplegia before the animal
dies.

Gamgee alludes to melanosis and cancerous infiltration
of the heart in domesticated animals, and mentions a
specimen which he saw in the Bologna Museum, consisting
of a large mass of echinococcus cysts hanging from the
apex of the heart. Cysticercus tenuicollis has been met
with in the pericardial cavity. Cysticercus bovis and
Trichina invade this as well as other muscles. The same
author makes the following valuable remarks on this
subject. “The temperament, habits, and manner of
keeping cows tied up in a stall, lead to the observation of
cases in these animals which would give rise to-symptoms
at a comparatively early period in the hard-worked horse.
With regard to external tumours, their weight is some-
times very great, and, when connected with the apex,
they may attain a size far exceeding that of the heart itself,
without inducing very serious symptoms. This is not the
case when the deposits invade the base of the heart, where
they obstruct the vessels and arrest the circulation.”

Professor Walley’s valuable paper on ‘“ Hamatomata
and Thrombi, or ante-mortem Clots,” in the ‘ Veterinary
Journal’ for July, 1877, may be consulted with benefit in
this relation. He attributes the ante-mortem clots, among
other things, to elevation or injury of the endocardium by
foreign bodies penetrating from the stomach, or by the
lodgment of entozoa beneath it.

Rorrure or THE Heart sometimes causes sudden death.
Atrophy of the organ and pulmonary disease predispose
to this, and it is most liable to occur in working oxen, as
it results from violent efforts or from blows. It is, how-

ever, very rare in the cattle. The right auricle most
readily gives way.

See case recorded by Messrs. Houlden and Varnell (¢ Veterinarian,
vol. xxxix, p. 975). Emboli were found in the heart, spleen, and kidneys.
THE CIRCULATORY SYSTEM. 237

Ma.vormations.—In the second volume of the ‘ Abstract
of Proceedings of the Veterinary Medical Association’
(p. 355), will be found an account of a heart consisting of
three cavities only. Other imperfections of development
have been recorded. The most frequent is Cyanosis,
which consists in a pervious condition of foramen ovale,
whereby the venous and arterial currents of the blood
are constantly intermingled. Thus, every part of the
body is supplied only with partially purified blood.
The animal is practically in the condition of a reptile as
far as blood supply goes. Its functions are performed
slowly, its constitution is weak, its internal temperature
low, and its visible mucous membranes are constantly of a
purple or blue colour. Such animals generally die young.
This condition is seldom seen in the lower animals.

. MispLacemznts oF THE Heart—Hororia Corpis.—The
heart may be situated in front of the chest, in the neck,

 

Fic. 34.—Ectopia cordis. (From Fleming's ‘ Veterinary Obstetrics.’)

or be pressed backwards through an opening in the
imperfectly developed diaphragm into the abdomen, or, as
is more frequent, may be situated below the chest suspended
by the large blood-vessels of its base below the sternum,
the lateral elements of which have not united along the
238 BOVINE PATHOLOGY.

central line. Animals with the heart exposed in any of
these abnormal positions soon die from injury to the
organ.

Szction 2.—Or raz ARTERIAL System.

In injected specimens we are struck with the smallness
of the arteries of the ox as compared with those of the
horse. They are, in fact, proportional rather to the size
of the heart than to that of the veins or the general
bulk of the body. The posterior aorta is an exception
to this, for the cceliac axis is remarkably large. The
principal diseases of arteries are DEGENERATIONS of various
kinds, which generally occur in old animals. These are
atheromatous, where chronic inflammation has brought
about fatty degeneration of the endothelial cells of the
inuer coat with thickening and cholesterin deposit in its
deepest layer. This condition results from over energetic
action of the heart long continued. We have no record
of acute arteritis. A case of tuberculous degeneration of
the ovarian arteries is given in the ‘ Edinburgh Veterinary
Review,’ vol. i, p. 379.

AnzvRiIsm is abnormal saccular dilatation of an artery
whereby is produced a pulsating tumour. A “ false aneu-
rism” is a sac formed by condensed areolar tissue with a
free communication with the channel of an artery. True
aneurism generally constitutes one of the elements in a
case of atheroma, for the walls of the vessel, weakened
by degeneration, gradually yield to the blood pressure.
Cases of this condition have been recorded as affecting
the ox, but the absence of the usual causes, severe labour,
powerful action of the heart, and old age, prove material
preventives. ‘Spurious varicose aneurism” of the
remnant of the spermatic cord sometimes affects oxen,
as denoted by swelling of the scrotum, pulsation of the
part, and a peculiar bruit. Cases of this nature require
removal of the end of the cord with the clamps (See
‘ Edinburgh Veterinary Review,’ vol. i, p. 387). In the same
volume is mentioned a case of aneurism of the vertebral
THE CIRCULATORY SYSTEM. 989

artery. In ‘Veterinarian,’ vol. xii, p. 125, is recorded
a case of false aneurism outside the elbow, which appeared
suddenly,

TuromBus.—Partial or complete plugging of a blood-
vessel with fibrin somewhat resembles aneurism in its
effects, for in each case successive layers of clot
line the wall of the vessel, the outer being the oldest
and having undergone most extensive organisation. The
cause of this clotting of the blood in the vessels of living
animals is generally some degenerative change of the
inner coat of the artery rendering it rough. The patho-
logical condition resembles that which we noticed in
endocarditis. The tendency of plugging of an artery is
to cut off more or less the supply of blood to the part
to which the branches are distributed. Generally anas-
tomoses of vessels atones indirectly and gradually for this.
Plugging of a vein is still less important. Sometimes a
portion of fibrin broken off from the thrombus is carried
in the round of the circulation and becomes forced into a
vessel through which it cannot pass. It becomes fixed,
therefore, and proves more or less detrimental according
to the part affected. It is termed an embolism. The
capillaries of the lungs, spleen, and kidneys are small and
so sometimes become involved in this manner. Hmboli
and thrombi are formed in some blood diseases, especially
in the lungs in pleuro-pneumonia epizootica.

Woounps or ARTERIES present no special features in the
ox. They are comparatively unimportant since the arteries
are small and are denoted by a jerky flow of bright blood.
Transverse cuts when the vessel is not completely severed
and oblique wounds are the most persistent in bleeding. . .
Such are best treated by completing the incision. The
ligaturing of arteries is an important part of all surgical
operations with the knife (see Figs 35 and 36).

IrrecuLarivies oF Arreries occur in the ox as in all
other animals, and are due to imperfection of develop-
ment, or to recurrence to previous type, or to higher
specialisation, They are seldom so important as to
interfere with surgical operations.
240 BOVINE PATHOLOGY.

Section 38.—Or tae Capitiary Sysrem.

Carittary Hamorruacu, due to rupture of minute
vessels, occurs in acute congestion, and sometimes in in-

 

Fia@. 35.—The Artery Ligature
Knot.

 

Fie. 36.—Showing the proper method of tying
an artery. The Artery Forceps in use.
(From ‘ Erichsen’s Surgery.’) |
flammation. It is a very frequent condition in blood dis-
eases, when it is due to a depraved state of the blood,
which exudes through the unbroken walls of the vessels,
giving rise to hemorrhagic discharges, petechiew, and
ecchymoses. It is seldom so important as to necessitate
those measures suggested for internal hemorrhage.

Section 4.—Or tHe Venous System.

This set of blood-vessels in the ox is remarkable for
large calibre, and, therefore, fur very considerable total
capacity. 7

Putesitis.—Inflammation of a vein sometimes takes
place asa result of injury (as bleeding with dirty and
rough instruments), or from extension of inflammation of
neighbouring parts. It most frequently affects the ex-
ternal jugular vein, which differs from that of the horse
in being larger, and in having an accessory vessel—the
internal jugular, which runs with the carotid artery. This
THE CIRCULATORY SYSTEM. 241

latter anatomical point shows why obliteration of the vessel,
which may result from phlebitis, is less likely to interfere

_ with the grazing capabilities of an ox than of a horse.

The changes which take place in the inflamed vessel are,
roughening of the coats with exudation from them, stag-
nation of the blood, coagulation, and organisation of the
clot; abscesses also form along the course of the vessel.

Treatment consists in general and local antiphlogistic
measures, and subsequently blisters along the course of
the affected vessel. Embolic pneumonia may result from
this (see ‘ Veterinarian,’ vol. xii, p. 717).

Turompus of veins has been observed. Sucking of
air into the heart through the jugular, and the occurrence
of concretions, have not been recorded in bovine practice
in this country. :

Rupture oF VEINS, as a result of lacerated and incised
wounds, is not unfrequent, and sometimes this lesion
follows injury of other kinds. Thus, Gamgee observed,
in Italy, cases of rupture of vena azygos to be very fre-
quent in animals destroyed by “ pithing’’? between the
atlas and axis. . On this point Professor Maffei told him
that he noted the ruptures in 57 out of over 3000 oxen
and cows killed in the way indicated. The ruptures took
place at various parts of the vessel, and the extravasated
blood trickled between the lamine of the mediastinum or
beneath the parietal pleura (‘ Domestic Animals,’ p. 360,
second division). Wounds of veins, denoted by free and
even flow of dark blood, are not serious, since it is impure
blood which is lost; the escape is less rapid, and its
“welling character facilitates coagulation, whereby nature
temporarily repairs the lesion.”

A remarkable case of rupture of the jugular has been
recorded by Mr. Hill, of Wolverhampton (‘ Veterinary
Journal,’ 1880, vol. i, p. 291).

Varicosity is undue distension of a vein, giving it a
saccular. character. It depends upon any debilitating
influence temporarily affecting the wall of a vein.
It is most frequent in those which pass from important
organs. Thus, it affects the veins of the udder of the

16
242 BOVINE PATHOLOGY.

cow, and has been seen in the spermatic veins of the bull
constituting varicocele. It seldom is seen except in old
animals, and appears gradually. Sometimes the dilata-
tion is the seat of active inflammation ; then antiphlo-
gistic treatment is required. Less urgent cases are
preferably left alone, but a bandage or plaster may be
required to protect the enlarged vessel and to support its
walls by gentle pressure.!

Tumours or Vetns.—Messrs. Hill and Duguid give a
case of tumour of the anterior vena cava, materially
reducing its calibre, due to circumscribed hypertrophy of
its muscular coat (‘Veterinary Journal,’ 1876, vol. ii,
p. 14).

AppDENDUM 1.—DuisEases oF THE LympHatic System.

The lymphatic system of the ox is distributed much as
in the horse. The thoracic duct is remarkable for its
frequent variations (Colin), The mesenteric glands are
situated close against the small intestines, instead of at
the root of the mesentery, where they are in the horse.
Large glands occur in certain positions, notably the
posterior mediastinum and the space between the cranium
and the pharynx. These become inflamed when any
irritating absorbed material passes through them. Of
this nature are the so-called cases of strangles of the
ox as has been described, the intermaxillary or parotid
glands being the seat. These glands are also the seat of
scrofulous, cancerous, and other forms of deposit, while in
many blood diseases, especially anthracoid affections, they
are enlarged, reddened, and disintegrated. Cases of
“farcy” in the ox, which have been described by some
writers, were probably inflammation of the lymphatics,
resulting in the formation of series of abscesses along their
course, accompanied by infiltration of serum into the

1 Mr. J. H. Cox, of Ashbourne, gives a most interesting case of varicosity
of the posterior vena cava, in which obscure abdominal pain was present,
and the vein was enormously distended (‘ Veterinarian,’ vol. xxxix, p. 891).
Cruzel tells us that asphyxia from the introduction of air into the veins is
frequent in places where venesection is often performed.
THE CIRCULATORY SYSTEM, 243

surrounding parts. In such cases the cause must primarily
be removed, and poulticing and other emollient measures
taken in regard to the poisoned wound. Sometimes the
system will require stimulation and support. The abscesses
must- be treated in the usual manner.

Lympaapenoma or Lympyoma is hypertrophy of lym-
phatic glandular structure, resulting in tumours, which
often are said to be malignant. This disease of the
glands causes and accompanies leukemia.

Appenpum 2.—Diszases or THE VascuLar Gianps.

The vascular or ductless glands are occasionally dis-

eased in the ox. The Sptizen in this animal is situated
on the upper part of the rumen to the left; it is oval and
flattened, and is smaller than in the horse. Its normal
weight is about two pounds. It undergoes enlargement
periodically during active gastric digestion, but it some-
times is considerably increased in bulk, having become
hypertrophied ; in anemic animals it is often found in an
atrophied state.
- Inflammation of this organ is described by several
British authors, but a careful examination of their ac-
counts makes it evident that they were dealing with
splenic fever. This error occurs especially in older works.
Cruzel describes it as frequent among working oxen.
Lymphomatous and scrofulous deposits may have their seat
in this organ. In cases of tuberculosis sometimes it is
firmly fixed to the stomach, liver, and intestines, by
tuberculous masses invested by peritoneum.

Hydatid Cysts (Echinococcus veterinorum) sometimes
grow in the spleen, causing considerable diminution of its
proper structure.

Lastly, Rupture sometimes takes place. The walls of its
venous sinuses give way, and the extravasated blood either
accumulates beneath the peritoneal capsule, or, that having
ruptured, escapes into the peritoneal sac. The former
condition may be seen in splenic fever, the latter results
from blows, falls, or other injuries. The symptoms of the
244,

BOVINE PATHOLUGY.

latter are those of internal hemorrhage, together with
subacute abdominal irritation. Such cases are not amen-
able to treatment, but the usual means adopted for
internal hemorrhage must be tried; administration of

Fie. 37.—A piece of
thymus of a calf spread
out. Natural size. a,
Central canal. 5, Lo-
bules. c. Isolated gland
granules seated upon
the principal canal,
(After Harley and
Brown.)

 

hesmostatics, as sulphuric acid, and
tannic and gallic acids, &c. Death,
however, generally comes on rapidly.

The Tuyrrorp Bopy is large in the
ox. It is sometimes the seat of indu-
ration, but more frequently becomes
large, either as a result of colloid
change, to which this organ is very
liable, or in consequence of the de-
velopment of cysts within its sub-
stance. Two cases of disease of this
body are given in the ‘ Veterinarian,’
vol. xvi, pp. 194 and 498. It may be
removed by operation, if so large as to
cause inconvenience. Generally its ex-
cessive size is only an eyesore, but it
may interfere with respiration.

The Tuymus Bopy of the calf is -
large, extending far up the neck und
into the anterior mediastinum. Some-
times it is enlarged. In the ‘ Vete-
rinarian,’ 1852, p. 691, is an account
of a case of this nature, in which the
organ had undergone tubercular soft-
ening, weighed forty-nine ounces, and
measured twenty-three inches in its
greater circumference. Mr. William
Lyon, of Forfar, removed it success-
fully by operation.

We have no record of disease of
the Aprenats of the ox.
THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM. 245

CHAPTER IV.—DISEASES OF THE DIGESTIVE
SYSTEM.

Section I.—Or toe ALIMENTARY CANAL.

Brine a ruminant, the ox has certain characteristic
differences of structure and form of the digestive organs
as compared with those of the horse; also there are special
features in which this animal differs from other ruminants.
The large size of the abdomen and the considerable
‘bulk of the mass of the alimentary canal, together with its
extent of surface and its large supply of blood, léad us to
anticipate numerous and complex disorders of the diges-
tive system. Inthis we are not mistaken. The weight
of the stomach and intestines is considered 14°3 per cent.
of that of the whole body (Lawes). The lips are liable to
become involved in malignant disease of the face, but
most frequently come under the notice of the surgeon as
the seat of laceration or other wound. In the treatment of
such lesions no part which can possibly be saved must
be removed. These organs, with the dental pad, hard
palate, and gums, also are the seat of vesicular eruptions
in foot-and-mouth disease, and of some of the characteristic
lesions in cattle plague. Cruzel describes inflammation of
the lips at some length.

The Incisor Teeth of the ox (fig. 38) are eight in number,
all in the lower jaw, placed with their crowns arranged
“like the keyboard of a piano,” their upper surfaces
meeting the dental pad. They have very small fangs, and
are loosely fixed in the jaw, the yielding of this part being
increased by the non-union of the symphysis. They may
be fractured or forced out; if only one or two are injured
this will not materially interfere with the obtaining of
246 BOVINE PATHOLOGY.

food, otherwise the animal may require to be house-fed.
Professor Simonds, in his work upon the ‘ Age of the Ox,
Sheep, and Pig,’ notices certain irregularities of the in-

  

Fra, 38—Incisors of the ox. a. Crown. 6. Fang. ec. Neck. f. Nipping
margin, g. Inner edge. A. Superior surface. 3B. Inferior surface.
(Chauveau.)

cisors of the ox, due to persistence or non-appearance of
temporary teeth. Such have not much practical
importance,

The Molars of the ox (fig. 39) differ from those of the
horse mainly in the fact that the three anterior ones are
small, as compared with the three posterior in each series.
The fangs are smaller and more subdivided. The tables
are less complex and more rough and irregular, with
jagged points, which often injure the insides of the cheeks
(and such lacerations acquire importance, since it has been
proved that they are the breach through which the bacteria
enter in many cases of anthrax). These teeth are loosened
by epitheliomatous or osteo-sarcomatous growths. They
may be affected by caries, and those other pathological
conditions which have been seen in the horse, but such
cases seem to be extremely rare. We also seldom find
records of their displacements abnormally. Cattle also
do not seem to suffer from teething. Our researches have
disclosed a case where the sole of a boot became fixed
on the molar series of one side of the lower jaw, giving
rise to dysphagia (difficulty in feeding). And in ‘ Veteri«
THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM. 24.7

narian,’ vol. xii, p. 143, is recorded a most remarkable case

of a normally formed incisor being developed in the centre

of the palate of a young bull.
2

 

Fie. 89.—Teeth of the ox. 1. Upper: a, from below; 8, from side.
2. Lower: a, from above; 6, from side. (Chauveau.)

The hard palate of the ox is wide and roomy poste-
riorly at its intermolar portion, but in front of this is
narrowed by the ridges, convex inwards, which afford
attachment to Canini. These muscles contract during
mastication, and thus diminish the anterior opening of the
mouth, at the same time leaving the lips free to act. The
muscles of mastication in ruminants are well developed.
Pterygoideus and masseter internus are large, and masseter
948 BOVINE PATHOLOGY.

externus may be divided into several superposed layers,
and anteriorly receives a tendon of Panniculus, represent-
ing Sterno-maxillaris. Digastricus has but one belly, and
runs directly from the occipital styloid process to the in-
ferior maxilla. Stylo-maxillaris is absent. The temporo-
maxillary joint is arranged to allow of very free lateral
movement, the glenoid surface being convex. In mastica-
tion and remastication the jaw is moved for a number of
times to one side, and then the action is reversed. Thus,
the right and left molar series are periodically, but not
alternately, brought into use.

* Droppina tHE Cup” takes place in certain diseases of
the mouth where mastication is painful, but is also one of
the symptoms of certain subacute forms of indigestion
dependent upon bad, bulky, and innutritious food. In
such cases the animal is unthrifty, with irregular bowels,
staring coat, and depraved appetite. A cathartic dose,
with change of diet, will generally effectually remove
this irregularity.

Salivary Glands.—The parotids are smaller propor-

 

Via. 40,--Salivary glands with their ducts. d. Parotid; a, its duct.
e. Probes in submaxillary ducts. e. Sublinguals. . Termination of
parotid duct. (Simonds.)

tionally than in the horse, but this is compensated for by
the large size of the inferior buccal glands, They secrete
THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM. 249

constantly, but most markedly when alimentary matters
are in the mouth being masticated; then the alternate
action of each gland, in accordance with unilateral masti-
cation, is marked. During abstinence the flow is about
a quarter as great as during mastication, and the fluid
passes generally into the reticulum. Though about equal
in size to the submaxillary, this gland produces four or
five times as much fluid [Sp. gr. 1:0108 (Lassaigne)].
The flow of submaxillary saliva is unaffected during
rumination. The total quantity of mixed saliva produced
by an ox, taking three hours to feed and five to rumi-
nate, was estimated at 40,000 grammes during the eight
hours’ mastication and 16,000 grammes during abstinence,
making a total of 56,000 grammes in twenty-four hours ;
this is probably under-estimated (Colin). Submaxillary
saliva is constantly produced during abstinence in small
quantities ; itisabundant during feeding, and its quantity
is related to the quality and taste of the food and to the
rapidity of mastication. Sublingual saliva may be obtained
from the accessory duct which runs from the posterior
lobe of the gland and opens near the submaxillary duct ;
it is constantly produced and is very viscid; probably it
serves to coat the pellet of food. The well-developed
condition of the salivary apparatus accounts for the fact
that it is readily acted upon by even small doses of
mercury, whereby excessive secretion, PryaLisM, is pro-
duced. It also explains how sufficient fluid is passed into
the rumen to thoroughly macerate the large quantity of
material it can contain. Mr. Cox, of Ashbourne, in the
‘Veterinarian,’ vol. xxv, p. 695, gives three cases of
ptyalism, due to paralysis, for they were accompanied
by inability to raise the eyelid and a pendulous condition
of the ear and of the upper lip. A blister around the
base of the ear and a laxative dose cured these
cases ina month. In two other cases no paralysis was
present.

Inflammation of the Salivary Glands seldom takes
place as a disease in itself, though these organs are
250 BOVINE PATHOLOGY.

generally involved in cases of sore throat. Cases of
PaRoripiTIs sometimes are seen, but it is the lymphatic,
and not the salivary parotid gland which is affected in almost
every instance. Youatt tells us that “this condition is an
almost invariable accompaniment of catarrhal affection of
the upper air passages, and there is scarcely any epi-
demic (sic) among cattle, one of the earliest symptoms of
which is not swelling of the head and neck.” There are
swellings, with heat and pain on pressure, on the seat of
the parotid, abscesses form and burst, and thus produce
obstinate sores. Youatt says, “ In inflammation, apparently
of only an inconsiderable portion of the parotid gland, we
have known ulcers of the most offensive character extend
from ear to ear, and expose the most important vessels of
the upper part of the neck.” He apparently here alluded
either to scrofulous tumours or to the condition known as
osteo-sarcoma or spina ventosa (vide infra). Ordinary
parotiditis needs no special measures of treatment.
Fomentations will be found most valuable, and steaming
the air passages is useful. In the ‘ Veterinarian,’ vol.
xxxil, p. 483, is given a case of cuticular cyst in the
parotid. Congestion of the buccal mucous membrane
sometimes interferes with the flow of saliva into the
mouth, since the openings of the submaxillary ducts below
the tongue, and sometimes those of the sublingual in the
channel between it and the molars, become tumid and
congested, a condition vulgarly known as barbs or paps.
This will disappear with its cause. Cruzel, however, says
decidedly, that operative removal is necessary.

Saurvary Catcunr do not seem to occur often in
cattle.

The tongue of the ox is pointed, more conical, and
thicker than that of the horse, and has stouter muscles.
It is used as the main organ of prehension, for, curling
round a tuft of grass it draws this into the mouth, while
the incisors meet the dental pad and bite off the morsel
at a short distance above the ground. The tongue ir
furnished with conical papille, and, since it is much ex-
THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM, 951

posed during the performance of its prehensile functions,
is protected by a stout horny epidermis. Conical papilla,
resembling those of the tongue, are found inside the cheeks.
These probably serve to retain the food in the mouth.
The protrusibility of the tongue results from the well-
developed condition of those lingual muscles attached to
the symphysis, and from the presence of a well-developed
middle cornu of the os hyoides. This highly important
organ is liable to disease of different kinds—inflamma-
tion, degeneration, and malignant glossitis.

Guossitis (inflammation of the tongue) is a disease of
by no means rare occurrence, attributable to ingestion of
rough course food, frosty grass, and injuries (mechanical
or chemical). It also is a complication occasionally
seen in eczema epizootica when badly treated or neg-
lected. The whole organ may be diseased or only part
of it. The resulting changes are induration, suppuration,
or gangrene,

Symptoms.—General signs of fever ; profuse flow of
saliva from the mouth, which is very hot, the tongue
then becomes enlarged and reddened, and hangs from the
mouth. Sometimes the epithelial layer is raised from the
deeper portion of the mucous membrane by serous
effusion, so that separation of it may take place to a
limited extent. The enlargement of the tongue and the
surrounding swelling causes some interference with res-
piration, of course the animal is not in a position to take
in food ; deglutition also is interfered with. In very acute
cases either abscesses form in the organ or mortification
sets in. In the former case pointing takes place, and as
soon as possible, but not prematurely, the abscess should
be opened. In the latter the protruded organ becomes
livid, cold, and loses all feeling and power of retraction ;
it has a peculiar odour with phlyctenze on the surface, and
the general symptoms assume a typhoid character. In less
acute cases exudation of lymph into the substance of the
tongue takes place; this undergoes organisation, and
compressing the muscular structure of the organ, pro-
252 BOVINE PATHOLOGY.

duces atrophy. Thus occurs the so-called scirrhus of the
tongue.

Treatment.—Active measures are essential. In the
earlier stages, besides nursing, the animal must receive
an aperient dose, and some suggest the necessity for
bleeding ; perferably sedative and febrifuge agents may
be administered, the doses being so arranged that they
may prove refrigerants to the diseased organ. Steaming
the mouth is valuable. The animal should always be
allowed a bucketful of nitrated water. One of the most
serious effects of this disease is that it cuts off the
animal’s food supply. Nutritive enemas must therefore
be given with assiduity, and all drinks administered in
gruel and with vegetable tonics. When gangrene of the
affected organ sets in, but little hope of a favorable result
must be entertained. Free incisions must be made into
the tongue. Extensive sloughing may remove the dead
parts, and the animal retain a portion of the organ
sufficient for house-feeding, but generally death takes
place. At best these cases are prolonged, the chances
of recovery are poor, and the animal will fall away much
during the treatment. Under these circumstances, our
duty is to suggest immediate slaughter if the animal be
in anything like condition in the early stages of a case of
glossitis. Gloss anthrax may be confounded with this
disorder, but it is more acute.

Inpuration oF THE ToncuE (Scirrhus).—Generally this
is the above-described atrophy of the tongue, due to substi-
tution of lowly organised fibrous tissue for muscular
fibre. Thus, there is no loss of bulk, indeed, the organ is
increased in size and very hard, but markedly of contrac-
tility. This atrophy may involve part or whole of the
organ; sometimes it affects only the tip, arising without
appreciable cause, unpreceded by inflammation. In any
case it interferes with prehension and mastication, and
the animal becomes emaciated, and should, therefore, be
slaughtered early. Interference with rumination and ex-
cessive salivation are the most marked symptoms.
THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM. 2538

Cramp or THE Tonauz.—This disease has been described
by Eberhardt (see ‘ Veterinarian,’ xvii, 153). It seems
to be enzootic in certain parts of Germany; is liable to
recur, and proves rapidly fatal unless relieved. ‘ The
tongue is curled like a corkscrew and drawn backwards
towards the upper part of the throat, on which it presses
so violently as to make it evident that this is the cause of
the convulsions, and that it is only necessary to bring the
tongue into its natural position to relieve the animal.
The attacks usually come on suddenly when the animal is
feeding. It starts suddenly back from the manger, begins
to breathe heavily and sonorously, stretches out the head,
and sways to and fro. It appears to be uneasy, it moves
restlessly from side to side, becomes swollen or half
suffocated, and voids much dung. There is an expres-
sion of suffering in the countenance; the eyes are pro-
truded, they rollin their sockets, and have a fiery glittering
appearance. The veins of the head are enlarged, and
project in bold relief like cords. If one of them is pressed
with the finger the flow of blood can be distinctly felt.
The ears stands erect, the nostrils work convulsively, the
mouth is held open, and the whole face plainly speaks
the agony which the animal is suffering.” Tracheotomy
may be performed if considered necessary.

Cystic Diszaszs or tHe Toneve.—An account of fibro-
cystic disease is given in the ‘ Edinburgh Veterinary Re-
view,’ iii, 216, and a most interesting case of pilous cysts
in the tongue, possibly an inversion of the skin, is recorded
by Professor Varnell (‘ Veterinarian,’ xxxix, p. 712).

The tongue of the ox is comparatively seldom injured.
This is due to the absence of the bit and the twisting
of a halter-rope into the mouth, which are fruitful sources
in the horse. Sometimes the organ is lacerated, and
sometimes bitten. This organ must be preserved as
much as possibly in its entirety.

PaRALysis OF THE Tonauz has been seen as a result of
disease of the cranium or of the brain. It is of rare occur-
rence, and generally necessitates slaughter.
254 BOVINE PATHOLUGY.

Utcers or tHe Toncue persist after foot-and-mouth
disease, sloughing of gangrenous portions, and injuries.
They interfere very materially with condition, and occa-
sionally require stimulation by caustic dressings. The
mucous membrane of the mouth of the ox being thicker
than that of the horse, is not so frequently affected by
careless administration of caustic alkalies imperfectly
diluted. Such accidents do occur. As a result the
epithelial layer may peel off the organ in a continuous
sheet, leaving the red surface of the corium exposed. This
is highly painful. Demulcents acidulated are especially
indicated in such cases.

Aparaa, or “ thrush in the mouth,” is a mild inflamma-
tion of the buccal membrane, leading to the formation of
a crop of minute conical or acuminate vesicles or pustules.
The number and smallness of these suffices to distinguish
them from the blebs of foot-and-mouth disease; they
appear especially on the tongue, burst, and leave ulcers,
which may run together. It results from direct local
irritation, and more frequently from ingestion of indiges-
tible matter. There are present the ordinary signs of
inflammation in the mouth, salivation, heat, and redness,
also imperfect mastication. Febrile symptoms may be
present.

Treatment.—An aperient saline dose is admissible to
expel the irritant substances from the alimentary canal.
Locally, astringent dressings may prove useful.

The Tonsils of the ox are depressions extending
from the lateral parts of the isthmus faucium. These
are deep, and in their walls are embedded ductless glan-
dular bodies. These are the parts which undergo most
marked change in diphtheria. They are enlarged in sore
throat of various kinds, and are involved in cases of
anthrax.

The velum pendulum palati of the ox is short as com-
pared with that of the horse; thus, vomited matter can
be expelled and the animal can breathe through the
mouth, :
THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM. 255

Concenitat Matrormation or tHe PataTe is sometimes
seen in calves. We have on record a case of complete
divergence of the lateral halves of the facial portion of
the upper jaw. A case of cleft palate is recorded in
‘Veterinarian,’ vol. xlii, p. 612; in this, alimentary
matters and saliva passed from the right nostril during
rumination or feeding.

The Pharyne of the ox has a single opening into the
nasal chambers, which run together posteriorly, where
a space exists between the lower margin of the vomer
and the palatine suture. The openings of the Hus-
tachian tubes are rounded, and the organ is not separated
from basis cranii by guttural pouches—simply by large
post-pharyngeal glands. The muscles of the pharynx
present nothing peculiar, and do not seem to undergo
paralysis.

PuarynczeaL Potyevs is an outgrowth, of generally an
ovoid figure, from the pharyngeal mucous membrane. It
acts as an impediment to deglutition, and sometimes, by
falling over the glottal opening, causes intermittent severe
dyspnea and coughing. These require to be removed by
means of the écraseur or ligature. The operation must be
performed through the mouth when possible, but some-
times the growth hangs from the posterior nares and causes
stertorous breathing. In a case recorded by Mr. Young-
husband, of Greystoke, “the head was kept protruded
nearly straight out.”

The @sophagus is of a red colour throughout, is large
in calibre, terminates posteriorly in the cesophagean groove
above the reticulum at the supero-anterior part of the
rumen. Its internal layer of muscular fibres presents
a spiral arrangement, resulting in double obliquity. Thus,
it is adapted for deglutition and regurgitation of the food
in pellets, which seem to be formed in the groove at its
posterior extremity. Strictly, the first three compart-
ments of the stomach of the ox should be considered
modified portions of the cesophagus. Transitional stages
from the simple stomach of man or the dog to the com-
256 BOVINE PATHOLOGY.

plex gastric arrangement of ruminants may be seen in the
horse and the pig.

Cisorzaaitis, Inflammation of the Cisophagus, has
been described, but it is not of frequent occurrence,
its symptoms are heat and swelling along the channel of
the neck, profuse flow of saliva, difficulty in deglutition,
and fever more or less marked.

Probably from a condition of this kind results Frsrous
DrcnneRaTION oF THE (CHsopHacus, as sometimes seen
(‘ Edinburgh Veterinary Review,’ vii, 27). There is nothing
special in this, for the ordinary result of inflammation of
muscular structures is the substitution of organised lymph
for contractile fibre. Its effects are important; they are
stricture and dilatation.

Dimatation or tHE Gisopuacus is less frequent than in
the horse, partly because the cesophagus is naturally larger,
partly because it performs a double function in the ox,
and, therefore, when deranged leads, to more rapid emacia-
tion, so that any relaxation of the walls is not so liable to
go to extremes. In a case of this kind but little can
result from surgery. The muscular coat is weakened or
degenerated, a state which can seldom be repaired. It is
best to endeavour to feed the animal for the butcher.
This must be done with great care, and manipulation over
the course of the cesophagus from above downwards,
after a meal, will tend to remove any accumulation which
may take place in the weakened part when it is in the
cervical region, where the tube is most exposed to injury.
The diet must be soft and nourishing, so that there may be
little need for regurgitation. In mild cases a blister over
the affected part has been found beneficial. Vomition,
periodical choking, and excessive appetite are signs of
those cases in which the cesophagus has a saccular dilata-
tion at its inferior extremity, which is the most frequent
seat of the disorder.

Stricture of the Gsophagus is due either to hypertrophy
of the muscular coat, to its fibrous degeneration with
shrinking, or to injury to the mucous membrane, with
thickening and obliteration of its folds. The most
THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM. 257

frequent cause is injury from too large a pellet or
mass of food being swallowed, or from excessive force
applied to the impacted body by the probang in cases
of choking. A lesion of this nature follows corrosive
poisoning, and may necessitate destruction of the patient
after recovery from the toxic effects of the agent.
Dilatation of the tube above the stricture occurs as a com-
plication. The thickening may extend along a con-
siderable portion of the length of the cesophagus as a
result of inflammation.

Symptoms.—Swelling along the channel of the neck,
frequent choking, and attempts to vomit. More or less
impediment to swallowing, and accumulation of food above
the stricture giving rise to a swelling, which, largest at
first after feeding, gradually disappears until after the
next meal.

Treatment has been successfully adopted in such cases
in the horse, but the method suggested for dilatation
-should be adopted in the ox. The passage of probangs,
of gradually increasing size, periodically, may be tried in
cases of circumscribed stricture; stimulation, by means
of a blister, will tend to remove lymphy deposit. When
the stricture involves the thoracic portion of the ceso-
phagus (or its terminal extremity), it is even less amenable
to treatment. When due to pressure of a tumour it
may be cured by surgical removal of the cause. Certain
parasites—Spiroptera scutata csophagea bovis—take up
their abode in the mucous membrane of the cesophagus.
They have not been observed in this country, but Miiller
gives an account of them (see ‘ Veterinarian,’ vol. xliii,
p- 632). They may cause stricture.

Roprvre or tHE CHisopHacus results from force applied
from within, as when the probang slips round the impacted
body, or forces it through the wall of the tube. Lacerated
or punctured wounds from without, or extension of ulcera-
tion, too, cause perforation. An abscess has been known
to burst into the thoracic portion of the cesophagus, and
thus evacuate its pus. In these cases there are two un-
satisfactory points: first, the food constantly tends to

17
258 BOVINE PATHOLOGY.

escape through the wound, and keep it open; secondly,
when healing occurs, stricture is very liable to ensue.
The indications for treatment are: feed the animal only on
soft food—liquids are preferable ; after feeding remove all
foreign matter escaping through the wound ; dress with oil
or glycerine of carbolic acid. It is a good plan to support
mainly on gruel administered through the hollow probang.
The use of the latter acts as a preventive against stricture.
When rupture has followed choking, and the wound is sub-
cutaneous, the alimentary material which escapes tends to
accumulate in the areolar tissue. It must be cut down
upon and removed, then the edges of the cesophageal
wound brought together with wire sutures or carbolised
catgut, and the case treated as above mentioned. Some-
times only partial rupture occurs when the force applied
to the probang is in the proper direction, but too great.
Complete transverse rupture of the mucous membrane then
takes place, and the probang passes onward with a jerk,
which to the experienced practitioner is diagnostic. The
symptoms of choking, in such a case, generally persist
after the canal has been cleared, and it ultimately becomes
necessary to destroy the patient.

Under the heading ‘‘ Degeneration of the Mucous mem-
brane of the Gisophagus” in the ‘ Edinburgh Veterinary
Review,’ vol. iv, p. 285, is given a case of those warty
growths, benign epithelial tumours which are not unfre-
quently found growing from the cesophageal mucous mem-
brane. These are sometimes enormous, and give rise to
choking since they materially diminish the calibre of the
tube. Their presence can only be surmised in cases of
intermittent choking. They constitute one of many
causes. The frequent passage of the probang and other
treatment of ordinary stricture may suffice to secure fitness
for the butcher.

Cuoxine is a condition which commonly depends upon
impaction or blocking up of the cesophagus by some foreign
body. Symptoms of choking, however, arise from other
causes, a8 injuries of the csophagus from sharp bodies
swallowed, also disease of the pneumogastric nerve.
THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM. 259

Tmpaction of foreign bodies in the cesophagus occurs very
frequently in the ox. The symptoms resulting from it
are not so urgent as in the horse. The animal stands
with the muzzle projected, coughs, champs the jaws, and
there is a profuse flow of saliva from the mouth. Appetite
and rumination are suspended, but there are gulping
efforts. The eyes are projecting and bloodshot, and the
patient is very uneasy; there is frequent passage of urine
and feeces. When any matter is ingested it is returned by
vomition through the mouth and nose. The impaction may
be up against the pharynx, in the cervical, or in the thoracic
regions of the tube. In the former case the coughing is
most marked and respiration is interfered with, in the
latter, fluid seems to pass, but simply fills the passage up
from the obstruction, and is then returned by vomition ;
also auscultation detects frequently rushes of gas past the
obstruction (Nelson), while altogether the symptoms are
less urgent. When the body is lodged in the cervical
region, swelling may be perceived on the left side in the
channel of the neck. This may be large or small, hard or
soft, movable or immovable, according to the nature
of the body and the conditions of the cesophagus. Tym-
pany early sets in, except in those cases, which are not
numerous, in which liquids and gaseous matters can pass
the obstruction. The swelling of the rumen threatens
suffoeation, and requires relief either by puncture or by
passage of the hollow probang. On performing the latter
operation we determine the presence of a solid body
preventing its entry into the stomach. This body may
be a turnip, mangold, or potato. All such roots should
be sliced or bruised, especially when animals receive them
as a change of diet, for then they are greedily stowed
away in the rumen, and a too large one causes choking.
Whole eggs given to improve the animal’s condition are
much less frequently the cause of choking in the ox than
in the horse. The bulimia (or depraved appetite) from
which cows especially suffer causes them to consume
strange bodies, which may become impacted in the ceso-
phagus. Imperfect salivation of coarse food seldom causes
260 BOVINE PATHOLOGY.

obstruction in the ox, indeed this is natural, for food is
taken in hastily and thoroughly mixed with the saliva only
when it gains the ramen. Accumulation of food material
in a dilated cesophagus and spasm of the muscular coat
are occasional causes. Stricture is very liable to cause
impediment even when pellets are passing up from the
rumen for remastication. Sometimes “ hair-balls ” thus
cause choking.!

Treatment.—When we have reason to suspect pharyn-
geal impaction we must have the animal’s mouth kept
open by means of an ordinary balling iron, and pass the
hand through the mouth to explore the pharynx. Some-
times it will assist us if an assistant presses the throat on
each side behind the maxillary angle inwards and upwards.
In the cervical region the tumour may be manipulated,
and attempts made to move it upwards or downwards.
These may be aided by passing a small quantity of oil
into the cesophagus. Sometimes manipulation will disin-
tegrate a mass, which will then slowly disappear. Any
movement of the body is a favorable sign. If this method
fail, the probang, well oiled, may be passed, and gentle
but continuous pressure exerted upon the impediment,
which may often be felt gradually yielding and passing
onward into the stomach. In less favorable cases it will
not yield. This frequently depends upon spasm of the
cesophagus behind it, and consequently persistence in
passing the probang at intervals and applying gentle
pressure may be crowned with success. Some practitioners
recommend morphia and aconite doses to allay the spasm.
Carters’ whips, ropes, and other rough instruments are some-
times used instead of the probang; this is reprehensible.
Probangs are of various kinds. They almost all consist of
an elastic tube, kept open by a spiral wire, and perforated
by a central free stilette. One extremity is arranged like a
mouth-piece, the other has a bulb, which is sometimes egg-

1 Cases of chronic choking are sometimes seen in which a portion of turnip
or other substance, of a triangular or irregular shape, becomes fixed in the
esophagus, and allows passage of food downwards. This generally takes
place near the stomach. A case has been known to last for six weeks.
THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM. 261

shaped and perforated ; this is apt to ship off a rounded
body, as a turnip, and rupture the cesophagus. Others,

Fie. 41.—Ordinary method of pas-

sing the probang.

 

(Simonds.)

preferably, have a concave
extremity, which allows firm
and even pressure on the
body. Mr. Reed reminds us
that the metal ends shouid
not be of lead, which is in-
dented by the teeth, and thus
becomes liable to tear the
cesophagus.

In passing the probang, a
wooden gag, perforated cen-
trally and with a projecting
handle at each extremity, is
placed in the mouth and fixed
by straps which pass behind
the horns. Two men ought to
hold the head, each having a

     
 

ZT

  

  

tage

PI ZIEAI EP

Fig. 42.—Armatage’s wooden Gag.

handle in one hand and the horn of the opposite side in
the other. Thus, the head is straightened upon the neck
262 BOVINE PATHOLOGY,

by the elevation of the muzzle. The probang, then, with
its cup-shaped end foremost, is passed through the opening
in the gag under the pendulous palate, carefully over
the epiglottis, which it forces downwards somewhat, and so
into the cesophagus. Sometimes slight taps with the heavy
end of the probang serve to start the body forwards. A
little oil may be introduced through the tube by removal
of the stilette. Thus, also, the gas can be drawn off when
the bulb enters the rumen.

The Forceps Probang of Professor Simonds serves to
grasp the root, and so to accomplish its withdrawal. It is

 

 

Ss

Fia 43.—The Grasping or Forceps Probang of Professor Simonds.
(Armatage.) :

 

 

furnished at the top end with a screw-handle, at the
other with a pair of spring forceps, the latter being drawn
into the bulb when the instrument is passed and secured
by a check and screw to the other end. The forceps
are serrated on their inner surface, and their edges are
made somewhat tapering, for the purpose of passing readily
between the root and the side of the cesophagus. The bulb
being brought in contact with the root the screw check
is removed and the forceps expanded and turned in
different directions to grasp the root. That the obstruc-
tive is grasped is indicated by the stilette not being
entirely withdrawable.

The Corkscrew Probang of Lord is so arranged that,
when a foreign body is reached, a corkscrew can be in-
troduced into it, with the result either of bringing abont
its withdrawal or lessening its cohesion. In the latter
case, after being punctured in several places, the root may
break up and pass readily into the rumen. The screw
terminates the stilette; it can be retracted into the tube
THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM, 263

of the probang while it is being passed, and when the
obstruction is reached can be introduced into it by
turning the handle; another probang is a stout rope un-
perforated, with a cap at each extremity. Sometimes the
obstruction becomes perforated, and allows the probang to
pass it, and a large body fixed in the cervical portion of
the cesophagus, when moved from here, may become fixed
in the lower extremity of the tube. These measures failing,
we must resort to wsophagotomy. The muzzle of the
patient is elevated, and thus the lower part of the neck
rendered tense. An assistant is placed on the right side
of the animal and required to press on the cesophagus at
the seat of obstruction, causing it to bulge towards the
left. The impaction serves to separate the neighbouring
vessels upwards and downwards, and the cesophagus
bulges beneath the skin and a thin layer of muscle. The
operator, standing on the left side, makes a clean in-
cision on to the body of sufficient length to at once
and freely allow its escape. The margins of the ceso-
phageal wound are then brought together by catgut
sutures, and the external wound similarly closed. The
carbolic acid spray may be made to play during the opera-
tion, and will materially increase the chance of union by
first intention, so desirable in wounds of the cesophagus.
The animal must be fed on soft food, which may be
injected directly into the ramen through a canula (Dycer) ;
or sometimes another method of performing the operation,
preferable in many respects, is to simply cut down upon
but not into the cesophagus, to endeavour then by gentle
manipulation to break down the obstructing body, but if
this fails, to insert an extremely fine probe-pointed bistoury
through a very small opening and cut in various directions
through the body, thus breaking it up, its parts being
removed by manipulation as they separate. The advan-
tages of this are obvious; it was suggested by Freneb
veterinary surgeons.

In cases of choking, after-treatment is very necessary,
for recurrence is frequent. Soft diet must be continued for
some time, and the animal kept under strict supervision,
264, BOVINE PATHOLOGY,

Such complications as occur are sometimes troublesome ;
tympany often requires to be relieved by puncture with
the trocar, even before any measures are adopted against
the choking. Rupture and stricture, as results of injury
with the probang, have been already noticed. Often a
very considerable formation of false membranes occurs at
the seat of impaction. When the free end of the probang
is brought up covered with blood, laceration of the lining
mucous membrane or rupture of both the walls has taken
place, and the case is probably hopeless ; there is a free
flow of any fluid which is administered, and when the
obstruction is in the thorax, this may pass into the pleural
sac and give rise to pleuritis. The animal continues in
pain and the breath becomes fcetid.

Prophylaxis consists in having all roots cut or bruised, in
giving cattle only a little at a time of any fresh food, and
in fattening for slaughter animals which have been thus
affected.

Vomition is an expulsion of material from the alimen-
tary canal as a result of reversed peristaltic action. Thus,
it is clear that it may vary much in its nature and severity
in the ox. We have noticed that it is one of the sym-
ptoms of choking where the obstruction is near the
rumen. In other cases it is simply expulsion of matter
from an over-loaded rumen, and is one of nature’s methods
of relief in cases of hoven. This form is rather frequent ;
the ejected matter mainly passes by the mouth, and
sometimes amounts to an enormous quantity. It differs
from “dropping the cud” mainly in the rapidity with
which the aliment is ejected, and in the fact that it
accompanies indigestion. Rarely, the contents of the true
stomach are thrown off; this, which Youatt terms “ true
vomition,” he illustrates by a case from M. Cruzel, in
the ‘ Journal Pratique,’ 1830, p. 822. The patient, an ox,
was unthrifty, raminated seldom and slow, and had slight
tension of the left flank. ‘ Rumination commenced,
preceded by deep and sonorous eructations having a
penetrating odour. This lasted about ten minutes, after
which the animal got up, backed himself in his stall,
THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM. 265

hung on the chain, his fore limbs trembled, he brought
his hind extremities as much as possible under him, and
bent his neck and depressed his head, and, after a deep
and powerful inspiration, he vomited fifteen pounds of
semi-fluid matter, perfectly triturated. The vomiting
ceased, the ox remained for a moment motionless, and
then lay down again and ruminated afresh. He continued
thus about thirty-five minutes, when he had a renewed
fit of vomiting perfectly similar to the preceding.” The

  

Fra. 44.—Csophageal groove. a. Csophagus, with (4) its opening into the
groove. d. Mucous membraue dissected back. e. Rumino-reticular
sphincter. (Carpenter)

act of vomiting is regulated by a special centre in the
medulla oblongata, is reflex, and is brought about by a
deep inspiration fixing the diaphragm, contraction of all the
abdominal sphincters, and then of the abdominal muscles,
and of the walls of the stomach, together with reversed peri-
stalsis of the cesophagus. Impaction of the ramen has been
treated by injection of fluid until vomition took place.
Vomiting, too, is a symptom of foreign bodies in the reti-
culum, and of impaction of the esophagus near the rumen,
where the knot of a straw or hay band is apt to become fixed.
266 BOVINE PATHOLOGY.

The cesophagus terminates in gaining relations with the
first three compartments of the stomach by the esophageal
groove. This is a half canal open below, the margins of
which are mainly composed of longitudinal white muscular
fibres, which form a loop at its termination around the
opening into the omasum. These fibres are connected
together by others, which run transversely beneath the
mucous membrane, which resembles that of the cesophagus.
The opening of the groove below is into the reticulum

 

Fig. 45.—Rumen and reticulum seen from left. Their left walls removed.
a, Opening into omasum. (Simonds.)

anteriorly and the rumen posteriorly. The rumen or first
stomach occupies three fourths of the abdomen, being
situated on the left side, all of which it occupies except
the extreme postericr part. It has a capacity of many
gallons. The spleen lies upon its supero-anterior part.
It is mostly covered by peritoneum, its muscular coat
presents fibres often transversely striated, and is arranged
to form bands in certain situations; some of these
are arranged transversely, others longitudinally, con-
sequently the cavity of the rumen is divided into four
compartments, of which the left are the largest. The
THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM. 267

mucous lining membrane presents few glands, has tesse-
lated stratified epithelium, and is elevated to form leaf-like
papillz, which are largest in the depths of the pouches, .
and disappear towards the muscular bands. The reticulum,

 

Fig. 46.—Rumen and reticulum. Muscular coat. cc, d,e, f. Pouches of the
rumen. (Simonds.)

or second stomach, hangs below the termination of the
esophagus between the rumen and the diaphragm. Its
lining membrane presents a “honeycomb” arrangement,
having hexagonal depressions separated from each other
by narrow ridges, and in them are secondary hexagonal
depressions. The spaces are largest at the deeper part.
The whole surface presents conical papille. The cavity
is separated from that of the rumen no more than one
pouch of that organ from another. This is the smallest
of the stomachs, and functions as a pouch of the rumen.
In passing above this stomach the groove inclines from
left to right, it terminates in the omasum, manyplies, or
third stomach. This is situated on the right of the anterior
part of the rumen, and is curved and oval in shape ;
its lining membrane, with fibres from the muscular coat,
projects inwards, forming folds or laminw, which are largest
at the greater curvature, at the centre of the organ,
268 BOVINE PATHOLOGY.

They decrease in length towards each orifice; only the
four or five largest extend the full length of the organ;

 

Fria. 47.—Omasum and abomasum, opened longitudinally. 8. Rumino-reti-
cular opening. (Simonds.)

between them lie the smaller ones. The lesser curvature
bears no folds; papille occur over the surface of the mem-
brane, some conical, others clavate.

The Abomasum or True Digestive Stomach lies to the
right of the antero-inferior and central parts of the
rumen, extending from below and to the left of the
omasum, obliquely upwards and backwards. Thus, it
has a lesser curvature superiorly placed, and a greater
postero-inferiorly. It commences at a rather wide open-
ing from the omasum, and terminates at the pylorus.
The mucous membrane presents folds, which vary in their
direction in different parts. It is villous and bears gastric
follicles, whereby the suecus gastricus is secreted. The
THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM, 269

pylorus has a well-developed sphincter. There are various
theories as to the act of rumination, and the manner in
which the different cavities are related to this and other
digestive processes. A full account of the various views
is given in Colin’s ‘ Physiologie Comparée.? Rumination
comprises the production of a pellet of the slightly masti-
cated food which for some time has been macerating in
the rumen, its regurgitation through the cesophagus and
pharynx into the mouth, its mastication, and redeglutition.
The matter is complicated by the fact that one portion of
food is regurgitated a variable number of times, depending
on the amount of preparation it requires. Liquids and
pultaceous material pass at once into the omasum as well
as into the rumen and reticulum. Coarse food may be
remasticated as many as four or five times. Until
thoroughly softened it passes from the cesophagus indif-
ferently into the rumen or reticulum. When the rumen
is occupied by a sufficient amount of food it exerts a
churning and to-and-fro movement, whereby the alimen-
tary matters undergo a certain amount of division, and are
thoroughly intermingled with the large quantity of saliva
which is poured down from the mouth; so the contents
are softened and undergo those changes which are due to
thorough insalivation. There is a considerable depth of
rumen cavity below the edge of the septum which separates
it from the reticulum; the most fluid portions of the
contents of the rumen most readily pass over this “ high-
water mark,” so the contents of the reticulum are very
fluid. The muscular bands of the rumen are so arranged
that when they contract they concentrate the organ, as
it were, towards the terminal extremity of the cesophagus.
At the same time contraction of the reticulum also occurs,
and thus the alimentary material is pressed into the
lower end of cesophagus, and passed upwards in pellets
into the mouth. Such is the arrangement of this
cesophageal groove that, when its longitudinal bands
contract, they tend to place the terminal opening of
the cesophagus and the opening into the omasum
opposite each other, connected practically by a canal
270 BOVINE PATHOLOGY.

cut off from the cavity of the rumen by the contraction of
a sphincter. When food has been pressed into the canal

 

Fra. 48.—Gastric mass viewed from the left. a. (Esophagus. 8, Rumen.
ce. Reticulum. e. Abomasum. jf. Duodenum.

 

Fie. 49.—Gastric mass viewed from the right. @. Csophagus. 6. Rumen,
e. Reticulum. d. Omasum. e. Abomasum. f. Duodenum,

by contraction of the first and second stomachs a suffi-
THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM. 271

ciently large portion is cut off from the rest by contrac-
tion of the sphincter, and thus the pellet to be returned
to the mouth is formed. Reversed peristalsis commences
against the omasum at that part of the canal which is
occupied by fluid material from the reticulum. Some of
this is forced into the omasum during the contraction of
the canal. The action of the rumino-reticular sphincter
is similar in nature, but reverse in its action to that of
the pylorus; the latter guards against passage of solid
masses, the former sometimes contracts to guard against
liquids, as probably during drinking. Sufficiently elabo-
rated food passes directly into the omasum, and here is
subjected to compression. The laminz are so arranged
that matter can pass in between them and lie there, being
gradually moved outwards towards the abomasum; but
the arrangement of their muscular structure is such that
when the stomach contracts they also diminish in length,
and thus do not block up the channel at the lesser curva-
ture of the viscus, along which, as through part of the
cesophagus, a passage generally is open for liquids or very
pultaceous material. The anatomical arrangement of the
cesophageal canal shows no reason why, if peristalsis is
regular (not reversed), the soft material from the reti-
culum should not pass into the omasum. Probably a
handing on of prepared matter thus takes place. The
omasum seems rather a means of sustaining the groove
during rumination, and a protector of the abomasum from
the influx of coarse food particles, than a reservoir in
which any important quantity of the food is stored up for
atime. These deductions from anatomical facts are con-
firmed by several experiments by Flowrens on living
animals. Other theories of rumination are:

I. That food handed from the rumen into the reticulum is by it
moulded into a pellet and handed into the esophagus, and that when
it again descends it is soft, and, therefore, enters the omasum, for it
passes over the floor of the groove without separating the pillars
(Daubenton). . :

II. That the food for remastication;is driven into the esophagus
by the rumen, and returns into that compartment after its second
descent (Duverney, Simonds, Bourgelat, &c.). /

III. The groove acts as a hand, grasping matter which it takes
from the rumen (Perrault). :
272 BOVINE PATHOLOGY.

IV. In formation of the pellets a special apparatus is employed,
which consists of, the groove, and the openings into the esophagus
and omasum closed (Flourens). f

V. Energetic contraction of rumen and reticulum forces food into
the enlarged extremity of the esophagus, which “nips off” sufficient
for a pellet (Colin).

Contraction of the diaphragm and of the abdominal walls
are adjuncts to regurgitation. The pillars of the diaphragm
of the ox are specially arranged ; this peculiarity seems to
favour rumination by preventing compression of the ceso-
phagus when the diaphragm contracts. True gastric diges-
tion in the ox presents no special features. Chymification
israpidly performed. According to Tiedemann and Gmelin
the omasum secretes an acid juice, which materially assists
in the conversion of the albuminoids into peptones. We
can well understand that, to enable the gastric juice to act
efficiently, a large amount of the profuse alkaline salivary
secretion must be drained off, and the mass may thus be
strongly impregnated with acid throughout by the action of
theomasum. Ellenberger, in a most valuable article on the
third stomach, insists that it has no secerning function,
and acts asa masticating, triturating, pulverising stomach.
Its contents are generally found dry, not as a result of
absorption but in consequence of gravitation and pressure.
The exsiccation makes them more readily yield to the
rasp-like action of the lamina, and it also favours the action
of the digestive juices (‘ Veterinary Journal,’ xii, p. 111).

The rumen is subject to various disorders and lesions,
some of which are very important from a practical point
of view. They sometimes necessitate operative inter-
ference, and are very liable to recur.

Tympany—‘‘ Hoven” or “ Brown ”—DIsrEnsion OF THE
Rumen with Gas, known also as fog sickness, dew blown,
and under numerous provincial terms. It is designated
by the French météorization, and is one of the most
frequent affections of cattle.

Symptoms.—The patient commences to exhibit signs
of uneasiness, rising and lying down frequently, and
kicking at the belly, for this disease is very pain-
ful. The rumination is suspended and food is refused.
There is depression, protrusion of the muzzle, projection
THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM. 273

and congestion of the eyes, increased flow of saliva, and
moaning at expiration, differing from the grunt of pleuro-

 

Fra. 50. The rumen exposed in position. The organ is in a state of distens
sion, and its divisions are indicated by the letters a, 6, c, and d.

pneumonia in being more prolonged. ‘The back is arched,

18
274, BOVINE PATHOLOGY.

and there is marked swelling of the left side, which, if
percussed, is resonant like a drum, whence the name tym-
pany. Distension of the rumen impedes the action of
the diaphragm, and increases unduly its bulging into the
thorax. In some cases there is ejection of the contents of
the viscus. Almost always there are eructations of gases
with a special odour. The bowels do not act, and the in-
terference with the breathing increases in severity ; also
the brain becomes involved to a certain extent, the animal
loses sight, staggers, becomes insensible, and falls. Death
occurs either from rupture of the rumen, or from suffoca-
tion, or from absorption of noxious gases. The most
recent analysis of the gases generated in these cases is
given in the ‘ American Veterinary Review,’ vol. i, p. 100:
74°83 carbonic acid, 23°46 carburetted hydrogen, 2°2
nitrogen. Neither oxygen nor sulphuretted hydrogen
could be traced (Reiset). Guérin, however, found 80 per
cent. of sulphuretted hydrogen.

The most fruitful cause of this disorder is green food of
various kinds; it generally occurs from the voracity with
which cattle that have been kept on dry food all the
winter consume fresh provender. Hence it is most pre-
valent in the spring. It results from feeding on any kind
of green food, especially that collected when the dew is
on the grass; sometimes from turnips, but generally only
when these are frosted or rotten. In cases of choking,
the mechanical impediment proves the cause. Hoven is
present in many cases of disorder of other organs. In
some cases of prostration gases are evacuated sponta-
taneously from the lining mucous membrane, but this is
very rare. Again, sudden change of diet, of any kind,
may cause this disorder, or deficient secretion of saliva
may produce the same effect. The latter cause acts as a
preventive to redeglutition, since the proper formation
of the returning pellet requires liquid admixture.
“Hoven” is of two kinds—acute and chronic. The latter
depends upon disorders of the digestive apparatus, such
as a want of tone of the rumen in particular, due toa
similar state of the system in general, and also the pre-
THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM. 275

sence of disease of the reticulum. Elimination of gas in
the rumen always occurs to a certain extent. The causes
of excess in this matter are either dependent primarily on
the state of the stomach or on the nature of the ingesta.
Fresh green food, introduced in too large quantity, un-
dergoes fermentation, for it is placed under conditions
favorable to that process—a temperature of about 100° and
moisture. Thus, in the earliest stages, carbonic anhy-
dride is the gas given off; but if these matters remain too
long in the stomach they decompose, and then sulphuretted
hydrogen is eliminated. Probably this gas is given off
in extreme quantities at once, after ingestion of rotten
turnips. Considering the conditions of the full rumen,
fermentation must occur in it if its contents are not ex-
pelled in due course so that only a small quantity remains,
since it seems the organ must never be thoroughly emp-
tied. -This residuum, however, is subject to almost
perfect renewal with each digestion in consequence of
the churning action, which ensures thorough intermingling
of the gastric contents.

Torpidity of the rumen occurs in debilitating diseases —
in fact, in most disorders of the ox; also from introduc-
tion of excessively cold material, as turnips which are
frosted, and grass covered with hoar frost. The gas can
escape in two ways—through the cesophagus or through
the omasum—but this may be prevented by cesophageal
spasm—or by contraction of the rumino-reticular sphincter.
The latter probably occurs as a result of ingestion of cold
food, but when green food has been passed into a torpid
rumen this probably accumulates unduly about the opening
-of the first and second stomachs, and thus prevents both
the ingress of medicaments and the egress of gas from
the deeper parts ofthe cavity oftherumen. In some cases
of difficult parturition considerable hoven is present, and
delivery does not take place until this state is relieved.

Treatment.—The practitioner called in to a case of
hoven probably finds the animal in danger of suffocation
from extreme abdominal distension. When a fatal result
threatens every minute it is generally advisable to
276 BOVINE PATHOLOGY.

Puncture the Rumen as a preliminary and palliative
measure. It must be clearly understood that this depar-
ture from the rule, “ Remove the cause and the effect will

 

Fia. 51.—The seat of puncture of the rumen (a).

cease,” is only an expedient for gaining time for further
measures.

 

Fic. 52.—Trocar and Canula,

The instrument used is the trocar and canula, which
is large, about eight inches long and nearly half an
inch in diameter. The puncture should be made on the
left side, at a point equally distant from the point of the
hip, the last rib, and the lumbar transverse processes (see
Fig. 51). The tube is then opened by removal of the trocar ;
the canula may be left in as long as required, and retained
by string. Sometimes the rush of gas suddenly ceases
before much has escaped; this is due to solid matter having
accumulated round the end of the canula. This must be
removed by insertion of a probe or movement of the
canula. The length of the tube allows for a certain
amount of collapse of the rumen after puncture. ‘“ Suck-
ing calves are occasionally subject to hoove. Little more
THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM, 277

will be necessary in this case than the introduction of the
probang. This distension of the rumen arises from some
accidental and temporary cause, and there is rarely any
continued manufacture of gas within the stomach ; some
calves become blown from the trick they frequently have
of sucking each others pizzle or ear’? (Youatt).

In cases of choking, the probang must next be passed,
and every obstacle removed. The tube should be made
to penetrate into the rumen, and thus tend to remove
mechanically any food accumulated round the cardia.
Through it, or directly through the cannla, may be in-
troduced some agent which will stimulate the torpid
rumen and chemically condense the gases pent up in it;
sometimes these will rush out with force through the
probang and the relieved organ regain its tone; more
often medicinal agents are required. Compounds of am-
monia are most valuable in these cases. Liquor Ammonia
or the Spiritus Aromaticus (of course largely diluted) form
with the carbonic anhydride the ammonium carbonate,
which is a useful stimulant. ‘ Chloride of lime” is
usually to hand, and acts on the carburetted and sul-
phuretted hydrogens which are present, forming hydro-
chloric acid. Any excess of the bleaching powder acts
as an arrester of putrefaction and fermentation. This
agent is available, therefore, either in the early or late
stages. The sulphites and hyposulphite of soda also serve
to condense the gases which are causing over-distension.
Some farmers practise throwing cold water over the ab-
domen of an animal which is “ blown ;” this, of course,
acts by causing reflex contraction of the rumen, which
might lead to rupture if the openings were occluded and
thus the escape of gas prevented. Cases have been
relieved by means of the stomach-pump, cold water being
thrown in through the probang; nature herself adopts
the method of relief by vomition in some cases. Almost
always eructations take place, but the amount of gas thus
removed does not equal in amount that which is con-
stantly being set free. The administration of stimu-
lants and removal of accumulated gas generally requires
278 BOVINE PATHOLOGY.

to be accomplished several times, and early administra-
tions of a cathartic dose will facilitate perfect recovery.
In chronic cases, small doses of nux vomica have been
recommended, as especially valuable where the disorder
depends on defective nervous energy. In other instances,
iron or vegetable general tonics are required, but the most
important indication is to regulate the diet as a preven-
tive means both for animals which have suffered from this
disorder and those which have not. It is very liable to recur.

Impaction or tHE Rumen—distension of the rumen with
solid matters—plenalvia—* grain-sick ”—“ maw-bound ”
—a pathological condition similar to that last noticed, but
differing in the urgency of its symptoms, and in its method
of treatment, depends upon the introduction of solid
matters in such amount as to paralyse the organ by over-
distension. Some foods seem more liable to produce this
disorder than others, as grain food, chaff, potatoes; but
anything particularly palatable to the animals may be
thus taken in excess if placed too freely before a beast.

Symptoms.—As in tympany, there is swelling on the
left side of the abdomen. The animal is dull and suffers
pain, the bowels are confined, and the pulse small and
quick; but these symptoms are less urgent, appear more
gradually, and the abdominal swelling is not resonant
on percussion, and it pits on pressure, and when the
animal lies down it does so on the right side. Also eruc-
tations do not occur. The symptoms, later on, resemble
those of hoven, which sets in as a complication; then the
respiration becomes affected; there is a moan on expira-
tion, grinding of the teeth, persistent standing, with muzzle
protruded and arched back ; or Axviris, inflammation of the
rumen, may set in when the general febrile symptoms for
the first time manifest themselves, in addition to those
already present; also the animal will manifest pain when
pressure is made on the left side.

Treatment must be directed to the removal of some of
the impacted food-mass, and also to restoration of tone to
the over-distended walls of the viscus. To increase our
knowledge of the conditions in the case we must pass the
THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM. 279

probang, by which means any gas present may be drawn
off, and to a certain extent the degree of distension
may be determined. Cases have been cured by throwing
in water, whereby vomition is brought about, but this
is not always successful. When the distension is not
excessive a stimulant with a cathartic must next be ad-
ministered, Oilis particularly useful to lubricate the pas-
sages and soften the masses of food. Manipulation applied
externally over the food-mass is sometimes beneficial, and
exercise increases tone, but its influence on the rumen is
doubtful. These measures failing, before the animal begins
to sink exhausted, or the brain become congested, or
alvitis supervene, Ruminotomy (“ paunching”) must be
performed. The animal is placed with the right side
against a wall, just at the end, so that the tail may be
held to the right. The nose is held, and pressure on the
left shoulder and hip prevents the patient from moving
too much to the left. An incision is then to be made
about the seat of puncture of the rumen, and carried
directly downwards for about six inches. This first in-
cision is made through the skin and outer layer of muscle ;
the inner layer and peritoneum must then be divided, and
so the rumen exposed. A slight incision having been
made in this above, and the edges grasped with hooks,
they may be either retained in firm grasp by means of the
hooks, being drawn through the wound in the abdominal
wall as the incision in the rumen is prolonged downwards,
or the two wounds may be stitched together temporarily.
In the latter case a handkerchief may be introduced
through the wound and spread out over the lower part,
on which any droppings of ingesta may fall. With
his hand the operator then removes the accumulated
mass until only a small quantity of soft material re-
mains in the organ. It is also advisable to ascertain
the state of the reticulum and omasum as much as pos-
gible. Some then inject a stimulant cathartic dose into
the organ, but this, when necessary, can be given through
“the mouth. The wound in the rumen must then be closed
by carbolised catgut sutures, care being taken that the
280 BOVINE PATHOLOGY.

edges are inverted. The muscular wound may be retained
also by catgut, or, preferably, metallic sutures, the ends of
which protrude through the external wound, which is then
similarly closed. Where feasible the operation should be
performed under the carbolic spray. The wound generally
heals readily, the rumen becomes attached to the abdominal
walls in most cases, therefore it is advisable, after the
operation, to fatten the patient for the butcher as soon as
possible. Sometimes it is found necessary to reopen the
wound, as in a good case recorded by that able and re-
spected cattle pathologist, Mr. John Steele, of Biggar, in
the ‘ Veterinarian,’ 1834, p.98. After-treatment consists
in administration of stimulant aromatics and feeding the
animal on soft diet until the rumen has thoroughly re-
gained its tone. When alvitis has set in the chances of
recovery are materially reduced, and after the operation of
ruminotomy, which must be resorted to, even though the
conditions present render it an affair of desperation,
external stimulation and administration of febrifuges in-
ternally must be persevered in, while the cathartic dose
is assisted by enemas, and the general measures of nursing
are to be carefully attended to. Fortunately, alvitis is
rare. It is interesting to note that peritonitis of a
diffused character seems never to result from this opera-
tion, unless the matter from the rumen has been allowed
to escape into the peritoneal sac. It is wonderful to see
the extent to which the peritoneal membrane of ruminants
may be operated on with impunity.

Roprurz or tHe Rumen sometimes takes place as a
result of primary hoven or gaseous accumulation in cases
of plenalvia. Sometimes wounds penetrate the walls of
this organ, and it is possible for rupture to occur as a
result of injury from the animal falling in an advanced
case of plenalvia. Puncture of its walls may be due to
ulceration resulting from the presence of irritant foreign
bodies, which act either chemically or mechanically. In these
cases escape of partially elaborated food takes place, either

1 Michaud has placed on record a case where the left kidney sloughed out

of the wound formed by an empirical practitioner in the attempt to perform
this operation (‘ Revue Vet.,’ x, 8).
THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM, 281

into the main peritoneal sac or into omentum major. ‘The
result is peritonitis, but before this sets in the animal may
die, thesymptoms being those of abdominal pain and collapse.

Foreien Bopizs iv tHe Rumen anv Rerticutum are of
various kinds. The most extraordinary are those which
the animal has ingested in consequence of depravity of
appetite. Sometimes these are large and of peculiar form,
since they become variously encrusted. These give rise to
indigestion, such as is frequently seen in cattle, irregular
rumination, increased depravity of appetite, and an un-
thrifty condition ; sometimes also vomition is present. They
are also said to act deleteriously by becoming entangled
in the cesophageal groove and the stomachic openings.
Sharp bodies penetrate the walls of the viscus, and their
course is indicated by inflammatory changes. This is
found to be the case most frequently in the reticulum.
Passage of needles, &c., from that stomach into the heart
has been already noticed. Vomition, tympany, and sym-
“ptoms of abdominal pain, as well as intermittent hoven —
and general signs of anemia, are present in these cases.
Ovich and Schavarnz have successfully performed gastro-
laparotomy in cases of this kind (Degive).

Parasites and calculi (especially those consisting essen-
tially of hair concretions) are sometimes found in the
rumen. Of parasites Amphistoma conicum is remarkable
as being somewhat similar to the papille in the deep
succules of the rumen. Certain Tznie have been found
in this cavity. Also Cysticercus tenwicollis is sometimes
found attached to its outer surface.

“Harr Batis”? are of considerable interest. Cattle
when in health delight in licking themselves or one
another, and the roughened condition of their tongues
causes a considerable removal of hairs which are swal-
lowed, and in the rumen are intermingled with food
particles and fibres, with which they are bound to-
gether by mucus. The movement of the stomach gives
these a rounded form, and a definite spiral direction to
the hairs. When several are present they assume the
form of polygons with rounded edges. These concre-
282 BOVINE PATHOLOGY.

tions are light and vary much in size. Some have
been observed which weighed between six and seven
pounds. Generally they weigh only afew ounces. Their
structure is laminated, and almost invariably they are
arranged around a small piece of metal or a stone which
has been swallowed as anucleus. These bodies have little
pathological importance ; they have been known to choke
an animal during regurgitation. They are passed up into
the mouth, and thus rejected when of moderate size. It
is doubtful if they ever pass from the rumen into the
omasum. Probably they do not, though “ hair balls” are
found in the abomasum, as we shall see. Sometimes they
are coated with a thin layer of lime salts, with which they
are more or less impregnated throughout. Finally, they
are sometimes present in very young animals. They are
termed Agagropiles.

Hernia oF tHE Rumen AND ReticuLum sometimes occurs,
and fistule of the ramen have enabled Continental observers,
more especially Flourens and Colin, to accurately deter-
mine the conditions of this viscus and its contents during
rumination.

Ivpaction oF tHe Omasum, known as “ Staggers,”’
“ Vertigo,” “ Fog sickness,” ‘ Clue bound,” &c.—This is
by most practitioners considered a very frequent and
serious disorder, but Professor Williams has thus expressed
himself in his ‘Principles and Practice of Veterinary
Medicine :’'—* This is a very popular disease, some writers
ascribing every case of constipation to impaction of the
omasum, basing their conclusions upon the fact that the
contents of this viscus are in a dry and hard condition
when examined after death; but seeing that this is its
natural state, and that, when animals have died from what
appeared to be obstinate constipation, its contents have
been found moister than natural, I have arrived at the
conclusion that what is supposed to be impaction of the
third stomach is in reality an inflammation of the mucous
membrane of the true stomach—abomasitis, or true
gastric inflammation.” Undoubtedly the professor is
right in denying that all cases of constipation depend
THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM, 283

upon this condition, and he has done the profession good
service by drawing attention forcibly to the fact that the
hard condition of food between the laminw of the omasum
and a separation of its epithelium on the surface of the
cakes are neither of them solely due to inflammation or
impaction. The condition of the contents of the omasum
post mortem depends very much on previous conditions of
the viscus and the nature of the diet. If the organ has been
inactive food material will accumulate in it, as in any other
inert saccular dilatation of the csophagus, and that to a
very great extent, and the matter accumulated will not
be subjected to such firm muscular contraction as is
always supposed to occur and make the contents hard.
Rigor mortis, on the contrary, tends to bring about this
contraction, and, no doubt, solely on this, a dry condition
of the contents of the omasum often depends. LHllen-
berger insists that where paresis and paralysis of the first
stomach occurs the contents of the third stomach are
extremely dry, because new moist alimentary. matter is
not constantly added to that already contained in the
chambers, and also that the fluid reswallowed each time
a bolus on regurgitation passes beneath the velum
(Fiirstenberg) is a source of fluid to the psalter which
fails when in disease rumination ceases. Nevertheless,
we must allow that impaction of this organ occurs as a
result of the consumption of indigestible materials, such
as autumn grass which has been allowed to remain in the
pasture until spring, straw, and washed hay, also the
coarse and indigestible herbage sometimes found in old
pasture with many trees about. Astringent herbage, as
heath, has a somewhat similar effect.

The Symptoms found in these cases are :—At first the
frequent passage of small quantities of hard glazed feces,
succeeded by obstinate constipation. The patient stands
persistently, and can scarcely be moved. Its pulse is
hard and frequent. Itis dull, and evidently suffering from
acute abdominal pain. There is the grunt indicative of this,
which has caused the disease to be mistaken for pleuro-
pneumonia. General signs of disorder are also present.
284, BOVINE PATHOLOGY.

Later, the brain generally becomes affected, and the sym-
ptoms are considerably modified, there being muscular
tremors over the surface of the body, staring condition of
the eyes, which are insensible to light, staggering gait,
terminating in paralysis, or wild rushing about, pro-
trusion of the tongue, which becomes much swollen.
Tympany often occurs as a complication. The urine,
too, is sometimes mingled with blood. Walley, by a
paper on “ Stomach Staggers in Dairy Stock,” induced
a most interesting discussion on this disorder at the
Scottish Metropolitan Society. It seems that the disease,
as it occurs in Edinburgh, is much more dangerous
than in the country districts; it also is more common.
In early winter it is due to the giving of frozen
turnips, at other times it results from use of turnips
when their interior is like cork and quite indigestible,
also from giving too much bean meal or distiller’s draff
as food, and too little exercise. Purgatives and stimu-
lants, internally and externally, were recommended, also
vegetable tonics. Youatt has a theory that the hard
distended omasum pressed on vena porte against the
liver, and thus prevented return of blood from the intes-
_ tines, which brings about a determination of blood to the
brain, but by most observers the nervous complications
are considered analogous to those seen in the “ Stomach
Staggers’’ of the horse. Sometimes the disease of the
omasum assumes an inflammatory character, and the
general signs of fever are marked. Owasiris does not
seem to take place under any other circumstances.

On post-mortem examination a congested condition of the lining
membrane of the abomasum and duodenum is generally found, which
may seem to support Professor Williams’ view, but, on the other
hand, it is urged that this depends on the large cathartic doses gene-
rally resorted to in the treatment of these cases. Ecchymoses some-
times may be noted in these congested parts as well as in the
omasum, where the vascular structure of the lamin is exposed by
separation of the epithelium in layers on the impacted cakes of food,
which may be either hard and dry, or moist and soft. There is
sometimes congestion of the brain and its membranes, and of some
parts of the spinal cord. Cases of this disorder may last a few days,
or for two or three weeks.

Treatment.— Bleeding has been recommended, and seems advisable
when the brain is markedly involved. The majority of practitioners
THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM. 285

rely upon strong cathartic doses, especially hydragogue agents.
Thus, gamboge is suggested as a valuable remedy in this disorder.
Croton oil is preferred by some. Generally, however, a mixture of
sulphate of magnesia with aloes solution is used, the latter being
supposed to involve the stomachs in the catharsis, whereas Epsom
salts act almost solely in the bowels. Weare recommended to repeat
the dose in twelve hours, if no appreciable effect has resulted, and to
give oil as an adjunct in the interval. Cagny gets excellent effects
in this disorder from subcutaneous injection of sulphate of eserine
(physostigmine) or veratrine in the neighbourhood of the omasum.
We must consider that we have either a relaxed organ to restore to
tone, or, less frequently, an organ in a state of spasm, to deal with.
Thus, we can easily understand how Professor Strangeways’ treat-
ment of oil with sedatives, followed by sulphate of magnesia, quinine,
and sulphuric acid, proved beneficial in restoring the tone of the
omasum, after lubricating 1t and the other parts of the esophageal
passage with oil, and stimulating them with a mild cathartic. Such
treatment seems most satisfactory in simple impaction, and where
actual inflammation is present should be supplemented by external
stimulation. Enemas ought to be regularly administered, and the
animal carefully nursed. The thirst which is present in the inflam-
matory stage may be relieved by nitrated water ad libitum.

A remarkable case of atrophy, with almost total dis-
appearance of the lamine of the omasum, was recorded in
the ‘ Veterinarian,’ 1838, p. 454.

Axsomasitis, Inflammation of the True Stomach.—If the
views of Professor Williams are accepted, the account of
the impaction of the omasum as given above is to be
transferred to this heading. In this view he seems to
follow and coincide with Professor Dick’s opinions. It is
certain, however, that we get abomasitis in some cases of
poisoning, and according to some authors, an idiopathic
form, in which no such symptoms of cerebral disorder are
present, only those of acute fever, severe abdominal pain,
and “a curious stretching out of the fore limbs, with the
brisket almost to the ground” (Youatt). The causes of
this, apart from poison, are not well ascertained, for
certainly the idiopathic form is very infrequent.

Post-mortem lesions comprise congestive redness, with
considerable production of flaky mucus, and sometimes
blood, intermingled with the contents of the organ, the
duodenum being generally almost equally involved.

In this mucus are often found “ hair balls,”’ which con-
sist almost wholly of hair matted together by mucus.
These may have passed directly from the reticulum through
286 - BOVINE PATHOLOGY.

the omasum, or during redeglutition have made their way
at once into the fourth stomach ; or, as is perhaps more
probable, have been formed by the churning action of the
stomach in which they are found.

We find one case of Impaction of the Abomasum on record.
We can easily understand that the complex and thorough
preparative apparatus at the lower extremity of the cso-
phagus, will prevent such a disorder from being of
frequent occurrence. Occasionally the omasum and abo-
masum become displaced. Thus, in the ‘Edinburgh Veteri-
nary Review,’ vol. iv, p. 189, a case is recorded in which
both these organs became dislocated into the chest.
Rupture of the Abomasum also occasionally takes place,
due to external injury, or, as in the case recorded in the
‘ Veterinarian,’ vol. xvi, p. 269, to extensive ulceration.

_ Parasites are sometimes seen in this organ, and Rupture
‘of the Blood- vessels of the Stomach sometimes occurs in the ox.

Various forms of InpicEstion, of ill-ascertained cause,
which may be included under the headings bulimia, pica,
and obscure chronic disorders of the digestive apparatus,
are not infrequent in cattle. Certain nervous conditions,
as those which accompany the pregnant state, sometimes
seem the sole cause of these, whereas, in other cases,
when it is deemed advisable to hand the animal over to the
butcher, or gradually increasing anemia leads to death,
on post-mortem examination are found organic changes of
long standing and unusual characters, such as cancerous
disease of the organ and Stricture of the Pylorus. In the
latter disorder there is gradual emaciation and a foetid
condition of the breath; it is not infrequent in cattle.
Cruzel attributes one form of indigestion to too frequent
ingestion of too large draughts of water.

Perhaps some of these cases of indigestion are due to
dyspepsia (pica), induced by irregular and bad feeding,
want of exercise, exposure, or deficient sanitary arrange-
ments. Sometimes also by the presence of parasites or other
foreign bodies. The animal becomes unthrifty, as denoted
‘by the dry, harsh, staring coat, depraved or irregular appe-
tite, irregular and imperfect rumination, a tendency to tym-
THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM. 287

pany, flatulence, and torpidity of the bowels, a tucked-up
appearance, and rapid loss of flesh. In such cases treatment
must comprise change of diet and of general surrounding
conditions, and the administration of stimulant tonics after
the bowels have been cleared out by a brisk cathartic dose.
Small doses of liquor arsenicalis are admissible, _

In dealing with the effects of irritant poisons, we shall
have to touch upon Gastro-enteritis as it especially occurs
in adults, but there is a disease known under this name
to which calves are subject. In the young animal the
abomasum is the largest of the stomachs, and it is only
after weaning that the rumen comes to so greatly ex-
ceed the remainder of the gastric mass. The milk
accumulates in the fourth stomach and undergoes coagu-
lation, after which it is digested. For the proper per-
formance of these processes it is necessary that the milk
be taken in moderate quantity, and be of good quality.

 

Fig. 53.—Stomachs of the calf. a. Rumen., ¢. Abomasum (considerably
the larger). (Simonds.)

Pail-fed calves are apt to obtain too much milk, also
animals brought up by a foster-mother are apt to indulge
in excess in this respect, and disorder is promoted by
want of the healthy stimulus which exercise is to diges-
tive processes. Thus, the stomach becomes laden with a
hard mass of curd, which proves a source of irritation,
and causes death from the effects of impaction. Inflam-
mation sets in, extends to the intestines, and thus gives
rise to an acrid irritating discharge, whence the disorder
288 BOVINE PATHOLOGY.

is termed “white scour” or “skit.” Another form of
accumulation of material in excess in the abomasum is
seen in partially weaned calves, when the first and third
compartments have not been able to properly prepare hay
_and such other food material for digestion in the true
stomach. Here, as often in the former case, obstinate
constipation sets in. Usually in such cases as are charac-
terised by diarrhcea, resort is had at once to the sheep
and calves’ cordial (see page 84). This is not always good
treatment. It is preferable to first administer oil, whether
constipation or laxity is present, and it has been found
that alkaline drinks in considerable quantity are most
useful in breaking up the mass of curd and also in check-
ing the excess of acid and acrid secretion which gives
rise to disorder of the bowels. At the same time carmi-
native agents may be given to promote the digestive
processes. When the constipation gives way, and as is
sometimes the case, is succeeded by profuse diarrhcea, it
will still be advisable to give cordials to assist these
natural processes, and at the same time stimulant tonic
doses will prove beneficial. Asa change of diet, Dobson’s
recommendation of substituting linseed gruel for half of
the allowance of milk may be adopted. Some cases of
scour are tuberculous in their nature and incurable.

The Intestines of the Ox are from twenty to twenty-two
times the length of the body, and extend for an average
distance of 150 feet, of which 120 feet are small. Though
thus half as long again as those of the horse, they are much
smaller in calibre. The duodenum is short; the floating
portion of the small intestine is arranged along the free
margin of the mesentery, being here thrown into complex
convolutions by the sudden considerable increase in extent
of the mesentery close against its free margin. Besides
the usual structures (the mesenteric glands being remark-
ably near the free margin rather than the root), the mesen-
tery contains the major portion of the large intestines.

The Czcum is club-shaped, largest at its free extremity,
and gradually tapering until it gains the size of the com-
mencement portion of the colon. It is not puckered, for
THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM. 289

it is devoid of muscular bands. Also it hangs freely
downwards and somewhat backwards.

 

Fig. 54.—The position of the intestines of the ox, with the method adopted
for the collection of chyle for physiological purposes. (From Colin,
‘Physiologie des animaux domestiques.’)

 

Fig, 55,.—Intestines, large and small, viewed from the left cide,
1g
200 BOVINE PATHOLOGY.

The Colon is double throughout the greater part of its
course, and arranged in a spiral manner between the layers
of the mesentery. It is very small, devoid of puckerings,
and has no special peritoneal investment. it enlarges
somewhat to terminate in a fairly long and straight rectum.

The glands of Peyer of the ox are elongated and
very large, ranging from four inches to twelve inches in
length, and from about half an inch to one inch in width.
Thus we see that food which has been thoroughly elabo-
rated in the stomach passes into a long but narrow
passage, not very capacious, but arranged, so as to
secure contact of the contents with a very considerable
extent of surface, so that thorough absorption of useful

 

Fie. 56.—Intestines, large and small, viewed from the right side.

matters takes place. However, at the end of its passage
through the intestine useless excreted matter is expelled
as feces, having about 75 per cent. of water, therefore
markedly pultaceous, varying in this respect according to
the nature of the diet and method of feeding. As com-
pared with the intestines of the horse, those of the ox
are less important digestive organs, and are, therefore,
not so frequently involved in disease; their disorders are
THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM. 291

not so urgent. We have already seen how numerous
and fatal are the diseases of the stomachs of the ox. The
ordinary seat of indigestion in the horse is the bowels;
in them gases are liberated and tympany occurs, in them
impactions take place and ruptures, they also are gene-
rally the parts dislocated in abdominal hernia. We find
that these lesions and disorders affect the stomachs of the
ox. Lastly, improperly prepared food, or alimentary
matter in excess or of bad quality, acts on the stomachs
of the ox, on the intestines of the horse.

Conic, defined as “any abdominal pain not due to
inflammation,” is capable of more exact limitation. It
is distinguished by certain symptoms, which are more or
less marked in other abdominal disorders, and are knewn
as “colicky pains.” The animal ceases to feed and rumi-
nate for a time, and the pulse during the paroxysm be-
comes full and bounding ; moaning, grinding of the teeth,
striking the belly with the hind feet, extreme restlessness,
indicated by movement and constant rising and lying
down, are present, and the animal may turn his head
round, and bring the muzzle against the seat of pain ;
there is sweating and frequent passage of urine in small
quantities, or of small dry portions of feces. Herniz of
various kinds, strangulations, and impactions of the
bowels, as well as certain disorders of liver, stomach, or
urinary apparatus, may be the cause of this. In such
cases other signs may be present, and enable us to complete
our diagnosis. But, failing these, we may attribute the
signs of disorder to Simpie Cotto, spasm of the bowels.
Then the pains are paroxysmal, and during the intervals
the patient seems in thorough health ; but the pain is very
acute while it lasts. This is sometimes brought on by
changes of diet, the passage of imperfectly prepared
food from the stomach, and, it is said, ingestion of very
cold or hard water. Reflex colic may occur, but we are
not assured of this; indeed, spasmodic colic is not fre-
quent in the ox, for obvious reasons. In cases of this
nature a saline cathartic with stimulant cordial agents
should be at once administered. This will generally
prove effectual, and no further resort to antispasmodies
292 BOVINE PATHOLOGY.

required ; if necessary, these may be given, but an obsti-
nate case is probably more complicated than was at first
supposed. Flatulent colic also is not frequent ; it may be
diagnosed from the spasmodic form by less urgency, but
more persistent character of the symptoms, by gaseous
eructations and emissions of flatus per anwm, and some-
times by tympanic distension of the right side of the
abdomen. In such cases ammonia stimulants must pre-
ferably be administered with the carthartic dose. The
patient should be walked about, and friction applied to
the right side. These seldom prove very obstinate cases.
We insist on the cathartic because it tends to remove the
cause, and its administration is not open to the objections
urged against prompt adoption of such a course of treat-
ment of colic in the horse. Inall cases of abdominal dis-
order manual exploration of the rectum should be made,
and enemas utilised to facilitate supervention of catharsis.
We must now proceed to some other causes of colic.

Impaction, oR DIsTENSION WITH OBSTRUCTION, OF THE
Bowsts may be due to calculous concretions, bodies
which have gained entry through relaxed vigilance of the
gastric protective apparatus, also tumours of various kinds,
among which may be enumerated the enormous swellings
of the mesenteric glands of a case, of which Mr. Brown of
Melton gives an account in the ‘ Veterinarian’ for February,
1830. The tumour weighed 160 lbs., and had a scirrhous
character. “In one case a potato became impacted in the
colon (‘Edinburgh Veterinary Review,’ vol. iv, p. 212) ;
in another, a tumour of a non-malignant character was
found in the duodenum (‘ Veterinarian,’ vol. xxii, p. 617).

CatcuLi in the intestines are neither large, solid, nor
frequent. They consist of concentric layers, and are found
in the large intestine; they are neither so large nor so
prejudicial as those of the horse.

Intussusception, or Invagination, is the folding of one
portion of intestine within the canal of a preceding or suc-
ceeding portion, the result of simultaneous distension of
the investing, and spasm of the enclosed portion with irre-
gular or suddenly reversed peristaltic action. It is rare
THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM. 293

in the ox, both on account of the special structural peculiari-
ties of the intestines, and because of the comparative rarity of
colic, of which itis a sequela. The cecum is the most fre-
quent seat of intussusception in the ox; it may become com-
pletely fixed in the colon. The mesentery is in some cases
torn away from the involved part, in others remains intact.

Symptoms are those of colic which lose their intermittency with-
out access of fever. The patient retains the recumbent position,
looks at and strikes the flank, and either there is obstinate constipa-
tion or a discharge of blood per anum. Exploration per rectum
shows a special tumour in most cases. This tumour is usually
elongated, cylindrical, somewhat dense, depressible, elastic, more or
less moveable and capable of changing its consistency, according to the
appearance or disappearance of a processus of erection peculiar to it
(Degive). The rectum seems very liable to become involved in this
manner. The portion of bowel being strangulated and gangrenous
when death ensues, but cases have been known in which the enclosed
part sloughed away and recovery occurred.

Treatment.—If the presence of a lesion of this nature is suspected
a tobacco-smoke enema may be resorted to. In other animals arti-
ficial tympany thus induced has been found useful against intussus-
ception. Stimulant and anti-spasmodic doses also prove effectual
against the early and rapid prostration and the spasm which is
present.

Prognosis, however, is unfavorable. Luscan (‘Jnl. des Vét. du
Midi,’ 1841, p. 41), performed laparotomy in a case of seven days’
standing. He opened the right flank, reduced the invaginated portion,
used ordinary parietal sutures, and the patient recovered after fifteen
days’ treatment. Other veterinary surgeons have performed the
operation with success, even after cutting away the whole invaginated
mass of intestine (Degive).

Vo.votus, Inzvs, or Twist of the Bowel, is another
sequela of colic. In it the bowel is twisted upon itself
or one portion of the intestine has passed round another,
resulting in obstruction and strangulation. There is nothing
about the symptoms which is diagnostic of this condition
from that last mentioned. It very seldom occurs in the
ox, but when it does so a small knuckle of bowel only may
be involved, and thus no obstruction to the intestinal canal
take place. Exploration per rectum may prove useful from
a diagnostic point of view in these obscure abdominal
affections, and Professor Walley’s paper on the “ Differen-
tial Diagnosis of Abdominal Affections ” should be carefully
perused by all members of the veterinary profession (‘ Vete-
rinary Journal’). Laparotomy might be resorted to in ex-
treme cases of thiskind. It is recommended by continental
294 BOVINE PATHOLOGY.

writers, and the ox, of all animals, is least liable to be
seriously affected by it. The operation should be per-
formed on the right side opposite the seat of incision in
ruminotomy ; and similar measures taken for closure
of the wound, and after treatment. Pedunculated fatty
tumours hanging from the outer surface of the intestine
may be twisted round the bowel. These are enlarged
apendices epiploice. Most often the volvulus is the
result of violent struggles during abdominal pain.

Hernia is protrusion of an organ from its natural cavity
either into another cavity of the body or into an accidental
pouch. Abdominal herniz are the most frequent in the ox,
as in other animals. They may be congenital, present at
birth, or acquired, when they appear suddenly later in life.
Are reducible or irreducible as the organ can or cannot be
returned to its proper place; strangulated when it is sub-
jected to pressure, and so becomes disordered ; and recur-
rent when, having been returned, the part again becomes
displaced. According to the nature of the contents the
hernia is a gastrocele, enterocele, epiplocele, cystocele; the
stomach, bowels, omentum, bladder, respectively being dis-
placed. The opening through which the herniated viscus
passes varies in position, and thus we have the ventral, in-
guinal and scrotal, umbilical, mesenteric, and phrenic forms.
Sometimes this is anatural opening, sometimes the result of
giving way of the tissues in consequence of injury. The
parietal layer of the peritoneum is forced out before the
viscus, forms the serous sac of the hernia, and becomes
vascular, thickened, and subsequently indurated. It fre-
quently contracts adhesions with the peritoneal coat of the
viscus. In the ventral and umbilical forms the skin yields to
gradual pressure, and thus seems too large after reduction
of the hernia. In chronic cases the passage through which
the organ passes becomes thickened and rounded at the
margins, and assumes a circular figure. Peristalsis of the
viscus may force more of it into the hernia sac, or the impri-
soned part may become overladen with contents, or there
may be swelling of the neck of the tumour. Hither of these
conditions leads to strangulation, whereby the imprisoned
THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM, 295

portion becomes extremely congested, because of prevention
of the return of blood from it; gangrene results, and may
involve the peritoneum, in general extending from the
hernia asa centre. Internal hernie may exist for some time
without causing any appreciable inconvenience, except when
they become strangulated. When superficial, as in the
umbilical and ventral forms, they produce a swelling which
is soft, elastic, and often disappears as a result of properly
applied pressure. The tumour communicates a diagnostic
impulse to the hand when the animal coughs. Sometimes
the characters of the tumour differ from those above de-
scribed, as when the omentum is the part imprisoned; then
the swelling is plastic, lobulated, and gradually disappears
on pressure. These lesions are mainly attributable to ex-
ertion and injuries. Thus they occur asa result of straining
during parturition, constipation, or coughing. The sym-
ptoms of strangulation are those of acute abdominal disorder,
stamping, kicking the belly, rolling, and violent straining,
whereby a contracted state of the rectum, which prevents
the entry of the hand, is produced (this has been thought
to be diagnostic), also general or local perspirations, rapid
breathing, and a quick, hard pulse. When gangrene
supervenes we have sudden cessation of the pain, anxiety,
running down pulse, marked fall of internal temperature, _
and extreme coldness of the extremities, and, finally, a
delirous condition terminating shortly in death. Treat-
ment comprises return of the viscus, and prevention of
the recurrence of the hernia.

Umbilical Hernia, Exomphalos, mostly is found in young
animals, and is not unfrequently congenital. In older
beasts it may result from injury and straining. Some-
times, through want of tone in the system, due to scro-
fulous and other debilitating tendencies, the umbilicus
remains in a relaxed condition after birth, so that the
straining of the young animal to expel the hardened
meconium per anum is apt to cause hernia. We may
expect to find this condition also more frequently in
animals born prematurely than in those which have passed
the full time of utero-gestation. This form of hernia
296 BOVINE PATHOLOGY.

often is an epiplocele, and enlargement of the abdomen
being more rapid than growth either of the omentum
major or of the mesentery, spontaneous reduction soon
takes place. If it does not the influence of a truss may
be tried. This consists of a pad supported by straps,
which are fastened over the loins. Itis kept from slipping
backwards by a back strap, and others passing between
the fore legs and becoming attached anteriorly to a
collar, from slipping forwards by a crupper. Difficulty
may be experienced in keeping this in position, so that
other means require to be resorted to; the truss returns
the viscus and retains it, and thus removes the cause of

 

Fig. 57.—Truss applied for umbilical hernia. (Armatage,)

constant distension and enlargement of the umbilicus,
which is then free gradually to close. Powerful external

 

Fie, §68.—Clamps for umbilical hernia. Wooden, and “ iron screw.”
(Armatage.)

stimulation of the tumour, or subcutaneous injection of
irritants locally, as tending to excite adhesive inflamma-
tion and closure of the umbilicus, have been suggested,
but are not often effectual ; a preferable method is com-
THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM. 297

pression of the skin after return of the bowel, either by
clamps or ligature. T'wo forms of clamps are suggested, the
wooden, somewhat resembling the ordinary caustic wood
clamp for castration, jointed at one end, and arranged for
retention at the other by a ligature, ana the iron, consist-
ing of bars, averaging about seven inches in length, con-
nected together at each extremity by a screw (Fig. 58.) The
ligaturetreatment consists in careful return of the protruded
viscus, after which skewers are passed through the loose skin
covering the hernia at right angles to one another. A
cord is then tied round the skin between the abdomen
and the skewers, but too great pressure must not be
exerted, for the aim must be to excite extravasation of
plastic lymph to block up the umbilicus, and not rapid
strangulation of the puckered skin leading to sloughing.
An elastic ligature or ring is admirably adapted for these
cases, since it accommodates itself to diminutions in size
of the peduncle as they occur. In either of these opera-
tions the animal must be thrown and kept on its back,
which will facilitate the return of the contents of the sac ;
and as such cases in young animals as are operated on are
not liable to be adherent, there is but little chance of
injury of the intestines with the skewers, and will be none
if proper care be taken.

Ventral Hernie.-—Protrusions of portions of abdominal
viscera through ruptures in the abdominal muscular walls,
The case is generally one of enterocele, and most fre-
quently results from cattle butting one another and from
“staking.” It appears suddenly, and the tumours present
all the characters of a hernia as above enumerated. These
cases are aptto become chronic, and a fibrous state of the
margins of the opening occurs. They are not likely to
become strangulated, but a hernia is always lable to
injury. When small and recent, they may be treated by
application of a powerful blister, which will promote repair,
but when small and chronic, they may be left alone ; but in
cows they are liable to become enlarged during parturiticn.
The operation for radical cure consists in careful incision
through the skin after return of the contents. The edges of
298 BOVINE PATHOLOGY.

the rent in the muscles are then to be brought together and
retained by metallic sutures. The wound in the skin is to
be closed subsequently. In a case of extensive hernia,
the sooner this operation is performed the better, for the
edges of the muscular lesion will have undergone less
profound changes, and therefore lymph will be more readily
thrown out. Of course the animal must be cast for the
operation, and must be placed in a position varying with
that of the hernia. The patient must be kept on soft
food, and apart from the herd in a quiet shed, until the
external wound has healed. When a ventral hernia is
injured, the intestine enclosed may ulcerate with the skin
and a false anus be formed.

Phrenic, or Diaphragmatic hernia in the ox, is generally
a gastrocele. Thus in one case the reticulum and a
portion of the rumen passed into the chest. In another
the omasum and part of the abomasum (?) In such the
symptoms are those of strangulation in general, together
with special disturbance of respiration. Sometimes chronic
cases of this nature are found in cattle after death. Con-
cerning such, Youatt says, ‘ The attack has been sudden
(at some time previously), but the colicky pains have not
been violent, they have intermitted, disappeared; but an
habitual difficulty of breathing has been left behind, dis-
inclination to rapid motion, fright when suddenly moved,
anxiety of countenance, perhaps impairment of condition,
and certainly, impossibility of acquiring any considerable
degree of condition.”

Mesenteric Hernia is passage of a portion of bowel
through a rent in the mesentery; it seldom occurs in the
ox; is liable to become strangulated, but cannot be ac-
curately diagnosed, in so far as we know at present.

Inguinal and Scrotal Hernia differ simply in degree.
When the bowel—for it is generally enterocele—passes
through the internal abdominal ring, and so into the
inguinal canal, it is an inguinal hernia, but if it passes
through the external ring and enters the scrotum it is
scrotal. This form of hernia is frequently congenital, and
thus is very likely to disappear as the animal grows
THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM. 299

older and the abdominal rings grow smaller, and the in-
_ guinal canal is occupied by the spermatic cord after descent
of the testis. It is sometimes seen in adults, and is apt
to become strangulated. It is by far more frequent in
bulls than in castrated males.

Treatment.—In cases of strangulation, attempts may be
made by taxis (manipulative means) to remove the im-
prisoned portion of bowel, traction being applied by the
hand in the rectum. This means failing, and it seldom ig
successful, the animal must be cast and placed on his back
to facilitate the gradual return by direct and special mani-
pulation. If this succeeds the animal, if a bull, should
then be castrated by the covered operation. But if the
hernia is irreducible the constricting portion must be
divided with a bistoury, as described in works on the
Surgery of the Horse (especially ‘ Williams’ Surgery ’).
Youatt mentions “a species of rupture, very difficult to be
treated, and occurs in cows in an advanced stage of preg-
nancy. An excessive accumulation of fluid has take place
in the womb or calf bed, and the tendinous expansion of
the muscles which support the lower part of the belly has
given way. The farmer says that the ‘rim of the cow’s
belly is ruptured ;’ a portion of the womb escapes through
the opening and descends into the groin or seems to occupy
the udder. Mr. Allison, of Idle, relates a case (‘ Veteri-
narian,’ 1831, p. 555) in which the head of the calf had
been forced down into the groin. The calf was extracted
with no great difficulty, but the bowels then descended
through the rupture into the place that had been occupied
by the foetus and the animal was irrecoverably lost.”

Pelvic Hernia. Gut-tie,” “ Bound,” is a form of dis-
placement of the bowel which is seen in certain districts, and
is most frequent in mountainous countries ; thus it is preva-
lent in Switzerland. Among English counties, Hereford,
Northampton, and Lincolnshire afford the greater number
of these. It is seen only in bullocks and most frequently
about the second or third year.

Symptoms.—Colicky pains, often of a very acute char-
acter, so that the animal alternately arches and curves
3800 BOVINE PATHOLOGY.

the back ; in the latter process, stretching the fore legs
forwards and the hind backwards, and almost bringing
the abdomen into contact with the ground. Moving the
hind quarters from side to side, crossing the legs, and a
tendency to press the hind parts against some standing
object, as a wall or fence. Much pain is manifested when
the hand is introduced into the rectum ; there is difficulty
in inserting it, but when it has been passed in and pressed to
the right the strangulated portion may be felt. Through-
out the attack the feces are scanty in quantity, they are
sometimes bloody, also there is continuous straining. In
addition to the above, there are the general signs of
strangulation, which may lead to those indicating that the
bowel has become grangrenous.

Cause.—This is evidently a result of castration, and is
found to supervene on the “‘ tearing ”’ operation, when the
cord remains too long and becomes fixed in the internal
abdominal ring, and between this and the brim of the
pelvis the bowel passes, pushing the peritoneum before it as
the hernial sac. Itis supposed that the gradual shortening
of the cord as it atrophies causes it to strangulate the im-
prisoned bowel. Lohrer (‘ Thierarztliche Mittheilungen ’)
considers that the peritoneum is torn in these cases and that
the displacement of the bowel is into the pelvis. It may
take place either on the right side or left, or both simul-
taneously. Williams considers that it is in some cases
due to twisting of the remnant of the cord around the in-
testine. Working oxen are very liable to become affected,
especially when they are onroughuneven ground. Thisform
of hernia may result from strains and intestinal commotions
like the other kinds. When the conditions are otherwise
favorable the attack seldom, if ever, lasts more than eight
days. ,

Treatment.—Causing the animal to take a “ drop leap,”
and rolling him about on his back after casting have been
suggested, and are sometimes effectual. Preferably we
may explore per rectum, and having detected the mass of
fecal matter obstructed near the hernia, exert pressure
upwards and forwards, and by special manipulative means
THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM. 301

the adhesion of the cord may be broken down (‘ Edin-
burgh Veterinary Review,’ vol. i, p. 73).

Generally, however, abdominal section is necessary.
The hernia usually takes place on the right side, though
it may be on the left. The animal is kept in the stand-
ing posture, with the left side against a wall. An in-
cision is made, large enough to admit the hand, down-
wards from the point opposite that of puncture of the
rumen, and the muscles are first divided ; subsequently
the peritoneum is perforated, and the hand is introduced
and passed upwards and. backwards to behind the kidney,
where the remains of the cord may be felt and traced down-
wards. The bowel may be then gently drawn away, but
if it does not yield to very mild traction a probe-pointed
bistoury must be passed in, and the adhesion of the cord
to the abdominal ring divided, to prevent recurrence.
This is generally sufficient to permanently effect relief ; the
colicky pains cease, and a free discharge of feces takes
place. We need not further describe the operation, for the
abdominal incision must be closed in the usual manner.

Prozarsus differs from hernia in that the protrusion
occurs through one of the natural orifices. The rectwm is
the only bowel which can thus become displaced, and cases
of this are not uncommon. The causes are, violent strain-
ing, such as is symptomatic of the various conditions which
cause obstruction of the intestinal passage ; also, it some-
times results from parturition throes, or where impediment
prevents evacuation of the bladder. After protrusion the
part becomes strangulated, assumes a bright-red colour,
and then becomes very much enlarged by gelatinous ex-
travasation between the intestinal coats ; subsequently it
becomes cold and purple.

Treatment.—I£ possible, remove the cause of straining ; then care-
fully clean the protruded bowel by washing it with cold water, after
which apply even pressure over the organ, gradually returning it
from the centre. There is no serious objection to diminution of its
bulk by scarification. If all measures prove unsuccessful, and the
organ becomes purple, it may be amputated, and the edges of the
two cut portions of the bowel united together by sutures. Subse.
quently anodyne agents, as opium, may be given, and the diet be soft
for some time. This lesion is sometimes termed prolupsus ani,
302 BOVINE PATHOLOGY.

Torpidity of the action of the bowels is a constitutional
peculiarity of some individuals, and it may arise as a
result of disease of other parts of the body. More or
less marked torpidity is foundin fever. This must be dis-
tinguished from Constipation, in which there is a cessation
of passage of feces on account of some impediment, me-
chanical or organic. Thus, it is a symptom of strictures
and impactions of the stomach or intestines, may be due
to tumours, either within, in the walls of, or pressing on
the bowels ; it is a symptom of volvulus, intussusception,
and intestinal calculi, and concretions of various kinds,
such as fecal accumulations. The cause should be deter-
mined as exactly as possible, aud counteracted when this
is possible. Fecal concretions are very rare in the ox.
When constipation depends upon organic disease it is liable
to recur, unless the animal be fed on very soft food and an
occasional laxative given. Relief of constipation is indi-
cated by the passage of hard fecal masses with a con-
siderable coating of mucus, sometimes also intermingled
with a small quantity of blood. If unrelieved, a fecal
accumulation may give rise to gangrene. The following
note, after Youatt, seems to show that we are, perhaps, not
often sufficiently bold in treatment of obscure intestinal
affections of the ox :—‘ Dr. Cheselden relates a very ex-
traordinary case of healing power, and does not forbid
hope, although the intestines may have been injured to a
very great extent. ‘An ox,’ he says, ‘ was suffering under
constipation of the bowels. Thomas Brayer, a doctor for
cattle opened the ox in the flank, and took out a great part of
his bowels, upon searching which he found that there was a
perfect stoppage in the guts, and that the gut was, about the
stoppage, putrefied for about three yards; whereupon he
cut off so much of the gut as was putrefied, and took it
quite away, and then drew the ends of the guts which
remained sound, after what was cut off, together upon
a hollow keck, which was about three or four inches long,
and sewed the said ends of the guts together upon the said
keck, leaving the keck within the guts, and then sewed up
the hole cut in the hide upon the flank of the said ox,
THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM. 3038

Within the space of one hour after this operation was per-
formed the ox dunged, and the piece of the keck which
the said end of the gut were sewn upon came away from
the ox with the dung, whereupon the ox recovered, and
lived to do the owner service for several years.’ ””

We may here discuss the value of cathartics in cattle
practice. . All practitioners of experience advocate prompt
exhibition of a full cathartic dose when a beast is taken
ill, Undoubtedly, in the majority of cases, this is good
practice. It is useful in all inflammations, except of the
alimentary canal, and when this tube is affected symptoms
are generally manifested sufficiently long before the in-
flammatory stage occurs, and so one cause of these dis-
orders is removed, and congestion probably relieved by
the timely use of a saline cathartic. Again, the quality
or quantity of food ingested is the cause of many dis-
orders. The cathartic generally administered to the ox—
Epsom salts—is not so drastic as that given to the horse ;
and notably, catharsis can be produced with greater
facility and more rapidly in the former animal than in
the latter. This is probably due to the less complexity
and digestive importance of the intestines in the ox. A
direct result of it is that in this animal we seldom see super-
purgation, and when this does take place it must not be
hastily checked, but the food must be dry, and the animal
protected from exposure. It will seldom fail to cease spon-
taneously, but too hasty administration of powerful astrin-
gent agents might do serious harm. We must remember
that cathartic agents may remain in one of the cesophageal
compartments of the stomach for a considerable length of
time without producing any effect, and when the function of
the rumino-reticular sphincter is perverted, as in disease,
the whole of a cathartic dose may fall into an inert rumen ;
it cannot pass from here very freely when the move-
ments of this stomach are irregular. This state of affairs
is especially liable to take place when impaction of the
omasum tends to obstruct, if it does not actually block
up the lower part of the oesophageal passage. In some
cases stimulants or other cordial agents will rouse the
304, BOVINE PATHOLOGY.

rumen to action. The degree to which constipation may
exist in the ox, and the large amount of cathartic doses
which may be given, are well illustrated in a case recorded
in the ‘ Veterinarian,’ 1829, p. 857, by Professor (then Mr.)
Simonds. Obstinate retention of feeces has been attributed
to fatty deposition around the rectum, since in prize beasts
accumulations of this nature are sometimes most remark-
able.

Hamorrnoips—piles—tumours in the terminal portion
of the rectum or about the anus, are described by Armatage
as of occasional occurrence in the ox. They are varicose
conditions of hemorrhoidal or rectal veins. Tbe principal
symptoms to which they give rise are pain in defecation,
protrusion of the anus, bloody faces, the presence of tu-
mours, and often some constitutional disturbance. They
depend upon liver disorder or habitual constipation.

Treatment comprises soft diet, occasional administration
of laxatives, removal by ligature when practicable, and
astringent injections. Such measures, of course, are only
palliative. Cruzel describes as “ Irritation venteuse du
rectum,’ a disease which he attributes to the frequent
egress and ingress of air through the anus, as it occurs
in animals which work with their tails elevated.

Diarruaa.—Frequent evacuation of excessively fluid
feeces is a symptom of many disorders, or else is a diseased
condition of the lining mucous membrane of the intestines,
which is congested and, in some cases, inflamed. The
latter state is verging on dysentery, in which diarrhcea
when long continued and uncontrolled terminates. The
feeces, besides being very liquid, are often highly foetid, and
are expelled suddenly with force. In acute cases there is
an injected condition of the lining membrane of the
rectum, and tenesmus is a marked feature. Colicky pains
may bepresent. The animal either feeds but little or the
appetite is depraved ; rumination is irregular and imperfect,
the urine scanty, and the patient stands apart from the
rest of the herd with arched back and anxious expression.

Oauses.—Any irritation of the alimentary canal may
give rise to this disorder, thus coarse and badly saved
THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM. 805

food, certain acrid plants in a pasture, even excess or sudden
changes of food. Sometimes when an animal is turned out
after being kept in a stall an attack comes on, also any ex-
posure to cold is a very fruitful cause, since thereby the ex-
cretory function of the skin is arrested, and extra work is
thrown on the internal organs, lungs, kidneys, and bowels.
Sometimes chronic diarrhoea results from long-continued
improper dieting, whereby the mucous membrane of the
alimentary canal becomes organically altered, and its
secretory function perverted. When calves are being
weaned they are very liable to become affected in this
way, and they have little strength of constitution to
enable them to withstand an attack. Indeed, in the
majority of cases of obstinate diarrhoea there is a debili-
tated state of the system which is a result of the flux,
but also proves an accessory cause. This explains the
obstinacy of the disorder. In diseases of the liver, and
it is said also of the pancreas, diarrhoea may be present.
When the flow of bile is excessive the evacuations become
dark-coloured, watery, and profuse. The presence of para-
sites is occasionally the cause, but in many cases diarrhcea
is merely an indication of blood disease. Thus, this is the
case in rinderpest, certain forms of anthrax, and notably
of scrofula, when either the mucous membrane of the
intestines or the mesenteric glands are affected. Sometimes
a relaxed state of the bowels occurs as a critical symptom
in disorders, of this “ red water” is a notable instance.
On post-mortem examination a general anzemic condition
is found associated with congestive blush of the gastric
and intestinal mucous membrane, and perhaps the organic
changes which produced the disorder will be detectable.
Treatment.—When called to a case of this disease we
must determine whether it be due to blood disease or local
irritation. In these cases it may even be advisable to pro-
mote it by administration of laxatives, preferably olea-
ginous agents. At the same time the patient should be care-
fullynursed and stimulant tonics administered internally. In
all cases the diet must undergo a thorough change. Where
organic disease exists tonics must prove our main resource.

20
306 BOVINE PATHOLOGY.

Mild astringents also may be given with judgment. The
mineral tonics are very useful in diarrhoea. Where colicky
pains are present tincture of opium is most useful. Water
must be given in only small quantities, the food should be
dry, and starch gruel is an astringent beverage. Where
there seems to be a perverted condition of the secretions,
the administration of calomel with opium is advisable.
Creta preparata is very useful as an antacid. When
scrofulous tumours are probably present, but little hope
of recovery can be entertained, but iodine compounds and
copper salts may be tried. Of the latter, the ammonio-
sulphate and iodide are most likely to prove beneficial.
In cases of enzootic outbreaks of diarrhoea something
more than curative influence is required from the prac-
titioner. The food must be carefully examined. Cakes
may contain mustard, the water may be prejudicial, or,
lastly, the herbage may be laxative, as in the scouring
lands of Somersetshire and other parts of the country.

Dyszntery—bloody fluw—is inflammation of the lining
membrane of the bowels, accompanied by ulceration. It
follows protracted diarrhcea, or may originate as a disease
in itself from exposure to cold, coarse innutritious pro-
vender, and almost any debilitating influence which acts
slowly but persistently. Thus, it is a sequela or culmina-
tion of some cases of scrofula, and may be found as a com-
plication in other blood diseases. It may be an after-effect
of poisonous agents.

Symptoms.—Sometimes the disease is acute, but more
often chronic. In the acute cases there is fever, together
with the signs of slight abdominal pains. The patient
stands with back arched, and constantly strains, passing
only a small amount of watery matter tinged with blood;
sometimes vesicles may be seen in the nostrils (Armatage).
As the disease advances signs of abdominal pain increase in
intensity, and the rapid emaciation takes place, and the
patient sinks and dies from exhaustion. In the chronic
form, which generally results from the acute, the sym-
ptoms are those of extreme debility (as described under
the heading “ Anzmia’”’) ; the patient is hide-bound, and
THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM. 307

often cedematous, in a state of extreme emaciation ; with
coat dry and staring, mucous membranes pallid, eyes
sunken, ears pendulous, dull glazed appearance of the
eyes, relaxed condition of the anus, from which there is
constantly a slight sanguineous discharge, and the rectum
protrudes a little; back arched, pain on pressure of the
loins, and staggering gait. Generally, the skin is tho-
roughly invaded by lice. When feces are passed in
quantity they are found to be highly offensive, san-
guineous, glairy, and viscid, in consequence of the amount
of mucus present. The animal will remain in this
state fora very long time, in spite of the most active
measures of treatment; and when at length death occurs
from asthenia or slaughter, post-mortem examination
shows that the stomach may be involved, as well as the
intestines. Thus, the abomasum has its lining membrane
reddened, with a gelatinous effusion into its substance, and
into the submucous areolar tissue. The small intestines
are sometimes somewhat similarly affected, but not unfre-
quently present only a slight congestive blush of the lining
membrane. The large intestines are the main seat of the
disorder, and show spots of extravasation and ecchymosis,
also congestive streaking, giving them a bluish colour,
also ulcerations, penetrating the mucous coat more or less
deeply. The contents are of an offensive smell and tinged
with blood.
Treatment is very unsatisfactory, which, perhaps, as
Mr. Armatage suggests, is due to the fact that the dis-
eased membrane of the alimentary canal is not in a con-
dition to allow of ready absorption. He therefore advises
treatment by means of subcutaneous injection. We must
adopt those measures already recommended for diarrhoea
due to organic change, but in chronic cases may use
powerful astringents. Astringent enemas should be ad-
ministered, and, according to some authorities, doses of
carbolic acid, chlorinated lime, and hyposulphite of soda,
are beneficial. Careful nursing is absolutely necessary,
though these cases are so tedious that they are generally
left to take their chance. The food must be judiciously

PPS ge?

ey As PA
iad

\
808 BOVINE PATHOLOGY.

selected, dry, and nutritious. Calomel with opium has
been followed by the best results, but this treatment needs
constant supervision by the practitioner. Animals which
are affected with dysentery are known as “ scanterers’”? in
some parts of the country, or are said to be “ rotten.”

The disease known as Panras, Moor-1Lt, or Woop-kvIL,
may here be mentioned. It is a form of gastro-enteritis
due to coarse or acrid food material ; it affects whole herds,
especially in long, dry summers, when there is a deficiency
of herbage, so that plants ordinarily avoided are con-
sumed, It is sometimes attributed to free consumption
of astringent buds, as of the oak tree, and of heath; also
scarcity of food may be due to over-stocking of land, and
so an outbreak of this disease may occur.

Symptoms.—The attack lasts from six days to about a
fortnight, and is ushered in by dulness and constipation.
The latter sign is found throughout, except in the latest
stages, when profuse dysenteric discharge precedes death.
A small amount of feces, in dry, hard, small lumps, coated
with mucus of a thick, stringy character, and sometimes
with blood, is expelled occasionally with some difficulty.
The urine is scanty, high coloured, and voided with diffi-
culty. Lactation early ceases, and the appetite, from the
first,is irregular and depraved. Acute febrile signs soon
are manifested, and there is tympany with acute abdominal
pain. Yellowness of the visible mucous membranes indi-
cates that the liver is also involved. Sometimes the brain
seems affected, or the animal becomes almost wild with
pain. Rapid emaciation takes place, and all the symptoms
of acute dysentery precede death.

Autopsy shows the lesions of advanced dysentery.

The treatment differs only from that of the last-
mentioned disease in that the necessity of clearing the
alimentary canal is even more urgent, and more powerful
cathartics than Epsom salts should be given, to be followed
by salines and oils, if necessary. Stimulants and tonics
are especially indicated. Mucilaginous drinks are valuable
as sheathing the diseased membranes. Thorough change
of diet to laxative but nutritious food and liberal supply
THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM. 809

of pure water are essential, and of course the patient must
be removed from the pasture which has caused the disease.

Prophylaxis consists in administration of occasional
laxatives, a proper supply of water in dry seasons, and
avoidance of placing more animals on a limited pasture
than it will support.

Enrenitis—Inflammation of the intestines, especially
affecting the muscular coat, but extending to the mucous
and peritoneal, is not frequent in the ox, except in working
animals. Plethoric adults are most liable to become
affected. Itis due to exposure to rough weather, drinking
cold water when in a state of perspiration, and ingestion
of irritant substances ; it also results from extension of in-
flammation, and may be brought about by volvulus, intus-
susception, and impaction.

Symptoms.—There are general signs of disorder, with
pain on pressure of the loins, frequent passage of a small
amount of dry faeces, and perhaps some abdominal disten-
sion. Shortly acute febrile disturbance takes place, and
the patient stands obstinately in one place, with muzzle
- protruded, and the hind limbs seem inclined to give way.
Thirst is excessive, but all inclination for food is lost; the
animal moans, grinds his teeth, looks round at the right
flank, and flmches when pressure is made on the abdomen.
The pain is continuous, which, with the acute fever, serves
to distinguish this from colicky disorders. Shortly before
death the patient becomes unconscious and falls, moaning
continuously. The passage of faeces becomes suppressed,
and “a, little stream of liquid excrement forces its way
through the hardened mass, by which the rectum is dis-
tended, and that which is voided has an exceedingly foetid
and putrid smell.” Youatt considers this diagnostic.
Sometimes death is preceded by cessation of pain, but the
animal is anxious, the extremities are extremely cold, the
- pulse imperceptible or “running down,” and the internal
temperature falls rapidly. This is indicative of the occur-
rence of gangrene. Throughout the attack the pulse is
very quick and small, and the rectum, when examined
with the hand, is evidently very much increased in tem-
810 BOVINE PATHOLOGY.

perature. The torpidity of the bowels is due to cessation
of peristalsis, for the inflamed muscular coat loses its
contractile powers.

Post-mortem eaamination.—The intestines become very
soon distended with gas. The peritoneum is congested,
inflamed, or gangrenous over the parts of the intestine,
which are the centre of diseased action. The peritoneal
sac contains a considerable quantity of sero-sanguineous
fluid, sometimes also flocculi of lymph. Both small and
large bowels are generally involved. The walls of the bowel
are thickened and various in colour in different parts, from
the redness of simple congestion to the green condition
found in gangrene. There is much gelatinous effusion and
some blood extravasation between the muscular fibres, and
the contents of the bowels are mainly blood and mucus.

Treatment.—Careful nursing, external stimulation of
the abdomen by means of hot-water rugs and ammoniacal
or turpentine applications, manual removal of accumu- —
lated faeces from the rectum, with anodyne and muci-
laginous injections. Cathartics must be avoided, for they
cannot make the intestines act, and will only irritate.
_Aconite, or preferably opium, should be admistered inter-
nally, while the extreme thirst of the patient may be relieved
by nitrated water. In this disorder the early abstraction
of blood has been found highly beneficial, and the animals
affected are usually well able to stand the depletion.
Hot-water applications are used as follows :—The furnace
or copper having been set going to ensure a free supply
of boiling water a blanket is folded and placed trans-
versely beneath the belly of the patient; it is held on
either side by a man, while a third pours fresh water in
when the blanket begins to cool. During the intervals
the blanket is kept well up against the abdomen. This
should generally be continued for about half an hour,
when the parts should be rubbed thoroughly dry, and a
little ammoniacal solution applied with friction. This
active method of treatment proves most effectual in some
abdominal disorders. It can be repeated if necessary.

Fibrinous Oasts of the Intestines are not rare in the
THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM. 311

ox. Specimens of considerable length are sometimes
described as parasites, and we are told that the animal
has “ passedasnake.” The casts are flaky on the surface,
generally have been thrown out from the mucous membrane
of the small intestines, and are of a croupousnature. Hence,
the form of enteritis in which they are expelled is some-
times termed Crovrous Enruritis. It is less acute than
the other form, and after expulsion of the false mem-
brane recovery rapidly takes place. The treatment
in no way differs from that of the ordinary form of the
disease.

InrestinaL ApopLexy—Rupture of the intestinal blood-
vessels is rare in the ox except in blood diseases. It,
however, sometimes results from injuries and in inflamma-
tion and partial obstruction. The blood diffuses between
the layers of the mesentery. Colicky pains are present, but
no diagnostic symptoms. In the ‘ Veterinarian,’ vol. xlii,
p. 768, M. Genée records a case of enzootic outbreak of this
disorder leading to sudden death, attributed to feeding on
the refuse of beet-root.

Perroration oR Rouprure or tHE InrEstinzs may be
brought about by external injury, ulceration, the giving
way of the disorganised wall of the bowel during opera-
tions for relief of hernia, and the use of drastic cathartics
in cases of intestinal obstruction. When the rupture is
large the signs are those of collapse, but when it is small
peritonitis gradually supervenes. If the bowel be exposed
and rupture take place catgut sutures may be inserted
and the bowel returned. Cases thus treated have been
known to do well. Injury of an- umbilical or ventral
hernia sometimes causes ulceration of the skin extending
into the enclosed bowel. From the opening thus formed
the intestinal contents constantly escape. It is a “false
anus,’ and must be closed either by ligature or suture.

Rupture oF tHe Recrum may occur in cases of pro-
lapsus, or the leg of the foetus may be passed through
the wall of the vagina and rectum in cases of difficult
parturition. These cases are not necessarily fatal, for the
terminal portion of the rectum is not invested by peri-
3812 BOVINE PATHOLOGY.

toneum, and, therefore, the feces do not pass into the
peritoneal sac. Their entry into the wound tends to
prevent it from healing, and a fistula in ano or recto-vaginal
fistula forms. This is not very liable to take place in the
ox, for the feces are pultaceous. The presence of a recto-
vaginal fistula gives rise to passage of faeces through the
vulval opening, also chronic irritation of the generative
passage, and the opening may be felt on exploration.

IntusrivaL Parasires are comparatively rare in the ox,
and seldom give rise to serious disorder. The principal
are Ascaris lwmbricoides, and various Strongyles. Tenia
expansa is described by Law as causing serious indigestion
and abdominal disturbance in America, Australia, and
some parts of Germany.

InrestrnaL Tumours are generally fatty on the peritoneal
surface; cancerous when projecting into the intestinal
tube, hemorrhoidal when in the rectum. ‘The effects of
these and of calculi have been already noticed.

Matrormarion or tHE Inrestinzs.—Of these proctatresia
or impervious anus is the most frequently seen in calves.
Sometimes the anal opening is closed by skin; in other
cases the anus is perfectly formed, but at a short distance
from the external orifice there is a membranous septum
separating the passage in which the meconium is situated
from the anus. In another form the large intestine termi-
nates in a cul-de-sac in the posterior part of the abdomen.
These latter cases are hopeless, but in either of the former
relief may be afforded by division of the obstructing
membrane by two crucial incisions. Attention is called
to this condition by violent straining of the young animal,
which has not passed faeces since birth. The first milk
excites the bowels to action for expulsion of the meconium,
but this relief is prevented.

Mechanical Distension of the Rectum with hard pellets of
meconium is sometimes a cause of similar symptoms.
The accumulated material must be gradually removed with
the oiled forefinger. Sometimes the quantity present is
enormous.
THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM. 313

Section 2.—Or rue Liver.

In the ox this organ is large, mainly confined to the
right side, has rounded margins, and is scarcely divided
into lobes, but a fairly large caudate lobe is present. The
excretory apparatus differs from that of the horse in that a
gall-bladder with a cystic duct is present, also the bile-
duct does not open with the pancreatic, but terminates by
itself at a distance of about two feet from the pylorus.
The gall-bladder lies on the posterior surface of the liver,
with its fundus projecting downwards; it rests in a groove

 

Fi@. 59.—Liver and pancreas of Ox, with excretory apparatus. ce. Pan-
creatic duct. d. Gall-bladder. e. Common bile-duct, jf. Duodenum.
(Simonds.)

in the liver substance, but is not surrounded by it to

such an extent as in the dog.

Hepatitis, inflammation of the liver, is sometimes seen
in high-bred plethoric animals, as a result of feeding with
an excessive amount of highly stimulating food, associated
with want of exercise. It is most prevalent in hot weather.

It is also attributed to changes of temperature and of
food, as well as to exposure of various kinds.

The Symptoms.of some forms of liver disorder are
814 BOVINE PATHOLOGY.

somewhat obscure. Yellowness of the visible mucous
membranes and of the skin is considered a diagnostic of
derangement of the bile-secreting organ, but it is not
always so, for it may depend upon the nature of the food,
and is constantly present in some of the best breeds.
When this organ is inflamed a certain amount of abdominal
distension is observable, and the animal flinches, moans,
and grinds the teeth, when pressure is applied to the right
side over the seat of the liver. Its functions are arrested ;
thus, the secretion of bile is not carried on, hence the
bowels are torpid and the feces are dry, scanty, and of a
chocolate colour; generally they are thickly coated with
mucus. Lying continually on the right side and fainting fits
are sometimes present. The milk is yellow and scanty,
and its cream thick and “ropy.” There are occasional
colicky pains, and the skin is harsh, staring, and coated with
a yellowish-browny matter (which is considered a favor-
able sign). The urine is excessively yellow, and the various
mucous membranes are all more or less tinged with the
same colour. The respiration is somewhat impeded, and
the pulse is soft, weak, and generally frequent. Lame-
ness of the right fore limb has not yet been observed in
cases of this kind in the ox. The animal is very dull, as
in most affections of this organ.

In Chronic cases, with the generally diffused yellowness
and the unthrifty and scurfy state of the skin, and the
dry clay-coloured condition of the feces, there is per
sistent dejection and falling off from condition, a want of in-
clination to move. The pulse and respiration are unaffected.
In one case of the acute disease the patient was so violent
that it was thought he was mad—the head extended,
eye fixed, shoulders cold, belly hot, pulse strong and rapid,
striking of head against the flank, and endeavouring to
bite those around. Here, on Autopsy, “ the liver appeared
withered and dry, as if it had been exposed during several
days to an ardent sun.” In other cases we may find
atrophy of the organ, the areolar elements (Glisson’s
capsule) having been increased in size at the expense
of the more important secreting part. Sometimes the
THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM. 815

liver is much enlarged and softened, as a resulé of
infammation, whilst, in other cases, abscesses are
present. Inflammation of several parts of the liver
simultaneously is not infrequent, and this may lead
to multiple abscesses. Generally the peritoneal invest-
ment is either rendered opaque or is the seat of deposits
of lymph. Remains of these latter indications are not
infrequent in old animals. In more recent cases the
accumulation of gelatinous material beneath the peri-
toneum somewhat obscures the normal brown chocolate
colour. .

Treatment.—The indications in cases of this kind are
to apply external stimulants over the seat of the diseased
organ. Administer a saline cathartic, which will act
without materially affecting the liver, while it will also
act asa febrifuge. Aconite may be used to follow this
up as soon as any severe febrile disorder sets in. Of
course careful nursing is necessary, and the food, when
convalescence has set in, must be light and nutritious,
but in small quantity. Enemas must be utilised. In the
chronic form, where atrophy has occurred, we can do little
except give an occasional liver stimulant to rouse the torpid
organ into activity, at least so much of it as remains fit
to perform its duties.

Conezstion of THE LivER is manifested by dulness suc-
ceeding a meal, slight interference with respiration,
swelling on the right side (which is painful), constipation,
and a little yellowness of membranes. This must be
treated by a laxative, change of diet, fresh air, and some
exercise. It is generally of short duration, but when it
occurs frequently may give rise to chronic changes.

Hepatrru@a—HaMorreace Frou THE Liven—Roprture
or ton Liver—occasionally results from congestion and in
cases of degenerative changes of the organ. The sym-
ptoms are simply those of internal abdominal hemorrhage,
rapid sinking, and sometimes abdominal pain. In other
cases the peritoneal capsule does not give way, but the
blood accumulates beneath it. In the latter, recovery
is possible if the animal be kept very quiet and the
316 BOVINE PATHOLOGY.

strength supported, and subsequent feeding carefully

regulated. In the former case recovery is hopeless, Any

one accustomed to examine the changes which the liver

undergoes as a result of disease will be aware of the

very considerable absorption of liver substance which

may take place as a result of parasitic invasion or of

morbid deposits, without the function of the organ being

materially interfered with. It seems as if each lobule

were an independent organ, and not in any way concerned

in the state of its fellows, A direct consequence of this

is that very extensive changes of this nature may take

place, andno appreciablesigns of them be manifested during

life ; of these changes tubercular are most frequent. We

find also on record “osseous deposits,” which, however,

hardly answer this description. Thus, in a case the

post-mortem examination of which reads very like that of

traumatic pericarditis, Mr. Younghusband describes. the

liver of a milch cow, “ which was three times the size of

one in anormal state, containing in its substance an im-

mense number of calcareous deposits, of the size of a

horse chestnut, which, when crumbled betwixt the finger —
and thumb, gave a feeling of sand or grit. There were

some dozens of these deposits, but in none did I perceive

anything like the suppurative process.’ These were

perhaps calcified hydatids, but the case was peculiar. |
The enormous extent to which this organ may become in-
vaded by Echinococcus veterinorum is satisfactorily illus-
trated by a case recorded by Messrs. East and Steel in
the ‘ Veterinarian’ for 1878. The specimen came from the
Vale of Aylesbury, where parasitic disorders are prevalent.
Considerable diminution of the secreting liver structure
results in advanced cases of invasion by Fasciola hepatica,
in consequence of thickening of the walls of large and
small bile-ducts, the result of irritation.

RaMoLLisseMENT (softening of the liver).—Enlargement
with structural change does not seem so frequent as we
would be inclined to expect from the frequency of exces-
sive fattening of the ox, together with the want of exercise
during preparation for exhibition or sale. A good illus-
THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM. 317

trative case of fatty liver is given in the ‘ Transactions
of the Veterinary Medical Association,’ vol. iii, p. 234, by
Mr. Read.

Interesting cases of Congenital Hepatic Hernia are given
in the ‘ Veterinary Journal,’ vol. iv, p. 344 and 423, by Mr.
Swarry of Selby and Mr. Kirk. In them it seems a por-
tion of the right lobe of the liver was connected with the
posterior part of the lung by the right lateral ligament,
there being a foramen through the diaphragm.

Apprenpum 1.

The gall-bladder of the ox has a capacity of several
ounces, and its duct decreases in size somewhat after its
commencement. The bile of the ox is of a greenish colour,
and consists of the following :—Water, 90°44 per cent: ;
biliary and fatty matter, 8 per cent. ; vesicular mucus, *30
per cent.; osmazone, chloride and lactate of soda, ‘74 per
cent.; sodium, ‘41 per cent. ; phosphates of lime and soda,
‘11 per cent. (Berzelius). Diseases of this excretory
apparatus have been observed, but are almost always
secondary in their character, due to disease of the bowels
or biliary ducts. The bile accumulated in the gall-bladder
is liable to undergo inspissation and to form biliary
calculi. These consist of the bile salts, also pigment and
cholesterin, arranged in concentric layers around a small
mass previously formed, which acts as a nucleus. They
vary in form, but have rounded margins, and in size
upwards to the average size of a walnut. They have a
low specific gravity, and so float on bile. Often they are
extremely numerous. So long as they remain in the gall-
bladder they seem to cause no inconvenience, but during
their passage through the central portion of the cystic
duct and the terminal part of the common bile duct, cause
excruciating agony, due to spasm of the muscular fibre of
the wall of the duct. These cannot be distinguished from
ordinary colicky pains, our only aid to diagnosis being the
occurrence of some biliary calculi in the feces. Mollereau
has recorded a case of Rupture of the Gall Bladder
(‘ Revue Vétérinaire,’ ix, 9).
318 BOVINE PATHOLOGY.

AppEnDUM 2.

The Pancreas is large and lies to the right of the abdomen
in the root of the mesentery; its ducts open separately
into the duodenum at a distance of over three feet from the
pylorus.

Scirrhus, tubercular and cancerous deposit, hypertrophy,
and abscess of this organ are described, but nothing more
seems to be known about these disorders than that, when
chronic, they give rise to malnutrition, since they interfere
with the due elaboration of fat-forming material. Calcula
in the pancreas or its duct are occasionally found. They
are generally of a milky-white colour, dense and rough,
and about as big as a pea.

Ssction 3.—Or THz PERITONEUM.

This membrane of the ox is only remarkable as forming
a large and well-developed omentum major, which generally
contains much fat.

Prritonitis—inflammation of the lining membrane of the
abdomen—is very rare in the ox, and we have often above
had occasion to remark the impunity with which very
formidable operations may be performed in which it is
subjected to injury. The various abdominal sections and
castration affect it, and it is more or less involved in
inflammations of various abdominal viscera, but its disease
passes unnoticed in the general disorder, and it is only after
wounds and occasionally climatic changes that it thus pri-
marily becomes inflamed. Then the animal suffers from
obscure pain, and is, therefore, dull and anxious, looking
round occasionally at the flank, moaning, grinding the teeth,
stamping, and with hind limbs trembling. The bowels do
not act, the pulse has the hardness characteristic of inflam-
mations of serous membranes, the extremities are cold,
and these cases rapidly terminate fatally. It will be
observed that the respiration is characteristically thoracic,
the diaphragm being as much as possible relieved from its
duties, which cause extra pain.
THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM. 819

Post-mortem examination.—Sometimes we find after
slaughter of a healthy animal that parts of the peritoneum
are united by adhesions, while others are opaque and
flocculent from the presence of white shreds of organised
lymph. These are indications of a previous attack of this
disease. In recent cases the membrane is in various parts
reddened, opaque, and hidden by lymphy deposits, which
bind the different abdominal organs together and vary in
the degree of organization according to their age. These
lesions are most marked around the point of injury. The
peritoneal sac contains a considerable quantity of fluid,
which is straw-coloured, milky, or sanguineous. Of
traumatic lesions giving rise to this disease passage of
sharp foreign bodies from the stomachs is not infrequent,
hence we generally find that peritonitis is present in cases
of traumatic pericarditis, bringing about union of the reti-
culum with the diaphragm, so that a cyst-like passage is
formed, which generally contains a milky serous fluid or
a blood-clot.

Treatment.—That suggested for enteritis. As in that
affection cathartics should not be administered, for increased
peristalsis will give rise to increased irritation of the
inflamed peritoneum. Opium is specially indicated to
check peristalsis.

Ascites (dropsy of the abdomen).—This is sometimes
the result of acute inflammatory disease of the peritoneum,
but more frequently of general debility or of mechanical
impediment to return of venous blood, such as exists in liver
or heart diseases, also tumours pressing on vena porte.
It is a complication of other dropsical disorders. It is
not frequent in the adult, but is met with in obstetric
practice, since congenital ascites is an impediment to
expulsion of the affected animal from the womb. In these
cases it seems to result from debility or scrofulous disease
of the parent ; the sickly foetus may therefore be sacrificed,
the fluid being evacuated either by direct incision with the
concealed knife through the abdominal walls, or by the
passage of a special long trocar and canula through the
chest into the abdomen.
320 BOVINE PATHOLOGY.

Symptoms.—Of the acquired forms are abdominal disten-
sion, and on auscultation a wave of fluid may be detected
striking against the abdominal wall when the opposite
side is percussed. Anasarcous swellings appear on the
abdomen and underneath the chest. Respiration is
thoracic, and there is gradually increasing anemia with all
its characteristic symptoms (see page 96).

Treatment.—While endeavouring to remove the originat-
ing disease we must do all in our power to sustain the
strength of the patient by stimulant tonics, as beer or
gentian with nitrous ether; also liberal diet of not too
watery composition. Iron salts (as the iodide) also are
indicated, and may be alternated with vegetable tonics.
Digitalis proves useful primarily as a sedative, but second-
arily by acting on the kidneys. Where the distension is
very great paracentesis abdominis, “tapping the belly,”
will afford temporary relief. A small trocar-and-canula
is used, and the puncture is made just a little to one side
of the umbilicus, the instrument being inserted gently.
The reason of the obstinate resistance to absorption is
that the peritoneal stomata become blocked up by false
membranes and plugs of lymph. Besides the diseases
indicated it must be remembered that the peritoneum is
often one of the seats of “ grapy”’ deposits of scrofulous
origin. These give rise to subacute inflammation and
ascites. Opacity is generally produced in the opposite
portion of the peritoneum against which they rub.
THE RESPIRATORY APPARATUS. 321

CHAPTER V.—DISEASES OF THE RESPIRATORY
APPARATUS.

Tux calibre of the air-passages of the ox is not so great
as that of the horse; the lungs are practically smaller,
and M. Colin has shown us that an ox breathes only about
82 per cent. of the amount of air required by a horse,
throwing off a proportionately small amount of carbonic
anhydride. This would lead us to anticipate that the
ordinary diseases of the respiratory organs of the ox are
less numerous and important than those of the horse. It
adapts the animal less for rapid and prolonged locomotion,
and is in accordance with the conditions of other parts of
the system ; thus, the large gastric mass of the ox prevents
rapid exertion after a meal, and the full conditions of these
organs remains for a long time. During this the action
of the diaphragm must be, to a certain extent, impeded as
far as its respiratory functions are concerned ; it facilitates
regurgitation constantly during rumination. Again, its
position is more upright. The conformation of the
skeleton of the ox gives us information that he is less
adapted for respiratory emergencies than the horse.
Ordinary respirations of the ox are frequent and not
deep, 15 to 18 in the adult, 18 to 20 in the young animal ;
they are liable to considerable increase in number even
during health. Similarly the healthy cough of the ox is
rather short and weak. The horse suffers so frequently from
disorders of the respiratory organs because he is pushed
to extremes of exertion, is pampered in hot, close, and
improperly ventilated stables, and is subjected to sudden
changes of temperature of thesurrounding medium, and also
exposure to draughts, and under certain circumstances to
extremes of weather. With the skin acting profusely he

. 21
822 BOVINE PATHOLOGY.

is left standing in a current of air, and is otherwise
exposed. The working ox is somewhat similarly treated,
and hence of all bovines is most liable to diseases of respira-
tory organs, but he is not by any means pampered, and
seldom overworked. Cattle, especially when fat, are
sometimes overdriven, but ordinarily are in a state of
quietude in the stalls of not overclosed shippons or in
pastures. Under these circumstances traumatic causes
are the main influences which generate diseases of the
breathing apparatus. Dairy cows and prize fattening beasts
are, certainly, continuously subjected to the close and foul
atmosphere of byres, but they are not exercised and do
not change from heat to cold, so the predisposition engen-
dered by ammoniacal fumes and constant inspiration of
warm air laden with impurities seldom receives the
exciting cause necessary to give rise to acute pulmonary
disorder. The effect is more marked in arousing heredi-
tary or acquired tendency to scrofulous disease, especially
phthisis. We have previously made some general remarks
on the nature of respiratory processes, but must now recall
to our minds certain special means of diagnosis, which
acquire particular importance in relation to the diseases
under consideration.

Auscutration depends on the motion of air through
the air-passages, and the movements of the chest and
other parts during breathing. It is termed immediate
if the ear is applied directly to the surface, mediate
if the acoustic connection isindirect. The former method
is open to the objection that the surface is often
not fit for contact, as when the animal is covered with
lice. It is most useful as avoiding extra friction sounds,
which result from the intervention of a foreign body
between the ear and the chest. Generally a handker-
chief is placed on the surface, and a little practice enables
the observer to automatically ignore any complications
due to its presence. The stethoscope is a long tube with
a trumpet-shaped extremity for even contact with the
surface, and an ear-piece; it is seldom used in veterinary
practice. It is an artificial prolongment of the external
THE RESPIRATORY APPARATUS. 3823

auditory canal. Auscultation is resorted to in cardiac and
certain abdominal diseases, but is mainly used for deter-
mining the states of the lungs and air-passages. These,
especially the former, are less accessible than in man, on
account of the greater bulk of surrounding substances, the
pectoral position of the fore extremities, and the restlessness
of the patient. Also the animal cannot be made to give
us the various phases of respiration on demand. Though
our diagnoses cannot, therefore, be so exact as those of
human practitioners, auscultation is most valuable to us.

Nasal sownds.—The normal rushing sound of air passing
through the nasal chambers is interfered with in cases of
tumours and other obstructions of these passages; also
when the mucous lining membrane is diseased. The ster-
torous character of breathing, as seen in coma, depends
on the state of the posterior nares and velum palati.

Laryngeal sounds.—The passage of air through the
healthy organ gives rise to a rushing sound. In cases of
thickening or impediment the sounds known as roaring
and whistling (which are familiar to us) will be distin-
guished. A peculiar crowing sound is considered dia-
gnostic of “croup.” The voice, of which this organ is the
seat, is sometimes modified; its tones are not varied, for
the organ is very simple, but it is not difficult to distin-
guish the peculiar lowing indicative of pain.

In the trachea and bronchial tubes we still find the rush-
ing sound; in health it is prolonged, almost uniform in
expiration and inspiration, and with an even transition
through its various modulations; under disease it may
become the mucous réle, when fluid exists in these tubes
in excess, and air bubbles through it, the cavernous réle,
when the air rushes from a comparatively small tube into
a large space containing fluid, so that there is a special
gurgling sound. This, of course, can only be heard in
connection with disease in the lungs; it is found when
a cavity has been formed in those organs by suppuration,
or by bronchial dilatation. Sibilus, when the air rushes
through small tubes with a dry condition of their mucous
lining, such as is seen in incipient inflammation. Rhonchus
824 BOVINE PATHOLOGY.

is a similar state when the larger tubes are involved. Other

refinements are distinguishable, but their characters are

rather indefinite. The Vesicular sownd observed during

health depends upon the tension of the walls of the air-cells

during inspiration, together with the rush of air through

the narrow terminations of the bronchial tubes into these

dilatations, consequently it is appreciable also to a modified

degree during expiration. It can only be heard in some parts

of the lungs, for it is liable to be obscured by the bronchial

rushing sound. It is most perceptible in young animals,

for with age the cells are much dilated, and the transitions

from the tubes less abrupt. Determination of this sound

is important, as informing us of the pervious condition of

the air-passages and the air-cells. It is early supplanted

in cases of inflammation of the intimate structure of the
lungs by a peculiar crackling sound known as crepitation.

The intensity of these sounds varies with disease; when a

part of the lung is lost for functional purposes the parts

which remain pervious give increased sound. Solidifica-

tion and deposition between a bronchus and the ear may

render its rushing sound more evident. In other cases

there is partial or complete loss of sound, due to an im-

pervious condition of the passages, as in lung consolidation

or collapse, or else to the presence of some bad conductor

of the sound, as in cases of hydrothorax. Our diagnosis

of the extent of disease also depends upon the stationary .
or migratory condition of the sounds, as shown by frequent
examinations. The movements may be either abrupt, as
when some obstruction has been removed by coughing, or
gradual, as in hydrothorax.

The pleura, when inflamed, is the seat of the friction
sound, due either to two dry surfaces moving in contact
with one another, or to a similar application of two sur-
faces roughened by deposition of false membranes.

Examination of the Chest of the Ox, by Ausculta-
tion. —The extra lobe of the right lung extends rather in
front of the heart. The thorax is wide and rounded pos-
teriorly, but the diaphragm bulges into it to a marked ex-
tent, and gains firm attachment to the inner surface of the
THE RESPIRATORY APPARATUS. 825

last rib but one, so that the last intercostal space is not lined
by pleura. The rumen, therefore, giving its various sounds,
occupies a large part of the posterior division of the left
side, while the liver lies on the right, and gives an area
of dulness. “We must determine the natural sound
when the animal ruminates, which may be heard at the
lower part of the chest at the level of the xiphoid carti-
lage of the sternum. It resembles the gurgling sound
when fluid passes from a bottle, and doubtless is due to
the liquids in the reticulum; since cattle, when sick, do
not generally ruminate, this noise will not be confounded
with abnormal sounds. Nevertheless, we have thought
right to note it here. We must also distinguish a crepi-
tation with a frothy sound, which originates in the ramen
when its muscular walls contract; it is audible at the
postero-superior part of the left side of the chest”
(Delafond). Since the shoulder occupies the anterior
part of the lateral surface of the chest as far back as the
fourth rib, and the diaphragm bulges posteriorly, the area
over. which auscultation can be profitably performed in the
ox is very limited. However, the shoulder may be drawn
forwards to a certain extent, so that even the first rib may
be felt from behind, and considerable care will enable us
to. distinguish lung sounds in the posterior region.

The lateral surface of the chest is divided into superior,
middle, and inferior thirds. “ Right side.—In the superior
region the vesicular sound is well marked from behind the
shoulder to the level of the tenth rib, from which it gradually
decreases in intensity to be lost opposite the eleventh. In
the median region a loud and sometimes rather rude re-
spiratory murmur is heard over the fourth and three fol-
lowing ribs, which, however, gradually decreases from the
seventh, and is lost over the tenth or eleventh. In the
- lower region the sound may be said to be bronchial over
the fourth and fifth ribs, evidently on account of the con-
siderable tube passing to the fourth lobe of the right lung.
From the sixth to the ninth rib it is vesicular, and its force
decreases from before backwards. Left side.—The superior
region simply repeats that of the right side. Inthe median
326 BOVINE PATHOLOGY.

region the only difference is that the sound is more feeble
over the fourth, fifth, and sixth ribs. In the inferior region
a feeble respiratory murmur is heard over the fourth rib ;
this increases over the fifth and sixth, and then decreases
as far as the eighth or ninth ” (Gamgee). Delafond warns
us against misinterpreting the crepitating sound, which
results from the looseness of the areolar tissue beneath
the skin of the chest of the ox. And Gamgee suggests
that useful information may be gained by auscultating the
chest of the ox from below through the sternum, since so
much of the lung is inferiorly placed and the sternum is
thin and flat.

Percussion.—Applying blows to the surface in a special
manner, we have already seen, is useful in diagnosis of
tympany. Itis direct or indirect. Inthe former case the
ends of the fingers brought together are sharply applied
to a part, generally to the skin rendered tense over a bone,
as a rib, or the nasals. It is possible to determine, from
the resulting sound, whether the cavity within is empty
or blocked up by some material of a solid or liquid nat1"e.
The healthy resonance of the chest is very characteristic,
and is most marked over the course of the bronchi and
larger bronchial tubes. Dulness on percussion indicates
consolidation or accumulation of fluid in the pleural sac.

Percussion of the Chest of the Ox, “ Left side——The
superior region is very resonant over the eighth, ninth,
and tenth ribs. If it be struck very gently between the
latter and the twelfth rib, the diminished resonance of
the posterior border of the lung may still be brought
out, though, if struck at all forcibly in this region, a
tympanic sound is produced, due to gas in the rumen.
The median region is very resonant over the fifth,
sixth, and seventh ribs, much less so over the eighth
and ninth, and quite dull over the lower third of the
tenth and half the eleventh; this dulness proceeds from
the abdominal organs. The lower region, unlike in
the horse, shows considerable resonance over the fourth,
fifth, and sixth ribs, from this part lying over the anterior
lobes of the right and left lungs, which almost completely
THE RESPIRATORY APPARATUS. 827

envelope the heart. From the seventh to the ninth ribs
the resonance diminishes and is entirely lost in the lower
fourth of the latter, as well as over all the ribs behind it.
In young and emaciated subjects, by drawing the limb
forcibly backwards, and applying the pleximeter as firmly
as possible over the first two ribs, a clear sound may be
obtained. Right side—The resonance of the right side
differs little from that of the left ; the resonance sometimes
being perceptibly less posteriorly, on account of the pre-
sence of the liver. In very thin animals a clear sound is
produced by percussion in the fosse of the scapula.”
(Gamgee).

Manipulation.—Pressure on the intercostal space causes
flinching and other manifestations of pain in pleurisy and
pleuro-pneumonia. A fractured condition of the rib and
the presence of a needle which has migrated from the
reticulum have been determined by this means.

Succussion and Mensuration have not yet been pone of
much value in cattle disorders,

The anterior nares have no false nostril, and are con-
nected with the upper lip by the smooth humid pad
which is termed the muffle. The organ of Jacobson
runs from the anterior part of the mouth to that of the
nasal chamber. In consequence of separation of the
lower margin of the vomer from the palatine suture the
nasal chambers communicate posteriorly, so that we can
speak only of one posterior naris opening into the pharynx.
The facial sinuses are very extensive, and separate the
outer from the inner plate of the frontal bone everywhere,
except at a point on either side of the centre of the fore-
head. They pass into the horn cores, rendering them
hollow, and through the parietal bones, and partly into the
occipital. The maxillary portion is prolonged into the
bony palate. The nasal peak is trifid. There are described
three turbinated bones, but of these the one known as the
middle is simply the great ethmoid cell very much
enlarged. The lower margin of the vomer is remarkably
sharp. The posterior nares, as in other ruminants, are
very deep.
328 BOVINE PATHOLOGY.

The muffle becomes involved in certain exanthemata,
for it may be the seat of eruption. Its condition isa useful
but not infallible guide in determining the health of the
animal, since during fever it becomes dry. The pro-
trusible tongue is capable of removing excess of moisture
from this organ and the nostrils. The anterior naris is
less liable to laceration than that of the horse. The
Schneiderian membrane, as seen through it, is of a red-
dish colour, but varies much in shade and humidity with
the state of the health.

CataRrra—F luz from the nostrils—is due either to conges-
tion or inflammation of the Schneiderian membrane. Also,
as a rule, the lining membrane of the nasal sinuses and
those of the pharynx and larynx are, to a certain degree,
involved. Is most frequent in spring, when east winds
are prevalent, and when animals are suddenly exposed to
extremes of wet and cold after having been accustomed to
shelter. It may arise from dampness of the byres in
which cattle are kept, or exposure to draughts. Animals
debilitated by previous disease are especially prone to this
disorder. It is more frequent in young beasts than old,
and sometimes is attributable to the “dust and gravel
of the road” (Youatt). It may be due to certain
specific conditions of the atmosphere, when it assumes an
epizootic or enzootic form (see Influenza). Then it is
excessively debilitating, and under ordinary conditions it
reduces the strength of the patient, and on this account
as well as because it is often a forerunner of more serious
disorder, it is important, and requires prompt and
judicious treatment.

Symptoms.—In some cases simply a discharge from the
nostrils, with dulness, but generally slight fever, is
present, with the usual signs of ill health. The Schnei-
derian membrane is reddened and turgid. At first dry, it
soon gives a watery discharge, which later becomes of
a thick mucous character, and afterwards muco-purulent.
Sneezing is generally present, as also is cough, which is
especially marked when there is sore throat, as denoted by
pain on manipulation, swelling, and difficulty in swallowing.
THE RESPIRATORY APPARATUS. 329

The conjunctiva is more or less congested, which leads to
lachrymation and accumulation of mucus at the inner
canthus. A profuse mucous discharge from the eyes
may afterwards set in. Generally these symptoms subside
in two or three days, but sometimes they become modified
to those indicative of laryngitis.

Treatment.—House the animal in a_ well-ventilated
place, and nurse. Counteract all such of the causes as
are in operation as much as possible; especially place in
fresh air rather than in.a close ammoniacal atmosphere.
Steam the nostrils either by holding the head over hot
water, or by fixing on a nose-bag containing sawdust or
chaff soaked constantly in boiling water, or by Armatage’s
steam douche, which consists of an india-rubber tube
attached to the spout of a tea kettle, the free end being
brought towards the animal’s nostrils when the vapour
begins to escape (see Fig. 9). A febrifuge dose of
Epsom salts, together with a diffusible stimulant, may be
given, and the animal allowed nitrated water to drink.
Altogether the treatment of simple catarrh is more a
matter of nursing than of medicine.

Eristaxis—Bleeding from the nostrils—is sometimes a
symptom of serious blood disorders where ulceration or
rupture of blood-vessels of the Schneiderian membrane is
present. It is seen as a disease per se in working oxen,
in which exposure to the heat of the sun, together with
laborious exercise, have given rise to congestion of the
vessels of the Schneiderian membrane with subsequent
rupture of their walls. Sometimes it results from injury,
especially when there is fracture of the nasal bones. The
hemorrhage may be somewhat profuse. Under ordinary
circumstances it will cease spontaneously, but sometimes
cold-water applications, styptic injections, or plugging the
nostrils are necessary. These cases require careful exami-
nation, for the hemorrhage may be from some more
important membranes than that lining the nostrils. Some-
times it results from Polypus in the nasal chamber. Such
cases are very rare. Youatt relates one in which, while
the pedicle might be traced into the nasal chamber, the main
830 BOVINE PATHOLOGY.

part of the tumour hung down in the pharynx and acted
as an impediment to swallowing. Exploration was made
through the mouth, and the tumour (which weighed
nearly half a pound), removed by torsion. The écraseur
may be used for such cases, or a ligature fixed round the
pedicle (see Pharyngeal Polypus).

Parasitzs.— Youatt mentions the occasional entry of
leeches from stagnant water. They gain access to the
nasal chamber through the anterior nares when the
animal is drinking. After they have gorged their fill they
will loosen their hold and be expelled by sneezing, except
when in the superior part of the nasal chamber. They
cause considerable hemorrhage, and may be removed by
injections of salt and water.

Other foreign bodies may become fixed in the nasal
chamber, or the nasal sinuses may be diseased, giving
rise to Nasal Gleet, but this is rare in the ox as compared
with the horse, for he is less liable to injuries of the
facial bones, and can expel matters returned by vomition
through the mouth.

Larynarris—Inflammation of the laryne—is a sequela of
catarrh or of bronchitis, but may exist as a primary
disease. Besides the general signs of inflammation,
the pulse has a peculiarly hard character, the throat is
swollen, and the muzzle protruded ; considerable pain is
evinced on pressure, and a dry, hard, paroxysmal cough
may be originated in this way, or occur spontaneously.
Also there is profuse discharge of saliva from the mouth,
and difficulty and pain in swallowing (sometimes com-
plete inability). There is discharge from the nostrils,
and the thickening of the laryngeal mucous membrane
gives rise to extreme difficulty in breathing, and an early
prostration of strength, such as results from defective
oxygen supply. This disease may be attributed to the
action of those causes which, under other circumstances,
give rise to catarrh. Death may occur either through
effusion around the rima glottidis, spasm of the larynx, or
extension of inflammation. A permanent thickening of the
lining mucous membrane of the larynx is likely to result,
THE RESPIRATORY APPARATUS. 331

Tveatment.—Where the breathing is excessively diffi-
cult, tracheotomy should be at once resorted to, as this is
a most valuable means of placing the larynx in a state of
rest. The throat should be freely fomented, and the
head steamed by either of the methods previously mentioned.
Nutrient enemas may be administered, and a free supply
of nitrated water allowed. Administration of drenches is
not advisable, for the pharynx is involved in inflammation,
and the difficulty in swallowing may lead to entry of some
fluid through the glottis, with its resulting ill-conse-
quences. When the disease tends to assume a subacute
character a stimulating application may be applied to
the throat. The compound liniment of cantharides is

   

Fig. 60.—Tracheotomy Tube. (Armatage.)

about the best. These cases are generally of an acute
and urgent character.

 

Fig. 61.—Animal wearing Tracheotomy Tube. (Armatage.)

To perform the operation of tracheotomy.—The head
being extended, the operator feels along the front
of the neck for the most superficial position of the
trachea. This having been found at about the centre
of the neck, a longitudinal incision, about two inches in
332 BOVINE PATHOLOGY.

length, is made through the skin and muscle on to the
trachea, and the edges of the wound being held apart by
hooks, portions of two consecutive cartilaginous rings are
removed with a scalpel, so that a circular orifice extends
into the trachea large enough to admit the tracheotomy
tube (see Fig. 60); the latter is then inserted and
retained by a band passing round the neck and attached
on each side of its plate (see Fig. 61). It must be
cleaned daily until, when a hand is kept over the orifice,
no impediment to breathing occurs. It must then be
permanently removed and the wound daily dressed with
carbolic glycerine until it closes. The opening in the
trachea becomes filled with fibrous substance or ossifi-
cation of the rings involved results. Care must be
taken lest the excised portions of cartilage fall into the
trachea. The operation may be performed on the animal
whether standing or lying. Sometimes it is supplanted
by Laryngotomy, which presents no special advantages
in the ox. It consists in perforation of the crico-thyroid
membrane, but the inferior position of the body of the

 

Fie. 62.—Larynx and Os hyoides of the ox. a. Epiglottis. b. Inferior
extremity of long cornua. (Simonds.)

thyroid in the ox is rather an impediment. Besides this,
the larynx in bovines is remarkable for its simplicity,
the absence of ventricles aud the high attachment of the
wide epiglottis, which has a rounded apex. The connec-
THE RESPIRATORY APPARATUS. 333

tion with the hyoid bone is less direct than in the
horse.

Pharyngotomy.—After giving an account of an “ epi-
demic affection of the upper air-passages,’’ which is evidently
the disease we have mentioned as diphtheria, Youatt says :
“When there is no great external enlargement and yet
much difficulty of breathing exists and suffocation is
threatened, there is reason to apprehend that the pharynx,
or some factitious pouch which nature has suddenly formed
for the fluid, or (yet very rarely, for they are small in the
ox) the guttural pouches (?), or the commencement of the
communication between the mouth and ear, are filled with
pus.” In such cases he recommends the performance of
an operation similar to that known as hyovertebrotomy in
the horse. In the present day we would operate through
the mouth for this condition.

Tumours or tHe Larynx due to serous accumulations
beneath the glottal mucous membrane, cancerous growths, -
&c., are not frequent in the ox. They prove serious
impediments to respiration.

Fractures of the Laryngeal Cartilages may take place
from injury ; union ensues, the earthy deposit uniting the
fractured edges sometimes forms a tumour projecting
beneath the laryngeal mucous membrane. Tumours of
neighbouring parts or impactions in the cesophagus may
impede respiration by pressure on the air-passages.

The trachea has more numerous rings and differs from
that of the horse, in that the ends of the cartilages meet to
form an acute angle posteriorly. There is a small special
bronchus given off from the right side of the tube some
distance before its termination. Though the dorsal
vertebre and ribs of the ox are much less numerous
than those of the horse they are larger, and the posterior
ribs are longer, and therefore the differences between the
size of the thorax in the two animals is not so great as
might be expected. The most essential reduction depends
on the way the diaphragm bulges in the ox, so that
it extends to opposite the sixth and seventh ribs. The
flat sternum of the ruminant allows him to comfortably
334 BOVINE PATHOLOGY.

repose on the inferior surface of the trunk while chewing
the cud; for, thanks to the synovial union between the
sternal ‘end vertebral ribs, supero-inferior compression
leads to lateral expansion of the chest. Synovial union
of the first bone of the sternum with the second facili-
tates this. To this point of conformation also is attri-
buted the fact that the ox in the emergencies of pul-
monary disease often remains in the recumbent posi-
tion, a marked contrast to the persistent standing of

D>

Hon
ft

   
 
   

ml mM
f a,

  

   
  
    
  

{7
wo
Vt
ec
I)

KS

 
   
 
   
  

   
   
   

iy

We

“< a
“

   
 
 
  
   

 

 

 

ae

  

    

Be Hi m Me ss

Ee = ee

Ni Ah i

We i eS i

G Hy a ie AS a B
oe oe t
eae

<4

Fig. 63.—Healthy lungs of the ox, seen from eae Showing the extra
lobe of the right lung with its bronchus (8). a@ Trachea e¢. Right
bronchus. d. Right bronchial tubes. (Simonds)

the horse under similar circumstances. A study of
the arrangement of the respiratory muscles in ruminants
THE RESPIRATORY APPARATUS. 835

serves to give much information as to their respiratory
uses,

Broncuitis—Inflammation of the Lining Membrane of
the Trachea and Bronchial Tubes—is of comparatively fre-
quent occurrence in the ox, depending either on the ordi-
nary cause of respiratory disorders, exposure, or on
extension of inflammation from the larynx and Schnei-
derian membrane. Also it may be due to mechani-
cal causes, the entry of solid or liquid particles into
the air-passages during temporary laxity of the glottis,
and the development and residence of parasites in the
lungs.

Symptoms.—Besides the ordinary signs of inflamma-
tion the pulse is remarkably hard, and the respirations are
increased out of all ordinary relation tothe beats of the pulse,
the inspirations being difficult, and each effort short and
imperfect. The animal does not look at the side, nor flinch
at pressure on it. The cough is paroxysmal, frequent, and
very distressing. The visible mucous membranes are purple
through defective oxidation, and there is a considerable
amount of debility present, due to the same cause. Ausculta-
tion in the early stages gives various results according as
the larger or smaller air-tubes are involved ; later, both are
affected, as well as the lung-tissue in general. Rhonchus
or sibilus, according to the region auscultated, in the
early stages, and the mucous rale later in the attack,
may be present; sometimes, also, we find intermittent
loss of sound in some parts of the lung, due to mu-
cous accumulations plugging the bronchial tubes. In
some cases this latter condition may occur permanently,
and loss of small portions of the lung result. This
is much less important than the similar state in the
horse. The functionless parts atrophy and often burst,
and the neighbouring air-vesicles enlarge somewhat.
Percussion gives healthy results from every part of the
chest. The dry stage of the bronchi is succeeded by pro-
fuse discharge from the nostrils, which passes through
the usual phases, from watery to muco-purulent. This
relieves the inflammation, and recovery may now com-
336 BOVINE PATHOLOGY.

mence. Sometimes the disease afterwards assumes a
chronic character. Death may result from suffocation as
when the effused fluid blocks up the air-passages and fills
the pulmonary cells, or from imperfect blood oxidation, or
from extension of the disease to the lungs, pleura, or
larynx.

Post-mortem examination shows the air-passages blocked
up with frothy fluid, and their lining mucous membrane
discolored. The lungs have a sodden appearance, and
are also congested.

Treatment must be directed to support of the strength
of the patient, the promotion of resolution, and the avoid-
ance of lapse into the chronic stage. The animal must
be most carefully nursed, allowed a free supply of pure
air, a liberal supply of tempting food, and unlimited
nitrated water. The air-passages must be steamed and
stimulating applications applied to the sides and along
the course of the trachea ; these must not prove excessively _
irritating nor vesicant. When the bowels are torpid
enemas may be administered, but not cathartics, for
though, in the ox, the alimentary mucous membrane does
not so readily become involved, together with that of the
respiratory passages, as in the horse, want of judgment in
this respect may cause diarrhoea, and fatally tax the
strength of the already debilitated patient. Aconite or
belladonna may be used to control febrile excitement.
When the patient commences to rally, diffusible stimu-
lants with vegetable tonics will prove most beneficial.

- Chronic Bronchitis is frequent im the ox; it sometimes
is a sequela of the acute form, but more frequently by far
results from scrofulous disorder. The lungs, in these
cases, non-specific as well as specific, undergo various
changes. The most remarkable of these are asthma, em- -
physema, consolidation. The symptoms common to the
two are a persistent hacking cough, general unthriftiness,
and tendency to slight asthenic febrile attacks. Emacia-
tion becomes very marked, and the respirations are want-
ing in depth. The animal is unequal to the slightest
exertion.
THE RESPIRATORY APPARATUS. 837

Asthma consists in inflammation of the muscular coat
of the bronchial tubes, which atrophies, whereby either
dilatation of the tubes occurs, or, since due supply of
air to each air-cell is not regulated, these become dilated,
and eventually ruptured, so that air escapes into the
interlobular areolar tissue. The latter condition is known
as interlobular emphysema ; the former is vesicular enphy-
sema. Dilatation of an air-cell leads to impervious con-
dition of the beautiful capillary network on its walls,
and so atrophy of the affected part of the lung is pro-
duced. The conditions observed in addition to these in
scrofulous bronchitis have been already denoted. We
can do nothing to cure these states, and but little to pal-
late them. Stimulant tonics, easily digestible food, and
quiescence, will keep the animal alive for some time,
but the owner will generally prefer destruction of the
patient.

Parasitical Bronchitis, ‘ husk,” “ hoose,” or “ hoast ;’
phthisis pulmonalis verminalis.—This disease is of frequent
occurrence among calves under a year old; it certainly is
seen in older animals when they are in a debilitated con-
dition, but seldom proves fatal in such cases, though it
sometimes causes considerable mortality among calves, for
in them there is not sufficient constitutional stamina to
enable them to resist the debilitating effects of the para-
sites. In the older animal the parasites may be found in
numbers in the lungs, even when no special indications of
their presence have been given; but it must be clearly
understood that their ill effects are directly proportional
to the strength of constitution of the patient and the
number of the parasites. These worms are known as
Strongylus micrurus, the same parasite as is found so fre-
quently in the lungs of the ass. They are armed nema-
todes, and are also found sometimes in the alimentary
canal, and Williams notes their presence in the heart and
blood-vessels in some cases. Hence it is inferred that
they arrive at the lungs by entry of the alimentary canal
with the food, boring a passage into the blood-vessels,
passing with the current of blood through the blood.

22
338 BOVINE PATHOLOGY.

vessels, and from the latter into the bronchial tubes.
The arguments which have been brought to support
this, the most probable, view are that this is undoubtedly
the method of distribution of many forms of parasites,
and the disease is most frequent and the worm in the
lungs are most numerous in young animals in which the
tissues are most readily permeable. Other views are
those of direct migration from the alimentary canal and
entry through the larynx. There is no evidence to sup-
port the former view; the latter is based upon the idea
that it is possible for entry to occur even in spite of
the coughing, which would result from the passage
of the worms through the glottis; this is rather doubtful.
Again, they might, when immature and small, be carried
in with the inrush of air during inspiration. This view
does not account for the boring armature of the animal ;
it has been advocated by Mr. Grey, who has shown
experimentally that infection by one impregnated female
suffices in a very short time to kill the host, and the
parasites multiply with great rapidity, and their tenacity
of life must be considerable. He considers they are
inhaled in the form of ova. As is usual with parasitic
affections, this disease is prevalent in wet seasons, on
low lands which are liable to flooding. It is seen par-
ticularly in calves kept out late in the autumn, and as a
result of feeding over land which has been previously
pastured by affected animals. It attacks a number of
animals at once, and the weakest are the first to give
way. The special nature of the irritant determines cer-
tain special features in the symptoms. ‘Thus, acute
febrile signs are absent, except when the debility causes
that form of fever known as hectic. This only is observable
in the later stages. The cough is remarkably forcible,
distressing, and of a special hacking and paroxysmal
character. It leads to the expulsion of stringy mucus,
in which parasites may be detected or their ova observed
under a low power of the microscope. The attack has a
subacute character, and proves very exhausting. Thus,
emaciation rapidly increases, and diarrhoea sets in as a
complication, The parasites, embedded in stringy mucus,
THE RESPIRATORY APPARATUS 339

lie intertwined in groups, or stretched against the bron-
chial mucous membrane. When in balls they block up
the air-passages ; they also cause spasm of the bronchial
tubes. Thus, they seriously impede respiration, which is
always remarkably laboured in this disease. It will be ob-
served, however, on autopsy, that little exudation into the
air-passages has taken place, and that, though the mucous
membrane is purple, it has not undergone such an amount
of change as @ priori might have been anticipated. This is
attributable to the fact that the irritant is a living one,
capable of altering its position, and simply occupying its na-
tural habitat. When the lungs of an animal which has been
affected with this disorder, but has recovered, are examined,
it will be found that the worms have become encysted, and
have undergone calcareous degeneration, forming nodular
calcareous deposits in the lungs. The average duration
of an attack is two or three weeks.

Treatment.—Though we are not assured of all the phases in the
life history of Strongylus micrurus, we know that when ova are
expelled from the lungs on to pastures they undergo changes which
are dependent upon warmth and moisture in some way or other, and
result in the assumption by the immature parasite of the state in
which it is fit to gain entry into the alimentary canal with food or
water. It remains for some little time in the prime vie, and then
becomes comparatively inaccessible.

Prevention, therefore, consists in housing all severely
affected animals, and destruction of bedding materials and
other matters on which the discharges from the patients
fall ; as also of the affected parts after post-mortem exami-
nations ; removal of all the slightly diseased to high and dry
pastures, giving them a judicious supply of water not
liable to be contaminated, and rock salt; feeding them
liberally with strengthening diet and administering doses
of iron tonics which are anthelmintic. With regard to
the housed animals they must be treated with stimulant
tonics and carefully nursed. Williams has seen excellent
results from administration of prussic acid, which allays
bronchial irritation and destroys the worms, but most
authorities seem to prefer more energetic treatment with
a view to actual expulsion of the parasites. Thus, tur-
pentine is much lauded, since it is excreted to a certain
extent through the bronchial mucous membrane, and is
340 BOVINE PATHOLOGY.

supposed to render their habitat uncomfortable to the para-
sites. Fumigations with chlorine, carbolic acid (coal-tar
smoke), and sulphurous anhydride, are supposed to kill the
entozoa. They certainly cause such an amount of coughing
as leads to expulsion of a very considerable number, but
it is highly probable that parasites can stand a more severe
dose of these agents than the calves can. Therefore,
though these means should be tried they must not supplant
the stimulant tonic treatment above suggested. The
usual method of fumigation is to collect the patients into
a loose box with closed doors and windows. In this the
gas is generated as long as the operator is able to bear it,
then the apparatus is removed, and the patients left
exposed tothe gas for about a quarter of an hour accord-
ing to their state and the judgment of the veterinary
surgeon. The liberation of chlorine is brought about by
the action of sulphuric acid, either on a mixture of
chloride of sodium and black oxide of manganese, or on
bleaching powder. Sulphurous anhydride may be procured
by burning sulphur.! Finally, we must insist on the avoid-
ance of pastures notorious for generating hoose ; especially
must caution farmers against keeping animals on them in
the later summer months, when the disease is acquired and
manifests itself towards the latter part of autumn. As
has been so frequently urged by Dr. Cosnoxp, parasitic
disorders of this kind are of national importance, and,
therefore, should be taken cognizance of by the govern-
ment with a view to prevention. Failing this, energetic
well directed action on the part of our agricultural societies
could materially reduce the prevalence of these formidable
diseases. Agents used in the treatment of husk are some-
times administered through the nostrils. Of course, this has
no advantage over the method of oral adminstration. It is
possible that beneficial effects may result from diffusion of
such an agent as turpentine over the nasal mucous mem-

1 Messrs. Penhale, Hutton, Parsons, and other practitioners have applied
the system of intra-tracheal injection to this disease with marked benefit.
Penhale uses an Arnold’s intra-tracheal syringe, and introduces the needle
into the cervical portion of the trachea about half way down, without regard
to an inter-annular space. He injects slowly Ol. Tereb., 3ij; Acid. Carbol.,
mxx; Chlorof., 38s. The animal appears to suffer no inconvenience beyond
a slight cough.
THE RESPIRATORY APPARATUS. 341

brane, whereby it can impregnate thoroughly the inspiredair.
Italso will give rise to violent efforts at expulsion by sneezing.

Putmonary Conazstrion occasionally occurs in the ox
under an acute form, as a result of over-driving and over-
work, when it is manifested by extreme dyspncea, pro-
fuse cold perspirations, coldness of the extremities, and
extreme rapidity of the pulse, which is scarcely perceptible,
also frequent respirations, and, sometimes, a mucous
discharge from the nostrils intermingled with blood. The
patient occupies the recumbent position, coughs frequently,
and has a wild haggard look.

On post-mortem examination the lungs are found to be enlarged, of
a dark red colour, and increased specific gravity. The cavities of the
heart are gorged with black blood, which also flows from a section of
the lung substance. The bronchial tubes are filled with frothy, often
sanguineous mucus. This state is liable to be complicated by rup-
ture of the vessels and extravasation of blood. This is termed
PutmonaRy APOPLEXY, and very seriously increases the complexity
of the case, for the blood thus thrown out does not readily become
absorbed, and permanently interferes with the function of a part of
the lung varying according to the amount extravasated.

Subacute pulmonary congestion may be seen in the later
stages of blood diseases and anzemic conditions, being one
of the metastatic congestions due to deficient nerve force
most liable to bring about the death of the patient. Thus,
it is not infrequent, and is denoted by the above-men-
tioned symptoms manifested less urgently and appearing
slowly. In all such cases stimulants are required ; they
act in two principal ways, by rousing the weakened heart
to increased vigour of contraction and by stimulating the
nervous structure of the lungs, whereby the tone of the
vessels is resumed and the congestion overcome. Measures
must be taken to diffuse the blood which is abnormally
heaped up in the lungs by such means as hand-rubbing,
hay bandaging or stimulating the extremities. Stimu-
lants, too, may be applied to the sides, and the patient
clothed and nursed with care. Tonic agents may subse-
quently be called for.

Hawortysis is Bleeding from the Lungs. The flow of

‘blood may be somewhat profuse, and vary in colour. It
is intermingled with mucus, and takes place from the nose
342 BOVINE PATHOLOGY.

and mouth. It results from acute pulmonary congestion,
from laceration of the lung substance, or from specific
disorders, such as give rise to ulceration in the lungs (as
phthisis) or as cause subacute congestion of those organs.
The amount of blood which thus escapes is not often
considerable and the flow will cease spontaneously, but
sometimes cold applications to the sides and administration
of hzmostatics are indicated.

Pyrumonitis—Inflammatory Pneumonia (Inflammation of
the Lungs)—varies in its nature at the commencement of
an attack according to the parts primarily involved. Thus
we find three forms described :

I. Crupous or lobar, due to blood disease, is preceded
by acute congestion, which is followed by accumulations,
mainly in the air-cells, of lymphy deposit intermingled
with leucocytes, proliferating epithelial cells, and extrava-
sated red corpuscles. Thus, the lung over a considerable
part of its extent is rendered firm, and is found granular
and somewhat mottled on section. This condition is red
hepatization. It is succeeded by more marked prolifera-
tion of the epithelial cells and increased escape of leu-
cocytes, and thus the air-cells becomes blocked up with
young cells, which subsequently undergo fatty degenera-
tion; this is grey hepatization. Softening of the
deposits may occur as a secondary process. The inter-
lobular areolar tissue is the seat of lymphy deposit, and
constitutes yellowish bands extending across the cut
_ surface of the lung.

II. Broncho-pneumonia—Lobular or Catarrhal Inflam-
mation of the Lungs—results from extension of bronchitis
into the pulmonary vesicles. Sometimes it depends upon
reflux of inflammatory products; in other cases it is
determined by the perversion of function which is
brought about by diminished supply of air. The air-
cells become blocked up with the inflammatory products
of mucous membrane; the inflamed parts of the lung
therefore undergo one form of grey consolidation. It
leads to congestion, collapse, and emphysema. As a
result of the inflammation, a serous effusion takes place
THE RESPIRATORY APPARATUS. 343

into the interlobular tissue, so that in an acute case the
lungs have a sodden appearance.

III. Interstitial pneumonia or lung induration is a
chronic form consisting in hyperplasia of the interlobular
areolar tissue, due to persistence of disease in this struc-
ture after the more acute attack in the other lung elements
has subsided. It results in diminution in size of the air-
vesicles which undergo atrophy, in great firmness of lung
tissue, and extensive emphysema. Sometimes it is an
effect of broncho-pneumonia, in other cases of pleuritis.

There can be no doubt that each of these forms of pneu-
monia occurs in the ox. The crowpous or exudative form
in pleuro-pneumonia zymotica, in which its exudative and
‘lobar characters are well marked and the mottled state of
the section is very evident. The catarrhal form follows
exposure, alternations of temperature, and other like causes
to those which originate bronchitis. Recent experiments,
however, lead to the conclusions that no amount of
exposure, pure and simple, suffices to cause pneumonia,
and that attacks of inflammation of the lungs are gene-
rally mycoses, 7.e. due to fungi. Sometimes it depends
on the entry of acrid medicines and solid particles into the
lungs, as seen when the protective influence of laryngeal
sensibility is interfered with, as in parturient apoplexy, or
when the pneumogastrics have been injured. Besides the
ordinary signs of fever we find that there is a suppressed
cough, and the animal generally lies, but sometimes stands
with the muzzle protruded. The extremities are of variable
temperature until the latter stages, when they are persist-
ently cold. The pulseis frequent, and afterwards becomes
rapid, small,and weak. The breathing is accompanied by
a grunt, and is even, short, and quick. Ausculation shows
at first crepitus, but the vesicular murmur is soon lost ;
percussion gives a dull sound. As the disease progresses
suppuration or gangrene may supervene. The former
result is rare, except when due to specific disorder, as the
impactment of emboli in the blood-vessels. It is indi-
cated by rapidly increasing debility, a peculiar resonance
of the cough, and the cavernous réle. Also a purulent
344 BOVINE PATHOLOGY,

discharge passes up from the lungs and sometimes this
contains the débris of the disorganised tissue. When gan-
grene takes place, there is a rapid sinking of the patient,
sudden fall of temperature, coldness of the extremities, and
a very foetid condition of the breath, as also of the nasal
discharge, and the pulse runs down. In cases of lung dis-
ease we generally find that pressure of the enlarged organs
on the posterior vena cava causes congestion of the liver, as
denoted by yellowness of the visible mucous membranes.
It has also been noted that in the dry stage of inflammation
respiration is interfered with, but that when exudation
takes place, the patient experiences sudden relief.

Treatment.—The prospects of cure depend very consider-
ably on the extent of the disease, for if the two lungs be in-
volved the blood will remain unoxygenated, and also be over-

‘loaded with impurities. Bleeding is admissible under these
circumstances. Itis most likely to produce a prompt cessa-
tion of the inflammatory process, and also to a certain extent
removes impurities from the system. It is only to be
adopted in the earliest stage of the disease. Later, and in
conjunction with this, we must administer aconite and other
sedatives, while we endeavour to excite the kidneys and
skin to increased action by saline febrifuges and ether. The
bowels should be relaxed by enemas. Externally stimulants
must be freely applied to the sides and along the course of
the trachea, the limbs must be hand-rubbed, bandaged, and
stimulated. Pure air must be freely allowed, but the animal
kept warmly clothed. When active febrile symptoms have
subsided and secondary lung changes are taking place, our
main reliance must be upon diffusible stimulants and some-
times vegetable tonics. This is especially necessary when
there is a tendency to suppuration and gangrene. We are
not prepared to reject the plan of active stimulation of the
body surface in pneumonitis; though some practitioners
carry it to excess, its beneficial effects in some cases of this
nature will have been evident to all experienced cattle
pathologists. We are inclined to attribute the benefit
rather to reflex than to direct action.

The animal after recovery is liable to permanent changes
of the lungs, which will not interfere with its adaptation
for various uses. These changes are not so prejudicial to
fitness for duties as they would be in the horse.
THE RESPIRATORY APPARATUS. 845

Interstitial pneumonia has been described by some
authors under the heading emphysema. The latter state
is one of its results. Besides the causes already mentioned
it may be due to the constant presence of effete matter
in the blood. The large amount of areolar tissue of the
lungs of the ox must be considered a predisposing cause.
The symptoms manifested by an animal suffering from
this form of pneumonia are obscure. The patient is
manifestly unwell, and there is increasing anemia. The
skin is yellow and scurfy, and the bowels are irritable.
Auscultation shows absence or diminution of the vesicular
murmur in the diseased and increase in the healthy parts,
but percussion does not give definite results. Finally, the
anzmia proves fatal, and after death the lungs are found
firm, pale, and markedly emphysematous. The right side
of the heart is hypertrophied. Cases of this kind are
chronic and unsatisfactory. Stimulant tonics and good
feeding with careful nursing are about the only means at
our disposal. The absorbent action of iodide of potassium
may be tried.

The effects of entry of non-respirable gases into the
lungs or of the passage of fluid matters in considerable
quantity down the trachea are, primarily, asphyxia, but if
the animal be able to rally from this the catarrhal form of
pneumonia supervenes (‘ Veterinarian,’ vol. xiv, p. 257).

Sometimes Hchinococcus cysts are found in the lungs.
They may be present in considerable number without our
attention having been drawn to any sign of ill health in
the host. The cysts are formed by the areolar tissue,
condensed and altered by the presence of the parasite
and enclosing it on every side. They may be deeply
embedded in the substance of the organ or projecting on
the surface, and sometimes are in the stage of calcareous
degeneration. Wounds of the Lungs are not so frequent,
for these organs are very elastic. An interesting case of a
“Cyst in the lung,” due probably to the passage of a
foreign body from the stomach, is given by Mr. Gerrard, of
Romford (‘Veterinary Journal,’ vol. iv, p.163). A laceration
of this organ leads to hemoptysis, but repair somewhat
346 BOVINE PATHOLOGY.

readily takes place. The most frequent cause of laceration
is fracture of a rib with the extremities forced inwards.
“ Tic.’ Under this name has been described “ wind
sucking” of the ox. It has been observed in France,
and is due to indigestion.

The pleura of the ox differs from that of the horse,
mainly in the fact that the lower part of the posterior
mediastinum is as stout as any other part of the median
septum of the chest. Hence an accumulation of fluid may
take place in one pleural sac only, a state of affairs not
often seen in the horse. .

Puievritis, Prevrisy.— Inflammation of the pleura
results from exposure, especially when east winds are
prevalent; it then assumes an enzootic, or even epizootic
character. Italso occurs as a complication of pneumonia,
and a result of fractures of the ribs and other injuries.
It has been seen ina case of passage of a sharp agent from
the stomach, which gained exit from the body through the
thoracic walls. Itis in some cases of a rheumatic character.
It may be circumscribed or diffused, unilateral or double.

Symptoms.—Besides the general signs of fever, the
pulse is small, quick, frequent, and hard. The respirations
are peculiar, being principally abdominal ; the inspiratory
efforts being cautious, and the expirations prolonged.
The patient usually stands with an anxious expression.
A sharp, suppressed, painful cough is present. Pain is
manifested on pressure between the intercostal spaces by
the animal flinching and giving a grunt. Auscultation
detects the friction sound in addition to the ordinary
respiratory murmurs. A sudden subsidence of the acute-
ness of the symptoms denotes when effusion into the pleural
sac has taken place (HyprorHorax). _Then the pulse
becomes soft, but is still frequent and small. The breath-
ing is laboured, with prolonged expiration, the thorax is
enlarged, for the ribs are separated from each other to the
greatest degree possible. Less pain is manifested on pres-
sure of the sides, and the animal feeds freely. There have
been noted a peculiar flapping of the notrils, protrusion of
the muzzle, and an anxious expression. Dropsical swellings
THE RESPIRATORY APPARATUS. 847

appear, and the patient becomes very weak, and death
from asthenia results. Accumulation of fluid in the chest
rarely occurs except as a result of previous inflamma-
tory action. The most valuable indications of its presence
are afforded by auscultation and percussion. The latter
test gives a dull sound as high as the fluid has risen in
the chest; the former an absence of all sound below the
same. line.

Results——Resolution frequently follows proper treat-
ment, and the deposits become reabsorbed. If the
disease has existed for some time some of the deposits
will have become organised uniting the pulmonary with
the costal pleura. Often we find that the pleura of a healthy
animal is opaque in patches, or has slight stringy lymph
bands connected with it, as a result of a previous attack
of pleurisy. Death may take place in the earliest stage
from fever, or in the later stage after prolonged disease
from collapse of the lungs, in consequence of pressure
from effusion, or it may be the culmination of progressive
debility.

Autopsy.—At first a congested condition of the pleura,
causing reddening and dryness, either diffused, localised,
or in patches ; later, opacity and lymph deposits, in various
stages of organisation, investing the pleural surface,
uniting the parietal and visceral layers of the membrane,
hanging as shreds in the effused lymph, or sepa-
rated as flocculi, which float in the effused serum, which
varies in quantity (sometimes amounting to several gal-
lons), colour (straw coloured or red), and turbidity,
Occasionally pus is found in the pleural sac, when the
condition is known as Empyrema (but this, when it does
occur, is generally due to a ruptured abscess of the lungs,
for instance). The pleura may, in very acute cases, be
gangrenous, its lymphy deposit dark and wanting in con-
sistency, and of an offensive odour. In hydrothorax the
lung or lungs are small, firm, and somewhat congested.

Treatment.—That suggested for broncho-pneumonia
may be adopted, with the following modifications :—
Bleeding is not called for; laxative agents may be freely
848 BOVINE PATHOLOGY.

administered, for there is no such tendency to diarrhea,
as is sometimes seen in pneumonia. External stimulation
must be resorted to under the form of mustard applica-
tions to the sides, or prolonged fomentation with hot water.
In the hydrothoracic stage nitre must be freely given in the
drinking-water. Digitalis is specially indicated as a seda-
tive agent, which materially promotes absorption. Iodide
of potassium and other resolvents are useful. The de-
position of false membranes, however, prevents absorption,
and the constantly increasing accumulation of fluid
threatens lung collapse. Under these circumstances
Paracentesis thoracis or Thoracentesis—“ tapping of the

 

Fig. 65.—Thoracentesis. Primary incision, with the skin drawn to one
side. (Armatage.)

chest”’—must be resorted to. This is performed as in

the horse; the sixth or seventh intercostal space, just

behind the point of the elbow, is chosen. A small trocar

and canula areused. The skin is drawn forwards (Fig. 65),

so that the external wound may not correspond with the
THE RESPIRATORY APPARATUS. 849

puncture into the chest. It is pierced by means of a scalpel.
The trocar is then inserted through the thoracic wall at about
the centre of the lower third, near the anterior margin of
the rib. Directly the wall is punctured the canula is pushed
farther in, and the trocar withdrawn (Fig. 64). It is not
considered advisable to thoroughly empty the chest, and thus
suddenly and completely remove from the lung all the pres-
sure exerted by the fluid. Again, a rush inwards of air must
not be allowed. If a free flow of fluid does not occur, or
suddenly ceases, it may be due to lymph plugging the
tube; this must be removed with a probe. In all cases
where empyema is diagnosed this operation must be
resorted to. It may require to be repeated two or three
times, and cases have been known to recover under this
treatment. Prognosis, however, is decidedly unfavorable.

PNEUMOTHORAX is accumulation of gas in the pleural sac,
due either to injury of the lung or a wound communicating
with the exterior. If the opening be closed the air will be-
come absorbed.

PLEURO-PNEUMONIA sPORADICA.—We find that frequently
pneumonia and pleurisy are concomitant, the disease ori-
ginating either in the lungs or the pleura. The symptoms,
pathological changes, and methods of treatment which are
most beneficial are compounded of those of pleurisy and
pneumonitis, and do not here need recapitulation. The
case seems most like one of pleurisy in some instances, of
pneumonitis in others. The most important question for
consideration, with regard to this disorder, is in what
respects it is to be distinguished from the epizootic pleuro-
pneumonia. This is a matter of much importance,
especially to veterinary inspectors. The existence of
this sporadic disease has been denied, but most
unwarrantably.

Causes.—It cannot be attributed to contagion, but
results from exposure to cold, and other influences hable
to generate inflammation of the respiratory organs ; seldom
runs through a herd; several animals, similarly exposed,
may become simultaneously affected, but removal of the
cause leads to cessation of fresh cases ; is most prevalent in
350 BOVINE PATHOLOGY.

inclement seasons, and is not usually found associated with
the introduction of a fresh lot of beasts on to a farm, nor
with exposure in fairs and markets.

Symptoms.—Acute febrile signs are present, the attack
is sudden, runs its course rapidly, and frequently termi-
nates in resolution. We seldom find one lung more
affected than the other, and the phases of the disease in
the different parts of the lung are uniform.

Post-mortem appearances show the lung disease as
rather of the catarrhal than the croupous form. Both
lungs are generally uniformly involved. The section
presents a marked appearance, but not the variety of
colour seen in the other form—the yellow bands are not
so evident. With the exception of the intercostals the
muscular system presents no special change.

The diaphragm of the ox is very upright. The
muscular fibres gain attachment in a bipenniform manner
to a tendon running from above downwards centrally,
to just above foramen sinistrum. This arrangement is
very special.

Roprurs or raz DiaPHRAGM is sometimes seen in the ox ;
it is generally complicated with hernia. In some cases
it seems to be rather congenital deficiency than true
rupture,
THE URINE AND URINARY APPARATUS, 851

CHAPTER VI.—DISEASES OF THE URINE AND
URINARY APPARATUS.

We find that in the ox the kidneys are lobulated,
since they retain the division into parts observable in the
foetus; they are large, and present well-marked papille

c.

 

    

iy

Fig. 66.—Kidney of the ox. A. Right: supero-external surface. B. Left:
infero-internal surface. C. Left: showing calyces. (After Chauveau.)

and calycine divisions of the pelvis. The bladder is
thoroughly invested by peritoneum, and is of considerable
size. The curve in the penis of the male interferes with
the passage of the catheter. Also the urethral passage is
small and situated deeply in the substance of the penis.
352 BOVINE PATHOLOGY.

In the female a small mucous pouch, which opens back-
wards, may be found on the floor of the vulva, just behind
the termination of the urethra. In passing the catheter
some care must be taken to avoid this cul-de-sac. The
urine of the ox is alkaline, of a light yellow colour, having
a specific gravity of 1032 to 1040. Boussingault estimates
the average amount passed at 7:2 kgrs. in twenty-four
hours, and his analyses show that as compared with the
urine of the horse that of the ox contains more water, hip-
purate of potash (16°5—4°7), sulphate of potash and chlo-
ride of sodium, and much less urea (18°5—31), and scarcely
any carbonate of lime (0°6—10°8). Fromthe prepuce of the
male hang downwards long hairs in a tuft of a considerable
size. The urine flows in small straight stream while the
animal stands still. The cow postures herself for expulsion
of urine, and evacuates forcibly and in large stream.

Disorders of the urinary system naturally divide into
those of the secretory organ and the product of the
secretory process, on the one hand ; of the urinary passages
and the accumulation and evacuation, on the other.

Section 1.—ABNORMALITIES oF THE Urine.

The production of fluid may be excessive or the reverse,
may be perverted, or matters may be abnormally added.

DiaBeres siMpLEex, v. Insiripus.—Profuse urination is
dependent on excess of water in the blood (hydremia),
or on the presence in that fluid of some diuretic principle.
Thus, it is sometimes opserved as a crisis of fevers, and
is nature’s means of removal of impurities from the
blood. The total daily product of urine is in excess of the
normal, but its specific gravity is decreased, and there
is a deficiency of colour. Tho patient is very thirsty,
and some fever may be present. The bowels are torpid,
the appetite depraved, and the visible mucous membranes
very pale. Anzmia is present, and may increase to even
a fatal degree. This can hardly be considered a disease,
but rather a symptom of unsatisfactory composition of the
blood. It must not be too hastily checked, but the
THE URINE AND URINARY APPARATUS. 353

animal allowed a free supply of food and drinking water,
and nursed, care being taken to change the diet. Later,
doses of iodide of potassium will be found beneficial.
Special care should be taken that the skin be kept healthy,
and the bowels may be aroused into activity by a laxative
dose. Tonics may be required in the later stage. The
adminstration of laxatives is especially called for, since
food containing excess of moisture, or impure, or rank,
is liable to cause diabetes. Autopsy shows signs of anaemia.
This condition is rare.

Non-szcretion or Urine seriously affects the blood,
giving rise to the condition know as uremia. It is seen
experimentally after excision of both kidneys, also to a
less degree in inflammation of these organs, especially
when both are involved. Then the impurities: in the
blood prove actually poisonous, though the liver and skin
endeavour, to a certain extent, to perform the duties of
the kidneys in addition to their own labours. This also
is but a symptom of disease, and must be treated with the

state upon which it depends. Sometimes there is defi-
cient secretion of urine, as in fever, and that which is
passed is of high specific gravity in consequence of the
large amount of extractives it contains. A similar state,
but of a chronic character, is due to deficient supply of
water for drinking purposes when the patient has been fed
on dry food. This certainly predisposes to calculous disor-
ders of the urinary passages. It is seen in draught beasts
in-dry countries, or when animals are turned out on upland
pastures in hot, dry weather. Parkes estimates the amount
of water necessary for a working ox on dry food at t=8
gallons per diem.

Hamarvria.—Occurrence of blood in the wrine depends
upon injuries, acute congestion, or ulceration of the
kidneys or urinary passages. Sometimes also upon exces-
sive, indiscriminate, administration of diuretics or ingestion
of acrid plants. Straining, leaping on each other, and
falling into ditches are the most frequent cause of injury.
This is an accompaniment of some forms of blood disease,
and is often symptomatic of the presence of calculi,

23
354 BOVINE PATHOLOGY.

Symptoms.—The urine contains blood in a coagulated
condition. There is pain on pressure of the loins, the
animal stands “in a heap ” with the back arched, moves
with difficulty, and with a stiff staggering gait. There is
frequent passage of a small amount of urine. The
patient stands, and suffers from a variable amount of
sympathetic fever. Sometimes this is associated with
injuries caused at the same time. In one case clots
became fixed in the urethra and interfered with the flow
of urine, causing the symptoms of retention of urine.
Rectal exploration should be made in all cases of this
kind to determine whether any injury of the vertebre is
present, in which case there is likely also to be paralysis.
In the female, also, examination should be made per
vulvam.

Treatment.—Generally consists in the endeavour to cure .
the injury upon which this depends, but where the flow is
very rapid cold enemas and cold-water applications to the
loins, and such hemostatic agents as sulphuric acid and
the acetate of lead may be given. Demulcent drinks are
a useful adjunct to more active measures. The diet
throughout the attack, and for some time after, should be
laxative ; small doses of oil will be beneficial.

ALBUMINURIA is treated of at some length by Armatage.
He tell us it is due to disordered digestion and excretion
of imperfectly elaborated albumen by the kidneys. That
it results from irregular feeding and bad management,
and from diseases of the nervous and digestive systems. ~

Symptoms.—A. great desire to stretch at full length,
constipation, stiffness, and straddling gait. Respiration
acclerated, urine thick, mucilaginous, and dark coloured.
We are also told that this fluid may not exhibit the
ordinary reactions of albumen, “but white precipitates
are obtained with nearly all the following :—Tincture of
galls, solution of bichloride of mercury, alcohel ; solution
of subnitrate of mercury, flesh colour; solution of ferro-
cyanide of potassium, acidulated with acetic acid, gives a
white precipitate after being heated.”’ Paralysis and coma
result. Armatage considers this the same as Bright’s
THE URINARY APPARATUS, 355

disease in man, but it has not the chronic character of
that disorder, the kidneys are not found in a state of
granular degeneration after death, and the urine has not
been shown to contain disorganised renal substance and
casts of the tubuli uriniferi. The analogy between the
two diseases can hardly be considered to be established,
but we must consider albuminuria of the ox a symptom of
defective assimilation. It must, therefore, be treated by
a cathartic dose, liberal administration of readily digestible
food, and vegetable tonics. Measures must not be taken
to check the activity of the kidneys.

Section 2.—Disrases or THE KiIpney.

Nepraritis—Inflammation of the Kidney—is not a fre-
quent disease of cattle. It is seen in working oxen, for
these are most liable to exposure when heated and to
strains. In the horse this disease may generally be
traced to excessive administration of diuretic agents to
improve condition, but sometimes to over-weighting and
want of harmony between the movements of an awkward
rider and those of the horse. These influences do not
operate on the ox to such an extent, though the former
may be to him an occasional cause of this disease. In-
juries of various kinds and extension of inflammation from
neighbouring parts sometimes give rise to nephritis.

Symptoms.—Besides the general febrile signs we find
that if both kidneys be affected no urine is passed; if
only one, a diminished supply of urine of a thick viscid
character, containing much albumen, and perhaps blood
and pus. This is frequently passed in small quantities, and .
afterwards the patient continues to make ineffectual at-
tempts to urinate; passing the catheter or manual explora-
tion per rectum or vaginam shows that the bladder is
empty. There are generally obvious signs of colicky pain.
The patient stands, and moves stiffly and with a straddling
painful gait. The back is arched, and acute pain is mani-
fested on pressure of the loins. In the latter stages
uremic complications set in, denoted by double pulse,
356 BOVINE PATHOLOGY.

considerably increased fever, urinous sweats, foetid evacu-
ations of feces, and paralysis. In some cases the
diagnosis of this disorder will be found very difficult.

On post-mortem examination, one or both kidneys are
found disorganised, enlarged, and reddened. Lymphy
deposits occur in parts of the organ, and sometimes sup-
purative changes which lead to formation of abscesses.
Gangrene of these organs is seldom seen. In chronic
cases, cystic disease due to accumulation of fluid in the
Malpighian corpuscles, with .blocking of their tubes and
atrophy, are present.. Hypertrophy of these corpuscles
may often be observed in the undiseased kidney.

Treatment.—Bleeding is indicated as exerting a seda-
tive influence and removing a considerable amount of
effete matter from the blood. The bowels and skin should
be aroused to activity to relieve the kidneys, Aconite
may be required as a febrifuge. Warm water to the
loins or the application of a fresh sheep skin to the
same part is decidedly beneficial, and warm enemas aré
useful as fomentations. Digitalis applied as a decoc-
tion to the skin is recommended by Williams as a means
of exciting the secretion of urine when uremic intoxica-
tion sets in. When pain is excessive, doses of opium
must be given. Thoughout the attack cantharides, tur-
pentine, and other stimulants which act on the miGanyes
must not be applied to the surface.

ABSCESS OF THE Kipney is denoted by passage of a con-
siderable amount of pus with the urine. It most often
depends on calculus. Little can be done in such cases
except to support the strength of the patient. This
condition may be secondary, due to emboli or to’ specific
blood diseases.

Renat Catcutvs of the ox is not infrequent. Generally
there are several of these concretions situated in the
calyces of the pelvis. They are irregular in form, aré
dense and laminated. ‘‘ And as they increase in size cause
absorption of the medullary structure of the kidney, and
to a certain extent interfere with the function of the organ.”
(Morton). They vary considerably in size and in their
THE URINARY APPARATUS. 357

effects on the animal. Sometimes they cause no notice-
able symptoms; in other cases there are signs of sup-
purative nephritis, but of a chronic character. The
uncertainty of diagnosis and the deeply-seated position of
the concretion are impediments to remedial measures.
Stimulants freely administered, and opiates when there is
much pain, may be tried. ‘The value of the so-called
lithontriptics, hydrochloric acid, for example, in such cases
is probably nil. These calculi must be considered to
result from an excess of salines or deficiency of water in
the urine; probably a portion of inspissated mucus forms
the nucleus. Cases of free incision through the side and
‘removal of calculus from the kidney through the wound
have, I believe, been known, but there are many objec-
tions to this bold operation. It is better, if possible,
to fatten the patient for the butcher.

Parasites have been observed in the kidney of the ox,
but are less frequent than in the horse.

EwcepHatorp Cancer of the kidney. Professor Walley
records a case in the ‘ Veterinary Journal,’ vol. ii, 1878,
p- 9. It was associated with similar tumours in the omen-
- tum, and nothing was known of the history of the case.

Section 8.—ABNORMALITIES oF THE Urinary Passaces.

Sometimes a small calculus passes from the kidney into
the ureter and there becomes impacted, either on account
of its size or of spasm of the tube. Then severe colicky
pains take place, with straining, stamping the feet, lashing
the tail, and perhaps looking round at the side, until re-
laxation supervenes and the concretion passes on into the
bladder. Occasionally diagnosis in such cases is possible
from exploration per anuwm, when the stone may be re-
moved by incision through the wall of the bowel. ‘This
operation is seldom called for. Sometimes the calculus
becomes fixed at the opening into the bladder, when
dilatation of the ureter and of the pelvis of the kidney
will result from accumulation of urine behind the obstruc-
tion. In these cases full doses of opium are indicated
858 BOVINE PATHOLOGY.

when pain is excessive ; it acts as an anodyne and relaxes
spasm of muscular fibres.

The bladder is subject to several serious disorders.
Of these the most important are associated with either
retention, incontinence, strangury, and dysury—symptoms
of disorder mostly dependent on several causes.

Rerention or Urine must be distinguished from Ischury.
In the latter case no urine is secreted, as may be seen in
nephritis. Retention is non-passage, attributable either to
obstruction or to want of expelling power. We are fre-
quently told by cowmen that the patient has not passed
any water for some time; this must be interpreted as “ has
not been seen to urinate,” it generally is a false alarm.
The retention may be due to loss of power of the bladder,
depending on nervous lesions, as in apoplectic cases; to
spasm of the neck of the organ, with or without inflamma-
tion; blocking up of the urethral passage by calculi or
lymph ; the pressure of a hardened mass of feeces in the rec-
tum may have this effect. The secretion of urine continues,
the longer, therefore, this state remains the more urgent
the symptoms ; but in cases due to nervous lesions accumu-
lation may take place to a sufficient extent to rupture the
bladder without any appreciable signs of discomfort.
Under other circumstances the animal is very uneasy,
lashes the tail about, shifts the hind limbs, and sometimes
rises and lies down again frequently. He repeatedly en-
deavours to micturate, and perhaps looks round at the
flank. There is always an anxious expression of counte-
nance. Exploration per rectum et vaginam discloses
the distended state of the bladder, and also ascertains
whether any cause exists in either of these parts to account
for the obstruction. Sometimes simple pressure on the
organ will rouse it to action, a point of great importance
in the male, in whom this accident most frequently occurs,
for the sigmoid flexure of the penis of this animal com-
plicates the passing of the catheter, which is the next
measure which suggests itself. The same form of catheter
is used for both male and female in cattle practice. It is
a metal tube, about 24 inches long, and with a calibre of
THE URINARY APPARATUS. 859.

about } inch, somewhat curved, blind at one rounded
extremity, but perforated at its sides just within this, open
at the other (see fig. 77, p. 413). The operator, standing on
the right (“near’’) side of the cow, passes the left hand, with
the index finger over the rounded end of the tube, into the
vulva, and thus introduces this end into the urethral opening
on the floor of the canal, avoiding the cul-de-sac placed
just behind the orifice. When the instrument enters the
bladder a rush of urine takes place. This easy operation
must be performed whenever a cow remains recumbent for
an unusual length of time. In the male the course of the
urethra must be traced to its extreme posterior part, and
an incision made into it behind the ischial arch. Through

 

Fig. 67.—Passing the Catheter in the ox. (Armatage.)

this the catheter may be passed. The animal will not
require to be cast; indeed, this would not be satisfactory
in the highly distended state of the bladder. The wound
may be closed with a suture if it does not seem that
evacuation will require to be repeated. The method of
prepubic puncture has been suggested, and might well be
performed in the ox if the symptoms be very urgent.
InconTINENCE oF Urine (diwresis).—Constant dribbling
of urine may result either from relaxation cf the urethral
canal at its commencement (the contact of whose walls is
now deemed the true physiological means of preventing
360 _ BOVINE PATHOLOGY.

the escape of the accumulating urine), or from irritability
of the bladder, as in certain disorders of its lining mem-
brane or a cystic calculus ; also where the urine is abnor-
mally acrid and laden with irritating material; thus, we
have noticed its presence in hematuria. Sometimes it
may be deemed advisable to inject demulcents into the
bladder. A free exhibition of fluids will dilute the urine
and render it less acrid. In all cases the cause must be
removed. Cowie records a case in a cow due to laceration
of the urethra, probably sub coiti.
_ Dysurta is pain in expulsion of urine, seen in inflam-
mation of the urethral canal, presence of cystic calculus,
and some other cases.
SrRANGURY, as seen in spasm or inflammation of the neck
of the bladder, is painful passage of urine guttatim.
Cystrris, inflammation of the bladder, is very rare,
though it may arise from several different causes, such as
excessive use of certain diuretics, cantharides more espe-
cially, injuries, and extension of inflammation from neigh-
bouring parts. It is also said to be attributable to .
acrimony of the urine. The inflammation may involve
part or the whole of the organ. The neck is most fre-
quently the seat of the circumscribed form, probably as a
result of spasm. The lining membrane may become
involved in catarrhal diseases of the urethra. When the
greater part of the organ is affected examination per
rectum detects heat and pain on pressure of the bladder.
There is retention of urine, which, when evacuated, is found
to be bloody, albuminous, and thick, with a considerable
quantity of mucus. Colicky pains, looking round at the
flank, and uneasiness are present, spasmodic contractions of
the cremaster (in the bull), and acute febrile signs.
Results —Those enumerated are resolution, death from
exhaustion, rupture of the bladder, and uremia. With
regard to the latter, it must be a direct result of destruction
of the vesical epithelium, for under normal conditions this
1s a very decided impediment to reabsorption of urine.
T'reatment.—When possible, injection of mucilaginous
 

THE URINARY APPARATUS. 361

substances into the bladder, after drawing off its contents
with the catheter; also free administration of water and
mucilaginous drinks, warm-water applications to the
abdomen; warm sedative injections, as infusion of
poppies ; sedative and febrifuge agents, which are not
excreted by the kidneys. Of course. careful nursing is
required.

Spasm or THE Neck or tHE Biapper is not frequent in
the ox, but some cases have been recorded.

Roprore or tHE BrappeEr results from over-distension.
It is denoted by sudden cessation of the acute signs of reten-
tion, and especially collapse of the organ, as felt per rectum,
without any passage of the urine externally. Uremic
symptoms occur and bring about death, which may take
place from collapse or the bursting of the viscus. When
there is retention of urine, throwing the animal for
operation may cause this accident. Sometimes it has
occurred when the animal fell in dying. The state of the
peritoneum ought to inform us whether such has been the
case or the flooding of the abdomen with urine took place
earlier. This lesion is, of course, fatal.

INVERSION oF 1HE BLappER is seen in the female animal,
and is due to violent parturient throes. Amatage has seen it
follow the administration of irritant medicines. Youatt
quotes a case where the wall of the vagina rup-
tured, and the bladder was herniated through it. The
practitioner in attendance punctured this, and the urine
escaped. Ina true case of inversion (prolapsus vesice)
the organ appears as a red tumour, projecting from the
floor of the vulva, and having urine constantly trickling
from it. Thus, the urine constantly drops from the
urino-generative opening, and excoriates the surrounding
parts. In such a case it is advisable to slaughter the
patient, for the accident is extremely liable to recur,
After straining pains have ceased the organ may be re-
turned. Little difficulty is generally experienced in
accomplishing this, because of the large size of the
urethral canal in the female. In a case of rupture of the
wall of the vulva, with hernia of the bladder, the latter
362 BOVINE PATHOLOGY.

organ having been returned, the opening may be closed
by suture.

A Prrvious Conprrion or THE Uracuus is sometimes
seen in calves. This passage, which in the foetus extends
from the peculiarly elongated bladder at the umbilicus to
the allantois, becomes, under normal circumstances,
plugged with lymph, which undergoes organisation and.
degeneration when the bladder recedes from the umbilicus.
In scrofulous subjects, especially, this process does not
occur properly ; the lymph thrown out only becomes im-
perfectly organised, loosens from its position, and there
is a constant dribbling of urine through the umbilicus.
We have known a case in which a plug of lymph which
had receded into the bladder became fixed, and thus
opposed the exit of urine per urethram. Straining led
to prolapsus recti, and necessitated slaughter. In these
cases a ligature around the umbilicus must be resorted to,
or sutures may be inserted. The abnormal condition is
liable to disappear with development, for this condition is
of greatest frequency in animals born prematurely.

CatcuLus In tHE Brapper.—Cystic or vesical calculus
depends upon excess of salines in the blood or upon
retention of urine. It is most frequent in the male, for
in him the urethral passage is much smaller than that
of the female, and is often attributable to a considerable
quality of special salines in the food or water, such as
the presence of many phosphates, as in oil-cake and
turnips. Sometimes renal calculi travel along the ureter,
and entering the bladder form the nuclei of larger con-
cretions, for cystic calculi are almost invariably laminated
and concentrically arranged around some nucleus or other.
They may attain a considerable size without giving rise
to much inconvenience, or may cause special symptoms.
Sabulous matter is sedimentary deposit from the urine
in the bladder ; it is largely passed off by the urine, but
accumulates in the viscus in considerable quantity, or
the deposit may assume a crystalline form known as
“gravel.” This also is partially expelled with the urine,
but frequently becomes embedded in the mucous mem-
THE URINARY APPARATUS. 363

brane, and gives rise to irritability of the bladder and
incontinence of urine. Firstenburg gives the following
composition as an average analysis of urinary calculi of
the ox :—Carbonate of lime, 84°8 ; carbonate of magnesia,
10:0; carbonate of iron, 0°6; organic matter, 1:6; water
and loss, 1'6; silicic acid, inconstant. The presence of
calculus in the bladder sometimes gives rise to hematuria ;
generally, however, no alteration is observable in the
character of the urine further than a somewhat copious
sediment. In all cases there is a straddling movement with
the hind limbs and stiffness about the loins. Sometimes
the stone becomes fixed in the urethral passage, whereby
it interferes with the expulsion of the urine, and the
signs of retention are present and urgent. This con-
dition takes place in the male, and the urethra becomes
distended with urine to the obstruction. It may result
in rupture of the urethral passage, a condition which may
also arise from injury (see ‘ Veterinarian,’ vol. xxi, p. 204).
Exploration per rectum is often useful in cases of cystic
calculus. The bladder may be found distended with urine,
as in spasm of its neck, but the calculus is perceptible, and
sometimes may be removed by pressure, whereupon a rapid
flow of urine results. In these cases, too, there is not gene-
rally complete retention, but the flow, at first free, suddenly
ceases, and the animal lashes its tail, grinds its teeth, moves
the hind feet, and makes violent expulsive efforts, which
only tend to fix the obstructing agent more firmly in the
passage. Surgical methods are resorted to for the relief
of this condition. Lithontriptic or “ slow dissolving medi-
cinal agents” have been found wanting; stimulants are
only palliative. There are three forms of operation.
Lithecstasy—Dilatation of the Urethra—is especially
resorted to in the female. It consists in the frequent dis-
tension of a bladder-introduced into the urethral passage,
leading to dilatation to such an extent that the stone may
pass. It is seldom resorted to in veterinary practice.
Inthotrity consists in crushing the stone, whereby, being
reduced to the state of gravel, it.can be expelled through
the urethra. The instruments by means of which this is
864 BOVINE PATHOLOGY.

done are large screw forceps curved and toothed at the
end. They are passed through the urethra of the patient
(from the perineal incision in the male), and the stone,
having been grasped, is broken by a few turns of the
screw handle. This operation is said to be facilitated
by frequent injection of a weak solution of hydrochloric
acid. |

Inthotomy— Cutting for the stone”’—consists in in-
cisions through the urethral walls, whereby the passage
is rendered large enough for extraction of the stone.
The presence of calculus having been confirmed by intro-
duction of a sound through the vulva and urethra of the
female, or through an incision made down on the urethra
at the ischial arch in the male, and so into the bladder,
the walls of the passage are incised obliquely upwards
and outwards (whereby the artery of the bulb is avoided)
by a concealed bistoury and the stone withdrawn with for-
ceps. Subsequently in the male, the wound requires to
be closed by means of sutures after the bladder has been
thoroughly washed out. This wound will gradually close,
but the bowels must be kept in a slightly relaxed state.
These operations, however, are seldom performed on the
‘ox; we have not, therefore, given minutely such details
as the practitioner will derive from works upon the sur-
gery of the horse. The bladder of the ox is much more
thoroughly invested by peritoneum than that of the
horse, and extends somewhat further forwards into the
abdominal cavity; thus, it might, in cases of emergency,
be punctured through the walls of the abdomen in front
of the symphysis ; again, it has been suggested to evacuate
the contents of the organ by incision from the rectum.
These formidable operations are seldom required.

Tumours in THE Briappzr are sometimes found post
mortem in cases of incontinence of urine. They are very
rare, and seem to be of an epitheliomatous nature.!

1 Mr. H. King Shaw exhibited at the meeting of the Central Veterinary
Society, November, 1880, a most interesting case of vesicular polypus from a
cow. The principal tumour was pedunculated and of considerable size, and

two others were just commencing to grow. The specimen, without any
history, had been obtained from a slaughter-house.
THE URINARY APPARATUS. 3865

CatcuLus or tHe Urerara is not uncommon in the ox,
but is generally a small vesical stone on its way to the
exterior. It has been stopped either by spasm of the
urethra or by the curvatures of the passage through the
penis, and gives rise to retention of urine of an obsti-
nate character. The symptoms are urgent, and must be
relieved by incision either longitudinally or obliquely
across the direction of the passage. The patient must not
be cast for the operation. There will be little difficulty in
determining the seat of obstruction, for the urethral
canal is distended to the same point.

Stricture or tHE Urerara may be organic or functional.
In the former case there is thickening of the lining mem-
brane of the canal,in the latter spasm of the accele-
rator urine muscle. These give rise to more or less
complete impediment to the passage of urine. They are
seldom seen in cattle.

PrepuriaL Catcutus generally assumes the form of
calcareous deposit around the hairs hanging in a tuft
from the prepuce. These deposits are mainly phosphatic,
and depend upon excess of salts in the food. The slow
and unenergetic expulsion of urine predisposes to their
formation. They must be removed by excision of the
hairs, around which they sometimes accumulate to such
a degree as to cause obstruction to the flow of urine.
Modification of diet so as to avoid excess of salines, also
free supply of water and other solvents, must be looked
upon as prophylactics against calculous diseases.
366 BOVINE PATHOLOGY,

CHAPTER VII.—DISEASES OF THE ORGANS
OF SPECIAL SENSE.

Section 1.—ABNORMALITIES of THE SKIN.

Tue skin of the ox is remarkable for its thickness, and
in some parts it is very loose, as where it forms the
“ dewlap.” In other respects it somewhat closely resembles
that of other quadrupeds. Under healthy conditions it is
soft, elastic, and pliable, and the coat lies evenly and
smoothly. The animal or its fellows apply sharp rasping
friction to the surface of the integument by means of the
rough tongue with its horny epithelium. Ordinarily: the
skin is loose and flexible, but when the animal is in a
state of ill health it becomes dry, harsh, and tightly
bound to the tissues beneath it. This state is known as
“* hidebound,” and is not a disease. It is generally accom-
panied by a “staring coat,” due to erection of the hairs
in consequence of the minute muscular bundle of each
hair-follicle contracting in a spasmodic manner, as a result
of perversion of nervous energy. This is one of the general
signs of ill health to which we have had occasion fre-
quently to allude. It especially accompanies the rigors
which are indicative of the invasion of a febrile attack.
The disorders of the skin are divisible in the following
manner, primarily, into-two classes :

( Inflammatory—Eczema, Psoriasis, Impetigo, Erythema,
Ecthyma, Herpes, Urticaria, Pemphigus, Furunculus.
Hypertrophic —Nevus, Warts, Elephantiasis (Sclero-
Non-PaRasitIO{ derma), Dermo-pilous cysts, Pityriasis, Keratoid.
Atrophie—Alopecia.
| Fentionat Blond sweat, Emphysema, Edema, Pru-
Animal—Phthiriasis, Gstriasis, Acariasis.

on Vegetable—Tinea: var. (1) tonsurans, (2) favosa.

tn examining the list of skin diseases affecting the
THE SKIN. 867

horse we are enabled to trace the majority of them to
improper or neglected grooming and exposure of various
kinds, either local or general. These influences seldom
affect the ox, and his skin is less delicate than that of the
horse ; hence it is less liable to disorder. Nevertheless,
as may be seen from the above list the diseases of the
skin of the ox are numerous, and deserving of careful
attention.

Subsection 1,—Non-parasitic Diseases.

Inflammatory, Non-parasitic Disorders may be
included under the term Dermatitis. Of these, Hry-
thema is the most simple. It consists of a diffused
redness of a portion of the superficial layer of the
dermis, which gradually blends with the healthy skin.
It is characterised by disappearance of colour on pres-
sure, but its hasty recurrence. Other signs of inflam-
mation are little marked. It leads to vesication, effusion,
and sometimes ulceration. It depends upon slight
irritation long continued, as friction, dirt, mild irri-
tants (as urine in cases of incontinency), and in some
cases is attributable to intrinsic causes, such as indiges-
tion and ingestion of acrid matters. Treatment is seldom
required for simple, though a laxative dose is beneficial in
severe cases; also lead lotion may be applied locally.
This disease sometimes tends to a chronic character,
as when it consists in ulcerations of a sluggish nature,
of which the most important are those the seat of which
isthe teats. Thisis described as ERYTHEMA MAMMILLARUM,
sore teats, or chronic erythema, and occurs especially in
newly-calved animals, though not infrequent under other
circumstances. In some cows the skin is very delicate,
and this disorder is particularly liable to develop, and is
difficult to cure. They are constantly affected while the
calf roughly manipulates the organ, and the ulcers assume a
very sluggish character. The calf should be removed and
fed by hand, the milk daily drawn off by means of a milk
syphon, and refrigerant lotion should be applied to the
368 BOVINE PATHOLOGY.

affected part; a laxative dose also may be administered.
Sometimes the disorder does not lead to ulceration, but
in other cases even the gland tissue becomes involved,
and when the heat and pain in the parts is considerable,
the precautions suggested for acute mammitis must be
tried. Farmers usually keep elder ointment about them
for cases of this kind, but the ordinary Glycerinum Acidi
Carbolici will prove most useful when the calf has been
removed, for it will also keep away the flies.

Eczema is the vesicular stage of dermatitis, and, there-
fore, is generally preceded by erythema. The surface of
the skin presents a number of vesicles, while a somewhat
acrid fluid exudes upon it, and the hairs fall off. The
process is accompanied by a considerable amount of itch-
ing, and the friction with which the patient endeavours
to relieve this renders the parts raw and bloody. The
vesicular eruption is recurrent, and thus the case lasts for
some time; it is liable to lead to cracks in the skin or to
resolution. In the latter case the secretion dries, and
protects the inflamed parts. When this disease becomes
chronic it leads to thickening of the skin, due to a horny
change of the epidermis and induration of the dermis
which is traversed by elongated sluggish ulcers. This
Armatage describes as Psoriasis, and he says: “ The
parts where this disease is located are the legs chiefly,
one, two, or all of which may be affected. We have seen
cattle of all ages turned upon clay pastures, and those in
which lime abounds, suffering repeatedly from the com-
bined irritation of these substances with wet and cold, as
well as severe lameness, to the great detriment of con-
dition, health, and even sloughing of hoofs.” He sug-
gests prolonged fomentations, followed by poultices,
a laxative dose, and clean quarters; also doses of Liquor
Arsenicalis in long-standing cases. Simple erythema
almost always depends upon improper diet, and is asso-
ciated with special changes of surrounding influences. In
treatment of it the food must be changed, a cathartic dose
given, and weak carbolic solutions may be applied locally.

Herres.—When the vesicles of eczema are arranged in
THE SKIN. 869

a gradually increasing circle they are sometimes described
as non-contagious ringworm or herpes. This disease is
subacute; several rings may be present, and it is difficult
to account for their form. When the vesicles burst their
discharge forms a scab. No special methods of treatment
are necessary. Herpes is not frequent in cattle.
Iuretico—Pustular Dermatitis—results from the power-
ful irritant action of certain plants, especially upon the
delicate skin of calves. It has also been traced to special
acrid plants growing in pastures, and has been found to
most often affect animals with white legs and muzzles,
which parts it usually involves. A crop of pustules forms,
and by the bursting and aggregation of these a yellowish
scab is formed, which is persistent, and remarkably dis-
figures the animal when it involves the muffle, as it is
apt to do. Change of pasture, and nitrate of zinc or of
mercury ointment, applied to the parts, will generally
effect a cure. A cathartic dose will remove the irritant
if it has been ingested, from the alimentary canal, for
undoubtedly some of these cases are due to disorder of
the digestive tracts, though others depend upon direct
irritation of the affected parts.
Urticarta—Nettle-rash—Surfeit—is characterised by
the sudden appearance of patches of elastic prominences
of the skin, which are in a constant state of itchiness,
and disappear almost as rapidly as they came. Several
forms have been described, according to the size of the
swellings and their heat. The most usual form is urti-
caria tuberosa. This is sometimes very dangerous, since
it may affect the structures of the muzzle and interfere with
respiration and ingestion of food. It is vulgarly termed
“ stinge,’ “blain,” or “ singe,” probably on account of
the manifest tingling sensation to which it gives rise, and
which renders the animal very uneasy. The causes of this
disorder are a high surrounding temperature, a rich pas-
ture (especially after a run on poor land), also certain
constituents of food, and errors in dieting. Manifestly a
purgative is indicated in these cases, salines being pre-
ferable to others, and sedative agents may be applied
870 BOVINE PATHOLOGY.

to the surface of the skin. Some authorities trace thie
disorder to defective action of excretory organs, notably
the kidneys. In cases of “ stinge”’ tracheotomy may be
necessary. Urticaria is essentially a serous effusion.

Ectuyma or Acne is the formation of discrete (or sepa-
rate) abscesses, of various sizes, in skin substance, a
sebaceous gland being generally involved. These burst
externally, producing a brownish scab. ‘‘ They may be
frequently seen if carefully sought for upon those parts of
cattle covered by thin skin and few hairs, as upon the
udder, and about the vulva, inside the thighs, &c.”
Constitutional symptoms are seldom present; the dis-
order seems to depend upon local influences. When the
pus has become evacuated the pustules heal with facility.

Fourvncvtus is intense localised dermatitis, involving
the subcutaneous areolar tissue, and leading to death of
a portion of structure, which is expelled as the “ core” of
the boil. The inflammation runs high, and requires to
be determined to suppuration by poultices and fomenta-
tions, and, after bursting, the usual treatment of abscess.

Carbuncle differs from boil in the large amount of
tissue which dies, and requires to be removed by slough-
ing. It is generally due to specific influences, as in cases
of anthrax. It constitutes a serious drain on the system ;
hence removal of the dead parts with the knife, anti-
septic dressings, and (internally) stimulant tonics are
indicated.

Pempuicus.—Mr. Isaac Seaman, of Saffron Walden,
gives a good case of this disease, as affecting a three-
year-old bullock (see ‘ Veterinarian,’ vol. xxv, p. 262).
There was diffused inflammation of the skin. with effusion
of serum, “ which elevated the cuticle in places, forming
bullz or bladders, varying in size from a small nut to a
fowl’s egg. In other places a thin transparent fluid was drop-
ping from the hair, and in some places in quite a stream.”
The mucous membranes also seemed involved, and consti-
tutional symptoms ran very high. The case terminated
successfully after about a week, but the hair was appa-
rently lost from several parts of the body. This disease is
THE §KIN. 871

sometimes enzootic; often it assumes a chronic character,
and in some instances the effused fluid is intermingled
with blood or pus. It depends upon irritation of the
alimentary canal, and must be treated by evacuation of
the contents of the blebs, and subsequent dressings with
glycerin or oxide-of-zinc ointment. A cathartic should
also be administed.

Hypertrophic Disorders of the Skin are sometimes
seen in the ox. Of these, one of the most remarkable is
KERATOID CHANGE or THE Eprpermis. Hypertrophy of the
cuticle results from continued slight friction or from
gradual increase in size of a subcutaneous accumulation
of fluid with a tendency to burst.’ Thus, in every case, it
must be considered to be an effort to strengthen the skin,
and the better to adapt it to new conditions. A most
remarkable case of this disease has just come under our
notice. A beast has a tumour, of a globular form, 56
inches in circumference, in front of the knee, this contains
pus, and the skin investing it has a flocculent epidermis
of stringy horn.

Prryrisis is that scurfy condition of the skin which
not infrequently affects cattle without any other indica-
tions of disorder than some local irritation. The scurf
has a peculiar branny character, whence the name of the
disease. It occurs most frequently in young animals, and
is associated with mal-nutrition, whether from imperfect
supply of food or from deficiency of nutritive materials in
it. A change of diet to richer food, and. the inunction of
the surface with some sedative must be adopted.

Navus is hypertrophy of the superficial layer of the
dermis, constituting a slight swelling composed of blood-
vessels often having an erectile character. It is rare in the
lower animals, but a congenital case is given by Mr. L.
Barker, in the ‘ Vet. Jour.,’ vol. iv, p. 255. In this intermit-
tent free hemorrhage took place, and materially reduced the
strength of the animal, but a cure was ultimately effected.

1 Walley has described (‘ Veterinary Journal, xiii, p. 63) an interesting
case of universal dermatitis with scleroderma in a two-years’-old shorthorn
bull, due to lice apparently; almost all the skin had undergone the change
known as molluscum keratoma or keloid. :
872 BOVINE PATHOLOGY.

These tumours are liable to injury,and may, whensmall or of
moderate size, be removed by the knife or by cauterisation.
Derrmopitous Cysts are involutions of the integument.
They are occasionally found in various parts of the body,
and sometimes so deeply placed in viscera, such as the
testis, that the difficulty in attributing them to growth
from the skin has compelled pathologists to consider them
specimens of “ fetus in fetd.’? Generally a small fistu-
lous opening from the cyst discharges a fluid consisting
of watery matter and epithelial débris on to the surface
of the body, and a few long hairs may protrude through
the opening. The discharge is sometimes offensive ;
then the cyst may be removed by means of the knife
(see ‘ Edinburgh Veterinary Review,’ vol. v, p. 598).
ExepHantiasis—hypertrophy of the subcutaneous areolar
tissue, with increase in its density—is very rare in the
ox. Under this heading has been described a specimen
of skin disease of the calf, in the Museum of the Royal
Veterinary College. The skin in this animal is in plates like
that of the rhinoceros, but ona smaller scale. This seems
a case of the disease described in man as Scleroderma.
Warts — “angle berries”? —verruce — are epidermic
growths primarily, but subsequently the true skin becomes
involved and hypertrophied, and thus are produced on the
surface of the. body tumours of various sizes, confluent or
distinct. These, when subjected to friction, ulcerate, and
thus ugly fungus-like masses, in a raw condition, project
from the surface. They are most unsightly, and bleed on
the slightest pressure; are principally seen about the
genital apertures, eyelids, lips, and teats. We are not
assured of the cause of these growths, but in the majority
of cases dirt seems to be the exciting influence. Irrita-
tion of any kind may give rise to these circumscribed
dermal hypertrophies. A most singular case, reported by
Youatt, indicates their constitutional origin in some cases :
“ At uncertain intervals, from six to nine or ten months,
a cow suddenly lost flesh, her coat stared, she would
scarcely eat, and at length rumination was entirely sus-
pended; then would appear, and nearly all over her, and
THE SKIN. 373

particularly about the udder and in the mouth and on the
eyelids, a thick crop of warts, varying from the size of a
millet seed to twice that bulk. In a fortnight they were
gone.” We have already had occasion to notice warty
growths as they are sometimes found in the cesophagus. :
When developed on the udder and teats they prove very un-
satisfactory, for they make the animal troublesome to milk.

Treatment.—Where these growths prove unsightly or detrimental
they must be surgically removed either with the knife and actual
cautery, or by means of ligature. They are generally pedunculated,
so that the latter can be applied with facility. Some prefer to
destroy by the application of caustic agents, but this is a slow process.

Atrophic Diseases.—Atorzcia or Derination—bald-
ness of the skin—sometimes results from disease. Occasion-
ally calves are born in this state (see ‘ Vet. Jour.,’ vol. x,
p. 302). Itis hopelessto endeavour to cure this in congenital
cases, but when it is attributed to disease mild repeated
stimulation, especially with cantharides, may promote re-
newal of hair. In man it is sometimes due to parasites.

Functional Disorders.—Cpema, v. Anasarca, is not a
rare affection of cattle, in which there is dropsy of the sub-
cutaneous tissues of the lower parts of the body. It may
depend upon inflammation of the skin, but far more fre-
quently is due to constitutional disorder, as anemia, and
hydremia. It accompanies dropsical affections of other
serous cavities. Cadéac, of Toulouse, describes anasarca
of the ox, which seems to be of frequent occurrence espe-
cially in the centre of France, and is sometimes described as
elephantiasis, by other pathologists as angioténic fever. It
is a malady characterised by congestion of the skin and
mucous membranes and by dropsy of the subcutaneous cel-
lular tissue often followed by induration or gangrene of the
affected parts. It begins as cedema and results frequently
in sclerosis and sloughing. It varies in severity, appears in
adults, and is most frequent in hot countries. The affection
is constitutional (‘ Revue Vétérinaire,’ 1884).

Treatment of this state comprises tonic means and sedative diuretics,
such, especially, as digitalis. Careful nursing and local friction by
means of hand-rubbing of the affected parts will tend to promote
absorption. This disease is not so frequent in the ox as in the horse.

TimpHysema igs escape of gas into the subcutaneous
374 BOVINE PATHOLOGY.

areolar tissue, dependent upon decomposition of the blood
or of structural elements, or some profound changes in
the blood of the part due to nervous influence, sometimes
also to entry of air either through an external wound or
a tear in lung substance. This is most often seen in
black-quarter ; sometimes the foetus, on birth, is found to
be in an emphysematous condition. In these cases there
is a peculiar crackling beneath the epidermis when pressure
is brought to bear upon the part. The gas is at liberty to
escape if incisions or punctures are made through the skin ;
in addition, the surface should be manipulated freely.
Sometimes the patient will require a stimulant dose.
Bioopy Sweat, as occurring in oxen, has been dealt
with by Count Ercolani, the celebrated Italian veterinary .
professor ; his conclusions are given in volume iii of the
‘ Edinburgh Veterinary Review,’ page 567.
-. Prurrrus—Neurosis (Law) consists in itchiness of the skin
without any appreciable structural change. It is not rare
in cattle, and causes a considerable degree of restlessness,
so that the animal applies friction to the affected part until
it becomes raw. Such cases are generally attributable to
excessively high feeding and want of exercise. They must
be treated with saline cathartics and sedative applications.

The effects of colour on diseases of the skin are sometimes marked.
White portions of the skin seem to be more liable to disease than
those which contain pigment. In certain forms of vegetable poison-
ing sloughing of only the white portions of the skin is seen, and in
cases of some forms of impetigo it has been stated that the white por-
tions of the skin especially are involved. There is related a peculiar
case, illustrating the effects of colour, in the ‘ Veterinarian,’ 1834,
p. 97 :—A white cow, with some black spots on various parts of the

ody, suffered from acute fever, with a peculiar hardness of the skin.
Shortly, the cuticle, and with it the hairs, separated from the dermis,
except where theskin was black; the coloured spots remained quitesoft
and healthy. The hair gradually grew again, except on the shoulders.

Sub-section 2.—Parasitic Disorders of the Skin.

Some of these are attributable to Dermatozoa (animal
parasites, or Hctozoa), others to Dermatophyta. The former
are most important, the latter are acquiring fresh interest
as we become more acquainted with the vegetable forms
which give rise to disease.
THE SKIN. 875

Animal Parasitic Diseases of the Skin of Cattle.

Mance—Acariasis—is a contagious disorder due to the
presence and ravages of those Arachnidan or spider-like
parasites generally known as the Acarus bovis, which
comprises two forms (according to Gerlach), Dermato-
dectes bovis and Symobiotes bovis. Of these, the former is
most frequent, the latter being rare. Mange of the ox
is, therefore, due to Dermatodectes, which lives on the
surface of the epidermis, but gives rise to much irritation
by biting. Its most frequent seat is on the withers and
the root of the tail, but this preference is not very marked.
From the parts primarily affected the disease extends, and
passes through its various stages, during the more acute
of which there is intense itching. Circumscribed nodular

 

Fia. 68.—Mange insects (Acarus bovis). (Dobson.)

projections (papules) first appear; these become vesicles
and burst, giving exit to a watery fluid, which soon dries on
376 BOVINE PATHOLOGY.

the surface, forming crusts, which are liable to be succeeded
by ulceration. The hair falls off, or a few hairs persist and
project from the crusts. In chronic cases there is but little
irritation, but the skin is thickened, devoid of sensibility,
dry, harsh, and corrugated. Thus, it will be observed,
no special symptoms indicate mange; it passes through
several stages—papular, vesicular, &c. Diagnosis must de-
pend, in the first place, upon detection of the parasites; also,
secondly, upon accurate tracing to an origin by contagion.
The latter must be, for we cannot allow that animals so
high in the scale as Acari can appear spontaneously. The
spontaneous origination of the disorder was once uni-
versally allowed, but this depended upon confusion of
mange with some of the simple non-parasitic diseases
already described, or non-recognition of the presence of
parasites. This disease, in regularity of eruption, phases,
persistency, and contagiousness, resembles some of the
eruptive disorders of the system. Analogy leads us to
anticipate that the latter will, with improved means of in-
vestigation, be traced to parasitic forms of some kind or
other. This lesson learned from mange is a remarkable one.
When the disease is unchecked it exhibits urgency pro-
portioned to the seasons or the surrounding temperature.
Thus, it seems to be dormant in the winter, but in warm
weather and places is almost intolerable. The disease is
not truly transmissible to the attendants and to animals
of other species, for the parasites cause inconvenience for
a time but do not propagate in their new abode. The
Acari can be detected on the hairs and surface of the
epidermis, and can be seen with the naked eye as minute
white points moving about somewhat rapidly when the
patient stands in the full glare of the sun. Gerlach, who
is one of the leading authorities on this subject, suggests
for detection of Dermatodectes the removal of some of the
scales from the surface and placing them on the human
arm, with the under part uppermost, for an hour or more.
The Acari pass to the arm and there cause eruption, and
when the vesicles form they may be punctured with a needle
and the parasite obtained. Subsequently the arm sbould
THE SKIN. 377

be rubbed with oil of turpentine or some oatmeal, as a
precaution against any increase of the parasites; though
this is hardly necessary, it is as well not to reject the
precaution. Acariasis is not frequent in the ox, but is
most prevalent in badly kept dirty herds, and is generally
associated with debility, which is traceable to the irritation
by the parasite being a constant source of worry. The
Acarus is the sole cause, and we cannot generate it by
any combination of ordinary causes. Nevertheless, it may
be that the skin of the weak animal forms a more congenial
nidus for the Acarus than that of an animal in good
health, and thus weakness becomes a predisposing cause.
In the treatment of mange our efforts must be directed
to the destruction of the parasites. Also it is necessary to
remember that after this has been accomplished the ova may
remain intact and undergo development in due course.
Two conditions lead to obstinacy of this disease (not so
marked in the ox as in some other animals)—the concealed
state of the parasites and the powers of resistance of the
ova. We must break down and remove the scales, and
generally must repeat our dressings at intervals, to de-
stroy the young Acari as they appear from the ova. The
removal of the epidermic débris may be best accomplished
by friction with a weak alkaline solution, as ordinary soft
soap and water. Subsequently, the solution of liver of
sulphur, tar, and turpentine liniment, arsenical wash,
solution of bichloride of mercury, or other anti-parasitics,
may be applied with care; stavesacre or tobacco infusion
are also used for this purpose, and many prefer sulphur
ointment, or even simple unguents, which prevent access of
air to the Acari and thus suffocate them. When making
use of poisonous applications we must remember that
they are liable to become absorbed or to be ingested,
from animals licking themselves or one another. Another
practical inference is to frequently change the dressing in
any particular case, for the Acari seem to become tolerant
of some of the agents, which do not cause their death,
but simply their departure. The desirability of adop-
tion of constitutional treatment is debated, but the
378 BOVINE PATHOLOGY.

value of tonics, especially arsenic, cannot be questioned.
In this disease, isolation must be enforced, all clothing
and appliances from the affected animal either destroyed
or thoroughly purified.

Symbiotes bovis infests the region of the tail, is rare,
and must be treated like Dermatodectes.

Patuirimsis—* Lousiness ’?—is very common in cattle,
especially in marked cases of debility, whether due to
disease or to want of food and shelter (as in animals half-
starved in a straw yard); the lice abound, and cause
pruritus, and materially retard growth and development
of the stock. They prove troublesome to the auscultator
who has not remarked their presence. Several different
forms are described, as Hematopinus vitult (which
specially affects the calf), and Ham. eurysternus, ani et
vulve, found on the cow, the former on the shoulders,
the latter in the positions which its name indicates. Also,
there isa form of Trichodectes present in some cases. For
the removal of these pests dressings with tobacco water and
stavesacre infusion are recommended. These require to be
several times repeated, well rubbed in, and theanimal should
be subsequently thoroughly washed. Measures should be
taken to prevent their passage to man or other animals.
For a severe case of dermatitis and scleroderma from lice
consult the ‘ Veterinary Journal,’ vol. xiii, p. 63.

Cisrriasis (‘‘ Warbles”’).—Cistrus bovis, the gad-fly of
the ox, assumes its imago or perfect form at about the end
of summer; it then attacks cattle, puncturing their skin
by means of an ovipositor, and placing in the subcutaneous
tissue a drop of acrid fluid with an ovum. There results
an abscess of small size with a larva situated in it. A
small opening extends from the surface to the abscess
cavity ; against this the respiratory orifice of the grub is
placed, and he feeds upon the pus of the abscess. At
length the abscess bursts (according to Youatt, always
between the hours of six and eight in the morning), and
the larva falls to the ground and becomes a chrysalis, if
it escapes its numerous enemies, notably birds, who con-
sider it a sweet morsel. This occurs in about June or
THE SKIN, 879

July ; at the end of six weeks, under favorable conditions,
the full-blown dipterous insect escapes from its shell,
copulates, and the females deposit their eggs and then
die. The beast is much afraid of the fly, and rushes
towards water in a high state of excitement, with tail
erected and quivering. The pain results from the acrid
substance inserted with the egg. Mr. D. M. Storrar re-
lates a case in which he attributed paralysis to a number
of these warbles in their usual position on the loins on
each side of the spine. Sometimes they are very numerous
and give rise to fever, but more frequently do no harm,
except to the hides. Young animals and those in an
exuberant state of good health are generally chosen by
the fly, for in them the skin is soft and penetrable. The
Cistrus must be removed from the warble, which is
nature’s method of cure, and may be easily brought
about by pressure; the results of its presence will then
be gradually obliterated. Care should be taken to destroy
the Cistrus (“ maggot” or “bot”’), Water is a very
effectual protective means, and cattle, when attacked, will
charge into it with great force.

The Tsetze fly, described by Livingstone, is more formi-
dable. It is seen in South and Hast Africa, and is capable
of poisoning cattle by its sting, or, as some suppose, by
its conveying anthrax germs. Its technical name is
Glossina morsitans. Turpentine ointment is said to be
useful when applied for its bites. Maggots of the ordinary
fly are sometimes to be seen on neglected wounds of cattle.
Some forms of ticks (Ixodides) are sometimes seen on cattle.

Vegetable Parasitic Diseases of the skin of Cattle :
Tinex—* Ringworm.”

Tinga ravosa is due to the fungus Achorion Schénleinit,
which originates from a spore which has gained entry
into a hair-follicle. It perforates the epidermic struc-
tures so that its spores may be found in the hairs as
well as in the main portion of the cuticle; from the
opening of the hair-follicle the fungus projects and forms
a yellowish cup-like crust, with a hair projecting from its
380 BOVINE PATHOLOGY.

centre. A number of these aggregated produce a honey-
comb-like mass, whence the disease is known as “ Honey-
comb Ringworm.” It does not originate in the ox, but
-is transmissible to this animal with some facility. Mice .
and rats suffer from it, especially the former, for they
become much debilitated and their heads covered with
crust, in the form of an immense tumour, which causes
absorption of the facial bones by pressure. Pulverising
of the crust disseminates the spores, whence the disorder
is infectious, but certain conditions of the skin, as seen in
young or debilitated animals, seem especially favorable to
its growth.

Treatment.—Remove the crusts and destroy them ; thus,
an ulcer caused by absorption of the superficial layer of
the dermis will be exposed. Remove all affected hairs
and dress with nitrate-of-mercury ointment, nitrate of
silver, vinegar of cantharides, or, preferably, dilute sul-
phurous acid. Many kinds of animals suffer from this
disease, and true favus crusts have been grown from
spores on the acid cut surface of an apple.

TINEA TONSURANS is Caused by another and more simple
fungus—Tricophyton tonsurans. Its constituents are
smaller than those of Favus, and it does not project as
cups on the surface, simply invading the epidermal struc-
tures and constituting a fine powder on the epidermis.
It affects young animals, especially when exposed to
damp, and with dirty skins, and is readily transmissible
from ox to ox, or to man and other animals. It attains.
a greater luxuriance of growth in the ox than in man,
and the disease, when first received by man from the ox,

 

Fid. 69.—Hair, with the spores of Trichophyton tonsurans. (After Harley
and Brown.)

is so luxuriant that it has been described as specifically
distinct.
THE FOOT. 881

Symptoms.—Circular patches in various parts of the
body, characterised by the absence of the hair, the pre-
sence of vesice near the outer margin, and a scurfy
condition of the central parts; here and there in the ring
may be seen a dry looking hair, of a greyish colour,
somewhat twisted at the root, or the stump of a hair
which has broken off. Mégnin considers the true Tinea of
the ox distinct from that of the horse, and terms it
T’. decalvans or T. depilens. This he finds to be generally
nearly three times the size of T. tonsurans, to give rise
to more formidable symptoms when communicated to the
horse by inoculation, and to induce a different condition
of the affected hairs. In calves, the disease affects the
eyes, ears, neck, withers, and limbs. These cases must

be treated with the same applications as suggested for
T. favosa.

Section 2.—Diszases or THE Foor.

The foot of the ox, in a zoological sense, comprises
the structures from the knee and hock (inclusive) down-
wards in the fore and hind limbs. Custom sanctions the
application of the term foot to the inferior part of each ex-
tremity from the fetlock-jomt downwards. From a
pathological point of view it matters little which view
we adopt. Suffice it to say that the knee of the ox

is remarkable for the peculiar manner in which it is
bent inwards in consequence of the obliquity upwards
and outwards of the inferior articulatory surface of the
radius, whence the proverbial term “ Calf-kneed.”’ That .
the ulna meets the carpal bones, os pisiforme (Trapezium)
is less developed than in the horse, that the trapezoid
and magnum are fused into a single bone, and no true tra-
pezium is. present. The metacarpus consists of a rudi-
mentary splint bone on the outer side, and of two fully
developed metacarpals blended together along the central
line, separating inferiorly, each division bearing three
pastern bones and a navicular, resembling moieties of the
corresponding bones in the horse. The two diverg-
882 BOVINE PATHOLOGY.

ing digits are connected together by certain interdigital
ligaments, and each bears a hoof resembling half the hoof
of the horse. Finally, behind the fetlocks are two rudi-
mentary claws, each with a contained bone, the os pedis
of a rudimentary digit. Thus, to sum up, the foot of the
ox consists of two functional digits united together
superiorly, which together represent the compound func-
tional digit of the horse, and two very rudimentary digits,
of which the outer has a splint bone, a hoof, and a pedal
bone, but the inner has no splint bone. In the hind
limb the arrangement of the bones is much the same, but
there are no distinct splint bones, and the hock consists of
a well-developed astragalus, which forms a well-marked
hinge-joint below, with a bone compounded of the large
cuneiform and the cuboid, and is freely movable on os
calcis, which has a long, rather slight process. The
cuneiforme medium is only of moderate size, and the
cuneiforme parvum is very small. The joint between the
upper and lower row of tarsal bones renders the hock
capable of a great degree of flexion. Diseases of the
foot in the ox are very rare, especially in this country,
for—Ist, its conformation is such as to render it less
liable to injury, as being more simple than that of the
horse; 2nd, the ox is seldom used for draught purposes,
and never for conveying heavy weights for great dis-
tances along hard roads, nor for excessively rapid progres-
sion on the racecourse ; 3rd, but few cattle are shod.
Foun, Loo, Low.—This term is applied, somewhat indefi-
nitely, to the formation of abscess in the foot and resulting
disorganisation of structure. This may be attributed either
to common causes or specific influences. The latter are
scrofulous and perhaps rheumatic conditions. Scrofulous
arthritis not unfrequently affects the bones and joints of
the foot, causing such disease of them as of other parts
of the skeleton. This disease may be caused by the
presence of foreign bodies fixed between the claws, giving
rise to inflammation, by overgrowth of the hoof-horn on
the inner side, by various kinds of injuries, and, among
others, certain sprains of the pastern, pedal joints, &c.
THE FOOT, 383

It most frequently affects the hind feet, and is most
prevalent on low marshy lands, such as promote over-
growth and excessive malformation of the hoof. It is in
many respects similar to the non-contagious form of foot-
rot of sheep, and somewhat resembles quittor of the horse.
The extreme cases of non-specific foot-rot and foul which we
see occasionally are due to neglect, whereby inflammation
extends to the joints of the foot and leads to acute arthritic
disorder. Thus, the pathological conditions of this disease
are, at first, the existence of inflammation in the interdigital
substance, which may be partially removed by sloughing,
then the presence of pus beneath the hoof-horn, boring
and forming simple sinuses ; also later, arthritis and ostitis,
leading to increased suppuration and the formation of
sinuses, which extend outwards and burst on the surface.
The patient is very lame, and the digits are separated
from one another in a remarkable manner. Considerable
sympathetic fever is generally present in such advanced
cases, and the animal materially loses condition, suc-
cumbing to the pain of the disorder in a very rapid
manner. ‘This entails considerable loss upon the owner,
and necessitates energetic treatment, which must consist
of removal of the patient to a thoroughly clean quiet
place, careful washing of the foot, removal of any ragged
horn and overgrowth, also of any part of the hoof which
is underrun by the pus, poulticing for removal of the
pain and to arouse a healthy process, also a cathartic dose.
Subsequently, carbolic dressings, or mild astringents may
be applied, but such powerful caustic agents as were
once used are not required. Neither is the prolonged
interdigital friction, which was considered beneficial, and
was usually applied by means of a tarrope. The diseased
foot will require to be dressed and to be protected by
means of a bandage. The mode of elevation of the foot
usually adopted has been already mentioned (see page 74).

Bleeding from the coronet, whereby much blood may
be removed, is recommended by Youatt and others, but its
effects are not likely to produce much benefit in this sub-
acute disorder, and it is preferable not to bleed too near
884 BOVINE PATHOLOGY.

inflamed parts. In long-standing cases, with considerable
disorganisation of bones and joints, amputation may be

 

Fie. 70.—Method of applying dressings between hoofs. (Armatage.)

performed, for the patient will thrive better after removal
of the diseased organ, and the case cannot otherwise be
cured. Hither one digit may be removed at the pas-
tern, or both may be simultaneously amputated at the
fetlock, or through the metacarpal region.

The operation is performed by casting the animal and
freeing the diseased limb. A tourniquet, consisting of a
band passing round the centre of the metacarpal region,
with pads on the inner side, tightened by passage of a
bar through it and twisting, is used to restrain hemor-
rhage. This must be brought into use just before the
operation is commenced. Hither disarticulation or ampu-
tation through the bone is then performed with the fol-
lowing precautions: to leave a good flap or flaps of skin
to cover the exposed surface, and to ligature all the larger
arteries. Then the wound is closed by approximation of
the flaps, and maintained by sutures, the ends of the arterial
ligatures being allowed to hang free. The stump must be
protected with tow and a bandage. The operation may pre-
ferably be performed with antiseptic precautions. The
animal will favour the limb thus operated upon, and will
be able to make shift with the others, and may be pro-
vided with such a wooden leg as described by Mr. Litt,
of Shrewsbury, in ‘ Veterinary Journal,’ vol. iv, p. 241.
This operation has become thoroughly established in vete-
rinary practice.

With regard to the diagnosis of this disease, it is said to
be sometimes confounded with foot-and-mouth disease.
The latter, when neglected, degenerates into “‘ foul” of an
THE FOOT. 885

aggravated character ; it seems probable that at this stage
all virulence is lost. The treatment of “foul” in scro-
fulous animals is, of course, only palliative.

Laminitis, “ Founder.”—Inflammation of the sensitive
structure of the foot is not frequent in cattle, but some-
times results, especially in very heavy and highly-fed
animals, from over-driving. It is also somewhat often
seen in working oxen. The simplicity of the foot of the
ox renders this a comparatively unimportant affection.
It may cause removal of the hoofs, but they will grow again.
The patientis better able to remain recumbent and to remove
the weight from an affected digit than is the horse. This
disease may be treated by a cathartic dose, rest, cold-water
applications, and, if necessary, sedatives.

Loss of a Hoof may arise from other causes than foul
and laminitis, as when the foot becomes caught by the
landing stage during unshipping, and under certain other
emergencies of travel. If time be allowed a fairly perfect
new hoof will be produced, until when the animal cleverly
utilises the companion claw for purposes of progression.

Sore Fazer result from excessive wear of the hoof from
travelling along hard roads. These must be dressed with
tar or put in a poultice, and the animals rested. On this
matter Youatt says: ‘“ There is not a farmer that has not
had cows in his dairy that have lost for a time full half
of their milk on account of the pain which tender and dis-
eased feet have occasioned; the grazier sometimes loses the
advantage of three or four months’ feeding from the same
cause, and in London dairies tender feet are often a most
serious ailment, and compel the milkman to part with some
of his best cows, and that in a very indifferent condition.”

This liability to sore feet necessitates the shoeing of
working oxen, which consists in affixing thin plates of
iron to the soles of the hoofs by three nails to each.
These nails are small, and require considerable care in
driving, on account of the thinness of the hoofs. The
animal is liable to prove restless while being shod, and
thus pricks may occur. In France the shoe in common
use covers the whole of the ground surface, and from its

25
886 BOVINE PATHOLOGY.

inner edge towards the toe a very long clip projects
which is turned down from the anterior edge of the hoof
over the outer surface of the wall (vide Asselin’s Vete-
rinary Diagrams).

Overcrowra or Hory, though nota disease, occasionally
requires attention from the veterinarian, since it may give
rise to foul and other diseases. It is seen in animals con-
stantly housed, and so deprived of the attrition which
naturally maintains the proper length of the hoof, and the
remedy consists in regulated application of the rasp and
drawing-knife.

Pricks AND OTHER Prenerratina Wounps oF THE Foor
must be treated in such a manner as to give free exit to
all discharges, by removal of horn, so as to form a depend-
ing orifice ; and carbolic dressings ; however, cases of this
kind are not so important in the ox as in the horse, for
the pus readily bores its way to the coronet, and gains
exit in consequence of the comparatively loose union of
the laminated surfaces, whereas in the horse there is a
tendency to form secondary sinuses. Youatt lays stress
on this difference.

Monstrous conpiTion or THE Foor.—The development
of extra digits in the ox is of very rare occurrence, but
we have before us an instance in which the inner rudi-
mentary digit was fully developed, and bore a hoof about
three quarters as large as those of the two functional
digits. A case was mentioned before the Société
Centrale de Médecine Vétérinaire of an ox with a cloven
condition of one hind limb, extending up to the tarsus.!

InrerpicitaL Fisromata are sometimes seen; as they
increase in size they cause lameness, tension of the inter-
digital ligament, and may ultimately lead to foul. They
should be removed with the knife.

Unceration of THE Huzt, of a sluggish character, either
associated with foul or as a distinct affection, sometimes
proves obstinate to treatment. It develops luxuriant
papilla, assuming a fungoid character, or may form an

1 We have just received the hind limb of a calf with a well-developed digit,

consisting of a metatarsal, the full number of phalanges, and a fairly
formed hoof, curling upwards from the inner side cf the hock.
THE EAR AND EYE, 387

irregular, hard, callous mass. In either case cauterisa-—
tion is called for. This condition results from long-con-
tinued exposure to cold and dirt. Youatt compares it to
grease in the horse, but is not very successful in esta-
blishing the comparison.

Szction 8.—Disrases or THE Har.

The ear of the ox presents no special anatomical or
physiological features of import to us at present, nor is it
frequently involved in diseased action. The external ear
may be lacerated, and must then be treated on conservative
principles. The skin investing it is also liable to be in-
volved in skin diseases; and Youatt mentions the occur-
rence of fungous granulations springing up within the ear.

Orirts is a formidable affection, not frequently recognised,
but liable to be confounded with disease of the brain,
because of the violence exerted by the animal, since this
is a very painful disease. We have before us a case in
which extensive abscess had formed in the bone, but the
true nature of the disease was discovered only after death.
The principal symptoms, besides those of fever, are carry-
ing the head to one side and heat and redness of the ex-
ternal parts. If this state is diagnosed nathing can be
done more than powerful stimulation around the root of the
ear, and the administration of febrifuges and cathartics.

Section 4.—Diszases or THE Hye anp its APPENDAGES.

Sub-section 1.—Abnormalities of the Ocular Appendages.

The orbit of the ox has its external opening laterally
placed, giving a considerable backward range of sight—a
feature observable in all ruminants. This margin is formed
only of three bones, the squamous temporal being excluded
by the peculiar bifurcation of the posterior portion of the
malar. In other respects the orbit essentially resembles
that of the horse, and the accessory organs of vision are
888 BOVINE PATHOLOGY.

very similar, except that the retractor muscle is even more
powerful, and the lachrymal and Meibomian glands are
very well developed, as also is the Harderian gland, which
is situated inside the cartilago-nictitans, and secretes a lu-
bricating fluid. The ductus ad nasum does not extend so
far down asthe anterior naris. We have already noted the
frequent presence of bony twmours on the margin of the orbit.
Fractures of this part are not rare as a result of various
kinds of injuries ; either a small portion of bone is chipped
off the edge, or the orbital frontal process may be entirely
fractured. Loose portions of bone must be removed
artificially, or will slough out, and the attachments of the
eyelid may be interfered with, or depression of the frag-
ments may exert pressure on the contents of the orbit.
A highly vascular encephaloid or medullary sarcomatous
growth sometimes commences at the back of the orbit, and
grows rapidly, pressing on the optic nerve, and forcing
the eyeball to one side. It appears at the surface as a
highly vascular mass, and is termed Funcus Hamaropzs.
It produces complete loss of sight, and must be treated by
extirpation of the contents of the orbit, and subsequent
application of the actual cautery, to restrain hemorrhage
and destroy the last vestiges of the cancerous mass. The
patient should then be fattened for slaughter. This is
perhaps the most frequent cancerous growth in the ox.

Lacerations or THE Hyzrtips must be treated on the
‘principle of not removing any part which can possibly be
saved. Youatt tells us that “the eyelids are more subject
to disease in the ox than in any other domestic animal,”
and mentions Sronranzous Empuysema of the organs to be
cured by puncture; and also (Hipema, which is a sign of
general debility, or may be a sign of the existence of some
irritant in the eye. Sometimes cases of this kind lead to
chronic thickening.

Warty Growrus are sometimes seen on the eyelids, and
must be snipped off, and their roots touched with caustic.
Finally, the largely developed Meibomian glands may
become inflamed or their ducts blocked up, and a small
abscess results, When this bursts or is opened the parts
THE EYE, 889

regain their normal condition. We are not aware that
inversion and eversion of the eyelids have ever been seen
in the ox. We have found records of a few cases of
Ptosis, dropping of the upper eyelid, but have no evi-
dence as to the occurrence of disease in the lachrymal
apparatus.

Tumours OF THE CARUNCULA LACHRYMALIS AND CARTILAGO-
NICTITANS sometimes attain a considerable size. They
result from chronic irritation or conjunctivitis, and must
be removed by means of the scissors, the animal having
been cast and the cartilage fixed. The latter must be as
little injured as possible in the operation. Sometimes
caustic applications will suffice to destroy these tumours,
but generally it is found necessary to operate.

Sub-section 2.—Diseases of the Eyeball.

The eyeball is somewhat flatter in the ox than in the
horse, the cornea more convex, and the tapetum lucidum
has a golden-green colour, bluish near the margin, and a
fibrous structure.

Consuncrivitis—Simple Ophthalmia—results from in-
juries, and especially from the entry of foreign matters
into the eye. It is denoted by profuse lachrymation, the
tears trickling down the cheek, thickening of the eyelids,
intolerance of light, redness of the conjunctiva, and
generally some opacity of the cornea through extension
of irritation, due to general causes, as exposure to cold, or
to acrid vapours ; both eyes may be thus affected (but this
seems to be very rare). Anexamination must be made for
the detection of foreign bodies, the lids being separated by
the finger and thumb, and each everted in turn. The
rapid movement of the haw over the eye renders this ex-
amination a little more complicated than it otherwise would
be. The cause having been removed the irritation may be
overcome by fomentations and dressings with solution of the
subacetate of lead, and the eye or eyes should be protected
from the light. This disease is generally complicated with
keratitis or corneitis, in which the cells which are collected
390 BOVINE PATHOLOGY.

together to form the cornea proliferate freely and cause
opacity.

Opaciry of THE Cornza also depends upon uutritive
conditions, and sometimes upon pressure, due to swelling
of the contents of the eyeball. Under these circumstances
it is temporary, and disappears with its cause, but when
it results from blows or other injuries, and sometimes after
ophthalmia, it may be permanent. When a slight bluish
imperfect opacity it is termed nebula, if more circum-
scribed, perfect, and with well-defined outlines, it is termed
albugo. These conditions are incurable; they may become
less marked with time, and the process of diminution in
size may be accelerated by the application of caustic
agents, such as nitrate of silver. Cartwright describes it
in some cases, as due to plethora and the pendent position
of the head (‘Edinburgh Veterinary Review,’ vol. v, |
p. 22); but it probably is more frequently dependent on
defective nutrition.

StapHyLoma is either a tumour on the cornea or pro-
trusion of the lining membrane of the aqueous chamber
with its contents through an ulceration of the cornea.
Such ulcerations result from debility, especially that due

 

Fig@. 71.—Staphyloma, (Armatage.)

to defective assimilation of tissue formers, or occasionally,
perhaps, from ophthalmic corneitis. The projection is
opaque and generally irregular on the surface, and in the
ulcerative form there is a tendency to evacuation of the
contents of the aqueous chamber. Ulcerations of the
cornea and tumours on it may be touched with nitrate of
THE EYE. 391

silver. Special attention must be directed to improve-
ment of the condition of the animal. Repair may be
established, even after the aqueous humour has escaped.
Congenital hairy tumours have been seen on the sclerotic.
The most recent case on record is that in the ‘ Veterinary
Journal,’ vol. xxi, p. 235, in which the growth was suc-
cessfully removed under cocaine without throwing the
animal. Development shows us that the conjunctiva is
but a modified portion of the external investment of the
body ; this is a teratological proof of the same fact.
‘Woem 1n tue Eyez is sometimes seen in the ox (see ‘Veteri-
narian,’ vol. i, p. 77). The parasite is a Nematode (either
Filaria lachrymalis, F. papillosa, or Strongylus armatus),
and occupies the anterior chamber, where it excites irri-
tation, and thus produces corneitis and some degree of
conjunctivitis. We have no instance of this occurring in
this country, but perhaps it might be seen more often in
India. Incision at the supero-external part of the cornea,
with careful avoidance of pressure on the eyeball, causing
the aqueous humour to squirt out, carrying the worm with
it, should be tried as in similar cases in the horse.
Lymphy deposits in the Aqueous Chambers result from
inflammation of the eye, especially the rheumatic form,
and they may cause adhesion of the iris to the lens
capsule. They are generally only temporary, and soon
disappear. When small and attached to the anterior part
of the lens capsule they may be mistaken for cataract,
unless care be exercised. Inthe ‘ Veterinarian,’ vol. xxv,
p- 3, Mr. Cartwright relates a case of lymphy deposit,
which he attributed to inflammation of the iris. No
treatment is required—simply time for absorption.
Srzciric og Prrtopic OpsrHatmia, also described as
Retinitis, is not so frequent in the ox as in the horse.!
It is probably rheumatic, since it is periodical, and under-
goes metastatic passage from one eye to the other, It
especially affects the deeper structures, causing disorgani-
sation of the retina, a breaking up of the hyaloid mem-
brane, opacity of the lens, an orange colour of the iris, and

1 Many cattle pathologists deny that this disorder occurs in the ox. The
balance of opinion seems to fuvour the view advanced in the text.
3892 BOVINE PATHOLOGY.

its attachment to the capsule of the lens (both conditions
due to lymph extravasation), a jagged condition of its free
margin, and paralysis of its muscular structure, deposits
of lymph in the aqueous chamber, opacity of the cornea
of a temporary character, and constitutional irritability.
The symptoms are those of common ophthalmia of a severe
character, but on examination, the deeper structures of the
eye will be found to be the parts principally involved, and
those which are visible will be found altered more or less,
as above described. The attack is generally sudden, and
only one eye affected at atime. This disease leads to ca-
taract, atrophy, and thorough disorganisation of the eyeball.

Treatment.—The same as for simple ophthalmia, and in
addition constitutional remedies, such as colchicum and
iodide of potassium. Is seldom amenable to treatment.
Animals thus affected, should be prepared for the butcher,
and should not be used for breeding purposes, for the
disease is certainly hereditary.

Cararact.—Opacity of the lens, or of its capsule, or of
both these structures, may be circumscribed or diffused,
in the latter case it causes complete blindness. It is
caused by rheumatic ophthalmia, and sometimes by blows.
In the latter case it is a fracture of the lens, and is
generally a stellate opacity. -

Treatment in the lower animals is not likely to prove
beneficial.

Amavrosis—Paralysis of the Retina—is denoted by per-
manent dilatation of the pupil (except when the iris is
influenced by sympathy with the other eye) and by a
greenish and transparent condition of the posterior part
of the eye. The primary lesion may be in the cranium
as when a tumour presses on the optic nerve, along the
extracranial portion of the nerve as injury or com-
pression, or in the retina as in cases of depositions of
lymph in it as a result of inflammation. It also some-
times depends upon debility and excessive loss of blood.
It is not frequent in the ox. When due to compression
or structural change, nothing can be done which will
be likely to effect a cure. That form due to debility is
THE EY2. 893

only temporary. When the eye cannot be any longer
used as an organ of vision the retina atrophies. This

is to be seen in cases of cataract. (‘ Veterinarian,’ vol. iii,
p- 141.)

Section 5.—DisEases or tHe OrGan or Taste.

We have already dealt with the abnormalities of the
tongue (Chap. IV, Section 1). Perversion of Gustation is .
generally present in cases of depraved appetite,
894 BOVINE PATHOLOGY.

CHAPTER VIII.—DISEASES OF THE NERVOUS
SYSTEM.

TnE nervous system of the ox is not very highly
developed as a whole, though, perhaps, the sympathetic
portion somewhat exceeds the average. The brain is more
rounded and tilted upwards anteriorly than that of the
horse ; it has not such a numerous and complex state of
the convolutions. The spinal cord, and cerebral, spinal,
and sympathetic nerves present no special differences in the
two animals.

Szcrion 1.—TuHEe CrEREBRO-SPINAL SYSTEM,

The brain seems to be especially affected by inflam-
mation, apoplexy, and those ill-ascertained conditions
known as epilepsy.

Purentis—Inflammation of the Brain—preferably may be
called EncrrHA.itis, since we cannot diagnose inflammation
of the brain or Crresritis, in which simply the cere-
brum is involved, from that diseased action of an inflam-
matory nature which involves both brain and membranes,
Aitkin, as quoted by Williams, gives the following
features of distinction between cerebral and meningeal
disease. The former is characterised by loss of some
proper nerve function from the first, not at all by high
exaggeration of function nor vascular excitement, and
paralysis, anesthesia, loss of volition, are its distinctives.
In the latter, loss of nerve force takes place only some
time after the attack commenced; it is generally pre-
ceded by exaggeration of function and much vascular
excitement and local disturbance. Also spasms, pain,
THE NERVOUS SYSTEM. 895

and delirium, are present. Sometimes abscess in the
brain occurs.

The disease usually described as phrenitis is primarily
congestive, subsequently inflammatory. It is vulgarly
known as “ Phrensy,” and is highly acute. The exag-
geration of cerebral functions and of vascular excitement
are very marked. Perhaps the shortness of the neck of
the ox proves a predisposing cause to this and apoplectic
conditions against which even the complex Rete Mirabile
at the base of the brain is not always an efficient preven-
tive. Encephalitis is not of rare occurrence, and is espe-
cially prevalent in hot countries and hot seasons, and more
particularly affects working oxen, those exposed in pastures,
and plethoric males.

It is found that the disease also is less prevalent now
than formerly, perhaps due to less frequent over-driving
and greater care of animals. Fortunately, too, bull-
baiting, which would tend in this direction, is under
the ban of public opinion. Sometimes injury is the
cause.

The congestive stage is denoted by a highly injected
condition of the conjunctival membrane, together with a
condition of stupor, during which the pulse is slow,
respirations infrequent, there is a tendency to somnolence,
and the patient is “ foolish.” Soon general febrile sym-
ptoms and the true phrenitic signs are developed. A
wild and staring condition of the eyes, bellowing, and —
charging at all available objects. This is the stage of
delirium. When the disease is more advanced, convul-
sions are present, and there is a gradual tendency to loss
of power as denoted by frequent falling. The patient is
throughout the delirious stage all but unapproachable ;
the pulse is full and bounding, the respirations are not
usually accelerated, but sometimes slower than usual.
There is a want of method in the fury of a phrenitic ox
not discernible in that of a rabid one. Later, paralysis
sets in, and is succeeded by death. :

Treatment.—The beast having been secured and con-
- fined by the horns, blood may be abstracted to consider-
896 BOVINE PATHOLOGY.

able amount, which will materially tend to relieve the
cerebral and meningeal congestion ; also, cold water may
be constantly applied to the head, and, when possible, a
cathartic dose administered. Sometimes croton can be
given where more bulky remedial agents are rejected,
and the subcutaneous injection of sedative (not narcotic)
agents, such as hydrocyanic acid, may be tried, and the
tincture of aconite may be administered if possible.

Diagnosis.—This disease may be confounded with certain
abdominal disorders, especially impaction of the omasum.
It may be distinguished by its greater acuteness of the
symptoms, the presence of acute febrile conditions, and
the history of the case.

Prognosis, on account of the difficulty in managing
the patient, is unfavorable, since we are not even able
to adopt proper measures of nursing.

Post-mortem examination shows a highly congested
condition of the membranes and of the brain substance, as
denoted by unusual distinctness of the puncta vasculosa ;
also, sometimes the brain is softened, and there is fluid
in considerable quantity in the arachnoid and subarach-
noid spaces. Should the animal recover, there is a
liability to recurrence, so that altogether, when this
affection is present, the best treatment is to destroy the
patient and utilise the carcase.

Hritersy—Megrims or Staggers—is only a symptom of
disorder, as shown by the varied appearances seen post
mortem. Sometimes it is seen in diseases of an ordinary cha-
racter, a8 anemia, and certain other forms of blood disease.
Thus, it is mostly prevalent among young and debilitated
animals. Sometimes on autopsy a spiculum of bone is found
penetrating the brain, im other cases there are scrofulous
or other deposits, and, again, there may be induration of
the white matter, with a marbled or rosy colour of the
grey, and adhesions of the membranes to the surface
(Watson). How far these apply to the conditions in the
ox we are not in a position to state, but certainly we find
epilepsy associated with irregular blood supply. ‘We
have in this malady another illustration of the fact that,
THE NERVOUS SYSTEM, 897

when the controlling influence of the cerebrum is sus-
pended, the peculiar functions of the spinal marrow are
exercised, not only in a disorderly, but also in an un-
usually energetic manner” (Watson). Thus, the symptoms
of an epileptic fit are, after a premonitory dulness, a
sudden loss of brain power, as denoted by the animal
-staggering and falling, and remaining for a shorter or
longer time in a state of unconsciousness. Convulsive
movements of the limbs, which are outstretched and
shivering, of the respiratory and ocular muscles, and
of those of mastication, are very marked. There is bel-
lowing, frothing at the mouth, and involuntary passage of
feeces and urine. Finally, the convulsions cease and the
animal rises, and shortly seems again in a healthy state.

Treatment must be palliative, and directed to the production of
blood in greater quantity and of a better quality, and also to ensur-
ing its regular supply to the head. In young stock this diseased
condition is most frequently seen. Since, in the majority of cases,
there is a deficient supply of blood to the head, bleeding must not be
performed. Walley advocates supporting the cow on the sternum
and giving chloroform, nitrite of amyl,or bromide of ethyl, during
the convulsions. A cathartic will prove useful in removing any
irritant from the alimentary canal. As soon as possible animals
which have once suffered in this way should be sent to the butcher.
Cases of epilepsy in the ox are rare; Walley describes gastric vertigo
in cattle, catalepsy in the cow, epileptoid convulsions in cattle after
long sea voyages or associated with rheumatism.

ApopLexy is the reverse condition, in so far as blood
supply goes, to that which is observed in most cases of
epilepsy, being attributable to an over-distension of the
encephalic vessels with blood, and a giving way of their
walls, thus undue pressure is exerted upon the brain by
extravasated blood. Similar symptoms also may be seen
when sudden pressure results from bursting of a pus
accumulation, and other influences similar in their nature.
Plethora is the most fruitful predisposing cause. The
conditions of life of the ox especially tend to render him
plethoric, and when he is over-driven or excited during
hot weather apoplexy is apt to occur,

Symptoms.—Some slight dulness may at first be present,
but generally the animal is noticed to fall suddenly, with

complete loss of sensibility, consciousness, and power of
898 BOVINE PATHOLOGY.

voluntary movement ; the eyes in an amaurotic condition ;
the breathing slow, stertorous, laboured; the surface of
the body covered with cold sweat. Often the convulsive
movements, rolling of the eyes, and sudden falling may
lead to diagnosis of epilepsy, but this will soon be with-
drawn, as the case remains in the same condition, or lapses
into the quiescent form, or rapidly terminates in death.
This results from extension of the pressure to the medulla
oblongata, and interference with its functions. It will
be observed that the symptoms vary somewhat, according
to the seat of the extravasated blood. This condition is
sometimes seen in association with fracture of the cranium
and with rupture of the blood-vessels such as may also
arise from other forms of external injury.

Treatment consists in free bleeding and administration
of a laxative, but is seldom effectual, and the disease is
apt to recur.

Dropsy or THE Brain: Hyprocer#aLus—is the accumula-
tion of serous fluid in the cranium, either between or
below the membranes of the brain, or else dropsy of the
ventricles. The latter condition is said to sometimes occur
in adults, but it certainly is very rare. Youatt tells us
the symptoms mostly resemble those of apoplexy, but are
gradually developed. The former state occurs in the
foetus, and causes enormous enlargement of the head and
impediment to parturition. The practitioner, when called
in, finds the head partly in the generative passage, either
the muzzle or forehead projecting with the fore limbs. The
enormous cranium is yielding, but must be diminished in
bulk by tapping with a trocar and long canula, or by
opening with the knife. To give room the fore feet should
be secured with ropes and returned into the uterine cavity.
When the cranium collapses the calf will readily be
expelled, of course dead. The loss is not to be lamented,
as it would have done no good, the animal remaining
weakly and unthrifty for a short time, and then dying.
Youatt gives an interesting case, in which puncture was
tried, but tetanus supervened and the animal died. He
also mentions that the disease may appear in weakly ani-
THE NERVOUS SYSTEM. 899

mals after birth. In these cases we shall find the cranial
bones thin and widespread, and large numbers of stellate
Wormian bones placed between them, in the endeavour to

 
  
    

ae SS

—

      
     
  

i

eat

; yy, Mh I ‘py

a

 

    
    
  
 

 

 

 

 
  

CESSES ——
RSS SS SS] S—————_

 

rT
——— ZZ

QE EDIE
gg ee A
SSS

 
 
   
 

Fig. 72.—Congenital hydrocephalus, causing difficult parturition. (Simonds).
400 BOVINE PATHOLOGY.

close up the large cavity, but not sufficient to replace a
great part of the membranous walls. The brain is im-
perfectly developed. Sometimes we find only the floor of
the cranium present, its bony walls being entirely absent,
and the margins of the imperfect walls regularly
rounded off.

Parasites occasionally grow in the brain. These are
the same hydatids as are seen in the brain of sheep, giving
rise to “turnsick.”” They are known as Cenuri cerebrales,
are the larval form of the Tenia ceenurus, seen in its
adult state in the dog. ‘They affect various parts of the

PK:

     

Fie. 73.—Canurus cerebralis. Fia. 74.—Canurus cerebralis.
(After Cobbold). (a) In sitd. (After Cobbold).

brain, generally the cerebral hemispheres. The embryo
which has escaped from the ovum of the tapeworm bores
its way through the tissues and enters a blood-vessel. It
is carried in the round of the circulation to the brain, and
there locates itself. It increases in size, and generally is
large before it causes any appreciable symptoms, which
are those due to circumscribed deficiency of a portion of
the brain, or some forms of pressure on the surface, viz.
constantly moving round and round in the same direction,
and generally towards the side on which pressure is made.
The disease is most prevalent in young animals, and in
THE NERVOUS SYSTEM. 401

some seasons than others ; it is also somewhat rare in this
country.

Post-mortem examination having proved the presence of the parasite,
this must not be thrown away carelessly, but destroyed or preserved
as a specimen, for it is of interest. Trephining may be experi-
mentally tried, for in calves the sinuses are very small, and so
sometimes a yielding of the bone over the hydatid may be perceived.
With regard to the direction of turning and other interesting phy-
siological deductions from this disease, as seen in the sheep, the
‘Journal of Anatomy and Physiology,’ 1879-80, may be consulted
with benefit. :

The occurrence of bony tumours in the cranium is
noticed under the heading ‘“ Exostoses.” It will be
remembered that the cases of ‘ ossified brain” recorded
are of this nature.

We know but little of the derangements of the brain of
a less striking nature than those hitherto described which,
perhaps, occur in the ox. Cadéac and Malet, of Toulouse,
in ‘ Revue Vét.,’ ix, 9, describes a most interesting case
of anomalous condition of the brain of an ox due to irregular
arrangement of the convolutions. But we must remember
that the conditions of life of this animal are not such as to
call for any high exercise of cerebral functions, nor are
cattle, as a rule, subjected to such close scrutiny as
suffices to detect slight indications of brain disorder.
This organ is very liable to disease in association with
deranged conditions of the digestive apparatus, and a
disease of this kind has been described as Stomach staggers,
but really is a case of functional brain disease due to con-
gestion. We are familiar with the drowsy sensation
which results from a fulness of the stomach ; the same is
sometimes exaggerated in cattle, giving rise to Coma,
which is denoted by dulness and a torpid condition, with .
sleepiness and a tendency to fall down, especially when
the head is elevated. The respirations are deep and slow,
the pulse full and slow, and the pupil dilated. This is
the state also induced by narcotic poisons ; it is then
termed Narcosis. It must be treated by bleeding, stimu-
lants, and a full cathartic dose.

Delirium is a condition of perverted cerebral functions
seen in some diseases, such as encephalitis and some forms

26
402 BOVINE PATHOLOGY.

of blood disorder, and it also results from the action
of certain poisons. There is a wild look of the eye,
excitement and sometimes fury, with violent struggling
and discharge of frothy saliva from the mouth.

Diszases or THE Spinat Corp have not been diagnosed
with thorough accuracy, though Cruzel gives a long
account of myelitis, which, he says, is very rare in the
ox. Associated with this important nervous centre are
two remarkable conditions which, having been described
as distinct diseases, must be rather looked upon much in the
same light as coma and delirium, they being symptoms
which may be dependent upon any of several pathological
states. Thus, Teranus or Locxkep Jaw may be caused by
electric stimulation of a motor nerve or the spinal cord, or
by the introduction of strychnia into the system, or by
certain conditions of nerves associated with a wound, or,
we believe, as a result of the action of cold and other
influences. It is simply an excitation of the spinal cord,
causing it to throw so many impressions into the motor
nerves so closely following one another that tonic spasm
results. It may be diffused or circumscribed. In the
latter case simply the source of motor-nerve force to the
muscles of the head may be affected then the jaws are
fixed and the retractor muscle draws the eyeball back
into the orbit and so causes persistent protrusion of
cartilago-nictitans. Thisis known as trismus. Again, we
may find only the muscles of one side of the body affected
(pleurosthotonos), or those above the spine (opisthotonos),
or those below (emprosthotonos). In other cases we find
a combination of these conditions. The disease is de-
scribed as Trawmatic when due to wounds, and Idiopathic
when no wound can be found to which it may be attri-
buted. It must not be supposed that it is only the
motor portion of the cord which is affected, for there are
indications that hyperasthesia is present often to a
marked degree, thus, excitation of the patient is apt to
give rise to exaggeration of the spasm, and quietude is by
far the most important feature of treatment.

Symptoms.—A gradually increasing difficulty is evi-
THE NERVOUS SYSTEM. 403

dently found in separating the jaws, and in performance of
the voluntary movements in general. The disinclination
to feed is the first matter which directs attention to the
case, but there is no concomitant fever. There is a
straddling gait, due to inflexibility of the hind limbs.
Attention is directed to the mouth to determine the cause
of refusal of food, and it is found that by this time the
jaws are locked. Usually there is a flow of saliva of a
foetid character from the mouth when the lips are separated.
Soon the appearance of the patient becomes characteristic ;
there is a marked condition of the muscles, due to rigi-
dity, the tail is slightly straightened, the haw protruded,
and the animal moves “ all of one piece.” If the haw be
not protruded it will do so when the head is raised. The
muzzle is extended forwards, and there is obstinate con-
stipation. The animal sometimes tries to feed, and
succeeds in sucking up a small quantity of fluid ; he some-
times falls and continues in the recumbent position, but
as often stands persistently. Respiration is materially
interfered with by the contraction of the inspiratory
muscles, but the diaphragm for a long time retains its
activity. That the sympathetic system is involved is
inferred from the state of the bowels; in some cases this
may be primary, and the disease of the cord secondary.
As a general rule, the reverse is the case. Sometimes
the disease proves rapidly fatal, and causes death on the
second or third day ; if the patient lives to the sixth day
some hopes of cure may be held out, but the prog-
nosis is never very favorable, for we are working very
much in the dark in treating tetanus. In some cases it
is directly traceable to a wound either in the suppurative
or cicatrising stage, when it is supposed that some nerve-
fibre is entangled in the scar or otherwise disordered. Of
these wounds the most frequent are surface-grazes, those
produced in castration, and pricks in shoeing. Owing to
the frequency of the latter, it is said to be most prevalent
in working oxen. The idiopathic forms are attributable
to exposure to cold and sudden changes of temperature,
especially when the skin is heated. Thus, it is some-
404 BOVINE PATHOLOGY,

times seen in newly-born animals as Trismus nascentium.
It is also attributed to over-driving (when it may depend
on soreness of the feet) and the presence of irritants in
the alimentary canal. The latter, besides (probably)
causing the disease, increase its intensity, as is proved by
the beneficial effects of catharsis. To induce this extremely
large doses of powerful drastics are given, and it is wonder-
ful with what impunity. Once trismus has set in adminis-
tration of medicinesin the ordinary way is difficult, but croton
oil may be placed on the tongue. Other agents may be
given per rectum, but the best method is subcutaneous
injection. Thus, morphia may be administered, or prussic
acid, or a trial may be made of the nitrite ofamyl. Chloro-
form inhaled is found to relax spasm temporarily, and the
same effect follows its administration per rectum; it
exerts no permanent influence. In these cases quiet
must be substituted even for ordinary nursing measures.
The patient must be placed in a dark and hushed place,
and left there with a free supply of gruel available and a
good bed, The wound to which the attack is attributed |
may be treated by sedative applications and poulticed.
Moller has shown (see ‘ Veterinarian,’ 1880) that tetanus
cannot be produced by transfusion of blood from a
tetanic to a healthy animal; it, therefore, is not specific,
as some suppose. No definite post-mortem lesions have
been observed, but in many cases there are congestion
of the spinal cord and its membranes, softening of the
cord, and accumulation of fluid between the membranes.
An interesting feature of this disease is the height to
which the internal temperature may rise. Some of the
highest readings on record in the human being were
taken from acute cases of this disorder.
Paratysis—Palsy—is also a symptomatic condition
referable to many different causes, and varying much in
its characters. It is loss of voluntary motor power in a
few or many of the muscles of the body, and generally
is accompanied by a similar condition, anzsthesia, loss
of sensory power. This union of the two conditions is
the result of the proximity of the sensory and motorial
THE NERVOUS SYSTEM, 405

tracts, both in the majority of nerves and in the spinal
cord. The degree of palsy may vary from that of a
single muscle to total paralysis. When the whole of one
side of the body is affected, it is termed hemiplegia,
when both hind limbs, paraplegia. In the other cases,
simply “ paralysis.” It may result from pressure on, or
disease of the medulla oblongata, pressure on the
spinal cord on the same side as the loss of power
between the origin of the roots of the nerves and the
brain, or on the nerves of supply to the affected part.
Section of these structures or diseased action has the
same effect. The loss of power does not generally occur
suddenly, though it may do so, but where the limbs are
affected there is a staggering gait, and a tendency to cross
the hind legs. The most prevalent form in the ox is
paraplegia. It is most frequent in old animals, especially
those turned out on damp low pastures and during severe
weather. All hardships tend to the occurrence of cases
of this kind in the herd. Sometimes we find that
the pressure on the nerves or cord is due to fracture ;
in this case the paraplegia occurs suddenly after a fall
or some other form of injury, and the animal retains
sensibility and motor power in all parts anterior to the
fracture, and loses them posteriorly, but it must be
remembered that reflex movements may occur, though
they are not frequent. In the horse, intermittent para-
lysis of the hind limbs has been found to be due to
plugging of the iliac arteries with lymph; such cases
have not been noticed in the ox, but cases of paraplegia
in pregnant animals are sometimes seen, in which the
paralysis disappears after parturition ; in them there may
be pressure on the posterior aorta, or the iliacs more
particularly, interfering with blood supply. Tumours of
various kinds may be observed post-mortem, or even
during life, in such positions as to press upon the nerves
of the affected part. Sometimes paralysis is due to the
action of poisonous agents; of these cases, lead palsy is
- the most remarkable.

Treatment.—All attention must be paid to the comfort
406 BOVINE PATHOLOGY.

of the animal, which must have a good bed and be
frequently turned to avoid bed-sores, which are very
liable to occur under an aggravated form in these patients.
When the case is attributable to debility, we may expect
success in restoring the patient, but, as a rule, these are
protracted and doubtful cases. When fracture of the
Spine exists, or we surmise that tumours compress the
nerves and cannot be removed, we must anticipate a
prolonged course of treatment, loss of condition, and
want of success. It is better, therefore, to at once
have the patient destroyed. When the pressure is due
to inflammatory deposits, we may expect these to become
absorbed in time, and the process of removal will perhaps
be accelerated by the use of such agents as the iodide of
iron, which is at once deobstruent and tonic; also by the
external application of biniodide-of-mercury ointment. The
food should always be as nutritious as the digestive appa-
ratus is able to bear, and also of a laxative nature. The
urine may require to be removed frequently by means of the
catheter. Lastly, treatment of chronic cases by strychnia in
two-grain doses, gradually increasing and continued for some
time, may lead to return of nerve force to a portion of
the spinal cord, which has had its powers reduced by
some influence. Hand-rubbing of the affected parts, and
mild stimulation and clothing, are useful adjuncts. The
muscles of the paralysed part decrease in size, and some-
times degenerate into masses of fibrous tissue; this is
an advanced stage. The muscles less affected are found
in the stage of fatty degeneration. This is well seen in
cases of progressive lipomatous paralysis, such as is
noticed in the ‘ Veterinarian’ for 1880. We have often
observed this in our dissection of monstrosities, in which
the nerve centres have been destroyed after due develop-
ment of the muscles, or in which muscles and nerves
have developed independently of nerve centres. It seems
that as long as they are involuntary the skeletal muscles
develop without the aid of nerve centres, but when they
become striated, unless used they degenerate, and they
THE NERVOUS SYSTEM. 407

can scarcely come into use except under the influence of
the cerebro-spinal nerve centres.

ADYNAMIA NERVOSA GENERALIS (Armatage) is that
nervous debility which affects some cows during the later
stages of pregnancy, which has been confounded with
parturient apoplexy, but which is only indicated by a
want of ability to rise, a tendency to coldness of the

 

Fie. 75.—The natural position of rest as retained in adynamia. (Armatage.)

surface, and a weakness of the pulse, with some torpidity
of the bowels, otherwise the animal remains apparently in
good health. It has been attributed to pressure of the
uterus containing the foetus on the posterior aorta, pre-
venting the proper supply of blood to the hind extremities,
and in some instances this seems to be the case, but it
often persists after parturition, therefore it must be due
also to other causes. Of these, the demands of the fcetus
on the nutritive material of the blood is considered to be
one of the principal. Sometimes it is treated successfully
by suddenly frightening the animal, but it is better to
keep the bowels open by means of enemas and the
surface of the body warm, and support the strength of
the animal until it has entirely recovered from the effects
of utero-gestation. Small doses of strychnia have been
408 BOVINE PATHOLOGY.

recommended, and stimulant applications along the length
of the back are of decided benefit. Gerrard, of Romford
(whose death has been a special misfortune to bovine
pathology), describes, in the ‘ Veterinary Journal,’ xii,
p- 390, cases of what he considers cerebro-spinal meningitis
in the cow which occurs some days after calving, the
patient being free from coma and standing persistently to
the last; the bowels not obstinately constipated as in
apoplexy but slightly deranged, and occasionally even
foetid diarrhcea is present. The urine and lacteal secre-
tion are uninterfered with, sensation and voluntary power
areretained. The condition is chronic and inflammatory,
terminates suddenly in from three to six days from
apoplexy, or gradual recovery occurs. It seems in some
way connected with the condition of lactation. Effusion
and extravasation of serum and blood on the meninges and
spinal cord are found on autopsy.

Cuorra—Stringhalt.—Cases of this nature charac-
terised by clonic muscular spasms have been described,
as in the ‘ Veterinarian,’ vol. xv, p. 71, and ‘ Edinburgh
Veterinary Review,’ vol. iv, p. 237. In the latter instance
a number of animals were affected, and this was attri-
buted to the practice of giving them burnt ale with their
food.

Parrurrent AropLexy— milk fever,” “ dropping after
calving”’—is a disease peculiar to the cow, generally
occurring after calving, and within three days of that
event, most frequent after easy accomplishment of birth,
in good milkers, and in old animals seldom before the
third calf, perhaps most often seen after the fifth; very
liable to recurrence in animals which have once suffered
from it when the time for parturition again comes round.
It is noticed most frequently in warm weather, and in
animals which are in a plethoric state at the time of par-
turition. The disease is mentioned as also taking place
in some cases before birth, and some say even several
weeks after that event; but this is very doubtful, and, at
any rate, quite exceptional,

Symptoms.—The cow, some time after parturition, generally about
THE NERVOUS SYSTEM. 409

four hours, becomes restless, raises the hind feet alternately, breathes
rather quickly, is unwilling to move, and staggers during pro-
gression. There is cessation of appetite and rumination, a staring
condition of the eye and—a sign of great significance—the supply of
milk suddenly fails. Shortly, in about twenty-four hours after par-
turition, the animal falls, the hind limbs giving way, and remains on
the ground, generally after several ineffectual attempts torise. Then,
it is found that the eyes are protruding and bloodshot, and insen-
sible to the touch; in fact, there is a general loss of sensation and
power of voluntary motion. The pulse is now full, soft, and fre-
quently slow, but subsequently it becomes faster, smaller, and finally
- imperceptible. The respiratory efforts are slow and infrequent, and,
after a little time, stertorous. The visible mucous membranes are
purple in colour, and the head and horns are hot. The animal is
delirious, and dashes the head about with extreme violence, or becomes
comatose, and lies with the head flexed round on the shoulder.
Amaurosis sets in, and there are twitchings of the muscles of the

   

Fie. 76,—Puerperal (Parturient) apoplexy in the Cow (Armatage).

eyelids. The udder remains soft and flaccid, or sometimes becomes
hard and small. All power of swallowing is lost, the bowels do not
act, and the urine is retained. Tympany also is present. Usually
the coma becomes more profound, and the signs of vitality less
marked, until the patient dies; but in other cases the functions of
the internal organs commence to be more satisfactorily performed ;
the bowels act, the pulse becomes perceptible, and the respirations
more frequent, and gradually the patient recovers. Even after the
animal is far advanced towards convalescence relapse may take place,
and we have seen cases in which the slow recovery was seriously
interfered with, the sloughing of large patches of skin—bed-sores, in
fact—resulting from a want of attention to frequent turning and
protection from the acridity of urine while the animal was recumbent.
To these lesions an animal recovering from this disease seems parti-
cularly liable, probably in consequence of interference with the
nervous supply of the superficial parts.

1 This is by some considered due to special tonic spasm of the cervical
muscles.
410 BOVINE PATHOLOGY.

Post-mortem examination.—The blood dark in colour
and distending the veins; petechis of various serous
membranes ; congestion of the brain and spinal cord, with
apoplectic clots on various parts.

Pathology—Gamgee and other authorities on this
subject consider that there is present in the blood a
specific element. The congested condition of the veins
in general and the dark colour of the blood, together
with the ecchymosis of the serous membranes observed
post mortem, seem to support this view until we con-
sider that the blood must contain many impurities, as
a result of defective action of all the excretory organs.
Probably those cases in which the disease has been
communicated were septic peritonitis, a disease frequently
mistaken for that in question. Another argument ad-
vanced is, that the disease sometimes assumes an enzootic
form, but this is probably attributable to uniformity
of surroundings and mismanagement of a number of
pregnant cows. The “anatomical theory” is that this
disease is due to the arrangement of the arteries at
the base of the brain, as a rete mirabile, rendering the
cow liable to apoplexy, especially when the supply of
blood to the pregnant uterus is cut off, and there is
no compensatory determination to the mammary gland.
That the arrangement of the arteries has little to do
with the matter is shown by the fact of the spinal
cord, as well as the brain, being the seat of extrava-
sations. Some attribute the disease to accumulation
of milk-producing elements in the blood, giving rise
to fever and, practically, blood poisoning; to sudden
overloading of the system with blood, causing nervous
disorder ; to thrombosis or blood-clotting post partum ;
to encephalic anzemia (eclampsia). After a very careful
consideration of the various theories on the subject,
Fleming (‘Veterinary Obstetrics,’ p. 668) adopts the
latter view, as suggested by Franck, and he considers
the view of Professor Barlow, one of the ablest of
British cattle pathologists, as “ most far-fetched.” He
hardly treats this view, which is supported by Pro-
THE NERVOUS SYSTEM. 411

fessor Williams, with proper respect. These professors
considered the disease a disorder of the sympathetic
nervous system. Many considerations tend to render
this view most probable. In the ox, and especially
the milch cow, this system is most highly developed.
Alimentation, lactation, and utero-gestation, are under its
direct control, and its influence is especially appreciable
in the various secretory processes. At parturition, when
the act is rapidly accomplished, undoubtedly a large
excess of blood is thrown upon the system; the effects
are the same as when a flux of long standing is suddenly
stopped —either some excretory organ exerts its powers of
vicarious action, or there is sudden increase in blood
pressure, and congestions and apoplectic lesions take place.
Normally, the mammary gland becomes very active, and
removes the excess of nutritive blood constituents, while
watery matters and salines are also removed by the
other excretory organs. If any influences lead to imper-
fection of this safety-valve action congestions and apo-
plexy take place. That the functions presided over by
the sympathetic gangliated cord are not duly performed
is evident in parturient apoplexy. The sudden loss of
milk, retention of urine, torpidity of the bowels, and loss
of power of deglutition, are proofs of this. But the next
question is as to what has brought about this disorder?
We must answer this by saying that the violent throes
which were necessary for the rapid expulsion of the fotus
depended on excessively violent nervous efforts, which so
exhausted the sympathetic system as not to admit of its
recovery until apoplectic mischief has been done by the
method above described. With the present state of phy-
siological knowledge of the sympathetic nervous system
we are not in a position to reason the matter out more
closely, but it is evident that this view is worthy of atten-
tion, and some pathologists will find it hard to believe
that apoplexy is due to anemic conditions of a part which
is found congested after death. The occurrence of coma,
delirium, and convulsions is thoroughly explicable, as due
to congestion of the brain and spinal cord. The disten-
412 BOVINE PATHOLOGY.

sion of the blood-vessels seen post mortem and the purple
colour of the visible mucous membranes throughout the
attack show that extreme fulness of vessels is present in
these cases, and also a loss of tone of their muscular
structure. Several other theories as to the nature of the
disease might be given, but it is not necessary. Williams’
idea, “that the particular congestion of the brain and its
meninges is determined by the state of mental excitement
which is always present at this period, an argument borne
out by the fact that the removal of the offspring from the
mother is a fruitful cause of the so-called milk fever,” is
feasible, but such an exciting cause is not absolutely
essential, and the brain is not the only part of the body
which is congested and presents blood extravasations.

Treatment.—Prophylactic consists in ensuring a healthy
state of the constitution towards the time of parturition by
allowing a little exercise and adopting other means to
avoid plethora. Some authorities even suggest cathartic
doses and bleeding with this object.

Curative.—In the earliest stages the abstraction of blood
is decidedly beneficial, and a large cathartic dose must be
administered. This latter measure should always be
adopted whatever the stage of the disorder, for one of
the most important indications is to get the bowels to act,
and it is really wonderful what large doses of purgatives
may remain in the alimentary canal without producing
any effect, for the great distension of the blood-vessels
prevents their absorption. Usually a combination of
salines with aloes isrecommended. In no disease is more
careful and assiduous nursing required. The animal must
be supported by bundles of straw, and covered with cloths,
the udder stripped regularly, and friction applied all over
the surface of the body. Cold water or ice may be
applied to the forehead, which may tend to rouse the
tonicity of the cranial arteries, which may thereby overcome
the passive congestion, but a more important means is
the frequent administration of small doses of diffusible
stimulants, which, we believe, tend to rouse the sympa-
thetic system into activity, and to diffuse some of that
THE NERVOUS SYSTEM. 418

nerve force now heaped up in the cerebro-spinal centres,
as manifested by delirium and convulsive efforts. It is
usual to apply a stimulant or a sheep-skin along the course
of the spine. Hnemas should be frequently given, and
the urine drawn off with the catheter. All agents

 

Fia. 77.—Catheter.

administered internally should be given by means of the
stomach-pump, as deglutition is impaired and fluids are
apt to fall down the trachea, and to cause the death by
mechanical bronchitis of an animal which otherwise might
have recovered. Also introduction of the tube into the
stomach will tend to relieve tympany. A very good plan
is to insert the trochar and canula, and to administer the
stimulant doses through the opening. Any change for
the better must not cause relaxation in our efforts, but the
animal must not be allowed to feed on anything but easily
digestible laxative food, or strictly for some time kept on
a gruel diet.

Results.—We have already alluded to the liability of this
disorder to recur. Resolution takes place more frequently
in some parts of the country than in others, and thus the
fatality has been variously estimated. Paraplegia is one of
the most unsatisfactory results, dependent upon pressure on
or disorganisation of the cord. Such cases are occasionally
treated successfully by means of tonics, strychnia, and
absorbent agents, and blisters over the course of the spine.
Sometimes, as the deposit is gradually removed, they
undergo spontaneous cure. Where there are no signs of
amendment after a short treatment, the animal should be
slaughtered, and, if in a fit state, used as food. Whether
the carcase of an animal which has been destroyed while
suffering from milk fever is fit for food is much debated.
It has nothing specific about it, but the blood is so laden
with impurities that we must condemn such meat as bad,
414 BOVINE PATHOLOGY.

though we cannot say that it will cause disease in animals
which consume it.

Cases of Partwrient Fever, ordinary fever observed
after parturition, which present no special features of
treatment, must not be confused with parturient apoplexy ;
and the latter disease must be carefully distinguished
from septic peritonitis, adynamia, and simple metritis.

MANIA PUERPERALIS is a disease which is occasionally
seen a few days after parturition, characterised by extreme
excitement, constant champing of the jaws, with gnawing
of the surrounding objects, especially the animal’s own
fore legs. These symptoms are somewhat similar to those
of rabies, but contagion cannot be traced, there is the
special relation to parturition, and the attack generally
lasts only a short time and yields to the action of opiates.
It is attributed to dyspepsia, exposure, and to removal of
the calf from the cow. Cases are recorded in the ‘ Vete-
rinary Journal,’ vol. ii, p. 17, and vol. ix, p. 18. Mr.
Storrar, of Chester, prefers to consider this disease as a
form of epilepsy.

With regard to the Nerves, we can only state that
Nevroromy has been performed in the ox as in the horse,
the anterior plantar nerves being divided as well as the
lateral. The operation is so seldom performed that we
need merely allude to it here as having been resorted to
successfully.

In the third volume of the ‘ Edinburgh Veterinary
Review,’ p. 503, is a case of suppose division of the
pneumogastric nerve in bleeding. Vomition, cough, and
atrophy of the left lung resulted.

Section 2.

Diseases of the Sympathetic nervous system in the ox
do not seem to have been recognised, except in so far as
has been already mentioned. (See Parturient Apoplexy.)
DISEASES OF THE SKELETON, 415

CHAPTER IX.—DISEASES OF THE SKELETON.

Tue Skeleton of the ox is heavy and comparatively
simple. The skull is large, for the face has to accommo-
date the huge grinding teeth. It also is peculiarly bent
upon the cranium. The frontals especially are well
developed, occupying the whole of the upper part of the
cranium, prolonged on each side as a horn core and per-
meated throughout by sinuses, which contain heated air,
and lessen the weight of the head. The cervical vertebra
areshort and stout, and ligamentum nuche is well developed,
but special in its character, having a layer of it on each
side lying externally to complexus major. ‘The lumbar
region is composed of stout bones with long non-articulatory
transverse processes. The shoulder-girdle consists of a
scapula, with the coracoid appended to it as a process. The
clavicle is only represented by a white fibrous band.
The humerus has a single groove at its supero-anterior
part, and the ulna is prolonged to the knee. The pelvic
girdle is principally remarkable for the large size of the
ischium, which (with its symphysis) inclines peculiarly
upwards posteriorly. Consequently the sacro-sciatic liga-
ment is small. The most important feature of the hip-
joint is the absence of the pubio-femoral ligament; the
femur, therefore, has freer movement than that of the
horse, its trochanter major is not so much divided, and
there is no third trochanter. The fibula, in all but very
old animals, is ligamentous throughout, except where it
is situated below the outer side of the tibia, and assists in
the formation of the tarsus by articulating with os calcis.
Other peculiarities have been already mentioned (as at
416 BOVINE PATHOLOGY.

pp. 827 and 834, &c.). Diseases of the skeleton in the ox
are not so frequent as in the horse, but yet are not un-
common.

Szcrion 1.—ABNORMALITIES oF THE Osszous SYSTEM.

Osritis.—Inflammation of Bone—results from injury
or from specific influences, especially the scrofulous

 

Fig. 78.—Skeleton of the ox. (Dobson.)

diathesis. Abscess is the most frequent result. Also,
since the inflammation causes condensation of bone tissue,
the supply of nutriment to the articular surfaces is cut off,
and caries with arthritis ensues. Pain is very marked in
these cases, and swelling is but slight and very gradual.
The death of bone is termed necrosis, and the portion
removed is a sequestrwm. When a bone is diseased at
the bottom of a wound, or when an abscess from a bone
has burst externally, the most important indication is to
remove all dead parts, otherwise an ichorous discharge
persists, sinuses extend in various directions, and the
DISEASHS OF THE SKELETON. 417

affected part undergoes extensive disorganisation. When
a number of fragments of bone are separated in a com-
minuted fracture these act as foreign bodies, and necrose
through defective blood supply. When this is the case
the larger portions may be surgically removed, and when-
ever a small amount of necrosis is present hydrochloric acid
dressings will prove useful by breaking up the bony
structure. One of the most frequent seats of necrosis is
the pastern bones in cases of foul. In cases of ostitis
poultices should be applied, and the parts freely fomented
and as thoroughly rested as possible. Besides a laxative
dose no constitutional treatment is generally required.

Prriosiris AND INFLAMMATION oF THE OvreR Lamina oF
A Bonz result from injury and, occasionally, from rheu-
matism, The membrane becomes thickened, and some-
times much congested, and an exudation of lymph beneath
it occurs, which becomes converted into bone. ‘The pro-
cess is painful, and sometimes requires to be relieved by
pertosteotomy. This operation does not seem to have
been used in cattle practice. A case of diffused meta-
tarsal periostitis, by Professor Walley, may be read in the
‘Veterinary Journal,’ 1880, vol. i, 126. It was a com.
plication of arthritis of the hock and fetlock, and led to
encasement of the upper three fourths of the metatarsus
by a bony layer. Chronic cases of ostitis and periostitis
are sometimes benefited by a blister.

Exostosis—Bony Growth from Bone—results in most
cases from periostitis. In the first place it is simply
lymphy material thrown out, but later earthy matter is de-
posited in it, and this in process of time becomes converted

into true bone. Callus thrown out round a fracture has
much the same nature, but is specially arranged in relation
to the injured bone. The most remarkable growths of this
nature seen in the ox are those dense outgrowths from the
petrous temporal bone which extend into the cranial
cavity and cause absorption of the brain ; they attain an
immense size and weight, and become closely moulded
against the cranial walls in such a way that often they
present a lobulated appearance, and have ramifying grooves

27
418 BOVINE PATHOLOGY.

upon their surface for blood-vessels. Hence, they have
been mistakenly described as “ ossified brains.” Strange
to say, such cases are seen in animals in good condition
brought for slaughter, no special signs of disorder having
been noticed in connection with them. Bony growths are
not infrequent, too, around the margin of the orbit, depen-
dent on periostitis, the result of injury. They sometimes
attain such a size as to require to be removed with a saw.
Sometimes they bend inwards and exert pressure on the
eyeball, and they are always rather liable to injury, which
causes ulceration. Small or large bony tumours are some-
times found on the ribs, extending into the thorax. Once
exostoses have assumed the true bony character, unless
surgically removed, they will remain as part of the body
whatever treatment may be adopted. The application of
blisters will promote absorption of any surrounding deposit.
Cases of this kind seldom require treatment.

Osteophytes, or bony growths, result from ossification of
exudates or of fibrous tissue. They are distinguished
from exostoses by not being attached to bone.

Fracitiras ossivm is a condition in which, through ex-
cess of earthy matter, produced either by too great removal
of animal constituents (as seen in old age, and as a result
of inflammation), or, less frequently, by excessive earthy
deposit, the bones readily break. Under this heading
must be recorded the disease known as Cachewia ossifraga
malacia, which was especially noticed in the ‘ Edinburgh
Veterinary Review,’ vol. iii, pp. 16, 75, and 228, and also
treated of in the ‘ American Veterinary Journal,’ May, 1852.
It is vulgarly known as “‘ Cripple’ or “ Stiffness,” and is
enzootic in certain situations, and affects especially milch
cows. Itis attributed to the non-assimilation of phosphatic
material, or its excessive removal from the system in milk.
A deficiency of phosphates in the soil and of salts in general
in the drinking water is considered the main cause, and
over-stocking land is likely to give rise to it.

Symptoms.—Indigestion, with progressive debility, stiff-
ness of gait, and staggering. Later, inability to rise, swell-
ing of the bones, especially atthe joints, and paralysis,
THE SKELETON. 419

These cases are long and tedious, and require to be treated
by change to full and highly nutritious diet, a mild
laxative to empty the alimentary canal, and subsequently
mineral tonics.

Post-mortem examination shows ligaments torn away
from their attachments, bones enlarged, friable, and pre-
senting outgrowths. Fractures also are generally present.
This disease is similar in many of its characters to “ Osteo-
porosis”’ as seen in the horse, but differs in the presence
of friable tumours and in the considerable alteration in
shape which the bones undergo. Whether these are the
same disease is a matter of importance, for Osteoporosis has
been described as affecting the ox by Professor Williams,
who says, ‘‘ Cattle reared on bad, ill-drained land, poorly
kept in the winter, grazed on sterile upland pastures
during dry summers, or otherwise ill-used, are liable to be
affected with it.’ This matter must be settled by micro-
scopical examination of the bones.

Racuitis—Rickets—is an imperfection of bones seen in
young animals, and essentially dependent on the non-
deposition of sufficient earthy matter in the ossifying tissue,
which therefore yields to the superincumbent weight.
This depends on imperfect nutritive supply or mal-assi-
milation, and is not infrequently associated with the
scrofulous diathesis. As seen in calves it is characterised
by enlargement of the joints, a bent condition of the
limbs, especially below the knee and the hock. Also, it
is almost invariably accompanied by indigestion and
diarrhcea. It is first manifested when the animal is a few
weeks old, and can be sometimes traced to imperfect
supply of milk; in other cases it may be associated with
lesions of the nervous system.

Treatment.—Careful nursing, nutritious and digestible
diet, cod-liver oil and lime water, mineral and vegetable
tonics. The medicinal agents should be given in milk. The
bent portions of the limb may be supported by properly
applied splints on the convex surfaces. As the animal
grows older the bones will become hardened, but will
remain deformed.
420 BOVINE PATHOLOGY.

A degneration of the gastrocnemii tendons has been
seen in young cattle.

Fractures—solutions of continuity of the hard struc-
tures of the body—are simple, compound, or comminuted.
A fracture is simple when there is a breaking into two
parts; when several fragments are formed it is commi-
nuted ; and it is compound when there is a communication
with the surface through a wound and sometimes pro-
trusion of a portion of bone. When one of the long
bones of the extremity is the seat (they are the most
frequent) the fracture may be longitudinal, transverse, or
oblique. The latter are the easiest to set, but the most |
difficult to retain in position, and their sharp ends are apt
to pierce the skin and to convert a simple fracture into a
compound one, which is not at all satisfactory, since ex-
posure to the air excites suppuration, and materially
delays repair. ‘Transverse fractures are difficult to set,
but easy to retain in position ; longitudinal are least liable
to displacement. When the bone is in a comminuted
condition, it requires to throw off all portions of which
the nutritive supply is cut off, and to unite together the
remaining fragments. Reunion of a fractured bone results
from the calcification and subsequent ossification of lymph,
which is thrown out around the fracture and forms the
interior callus, a plug inside the bone; the intervening
situated between the fractured surfaces, and the ensheath-
img around the parts, binding them together. The callus
after a time almost disappears, and but little trace of the
fracture of the bone is visible. Rest is essential to the
proper performance of these processes, otherwise simply a
lymphy bond of union between the fragments may be
formed, constituting the condition known as “ false joint.”
Certain minor details of the process of repair have not
been touched upon, such as the rounding off of sharp
projections and the establishment of cancellated and
compact tissues continuous with one another.

Symptoms of Fractuwre—The principal symptoms are
deformities and pain of the part, interference with its
function, crepitation when on manipulation the extremities
THE SKELETON. 421

are rubbed together. Soon swelling sets in and renders
diagnosis obscure.

Treatment comprises restoration of the fragments to their natural
position, and maintaining them there in a state of rest until union
has been completed.. This takes over a month, so that such cases
are rather serious ones to take in hand. “Setting the bone,” can
best be effected by extension and counter-extension, but the details
must vary with the part affected. Retention may be accomplished
by bandages, compresses, or splints; the latter are made of leather,
gutta percha (warmed in hot water), or some other soft yielding
substance, and must not be bound on too closely, but allowance made
for the swelling which will ensue. These are retained in position by
a starch bandage, which gives even pressure; depressions below the
splints must be padded in such a way as to secure this. A pitch-
plete is useful in some cases where splints and bandages cannot

e applied. To secure as much rest as possible the patient should
be housed and allowed a good bed and regular laxative diet. Of
particular fractures we may specify—

Fracture of the Horns.—It is often seen, especially in
young animals which have been fighting. Thehorncore may
be fractured transversely without injury of the horn; the
latter then will act as splints. When both core and horn
have been broken off, hemorrhage will be profuse and must
be restrained by pressure, or, if necessary, by the actual
cautery. The opening extending into the frontal sinuses
must then be covered with a tarred cloth, which must not be
bound on too closely or it may give rise to exostotic growth
from the exposed bone as in a case before us, where the
tumour measures about two feet ten inches in longitudinal
circumference, and weighs about five pounds. Anything of
this kind must be removed with asaw. An imperfect horny
covering will, in due time, invest the exposed extremity.

Fracture of the Metacarpal or Metatarsal Bone,
when compound or comminuted, may be treated by
amputation, performed as recommended for foul. Olver,
of Tamworth, had a most interesting case of compound
fracture of the metatarsal bone of the near hind leg,
which he set with plaster of Paris. The whole lower
third of the metatarsal bone sloughed away and was
replaced in due course; about eighteen months after,
the animal was slaughtered and made a capital carcase
(‘ Veterinary Journal,’ vol. xi, p. 49).

Fracture of the Os Innominatum may be through the
422 BOVINE PATHOLOGY.

acetabulum, when, if the animal is at all in condition, it
should be killed for the butcher. The same rule applies
to fractures of the more serious kind involving joints, or
penetrating cavities in any part of the body. Animals rush-
ing through doors, over landing stages, or through gates
which shut on them, are liable to fracture of the antero-
inferior spinous process of the ilium; this never unites,
but a false joint forms, and the animal remains perma-
nently deformed, “ ragged ” or “ hipped,”’ as it is termed.

Fractures of the Ribs may lead to passage of the frag-
ments inwards and laceration of the lung or to pleurisy.

Fractures of the Cranium are seldom seen in cattle, and
not likely to compress the brain, for the plates of bone of
the cranium are separated almost everywhere by the
frontal sinuses, so that the outer gives way without the
inner.

Experience among Indian cattle shows that spiral
fracture of the humerus and fracture of the neck of the
femur are frequent in that country.

Fractures of young animals unite more readily than
those of the adult; in them we occasionally see cases
of partial fracture, fracture with bending, or greenstick
fracture, and apparent fracture may be due simply to
separation of epiphyses, especially those of the olecranon
and of the summit of the process of os calcis. In such
cases there is flexure of the limb at the hock or the
elbow, generally a hard tumour above the joints of these
parts, and a thickened condition of the muscles higher
up. In treatment the limbs must be forcibly kept
straightened for a considerable time, and an attempt must
be made to bring the separated parts in apposition, and
maintain them there. Such cases are troublesome.

As in other lower animals, the difficulty in treatment
of fractures in the ox consists in our inability to keep the
patient quite quiet and at rest. Again, we cannot satis-
factorily use slings for him as we would for the horse
for they too much compress the abdominal viscera and
interfere with digestion. Still, we do not require
such accurate and perfect union in the ox as in the
THE SKELETON. 423

horse. Altogether treatment of the majority of cases is
indicated.

Szotion 2.—Insorms anp Diszases or Ligaments AND
Musotzs.

Spratn is rupture of some of the fibres of a ligament or
tendon. When all give way simultaneously we have to
do with complete rupture of a white fibrous band, thus,
these conditions so often described separately are simply
one and the same, but the latter is an exaggeration of the
former. Reparative inflammation is set up and thus the
parts become hard, swollen, hot and painful, and there is
a want of free movement of the tendon. Over-tension
of some kind is the cause of this state, as when an
animal progressing rapidly steps in a deep hole, catches
its foot in any place, or bears its weight improperly on
the limb. Of course the tendons of the limbs are most
frequently the seat of thislesion. Generally some amount
of thickening remains after recovery.

Treatment comprises thorough rest, not only by keep-
ing the patient quiet, but sometimes by placing the limb in
a favorable posture. In the early stages warm water
may be used to relax the parts and lessen pain, but
when possible, cold water may be continuously applied,
whereby tendency to excessive deposit will be prevented ;
and also there will be a certain amount of local anzsthesia
produced ; unless the application be continuous, it may as
well be left alone. When all heat has subsided in the
part it will be advisable to complete the repair by the
stimulating action of a blister or even of the actual
cautery.

Sprain of the Fetlock Joint is perhaps the most frequent
lesion of this nature. It depends upon excessive diver-
gence of the digits, and here mainly falls the stress of all
the weight thrown upon the limb. This form of injury
is most frequent in working oxen, and presents nothing
special in its course and treatment except that it is liable
424, BOVINE PATHOLOGY.

to be accompanied by arthritis and to result in false
anchylosis of the joint. The sheaths of the tendons
about this part always undergo thickening in such cases,
Sometimes the inflammation runs so high as to give rise
to considerable systemic disorder, so that a cathartic
and febrifuge agents must be administered. Overgrowth
of the hoofs, by giving rise to abnormal direction of
tension, predisposes to this injury.

Sprain of Ligamentum Teres of the Hip is seen in the
ox, for he has no pubio-femoral ligament to strengthen
. the union of the head of the femur with the acetabulum.
Armatage gives the following symptoms :—Flexion of the
affected limb during rest and drooping of the haunch of
that side. Inability to raise the thigh and advance the
leg, so that the hoof is dragged along the ground. Great
pain on movement of the limb, absence of external in-
dications, and in chronic cases, wasting of the quarter,
with a clicking noise during progression, The most
frequent cause of this is beasts “mounting” on one
another, but blows may also give rise to it. Abscess
in the hip-joint may. result. These cases are not rare,
and prove severe and protracted, and seriously interfere
with condition. The ordinary treatment for sprain must
be tried; in chronic cases a seton may prove useful.
Above all things thorough rest must be secured; this
ligament has been found ruptured.

A case of Ruptured Suspensory Ligament may be read in
the ‘ Veterinarian,’ vol. xvi, p. 254. This ligament divides
inferiorly into four in the ox and assists the perforatus
to form its sheaths for perforans.

The muscular system of the ox is less liable to injury
and disorder than that of the horse, since the tendons
are seldom subject to excessive strain, and the animal is
not compelled. to undergo excessive muscular exertion.
Yet, as a result of over-feeding, the muscles degenerate,
undergoing fatty change, and are liable to give way
under the influence of a comparatively slight degree of
force. Of this nature is the Rupture of serratus magnus,
THE SKELETON. 425

which gives rise to excessive and sudden lameness when
heavy fat cattle are made to travel any distance.

Displacement of the Abductor femoris has been described
by some authors. It gives rise to hip lameness, with
a dragging of the limb and imperfect flexion. Incision
through the investing fascia is necessary to free the
muscle. It is seen in working cattle and in mountainous
districts.

In muscles certain parasites take up their abode. Of
these the most important are the Trichina and Cysticerci.
These have, in this country, only been found in the ox
as a result of experimental investigation. It is certain
that the Oysticercus bovis frequently occurs in the flesh of
cattle in India and other warm climates. Certain psoro-
sperms, very low organisms belonging to the Gregarinida,
have been found in the flesh of oxen. These have been
described as cattle-plague bodies — “ Miescher’s” or
“ Rainey’s” bodies—are detectable under high powers, and
have no clinical importance. They are found in healthy
as well as diseased animals.

Sometimes wounds lay oPEN SYNOVIAL TENDINOUS SHEATHS.
The lining membrane exposed to the air becomes
thickened and discharges largely, manifesting all the
signs of acute inflammation. The continuous application
of cold water seems to be the best means which can be
adopted.

Szction 8.—ABNORMALITIES OF THE JOINTS.

The various affections of the joints are not so frequent
in the ox as in the horse. We may enumerate the
following :

Agraritis—Inflammation of a Joint—generally depends
upon rheumatism or scrofula, or arsenical-fume poisoning,
but sometimes is simple and due to ostitis, or punctured
wounds or bruises. The specific affections have been
already noticed and compared. Traumatic arthritis causes
ulceration of the extremities of the bones, which produces
ulceration of the articular surfaces, with sometimes loose
426 BOVINE PATHOLOGY.

portions of bone; also a distended condition of the joint
cavity, with the ordinary focal signs of inflammation, the
swelling being particularly hard. Fever is apt to run
high, and when the diseased joint is in one of the limbs
lameness is intense. The discharge through the puncture
is at first profuse; subsequently it becomes flocculent, and
sometimes sanguineous.

Results. —Of these anchylosis is the most frequent unto-
ward condition; to it all these cases tend. It is nature’s
method of cure of the disorganised joint by establishing
bony connection between its constituent portions, and thus
entirely obliterating its cavity.

The best treatment in such cases is to secure as much
rest of the parts as possible, and to endeavour to close the
wound before inflammation is excited in the joint. This
may sometimes be done by adhesives or sutures. When
admissible, of course the wound must be thoroughly
cleansed. Later cold water must be applied continuously,
which will allow only enough inflammatory action for re-
parative purposes. More recently the application of a
smart blister around the joint has been found to be very
successful, since it serves to limit motion and close up
the wound by the swelling it causes. Severe constitu. |
tional irritation may occur in these cases. Hven where
anchylosis has resulted the patient will probably be able
to get sufficient food to fatten himself; thus, we may deem
a cure of this nature fairly satisfactory in the ox, whereas
it would prove useless in the horse. Remarkable cases of
arthritis are those seen in “ copper-smoke disease.”

The Stifle-joint is very liable to injury from blows,
bruises, and other traumatic influences. The affected
limb is raised from the ground, and there are fluctuating
swellings, due to accumulations of synovia in the joints.
Weight on the limb causes extreme pain, and the animal
will not lie down, or when recumbent can scarcely rise.
Sometimes these cases last a very long time.

Hyprors ArricuLorum—Dropsy of Joints—results either
from inflammation, or as a result of constitutional or local
THE SKELETON. 427

debility. It is seen most frequently in young animals when
it is due to the latter causes. It is not frequent in
cattle. However, Guttard finds this disorder often in
oxen and cows in his practice, which is in a hilly country.
He treats them with bichromate of potass ointment (4 to
30) to one side of the swelling only at one time, the other
side being similarly treated in fifteen days (‘La Presse
Vétérinaire ’).

Treatment.—Subdue any inflammation present, then
paint with tincture of iodine, or apply friction and give
tonics.

Sxvovitis—Inflammation of a Synovial Membrane— "
occurs whenever it is exposed to the air, as in open joint,
bursa, or sheath, and is a complication of tendinous inflam-
mations. It leads tothe throwing out of lymph and adhe-
sions, which impede free movements of tendons in the case
of sheaths and burse. The membrane undergoes the
various stages of congestion, with dryness, thickening
from interstitial effusion, and lymphy exudation ; and there
is considerable pain, and fever runs high.

Treatment comprises active antiphlogistic means. The
most important point is to prevent extension of inflamma-
tion to the neighbouring cartilages.

Other diseased conditions of the structure of the skeleton
are of minor importance, and will present no difficulties to
the scientific practitioner.

RELAXATION OF THE Pztvic Sympuysis has been seen in
cows after parturition. _

Distocations oR Luxations are misplacements of joint
surfaces, to allow of which some of the retaining ligaments
have given way. This leads to deformity, interference
with function, and subsequently to changes of the articular
surfaces in the direction of an adaptation of the parts to
their new situations. Thus, cartilage is removed, promi-
nences are levelled, and new depressions are formed, and
condensed bony tissue to a certain extent replaces the
articular cartilage (eburnation), and receives a polish.
These displacements depend upon some irregular action of
428 BOVINE PATHOLOGY.

muscles or force applied to the surface; they are most
frequent in young animals with delicate ligaments and
only partially developed articular surfaces.

   

Fia. 79.—Dislocation of the patella. (Armatage.)

Treatment comprises reduction of the dislocation, reten-
tion of the parts in their natural position, and artificial

 

Fia. 80.—Means for preventing recurrence of dislocation of the patella.
(Armatage.)

strengthening of parts. Hip-joint and patella dislocation
are the forms of this lesion most frequently seen in cattle
practice. The former lesion is seldom unaccompanied by
fracture of the acetabulum.

Dislocation of the Patella is the most frequent luxation
THE SKELETON. 429

in cattle, and is almost always outwards, so that the bone
may sometimes be distinguished as a hard tumour outside
of its normal position. The limb is drawn and maintained
forcibly backwards in a manner which cannot be mistaken.
Reduction must be attempted by drawing the limb for-
wards by a hobble round the fetlock, with a rope attached
to it, and connected with a band passed round the neck,
at the same time pressure inwards is brought to bear on
the displaced bone, which will probably easily slip back
into its position. The limb should be kept forwards by
tying the hobble rope to the neck band, and a blister may
be applied over the stifle to excite effusion as a means of
retention, for sometimes this dislocation is recurrent, and
the patella, constantly passing out of and into position,
causes absorption of the outer ridge of the femur, and still
further aggravates the case, and renders it incurable.
The immediate causes are slipping of the limb backwards,
as into a ditch, and want of tone of the surrounding
muscles. It is said to be most frequent in mountainous
districts.
430 BOVINE PATHOLOGY.

CHAPTER X.—WOUNDS AND OTHER SURGICAL
CONDITIONS.

Secrion 1.

Wovnps are solutions of the continuity of the superficial
soft parts of the animal body, extending more or less deeply
into other structures. They generally result from violence
or other form of injury applied from without, and vary
with the nature of the cause. Thus:

Incised Wounds are cleanly cut with straight edges, a
tendency to bleed profusely, and to heal readily. They
are simple separations of parts of a tissue from one another,
and hence can be’ sometimes repaired by simply bringing
the parts again into apposition.

Punctured Wounds result from forcible contact with
some penetrating instrument, which may break and leave
a portion of its substance in the depths of the wound.
The body, in the course of its entry, either cleanly cuts its
way or lacerates the tissues through which it passes; in
the latter case healing is least readily brought about, but
this is not of much importance, for such wounds must heal
at the bottom first, and if union prematurely occur near
the surface accumulation of liquid products may give rise
to inconvenience and retard the healing process, It is
principally in wounds of this kind that we find serous
cavities and joints penetrated ; serious complications being
not of rare occurrence. 1

Lacerated Wounds result from bluntness of the injuring
body and moderate force, whereby the tissues are torn,
their elasticity exceeded, and destruction of material along
the course of the instrument brought about. There is
seldom much hemorrhage in these cases, but the ragged
ends of the tissue require to be removed by sloughing, and
WOUNDS 431

the retraction of the parts generally leaves a large exposed
surface. .

Contused Wounds are those in which, besides a cut, con-
siderable bruising of surrounding parts results from in-
jury with a blunt instrument, or contact with a hard, irre-
gular surface. The bruise renders the case much more
complex than it otherwise would be, for, besides simple
repair of the cut, much tissue must be removed or re-
stored. A similar condition without the cut is termed a
contusion, and is less serious, as reparative changes take
place most readily without access of the air. The blood
thrown out in this latter case forms a hematoma or blood
tumour. The clot which is formed does not undergo
organisation, at any rate as a rule, but becomes slowly
absorbed.

Poisoned Wounds show a tendency to gangrenous
results, and heal very badly; they are not frequent in
cattle.

Gunshot Wounds require no detailed notice from us.
The methods by which repair is brought about are as fol-
lows :—Repair by growth, where no reparative processes
are set up, but the injury has not been sufficient to dis-
arrange the relations between the cells, so in process of
time the space left is filled up ; primary union, where the
parts, being brought together at once after the wound,
become united without any mark of injury being left; the
two surfaces are so grafted together that the necessary in-
fluences of neighbouring tissues may be exerted between
them ; primary adhesion occurs when two exposed surfaces
are brought together some little time after the injury, and
maintained in apposition, union being the result of the ad-
hesive influence of lymphy material on each surface ;
repair by granulation is the most frequent method ; in this
the exposed surface, after hemorrhage has ceased, seems
to be covered, with a glaze, which is the adhesive material,
simply thrown-out by the blood-vessels; this becomes
covered with little, highly vascular, minute projections,
resembling papilla in their figure; also pus is formed at
about this time. The wound is gradually closed by the
432 BOVINE PATHOLOGY.

growth and aggregation of successive crops of these pro-
cesses, which are termed granulations; they consist of
granulation tissue, which is at first composed solely of
leucocytes, either united by soft fibrous intercellular
substance, or aggregated longitudinally around certain
capillary loops, which are shooting into the new tissue
from the blood-vessels of the nearest uninjured part. Asa
fresh outpouring of leucocytes occurs those nearest the
surface escape as pus, and those deeply situated become
new tissue. The skin surrounding the wound is stretched
over it to the utmost extent of its yielding, and the part of
the surface still uncovered is closed in by a growth of epi-
thelial cells, which takes place from the nearest cutis, or
sometimes from some generating centres in the granula-
tion tissue on the surface of the wound. This process of
completing repair is termed cicatrisation. Union by
granulation is slow, taxes the strength, and its newly- -
formed tissue is liable to become the seat of degenerations.
Sometimes healing under a scab takes place; it is granu-
lation without access of the air, whereby all the leucocytic
material can be utilised for granulation, and none is lost
as pus. The scab is formed by the discharges of the
wound, which have dried and entangled other matters with
them to form a hard layer.

Adhesion of Granulations may be brought about by
binding together of two granulating surfaces, whereby
organic continuity is induced.

In the treatment of wounds the first indication is to
check hemorrhage, if present. This may be arterial or
venous. When not very profuse it will not require special
measures, but sometimes it persists long enough to debili-
tate the patient, and even produce syncope. Arterial
hemorrhage depends upon the nature of the incision or
wound of the artery. When an artery is completely
divided it retracts into its sheath, and also contracts, and
thus impediment to hemorrhage is brought about, except
when the vessel is a large one. Partial division may be
longitudinal or transverse ; in the latter case the hemor-
rhage will be greater, for the wound gapes. Persistent
WOUNDS, 433

hemorrhage results from oblique imperfect division of
the arterial coats. Arterial hemorrhage differs from
venous, in that the blood is pumped out in jerks and of a
bright scarlet colour, and the flow is promptly lessened by
pressure on the course of the artery of supply to the injured
part. Venous hemorrhage depends upon wounds of various
kinds, but these are less important in their effects than
those of arteries, on account of the smaller pressure in the
veins, whence haemorrhage is less difficult to control, and
also the blood which escapes being impure, its loss is less
felt by the system.

When an artery has been partially divided complete
division generally suffices to check hemorrhage. In
other cases pressure will prove useful. This is applied
along the course of the artery between the heart and the
seat of injury; torsion also is a very useful means, as it
places the coats of the vessel on the stretch in a spiral
manner, until they give way, and the jagged edges thus
produced recoil, and plug up the orifice of the vessel (see
figs. 35, 36, p. 240). Ingatures must sometimes be tried,
and tied with sufficient force to rupture the middle and inner
coats of the artery, for these retracting will lessen the lia-
bility to secondary hemorrhage when the ligature separates.
Application of the Actual Cautery to a bleeding wound
is a rough but effectual method, and in our patients, less
under supervision than human beings, is specially called
for when it is necessary to leave the patient to himself
after the operation. Hemostatic agents administered in-
ternally (such as tannic and gallic acids) are seldom re-
quired. Styptics, as the chloride of iron and various
caustics, are sometimes very useful. Cold water is, per-
haps, the best of these agents. Venous hemorrhage may
be generally restrained by pressure over the wound, or
by compression of the veins of supply. Usually it ceases
spontaneously.

Bleeding having been checked all foreign bodies must
be removed. This is a matter of difficulty in some cases
of punctured. wound, and it must be remembered that not
only bodies actually foreign, but pieces of dead tissue

28
434, BOVINE PATHOLOGY.

and loose bone must be removed, or they will retard healing.
Any extravasated blood should also be extracted. All this
must be done by gentle fomentation of the part, with
slight manipulation, lest hemorrhage recur. Next, nature’s
- processes must be assisted as much as possible, and in the
first place it must be our aim as often as we can to pro-
mote primary union; even if this be brought about only
to a slight extent the duration of healing may be mate-
rially lessened.

The edges of the wound must be brought together by
means of Sururzs. Of these there are several kinds.

Figure-of-eight Suture—Formed by passing a pinthrough
the two edges of the wound, and winding thread round
each end in turn.

 

Fig. 81.—Pin, or figure-of-eight Fia. 82.—Interrupted suture.
suture. (Dobson.) (Dobson.)

Interrupted.—Stitches passed at intervals through the
edges of the wound, and each tied separately.

Uninterrupted.—Suture material passed successively and
continuously several times through the edges of the
wound alternately.

Quilled are semi-cylindrical pieces of wood, resting by
their flat surfaces against the edges of the wound, which
they keep level and prevent from tearing. They are
retained by the thread sutures.
WOUNDS. A435

Catgut, metal, or thread are used for these sutures; of
them the first is best in almost every respect, as it causes
but little, if any, irritation, and will, in course of time,
become absorbed. It is also very strong, but may some-
times require to be replaced by the metal when great
strain is put on the sutures. In large wounds the many-
tailed bandage is a useful means of retaining the parts in
apposition with one another.

Of the methods adopted to promote healing of wounds,
and to ward off ill consequences, the most remarkable is the
system of antiseptic surgery, sometimes called “ Lis-
terism.”” This consists in somewhat elaborate methods for
avoidance of contamination of wounds by atmospheric
germs, which prove irritants, and, as such, promote sup-
puration. They also are the cause of gangrene. Wound
dressing on this system is accomplished under a spray of
carbolic acid and water, which is also diffused through the
atmosphere while the operations are being performed.
Drainage tubes of decalcified bone or of carbolised lint are
so arranged as to allow “the drainage of decomposable
fluids from the wound without admitting the entrance to
it of unfiltered air.” Certainly this method has materially
reduced mortality in human surgery, but the refinements
of method and constant supervision necessary render it
seldom admissible in cattle practice. We, therefore, have
to resort to the simpler means of antiseptic lotions and
stimulants, especially those of carbolic acid, which keep
off flies, allay pain and suppuration and promote granu-
lation. Solutions of corrosive sublimate have largely
supplanted carbolic dressings in human surgery since
Listerism was first introduced. Sampson Gamgee preaches
the gospel of cleanliness as opposed to antisepticism in
wound treatment.

All our measures of treatment must tend to assist
nature, and especially to keep the affected parts in a state
of rest. Unless we can accomplish the latter object the
granulations will become irritable, and the discharge from
them of an ichorous character.

Sir William Fergusson, in the treatment of simple
436 BOVINE PATHOLOGY.

wounds, preferred cold-water dressings, and their value
has been often noted in veterinary practice. Reparation
is brought about by salutary inflammation, and unless this
be interfered with no treatment will be required. When,
however, motion between the surfaces occurs there is a
tendency to excessive irritation, which must be restrained.
Again, we must observe that, in some cases, stimulating
treatment will be required, either in consequence of general
or local debility. Thus, judgment must be exercised in
the treatment of every wound. A punctured wound run-
ning obliquely to the surface may, by a bold slit, be con-
verted into an incised wound much more formidable in
appearance, but which will heal in half the time. In a
contused wound blood will often require to be freed from the
tissue spaces into which it had escaped. Few matters in sur-
gery require more judgment than the treatment of wounds.

In the ox suppuration does not so readily occur as in
the horse, and the pus, when formed, is of a special odour,
and not of uniform consistence. Incised wounds are not
frequent in this animal, but punctures from the horns of
companions are both frequent and formidable. Lacerated
wounds, too, are often seen, but the thick skin of the ox
acts as a preventive against these.

Of the resulis of wounds we may say that gangrene,
pyemia, and tetanus are rare, and sympathetic fever
seldom runs high. Punctured wounds of the abdomen
may lead to rupture or to injury of the bowels, as already
described. A wound of the same nature extending into
the chest leads to the easily repaired laceration of the
lung and to pleuritis, with considerable embarrassment of
respiration, but seldom proves fatal.

Chronic wounds, fistule, and the various kinds of ulcer,
have been already described at length.

Section 2.—Tumoours.

Swellings of a circumscribed character due to abnormal
accumulation of tissue materials are described under this
name. ‘They may be situated on the surface of the body,
or more deeply, and are primarily divisible into malignant
and non-malignant.
TUMOURS. 437

Sub-section 1.—Malignant Tumours.

The former essentially depend upon constitutional con-
ditions and exhibit a tendency to infective distribution.
They are specific in their character, and are commonly
known as Cancers or Carcinomata. We have had
occasion already to notice the cachexia which results
from constitutional impregnation with cancerous matter,
and have shown how cancer may be generated by a
process of grafting, so that local developments may be
either the cause or result of constitutional conditions.
This local manifestation either assumes the character of
an infiltration or more frequently of a tumour. The latter
is less dangerous to the system than the former; its
virulent cells are confined and are less liable to invade
important organs; also the case may be palliated by
removal of the masses of specific cells. The cachexia
remains in a scarcely manifest state throughout the stage
of generation of the tumours, and according as the latter
have a soft or a hard character is the rapidity of systemic
complication ; when the swelling begins to soften the
infective processes are in their greatest activity. Carcino-
mata are of several kinds:

 

Fie. 83.—Scirrhous growth from mammary gland. x 200. (After Harley
and Brown.)

Scrrruus, dense, hard, generally lobulated, consisting ©
438 BOVINE PATHOLOGY.

of groups of cancer-cells embedded in a fibrous stroma,
which is very plentiful. These are of slow development.

Coto, gelatinous, adhesive, generally amber yellow
and soft, consisting usually of but little stroma and a great
number of cells. The cells separate somewhat freely,
leaving the areolar network behind.

Mepvuttary Sarcoma or EwcepHatorp, a lobulated mass
of brain-like substance, the skin investing which presents
very much enlarged veins, consisting of a more or less
plentiful stroma with cells in its loculi.

It will be seen that each of these forms of cancer con-
sists of cells in stroma. The cells are of a special
character. They vary very much in form and in their degree
of nucleation, but are all endowed with a high degree of
vital activity, which seems specially exaggerated in the
direction of reproduction. Thus, new cells are rapidly
produced within the older ones, and another sign of
activity is the tendency to migrate; softening of the
cancer masses leads to ulceration, for the superficial
layers of the body become invaded and softened, and thus
a large ulcer may be present, the distinctive characteristic
of which is the fact that its surface is largely composed
of cancer-cells. The discharge is of an ichorous or
special character and consists of specific cells ; the danger
of cancer lies in this, that it consists of special highly
vital tissue, which grows more rapidly than other tissues,
and constantly increases in size, involving neighbouring
parts; thus, it extends to the surface and produces an
ulcer, which does not tend to heal, and it involves all
tissues. Finally, its constituents. are conveyed by the
lymphatics through the lymph glands, where a similar
diseased process results, and thus the blood constantly
receives supplies of the specific cells. We must not be
understood to imply that there is any special appearance
of cancer-cells by which they may be at once determined;
their specificity consists in their origin and effects; they
are frequently quite similar to normal tissue elements.
The cancerous nature of a tumour may generally be
determined by examination of a section of it, or of some
TUMOURS, 439

“cancer juice” scraped from its surface. The manner of
extension and any infective indications will confirm the
diagnosis. These tumours exhibit all variations in size
and form as well as in consistence.

Causes.—These growths are due to hereditary influence
and have been originated by inoculation. The latter
process is attended with much difficulty and cannot be a
frequent occurrence in nature; we must, therefore, con-
sider hereditary tendency to be the predisposition, and we
find that mechanical and other injuries prove excitants.
Under these circumstances we cannot be surprised that ma-
lignant tumours are less frequent in the lower animals than
in man. Besides the above enumerated forms of cancer two
other kinds are to be included under this heading ; they
are less malignant than the others, and sometimes seem
to be simply local.

EpirHetioma consists of freely proliferating epithelial
cells embedded in a fibrous stroma. The cells present
must not be considered truly of an epithelial nature, but
rather mimic the cells of the tissue in which the tumour
grows, either the skin or mucous membrane.

MeELanosis, sometimes called “ black cancer,” is some-
what similar, bat its cells resemble those of the Mal-
pighian layer of the skin which contain pigment in the
granular form. They differ from them, however, in their
high reproductive activity and in their tendency to in-
filtrate other tissues. Thus, melanotic infiltrations of
various organs sometimes are seen, but they are very rare
in the ox, in which animal, however, tumours of this black
cancerous material occur, and often are of very considerable
size. They differ from those of the horse in having a less
marked tendency to spread, and also in not having a pre-
ference for the anal and coccygeal parts of the body.

Treatment of cancerous tumours is not satisfactory.
The constitutional tendency remains except in a local
case taken very early; also there is a great liability to
recurrence. Excision is the only means of relief, and
all the morbid material must be removed. Cases of this
disease are not frequent in the ox but some are on record.
440 BOVINE PATHOLOGY.

The question may arise as to the propriety of use of the
flesh of a cancerous animal for food; if the patient
presents marked constitutional changes the carcase ought
to be at once condemned. But we have no proof of
cancer of the lower animals being communicable to man,
and it is highly improbable that a disease which can
scarcely be communicated by inoculation to another animal
of the same species would be produced by ingestion of
the flesh as food. Thus, the use of such flesh must be
sanctioned, but we must remember that this may possibly
be a source of human disease, and should make this a
matter for testing by observations and experiments.
Next in importance to the true cancers must be placed
the SarcomaTa—tumours composed of embryonic tissue.
They are generally described as cancer, but are dis-
tinguishable from it by the nature of their elements.
These vary considerably in their characters, but in all
cases they present the distinctive features of new and
imperfectly formed tissue. This generalised nature often
makes them seem malignant, for they may grow in
tissues of different kinds, and are frequently seated in
the lymphatic system. They tend to recur, for since
they are similar in nature to the parts in which they are
found, the generating tissue cannot be completely re-
moved ; they are not frequent in the ox.

Sub-section 2.—Non-malignant or Innocent Tumours.

Orpinary Simpte Tumoursare hypertrophies of the tissues
of the body, and hence are of several kinds, solid or cystic.

Soup: Epidermic or Hpithelial Tumours, such as ordi-
nary warts (for which see p. 872) on the skin and in the ceso-
phagus. These are hypertrophies of the skin or of mucous
membrane, the whole thickness of tissue being involved.

Fibromata consist of the ordinary elements of areolar
tissue ; sometimes they are highly vascular. Of these,
the principal are the subcutaneous fibromata, polypi (as
of the pharynx, nasal chamber, or vagina), and fibrous
TUMOURS. 441

tumours on the knees, which often attain a very con-
siderable size as a result of pressure. 1
_ Lipomata—tatty tumours—may result from hypertro-
phy of adipose tissue in almost any part of the body;
the most important are those in the appendices epiploice,
which may have such long peduncles as to enable them to
become twisted round the bowel, producing strangulation.

Enchondromata—cartilaginous tumours—are not often
seen in the ox, they generally grow from pre-existing
cartilage,

Exostoses and Osseous Tumours, in general, are the result
of ossification of an inflammatory deposit, whether in
connection with or separate from a bone. Osteophytes
are bony tumours, generally of loose texture. Exostoses
are treated more in detail elsewhere (see p. 417).

Calcareous Tumours are inflammatory exudates, in which
earthy matter has been deposited, or, not infrequently, the
result of calcareous degeneration of hydatids.

Lymphomata have been already alluded to (see p. 248).

There are other forms of solid tumours, but they are of
little importance to us at present.

Cystic Tumours are not simple hypertrophies, but
result from the formation of cavities filled with fluid,
their walls being more or less dense. They comprise :—

Hematomata—blood-containing cysts—generally the
result of injury, and sometimes having a false aneurismal
character. .

Serous Abscesses, due to injury, which has caused the for-
mation of a space by rupture of areolar fibres and condensa-
tion of thesurrounding connective tissue to form the wall of.
a cavity containing serum. These are most frequently seen,
in front of the knee.. They are most prevalent in bulls.

 

 

 

Fra. 84.—Suction Trocar, used in exploring fluctuating tumours. The
blunt end of the instrument consists of a compressible india-rubber ball, :
(From Erichsen’s ‘ Surgery.’)
443 BOVINE PATHOLOGY.

Bursal enlargements. —Dropsies of burse may be due to
excessive accumulation of synovia, or to sprain of the tendon
belonging to the bursa, or simply the manifestation of a
general tendency to effusion in consequence of debility.

Hydatids.—These are larval tapeworms, sometimes en-
closed in a fibrous investment formed by condensation of
the areolar tissue of the part in which they are situated.

Dermopilous cysts have been described among skin
diseases (p. 372).

We find no record of cyst- heaving and dentigerous
cysts having been observed in cattle practice.

 

Fie 85.—Pneumatic Aspirator, used for the removal of the contents of
fuctuating tumours without admission of air,

Clinically, tumours are of minor importance in com-
parative pathology. Their diagnosis comprises determi-
nation of their nature. It must be first decided whether
the swelling is solid or contains liquid. Certain of the
cancers, especially of the medullary form, may seem to
contain fluid. Generally the grooved exploring needle
or the suction trocar (fig. 84) may be used, and the
material brought out with it will often give us a clue
to the nature of the case. Signs of malignancy must
be sought for, especially the diseased condition of lym-
phatic glands. There seems to be in some animals
a tendency to hypertrophy of certain tissues, hence,
not infrequently, a number of fibrous or osseous tumours
appear, simultaneously however, which contrasts with the
TUMOURS. AAS

consecutive growth in cases of malignance; also the
growths all occupy one kind of tissue. Some swellings
depend on inflammations, and must be considered exu-
dates in a more or less altered condition. Our guide in
determining the nature of these, and distinguishing them
from hypertrophies, must be their origination with an
inflammatory attack, also their course to a standstill
or decrease when inflammation ceases. The position of
the growth and its physical characters will generally
enable the practitioner to determine with considerable
accuracy its composition and importance; sometimes
growths prove troublesome by their tendency to block
up passages either by pressure or by plugging; again,
they may interfere with nutritive supply by pressure
on vessels (though generally they grow so as to avoid
this); often they cause ulceration of the investing
skin by pressure, and are thus transformed into obstinate
ulcers or irregular bloody projecting masses of a highly
irritable character, and with a tendency to bleed pro-
fusely; sometimes, by their size, form, and position,
they are serious eyesores. In growth, they may become
pedunculated or wide at the base.

Treatment consists in their removal with the knife or
hot iron, or by some other cauterising agent, or their
destruction through defective nutritive supply from pres-
sure of a ligature round the base. In cases of cystic
tumour other measures must be tried before recourse is
had to surgical removal. Generally evacuation of the
contents is indicated, the exceptions being hematomata,
synovial cysts, and recent serous abscesses. In them
inflammation must be set up to lead to consolidation, or
absorbent agents, as the biniodide of mercury, must be
freely applied; pressure also is highly valuable as a
means of promoting absorption. Surgical removal of a
tumour of any considerable size necessitates casting the
animal, The skin must be boldly divided, and all the
mass removed, the process of dissection being more or
less careful according to the proximity or otherwise of
important organs. Carbolic spray may be used during

cA.
444 BOVINE PATHOLOGY.

the operation, and, if deemed advisable, the part may be
placed in a state of anesthesia or the patient put unde:
chloroform. All arteries should be tied with catgut
thread, and bleeding may be reduced as much as possible
by a free supply of cold water, sponging, and some-
times pressure along the course of the artery of supply.
Finally, sutures may be inserted, and the animal allowed
to rise. Bony tumours must be removed with a saw or
bone forceps. After-treatment is that required for ordi-
nary wounds of some size. In these operations no skin
must be removed unless it is diseased, however loose it
may seem; after removal of the tumour it will soon adapt
itself to the parts beneath.

Caustics, when used for the destruction of tumours,
generally require to be several times repeated. The best
for this purpose are those which penetrate deeply and
cause considerable destruction of tissue, such as the
mineral acids. Occasionally destruction is brought about
by placing masses of caustic in the centre of the tumour,
which lead to destructive changes of the surrounding
mass. The red-hot iron is one of the most effectual
caustics; with it a projecting mass of tumour may be
amputated without danger from hemorrhage. Acetic

 

 

Fra. 87.—Beach’s Ecraseur.
TUMOURS. AA

acid has been recommended: in cancers, as having a
special influence in causing swelling and destruction of
the cells. (The galvanic cautery is used in human prac-
tice.) The écraseur is a useful instrument for removal
of tumours. Ligatures around the pedicles of tumours
may be of thread or horsehair ; they must not be too
large, and must be sufficiently tight to exert firm pres-
sure ; an elastic ring may be used instead, and is very
effectual.
446 BOVINE PATHOLOGY.

CHAPTER XI.—_THE GENERATIVE ORGANS.

Section 1.—Drszases or THE Matz Orcans or GENERA-
TION.

Tux testes of the bull are well developed, and elongated
from above downwards. The vesicule seminales are
glandular, and Cowper’s glands are absent, but the most
remarkable structure as compared with that of the horse is
the penis, which is very long and narrow, having a firm
external investment surrounding it, and a well-developed
band in the centre of the corpus cavernosum. Just behind
the scrotum the organ presents an S-shaped flexure, to the
posterior convexity of which are attached the retractor
muscles. The glans penis is fine and tapering; to the
sheath, at about opposite the umbilicus, run the retractor
muscles from behind, and circular fibres from in front
extend through the prepuce and are known as the pro-
tractors. A tuft of hair hangs down from the opening of
the prepuce. Asin the case of the horse, early castration
prevents many of the generative disorders to which the
ox would otherwise be liable, while it also checks pug-
nacity and so lessens the frequency of injury. The
castrated male is more docile, forms better beef, and often
a larger body than the uncastrated; the change induced
by the operation is, therefore, in every respect, beneficial.
The operation of Casrration is performed by removal of
the generative glands, and various methods of performance
of this have been suggested. In India “ mulling ”
is the popular method. It is described by Mr. Richard
Poyser in the ‘ Veterinary Journal’ (1875) as orchithlasis,
and depends upon breaking down the structures of the sper-
THE MALE GENERATIVE ORGANS. 44:7

matic cord by a special manipulative process. In this
country a simple method termed “‘lashing”’ used to be very

 

 

 

 

 

 

Fig. 88.—External generative organs of a bull dissected. 1 and 2. Muscles
of prepuce. 3. Scrotum, dartos muscle; above it the spermatic cord.
4. Anterior curvature of penis. 5. Retractor muscles of penis.
6. Superficial abdominal veins. (Chauveau.)

  

Fi@. 89.—Urethral canal of the ox a. Bladder. b. Straight portions of
canal. c. Curvatures. d. Retractor muscles. (Armatage.)

prevalent ; it consisted of tying a piece of cord so tightly
44,8 BOVINE PATHOLOGY.

round the root of the scrotum that this organ with its
contents underwent mortification, and in due course of
time sloughed off, or was removed with the knife.
Quite recently a modification of this process has been
suggested and tried in France with some success; this
is the compression of the root of the scrotum by means
of an elastic band, considerably too small. This method
has the advantage of the pressure being even, and con-
stantly varying with the diminution in size of the root.
Generally the process of removal with the hot iron is adopted.
The patient is thrown, the skin rendered tense over one
testicle with the hand, and an incision made boldly in as
far as the tunica vaginalis testis; the sperm gland is then
drawn out, the iron clamp placed on the cord, and the ope-
ration completed by division of the cord by means of a
red-hot iron. Sometimes the scrotum is opened with the
hot iron, it being urged that this entirely checks any ten-
dency to union of the external wound by first intention,
whereby the pus from the seared end of the cord is apt
to become pent up. Subsequently the parts should be
examined occasionally, to see that this closure does not
take place too early, and also to break down any adhesion
between the spermatic cord and the external wound.
After the testis has been freed the cord may be scraped
through with a knife having a jagged edge, or the posterior
part having been freely divided, the anterior may be
scraped through. This method has the advantage of being
quick, surgical, and not liable to be followed by hemor-
rhage or other complications; also not infrequently the
varts heal, even without suppuration.

The method of ligature consists in tying either the whole
cord or only the spermatic artery in the anterior part, and
then removing the testis. Itis said that tetanus is rather
apt to follow this form of the operation, also there is a lia-
bility to secondary hemorrhage when the ligature separates,

_ Torsion, either of the whole cord, or simply of
the spermatic artery, until it gives way, is not liable to
be followed by hemorrhage, and is preferred by some
practitioners; it certainly is very effectual. In France |
THE MALE GENERATIVE ORGANS. : 449

torsion without incision into the scrotum is performed in
a special manner, and leads to atrophy of the testes. The
barbarous operation of tearing out the testicle used to be
followed, but is not much resorted to now. It is said
especially to predispose to pelvic hernia, and the cord is
apt to tear off too short, and thus give rise to inconve-
nience and disorder. The removal of the testis, after it
has been exposed, by means of the écraseur, is easy,
quick, and effectual, and ‘the use of this instrument is
regarded with considerable favour in the present day.

 

Fia. 90.—Castrating Clamps.

_ Removal with the Olamps, and by the Covered Operation
are seldom resorted to now, the latter, as already noticed,
being required in cases of inguinal and scrotal herniz,
such as require the operation for radical cure (see p. 299).
Animals are chosen to undergo castration when they
are two or three months old, before the glands have mani-
fested their generative activity. If it be performed later
there is greater liability to untoward complications, and
it is said the meat is not so good. Indeed, it is not at
all advisable to delay the operation, for the extra develop-
ment is not an advantage, as in the horse. Sometimes,
but rarely, we require to operate upon an older animal,
then the scraping method is still very good, but castration
with the hot iron is generally preferred. Greater liability
to complications is seen in old animals than in young.
Of these the principal are hernia, hemorrhage, tetanus,
and peritonitis, and adhesions of the testis to the scrotum.
In the primary incision care must be taken lest a small:
portion of bowel in the scrotum be divided. All animals
29
450 BOVINE PATHOLOGY.

should be carefully examined, to ensure the absence of
hernia, before castration is commenced. Hemorrhage
may be treated by cold-water applications, or by taking
up the artery and applying a ligature. Adhesions must
be broken down, and not allowed to interfere with the
operation. Finally, if flies be troublesome, the parts may
be dressed with Oleum Terebin. Camph., but animals should
be castrated as much as possible when no flies are about.
The slight movements of the animals in pasture, and green
food, will do them good. Sometimes it is deemed advisable
to perform the operation with the patient standing. He
is placed in the end stall of an ordinary cowshed and
fastened by a chain around the neck (“sealed ”’) on the
right hand side of the stall against the wall. A man,
with a pair of “bull dogs” in the nose, draws the head
to the left side, and a man may hold the horns. One or
two men press the bull against the wall, one of them
stands at the flank and with the left knee half flexed and
pushed under prevents the animal lying down or crouching
inconyeniently, he also holds the tail. The operator stands
behind and to the left. Both testicles are held at once
and each first incision made into the gland. The ligature
or clamp is used (‘ Veterinary Journal,’ vol. xiii, p. 76).
Emasculation of the ox is less frequently performed by
the veterinary practitioner than of the horse. It is
generally placed in the hands of empirical operators,
who sometimes, by practice, attain considerable dexterity,
but are not competent to meet the emergencies which
may arise, and require prompt action. It is thus not
infrequent to find the operation omitted from works on
diseases and treatment of cattle, but we have thought it
advisable to give the above réswmé of methods.
Orcuitis—inflammation of the testicle—may result
from injury or excessive copulation. The former is the
most frequent cause. There is considerable pain and
heat in the diseased part, the dense investment of which
does not freely admit of swelling, and fever may run high.
Atrophy and suppuration have been noted as consequences ;
in either case there is apt to be loss of generative power,
THE MALE GENERATIVE ORGANS. 451

or the animal will become an irregular stock getter.
Measures adapted to control local inflammation, together
with febrifuges, will generally restore the animal to health.
Sometimes the inflammation is of a scrofulous character,
leading to deposits of a specific nature in the testis ;
this is the state known as Tupercunar Sarcocrtz. The
animal should not then be again utilised for breeding
purposes, but early castration may check the progress of
the disease.

SaRcoce.z is enlargement of the testis; it may be can-
cerous, or non-specific, but a scrofulous form is most
frequent. The spermatic cord is liable to certain morbid
conditions of its various components. Aneurisms and vari-
cose veins are sometimes present, giving rise to swelling,
not necessarily of a painful character. These conditions *
are generally associated under the name varicocele.

In a specimen before us, Sterinity was attributable to
fatty deposits around the structures of the cord. It may be
due also to morbid changes in the seminiferous passages
blocking them up; and in other cases is attributable to
nervous disorder, due to over-excitement of the sexual
apparatus. In such cases high feeding, regular exercise,
and tonics should be tried, and the animal prevented from
the exercise of the generative functions for some time.
This derangement is especially liable to occur in young
bulls allowed too early to exercise their procreative powers.

Sometimes on incision into the scrotum in castration
a considerable amount of fluid escapes. This dropsy of
the vaginal cavity is HyproceLz ; itis nct frequent in the
ox, and seldom of much importance.

The penis is liable to injury sub coité, which interferes
with its protraction or retraction, The rapid perform-
ance of the act in cattle rather predisposes to this.
Generally the parts are restored to their healthy state
after a short period of inability; but deposits may give
rise to permanent deformity. Some remarkable defor-
mities of the male organ in the bull have been recorded ;
thus Kirtlan Smith mentions a case (‘ Veterinary Journal,’
xiii, p. 206), in which there was an offshoot, five inches
452 BOVINE PATHOLOGY.

long, passing at right angles from the penis beneath the
skin of the belly, through this the animal micturated into
the subcutaneous tissue, giving rise to severe inflammation
and extensive sloughing.

Such injuries predispose to Cancer of the organ, which
is occasionally seen in cattle. Cases of this kind are
given in the ‘Veterinarian,’ vol. xii, p. 51, and the
‘Veterinary Record,’ vol. iii, p. 282, They may neces-
sitate amputation of the glans or of a still larger portion of
the organ. This is performed by casting the animal,
drawing out the penis, passing a sound along the urethral
passage, and retaining it in position by a ligature tightly
compressing the organ posteriorly to the seat of amputa-
tion. A circular incision must then be made on to the
- sound all round, and the ligature be left on for a day or
two, the sound also remaining in position to keep open the
urethral passage.

Puymosis is inability to protrude the penis, due generally
to contraction of the anterior part of the prepuce or to
disease of the glans. It may also result from excessive
accumulation of smegma. It is associated with certain
chronic inflammations of the sheath which result from
irritating discharges, in some of which there is extensive
ulceration of the surrounding parts. Usually there is an
impediment to the passage of urine, which trickles on to
the surrounding parts, and increases the extent of the
disease, which at first has an erythematous character.
Phymosis is less apt to occur in the ox than the horse,
because of the mobility of the prepuce in the former
animal, the pointed condition of the glans, and the great
freedom of movement of the penis. It requires to be treated
by fomentations to cleanse the parts, and manipulative
protrusion of the penis, which can generally be accomplished
after prolonged fomentation. Failing this, an incision may
be made into the sheath. If any morbid growths are on the
glans, they must be removed with the knife. The sur-
rounding parts will require to be protected with glycerine,
vaseline, or lard.

CatcuLus or rau UngraraL Passage depends upon the
THE MALK GENERATIVE ORGANS. 458

entry of a small stone from the bladder, its impactment,
and an impediment to the free flow of urine. Sometimes
the obstruction is complete, in other cases only partial.
In the latter, strangury is the most prominent sign, and
the symptoms are less urgent. In the former there is no
passage of urine, the urethral canal is distended to the
seat of calculus, and the over-distended bladder tends to
burst ; this occurs and causes death in some cases. In one
the membranous portion of the urethra pave way, and
infiltration of urine into the surrounding tissues took
place and resulted in uremia. The stone generally becomes
fixed against the flexure of the penis, and the presence of
this, as well as the smallness of the canal, is the cause of
the greater frequence of this disorder in the ox than the
horse; also it is attributable to the fact that the food of
the former contains often an excessive amount of phos-
phates, which are liable to form deposits, especially around
the prepuce and the hairs hanging down from it, on which
the excess of phosphates in the urine forms stalagmitic
threads. The slow expulsion of the urine is one cause of
this. Accumulations of inspissated secretion around the
urethral orifice also sometimes impede the escape of
urine. Hairs thus covered may be cut off, and the ac-
cumulated calcareous matter and sebaceous material must
be removed from around the glans. In cases of urethral
calculus, relief must be afforded by incision on to the
stone and its removal, when a great rush of urine will
take place through the wound. This incision must be
made longitudinally and sufficiently long to allow of the
free exit of the stone. The animal may be kept standing,
but the hind legs fastened together. In the distended
state of the bladder it is not always advisable to cast
him. The escape of urine will be followed by cessation
of violent signs of over-distension of the bladder. The
wound should be closed with sutures. Urethral calculi
are not often seen in the female.’
GonorrHoea, vulgarly termed “ Bull Burnt,” is a dis-

' I have a record of but one such ease; it is by Mr. Matthew Hedley, of
the Irish Veterinary Department,
454 BOVINE PATHOLOGY.

ease of the glans penis and sheath of the bull, associated
with a certain amount of disorder of the lining membrane
of the urethra. When the latter is much affected, there
is a profuse discharge of thick mucus, and evident pain
on passage of urine is observable in every case, but is
sometimes very extreme. The patient stamps, moans,
lashes the tail, and evacuates the urine in jets rather
than in full stream. A certain amount of fever is present.
The prepuce may be primarily or secondarily affected ;
it is swollen, hot, and tender, and becomes ulcerated
internally, and abscesses may form in it, and sinuses
extend into the substance of the penis. The inflamma-
tion of the urethra is attributable to excessive venery,
and is most frequently seen in highly fed animals. When
neglected the disease terminates in fungous growths,
which may necessitate amputation of the penis. It is
certain that if bulls thus affected be allowed to copulate
they give rise to a similar disease of the lining mem-
brane of the vagina and the vulva. Thus, it has been
supposed that this discharge has a specific character
resembling that of the syphilitic gonorrhea of man.
There is grave doubt with regard to the nature of some
cases of gonorrhea, but certainly that form seen in this
country is not specific. The ulceration of the vulvo-
vaginal membrane is due to acridity of the discharges
(see Leucorrhcea). Though considerable sexual excitement
is manifested by both male and female animals affected
by this disorder they must not be indulged, since this
only aggravates the case. Walley suggests the value of
castration in treatment as preventing functional turges-
cence of the diseased parts.

Treatment comprises thorough cleansing of the affected
parts, for which purpose the bull generally requires to be
cast, opening of abscesses and slitting up of sinuses;
touching long-standing ulcers with nitrate of silver and
the reduction of fungous growths with more powerful
caustics, such as the butter of antimony; a dressing of
Glycerinum Acidi Carbolici to be applied all over the
diseased surface to allay irritability and promote healing,
 

4A SH Sc

POR TUS aN 0 oii,

surrounded by ls membranes
THE FEMALE GENERATIVE ORGANS, 455

The parts must be dressed every second or third day,
according to the state of the case, but the animal need
not be cast each time. Cases of this kind will thus not
prove so protracted as they are generally considered to be.

Ureruritis—simple inflammation of the urethra—un-
complicated by the above disorder is very rare. When
a case occurs, it must be treated with anodyne fomenta-
tions and injections. The most distressing symptoms
arise from spasm of the accelerator muscle during passage
of the urine.

Section 2.—Disraszs or THE FemALE GENERATIVE ORGANS.

The uterus of the cow differs from that of the mare in

    
  
  
   

d
Aw)
5 a lA
NK \ \ vine ol
‘\ \\ ‘ Ny!
NW y \\I }
\

\\

Fie. 91. Female generative organs. a. Body of uterus. 2. Its external os.
: ec. Its horns. : d. Fallopian tubes. e. Ovaries. f. Broad ligaments.
g. Bladder. %. Meatus urinarius externus. i. Cavity of vagina. (After
Simonds.)
the fact that its horns, situated at the free margins of the
broad ligaments, are twisted upwards, so that their con-

cavity is inferiorly placed. Also, in the pregnant animal,
456 BOVINE PATHOLOGY.

the increased vascularity of the mucous membrane is con- -
fined to certain spots, the uterine cotyledons, for rumi-.
nants have the placenta formed by a number of cotyledons;
the walls of the vagina contain rudimentary tubes, canals
of Gaertner ; the labia are thick, and from the inferior —
commissure hangs a tuft of hair. The pelvis of the cow
is so arranged that the expulsion of the foetus is more
tardy than in the mare. The ischium is very large and
expanded, and forms a very considerable part of the pelvic
wall, the sacro-sciatic ligament being correspondingly
shortened. The posterior part of the ischial junction
forms, with the remainder of the symphysis, an oblique
angle superiorly, and thus the pelvic outlet is dimi-
nished in size, and placed above the general level of the
floor of the cavity. The pelvic passage of the cow is
long.

The ovaries of the cow are smaller than those of the
mare ; they are liable to only two forms of disorder.

Dropsy or THE OVARIES is seen in old animals, and
especially in those which have not been impregnated. It
is due to the continued and unrelieved distension of the
Graafian vesicles, which enlarge so slowly that the fibrous
coat of the ovary is still able to protect them from burst-
ing. This condition is denoted by constant cestrum,
which does not seem to be relieved by copulation. It can
only be treated by removal of the organs. Mr. Gartside
Mayor relates (‘ Veterinary Journal,’ vol. xv, p. 234) a
case of extreme ovarian dropsy in a three-year-old heifer
(primipara) which produced acute symptoms of collapse
immediately after parturition. The right ovary con-
tained 15 to 20 gallons of fluid and was attached to the
intestines by false membranes, recent and also of some
standing.

ATROPHY OF THE OvARIES is associated with hermaphro-
ditic malformations of the generative apparatus, and with
malignant disease, either of the organs themselves or the
generative passages. It is not described as a distinct
disease, This condition can hardly be diagnosed. Only
THE FEMALE GENERATIVE ORGANS, 457

one ovary may be in this state, then the animal will be
in a condition to breed. °

Ovaridromy—Removat or tHe Ovarres—Spayinc—Cas-
TRATION OF Cows—is an operation of which the value, from
an economical point of view, has been much debated. The
following arguments have been advanced in its favour:

1. The milk is produced continuously, and in increased
quantity, and of better quality after the operation. This
is not, however, by any means generally admitted.

2. The animals are not subject to the periodical incon-
venience of cestrum.

3. They are not so liable to disease, especially the
numerous and complex disorders of the generative
apparatus.

4, They fatten more readily and attain a greater weight
than other cows.

5. By spaying beasts of doubtful value for breeding
purposes the race will be gradually improved.

Nevertheless the operation has not been generally
adopted, for some of the above-mentioned arguments
are of a doubtful character. The animals operated upon
are not so generally useful, tend too much, in some
cases, to the laying on of fat, and altogether are not so
profitable as the uncastrated females.

Spaying sometimes requires to be performed as a
curative means. An incision is made in the flank in
the usual manner. The hand is introduced and feels for
the ovaries, which are drawn out through the wound and
excised by means of the jagged-edged knife, or removed
with the écraseur. Only one incision is generally neces-
sary, for both ovaries can be reached through it. This
may preferably be made on the left side. After the
operation has been completed, the wound being closed
in the usual way, the patient must be kept quiet and
fed on nourishing food, and the bowels kept open.
Untoward results seldom follow this operation. Removal
of the ovaries through the vaginal walls has been tried
with success.
458 BOVINE PATHOLOGY.

Menstruation of the cow is associated with the escape
of the ova from the ovaries, being accompanied by that con-
dition of excitation known as Histrum, or Heat. “ Kahleis,
Fuchs, Spinola, Numan, and others, have observed evident
sanguine emissions in the cow, and have also noted that

 

Fia@. 92.—Maternal and foetal cotyledons (“ burrs”) of the cow. A. Pedicle of
the maternal cotyledon. B. Maternal cotyledon. ©. Feetal cotyledon.
D. Placental villi. &. Chorion. (From Fleming’s‘ Veterinary Obstetrics.’)

the discharge occurs regularly at intervals of nineteen or
twenty days, when the animal is not giving milk or in calf.
The hemorrhagic flow appears two or three days after the
commencement of the ‘rutting,’ and when this is most
intense’? (Fleming). Thus, we have the opinions of the
leading observers on the subject summarised by the author
of the excellent work on ‘ Veterinary Obstetrics.’ It
THE FEMALE GENERATIVE ORGANS. 459

generally commences when the animal is about twelve
months old, and occurs with fair regularity every month
or three weeks during the “‘ rutting ” season, the duration
of each period being but short. Whether or not impregna-
tion takes place, a proliferation of the uterine epithelium
occurs. When this is thrown off it is intermingled with
a small amount of blood. Sometimes the discharge has
not a sanguineous character. The estral products may
be retained, as in cases of impervious neck of the
uterus or imperforate hymen. They then accumulate, and
give rise to symptoms resembling those of dropsy of the
uterus. Again, they may be very profuse, and contain
much blood, as in a case related by Mr. Macgillivray, of
Banff (‘ Veterinary Journal,’ vol. iv, p. 186). In others
they are suppressed, and then the ordinary signs of cestrum
are usually, but not always, absent. Such cases of sup-
pression must be distinguished from those of retention,
the latter being by far the more serious condition.
Suppression is due to debilitating constitutional dis-
orders, and must be looked upon as a symptom of disease.
With retention it is generally included under the heading
AMENORRHG@A.

Sreritiry is not at all infrequent in heifers, especially
well-bred animals. It is generally associated with fre-
quent cestrum, but sometimes there is an absence of
sexual desire. It may depend upon imperviousness of any
of the generative passages, such as results from inflam-
mation of them, scrofulous disease, or morbid growths ;
it is, therefore, one of the symptoms of scirrhous os
uteri, impervious hymen, and congenital malformation
of the generative organs, as seen in hermaphrodites.
Again, the excessively fattened condition may cause
sterility.

Free Martins are born twins with bull calves, and have
the external form of the female, but are reputed to be
sterile. John Hunter, whose great mind neglected no
source of information, made this popular opinion a matter
of inquiry. He found that the apparently female calf is
460 BOVINE PATHOLOGY.

often hermaphroditic, but all free martins are not to be
considered sterile, as many prove fertile.

Precocrry is sometimes remarkably shown in bovine
animals. Sanson, in his ‘ Traité de Zootechnie,’ mentions
a heifer which became pregnant at the age of seven and
a half months, and developed a calf without interference
with its own natural evolution of the framework of the
body. Abadie relates a case where a heifer, covered at
four and a half months of age by a bull of six months
old, produced, when thirteen months old, a healthy female
calf which she supported with milk for six weeks. Some
extraordinary cases of bovine precocity are on record in
veterinary periodical literature. Perhaps one of the most
remarkable is by Carter, of Bradford (‘ Veterinary Journal,’
xvii, p. 87), of a three-parts bred Alderney heifer which
gave birth to a calf when she was only a week over one
year old.

The progress of utero-gestation is associated with a
higher development of the structures of the uterine wall,
whereby they are adapted for the supply of oxygen and
nutritive materials to the foetus. These changes, being in
the direction of higher development, increase the liability
to disease. Sometimes Fatsz Lazour-parns occur before
the usual period, tending to produce abortion, and due to
such influences as disturb the relations between the mother
and the foetus. Thus, falls and injuries separate some of
the cotyledons, and stimulate the muscular walls of the
uterus to contract. Any colicky pains dependent upon
the pregnant condition of the uterus, but not succeeded by
expulsion of the foetus, must be classed under this head-
ing. Some authorities also include those which produce
untimely expulsion. The difference is one of degree,
not of kind; therefore these uterine spasms, whenever
they take place prematurely, should be carefully watched,
and, if they seem likely to produce ill effects, must be
controlled by opium or some other antispasmodic. At
the same time all irritant food-stuffs which may have
been the cause by reflex action, must in future be
avoided.
THE FEMALE GENERATIVE ORGANS. 461

The Srans or Preanancy are, sometimes a cessation
of cestrum and a considerable improvement in condition
together with a want of inclination for the bull. The
abdomen enlarges and becomes pendulous, and the
mamme increase in size, as also does the mucous mem-
brane of the vulva and vagina and its secretion is
increased. About the fifth month the fetus may be
detected by manipulation of the right side ; the wall of
the abdomen in front of the stifle being suddenly raised
with the hand, the foetus im uteré will fall back again
and be felt. About this time, too, careful examination
will detect foetal movements, and later these can be per-
ceived without manipulation. Exploration per rectum or
per vaginam is sometimes resorted to as a means of con-
firming the diagnosis, and it is said that the beats of the
foetal heart may be detected by auscultation in front of
the symphysis pubis.

ABORTION occurs very frequently, due to the nature of
the food and other influences. It must be distinguished
artificially from premature birth in which the foetus is
able to live for a longer or shorter time after expulsion.
Fleming estimates all cases as abortions which take place
thirty-five days before the normal period of from nine to
ten months. He quotes the valuable observations of
Earl Spencer, that no calf can be born alive before the
220th nor after the 318th day, and that it is im-
possible to rear those born before the 242nd day.’ This
accident is termed slinking or slipping the calf, and is
sometimes sporadic, often epizootic or enzootic. It varies
in importance with the stage of pregnancy in which it
occurs. Thus, in early stages it may cause no apparent
inconvenience, later it is accompanied by some fever, a
yellowish-red discharge from the vagina, and a consider-
able amount of uneasiness, and still later, there are all

1 Sanson’s observations, based on the Grignon records, show that in 20
per cent. of the cows only was gestation below the supposed mean é.e. 270
days; in not one was it exactly 270 days; age seems to exercise no influence
in this respect. The period ranges from 243 to 307 days (a range of 64).

Cagny considers that special cows have their own terms of gestation fixed
within very small limits. ;
462 BOVINE PATHOLOGY.

the ordinary signs of parturition. Itis liable to bé brought
on by too frequently taking the bull, by various kinds of
injuries, by injudicious use of cathartics for pregnant
animals, by violent coughing (Williams), by drinking
impure water, by cows “ mounting” one another, by bad
or excessive feeding, or the presence of fungi, such as
ergot or ustilago (rust) on the food, and by excessive
exposure to cold. It often results from debility. It gene-
rally takes place in pregnant animals affected with blood
disease, especially tuberculosis affecting the genital organs,
is common in cases of hernia, and may be due to nervous
influence. Owing to the latter condition, if one cow
abort, many others in the same shed will do so too. By
some, however, these enzootics of abortion are attributed
to the influence of certain prevalent bacterian organisms
which are developed in the foetal membranes and on the
vaginal mucous surface, and ordinarily cause a breaking
down of the foetal coverings. Consequently, if some of
the latter be left about it may prove most prejudicial, and
rigid separation of animals which have aborted from those
which are pregnant should be attended to in all cases.
Williams refuses to accept the view of abortion being due
to the entrance of a micro-organism into the vagina of a
pregnant animal; he considers the spread of abortion a
result of influence upon imagination, or upon the blood,
through the sense of smell. It is remarked that enzootics
of abortion occur most frequently in seasons favorable to
the development of fungi. Sometimes abortion leads to
flooding. But the most important ill effect is the loss to
the owner, for not only is the calf dead but also the regular
secretion of milk may be seriously interfered with. The
great losses entailed on the agricultural public by the
frequency of abortion among cows renders its prevention
a matter of much and urgent importance.
Treatment.—After an abortion, an animal should be
nursed and carefully watched. Sometimes stimulant
tonics are requisite. If the foetal membranes are not
passed investing the foetus they should be removed as
THE FEMALE GENERATIVE ORGANS. 463

soon as possible. Special care must be taken to isolate
all affected animals (preferably all calving cows), and since
the irregularity is very liable to recur when pregnancy
again advances to the stage when the accident happened,
it is often better to fatten the cow for sale. Dr. Salmon
advocates disinfection of all places where abortion has
occurred, and of the clothes, &c., of the men in charge.
We may conclude that any cause seriously altering the
constitutional conditions of a pregnant animal may bring
about abortion ; some of these influences also directly
cause death of the fostus, others do not do so. When the
foetus is dead it is not to be regretted that abortion takes
place. The occurrence of the false labour pains must be
met by antispasmodics.

Premature Birra depends upon influences similar to
those which give rise to abortion. We note it here as
necessitating special care in the rearing of the calf. The
small animal thus prematurely brought into the world is
deficient in heat-producing power, and also in strength,
but in due time may progress as well as if the full
period of gestation had been completed. In many cases
the wtero-gestation is remarkably prolonged; in one
recorded it amounted to fifty-two weeks, this was most
remarkable ; it is not usually found that the calf is excep-
tionally large in these cases. The number of animals
born at one time from the same cow is sometimes very
extraordinary. The most extreme case was one in which
fifteen embryos were found in the uterus. Cases have
been known of animals producing five calves at a birth
and all of them living.

SUPERF@TATION is the pau of a second ovum
after the embryo from another has undergone a certain
degree of development and is still in the uterus. It -
sometimes is observed in the cow.

Exrra-vurerine Concrrtion—development of the foetus
in situations other than the cavity of the womb—is an
extraordinary phenomenon of which some cases in the
cow are recorded. It is rare, and seems in this animal
464 ._. BOVINE PATHOLOGY.

only to assume the abdominal form. Exploration per
vaginam vel rectum discloses no fcetus, though the
abdomen has become enlarged and the other signs of
utero-gestation have appeared in due course, and even
there are indications of approaching parturition. The
foetus is found in the peritoneal sac, embedded in fibri-
nous material, and often in a very advanced stage of deve-
lopment, the neighbouring parts of the mother taking
upon themselves the nutritive functions of the uterine
walls. A record of the maternal pseudo-placenta from
anatomical and histological points of view of a case of
this kind is a desideratum.

The Oxsarean Operation may be tried in these cases, as
being the only chance of relief, for if the foetus be re-
tained, it may give rise to septic disease of the mother.
Occasionally it undergoes calcification. It must be noted
that in these cases the position of the foetus may be
determined, and it may even be removed without inci-
sion into the peritoneal sac. Nature sometimes adopts
this method, and throws off the decomposed foetus in the
pus of an abscess. The animal having been cast on the
left side and the right leg loosened and drawn backwards,
an incision is then to be made with the usual precautions,
ag in ruminotomy but about one foot in length. The
intestines having been drawn to one side, an incision
must be made through the uterine walls or into the
tumour in which the foetus is embedded, and the latter is
taken out and the umbilical cord ligatured and divided.
The membranes are then to be removed, and the uterine
walls to be closed with catgut sutures, the outer wall
being closed in the usual way. ‘This operation is very
formidable, but may succeed if properly performed with
due antiseptic precautions. It must be had recourse to,
when necessary, before the patient’s strength begins to .
flag, and may even be the means of saving both calf
and mother. It is also indicated when some deformity
of the cow or calf absolutely prevents expulsion in the
usual way. _

The ordinary signs of parturition are swelling and
THE FEMALE GENERATIVE ORGANS. 465

occurrence of milk in the mammary gland, discharge of
thick mucus from the vulval opening with swelling of
the labia and relaxation of the pelvic ligaments. Then
the animal separates from the herd and manifests signs
of discomfort. The os uteri enlarges and gradually there
flows a watery fluid, liquor allantoides. The animal may
assume the recumbent position or remain standing. For
some time labour-pains will have been observed; they
gradually increase in severity and frequency. The amnion
is next seen protruding as a bladder containing fluid
(‘water bladder”) from the opening. Soon the fore feet
of the young animal appear, and then the head resting on
the fore legs ; finally, it is entirely expelled and falls slowly
_ to the ground, the umbilical cord being often ruptured in
the fall. The process of parturition generally occupies up-
wards of an hour; its duration varies with the constitution
ofthe cow. When more than one calf is present, the second
may be retained some time after the expulsion of the first,
and the third after the second. The chorion may not be
expelled for several hours, or even days, as its cotyledonary
union with the uterine mucous membrane iscomplex. The
process of removal is termed “ Oleansing,” and the pro-
duct the “ After-birth.” In case of Rerenrion oF THE
Fora, Memsranes it is advisable to remove them, for
sometimes they decompose in the cavity of the uterus
and give rise to septic disorder of the system. It seems
probable that their retention is due to entanglement as a
result of uterine contractions, but it also is attributable
to want of the necessary efforts in consequence of debility.
In natural cases a slight recurrence of pains brings about
their expulsion through the os uteri, which is still un-
relaxed, and when these do not seem to be very effectual
traction may be applied on the protruding portion of
the cord, the efforts coinciding to the pains. A more
effectual grasp of the protruding parts will be obtained
by rolling them round a piece of stick. Regularly applied
traction will often succeed in removing them, but some-
times it is necessary to introduce the greased hand into

the uterus and separate each cotyledon from its attachment
30
466 BOVINE PATHOLOGY.

by a special peeling process. This measure should not be
resorted to until all chance of natural expulsion has passed.
Too forcible separation may give rise to hemorrbage.
Sometimes retention is seen after abortion, then, if left
alone, the membranes will pass off in due time. When
the foetal appendages. commence to undergo decomposition
there is a foetid discharge from the vulva, and typhoid
symptoms may be manifested.

ArrER-PAINS sometimes are present in cases of reten-
tion of the foetal membranes, of injury to the womb, and
even of the presence of an irritant in the intestines.
When birth has been completed the uterus tends to con-
tract, is checked in this to a certain extent during
passage of the membranes, but subsequently succeeds in
its efforts, and thereby tends to prevent hemorrhage, and
to return to something like its state before pregnancy.
Sometimes after-pains indicate incipient uterine inflamma-
tion, but they generally yield to an antispasmodic dose.
We have on record one case of PLacENTA PREVIA, in which
a cotyledon was situated over os uteri.’

HemMorrHAGE PER vuLvamM is of two kinds, wterine and
vaginal or vulval. In either case it may depend upon
injury either from the foetus or from the instruments used
in extracting it. It is indicated by a constant trickling
of either arterial or venous blood from the external
opening, together with restlessness and increasing debility
of the patient. When the womb is affected the flow is
profuse, the passage painful, and the blood, when ex-
pelled, is clotted. The usual symptoms of hemorrhage
are present. The practitioner will generally find that the
application of cold water continuously to the loins, or cold
intra-uterine injections will excite contraction and check
hemorrhage, but sometimes it is necessary to make use
of the ordinary hemostatic measures. In the later
stages stimulants are. required. Uterine hamorrhage is

1 Mr. Macgillivray (‘Veterinary Journal, vol. xii, p. 178) records another
where speedy delivery took place and saved the life of both mother and
offspring. He mentions his observation of the occasional occurrence of

expulsion of the whole foetal placenta before delivery in the cow as in other
females.
THE FEMALE GENERATIVE ORGANS. 467

generally termed ‘‘ bloody flux.”? There may be slight
hemorrhage before parturition, Ante-partum Bleeding,
due to the sudden separation of the foetus from the
maternal membranes or to injury; it often is not of
importance, but sometimes it indicates that the footus is
dead. After birth bleeding may take place from the
cut end of the cord; it does not last long and is un-
important. The peculiar depravity of appetite of cows
in-calf leads them to devour all sorts of extraordinary
things; the foetal membranes will often thus be transferred
to the rumen.

When called in to a case of calving, the practitioner
will find that he has to do with a case of normal PREsEN-
TATION or abnormal. In the normal form the owner has
generally adopted such measures as his experience sug-
gests. Sometimes his anxiety has led him into appre-
hension when the birth is simply prolonged. In this
the foetus is in its proper position, but in consequence
of imperfection of the throes is not expelled. In such
cases a stimulant may lead to the desired effect, or, in
more extreme instances, the careful administration of
ergot of rye may be tried. The latter agent should never
be given unless there is no impediment in the passages
and the os uteri is relaxed. Often mechanical assistance
is required. The passages of the generative organs, and
the os uteri especially, having been found, lubricated, and
relaxed, the hand is passed into the uterine cavity. It is
thus enabled to determine with a certain degree of accuracy
the nature of the contents and their position. The parts
of the foetus are very slippery, the fluids are passed in
considerable quantities, and the room for working is con-
fined, hence the extraction of the foetus is not so easy as
it seems. Looped cords, forceps, hooks, crutches, and
other instruments, are required to assist in parturitions,
and the number of appliances now used is very considerable.
In all these cases the main aim must be to support the
strength of the patient and to restore or keep the calf in
its natural position and then to overcome every impediment,
It is important never to lose control over any part which
468

BOVINE PATHOLOGY.

has once presented itself. A cord round the lower jaw and

one round each fore foot will be very useful for this purpose.

aed

 

 

 

 

4

 

Fia. 93.—Normal presentation.

Foetus enclosed in membranes. (After
Simonds),

Farse or ABNORMAL PRESENTATIONS may be:

a. Head presented and one jfoot.—Secure the foot
and head; introduce the hand with the slipping noose of
THE FEMALE GENERATIVE ORGANS. 469

a rope and feel the flexed other fore limb; trace it down-
wards to the fetlock and slip the noose on to the foot,

 
  

x
A
Tee

—
wk.

in

X

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Fie. 94.— Abnormal presentation (6).
(After Simonds.)

then push the foetus forwards while traction is brought
to bear through the rope on the flexed limb
b. Head presented without the feet. —Secure the
470 BOVINE PATHOLOGY.

lower jaw, then press the head back into the uterus,
find the fore legs, and secure and draw them upwards,

 

 

 

 

 

he
Ay

 

==

a
yz.
g =
J

 

Fa. 95.—Abnormal presentation (c).
(After Simonds.)
c. Head turned backwards, Jeet presented.—Feel for
the head, and, if possible, fix a rope on the lower jaw and
also one round each of the feet, or a hook may be fixed
THE FEMALE GENERATIVE ORGANS, 471

in the eye. Then if pressure be applied to the chest,
forcing the foctus deeper into the womb, by traction

Syn >

lf

Dee

 

 

Fia, 96.—Abnormal presentation (e).
(After Simonds.)
of its cords the head may be brought into position.
When the head is out of reach embryotomy must be
performed,
472 BOVINE PATHOLOGY.

d. Head turned backwards, and only side of neck pre-
sented.—Proceed as much as possible as in ¢.

 

 

 

 

 

Fie. 97.—Abnormal presentation (/).
(After Simonds.)

e. Nape of neck against os uteri and one fore leg pro-
jecting.—Secure the other foot and continue as in ¢.
THE FEMALE GENERATIVE ORGANS, 473

J. Fetus on its back, nape of neck presented.—
Pass a rope round the jaw and one around each fetlock,

 

 

 

 

 

F1@. 98.— Abnormal presentation (2).
(After Simonds.)

bring the two latter round to the same side of the head ;
support the withers with the hand. Then apply pressure
474, BOVINE PATHOLOGY.

in a rotatory manner from below, while an assistant pulls
the ropeson the limbs. A gradual change to the ordinary

 

 

 

 

lia, 99.—Alnormal presentation (7).
(After Simonds.)
position may take place, otherwise forward pressure must be
applied, and an attempt made to deliver the calf as it is.
g. Weetus on its back, hind feet presented.—Extract
in position.
THE FEMALE GENERATIVE ORGANS. A4N5

h, Foetus on its back, hind feet inclined forwards.—
Endeavour to press the calf downwards and forwards, and
then flex the hocks and obtain position (g). If this be
not successful, amputate at the hip.

t. Hind feet protruded. Remove in this position.

j. Breech presentation; hind feet projecting downwards
and forwards.—A case of great difficulty, there being no
room for operations. By means of a special instrument a
cord is passed round each thigh, the body of the foetus is
then pushed forwards by means of the crutch, and the loop
passed down to the fetlocks ; then, the pressure being still
made, the feet are drawn by flexure of the hocks and other
joints into the passage and removal is affected.

Certain other presentations have been noted, but the
above are the principal. Besides these may be men-
tioned some of a special character, due to diseases and
irregularities of the calf.

HyprocrPHALvs CONGENITALIS has been already noted (see
p. 397), as also ascrrus of the foetus at time of parturition.
Each must be treated by the process of tapping. In the
latter case, the simplest method will be found to be direct
puncture by means of a concealed knife carried in the
hand into the uterus. In the former, the operation is
performed by means of a perforator, the head being held
in position by a hook fixed in the eye, but this is not always
necessary. Occasionally the foetus is enormously enlarged
by disease, either general emphysema, or the condition
known as polysarca or cedema congenitalis. Hmphysema
generally results from decomposition of a dead foetus,
from which the gas must be removed by incisions.
Polysarca is an enlarged fatty condition of the foetus
not often seen; edema or anasarca causes premature
birth in most cases; when found at parturition it may
give rise to difficulty both in the act and in diagnosis,
the bladder-like skin feeling very unlike that of a footus.
Fleming recommends tapping in these cases.

Irregularities of the foetus comprise the various forms
of monstrosir1es, of which the principal seen in the cow
are as follows:
BOVINE PATHOLOGY.

476

1. Anidians.—Rounded masses of living matter, con-

 

 

 

 

Congenital ascites, causing difficult parturition.

Fic. 100.

(After Simonds.)
THE FEMALE GENERATIVE ORGANS, 477

sisting of bones, muscles, vessels, &c., sustained by an
umbilical cord.

2. Oelosomians.—Abdominal walls deficient, bowels
loose in amniotic cavity.

 

Fra. 101.—A special torm of hydro- Fi@. 102.—Harelip. Schistoce-

cephalus of the calf. (From Flem- phalus fissilabrus. (From Flem-
ing’s ‘ Veterinary Obstetrics.’) ing’s ‘Veterinary Obstetrics.’)

8. LHctopia cordis (see Heart).

4, Harelip or cleft-palate forms; the separation usually
extends through the whole face.

5. Campylorrhachides.—Twisted condition of the spine,
so that often all four feet project forwards.

6. Dicephalians, or double-headed animals. The
division may simply comprise the faces or there may be
two distinct skulls.

7. Hermaphrodites with a confused mixture of male and
female organs, or external generative organs of the male
and internal of the female, or vice versa.

8. Megalomelus perissodactylus.—Before us is a speci-
men in which the rudimentary metatarsal bears a distinct
digit, as is sometimes the case in the horse.

9. Schistomelus.—In a case recorded, the hind limb
was cleft up to the hock.
478 BOVINE PATHOLOGY.

10. Twin calves, united more or less intimately.

11. Polymelians, many-limbed forms.

We have mentioned some of the above forms more on
account of their curious characters than of their practical
importance in parturition. These peculiar creatures used
to be termed Lusus Nature, but recently the study of
them, Teratology, has been remarkably advanced by the
experimental method, and it has been shown that they
are not “freaks,” but produced according to definite
laws. Thus they may depend upon pressure as preventing
the development of any part, upon amputation performed
by a twist of the umbilical cord, upon budding of the
ovum, or upon exaggerated or arrested development. The
various kinds which occur in domesticated animals are
treated of at length by Fleming in his ‘ Obstetrics,’ where
he fills a great blank which long existed in English
veterinary literature. Monstrosities are of very frequent
occurrence in the cow, and cases of double or even triple
calf, twisted spine, dicephalus, and polymelianism may
give rise to difficult parturition and necessitate adjustment,
and often embryotomy. Some monsters are unable to live
independently of the parent, others are unable to stand
the pressure exerted upon them in expulsion, as those with
ectopia cordis. Many live and are much appreciated by
itinerant showmen. Sometimes it is most astonishing
what peculiar bodies can be expelled without much
trouble.

Whenever the foetus cannot be removed by ordinary
traction, embryotomy must be tried. It consists in the
reduction of the size of the foetus by removal of parts, which
are separated with a special concealed knife (Fig. 103), or
by means of a curved pointed blade which has a ring for its
handle (Fig. 105), and thus may be fixed on the middle
finger and carried in the hollow of the hand into the uterus.
Operations with these knives are limited by the small
space in the pregnant uterus, and by the cramped state of
the arms of the operator from the pressure exerted upon
them, particularly during the uterine throes. Sometimes
the chain saw (Fig. 106), will be found useful. The fore
THE PUMALE GENERATIVE ORGANS. 479

limbs are the parts most frequently removed in this way.
An incision is made through the skin from as high up as
possible longitudinally downwards as far as the fetlock,

 

ci
ite >

  
   
 

   

  
 
    

 
     

 

| We By

Whe

: A

Fra. 103.— Common
Embryotomy Knife.

Fie. 106.—Chain Saw, with removable handles, for embryotomy.

where a circular division of the skin is made. The
subcutaneous areolar tissue is then divided as much as
possible, first with the knife, then with the fingers. The
limb is then removed by a forcible steady pull, its muscular
attachments to the trunk giving way. The skin can sub-
sequently be used for traction, a rope being fixed to it, and
also, in some cases of embryotomy, serves to protect sharp
480 BOVINE PATHOLOGY.

bony edges. Care must be taken with the embryotomy
knife, as with other instruments, lest injury of the uterine
walls result from a false stroke or a slip. This operation
is generally performed when the cow is in the recumbent
position, and she may be supported by occasional doses
of stimulants. It must be resorted to only when other
means fail, the foetus being too large for the passage or
inaccessible otherwise. It is generally best to sacrifice
the life of the foetus to save that of the mother. In all
obstetric operations great care must be exercised to avoid
injury of the uterine walls; the feet when moved, must be
taken into the hand and then gently drawn round. Again,
it is always necessary to carefully examine the contents
of the uterus. The two legs projecting with the head,
may be not such as are most convenient for easy removal,
as seen in cases of curved spine and many-limbed animals.
Again, the projecting feet may belong to distinct animals.

Twins.—The presence of two calves in the uterus being
so frequent, we should always after removal of one look
for a second. They generally lie in reverse positions ; one
being presented in the ordinary way, the other with its
hind legs first. Twins are usually small, and therefore
do not cause much difficulty in expulsion. They are apt
to become fixed together in the genital passages. In such
cases, the state of affairs having been clearly ascertained,
the fore legs of the normally presented calf are to be secured
with ropes, and, these being kept tight, the other calf is
forced back into the uterus. The first can then be
removed in the usual way, and the ‘second will generally
follow.

Diseases of the foctal membranes are not very fre-
quent, but some few are on record.

Cases of Dropsy or tHE AMNION—-HypRramMNios—are
some-what often seen in the cow, they give rise to undue
distension, which may lead to abortion, or to over-dis-
tension of the uterine walls with corresponding inertia.
The accumulated fluid is described as sometimes resem-
bling Vitreous Humour in its characters. The causes of
this condition are ill-ascertained, and its diagnosis from
THE FEMALE GENERATIVE ORGANS. 481

Hydrops Uteri is not frequently possible. Thus, as in that
disorder, the accumulated fluid must be evacuated through
the os uteri. In the ‘ Veterinary Journal,’ vol. iii, October,
is recorded a case of firm union of the foetus, membranes,
and uterine walls, probably resulting from endometritis.!

Hare patts—AaacroPines—are occasionally seen in the
liquor amnii. This fluid consists largely of the products of
excretory action of the skin; the aggregation of the hairs
results from the regular movements of the membrane
which are known to take place in the living animal.

The cause of difficult parturition often resides in the
cow. The passages in a normal state may be too small
for the calf, as when a small cow has been put to a very
large bull, or the parts may not have sufficiently relaxed.
Tn the latter case enough time may not have been allowed
for relaxation of the os to take place, then the practitioner
must wait and mark the progress of the case. Often
there is some actual impediment present. Thus, there
may have been fracture of the os innominatum, with a
considerable deposition of callus, or some exostosis or
other tumour pressing upon the genital passages. Such
cases are most formidable and generally necessitate opera-
tive interference.

There may be TUMOURS IN THE GENITAL PASSAGES; such
growths in the vagina are of a fibromatous, lipomatous, or
serous cystic character. They must be incised if cystic,
and removed by ligament or the écraseur otherwise. They
are often appreciable only on manual exploration. Of
course the progress of parturition is gravely affected both
by the position and size of such growths. Another cause
preventing expulsion of the foetus is IMPERFORATE VAGINA,
due either to congenital malformation or to inflammation
of that passage. This may be complete or partial. In
the former case there is retention of the products of
cestrum, and sooner or later severe straining sets in. The
state of the parts can be detected on exploration, and the
animal generally has not been known to take the bull.

1M. Aché, of Laroque (‘ Revue Vétérinaire, vol. ix, No. 4), records a

case of twin gestation with hydramnios, treated successfully by production.
of abortion,
ol
482 BOVINE PATHOLOGY.

In the latter, impregnation may occur, and the excessive
diminution in size of the vaginal passage not be detected
until the time of parturition, when it may be necessary even
to perform the Cesarian section. In the ‘ Edinburgh
Veterinary Journal,’ vol. ii, p. 283, is given a case in
which a band extended across the os uteri, probably the
result of inflammation of the parts. It required to be
divided before parturition could be effected. The os uteri
may be affected with spasm, but this is not very fre-
quent; rigid occlusion of the orifice is more frequently
due to sTRIcTuRE, in which the muscular walls undergo
various changes, as the fibrous, and especially the carti-
laginous. Then labour pains occur in due course, but do
not result in expulsion of the foetus, and on exploration
the hard and firmly constricted condition of the os is
determined. This state seems sometimes to be hereditary,
it may also result from injury. The fingers and thumb
of the hand in the vagina having been approximated, an
attempt is to be made to insert the hand as a wedge
through the opening; this will seldom be accomplished.
The instrument suggested for lithecstasy might be
tried, or incisions made through the cervix in various
directions by means of the concealed bistoury. In cases
which resist these means the Cesarian operation must be
tried or the patient slaughtered. Sometimes the os is
unyielding and incapable of relaxation in consequence of
disease of a cancerous or scrofulous nature. These “ Sorr
Srricrures ” of Macgillivray require to be treated by inci-
sion, an operation known as vaginal hysterotomy. This may
give rise to much hemorrhage, but will not usually do so.
When the narrowing of the os is due to spasm, there are
generally powerful uterine contractions, and the parts are
regular, tender, and somewhat yielding. Antispasmodics
may be had recourse to or even the abstraction of blood,
manual dilatation, or the lithecstasy apparatus may be
tried. Usually the spasm will relax in time. Warm-
water vaginal injections are indicated.

An IMPERVIOUS sTaTE OF Os Ureri has been observed,
probably it is due to the throwing out of false membranes
THE FEMALE GENERATIVE ORGANS. 483

as aresult of inflammation. In the virgin animal it gives
rise to uterine dropsy from retention of fluid; in the
pregnant cow there is generally a small opening through
which impregnation has taken place. This must be
treated by incision and dilatation.

Persistent HymMen is sometimes a cause of impeded
parturition in the cow. It is found to be a fibrous band
extending across the vulvo-vaginal passage, just above the
meatus urinarius. This must be divided, and then no
further difficulty in expulsion will be experienced.

Torsion or tHE Neck or tHE Wows, or of the anterior
part of the vagina, is rather common in the cow, pro-
bably on account of the special position of the cornua,
which tend to “ heel over” where the extra weight of «
foetus is in one of them. This constitutes the predispos-
ing cause, but blows, falls, and injuries of other kinds,
are the most frequent exciting influences. The twisting
may be complete, incomplete, or double.

Symptoms.—Labour-pains in due course, but not tead-
ing to protrusion of the amnion; violent abdominal
spasms; extreme indications of abdominal pain. The
hand introduced into the vagina meets an impediment,
and recognises the twist in the spiral arrangement of the
walls at the anterior part. If these conditions be not
relieved remission of the labour-pains occurs, and death
ultimately results from asthenia. The direction of torsion
may be determined by the way in which the back of
the hand introduced into the twist inclines; when to the
left, it is a case of left torsion and vice versd.

Prognosis in such cases is unfavorable, but not abso-
lutely hopeless. They generally necessitate some severe
operation. Rolling the cow in a direction opposite to
that of the twist, the uterus with the foetus in it being
as much as possible retained in position by means of the
hand introduced through the os has been tried. Sometimes
the strain on the hand is found to increase, then the body
must be turned in the opposite direction. When relief has
taken place, there is generally an escape of liquor amnii.
Failing this means the Czsarian operation must be per.
484, BOVINE PATHOLOGY.

formed. Sometimes a slight torsion may be counteracted
by manipulative means per vaginam, any protruding por-
tion of the foetus being grasped and rotated. In other
cases abdominal section with manual restoration of the
uterus to its position has been tried with success, bat the
operation is difficult. Cagny shows that torsio uteri is a
frequent cause of abnormal retention of the foetus. If
the torsion be complete, the foetus undergoes mummifica-
tion or its envelopes calcareous degeneration ; if the torsion
be incomplete, septicemia is liable to occur. Trasbot
considers abnormal retention as specially frequent in cows
constantly kept in stalls.

Dizatation or Os Urert. —Post-partum the os in due
time contracts, but sometimes this is not so. This is
generally associated with imperfect contraction of the main
portion of the uterus. It indicates a want of tone, and
may be generally overcome by cold-water applications.

The Imprrrect Post-partum Contraction or THE UTERUS
may be associated with hemorrhage, for diminution in the
volume of the organ normally suffices to prevent bleeding
from the slightly lacerated cotyledons. In such a case it
may be treated by cold-water injections either into the
uterus or the rectum. But when unassociated with such
a complication, it may be overcome by administration of
stimulants, or even small doses of ergot of rye.

When Ivervia or tHE Urertns Watts takes place in
the pregnant animal, it is apt to lead to a want of re-
sponse to the ordinary indications for expulsion of the
foetus, and therefore to prolonged retention. Then the
young animal may continue to grow, and thus become
large enough to cause some difficulty in expulsion, or it
may die, and either decompose and cause septic disorder
of the cow, or, if the os uteri prevent access of air, it is
apt to undergo dry gangrene and mummify.

Sometimes the decomposed foetal remains are expelled
gradually as a discharge per vulvam ; in one case alluded
to by Youatt, expulsion took place per anum, the caecum
and uterus having contracted adhesions and become con-
nected by a fistula. The tincture of the ergot of rye is a
most valuable excitant of the walls of the uterus to con-
THE FEMALE GENERATIVE ORGANS. 485

traction. In cases of prolonged parturition, the uterus
may lose its power and remain in a relaxed state with the
foetus still in its cavity and labour-pains ceased. In such
a case as this, when the passages are clear, the use of
ergot is indicated.

Furor ursrinus.—Sometimes cows remain as it were
in a constant state of cestrum, always ready to receive
attentions from the bull, in a highly excitable condition,
and often with a slight discharge trickling constantly
from the lower part of the urino-generative aperture.
The vaginal mucous membrane is congested. These
animals are termed “ bullers,” and the furor is not always
to be associated with uterine disorders. Thus, it isa sign
of dropsy of the ovaries, of inflammation of the vulvo-
vaginal membranes, and often of the presence of tumours
in the generative passages. It is most frequently at-
tributable to scrofulous disease of the uterine walls, or
some other chronic inflammatory action in the uterus.

Hyprors vrert.—Though many cases of retention of
cestral products have undoubtedly been mistaken for true
dropsy, some instances of the latter state are recorded.
These occur in animals supposed to be pregnant ; but when
distension of the uterus has taken place, the os opens and
there is a spontaneous evacuation of a watery, or more fre-
quently a semi-purulent or sanguineous, fluid. This gives
relief, and is succeeded by a gradual reaccumulation and a
recurrence of the false pregnancy. Trying for the foetus in
the usual manner is ineffectual in these cases, and there
are several signs of this not being true pregnancy. The
pent-up fluid should be evacuated as soon as the disease has
been diagnosed. Then the uterus should be washed out
frequently by syringing it with a weak solution of carbolic
acid or chloride of lime. In the meanwhile the patient
should be well fed and nursed, for the disease results from
debility, injuries, and slight inflammation. Tonic agents
(especially mineral) will prove beneficial.

INFLAMMATION oF THE Urzrus may be of three kinds,
according as the external, middle, or internal coat is the
main seat of disease.

Enpomerriris.—Inflammation of the mucous membrane
486 BOVINE PATHOLOGY,

of the uterus results from injuries during parturition,
and occasionally perhaps from abortion, or exposure
when the animal is heated. It is not very frequent
nor urgent, but during its course there may be false
pains, and usually the products of inflammatory action
accumulate in the cavity and so cause distension. Thus
this disorder leads to dropsy of the uterus, but sometimes
the products pass off as a continuous discharge. In some
cases the lining membrane is much disorganised by
ulceration, there is then frequent straining and rapid
loss of flesh. In cases of protracted labour the discharges
from the generative passages become acrid and may cause
endometritis by retention. This acridity is proved by the
ecthymatous disease which so frequently affects the arms
of veterinary obstetrists, and which is fully described by
Professor Gamgee in the ‘ Edinburgh Veterinary Review,”
vol. i, p. 23, where a beautiful illustration of the affected
arm of the professor is also given. Endometritis must be
treated by antiseptic injections and careful nursing.
When it occurs during pregnancy, separation of the fotal
membranes from the lining of the uterus will cause
death of the fcetus in some cases. Inflammation of the
muscular coat of the uterus without the other layers being
affected is seldom or never seen.

Merro-Perironitis oR Purrreral Perironitis (Barlow).—
We have already alluded to septicaemia in general, and
noted that it especially occurs in connection with partu-
rition and its accidents. The substance of the womb
being inflamed, the peritoneum generally is involved, and
the diseased action spreads remarkably rapidly, and in-
volves a considerable extent of surface. Cases of this
kind used to be confounded with true parturient apoplexy,
but are now diagnosed with certainty since the symptoms
differ in many important particulars. Thus together with
the general signs of disorder succeeded by those of fever,
there is found a peculiarly hard quick pulse, which also
is frequent. The respirations as the disease progresses
becomes quickened, frequent, and often thoracic, There
is straining and the passage of a chocolate-coloured fluid
through the vulval opening, and the lining membrane of
THE FEMALE GENERATIVE ORGANS. 487

this part is of a dark-purple colour, the labia being small,
contracted, and oodematous. The cessation of secretion of
milk is generally sudden and the udder becomes soft and
flaccid: In the later stages the pulse becomes very rapid
and imperceptible, the rumen distended with gas, the
patient comatose. There are usually signs of abdominal
pain of rather an acate character. The prostration of
strength is rapid and the animal dies from asthenia.

On post-mortem examination, the cavity of the uterus is
found to be small and to contain chocolate-coloured fluid.
The diminution in size results from the thickening of the
walls of the organ as a result of deposits. Blood extra-
vasations are to be seen beneath the peritoneum which
exhibits the various marks of inflammation. The veins of
the uterus contain dark blood in a coagulated state and
ecchymoses are visible on many of the serous membranes,
and sometimes on the inner surface of the labia. Ecchy-
moses have been noted in the cranial membranes.

Causes.—Such cases supervene on retention of the
after-birth or of the foetus. Wounds received during
assistance in parturition, especially in protracted cases,
prolapsus, inversion of the uterus, also exposure during
or after parturition, or over-driving also cause them, ple-
thoric animals being predisposed. It usually manifests its
first symptoms from a half to three days after parturition.

Results.—Most frequently runs a rapid course and ends
in death from blood poisoning. Occasionally very rapid
resolution occurs, and sometimes the attack degenerates into
a chronic endometritis tending to flooding, leucorrhcea, and
dropsical accumulations in the womb.

Treatment.—The system of the patient must be sus-
tained by stimulant tonics, especially the tinctures of the
vegetable bitters, and nourishing soft diet must be sup-
plied to her for sometimes the appetite remains after
the commencement of the attack. All debilitating in-
fluences must be avoided, and it is questionable whether
administration of cathartics is beneficial. However, we
deem this advisable, for it is an advantage to keep those
important excretory organs, the bowels, in free action ; the
488 BOVINE PATHOLOGY.

influence of the cathartic is derivative, and the peritonitis
is not so diffused as in idiopathic cases of that disorder.
Local treatment comprises the administration of belladonna
or other anodyne enemas and of carbolic intra-uteriné injec-
tions. All endeavours must be made to remove decom-
posing membranes or the remains of a foetus, but the prac-
titioner must be most careful not to injure his arms or hands
with foetal bones, nor to work in such cases with an exposed
wound on the parts brought into contact with the decom-
posing material. The hands may be advantageously lubri-
cated with carbolised soft soap. Neglect of these pre-
cautions has proved fatal to some country practitioners.
Lacerations or THE Uvertns Watts result from ex-
cessively powerful throes in difficult cases of parturition,
from wounds either by the foot of the foetus or by instru-
ments during delivery, from efforts of the fostus, and
sometimes as a direct result of other forms of injury.
These lacerations may be partial or complete, and espe-
cially occur to the womb when it has been previously
diseased. In some cases of metritis abscesses form in
the thickness of the coats, and in time burst into the cavity
of the uterus, leaving behind them spaces, which become
fistulous in consequence of the constant entry of the acrid
uterine discharges. Thus Ursrine Fistvta is established.
The symptoms are those indicative of endometritis, and
are usually slight. Sometimes we have a true fistulous
communication, between the uterus and the intestines for
instance. We can only treat such cases as suggested for
endometritis. Perfect or complete laceration is Rupture
or tug Urervs, which may occur either before parturition,
during labour, or after delivery. When it takes place
before or during parturition it generally results in the
falling of the foetus into the abdominal cavity. A
remarkable form of this lesion is noticed by Fleming, after
Count Ercolani of Bologna, in which transverse rupture of
the uterus (either the body or one cornu) results in the
hanging of the anterior separated part of the organ as a
foetus-containing cyst, supported by the broad ligament
below the lumbar region. The development of the foetus
THE FEMALE GENERATIVE ORGANS. 489

continues; probably the rupture is gradual. It has not
been observed in this country. Rupture is often seen in
the everted uterus, but the organ may be returned and.
the case recover. It is generally considered unneces-
sary to insert sutures in such cases. The reparative
powers of the uterus seem very extraordinary, for the
organ contracts after evacuation of its contents, and thus
the edges of any wound are kept close together and in a
condition favorable to rapid healing. Protrusion of the
small intestines through the rupture (which generally is
at one side of the anterior part of the organ) is some-
‘times seen. The symptoms of rupture of the womb are
those indicative of collapse; sometimes there is a flow of
blood or sanguineous fluid through the vulva, but this
symptom may be absent. When the foetus has fallen in the
abdominal cavity there will be sudden alteration in the
shape of the abdomen and in the position of the fcetus.
In such cases all that can be done is to. perform the
-Ceesarian operation as early as possible; in others all our
efforts must be directed to supporting the strength of
the patient aud counteracting untoward results.

i

r

]

er

Fiq@. 107.—Portion of chorion with placentule. Cow. 1. Chorion, 2. Pla-
centule. (From Fleming’s ‘ Veterinary Obstetrics.’)

My

ti

 

Protarsus VEL Inversio vreri— Falling of the read
or calf-bed ”—the turning inside-out of the uterus—may
490 BOVINE PATHOLOGY.

be complete or incomplete. In the latter case the cornua
are generally not involved, but even they may be par-

Z
Al
PF
A
Z
A

g
A
ZA

x

%

 

Fie. 108.—Cotyledon of a cow’s uterus. aa. Surface of fvetal chorion.
bd. Blood-vessels of foetal chorion. ec. Surface of uterine mucous
membranes, dd. Blood-vessels of the same. /. Secretion from utricular
glands. (From Fleming’s ‘ Veterinary Obstetrics.’)

tially inverted. The uterus with its mucous surface and
maternal cotyledons protrudes through the vulval opening
and hangs downwards for a distance varying with the
severity of the case. It generally becomes strangulated
by the action of the sphincter vulve or the narrowness
of the passage, and thus tends to increase largely in size
in consequence of infiltration of serum into its substance
and accumulation of blood in its vessels. It generally
is somewhat lacerated as a result of exposure to external
injury, and even tearing up by the patient (or by pigs
or dogs); sometimes rupture of its walls has taken place.
To allow the inversion, the broad ligaments have generally
become lacerated and the vagina may be involved with
the uterus. The patient strains constantly, and thus tends
to aggravate the case. This accident occurs at or shortly
after parturition, and may result from excessive spasmodic
contraction of the uterine walls, non-contraction of os
uteri post-partum, or adhesion of the foetal membranes
to the walls of the uterus, and it is especially frequent in
animals in a state of debility.
THE FEMALE GENERATIVE ORGANS, 491

Treatment comprises restoration of the organ, its
retention, and the counteraction of the ill consequences
of the accident. Restoration may be effected either from
the neck or from the fundus, or by both these methods
combined. As a preliminary measure the surface of the
womb must be cleansed from all foreign bodies, especially
also from adhering portions of the fostal membranes. The
animal must be placed with the hind part of the body
raised and kept in that position, which is important not
only as a means of facilitating return of the part but
also of retention. The protruding organ must be sup-
ported by a towel held on each side during the process
of cleansing and return. In the latter effort the fist
must be closed and applied to the fundus of the organ
which must be pressed inwards at the intervals between
the throes and prevented from return during their efforts,
which must be prevented as much as possible by distrac-
tion of the patient’s attention and pressure on the loins.
While the pressure is brought to bear on the fundus an
endeavour must be made to gradually return the neck, for
a combination of the two methods is decidedly the most
’ satisfactory. When the protruded uterus is very much
swollen, it may be reduced in size by cold-water applica-
tions and by pressure evenly applied from the fundus
towards the neck. This may be best accomplished by an
Esmarch’s bandage, which also assists in the return of
the organ, but it may be effected by fixing a carbolised
cloth around the protruding organ and manipulating in a
manner which may be learned rather from observation
than description. The fist with the fundus must be
passed in so far as not to cause great increase in the
expulsive efforts, and must be kept in position for some
time. Of retentive means the most important are dis-
tension of the uterus with some bland mucilaginous fluid,
with an antispasmodic dissolved in it; the use of a
special retentive appliance termed a pessary. These are of
various kinds, but the most readily available and simple
of allis an ordinary glass bottle. The concavity on the
floor of this fits well against the os uteri, and its neck
493 BOVINE PATHOLOGY.

may be fixed at the vulval aperture to the truss or
sutures, The narrowness of the neck allows urine to
pass freely, and its rounded edges and smooth surface render
it very unlikely to cause irritation (see ‘ Veterinarian,’
1880, p. 296). In cases where it is found impossible other-
wise to return the organ, it has been suggested to place
the animal on its back and elevate the hind quarters by
means of pulleys. When the spasms are excessive large
doses of opium are beneficial to allay this undue straining.
On return of the womb it has been suggested to place
metallic sutures through the os uteri, but these may prove
a source of irritation, therefore the application of a truss
(such as Gowing’s, shown in the accompanying figure 109)
is suggested. Trusses for this purpose are of various kinds,
and some are valuable as being composed of a simple
rope specially arranged (see Fig. 110). For a description of
these we must consult Fleming’s ‘ Obstetrics.” Sometimes
it is deemed advisable to apply a truss in every case after
parturition; this preventive means should certainly be taken
with all debilitated animals and those which have previously
suffered from prolapsus. Standing on a floor slanting

 

   

 

—_——.

Fie. 109.—Gowing’s Truss for prolapsus uteri. (After Simonds.)

 

forwards is always a useful precaution after parturition.
Some practitioners insert sutures through the labia instead
THE FEMALE GENERATIVE ORGANS. 498

of using the truss; the quilled suture is the best, and
tho ligatures must be stout, so as not to readily tear

 

Fi@. 110.—The loop of Delwart’s Truss. (From Fleming’s ‘ Veterinary Ob-
stetrics.’)

away ; a good hold also must be taken. All measures failing
to effect the return of the protrnding organ, it may be
amputated. This operation, Amputation of the Uterus,
has often been successfully performed The neck being
constricted by an ordinary ligature, the greater part of
the organ may be removed with the knife or with the
heated iron, or the method of caustic clamp or elastic
ligature may be tried, and the use of the écraseur has
been suggested for this purpose. The patient will require
to be cast in the usual way and the operation be performed
under chloroform.

Prognosis in cases of prolapsus uteri must be considered
favorable. In many cases the recovery is so perfect as to
make the animal useful for breeding purposes afterwards,
but such animals should always be carefully watched during
parturition and the truss applied directly the foetus has
passed. Death may take place through shock on ampu-
tation, or from mortification of the protruded organ.
An animal which has once been thus affected, can be
returned to the vendor, according to the law of some
countries.

INVERSION OF THE Vagina is a frequent accompaniment
of prolapsus uteri, and cannot be said to render the case
more complicated. Sometimes it is seen as a distinct
lesion ; then there is a red tumour hanging from the vulval
opening which presents no cotyledons, has an opening at
its fundus, and at its lower part may be seen the orifice
of the urethra. It is not difficult to return this after
cleansing, but the accident is very liable to recur, there-
494 BOVINE PATHOLOGY.

fore the truss or sutures through the labia must be used.
This lesion is sometimes chronic; the lining membrane of
the organ becomes indurated. In such cases, since return-
ing is only effectual for a short time, amputation has been
tried with success, the operation being performed with
the hot iron or with the knife, the edges of the wounds
being united by sutures; this measure is seldom
necessary. The prolapsus results from prolonged reten-
tion of the foetus in the vulvo-vaginal canal and dryness
of the passages. It is apt to give rise to dysuria from
pressure on the urethral orifice.

Inversion or THE BuappER has been already mentioned
(see p. 361). We allude to it here to prevent the everted
organ being mistaken for apolypus. Its position is diag-
nostic, as also its form.

Hernia urert on HysreroceLe is rare in the cow on
account of the large size of the organ. We have already
alluded (p. 299) to the cases in which it is seen in front
of the pubis. Such seldom interfere with parturition.

Tumours In THE Urerus.—Fibromata either highly vas-
cular or lowly organised, hence either soft or hard, and
generally pedunculated, have been found in the uterus of
the cow, attached to almost every part of it in the various
cases. When near the os, these may prevent parturition
by becoming fixed in the cervix, and the same may be
said of those from any part of the cavity, provided the
peduncle be sufficiently long. In such cases the tumour
must be returned into the uterine cavity so that extraction
of the foetus may be possible. Afterwards an attempt
must be made to remove the growth by means of the
écraseur or ligature, the latter being most generally avail-
able. We have no record of malignant tumours in the
uterus, but in some cases the external os uteri is affected
by disease apparently of the nature of true cancer.

MaLrormations or tHe Urerus are seen in hermaphro-
dite heifers, which are generally sterile.!

1 Repiquet finds rather frequently an imperfect septum arranged in the

vagina of the cow, evidently congenital. It does not always interfere with
conception and parturition (Revue Vétérinaire,’ x, 8).
YH FEMALE GENERATIVE ORGANS. 495

Ruervre or THE VAGINA OR VULVA is somewhat frequent
in parturition. It also is sometimes due to introduction
of sticks and other rough instruments by boys and
labourers, who seem to consider this an excellent joke.
Some hemorrhage will take place through the external
opening, and later, a discharge of a muco-purulent cha-
racter will appear. Manual exploration of the parts will
disclose the lesion. Cases of this kind do not seem to
be attributable to the penis of the bull. During birth
a foot of the foetus may be forced into the rectum and
protrude through the anus, or pass into the areolar tissue
around the vulva. The throes being powerful, more or
less laceration occurs, and thus in some cases the peri-
neum may be entirely lacerated and the anus and vulval
opening become continuous with one another. This lesion
is seldom seen in the cow. When the foot protrudes
through the anus it must be returned as soon as possible,
and the calf removed through its normal passage. There
is after this great liability to Recro-vaginaL Fisruta,
which must be avoided as much as possible by keeping
the contents of the rectum soft, whereby they can pass
easily, and by adopting dressings calculated to promote
speedy healing of the orifice.

Vusico-VaginaL Fisruza is not frequent. It causes in-
continence of urine, and the fistula can hardly be got to
heal because of the constant passage of the urine. A
rupture of the vagina may be far enough ‘orwards to
admit of protrusion of the intestines and to be compli-
cated with peritonitis. Injuries, and especially bruises
during parturition, are rather liable to cause blood
tumours, Hematomata, in the erectile tissue of the bulb
of the vagina.

Levcorru@a —“‘ The Whites.”? — Vacinitis sometimes
results from injury, but generally subsides rapidly, and is
represented by a chronic form of inflammation of the
lining membrane of the vulva and vagina, which in some
cases is ulcerated, in others simply thickened, and some-
times is the seat of scrofulous deposit. It may be more
or less extremely diseased. The discharge varies in
496 BOVINE PATHOLOGY.

amount and in consistence, also in constancy of flow. It
may be quite white and profuse, or purulent or sangui-
neous. Also the constitution is variably affected ; there
may be considerable fever or scarcely any. Generally the
patient exhibits constant sexual desire, but seldom becomes
pregnant, and if it does is liable to abort. There
usually are the general signs of unthriftiness.

Causes.— Gonorrhoea of the bull, debility, and the scro-
fulous diathesis are the principal.

Treatment.—Tonics, nutritious diet, avoidance of sexual
intercourse, and stimulant astringent applications after
thorough cleansing. In cases of ulceration, the applica-
tion of nitrate of silver. These cases sometimes prove
very obstinate. A crupous form of vagnitis has been
described.

Appenpum 1.—Tue Lactirerous APPARATUS.

The mammary gland of the cow is largely developed,
having been much increased in size by artificial selection.
It consists of four distinct quarters, each with a teat,
and sometimes two rudimentary teats, imperforated, are

 

Fra. 111,—Some of the smallest lobules of tho lacteal land of
woman, x 70. (After Langer.) . ae
THE FEMALE GENERATIVE ORGANS, 497

situated behind those which are more fully developed.
The most frequent malformation is the Apsencr or Impure
FORATED STATE OF THE TraTs, and in animals thus formed,
after impregnation the gland enlarges, and in proper
time produces milk, but this cannot gain exit ; it remains
in the milk channels, and gives rise to mammitis. Some-
times an incision at the extremity of the teat will open
the partially developed duct, when the milk must be drawn
off regularly with a syphon. Usually an abscess forms,
and the curdled and decomposed milk is thrown off in the
pus. Such animals should not be bred from, as there is
some risk, and this, like other vices of conformation, may
be transmitted to the progeny.

Mamurtis— Garget ’—“ Downfall of the Udder ”?—
inflammation of the mammary gland—is frequent in the
cow, as might have been expected from the facts that this
animal is used as a milk-producing machine, and has its
lactiferous apparatus very largely developed. This dis-
ease is of the highest importance as affecting the yield of
milk rather than the life of the animal.’ It may be par-
tial or complete, for the quarters of the gland are sepa-
rated from each other by dense fibrous septa, so that,
practically, there are four glands, and inflammation may
rage in one or more quarters without the rest being
affected. It may be acute or chronic, and most frequently
is seen in young cattle, especially primiparz (those with
the first calf), kept in a plethoric state; but Hdgar con-
siders these cases as simply acute hypereemia with subcu-
taneous effusion. Sometimes it commences directly after
calving, but in other cases only comes on some short time
after. Exposure to cold when heated, injuries of various
kinds, obstructions to the flow of milk, eczema epizootica,
and other specific disorders, may be enumerated as causes ;
in some cases it seems traceable to metastasis from the
lungs, since its appearance is associated with sudden

1 Edgar estimates the pecuniary loss in value of milk from a first-class
milch cow at £4 10s. per annum per lost quarter of the gland. This writer
speaks of three forms, erysipelatous, interstitial, and catarrhal. He urges the

distinctive diagnosis between mammitis and mammary codema, in which latter
disease there is no pain, and the milk is not altered but simply diminished,

32
498 BOVINE PATHOLOGY.

disappearance of pneumonitis, and one form is contagious
(quod vide). It has been observed to be most frequent
in hot summers. Among the most common causes must
be included imperfect removal of the milk (‘ Hefting”’),
and allowing the animal to remain too long without milk-
ing, to ensure a full and tempting bag at the time of sale.

Symptoms.—Fever runs high, and the affected gland
is swollen, hot, painful, and hard to the touch. The
skin investing it is reddened, and there is generally lame-
ness of one hind limb. ‘The milk is markedly decreased
and is curdled, and often intermingled with blood, or
simply a thin serous fluid is removed when efforts are
made to milk the animal. The inflammatory action may
originate in the substance of the gland, or extend from
the openings of the teats into the ducts. As the disease
progresses resolution may be gradually brought about
with subsidence of acute symptoms. Suppuration is of
frequent occurrence, and is denoted by softness of some
part of the gland, which pits on pressure. The abscesses
sometimes involve a very considerable part of the gland
substance, forming sinuses and fistulae extending from
the milk sinuses to the surface. In more acute cases
gangrene takes place, and the mortified portions of gland
become cold, pasty to the feel, and are removed by slough-
ing; at the same time the constitutional symptoms have
a markedly asthenic character. When the inflammation is
less acute induration is apt to occur, constituting the so-
called “ scirrhous” condition of one or more quarters of
the udder. In either of these cases, suppuration, gangrene,
or induration, the quarter is lost.

In the purchase of a cow the state of the udder, the
perfection of all its quarters, must be specially looked to.
We have already alluded (p. 190) to a form of septic mam-
mitis, which has been described, and admitted that it is just
possible that there is a diphtheritic form of the disorder,
in which the milk may prove the vehicle of contagion, but
we have no positive evidence on this point.

Treatment of this disorder comprises constitutional and
local antiphlogistic means. A cathartic dose should be
THE FEMALE GENERATIVE ORGANS, 499

administered, and the animal allowed nitre in the drink-
ing water. Aconite will counteract the systemic excite-
ment, and in some cases it is thought advisable to bleed.
This measure will prove beneficial when the inflammation
runs very high, threatening gangrene, otherwise it may
be omitted. The superficial abdominal or milk vein used
to be preferred for this operation; it is remarkably
developed in the cow, and takes a course from behind for-
wards to the internal thoracic veins. This local abstraction
can have no more beneficial effect than general bleeding.
The vessels the milk vein receives from the udder are
very small, for the greater part of the blood from this

 

Fid. 112.—Means of supporting
the udder in mammitis. (Arma-
tage.)

 

Fig. 113.—Injection of fluids
into the mammary gland,
(Armatage.)

gland passes into the femoral veins indirectly through the
subpubic. Local treatment comprises removal of all the
milk at regular intervals, either by milking, by use of the
teat syphon, or by allowing the calf free access. Some-
times the cow will not allow the calf to suck at the dis-
eased quarters. Next foment freely, and afterwards
apply a poultice containing belladonna to the whole gland,
supporting it and the weight of the organ by a wide
bandage passed over the loins. As soon as suppuration
has taken place, and the abscess is perceptible, it must be
opened with a lancet, or an irregular wound will result
500 BOVINE PATHOLOGY. -

from its bursting, and the pus will burrow extensively
and cause disorganisation. By early puncture a part of
the quarter may be preserved. Subsequently the abscess
cavity should be dressed with tincture of myrrh or carbolic
ointment. In cases of gangrene the strength of the patient
must be supported by means of stimulant tonics, and the
mortified parts excised, or if they have sloughed away, the
wounds must be dressed with solution of chloride of lime
or of carbolic acid. In those cases where the disease
assumes a chronic character, and there is a tendency to
induration, we must endeavour to break down the masses
of curdled milk in the gland by alkaline injections
through the teats, and constant attention to milking ; and
we must endeavour to promote the removal of exuded
fibrinous matter in early cases by stimulating applications,
as soon as all active inflammation has subsided; later,
by iodine ointments and iodide of potassium administered
internally. Throughout cases of mammitis the use of
food materials containing large quantities of milk-forming
elements should be avoided.’ In the early stages the calf
may be allowed the milk, but when this becomes mingled
with inflammatory products, and especially when gangrene
sets in, this fluid must be thrown away. During cestrum
and the first production of milk a congested condition of
the mammary gland has been observed. This is the
early stage of true mammitis, but the supervention of
inflammation may often be prevented by the timely with-
drawal of milk and fomentation. Mammitis is very seldom
seen in “ dried cows” (‘ drapes ’’).

Sore Txrats — HryrHema Mammittarum—has been
already mentioned (see “ Diseases of the Skin,” p. 349).

Tumours on the Teats——Warty growths are sometimes

1 Edgar has given the treatment of mammitis specially careful consideration.
He advocates nursing in full elaboration of detail, careful mulsion every two
hours (after removal of milk from the sound quarters) to express altered
milk and deposits, thorough fomentation, belladonna and glycerine applica-
tions, poultices or similar emollients to the loins. Internally he gives
cathartics, belladonna, and soda (to correct dyspepsia). He strongly objects
to use of the milk syphon and suspender, also to bleeding in this disease.
Catarrhal mammitis be treats throughout with tonics, He anticipates benefit
from intra-mammary injections of atropine.
THE FEMALE GENERATIVE ORGANS. 501

seen on the teats ; they interfere with milking, and are
liable to injury, but can be easily removed with the knife,
or by means of ligatures.

OsstRUCTIONS IN THE TgaTSs are not rare; in milking
the animal they can be felt as nodules along the course
of the duct, and the flow will be more or less impeded.
These are either masses of curdled milk, small tumours
attached by pedicles to the mucous membrane, or Lac-
TEAL CatcuLt. These impediments to free flow tend to
produce mammitis, and must, therefore, beremoved. This
is not always an easy matter, but, when not extracted, they
may be returnable to the galactophorous sinuses, where
they will often remain without causing inconvenience.

InriamMation oF THE Lining Memprane or tHE Duct
occurring as a complication of mammitis, sometimes results
in srRictuRE of the passage. This may be relieved by
frequent passage of probes or syphons of gradually
increasing size.

Relazation is seen as a result of the practice of allowing
over-accumulation of milk. It gives rise to Lactorru@a.
The mechanism by which the milk is retained in the galac-
tophores is variously described as an elastic ring or a
sphincter of muscular fibre. The fact that the cow can
retain the milk if an attempt be made to remove it by a
stranger seems to support the latter opinion. When this
muscular substance is disordered a free flow takes place. To
palliate this the sphincter’ has been artificially replaced by
an elastic band which compresses the teat enough to close
its passage but not to strangulate it. This is removed
at milking time, and seems to answer in many cases.
Lactorrhcea sometimes results from inattention and want
of milking after removal of a calf (‘ Edinburgh Veterinary
Review,’ vol. iii, p. 190). —

Apprnpum 2,—MuLK anp irs DisorDERs.

The milk of the cow has a specific gravity averaging
1030, and contains less fatty matter, albumen, and sugar
502 BOVINE PATHOLOGY,

than that of the human female, but considerably more
casein and salines. It varies very much in quality and
quantity with the nature of the diet. Is tested by means
of a special form of the hydrometer, termed the lacto-
meter, and algo by microscopical examination. We need
not enter into details of this, but simply remark that
though under healthy conditions the variations in quality
and quantity of this fluid are rather extensive, they are
more so as a result of disease.

Agalactia is the non-production of milk in consequence
either of atrophy of the mammary gland, which results
from inflammation, or of debility of the system in general.
In the former case it is incurable, in the latter, by
judicious feeding with highly nutritious diet, the flow of
milk may be restored. The value of galactagogues is not
quite a matter of certainty. It is said by some that
agalactia takes place in two or three years after spaying
has been performed, but others assert that this is only a

 

Fie. 114.—Section of the Fie. 115.—A. Lobule of mamma filled with

cow’s teat. aa. Principal milk, 2B. Milk globules. C. Colostrum.
lactiferous ducts. 6. Lac- a. Cell with visible nucleus, 3. Cells from
tiferous sinus. ce. Acini. which the nucleus has disappeared. (From
dd. Dartoid tissue of the Colin, ‘Physiologie des animaux domes-
teat. e. Orifice of the tiques.’)

teat. (From Colin, “Physi-
ologie des animaux do-
mestiques.’’)

very exceptional condition, the secretion of milk being
constant and lasting for a long time. Aged cows dry up, and
aloss of milk is the first symptom in many important
diseases.
THE FEMALE GENERATIVE ORGANS, 503

Hypergalactia, or prolonged lactation, is not so frequent
and is often seen in very good milkers. It is hardly a
diseased state, but it constitutes a great strain on the
system.

CHANGES IN THE QUALITY oF THE MILK are—(1) due to
excess or deficiency of natural components. Thus, some
milk gives scarcely any cream, while in other cases the
secretion is scanty, but very rich. Bluish watery milk is
given sometimes in normal quantity by debilitated animals.
These and other similar conditions are dependent on feed-
ing, and other points of management. The nature of the
food very frequently affects the flavour of the butter
Sometimes it is found that the milk gives little
butter, and at other times is not valuable for cheese.
(2) Admiature of foreign matters, as blood, pus, specific
discharges, bacteria, &c. These result from specific or
ordinary inflammation; in the former case the milk may
prove the vehicle of contagion to man and other animals.
In foot-and-mouth disease, and other specific disorders,
the calf if left with the dam may become affected with
a virulent form of the disease. Medicinal agents adminis-
tered to the cow pass off in the milk and may seriously
affect the calf or children fed on this fluid. It has been
proposed to thus prepare medicines in a palatable and
bland form for human use at the expense of the cow, but
this method has not been generally adopted.

 

Fie. 116.——Milk or Teat Syphon.

Apprnpumu 3.—Diszaszs or very Youne ANIMALS.

The young animal on birth is sometimes found asphyxi-
ated. No respiratory efforts are made; the “ necessity
for breathing ” does not produce the usual effect. Artificial
respiration may be tried or douching with cold water,
504 BOVINE PATHOLOGY,

Umbilical Hemorrhage may result from breaking off of
the cord too close to the abdomen. The usual styptic
measures may be tried, and if possible, a ligature put on.

Perviousness of the Urachus, Gastro-enteritis, and Hernie
of young animals have been already described. Also we
have alluded to the accumulations of meconium, which give
rise to constipation and general abdominal disorder, and
result either from excessive accumulation, or from the
young animal being deprived of the colostrum, its natural
cathartic.

INFLAMMATION OF THE UmBiLicaL Corp—OmPHALITIS—is
especially seen in the progeny of scrofulous animals, and
may result from any ordinary irritating influence ; the ten-
dency calves have to suck the remains of the umbilical cord
especially gives rise to this. The scrofulous cases are very
obstinate, but ordinary ones soon suppurate, and there is a
tendency of the pus to pass up the cord and cause sinuses.
These must be opened, the young animal removed from
among other calves, and the inflamed part fomented
and protected from injury, after opening it must be
dressed with the glycerine or oil of carbolic acid. No
special measure is necessary in the treatment, but a long
and severe case of this disorder may considerably retard
the development of the calf.

Cipema or THE Umpiticus also results from calves suck-
ing one another. It must not be mistaken for umbilical
hernia. A bandage may be put on to protect the part.

 

Fro. 117.-- Parturition forceps.
NOTES ON THE BIBLIOGRAPHY OF CATTLE
PATHOLOGY IN THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE.

Fora long time after some scientific knowledge had been brought
to bear on the subject of the diseases of the horse, the treatment of
other domesticated animals remained in the hands of the most
ignorant of empirics, who, under the name of ‘“ Cow leeches,” weie
called in to attend such cases as proved beyond the experience of
the owner. The vilest and most complicated of nostrums were
administered by these worthies, and it seems that it was generally
considered to be safer for the farmer to trust to his simple know-
ledge of disease and the prescriptions handed down to him by
his ancestors, than to expend money on medicinal treatment with
little prospect of receiving its value, and considerable likelihood of
detriment to his stock. Hence, we find that accounts of the diseases
of the ox are, with those of other animals, treated of in works on
Husbandry, such as Marxuam’s Way to Wealth and Country Farmer,
and we need scarcely say that the language used and the notions
expressed in these works were markedly different from those
sanctioned by science. Before 1825, some books were produced
specially touching upon the management and diseases of cattle, of
these we may mention:

.Mascall on “ Cattle ” (1680).
Mills on “ Cattle” (1776).
Downing on “ Cattle” (1797).
Feron’s “ Farriery ” (1803).
Rowlin’s “ Cow Doctor ” (1804).
Boothby on “ Cattle” (1809).
Causer on “ Domestic Animals ” (1822).

Also the works of Lawrence, Tindall, Rydings, Peck, and Rydge,
and those of Clater and White, which, under much modified forms,
have remained to the present day; the latest edition of CLATER’s
Cattle Doctor by ARMATAGE being one of no little value, to which we
are indebted for many useful hints and illustrations. WHITE was
an author of much repute and merit, and his Veterinary Diction
and Cattle Medicine are still worth examination, especially the 1842
edition of the latter, which was brought out by Mr. W. C. SPOONER,
an eminent veterinary surgeon and accomplished writer. TopHam
produced a book specially on the Diseases of Cattle, and this period
of the evolution of the literature of cattle pathology led to such
monographs on special subjects, as PARKINSON on Parturient
Animals, SKELLET on the Breeding Cow, and BLURTON on Milking.

In 1798 was published JenneR’s remarkable work on Variola

‘accina.
spec cte the rise of veterinary science appeared books useful both
506 NOTES ON BIBLIOGRAPHY OF CATTLE PATHOLOGY.

for the owners of cattle and to the members of the young profession;
of these the one which most largely has influenced the progress of
cattle pathology is that excellent work, YouatT On Cattle, which
appeared in 1834, and may still be consulted with benefit in spite of
the vast strides of all branches of pathology since then. More
recently members of the veterinary profession have contributed
largely to the advancement of this branch of science, and our
leading authors have treated of the diseases of cattle generally with
those of our other patients, as in the works of Biaine, Dick,
GamcEE, and Wi.iiaMs, the Veterinary Surgery and Veterinary
Medicine of the last of these authors, and the work of GAMGEE on
Our Domestic Animals in Health and Disease, are those which we
suggest as most valuable to the student of cattle pathology in the
present day. For information on special subjects he cannot do
better than consult such works as those of FLemine on Animal
Plagues, Rabies and Hydrophobia, Veterinary Sanitary Science and
Police, and (especially) Veterinary Obstetrics, the publication of
which has rendered it less necessary for us to enter into prolonged
treatment of this section of bovine practice than has seemed right
to our predecessors in this branch of professional literature. Also
WaLuey’s Four Bovine Scourges is of special value and interest; it
is a marked gain to veterinary science. We must here also allude
to the small Pat useful papers by Morton and Srmonps, the former
on Caleulous Concretions and Toxicology, the latter on Pleuro-
pneumonia, Parturient Apoplexy, and so on. Also to that formidable
but interesting volume, GaMGEE on Cattle Plague. For our informa-
tion on the action of medicinal agents we are indebted to the works
of Morton, Tuson, and Fintay Dun; and we have derived much
valuable matter from Dr. CoBBoLp’s Parasites, and The Parasites
of our Domesticated Animals, as well as from notes on his course
of lectures at the Royal Veterinary College, which we, as a stu-
dent, had the privilege of taking. A few works on cattle have been
recently produced in America, of these we need only allude to Pro-
FESSOR JAMES Law’s Farmer’s Veterinary Adviser, as in many points
original and always worth reading. Dogson On the Ox, through
which we have been fortunate enough to obtain many of our illus-
trations, is addressed to the farmer as well as the practitioner, and
is therefore hardly sufficient fo: the requirements of the profession
in the present day. It has proved of considerable use to students
and practitioners, and we can conscientiously allude to it as a
simple, interesting, and practical work. With those of Youatt,
Armatage, and Spooner, already alluded to, it has recently repre-
sented that portion of veterinary literature most directly dealing
with diseases of the ox. Not the least valuable portion of the
literature of my subject must be sought for in the columns of such
periodical publications as the Veterinarian, Veterinary Journal,
Edinburgh and American Veterinary Reviews, Veterinary Record,
Abstract of Proceedings of the Veterinary Medical Association, and
also the journals of the various agricultural societies.

(Since the issue of the first edition of this work, Hiux’s Bovine
Medicine and Surgery has been added to the list of English books
on cattle pathology ; and to the list of periodicals containing valuable
matter bearing on this branch of science must be added the Journal
of Comparative Medicine and Surgery published in America, and the
Journal of Veterinary Science in India, both published quarterly.]
INDEX.

 

PAGE
Abdomen. . « « . 67
—dropsy of . . . 319
Abductor femoris, dislocation of 425
Abnormal presentations . . 468
Abomastis . ee é - 285
Abomasum . . . . 268
— impaction of. . . . 286
—rupture of . . . . 286
Abortion . . z . . 461
Abrus é . . F « 205
Abscess . 3 . . 27
—ofkidney . - . . 356
— serous . . . ‘* . 441
Absence of teats 7 . . 497
Acariasis . i yh)

Accumulation of sweconiuns 312, 504
Acne. - ee, - . 370
Aconite . < < . 211

Actinomycosis . . : . 136
Active congestion . - 85
— hemorrhage. A , - 87
Acute disease . a ‘ . 40
— inflammation. - 35
Administration of chlor for "5
— of drenches . i: 76
— of medicines. 76
Adrenals 244
Adynamia nervosa 407
Aigagropiles 281

— in liquor amnii
Afterbirth. .
Afterpains. 7
Agalactia . .
Age in relation to disease 7
Air . . . .
— expired. .
Albugo .

oR ep HE ne RO wD
ie
a
e

Pr
oo
~w
wo

Albuminuria. x . 854
Alimentary canal. 67, 245
Alopecia 5 z

Alvitis . . m . 278
Amaurosis. . . « 392
Amenorrhea. ‘ 459

American splenic fever

Amnion, dropsy of . 480

 

Amputation of a foot.

— of the penis .

— of the uterus
— of the vagina
Amyloid . .
Anal fistula.
Anemia . .
Anesthetics .
Anasarca . .
Aneurism . .
‘« Angle berries ”
Anidians .

Animal parasites of skin

— vaccination .
Anorexia

Ante-partum pleeding
Anthracoid affections.

Anthrax . .
Antidotes . .
Antiphlogistics .
Antiseptic surgery
— system .
Antitympanies .
Anus, false «
— impervious .
Aphtha 3
—epizootica .
—genitalium .
— infectious .
Apnea . .
Apoplexy . .
— intestinal .
—parturient .
—puerperal .
— pulmonary .
— splenic . .

‘poehaases of the eye, diseases
of

Application of boiling water

.
.
.
.
°
*

PAGE
- 384
- 452
- 493
- 494
- 20
. 312
16, 96
- 44

. 873, 475

Pr

- 238

. 372

- 475

» 875

- 170

- 67

« 467

- 174

- 174
85, 86

. 49

« 435

« 435

- 85
298, 311
. 312

- 254
- 153
- 173
. 173
9, 16
. 897
- ll
- 408
- 408
» 841
- 181

. 887
- 88

Aqueous chamber, deposits in . 391

Arsenic . . - 215
Arteries . . . 238
— irregular’ ities of . . . 239
Arteriotomy 91
Arthritis. . . . » 425
508

Arthritis, rheumatic .
—scrofulous .
Ascites, 7
— congenital .
Asphyxia . :
— neonatorum .
Asthenia
Asthenic inflamm: ition
Asthma . *
Astringents . .
Astringent poisons .
Atheroma . "
Atmosphere .
Atrophy .

— of the blood .

— of the heart.
— of the omasum
— of the ovaries
— of the skin .
— of the spleen
Auscultation .

Bacillus . ‘

Bacterium of anthrax
Baldness . *

Balls for cattle . .
Barbs , ‘ *
Bearers . 7 .
“« Bed-sores’”’ .
Bending of a bone .
Bile . ‘ .
Biliary calculi . .
Birth, premature.
“ Black cancer” .
“ Black leg” .
“Black quarter” .
Black water” .

Ce

Cr

Bladder, inflammation of .

— inversion of .
— rupture of
— spasm of the neck.
— tumour of . .
Blaine or blain . ‘
Blebs ‘
Bleeding from the lungs
— from the nostrils .
— ante-partum.
Blistering . .
Blood . -
— in urine
Bloodletting
—local .
Bloody flux
— sweat .
“Blown”

Bone, fibro-plastic degeneration

of ‘ ‘
- inflammation of .

 

ee ee ee ew tt lg

INDEX,
PAGE
- 109 | Bony tumours on orbit
» 129 |} Borborygma . .
. 819 | Bot . c . 3
. 475 | “Bound” . 7 ‘
9,16 | Bowels, diseases of .
. 503 | Brain, dropsy of .
. 16 | — inflammation of .
. 384 | — ossified. . .
. 8837 | — parasites in . :
85,.86 | Breeding “in and in”
. 214 | — special. . .
. 238 | Bronchitis. . .
59, 68 | — chronic . A
. 22 | —parasitic . .
- 96 | Broncho-pneumonia .
. 229 | Bulimia . . .
. 285 | “Bullers ” . .
. 456 | “Bull-burnt” . °
. 373 | Bull-dogs . .
. 243 | Bursal enlargements .
322, 324
Cachexia aquosa verminosa
185, 174,185 | — ossifraga malacia .
.174 | Cecum .
. 373 | Cesarean operation . 2
. 77 | Calcareous tumours .
. 250 | Calcification . .
. 219 | Calculus, cystic .
- 409 | — gastric . .
. 422 | —intestinal . .
. 317 | — lacteal .
. 817 | — pancreatic . .
- 463 | — preputial .. .
- 439 | —renal . . .
- 185 | — salivary .
. 185 | — uretal .. . 3
. 111 | — urethral 3 7
. 360 | Calf, diseases of é
861, 494 | Callous ulcer . .
. 861 | Callus. .
. 361 Campylorrhachides .
. 364 | Canal, alimentary .
183, 369 | Cancer . " .
. 33 | —Dlack . . .
- 341 | —ofkidney . 7
. 828 | — of penis 7 .
- 467 | —of tongue . é
- 88 | Capillary hemorrhage
- 93 | Capping horns. ..
. 853 | Carbuncle. ° te
89 | Carbuncular erysipelas
- 51 | Carbonic-acid poisoning
806, 467 | Carcinomata . 5
. 374 | Cardiac polypi . .
. 272 | Carditis . . .
Caries 7 .
- 1389 | —of molars . .
- 416 | Cartilago-nict?tana .

PAGE
- 388

. , 379
- 299
- 291
- 398
. 394
. 401
- 400
58, 133

« 335
- 336
- 337
« 342
+ 259
- 127
- 453

- 442

. 418

| 464
. 441

- 246
. 389
INDEX.

PAGE
Caruncula lachrymalis . - 389
Caseation . 7 . . 19
Castration fs : . 446
— of cows i ‘ o 457
Catalepsy . * . ‘ . 897
Cataplasmata . e . - 88
Cataract . ‘ . < . 392
Catarrh . - . ‘ . 828
— malignant . : . . 197
Cathartics : : . 803
Catheter, passing the P . 358
Cattle plague . . _ . 160
— bodies . * é ‘ . 166
Causes z . % . 61
—_ determining . . - 38
Cautery, castration by the . 448
Cavernous rfle . f ‘ . 323
Celosomians . a 2 ~A77
Cerebritis . 2 3 . 894
Cerebro-spinal system . « 394
Charbon . . . a . 174
— essential . . . . 181
— external A . i . 185
— symptomatic . - 185
Charbonous gangrene of lungs . 184
“ Chine felon” . « 5 . 109
Chloroform 7 . 44, 74
Choking . . . . . 258
Chorea . . * . . 408
Chronic disease . - - 40

— inflammation * . . 85
Cicatrisation . a - 432
Clamps, castration with . . 449
—vumbilical . i 5 . 296
Classification of poisons . - 204
— of skin diseases . . . 366
“(Qleansing” . . ° . 465
Cleft palate . * oe - 477
Climate . . . . . 59
* Clue bound” . . 3 - 282
“Clyers” . * . 129, 140
Congulable lymph o 6. 2
Coat staring . . . . 366
Celogomians . i ‘ 2477
Coitt, injuries sub. . . 451
Colchicum 7 . ‘ . 211
Cold abscesses—ulcer * - 382
Colic, flatulent . ‘ # . 292
— simple . . . . . 291
Collapse . . . . 45
Colloid . . . 3 18, 438
Colon ‘ . . - 290

lour, effects on skin diseases . 374
ae ee 17, 401
Complication . <
Concentric hyper trophy . . ; 228
Conception, extra-uterine . . 463
Confluent ulcer . . . 6 82

 

Conformation .
Congenital disease
— hairy tumour

— hydrocephalus
Congestion 5
— hepatic :

— pulmonary .
Conium . .
Conjunctivitis .
Conservative surgery
Constipation
Contagion 3
Continuity, solutions of
Contraction, a a fect,
uteri . .
Contused wounds .

* Copper smoke disease ”

Cord, spinal, diseases of

f

.
.

.
.
.
oO
.
.
.

509

PAGE
61
46, 255
. 387
- 399
35, 53
- 815
. 841
. 211
- 389
. 45
- 302
- 118
- 430
os
- 484
- 430
. 216
- 402

— umbilical, inflammation of . 504

Cornea, opacity of .
Corneitis . °
Corrosive poisons
Coryza . .
Cough.

Counter-irritants .

. 390
- 390
» 215
. 197
10, 65
.» 51

Covered operation of eee 449

Cow-pox . .
Cramp of tongue i
Cranium, fractures of
Crepitation 4 .
“Cripples” ‘
“Crochles”  . .
Croup ‘ .
Geonpeus enteritis .
— pneumonia . s
Cud, dropping the .
Cumulative agents .
Cuticular cyst in parotid

“Cutting for the stone ”

Cyanosis . . .
Cystic calculus .
— tumours.

Cystitis .
Cystocele .
Cystic tongue
Cysts 7

— dermopilous
— hydatid .

.
.
.
.
e
.
.
e

Dead fetus .
Death . . .
Debility . . .
Deformity of penis .
Degeneration . .
— cretaceous, of heart
— fatty, of heart .
— of arteries .

— of bone, fibro-plastic

169
. » 253
» 422
324
418
109
192
311
342
248
204
250
364
- 237
- 362
. 441
« 360
» 294
» 253
- 250
872, 442
243, 345

« 475 |
15, 69
- 96
- 451
- 18
+ 229
« 229
» 238
- 139

er ee ee ee
510

INDEX.

PAGE PAGE
Degeneration of cesophagus 256, 258 | Dysorexia. . ~ 6 «6 OF
Delirium . : é , . 401 | Dyspnea . ‘ 7 : - 9
Delitescence . i . 84] Dysuria . . é , . 360

Demarcation, line of. . . 33
Depilation .  .  « «873 | Har, diseasesof. . . . 887
Depurants i “ ‘ . 84] Eburnation . 3 - 110
Derivatives . . 49, 85 | Eccentric hypertrophy of heart 228
Dermatitis 7 . . 867 | Echinococcus . . . 201, 345
—pustulosa. . . . 869 | — inliver. . z . 316
Dermatophyta . 2 7 . 879 | Ecraseur . is ‘ ‘ . 445
Dermatozoa .. . . 874 | Ecthyma . .  . . 370, 476
Dermopilous cysts. . 372, 442 | Ectopia cordis . . 237, 477
Detection of foetus . . - 461 | Ectozoa . . . . 219
Determining causes . . - 38 {| Eczema . ‘ . . - 368
“Dew blown ” 2 . 272 | — contagiosa . ; . 153
Diabetes insipidus. . 116, 352 | — epizootica é . . 153
— mellitus . : 5 . 116 | Effusion » 24
Diagnosis . - 5 . 3 | Elastic band for castration « 448
Diaphragm, rupture of . - 350 | Elephantiasis . . . . 372
Diaphragmatic hernia . . 298 | Eliminatives . . . - 84
Diarrhea . ‘ é . . 304 | Eliminative poisons . : - 215
Dicephalians . . . . 477 | Emasculation . . . - 446
Diet . . . - 58 | Embolism . . fs . . 239
Difficult parturition . - : . 481 | Embryotomy . $ 5 . 478
Digestive system . . . 245 | Emphy-ema . . + 337, 373
Digitalis . . . +212 | —fetal . 3 . - 475
Dilatation of os uteri . - 484 | — infectuosum . * . - 185
— of esophagus s . - 256 | Emprosthotonos > . - 402
—ofureter . : ri . 857 | Empyema . 3 7 - 27, 347
—ofurethra . y 2 - 363 | Encephalitis . . . 394
Diphtheria 7 . . +192] Encephaloid . ° « 357, 438
Disease + 40,41 | Enchondromata : . + 441
Diseases, specific 3 - 116 | Endocarditis 7 . - 229
Disinfectants, internal ; . 85 | Endometritis . ‘ . - 485
Disinfection . . . 76,89 | Enemas . is »  . 78
Dislocations. . 7 . 427 | Enlargements, bursal . « 442
— of the patella : . . 428 | Entangling . . . - 7
Displacement of abductor fe- Enteritis . a . - 309
moris . 7 a 7 . 425 | —croupous . . a . 311
Diuresis . . . : . 859 | Enterocele . . . - 294
Doses - 80 | Entozoa . . . . - 219
% Downfall of the udder » . 497 | Enzootics . ‘ * ‘ . 40
Draughts . . . . - 76 | Epidermal tumours . . « 440
Drenches . 4 ; « - 76 | Epidermis, keratoid change of . 371
Dressing feet . . . +» 74 | Epilepsy 7 : 396
Drink s . « 61 | Epileptoid convulsions . . 897
“ Dropping the cud ” . - 248 | Epiphyses, separation of . + 422
— after calving 7 F - 408 | Epiplocele F ‘ - 294
Dropsy F ‘ 22, 25, 53 | Epistaxis . ‘ 7 . . 829
— of abdomen . - 5 - 319 | Epithelial tumours ‘ . 440
—ofamnion . . ‘ - 480 | Epithelioma . . . - 439
— of brain ‘ . - 898 | Epizootics. S . . « 40
—ofjoints . . - 426 | —vesicular . . ‘ + 153
— of ovaries . . . 456 | Ergot . . . . - 208
— of pericardium. . - 235 | Erysipelas. . . . - 191
—ofuterus . . . - 485 | — carbuncular . . . « 185
Duct, milk, infection of . - 501 | Erythema. ‘ . . - 367
Dysentery + 4 +  . 806 | —chronica . . .)) . 867

 
 

INDEX. 511
PAGE PAGE
Erythema, mammillarum . . 367 | Foetal membranes, diseases of . 480
Essential charbon . - - 181 | — removal of . . : - 466
Etiology . : . . . 2 | — retention of. . « 465
Evil, quarter. é - 185 | Feetid pus. Pe i ; - 29
Examinations, post- -mortem - 17 | Feetus,dead ‘ ‘ - 463
Exanthemata . . - 168 | — detection of . . : . 461
Excipients z * :. 88 | Fog sickness . é . 272, 282
Exciting causes - ‘ 3,61 | Fomentations é . 88
Excreta . . 3 - 12 | Foot. 3 fs . 381
Exomphalos ‘ . 295 | — and mouth Sicewen, ; . 153
Exostosis . ‘ é . 417, 441 | — monstrous condition of - 386
Extra-uterine conception . - 463 | Foreign bodies in reticulun . 281
Extravasation . : 7 - 80 | ——rumen . . * . 281
Exudation ‘ . . . 24 | Foul” : 3 . - 382
Eye . - . ‘ 7 . 387 | “Founder” . : : . 885
— worm in 7 ‘ ji . 891 | Fractures . . ‘ . 87, 420
Eyeball, diseases of . . 889 | — greenstick . i « 422
Eyelids, laceration of S . 888 | — of cranium . 7 i. - 422
— of horns a © 66 421
Feces . . - 66 | —of metacarpals . 5 - 421
“Falling of the read » . . 489 | — of os innominatuin ‘ - 421
Fake anus ‘ . 298, 311 | — of ribs. a @ » 422
— labour pains . . P - 460 | — partial. é fs - 422
— presentation. s . . 468 | Fragilitas ossium . fs . 418
Farcy . . 3 . 191,242 | Free martins . a : - 459
Favus je ‘ 2 . 879 | Friction sound . 7 E - 324
Fatty degeneration . . 19,229 | Fumigation : . . 340
— deposits in spermatic cord . 451 | Functional disorders . . 1, 38
— tumours zi 3 . . 441 | — disease of heart . : . 227
Feet, dressing of 7 . » 94 | — of skin. ‘ 3 . 373
—sore . is . . . 885 | Fungus hematodes . i . 388
Felon chine. ‘ 3 . 109 | Furor uterinus . . . » 485
—joint . 7 : - 109 | Furunculus . . . - 370
Female generative organs é . 455
Fetlock, sprain of : . 423 | Gad-fly . ji . 3 . 878
Fever ‘ - - 99 | Gall-bladder . ‘ ‘ - 317
_ inflammatory . . - 185 | Gangrene. - . . - 382
— parturient . . . . 414 | — of lungs . ‘i . 184
—relapsing . . 5 .- 200 | Gangrenous stomatitis é - 193
— Spanish . : . . 182 | “Garget” apr tas . «497
— splenic. . a 7 . 181 | Gasterocele ‘ . 7 - 294
— Texas . . . . 182 | Gastric vertigo. . . - 897
Fibrinous intestinal casts . . 810 | Gastro-enteritis. . 7 287, 504
Fibromata a ‘ fs . 440 | General symptoms . 462
— interdigital . ‘ . 886 | Generative system, female » 455
Fibro-plastic degeneration of — — male . . , « 446
bone . o ‘ . 189 | Genital aphtha . 5 . 187
Figure of eight suture. . 434 | Glanders . és ‘ . 191
Fistula. ‘ 9% * . 82 | “ Glanders”’ . ‘ . 197
—inano. 5 5 z . 312 | Glands, salivary . . « 248
— of rumen a ¥ . 282 | — vascular < . . « 244
— recto-vaginal ‘ ¥ . 495 | Gleet, nasal ‘ # ‘ » 330
— uterine. ‘ ‘ e . 488 | Gloss-anthrax . x * 188
— vesico-vaginal % % - 495 | Glossitis . ‘ ‘§ 2 251
Flatulence . . 67,292 | Gmelin’s test . ‘ z - 106
Fluke . «© +  ~  « 97 | Gonorrhea . «© .  . 452
Flux, nasal =. we 828 | “Grain-sick” © 6 1. 278
Fly, tsetze oe 379 | Granulations . . . 380,431
512 INDEX.
PAGE

“ Grapes”. x Z - 127,149 | Hernia ventral . «
Gravel + «  . 862} Herpes . . .
Greenstick fracture . . . 422 | Hide bound. .
Gregariousness . ‘ A . 58 | History of cases .
Groove, esophageal . . . 265 | Hoast : 7 .
Grooved needle . . . 14 | Hobbles . ‘ .
Growths, warty . . . 872 | Honeycomb ringworm
Gunshot wounds . . 431 | Hoof, lossof . ‘
Gustation . 7 7 . 393 | Hoose : é
“Gut tie” ‘ . 299 | Horns, fractures of .
Guttural pouch, abscess of - 130 | —overgrowth of .

Hosts . . .
Hematics ; 7 . - 82 | Hoven’ . e .
Hematomata . . 235, 441,495 | Husk : : ‘
Hematuria 7 . . 853 | Hydatids . ° .
Hemo-albuminuria . -111 | Hydramnios . .
Hemoptysis  . 5 ° . 341 | Hydrocele . ‘
Hemorrhage . - 80, 58,432 | Hydrocephalus . .
—capillary . i ‘ . 240 | — congenitalis . .
—from the liver . ‘ . 815 | Hydrophobia ,
—fromvulva . . . . 466 | Hydrops articulorum
— umbilical . c . » 504 | — pericardii ‘
Hemorrhagic infarction . - 87 | —uteri . ‘
Hemorrhoids . . - 804 | Hydrothorax i
Hair balls ‘ % a . 281 | Hymen, impervious .
— in liquor amnii_. . 481 | Hyovertebrotomy .
Hairy tumours, congenital . 381 | Hyperemia . 3
Hare-lip . A . : . 477 | Hypertrophy . 3
“ Hawks ” . - 183 | — of blood . 7
Head, methods of fixing . - 71 | — of heart . :
Healthy ulcer . . . - 81-| —of skin . .
Heart F 3 7 . . 225 | —ofspleen . .
— diseases of é 7 . 227 | Hypergalactia .
— misplacement of . . . 237 | Hysterocele
— pouched : ‘ * . 229 | Hysterotomy, vaginal
— rupture of . . . - 236
Heat . . . - 458 | Ichorous pus .
— of inflammation . - 24 | Icterus  .
Heel, ulceration of . . - 386 | Idiopathic hemorrhage
sf Hefting” . . A . 498 | — inflammation :
Hemiplegia . . . - 445 | — pericarditis . :
Hepatic hernia . . . . 317 | — tetanus é %
Hepatirrhea . : . - 315 | Ileus : ‘
Hepatitis . . : . . 313 | Immediate contagion
Hepatisation . . . 842 | Impaction of abomasum
Hereditary influence ° - 50 | — bowels . . .
Hermaphrodites ‘ : - 477 | — omasum 3
Hernia . . 2 . 294 | —rumen. ‘ .
_— diaphragmatic é . . 298 | Imperforate vagina .
— hepatic . > ig - 817 | Impervious anus .
— inguinal . . . - 298 | — os uteri . .
— mesenteric . 2 . . 298 | —teats . . .
—ofrumen . . . . 282 | Impetigo. .  ,
—pelvic . : . - + 299 | Incised wounds . é
— phrenic . . . - 298 | Incisors . .
— scrotal . . 3 + 298 | Incontinency of urine
—vumbilical . o 13s - 295 | Indigestion .
—uteri . * ; ‘ 299, 494 | Induration of mammar y gland .

 

ee we ew tM we ew

20

ee 6 we te tw ww

ee ey

oe Se we ee

PAGE
. 297
. 367
. 366
» 5
. 837

. 72

- 879

- 385

« 337

- 421

. 386

. 219

. 272

- 337
243, 442
- 480

. 451

- 398

- 899

. 199

.

. 235
» 485
. 346
« 483
- 333

- 95
- 228
- 871
- 248
- 503
» 494
+ 482

+ 293
- 118
- 286
. 292
» 282
. 278
- 481
. 312
- 482
- 498
- 469
» 400
+ 245
» 359
« 286
498
INDEX.
PAGE

Indurations of thyroid. - 244 | Kidney, abscess of .
— of tongue - 252 | — encephaloid of
Inertia of uterine walls - 484 | — inflammation of .
Infarction, hemorrhagic . - 87 | Koch’s bacillus . .
Infection . ‘ 7 60, 118
Infectious aphtha - 173 | Labour pains, false
Infiltration =, ‘ 20, 27 | Laburnum
Inflamed ulcer . ‘ ; - 381 | Lacerated wounds
Inflammation . 23, 35 | Lacerations of the cyelids .
— of the blood . - 99 | — of the uterus
— of the brain . + 894 | Lacteal calculi .
~— of the heart . ‘ : + 228 | Lactiferous apparatus
— of the pericardium - 231 | Lactorrhea . .
— of the spleen F . - 243 | Laminitis . . .
inflammatory fever . : - 185 | Lands, scouring .
—uleer . . : : - 81 | Laparotomy .
Infusoria . : ‘ : + 218 | Laryngitis’...
Inguinal hernia 3 . 298 | Laryngotomy . .
Inhalations ; - 79 | Larynx, fractures of .
Injection, hypodermic » + 79 | — tumours of .

—intravenous. . . + 79 | “ashing”? .
— subcutaneous . 5 - 79 | Latent period . 5
Inoculation . 2 - 46,118 | Landable pus . :
— for anthrax . 180 | Lead. :
— for cattle plague .. 165 | Leading a bull.
— for pleuro-pneumonia ie 150 | Legislative measures

Inspissated pus . . - 27
Interdigital fibromata

Interlobular emphysema 337
Interrupted suture . 434
Intermittent fever . z - 101
Interstitial pee ', 848, 345
Intestines . . 288
— malformations of . 312
— parasites in . : 5 - 312
— tumours of . . 312
— ruptures of . . - 311
Intestinal apoplexy . - 811
—casts . : . - 310
Intimate pathology ‘ , . 17
Intussusception : » 292
Invagination ‘i « 292
Inversion of bladder . - 494
—ofuterus . . . 489
—ofvagina . - 493
Irregularities of arteries . 239
Irritant poisons 6 . 204, 214
Irritation venteuse . 804
Ischuria . . « 858

Isdstion @ sel

Jaundice . = ri i - 105
“ Joint felon” : : - 109
Joints, dropsy of 4 ‘ - 426
— inflammation of 3 ~ 425
Keratitis . ° : . 390

Keratoid change of skin . . 871

 

Leucemia. i eS
Leucocythamia
Leucorrhea . “
Lice .

Ligamentum teres, sprain of

Ligature for castration
Lightning shock
Limbs, fixing of
Lipomata .

Lipomatous paralysis
Lips. . . .
Listerism . . .

Lithecstasy 7 -
Lithonlytics :
Lithotomy

Lithotrity. .
Liver, congestion ae.
— inflammation of
— ruptures of .

— softening of . .
Lobar oe

“ Locked jaw ”

Loo . 3 :
Loss of a hoof . ‘
Lousiness . ‘
Low. . < 5
Lumbago . s .
Lung disease . .
— induration of -
— inflammation of
—woundof . .
Lusus nature . «

.

83

513

PAGE
. 856
. 857
. 355
. 135

. 460
. 218
, 4
. 388
. 488
. 501
. 496
. 5OL
. 385
306
. 298
. 3380
. 832:
. 833
. 333
. 4417
123
29
. 218

. 47
- 104

- 495
. 378
» 424
. 448
102
71
441
406
. 245
435
363

oO
aS

364
. 363
. 815
. 813
. 815
. 316
. 842
« 402
. 882
» 885
. 378
. 882
. 109
- 141

. 842
» 845
» 478
514

Luxations . : .
Lymph adhesions.
—coagulable . .
— vaccine .
Lymphadenoma
Lymphatic system
Lymphoma : .
Lymphy deposit in
chamber . .

Maggots . . .
Male genital organs .
Malformations of heart

— of intestines . .
—of palate .
—ofuterus . ¥

Malignant catarrh
— sore-throat .
— tumours ‘
Mammary gland

Mammitis . Z
— from eczema .
— septic . .
Mange . .
Mania puerperalis .
Manipulation

Manual exploration .
Manyplies. .

“ Martins ”

“ Mawbound’”’

Meat, scrofulous
Mechanical congestion

Meconium, accumulations of, 312, 504

Mediate contagion .
Medicine . . .
Medullary sarcoma
Megalomelians .
Megrims . . .
Melanosis .

Membranes, fotal, diseases of

— — retention of is
Meningitis, tubercular
Menstruation .
Mensuration . .
Mercury . -
Mesenteric hernia

Metacarpal, fracture of the

Metastasis . ‘

Meteorisation
Metritis . é
Metro-peritonitis

Miescher’s bodies
Miliary tubercle
Milk. ‘

— changes of quality
—fever .

_ pathological .

— sickness .

 

INDEX.

PAGE PAGE
‘ . 427 | Misplacement of the heart - 237
7 + 25 | Molars. . . . . 246
‘ . 25 | Monstrosities . 475
5 . 170 | Monstrous condition of foot . 386
i . 243 | “ Moor-ill” 3 . i . 308
‘ . 242 | Morbid anatomy . 17, 69
. 243,441 | Mortification . < 32, 52
aqueous Mucous membranes . “ » 65
891 | —rale. ‘ : . 823
Muffle : . . s . 328
. . 879 | “ Muir-ill ” : 7 . . 111
. . 446 | “Mulling” 7 . . . 446
. . 287 | Multiparity . . . . 463
. 812 | Murrain . 153
. 255 | Muscles of mastication . 247
. 494 | — parasites in . * P . 425
. 197 | Myelitis . i s . 402
. 188 | Myo-carditis . : s . 228

ce . 487
. 496 | Nevus . 7 id : . 871
. 497 | Narcosis . . ‘ ‘ . 401
. 155 | Narcotics . . 209
. 190 | Narcotic poisons é . 209
. . 875 | Nasal polypus . . - . 329
. . 414 | — flux ‘ é . . . 330
7 . 827 | —gleet . : . . . 828
5 - 18 | Nausea . 7 . : . 67
. . 267 | Nebula. . 390
. . 459 | Neck of bladder, spasm of . 3861
. . 278 | — of womb, torsion of . 483
rn . 184 | Necremia. . ‘ . 16, 102
Fi 85 | Necrosis . . * . 383
Nephritis . . 855
? . 118 | Nerve, phrenic, division of . 414
7 . 82 | — sympathetic. 5 : - 414
z . 488 | Nerves . : 4 . 414
. . 477 | Nervous system. : 7 . 394
‘ . 896 | Nettle-rash . . A . 869
. 489 | Neurosis . . 7 7 . 374
. 480 | Neurotics . és ‘ 83, 204
< . 465 | Neurotomy s . 3 - 414
. 129 | Non-secretion of urine ‘ . 353
‘ . 458 | Nostrils, bleeding from . . 329
4 . 827 | Number ata birth . ‘ - 463
. 49 | Nursing . . « 46, 62, 75

- 298
. 421 | Obstruction in teats . 2 . BOL
. 84 | Gidema . é 5 2b, 373, 475
7 . 272 | —unbilical . . . 504
. . 485 | Cisophageal groove . . 266
‘ . 486 | Gisophagitis . « 256
. . 425 | Csophagotomy . - 263
. . 139 | Csophagus , . . » 255
. 69, 501 | — dilatation of : . 256
. 508 | — fibrous degeneration of . 256
- 408 | —ruptureof . . . - 257
. 29 | —stricture of . 3 . 256
- 141 | Cstral products, profu G3 » 459
 

INDEX. 515

PAGE PAGE

Gstral retained . ‘ . 459 | Parasites in nasal chambers . 330
— suppressed ‘ 5 . 459 | — in esophagus . 257
CGistriasis . . 3 . . 878 | —inrumen. é ‘ . 281
strum . . s ‘ . 458 | —vegetable . ‘ . 224
Omasitis . 284 | Parasitic diseases of the skin . 374
Omasum . 3 ‘ js . 267 | — bronchitis . 887
—atrophy of . a 5 . 285 | Parasitism, partial . 217
— impaction of . ‘ . 282 | Parasitismus . ‘ . 216
Omphalitis . 504 | Parotiditis . 250
Opacity of the cornea . 890 | Partial fracture - 422
Open synovial sheaths . 425 | Parturient apoplexy . - 408
Operations ‘ . 43 | — fever . 189, 414
Ophthalmia, periodic . 891 | — septicemia . : . 189
— simple. . . 889 | Parturition 5 “ . 464
— specific . : . . 891 | — difficult : ‘ . 481
Opisthotonos  . . . 402 | Passages, urinary ij . 357
Opium. S - . 209 | Passing the catheter . ; . 858
Orchithlasis . 446 | —the probang. . 261
Orchitis . x . 450 | Passive congestion 35
Organic disease of the heart . 227 | — hemorrhage. . 37
Organs of special sense . 366 | Patella, dislocation of « 428
Orthopnea é 5 ‘ - 9 | Pathognomonic. 5
Osseophytes  . , s . 418 | Pathological milk 29
Osseous tumours é . 447 | Pathology, intimate . - 7
Ossified brain . s . 401 | “ Paunching ” : . 279
Osteoporosis . 419 | Pelvic hernia . 299
Osteosarcoma, . 189 | — symphysis, relaxation of | 427
Ostitis . 416 | Pemphigus S . 370
Os uteri, dilatation of 484 | Penetrating wounds of foot . 386
— imperfect contraction of |. 484 | Penis, deformity of . - 451
— impervious . 482 | Percussion . - 326
Otitis 5 887 | Peforation of intestine . 311
. Ovaries, atrophy of . 456 | Pericardial dropsy . . 235
—dropsy of . . 7 456 | — rupture . » 235
Ovariotomy . 5 457 | Pericarditis e . 231
Overgrowth of horn . 386 | Period, latent . - . 123
Periosteotomy . 3 f . 417

Palate, malformations of . 255 | Periostitis. F a . 417
Palliatives ‘ 5 42 | Peripneumonia . . 141
Palpitation of the heart . 227 | Peritonitis 7 . . 318
Palsy ‘ 404 | — puerperal - 486
Pancreas, diseases of 3 818 | Persistent hymen . 482
“ Pantas ” . . is 808 | Perversion of gustation . 893
Panzootic . é . 40 | Pervious urachus . 862
Paps. ‘ ‘ . 250 | Petechia . é » BF
Paracentesis abdominis - . 820 | Pettenkofer’s test . 106
— thoracis : ‘ . 848 | Phagedenic ulcer . 82
Paralysis . 4 3 4 . 404 | Pharyngeal polypus . . 255
— of retina ° . 892 | Pharyngotomy . . 332
—oftongue . . . . 253 | Pharynx . . . 255
Paraplegia . . . 445 | Phlebitis . . . . 240
Parasites . ‘ ¥ . 216, 222 | Phlebotomy ‘ ‘ . 89
— in blood a ‘ . 201 | Phlegmon. - 28
— in brain - 2 ci . 400 | Phosphorus poisoning . 209
— in heart ‘: : . . 236 | Phrenic hernia . 3 ‘ . 298
— in intestines . . . . 812 | Phrenitis . 6 : s - 394
— in kidney . . . 857 | “Phrensy”  . ® . . 895
—jinmuscles , sy ; . 425 Phthiriasis ’ ’ ’ . 378
516

Phthisis pulmonalis
— — verminalis
Phymosis é .
Pigmentation .
Piles. 3 .
Pityriasis .
Placenta praevia
Plenalvia .
Plethora . .
Pleurisy .
Pleuritis . i
Pleuro .
Pleuro- -pneumonia contagioss
— exudativa

— pathology of
— sporadica

— zymotica
Pleurosthotonos
Pneumonia
Pneumonitis .
Pneumothorax .
Poisoned wounds
Poisoning, carbonic anhydride
Poisons

se ew eo eh we we
eh lee eh ar id

Polymelians ° .
Polypus, cardiac % F
—nasal . : " .
— pharyngeal . . .
—vesicular . ‘ .
Polysarca . 2 . .
Poppy poisoning

Porcellaneous deposit
Post-mortem examination
“ Pouched heart ”
Poultices . .

Poverty of the blood.
Powders . .

Preputial calculus 7
Precocity . : 7 .
Predisposition . . .
Pregnancy . s .
— signs of : -
Preliminary treatment .
Premature birth .
Premonitory symptoms

— passing the .

Proctatresia . i
Profuse urination .
Profusion of cestral products

Prepubic puncture . .
Presentation, false. i
—true . . ‘ 7
Prevention ‘ ‘
Pricks . i .
Primary disease . :
Probang . ‘ ‘ .
— corkscrew ‘
— forceps : ‘

INDEX.

PAGE PAGE
. 126 | Prognosis . . - 14,68
. 887 | Progressive paralysis : - 406
. 452 | Prolapsus ani . . 5 . 801
. 20 | —recti . ° . 301
. 804 | — uteri a . 489
. 871 | — vesical . . 361
. 466 | Prolonged utero-gestation . . 463
. 278 | Prophylaxis . - 46
. 95 | Proritus . , - 874
. 846 | Prussic acid poisoning . 211
. 8346 | Psoriasis . ; . ‘5 . 367
. 141 | Ptosis ‘ . . ‘ . 389
. 141 | Ptyalism . é - 66, 249
. 141 | Puerperal apoplexy : . . 408
. 146 | — mania . : : é - 414
. 8349 | — peritonitis . . . . 486
. 141 | Pulmonary apoplexy . - 341
. 402 | — congestion . . 341
. 842 | Pulse $ , ‘ a 6, 62
. 342 | — venous. . . . - 62
. 849 | Puncture of rumen . 3 . 276
. 480 | Punctured wounds . . . 430
. 105 | Purgatives . . - 803
. 203 | Purpura heemorrhagica : . 115
. 477 | Purulent infiltration . ; - 27
235 | Pus . ‘ . 26, 29
329 | Puschima . $ . - 160
. 255 | Pustular dermatitis . é . 369
864 | Pyemia . - - 188
. 475 | Pylorus, stricture of . F . 286
210 | Pyrexia . - 99

110
88 | “ Quarter-evil” a . 185
229 | Quilled suture . * ‘ « 434

88
96 | Rabies . : é . 199
78 | Rachitis . . 419
365 Railway trucks, disinfection of. 89
460 | Rainey’s bodies. fi . 425
72 | Rale. : x * « 323
59 Ramollissement : . - 316
461 | Record of cases : : » 6
44 | Recto-vaginal fistula - 495
463 | Rectum, distension of ‘ - 812
4 | —ruptureof .. ‘ . 311
359 | Red water i - lil
468 | Relapsing fever . 200
- 467 | Relaxation of pelvic symphysis. 427
46, 75 | — of teats . BOL
. 886 | Renal calculus . : » 836
- 5 | Repair . e 3 - 431
. 261 | Resolution - ; . 384
- 262 | Respirations ‘8, C4, 321
- 262 ee organs . . 821
. 261 | Res is ; . 48
. 812 ar » 71
. 352 | Results of wounds . 436
. 459 Retention of foetal membranes - 465

 
 

INDEX. 517

PAGE PAGE

Retention of cestral products . 469 | Scirrhus . oe . « 437
— of urine . ‘ < . 858 | —oftongue . . . » 252
Reticulum 2 : . . 267 | Scleroderma . : . . 371
Retina, paralysis of . ‘ . 892 | Scour ‘ : . 288
Retinitis . s . ‘ . 891 | Scouring lands . $ . 806
Revulsives - . . 85 | Scraping, castration by  . . 448
Rheumatism. é . 108 | Scrofula . 7 . . . 126
Rhonchus.  . ‘ ‘ . 823 | Scrofulous meat : . 184
Ribs, fractures of. a . 422 | — tumours ‘i j . 129
Rickets . ‘i ‘ . 419 | Scrotal hernia . 2 . 298
Rinderpest ‘ é - 160 | Secondary disease s . 5
Ringing a bull . s . 72 | Sedative poisons ¥ weld,
Ringworm, contagious. . 8379 | Sedatives, local . s . 51, 86
—honeycomb .. *: . 880 | Segregation . s 76
—non-contagious . 7 . 369 | Senile ulcer . . 82
Ropes for throwing . . . 73 | Separation of epiphysis A » 422
Rot . . . - . 97 | Septic mammitis 7 . 190
“Rotten” beasts 5 . 8306 | Septicemia . . . 188, 189
Rumen. . ‘ ‘5 . 266 | —parturient . s ; . 189
Rumination . . . 269 | Sequestrum . . i . 33
Ruminotomy . . . 279 | Serous abscess . F ‘ . 441
Rupture of abomasum af . 286 | — extravasation i . 36
— bladder s : . . 861 | Serratus magnus, rupture of . 424
—diaphragm . ‘ ‘ . 350 | Setons : - 92
— gall-bladder . . . . 817 | “Setting” a bone . . 421
—heart . . . % - 2386 | Sex . . ‘ é 61
— intestines . . 7 . 811 | “ Shackling ” a - ‘ . 71
— liver s ‘ ‘ . 815 | Shock . . é . - 8
— esophagus . z ‘ . 257 | Shoeing . . : . 385
— pericardium . . . . 235 | Sibilus. F . . 323
— rectum 7 s . 811 | Sideline . ; F . 171
—rumen . . 7 . . 280 | Simple hypertrophy F . 21
— serratus magnus . . 424 | —uleer . . . > - 382
— spleen . ‘ . 243 | Singe ~ ‘ . 369
— suspensory ligament : . 424 | Sinus . . . . . 82
— urethra . : . 363 | Skeleton . 5 . . . 415
— uterus . ; ‘ . 488 | Skin. : . 5 is - 68
— vagina . ; : . 495 | — diseases of . ‘ . . 866
—veins . : ‘ . 241 | Skit. . i . . 288
—vulva . , . 495 | Slinging . : " . - ‘7
— white fibrous band : . 423 | “Slinking” acalf . . . 461
Rutting . s ‘ . 458 | Slipping a calf . r a . 461
. Sloughing : . . 33

Sabulous matter : . 862 | Smallpox in cattle : 7 . 169
Salivary calculi ° . 250 | Soft stricture, os uteri =. - 482
— glands. : ; j . 248 | Solutions of continuity . Oe
— — inflammation 0: . 249 | Sore feet . . 3 . . 885
Salutary inflammation 47 | —teate . 2 . 367, 500
Sanguineous extravasation 86 | — throat, malignant . . 183
Sanious pus. . 29 | Sounds, respiratory . a . 823
Sarcocele . . . 451 | Spanish fever . . ¢ . 182
—tubercular . : . 451 | Spasm of the bowels. - 291
Sarcomata a . « 488, 440 | — of neck of bladder J . 861
Scab, healing undera . . 482 | —ofosuteri . . . . 482
«Secanterers’”? . sy » . 808 Spay ing . . * . 457
Scarlatina ‘ 3 4 . 115 | Special breeding * * 47
Schistomelus  . . 477 | — stimulant poisons . ‘ . 208
Scirrhous udder a ° 498 | Specific diseases . ‘ . 116
518 INDEX.

PAGE PAGE
Specific inflammation . . 84 | Supra-pharyngeal glenda, sup-
—ophthalmia . ‘i . 391 puration of , . 130
— pus , 5 . . 29 | Surfeit . ‘ * . 869
—uleer . : 3 . . 82 | Surgery, antiseptic : : » 435
“ Speed’ . . e . 185 | Surgical treatment . - 42
Sphacelus . . A . 82 | Suspensory Heese rupture of 424
Spina ventosa . . 189 | Sutures . ‘ ‘ - 434
Spinal cord, diseases of . 402 | Swelling . . . 2 - 24
Spirilla . éj - 201 | Sweat, bloody . é . 374
Spleen, hypertrophy of . . 243 | Sympathetic nervous system . 414
Splenic apoplexy i . . 181 | Symphysis, pelvic, relaxition of 427
— fever . . : . 181 | Symptomatic fever . : . 99
—— American 7 ‘ . 182 | Symptoms . : . . 38
Spongio-piline . . A . 89 | — general ‘ : : . 62
Sporadic diseases . : . 40 | —objective . - 3, 65
— pleuro-pneumonia . . 849 | — subjective 3, 65
Sprain. . . . . 423 | Synovial membranes, inflamma-
—offetlock . F 7 . 423 tion of . 427
— of ligament teres . . 424 | — sheaths, open 4 r » 425
Spray diffuser . : 7 . 44 | Synovitis . = . . » 427
“Staggers”  . : 7 . 282 | Syphon, milk . : . - 503
Staggers . . 5 . . 896 | System, antiseptic . » 435
— stomach 7 : 2 . 284
“Stamping out” =. : . 150 | Tabes mesenterica . . . 127
Standing castration . : . 450 | Tapping the belly . : . 820
Staphyloma -  «  .890 | —chest . . . . . 848
Staring coat. 3 7 . 866 | Tartar emetic . 5 : . 83
Sterility of female . 459 | Taste 5 . . 893
—male . 5 : . 451 | “Tearing” process of castration 449
Stertor . ‘ . 10 | Teats, absence of « 407
Sthenic inflammation - . 84 | imperforate state of . 497
“ Stiffness ”’ . . 418 | — obstruction in . ‘ - 501
Stimulants . ‘ . 86,208 | —sore . 5 i . 867, 500
Stinge ‘ : . f . 869 Teeth is ‘ 3 . 246
Stomach-pump . é . . 81 | Temperature, surface a » il
— staggers é . 284, 401 | — internal ‘ 10, 64
Stomachs . : rm : . 266 | Teres, ligamentum, aprain of 424,
Stomatitis gangrenosa ‘ - 190 | Testicle, diseases of . j 450
—pustulosa . . 173 | Tetanus . ‘ 3: e « 402
Stone, cutting for the % . 864 | Texas fever x ‘ ‘ . 182
Strangles . s 5 . 191 | Thoracentesis . . 348
Strangury - . 860 | Thrombus 239
Stricture of cesophagus . 256 | — of veins ‘ . . 241
—ofosuteri . 3 s . 482 | Thrush in the mouth 254
— — soft ‘ . 482 | Thymus body . ; ‘ . 244
—of pylorus . a : . 286 | Thyroid — 3 244
—ofurethra . . . 865 | “Tic” ‘ ‘ 346
Stringhalt ‘ ‘ - 408 | Ticks . . 379
Strongylus micrurus 5 . 837 | Tinea favosa , 379
Strumous pus . ‘i ‘ . 29 | —tonsurans . 380
Strychnia * . . . 208 | Tines 7 . . 379
Subacute disease . . - 40 | Toleration . . 7 58
Succussion . : , . 827 | Tongue . . 250
Suction trocar . . - 441 | —cancerof , 140
Superfetation . . . - 463 | —crampof . : 253
Superpurgation % - 803 | — cysts of ‘ ‘ _ . 258
Suppression of cstral products - 459 | — induration of ‘ : . 252

Suppuration . +  « 26, 52

 

— inflammation of , : . 25]
Tongue, paralysis of .
— scirrhus of . 7
— ulcers of ‘
Tonsils .

Torsions in castration
— of uterine neck
Toxic agents.
Trachea . é -
Tracheotomy .
Transfusion

Transmission of tubereulois

Traumatic hemorrhage
— inflammation

— pericarditis .

— tetanus 7 .
Treatment 3 '
—- of inflammation .
— of specific diseases

Trembles .

Trismus . « .
—nascentium . ‘
Trocar, suction . *
Truss, Delwart’s

— uterine i ‘
Tsetze fly . : .
Tubercle . ‘
— in man é
Tubercular meningitis
— sarcocele ‘

Tuberculosis .

Tuberculous ulcer

Tumours . .

—calcareous .

—cystic . i

—epidermic .

— epithelial

— hairy congenital .

— in genital passers
— innocent

— intestinal.

— laryngeal

— malignant

— non-malignant

— of veins

— ordinary simple

— osseous

— scrofulous

— uterine

— turnsick

Twins

Twist of the bowels i

Tympany . .

Typhoid ulcer

Udder, dropping of .
“Ulceration . .
— of the heel . @

Ulcers . . .

e

INDEX. 519
PAGE PAGE
. 253 | Ulcers of the tongue. s - 254
. 252 Umbilical cord, inflammation of 504
. 254 | — hemorrhage . « 504
. 254 | — hernia . 3 é » 295
. 448 | Umbilicus, edema of ‘ - 504
. 483 | Uninterrupted suture 4 « 434
. 116 | Urachus, cua . 362, 504
. 383 | Uremia - 108, 353
. 831 | Uretal calculus” z . 857
. 16 | Ureter, dilatation of . - . 857
. 182 Urethra, calculus of . . 865, 452

36 | — dilatation of. . ‘ . 863
. 84 | —rupture of . ‘ F . 363
. 231 | — stricture of . 7 . » . 865
- 402 Urethritis . 7. . 455
46,69 | Urinary passages. . 387
. 47 | Urination, profuse . . 859
. 123 | Urine ‘ : 67, 112, 851
- 141 | — blood in 7 C} 7 . 853
. 422 | — disorders of . 2 ot » 852
. 404 | —Zincontinence of . 7 . 859
. 441 | — non-secretion of . . 353
. 493 | — retention of . m : - 358
. 492 | Urticaria . 4 . - 115, 369
. 879 | Uterine dropsy . . . . 485
. 180 | — fistula . a . 488
. 188 | — furor ‘ 7 . 485
. 129 | — hemorrhage. . ‘: - 466
. 451 | — hernia . . F : + 494
. 126 | — inertia . : ‘ s . 484
. 186 | — inversion ‘ . 489

. 486 | — malformation . 494

. 441 | — prolapsus. @ ‘ . 489

364, 441 | — rupture . 488

. 440 | — tumours « 494

. 440 | Utero-gestation . 460

. 891 | —prolonged . 2 ‘ . 466

. 481 | Uterus, amputation of . 493

. 440 | — inflammation of ; » 485

. 312 | — laceration of a‘ 7 » 488

. 833

. 437 | Vaccination . ; ‘ « 47

. 440 | — animal. . . . 170

. 242 | Vaccine . - 7 . . 170

. 440 | Vaccinia . . « 3 . 169

. 441 | Vaccinoides . é - . 169

. 129 | Vagina, imperforate . : . 481

. 494 | Vaginal amputation . ; - 494

‘ . 400 | — hemorrhage - 466

: | ANT, 480 | — hysterotomy . . 482
293 | —imversion . 7 + 493 |

67, 272 | — rupture is ‘ ‘ . 495

. 136 | Vaginitis . a 8 : . 495

Varicella . . . - 169

497 | Varicocele : is . 242, 451

29 | Varicosity A ‘ ‘ « 241

386 | Variola ‘ . 169

. 81 | —ovina . . - 171

 
520

Vascular glands .
Vegetable parasites .
— of the skin . .
Vehicles . 7
Veins, tumours of
Venesection .

Venous pulse. .
Ventral hernia .
Verruce . 5
Vertigo . . .

Vesical calculus ‘
Vesico-vaginal fistula
Vesicular emphysema

— epizootic
—sound .

Vicarious activity .
Volvulus . ; .
Vomition . : .
Vulval rupture . .

Warbles . 7 .
Warts 7 .
Warty gr owths . .

INDEX.

PAGE ' PAGE
. . 243 , Water. 5 ‘: ‘ . 61
. 223, 224 | — boiling. ‘ ‘i . 81
< . 223 | “ Water bladder ae % . 465
88 | Weak ulcers Fi ‘ - 82
: . 242 | “Wens”. . . 129, 140
. 89 | “ Whites” é 7 ‘i . 495
‘ 63 | ‘White skit” . : : . 288
. 297 | Wind sucking . 3 ‘ . 346
, 372 | Womb, dropsy of . . . 485
* . 282 | — inflammation of . * . 485
: . 862 | — torsion of neck . . . 483
3 . 495 | “ Wood-evil” . ; ‘ . 808
‘ . 8837 | Worm intheeye . 7 . 391
‘ 153 | Wounds . < : - . 430
‘ . 824 | —of arteries . 5 ; . 239
z 49 | —oflungs . . p . 845
x . 293
- 67, one Yew, effects of . é * . 212
: : Yeo on pleuro-pneumonic lesions 146
3 378 Young animals, diseases of very 504
. . 872
. . 372 | Zymotic pleuro-pneumonia - 141

 

 

ADLARD AND 80N, PRINTERS, BARTHOLOMEW CLOSE, LONDON.
; Avcust, 1893

A

CLASSIFIED CATALOGUE

GENERAL LITERATURE

; | . , PAGE
BADMINTON LIBRARY (THE) - - : * * - ‘ > 9

 

 

BIOGRAPHY, PERSONAL MEMOIRS, ETC. - ‘ 2 f : 6
CHILDREN'S BOOKS - : - = ’ é Z é bs
CLASSICAL LITERATURE, TRANSLATION, ETC. - 3 oe : x4
COOKERY AND DOMESTIC MANAGEMENT .- : : , 5 ; =
‘EVOLUTION, ANTHROPOLOGY, ETC. : F 2 - faa he és
FICTION, HUMOUR, ETC. 2 : : . ; : 48 3
HISTORY, POLITICS, POLITY, AND POLITICAL MEMOIRS - ; : : sa
INDEX OF AUTHORS - : ’ ; : : ‘ . : :
LANGUAGE, HISTORY AND SCIENCE OF - : : 5 : : 1g.
MENTAL, MORAL, AND POLITICAL PHILOSOPHY - 3 : : : 13,
MISCELLANEOUS AND CRITICAL WORKS - ; : : 3. (Se -
POETRY AND THE DRAMA - : : : : - “hos ie
POLITICAL ECONOMY AND ECONOMICS - : : ‘ nt, “i <4
POPULAR SCIENCE - : E 3 ‘ ‘ 2 ee atts 18
SILVER LIBRARY (THE) = 2 ‘ . - : fe oS. we
SPORT AND PASTIME - Spe NS : Si? te . : : 8
TRAVEL AND ADVENTURE - : : ‘ - 5 2 mE ap
WORKS OF REFERENCE -~— - . : - 1 a 20
LONDON

LONGMANS, GREEN, AND CO.

NEW YORK: 15 EAST 16th STREET
INDEX OF AUTHORS.

 

 

Page _ Page
Abbott (Eselya) - + + 3, 14 | Halliwell- “Phitlipgs (JJ.O) - 4%, is Plato 2 se ee sa
— (T, K.) - - + 10|Harrison(Mary), - - - 23] Pole(W.)  — yw ae cao CHS,
‘Acland (A. H. D) - ee 3|Hagrison (Jane E.)- - -  14| Pollock (W. H)- ee
Acton (Eliza) - — - - -  22|Harte (Bret) -  - - - 17| Poole (W. H. and Mrs.) - 3
__ fEschylus > »« « « ag¢|Hartwig(G) - += = 48, ie Praeger(F) .= = a te
Allingham (W.) - -  -~- 15| Hassall (A.) DoT 178) pratt (A. E,) eee we. Ve
Anstey (F.)- - - - 16 | Hearn (W. EB.) - - - 4,11] Prendergast (J. "P) - - <
Aristophanes - - - ~ 14| Heathcote (J. ML. &C. J. ) al Proctor (Richard A.) i; H
Aristotle- = - - - = 10 | Helmholtz a ) - - ca Raine (James)- —- aes
Apmsitong (E.) - - - 3 | Henry (W. - Ransome (Cyril) - : 7 ;
— i - Savage) - - 15 Hodgvon (hadworth H. \- - 11, 24 | Reader (E. E.) - - = 21
EJ.) - 6,15, 23 | Hooper (G.)_ - a oe 6| Rhoades (J.) -~ + + 14,16
‘Arnold { ir Edwin)- - + 9 315|Hopkins(E.P.) - - - to|Ribot(T) - - - °
Arnold (,) S Eee ee ee ae
Ashley (W. J. he - -  13|Howard (B. D.) eee 6 Richardson (Sir B. Ward) ‘ ae
aoe du Lys (Author of) - - 16 oe (William) - - - g| Rickaby (John) ese cS zs
: - - II ulla! ohn) - - - ® _ - - i
Bagehot (Walter) - - 6, 13, 23 | Hume it evi) - - - a Riley (f. W) - - - 16
Bagwell (R.) - - - - 3| Hunt (W.) cee qn eeyhs See Pe
Bain (Alexander) - - - rz | Hutchinson (Horac e G.)- - Ble a (A) - - = 8
Baker (James)-  - - - 16|Huth (A. H.) - st re] Roget (John Lewi z
Baker (Sir S.W.) - -— - 7 | Hyne Cc. Cc) ee) ome oe es ee peter M pe) Ee i: 4
Ball (J. T.) - ee 3 | Ingelow ean) so » abe ah Romanes (G. J.) - SB
“Baring-Gould(S.) -- ° 23 Jefferies (Richard) - °° | Ronalds(A) = =~ o
Barrow (Sir J. Croker) - = - 15 | Jewsbury eae - - a Roosevelt (T.)- i 4
Beaconsfield (Earlof) -  - 16,17} Johnson (J. & ip H.) - - oe Rossetti (M F Ee eh eke :
Beaufort (Duke of)- - = - 9 Jeraeieae th) ae IR aa H Be SEE Ce ah
Becker (Prof) - - - -  14|Jones(E.E weeks ae Ge ech A F. ee See 1 SS 2
Bell (Mrs. Hugh) - - -  18|Jordan(W. th a ah Sewak ny 5 ae
Bent J. Theodore) =< 7|Joyce (PW) = > eee os ee
Bjornsen (B.) - ? = = 15 | Justinian - - - - = # She: ran (M je 5 E i 16
Boase(C.W.)- - - - 4 ines (Nec eee «58 TT Shisres (L. iv esas > 9
cir: DD athemeetem. = “etl eeergaey. 2 5 a
“Boyd (A.K.H.) - + - 6,23] Kitchin (G. Ww.) ee ay Si ote iE Peay ses Sores ae
Brassey: (Lady) - ee 7 | Knight (E. F.) a ae 4 as 2 watth) oe 9
: ~ Bray (| and Mrs.) - - - 1r|Ladd(G.T.) - ar c eles caworth) ? Bs
Brenda’ - * + + 20] Lang (Andrew). 4, x0, 14, 5 17, 20, 24 | Southey (R.) , 2 lot a
Buckle (H. T.) - ee 3 | Lavisse .) ee adi eddin J. a Oe
Bull(T)- - - + + 22] Lear (HLL Sidney) > please te Pe: Oe oe
Burrows (Montags) === “g | Lecky (WE. HY 7 4 Misieet eee
ury(Viscount - -  - og ee mae Nee sie oe 9
Bulageats a = 2 a8} pediem, a ts. ae cote. 2 LF
~——(Samuel)- - - - 23/Lewes(G.H.)- - - a eee Be Be ac 5
Campbell-Walker (A.) - — - 8|Leyton(F.) - - «- = oe eS Morse) Seat e 2
gCewie(thome) © o..-< galteectiGhs < oe eon tite 5 ivae
. Garde (W.D.) - . eee oo 3 | rofde (W. J) - 7 - 4 ‘Stevenson (Robert Louis) 16, 18, 21
Chesney (SirG) . | a een a} 8) oe 4 | Stock (St. George) - aa 6 me aS
‘Chetwynd (Sir G) - oe 8) Longman (F.W.) - — - = 1g Strong (HY oe ag
ele e) - +  1|Longmore (Sir T.) -  -- : ce Gee) eee es 3
olmondele: -Pennell H.) - "i
Se y (H, ) ; " een nd John) - + 14 | Suffolk and Berkshire (Earl of Yo “Gs
_Clarke(R.F.)-) - - - 12|Lydekker(R.)-  - 2 itz [Sully Games) co TERS
Clerke(AgnesM.) - - - 14/Lyttelton(R.H.) - = Tou Sutiner (Baron ven). oc) 28
Cucaes . « « olenemaiay « . 2. dlemeumee 2 Shee
“Clutterbuck (W. J.) soe 8| Macaulay (Lord) - =, a sy mes (J. E.) - ea ee aS
“Comyn (L. N.) - + + 17] Macfarren (Sir G. A.) - ae ge ee (Annie) - “Bis ae
Gonington John) = = = 34| Mackail GW.) eee 4 G) ‘+ 8
Cox (Harding) Mo ode: #e 9| Macleod (HI D>») : © Ty Picea (Archbishop) 2 8 12
Crake (A. D.) - s ‘ : 20 | Mabe iM.) 2 > - 13 | Tirebuck (W. 2 S 18
Tecignion Bishop)- - - 4 MicmiG ee oe Shey. 2 2. =
rea ) ee Cay 11| Marbot (Baron de) Be, cen oe 8 Te ee 0) pack 3
“Curzon (Hon.G.N.)  - a 3 Manni, ¥;$ ve om Ho 6 | Trollope (Anthony) cote «she
Cutts(E.L.) - - + - 4| Matthews (Brander) eG e AUP bee Cd) a. 6
Dante - i eo 15 | Maunder (S.)_ - 17, 24 | Tyrrell (R. Y.)- si a : 4
Davidson (W. L) > ol lay33|Max Miller(R) - eas 20 2 nee (Francis P.) = = 7
_ Beane ors - + + + ‘1|May (SirT. Erskine) -  - “ Witt (G. Ww) Beit gin ae 2a
Se Ne em we OF
Dosisdin .« = motive. 2 igs. oS é
. De Tocqueville (A.) fe 7 3 | Melville (G. J. Whyte) = - 20, 2r | Walford (Mrs.) - 7 - 7,18
~ Devas(C.S.) - + - + 13] Mendelssohn - Peron. aia ae Wallascheli(R) ost 8 2." ae
Dougall(L.) - - - - 17] Merivale (Dean) - o> iag) Walpole (Spencer) + = = 6
Dowell (S.) > ko Reo os ce SS
Doyle(A.Conan) . © > 3s/ Mill ohn Stuart) © 2 aa,32 | WatemClA ee
Falkener (E.) om oe: Oli Mine(Ga oe oe - -- 12, 13 | Watson (A. E. TY) eee 9
Fame. 8)  . = > wlio: «= © gilWerags . 2 2,2 ™
Farrar (Archdeacon) - = - 13, 17| Monck (H. S.) - at} Weir (R) Ye es 9
Fitzpatrick (W.J.)- - - 3|Moore(E) "OS = aa! West\(C.)- ge |
Ford (H)- = = 3. 4a liNeeeee (®) oo Se a e 6 | Weyman (Stanley J.) ei 5H 18
Francis (Francis) - - - ol|Nesbit(E) - - . . 8| Whately (Archbishop) - - 12
Freeman (Edward A.) -  - 3| Norton (C. L.) ] 2 PF 38h ~ oe
Froude James A) - - 4,6,817/O'Brien(W)- 2 2 2 oa Wheeler(B.1) > > >
Furneaux (W,) -  q|Olipbent (Med os - aeeeneemeares 2D Dg
eee eS (Samuel Rawson) - 4]Osbourne(L) = - = | 8 Willen (Od a ee oe
ei moe Fee? Ad : eS ee ilkin a ee
ee: eee) = 2 A Mbeae =. e
Gordon (E.J.A.) - - + °3| Paul tHe es ee cae 18} Wilson (A,J.)- - - - 13
Graham (G.F.) - - -  13/Payn{James)- - - 13| Wishart(G:) - - - - 6
Graves(R.P.)- - - = 6| Payne-Gallwey (SirR.) - 1 | Meeoneate Ua Se,
ee Ry - + = 11| Pembroke (Earl of) : ae 5 Wondeate (wy. Bue ee) ee 8
eville = we O01
att = 3 4|Perring (SirP.) | - - - > 79
Haggard (H- Rides} = 17|Phillipps-Wolley (©) = = 9 alae an (Bishop Charles) 7
) - + 15{ Piatt (S. & J. J.) ; i es 6
e = 16 | Zeller (E.) - ms me 2
MEssRs. LONGMANS, GREEN, & COS.
CLASSIFIED CATALOGUE

OF

WORKS IN GENERAL LITERATURE.

History, Politics, Polity, and Political Memoirs.

Abbott.—A History or GREECE.
Eve.tyn AssoTt, M.A., LL.D.
Part I—From the Earliest Times to the
Ionian Revolt. Crown 8vo., tos. 6d.

_ Part I].—s500-445 B.c. Crown 8vo., ros. 6d.

By

Acland and Ransome.—A Hanpsook IN
OUTLINE OF THE PoLiTicAL HISToRY OF
ENGLAND TO 1890. Chronologically Ar-
ranged. By the Right Hon. A. H. DyxKE
Acuanp, M.P., and Cyrit RANSoME, M.A.
Crown 8vo., 6s.

ANNUAL REGISTER, (THE). A Re-
view of Public Events at Home and Abroad,
for the year 1892. 8vo., 185.

Volumes of the ANNUAL REGISTER for the
years 1863-1891 can still be had. 18s.
each. -

Armstrong.—E izaseETH Farnese; The
Termagant of Spain. By Epwarp Arm-
sTRONG, M.A., Fellow of Queen’s College,
Oxford. 8vo., 16s.

Arnold.—Works by T. Arnotp, D.D.,
formerly Head Master of Rugby School.

IntTRopucToRY LECTURES ON MODERN
History. 8vo., 7s. 6d.

_MIScCELLANEOUS Works. 8vo., 75.-6d.

Bagwell.—IRELAND UNDER THE TUDORS.
By Ricuarp Bacweti, LL.D. (3 vols.)
Vols. I. and II. From the first invasion of
the Northmen to the year 1578. 8vo., 32s.
Vol. III. 1578-1603. 8vo. 18s. .

 

Bali.—Historicat REVIEW OF THE LEais-
LATIVE SYSTEMS OPERATIVE IN IRELAND,
from the Invasion of Henry the Second to
the Union (1172-1800). By the Rt. Hon. J.
T. Batu. 8vo., 6s.

Buckle.—History oF CIvILISATION IN |
ENGLAND AND FRANCE, SPAIN AND SCOT-
LAND. By Henry Tuomas BUCKLE. 3
vols. Crown 8vo., 24s. s

Chesney.—Inp1an Pority: a View of the
System of Administration in India. By
Lieut.-General Sir GEorGE CHESNEY. New
Edition, Revised and Enlarged. [In the Press.

Crump.—A SHortT ENQUIRY INTO THE
ForMATION OF PoLiTIcAL Opinion, from the
reign of the Great Families to the advent of
Democracy. By ARTHUR CRUMP. 8vVvO., ©
7s. 6d. :

De Tocqueville—DeEmocracy IN AMER-
Ica. By ALEXIS DE TOCQUEVILLE. 2 vols.
Crown 8vo., 16s. .

Fitzpatrick,—Secret SERVICE UNDER

Pitt. By W. J. Fitzpatrick, F.S.A.,
Author of ‘Correspondence of Danie
O’Connell’. 8vo., 7s. 6d. | :

Freeman.—TueE HisToricaL GEOGRAPHY
or Europe. By Epwarp A. FREEMAN.
D.C.L., LL.D. With 65 Maps. 2 vols.
8vo., 31s. 6d. ,
’

4 MESSRS. LONGMANS & CO.’S STANDARD AND GENERAL WORKS,

 

History, Polities, Polity, and Political Memoirs—continued.

Froude.—Works by James A. Froupe,
Regius Professor of Modern History in the
University of Oxford.

Tue History or ENnGLanp, from the
Fall of Wolsey to the Defeat of the
Spanish Armada. ~
Popular Edition.

35. 6d. each.
Silver Library Edition.
8vo. 3s. 6d. each.

Tue Divorce oF CATHERINE OF ARA-
Gon: the Story as told by the Imperial
Ambassadors resident at the Court of
Henry VIII. In usum Laicorum. Crown
8vo., 6s.

12 vols. Crown 8vo.,

12 vols. Crown

THE SPANISH SToRY OF THE ARMADA,
and other Essays, Historical and Descrip-

tive. Crown 8vo., 6s.
THE ENGLISH IN IRELAND IN THE
EIGHTEENTH CENTURY. 3 vols. Crown

8vo., 18s.

SHORT STUDIES ON GREAT SUBJECTS.
Cabinet Edition. 4 vols. Crown 8vo., 24s.
Silver Library Edition. 4 vols. Crown

8vo., 3s. 6d. each.

Casar: a Sketch. Crown 8vo., 3s. 6d.

Gardiner.—Works by SamuEL Rawson
Garpiner, M.A., Hon. LL.D., Edinburgh,
Fellow of Merton College, Oxford.

. History oF Enaanp, from the Ac-
cession of James I. to the Outbreak of the
Civil War, 1603-1642. 10 vols. Crown
8vo., 6s. each.

A History or THE Great Crvit War,
1642-1649. 4vols. Crown 8vo., 6s. each

THE STUDENT’s History or ENGLAND.
With 378 Illustrations. Crown 8vo., 12s.

Also in Three Volumes.

Vol. I. B.c. 55—a.p. 1509. With 173
Illustrations. Crown 8vo. 4s.

Vol. II. 1509-1689. With 96 Illustra-
tions. Crown 8vo. 4s.

Vol. III. 1689-1885. With rog Illustra-
tions. Crown 8vo. 4s.

Greville—A Journav or THE REIGNS OF
Kine Georce IV., King WiLiiam IV., AND
Queen Victoria. By Cuarves C. F.
GREVILLE, formerly Clerk of the Council.
8 vols. Crown 8vo., 6s. each.

Hearn.—Tue Government or ENGLAND:
its Structure and its Development. By W.
Epwarp HEarNn. 8vo., 16s.

 

Historic Towns.—Edited by E. A. FREE-
MAN, D.C.L., and Rev. WiLit1am Hunt,
M.A. With Mapsand Plans. Crown 8vo.,
3s. 6d. each.

Bristot. By the Rev. W. Hunr.

CaRLIsLE. By MANDELL CREIGHTON,
D.D., Bishop of Peterborough.

Cinque Ports. By Montacu Bur-
ROWS.

CoLcHESTER. By Rev. E. L. Cutts.
Exeter. By E. A. FREEMAN.
Lonpon. By Rev. W. J. Lorrie.
Oxrorp. By Rev. C. W. Boase. |

WincHesTER. By Rev. G. W. Kir-
cHIN, D.D.

York. By Rev. JAMES RAINE.
New York. By THEODORE ROOSEVELT.

Boston (U.S.) By Henry Casor
LopcE. 3

Horley.—Serton: a DEscRIPTIVE AND
HistoricaL Account. Comprising the
Collected Notes and Researches of the late
Rev. ENGELBERT Horuey, M.A., Rector
1871-1883. By W. D. Carog, M.A. (Can-.
tab.), Fellow of the Royal Institute of
British Architects, and E. J. A. -Gorpon.
With 17 Plates and 32 Illustrations-in the
Text. Royal 8vo., 31s. 6d. *

Joyce.—A SHort History oF IRELAND,
from the Earliest Times to 1608. By P.
W. Joyce, LL.D., Author of ‘Irish Names
of Places,’ ‘Old Celtic Romances,’ etc. —
Crown 8vo., 10s. 6d,

Lang.—A History or St. ANDREWS.
By ANDREW Lanc. With Illustrations -by
J. Hopce. [In the Press.

Lavisse.—Grnerav View oF THE Poiti-
caL History oF Europe. By ERNEST
Lavisse, Professor at the Sorbonne. Trans-
lated by CHagRLes Gross, Ph. D. Crown_
8vo., 55.

Lecky.—Works by Wititiam Epwarp
HarTpo_e Lecxy.

History oF ENGLAND IN THE EIGH-
TEENTH CENTURY.

Library Edition. 8 vols. 8vo., 47 48-
Cabinet Edition. ENGLAND. 7 vols.
Crown 8vo., 6s. each. IRELAND. 5

vols. Crown 8vo., 6s. each.

History oF EurRoPEAN MORALS FROM
AUGUSTUS TO CHARLEMAGNE. 2 Vols.
Crown 8vo., 16s.

HISTORY OF THE Rise AND INFLUENCE

OF THE SPIRIT OF RATIONALISM
Eurore. 2 vols. Crown 8vo., 16s.

IN ->
MESSRS. LONGMANS & CO.’S STANDARD AND GENERAL WORKS. 5

 

Hise: Polities, Polity, and Political Memoirs—continued.

Macaulay.—Works by Lorp Macautay.
CompLeTEe Works oF Lorp Macautay.

Cabinet Edition. 16 vols. Post 8vo.,
. _ #4 16.
Library Edition. 8 vols. 8vo., £5 5s.

History oF ENGLAND FROM THE AC-
CESSION OF JAMES THE SECOND.
Popular Edition. 2 vols. Cr. 8vo., 5s.
Student’s Edition. 2vols. Cr. 8vo., 12s.
People’s Edition. 4vols. Cr. 8vo., 16s.
Cabinet Edition. 8 vols. Post 8vo., 48s.
Library Edition. 5 vols. 8vo., £4.

CriTICAL AND HistToricaL Essays, WITH
- Lays oF ANCIENT RoME, in 1 volume.

Popular Edition. Crown 8vo., 2s. 6d.

Authorised Edition. Crown 8vo., 2s. 6d.,
or 35. 6d., gilt edges.

Silver Library Edition. Cr. 8vo., 3s. 6d.

CriticaL anD HisroricaL
Student’s Edition.
People’s Edition.
Trevelyan Edition.
Cabinet Edition.
Library Edition.

Essays.

1 volume. Cr. 8vo., 6s.
2 vols. Cr. 8vo., 8s.

2vols. Cr. 8vo., gs.
4vols. Post 8vo., 245.
3 vols. 8vo., 36s.

Essays which may be had separately
price 6d. each sewed, 1s. each cloth.

Addison and Walpole.

Frederick the Great.

Croker’s Boswell’s Johnson.

Hallam’s Constitutional History.

Warren Hastings. (3d. sewed, 6d. cloth).

The Earl of Chatham (Two Essays).

Ranke and Gladstone.

Milton and Machiavelli.

Lord Bacon. ,

Lord Clive.

Lord Byron, and The Comic Dramatists of
the Restoration.

SPEECHES. Crown 8vo., 3s. 6d.

MISCELLANEOUS WRITINGS

People’s Edition. rvol. Crown 8vo.,4s. 6d.
Library Edition. 2 vols. 8vo., 21s.

MISCELLANEOUS WRITINGS AND
SPEECHES.
Popular Edition. Crown 8vo., 2s. 6d.

Student’s Edition. Crown 8vo., 6s.

Cabinet Edition. Including Indian Penal
Code, Lays of Ancient Rome,and Miscel-
laneous Poems. 4 vols. Post 8vo., 24s.

SELECTIONS FROM THE WRITINGS OF
Lorp Macautay. .Edited, with Occa-
sional Notes, by the Right Hon. Sir G. O.
Trevelyan, Bart. Crown 8vo., 6s.

 

May.—TueE ConsTITUTIONAL History OF
ENGLAND since the Accession of George ITI.
1760-1870. By Sir Tuomas ErSKINE May,
K.C.B; (Lord Farnborough). 3 vols. Crown
8vo., 18s.

Merivale—Works by the Very Rev.
Cuarves MERIVALE, Dean of Ely.

History OF THE’ ROMANS UNDER TRE:

EMPIRE.

Cabinet Edition. 8 vols.

Silver Library Edition.
8vo., 3s. 6d. each.

Cr. 8vo., 48s.
8 vols. Crown

Tue FaLy oF THE ROMAN REPUBLIC:

a Short History of the Last Century of the
Commonwealth. 12mo., 7s. 6d.

Parkes.—Firty YEARS IN THE MAKING OF
AUSTRALIAN History. By Sir HENRY
Parkes, G.C.M.G. With 2 Portraits (1854
and 1892). 2 vols. 8vo., 32s.

Prendergast.—IRELAND FROM THE RE-
STORATION TO THE REVOLUTION, 1660-1690.

By Joun P. PRENDERGAST, Author of ‘ The”

Cromwellian Settlement in Ireland’.
5s.
Round.—GEorrREY DE MANDEVILLE: a

Study of the Anarchy. By J. H. Rounp,
M.A. 8vo., 16s.

8vo.,

Seebohm.—TuHE ENGLISH VILLAGE Com-
MUNITY Examined in its Relations to the
Manorial and Tribal Systems, &c. By
Freperic SEEBOHM. With 13 Maps and
Plates. 8vo., 16s.

Smith.—CarTHaGE AND THE CARTHAGIN-
ans. By R. BoswortH Smitu, M.A.,
Assistant Master in Harrow School. With
Maps, Plans, &c. Crown 8vo., 6s.

Stephens.—ParocHiaL SELF-GovERN-
MENT IN RuraL Districts: Argument and
Plan. By Henry C. STEPHENS, M.P. 4to.,
12s. 6d.

Stephens—A Hisrory oF THE FRENCH
Revo.LuTion. By H. Morse STEPHENS,
Balliol College, Oxford. 3 vols. 8vo. Vols.
I. and II. 18s. each.

Stephens.—Mapoc: An Essay on the
Discovery of America, by Mapoc ap OwEN
Gwynepp, in the Twelfth Century: By

Tuomas STEPHENS, Author of “‘ The Litera-~ ~

ture of the Kymry’. Edited by Luywarcu
REYNOLDS, B.A. Oxon. 8vo., 7s. 6d.

Stubbs.— History oF THE UNIVERSITY OF
Dus.in, from its Foundation tothe End ot
the Eighteenth Century. By J. W. Stusss.
8vo., 12s. 6d.
6 MESSRS. LONGMANS & CO”S STANDARD AND GENERAL WORKS.

 

7

History, Polities, Polity, and Political Memoirs—continued.

Todd.— ParLIAMENTARY GOVERNMENT IN
THE CoLonies. By ALPHEUS Topp, LL.D.
3 [In the Press.

Tupper.—Our INDIAN PROTECTORATE: an
Introduction to the Study of the Relations
between the British Government and its
Indian Feudatories. By CHartes Lewis
Tupper, Indian Civil Service. 8vo., 16s.

Wakeman and Hassall.—Essays Intro-
DUCTORY TO THE STUDY OF ENGLISH CON-
STITUTIONAL History. By Resident Mem-
bers of the University of Oxford. Edited by
HENRY OFFLEY WAKEMAN, M.A., and
ARTHUR Hassati, M.A. Crown 8vo., 6s.

Walpole.—Works by SPENCER WALPOLE. -

History oF ENGLAND FROM THE Con-
CLUSION OF THE GREAT WAR IN 1815 TO
1858. 6 vols. Crown 8vo., 6s. each.

Tue Lanp or Home Rute: being an
Account of the History and Institutions
of the Isle of Man. Crown 8vo., 6s. ©

Wylie—History oF ENGLAND UNDER
Henry IV. By James Hami_ton WYLIE,
M.A., one of H. M. Inspectors of Schools.
2 vols. Vol. I., 1399-1404. Crown 8vo.,
tos. 6d. Vol. II. [In the press.

Biography, Personal Memoirs, &c.

Armstrong.—Tue Lire anpD LETTERS OF
Epmunp J. ARMSTRONG. Edited by G. F.
ARMSTRONG. Fep. 8vo., 7s. 6d,

Bacon.—LettTers anpD LiFE, INCLUDING
ALL HIS OccasionAL Works. Edited by
J. SPeppING. 7 vols. 8vo., £4 45.

Bagehot.—BiocrapuHicaL STUDIES.
WALTER BaGEHOT. 8vo., 125.

By

Boyd.—Twenty-Five YEARS oF St.
ANDREWS, 1865-1890. By A. K. H. Boyp,
D.D., Author of ‘ Recreations of a Country
Parson,’ &c. 2 vols. 8vo. Vol. I., 12s.
Vol. II. 15s.

Carlyle—Tuomas CarLyLe: a History

of his Life. By J. A. FRoupe.
1795-1835. 2vols. Crown 8vo., 7s.
1834-1881. 2 vols. Crown 8vo., 7s.

Fabert.—Apranam Fapert: Governor
of Sedan and Marshal of France. His Life
and Times, 1599-1662. By GzorGE Hooper,
Author of ‘Waterloo,’ ‘ Wellington,’ &c.
With a Portrait. 8vo., ros. 6d.

Fox.—Tue Earty History of CHARLES
James Fox. By the Right Hon. Sir G. O.
TREVELYAN, Bart.,
Library Edition. 8vo., 18s.
Cabinet Edition. Crown 8vo., 6s.

Hamilton.—Lire or Sir WILurAM
Hamitton. By R. P. Graves. 3 vols.
15s. each.

ADDENDUM To THE LiFE oF Sir Wo.
Rowan Hamitron, LL.D., D.C.L. 8vo.,
6d. sewed. .

Havelock.—Memoirs oF Sir Henry
Havetocx, K.C.B. By Joun CLark
MarsHman. Crown 8vo., 3s. 6d.

 

Macaulay.—Tue Lire anp LETTERS oF
Lorp MacauLay. By the Right Hon. Sir
G. O. TREVELYAN, Bart.

Popular Edition. 1 volume.
2s. 6d. ;
Student’s Edition. 1 volume. Cr. 8vo., 6s.
Cabinet Edition. 2 vols. Post 8vo., 12s.
Library Edition. 2 vols. 8vo., 36s.

Cr. 8vo.,

Marbot.—Tue Memoirs oF THE BARON
DE Margot. Translated from the French

’ by ARTHUR JoHN BUTLER, M.A. Crown
8vo., 75. 6d.

Montrose.—DEEDs oF Montrose: THE
Memoirs OF JAMES, Marquis oF MontROosE,
1639-1650. By the Rev. GEorGE WIsHarrT,
D.D., (Bishop of Edinburgh, 1662-1672).
Translated, with Introduction, Notes, &c.;
and the original Latin (Part II. now first
published), by the Rev. ALEXANDER Mur-
pocH, F.S.A., (Scot.) Canon of St. Mary’s
Cathedral, Edinburgh, Editor and Translater
of the Grameid MS. and H. F. MoreLanp
Stimpson, M.A. (Cantab.) F.S.A. (Scot.)
Fettes College. 4to., 36s. net.

Moore.—DanTe and unis Earty Buo-
GRAPHERS. By Epwarp Moore, D.D.,
Principal of St. Edmund Hall, Oxford.
Crown 8vo., 4s. 6d.

Russell.—A Lire or Lorp JoHn RussELL
(Eart RusseLi, K.G.) By SPENCER WaL-
POLE. With 2 Portraits.

Cabinet Edition. 2vols. Cr. 8vo., 12s.
Library Edition. 2 vols. 8vo., 36s.

Seebohm.—Tue Oxrorp REFORMERS—
Joun Cotet, Erasmus anp THomas More:
a History of their Fellow-Work. By FREp-
ERIC SEEBOHM. 8vo., 14s. °
\
MESSRS. LONGMANS & CO.S STANDARD AND GENERAL WORKS. 7

 

Biography, Personal Memoirs, &¢.—continued.

Shakespeare.—OvuTLInes oF THE LIFE
OF SHAKESPEARE. By J. O. HALLIWELL-
PuHILLipps. With numerous Illustrations
and Fac-similes. 2vols. Royal 8vo., £1 Is.

Shakespeare's True Lire. By JAMES
Water. With 500 Illustrations by
GeRALD E, Morra. Imp. 8vo., 21s.

Sherbrooke.—Lirt anp LETTERS OF THE
Ricgut Hon. Rosert Lower, ViscounrT
SHERBROOKE, G.C.B., together with a
Memoir of his Kinsman, Sir JoHN CoaPE
SHERBROOKE, G.C.B. By A. ParcHETT.
MarTIN. With5 Portraits. 2 vols. 8vo., 36s.

Stephen.— Essays In EccLESIASTICAL
BiocGRAPHY. By Sir JAMES STEPHEN.
Crown 8vo., 7s. 6d.

Verney.— Memoirs OF THE VERNEY
FAMILY DURING THE CiviL War. Compiled
from the Letters and Illustrated by the Por-
traits at Claydon House, Bucks. By FRan-
cES PARTHENOPE VERNEY. With a Preface
by S. R. Garpiner, M.A., LL.D. With 38
Portraits, Woodcuts and Fac-simile. 2 vols.
Royal 8vo., 42s.

Travel and

Arnold,—Seas and Lanps. By Sir Ep-
win ARNOLD, K.C.I.E., Author of ‘The
Light of the World,’ &c. Reprinted letters
from the ‘Daily Telegraph’. With 71
Illustrations. Crown 8vo., 7s. 6d.

 

Baker.—Works by Sir SaMUEL WHITE
BakER.

Ercut YEARS IN CEYLON. With 6 Illus-
trations. Crown 8vo., 3s. 6d.

Tur RIFLE AND THE HounpD IN CEYLON.
6 Illustrations. Crown 8vo., 3s. 6d.

Bent.—Tue Ruinep Cities oF MasHona-
LAND: being a Record of Excavation and
Exploration in 1891. By J. THEODORE
BenT, F.S.A., F.R.G.S. With a Chapter
on the Orientation and Mensuration of the
Temples. By R. M. W. Swan. With
Map, 13 Plates, and 104 Illustrations in
the Text. Crown 8vo., 7s. 6d. =

Brassey.— Works by Lapy Brassey.

Tue Last Voyace To InpIa AnD Aus-
TRALIA IN THE ‘SUNBEAM.’ With Charts
and Maps, and 4o Illustrations in Mono-

tone (20 full-page), and nearly 200 Illus- |.

trations in the Text from Drawings by R.
T. PRITCHETT. 8voO., 21s. ;

Wagner.—Wacner as I Knew Hi.
FERDINAND PRAEGER.

By
Crown 8vo., 7s. 6d.

Walford.—Twetve EnciisH AUTHOR-
ESSES. By L. B. Watrorp, Author of
‘Mischief of Monica,’ &c. With Portrait ot
Hannah More. Crown 8vo., 4s. 6d.

Wellington—Lire or THE DUKE oF
WELLINGTON. By the Rev. G. R. GLEIG,
M.A. Crown 8vo., 3s. 6d.

Wiseman.—Ricuarp WIsemaN, Surgeon
~ and Sergeant-Surgeon to, Charles I].: a.
Biographical Study. By Surgeon-General |.
Sir. T. Lonemorge, C.B.,.F.R.C.S., &c.

With Portrait and Illustrations.  8vo.,
tos. 6d. ie
Wordsworth.— Works by CuHaRLES

WorpswortH, D.C.L., late Bishop of St.
Andrews.

_ ANNALS OF My Earty Lire, 1806-1846.
8v0., 155.

 

ANNALS oF My Lire, 1847-1856. 8vo.,
tos. 6d. "8

Adventure.

Brassey.— Works by Lapy BrassEy—cont.

A VoyAGE IN THE ‘ SUNBEAM’; OUR
HoME ON THE OCEAN FOR ELEVEN
MonrTHs.

Library Edition. With 8 Maps and
Charts, and 118 Illustrations.
Cabinet Edition. With Map and 66
Illustrations. Crown 8vo., 7s. 6d. ,
Silver Library Edition. With 66 Ilhistra-
tions. Crown 8vo., 3s. 6d: ‘
Popular Edition. With 6o Illustrations.
4to., 6d. sewed, rs. cloth.
School Edition. With 37 Illustrations.
Fep., 2s. cloth, or 3s. white parchment.,
SUNSHINE AND STORM IN THE East,
Library Edition. With 2 Maps and 141
Illustrations. 8vo., 21s. ‘
Cabinet Edition. With 2 Maps and 114
Illustrations. Crown 8vo., 7s. 6d.-
Popular Edition. With 103 Illustrations. .
4to., 6d. sewed, 1s. cloth. ee ~

In THE TRADES, THE TROPICS, AND THE
“RoaRING FortTIEs’. :

Cabinet Edition. With Map dnd 220

Illustrations. Crown 8vo., 7s. 6d.
Popular Edition. With 183 Illustrations. ‘
. 4to., 6d. sewed, Is. cloth.

THREE VOYAGES IN THE ‘ SUNBEAM".
Popular Edition. - With 346 Illustrations.

 

4to., 2s. 6d.

8vo. 21s...
8 MESSRS. LONGMANS & CO.'S STANDARD AND GENERAL WORKS.

 

Travel and Adventure—continued.

Clutterbuck.—ABouT CEYLON anp Bor-
NEO: being an Account of Two Visits to
Ceylon, one to Borneo, and How We Fell
Out on our Homeward Journey. By W. J.
CLuTTERBUCK, Joint Author of ‘Three in
Norway’. With 47 Illustrations. Crown
8vo., Ios. 6d.

Curzon.— PERSIA AND THE PERSIAN .

~QuEsTIoN. With g Maps, 96 Illustrations,
Appendices, and an Index. By the Hon.
GeEorGE N. Curzon, M.P., late Fellow of
All Soul’s College, Oxford. 2 vols. 8vo., 42s.

Froude.—Works by James A. FRoubE.

Oceana: or England and her Colonies.
With g Illustrations. Crown 8vo., 2s.
boards, 2s. 6d. cloth.

Tue ENGLISH IN THE WEST INDIES: or,
the Bow of Ulysses. With g Illustrations.
Crown 8vo., 2s. boards, 2s. 6d. cloth.

Howard.—LirE wITH TRANS-SIBERIAN
Savaces. By B. Doucias Howarp, M.A.
Crown 8vo., 6s. ~
** This work contains a description of the

manners, customs, and daily life of the Sak-

halin Ainos, and combines an account of native
hunting and other adventures with scientific
observation.

Howitt.—Visirs TO REMARKABLE PLACES.
Old Halls, Battle-Fields, Scenes, illustrative
of Striking Passages in English History and
Poetry. By Wituiam Howitt. With 80
Illustrations. Crown 8vo., 3s. 6d.

Knight.— Works by E. F. Knicut, author
of the Cruise of the ‘ Falcon’.

THE CRUISE OF THE ‘ALERTE’: the nar-
rative of a Search for Treasure on the
Desert Island of Trinidad. With 2 Maps
and 23 Illustrations. Crown 8vo., 3s. 6d.

WHERE THREE EMPIRES MEET: a Nar-
rative of Recent Travel in Kashmir,
Western Tibet, Baltistan, Ladak, Gilgit,
and the adjoining Countries. With a
Map.and 54 Illustrations. 8vo. 18s.

 

Lees and Clutterbuck.—B. C. 1887: A
RAMBLE IN BRITISH CoLumBIA. By J. A.
Lees and W. J. Clutterbuck, Authors of
‘Three in Norway’. With Map and 75
Illustrations. Crown 8vo., 3s. 6d.

Mannering.— WITH AXE AND RoPE IN THE

New ZEALAND ALPS. By GEORGE EDWARD
Mannerinc. With 18 Illustrations ~and
Map. 8vo., 12s. 6d.

Nansen.— Works by Dr. FRIDTJOF NANSEN.

Tue First Crossinc OF GREENLAND.
With numerous Illustrations and a Map.
Crown 8vo., 7s. 6d.

Esquimaux _ LIFE.
WILLIAM ARCHER.

Translated by
(In the Press.

Norton.—A Hanpsook oF FLoripa. By
.CHARLES L. Norton. With 49 Maps and
Plans. Fep. 8vo., 5s.

Pratt.—To THE Snows or TIBET THROUGH
Cuina. By A. E. Pratt, F.R.G.S. With
33 Illustrations and a Map. 8vo., 18s.

Riley.—ArTuos: or, the Mountain of the
Monks. By ATHELSTAN RILEY, M.A,
With Map and 2g Illustrations. 8vo., 21s.

THREE IN NORWAY. By Two of Them. ©
With a Map and 59 Illustrations. Crown
8vo., 2s. boards, 2s. 6d. cloth.

Whishaw.—Ouvt or Doors 1n TSARLAND:
a Record of the Seeings and Doings of a

' Wanderer in Russia. By Frep. J.WHISHAW.
Crown 8vo., 7s. 6d.

Wolff.—Works by Henry W. Wo rr.

RAMBLES IN THE Biack Forest. Crown
8vo., 75. 6d,

THE WATERING PLACES OF THE VOSGES.
Crown 8vo., 4s. 6d.

THE COUNTRY OF THE VosceEs. Witha
Map. 8vo., 12s.

Sport and Pastime.

AMERICAN WHIST, Illustrated: con-
taining the Laws and Principles of the
Games, the Analysis of the New Play and
American Leads, and a series of Hands in
Diagram, and combining Whist Universal
and American Whist. By G. W. P. Fep.
8vo. 6s. 6d.

Campbell-Walker.—Tue Correct CarD:
or, How to Play at Whist; a Whist Cate-
chism. By Major A. CAMPBELL-WALKER,
F.R.G.S. Fep. 8vo., 2s. 6d.

 

Chetwynd.—Racinc REMINISCENCES AND
EXPERIENCES OF THE TurRF. By Sir
GEORGE CHETWYND, Bart. 2 vols. 8vo., 215s.

DEAD SHOT (THE): or, Sportsman’s -
Complete Guide. Beinga Treatise on the Use
of the Gun, with Rudimentary and Finishing
Lessons on the Art of Shooting Game of all
kinds, also Game Driving, Wild-Fowl and
Pigeon Shooting, Dog Breaking, etc. By
Marksman. Crown 8vo., tos. 6d.
“ATHLETICS AND Foorsa.t.

MESSRS. LONGMANS & CO.’S STANDARD AND GENERAL WORKS. 9

 

Sport and Pastime— continued.

THE BADMINTON LIBRARY.
Edited by the Duxs of Beaurort, K.G., assisted by ALFRED E. T. Warson.

By Mon-
TAGUE SHEARMAN. With 51 Illustrations.
Crown 8vo., ros. 6d.

Bic GaME Suootine. By C. PHILLIPPs-
-Wottey, W. G.- LirtLepALe, Colonel
Percy, Frep. Jackson, Major H. Percy,
W. C. OswELL, Sir HENRY PoTTINGER,
Bart., and the Eart or KiILMoREY.
With Contributions by other Writers.
With Illustrations by CHARLES WHYMPER
and others. 2 vols, - [In the press.

Boating. By W.B.Woopcate. With
a Introduction by the Rev. EpMonp

_ Warre, D.D., and a Chapter on ‘ Rowing
at Eton,’ by R. Harvey Mason. With
49 Illustrations. Crown 8vo., tos. 6d.

CoursinGc aND Farconry. By Har-
pinc Cox and the Hon. GrraLp Las-

CELLES. With 76 Illustrations. Crown
8vo., 10s. 6d. ‘
Cricket. By A. G. Stee: and the

Hon. R. H. Lytre.tron. With Contri-
butions by ANDREW Lane, R. A. H.
MiTcHELi, W. G. Grace, and F. Gare.
With 63 Illustrations. Crown 8vo., Ios. 6d.

By Viscount Bury (Earl of
Albemarle), K.C.M.G., and G. Lacy
Hiuuier. With 8g Illustrations. Crown
8vo., ros. 6d.

CYcLinG.

Drivinc. By the Duke or BEAuFoRT.
With 65 Illustrations. Crown 8vo., ros. 6d.

FENCING, BoxING, AND WRESTLING. By
Wa Ter H. Pottock, F. C. Grove, C.
Prevost, E. B. MiTcHELL, and WALTER
ARMSTRONG. With 42  Iilustrations.

~ Crown 8vo., tos. 6d.

Fisuinc. By H. CHOLMONDELEY-
PENNELL. With Contributions by the
Marquis OF EXETER, Henry R. FRANcIs,
Major JoHN P. TRAHERNE, FREDERIC M. |
Hatrorp, G. CHRISTOPHER Davies, R.
B. Marston, &c. 5
Vol. I. Salmon, Trout, and Grayling.

With 158 Illustrations. Crown 8vo.,
tos. 6d.

Vol. II. Pike and other Coarse Fish. |

With 133 Illustrations. Crown 8vo.,
ros. 6d. - :

Gour. By Horace G. Hurcuinson, the
Rt. Hon. A. J. Barrour, M.P., Sir W.
G. Stmpson, Bart., Lorp WELLwoon, H.

S. C. EvERARD, ANDREW Lana, and other }

Writers. With 91 Illustrations. Crown

8vo., 10s. 6d. :

 

Hountine. By the Duxe or BEAUFORT,
K.G., and Mowsray Morris.’ With
Contributions by the EarL or SuFFOLK
AND BERKSHIRE, Rev. E. W. L: Davies,
DiesBy Couuins, and ALrrep E. T,
Watson. With 53 llustrations. Crown
8vo., Ios. 6d. i

MOUNTAINEERING. By C. T. DENT, Sir
F. Poviocx, Bart., W. M. Conway,
DouGLas FRESHFIELD, C. E. MATHEWS,
C. PILKINGTON, and other Writers. With
108 Illustrations.. Crown 8vo., 1os. 6d.

RACING AND STEEPLE-CHASING. Racing :. -

By the EarL oF SUFFOLK AND BERKSHIRE _

and W. G. Craven. With a Contribution
_ bythe Hon. F. LawLey. Steeple-chasing :
By ARTHUR CovENTRY and ALFRED E.
T. Watson. With 58  Itustrations.
Crown 8vo., tos. 6d.

RIDING AND Poto. By Captain RoBert
Wer, J. Moray Brown, the DuKE oF
BeEaurortT, K.G., the EARL oF SUFFOLK
AND BERKSHIRE, &c. With 59 Illustra-
tions. Crown 8vo., Ios. 6d, -

SHootinc. By Lorp WaALsINGHAM and
Sir RALPH PAYNE-GALLWEY, Bart. With
Contributions by Lorp Lovat, Lorp
CuHarLes LENNOx KERR, the Hon. G.
LascEL_es, and A. J. STtUART-WORTLEY.

Vol. I. Field and Covert. With 105 Iltus-
trations. Crown 8vo., ros. 6d.

Vol. II. Moor and Marsh. With 65 Illus-
trations. Crown 8vo., tos. 6d. :

SKATING, CURLING, TOBOGGANING, AND
OTHER Ice Sports. By J. M. HEATH- |
coTe, C. G. TessButTtT, T. MAxweLi
WiruaM, the Rev. JoHn Kerr, ORMOND

- Haxe, and Colonel Buck. With 284
Illustrations. Crown 8vo., tos. 6d.

Swimminc. By ARCHIBALD SINCLAIR
and WiLL1AM Henry, Hon. Secs. of the
Life Saving Society. With 11g Illustra-
tions. Crown 8vo., Los. 6d.

TENNIS, LAWN TENNIS, RACKETS, AND
Fives. By J. M.and C. G. HEaTHcoTE,
E. O. PLEYDELL-BouveriE and A. C.
AINGER. With Contributions bythe Hon.
A. LytTLeTon, W. C. MARSHALL, Miss
L. Dop, H. W. W. WicBerrorce, H. F.
Lawrorp, &c. With 79 Illustrations.
Crown 8vo., ros. 6d.

YacuTinc. By the Ear_ or PEMBROKE,
the MARQuUIS OF DUFFERIN AND Ava, the
EARL OF ONSLOW, Lorp BrasSEY, Lieut.-
Col. BucKNILL, LEwis HERRESHOFF, G.
L. Watson, E. F. Knicut, Rev. G. L.
BLAKE, R.N., and G. C. Davies. With
Illustrations by R. T. PrircHett, and
from Photographs. 2 vols. [In the press.
Io

MESSRS. LONGMANS & CO.’S STANDARD AND GENERAL WORKS.

Sport and Pastime—contenued. \

Falkener.—Games, ANCIENT AND ORI-
ENTAL, AND How To PLay Tuem. Being
the Games of the Ancient Egyptians, the

Hiera Gramme of the Greeks, the Ludus_

Latrunculorum of the Romans, and the
Oriental Games of Chess, Draughts, Back-
gammon, and Magic Squares. By EpwarpD
FALKENER. With numerous Photographs,
Diagrams, &c. 8vo., 21s. —

Ford.—Tue THrory AND PRACTICE OF
ARCHERY. By Horace Forp. New
Edition, thoroughly Revised and Re-written
by W. Burr, M.A. With a Preface by C.
J. Loneman, M.A. 8vo., 14s.

Francis.—A Boox on ANGLING: or, Trea-
tise on the Art of Fishing in every Branch;
including full Illustrated List of Salmon
Flies. By Francis Francis. With Por-
trait and Coloured Plates. Crown 8vo.,
15S.

Hopkins.—Fisuine Reminiscences. By
Major E. P. Hopxins. With Illustrations.
. Crown 8vo., 6s. 6d.

Lang.—Ancuine SKETCHES. By ANDREW
Lane. With 20 Illustrations by W. G.
Burn Murpocu. Crown 8vo., 7s. 6d.

Longman,—Cuess Openines. By
FREDERICK W. Loneman. Fep. 8vo., 2s. 6d.

Payne-Gallwey.—Works by Sir RaLpu
PayNnE-GALLWEY, Bart.

LETTERS To Younc SHooTerRs (First
Series). On the Choice and use of a Gun.
With Illustrations. Crown 8vo., 7s. 6d.

 

Payne-Gallwey.—Works by Sir Ratpa
PayNE-GALLWEY, Bart.—continued.
LeTTers To YOUNG SHOOTERS. (Second

Series). On the Production, Preservation,
and Killing of Game. With Directions
in Shooting Wood-Pigeons and Breaking- °
in Retrievers. With a Portrait of the
Author, and 103 Illustrations. Crown
8vo., 125. 6d. :

Pole—Tue THEoRY oF THE MopDERN
SciENTIFIC GAME OF WuisT. By W.
Poue, F.R.S. Fep. 8vo., 2s. 6d. :

Proctor.—W orks by RicHarp A. ProcTor.
How To Pray WHIST: WITH THE Laws

AND ETIQUETTE OF WHIST. Crown 8vo.,

35. 6d. t
Home WuisT: an Easy Guide to Cor-
rect Play. 16mo., Is.

Ronalds.—Tue Fiy-FisHer’s ENToMOL-
ocy. By ALrrep RonaLps. With coloured
Representations of the Natural and Artificial
Insect. With 20 coloured Plates. 8vo.,

14s. we
WHIST IN DIAGRAMS: a Supple. ° >

ment to American Whist, Illustrated ; being
a Series of Hands played through, illustrat-
ing the American leads, the new play, the
forms of Finesse, and celebrated coups of
Masters. With Explanation and Analysis.
By G. W. P. Fep. 8vo., 6s. 6d.

Wilcocks,—_Tue Sra FisHERMAN: Com-
prising theChief Methods of Hook and Line
Fishing in the British and other Seas, and
Remarks on Nets, Boats, and Boating. By
J.C. Witcocxs, Illustrated. Crown 8vo.,
6s.

 

Mental, Moral and Political Philosophy.

. LOGIC, RHETORIC, PSYCHOLOG Y, ETC.

Abbott.—Tue ELements or Loaic.
‘T. K. Apsott, B.D. 12mo., 35.

By

Aristotle.—Works by.

Tue Pouitics: G. Bekker’s Greek Text

_ of Books I., IIL., IV. (VII.), with an English
Translation by W. E. Bouianp, M.A.;
and short Introductory Essays by A.
Lane, M.A. Crown 8vo., 7s. 6d.

THE Pouitics: Introductory Essays.
By Anprew Lang (trom Bolland and
Lang’s ‘ Politics’). Crown 8vo., 2s. 6d. °

THE Ernics: Greek Text, Illustrated
with Essay and Notes. By Sir ALEXAN-
DER Grant, Bart. 2 vols. 8vo., 32s.

 

 

Aristotle—Works by.

THE Nicomacnean Eruics: Newly
Translated into English. By ROBERT
Wixuiams. Crown 8vo., 7s. 6d.

AN INTRODUCTION TO ARISTOTLE'S
Etuics. BooksI.-IV. (Book X. c. vi.-ix. -
in an Appendix). With a continuous
Analysis and Notes. Intended for the use
of Beginners and Junior Students. By the
Rev. Epwarp Moors, D.D., Principal of
St. Edmund Hall, and late Fellow and
Tutor of Queen’s College, Oxford. Crown
8vo. Ios. 6d.

SELECTIONS FROM THE ORGANON.
Edited by Joun R. Macratn, D.D.,

Provost of Queen’s College, Oxford. Small
8vo. 35. 6d.

’
MESSRS. LONGMANS & CO.’"S STANDARD AND GENERAL WORKS. 11

 

Mental, Moral and Political Philosophy—continued.

Bacon.—Works by.

' CoMPLETE Works. Edited by R. L.
Euuis, J. Speppine and D, D. HEaTH.
' 7 vols. 8vo., £3 135. 6d.

. THE Essays: with Annotations. By
RicHarRD WuatTELy, D.D. 8vo., tos. 6d.
Bain.—Works by ALEXANDER Barn,
LL.D.
MENTAL SCIENCE.
Morav SCIENCE.

Crown 8vo. 6s. 6d.
Crown 8vo., 4s. 6d. -

The two works as above can be had in one
volume, price tos. 6d.

SENSES AND THE INTELLECT.  8vo.,

15s.

EMOTIONS AND THE WILL. 8vo., 155.

Loaic, DepucrivE aND INDUCTIVE.
Part I. 4s. Part II. 6s. 6d.

PracTicaL Essays. Crown 8vo., 2s.

- Bray.—Works by CuHarves Bray.
THE PuHILosopHy or NECESSITY:
Law in Mind as in Matter.

or

Tue EpucaTIon oF THE FEELINGS: a
MoralSystem for Schools. Cr 8vo., 2s. 6d.

- Bray.—Evements or Moratity, in Easy
‘ Lessons for Home and School Teaching.
By Mrs. CHARLES Bray. Cr. 8vo., Is. 6d.

Crozier.—CIvILIsaTION AND PROGRESS.
By Joun Beattie Crozier, M.D. With
New Preface. More fully explaining the
nature of the New Organon used in the
solution of its problems.- 8vo., 145.

Davidson.—THE Logic oF DEFINITION,
Explained and Applied. By Wriziam L.
Davipson, M.A. Crown 8vo., 6s.

Green.—THE Works oF Tuomas HILL
GREEN. Edited by R. L. NETTLESHIP.
Vols. I. and II. Philosophical Works. 8vo.,

16s. each.
Vol. III. Miscellanies. ;
three Volumes, and Memoir.

With Index to the
8vo., 21S.

Hearn—Tue AryaN HovusEHoLp: its
Structure and its Development. An Intro-
duction to Comparative Jurisprudence. By
W. Epwarp HEARN. 8vo., 10s.

Cr. 8vo., 5s.

 

Hodgson.—Works by SHapwortH H. —

Hopeson.

TIME AND Space: a Metaphysical Essay.
8vo., 16s. Z

Tue THEORY oF PracTicE: an Ethical
Inquiry. 2 vols. 8vo., 24s.

THE PHILOSOPHY OF REFLECTION. 2
vols. 8vo., 21s.

Hume.—Tue PuHILosopHicaL WorKS OF |
Daviy Hume. Edited by T. H. GREEN

and T. H. Grose. 4 vols. 8vo., 56s. Or
separately, Essays. 2vols. 28s. Treatise
of Human Nature. 2 vols. 28s.

Johnstone.—A Suort INTRODUCTION TO
THE StTupy oF Locic. By LAURENCE
JouNsToONE. With Questions. Cr. 8vo., 2s. 6d.

Jones—An InTRODUCTION TO GENERAL
Loaic. By E. E. Constance Jones, Author
of ‘Elements of Logic as a Science of Pro-
positions’. Crown 8vo., 4s. 6d.

Justinian.—Tue InsTITuTES oF JUSTIN-
IAN: Latin Text, chiefly that of Huschke,
with English Introduction, Translation,
Notes, and Summary. By Tuomas C.
Sanpars, M.A. - 8vo., 18s.

Kant.—Works by IMMANUEL Kant.
CRITIQUE OF PRacTICAL REASON, AND
OTHER WorRKS ON THE THEORY OF
Eruics. Translated by T. K. ABBort,

B.D. With Memoir. 8vo., 125. 6d.
IntTRODUCTION TO Loaic, AND His Essay
ON THE MISTAKEN SUBTILTY OF THE
Four Ficures. ‘Translated by T. K.
ABBOTT, and with Notes by S. T. CoLE-

RIDGE. 8vo., 6s. .

Killick—Hanpgpoox To MILL’s SysTemM
oF Lowic. By Rev. A. H. Kiuiicx, M.A,
Crown 8vo., 35. 6d.

Ladd.—Works by GrEorGE TURNBULL
Lapp, :
ELEMENTS OF PHYSIOLOGICAL Psy-
CHOLOGY. 8vo., 215s.
OUTLINES OF PHYSIOLGGICAL PsycHOL-
ocy. A Text-book of Mental Science for .
Academies and Colleges. 8vo., 12s.

Lewes.—TuHe History oF PHILOsoPHy,
from Thalesto Comte. By Grorce HENRY
Lewes. 2 vols. 8vo., 32s.

Max Miiller—Works by F. Max MULLER.
THE SCIENCE OF THOUGHT. 8vo., 21S.
Turee InrTRopucToRY LECTURES ON:

THE SCIENCE OF THOUGHT. 8vo., 2s. 6d.°
12 MESSRS. LONGMAMS & CO.’S STANDARD AND GENERAL WORKS.

 

Mental, Moral and Political Philosophy—continued.

Mill. —Anatysis oF THE PHENOMENA OF
THE Human Minn. By James MILL.
2 vols. 8vo., 28s.

Mill.—Works by Joun Stuart MIL.

A SysTEm oF Loaic. Crown 8vo., 3s. 6d.

On Liperty. Crown 8vo., 1s. 4d.

On REPRESENTATIVE GOVERNMENT.
Crown 8vo., 2s.

UTILITARIANISM. 8vo., 5S.

EXAMINATION OF SiR WILLIAM HamIL-
TON’s PHILOSOPHY. 8vo., 16s.

NATURE, THE UTILITY OF RELIGION,
AND THEISM. Three Essays. 8vo., 55.

Monck.—Intropuction to Loaic. By
H. S. Moncx. Crown 8vo., 5s.

Ribot.—TuHeE PsycuoLocy or ATTENTION.
By Tu. Risot. Crown 8vo., 3s.

Sidgwick,.— Distinction: and the Criti-
cism of Belief. By ALFRED SIDGWICK.
Crown 8vo., 6s.

Stock.—Depuctive Logic. By St.
GeorceE Stock. Fep. 8vo., 3s. 6d.

Sully.—Works by James SuLty, Grote
Professor of Mind and Logic at University
College, London.

THe Human MInpD: a Text-book of
Psychology. 2 vols. 8vo., 21s.

OUTLINES oF PsycHoLocy. 8vo., 9s.

THE TEACHER’s HanpBoox oF Psy-
CHOLOGY. Crown 8vo., 5s.

Swinburne.—Picture Loaic: an Attempt
to Popularise the Science of Reasoning.
By ALFRED James Swinsurne, M.A.
With 23 Woodcuts. Post 8vo., 5s.

Thompson.—Works by DanreL GREEN-
LEAF THOMPSON.

Tue ProsBiem oF Evi: an Introduc-
tion tothe Practical Sciences. 8vo., ros. 6d.

A System or PsycHoLocy. 2 vols.
8vo., 36s.

Tue Revicious SENTIMENTS OF THE
Human Minp. 8vo., 7s. 6d.

SoctaL ProGress: an Essay. 8vo.,
7s. 6d.

THE Puitosopnuy oF Fiction In LITER-
ATURE: an Essay. Crown 8vo., 6s.

 

Thomson,—OvuTLinEs oF THE NECESSARY
Laws oF THOUGHT: a Treatise on Pure and
Applied Logic. By Wit.tiam TuHomson,
D.D., formerly Lord Archbishop. of York.
Post 8vo., 6s.

Webb.—Tue Veir or Isis: a Series of
Essays on Idealism. By T.E. WEBB. 8vo.,
Ios. 6d.

Whately.—Works by R. Wuare y, for-
merly Archbishop of Dublin.

Bacon’s Essays. With Annotation.
By R. WuaTELy. 8vo. tos. 6d.

ELements oF Logic. Crown 8vo.,
4s. 6d. .

ELEMENTS OF RHEToRIc. Crown 8vo.,
4s. 6d.

Lessons ON REASONING. Fcp. 8vo.,-
Is. 6d. é:

Zeller.—Works by Dr. EpwarpD ZELLER,
Professor in the University of Berlin.

History oF ECLECTICISM IN GREEK
Puitosopny. ‘Translated by Saran F.
ALLEYNE. Crown 8vo., 10s. 6d.

Tue Sroics, EPICUREANS, AND SCEPTICS.
Translated by the Rev. O. J. REICHEL,
M.A. Crown 8vo., 15s.

OUTLINES OF THE History oF GREEK
PuiLosopHuy. Translated by Saran F,
ALLEYNE and EveLyn ABBOTT. Crown
8vo., Los. 6d. :

PLATO AND THE OLDER ACADEMY. |
Translated by Saran F. ALLEYNE and
ALFRED Goopwin, B.A. Crown 8vo.,
18s. a

SOCRATES AND THE Socratic SCHOOLS.
Translated by the Rev. O. J. REICHEL,
M.A. Crown 8vo., ros. 6d.

THE Pre-SocraTic Scuoors: a History
of Greek Philosophy from the Earliest
Period to the time of Socrates. Translated

' by Sarau F. ALLEYNE. 2 vols. Crown
8vo., 30s.

 

MANUALS OF CATHOLIC PHILOSOPHY.
(Stonyhurst Scrics).
A Manuva or Poriticat Economy. By | Morar PuiLosopuy (ETHICS AND NATURAL

C. S. Devas, M.A, Crown 8vo., 6s. 6d.

First PrincipLes oF KNOWLEDGE. By
Joun Ricxasy, S.J. Crown 8vo., 5s.

GENERAL Metapnysics. By Joun Rick-
ABY, S.J. Crown 8vo., 5s.

Loeic. By RicHarp F. CLARKE, S.J.
Crown 8vo., 5s.

Law. By Joseru Rickasy, S.J. Crown
8v0., 55.

NaTuRAL THEOLOGY. By BERNARD
BoeEppeEr, S.J. Crown 8vo., 6s. 6d.

PsycHoLocy. By Micuarr Mauer, S.J.
Crown 8vo., 6s. 6d.
 

MESSRS, LONGMANS & CO.S STANDARD AND GENERAL WORKS. 13

 

History and Seience of Language, &c.

Davidson.— Leapinc anv ImporTANT
EnciisH Worps: Explained and Exem-
plified, By Writtiam L. Davinson, M.A.

_Fep. 8vo., 3s. 6d.

Farrar.— Lanauacze anp LanouacEs:
By F. W. Farrar, D.D., F.R.S. Crown
8vo., 6s.

Graham.—Enciisu Synonyms, Classified
and Explained: with Practical Exercises.
By G. F. Granam. Fep. 8vo., 6s.

Max Miller.—Works by F. Max MULLER.
SELECTED Essays on LANGUAGE, MYTH-

OLOGY, AND RELIGION. 2 vols. Crown
8vo., 16s.

THE SCIENCE oF LanGcuaGeE, Founded on
Lectures delivered at the Royal Institution
in 1861 and 1863. 2vols. Crown 8vo., 21s.

BIOGRAPHIES OF WoRDs, AND THE HoME
OF THE ARYAS: Crown 8vo., 7s. 6d.

THREE LECTURES ON THE SCIENCE OF
LANGUAGE, AND ITS PLAacE IN GENERAL
Epvucation, delivered at Oxford, 1889.
Crown 8vo., 35.

Paul.—PrincipLes oF THE HIsTORY OF
Lancuace. By HERMANN PauL. Trans-
lated by H. A. STRONG. 8vo., ros. 6d.

Roget,—TuHEsaurus or EnatisH Worps
AND Purases. Classified and Arranged so
as to Facilitate the Expression of Ideas
and assist in Literary Composition., By

. PeteR Mark Rocet, M.D., F.R.S. Re-

_ composed throughout, enlarged and im-
proved, partly from the Author’s Notes, and
with a full Index, by the Author’s Son,
Joun Lewis Rocet. Crown 8vo. ros. 6d,

Strong, Logeman, and Wheeler.—Intro-
DUCTION TO THE STUDY OF THE HISTORY-OF
Lancuace. By HERBERT A. STRONG, M.A.,
LL.D., WILLEm S. Locreman, and BEnyja-
MIN IDE WHEELER. 8vo., Los. 6d,

Wade.—ELementary CHAPTERS IN Com- .

PARATIVE PHILOLOGY. By G. Woosunec:
Wane, M.A. Crown 8vo., 2s. 6d.

Whately.—Enciisu Synonyms.
Jane WHATELY. Fcp. 8vo., 3s.

By E.

Political Economy and Economies. |

Ashley.—EnciisH Economic History
anD THEORY. By W. J. AsHLEy, M.A.
Crown 8vo., Part I., 5s. Part II. ros. 6d.

Bagehot.— Works by WALTER BaGEHOT.
Economic STuDIES. 8vo., 10s. 6d.
TuHE-PosTuLaTES OF ENGLISH PoLITI-

caL Economy. Crown 8vo., 2s. 6d.

Crump.—ANn INVESTIGATION INTO THE
CAUSES OF THE GREAT FALL IN PRICES
which took place coincidently with the De-
monetisation of Silver by Germany. By
ARTHUR Crump, 8vo., 6s.

Devas.—A Manuat oF PoviticaL Econ-
omy. By C.S. Devas, M.A, Crown 8vo.,
6s. 6d. (Manuals of Catholic Philosophy.)

Dowell—A History oF TAXATION AND
TAXES IN ENGLAND, from the Earliest Times
to the Year 1885. By STEPHEN DowELL,
(4 vols. 8vo.) Vols. I. and II. The History
of Taxation, 21s. Vols. III. and IV. The
History of Taxes, 21s.

Jordan,—TuHeE STANDARD OF VALUE.

_, WILLIAM LEIGHTON JORDAN.  8vo., 6s.

- Leslie.—Essays 1n PoviticaL Economy.

‘By T. E. Currre Lesiie. 8vo., ros. 6d.

-Macleod.--Works by Henry DUNNING
Maceop, M.A.
Tue ELEMENTS OF BANKING.

8vo., 3s. 6d.
Tue THEORY AND PRACTICE OF BANKING.
Vol. I. 8vo., 12s. Vol. II. 14s.
Tur Turory of Crepit. 8vo. Vol. I.
qs. 6d. Vol. II., Part L., 4s. 6d. Vol. II.
Part II. ‘10s, 6d.

By

Crown

 

Meath.—Works by The Eart oF Meatu.
Sociat Arrows: Reprinted Articles on
various Social Subjects. Crown 8vo., 5s.
PROSPERITY OR PaurerismM? Physical,
Industrial, and Technical Training. 8vo.,

55. 2
Mill—PoriricaL Economy. By Joun
Stuart MIL. ;

Silver Library Edition. Crown 8v0., 35. 6d. i

Library Edition. 2 vols. 8vo., 30s.

Shirres.—An ANALYSIS OF THE IDEAS OF
Economics. By L. P. Suirres, B.A,,

sometime Finance Under-Secretary of the.

Government of Bengal. Crown 8vo., 6s.

Symes.—PotiticaL Economy: a Short
Text-book of Political Economy. With

Problems for Solution, and Hints for Sup-..

plementary Reading. By Professor J. E.

_ Symes, M.A., of University College, Notting-

ham. Crown 8vo., 2s. 6d.

Toynbee.—LeEcTuRES ON THE INDUSTRIAL
REVOLUTION OF THE 18th CENTURY IN
EnGcLanp. By ARNOLD ToYNBEE. 8vo.,
tos. 6d,

Wilson. — Works by A. J. Wiuuson.

Chiefly reprinted from The Investors’ Re- _

view. ; -

PRACTICAL HINTS TO SMALL INVESTORS.
Crown 8vo., Is.

Prain Apvice about LiFe INSURANCE.
Crown 8vo., Is.

Wolff.—Peorue’s Banks:
Social and Economic Success.
W, Wotrr. 8vo.,, 75. 6d.

a -Record of

By Henry —
14 MESSRS. LONGMANS & CO’.S STANDARD AND GENERAL WORKS.

 

Evolution, Anthropology, &e.

Clodd.—THueE Srory oF CREATION: a Plain | Lubbock.—TuHE ORIGIN oF CIVILISATION

By Epwarp CLopp.
Crown 8vo., 3s. 6d.

Account of Evolution.
With 77 Illustrations.

Huth—TuHe Marriace or Near KI,
considered with Respect to the Law o
Nations, the Result of Experience, and the
Teachings of Biology. By ALFRED HENRY
Hutu. Royal 8vo., 21s.

Lang.—Custom anp MyrH: Studies of
Early Usage and Belief. By ANDREW
Lanc, M.A. With 15 Illustrations. Crown
8vo., 35. 6d.

and the Primitive Condition of Man. By
Sir J. Lusgock, Bart.,M.P. With 5 Plates
and 20 Illustrations in the Text. 8vo., 18s.

Romanes. — Works by GEoRGE JOHN

Romanes, M.A., LL.D., F.R.S.

Darwin, AND AFTER DaRWIN: an Ex-
position of the Darwinian Theory, and a
Discussion on Post-Darwinian Questions.
Part I. The Darwinian Theory. With
Portrait of Darwin and 125 Illustrations.
Crown 8vo., ros. 6d.

An EXAMINATION OF WEISMANNISM.
Crown 8vo.

 

Classical Literature.

Abbott.—Hetrenica. A Collection of
Essays on Greek Poetry, Philosophy, His-
tory, and Religion. Edited by EvELYN
Assott, M.A., LL.D. 8vo., 16s.,

Zeschylus.—EvuMENIDES oF /ESCHYLUS.

With Metrical English Translation. By J.
F. Davies. 8vo., 7s. ;
Aristophanes.— THE ACHARNIANS OF

ARISTOPHANES, translated into English
Verse. By R. Y. TYRRELL. Crown 8vo., Is,

Becker.—Works by Professor BECKER.
Gaus: or, Roman Scenes in the Time

of Augustus. [Illustrated. Post 8vo.,
7s. 6d.
‘CHARICLES: or, Illustrations of the

Private Life of the Ancient Greeks.
Illustrated. Post 8vo., 7s. 6d.

Cicero.—CicERo’s CORRESPONDENCE. By
_ R. Y. Tyrrevty. Vols. I., I, III., 8vo.,
each 12s.

Clerke.—FamiviaR StTupies 1n Homer.
By Acnes M.CLERKE. Crown 8vo., 7s. 6d.

Parnell.—Greex Lyric Poetry: a Com-
plete Collection of the Surviving Passages
from the Greek Song-Writting. Arranged
with Prefatory Articles, Introductory Matter
and Commentary. By GeorGE S. FARNELL,
M.A. With 5 Plates. 8vo., 16s.

Harrison.—_Mytus oF THE ODYSSEY IN
ArT AND LITERATURE. By JANE E. Har-
RISON. Illustrated with Outline Drawings.

_ 8vo., 18s.

hang —Homer and THE Epic. By

ANDREW Lanc,. Crown 8vo., gs. net.

 

Mackail.—SeLect EPiGRAMS FROM THE
GreEK ANTHOLOGY. By J. W. Mackal_,
Fellow of Balliol College, Oxford. Edited
with a Revised Text, Introduction, Trans-
lation, and Notes. 8vo., 16s.

Plato.— PARMENIDES OF PLaTo, Text, with
Introduction, Analysis,&c. By T.MacuireE.
8vo., 75. 6d.

Rich.—A Dictionary oF RoMAN AND
GREEK ANTIQUITIES. By A. Ricu, B.A.
With 2000 Woodcuts. Crown 8vo., 7s. 6d.

Sophocles.—Translated into English
Verse. By ROBERT WHITELAW, M.A.,
Assistant Master in Rugby School; late
Fellow of Trinity College, Cambridge.
Crown 8vo., 8s. 6d. - _

Tyrrell —TRaNSLATIONS INTO GREEK AND
LaTIn VERSE. Edited by R. Y. TYRRELL. .
8vo., 6s. 7

Virgil—Tue /ENEID oF Virait. Trans-
lated into English Verse by JoHN ConiNnG-
Ton. Crown 8vo., 6s.

THe PoeEMS OF VIRGIL. Translated
into English Prose by JoHN CoNnINGTON.
Crown 8vo., 6s.

THE /ENEID OF VIRGIL, freely translated
into English Blank Verse. By W. J.
THORNHILL. Crown 8vo., 7s. 6d.

THE /ENEID oF VirGIL. Books I. to
VI. Translated into English Verse by
James RHOADES. Crown 8vo., 5s.

THE EcLoGuEs AND GEORGICS OF
VireiL. Translated from the Latin by
J. W. Macxaiu, M.A., Fellow of Balliol
College, Oxford. Printed on Dutch Hand-
made Paper. Royal 16mo., 5s. :

Wilkin.—Tue GrowTu oF THE HomERICc
Poems. By G, WILKIN. 8vo., 6s,
MESSRS. LONGMANS & CO’S STANDARD AND GENERAL WORKS. 15

 

Poetry and

Allingham,—Works by Witt1AM ALLING-

HAM.

Ir1sH SONGS AND PogeMs. With Frontis-
. the Waterfall of Asaroe. Fcp. 8vo.,
Se

LauRENCE BLOOMFIELD. With Portrait
of the Author. Fep. 8vo., 3s. 6d.

FLower Pieces; Day anp NIGHT
Sones; Batiaps. With 2 Designs by
D. G. Rosetti. Fep. 8vo., 6s.; large
paper edition, 12s.

Lire anD Puantasy: with Frontispiece
by Sir J. E. Mituais, Bart., and Design
by ARTHUR HuGHEs. Fep. 8vo., 6s.;
large paper edition, 12s.

THOUGHT AND WorpD, AND ASHBY
Manor: a Play. With Portrait of the

_. Author (1865), and four Theatrical Scenes
drawn by Mr. Allingham. Fep. 8vo., 6s. ;
large paper edition, ras.

BLACKBERRIES. Imperial 16mo., 6s.

Sets of the above 6 vols. may be had in uni-
form Half-parchment binding, price 308. °

Armstrong.—Works by G. F. Savace-
ARMSTRONG.

Poems: Lyrical and Dramatic. Fcp.
8vo., 6s.
. Kine Saurt. (The Tragedy of Israel,

Part I.) Fep. 8vo., 5s.
Kine Davip. (The Tragedy of Israel,
Part II.) Fep. 8vo., 6s. ©
Kinc Sotomon. (The Tragedy of Israel,
Part III.) Fep. 8vo., 6s.
Ucone: a Tragedy. Fcp. 8vo., 6s.
A_GarLAND FROM GREECE: Poems.
Fep. 8vo., 7s. 6d. :

Stories oF WicKLow: Poems. Fep.
8vo., 75. 6d.

MEPHISTOPHELES IN  BROADCLOTH:
a Satire. Fep. 8vo., 4s. : 5
ONE IN THE INFINITE: a Poem. Crown

8vo., 75. 6d.

Armstrong.—THE PorticaL Works OF
EpmunpJ. ARMSTRONG. Fcp. 8vo., 55. _

Arnold.—Works by Sir Epwin ARNOLD,
_ K,C.LE., Author of ‘ The Light of Asia,’ &e.
Tue Licnt oF THE WorxD: or the
Great Consummation. A Poem. Crown
8vo., 7s. 6d. net. :
_ Presentation Edition. With Illustrations
.. by W. Hotman Hunt, &c. 4to., 20s. net.
PotrpHar’s WiFE, and other Poems.
Crown 8vo., 55. net.
Apzuma: orthe Japanese Wife. A
Crown 8vo., 6s. 6d. net. :

Play.

the Drama.

Barrow.—Tue SevenCities of THE Dea,
and other Poems. By Sir JoHN CROKER
Barrow, Bart. Fecp. 8vo., 5s.

Bell.—Works by Mrs. Hucu BELL.

CHAMBER CoMEDIES: a Collection of
Plays dnd Monologues for the Drawing
Room. Crown 8vo., 6s.’

~ Nursery ComepiEs: Twelve Tiny Plays
for Children. Fcp. 8vo., 1s. 6d.

Bjornsen.—Pastor Lane: a Pray. By
BJGORNSTJERNE BJGRNSEN. ‘Translated by
WILLIAM WILSON.

Dante.—La Commepia Di Dante. A
New Text, carefully Revised with the aid of
the most recent Editions and Collations.
Small 8vo., 6s. ‘

Goethe. 3
Faust, Part I., the German Text, with
Introduction and Notes. By ALBERT M,
Seuss, Ph.D., M.A. Crown 8vo., 5s.
Faust. Translated, with Notes. By T. E.
WEBB. 8vo., 12s. 6d.

_ Faust. The First Part. A New Trans-
lation, chiefly in Blank Verse; with In-
troduction and Notes. By James ADEY
Birps. Crown 8vo., 6s.

Faust. The Second Part. A New
Translation in Verse. By James ADEY
Brrps, Crown 8vo., 6s. .

Haggard.—Lire Anp i1Ts AUTHOR: an
Essay in Verse. By ELta Haccarp. With
a Memoir by H. Riper Hacaarp, and Por-
trait. Fep. 8vo., 35. 6d. :

Ingelow.—Works by Jean INGELOw.
PoeticaL Works. 2 vols. Fep. 8vo.,
12s. ‘

LyrIcaL AND OTHER Poems. Selected
from the Writings of Jzan INGELow.
Fcp. 8vo., 2s. 6d, cloth plain, 3s. cloth
gilt.

Lang.—Works by ANDREW Lana. oy
Grass OF PARNASSUS. Fep. 8vo., 23: 6d.

net. 7
Bavuaps oF Books. Edited by ANDREW
Lane. | Fep. 8vo., 6s.

Tue Biue Poetry Book. Edited by
AnpDREW Lane. Special Edition, printed
on Indian paper. With Notes, but with-

 

out Illustrations. Crown 8vo., 7s. 6d.’
16

STANDARD AND GENERAL WORKS.

 

Poetry and the

Lecky.—Porms. By W. E. H. Lecxy.
Fep. 8vo., 5s.

Leyton.—Works by Franx Leyton.
THE SHADOWS OF THE Lakgz, and other

Poems. Crown 8vo., 7s. 6d. Cheap
Edition. Crown 8vo., 3s. 6d.
. SKELETON LEAVES: Poems. Crown

8vo. 6s.
Lytton.—Works by THE ues or LyTTon
(OwEeN MEREDITH).
Maran. Fcp. 8vo., 6s. 6d.

Kine Poppy: a Fantasia.
and Design on Title-Page by Ep. BuRNE-
Jones, A.R.A. Crown 8vo., 1os. 6d.

THE WANDERER. Crown 8vo., 10s. 6d.

Macaulay.—Lays or ANciENT Rome, &c.
By Lord Macautay.
Illustrated by G. ScHarF. Fcp. 4to., ros. 6d.
Bijou Edition.
18mo., 2s. 6d. gilt top.

 

— Popular Edition.
Fep. 4to., 6d. sewed, 1s. cloth.

Illustrated by J. R. WEGUELIN. Crown
8vo., 35. 6d.

Annotated Edition. Fep. 8vo., 1s. sewed,
ts. 6d. cloth.

With 1 Plate |

 

Drama—continued.

Nesbit.—Works by E. Nespir (Mrs.
HusBerT Bianp). _
LEAVES OF LiFe: Verses.

Lays AND Lecenps. First Series.

Crown 8vo., 3s.6d. Second Series. With
Portrait. Crown 8vo., 5s.

Piatt.—An ENCHANTED CASTLE, AND

OTHER Poems: Pictures, Portraits, and

People in Ireland.
Crown 8vo. 3s. 6d.
Piatt.—Works by Joun James Pratt.
Ipy_s anp Lyrics OF THE OHIO
VALLEY. Crown 8vo., 5S.
Littte New Wor tp Ipyts. Cr. 8vo.

Rhoades.—_TERESA AND OTHER POEMS:
By James RuoapDEs. Crown 8vo., 3s. 6d-

Riley—OLp FasHionED Roses: Poems.
By James Wuitcoms RILEY. 12mo., 5s.

Shakespeare. — BowpDLeEr’s FAMILY
SHAKESPEARE. With 36 Woodcuts. 1 vol.
8vo., 14s. Orin 6 vols. Fep. 8vo., 21s.

THE SHAKESPEARE BirTHDAY Book. By
Mary F. DunBar. 32mo., 1s. 6d. Draw-
ing Room Edition, with Photographs.
Fep. 8vo., ros. 6d.

Stevenson.— A CuILp’s

Verses.

Small Fep. 8vo., 5s.

By Sara Piatt.

GARDEN OF

Works of Fiction, Humour, &c.

ATELIER (THE) DU LYS: or, an Art
- Student in the Reign of Terror. Crown
8vo., 25. 6d.

By THe SAME AUTHOR.

a Tale of
Crown 8vo., 2s. 6d.

MADEMOISELLE Mort:
Modern Rome.

TuHaTt CHILD.

Illustrated by GorDoN
BROWNE.

Crown 8vo., 2s. 6d.

UNDER ACLoup. Crown 8vo., 2s. 6d.

THE FIDDLER oF LuGav. With
Illustrations by W. Ratston, Crown
8vo., 2s. 6d. :

A CHILD OF THE REVOLUTION. With
Illustrations by C. J. STANILAND.
Crown 8vo., 2s. 6d,

Hes®=ag VENTURE: a Novel. Crown

8vo., 2s. 6a.~

IN THE OLDEN TiME: a Tale of the
Peasant War in Germany. Crown 8vo.,
as. 6d.

- THE YouNGER SISTER: a Tale.
8vo., 6s.

Cr.

 

Anstey.—Works by F. Anstey, Author ot
‘Vice Versa’.

Tue Brack Poop.e, and other Siories.
Crown 8vo., 2s. boards, 2s. 6d. cloth.

Voces Poputt. Reprinted from‘ Punch’.
With Illustrations by J. BERNARD ParT-
RIDGE. First Series. Fep. 4to., 5s.
Second Series. Fep. 4to., 6s.

THe TRAVELLING CoMPANIONS.
printed from ‘ Punch’.

Re-
With Illustrations

by J. BERNARD PaRTRIDGE. Post 4to., 55. ©

THE Man FROM BLANKLEY’S:!

a Story
in Scenes, and other Sketches.

With

Illustrations by J. BERNARD PARTRIDGE. °

Fep. ato., 6s.

Baker.—By THE WEsTERN SEA. By
JAMEs Baker, Author of‘ John Westacott’.
Crown 8vo., 3s. 6d.

Beaconsfield—Works by the. Earl of
BEACONSFIELD.
NovEeLs AND TaLes. Cheap Edition.
Complete in r1 vols. Cr. 8vo., 1s. 6d. each.
Vivian Grey. Henrietta Temple.
The wane Duke, &c. | Venetia. Tancred.
Alroy, Ixion, &c. Coningsby, Sybil.
Contarini Fleming,&c. Lothair. Endymion.

Cr. 8vo., 55..

By RosBert Louis STEVENSON.»
MESSRS. LONGMANS & CO.’S STANDARD AND GENERAL WORKS. 17

 

Works of Fiction, Humour, &¢.—continued.

Beaconsfield.—Works by the Earl of
BEACONSFIELD, :
NoveEts anp Taces. The Hughenden
Edition. With 2 Portraits and 11 Vig-
nettes. 11 vols. Crown 8vo., 42s.

Chilton.—Tue History or A FAILURE,
and other Tales. By E. Cuitton. Fep.
8vo., 35. 6d,

Comyn.—ATHERSTONE Priory: a Tale.

By L. N. Comyn. Crown 8vo., 2s. 6d.
Deland.—Works by MarcaretT DELAND,
Author of ‘John Ward’.
THE Story oF A CHILD. Cr. 8vo., 55.
Mr. Tommy Dove, and other Stories.
Crown 8vo. 6s. j

DOROTHY WALLIS: an Autobiog-
raphy. With Preface by WaLTER BESANT.
Crown 8vo., 6s,

Dougall.—Works by L. DoucatL.
Becears ALL Crown 8vo., 3s. 6d.

Wuat Necessity Knows. 3 vols.
Crown 8vo.

Doyle.—Works by A. Conan Dove.

Micau CrarkE: A Tale of Monmouth’s
Rebellion. With Frontispiece and Vig-
nette. Cr, 8vo., 3s. 6d.

Tue CApraIN OF THE PovestaR, and
other Tales. Cr. 8vo., 3s. 6d.

Tue Rerucees: A Tale of Two Conti-

_ nents. Cr. 8vo., 6s.

Farrar.—Darkness AND Dawn: or,
Scenes in the Days of Nero. An Historic
Tale. By Archdeacon Farrar. Cr. 8vo.,
7s. 6d.

Froude —Tue Two Cuiers or Dunzoy:
an Irish Romance of the Last Century.
by J. A. Froupg. Cr. 8vo., 35. 6d.

Haggard.—Works by H. RrpER HaGcarb.

SHE. With 32 Illustrations by M.
GREIFFENHAGEN and C. H. M. KERR.
Cr. 8vo., 3s. 6d.

ALLAN QUATERMAIN.
trations by C. H. M. Kerr.
3s. 6d. :

Matwa’s REVENGE: or, The War of the
Little Hand. Cr. 8vo., 1s. boards, 1s. 6d.
cloth.

 CoLoneL QuaritcH, V.C.
3s. 6d.

With 31 Illus-
Cr. 8vo.,

Cr. 8vo.

 

Haggard.—Works by H. Riper Haacarb.
—continued,

Cieopatra. With 29 Full-page Illus-
trations by M. GREIFFENHAGEN and R.
Caton WoopvILLE. Cr. 8vo., 35. 6d.

BeaTRIce. Cr. 8vo., 3s. 6d.
Eric BriGHTEvEs. With 17 Plates

and 34 Illustrations in the Text by.
LancELot SPEED. Cr. 8vo., 35. 6d.

Napa THE Lity. With 23 Illustra-
tions by C. H. M. Kerr. Cr. 8vo., 6s.

Montezuma’s DauGHTER. Cr. 8vo., 65.

Haggard and Lang.—Tue Worvp’s Ds-
sire. By H. Riper Hacearp and

AnpREw.LanG. Cr. 8vo. 6s. :

Harte.—Works by Bret Harte.

IN THE CarQuinEz Woops. Fcp. 8vo.
1s. 6d. :

ON THE FRONTIER, &c. 16mo., Is.

By SHORE AND SEDGE. 16mo., Is.

* * Three Works complete in one Volume.
Cr. 8vo., 35. 6d.

Hyne. -THe New Eben: a Story. By
C. J. Cutcliffe Hyne. With Frontispiece
and Vignette. Cr. 8vo., 2s. 6d.

KEITH DERAMORE: aNovel. By the
Author of ‘ Miss Molly’. Cr. 8vo., 6s.

Lyall._Tue AUTOBIOGRAPHY OF A SLAN-
DER. By Epna Lyatt, Author of‘ Dono- —

_ van,’ &c. Fep, 8vo., Is. sewed,
Presentation Edition. With 20 IIlustra-
tions by LaNcELoT SPEED. Cr. 8vo., 55.

Matthews.—Works by BranpER Mat-

THEWS. =

A Famity TREE, and other Stories.
Cr. 8vo., 6s.

With my Frienps: Tales told in Part-
nership. With an Introductory Essayon +
the Art and Mystery of Collaboration.
Cr. 8vo., 6s. :

Melville—Works by G. J. WHYTE MEL-
VILLE.
The Gladiators.
The Interpreter.
Good for Nothing.
The Queen’s Maries.
Cr. 8vo., Is. 6d. each.

Holmby House.
Kate Coventry.
Digby Grand.
General Bounce.

O’Brien..-WHEN WE WERE Boys: a
Novel. By Witx1am O’Brien. Cr. 8vo.,

as. 6d.
18 MESSRS. LONGMANS & CO,'S STANDARD AND GENERAL WORKS

 

Works of Fiction, Humour, &¢.—contenued.

Oliphant.—Works by Mrs. OLIPHANT.
Mapam, Cr. 8vo., 1s. 6d.
In Trust. Cr. 8vo., 1s. 6d.

Parr.—Can THIs BE Love? By Mrs.
Parr, Author of ‘ Dorothy Fox’. Crown
8vo. 6s.

Payn.— Works by James Payn.

Tue Luck oF THE DARRELLS.
Is. 6d.

THICKER THAN WATER. Cr. 8vo., IS.
ad.

Cr. 8vo.,

Phillipps-Wolley.—Snap: a Legend of the
Lone Mountain. ByC. Purtiipps-Wot-
Ley. With 13 Illustrations by H. G.
WILuink. Cr. 8vo., 35. 6d.

Robertson.--THe Kipnappep SquaTTER,

and other Australian Tales. By. A.
RoBERTSon, Cr. 8vo., 6s.
Sewell—Works by ExizapeTH M.
SEWELL,

A Glimpse of the World. | Amy Herbert.

_Laneton Parsonage. Cleve Hall.
Margaret Percival. Gertrude.
Katharine Ashton. Home Life.
The Earl’s Daughter. After Life.
The Experience of Life. | Ursula. Ivors.

Cr, 8vo., 1s. 6d, each cloth plain. 2s. 6d.
each cloth extra, gilt edges,

Stevenson.—Works by Rosert Louis
STEVENSON,

STRANGE Case or Dr. JEKYLL AND Mr.
Hype. Fep, 8vo., 1s, sewed. 1s. 6d.
cloth. .

THE DynaMiTER. Fep. 8vo., 1s. sewed,
1s. 6d. cloth.

Stevenson and Osbourne.—Tue Wrone
Box. By Rosert Louis STEvENSoN and
Lioyp OsBournE. Cr. 8vo., 35. 6d.

 

Sturgis—Arrer Twenty Years, and
other Stories. By JuLian STurais.
Cr. 8vo., 6s.

Suttner.--Lay Down Your Arms (Die
Waffen Nieder): The Autobiography of
Martha Tilling. By BerTHA von SuTT-
NER. Translated by T. Hoimes. Cr.

. 8vo., 7s. 6d.

Thompson.—A Morat_ DILEMMA: a
Novel. By ANNIE THompPson. Crown
8vo., 6s.

Tirebuck.— Works by WILLIAM TIREBUCK.
DorrizE. Crown 8vo. 6s.
SWEETHEART GWEN. Crown 8vo., 6s.

Trollope.—W orks

LOPE.
THE WARDEN.

BaRCHESTER TOWERS.
6d.

Walford.—Works by L. B. Waxrorp,
Author of ‘ Mr. Smith’.

THE MiscuiEFr oF Monica: a Novel.
Cr. 8vo., 2s. 6d. i °

Tue One Goop Guest: a Story. Cr..
8vo., 6s.

by AntHony TROL-

Cr. 8vo., 1s. 6d.
Cr. 8vo., Is.

West.—Hatr-Hours wiTH THE MILLion-
AIRES: Showing how much harder it is
to spend a million than to make it.
Edited by B. B. West. Cr. 8vo., 6s.

‘Weyman.—Works by Srantey J. WEy-

MAN.

Tue House oF THE WoLF: a Romance.
Cr, 8vo., 3s. 6d.

A GENTLEMAN OF FRANCE. 3
Cr. 8vo.

vols.
[In the Press.

 

Popular Science (Natural History, &.).

Butler.—Ovur Hovusenorp Insects. By | Hartwig.—Works by Dr. Grorcr Hart-

E. A. BuTLer. With numerous Illustrations.
(In the Press.

Furneaux.—THE Outpoor Wortp; or
The Young Collector’s Handbook. By W.
Furneaux, F.R.G.S. With numerous II-
lustrations including 6 Plates in Colours.
Crown 8vo., 7s. 6d.

WIG,

THE SEA AND ITs Livinc WonDERS.
With 12 Plates and 303 Woodcuts. 8vo., _
7s. net.

With 8 Plates
8vo., 75. net.

Ture PoraR Wortp. With '3 Maps, 8
Plates and 85 Woodcuts. 8Vvo., 7S. net.

THE TropicaL Wor_p.
and 172 Woodcuts.
MESSRS, LONGMANS & COS STANDARD AND GENERAL WORKS. 19

 

Popular Seience (Natural History, &¢.)—continued.

Hartwig.—Works by Dr. Gzorce Hart-
wiG—continued. ;

THE SuBTERRANEAN Wor_p.
Maps and 80 Woodcuts.

THe AERIAL Worip. With Map, 8
Plates and 60 Woodcuts. 8vo., 7s. net.

HEROES OF THE Potar WorLD. 19
Illustrations. Cr. 8vo., 2s.

With 3

8vo., 7s. net.

WowNDERS OF THE TROPICAL FoRESTS.
40 Illustrations. Cr. 8vo., 2s.

WoRKERS UNDER THE GROUND. 29
Illustrations. . Cr. 8vo., 2s.

MarveLs Over our HEaDs. 29 IIlus-
trations. Cr. 8vo., 2s.

Sea MonsTerRs anpD SEA Birps. 75
Illustrations. Cr. 8vo., 2s. 6d.

-DENIZENS OF THE Degp. 117 Illustra-
tions. Cr. 8vo., 2s. 6d.

e

VOLCANOES AND EARTHQUAKES. 30
Illustrations. Cr. 8vo., 2s. 6d.

“Witp ANIMALS OF THE Tropics. 66
Illustrations. Cr. 8vo., 3s. 6d.

‘Helmholtz.— Popurar LrcrurEs oN
ScienTiIFIc SuBjects. By Professor HELM-
HOLTZ. With 68 Woodcuts. 2 vols. Cr.
8vo., 3s. 6d. each.

Lydekker.—Puases or ANIMAL LIFE,
PasT AND PRESENT. By. R. LYDEKKER,
B.A. With 82 Illustrations. Cr. 8vo., 6s.

Proctor.— Works by Ricuarp A. Proctor.

And see Messrs, Longmans & Co,’s Catalogue
of Scientific Works.

’ Licut Science For Leisure Hours.
Familiar Essays on Scientific Subjects. 3
vols, Cr. 8vo., 5s, each.

CuancE AND Luck: a Discussion of
the Laws of Luck, Coincidence, Wagers,
Lotteries and the Fallacies of Gambling,
&c. Cr. 8vo., 2s. boards. 2s. 6d. cloth.

RouGcu Ways MaDE SMooTH. Familiar
Essays on Scientific Subjects. Cr. 8vo., 5s.
Silver Library Edition. Cr. 8vo., 3s. 6d.

PLEASANT WaySIN SCIENCE. Cr. 8vo., 58.
Silver Library Edition. Cr. 8vo., 35. 6d.

Tue GREAT PyraMID, OBSERVATORY,
TomsB AND TEMPLE, With Illustrations,
Cr. 8vo., 55. :

Nature Stupies. By R. A. PRocTor,
Grant ALLEN, A. Witson, T. FOSTER
and E. Cropp. Cr. 8vo., 5s. Silver
Library Edition. Crown 8vo., 3s. 6d.

 

Proctor.—W orks by RicHarp A. Procror.
—continued,

Leisure Reapines. By R. A. Proc-
Tor, E. CLopp, A. Witson, T. FOSTER
and A. C. RANYARD. Cr, 8vo., 55.

Stanley.—A Famiiar History oF Birps.:
By E. Sranuey, D.D., formerly Bishop of
Norwich. With Illustrations. Cr. 8vo.,
3s. 6d,

Wood.—Works by the Rev. J. G. Woop.

Homes witHout Hanps: a Description.
of the Habitation of Animals, classed
according to the Principle of Construc-
tion. With 140 Illustrations. 8vo., 75. -
net. 3

Insects aT Home: a Popular Account
of British Insects, their Structure, Habits
and Transformations. With 700 I[llustra-
tions, 8vo.,. 7s. net.

Insects ABRoaD: a Popular Account
of Foreign Insects, their Structure, Habits
and Transformations, With 600 Illustra-
tions. 8vo., 7s. net. ;

Brs_e Animas: a Description of every
Living Creatures mentioned in the Scrip-
tures. With 112 Illustrations. 8vo., 7s.
net. :

Petvanp REVISITED. With 33 Illus-
trations, Cr. 8vo., 35. 6d.

- Out oF Doors; a Selection of Original
Articles on Practical Natural History.
With 11 Illustrations. Cr. 8vo., 3s. 6d.

STRANGE DweELiines: a Description of
the Habitations of Animals, abridged from
‘Homes without Hands’. With 60 Ilus-
trations. Cr. 8vo., 3s. 6d.

Birp LIFE OF THE BIBLE.

32 Illustra-
tions. Cr. 8vo., 3s. 6d. :

WonDERFUL NEstTs. 30 Illustrations.

Cr. 8vo., 3s. 6d.

HoMES UNDER THE GROUND. 28 Illus-
trations. Cr. 8vo., 3s. 6d.

Witp ANIMALS oF THE BIBLE. 29
Illustrations. Cr. 8vo., 35. 6d.

Domestic ANIMALS OF THE BIBLE.
Illustrations. Cr. 8vo., 3s. 6d.

23

Tue BrancH BuiLpErs. 28 Illustra-
tions. Cr, 8vo., 2s. 6d. :

Sociat HABITATIONS AND PaRASITIC_
Nests, 18 Illustrations. Cr. 8vo., 2s.
20

MESSRS. LONGMANS & CO.S STANDARD AND GENERAL WORKS.

 

Works of Reference.

Maunder’s (Samuel) Treasuries.
BIOGRAPHICAL TREasuRY. With Sup-
plement brought down to 1889. By Rev.
James Woop. Fep. 8vo., 6s.

TREASURY oF NaTuRAL’ History: or;
Popular Dictionary of Zoology. With
goo Woodcuts. Fep. 8vo., 6s.

TREASURY OF GEOGRAPHY, Physical,
Historical, Descriptive, and Political.
With 7 Maps and 16 Plates. Fep. 8vo.,
6s.

THE TREASURY OF BIBLE KNOWLEDGE.
By the Rev. J. Ayre, M.A. With 5
Maps, 15 Plates, and 300 Woodcuts.
Fep. 8vo., 6s.

' Historical Treasury: Outlines of
Universal History, Separate Histories of
all Nations. Fcp. 8vo., 6s.

TREASURY OF KNOWLEDGE AND LIBRARY
OF REFERENCE. Comprising an English
Dictionary and Grammar, Universal
Gazeteer, Classical Dictionary, Chrono-
logy, Law Dictionary, &c. Fep. 8vo.. 6s.

 

Maunder’s (Samuel)Treasuries--continued.

ScIENTIFIC AND LITERARY TREASURY.
Fcp. 8vo., 6s.

Tue TREASURY OF Botany. Edited by
J. Linptey, F.R.S., and T. Moorg, F.L.S.
With 274 Woodcuts and 20 Steel Plates,
2 vols. Fep. 8vo., 12s.

Roget.—THESAURUS OF ENGLISH WorDS

AND Purases. Classified and Arranged so

as to Facilitate the Expression of Ideas

and assist in Literary Composition. By

PETER Mark Rocet, M.D., F.R.S. Re-

composed throughout, enlarged and im-

proved, partly from the Author’s Notes, and

with a full Index, by the Author’s Son,

Joun Lewis RoGetT. Crown 8vo., ros. 6d.

Willich.—Poruvar Tasces for giving in-
information for ascertaining the value of
Lifehold, Leasehold, and Church Property,
the Public Funds, &. By CuarLes M.
Wituicu. Edited by H. BencE Jones.
Crown 8vo., ros. 6d.

Children’s Books.

“ Brenda.”—Works by “ BRENDA”.

O_p ENGLaANnD’s Story in LITTLE
Worps For LITTLE CHILDREN. With
29 Illustrations. Imp. 16mo., 3s. 6d.

Wirnouta ReFErence. A Story. Cr.
8vo., 3s. 6d.

Crake.—Works by Rev. A. D. CRAKE.

Epwy THE Fair; or, The First Chro-
nicle of Aiscendune. Crown 8vo., 2s. 6d.
ALFGAR THE Dane: or, the Second
Chronicle of Escendune. Cr. 8vo. 2s. 6d.

Tue Rivat Heirs: being the Third

and Last Chronicle of scendune. Cr.
8vo., 2s. 6d.
THE House oF WALDERNE. A Tale of

the Cloister and the Forest in the Days

of the Barons’ Wars. Crown 8vo., 2s. 6d.
Brian Fitz-Count. A Story of Walling-

ford Castle and Dorchester Abbey. Cr.
- 8vo., 25. 6d.

Ingelow.—Very Younc, and Quite An-
OTHER Story. Two Stories. By JEAN
INGELow. Crown 8vo., 6s. :

Lang.—Works edited by ANDREW Lana.

Tue Buve Fairy Boox. With 8 Plates
and 130 Illustrations in the Text by H. J.
Forp and G. P. Jacoms Hoop. Crown
8vo., 6s. n ‘

 

Lang.—Works edited by ANDREW Lanc..

—continued.

THE Rep Farry Boox. With 4 Plates
and 96 Illustrations in the Text by H. J.

Forp and LanceLot SPEED. Crown °
8vo., 6s. ,
THe GREEN Farry Boox. With 11

Plates and 88 Illustrations in the Text by
H. J. Forp and L. BoGue. Cr. 8vo., 6s.

THE BiuE Poetry Boox. With. 12
Plates and 88 Illustrations in the Text by
H. J. Forp and LanceLot Speep. Cr.
8vo., 6s.

THE Buiue Poetry Boox.
tion, without Illustrations.
2s. 6d.

School Edi-
Fep. 8vo.,

THE TRUE Story Boox. With Plates
and Illustrations in the Text, by. H. J.
Forp, Lucien Davis, LANCELOT SPEED,
and L. BoGLe. Crown 8vo., 6s.

Meade.—Works by L. T. MeabeE.

Dappy’s Boy. With Illustrations.
Crown 8vo., 3s. 6d.

DEB AND THE DucHESs.
trations by M. E. Epwarps.
3s. 6d.

With Illus-

Crown 8vo.,
 

MESSRS. LONGMANS & CO.’S STANDARD AND GENERAL WORKS. 21

 

Children’s Books—contznued.

Meade.—Works by L. T. MEADE—con-

tinued,
THE BERESForD PrizE. With IIlustra-
tions by M. E. Epwarps. Cr. 8vo., 5s.

Molesworth.—Works by Mrs. Moves-
WORTH.

SILVERTHORNS, Illustrated. Crown
8vo., 55.
THE PALACE IN THE GARDEN, _ IlIlus-

trated. Crown 8vo., 5s.
Tue Turrp Miss St. QuENnTIN. Crown
8vo., 6s.
NEIGHBOURS.
8vo., 6s.
Tue Story or a Spring Mornine, &c.
Illustrated. Crown 8vo., 5s. °

Illustrated. Crown

 

Reader.—Voices From FLower-Lanp:

a Birthday Book and Language of Flowers. :
By Emiry E. Reaper. Illustrated by Apa
Brooxe.. Royal 16mo., cloth, 2s. 6d.;
vegetable vellum, 3s. 6d.

Stevenson.—Works by Ropert Louis.

STEVENSON.

A CuILp’s GARDEN OF VERSES. Small
Fep. 8vo., 5s.

‘A CHILD’s GARLAND OF SONGS,'.

Gathered from ‘A Child’s Garden of
Verses’. Set to Music by C. VILLIERS
StanrorD, Mus. Doc. 4to., 2s. sewed ;
3s. 6d., cloth gilt. : :

The Silver Library.

Crown 8vo.

Baker’s (Sir 8. W.) Eight Years in Ceylon.
With 6 Illustrations. 35. 6d.

Baker’s (Sir S. W.) Rifle and Hound in Ceylon.
With 6 Illustrations. 45. 6d.

Baring-Gould’s (Rey. S.) Curious Myths of the
Middle Ages. 35. 6d.

Baring-Gould’s (Rev. 8.) Origin and Develop-
ment of Religious Belief. 2vols. 35. 6d. each.

Brassey’s (Lady) A Yoyage in the ‘Sunbeam’,
With 66 Illustrations. 35. 6d.

Clodd’s (E.) Story of Sreation: a Plain Account
_of Evolution. With 77 Illustrations. 35. 6d.

Conybeare (Rev. W. J.) and Howson’s (Very
Rey. J. §.) Life and Epistles of St. Paul.

46 Illustrations. 35. 6d.
Dougall’s (L.) Beggars All: a Novel. 35. 6d.
Doyle’s (A. Conan) Micah Clarke. <A ‘Tale of |

Monmouth’s Rebellion. 35. 6d.
Doyle’s (A. Conan) The Captain of the Polestar,
and other Tales. 35. 6d.
Fvoude’s (J. A.) Short Studies on Great Sub-
jects. 4 vols. 3s. 6d. each.
Froude’s (J. A.) Cesar: a Sketch. 35. 6d.
Froude’s (J. A.) Thomas Carlyle: a History of
his Life.
1795-1835. 2vols. 75.
1834-1881. 2vols. 75.
Froude’s (J. A.) The Two Chiefs of bunboy: an
Irish Romance of the Last Century. 35. 6d.
Froude’s (J. A.) The History of England, from
the Fall of Wolsey to the Defeat of the
Spanish Armada, 12 vols. 35. 6d. each.
Gleig’s (Rey. G. R.) Life of the Duke of
Wellington. With Portrait. 35. 6d.

Haggard’s (H. R.) She: A History of Adventure.

32 Illustrations. 35. 6d.

Hagégard’s (H.R.) Allan Quatermain.
20 Illustrations, 35. 6d.

With

 

3s. 6d. EACH VOLUME.

Haggard’s (H. R.) Colonel Quaritch, V.C.: a
Tale of Country Life. ‘35. 6d.

Haggard’s (H. R.) Cleopatra.
page Illustrations. 35. 6d.

Haggard’s (H. R.) Eric Brighteyes.
Illustrations. 35. 6d.

Haggard’s (H. R.) Beatrice. 35. 6d.

Harte’s (Bret) In the Carquinez Woods and
other Stories. 35. 6d.

Helmholtz’s (Professor) Popular Lectures on
Scientific Subjects. With 68 Woodcuts. 2
vols. 35. 6d. each. —

Howitt’s (W.) Visits to Remarkable Places.
80 Illustrations. 35. 6d.

Jefferies’ (R.) The Story of My Heart: My
Autobiography. With Portrait. 35. 6d.
Jefferies’ (R.) Field and Hedgerow. Last

Essays of. With Portrait. 35. 6d.

Jefferies’ (R.) Red Deer. With 17 Illustrations
by J. CHARLTON and H. TUNALY. 35. 6d.

Jefieries’ (R.) Wood Magic: a Fable. - With
Frontispiece and Vignette by E. V. B. | 3s. 6d.

Knight’s (E. F.) The Cruise of the ‘Alerte’:~
the Narrative of a Search for Treasure on
the Desert Island of Trinidad. With 2
Maps and 23 Illustrations. 35. 6d.

Lang’s (A.) Custom and Myth: Studies of Early
Usage and Belief. 35. 6d. :

Lees (J. A.) and Clutterbuck’s (W. J.) B. GC.
1887, A Ramble in British Columbia, With
Maps and 7s Illustrations. 35. 6d.

Macaulay’s (Lord) Essays and Lays of Ancient

With 29 Full-

With 51

Rome. With Portrait and Illustration.
gs. Gd. :
Macleod’s (H. D.) The Elements of Banking.

35. 6d.

Marshman’s (J. C.) Memoirs of Sir Henry
Havelock. 35. 6d.
22

MESSRS. LONGMANS & CO’S STANDARD AND GENERAL WORKS.

 

The Silver Library —contznued.

Max Miiller’s (F.) India, what can it teach us?
35. 6d.

Max Miiller’s (F.) Introduction to the Science
of Religion, 35. 6d.

Merivale’s (Dean) History of the Romans
under the Empire. 8 vols. 35. 6d. each.
Mill’s a 8.) Principles of Political Economy.

35.6
Mill’s (J. S.) System of Logic. 35. 6d.
MilIner’s (Geo.) Country Pleasures: the Chroni-
cle of a Year chiefly in a Garden. 35. 6d.
Newman’s (Cardinal) Apologia Pro Vit& Sua.
35. 6d.

Newman’s (Cardinal) Historical Sketches. 3
vols. 35. 6d. each.

Newman’s (Cardinal) Callista: a Tale of the
Third Century. 35. 6d.

Newman’s (Cardinal) Loss and Gain: a Tale.

35. 6d.

Newman’s (Cardinal) Essays, Critical and
Historical. 2 vols. 7s.

Newman’s (Cardinal) An Essay- on the

Development of Christian Doctrine. 35. 6d.

Newman’s (Cardinal) The Arians of the
Fourth Century. 35. 6d.

Newman’s (Cardinal) Verses on Various
Occasions. 35. 6d.

Newman’s (Cardinal) The Present Position of
Catholics in England. 35. 6d.

Newman’s (Cardinal) Parochial and Plain
Sermons. 8 vols. 35. 6d. each.

Newman’s (Cardinal) Selection, adapted to the
Seasons of the Ecclesiastical Year, from the
‘Parochial and Plain Sermons’. 35. 6d.

Newman’s (Cardinal) Sermons bearing upon
Subjects of the Day. 35. 6d.

Newman’s (Cardinal) Difficulties felt by
Anglicans in Catholic Teaching Considered.
2vols. 35. 6d. each.

Newman’s (Cardinal) The Idea of a University
Defined and Illustrated. 35. 6d.

Newman’s (Cardinal) Biblical and Ecclesias-
tical Miracles. 35. 6d.

 

Newman’s (Cardinal) Discussions and Argu-
ments on Various Subjects. 35. 6d.

Newman’s (Cardinal) Grammar of Assent.
gs. 6d.

Newman’s (Cardinal) Fifteen Sermons
Preached before the University of Oxford.
35. 6d.

Newman’s (Cardinal) Lectures on the Doctrine
of Justification. 35. 6d.

Newman’s (Cardinal) Sermons on Various
Occasions. 35. 6d.

Newman’s (Cardinal) The Via Media of the
Anglican Church, illustrated in Lectures, &c.
2vols. 35. 6d. each.

Newman’s (Cardinal) Discourses to Mixed
Congregations. 35. 6d.

Phillipps-Wolley’s (C.) Snap: a Legend of the
Lone Mountain. With 13 [Ilustrations.
35. 6d.

Proctor’s (R. A.) Other Worlds than Ours. 35.6¢.
Proctor’s (R. A.) Rough Ways made Smooth.
38. 6d.

Proctor’s (R. A.) Pleasant Ways in Science.
35. 6d.

Proctor’s (R. A.) Myths and Marvels of As-
tronomy. 35. 6d.

Proctor’s (R. A.) Nature Studies. 35. 6d. -

Stanley’s (Bishop) Familiar History of Birds.
160 Illustrations. 35. 6d.

Stevenson (R. L.) and Osbourne’s (LI.) The
Wrong Box. 35. 6d.

Weyman’s (Stanley J.) The House of the
Wolf: a Romance. 35. 6d.

Wood’s (Rey. J. G.) Petland Revisited.
33 Illustrations. 35. 6d.

Wood’s (Rey. J. G.) eee Dwellings.
60 Illustrations. 35. 6d.

Wood’s (Rey. J. G.) Out of Doors.
tions. 35. 6d.

With
With

tr Ilustra-

Cookery and Domestic Management.

Acton.—Movern Cookery. By Eviza
Acton. With 150 Woodcuts. Fep. 8vo.,
4s. 6d.

Bull.—Works by Tuomas Butt, M.D.

.
Hints To MoTHERS ON THE MANAGE-
MENT OF THEIR HEALTH DURING THE
PERIOD OF PREGNANCY. Fep. 8vo., 1s. 6d.

THE MATERNAL MANAGEMENT OF CHIL-
DREN IN HEALTH AND DtseasE. Fep.
8vo., Is. 6d.

De Salis.—Works by Mrs. De Satis.

CakEs AND CONFECTIONS A LA MODE,
Fep. 8vo., 1s. 6d.

DrEssED GAME AND PouLTRyY A LA
Move. Fep. 8vo., rs. 6d.

DRESSED VEGETABLES A LA Mops.
Fep. 8vo., 1s. 6d.

Drinks A La Mope.
ENTREES ALA Mope.
OysTERs A LA Mops.

Fep. 8vo., 1s. 6d.
Fep. 8vo., 1s. 6d.
Fep. 8vo., 1s. 6d.
MESSRS.

Cookery and Domestic

De Salis —Works by Mrs. DE Satis—cont.

PuppiIncs AND Pastry A LA MopE,
Fep. 8vo., 1s. 6d,

Savouries ALA Move. Fep. 8vo., 1s. 6d.

Soups anD DresseD FisH A LA MopE.
Fep. 8vo., 1s, 6d.

SWEETS AND SUPPER Tdee A LA
Mope. Fep. 8vo., 1s. 6d. ca

TEemMPTING DISHES FOR SMALL INCOMES.
Fep. 8vo., 1s. 6d. 5

Frorayt, Decorations. Suggestions
and Descriptions. Fcp. 8vo., 1s. 6d.

New-Laip Eces: Hints for Amateur
Poultry Rearers. Fep. 8vo., 1s. 6d.

WRINKLES AND NOTIONS FOR EVERY
HovusEHOLD. Crown 8vo., Is. 6d.

LONGMANS & CO’S STANDARD AND GENERAL WORKS.

23

Management—continued.

Harrison.—Cooxery For Busy Lives
AND SMALL Incomes. By Mary Harri-
son. Crown 8vo., Is. a :

Lear.—Maicre Cooxery. By H. L.
SipnEy LEAR. 16mo,, 2s.

Poole,—CookEry FoR THE DiaBetic. By
W. H. and Mrs. Pootr. With Preface by
Dr. Pavy. Fep. 8vo., 2s. 6d.

West.—Tue Moruer’s MANuatL oF CHIL-
DREN’s Diseases. By CHarLEs WEST,
M.D., &c., Founder of and formerly Physi-
cian to the Hospital for Sick Children:

 

Fep. 8vo., 2s. 6d.

 

Miscellaneous and Critical Works.

Armstrong.—Essavs AND SKETCHES.

By

Epmunp J. ARMSTRONG. Fep. 8vo., 5s.
Bagehot.LiTeRaRY. STUDIES. By
2 vols. 8vo., 28s.

WALTER BaGEHOT.

Baring-Gould.—Curious MyTus oF THE
Mripvce Aces. By Rev.S. BArinG-GouLp.
‘Crown 8vo., 3s. 6d.

Boyd (' A. K. H. B.’)—Works by A, K.
‘H.’ Boyp,
Andrews.

Autumn Hoipays oF A COUNTRY
Parson. Crown 8vo., 3s. 6d.

COMMONPLACE PHILOSOPHER. Crown

8vo., 35. 6d.

CRITICAL Essays OF A COUNTRY Parson.
Crown 8vo., 35. 6d.

East Coast Days AND MEMORIES.
Crown 8vo., 3s. 6d.

LANDSCAPES, CHURCHES AND MorRALtI-

Ties. Crown 8vo., 3s. 6d.
Leisure Hoursin Town. Crown 8vo.,
3s. 6d. A /
‘Lessons or MippLE AcE. Crown 8vo.,
3s. Gd. : /
OUR Littte Lire. Two Series. Cr.

8vo., 35. 6d. each.

Our HoMELY ComEDY:
Crown 8vo., 3s. 6d.

RECREATIONS OF A Country Parson.
_Three Series. Crown 8vo., 3s. 6d. each.
Also First Series. Popular Edition.
Bvo., 6d.

AND TRAGEDY

D.D., First Minister of St.

Butler.—Works by Samuet BuTter.
Op. 1. EREwWHON. Cr. 8vo., 55.

Op. 2. THE Fair Haven. A Work in
Defence of the Miraculous Element in our
Lord’s Ministry. Cr. 8vo., 7s. 6d.

Op. 3. LirE anp Hasit. An Essay
after a Completer View of Evolution.
Cr. 8vo., 7s. 6d.

Op. 4. EvoLuTion, OLD anD New. Cr.
8vo., ros. 6d.

Op. 5: _ ON EEION Memory. Cr. 8vo.,~
75. 6 ‘
Op. 6. ies AND SANCTUARIES OF Piep-

MONT AND CANTON Ticino. Illustrated.
Pott 4to., 10s. 6d. ie *
Op. 7. SELECTIONS FROM. Ops. 1-6.

With Remarks on Mr. Romanes’ ‘ Mental
Evolution in Animals’. Cr. 8vo., 7s. 6d.

Op. 8. Luck, oR CUNNING, AS THE
Main MEANS OF ORGANIC MopiFIcaTIon ? 2
Cr. 8vo., 7s. 6d.

Op. 9. Ex Voto. An Account of the
' Sacro Monte or New Jerusalem at Varallo-
Sesia. 10s. 6d. .

Hoxsein’s ‘La Danse’. A Note on
a Drawing called ‘La Danse’. 3s.

Carlyle-—Last Worps oF THomas Car-
LYLE— Wotton Reinfred—Excursion (Futile
Enough) to Pasris—Letters to Varnhagen
von Ense, &c. Crown 8vo., 6s. 6d. net.

Halliwell-Phillipps.—A CaLENDAR OFTHE
HALLIWELL-PHILLIPPS’ COLLECTION OF
SHAKESPEAREAN Rarities. Enlarged by

 

Ernest E. Baker, F.S.A.  8vo., Ios. 6d."
24

MESSRS. LONGMANS & CO.'S STANDARD AND GENERAL WORKS.

 

Miscellaneous and Critical Works — continued.

Hodgson.—Ovutcast Essays AND VERSE
TRANSLATIONS. By W. SHADWoRTH
Hopeson. Crown 8vo., 8s. 6d.

Hullah.—Works by Joun Hutvan, LL.D.

CoursE oF LECTURES ON THE HISTORY
oF Mopern Music. 8vo., 8s. 6d.

Course oF LECTURES ON THE TRANSI-
TION PERIOD oF MusicaL History. 8vo.,
ros. 6d.

Jefferies.—W orks by RicHARD JEFFERIES.

Fietp anp HepGEeRow: last Essays.
With Portrait. Crown 8vo., 3s. 6d.

.Tue Story or My Heart: my Autobio-
graphy. With Portrait and New Preface
by C. J. Loneman. Crown 8vo., 3s. 6d.

Rep Deer. With 17 Illustrations
by J. CHarLTon and H. Tunary. Crown

 8vo;, 35. 6d.

Tue ToILers oF THE Figetp. With
Portrait from the Bust in Salisbury
Cathedral. Crown 8vo., 6s.

,, Woop Maaic: a Fable. With Vignette
“Spy E. V.B. Crown 8vo., 3s. 6d.

Jewsbury.—_SELECTIONS FROM THE
LETTERS OF GERALDINE Enpsor JEews-
BURY TO JANE WELSH CaRLYLE. Edited
by Mrs. ALEXANDER IRELAND. 8vo., 16s.

Johnson.—THE PATENTEE’S MANUAL: a
Treatise on the Law and Practice of Letters
Patent. By J. & J. H. Jounson, Patent
Agents, &c. 8vo., Ios. 6d.

Lang.—Works by ANDREW Lana.
Letrers To DEAD AUTHORS.
8vo., 25. 6d. net.
Booxs AnD BooKMEN. With 2 Coloured
Plates and 17 Illustrations. Fep. 8vo.,
2s. 6d. neti

Fep.

Oxp FrienpDs. Fcp. 8vo., 2s. 6d. net.
LETTERS ON LITERATURE. Fcp. 8vo.,
as. 6d. net.
Macfarren.—Lecrurrs on Harmony.
By Sir Georce A, MACFaRREN. 8vo., 125.
Matthews.—Pen anp Ink: Papers on

Subjects of more or less importance. By
BranpER MATTHEWS. Crown 8vo., 55.

Max Miiller.—Works by F. Max MULLER.

HiBBerT LECTURES ON THE ORIGIN AND
GrowTu oF RELIGIon, as illustrated by
the Religions of India. Crown 8vo., 7s. 6d.

“10,000/8/93.

 

Max Miiller.—Works by F. Max MULLER.

—continued.

INTRODUCTION TO THE SCIENCE OF RE-
LiGion: Four Lectures delivered at the
Royal Institution. Crown 8vo., 3s. 6d.

Naturav Revicion. The Gifford Lec-
tures, 1888. Crown 8vo., Ios. 6d.

Puysicat Revicion. The Gifford Lec-

tures, 18g0, Crown 8vo., ros, 6d.

ANTHROPOLOGICAL RELIGION. The
Gifford Lectures, 1891. Crown 8vo.,
tos. 6d,

THEosopHy or PsycuoLtocicaL Re-
Licion. The Gifford Lectures, 1892.
Crown 8vo., ros. 6d.

Inpria: WuaT can IT TEACH US?
Cr. 8vo., 35. 6d.

Mendelssohn.—Tue Letters or FELIX
MENDELSSOHN. Translated by Lady WaL-
LACE. 2 vols. Cr. 8vo., Ios.

Milner.—Country PieasureEs: the Chro-
nicle of a Year chiefly in a Garden. By
GeEorGE MILNER. Cr. 8vo., 3s. 6d. 2

Perring—Harp Knots tn SHAKESPEARE.
By Sir Puiyip PErRING, Bart. 8vo., 7s. 6d.

Proctor.— Works by Ricuarp A. Proctor.

STRENGTH AND Happiness. With g
Illustrations. Crown 8vo., 5s.

STRENGTH: How to get Strong and
_ keep Strong, with Chapters on Rowing
and Swimming, Fat, Age, and the Waist.
With g Illustrations. Crown 8vo., 2s.
Richardson.— NationaL Heatto. A
Review of the Works of Sir Edwin Chad-
wick, K.C.B. By Sir B. W. RICHARDSON;
M.D. Cr., 4s. 6d.

-Roget.—A History oF THE ‘ OLD WiatEn.

CoLour’ Society (now the Royal Society
of Painters in Water-Colcurs). By Joun
Lewis Rocet. 2 vols. Royal 8vo., 42s.

Rossetti._A SHapow or DanTE: being
an Essay towards studying Himself, his
World and his Pilgrimage. By Maria
Francesca Rosetti. With Illustrations
and with design on cover by DanTE
GaBRIEL Rossetti. Cr. 8vo., tos. 6d.

Southey.—CorRESPONDENCE WITH CARo-
LINE BowLes. Ey Rozsert Souruey.
Edited by E. DowDEN. 8vo., 145.

Wallaschek.—Primitive Music: an In..
quiry into the Origin and Development of
Music, Songs, Instruments, Dances, and
Pantomimes of Savage Races. By RicHARD
WALLASCHEK. With Musical Examples.
8vo., 12s. 6d.