if wate their Che iaen a at en nesta sities at Wi ri ie or any ra saat ela! tH ani ( Ha nT Wi may Het t nai CORNELL UNIVERSITY THE Hlower Beterinary Library FOUNDED BY ROSWELL P. FLOWER for the use of the N. Y. STATE VETERINARY COLLEGE 1897 Cornell ala Library SF 991.H64 1888 ‘hi til wii (it SW CU MREMS . THE MANAGEMENT AND DISEASES OF THe DoE THE MANAGEMENT AND DISEASES Ae. OCG BY JOHN WOODROFFE HILL Fellow of the Royal College of Veterinary Surgeons, Late Professor of Veterinary Science at the College of Agriculture, Downton. Author of ‘‘The Principles and Practice of Bovine Medicine and Surgery;’’ ‘‘The Relative Positions of the Higher and Lower Creation ; or a Plea for Dumb Animals,” ‘‘Canine Distemper,’’ etc. WITH TEN PHOTOGRAVURE PLATES OF PRIZE DOGS, AND THIRTY-NINE ILLUSTRATIONS ON WOOD. THIRD EDITION. PHILADELPHIA: GEBBIE & COMPANY. _ 1828, No. f6l7% oe iy HH @ 4 \8&8¢ TO THE MEMBERS OF THE VETERINARY PROFESSION AND _ALL THOSE INTERESTED IN THE WELFARE OF THE CANINE RACE THE FOURTH EDITION OF THIS WORK IS RESPECTFULLY DEDICATED BY THE AUTHOR. PREFACE TO THE FIRST EDITION. —=~—=——_ OF all the domesticated animals subservient to man, the dog may, without fear of contradiction, be said to stand pre-eminent. His courage, fidelity, usefulness, and companionship attach him to the human race in bonds of lasting endurance. The field upon which I have entered—“ The Management and Diseases of the Dog”—is a large one, and, in comparison with other veterinary subjects, it must be confessed, to the discredit a our Profession, has been inexcusably neglected. Man’s best animal friend, until Blaine, Youatt, Mayhew, “ Stonehenge,” and one or two others interested themselves in his welfare, was left to the mercy of individuals who professed a knowledge of subjects of which they were, on all scientific points, totally ignorant. | If in the course of this work my feeble efforts to enlighten the public, and alleviate the sufferings of the canine race are attended with success, I shall feel more than amply rewarded for the labour I have bestowed on the various subjects herein treated of. I have to acknowledge my obligations to my friend Mr. George Fleming, 2nd Life Guards, for many valuable suggestions offered to me while the work was passing through the press. J. W. WOLVERHAMPTON, March 20, 1878. PREFACE TO THE THIRD EDITION. In the third edition of “The Management and Diseases of the Dog,” which extends to fifty pages beyond its predecessor, the Author has introduced upwards of thirty new subjects of importance, and, he ventures to hope, interest to canine veterinary surgeons and the dog-loving pabhe Several of the original sections have also been enlarged upon, and additional prescriptions have been given in accor- ‘dance with their value, as tested in the Author’s practice, whose desire it is, having canine welfare at heart, that his work may still continue to merit support and deserve the generous reviews bestowed on its first production, | In the second edition the present appendix. on “ Poisons and their Antidotes” was merely added, the Author's health and duties at that date precluding © “any “alteration or increase to the general teu HAstTINGs, . March, 20, 1888. LIST OF FULL PAGE ILLUSTRATIONS. PHOTOGRAVURES BY THE Gebbie & Husson Photogravure Oo., Limited. CuHampPiIONn ENGLISH MastiFF, ‘‘ MINTING.’’ . From a Photograph by Schreiber & Sons. CHAMPION ST. BERNARD, ‘‘OTHO.”’. . .. CHAMPION ENGLISH BLoop Hounp, ‘‘ BARNABY. From a Photograph by Schreiber & Sons, Prize BuLL TERRIER Bircu, ‘‘Nora.” . . From a Photograph by Sehreiber & Sons, CHAMPION GoRDON SETTER, ‘‘ ROYAL DUKE.”’ From a Photograph by Schreiber & Sons. CHAMPION ENGLISH POINTER, ‘‘DONALD.”’ . From a Photograph by Schreiber & Sons., Prize ENGLISH SETTER, “‘RODERICK.”? . . From a Photograph by Schreiber & Sons. Cuampion Coiiie Dosa, ‘*ScoTILLA.”” . From a Photograph by Schreiber & Sons. Prize CLYDESDALE TERRIER, ‘‘ CLYDESDALE Lapy.”’ From a Photograph by Phillips. CHAMPION Puc Doc, ‘‘DupE.’’. . . . . From a Photograph by Schreiber & Sons. FRONTISPIECE. ? Page 33 ee “ce “a ce 65 113 162 209 257 395 353 401 ILLUSTRATIONS. +. = FIG. , PAGE I, KENNEL PLAN. (KINGDON) ; ; ‘ . : : II 2 l STRONGYLUS CANIS BRONGHIABIS. (““VETERINARIAN ") 31 4) 5. | . | Buewe* ‘TEETH OF THE~DOG IN VARIOUS STAGES OF z.| GROWTH AND DEcay, (YouATT) ‘ é é 48-49 =) Io, i 11. Cystic CALCULUS. (““VETERINARIAN”) . . .. 124 12. HILL’S OBSTETRICAL FORCEPS . 3 s ‘ , . 150 13. WEBER’S ,, 55 (FLEMING) . . . . 150 14. DEFays) FORCEPS. (FLEMING) . .. 152 15. DEFAys’ WIRE EXTRACTOR, WITH THE TORSION Rons. (FLEMING) . A : ‘ - 152 16. DEFAYS’ WIRE EXTRACTOR APPLIED. (Puewae) 3 - 154 17. BREULET’S TUBE AND NOOSE, (FLEMING) : ‘ - 155 18. BREULET’S NOOSE FIXED ON THE FETUS. (FLEMING) . 155 19. CROTCHET. (MAYHEW) . . . - «. «© «© « 1386 20. EXTEMPORISED Hook. (ORIGINAL) . ‘a ‘ 3 - 158 ‘a1. DOG WITH CANKER CaP. (ORIGINAL) , » +. 193 22. SARCOPTES CANIS. (GERLACH) . . : : ‘ - 20% 23. ACARUS FOLLICULORUM. (FLEMING) . : : 5 - 205 24. THE LIVER FLUKE OF THE Doc. (LEWIS) + 8 6 BIg 25. THE GIANT STRONGLE. (BLANCHARD) © Sw op wey FIG. 26. 27. 28. 29. 30. 31. 32: 33- 34- 35- 36. - 37- 38. 39. LARV# OF THE GID TAPEWORM. (NEWMAN) . . .- TAPEWORM-LIKE HEADS OF THE GID HypaTip. (NEW- MAN) .. , LARVA OF THE iE PmEWORR. (Goxzn) HYDATID TAPEWORM AND ECHINOCOCCUS HEAD. (COB- BOLD) . . a ee Of GROUP OF Ecutnococcus Heaps. (COBBOLD) 3 LARVAL PENTASTOME. (KUCHENMEISTER) . ‘ : A DoG WITH RICKETS, SKETCHED FROM LIFE. (arcana) HEART OF DOG AFFECTED WITH RHEUMATIC CHOREA, SHOWING ANTE-MORTEM CLOT. (ORIGINAL) 7 INCOMPLETE FRACTURE. (ORIGINAL) . . . FRACTURE OF THE SCAPULA. (ORIGINAL) s . DITTO, WITH BANDAGE APPLIED. (ORIGINAL) . DEFORMED LIMB AFTER UNION OF FRACTURE, NECESSI- TATING RE-FRACTURE. (ORIGINAL) - DISLOCATION OF THE SHOULDER-JOINT. (ORIGINAL) - THROAT FORCEPS. (ARNOLD) ee ee ee ee PAG 22 22 22: 23! 23: 23: 34: 36: 371 37: 374 37 38c 400 CONTENTS. CHAPTER I. GENERAL MANAGEMENT. Food.— i cpeuee — Washing.— Grooming.— Kennel Arrange- ment. --Disinfection.--Administration of Medicine.--Nursing. CHAPTER II. DISEASES OF THE’ RESPIRATORY ORGANS. Catarrh.—Influenza,—Laryngitis.—Bronchitis—Asthma.—Pleu- risy.—Pneumonia. —Consumption.—Polypus.—Ozzena. CHAPTER IIL. DISEASES OF THE MOUTH AND TONGUE. Dentition. —Decayed teeth: —Tartar.—Canker.—Aphthze—Glos- sitis. —Ulcers.—Blain.—Paralysis.—Pharyngitis.—Salivation CHAPTER IV. DISEASES OF THE STOMACH. Indigestion.— Vomiting.—Worms.— Husk.—Gastritis.— Inver- _ sion.—Calcull.—Foreign bodies ‘ ‘ . CHAPTER V. DISEASES OF THE BOWELS. Constipation. — Diarrhoea. — Dysentery. — Intussusception.— Hernia,—Worms.—Colic.—Enteritis.—Peritonitis.—Piles.— Prolapsus Ani.—Fistula in Ano. ts 3 Ss CHAPTER VI. DISEASES OF THE LIVER AND SPLEEN. Hepatitis.—Jaundice.—Fatty Degeneration of the Liver.—Can- cerous Deposit in the Liver and eplean eels ey _—. Splenitis . CHAPTER VIL. DISEASES OF URINARY ORGANS. Nephritis. —Hzmaturia.—Renal Calculi.—Cystitis.—Cystic Cal- culi.—Retention of Urine. -Baralysis of the Bladder.— Rupture of the Bladder. < : CHAPTER VIII. DISEASES OF THE GENERATIVE ORGANS. Balanatis.—Warts on the Penis.—Scrotal Irritation.—Enlarged Testicle.—Inversion of the Vagina.—-Polypus in the Vagina. —Inflammation of the Uterus.—Inversion of the Uterus. —Ulceration of the Uterus.—Hernia of the Uterus.— Dropsy of the Uterus.—Fatty Degeneration of the Ovaries. CHAPTER IX. FUNCTIONS OF THE GENERATIVE ORGANS. strum: -—Breeding.—Parturition. . CHAPTER x. DISEASES IMMEDIATELY CONNECTED WITH PARTURITION. Influence of Mental Emotion on Canine Lactation.—Agalactia— Parturient Apoplexy or Milk Fever.—Parturient Eclam- psia.—Septikeemia Puerperalis. Fi F . : PAGE 15 48 61 71 89 109 129 14 164 xii . Contents. — CHAPTER XI. DISEASES OF THE MAMMARY GLAND. Mammitis.—Lacteal Tumour.—Cancer. . : : CHAPTER XII. DISEASES OF THE EYE. Ophthalmia.—Cataract.—Amaurosis.—Iritis.—Enlargement of the Haw.—Protrusion of the Eye-Bal.—Extirpation of the Eye.—Hairy Tumour on the Cornea.—Hydrophthalmia. CHAPTER XIII. DISEASES OF THE EAR. Canker.—Serous Abscess.—Polypus.—Deafness.—Scurfy Ears. CHAPTER XIV. ; DISEASES OF THE SKIN.—EXTERNAL PARASITES. Mange (Sarcoptic).—Ditto (Follicular). —Eczema.—Erythema.— Giaggonn— Ditto (Honeycomb).— Alopecia.— Warts.— Fleas.—Lice.—Ticks. . d . - ‘ ¥ CHAPTER XV. : INTERNAL PARASITES. Distoma conjunctum.—Holostoma alatum.—Ascaris marginata. —Filaria immitis, --Estrongylus gigas.—Spiroptera sanguino- lenta.—Dochmius trigonocephalus.—Trichosoma plica.— Tricocephalus depressiusculus.—Trichina spiralis.—Filaria hematica.—Filaria trispinulosa.—Filaria hepatica.—Hema- tozoon subulatum.—Tzenia Cucumerina.—Tenia coenurus.— Tenia marginata.—Tzenia echinococcus.—Tznia serrata. — ‘ Bothriocephalus latus, B, cordatus, B. fuscus, B. reticulatus. —B. dubius.—Pentastoma tamoides.— Maw Worms, or Seg- - ments of Tania marginata, and Tzenia serrata.—Cysticercus cellulosus. 3 ‘ ‘ CHAPTER XVI. DISEASES OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEM, Rabies. — Epilepsy.—Apoplexy,— Vertigo. —Chorea.— Paralysis. Concussion of the Brain.—Compression of the Brain.— Hydrocephalus.— Turnside. —Meningitis— Dementia.— -Nostomania. — Neuralgia. 7 : : CHAPTER XVII. 5 GENERAL DISEASES. Abscess.— Tumours, — Cancer.— Bronchocele.— Diphtheria. — Distemper — Malignant Distemper.— Dropsy.— Leuke- mia,—Anzemia.— Marasmus.— Plethora.— Obesity.—Rheu- matism.— Rickets.— Ostitis.— Periostitis.— Scrofula,— Glanders.— Small-pox.— Measles.— Tetanus.— Cramp,— Heart Diseases.—Pericarditis.—Embolism.—Emphysema. . ~ CHAPTER XVIII. ACCIDENTS AND OPERATIONS. Fractures — Dislocations —Amputations.—Wounds.—Sprains. — Burns.— Scalds.— Umbilical Hernia.— Ventral Hernia, — Femoral Hernia. —Fistulz. — Cyst Excision. — Choking. — - Osophagotomy.— Lithotomy.—Urethral Obstruction. — Ca- theterism.— Vaginotomy.— Anti-conception Operation.— Sore Feet.—Soft Corns.—Overgrowth of Claws.—Removal of Dew-claws.— Cropping.— Rounding.— Tailing.— Worm- ing.—Castration.—Spaying.— Vaccination.—Chloroform. ere een and their Antidotes. . ‘ i inde: _ . i PAGE 375 180 190 200 219 239 288 370 417 425 THE MANAGEMENT | AND DISEASES OF THE DOG. CHAPTER I. GENERAL MANAGEMENT. FOOD, KENNEL ARRANGEMENT, EXERCISE, DISINFECTION, WASHING, ADMINISTRATION OF MEDICINE, GROOMING, NURSING. : FOOD. How much evil accrues from the want of a proper system and, in many cases, knowledge of administering food, and of the kind requisite, it is impossible to say. That many of the diseases to which the canine species are subject, and especially of the digestive organs, are due to ignorance and neglect of this subject, is no exaggeration. The organism of the dog is peculiar: his digestive powers are undoubtedly great, but the process by which digestion is accomplished is slow.’ Hence, he does not require more than one, or, if in full exercise and work, two substantial meals per day. The food should be plain, wholesome, nutritious, and, as far as possible, compatible with the circumstances under which the animal exists. B ie 2 The Management and Diseases of the Dog. ‘Sugar, buttered bread, hot toast; muffin, preserves, fancy biscuits, tea, sweetmeats, and such like, are items never intended to enter a canine bill of fare. And yet how often is the reply given, when the attendant alleges his patient is suffering from indigestion: “But he has had nothing to disagree with him; the poor little dear eats most sparingly ; a morsel of buttered toast or muffin, some tea and a lump of sugar, has been doggie’s only diet for months.” True, and therein lies the key to the mystery. The animal, contrary to Nature’s laws, has been educated to mimic human beings: three or four meals a day, ex- clusive of kitchen-scraps, have taken the place of the prescribed one or two, and human delicacies substi- tuted for the proper requirements of a carnivorous stomach. Can it be wondered at, if the whole digestive machinery’ is in consequence put out of gear; if the once glossy- coated pet of cleanly habits becomes the bloated, waddling, unsightly animal so often seen, with teeth loose, discoloured, and decayed, breath foul, and excrements foetid? And all the result of what? Ignorance and mistaken kindness. Ask the human mother the effect on the child of a con- tinued diet of preserves, pastry, and sweet cakes, and she will tell you it is much the same. Is it, then, reasonable to. suppose that the stomach of the dog can properly digest and appropriate to the nourish- ment of its body and the maintenance’ of health that which mankind, for whom such is more in accordance, can- not take with impunity ? A proper system of feeding is, therefore, one of the great essentials of canine management. ; Time of Feeding.—The food should always be given, if convenient, at a stated time: where only one meal is allowed, at midday; in the case of two, morning and evening. It should not be given immediately before exercise or work, or the process of digestion will be inter- General Management. 3 rupted, and the foundation laid for ill health ; but as soon as" the animal comes home, has had sufficient time to rest, and ‘become cool, then food may be proffered and will be relished considerably more. I am now alluding to dogs in health ; invalids of course require a different system, and, under many conditions, require frequent support. Quantity—This should be exactly in proportion to the appetite, z.¢., until the animal is satisfied. Some individuals coridemn the practice of permitting dogs to fill, or, as they put it, overgorge therhnselves.. And where dogs have been previously starved, or have missed a meal or two, they are right, but otherwise not so. The cravings of the carnivorous stomach are not of the frequency found in herbivorous and omnivorous ones, owing to the slow process of digestion ; and this being so, a larger stock of material is required to work on than when the intervals between the meals are shorter ; otherwise long fasts would result, and eventually act prejudicially to the animal’s health. When the dog, after eating for some ‘time, pauses, looks about, leaves the dish, returns to it and makes an attempt, as it were, to get a little more down, ¢/en it should be removed. Company will frequently induce the animal, from motives of jealousy, to take more than he really wants, and he will greedily devour, on the approach of another creature, that which a few moments before was rejected. This, of course, is hurtful; it may be likened unto the surplus oil on machinery, which cannot. be utilized, and is therefore wasted, and does injury to other parts: so with the dog, the surplus food may pass into the intestinal canal undigested, and produce diarrhoea or constipation, Kind of Food.—Many and various are the opinions on this point: horse-flesh, mutton, paunch, entrails, liver, greaves, and oatmeal are among the list of those advocated. Flesh is undoubtedly the dog’s natural food, but, on the other hand, we must look to the circumstances under which B—2 4 The Management and Diseases of the Dog. he is placed. For instance, toy-dogs or house-pets not used for sport do not require flesh-meat beyond an occasional bone and meat-gravy; bread or plain biscuit with milk, oatmeal-porridge, plain rice-pudding, or potatoes and gravy, with green vegetables once or twice a week, form the most suitable diet for this class of dog. _ For those used in sport or kept on the chain, especially the former, flesh-meat used with discretion is suitable. Paunches or mutton are best adapted ; the former should always be thoroughly washed, otherwise worms or their larve, which are frequently present, are likely to be swallowed, and develop in the dog into large tape-worms (see chapter on “Internal Parasites”); horse-flesh is heat- ing, causes the animal to smell strong, and is a great pro- ducer of worms. Liver cooked is like so much leather— indigestible and innutritious; and, from its liability to flukes, which in the dog develop into the tzniz proper, is also objectionable raw. Greaves I have observed frequently give rise to diarrhcea, probably from the amount of tallow often retained, and other foreign matters —as maggot-skins and mineral substances. Sheep-heads, trotters, and ox-noses form a highly nutritious and valuable food, especially for invalid dogs ; boiled down, they form a glutinous jelly, of which dogs are particularly fond. Whichever kind of flesh-meat is used, meal should form the basis, and none is better than the coarse Scotch oatmeal. | Bones ave of great value to the Dog.—The ce has a natural fondness for bones, independently of which they are of great value to him. One should always be allowed at least once or twice a week. They assist in cleansing the teeth and aid digestion. The animal’s instinct would appear to teach him this; for however good and Savoury the meal may be, if there be a bone in it, he will imme- diately pick it out, strip it of its meat, if there be any, and store it safely away for after-use. It is best, however, to General Management. 5 give bones after a meal; otherwise, when hungry, they are apt to eat as much of the bone as possible, to their own injury ; as portions may get lodged in the cesophagus, and give rise to asphyxia, or, from being too hard to digest cause gastric or intestinal irritation. Biscuits —The example set by Spratt, of old, has been followed by others, and at the present time we have numerous canine biscuit manufacturers ; but of the various kinds offered for sale none appear to have risen in public estimation to the extent of “Spratt’s Patent.” After an inspection of their works, the system adopted, and materials used, this appreciation is not difficult to understand. The biscuits are prepared with careful selection and adjustment, and abound in nutrient bone and flesh forming elements. The recent introduction of a fish biscuit by the same firm is also likely to prove a boon to the canine fancy. Fish is an exceedingly nutritious food, forming an agree- able change in the diet, and to those unable to procure a ‘sufficiency of fresh fish, a biscuit so constituted will be most acceptable. I should add that I have given the latter an extended trial with my own dogs and hospital patients and the results have been pleasing. Spratt’s cod-liver oil biscuit is now well known. In cases of. debility, light- feeding and delicate dogs, they are of especial service. Cod-liver oil is a highly nutritive and reparative agent; it builds up and improves the muscular and fatty tissues, and imparts tone to the digestive organs. Highly bred dogs (especially if tainted with the results of consanguinity) derive great benefit from cod-liver oil: its rapid assimila- tion renders it particularly valuable in nervous disorders and dyspeptic conditions. A biscuit, therefore, containing such an agent should find favour with members of the canine fancy as well as professional men. ; A. dog should never be induced to eat against its will, except under circumstances which will be named when con- sidering diseases. Many are the dogs I have had sent me 6 | The Management and Diseases of the Dog. for advice, with no other complaint than want of appetite. Asa rule, they are enormously over-fed. A week’s spare, plain diet, and a dose of castor-oil, has ere produced the desired result. Beer, wine, and spirits should never be atfowed except . medicinally. Some dogs are particularly fond of the for- mer. I recently had a mastiff-bitch (Duchess) who would greedily lap it whenever she had the chance. Water—There are few animals to which the denial of water is felt to a greater degree than the dog. Whether in health or disease, water is requisite in assisting the natural functions of the body. With regard to the feeding of puppies, I have little to say ; when weaning, milk is undoubtedly the most suitable diet; and to this, as time goes on, may be gradually. added | a little bread or boiled oatmeal-porridge, or Spratt’s puppy food. Animal food (except an occasional bone) is not ad- visable in any breed of young dog, until four or five months, old, and it should then be gradually, not suddenly, intro- duced into the diet. EXERCISE. Exercise is equally beneficial to canine as it isto human health. The mind is diverted not only in the performance of the act, but also in the novelty of fresh scenes, new faces and objects, bright weather and pure and bracing air. To the young dog it is indispensable. Compare the ani- mal, which, from a puppy, has had full freedom, with one cooped up until it has arrived at maturity; in the former Nature has asserted her right, and, unchecked, given sym- metry, full development, and health; in the Jatter, crooked legs, deformed body, and stunted growth is the picture she presents of an interference with her laws. Who will deny the fact that some poor creatures are kept on the chain General M. anagement. a from one month’s end to another after growth is complete, with the idea that it is then not hurtful? Fallacy! Out at the elbows and bowed arms, with spreading toes, will in time result, and become a permanent deformity. Again, loose such an one, and the exuberance of spirits immediately manifested, the wild scampers of delight until exhaustion takes place, will exhibit even to the doubtful mind the en joyment of freedom and exercise. Other tender little morsels of caninity are carried, pro- tected from every breath of wind, in the arms of their mis- tress, and thus have, as it is termed “‘¢heir airing,’ the most invigorating and muscle-developing part of it being denied them ; and so they go their way yelping and snarl- ing, in all probability with envy at the gambols of those taking exercise in a natural manner. Exercise should not be allowed so as to produce undue fatigue, as in carriage-followers and sporting-dogs ; in the latter, I am aware, it is under certain circumstances un- avoidable. It should also, if possible, take place before feeding, or, if — impracticable, not until some hours afterwards. Running, or long walks on a full stomach, is liable to produce fits of the worst kind, and many a dog have I seen so affected. Again, as I have previously observed, the meal is relished far more after exercise than before it ; of this we have proof inourselves, Finally, locomotion is especially necessary in indoor dogs, for the performance of the natural evacuatory acts, and thereby continuance of health and purity. Erasmus Wilson’s remarks on the subject will not be misapplied here: “ Well-directed exercise favours the pre- servation of the general health by calling into direct action the majority of the organs of the body ; and it also acts powerfully on the skin by stimulating its functions, in- creasing its temperature, awakening its tone, and subject- ing it to a current of atmosphere favourable for its respira- tory offices.” 8 The Management and Diseases of the Dog. WASHING. Washing in moderation adds greatly to the health and comfort of the dog. I say in moderation, because some persons are never satisfied unless their favourites are sub- merged twice or three times a week in water, and lathered over with soft-soap (the latter to kill the fleas). This is a great mistake, and three results of such a custom are— blindness, deafness, and canker. Long-haired dogs require ablution more than short- haired ones, and usually have a natural inclination for water. The frequency of washing will depend to some extent on the manner in which the coat is kept; if regu- larly brushed and combed, once a month is quite sufficient ; under any circumstances a weekly bath is more than ample. The water should be a little more than tepid, and soap used merely enough to create a lather; as its alkaline properties, if used in excess, render it an irritant to the skin (where careful rinsing is adopted, the caution is almost needless). This, however, as I know from expe- rience, is so frequently not carried out, that the soap in the process of wiping is rubbed in, and gives rise to the irri- tation named. When, then, thoroughly cleansed, the animal should be finally douched in cold water, rubbed dry before the fire, if the weather is raw, and immediately after allowed some brisk exercise. Outdoor dogs will dry themselves after their own fashion, and a good bed of straw will be sufficient to complete the toilet. In those breeds which have an inclination for water, as Newfoundlands, | retrievers, and spaniels, the lake, river, or canal will afford the best means of ablution. GROOMING, This is especially advisable in all dogs where fineness of coat. kindness of skin, cleanliness, and health are desired. General Management. 9 Combing and brushing in long-haired dogs is absolutely necessary to prevent the hair matting, and to preserve its character. In large breeds, as the mastiff tribe, it is as requisite for good appearance as in the horse. Once daily, twice if possible, I have my mastiffs thoroughly groomed; they enjoy it, the sensation affords them pleasure, and the dog accustomed to the practice will look for it as regularly as he does his meals. The brush is a far better remedy for glossy coats than nitre, sulphur, antimony, or arsenic. KENNEL ARRANGEMENT, In dealing with this subject I shall merely make a few passing practical remarks on ordinary kennel-arrangement, though they are not particularly applicable to one breed More than another. _ The kennel should neither have an easterly unsheltered aspect nor damp foundation. If dogs so placed escape kennel lameness and rheumatism, it is more from mere: chance or constitution, than from the sanitary condition of the locality. Good air, dry atmosphere, and sunlight are as essential to health and spirits in the canine as the human subject. It is all very well to argue as what dogs are in a state of nature and what they are in the domestic | state. Nature and art in kennel-management are not com- patible. The South Sea Islander thrives in the hot humid atmosphere to which he is indigenous, and becomes fat upon the flesh of his own species; but he must be artificialised, so to speak, and civilised before he can ac- commodate himself to our colder latitudes and description of food. So with the dog ;.domestication produces in him a like result ; he accommodates himself to it because he is artificialised; give him the bare ground for his bed, ex- pose him to bleak cold winds, and allow no shelter from wet, and disease ‘will inevitably follow. 10 The Management and Diseases of the Dog. The kennel, then, should be dry, sunny, and cheerful} this is especially necessary for puppies, for the circum- stances under which they attain their growth, as will be hereafter mentioned, will influence their disposition when they arrive at maturity. The benches should be elevated at least eighteen inches above the ground, and the planks either drilled with holes or placed an inch apart for the escape of wet, and for venti- lation of the bed. A strip of wood along the edge will ' keep the bedding on, and prevent puppies from slipping ~ off. To insure dryness of the walls, I nail boarding round, with shavings between. , With regard to the flooring, cement undoubtedly forms the best and cleanest. Many different opinions have been expressed as to what it should be covered with. Sand is. not unfrequently recommended ; this, however, is not good for dogs’ feet, it creates irritation between the toes, and gives rise to what is known in cattle as “foul.” Fine shavings or sawdust are decidedly preferable, and should be put down fresh every morning after first removing the soiled materials. A little clean bedding scattered over the latter to give it an appearance of cleanliness, is like wear- ing a clean shirt on a dirty body, or gloves on filthy hands—the evil is still there, disguised. Washing or swilling down the floor is a necessary office, but it is often carried to extremes, and then becomes an evil by engendering a continual damp, and acting as a fruitful source of rheumatism and kennel-lameness. Once a week is quite often enough for this duty. After the place has been thoroughly swept and mopped, I always have ashes thrown over the floor; these absorb any wet that may have lodged in sunken places or between the ‘bricks, and in old, somewhat uneven, and broken floors they are of great service. In half an hour they may be. swept off, and a little crude carbolic acid dropped here and there, after which dress with the sawdust or shavings, General Management. It Mr. H. D. Kingdon, whose experience in the manage- ment of dogs, particularly mastiffs, is considerable, ranging over a period of forty years, and for whose sound opinion I entertain the highest respect, informs me his kennels are constructed in stables and shedding, and formed into loose boxes ; the flooring is composed of asphalte, and is sloped from the sides to the centre, and outwards to communicate with the common drain. On this flooring he has a slight sprinkling of air-slacked lime, and this is littered over with fern. The bench is composed of a loose wooden floor, on planks separated a short distance, and nailed across joists. (Fig. 1) ¢ Se Fic. 1. The top line I is the bench, the oblique lines 2 2 the sloping asphalte-floor. For full-grown dogs he uses four-legged bedsteads simi- lar to a table, with a ledge round the outside to prevent them getting their legs between, it and the wall, and sufficient space is left to walk on two sides of the said table. f DISINFECTION. The disinfection of a kennel is a matter of great import- ance, for unless the habitation and ground is sweet and clean we cannot expect our dogs to be healthy and pleasant companions. An agent which possesses an overpowering smell, con- cealing an offensive one without destroying its disease- producing power, is not a true disinfectant. The infective principle of contagion or infection must be met by a stronger and exterminating force. When disease invades a kennel, especially if it be of an infectious or contagious character, the employment of 12 The Management and Diseases of the Dog. genuine disinfectants is imperative. Amongst those chiefly in use may be mentioned Condy’s Fluid, Sir Wm. Burnett’s, Chloride of Lime, various carbolic and coal tar preparations, and last, but not least, “Sanitas.” The latter apart from its powerful deoderizing properties, possesses not only a fragrant, but a refreshing odour, and has there-- . fore attractions—especially for the pet house-dog’s toilet. At canine exhibitions, where on other occasions the effluvia from the urine and intestinal excreta have been controlled only by an objectional amount of carbolic dis- infectant, almost equally overpowering, Sanitas has been found to do its work pleasantly and effectually. I have long used it in various forms in my practice, especially the post-mortem department, in which I should feel incomplete without at least possessing Sanitas soap,. which I also recommend to -be used in washing dogs after p auton from skin disease, especially mange. ADMINISTRATION OF MEDICINE. This is often a troublesome process with canine patients; the usually affectionate, obedient, and harmless pet be- comes (through fear and mental excitement) snappish and . resistful, And a general complaint the veterinary attend- . ant hears is: “It’s no use, sir, we can’t give him the medi- - cine; the more we try, the more he struggles, fights, and bites.” This in the majority of cases isso. The reason for which is that, as a rule, strength versus system is the plan adopted. As with ourselves, so with the dog, there is a right and a wrong way in the taking or administering of medicine, : The medicine is in the form of a pill or draught. The former may be given one of two ways; first, taking the ani- mal in the lap, or rearing him up between the knees, the upper part of the mouth is then grasped with the hand General M anagement. 13 and the lips on either side thrust between the teeth ; security against the operator being bitten is gained by the dog being afraid of biting and hurting himself. The head is then elevated, the pill is dropped into the posterior part of the mouth, and the jaws immediately closed and held so; and ifthe animal refuses to swallow it, placing the fingers on or compressing the nostrils will speedily compel him to do so. Pushing the pill down with the finger is injudicious and unnecessary. The other and more advis- able way, if it can be contrived, is by deception—ze., clothing the pill in a little meat, and throwing it to the animal to bolt. With regard to draughts, they should be administered as follows :—The animal being placed in the same position as for the pill, the angle of the mouth is drawn away from the teeth, and into the pouch thus formed the medicine may -be poured ; the same means as recommended in the former will, if he refuses, compel him to swallow it. Some forms of medicine, more or less tasteless:from the minuteness of the dose, may be given in a little milk or broth, which the animal laps voluntarily, NURSING. It is, I think, necessary before entering on the general subject of diseases, that I should say a few words about nursing. . As in human, so in canine practice, good nursing is one of the greatest helps the medical attendant can have: indeed, it may almost be said to be indispensable in the . treatment of disease. Warmth, comfort, cleanliness, pure air, good food, and water, regularity in the administration of medicine where it has to be given, kindness, watchfulness in the progress or 14 The Management and Diseases of the Dog. abatement of certain symptoms, are all matters requiring the supervision of the nurse, . In short, the health of the patient is in the majority of cases quite as much in the hands of the nurse as of the pro- ’ fessional attendant, and the fault so often, in all classes of practice, attached to the medical treatment would generally _ be more correctly placed.to the lack of attention on the part of those on whom the general care of the patient devolves. It is always, therefore, advisable to let the latter ’ know the full extent of his or her responsibility; and that though the charge is, as they may express it, “ but a dog,” it is endued with imagination, instincts, and thought, has a language of its own, is sensible of neglect, harshness, yea, even cross looks on the part of those ministering to it, and to a degree rarely exhibited in other of the lower animals. The two then—the practitioner and nurse—acting in combination, and working to the same end, if they do not reap the desired reward of their labours, have at least the satisfaction of knowing they did their best for the patient under their care. CHAPTER II. DISEASES OF THE RESPIRATORY ORGANS. CATARRH, - PLEURISY, INFLUENZA, PNEUMONIA, LARYNGITIS, CONSUMPTION, BRONCHITIS, POLYPUS, ASTHMA, OZANA. CATARRH, Or what is commonly known as “a cold,” consists of a febrile or inflammatory condition of the mucous membranes. When confined to the eyes and nostrils it its termed Coryza, from Kapa, the head, and ew, to boil; signifying a fevered con- dition, or cold in the head. If it extends to the mucous membrane of the bronchial tubes, it gives rise to what is termed bronchitis. If to the alimentary tract, we have an enteritic or gastro-enteritic catarrh, The two latter are not unfrequent in distemper. The usual causes of common or simple catarrh are damp, cold, or contagion. Symptoms.—Increased secretion of mucus from the mem- branes affected, eyes watery, nose hot and dry, shiverings, sneezing, and sometimes cough, languor, fever, .and con- sequent thirst. As the disease proceeds, these symptoms increase in severity, the mucous secretion becomes thicker, respiration impeded, the shiverings more frequent, languor greater, oar 16 The Management and Diseases of the Dog. urine high-coloured, bowels constipated, and stools coated with slime. Treatment.—Fortunately for the patient, the old system of depletion by bleeding and physic is with men of science no longer in use. The administration of diffusible stimulants at the onset, with careful attention to warmth and comfort generally suffices to effect a cure. Spt. Camphor ..rcccssescsceceee I ounce. Spt. Aéther Nit. .....ececesesee 2 ounces, Lig. Ammon. Acetat. ......... 4 A teaspoonful twice or three times a day for : a small dog, double for a large one. ‘ Where the fever runs high, tartar emetic, }—1 grain, or Dover’s powder, 5—1I0 grains, may be given daily: ; but this usually in the dog is uncalled for. If the mucous discharge. . has a tendency to lodge in the facial sinuses, which a rattling respiration with frequent snuffling will denote, steaming the head will encourage its outward flow, and afford considerable relief. The diet requires very little alteration, warm broth, beef- tea, or milk, are most suitable. The liability of catarrh to extend to other structures must not be overlooked. Undue and premature exposure to damp and cold during the attack should therefore be avoided. If much debility attends the. complaint, from 5—10 drops of tinct. ferriin 1—2 teaspoon- fuls of cod-liver oil should, after the first three or four days, take the place of the first prescribed medicine. Consti- pationis best relieved with enemas, or a little salad oil—pur- gatives are strongly contra-indicated. INFLUENZA, Or epidemic catarrh, is similar in character to the foregoing disease, but it is attended with greater prostration, and is | Liseases of the Respiratory Organs, 17 more highly contagious. The direct cause is unknown ; it was supposed by the Italians to be due to some stellar influ- ence, hence the term Jnfluenza, signifying influence. It is now generally believed to arise from a peculiar condition of the atmosphere, but in what that condition consists is still a mystery. Dogs are liable to it at any age, and at all periods of the year. Spring and autumn are, however, the seasons in which it is most frequently seen, and this tends to prove that if cold and damp do not actually produce influenza, they may be certainly looked upon as predisposing agents, Sympioms.—These vary somewhat in their manifestation. Frequently the disease is ushered in with scarcely any pre- monitory symptoms, beyond extreme lassitude. In some sneezing, redness of the eyes, and flowof tears are the first observed. In others sore throat, loss of appetite, nausea and vomiting, are alone present. Whilst in others, again, cough, expectoration, and muco-purulent discharge from the nostrils almost immediately follow the first signs of lassitude. Whatever form, however, it primarily assumes, it invariably terminates in the one which is diagnostic of influenza, and the symptoms named become more or less associated ; and added to these, we have hurried respiration, increased weak pulse, scanty and turbid urine, feces dry and slimy, hot skin, dry furred tongue, internal temperature high, and in the latter stages an cedematous condition of the limbs. In severe types that are allowed to run on un- checked, pleurisy and effusionin the chest becomecomplicated with it. Treatment.—Bodily warmth, proper ventilation, and dif- fusible stimulants are first indicated. The medicine prescribed in the preceding disease is equally adapted to this ; and where there is extreme debility ‘the tinct. ferri should follow, or if cedematous, the iodide of iron in the same proportions. Linseed-meal poultices, or mustard or ammonia embrocation, may be applied to the throat if swollen or sore, and steaming the head will be c 18 The Management and Diseases of the Dog. attended with benefit. Purgatives should on no account be resorted to. Impaction of faeces can best be removed by means of plain enemas. The diet must be nourishing and easy of digestion, as. broth, beef-tea, gruel, or milk. For chest complications, refer to treatment under their respective heads. LARYNGITIS. Inflammation of the larynx, the upper or vocal part of the windpipe, is an affection very commonly met with in canine practice. Highly pampered dogs, particularly pugs and yard dogs with deficient shelter, are most liable to laryngitis. I have also observed what may be designated a temporary or simple form of it, in sheep-dogs when gathering flocks together, and the same is not uncommon at and after dog-shows, due to incessant barking. Predisposing Causes.—Frequent and long-continued bark- ing ; a previous attack of the same disease. Exciting Causes Exposure to wet and cold,the presence of foreign matter, injuries, irritating inhalations, or exten- sion of neighbouring inflammation. Symptoms.—Hoarseness, cough easilyinduced by external pressure, increased respiration and salivary secretion, frothy discharge from the nostrils, difficulty in: swallowing, and pyrexia; pulse small, hard, and frequent. These sym- ptoms, if not checked, rapidly increase, and the patient dies from suffocation. Treatment.*—Of course removal of the cause is primarily * (GEsterreichische Véerteljahresschrift, 1873.) Harms injected 0‘o7 grammes of morphine hydrochlorate, in solution, beneath the skin of a dog which had been suffering from a dry laryngeal cough for four weeks. For two hours after the injection, the animal exhibited every symptom of complete narcotism, with total loss of consciousness and sensibility. In the course of eight hours it manifested sensibility Diseases of the Respiratory Organs. 19 necessary, and then treatment should be directed to the effect. If the disease is early recognised, mild counterirritants to the larynx externally, hot fomentation or linseed-meal poultice, an emetic, and a warm moist atmosphere, will generally effect a cure. In fact, a dog with laryngitis requires much - the same treatment as a child with croup. Where the symptoms have become so aggravated that suffocation is threatened, tracheotomy is indicated, and all further treat- ment must be external. Attempting to drench a dog at this stage is attended with great danger, from the ex- tremely irritable condition of the throat. ue Bleeding in jaundice is of no earthly use: if the pain is acute, leeches may be applied to the side, but I must con- fess I am no advocate for the abstraction of blood in this disease in any form, and place far more confidence in counter-irritation or poultices. The diet should be plain, unstimulating, and laxative. Moderate exercise may be allowed, but exposure to cold or damp must be strictly guarded against. Animals once affected with jaundice are peculiarly liable to a return of the complaint, and therefore need more than ordinary attention. 94 The Management and Diseases of the Dog. From the Veterinarian, May, 1870, I transcribe the following interesting paper :— soa “JAUNDICEIN THE DOGANDITS TREATMENT. “BY M. WEBER, VETERINARY SURGEON, PARIS. “The author believes he does not exaggerate in saying that, up to the present time, jaundice in the dog has been considered by veterinary practitioners as generally, if not always, mortal, and that therapeutics were powerless to combat it. “The authors who have written on this disease, it must be acknowledged, were not well acquainted with it, and therefore not very competent. It is more particularly in the treatises on sport that we find any description or treat- ment of this malady, hence very different theories and treatments have been produced without resulting in any benefit, either to science or to the patient. “Some veterinary authors, however, have treated the | question, and have tried to connect it with a certain order of anatomical lesion; but in many cases these anatomical lesions are insufficient, at least, according to the results of my experience. “ Before proceeding, it is important to state what I under- stand by jaundice ; it is not every malady in which the. yellow icteric tint is often a symptom of a more serious: organic lesion, and which it would be useless to attempt to cure, that should be considered as jaundice. The jaundice in the dog, such as I have often been able to observe, is, like the icterus, simple and grave in the human subject, and it is of this form only that I intend to treat ; it corresponds to the malady in man, described by M. Ozanam as Jcterus essential character grave,and which has also been designated as icterus malignus. In a great number of cases the icteric tint is a symptom connected almost always with some serious lesions (such as rupture of the liver, abscesses and cyst in the same, scirrhous tumours, obstruction and rup- tures of the gall-ducts, intestinal invaginations). Diseases of the Liver and Spleen. 95 “The Jcterus benign, so frequent in the human subject that it is considered of very little consequence, is very rare in the dog. On the other hand, the Jcterus grave is nearly always fatal; but, notwithstanding, at the autopsy there are rarely found anatomical lesions sufficient to account for the death, or the gravity of the symptoms during life. Sex does not appear to have any influence in the production of the malady—male and female alike are subject to it, though the number of males that came under treatment might be greater. Neither has age any influence; the malady attacks both young, adult, and old, without distinction. “Though it is often difficult to trace the cause of the affection, I believe Iam not far out in saying that the most frequent causes of this malady are: (1) excessive action brought on by fatigue, (2) long journeys, (3) prolonged sport, (4) sudden chills, (5) external violence, blows, etc., (6) abuse of emetics and purgatives, (7) obstinate consti- pation. Thus the malady prevails among setters and pointers a few days after the opening of the shooting season; in hounds after a long run, and particularly in dogs which are not very fast, and are forced to keep up with the pack composed mostly of hounds of great speed ; in dogs which follow carriages for long distances; and in retrievers which, after being heated, go into the water to recover the game. “Tt also prevails among dogs which are left in the charge of keepers, and, as often happens, are subjected to strong drastic purgatives, or to emetics, with a view to cure the distemper; also in those animals which receive blows and kicks, too often in wanton thoughtlessness and cruelty, or accidental compression in the region of the liver. Finally, the obstinate constipation so frequent in dogs condemned to live in large towns seems to me to have a large share in the production of this malady. It is said that anger, com- bats amongst them, fright, etc., might cause jaundice. “ The first signs of the affection are variable, but most 96 The Management and Diseases of the Dog. frequently the following symptoms are observed: dulness, prostration, difficulty in locomotion, arched back, accelera- tion of the pulse, nose hot and dry, mucous membrane of a bright red colour, mouth dry and hot, staring coat, princi- pally on the back, abdomen hard and tender in the region of the liver, and in a very short time seems as if adhering to the back. The animal soon refuses all food (liquid and solid), but there is an intense thirst, and the dog will not — drink anything but pure water. Often the animal seems to be troubled with colic; soon supervenes a symptom which is rarely absent, that is bilious vomiting, which is very frequent and often mixed with blood; the urine becomes of a dark colour and bloody, constipation is frequently present, but sometimes there is diarrhcea, the excrements being bloody, and often the dog voids pure blood. At this stage the malady is easily recognised by an experienced eye, but soon there is no possibility of doubt, as the yellow tints set in—the mucous membranes are the first invaded by it, but soon the skin also shews the icteric tint. This tint varies sometimes from straw- colour to dark yellow. . “The pulse now becomes weaker and much slower, the urine has a more decided yellow tint ; the animal becomes more and more feeble, gets up with difficulty, and exhales a peculiar disagreeable odour from the mouth ; the weakness becomes extreme, the emaciation is visible, the extremities grow cold ; the animal becomes now insensible to surround:. ing objects, and death terminates the scene. Sometimes the malady lasts only two days, but in general the duration varies from two to five days. “In some cases a cough supervenes, with acceleration of the respiration, and an affection of the lungs complicates the malady (M. Leblanc). If the animal is bled in the course of the disease, the blood exhales a peculiar odour, and the serum is tinted with yellow. From the moment the yellow tint appears, the faecal evacuations become often Diseases of the Liver and Spleen, 97 greyish white; at the commencement of the malady they are of x blackish colour, and frequently mixed with blood. “The termination of the malady, up to the present time has been most frequently mortal ; some cases of cure have, however, been recorded, but so rare that they have been rather the exception, death being the rule. The patho- logical alterations, without being absolutely constant, are in the generality of cases as follows: all the tissues are coloured yellow, the mucous membrane of the intestine is sometimes the seat of pathological alterations, but at others is perfectly healthy. The liver in certain cases is enlarged, in others diminished in size; the colouration also varies in this organ, and it often shows no alteration, but one thing which I have always found at the autopsy of dogs who had died from the jaundice, is the accumulation of bile in the gall-bladder—this is of a yellowish-green colour and very thick. In the presence of these pathological lesions, it seems that jaundice in the dog is not an incurable malady ; the only question to resolve is how to find therapeutic agents to combat the torpitude of the liver at the commencement of the malady. “The author acknowledges that the microscopical inves- tigations necessary to complete the study of the patho- logical lesions have completely failed. “As often happens in maladies considered almost as incurable, the treatment of this disease in the dog has been most varied. Some have employed the antiphlogistic sys- tem, bleeding, and revulsives; others purgatives ; others tonics. All these means have nearly always had the same success—that is, some patients have recovered by chance ; notwithstanding all that could be done, however, the ma- jority have died, sometimes of the malady, at others of the treatment. We will pass in review the remedies recom- mended by the different veterinary authors who have written on this malady. “™M. U. Leblanc, whose writing is the most complete on 98 The Management and Diseases of the Dog. the jaundice of the dog, recommends repeated bleedings at the commencement, manna, sulphate of magnesia, enemas, with the addition of starch and laudanum; if diarrhoea is present, disacordium, halfadrachm. He insists on hygienic means ; panades with the addition of butter, for which broth is to be substituted afterwards ; clean, warm, dry quarters ste. “Hurtrel d’Arboval, inspired by the writings of M. U. Leblanc, also recommends bleeding at the onset, mucila- ginous drinks, with nitre, emollient enemas, etc. “M. Prudhomme says that the treatment of jaundice in the dog does not often succeed, as it is one of the most fatal maladies of the canine species. He has, however, ob- tained some favourable results from small repeated bleed- ings, whey drinks, mucilage from decoction of linseed, or carrots and barley, to which were added a few grammes of cream of tartar, enemas, with starch and opium. “Professor Hertwig, of Berlin, employs emetics, slight purges, as, for example, calomel with honey, or cream ot tartar, friction on the abdomen, with ammoniacal liniment. “M. C. Leblanc recommends baths with bran-water, leeches on the abdomen, emollient enemas, sulphate of soda {if constipated), mustard on the chest and feet. He adds that if an improvement does not speedily set in, death is certain. “M. Lafosse advises the same means as those directed by: M. C. Leblanc, the decoction of carrots and cream of tartar; if extreme debility sets in, to have recourse to quinine wine. “ The author says he has tried all the remedies suggested, and despairing of the results asks himself the question whether an agent could not be found which has a special action on the liver and the biliary system powerful enough to combat this terrible malady. Another question was - whether the icteric colour depended really on bile being mixed with the blood in jaundice, as has been asserted, or Diseases of the Liver and Spleen. 99 whether it is owing to an incomplete separation of the elements which constitute the bile from the blood, in consequence of the liver not performing its proper function, “*T am inclined, the author says, ‘to the latter supposition, seeing that the icteric colour supervenes principally when here is atrophy of the liver, and also in the adipose liver, and when the substance of this organ has been invaded by the tissue of foreign substance, such as cancerous tumours, it cannot be supposed that in these cases there can be a superabundant secretion of bile to mix with the blood; it seems infinitely more simple to admit that the function of the gland is insufficient to separate the elements of the bile from the blood, and the liquids and solids are soon pervaded by the icteric tint.’ “This view, however, the author does not take credit for, as several physiologists have considered the bile as an ex- cremental product. According to M. Colin the bile is thick, which is, moreover, the case also with other secretions. These physiological views seem to be completely borne out by pathological facts ; cons quent on these reflections T have thought it important to search for some remedy that was capable of restoring the function of the liver in | jaundice of the dog. The author continues :— “ After several attempts I fixed on the chloride of mer cury (calomel), the purgative properties of which have been admitted ; but after having administered this drug in pur- gative doses without satisfactory result, I resorted to it in alterative doses, and the results obtained have been beyond my expectation, so that there is no case of true jaundice of the cure of which I despair at present. “«Without, however, pretending to have cured every case, I can affirm that since I am in possession of this remedy the fatal termination of the malady has been very rare ; while before the cures were exceptional, and death the rule; but the method of administration is not a matter 100 }©=—- The Management and Diseases of the Dog. of indifference. The medicine must be given in small doses three or four times a day, without, however, carrying it to purging, As soon as that supervenes, the dose must be decreased, and stopped altogether for a time, if the purging is violent. The dose is from five to tén centigrammes, to be made up in pills, given from two to four times a day. This is to be continued for a few days, if purging does not set in; if, on the other hand, purging occurs, the dose must be reduced or suspended altogether, until it has stopped. “«The administration of the calomel in the form of pills is preferable, as the agent is insoluble in water, and the suspension in other liquids is at best unsatisfactory and uncertain ; enemas. slightly charged with laudanum are to be given in accordance with the indications. Ifthe dog is | able to eat, he is to be allowed food, avoiding all salted . substances. After four or five days of the administration of the medicine, an abundant salivation sets in, but I have not had this followed by inflammation of the stomach or gangrene of the mouth; in some cases, however, there is loosening of the teeth ; this was the case particularly with a young terrier, which had taken the calomel for five days, _ in doses of five centigrammes three times a day. The animal lost five teeth, but recovered of the jaundice. The medicine may be given for the first four days at the rate of three pills a day, two on the fifth day, afterwards reduced to one, and discontinued altogether when the state of the patient admits of it, “The author gives several cases of jaundice in the dog . successfully treated, but which would take up too much space.”—Recueil de Médecine Veterinaire, For the following ‘translation I am indebted to Mr. Fleming :— JAUNDICE, OR ICTERUS, IN THE DOG. “Trasbot (Archives Veterinaires, 1876), in a very able paper on this malady, when alluding to its ‘pathological Diseases of the Liver and Spleen. IOI physiology,’ states that, after the anatomical study he has made of the disease, it appears to be sufficiently proved that it is not essentially an alteration of the liver; on the contrary, in the majority of cases this organ is perfectly healthy, and even less modified in its colour than many of the other tissues. It issometimes found slightly congested and ecchy- mosed, but this is more rare, and always in a lesser degree than the lungs, kidneys, and lymphatic glands. When it exists it is only. a secondary phenomenon, indicating a general alteration in the organism, which is marked by a tendency to the production of capillary hemorrhage in different parts, and by no special lesion. The general condition of the animals, the increase in the respiration and circulation, as well as the elevation of temperature before the appearance of the yellow colour externally, indicate, as a primary and fundamental phenomenon, an acutely inflamed condition of some tissue. And, later, the prostration, insensibility, and low temperature prove the existence of intoxication by a poison; this poison evidently results from the accumulation of bile—or, at least, of some of its constituents—in the blood. So that icterus, at first of an inflammatory nature, is soon compli- cated by the incessant accumulation of bile in the. blood, from the moment that its characteristic symptom—yellow- ness of the tissues—is manifested. “Trasbot’s observations go to demonstrate that the mucous membrane of the duodenum is a/ways violently inflamed, and that this inflammation is also somewhat frequently noticed in the stomach, and sometimes to a cer- tain extent in the small intestines. Exceptionally, circum- scribed inflammatory centres are found in the lungs and kidneys, around hemorrhagic points of recent date. But the inflammation is never absent in the duodenum, so that duodenitis should be considered as the primary condition and sine qué non in the development of icterus. This localisation, however, is not absolute, as often there is 102 The Management and Diseases of the Dog. simultaneously a very intense gastritis, or an enteritis which may extend to the cecum. It therefore follows. that icterus is primarily and essentially a duodenitis - or gastro-duodenitis—or it might be designated a duodenal or gastro-duodenal catarrh. “The existence of this condition explains in an abso lutely satisfactory manner the development of all the symptoms ; mucous and sanguinolent vomits, constipation, diarrhoea or dysentery, sensibility of the abdomen, dryness of the mouth, ardent thirst, etc., which are manifested from the commencement. “ Trasbot explains the mechanism of the bilfary stasis as follows. The excretory ducts of the liver, not containing any contractile elements in their walls, cannot forcibly propel the bile passing through them, and this only passes into the intestine by the wzs-d-tergo resulting from the secretion itself; the slightest obstruction, therefore, prevents its flow. This obstruction it finds in the swollen condition of the — duodenal mucous membrane and its connective tissue, which compresses the biliary duct at its opening into that canal, and completely hinders the bile from passing into it. “ This obstruction is rendered all the greater when there is fibrinous exudate. “TInvagination of the intestine, so frequently met with in the post-mortem examination of dogs which have died ot icterus, Trasbot is inclined to ascribe to the blood-poison- ing. If worms produce the disease, it can only be by irritating the mucous membrane and inducing inflammation of it. With regard to treatment, Trasbot recommends calomel given in alterative, not purgative doses, as he has been very successful with it. At the commencement of the disease he gives tepid drinks which are slightly emollient— such as rice gruel—to which is added tartro-borate of potass, sulphate of soda, or calcined magnesia, adminis- tered five or six times a day. With the calcined magnesia he has seen recovery take place in four or five days. The Diseases of the Liver and Spleen, 103 _ animal must be kept warm ne clean, and food easy of digestion, as milk, soup, etc., given. Emetics and powerful purgatives are to be avetded, as they are likely to increase the inflammation; diuretics which do not irritate the intestinal mucous membrane may be advantageously administered—linseed tea and nitrate of potass fulfil this indication. A large blister should be applied to the epigastrium.” FATTY DEGENERATION OF THE LIVER. This condition of the liver is not uncommon in dogs, though (probably from lack of scientific investigation) the instances on record are very few. The following interesting case is taken from the V eterina- rian, February, 1870 :— “EXTRAORDINARY ENLARGEMENT OF THE LIVER OF A DOG FROM DEPOSIT OF FATTY MATTER. “BY MESSRS. GOWING AND SON, M.R.C.V.S., CAMDEN TOWN. “A few days ago the subject of the disease above re- ferred to, a Skye terrier twelve years of age, was brought to the infirmary for treatment, in consequence of an irri- table condition of stomach, which induced constantvomiting immediately after the animal swallowed any kind of fluid ; even cold water had this effect. It was ascertained that the bowels had not acted for some time, and there was great prostration present. “To meet the urgent symptoms minimum doses of _ creosote were given, but still the vomiting continued, and the prostration became more extreme. In the next instance hydrocyanic acid was prescribed, in doses of one to two minims in water, in order to allay the irritation and sickness which prevented the effective administration of any food or medicine. Some amount of success attended the em- ployment of the acid, and an attempt was made to support 104 The Management and Diseases of the Dog. the animal by the exhibition of a little beef-tea with a small quantity of brandy; an enema was also given ; but in spite of all treatment the dog become gradually worse, - and on the next day it was evident that he was sinking; . the owner then decided to have him destroyed. “On making a post-mortem examination the liver was found to be excessively enlarged, pale in colour, having a granular surface when cut into. The intestines were ina healthy condition, and no obstruction was detected through- out the whole length of the tube. The lungs and kidneys were normal. 3 “The heart was empty and rather flabby, and the spleen was filled with black blood. No history of the case was ob- tained possessing any points of interest. The dog was exceedingly fat, as pet dogs commonly are, and appeared to have enjoyed an average good health. “ Examination of the morbid parts—Messrs. Gowing & ~Son forwarded the liver, heart, and spleen of the dog re- ferred to.in the above record, for our inspection. Fatty deposits in the liver of fat animals are very common; but the organ in this instance might almost be said to have undergone fatty metamorphosis, if such a change is possible among pathological conditions. Estimating the bulk of the diseased organ roughly, we should say it was three or four times larger than the healthy gland ; so large, indeed, that it must have encroached to a serious extent upon the other abdominal viscera. In texture the organ was granu- lar, yellow in colour, and offered to the edge of the knife the resistance of a mass of lard. “Under the microscope no healthy liver cells were de- tected ; the entire structure was filled with fat globules, which not only occupied the interior of the cells, but existed everywhere in the tissue of the part. Large granu- lar exudation cells, of the kind which is often seen in encephaloid growths, were numerous, but no other elements of cancer were observed, Deseases of the Liver and Spleen, 105 “Fatty degeneration affected the fibres of the heart toa remarkable extent ; in fact, from the state of the organ, it is certain that the circulation must have been extremely feeble. The spleen was congested, but not otherwise diseased.” Dr. Budd eer “Tn our domestic animals, the fatten- ing influence of fatty substances taken as food is far more constant. It was well éxhibited in the experiments lately performed by Majendie, for the purpose of ascertaining the nutritive powers of different kinds of food. In one ofthese experiments, a dog was kept entirely on fresh butter, which it continued to eat, though not regularly, for sixty-eightdays. It then died of inanition, although remarkably fat. All the while the experiment. lasted, the animal smelt strongly of butyric acid ; its hair was greasy, and its skin covered with a layer of fat. On dissection, all the organs and tissues were found infiltrated with fat. Theliver, to use the com- mon phrase, was fatty; and, on analysis, it was found to contain a very large quantity of stearine, but little or no oleine. Jt had acted as a kind of filter for the butter.” Many other experiments of the same kind were made with hog’s-lard and similar fatty substances, and with a like result. The dogs became loaded with fat, but their muscles wasted, and at length they died of inanition. In many of them, the cornea sloughed. In all, the liver was fatty. These experiments are interesting, as showing clearly that an animal may be loaded with fat, and yet die of inanition. They place in a strong light the truth of the observation long ago made by practical physicians, that fat people are not so strong as they look, and, in géneral, ill bear loss of blood or other depletive measures. The muscles of fat. people are small, andit ismuscle which gives strength. These remarks will equally apply to the lower animals, the horse in particular. 106 The Management and Diseases of the Dog. CANCEROUS DEPOSIT IN THE LIVER AND SPLEEN IN THE DOG. Veterinarian, Jan., 1870. “We are indebted to Messrs. Gowing & Son for the par- ticulars of two remarkable cases of cancer affecting the in- ’ ternal organs of thedog. In each case the animal was aged, and ina hopeless condition when first seen by Messrs Gow-- ing, consequently no treatment was attempted. “ Post-mortem examination was made soon after death, and the appearances satisfactorily explained the condition of the dogs during life. “Tn the first case, which was examined in the beginning’ of October, there was a large nodulated tumour, of a pale greyish-yellow colour at the root of the mesentery. Num-- erous deposits of a similar character were found all over the liver, both covering the surface and extending to the interior of the gland. “Under the microscope the deposit was found to consist’ of cells of various forms, caudate, spindle and fibre-cells,. with many others containing’ nuclei, and evidently multi- plying by the endogenous process. “A considerable quantity of fine fibrous stroma gave to- the deposit a density and hardness characteristic of scir- rhous growths, There was scarcely a trace of the milky juice which is an invariable constituent of encephaloid. tumour. “The second animal presented appearances in some re- spects more marked than those which have just been de-- scribed. The subject of the disease was a Maltese dog, aged fourteen years, which was seen by Messrs. Gowing only a few hours before its death, “On post-mortem examination the liver was found to be covered with yellowish spots, and a tumour-of similar char- acter was detected in the spleen. “‘ Microscopic examination of the morbid deposit resulted Diseases of the Liver and Spieen. 107 in the detection of the same elements which had been ob- served in the former case. “No history was obtained in either instance, but there can be no doubt that the primary deposit occurred in the me- . sentery in the first case, andin the spleen in. the second, and that it was followed in both by cancerous infiltration into the structure of the liver.” BILIARY CALCULI. These are not unfrequently met with in canine practice, and, as already stated, are one of the causes operating in the production of jaundice. Symptoms.—The presence of biliary calculi is, as a rule, unattended with pain so long as their substance is small, and they can pass through the ducts without distending their walls; when, however, they become fixed, the pain is usually severe, and its seat denoted by the animal look- ing round towards the region of the liver, moaning and ving on the opposite side. Excessive vomiting and tor- pidity of the bowels, with flatulency and hiccup, attend this biliary impaction. When complete blocking of the duct takes place the bile is retained, and consequently re-ab- sorbed—hence jaundice. The faces are nearly white, the urine of a deep orange colour. The pain is of a colicky ~ nature ; there is no inflammatory fever, increased respira- tion, or disturbed pulse, and the passage of calculi once effected, a restoration to usual health follows. Treatment.—This chiefly consists in relieving the pain during the passage of the calculi, Opium or aconite are the agents best adapted for this purpose ; 1 to 2 grains of the former, or I to 3 minims of the latter, every three hours. With regard to the administration of solvent agents for biliary calculi, nitro-muriatic acid, sulphuric ether, and carbonate of soda are each advocated and may be tried, but there is no direct proof that in passing through the 108 The Management and Diseases of the Dog. system they exert any solvent influence on the concretions. . Small doses of calomel are more to be relied on, with attention to the bowels and regulation of the diet. If the animal is emaciated, has fared badly, and been continually confined, a new rule should be established, a plain but liberal diet allowed, with vegetable tonics, daily exercise, and strict attention to cleanliness. SPLENITIS. Diseases of the spleen have been but little recognised in canine pathology, save in post-mortem examinations. Splenitis usually occurs in connection with liver disease and intermittent fevers. “ Youatt observes: “In the cases that I have seen, the © earliest indications were frequent vomiting, and the dis- charge of a yellow, frothy mucus. The animal appeared uneasy, shivering, the ears cold, the eyes unnaturally pro- tuberant, the nostrils dilated, the flanks agitated, the respi- ration accelerated, and the mucous membranes pale. The best treatment I know is the administration, twice in the day, of a ball composed of a grain of calomel and the same quantity of aloes, and 5 grains of ginger. “The dog frequently cries out, both when he is moved and when he lies on his bed. In the course of three days the yellow mucus is generally disappearing, and the ex- pression.of pain is materially diminished. “If the bowels are much constipated after two days have passed, 2 scruples of aloes may be given, and a grain of calomel; frequently injections may also be administered.” Enlargement of the spleen may occasionally be both felt and seen ; there is more or less pain on pressure, and con- stipation and vomiting are generally present. The iodide of potassium and iron in scruple doses twice daily, with relaxation of the bowels by aloes, is the best treatment 1, am aware of. CHAPTER VII. DISEASES OF THE URINARY ORGANS, NEPHRITIS, RETENTION OF URINE, HAMATURIA, PARALYSIS OF THE RENAL CALCULI, BLADDER, CYSTITIS, RUPTURE OF THE CYSTIC CALCULI, BLADDER, NEPHRITIS. INFLAMMATION of the kidney is a serious, but, fortunately, not a frequent malady in the dog. Causes.—External violence, as blows or strain on the loins ; long exposure to wet, particularly in bathing ; renal calculi or abscess ; the indiscriminate use of diuretics, es- pecially turpentine or cantharides—the former being a favourite vermifuge, and the latter being used as a blister, may get into the system through licking or absorption. Symptoms.—The animal has a peculiar stiff gait, simu- lating lumbar rheumatism ; in bitches there is a straddling crouching gait as though about to urinate, pain on pressure to the loins, urine secreted and voided in small quantities, generally high coloured, and in severe cases mixed with blood. There is a considerable amount of sympathetic fever present, denoted by a quick, hard, wiry pulse, a dry hot nose, injected conjunctival membranes, and obstinate constipation. Treatment.—This must be purely antiphlogistic. * Leeches * Small doses of the potassio: tartrate of antimony are very useful Kamen ; 110 The Management and Diseases of the Dog. to the loins at the onset are attended with considerable benefit. These may be followed by warm fomentations, linseed-meal or mustard poultices, and opiate enemas. Con- stipation should be relieved at the commencement with castor-oil. Frequent draughts of mucilaginous fluids should be given, as parley wales solution of gum-arabic, or linseed- tea. The patient must be kept perfectly quiet, and, except most moderate exercise, all exertion for some considerable time after recovery should be avoided. HAMATURIA, Signifying bloody urine, is occasionally observed in canine practice. Causes —External reais across the loins, as falls, bruises, undue strain on the part or parts immediately connected with the kidneys ; it also frequently occurs from calculi, either renal, cystic, or urethral, which, through im peding the flow of urine, set up inflammatory action, or by their irregular edges wound the inner coat of the part in which they may be located, and thus cause the discharge of blood. , Symptoms.—Pain in voiding urine, tenderness and heat in the renal region of the loins. Blood may be discharged without urination, during urination, or subsequent to it, each being dependent upon the seat of hemorrhage. Miller, in his “ Practice of Surgery,’ observes: ‘“ The renal source of the hemorrhage is known by the blood ' being diffused equally through the urine ; by the expelled fluid containing cylindrical portions of fibrine, like small worms, the result of coagula in the ureter—sometimes colourless, sometimes of a pale pink hue; by the appear- ance of blood being preceded and accompanied by pain and heat in the loins, and other renal symptoms ; and Diseases of the Urinary Organs. Ill e ‘more especially when such symptoms are present on one side only.” “Vesical hemorrhage may be so profuse as to furnish blood tolerably pure from the urethra. And in general this variety of hematuria may be known by the blood not being mixed with the urine ; the latter fluid passes off first, toler- ably pure ; and the blood comes last, more or less changed by mixture with the residue of the urine. It is also known by the absence of renal symptoms, and by the presence of undoubted signs of stone in the bladder, or other disease of that viscus, or of affection of the prostate. “ From the Urethra—lIn this case there is absence of both renal and vesical symptoms ; the blood passes pure, irre- Spective of any desire to evacuate the bladder.” Treatment—Hematuria demands prompt and active measures ; nothing irritative must be administered, drastic purgatives, and especially diuretics, should be strictly avoided. The preparations of iron and barks are the most suitable agents for this disease. Mucilaginous drinks, as thick barley-water, solution of gum acacia, or beef-tca thickened with isinglass, can be given freely, together with the use of hot fomentations or linseed-meal poultices to the loins ; or counter-irritants, as mustard or ammonia em- brocations. Sedative enemas may also be administered where the irritation is considerable. Bleeding, under all circumstances is unnecessary, and is strongly contra-indicated. RENAL CALCULI. Occasionally stones are found in the kidney of the dog, composed chiefly of uric acid, ammonia, or phosphate of lime, and containing as a nucleus some foreign matter. Renal calculi vary in shape, sometimes being oval and an exact cast of the pelvis of the kidney, at others irregular in shape and variously formed, according to the position they had occupied. 112 The Management and Diseases of the Dog. The presence of renal calculi creates more or less irrita tion of the kidney, and when, by their growing dimensions, pressure on the substance of the gland is produced, this irritation is considerably increased, inflammatory action arises, and suppuration follows. Symptoms.—There is generally an irritable condition of the stomach, and the animal frequently vomits. In walk- ing he moves with a stiff, straddling gait, and evinces tenderness on applying pressure to the lumbar region ; the urine is generally voided with pain, in small quantities, and mingled at times with blood, mucus, or pus ; considerable febrile disturbance is present, rapid emaciation ensues, and death sooner or later takes place from exhaustion, nephritis, or uremic poisoning. When at first the calculi is small, oval, and smooth, it may descend by the ureter to the bladder without exciting any great disturbance, and be voided from thence again, o1 it may remain in the bladder, and in the course of time give rise to cystic irritation. M. Latour records the following case of renal calculi in the dog: ‘‘ Seized with pain, August 20, 1827. He barked and rolled himself on the ground almost every minute ; he made frequent attempts to void his urine, which came from him drop by drop. When compelled to walk his hind and fore legs seemed to mingle together, and his loins were bent with a perfect curve ; his flanks were drawn in; he could scarcely be induced to eat; and he evidently suffered much in voiding his feeces. Mild and demulcent liquids were his only food. Warm baths and injections were ‘applied almost unceasingly, and in eight days he seemed to have perfectly gained his health. In March of the fol- lowing year the symptoms returned with greater intensity. His hind-legs were drawn after him, he rapidly lost flesh, and his howlings were fearful and continuous. The same mode of treatment was adopted without any. good effect.” A calculus, weighing 126 grains, and composed of urate \WHON ‘HOLIG HRIEUAL TINd AZlTad Diseases of the Urinary Organs. _ 113 of ammonia, and phosphate and oxalate of lime, was found in the pelvis of the kidney. The kidney itself was increased in size fourfold, the mucous mem- brane covered with ecchymoses, and the walls of the bladder thickened.—(Joore.) A case of renal calculi, received from Mr. Clarke, of Islington, is mentioned in the Veterinarian, March, 1869. “No history of the case was given, but the morbid specimen is in itself of considerable interest. In both kidneys there are several small calculi, the largest of the size of a horse- bean, lodged in the pelvic cavities.” Treatment.—This consists chiefly in palliative measures. Opiates may be given when pain is present; the patient may also be placed in a hot bath, or counter-irritation applied to the loins. Mild diuretics and laxatives encourage the descent of the calculi, as also do mucilaginous drinks and sharp exercise. CYSTITIS, Or inflammation of the bladder, is occasionally met with in canine practice. Causes.—Mechanical injuries, chronic inflammation of the kidneys, or stricture of the urethra, local irritation from the presence of calculi, worms, or the administration of cantharides or turpentine, blows, falls, or crushes on a distended bladder, etc. Symptoms.—Considerable uneasiness, with symptoms of colic. The animal frequently looks towards the flanks which are exceedingly tender on both sides; the urine is voided sparingly and with great pain, it may be clear and high-coloured, clouded and thick, bloody, or mingled with mucus and pus. Considerable sympathetic fever is present, and frequently vomiting and obstinate constipation. There ’ is intense thirst throughout. oe 114. The Management and Diseases of the Dog. Mr. Youatt, in writing on this subject, observes: “Inflam- mation of the bladder is of frequent occurrence in the dog ; it is also occasionally observed in the horse and the ox. It sometimes appears as an epizootic. It is generally an- nounced by anxiety, agitation, trembling of the hinder limbs, frequent attempts to urinate, vain efforts to accom- plish it, the evacuation small in quantity, sometimes clear and aqueous, and at others mucous, laden with sediment, thick and bloody, escaping by jets, painfully and with great difficulty, and then suddenly rushing out in great quantity. To this list of symptoms colic may often be added. The animal drinks with avidity, but seldom eats much, unless at the commencement of the complaint. The skin is dry and hard, he looks at his flanks, and his back and flanks are tender when pressed upon.” “ During the latter part of my connection with Mr. Blaine, this disease assumed an epidemic character. There was a very great drought through almost every part of the country. The disease was characterised by general un- easiness ; continual shifting of the posture; a tucked-up appearance ; an anxious countenance; a quick and noisy pulse; continued panting; the urine voided in small quantities, sometimes discharged drop by drop, or complete stoppage of it. The belly hot, swelled, and tender to the touch ; the dog becoming strangely irritable, and ready to bite even his master. “ st May, 1824.—Two dogs had been making ineffectual attempts to void their urine for nearly two days. The first was a terrier and the other a Newfoundland. The terrier was bled, placed in a warm bath, and an aloetic ball, with calomel, administered. He was bled a second time in the evening, and a few drops of water were discharged. On the following day the urine slowly passed involuntarily from him, but when he attempted to void any, his efforts were totally ineffectual. Balls composed of camphor, pulv. uva ursi, tinct. ferri mur., mass purg., and pulv. lini. et gum arab. Diseases of the Urinary Organs. 115 were administered, morning, noon, and night. On the 5th the urine still passed involuntarily. Cold lotions were employed, and tonic and astringent medicines administered, with castor-oil. He gradually got well, and no trace of the disease remained, until June 6th, when he again became thin and weak, and discharged much bloody urine, but apparently without pain. The uva ursi, oak bark, and powdered gum arabic were employed. On the 12th he had become much better, and so continued until the 1st of July when he again exhibited the same complaint more violently than before. He was exceedingly tender on the loins, and screamed when he was touched. He was bled, returned to his uva ursi and powdered gum, and recovered. I saw him two years after apparently well. “The Newfoundland dog exhibited a similar complaint with nearly the same accompaniments. “May 1st—He was disinclined to move ; his belly was hard and hot, and he was supposed to becostive. Gavean aloetic ball with iron. “ 2nd.—He has endeavoured in vain several times to void his urine. He walks stiffly with his back bound. Subtract eight ounces of blood, give another physic-ball, and apply cold effusion to the loins. “ 3rd.—He frequently attempts to stale, and passes a little urine at each time; he still walks and stands with his back bound. Syr. pav. et rhamni with tinct. ferri mur., a large spoonful being given morning and night. “ ath._He again tries, ineffectually, to void his urine. Mist. et pulv. “ 5th.— Unable to void a drop of urine ; nose hot; tongue hangs down ; pants considerably; will not eat; the counte- nance has an anxious character. Bleed to twelve ounces ; apply cold effusion. Medicine as before, with cold effusion. “6th.—Appears to be in very great pain; not a drop of water has passed fromhim. Medicine and other treatment _as before. In the evening he lay down quietly. 1-2 116 The Management and Diseases of the Dog. “On the next morning he was found dead. All the viscera were sound except the bladder, which was ruptured ; the abdomen contained two quarts of bloody fluid.’ The mucous membrane of the bladder appeared to be in the highest state of inflammation. It was almost black with extravasated blood. On the neck of the bladder was an enlargement of the size of a goose’s egg, and almost filling the cavity of the pelvis. On cutting into it more than two ounces of pus escaped. “On June 29, 1833, a poodle was brought tome. He had. not been observed to pass any urine for two days. He made frequent attempts to void it, and cried dreadfully. The bladder could be felt distended in the abdomen. I put him into a warm bath, and took from him a pound of blood ; he seemed to be a little relieved. I did not leave him until after midnight, but was soon roused by his loud screams, and the dog was also retching violently ; the cries and retching gradually abated, and he died. The bladder had burst and the parietes were in a fearful state of inflammation. “A dog had laboured under incontinence of urine more than two months. The water was continually dropping from him. The servant told me that, three months before, he had been shut into a room two days and, being acleanly animal, would not stale until he was liberated; soon after that the incontinence of urine was observed. I gave the usual tonic balls, with a small portion of opium, night and. morning, and ordered cold water to be frequently dashed on the perineum. A month afterwards he was quite well.” Treatment.—I cannot agree with Youatt in the adoption of depletive measures, especially when carried to such an extent in the abstraction of blood. In very acute cases moderate local venesection, by the application of leeches to the perinzeum, is at times attended with benefit. More good, however, will be derived from hot loin baths—this, again, is opposed to his cold-water treatment. The latter I am Diseases of the Urinary Organs. 117 / at all times averse to in the primary stages of acute inflammations, for a little reflection will make it apparent that such applications aid in maintaining the very condition we are endeavouring to relieve, viz., the congested state of the affected part. ' With ,regard to internal measures—diluent drinks, as barley-water, solution of gum arabic, milk and isinglass. and the like, are best adapted to the case. To relieve the pain and correct the acidity of the urine I prescribe the following pill :— OPIUM sessinimaes soseese ounces ueede ecaets I grain. Sodze Carb.....c.ccceceseeee dove wuleaaee ee 10 grains, One, twice or three times a day. Oleaginous aperients and emollient clysters may be administered if necessary. Perfect quietude is to be main- tained, as much as it is possible to do so in so restless a patient. The diet is partly supplied in the diluent drinks prescribed, beef-tea or mutton broth may be added _if requisite. When the animal is unable to urinate, and there is reason to believe distention of the bladder exists, the catheter should be passed without delay. CHRONIC CYSTITIS snay be a sequel of the former, or depend upon some func- tional or organic derangement of the bladder or its adjacent parts. A mechanical impediment to the exit of urine may be produced by enlargement of the prostate, or from stricture at the neck of the bladder, or stone, result- ing ultimately in the disease mentioned. Symptoms.—The animal moves stiffly, with an arched back and straddling gait. The efforts to urinate are frequent and painful, the urine is mingled with mucus, and has an offensive odour: occasionally there is an admixture of pus and blood. There is always more or less constitu- 118 The Management and Diseases of the Dog. tional disturbance, finally the kidneys become involved, and the animal wastes and dies a lingering death. Treatment.—This consists, in the first place, in removing the cause. If there is stone, its removal is indicated—if stricture, passage of the catheter is required. Disease of prostate may be alleviated, but is rarely cured. With regard to remedies for the disease, small doses of opium, combined with iron, form the best medicinal treat- ment. Opium, secesanawwaes samasensa sanned evistiansls + grain. Ferri Sulp......sssssceeesseessereeeeeeeeees 5 grains. One dose, twice daily. Alkalies are also useful, as the citrate of potash or car- bonate of soda; either will be readily lapped in milk. Mucilaginous drinks should be freely given, and the diet be much the same as in the acute form, only more generous. Painting the perineum with iodine, or, in protracted cases, pencilling with nitrate of silver, is attended with consider- able benefit. Ifthere is much pain, thin gum mucilage to which a grain of opium is added, or a decoction of poppies, may be injected in the bladder. CYSTIC CALCULI. Stone in the bladder of the dog is probably more frequent than is suspected, though the records in canine literature are few. Mr. Blaine mentions a case of a Newfoundland dog, in the bladder of which he found from forty to fifty calculi. (See p, 125.) Mr. Youatt observes: “Of the nature and causes of urinary calculi in the bladder we know very little. We only know that some solid body finds its way, or is formed, there, gradually increases in size, and at length partially, | or entirely, occupies the bladder. Boerhaave has given a singular and undeniable proof of this. He introduced a Diseases of the Urinary Organs. 11g small round pebble into the bladder of a dog. The wound perfectly healed. A few months afterwards the animal was killed, and there was found a calculus of considerable size, of which the pebble was the nucleus.” The following interesting cases are recorded by Messrs. Gowing & Son, in the Veterinarian,March and August, 1869: “NUMEROUS CALCULI IN THE BLADDER OF A DOG, FOURTEEN MONTHS OLD, PRODUCING DISTENSION AND CONGESTION OF THE ORGAN, AND DEATH. “On Friday, February 12th, 1869, we were requested to visit a beautiful specimen of the King Charles breed, four- teen months old, which was reported to be unwell. The owner supposed him to be labouring under an impacted condition of the bowels; and, as a domestic remedy, he had administered a small dose of castor-oil, but this not having the desired effect, and the dog becoming worse and indicating much prostration of strength, the owner applied tous. Upon inquiry into the case we found that the dog had not passed any feces for a day or two, neither had he urinated, although he had made frequent attempts. The first time he was observed to have any difficulty in urinating was about ten days previous to the application to us, when he passed from the bladder a considerable quantity of dark- coloured fluid. After that he made frequent attempts and was not able to pass any more. On Friday night, February 12th, the dog was in excessive pain, so much that the owner had to walk the room with him to tranquillise him. It appears that the dog could not rest, but was con- stantly crying out and moaning. “The animal had been, we learned, fed upon luncheon- biscuits, with such meat as they partook of in the house ; occasionally, also, he had a little liver and horse-flesh. He was frequently allowed a bone to play with, but never broke them up or ate them. -. “Upon examination the bladder was tound much 120 The Management and Diseases of the Dog. distended, so much so as to cause a bulging out of the perinzeum. “ Treatment.—A mild purgative was administered, and stimulants were ordered to be given at intervals; gentle pressure was applied to the bladder by compressing on either side the walls of the abdominal cavity, but without producing the effect of emptying the viscus. . An injection was also given, consisting of oil with soap and water; and the pain still continuing, hot flannels were applied to the abdomen frequently. “The dog being a favourite, and the owner anxious, the - treatment was pursued to meet his wishes, although it was considered that there was no hope of the animal’s recovery. He died on Saturday morning, February 13th. “ Post-mortem Examination—The abdomen was opened down to the pubis, and part of the pelvis was removed. The bladder and other parts of the urinary organs were dissected out entire. “The bladder was observed to be dace? in colour over the whole surface, from intense congestion. Upon making a section into the viscus, there escaped a quantity of deep, dark-coloured fluid, and also two calculi about the size of large peas, spherical in shape, and upon further examina- tion intermingled with some mucus, there were seen numer- ous small ones of a seed-like character ; one of a larger size was found to have passed into the urethral canal, and there, being perfectly impacted, had resisted all efforts of the animal or contraction of the bladder to overcome the obstruction. This appeared to be the immediate cause of death. “The extensively distended condition of the bladder appeared also to interfere with the action of the rectum. “Examination of the Diseased Structures.—The organs which Messrs. Gowing and Son sent for inspection - were the generative organs, with the bladder, kidneys, liver, and intestines, all of which, excepting the bladder Diseases of the Urinary Organs. 121 were normal. In the interior of this viscus, the morbid changes were very marked, the whole of the mucous membrane was intensely congested, and in many places patches of extravasated blood were firmly adherent to the surface. A quantity of dark-red fluid was taken from the bladder, and set aside for further examination. The most remarkable feature of the morbid changes was the existence of a large number of small calculi, varying in size from a pin’s point toa large pea, principally clustered in the neck of the bladder, which was quite black in colour, on account of the quantity of effused blood in the sub-mucous tissues. In the urethral canal, which was cut open, the lining membrane was much congested, but there was no calculus, excepting the one to which Mr. Gowing alludes, and which was the direct cause of the fatal termination of the disease. “ Microscopic Examination of the Urine and the Calculous Concretions—The dark-coloured fluid which was removed from the bladder contained a considerable quantity of blood ; this was evident at once from the presence of large coagula ; and under the microscope the blood-discs were very abun- dant ; besides these there were epithelial cells, a quantity of amorphous matter, and some large crystals of triple phos- phate. From the result of the microscopic examination of the urine there was good reason to conclude that the calculi were principally composed of the triple phosphates; but in order to determine the point some of them were sub- mitted to examination. In form the bodies were spherical or polygonal, the colour nearly white or light yellow, the surface, to the unassisted eye, appeared smooth, but under a magnifying power of thirty diameters it was irregular, in consequence of numerous projecting angles of crystals, some of which had become rounded off from attrition. The calculi were unacted upon by water, and also by caustic potash, but dissolved readily in acetic acid, and in the mineral acids; the addition of a little ammonia to the acid 122 The Management and Diseases of the Dog. solution caused an abundant white precipitate, which was found, under the microscope, to consist of phosphate of lime with stellate crystals of triple phosphate. It was therefore evident that the concretions consisted of this salt, in com- bination with phosphate of lime. The causes which led to the deposit are not apparent in the history of the case, but there is no doubt that the urine was highly charged with phosphatic matter, and, it may be, rendered alkaline, probably from mal-assimilation ; and in such a state of the fluid the phosphate cannot be maintained in solution. “Our limited literature on this subject does not permit us to refer to many instances of calculus in the urinary organs of the dog; but two cases occur to us, both possessing some points of interest. One instance of vesicular calculus is recorded by the late Professor Morton in his pamphlet on ‘Calculous Concretions.’ The animal affected with the disease was a very small spaniel ; the calculus was so large’ as to nearly fill the bladder, and was felt easily through the walls of the abdomen. The next case was one of renal calculi,* forwarded to us by Mr. Clarke, of Islington. No history of the case was given, but the morbid specimen is in itself of considerable interest. In both kidneys there are several small ‘calculi, the largest is of the size of a horse- bean, and is lodged in the pelvic cavities. In composition, all these concretions from the several dogs are closely allied.” “RETENTION OF URINE ASSOCIATED WITH CALCULI INTHE BLADDER OF A BITCH OF THE KING CHARLES BREED, AGED TEN YEARS. “ By Messrs. Gowing & Son, M.R.C.V.S., Camden Town. “ Thebitchwas observedto be dull and offher appetite for the last three or four days. Some time previously she had tried to urinate, passing a drop or two occasionally, but no effort could produce a full stream, and lately it was reported * Already alluded to in “Renal Calculi.” Diseases of the Urinary Organs. 123 that her endeavours were futile, none being passed. Upon examination of the parietes of the abdomen the bladder was found to be distended. Accordingly an attempt was madeto passacatheter, butwithout success. The animal was ordered a warm bath, and a small dose of castor-oil mixture. The stomach being irritable this was returned, and the dog getting no better was brought to the infirmary on Tuesday even- ing, July 6th. Upon examination, some calcareous matter was found adhering to the lower part of the vulva, and the bladder was distended with urine. “Tt was now determined to attempt the passing of the catheter again—this time the operation was attended with success, after considerable difficulty. The catheter being passed into the bladder, the urine continued to flow through the instrument in a full stream, until six ounces of a some- what dirty, pale-coloured, turbid, and alkaline fluid had been drawn off. The bitch seemed now much relieved ; she was ordered beef-tea, and returned to her owner, an old lady upwards of seventy years of age, who was much grati- fied at the relief her pet had experienced. The owner was requested to report to me the following day the condition of the animal (no medicine was ordered). On the follow- ing morning, July 7th, her friend, Dr. George, called, and stated that the bitch was much prostrated, and that sick- ness was constant if anything was taken into the stomach. An hydrocyanic acid mixture was ordered, but this being objected to, a mixture of creosote in minimum doses was substituted. After two or three doses of the mixture the sickness subsided to some extent. Beef-tea and brandy were ordered as a support, and beef-tea injections, but the animal died the following morning. “ Post-mortem—Upon removing the abdominal viscera the stomach was found slightly tinged with red; the intestines and spleen were healthy; the liver somewhat congested ; the lungs were in a congested state, probably from gravitation of the blood; ‘the right ventricle and 124 The Management and Diseases of the Dog. auricle of the heart were full of dark, coagulated blood ; the bladder was contracted, and contained no urine ; its coats appeared thickened ; and on making a section to examine the state of the mucous membrane two ‘calculi’ were ob- served possessing spines, or spiculated points; such an arrangement is very unusual. The concretions must have been a source of irritation to the organ, and would account for the pain and difficulty of urinating the bitch had’ experienced for nine months. “From the results of many fost-mortem examinations, we are led to conclude that cystic calculus in the dog is of much more frequent occurrence ee has hitherto been sup- posed. “Messrs. Gowing & Son forwarded the morbid parts of the bitch for examination. The calculi were so peculiar in form that we deemed them worthy of an illustration. Chemically the concretions are composed of triple phos- phate. Physically the prisms are arranged on very fine plates, and stellate masses, as shown in the drawing of one of the calculi, magnified five diameters and outlined with the camera. Fic. 11. CYSTIC CALCULUS (TRIPLE PHOSPHATE) FROM THE BLADDER OFA BITCH (MAGNIFIED FIVE DIAMETERS). Diseases of the Urinary Organs. 125 “ A small quantity of the contents of the bladder, having the appearance of pus, was also sent ; the colour and con- sistency of the fluid, however, were found under the micro- scope to depend not upon purulent contamination, but entirely upon the presence of an abundant precipitate of ammonio-magnesian phosphate, the prismatic crystals of which were very large and well-defined. A quantity of the same deposit covered the lining membrane of the bladder, the walls of which were thickened. The pelvis of the right kidney was much dilated. but these organs were otherwise healthy. “Messrs, Gowing’s view of the frequency of calculous concretions in the dog is suppurted by the. results of their own practice. We are indebted to them for several very interesting cases, but none more so than the one which is recorded in the present number of the journal. 1”— Veterz- narian.* RETENTION OF URINE, This may proceed from paralysis of either the muscular coat of the bladder, the result of protracted distension, and though thisis rare in dogs, who by habit are continually urinating, yet there are some who, from customary cleanli- ness, would, if confined, retain their urine to their own pain rather than misbehave themselves; or it may occur ’ from compression of the urethra by enlargement of the prostate gland, or bruises to the perineum ; calculi inthe urethra or bladder, urethritis, stricture, blood-clots, diseased penis, imperforate urethra, paralysis, may each severally | act as causes of retained urine. Mr. Blaine records a case of death in a Newfoundland dog, from the bladder of which he took forty or fifty caculi. He observes: “Death in this instance was occasioned by the obstruction to the passage of urine by means of these stones.” * In June, 1881, I performed the first recorded case in English literature of Canine Lithotomy on the St. Bernard bitch “ Mab.” (See “ Accidents and Operations.”)—J.W.H. 126 The Management and Diseases of the Dog. A short time since, I had an opportunity, during a pro- fessional call on the gentleman to whom this work is dedicated, of seeing what had been a case of retention of urine in a fox terrier puppy a few days old, due to an im- ‘perforate prepuce. This had been removed by his medical, attendant, W. Haslehurst, Esq., by slitting the prepuce along from its under surface to the end. The case did well, and the puppy was reared. Symptoms.—The animal exhibits great restlessness, he is continually and vainly endeavouring to urinate ; he moves uneasily about, and with a straddling gait. When lying down he performs the act with extreme care, and moans or emits a sharp cry after the effort. The abdomen is en- larged, hot, and tense to the feel. As the case advances, the pain increases, there is repeated straining, with retching and vomiting ; the pulse becomes rapid and small; the breathing hurried ; tongue dry and furred ; the poor animal looks piteously at its master, gazes from time to time at its flanks, finally reels about, becomes comatose, and dies. _ Tvreatment.—lf the bladder be emptied, immediate reliet is afforded, but this is often only temporary, the urine is quickly secreted again, and often with the same result ; watchfulness is therefore necessary. If the patient be not thus relieved, the intense pressure on the bladder gives rise to acute inflammation or paralysis, decomposition of the urine takes place, sloughing of the coats of the bladder follows,ultimately they give way,and the contents are poured into the abdominal cavity. The passage of the catheter is necessary in all cases where the retention occurs from mechanical impediment to the outward flow of urine. , When the retention results from urethritis, leeches, hot fomentations, loin baths, opiates, mucilaginous drinks and emollient clysters are the measures to be adopted. ; The same treatment will apply to retention of urine, owing to bruises of the perineum. 7 Diseases of the Urinary Organs. 127 Imperforate urethra, or prepuce, requires immediate opening. Retention from paralysis necessitates the use of the cathe- ter, which should be repeated from time to time ; but it is advisable not to withdraw the whole contents at first, other- wise collapse without contraction is likely to ensue ; asmall quantity of urine left in is more likely to stimulate the organ, and by its warmth aid in restoring it to a natural condition. Strychnine or nux vomica is in such cases, exceedingly useful. : When the retention takes place from disease of the penis, other than urethritis, as warty growths, an operation for the removal of the impediment is necessary. (See “ Warts on the Penis.”) Youatt quotes a singular case of retention of urine, caused by the presence of a worm in the urethra. M. Séon, veterinary surgeon of the Lancers of the Body- guard, was requested to examine a dog who strained in vain to void his urine, often uttering dreadful cries, and then eagerly licking his penis. M. Séon, after having tried in vain to abate the irritation, endeavoured to pass an elastic bougie. He perceived a conical body, half an inch long, protruding from the urethra with each effort of the dog to void his urine, and immediately afterwards returning into the urethra. He crushed it with a pair of forceps, and drew it out. It proved to be a worm resembling a strongylus, four and a half inches long. It was living, and moving about. M.Séon could {not ascertain its species. ‘The worm being extracted, the urine flowed, and the dog soon recovered.* PARALYSIS OF THE BLADDER. This cystic condition may occur from protracted dis- tension of the bladder, owing to the retention of urine ; or * Prat. Med. Vet., Fev, 1828. 128 The Management and Diseases of the Dog. from local or general paralysis, the result of spinal injury, or other and debilitating diseases. Many dogs, from habits of cleanliness, will not urinate except out of doors, an illustration of which has already been given in the section on “Cystitis.” The muscular coat of the bladder being thus overstretched, and the strain on it prolonged, it becomes paralysed. So that when liberty is accorded to the animal, the evacuation cannot take place, and unless speedy assistance is rendered, serious mischief will ensue. Treatment.—This consists in frequently relieving the bladder with the catheter, but for reasons previously observed, in retention of urine the whole contents should not at first be removed. We must then endeavour to impart tone to the system by the administration of tonics. The best agents for the purpose are strychnine or nux vomica,. alone or combined with iron. Counter-irritation to the perineum is sometimes serviceable. The diet should be te liquid, nourishing and muci- laginous. CHAPTER VIII. DISEASES OF THE GENERATIVE ORGANS, | BALANITIS, INVERSION OF THE WARTS ON THE PENIS, UTERUS, SCROTAL IRRITATIONS, ULCERATION OF THE ENLARGED TESTICLE, UTERUS, INVERSION OF THE VA- HERNIA OF THE UTERUS, GINA, DROPSY OFITHE UTERUS, POLYPUSIN THEVAGINA, FATTY DEGENERATION INFLAMMATION OF THE OF THE OVARIES. UTERUS, BALANITIS, ' Signifying inflammation of, and discharge of matter from the mucous membrane of the prepuce, is an affection which. dogs are frequently troubled with. Causes——Balanitis is usually due to the secretion of acrid matter within the prepuce, and is more especially induced by a plethoric habit of body. It may also co-exist with a relaxed and anemic condition of system. Symptoms.—Considerable irritation of the part, denoted by the animal frequently licking it; a thick yellow discharge is continually present. On examination the part will be found red, swollen, and exceedingly sensitive. The prepuce is always more or less protruded, érections are frequent, and urination is performed at times with pain. Treatment.—This consists in first bathing the parts with, warm water until thoroughly cleansed, and then applying a weak solution of nitrate of silver, or acetate of lead. k 129 £30 The Management and Diseases of the Dog. If the animal is plethoric a dose of aperient medicine is advisable. If anemic, tonics should be given, and a liberal but unstimulating diet allowed. Occasionally the same condition exists in bitches, and may be removed by the same measures. WARTS ON THE PENIS. These are not unfrequent in the dog. They may be the result: of the former complaint, or exist independently. There may be only asingle growth, or several isolated, or they may be clustered together. Treatment.—The seat of the affection having been ex- posed, the excrescences may be removed by excision or ligature, after which the parts should be slightly pencilled with lunar caustic. When there is an excessive congrega- tion of warts, and a large amount of mucous membrane is involved, the repeated application of caustic or acetic acid will be the safest remedy. Occasionally warty adhesion ' exists between the sheath and the penis, which is of serious importance in stud dogs. In such a case a competent canine veterinary surgeon should be consulted, the necessary operation being too delicate for an amateur to attempt. SCROTAL IRRITATION. Dogs, especially aged ones, and those which have been freely used for stud purposes, are frequently troubled with irritation of the scrotum, which has been described by some authors (in my opinion, wrongly) as cancer. Causes.—The irritation is due to a plethoric condition of the scrotum. The circulation of blood in the integument being excessive, an amount of congestion takes place, resulting in the irritation named, which Nature endeavours to relieve by a serous exudation in the form of pimples. Symptoms.—The first indications are those usually found ir all inflammatory processes—heat, redness, swelling, and sore. ness. Inthecourseof afew days minute pimples appear; these Diseases of the Generative Organs. 131 soon break and give exit to a thin watery fluid, which be- comes encrusted on the surface of the part, and is ulti- mately thrown off, exposing either a dry or moist and inflamed surface underneath, which is exceedingly sensi- tive. If not properly dealt with at this stage, ulceration ‘frequently follows, the case becomes chronic, and when the soreness and rawness is removed a thickened cartilaginous condition of the scrotum remains behind. Treatment.—When the earliest symptoms of the affection are noticed a smart dose of aperient medicine should be administered, and, if the pimples have not appeared, three or four leeches may be applied to the scrotum. If the animal is small, one or two will be sufficient. On the fol- lowing day the parts may be frequently bathed with one part of vinegar to twenty parts of cold water ; and when pimples have formed and broken, a weak solution of the acetate of lead, ten grains to the ounce of water, or the same quantity of glycerine, forms the best application, to be used twice or three times daily. If ulceration takes place, the application of lunar caustic, with alum or zinc ointment, are the measures indicated. A surgical operation is rarely necessary. The diet should be spare, unstimulat- ing, and somewhat relaxing. ENLARGED TESTICLES. Occasionally the testicles become enlarged, and the en- largement may be associated with induration, with a con- siderable degree of insensibility, or, as is more frequently the case, full and exceedingly sensitive, giving to the touch a feeling of distension. The scrotum has a smooth, full, and shining appearance, and is usually hot. Causes.—This condition may be either due to an exces- sive demand on these organs in stud purposes, or from denial of connection when brought in contact with the ob- jects of desire; or it may result from injury, as ae bruises, crushes, etc. K—2 v32 The Management and Diseases of the Dog. Treatment.—If the enlargement is due to the first-named cause, rest, tonics (particularly the iodide of iron and potassium), and nourishing food are indicated. If fromthe second-named cause, Nature should without question be allowed to follow her course, or relief by depletion from internal and local agents must be adopted. If it results from the latter-named causes, antiphlogistic measures must be had recourse to—aperient medicine, leeches, fomenta- tions, and quietude. Castration is occasionally necessary in the last-named causes, but rarely if ever in the former. INVERSION OF THE VAGINA. This is very commonly seen in bitches who have had many litters of puppies, and who are of arelaxed and debilitated condition of system. It is frequently present during the period of cestrum, and as frequently disappears with the decline of that function. It has also arisen after connection when the animals have been suddenly or violently separated. Symptoms.—The presence or protrusion of a red, soft, smooth body at the orifice of the vagina, easily returnable, but which is again, unless proper means be resorted to quickly re-inverted.* In chronic cases the tumour invariably remains persistent. Difficulty in micturition is more or less manifested, and febrile disturbance is occasionally present. Long exposure to air gives the mucous membrane a somewhat leaden tint, and it becomes wrinkled and ‘covered with epithelium of a leathery nature. * In the bitch, inversion of the vagina has been sornetimes mistaken for a condylomatous tumour; and cases are recorded in which tumours of this kind, protruding beyond the vulva, through insufficient exami- nation have been mistaken for inversion. Inversion of the bladder has also been confounded with that of the vagina. The pyriform cysts which sometimes form in that canal, and contain a clear citron-coloured fluid, have likewise been sometimes confounded with inversion of the vagina. To avoid errors which might have a serious tendency, a careful ex- amination must be made, and nothing should be attempted in the way of operation until the state of affairs is exactly determined. Diseases of the Generative Organs. 133 Tveatment.—After the return, by pressure, of the inver- sion, which should be first thoroughly cleansed, the treat- ment consists in the frequent application of cold water to the parts, the injection of mild astringents (alum-water being the best), and the administration of agents that will give tone to the system, as the preparations of iron and bark. Where retention is difficult, a truss may be employed, or labial sutures ; but in the bitch the latter are not advisable. Lacerations* require strict attention, otherwise adhesions are liable to take place, and a per- manent inversion be the result. The diet should be plain, unstimulating, and nutritious ; moderate exercise daily is beneficial, as the protrusion is not so liable to take place in the standing posture and during locomotion, as in the recumbent position. Constipation, or any of the causes which produce straining, must be avoided. * When the submucous connective tissue of the vagina has been much lacerated, and abnormal adhesions have taken place, then a re- currence of the inversion isto be apprehended. This recurrence is, of course, most likely to take place in chronic inversion, and all the skill and patience of the veterinary surgeon will be required in dealing with such acase. At times the accident has proved so troublesome, and retention has so baffled every attempt after reduction was effected, that amputation of the protruded portion has been practised, and with success. Rainard appears to have been the first to venture on this bold measure, and he practised the operation several times on bitches. He ligatured the entire inverted mass close to the vulva, in one case ; but as this gave rise to intense fever, and, when cured, the animal suffered ° from incontinence of urine, he adopted another procedure. Instead of including the whole of the tumour in one ligature, he divided the pedicle into three portions, which he tied separately, so that each liga. ture only enclosed one third of the mass. After tightening the ligatures the bitch was allowed to run at large, the only attention it received being the injection of emollient fluids into the vagina, and a smaller allowance of food. The pain was much less in intensity and duration than in the first case, and the tumour came away in five or six days, when recovery took place. Rainard, however, advises immediate excision of the portion of the mass beyond the ligatures, when these have been drawn tight.—Fleming’s “ Veterinary Obstetrics,” p. 603. A case is recorded of the Author’s in the Veterinary Journal. May.. 1884. Also see “‘ Vaginotomy,” Chapter xviii. | 134 ‘The Management and Diseases of the Dog POLYPUS IN THE VAGINA. Polypus is occasionally met with in the vagina of bitches. It consists in a pedicled tumour attached to some portion of the vaginal walls. It is generally situated some distance from the orifice, and is usually observed when the animal is in a lying posture. Sometimes it increases so much in size as to be continually protruded, and the act of urination causes it to be still more dependent. Polypus may be confounded with uterine inversion, but a careful examination will at once remove this doubt, as its attachment can generally be felt. Symptoms—The tumour is usually pear-shaped, having a pedicle, or stalk, as its base. It is smooth, glistening, movable, andinsensible when manipulated. It may be ac- companied by a purulent discharge, but, as a rule, there is simply an increase in the secretion of mucus. It creates much inconvenience in the act of urination, and when of considerable size interferes with the evacuation of fzeces, _Treatment.—Removal by excision or ligature, which is attended with but little danger or constitutional disturb-- ance, and the injection afterwards of astringents, with occasional application of lunar caustic, if unhealthy action’ or fungus results. INFLAMMATION OF THE UTERUS (METRITIS) Bitches are not very frequently troubled with this affec- tion. When it does happen, it is generally associated with parturition, particularly if the labour be protracted, and un- skilful or rough usage has been had recourse to. It may proceed vem external violence, as blows or falls, or from the use of injudicious and excessive vaginal injec- tions. Symptoms.—Pain on pressure over the uterine region, and also on examination per vaginam ; in the latter, the os wéerz Diseases of the Generative Organs. 135 will be found exceedingly sensitive and hot. Fulness of the abdomen, and general inflammatory fever. The animal is prostrate, but afraid to lie down. Vomiting is usually present,and sometimes a purulent discharge, which becomes foetid as the disease proceeds, issues from the vagina, the labia of which are tumefied and hot, and the animal frequently endeavours to urinate. If metritis occurs at or after parturition, the secretion of milk is generally sus- pended. Insuch a case there is a considerable tendency for the inflammation to extend to the peritoneum (metro- peritonitis), in which the pain is more diffused, and peri- _tonitic symptoms are manifested. Treatment.—The patient should be confined to a com- fortable, soft bed ; lying on hard, bare or cold floors is ex- cessively injurious. Opiates, containing 1 to 3 grains of the drug, with, it there is much prostration, brandy and water, and warm baths to the hind parts as far as the loins, or local fermenta- tions, are the measures most advisable. A weak watery . infusion of opium, zefid, may with benefit be injected in the uterus, but it is necessary to observe that extreme care should be used in inserting the end of the pipe within the mouth of the inflamed organ ; indeed, when the inflamma- tion is excessive, it is better to be content with gendle vaginal injection. Foetor may be overcome by injections of a weak solution of carbolic acid or chloride of zinc. In severe cases, counter-irritation to the loins and abdo- men may also be adopted. The bowels should be gently moved with castor-oil, aided by enemas. ~The diet should consist of liquid, nourishing and muci- laginous food. Small doses of iron are serviceable when the acute symptoms have abated. Quinine is also useful. 136 The Management and Diseases of the Doz. INVERSION OF THE UTERUS. This is not of very frequent occurrence, and is usually met with in bitches which have parturiated several times, and in which the organ is loose and flabby and the os uteri relaxed. It is usually connected with protracted parturi- tion, where undue force or assistance has been used, or there has been violent straining. Symptoms—lInversion of the uterus is denoted by the protrusion of a round rough-surfaced body, which is easily compressible ; the extent of the protrusion may be detected by examining with the finger between the tumour and walls of the vagina. If the inversion is protracted the organ becomes discoloured with a pus-like exudation on its exposed surface, and emits an offensive odour. Treatment.—This consists in returning the uterus to its proper situation, which should be done without delay, other- wise its swollen and abnormal condition will render it next to impossible. The operation is best effected by gentle pressure on the centre of the fundus with a rod having the end padded; a little olive-oil or milk injected around and ' on the organ will facilitate its return. The after-injection of a weak solution of lor or zinc, and the administration of an opiate, will assist in the re- tention of the organ. When, owing to protracted inversion, the uterus has be- zome enormously swollen, discoloured and cold,and return is impossible,excision will be necessary ; and this may be per- formed either by a ligature round the neck of the organ, gradually tightened every day,.or direct removal with the knife immediately before a tight ligature. The subsequent treatment should consist in warm water injections, with , occasionally chloride of zinc, laxative diet, and quietude. ULCERATION OF THE -UTERUS Is not very frequently met with in canine practice. The “Veterinary Record,” vol. iii., gives the following :— “Three weeks before the time of parturition a bitch fell Diseases of the Generative Organs. 137 from a height of four feet. Four or five days after the animal became sleepy, and the belly pendulous and pain- ful. Ata later period the animal appeared very uneasy and made frequent shrill cries when the belly was pressed upon. At last four puppies, one dead, were born. Severe fits came on attended by protrusion of the eyeballs and unconscious wandering, and death supervened. _ “On examination after death, the peritoneum was found inflamed, and there was dark-coloured effusion. There were two large unhealthy ulcers in one of the horns of the uterus, perforating all the coats of the uterus, and opening into the abdomen.’—oore. Ulceration of the uterus may proceed from injuries, or the presence of foreign bodies, as the retention of a foetus. Sympioms.—A. sanious discharge frequently accompanies it, there is frequent micturition, and the animal is occa- sionally observed straining ; a desire for the male is also manifested. If the disease is extensive, considerable lassi- tude and emaciation ensues, with febrile disturbance. Treatment.—Astringent injections, the administration of tonics (particularly the tinct. ferri), a liberal diet, exercise and cleanliness, are the measures chiefly to be observed. Carbolic acid solutions, 1 to 40—50, are serviceable when the discharge is offensive and profuse. - HERNIA OF THE UTERUS. Hernia of the uterus is of rare occurrence in the bitch. The following interesting case is recorded in the “ Veteri- narian,” April, 1871, by Mr. T. Corby, M.R.C.V.S., Hackney :— “ About the middle of February, a small terrier bitch was brought to me, for the purpose of being destroyed, in conse- quence of the existence of a large tumour just posterior to the hindermost mammary gland, on the. left side, the con- tents of which appeared to be irregularly solid and partly movable. The application of pressure caused considerable 138 The Management and Diseases of the Dog. pain, besides which the bitch was constantly straining, as if apparently requiring to urinate ; small quantities of urine, however, were only passed, mixed with some foetid and brown-coloured matter from the vagina. She was an old animal, had lost all appetite, and was in an emaciated con- dition. “The history given me of the case was that, about nine months ago, the bitch had a litter of pups, soon after which a swelling, about the size of a walnut, was noticed at the site of the present tumour. The enlargement continued almost unaltered insize until aboutfour months ago, at which time she was missed from her house for a few days. Soon after her return the tumour began to increase in size, and the other symptoms now present to slowly develop, them- selves. 1 “By manipulation a round hard body could be felt, partly composing the tumour, which, considering the his- tory of the case, the form of the enlargement, and the nature of the vaginal discharge, I came to the conclusion was the head of a foetus. “It having been determined to operate with a view if possible of still prolonging the animal’s life, she was put under the influence of chloroform and the tumour opened. It was found to contain a considerable portion of the uterus, with one dead fcetus in it, having-the head and fore parts entire. The hinder portion of the body was, however, broken up by decomposition, the parts remaining being very putrid and rotten. After removing the foetus I endeavoured to return the uterus into the abdomen, but it was so swollen and thickened throughout that I could not do so, and as her owner did not wish her to suffer any further pain she was destroyed. On further examination the bladder was found not to be included in the hernia, but greatly distended by pressure of its neck between the brim of the pelvis and the anterior part of the vagina. Besides these lesions there was little else which requires special mention. Allied Diseases of the Generative Organs. 139 cases to. this, in which hernia of the uterus exists at the base, as it were, of one of the mammary glands, are not uncommon, and are, I believe usually met with in old bitches. This is the first case coming under my notice in which the protruded portion of the uterus contained a foetus.” DROPSY OF THE UTERUS. This uterine condition is occasionally met with in bitches that have parturiated several times, are of gross habit, and in which the function of cestrum has become a rare occur- rence. Symptoms.—Dropsy of the uterus may be confounded with pregnancy, or other enlargement of the abdomen. Careful examination, however, will detect a notable differ- ence between it and either of the latter ; the absence of solid bodies, and the usual hard and tense feel in the former, together with its circumscribed shape and fluctua- tion, point out the improbabilty of pregnancy or other abdominal enlargements. In the Veterinarian for January, 1871, Messrs. Gowing and Son record the following case :— “DISTENSION OF THE UTERUS OF A BITCH WITH PSEUDO-PURULENT FLUID. “On November 22nd our attention was called’ to the con- dition of a small, rough terrier bitch about ten years old. The animal presented some of the appearances character- istic of ascetes ; the abdomen was enlarged, pendulous, and -fluctuating. There was much prostration, the action of the heart was feeble, the breathing was accelerated, the appetite was impaired, but the desire for drink was con- stant. It was evident that the case was a hopeless one, and no attempt was made to apply any treatment. The dog died on November 2oth. The post-mortem examination did not reveal any lesion of the internal organs, except the uterus, which was dis- 140 The Management and Diseases of the Dog. tended with fluid; this viscus we have forwarded for your inspection. — “(As stated in Messrs. Gowing’s report of the case, the uterus was distended with fluid ; the horns and the body of the organ being about equally tense. When the walls of the viscus were opened, the contained fluid was found to present the ordinary characters of pus, being thick, yellowish-white in colour, and perfectly uniform in consistence. The lining membrane of the uterus was softened and somewhat pulpy but no ulceration or other morbid change was observed. Under the microscope the fluid was found to consist princi- pally of epithelial scales, with small exudation corpuscles ‘and blood-discs, but there were no pus-corpuscles. Inthe larger mammalian animals, collections of fluid in the uterus is not uncommon, and the condition is sometimes described as false conception ; there is no reason, however, to con- clude that this abnormal secretion is in any way connected with impregnation.) ” FATTY DEGENERATION OF THE OVARIES. In aged bitches of an obese disposition, and those which have parturiated, there is a tendency to fatty degeneration in organs otherwise not usually adipose. A short time since, when making a Zost-mortem examina- tion of an aged Newfoundland bitch, belonging to the Rev. S. C. Adam, of Wolverhampton, I was struck, when investi- gating the generative organs, with the condition of the ovaries. All that remained of the one was a hard, gritty substance the size of a horse-bean, imbedded in a smooth, round tumour of fat, the dimensions of a large walnut, and, containing in the centre a cyst. The other resembled a granular, fatty mass, with a full- developed’ ovum, ready to burst on the outside. The animal had borne whelps, and was supposed (erroneously) then to be pregnant. CHAPTER IX. FUNCTIONS OF THE GENERATIVE ORGANS. CSTRUM. BREEDING. PARTURITION, CESTRUM. CEsTRUM, or the period at which sexual desires commence is in the bitch an irregular function. Some animals only become so affected once or twice a year, while others doso much oftener. A mastiff-bitch belonging to myself, which up to a late period in life remained barren, would almost “at any time allow connection. The signs of cestrum are not long manifested before attention is attracted to the consequent change of condition and manners of the animal. The usually morose bitch of savage disposition suddenly becomes gentle and inclined to caresses. The presence of a strange dog, to which she has hitherto been noted for her antipathy, increases her wish to fraternise, no matter of how low degree the animal is; every tempting posture will be exhibited, and every means exerted to attract his notice and win his affections. The generative organs externally are full, vascular and hot, a glairy discharge issues from the vaginal orifice, which rapidly increases in quantity and gradually changes in character, becoming first blood-stained, and eventually blood itself under an altered condition. There is also fre- quent micturition. The duration of cestrum is usually from ten to twenty days. During menstruation the animal is generally more or less feverish, and it is therefore advisable, particularly in high- 141 142 The Management and Diseases of the Dog, bred bitches and those on which unusual care has been bestowed, that they should not unnecessarily be exposed to damp and cold. Seclusion, except during the visit of the male, is also prudent until the period has passed. The food should be moderate, unstimulating, and if any- thing slightly relaxing. The suspension of the discharge and return of the external genitals to their ordinary size and shape denote that the function is over. BREEDING. The subject of breeding is one requiring far more con- sideration in the canine world than has hitherto been given to it. In this work, wherein I have confined myself to narrow limits, I shall only suggest the ngs remarks as worthy of notice :— 1. The sexes should be as proportionate in size as is compatible with safe breeding. This for more than one reason is desirable. Like begets like. A large sire generally produces offspring which the female is unable to give birth to. Again, this incompatible mating is attended with danger to the animals at the time of connection. I have frequently had mastiff-bitches sent to my dogs, iri which, from their deficiency in height, it was impossible for the dog to perform the act required of him without injury in various ways. 2. During the period of cestrum the bitch should be carefully secluded, for the canine race know no distinction, and ignore all propriety at this season. Again, mental impression is with them exceedingly strong ; though I will not go so far as to say a passion formed for a dog of low degree will have its influence on offspring begat by other blood. But I do say, and I do so from experience, that connection with conception, particularly in maiden bitches, influences the marking and character of future litters. Functions of the Generative Organs. 143 I may give one instance as particularly illustrative of this fact. A pure-bred white English terrier, belonging to my brother, by mischance, had connection with a yellow-and-white mongrel, to which she conceived, and in each of her succeeding three litters, though put to stainless dogs purely white, the whelps were marked precisely like the first litter, yellow and white! ~ 3, When the bitch has been served, she should again be secluded, for she will then be more likely to retain the im- pression of the dog she has been mated with, and not only so, but danger of a second conception will be avoided. This may appear contrary to the laws of nature, but it is nevertheless a fact that bitches will re-conceive.* Of this I have had ocular demonstration. . One instance I will give. A full-sized black-and-tan terrier, belonging to a relative of mine at Abbots Bromley, had connection with a dog of the same species ; within an hour afterwards I saw her connected with a curly half-bred black-and-white sheep- dog. When the period of parturition arrived, she gave birth to two whelps: one, to all appearance, a pure-bred black-and-tan, the other a rough-coated black-and-white whelp, double the size. * Inthe bitch, many observers have assured themselves that super- foetation is by no means unfrequent. Rainard, Blaine, and others speak of it. Blaine says: “I am disposed to think that bitches are capable of superfcetation ; that is, they conceive more than once. If this is the case, a bitch may copulate to-day, and become impregnated, and in a day or two she may copulate again, and again become impreg- nated. This is not frequent, I believe; but it certainly does happen, or we could not account for the different periods at which the progeny sometimes appear. I have known a week, and in one case even ten. days, intervene between the puppings ; but one or two days is not at all uncommon. As a still more convincing proof, the whelps often appear of different kinds.” (The italics are mine.—J. W. H.) “It must be remembered that the bitch remains in ‘heat’ for three or four days, and will seek repeated intercourse with the male during that period. It must, therefore, either be concluded that the last inter- course was the successful one, or that one or more ova were impreg- nated at each copulation.”—Fleming’s “ Veterinary Obstetrics,” Anomalies in Gestation, p. 153 144 The Management and Diseases of the Dog. 4. Dogs of close relationship should not be mated. In- and-in breeding is strongly objectionable, and cannot fail to produce, whether it is observed or not, enfeebled intellect, deficiency in some organism, and lay the foundation for disease. What laws are brought to bear on animals existing in their natural state no one can say. It may be, and probably is, for Nature ordains all things well, that there is an innate principle with them in regard to this. Plain facts of this breach of Nature are continually in our own species brought to light ; and in the canine race unaccountable out- ‘breaks of rabies in kennels where the in-and-in system of breeding has been adopted, and otheraffections in park-deer, under similar circumstances, have not been few. 5. Breeding should not be allowed before either sex have arrived at maturity. Early fruition stunts the growth, and spoils the after symmetry of the animal. There are occa- sionally exceptions to thisrule. Young: weedy bitches have thickened out and improved after an early litter, but I must again observe that as a rule such a system is not advisable. 6. There is much diversity of opinion as to the number of visits necessary for the inducement of pregnancy. This is however, dependent to some extent on the length of time connection is continued. A bitch thoroughly lined, z¢,a safe connection established for from ten to fifteen minutes, ~ is generally sufficient for all purposes. There is neverthe- less, no objection to a second visit on the following day. A third I consider superfluous. _ 7. Many and various are the opinions frequently volun- teered as to whether the bitch isin whelp. Ifshe is placed on her side or back after being fasted, and the region of the uterus manipulated, the presence of certain oval bodies, the third or fourth week after conception, can be pretty fairly distinguished by a scientific and practical man. In flatulent, gross dogs this is, however, not a very easy task, and the occasional presence of ovarian tumours may be mistaken Functions of the Generative Organs. 145 (and would be, in all probability, by the uninitiated) for whelps. The presence of milk in the teats towards the last week of pregnancy is not to be depended upon by itself as a sign of approaching parturition, as its secretion frequently takes place after copulation, or cestrum without the latter, towards and at the period of what should have terminated pregnancy. In the mastiff bitch, Duchess, already alluded to, this was always the case, so that eventually, when she did conceive, .I was in some doubt as to the fact until she had nearly run . the full time, when the.alteration in her habits convinced me to the contrary. Someanimals carry their young so close, Ze. exhibit such slight signs of altered shape, as to render the case still more obscure. A fortnight before Duchess whelped I was most positively assured by numerous canine individuals, including one of vast and long experience, and who offered to bet five pounds on the event, that she was not with young, and, further, that the glairy discharge she evacuated was proof ofthe opinion. When the time arrived she gave birth to thirteen whelps. When, therefore, there is any doubt about the matter, look to the habits of the bitch, and particularly towards the ap- proaching period of parturition. A drowsy condition, a wish for seclusion, and in a place hitherto unnoticed, should arouse our suspicions that parturition is likely to take place. PARTURITION. I have now arrived at one of the most important subjects contained in this work, and one that I should handle with - far more diffidence than I shall do, had my canine ex- perience been limited only to the treatment of disease. There are, however, times at which Nature in the lower animals is compelled either to abandon her efforts to relieve, or accept artificial aid ; and the act of parturition is one in L 1 146 The Management and Diseases of the Dog. which she frequently needs human assistance, and tha’ assistance it has been my pleasure frequently to give. Mr. Blaine remarks: “ Great numbers of dogs die evety year in bringing forth their young. A life of art has brough the human curse upon them, and they seem, in commor with their female owners, to be doomed to bring forth ir sorrow and pain.” , Certainly, especially in breeds belonging to the pamperec house class, this is frequently the case. The same pro. pensity to fix their affections on animals considerably disproportionate to themselves in size, appears as pre dominant in the canine as in the human race, and life i: oftentimes the forfeit paid for such injudicious choice. The period of pregnancy is from sixty-two to sixty-fou days. The first symptoms of approaching labour are denoted by frequent urination and fecal evacuation, due tc nervous sympathy ; there. is also extreme restlessness, the bitch seeks solitude, where she will be found continually moving her position. The external generative organs present a full and swollen appearance; from the vagina there issues a glairy, gelatinous discharge, mingled im. mediately before the pains commence with blood. At this period the animal should never be interfered with indeed, it is only when it is manifest by protracted straining and gradual prostration that there is an obstruction tc natural parturition, that man should then use his power Many persons are oftentimes too hasty to exhibit thei1 obstetrical skill, or at all events from a mistaken kindness they interfere far too soon. The time occupied in giving birth to a whelp is frequently very considerable, and the intervals between each one long. Were they not so, the prostration would be so great that before the last birth could take place death from syncope would result; but an all-wise and merciful Creator has ordained that even the lowest of His creatures shall not suffer unlimitedly. Functions of the Generative Organs. 147 The first throes are generally short and somewhat weak but as labour proceeds they become stronger, longer, and more frequent. When we are satisfied the bitch is unable of herself to parturiate, an examination should be carefully made with the finger per vaginam. Ifa whelp isin the passage, with the head and fore-feet presented, traction should be made on both. If tail first, on the hind feet. If it is a breech- presentation, which rarely happens, the hind leg should be secured and held firmly, while the stern is pushed back. Delivery will usually easily follow. In cases where the passage is small, and the parts power- fully contracted, the warm bath is an invaluable aid. Mr. Mayhew, in one of his poetic flights of fancy, strongly condemns this measure. He however appears to have forgotten, in his arguments against it, that the contrac- tions of the uterus, under some circumstances, prove an obstacle to the removal of its contents. Uterine inflam- mation, which he mentions as a consequence of the warm bath, is far more likely to result from neglected and rough assistance than the application of warm water. The probability of the animal not surviving if retained in it for an unlimited period, might reasonably be expected, but with discretion on the part of the surgeon, no evil result need be feared. In fact, my own experience on this point is in exact opposition to the above authors. I select the _ following from my list in illustration. A small, rough toy terrier, several years old, was brought for my attention in parturition. She had been in labour since the previous day, and it was her first pregnancy. The passage was too small to insert more than the tip of the little finger ; there were no pains, but the diagnostic foetal smell was emitted. After administering a stimulant, I inserted a very small forceps, and succeeded in laying hold of one foot, and subsequently the other, but to no purpose—the whelp was fixed. I then placed the bitch ina warm bath, keeping L—2 148 The. Management. and: Diseases of the Dog. my finger in the vagina. I soon detected a relaxation of its walls,and by gradual traction, encouraged only once by a feeble pain, I extracted the whelp, an unnaturally large one, A little brandy was given to the bitch, after which she was rubbed dry, placed in a basket, and madecomfortable. Ina short time a dose of ergot was administered, the pains returned, and the birth of three more whelps took place without mechanical assistance. _ Mr, Mayhew exhibits a like prejudice to the ergot of rye in promoting uterine contraction, and in this opinion he is not alone. Again, however, I am at variance with him and his disciples. We have had abundant proofs of the value of this agent in parturition, and of the evils of it in pregnant cattle by procuring abortion which could be traced to no other cause, not to doubt its power; and independent of the evidence of eminent veterinarians and medical men as to its efficacy, I have that of my own tests, which in no single case have been attended with failure. In protracted labour, then, with weak throes, I strongly recommend the ergot with stimulants. i After parturition the bitch requires but little attention, quietude is generally all that need be observed; the custom of continually inspecting the offspring and removing the bed is injudicious, the natural instinct of the mother teaches her to do all that is necessary, and however kind our intentions may be, she is jealous of any interference and prefers to be left alone with her family. (See “Influence of Mental Emotion on Canine Lactation.”) In continuance of the subject, the means used to deliver bitches in unnatural parturition are various, From Mr. Fleming’s able work on “Veterinary Obstetrics” I extract the following, and if more information on the subject is required, I refer my readers to the book in question, “With regard to the smaller animals, such as the bitch, sow, sheep, and goat, in them we may often use the crochet, the ordinary forceps, or a small-sized model of the human Functions. of the Generative Organs. 149 forceps with advantage. Various patterns are in use, some ‘of them fenestrated, others not ; some resemble polypus- forceps, while others again are grooved, serrated, or toothed at the ends of the blades. An essential which should not be lost sight of in the forceps for such small-animals as the bitch or cat, is that the blades should be sufficiently long to seize not only the head, but much, if not all of the body of the foetus. If they are too short in the blades they cannot be made to grasp sufficient of the foetus to remove it; while the joint being close to the vulva, or even within the vagina, is likely to pinch the mucous membrane and cause con- siderable pain. “ Hill, of Wolverhampton, who has had extensive expe- rience in this direction, uses a small and slightly modified form of the human forceps for bitches ; there is a spring between the branches of the handle. (Fig. 12).* “Weber has proposed a forceps for these small animals, ‘and it has been preferred by some authorities to the ordinary model. It isa modification of one for a long time employed by Leblanc, which again was fashioned after an instrument designed by Hunter. This is composed of an iron stalk, about ten inches in length, with a wooden handle at one end and two blades or bows at the other. On this stalk glides a long enveloping metal tube, which, near the handle, has a wide ferrule, or shield, that allows it to be pushed along by the thumb of the hand holding the instrument, and thus to bring the blades together. A nut, or female screw, running on a screwed portion of the stalk, near the handle, * These forceps were made according to my directions for private se, as will be perceived from Fig. 12. There is a spring between the handles, consequently the instrument must be closed before it can be inserted. The handles are then relaxed in proportion to the require- meets of the case, z.e., to the vaginal distension necessary to pass the forceps on either side behind the head of the pup. In small bitches, where the passage is much contracted, and it is difficult to manipulate with the fingers, the instrument is useful in exerting a gradual strain - on the wall of the vagina from the spring pressure between the handles. 150 The Management and Diseases of the Dog. FIG. 1? FIG. I3. BLICH KURCEPS.. WEBER’S FORCEPS, Functions of the Generative Organs. I5t is intended to assist the pressure of the thumb when this is insufficient (Fig. 13). A finger of the cther hand ‘intro- duced into the vagina guides the instrument, and allows the part of the foetus to be seized to be reached by the operator, either with the view of extracting the young creature or changing its position, according to the indica- tions. , “Defays concludes that the forceps employed by veterinary surgeons in the accouchement of the smaller animals should not be merely a reduction in size of those employed in human practice, but ought to be something like that of Palfin. It is most difficult, he truly says, to apply an in- strument in shape like that of the accoucheur’s ordinary forceps, owing to the neck of the foetus in carnivora being so thick, and the difference in volume between it and the head far less than in the human foetus; so that, when the forceps is used, the ends of the blades press on the neck, Slip under the throat, and the head escapes from them. To. remedy this imperfection he has made forceps with the extremity of the blades notched or hollowed out (Fig. 14), while the head of one of the branches has a piece of metal with a slotin it, attached by a hinge, and which is intended - to hold the blades together when the fcetus is seized. “Though this forceps has sometimes proved of service. yet cases occur in which it is not so useful. “When the bitch is large, or of moderate size, forceps may be employed with advantage, though they must be of various dimensions. But when the animal is very small, as. is usually the case in difficult parturition in this species, the space occupied by the bows of the forceps—if they are ever so thin—so increases the volume of the mass which has to pass through the pelvic canal, that this instrument cannot be used. “ As we pointed out when studying the anatomy of the _Tegion, the pelvis is cylindrical in carnivora, and if we: “suppose its diameter to be three inches, and that of the 152 The Management and Diseases of the Dog. FIG. 14- FIG. 15. DEFAYS’ FORCEPS. DEFAYS’ WIRE EXTRACTOR WITH THE TORSION RODS. Functions of the Generative Organs. 153 head of the foetus a trifle less, it will be seen that birth must necessarily be difficult ; and this difficulty will be in- , creased if the vagina is narrow and rigid. When the forceps is used, the difficulty is further exaggerated ; for when the blades are passed on the head, the foetus is then augmented in size by a quantity equal to their breadth, multiplied by their thickness, the whole constituting a mass greater than the pelvic cavity will permit to pass through it, so that delivery becomes impossible. “Forceps, therefore, in small bitches, increase the diffi- culties of parturition, and those difficulties are all the more embarrassing as the animal is diminutive. Recourse to this instrument is consequently contra-indicated, and if delivery is to be effected, a means must be substituted which presents less inconvenience. _“ Asa rule, the loss of one or two puppies is not a matter of much moment, the principal object being to save the mother by bringing the act of parturition to a prompt ter- mination. The desideratum is to apply an apparatus which will exert its force behind the head of the foetus, as if the sum of expulsive efforts was directed from behind; or as if a new force had been developed in the uterine cavity, which presses directly on the summit of the head. “ After much consideration, Defays finally produced an apparatus which fulfils these indications, and, besides its ingenuity, is very simple, and easily applied. It consists merely of two rather fine brass, or very pliable iron, wires which can be easily twisted, and are yet strong enough to withstand a moderate amount ofstrain. Thewires should be at least sixteen inches in length, and looped in the middle, so as to be applied to the fcetus in the following manner: The first finger of the left hand being passed _ into the vagina, serves to guide one of the loops towards — _ the summit of and behind the foetal head, and it then con- ducts the loop of the other wire beneath the head behind the jaw. This done, the two wires on each side are twisted 154 The Management and Diseases of the Dog. by a little machine (Fig. 15), composed of a thin iron rod in a handle, the other end of which is thickened and pierced by holes running nearly parallel to the stalk. Into these holes the two wires of one side are passed ; the machine on each side is pulled up as close as possible to the head of the foetus, and, each being turned round three or four times, — the neck is enclosed in a kind of noose or collar formed by the two wires (Fig. 16). “ The rods are now withdrawn from the latter, and the ‘foetus can be extracted by exercising traction on the four ends of the wires outside the vulva. By this contrivance delivery is effected without injury to the bitch, and, unless Fic. 16, DEFAYS’ WIRE EXTRACTOR APPLIED. it is much decomposed, without separating the head of the foetus. “We have tried Defays’ apparatus, and can speak highly of it; not unfrequently we have succeeded in extracting the puppy alive, and when the use of forceps would have been impossible. “A much simpler, readier, and perhaps more successful apparatus (so far as our experience enables us to speak) is that devised by Breulet, of Marche, Belgium, which meets every requirement in the accouchement of small bitches, and might be successfully employed with sows, ewes, and goats. Functions of the Generative Organs. 155 This apparatus is the same in principle as Defays’ wire extractor, but there is only one wire. The principal part of the invention is a noose-tube, consisting of a tubular piece of round wood, from four to six inches long, and halt an inch thick. The wire may either be of copper, brass, or - iron, about sixteen inches long (we have generally used a piece of catgut, and prefer it); this is doubled, passed FIG 17. BREULET’S TUBE AND NOOSE. through the tube to a certain extent, so as to form a loop or noose at the end (Fig. 17). ‘“When it is to be used, the first finger of the left hand carries the loop into the vagina of the bitch, and slips it: behind the occiput of the puppy ; then the two ends of the wire are passed through the tube, and this is pushed into the vagina under the chin of the foetus ; the operator now tightens and secures the wire by giving it a turn round the first finger of the right hand, placing his thumb at the end of the tube (Fig. 18). A little traction then extracts the FIG. 18. BREULET’S NOOSE FIXED ON THE FETUS. foetus, and without doing it or the bitch the least damage. We now employ no other instrument in canine obstetricy, and our success has always. been complete, even with the tiniest toy terriers. 1 56 The Management and Diseases of the Dog. “When our assistance has been sought for in time, we have generally managed, expeditiously and easily, to extract the puppies alive. It will be seen that the noose is not unlike the ‘fillet’ used in human obstetrics.” FIG. 10. THE CROTCHET. The crotchet, or blunt hook, has been recommended by. some authorities as an efficient obstetrical instrument.’ Mayhew observes with regard to its use: “Tt has been long known to the human accoucheur, but. by him is not employed save under certain conditions. A piece of stout steel wire constitutes its substance.: The wire, about twelve inches long, is flattened at one ex- tremity, and both ends crooked and made perfectly smooth or blunt, the. flattened hook being the larger of the two. For the dog, the instrument must, of course, be propor- tioned to the passage into which it is to be introduced, and as the pup, in consequence of the weakness of the abdomi- nal parietes in the bitch, often is felt lying below the level of the symphysis, a dip or lateral bend is given to the hooks. “So simple is the crotchet, which ought to be highly polished, in order to secure its being perfectly smooth. It is first warmed and greased, then introduced with the index finger of one hand, while the other guides the instru- ment into the womb. The foetus is to be first felt, and this is the more readily done if an assistant supports and compresses the abdomen, When the finger has ascertained) that the pup is favourably placed, the hook (and I generally use the flattened extremity of the instrument) is to be pushed forward and then retracted, until the operator is aware that a firm hold has been obtained. The purchase Functions of the Generative Organs. 157 being secure, the finger is to be employed to keep the foetus from escaping, by pushing it against or towards the . point of the crotchet, and holding it there. Traction is now made steadily, and in the proper direction; and the assistant at the same time, by manipulating the belly, facilitates the delivery of the bitch, which should be in a standing position—not upon its back. ' “The directions are not very complex, but they must not on that account be disregarded. By introducing the finger, and taking care that its extremity corresponds with the point of the instrument, a great object is gained by securing the pup more firmly ; yet there are other advan- tages also obtained by this mode of operating. The head of the foetus is generally too large for the vagina, and hence “the difficulty of its expulsion ; but by the employment of -an instrument which is simultaneously to pass, we appear to be increasing the obstruction. However, by compressing the head with the end of the finger, it is in some degree forced toconform to the diameter of the passage, which the gelati- nous development of the pup at the time of birth readily ‘enables it to do. Moreover, the hazard of injury being done, if the instrument should lose its hold, is guarded against ; for, should the hook slip, the point would be received upon the end of the finger before it could catch the soft parts.. However, the operator will feel the hold giving way long before it is entirely lost, and will be enabled to ‘rectify the occurrence in the majority of cases before there is a chance of accident. The finger, therefore, becomes a sensible guide to the operator, and by its employment the traction is rendered more firm and steady. But, above all, care should be taken to have the instrument perfectly, _ blunt, and the beaks of the hooks not too long A sharp point might, at the first glance, seem more likely to answer the purpose in-view ; but its employment would be attended with danger, and on being tested it would be found more apt to tear away. In fact, the sharper the 138 The Management and Diseases of the Dog. point the less firm would be the hold, since the substance to be secured is somewhat of a pulpy nature; whereas, by using as broad and flat a point as possible, the force is exerted on a larger surface, and the grasp is proportionately the more likely to be retained; the object being not to rend the foetus or tear it away, but to gently pull it through the vagina, using only so much violence as the judgment assures us is imperative for the accomplishment of the pur- pose.” A few weeks since, I was requested, whilst driving my round in the evening, to attend a fox-terrier bitch, which had given birth to a whelp early in the morning, and had continued throughout the day in labour. On my arrival I found the head of a large pup inthe passage. I tried in vain to pass a loop over it, but it was too tightly wedged for me to do so. I then had recourse to a pair of silver sugar-tongs; but these were too soft for the pur- pose (otherwise, if electro, they are a capital sub- stitute for forceps). I was loath to sacrifice the whelp, which was alive and close at hand; but having no instruments with me, and the owner being exceedingly fond of the bitch, which was becoming exhausted, I was compelled to do so. Having procured a small ordinary meat-skewer (Fig. 20), I bent the pointed end in the shape of a hook, FIG. 20, This, using my finger as a guide, I inserted between the branches of the lower jaw, and by gradual traction drew forth the head ; then, seizing the whelp by the neck, I con- tinued firm, steady pulling, in a few minutes extracting the whole, which proved to be almost double the size of the first-born. Considerable hemorrhage followed. Some Functions of the Generative Organs. 159 milk and brandy was administered to the bitch. No other birth took place, and she did well. When it becomes apparent that delivery by ordinary means is altogether impossible, and it is desirable the off- spring should be saved, the bitch either has to be killed, and - the whelps extracted by what is termed the Cesarean section (“ Gastro-Hysterotomy”), or the latter may be performed during the mother’s life, with the chance of hers also being saved, This operation English veterinarians have rarely practised. ~ The following is a case I recorded in the “Veterinary Journal,” 1887: “This morning (the 15th July), between ten and eleven o'clock, I was requested to attend an Irish setter bitch, which, I was informed, had yesterday afternoon given birth to one dead and three live puppies, and since eleven o’clock ‘last night had been in severe labour with what the owner believed to be a ‘cross-birth.’ “When I arrived the bitch was lying prostrate, with hurried respiration, rapid small pulse, eyes sunk, and ex- tremities cold. On examination per vaginam, I found one fore-leg of a whelp presented, and the head doubled back within the womb. The leg in question had been sotugged - at that it was dislocated, and almost severed from the shoulder ; the vaginal parts were extremely inflamed, being of a deep purple tint and very swollen. After first ad- ministering a little brandy and milk to my patient, I placed a noose round the presented limb and returned it within the womb, and then endeavoured to bring the head ' into position, but without success. As the poor creature was now so extremely exhausted, in fact, too weak to stand,. and the pains were very feeble and at long intervals, I sug- gested—as the only chance for the mother,and also because the offspring were valuable and several yet unborn—the Casarean operation, which the owner consented to, 160 The Management and Diseases of the Dog. “Placing her under chloroform, on a table, I made a section in the left iliac region, through the abdominal muscles and peritoneum ; and then exposing the uterus, I incised it between four and five inches, and removed eight whelps—six alive and two dead.* I closed the uterine opening with continuous silk suture, the peritoneum and abdominal muscles with continuous gut suture, and the skin with interrupted linen-thread suture. “The parts were then sponged with warm water ; a little brandy and milk, with ten drops of laudanum, administered, and the patient placed on a rug over a thick bed of straw. Strict quietude was ordered, and a little brandy and milk only to be given in two hours. “ At six o’clock on the same evening I visited my patient, and, with much regret, learned she had just expired. I ‘ was informed she had not shown any symptoms of pain or uneasiness since the operation; that she had risen to her feet a few moments before she died, walked to her master and wageed her tail. “Tn this case death resulted from sheer exhaustion. No support ofany description had been giventothe poorcreature . but what she chose herself to take, until I first arrived. She had been in severe labour for many hours ; and only the following morning was any assistance rendered, and that, until my services were SE ESESE: had been ae un- practical, and injurious. “T feel convinced that had the operation been performed seven or eight hours earlier, the mother’s life would have been saved ; or that, in the first instance, proper assistance would have procured a natural birth of the abnormally pre- sented one. The whelps that were alive are being reared by hand, and, so far, are doing well.” * The uterus, internally, was intensely inflamed—the vs being per- . fectly black, and the whole membrane more or less livid. One por- tion of intestine, just observable,was also much inflamed. My prognosis ‘from these appearances and other conditions of the bitch, was un- favourable Functions of the Generative Organs. 161 On the Continent some interesting cases of this operation are recorded. Among others, Mr. Fleming, in the obstetrical work alluded to, gives the following :— “ Brooks and Whitworth (Ibid., vol. xxxix., p. 33) relate the history of a bitch, which, while pregnant, had its pelvis injured by being run over by acarriage. When parturition had been going on fruitlessly for some time, an examination was made, and it was discovered that, owing to the fracture ot the pelvis, just above symphysis pubis, the dimensions of the canal were greatly reduced and altered in form, so that the finger could scarcely be passed. Chloroform was ad- ministered ; the hair removed from the skin in the right iliac region, where the incision was made. Two puppies were removed; the wound in the uterus closed by silver wire suture. In three weeks the bitch was well. The puppies, put to another bitch, also lived. “Macorps (‘Annales de Méd. Vétérinaire de Bruxelles,’ 1862, p. 137) had under treatment a bitch which had in the right flank, towards the last mamma, a tumour the size of a fist, and which had appeared six weeks previously in a very gradual manner. It was neither hot nor painful tothe touch, or on pressure, * As it was supposed to be a mammary neoplasy, its ex- cision was attempted. A large incision was made in the ~ skin, and there immediately appeared a white saccular body, which was at once recognised as a uterine hernia. Instead of returning it to the abdomen, as this appeared to be both difficult and dangerous, it was decided to extract the entire uterine cornu, as far as the cervix uteri, apply a ligature round it there, and thus extirpate the organ. This wasdone ; a few sutures firmly united the skin incision ; the animal was kept quiet, the diet attended to, a few enemas ad- ministered, and in eighteen days after the operation, the bitch—of a sporting breed—was out in the field with its master. “ Saint-Cyr (Op. cit., p. 579) gave his attention to a bitch “ 162 The Management and Diseases of the Dog. which had been in labour since the previous evening. It had given birth to a puppy twelve hours before, but no more could be expelled. When Saint-Cyr first saw the bitch, the labour-pains had ceased; by vaginal exploration he could scarcely touch the foot of the most advanced puppy —which was not in the pelvis—with his finger; while the volume of the abdomen led him to believe that there were more than one in the uterus. The general condition of the animal was good; so it was decided to try the Cesarean section, incising the right flank, where the foetuses were most readily felt, by abdominal exploration. Three foetuses were removed from the right cornu by asingle incision; two of these were dead, but one was still alive. The operation being completed, the cornu was returned tu the abdomen, but not sutured ; and the abdominal incision closed by interrupted suture, a bandage being placed round the body. After the operation the bitch was very weak ; it died in eighteen hours. The autopsy showed a moderate degree of metro-peritonitis. “Feser (‘Thierarztliche Mittheilungen der Munchener Schule,’ part iii., p. 296) operated on a bitch which could not pup, making the opening in the left flank, against which the uterus lay; threepuppies were extracted—one from each horn and one from towards the os uteri, the latter being dead, and from a deviation of its head it constituted the ob- stacle to birth. The heads of the other two puppies were likewise deviated. The uterus and Fallopian tubes—every- thing behind the cervix uteri—were extirpated by the ecraseur. The uterine and ovarian arteries were ligatured. The incisions were closed by suture, and ice applied to the left side of the abdomen. The animal lost about three ounces of blood. An hour after the operation it had a shivering fit, but this soon passed off; though it recurred three times aday forsometime. In sixteen days the wound had healed and the bitch was quite recovered. The puppies were reared artificially. Functions of the Generative Organs. 163 “The same veterinarian (Ibid. p. 297) performed the “sectio Caesarean’ on another bitch two years old. The animal had been in labour for two days, and was extremely weak ; no puppies had been born. The section was made on the left side, and four dead puppies extracted. The uterus and ovaries were extirpated by the ecraseur, and the arteries ligatured. Frequent rigors appeared after the operation, In twenty-four hours death ensued, the fatal termination being apparently due to septikemia. “Feser (Ibid., p. 298) relates another instance in which he performed the operation, extracting four living puppies —two from each cornu; the incision was made in the left flank. The uterus and ovaries were also excised in this case the animal loosing about five ounces of blood. Extreme prostration ensued after the wounds were closed, but this was combated by stimulants, and sprinkling sweet spirits of nitre over the body. The appetite was good, and with the exception of traumatic fever, no unfavourable symptoms supervened. In eight days the bitch had recovered ; two of the puppies were reared artificially. “ Adam (‘Briefliche Mittheilung’) performed the opera- tion on a bitch, under chloroform, making the section at the linea alba, behind the umbilicus, and dividing the tissues with the scalpel, the peritoneum with scissors ; the cornua were opened by incision. After removal of the foetuses, the wound in the abdominal muscles was united by suture, then that in the skin. During the first day the animal was very depressed and feverish, but on the third day it was able to move about. The puppies, which were very large, were reared by hand. Eight months afterwards the bitch again became pregnant, and not being able to bring forth, died—no assistance having been rendered on this occasion, apparently.” . CHAPTER X. DISEASES IMMEDIATELY CONNECTED WITH PARTURITION. PARTURIENT APOPLEXY, PARTURIENT ECLAMPSIA, OR MILK FEVER, SEPTIKAMIA AGALACTIA, ; PUERPERALIS. INFLUENCE OF MENTAL EMOTION ON CANINE LACTATION. I NEED scarcely observe that during pregnancy and lactation, the mammary glands receive a greatly increased quantity of blood—in other words, they are more vascular and sensitive, and therefore more susceptible to take on inflammatory action. At the same period the, mental condition is very active. From a study and knowledge of mental. emotional influence in human physiology, we may by close observa- tion in canine practice, drawa reasonable simile. . Just as tranquillity, irritability, anger, grief, anxiety, excitement, fear, and terror exercise their various actions upon the lacteal secretion in the human subject, and upon the infant, so undoubtedly do they in various degrees upon the canine subject. The erroneous practice of continually interfering with and removing puppies, or creating jealous fear in the mother by allowing the approach of other dogs, or strangers, is fraught with much evil. When we hear of a healthy litter born, and one after another quickly fading without any assignable reason, we 164 Diseases Immediately Connected with Parturition. 165 should at once seek for the cause, which may frequently be~ discovered in those conditions I have named as influencing the human secretion. __ A regular and healthy supply of milk is most desirable, and therefore comfort and proper management must be observed—in fact, it is most essential that due regard should be paid to the prevention of all emotional disturbance in connection with the nursing of the young. Of course the influence of habitual interference on the part of the master, or other members of the family, is not so deleterious as the advent of strange intrusion. Independently, how- ever, of the modifying influence of external circumstances, I should still urge the wisdom of quietude and comfort. The sensation of fear by the removing of a whelp is not always subdued on its restoration to the mother, but frequently continues to operate in the same direction, par- ticularly with sensitive, timid bitches. The first lacteal secretion, termed the “ colostrum,” which has a purgative effect on the offspring, and whose office is to cleanse the bowels of the meconium which is present at birth, is changed during the first week into milk proper, and therefore it will be readily seen that any action or influ- ence which tends to this necessary alteration must have a serious influence on the condition of the young, for if the colostrum is retained, prolonged relaxation of the bowels must result, and under the effects of “scour” puppies rapidly decline. The influence of a disturbing emotion on the intestinal canal or urinary apparatus, is well-known in the human subject, and precisely the same will apply to the lacteal organs, That a diminution of canine infantile mortality will result from due consideration of these remarks is my hope. Whether or not, it should always be remembered that a powerful instinctive desire is present in all animals, especially carnivora, to protect their young, and the less they are meddled with the better. 166 The Management and Diseases of the Dog. AGALACTIA (ABSENCE OF MILK). Absence of milk in the mammary glands is occasionally met with in canine practice. Causes—Suspended breeding, plethora, general debility, exhausting disease, defective mammary development, acute or chronic disease of the mammary gland. Treatment.—Good food, particularly of a: leguminous kind. In debility, ammonia, bark, iron, cod-liver oil. In plethora, purgatives and plain diet. If from torpidity ot the mamma, friction to the glands, drawing the nipples, — carminatives, and stimulating food. PARTURIENT APOPLEXY, OR MILK FEVER. — This disease is rarely met with in canine practice. Probably the amount of hemorrhage that frequently takes place in bringing forth the young, and the protracted labours of the bitch before the whole family is born, may to some extent account for its rarity. A greyhound bitch, belonging to a gentlemen near Liverpool, gave birth toa numerous litter of whelps; the secretion of milk was very abundant. The family were all removed the following day, the bitch became ill the same evening, and the next morning succumbed to parturient apoplexy. The pathology of the disease is much the same as in the cow and mare. Causes —Excessive plethora at the the time of parturition, the sudden removal of offspring, cold, extreme heat. Symptoms.—Quick, full pulse, reeling gait, contracted pupils, nose hot and dry, tongue furred, extreme thirst, suppression of milk, constipation, ultimately coma, tympany, delirium and death. Treatment.—Early venesection, counter-irritation at the back of the head and along the spine, stimulants and aperients. The head should be kept in an elevated posi- Diseases Immediately Connected with Parturition. 167 tion to prevent determination of blood as much as pos- sible ; the urine and faces are frequently retained, by reason of the progressive paralysis: in such cases the former should be drawn off with the catheter, and the latter removed as well by enemas as aperients. _It is also advisable to repeatedly withdraw the milk, by natural means if possible, if not, by artificial aid. PARTURIENT ECLAMPSIA. A canine malady resembling the eclampsia of the human being has been observed by continental veterinarians ; but I fail to see that it bears any analogy to parturient apoplexy proper. 6 “Mauri (Fleming’s ‘ Obstetrics,’ p. 673) relates that a bitch, four years old, and which had been ill since the previous evening, was sent to the Toulouse Veterinary School. Fifteen days previously it had given birth to four ’ puppies, which it suckled. That morning, about three o'clock, its owner was awoke by its plaintive cries and its restlessness. It was then anxious, its mouth was open, and it breathed as if it had been running fast on a hot day; it also appeared to be weak in its hind-parts. On its. arrival at the school, it was found lying on its side in a large hamper, with its four puppies, which were at the ‘teat ; the respiration was very hurried, short, irregular, and noisy; it was executed in a jerking, irregular man- r; the ribs appeared to be limited in their movements, as in a horse affected with tetanus. The mouth was half- open, the tongue pendent, and the saliva flowing in a frothy, abundant stream. The animal convulsively closed its jaws, and withdrew its tongue from time to time, in order to swallow a portion of the saliva; the buccal and conjunctival mucous membrane was ‘greatly injected ; the physiognomy expressed great anxiety rather than pain ; 168 The Management and Diseases of the Dos. the eye was widely open, bright and animated, and the visual axis was not deviated. The limbs were kept extended and immovable, without tetanic rigidity. At in- tervals the animal attempted to get up, and managed to raise itself on its fore-limbs ; but the hind-legs moved in different directions, and automatically, so that the bitch could not co-ordinate them in a determinate manner. The joints could be easily flexed on each other by seizing the bones like the branches of a pair of compasses, but when left to themselves they immediately became extended. The pulse was strong and quick. The senses were unimpaired, and when its name was called the animal directed its eyes towards its master, and attempted to move its tail. This did not always happen, however, for the creature generally appeared to be completely absorbed by its condition—a circumstance which might have led to the belief that its general sensibility was diminished. There was no appetite, and the excretion of faeces and urine was completely sup- pressed since the commencement of the disease. “ Mauri, never having had an opportunity of witnessing such a malady, was much troubled to give a name to the collection of symptoms. As, however, paraplegia appeared to be imminent, he ordered sinapisms to the limbs and the’ _ spine, and enemas of tepid water. In the evening the symptoms were ameliorated ; the animal, instead of lying extended .on its side, was curled round as in health, and when excited it got up, staggered, and fell on the litter; a deep coma had given place to the excitement observed in the morning, and on some bread and milk being offered it slowly took a small quantity. Next day all the symptoms disappeared, and though the animal remained for five days in the hospital kennels, no relapse occurred. “Mauri, in another instance (Ibid, p.674)—that of a two-year old bitch, which had nursed two puppies for a month, and during that time seemed to be in perfect health, but which was suddenly seized with agitation and anxiety, Diseases Immediately Connected with Parturition. 169 appeared to be suffocated, could scarcely stand, and seemed to be paralysed in its hind-limbs—noted the following symp- toms : General agitation of all the muscles, anxious physi- ognomy, and all the characteristic features described in the preceding case. The respiration was very laborious, though the ribs were immovable. The gait was unsteady, and the hind-quarters were feeble, as in confirmed rabies. The animal appeared to be impelled to move about incessantly, and if it stopped it fell; then the limbs became rigidly ex- tended. In the midst of its convulsions it endeavoured to rise, but could not co-ordinate its movements—it turned itself on its back, so as to lie alternately on the right and left side. After numerous attempts it sometimes succeeded in getting up, and commenced to walk, but only to fall again; it could only stand on its rigid paws by resting against a wall or tree. An hour after its arrival at the school, it could not rise unaided. Its senses did not appear to be affected; the appetite was lost, and there was neither defecation nor micturition during the attack. The case in every respect appeared to be similar to the pre- ceding. No treatment was adopted, and in the evening the bitch had almost completely recovered, though it was rather sleepy and dull. Next day it was taken away cured. » “The same authority (Ibid. p. 674) “records the case of a bitch brought to the Toulouse Veterinary School, and which caused anxiety about three hours previously by its agitation, breathlessness, and anxious look. It had fallen, was seized with contraction of the limbs, got up, and staggered about in all directions, until at last it became so weak that it could not stand. When Mauri saw it, it was lying on its side, the limbs extended, and agitated from time to time with clonic convulsions. The animal could not be induced to get up, the head only being raised towards the shoulder. The symptoms were altogether similar to those observed in the two, preceding cases, No 170 The Management and Diseases of the Dog. treatment was adopted, and next morning all the symp- toms had disappeared. “Lafitte (Ibid. p. 674) attended a bitch which, two days previously, had brought forth two puppies which it suckled. It appeared to be very weak and staggered in walking. Soon after, the feebleness of the hind-quarters was extreme and clonic convulsions affected all the muscles; the eyeballs pirouetted in their sockets, the jaws wer econ- tinually moved, and saliva ran from the mouth continually ; hearing and seeing were unaffected. Two hours subse- quently the animal could not rise. A belladonna draught was given, narcotic frictions were applied along the spine, and emetised enemata administered. In the evening the bitch was dull, weak and stupid. Inthe morning every trace of the malady had disappeared. Next day there was another eclamptic attack of shorter duration, and the fourth day another still briefer and weaker. The puppies were put to another bitch, and in about eight days they had attacks similar to those of the parent, though shorter and less in- tense. One, a female, had three attacks on successive days, and then died—the other, a male, had only two attacks. “Lafitte (Ibid. p. 674) reports that a bitch, four days after pupping, had clonic convulsions in all its muscles ; its jaws were agitated, it was much salivated, and respired with difficulty. Its expression was animated, but it could not stand, and was compelled to lie. During the night the convulsions ceased, and the animal, although a little somnolescent, appeared quite recovered ; at ten o’clock next morning, however, it had another attack, and in the evening it died. “The same veterinarian (Ibid, p. 674) alludes to the case of a bitch which, three days after pupping, had convul- sions in the muscles of the trunk and limbs, and the hind- legs were so feeble that it could not stand. Its gaze was unsteady, and at times the eyes rolled about in the orbits, ' Diseases Immediately Connected with Parturition. 171 ‘ » The masseter muscles participated in the convulsive move- ments of the other muscles, so that there was a continual champing the jaws and an abundantsalivation. The senses were not impaired, however. An antispasmodic treatment wasadopted. The attack lasted four hours, when recovery took place. “Mauri (Ibid., p. 675) reports another instance of this malady occurring in a bitch, eight years old, and very fat. It had pupped twelve days before, and suckled four puppies. When brought to the Veterinary School it was lying on its side, though it could raise itselfon its sternum —it panted much, its mouth was wide open and much saliva flowed therefrom—the tongue was pendent. The respiratory movements were much quickened, but very shallow. The eyes were wide open and slightly squinted to the left. Violent convulsions, as if produced by electric discharges, agitated the limbs, and threw them into a state of forced extension ; if a group of extensor muscles—such as the patellar—were seized in the hand, the energetic con- tractions, rapidly repeated, could be easily felt. Nothing of the kind could be distinguished in the flexor muscles. The senses were not affected. The urine did not offer any trace of albumen. In the course of the day the symptoms disappeared and the animal recovered. “ Mauri alludes to four additional cases of eclampsia— two in the cow and two in the bitch, all presenting similar symptoms to the foregoing.” 172 The Management and Diseases of the Dog. SEPTIKA/EMIA PUERPERALIS. “Inflammation of the uterus and septikemia puerperalis oecur in all the domesticated animals. The latter would appear to be very frequent in the bitch.”* Parturient septikeamia may arise from the retention and outrefaction of a dead foetus,f or the introduction of putre- fying matter into the blood through inoculation. Symptoms.—Increase of temperature, rigors, hurried respiration, small frequent pulse, nose dry, mouth hot and slimy, visible mucous membranes injected, extremities soon become cold, coma speedily sets it, frequently accompanied by delirium, and death quickly follows. Post-mortem Exa:nination—In those cases in which death has taken place, and an examination of the body has been made, the local and essential lesions are found in the genital organs and peritoneum, and when puerperal septi- kzemia has been present, there are observed indications of general infection of the body. Decomposition sets in early, the tissues are dark-green and fcetid, and meteorism is largely developed. “Tt is seldom, indeed, that the puerperal or septic inflammation is limited to the mucous membrane. Nearly always it extends to the submucous connective tissue (metritis phlegmonosa), which is infiltrated with an cedematous transudation; or it becomes the seat of acute * Fleming’s “ Veterinary Obstetric,” p. 632. + “It is well known that bitches which retain the foetus in the genital canal for any length of time (eighteen hours or therabouts), frequently perish from septikemia puerperalis. This appears to be due to the fact that the puppy so retained quickly dies: owing to the shortness of the umbilical cord, the early separation of the placenta, and birth taking place inthe amnion. The young creature also speedily putre- fies, and the large raw surface formed by the maternal placenta is a ready inlet for the direct introduction of the septic material into the blood. Speedy death of the bitch is the consequence.”—Fleming’s “¢ Veterinary Obstetrics,” p. 639. Diseases Immediately Connected with Parturition. 173 inflammatory cedema, in which the tissue swells, becomes tumid, and its interstices filled with fluid, small cells, and a gelatinous semi-solid material The muscular tissue is swollen and softened, and a dark fluid flows from it.” Treatment.—In all:cases of septic inflammation, prompt measures, both for the removal of the cause and effect, are demanded. The former consists in cleansing, by injections of warm water, those parts of the genitals upon which the infecting material is present, and also disinfection of wounds or abrasions. Fleming observes: “The genital canal should be thoroughly cleansed by injections of warm water, and the ' wounds dressed with carbolic acid and olive-oil (1 to 10) applied by means of a brush or feather ; or salicylic acid 1 part, spirits of wine 20 parts, warm water 24 parts. “ After the interior of the uterus has been cleansed by injections of warm water, an injection of carbolic acid solu- tion (1 to 20—50) should be made every day, and the wounds, if accessible, must be dressed at the same time. “ Permanganate of potash (1 to 50 of water) may be em- ployed to inject into the genital canal, when the disease is less acute. “With regard to constitutional treatment, this must be directed towards neutralising the effects of the septic matter by the exhibition of antiseptic remedies, and reducing the high temperature ; as a long continuation of this leads to rapid consumption of the tissues, and is fraught with danger to the system. “There is no specific remedy with which to neutralise the action of the septic matters in the blood and tissues. The sulphites of soda and potash have been recommended, as well as sulphurous acid. These appear to have acted favourably in some cases. Carbonate of soda and perman- ganate of potash have also been well spoken of, as well as * Ibid., pp. 635, 636. 174. The Management and Duseases of the Dog. large doses of quinine. Carbolic and salicylic acids are now most in repute, and are given in small but frequent doses. “Tf there is a tendency to constipation, a purgative may be administered ; indeed, unless special circumstances forbid it, a purgative may prove most serviceable in assist- ing in the removal of the septic matter through the intes- tinal canal. Dogs which have been poisoned by this matter often recover after profuse and fcetid diarrhcea ; and a purgative generally reduces the temperature. “In acute cases, in order to obtain the more prompt action of antiseptics, it has been proposed to introduce them directly into the circulation by intravenous injection. Solutions of carbolic acid and iodine have been employed successfully ; and in woman a desperate case has recovered after the intravenous injection of liquor ammoniz (1 to 3). “As a last resource, and to substitute healthy for poisoned blood, transfusion had also been practised in woman, and with good results. The experiment is worth trying in the parturient fever of animals. “ With regard to the diminution of temperature, quinine has been highly lauded. Bleeding is certainly not to be recommended. If the temperature continuously remains very high, then the application of cold water to the surface of the body is indicated. The ccld water may be applied to the larger animals by means of cold wet sheets, wrapped round the body, and kept cold for an hour or two ata time by pouring on water at intervals, by means of a small vessel. Smaller animals may be put in a gradually-cooled bath. “The skin must be well-dried after the application of the cold water, and with the larger animals a dry blanket should be thrown over the body. The stable (or kennel) must be kept scrupulously clean and well ventilated. Tonics and good food must be allowed when recovery is taking place, and the segue/g of the disease treated accord- ing to their indications.” CHAPTER XI. DISEASES OF THE MAMMARY GLAND. MAMMITIS, LACTEAL TUMOURS, CANCER. MAMMITIS, OR inflammation of the milk-gland, is by no means an un- common complaint in canine practice. Causes ——External injury, as blows, bruises, or wounds, exposure to cold or damp, retention of milk, etc. Symptoms.—The part affected is red, hot, somewhat hard, and excessively tender; the lacteal secretion is changed in character, first having a curdled appearance, subsequently mingled with blood, and ultimately pus, the natural secretion becoming then totally arrested. Matter having formed may gradually approach the surface of the gland and point there, but it rarely becomes thus located, the whole gland generally being involved. Considerable febrile disturbance is present throughout. Treatment.—In the early stage leeches may be anplied to the part, and hot fomentations ; a saline aperient should be administered, and perfect quietude on a soft bed enjoined. If the complaint results from retention of milk, owing to the removal or death of whelps, the sooner suckling is ‘allowed the better—whether the secretion be altered or not, even to pus, its direction to the channel of the teat for evacuation is strongly advisable, and much preferable to permitting abscesses to form, and point at the surface, and thus destroy a considerable portion of the gland. 175 176. The Management and Diseases of the Dog. When matter has formed, and is approaching the surface, the sooner it is evacuted the better, otherwise sinuses are liable to form, and render the case tedious and difficult. For subsequent treatment see “ Abscess.” Chronic mammitis is denoted by an indurated and enlarged condition of the gland, and may be the result ct lingering subacute inflammation, or proceed from the acute form. It is attended with but little pain or constitutional disturbance ; but, unless early measures are taken for its removal, it becomes a permanent induration, and may ultimately, if excited, assume a cancerous condition, Treatment—The daily application of iodine ointment, or the tincture, to the affected part, and the iodide of potassium in one or two scruples daily, are the most effectual agents in this complaint; repeated friction with the hand is also of service, and where the enlargement is considerable and weighty, it may be conveniently, and with benefit, suspended by means of a handkerchief tied over the back, or a net made for the purpose and fastened in the same way with tapes. LACTEAL TUMOURS. The milk ducts are liable to become obstructed when not sufficiently drained of their contents, or from some mal- formation. Any such obstruction to the outflow of milkis calculated to produce much mischief. Lacteal tumours, perhaps the least hurtful that can arise, are thus frequently caused. Symptoms.—The mammary gland affected is knotty ; the irregularities being even, movable, and painless: in the early stage these bodies have a fluctuating feel, which disappears as their period of existence lengthens. Inflammatory action may be excited in them by i injury, and suppuration result, . Diseases of the Mammary Gland, “177 Treatment.—TIf still in milk, the daily withdrawal of the secretion should be observed—by natural means if possible. Milk is frequently secreted, independent of the animal parturiating, more especially if connection has taken place. Its removal, if abundant, is advisable, which may be done with the fingers, or an ordinary female breast exhauster. A smart dose of aperient medicine, and for a few days short commons, is also of service in dispersing it. Where the animal is comparatively or quite dry, and we have the tumours only to deal with, it becomes a question ' whether, so far as their direct treatment is concerned, we shall rely on external application, or a surgical operation. If the tumours are of recent date and fluctuating, they may be punctured with some amount of success: if hardened and of long existence, their removal with the knife can be adopted with safety and success, Individually I should give the iodine a fair chance before resorting to either. CANCER. The so-called cancer of the mammary gland is chiefly confined to bitches which have parturiated. I say so-called, because it is rarely that the true cancer cell can be detected —the character is generally that of an indurated or scirrhous tumour. In chronic cases they frequently assume an osteoid form. I have removed numerous tumours so constituted—some with spiculz of bone throughout their structure, others only ossified in the centre. If removed early, a sac containing pus or watery fluid will generally be found within them. Causes.—External injury, cold, damp, retention of milk from not suckling, insufficient suckling, or obstruction, sudden withdrawal of whelps soon after parturition. Symptoms.—These are usually slow in manifesting them- N 178 The Management and Diseases of the Dog. selves, The primary ones are heat, redness, enlargement, and tenderness. These in time subside (with the exception of the enlargement, and this also is reduced as the condition be- comes sub-acute), leaving behind a thickened, lumpy gland. This may remain zz statu quo until the time of parturition again approaches, or at the period ofcestrum. The gland will then assume the same acute symptoms as in the first instance, and pass away with much the same result, except _ an observable increase in the enlargement. And so this may go on for years, gradually increasing, until at last the whole gland, and not unfrequently its neighbour, becomes obliterated, and in its place is a large indurated tumour, or, it may be, cancer. Treatment.—If the case is taken in hand during its acute stage, the early treatment laid down for mammitis— leeches, fomentation, saline aperients, rest, and removal from cold—should be adopted. When it occurs after par- turition, the whelps should either be removed and the teats drawn, or watched when suckling, that they do not irritate the part. The scrambling and application of their needle- like claws only tends to bruise and irritate the inflamed gland. If it can be done without distressing the mother, it is advisable to remove the whole or a portion of the family until nourishment is again required. In chronic cases, and when the gland is not wholly in- volved, and the enlargement not very considerable, the iodine ointment, or tincture, may be tried outwardly, and the iodide of potassium and iron inwardly, in the doses already prescribed. When the tumour becomes large, very pendulous and unsightly, or breaks, and gives vent to an offensive discharge, excision is decidedly indicated. The skin should be divided the whole length, or nearly so, of the tumour, the edges reflected, and the diseased mass, which is usually held by connective areolar tissue, is generally easily and quickly removed by dissection around Diseases of the Mammary Gland. 179 it. Occasionally its base is attached by more vital struc- tures, and hemorrhage will follow its removal. In such a case, either the ligature may be adopted before severing the mass, or the vessels afterwards taken up and tied, or the actual cautery applied. The latter is sometimes used for separating a vascular base. The superficial bleeding which occasionally takes place more or less all round it, when more closely connected to the skin, is usually harmless, and is readily stayed by the application of the tincture of iron. The edges of the incised skin are to be brought in appo- sition, with interrupted silk sutures, steeped in a weak solu- tion of carbolic acid. Healing generally takes place quickly, and the loose, hanging pouch of skin contracts to the level of the surrounding parts. It is always advisable to wire-muzzle the patient after the operation ; for the tongue, although a great healer, often does considerable mischief, and the teeth will speedily remove stitches and ligatures. The after treatment consists in daily cleansing the wound from discharge, attention to the bowels, a plain, unstimula- ting diet, and tonics if there is much prostration. CHAPTER XII. DISEASES OF THE EYE. OPHTHALMIA, PROTRUSION OF THE CATARACT, EYE-BALL, AMAUROSIS, EXTIRPATION OF THE IRITIS, EYE, ENLARGEMENT OF THE HAIRY TUMOUR ON HAW, THE CORNEA. HYDROPHTHALMIA. OPHTHALMIA. THE dog, though not liable to many of the diseases affect- ing the visual organs of the human being, is nevertheless frequently the subject of some of the more prominent ones. Ophthalmia, or inflammation of the mucous membrane lining the eyelids and covering the ball, is very commonly met with, especially in sporting dogs. Causes.—External violence, as blows, bites, pricks from thorns, cat-scratches ; or irritation from the presence of foreign bodies, as dust, grit, inverted lashes, accumulated pus, soap-suds, etc. ; irritating vapours, particularly stable effluvia, or that of undrained and neglected kennels ; damp and cold. Ophthalmia may be sympathetic with other diseases, as distemper and disorders of the digestive organs. Symptoms—Simple ophthalmia commences with in- tolerance of light, deflux of tears, and repeated. closing of . the eyelids. Ifthe latter are separated, the conjunctival 180 ‘ Diseases of the Eye. 181 membrane will be found highly injected, and the eye pain- fully susceptible to touch or exposure. ‘Unless the inflammation be checked it rapidly extends, other and deeper-seated structures become involved, and the vision dangerously impaired. The cornea is traversed with engorged vessels, the pupillary opening blocked by an Opaque mass of exudation (lymph); and quickly upon this we get ulceration of the cornea, followed by fungotd granulations. Lreatment.—The lids should be carefully separated, and examination made for the presence of any foreign matter, which, should it exist, is to be gently removed. So longas inflammatory action is present, the avoidance of light, warm fomentations, and, at the onset, a mild dose of aperient medicine, is generally all that is requisite, In cases where the disease will not yield to these _ simple measures, where the inflammation increases, and - there is considerable distension of the corneal vessels, local bleeding is attended with much benefit; this may be produced by pricking the skin immediately under the lower lid, and applying a leech or two or puncturing the lachrymal vein with a lance, and placing the finger on the vessel beneath the opening. I shall probably be accused of being antiquated in advocating the latter measure (blood-letting), but experience in in- flammatory eye diseases in the lower animals has taught me that, however old the doctrine, it still holds good in local inflammations, particularly in vascular parts, and in none more so than theeye. With regard to other measures---the avoidance of light, and warm fomentations, should still be maintained. Bathing the eye with an infusion of poppy- heads is sedative to the inflamed part, and therefore useful, A low and unstimulating diet is absolutely necessary. Chronic or constitutional ophthalmia is denoted by the eyes being always watery, but more so on exposure to light 182 The Management and Diseases of the Dog or cold ; there is opacity of vision, and conjunctival conges- tion. The condition, however, is less irritable than in simple or acute ophthalmia. Treatment.—Tonics ; seton in the poll ; painting the out- side of the orbits with iodine ; sponging the eyes with cold spring water ; the application of zinc lotion, 2 grains to the ounce of water, or nitrate of silver I grain to the ounce, are the measures usually adopted and indicated. The seton is especially invaluable in these cases. If corneal ulceration exists, the application of the dry oxide of zinc has almost a specific effect, and may be repeated daily until the eye is perfectly clear. CATARACT. Cataract may be either lenticular, capsular, or capsulo- lenticular. It is lenticular when there is opacity of the crystalline lens, capsular when the opacity is confined to the capsule, and capsulo-lenticular when both lens and capsule are involved. Though more frequently seen in old dogs, cataract may take place at any age. Causes—Inflammation of the aveballs diminished vitality, consequent on old age. Symptoms.—The presence of an opaque body, which may be best seen from a posterior side view in a shaded light, or in a dark place by candle-light. Treatment—This consists entirely in the operation of extraction, and which only can be performed by an ex- perienced oculist. AMAUROSIS. Amaurosis, commonly known as gutta serena, is an im- pairment of vision consequent on a disordered condition of the retina, optic nerve, or brain. This disordered condition may proceed from external violence. as biows or falls on Diseases of the Eye. 183 the head, producing immediate paralysis, or giving rise to inflammatory action, extravasation of blood, the formation of tumour, and ultimate suspension of nerve force. Extreme debility, either from disease, hemorrhage, pro- longed lactation or anzemia, may also be associated with amaurosis. Symptoms.—The defect in vision may be gradual or sud- den. Obstructions are not seen until the animal is close upon or touches them. The gait is peculiarly diagnostic of sight affection. An uncertain feeling action is observed in locomotion. The creature relies to a great extent upon . the sense of smell, and snuffs the air as he moves about. Eventually the function of sight becomes totally lost. The eye is clear (unnaturally so) and bright, hence the Arabic term. “ gutta serena ”—clear drops. No irritability — in the organ is observed, except occasionally at the com- mencement of the disease, but on the contrary, the brightest light is of no effect. The pupil is dilated, and the eye has a more or less vacant expression. One or both eyes may be affected, according to the seat and extent of the injury, or from sympathy, which is exercised to a great degree in eye affections, and in amaurotic ones generally in the end involves both. Treatment is unfortunately of little avail, and can only be adopted with any degree of success in the early stage of the malady. An active seton in the poll, strong iodine liniment around the outside of the orbits, or blisters ; and, internally, strychnia or nux vomica, are the measures indi- cated. The general health of the patient should be looked to, a liberal diet allowed, with moderate exercise. IRITIS. Inflammation of the iris, or colouring membrane of the eye, is not unfrequent in the dog. It may proceed from injury, or deep-seated ophthalmic inflammation. 184 The Management and Diseases of the Dog. Symptoms.—The iris is changed in colour, a deep reddish- brown tint, often extending beyond the edges of the cornea, may be plainly seen. The pupil becomes contracted, and to a great extent immovable to the stimulus of light. Ex- cess in the lachrymal secretion, pain and intolerance of . light, and cold, are the accompanying symptoms. As the disease proceeds the eye becomes, from the engorged con- dition of the vessels, generally bloodshot. Extravasation of blood occasionally takes place, resulting in the formation of pus, and the total destruction of vision. Treatment.—Here the local abstraction of blood is strongly indicated, together with absolute darkness. Warm fomentations, and free movement of the bowels. . When the acute symptoms have passed away, the ad- ministration of tonics, and small doses of the iodide of potassium, and, if protracted, a seton in the poll, will ma- terially assist in restoring the eye to its natural condition. The light should be subdued so long as inflammatory symptoms are present, and gradually increased as these disappear. ENLARGEMENT OF THE HAW. The haw (membrana nictitans), or fold of membrane placed at the inner corner of the eye, is for the purpose 0! removing foreign bodies or irritants from the globe. Oc- casionally, from external violence, irritation or constitu. tional disease, it becomes enlarged, prominent, and obstruc. tive to vision and closure of the eyelids. In such cases the part presents a red and highly inflamed appearance, is ex ceedingly sensitive to touch, causes the animal considerabk pain, and gives rise to profuse lachrymation. | Treatment.—The primary treatment consists in scarifyins and warm fomentations. Should the enlargement persist it may be gradually reduced with the scalpel or scissor Diseases of the Eye. 185 and caustic, or the whole substance drawn out and snipped off. Astringent lotions‘are useful, and in many cases sufficient. PROTRUSION OF THE EYEBALL. Occasionally in fighting the eye-ball is displaced from its socket. If the accident is of recent date and the append- ages are not torn asunder, the return of the organ is not difficult. In the case of a toy dog, not long since brought ’ for my inspection, I had the eye and surrounding parts well. fomented for a quarter of an hour with warm milk and water; a few drops of olive oil were then poured over the ball, the upper lid drawn forward with blunt forceps, and gentle pressure exercised, when it returned easily to its natural situation, but when pressure was removed it again protruded: once more returning it, I placed a small pad of wet lint over the organ, and closed the lids over it with silk sutures. The case did well, and no evil results followed. . When the ball is completely torn from its attachments, excision at once is advisable. EXTIRPATION OF THE EYE. This, from unsightly blindness, disease, or protracted protrusion, is sometimes rendered necessary. The ball being drawn forward and held firmly, the muscles and optic nerve are divided with a bistoury or scalpel. A pledget of cotton wool steeped in iron should then be placed in the vacant socket, and a couple of stitches inserted through the upper.and lower lid. These and the pledget may be re- moved in forty-eight hours, and the socket daily dressed with the following liniment GIy Cerin’. casas nscnevisurindaenexzanee I ounce. Acid Carbolic........ccccssssseessees 5 minims. : ey 186 The Management and Diseases of the Dog. It is occasionally necessary, where there is fungoid disease, with adhesion, to dilate the canthus. This should be done from the outer one. It is advisable to keep the patient in a dark place after the operation, until all symptoms of inflammatory action have subsided, and on moderate diet.. It is almost need- less to add that this operation ought always to be per- formed under chloroform. HAIRY TUMOUR ON THE CORNEA. An instance of this exceedingly rare occurrence is re- corded by Mr. J. M. Parker, M.R.C.V.S., Birmingham, in the Veterinary Journa? for April, 1877: “Tn June, 1875, a setter puppy, three months old, was brought to me for advice about one eye—the left—which was discharging a considerable quantity of muco-purulent matter. On washing the eyelids, and carefully examining the eye, I found that the whole of the eye-ball was covered with long black and white hairs (the puppy was black and white) spread out like a fan. “With some trouble, I fixed the eyelid, and found that the hairs grew from a warty substance as large as half a pea on the cornea, at the posterior part of the eye, near the. eyelid, but not connected with it. “J plucked out thirty hairs with the forceps, and sent some lotion containing laudanum and zinc sulph. “In about a fortnight I saw thepatient again, and he was reported as having improved considerably. This I found to be the case ; and I removed a few more hairs—twelve or fourteen, perhaps. He was not brought to me afterwards, but I heard from his owner that all pain and discharge had ceased. Having occasion to pass the owner’s house in Sep- tember, 1875, I called to see the pup; and found that the eye was much inflamed, and a fresh crop of hairs had grown. Diseases of the Eye. 187 I then determined to pare off the ‘ wart ’—for such it seemed to be ; but how to do it without chloroform or proper in- struments was the question. ; “T decided to transfix the base of the wart with a needle, and cut it clean off the cornea with ascalpel. Making a hook with a silver probe to steady the lid, which was held by an assistant, I was able, after a little trouble, to pass a strong sewing-needle, armed with a stout thread, through the base, and, pulling it away from the cornea, I dissected the growth very carefully from its attachment,andeffectually eradicated it. No more hairs made their appearance, and the wound speedily healed. There was, unfortunately, a considerable deposit of lymph in the eye from long-con- tinued irritation, which, perhaps, might have been prevented had I excised the portion at first. I may add, in conclusion, that it was horny to the touch, and not like transplanted skin, which the presence of coloured hairs would appear to indicate.” In the following number for May, Mr. W. A. Taylor, F.R.C.V.S., records a similar instance in a fox-terrier puppy, fourteen weeks old : “ My attention was recently directed to the dog’s eye by my brother, whose property the puppy is. Hehad noticed the existence of the tumour soon after the usual nine days blindness of puppy life. “ An examination of the eye (in this instance the left) reveals to the beholder what at first appears to be ‘some- thing white’ in the dog’seye. Ona more careful inspection, the white object is discovered to be a fixed tumour, circular in outline, of a pinky-white tint, and having a diameter of three-sixteenths of an inch; it is slightly raised above the level of the eye, and from it grow some white hairs, in number about fifteen, resembling those of the eyelashes. Two-thirds of the tumour are attached to the sclerotic coat, the remaining third to the cornea, and it receives a covering of conjunctiva. 188 The Management and Diseases of the Dog: “In appearance and structure this /usus mature bears a close resemblance to the mole on the human skin. “The presence of the tumour does not apparently cause any inconvenience to the puppy beyond a slight increase in the flow of the lachrymal fluid. “ Are these hairy tumours hereditary? If so, it would be unadvisable to breed from animals possessing them. The eyes of both parents of the puppy above alluded to are perfectly normal.” Since the above records, similar cases have come qiitiee the Author’s notice. HYDROPHTHALMIA. The abnormal accumulation of fluid in the chambers ot the eye, which gives rise to what, in ophthalmic surgery, is termed “ Hydrophthalmia,” is a disease to which attention was first drawn by the author in 1884, through the Veze- rinary Journal, under the heading of “Special Notes on Canine Diseases.” Hitherto the subject had passed un- noticed in the literature of canine patholgy, probably owing to its non-recognition. The disease is usually confined to one eye, unless conge- nital predisposition exists, when both eyes may be involved. Causes——A cachectic state of the constitution is favour- able to hydrophthalmia, but it may more frequently be traced to injury, particularly violent concussion to the eye- ball from a blow. Symptoms.—A_hydrophthalmic eye is protruded from the socket, and looks as if it were about to burst; the eye-ball is hard and tense to the touch, usually of a dull opaque colour over the cornea, and the pupil is stationary. In dogs, hydrophthalmia generally involves both fie anterior and posterior chambers of the eye. The distension caused by the dropsy produces considerable discomfort to Diseases of the Eye.. 189 the patient, vision is obviously impaired, and total blind- ness is a common sequel. Treatment.—Tapping through the sclerotica, followed by continuous pressure, secondary infiltration may occur, and tapping may be again resorted to. This treatment has been successfully adopted by the author on two occasions, the eye being punctured immediately behind the outer margin of the cornea. In one operation a drachm of clear watery fluid was removed; in the other, half-an-ounce of a deep amber-coloured fluid, approaching red. After each evacuation the eye assumed its natural size and position ; a cold wet sponge was placed over it, and maintained 27 situ by ahead cap. The sponge was re-applied daily for a week ; and then one drop of a weak solution of iodine was each morning placed on the eye-ball for the removal of the opacity, and the result proved satisfactory. In persistent cases the application of iodine round the eye, and atropine injections, are sometimes beneficial. Congenital dropsy of the aqueous chambers is not un- frequently present in zz-bred dogs, especially toys. CHAPTER XIII. DISEASES OF THE EAR. CANKER (ExtTERNAL), POLYPUS, CANKER (INTERNAL), DEAFNESS, SEROUS ABSCESS, SCURFY EARS. CANKER (EXTERNAL). THERE are few diseases which cause more trouble and annoyance, alike to owner and subject, than the one known as “canker.” All dogs are liable to this malady; but long-haired ones, and especially water-dogs, are those usually affected. The disease is generally divided into external and in- ternal canker. External canker is that which attacks the edge or margin of the ear-flap. Internal is usually confined to the passage leading to the ear proper. Both forms are the same in character, and may co-exist or arise independently of each other. Causes.—Canker may be produced by external violence, gross feeding, over-heating food, plethora, uncleanliness. It is frequently associated with mange and eczema. Symptoms —The first generally observed is repeated shaking of the head and flapping of the ears, Examination reveals the integument covering those organs red, puffy, and hot, and this condition is aggravated by the animal 190 Diseases of the Ear. IQI continually scratching them. If this is left unchecked, the amount of irritation produced on the inflamed part gives rise to a serous exudation along the margin of the flap, and ulceration quickly follows, leaving a thickened irregular crusted edge. Treatment.—Immediately symptoms of canker are ob- served, a dose of aperient medicine should be administered, and warm fomentations applied to the part. Where exuda- tion has taken place, all extraneous matter should be gently removed with warm water, and mild astringents applied to the sore surface. The following is a useful lotion :— AMUN beasties de Gadus dese 5 grains. Vinegar ....... saahacuoneaaas 1 drachm. AA QUE cesicce cusses acanesavs I ounce. To be applied twice or three times a day. Or a drachm of oxide of zinc to an ounce of vaseline may be used with benefit. When the case will not yield to this treatment, and when ulcers have formed, and show a tendency to spread, I find occasionally touching the parts with nitrate of silver after washing is of great service; and when the eschar is detached either of the following lotions may be applied with a camel- hair brush :— Tinct. Myrrh Co............. Tinct. hee seddauese : equal parts. or, Tinct. Ferri Mur............. i drachm. Acid Carbolic .........c0000. 5 minims. PA QUAY vciscisiea'ee'ceiseeleseabawiines I ounce. In obstinate cases, when the cartilage becomes diseased, and remains, in spite of all that can be done, persistently ‘so, it will be advisable to remove that portion of the flap beyond the line of disease; but only in an extreme case should this be done. If simply thickened, painting with iodine will suffice. 192 The Management and Diseases of the Dog. CANKER (INTERNAL). Internal canker is most generally seen in water dogs. Youatt observes: “When the whole of the body, except the head and ears, is surrounded by cold water, there will be an unusual determination of blood to those parts, and consequent distension of the vessels, and a predisposition to inflammation.” With this author I quite agree. Again, water being continually lodged in the ear, and remaining there, is in itself a source of irritation, and cal-. culated to produce canker. Allowing dirty suds to remain after washing, is an especially fruitful cause both of canker and deafness. Internal canker, if neglected, is very much more disastrous than the external form. The disease will extend to the internal bones of the ear, and cause the most maddening pain ; or it may, and often does, without these ravages, result in deafness, in which case treatment for the latter is generally hopeless. Symptoms.—The membrane lining the passage, as far as can be seen, is red and inflamed, and the root of the flap hot and tender. There is the same disposition to shake the head and scratch the ears as in the external canker. The patient is depressed, often disinclined to feed, probably owing to the increase of pain through the movement of the jaws in mastication. As the disease proceeds, an offensive, dark-coloured discharge issues from the passage of the ear, the itching becomes intolerable, and the animal in his misery rolls about, rubs his ears along the ground, frantically scratches at them, and utters pitiful cries. Occasionally the cervical glands are swollen, and the sides of the face considerably tumefied. Treatment.—This is of the same character as that prescribed for the former, only differing in its mode of application. The ear should be syringed (not too power- fully) with warm water, and whatever lotions are used must be poured into the ear, applied with a feather, or some Diseases of the Ear. 193 cotton wool saturated with it and packed gently in. For internal canker, the zinc lotion, § grains to the ounce of water, applied three or four times a day, I find usually answers better than anything else. If raw spots or ulcerations are noted, the parts should be mopped with a solution of nitrate of silver, and this may be repeated every other day. In many cases after syringing with carbolised warm water (I—4o), the parts may with benefit be dusted with the dry oxide of zinc. Equal parts of balsam of Peru and ox-gall, daily dropped into the ear, has also been found successful. When the disease extends to the bones of the ear, humanity dictates an end to the creature’s sufferings. In all cases of canker, whether external or internal, it is absolutely necessary, in order to ensure success and rapidity of cure, that the animal should be prevented as much as. possible from flapping, scratching, or rubbing the ears. For this purpose a cap of wash-leather or stout calico (the latter is coolest) should be placed over the animal’s head and tied under the throat (Fig. 21). ‘It should be similar FIG. 21. DOG WITH CANKER CAP. ‘in shape (with the exception of the ear portion) to a horse’s -hood, and is kept much easier in position than the usual three-cornered one. o 194 The Management and Diseases of the Dog. With regard to the further treatment of canker, I quote the following from the “ Veterinary Journal,” Sept., 1875, p. 216: TREATMENT OF ULCERATION IN THE EARS OF A DOG BY COCULET. “The disease vulgarly known as ‘canker’ in the dog is frequently most troublesome and unsatisfactory to treat, for several reasons. In the ‘Recueil de Méd. Vétérinaire, Coculet recommends, as a very successful method of dealing with these auricular chancres, the application of some blis- tering ointment or liquid over the external surface of the ear, The preparation he employed was tincture of cantharides forty-five grammes, tincture of oak galls ten grammes. This was applied once every two days, and by its influence the intolerable itching which accompanies the disease was allayed, and a smart but inconvenient pain substituted. The animal no longer shakes its head, nor scratches the - ears with its paws, and the chancres soon disappear.” SEROUS ABSCESS. It not unfrequently happens from the violence applied in canker to the inflamed organ by the dog himself, or inde- pendent of canker existing, from blows or bruises, that an infusion of serum takes place between the integument on the inside of the ear and the cartilage underneath, giving the organ a peculiar, dropsical, baggy’appearance. Insuch a case it is best to open the sac at its most dependent part with a lance, making a free incision, and evacuating the contents. Ina short time the wound will heal, and the ear assume its natural condition. There is no necessity to in-- duce suppuration ; if nature establishes it, well and good, and it must then be treated as a suppurating: sore. ~ Diseases of the Ear. 195 POLYPUS. The formation of polypus on the lining membrane of the external meatus is not uncommon in the dog. The tumour usually assumes one of two forms: the soft and vascular situated in the anterior half of the meatus, or the full and fleshy (sometimes fibro-cartilaginous), in the lower half of the meatus. Causes.—Protracted irritation or chronic inflammation of the lining membrane of the meatus, or of that covering the tympanum. These tumours, when small and quiescent, are not at- tended with any great inconvenience ; but when they become irritable, and the animal, in his attempts to rid himself of the offending body, increases the irritability, they rapidly increase in size, and give rise to deafness, pain, giddiness, and other untoward results. Symptoms.—in describing the symptoms of this affec- tion, I cannot do better than follow the example of other - authors, in transcribing a portion of Dr. Mercer’s paper in the “Veterinarian” for 1834, on this subject : . “Polypi produced from the tissues of the meatus may be divided into two kinds : “First, the soft vascular and bleeding polypus, usually produced from the fibro-cartilaginous structure of the outerhalf of the tube ; and, secondly, the hard and cartila- ginous polypus or excrescence produced from the lining membrane of its inner half. “ As to the first of these forms of polypi, the hematoid, that arise from the external soft structure of the tube, they may be situated in any part of its. parietes, but most com- monly at its superior and posterior surface. In form they are generally pedunculated ; their surface is rough, irregular, and glistening, in consequence of being covered . with a thin layer.of mucus, which is often tinged with blood, especially when any degree of violence has been o—2 196 The Management and Diseases of the Dog. applied to the external ear, and which has also been exerted upon the tumour. When the tumour becomes protruded externally, it has a blood-red and pulpy appearance, and its sensibility is so great that any manipulation of the concha, so as to investigate the condition of the external meatus, is attended with great pain, and is also often followed with considerable hemorrhage. “The second variety of polypus growth, the chondro- matous, is that which is produced from the lining mem- brane of the inner half of the tube, the dermo-periosteum, and in its structure differs somewhat from the former ; it is more dense, and almost cartilaginous, and usually having a broad and more sessile base, occupies a greater extent of the parietes of the tube. Its surface is comparatively smooth, pale, and almost insensible to the touch; but according to the extent of the ulcerative process behind and within it, so will the nature and properties of the discharge be with which it is accompanied. “ Both these species of polypus of the meatus, the hama- toid and chondromatous, are most commonly connected with, and accompanied by, ulceration of the softer tissues, or caries of the auditory process. These excrescences are usually situated externally to the seat of ulceration, being produced from the vascular margin of the ulcer ; and so ° long as they are permitted to remain, the latter morbid condition, the canker of the ear, will be kept up for an indefinite period ; hence, should the animal be of any value, it becomes a matter of considerable importance to arrive at an accurate diagnosis of the actual condition of the diseased parts. The symptoms, therefore, which attend the exis- tence of polypoid growths of the external meatus are very similar to those that indicate the chronic form of internal canker of the ear. These are also preceded by those of general pyrexia, which usher in the local disease, such as general languor and lassitude, loss of appetite, considerable thirst, turning out of the coat, and balling of the faeces. As Diseases of the Ear. 197 these constitutional and general symptoms diminish in severity, then those characteristic of the local disease become gradually and more manifestly evinced. The animal has a dull, heavy, and rather a watery eye; he moans or whines at intervals; and if his master be present he feels a pleasure, a confidence, and a relief in pressing and rubbing his aching ear against any part of his master’s _ body. Under other circumstances he presses and harrows it against the ground, so as to obtain a slight relief, and then with an instinctive feeling he flaps his ears and shakes his head rapidly and repeatedly, so as to keep up the pleasurable relief he thus obtains. Should the symptoms be not so severe as those which I have now mentioned, the animal may still be suspected, at a glance, to be labouring under acute disease of the ear, by his running about with little intermission, his mouth open, and tongue protruded, and panting, and witha stupid sensibility shaking his head, and pointing the affected ear to the ground. These symptoms are, however, most commonly allowed to pass unheeded, and in a few days a partial relief is obtained to the animal by the sudden and profuse discharge of a quan- tity of foetid pus. From this time the general and consti- tutional symptoms disappear, and those indicative of the local affection are alone predominant. The local discharge of pus, or pus and blood, becomes daily more and more foetid, in consequence of the extension of the disease to the body tissue of the meatus, and the poor animal is thrust aside as an object of loathing and disgust. “Should the dog, in the earlier stage of the disease, be muzzled and cast, and an inspection of the meatus be had recourse to, then there will either be found a phlegmonous abscess of the cellulo-fibrous structure of the meatus, circumscribed dermo-periostitis of the inner part of the tube, with caries of the osseous portion, or internal muco- tympanitis, with perforation of the membrana tympani, and evacuation of the matter along the external canal. 198 The Management and Diseases of the Dog. “In that form of the disease to which I specially refer— where a polypoid excrescence follows and accompanies the uluceration of caries—if a period of three weeks or a month be allowed to elapse between the first exhibition of the discharge and the examination of the meatus, it may be found that the vegetation has attained a considerable size, and the discharge has become more and more profuse and bloody. The extent of bloody discharge and its foetidity, will much depend on the nature of the tumour, and the original tissue of the meatus that may beaffected. Ifthere is much blood mixed up with the discharge, then in all likelihood there will exist a soft and vascular polypus, prov duced from the more vital fibro-cartilaginous structures of the meatus; and should the smell be great, and the discharge little tinged with blood, then the original disease will be found ‘to exist in the osseous portion . of the tube, and the polypus, if it does exist, will be of the chondromatous or cartilaginous kind.” Treatment.—This should consist, if the growth is in the outer half of the meatus, and within reach, in removal by torsion, ligature, or excision, and the subsequent application of caustic. If near to the tympanum, such an operation would be attended with danger, and the potassa cum calce, as recommended in human surgery, is best adapted to the ' case. The injection ot mild astringents should, in the course of a few days, follow either measure. DEAFNESS. Deafness in dogs may be congenital,* or result from obstruction in the auditory passage, caused by disease, injury, the lodgment of water, or it-may result from = I recently examined a white terrier, belonging to a clergyman, in which the sense of hearing had never been recognised—being, in fact. congenital, and the animal was destroyed in consequence. Diseases of the Ear. 199 paralysis of the auditory nerve from severe shock. Youatt observes, with regard to cropping: “ Deafness is occasion- ally produced by it in some dogs, and constantly in others. The frequent deafness of the pug is solely attributable to the outrageous, as well as absurd, rounding of his ears. The almost invariable deafness of the white, wire-haired terrier is to be traced to this cause.” Treatment.—If deafness proceed from congenital causes, it is needless to remark that a cure is hopeless. Where it is due to morbid growths, resulting from canker, polypus, or other diseases, the removal of such obstruction is indicated. If from paralysis, counter-irritation behind the ears, by blisters or seton, and the administration of strychnine or nux vomica, are the measures to be adopted. SCURFY EARS. Scurfy ears are frequently met with in long-haired dogs, and may either be associated with mange, or the result of an over-heated, plethoric habit of body—more frequently the latter. If neglected, this condition is apt to run on to canker. Treatment.—An aperient, followed by drachm doses of sulphur in a bolus daily, and a spare, unstimulating diet, usually removes the affection, An ointment composed of sulphur and whale-oil may, in obstinate cases, be applied with success to the ears, CHAPTER XIV. DISEASES OF THE SKIN.—EXTERNAL PARASITES, MANGE (SarcorrTic), ALOPECIA. MANGE (FoLticuxar), WARTS, ECZEMA, FLEAS ERYTHEMA, LICE, RINGWORM (PRoPER), TICKS. RINGWORM (Honeycoms), MANGE (SARCOPTIC). Tre term “ mange” is generally used by those people who dabble in canine matters without the knowledge necessary to diagnose correctly, to denote any affection of the skin which results in eruption, irritation, or the detachment of hair. The true mange of the dog is analogous to the itch of man, and the riff of the horse. It is due to the presence of a small acarus (Sercoptes canis)—Fig. 22. Another species, termed Follicular mange, is also very frequently met with in dogs. This likewise is due to the presence of an acarus (Acarus folliculorum or Demodex caninus)— Fig. 23. Mange, of whichever species, can only be propagated by the migration, directly or indirectly, of the parasite giving 200 Diseases of the Skin.—External Parasites. 201 rise to it. Filth and negléct favour parasitic development, but do not of themselves produce the disease. Symptoms.—Ordinary or sarcoptic mange is characterised, at its earliest period, by intense itching. If the skin of the affected part is examined, there will be observed small red points like flea-bites. These eventually become pustular, and break, exuding a serous fluid, which pro- duces thick, dark crusts, which are ultimately cast off, leaving the part denuded of hair, and of a bleached appear- ance, The violent scratching attendant on the affection throughout, creates extreme soreness, and frequently open wounds. The hair about the affected region becomes matted together,and the animal is rendered an object of -disgust and pity. Fic. 23. Acarus FoLiicuLoRUM. Ma- TURE SPECIMENS. @, MouTH ; 6, PAPILLA ON EACH SIDE 3 ¢, SarcopTes Canis. (GERLACH.) FEET, (FLEMING.) Fic. 22. The disease, it not checked early, rapidly extends to the 202 The Management and Diseases of the Dog. whole body. In such a case the poor animal knows no peace, and the debility is extreme. Treatment.—The treatment of mange is a matter of no great difficulty, if properly adopted. The recipes are various, and most of them good ; and failure is dependent, as a rule, on the mode of applying them, and in neglect- ing those sanitary measures so necessary in diseases of this. description. A dog suffering from mange requires either shaving to as- certain the extent of the affection, or else to be thoroughly dressec all over. The necessity of this will be apparent when we bear in mind that a single acarus will produce ina fortnight upwards of twenty young. For the same reason all the litter should be destroyed, and the habitation thoroughly cleansed each day—if in the kennel—with boiling water, slightly impregnated with ammonia or carbolic acid. Old mats, particularly wool ones, should never be allowed for repose in mange; plain straw or shavings, where litter is required, are the most suitable agents. Before the application of any dressing, the animal should be well washed with warm water and soft soap. The oint-: ment I find most successful in mange is, Sulphur Sub. sccsessssssseasseesseee 8 ounces. Whaleroil. sccsssasveasiessaveeessice 8 ounces. Oil Of Tar ..ccesescesscsssencereneers % ounce. Ung. Hydrarg ..... Se eee + $ ounce, To be well blended, and applied as indicated. Wash off and repeat in three days, and again after the same interval if necessary. For mild cases the ordinary sulphur ointment, made with sublimed sulphur and soft soap, whale-oil, or lard frequently suffices ; or half an ounce of ol. terebinth to six: ounces of whale-oil is a useful application. Benzine and paraffin have of late been commonly and: Diseases of the Skin.—External Paradion 203 successfully used, and I have no fault to find with those -agents, save that they usually require frequent repetition. Tobacco-water is a popular remedy with some persons, but from its narcotic effects, through absorption, it is not an advisable one. Carbolic acid is another, and in the use of this drug still greater caution is required ; its strength should never be less than 1—50 of soap-suds or whale-oil. Mr. Fleming* observes: “The remedies proposed. for scabies in the dog are exceedingly numerous ; and it would be altogether beyond our object to attempt an enumeration of even a tithe of them. They consist of baths, liniments, and ointments. Among the former may be mentioned the sulphuret of potassium—one part to five of rain-water ; also corrosive sublimate, one part to fifty of water; carbolic acid, in the proportions of one to forty of soap- suds or glycerine, is also a good remedy, but requires care. The liniments, are, perhaps, better applications than either the baths or ointments. A very good preparation is the following: Oil of tar one ounce; sulphur, one ounce ;. common oil, one pint. To be allowed to stand, in the sun or near a fire, for some time, and frequently shaken. Prangé recommends the subacetate of lead (liquid) and olive-oil, of each thirty parts ; sulphur, fifteen parts, “With regard to ointments, the Helmeric pomade already mentioned is very efficacious. Mercurial ointment, and different compounds of mercury, are much resorted to ; but these are readily absorbed by the skin. Dressings of tobacco have the same disadvantage. It is generally a good plan to wash the animal well with soft-soap or car- ‘bonate of potass, in warm water, before applying the parasiticide. The latter should be washed off the skin after it has been applied three or four days. If the skin is covered with long, thick hair, it is advisable to have this cut off. ‘ * “Veterinary Sanitary Science,” vol. ii. p. 458. 204. The Management and Diseases of the Dog. “ The success of the remedy depends very much on the care with which it is applied to every part of the skin. “For house dogs, and especially those with fine skins and smooth hair, a very excellent and safe remedy is the balsam of Peru, dissolved in alcohol (one of balsam to four of alcohol). This is an effective acaricide, and has not an unpleasant odour.” FOLLICULAR MANGE. This species of mange, from the acari being buried in the sebaceous and hair follicles, and their migration to a great extent thus hindered, is not so contagious as the sarcoptic form, “Indeed, an affected dog may cohabit with others for some time without extending the disease.* The animal whose case is described by Weiss, lived for from eight to fifteen days with other dogs, which remained unaffected. This feature in follicular scabies is accounted for by the situation and habits of the parasite, and its conformation, Burrowing deeply into the follicle, it only leaves its habitation, in all probability, when carried from it by the fluid thrown out in the follicle, for its limbs are very short, and are not furnished with suckers, so that it is not well adapted for travelling, differing in this respect from the ordinary acarus. Nevertheless, in some instances, the slightest accidental contact will suffice for its transference from a diseased to a healthy dog ; and, when conveyed ex- perimentally to the skin of the latter, it propagates it in a remarkable manner. Haubner deposited several, with a view to elucidate the contagiousness of the affection, and he found that, in about twenty-four hours, there was a slight * This fact will serve to explain why the contagiousness of scabies has been denied and affirmed by different authorities in this country, where only one kind of parasitic “mange” has been hitherto recog- nised in the dog. Diseases of the Skin —External Parasites. 205 tumefaction of the skin where they had been placed ; in © forty-eight hours the follicles contained a purulent fluid, in which young and adult acari and ova could be perceived. The eruption extended; but eventually the parasites disappeared, and a spontaneous cure took place.”* Symptoms.—These likewise are not so easy of distinction as in sarcoptic mange. At first, circumscribed tumefac- tions of the skin take place: these tumefactions are hot, and usually blotchy, or patched with red. In a very short time small pimples make their appearance, which rapidly become pustular, break, and exude serum, or, in severe cases, pus. The matter thus exuded forms scabs, or crusts —the skin is thickened and chapped as in common mange. The itching attendant on follicular mange is not excessive nor continuous. The disease usually commences on the head, and from thence extends to the body ; it is of long duration, and very obstinately yields to treatment. Detached hair is rarely replaced, owing to the destruction of the hair follicle. Treatment.—The difficulty experienced in reaching the acari renders curative measures somewhat troublesome and unsatisfactory. Mercurial agents are, perhaps, the most useful, White precipitate, combined with sulphur and whale-oil, is a very excellent formula. The following ointment (my ewn prescription) has been in my practice attended with the best results in cases of follicular mange. Acid, Acetic: sciisscseoscesscxees Ol. Terebinth ...........c000008 aes pea eaians: Olo Tat civesses Manidetauenaoeeawues . ounce. Unt HV Crar es: avisrcnmausina saconesioe I Sulphur a cazienieesnrcomiandee ensene 8 ounces. Whale-oil animals most frequent i in 215 caseof . Ae oe causes of . te . 216 pathology of . er os treatmentof . . . 216 causesof. . meee NNHDN 426 PAGE Apoplexy, parturient . - 166 symptoms of : 166 treatmentof . . 166, 167 Appetite . s - +» 3 Ascites (active) a 1 B27. causes of . 3 , . 327 pathology of . 327-329 Ascites (passive) - 329 dogs commonly seenin . 329 causes of . yar « 329 how differing from ac- live . . « 329; 330 symptoms « 330, 332 treatment of . iy B92 Asthma (congestive) character of dog chiefly aftected Asthma, predisposing causes of 37 exciting causes of”. x BF symptomsof . is » 37 treatment of 7 - - 38 Asthma (spasmodic) . - 38 predisposing causes of . 38 exciting causes of . 38 symptoms of . . - 38 treatment of . - 38, 39 BALANITIS . . ; - 129 causes of . s 129 symptomsof . . . 129 treatment of . . 129, 130 Baldness a : « 215 Beer, use of, medicinally « 6 Biliary calculi... 3 . 107 Biscuits . 5 Bladder, ieplocement of the 393 Bladder, paralysis of the —. ‘127 causes of . i . 127, 128 treatment of . 128 Bladder, inflammation of the 11 3 Blain 55 seasons most frequently seenin. . ann 55 symptoms of , . “55 treatment of . Bones, valueot . . - 4 Bowels, diseases of the . : inflammation of the. : Brain, compression of the. causes of . i i . 276 symptomsof .. . treatment of . ee Brain, concussion of the 275 causes of. . . 275 ‘symptoms of . . 275 Index. Brain, reatment of. ._ 275, pace Brain, inflammation of the 276 membranes of the . + 279 Breeding - 142 necessity of properly mat- ingin . . 142 mental i impression, the in- fluence of, on the off- ‘spring . ee ee re-conception . . + 143 close relationship, objec- tionable . . 144 age for breeding . 144 number ofvisits necessary _ forconception . . 144 ‘symptoms of pregnancy . 144, 145 period of pregnancy - 146 Breeding, to prevent : . - 407 Bronchitis (acute) . ~ + 20 causesof. 5 - 20 symptoms of + 20, 21 Bronchitis, treatment of 21, 22 Bronchitis (chronic) a 3 Be symptomsof .. ap 22 treatment of . : + 22 Bronchitis, verminous |. 22 symptoms of . «23, 24 pathology of . . 25 eight cases, autopsies of25- 31 Strongylus canis bron- chialis . $ 31 illustrations of, male and female . 31 general and specific cha- tersof . 31, 32 differs from the parasitic bronchitis of other do- mestic animals. - 32 origin of the disease « 32 duration of =. 7 + 33 mode of invasion. 33 age at which it is most ‘prevalent =. 4. reason of its fatality in ‘youth. 2 7 - 34 Bronchocele_: +» 206 causesof. . . - 296 symptoms of . « 296 treatment of " 206, 207 interesting case of —_ 297-299 Brushing - 9 Pence derived from 9 Burns and scalds + 390 Index. PAGE Burns and scalds treatment of 391 C4SAREAN section 159-16 Calculi, biliary. 2 ion symptomsof . .. . 107 treatment of . 107, 108 Calculi, cystic. 118, 402 con; estion and distension of the bladder resulting fn 119 urine, retention of, result- ing from ‘ . 122 Calculi, gastric a 3 70 ‘treatment of . . - 70 Calculi, renal . ew TEE ‘symptoms of . . 112 treatment of . 3 113 Calculi, urethral. 110, 125 symptoms of . 110, 125 treatment of. . - . 125 Cancer (so called) . fw TRF nature of . ‘ e «» 147 causes of . . 5 » 197 symptoms of . . 177, 178 treatment of . 178, 179 Cancer proper. 5 - . 2904 encephaloid §. . . 295 gum. ° . « 296 medullary a < - 295 melanotic . + 293, 294 osteoid . ‘ a » 295 scirrhous . + 295 Canker of the ear (external) . 190 description of dog affected 190 causes of . < . 190 symptoms of . « 190, 191 . treatment of . ‘ - I9I Canker (internal) . : . 192 causesof .. s - 192 symptomsof . . .- 192 treatment of . ; 192, 193 ditto, by Coculet . . 104 Canker of the mouth . - 53 causes of. . +» «+ 53 symptoms Wee en -® 53 treatmentof . < « 53 Canine Lactation . . . : 164 Cartilaginous Wounds . ,. 388 caseof . é « 388, 389 Castration . 2. 8 + 413 ‘when necessary «ATS effects of . et « #AIZ ideas concerning . 413 . methods ef °-. 3 Cataract... Catarrh, gastric Catheterism Chest-founder (see “R matism”) « Chest, dropsy of Choking: . is - treatment of Chorea =. és Chloroform °. . Claws, over-growth of Cold Colic : . Colic, liability of puppies causes °. symptoms of » treatment of - Catarrh © ° Ww eee ee D> descriptions of. ‘symptoms of 15, treatment of : causes of’ . ‘symptoms of -. treatment of how performed causes of . symptoms of. treatment of . causes of . . value of . arguments in favour of — 40, 270, : « 27K, eu : 415. causes of. treatment of causes of . symptoms ‘of treatment of , to. treatment of Combing. . eS Constipation °. natural tendencyto, i in the . dog. . causes of . ‘ : symptomsof .. treatment of . ‘ dietin . é daily exercise, necessity (0) 1s * P Consumption . predisposing causes of ; ' exciting causes of . symptoms of . eam treatment of ‘ A in relation to breeding . 409, | 428 PAGE Cornea, hairy tumours on the 186 cases of . - 186, 187, 188 treatment of . . 186, 187 Corns, soft . ee « 409 Cramp . . . . - 359 causes of . . . - 359 symptomsof . . . 360 treatment of . ‘ . 360 Crooked limbs ‘i si + 342 C causes of . “ * « 342 ropping ; ‘ . - 411 sane adopted _. é . 4IL why undesirable . . 411 Cyst excision . : 7 « 398° caseof.. - 398, 399 Cystic calculi. . » 118, 402 Cystitis (acute) . . . 113 ~ causes of . ‘ 7 . 113 ‘symptoms of . « 113, 116 ‘treatment of . « 116, 117 dietin . : . . 117 Cystitis (chronic) . . . 117 causes of . 3 5 . II7 symptoms of . - 117, 118 treatmentof . . 118 DEAFNESS . < . - 198 causesof. . . 198, 199 treatment of . ‘ . 199 Decayed teeth . ‘ » 5 Dementia §. . < - 283 case of . . 283, 284 Dentition — : » 48, 51 Dew-claws, removal of . - 410 ‘how removed . + 410, 411 Diarrhea. 3 92 liability of puppies to | 72 causes of . ‘ < » 92 treatment of . . | 72,73 diet in 73 Digestive ae of the “dog - _ Dinhtheria a Diphitheradlase of dog ethos symptoms of . + 299, 300 post-mortem ezamina- tions. . - 300, 301 preventive measures, 302, 303 outbreak of, in Tasmania. 304 transmission from man to dog. 3 3 é - 303 cases of. . post - mortem examina- tions . : « 308, 309 304, 307° Index. PAGE Diphtheria, experimental in- oculation. - 305, 307 histological examination 308, 310 conclusions drawnfrom . 310 Diseases, general . . 288 Disinfection . 7 «I, 12 Dislocations . 3 : . 380 usual situations 7 - 380 predisposing causes - 380 exciting causes ‘ - 380 symptoms of . - 380, 381 treatment of . a « 381 of the shoulder ; . 381 oftheelbow . . » 381 ofthe knee. . » 381 of the hip s ° - 381 - of the zrell . : . 381 ofthe hock . 7 - 382 of the toes é . - 382 Distemper . A + 310 nature of . 5 - 31r class of animal most fre- quent in 5 ‘ . 311 not a necessary disease . 311 complications of . - 311 causes of . 311, 312 ‘incubation period ots 312 symptoms of . ‘ ~ 313 treatment of . : 315 associated with beanichiter and pneumonia . - 315 symptoms of . < - 315 treatment of . : - 316 necessity of ventilation . 316 associated with jaundice 317 symptoms of . 3 « 317 treatment of 317, 318 associated with diarrhcea 318 treatment of . 318 associated with fits. 318, aa treatmentof . < 319 PRStRP ES) vesicular eruption / ‘ ‘i - 319 symptoms of . _ - 319 what owing to. ° + 320 treatment of . ‘ + 320 associated with chorea and paralysis 7 . 321 treatment of 3 321, 322 preventive measures for distemper 322, 323 vaccination, uselessness ofin . A é - 322 - Inder. . ‘ s PAGE Distemper, inoculation, value OE ea a Distemper and human ty- * phoid fever, no identity . between 3 +, 323, 324 Distemper, malignant + 324 symptomsof . . . 325 post-mortem appearances 325 causes of . : : » 326 _ treatmentot . + 326 Draughts, how to administer 13 Dropsy . : ‘ is - 327 usual forms of... 327 Dysentery Be “Ke 73 nature of. 2 S 93 causes of . ‘s : 74 symptomsof . . . 74 treatment of . . . 74 diet in 3 . 74 Dyspepsia . i ‘ . 61 EAR, diseasesofthe . . 190 Ear, polypus in the . . 195 character of . . - 195 causes of s - 195 symptoms.of . . - 195 ditto (Mercer) + 195, 198 treatment-of . : 198 Ear,.serous abscess of the . 194 causes of : . - 194 symptoms of . ‘ - 194 treatment of . . . 194 Ears, scurfy . . : - 199 causes of . . A - 199 treatment of .. . . I99 Eclampsia, parturient . - 167 cases of (Mauri) . 167, 171 _ ditto (Laffitte) : . 170 Eczema. - * 7 « 207 nature of .. . - 208 causes of... - 208, 209 treatment of ; 209 Eczema (chronic) . é « 209 treatment of . ~~ 209, 210 Eczema mercuriale: . . 210 symptomsof . . » 210 Embolism ‘ a . - 366 effectsof . + 366, 367 caseof . . ae symptoms of - + 367 post-mortem appearances : 367, 308. Emphysema . ae - 368 causesof. . . . 368 367 © 429 PAGE Emphysema, case of - 368 post-mortem appearances 369 treatment of . » «369 Encephaloid cancer + 295 Enteritis - ‘i . % - 79 tissues involved in . - 79 causes of. 3 - - 79 Enteritis, symptoms of . - 79 how distinguished from other affections,*espe- cially colic . f - 79 general symptoms o 79,80 terminationsof . . 80 how denoted . . . 80 treatment of . . 80,81 dietin . : , . 81 Entozoa . . ‘i . 219 treatment for . 221, 222, 223 Epilepsy - 266 confounded with rabies . 267 susceptible periods for . 267 predisposing causes of . 267 exciting causes of . . 267. symptoms of . associated with distemper 268 treatment of . 269, 270 Epileptic rabies a fallacy . 266 Erythema, .. . . 215 symptoms of . « 215 treatment of . 3 .). 211 Exercise... .... . < ~~ 6 necessity of . 7 -6,7 meansoftaking . . 7 Eye,.diseases ofthe .. . 180 extirpation of the . . 185 whennecessary . - 185 how performed. . - 185 subsequent treatment 185, 186 Eye-ball, protrusion of the . 185 causes of . s : . 185 treatment of . » 185 FALSE-JOINT. . . 3 377. Fatness, excessive. . » 337. Fatty, degeneration, liver . 103 heart, ©... ‘ - 360 ovaries .. . . 140 Fatty substances, influence of,asfood . . . 105 Feeding, time of . 3 - 2 systemof. . . 2 health in relation to 2 Feet, sore. : . + 408 causes of. 8 + 408 A « 267, 268 - 430 PAGE Feet sore,symptoms of. — . 408 treatment of « 408, 409 Femoral hernia. - 396 Fistula. . 5 , is - 397 nature of . a é - 397 Fistula in ano. A e. «2 8% Fistula lachrymalis. ‘ - 397 parietal abdominalis - 397 mammary. : + 398 lacteal . ‘ ‘ - 398 teat. . se) 398 biliary . «© « «398 gastric . . . . 398 Flatulency .. - 61 Flatulency, treatment of . 62 Fleas. 5 . 217 treatment for . 3 . 217 ditto (Gamgee) : . 217 . 217 ner measures Foo : . I ay of . 5 “3 Food, kind of. s 3,45 Foreign bodies in the stomach 70 Founder (chest) . - 338, 340 Fractures e a - 370 descriptions of é 370), 371 bones most liable to 371 causes of . : . + 371 treatment of . - 371 of long bones . of the scapula. ofthe pelvis . of the ribs of the sternum . . - 375 eee ee rsx) ~ 2 2 Nx - of the cranium. © 375: 377 of the vertebrze é - 377 false joint. : . - 377 treatment of . . 377,378 refracture . + 378, 379 compound fracture . - 379 fracture with luxation . 379 Gastric calculi . . + JO Gastritis (acute) . 66 terminations of . - 66 ,Causesof. . . 66 symptoms of . . 66, 67 post-mortemappearances 67 treatment of . * i Gastritis (chronic). . 68 causesof. . . . 68 symptoms of é 68 treatment of ‘ . 68 Index. Gastro-enteritis . . causes of . . . symptomsof . . treatment of . . . 82 Gastro-hysterotomy . General diseases . General management Generative organs, diseases I, 14 ofthe . F . 129 functions of the . I41 Glanders - 349 cases of (Fleming) © . 350 351 Glossitis. . 54 causes of . ‘ : . 54 symptomsof . . . 54 treatment of Glossy coat, means of dhuita: ING et aay aa. Me) Le Grooming 8. Grooming, benefit derived from 9 Gum cancer . . és . 296 _HAMATURIA . : ‘ - 110 causes of . i . . IIo symptoms of . . . IIo treatment of . . III Haw, enlargement of the 184 causes of . % : . 184 symptomsof . .. . 184 treatment of . 184, 185 Heart, diseases of the . 360 | Heart, fatty degeneration ot the . 360 pathological anatomy 360, 361 causes of . ‘ ‘ . 361 symptoms of . . 361 Heart, valvular disease of the 361 symptomsof . . . 361 post-mortem appearances of . ‘ - . 361 treatment of . 361 case of, associated with rheumatic chorea 362, 364 Heart, ruptureofthe . - 364 symptoms of . 2 - 364 Post-mortem examination 365 cause of . - 365 . why remarkable: - 36 Hepatitis (acute) ‘ 3 predisposing causes of . 89 exciting causes of . - 89 symptoms of . 2 . 89 terminations of . 89 treatment.of . . + go 338 > Index, 431 ene is PAGE PAGE Hepatitis (chronic). . , 90 | Inflammation of lungs . on G2 causes of. F fs - 90 mammary glan i + 175 Symptomsof . . . 90 pericardium , . . 365 treatment of + 90, Or _ periosteum, . 345 terminationsof . ~. ox peritoneum . . . 82 Hernia (femoral) +. 306 Pharynx ’. . . 57 caseof . . . 306 pleura. . .). 39 cause of . . % + 396 prepuce . . . + 129 treatmentof . , + 397 spleen ©. - : . 108 Hernia (umbilical). 7 = 391 stomach °, a ta . 66 causes of . 5 ; - 391 tongue . . * » 54 Symptoms of . 7 + 3901 uterus, . . - 166 treatment of . : - 392 | Influenza. wl 8 . - 16 Hernia (uterine) . | + 137 causesof. . . . 4 symptoms of , +. 137 symptoms of . 7 - 17 . treatment of : - 138 treatment of . + 17, 18 Hernia (ventral) + + 393 | Internal parasites. . . 219, caseof: . ¥ . - 393 | Intestines, wormsin the . 76 symptoms of . + 393, 394! symptoms of . . - 96 treatment of . + 394, 396 | Intus-susception - . ‘i - 74 Husk . «so. 4s 6 * character of ra 7 Hydrargyria. =. =.) . 210 intestines involved. . 76 -Hydrocephalus . . . ay terminationof. . . 4% causes of . . s . 277 cases of . - - 98 symptoms of . + 2 277 ‘autopsies. «ww 98 treatment of . + 277, 278 symptoms of . ‘ . 76 Hydrophobia (so called) ~. 240 treatment of .. A +76 Hydrophthalmia . . . 188 Inversion ofthe stomach . 68 causes of » ¢ -188 | Iritis «© . 2... 183 symptoms of . . » 188 causes of. . . + 183 treatmentof . . . 189 symptoms of +. 184 Hydrothorax. . . . 40 treatmentof . . 184 _ tappingin . .) . q2]iItch. . . . «4 . 200 Hydrophthalmia, congenital . 189 JAUNDICE . ‘ - OL Hysteria & Hydrophobia 242, 266 causesof. . . OI, 92 symptomsof . . . 92 ICTERUS. . ‘. . . oF terminations of - 92 Indigestion . . . . 6 associated with pregnancy 92 Indigestion, causes of . - 61 treatment of . 92, 93 symptoms of . - - 61 dietin . soe + 93 treatment of . - 61, 62 Jaundice, Weber, M., his paper diet . : - ‘ . 62 _-on Jaundice . 94, 100 Inflammation of bladder . 113 Trasbot, ditto, translated ' -bone.. + 344 by Fleming . 100, 103 bowels. : 5 - 79 | KENNEL arrangement 9, 10, 11 brain ‘ . : + 279 construction of + 10, II bronchial tubes. + 20]. cleansing of . - . Io claws 3 ‘ 3 + 409 | Kennel-lameness (see ‘‘ Rheu- ear ‘ , + 190, 192 matism”’) € “ . eye. . . . . 180 | Kidney, inflammation of the. 109 feet. . . «. «408 kidney . . + «109 | LacrEaL Tumours. . 176 Jarynx . : si - 18 Laryngitis (acute) . . - 18 liver . : 3 . 89 predisposing causes of . 18 432 PAGE Laryngitis, exciting causes of 18 symptoms of . , 18 treatment of . ‘ 18, 19 Laryngitis (chronic) . . 19 symptoms of . a . 19 treatment of 19, 20 Larynx, inflammation of the. 18 Legs, crooked. se cad - 342 causesof. . « « 342 Leukemia —. i F « 332 nature of. « 332 diseases associated with . 332 cases recorded Cinnprenz/333 Lice 2 . 3 haw Hatéhedl ‘ ‘ . 218 treatmentfor. . . 218 Lips, warts on the . . . 216 Lithotomy : . . + 402 caseof . + 402, 404. Liver, diseases of the 8 Liver, fatty degeneration of the. e s r - 103 symptoms of . + 4 103 treatment of . . 103, 104 post - mortem examina- tion 4 - 104 Liver, inflammation of the . 89 Liver and spleen, diseases of ~ the. 2 89 cancerous deposit in” the a0 vs . 106, 295 post - mortem examina- tions ° ar +106, 295 Lungs, inflammation of the . 42 Lumbago (see “ Rheuma- tism’) —. ~ « 338, 339 MAMMARY gland, alsts of the. - 175 Mammitis (acute) . ° » I9s causes of . . ‘ » 175 symptoms of . . - 175 treatment of - 175, 176 Mammitis (chronic) . - 176 causes of. s . 76 symptomsof . ‘ - 176 treatment of . : - 176 Management, general . oh Mange (follicular). . . 204 cause of . : . - 204 symptoms of . treatment of 205, 206, 207 - 205° Index. PAGE Mange (Sarcoptic . s « 200 iseases re to . 200 causeof . Ne » 200 symptoms of .. . 201 treatment of | 202, 203, 204 Marasmus . eo wi - 336 causes of . 5 . 336 symptoms of . . ~—. 336 treatment of . - - 336 Measles . s ‘ ‘ - 356 case of i a - 356 symptoms of . ‘ - 356 Measles, parasitic . . . 236 symptoms of . 5 237, 238 Medicine, administration of methods of 12, 13 Medullary cancer . «» ' » 205 Melanosis x - 4 s 2 293 Meningitis > 279 disease usually associate with . é - 279 symptoms of . ‘ - 279 treatment of . 279 case of (Leblanc)279, 280, 281 symptoms of . . 280 post-mortem examination 281 case of (Gowing) . 281° symptoms of . . 281, 282 treatment of . 282 post- “mortem examination 282, 283 Mental emotion, effects of on canine lactation 164, 165 Metritis . A a ¥ . 134 Milk fever ‘ . . 166 Mouth-canker of the s - 53 diseases of the. f 48 Mouth and Tongue, diseases ofthe . . . . 48 NEPHRITIS . F ‘ . 109 causes of . s fs 109 symptoms of .. - 109 treatment of . 109, IIo Nervous system, aia of the239 Neuralgia - 286 symptoms. of . . 286, 287 treatment of < . 287 Nose, polypus ‘in the s - 46 Nostomania : 3 ~ 255 causes of . f < . 286 treatment of . . 285, 286 Index. PAGE ‘ursing . 3 AB good, necessity ‘of, insick- ~~ ness. 13, 14, 285 ‘ursing, in medical treatment 13, 14 'BESITY Se. Se 387 causes of . . 2 - 337 treatment of . 7; 338 ’bstruction of the bowels a ee Esophagotomy . ©. 401 how performed . 401 after treatment 2 . 401) Estrum . Fi . 141 time of appearance. . I41 signs of . : . 141 treatment during i . 142 Yperations .., ‘ & gxe 370) )phthalmia .. . . 180 causes of . - . 180 symptoms of . 180, 181 treatment of . . 181 )phthalmia, chronic, or con- stitutional . . 181 symptoms of ‘ « 18n, 182 treatment of 182 Jsteoid cancer . 295 Dstitis 344 causes of . 5 - . 344 symptoms of . - + 345 treatment of . 345 varies, fatty degeneration of the 2 . 140 Dvergrowth of claws 409 Dzena + 3 5 : . 46 causes of . _ ‘i . 46 symptomsof . . - 46 treatment of . 46, 47 PARALYSIS . . 272 causes of . 272 liseases ‘connected “with =. . 273 symptoms of . ‘ 0 273 treatment of . 273, 274, 275 of the bladder . = * a B27 of the tongue . ‘i - 56 Parasites (external) . 200 Parasites (internal) _. - 219 Ascaris marginata 220, 221,222 Bothriocephaluslatus . 233 B. cordatus . 233 B. dubius . * 233 FF 433 PAGE Parasites, B. fuscus . + 233 B.reticulatus.. . » 233 Cysticercus _ cellulosus ‘ 236, 237, 238 Cysticercus Piciformis . 238 Cysticercus tenuicollis . 230 Distoma conjunctum . 220 Dochmius trigonocepha- lus ‘ . - 225 Echinococcus veterinorum230 Estrongylus gigas . . 224 Filaria haematica . . 225 Filaria hepatica « 225 Filaria, immitis 223 Parasites, Filaria trispinulosa Heematozoon subulatum. 225 Holostoma alatum . 220 Maw worms . + 234 Pentastoma tamoides - 35, 36, 37, 234 Spiroptera. sanguhinlente 224, 225, Strongylus canis bron- .~ chialiss . ¢ .. «sea Tzenia ccenurus #5227 Teenia cucumerina . . 226 Tzenia echinococcus . 230 Tenia marginata . 229 Tenia serrata. 4 233 Trichina spiralis . 225 Tricocephalus depressius- culus : 7 - 225 Trichosoma plica : . 225 Parturient apoplexy. . 166 Parturient eclampsia . 167 Parturition 145 symptoms of ‘approach- _ing labour . 146 assistance, when needed 147 warm bath, value of » 147, uterine stimulants . . 148 management after partu- tition . 148 Parturition, diseases immedi- ately connected with . 146 Parturition, unnatural 148 means used to deliver in = 158 Penis, warts on the 130 causes of . . . 130 treatment of . 130 Pericarditis. - . + + 365 causes of . - 365 434 ; PAGE Pericarditis, symptoms of . 365 treatment of . . - 365 dietin . . . + 365 Peritonitis ae ‘ . 82 cause of . 5 . & symptoms of . . 82, 83 post- -mortem. appearances 83 treatment of . . 83, 84 terminations of at cress 84 Peritonitis (chronic) . . 84 symptoms of . é . 84 chronic, post-mortem ap- ; pearances . as - 84 treatment of , 3 . 84 Periostitis i : - 345 causesof. . «345 symptoms of . » 345 mistaken for rabies . + 345 treatment ot. 345 Pharyngitis , 5 5 - 57 causes of . 3 - 57 symptoms of . a - 57 terminationsof: . - 57 - treatment of . z « 57 Pharyngitis, abscess i in - 57, 58 treatmentof . . 58 Pharyngitis stricture in. - 58 Pharyngitis, treatment of . ‘stricturein . - 58 Pharynx, inflammation of a, BZ Piles fs : nee ae nature of. 3 - 84 causesof. . . . symptomsof . . . 85 treatment of . . 85, 86 Pills, how to administer. 12, 13 Plethora ‘ + 336 dogs most liableto. | 336 associated with fits . - 337 symptoms of . é - 337 treatment of . . - 337 Pleurisy (acute) . + 39 predisposing causes of . 39 exciting causes of . - 39 symptomsof . . terminations of - - 40 post-mortemexamination 40 treatment of . 40, 41, 42 ventilation, necessity of,in 41 Pleurisy aii By . ‘ - 42 symptoms of i - 42 treatment of . 3 . 42 Index. PAG Pleuro-pneumonia. . - 3 Pneumonia . + 4 predisposing causes of . 4 exciting causes of . - 4 symptoms of . - 43, 4 treatment of - 4 regenerative neees in. 4 Polypus, aural . "195-19 nasal % z . 4 vaginal . ‘ * s 13 Prolapsus ani. 3 3 . 8 Puppies, feeding of . ae RABIES + « 23) etymology of | - 240, 24 parliamentary enquiry . 24 nature of , a : . 24 causes of . - . 241-24) spontaneity . . 241, 24 incubation,period of 246, 247, a duration of . s ymptoms of (furious) 250-25, itto (dumb) -. « 25, maternalaffectionin . 25, post-mortem appearances in 256-26: innocuousness ‘ofthe milk in , - 262, 263, 26, . treatment of 264-26, preventive measures . 26. ' Rabies, epileptic, a false alle-. gation , . . » 261 Rachitis . é . « 34 Removal ofdew-claws . « 4 Renal calculi . * : Ii ae iratory Oneang, diseases the ‘ . . 2 Retention of urine. * . 12 Rheumatism (acute) . - 33 descriptions of. . + 33 causesof. . . . 33 forms of . . ; + 33 symptoms of . - 339, 34 treatment of . + 340, 34 Rheumatism (chronic) . + 34 symptoms of - 34 treatment of ‘i + 34 Ribs, fracture of <= a BF Rickets . . : i + 34 causes of . ‘ 3 + 34 symptoms of 342, 34 Lnaex. PAGE Rickets, treatment of . - 344 Ringworm. 211 vegetable parasite due to 211 causes of . . . . 212 symptoms of . . 212 incubation, period of | 212 treatment of - - 212, 213 Ringworm (Honeycomb) . 213 vegetable parasite due to 213 causes of . . ‘ 213 _ symptomsof .. . 213, 214. i treatment-of . . . 215 Rounding A « 412 when necessary . « 412 _: how performed 3 412 ’ Russian bath, perenne of rabies. - 265 Rye, ergot of, use in parturi- -. - tion . . ‘ . 148 SALIVATION . . . - 58 causes of. 3 : - 58 symptoms of . - 58, 59 treatment of . 7 59, 60 Sarcoptes canis. ; 201 Scalds .. , : - 390 treatment of . : - 391 Scapula, fracture of . « 373 Scirrhous cancer’ . 5 - 295 Scrofula . s 2 ‘ - 346 causes of . ‘ . - 346 symptoms of . - 346, 347 treatment of - 347, 348 case of (Gowing) . - 348 post-mortem 3 - 349 Scrotal irritation . - 130 Scrotal irritation, causes of . 130 symptoms of . . 130, 131 treatment of . ‘ . 131 Scurfyears . - - 199 Septikemia puerperalis’ . 172 causes of . 3 ~ . 172 symptoms of . . . 172 post-mortem cation 172, 173 treatment of - - 173, 174 asa JAtohe dislocation . : « 381 Skin, Hiecases. ofthe . + 200 _ Skull, fracture of . é - 375 Small-pox . ‘ ‘ - 352 symptoms of . 353, 354, 355 435 ta PAGE Small-Pox, sanitary measures 356 curative measures . » 356 Soft corns. ed rae + 409 treatment of » 409 Sore feet ‘ é % . 408 Spaying . ‘i 414 inhumanity and useless- ness of . ‘i . » 414 methods of | 414 reasons why’ not * indi- cated . 7 « 1 414 results. « 414 Spirits, use of, medicinally « 6 Spleen, diseases of the . . 89 inflammation of the . 108 Splenitis. . - 108 in connection with other diseases ‘ . - 108 symptoms of . . « 108 treatment of . < - 108 Sprains . - 389 symptoms of . ‘ - 390 treatment of . + 390 Stomach, calculi in the. + 70 ‘character of . ~~ Fo treatinent of . : - 70 diseases of the : . 61 foreign bodiesinthe . 70 associated with rabies . 70 | causes of . + 70 Stomach, inflammation of the Stomach, inversion of the . 68 case of . 5 - «+ 68 symptomsof . . . 69 autopsy . . 69, Stomach, worms inthe. 63 symptoms of . e species of worm . treatment of . . - 64 Stone in the bladder . St. Vitus’s dance... Swelling oftheears . TAILING. p : . 412 age when done. . . 412 method of . . 412 Tape-worm . + + 225 ‘Tapping the chest. e - 42 Tartar,ontheteeth . . 52 prejudicial to health . 55 treatment of . . 52, 32 436 Teeth, decayed . . ‘ cause of disease 7 associated with feeding . extraction of . : heemorrhage from 52 treatment of 52 Testicles, enlarged : 131 symptoms of . 131 causes of . ‘ 5 131 treatment of 132 Tetanus . ee 357 nature of . ‘ : 357 causes of . é é 357 symptoms of . ‘ 357 cause of death 358 post- mortemappearances 358 treatment of . =. 358, 359 diet in . ‘ , - 359 Ticks . ‘5 5 . 218 treatment for . . 218 Tongue, affections of the . 54 paralysis of the » 56 causes of , 3 ‘ . 56 symptoms of .. . 56 treatment of . a) 56557 worming... ao AS TUMOURS a - 3 . 290 Calcareous . : : 292 situations of . ‘ . 292 treatment of . » 292, 293 Fatty . - op 1 58 290 situations of . . 291 character of . F 291 diagnosis . ; 3 291 treatment of . 291 Fibro-cystic. . 291 situations of . 292 treatment of . . 292 Fibrous ~ & * ~ @OL causes of . 4 1 . 291 situationsof . . . 291 diagnosis. . +, 291 . treatment . « 291 Tumours—Lacteal. . 176° causes of . . : . 176 symptoms of .. . 176 treatmentof . . - 177 Melanotic . j . + 293 symptomsof . ._ . 293 post-mortem examina- ‘tion ‘ + 294 treatment of : : i Lndex. PAGE 51 52 52 PAGE Osseous + 6+ «© . 293 situations of . . . 293 - treatment of : ‘ . 293 Rectal . é . 84 symptoms of | ‘3 . 85 treatment of . 85, 86 Turnside . j 7 . 278 causes of . - 278 symptoms of (Youatt) . 278 post-mortem examination - 278, 279 Turkish Bath . , - 265 ULCERS on the tongue . 55 causesof. . * « $5 __ treatmentof . 5 a 55 Umbilical hernia . - 391 Urethra, worm in the . . 127 Urethral calculi . 110, 125, 405 Urinary organs, diseases of the1og Urine, retention of the . «» 125 causes of . 3 . 125 symptoms of ae 126 treatment of . 126. 127 Séon, M., records a since’ lar case of 127 Uteris, inflammation of ‘the * 134 causes of . 5 + 134 symptoms of + 134, 135 treatment of - 135 < Uterus, zzversion of the - 136 causes of é - 136 symptoms of - 136 treatment of i « 136 Uterus, wdceration of the - 136 causes of . é * we 137 symptoms of a . 137 treatment of . "i - 137 Uterus, hernza of ae z - 137 symptoms of . - 137, 138 treatment of . 7 - 138 Uterus, dvopsy of the » 139 causesof . . - - 139 symptoms of . . - 139 caseof . . . + 139 Je VACCINATION. . . - 435 why adopted . . ° . 415 where peiennza = 415 Vagina, inversion of the . 132 causes of . eo - -¥ « 132 symptoms of - 132 Vagina, treatment of ‘ Vagina, polypus in the . symptoms of treatment of Vaginotomy. Variolae caning Vermifuges . Yertigo symptoms of causes of . treatment of Vomiting _ susceptibility to, in dogs indication of character of treatment of WARTS growth of Index. 437 PAGE » 133 - 134 » 134 : » 134 * 133, ; + 352 + 235, : . 270 406 236 . 270 - 270 situations favourable to Warts, character of . . 216 treatment of . . 216, 217 Washing. . . i oe 28 frequency of . . . 8 method of... : . 8 Water, allowance of . . 6 Wine, use of medicinally . 6 Worming ‘ ‘ - 413 | what it consists in. . 413- ignorant ideas concerning 413 Worm expellants . - » 235 Worms in the intestines . 76 in the stomach é . 62 Wounds . ‘ « 384 descriptions of. - 384, methods of healing _. 385 treatment of . + 385-389 YELLOWS, the ¥ + 91, 317