pane rt
ete niet iy
terete
demtnaren ware
tases
pari y
rare RAF
fh wiss net
|
¢ aaah
tte ett
i
pr pain,
ornArcme ty
penn ar Rr cet
Mice ustitecetel mre):
cee
=
aa
no
a, bebe. te
aeration
Dane
Curhet raat purtrcraper
deere iTTNetta Hepple ete
eae nets Ammer tay”
erat
Dhol yttteeteties
had
' nie
Mew Pork
State College of Agriculture
At Cornell Anibversity
Sthaca, $2. D.
Librarp
Cornell University Library
' § 451.M6R7
i nd the develo
31924 001 043 532 am
{ ee aes
Che University of Minnesota
STUDIES IN THE SOCIAL SCIENCES NUMBER 3
EARLY ECONOMIC CONDITIONS
AND THE DEVELOPMENT OF AGRICULTURE
IN MINNESOTA
BY
EDWARD VAN DYKE ROBINSON, Ph.D.
Professor of Economics in the University of Minnesota
MINNEAPOLIS
Bulletin of the University of Minnesota
March 1915
CopyriGHt, 1915
Tue UNIVERSITY OF MINNESOTA
CONTENTS
Cuaprer I. Physical Features and Climate................ 3-26
Physieal features: saisscoccaces asdecessnsi used asaiere, id wa tora nenguan dele wnat 3-11
Area, dimensions, and location of Minnesota......... 3
Minnesota the center of North America, sources
of the Mississippi, St. Lawrence, and Nelson 3-4
Effect of location upon economic development.. 3
Underlying geological formations and glaciation..... 3-8
Extent of former glaciation in North America.... 3
The driftless area in southeastern Minnesota..... 6
Glacial soils of Minnesota......... 0.0... ccceeeeeee 7
Uplands and lowlands .............. 0. cece cece ee eeee 8
Topography before glaciation 8
Present topography ...........cc cee eec ce cceeeeas 8
5
Bee we eee we meme neces
EleVatiON: MAP: 56 wieiesce cae etieeid avon dae sewers one
Soil provinces of Minnesota as determined by glacia-
HON, sane te cavers rains dataen eave ainoeasercvecbuanoueinvere cco 8-10
As fadicated by forest COVEr...... cee cece eee eens 9, 10
The five geographical provinces of Minnesota........ 10- 11
(1) The driftléss area... eck neee as cee seuceeess 10
(2) Drift-covered prairie and deciduous forest zone
outside the bed of Lake Agassiz............ 10
(3) The bed of glacial Lake Agassiz............. 10
Map of Lake Agassiz ................00000- 8
(4) Former bed of Lake Superior................. 10
(5) The coniferous zone 10... cc eee cece ce ene 10-11
Forest reserves, state and national......... 11
The climate of Minnesota.......... ccc cece eee e ence cece 11-26
TREMIDETACULE iz ase sud aiy oataye snes oeeg araeieretarane: Daeratinereieeuirgdiseea 11-19
Extremes of temperature ...........cccceeeaeeaes 11, 18
As affected by areas of high and low pressure.. 18
Mean annual temperature, 1886-1912.............. 18
Mean annual temperatures by regions............. 18
Mean seasonal temperatures by regions........... 19
Mean monthly temperatures, for State............ 19
Length of growing SeaSOn....... cece cece ee eee e ences 19, 20
Late spring and early autumn frosts.............. 19
Average length of growing season by regions...... 19
Variations in length of growing season, 1898-1912.. 20
Précipitation 2cccavcssoc towns sews caw eoeneneea deans 19-26
Annual precipitation in Minnesota, 1886-1912..... 19
Annual evaporation in the United States.......... 19
Average precipitation in Minnesota by months..... 19
Annual precipitation by regions.............ceeeee 19
Seasonal precipitation by regions..............04. 26
Cuapter II. Early Travel, Trade, and Transportation...... 27-38
Exploration and the fur trade........... cee cece eee eee 27-28
The. Frénch: period: sscscunuacienasetassawnonweenceiney eit 27
The English period .sxscsas avwne se ones caalne aeweased
The fur trade under the American régime............ 27-28
American explorers and missionaries.............. 28
Early transportation Dy water..........ccce cece ecee eres 28-32
Early canoe routes: cx iccssccacee sic pew cmice dense gauss 28-29
Between the Mississippi and the Red River...... 28-29
Between the Mississippi and the Rainy River..... 28-29
Between the Mississippi and Lake Superior ...... 28-29
Between Lake Superior and Lake Winnipeg...... 28-29
Access to Minnesota from without through the devel-
opment of canal and lake navigation............ 29-30
Development of steam navigation in Minnesota...... 30-32
On the upper Mississippi .............ceeeeeeeeee 30-31
Steamboat landings at St. Paul, 1823- 1874...... 30-31
Steam navigation above St. Anthony Sa atinehanccraiiets 31
On the Minnesota River ..........ccececeseoeee 31
On the Red River ........... cc cee ee ec een et enenes 31
Early transportation by land.......... cece cece eee eens 32-38
Pnidian trails: -aciws snr 0 casvesiane ase ees ares an Meeains aS 32
The sledge and the Red River cart..........seseeees 32-34
Red River carts arriving in St. Paul............-. 32-34
- Early wagon roads .... ccc se cee eee e cect seeeentenes 33-35
U. S. military roads in Minnesota............-.565 33, 35
Operation of stage lines ........... ep tereeneenes 35
Outlets by trail and road from the Mississippi valley.. 35
Outlets by rail from the Mississippi valley............ 35-36
Early railroads in Minnesota.........+0.eeeeeeeeenee 36-38
Progress of construction...........0ssseeseeeeeee 36
Railroads in operation, 1869 and 1879...........+ Ae 37
Cuapter III. Settlement, and Development of Pioneer Agri-
culture, 1838-1860 ......... MivichiaGeeabaae omen Da aH Ener nals 39-56
From the cession of 1838 to the census of 1850.......... 39-41
Indian cessions in Minnesota, with map.............. 39
Beginnings of the lumber industry ... 39-40
The settlement of Minnesota........... 0.00. eee cece 40
Population within the prcrent state according to
the census of 1840.......... ccc cece cee eee 40
Beginnings of agriculture in Minnesota.............. 40
Farming about the trading posts..............0006 40
The Selkirk refugees 1... 0... ccc cece ce teen ees 40
The first American farmers .........ccccececseues 41
Organization of the Territory of Minnesota, and the
territorial census, 1849 ........ ccc c cece eee 41
Population according to the census of 1849........ 41
The federal census of 1850.......... ce cece eceeevcuccceus 41-43
Population. s+ swewex carne wnarcce pnts Bena. tie Were ocaie ave ose 41-42
Agricultural statistics .......... cc cece eee cece ences 41-43
Relative importance of the various crops in 1849.. 43
Hirst eristmills c.vseursw'coila saute ves aasaiiteenwecaures os 43
Progress of settlement, 1850-1860.............c0cce uence 43-45
Development of agriculture, 1850-1857.............046 43-44
Treaty of Traverse des Sioux and settlement of
south central Minnesota .............+2+00>
Increase of population, 1850-1857...............0000-
Importation of foodstuffs ................ :
Minnesota becomes self-supporting, 1858....
Beginnings of export of farm products
First merchant gristmills and exports of flour..... 45
Minnesota at the census of 1860............. ccc cee eenee 45-56
Distribution of population ..............ce cere eevee 45-55
Changes since 1850, reflecting the economic revolu-
tion from fur-trading to agriculture......... 45
Rural population in 1860 ............ cece cece eee 46
Country population in 1860............ 0... c cece ee 47
Distribution of farm products by regions............ 55
Relative importance of the several field crops........ 55-56
Manufactures, by industries ............... shiiitent canes 56
Changes in agriculture, 1850-1860 ........ ccc cece cece eee 56
Relation of population to land...............e cece eee 56
CuHapter IV. Period of Specialized Wheat Farming, 1860-
A880 sree euctinig doview ale edladee damien caine ides Miia ed 57-106
Extension of wheat growing—the change from self-suffic-
ing agriculture to farming for the market.......... 57-79
First culmination of wheat growing..............00. 57-61
The course of wheat prices prior to 1860.......... 57-59
At Madison, Wisconsin ..............00eeeeeee 57
At St. Paul and Minneapolis.................65 59
ASI CHICA RO) sero eislave wats ce crnaidarn a inceseneneguls aehrerecs 59
Wheat during the 1860 crop season .............. 59-60
Comparative yields of the several bushel crops.. 59
Heavy increase in exports of wheat and flour... 59-60
Consequent congestion of water routes..... 60
Introduction of harvesting machinery............. 60
First culmination of wheat growing, 1867.......... 60-61
Tnamediate: Causes! sence 2s ne cisawhunewsednewcre 60-61
Influx of new settlers ........... cece wees 60
High yields per acre, 1860- SE Siccoucd bins dope 60-61
Course of wheat prices during and after the
Civil Wal? cicos waqvec swam ae staieeleds 61
Temporary relative decline of wheat after 1867.... 61-62
Slight reaction toward more varied crop system 61
Development of stock husbandry, 1860-1869.... 62
Minnesota at the census of 1870..............00 eee 62-73
Population according to the census of 1870........ 62
Increase, 1860=1870 sicwcsiseed secde ne eee sereetaes 62
Country population still largely confined to the
hardwood ZONE ...... cc ece cece seeccees 62
Agriculture according to the census of 1870....... : 62-73
Distribution of field crops and of value of
PIOdUCS siiecsscse news nose wseTanemees 62-73
Summary of development, 1860-1870........... 73
Rapid increase in wheat ..............00005 73
Significant increase in milch cows and butter 73
First cheese factories ........ ccc cece eee eee 73
iv CONTENTS
First movement toward mixed farming, late sixties
and early seventies........ 0... .cccccecesececes 75-76
Relative decline of wheat..............cccccceaee 75-76
As caused by sagging wheat prices............ 75
As caused by weather conditions and insect at-
tacks, 185921879 siete aces as tants tress foctccees 75-76
Second culmination of wheat growing............... 76-78
Return to mixed farming in early seventies offset
by causes tending to increased specialization
IN WIE ate 6 iieiwra wets was pee Sessa Stach acca one ake 76-78
New railroad connections 76
Lack of capital, necessitating recourse to money
CROPS xaos euantaigae cn aes ane tr a 76
Cheap prairie land and automatic agricultural
ANAC INET yo “oer Sod aie Srcradgnel seated ws .g. ee is wate es 76
Weather conditions and insects unfavorable to
Mixed farming assures ck eankees oe k LES 76-77
Effect of new milling processes..............45 77-78
The middlings purifier...................00- 77
Phe roller Mowe Mill sj o6 6 4 ww seve iacesepacs eee ye scorceaes 77-78
Second culmination of wheat growing, 1874....... 78
Second reaction against wheat growing.............. 78-79
CAUSES: cane c oul bcc takin et amare Sandee ois a eho neeronts 78
1877 the lowest point in the second decline of wheat
PLOWING. ec cicon. ose oa citamine nee ewaes teees 78
First indications of diversified agriculture in the
older Counties: cae ss ageiss Hess dee ore Tee 79
Rising importance of hay, flax, minor crops, and
StOCks far MING a. joins jck.sscie jects sv heveve asa epcetie 8 79
Third and final culmination of wheat growing, 1878... 79
Diversification in the later seventies.............00.000¢ 80-83
Increase of stock farming............. ccc cece ee eeees 80-83
Shelter provided by tree planting under the Timber
Culture Act aiaseeis canes Ber vaaycieaaents 80
Increase of sheep and wool after 1871.....,....... 80
Development of dairying ............ cece cece eee 80-83
As indicated by state and federal statistics..... 80-81
Progress of cheese factories .............-000- 81
Beginnings of butter factories ................. 81-83
Regional distribution of cheese and butter fac-
COFleS: -ws2. nace dene cada sewed eee as Vans
Minnesota at the census of 1880.............. cece ee eeee
Distribution of population in 1880............
Distribution of improved land in 1880
Pe of agriculture according to the census of
Osteen sd racavtere pinvelasd a bina avearer ti ao e-tieue's Srvado vieanaaters 83-84
Relation of population and farm products, 1870-1880.... 84-102
Beginnings of the rush to the city................6. 84
Rapid increase in improved land...............00005 84
Greater efficiency of farming, due to machinery...... 84
Striking increase in minor products—clover, grass
seed, fruit, tobacco, and sorghum..............
Increase in live stock and animal products per capita
of the country population ..............0 ee eeee 84, 102
Farm values failed to increase as fast as values of
FAFM. PLOGUCtS: cages sogcee udev hovesiee eee ones 102
Over-production of farm products and downward
trend: Of ‘prices wiasnmaeiauge eodaedie oa wees ioe 102
Agricultural depression during the seventies in Min-
nesota coincident with that in other western
SEACCS ai siacaudoas inlor eg dusuaresn 2 Sled Salenans Glaiecauaeoa.aiarede 102
Analysis of progress of agriculture, 1860-1870........... 102-104
Comparison of currency and gold values............ 103-104
Analysis of progress of agriculture, 1870-1880............ 104-106
Comparison of currency and gold values.............. 106
CuHaptTer V. Development of Diversified Farming, 1880-1900. . 107-172
The decade 1880-1890 ............. pai We ei eto d 107-136
The rush to the cities and the milling industry........ 107
Development of flour milling in Minnesota, 1860-1890... 107
Reaction against wheat farming..................0005 107-111
Weather conditions, 1880-1890 ................005 107
Average crop yields, 1880-1890 .................04- 108
Generous yield of wheat ............0.. eee eee 108
Corn suffered from bad weather and its spread
Was retarded: oo sci xe fok ae Sesnmeaw tae 108
Price fluctuations, 1880-1890............ 0... eeee 108
Low prices during the eighties the chief cause
of the reaction against wheat farming.... 108
Areas in crops, 1880-1890 .............seseeeceeee 109
Absolute decrease in acreage of wheat......... 109
Altho land under tillage increased one third 109
Increase in acreage of flaxseed and hay......... 109
Increasing importance of potatoes............ 109-111
Export shipments ............. cece ee eeeee
Growth of the animal industries, 1880-1890............ 111-113
Increase in live stock ......... decent eee snes eens 111
Dairy cows and swine especially increased..... 111
Advance of the dairy industry........s+eseeeee ... 111-113
Government aid—establishment of the School of
Agriculture, State Dairy Commissioner,
and Agricultural Experiment Station..... 113
Distribution of creameries and cheese factories
DY TEIONS ces va diedecewbled vas, digyaesgiane es 112, 113
Butter factories increased more rapidly than
cheese factories ........ cece eee eeeeeeee 13
Competition between cheese and butter..... 113
Dairy industry retarded by competition of oleo-
margarine and filled cheese...........+.. 113
Minnesota at the census of 1890...........eceeeeeeeee 113-114
Population according to the census of 1890........ 113
Distribution of rural and country population.... 113
Decline of country population in thirteen of the
Older COUNTIES aie cides noes Ges eee Wagers 113
Agriculture according to the census of 1890....... 114
Distribution of crops, acreage and production.. 114
Distribution of the dairy industry in 1890...... 114
Distribution of improved land and value of prod-
WOES ccgs wacdeaa rs dausne arrdied ae neGond aadee 239 114
Summary of agricultural development, 1880-1890...... 114-136
Changes in number of farms and area improved... 114
Increasing size of farms ............seee eee oe 114
Increasing acreage of improved land per capita
of country population .............0000- 114
Changes in principal cropS ..........eeeeceeeeeee 114
Relative decline of wheat ...........c sce eee ees 114
Changes in the animal industries.............+... 114, 134
Decline in the sheep industry ...............065 134
Rapid increase in dairy products, eggs, and
HONEY: \sscdapnd pew ead esas <a deaewews Ber 134
Changes in farm sizes and values, with especial
reference to the thirteen counties losing in
country population ............ cece cece eee 134-136
Increase in average size of farm............... 134
Associated with declining population and
number of farms in the thirteen coun-
NOS: se suacteishae sings are eanaenl ac aie Ba ope wae 134
As in decade 1870-1880, value of farms increased
more rapidly than value of farm prod-
TICES: ae isvaners theres Marea buimea sales o-08 Fergie 134-136
Decline in value of products per acre of im-
proved: land «oc sss sae vane x eed acieees 134-135
Increase in value of farms per acre and in per
cent of farm land improved........... 134-135
Possible explanations ..............0ceeeees 136
Decline in the current interest rate....... 136
Increase in ratio of net to gross farm in-
COME cha etindec ee sine ceseaces savne an 136
The decade 1890-1900............ ccc cece cece cece ceeeee 136-164
Temporary reaction to wheat farming............... 136-138
Weather conditions and crop yields, 1890-1900.... 136
Ravages of the chinch-bug ..................05 136
Wheat prices, 1890-1900 ............. ccc cece cease 136
Last culmination of wheat culture, 1899............ 137-138
Encouraged by high prices and favorable yields
in latter part of decade ................. 137-138
Not a return to wheat farming in the older
COUNTIES: i. da ds wae os Qaesd So 64s a69 busca 138
Rather an extension of tillage over new lands 138
Changes in the animal industries, 1890-1900........... -138
Improvement of beef cattle ............. ccc cece 138
The dairy industry ............. cc cc cceee ec eeeeee 138
Transfer from farm to factory...........e0ee. 138
Introduction of the separator, the Babcock
test, and refrigeration ............... 138
Establishment of first codperative creameries 138
Decline of cheese-making ...................0% 138
Nationality as affecting localization of the dairy
MINGUS PY i) 5 2-1 orca ethos ay. gin vw aeiget ene eeareuns 138
Danes in butter-making ................00. 138
; Swiss and French in cheese-making......... 138
Minnesota at the census of 1900..................005, 138-142
Distribution of crops according to the census of
bp gh 900 cs vores sis fish G:tid Sees Sicranins A iaratesear dba 138-141
Distribution of the dairy industry................. 141
Distribution of improved land..........0..0cccuee 141
Distribution of value of products.............00... 141
Distribution of population in 1900................ 141-142
Sparseness of settlement in the coniferous
TE QO s picaces deviate canara aan Matew Baa ee cu gon 142
Decrease of country population in eight counties
of southern Minnesota .................. 142
Only explicable in part by new incorpora-
HONS wise hate aches becaouw sade hace = 142
Possibly associated with backwardness in
taking up dairying ................... 142
CONTENTS Vv
Summary of agricultural development, 1890-1900...... 142-164
More rapid increase in town than in country popu-
TALIOT occa: guns saad eseGled eens are ess eee ha 142
Changes in number of farms and area improved.. 142
Increase in average size of farm................ 142
Changes in principal crops ..........cceecceeeees 142, 163
Temporary increase in importance of wheat.... 142
Increased output per man ..........ceececeeee 163
Caused by use of more machinery and capi-
tal per unit of labor.................. 163
Changes in live stock and animal products........ 163
Increased more rapidly than country popula-
CON: aks Saray 6 Ge RR Arn K OS eh a co eeeee ahi 3 163
Changes in farm values and value of products..... 163-164
Value of products increased faster than value of
farms, 1890-1900 .............. cc ccc aee 163-164
Opposite of the tendency from 1870-1890.... 163
Probable cause—the declining ratio of net to
gross returns with increasingly inten-
sive agriculture ..................00. 163-164
Analysis of the progress of agriculture, 1880-1890........ 164-167
Analysis of the progress of agriculture, 1890-1900........ 167-172
Cuapter VI. Recent Tendencies in Agriculture............ 173-234
Minnesota in the interval between the census of 1900 and
NOLO rca dches ah aiard dengan s ineodsh Mean oe e ween & meioerevos ~174
Weather and insects, 1900-1913....................4. 173
Defects of recent statistics ......... 0... cc ceee cece aes 173-174
“Minnesota Statistics” ended in 1898.............. 173
Federal census of agriculture decennial only...... 173
Acreage and production statistics of the U. S. De-
partment of Agriculture inaccurate.......... 173-174
Altho yields per acre are reliable.............. 174
Decline of wheat growing...........ccecceeeeee eevee 174
Yield and price of wheat, 1900-1912................ 174
Average yield in Minnesota, 1900-1909, 13
bushels © a0.c0% sone sive aise gees sia ge scanevn ee. was 174
Yield necessary for profit, 12 bushels....... 174
Rapid decline in acreage since 1909................ 174
Replaced by oats, corn, barley, rye, and culti-
vated’ Hay: g:ccssds che seaee sce ooH Rau es 174
Minnesota at the census of 1910 .......... 0... cc cee eee 174-207
Distribution of improved land ..............0 ee ee eee 174
Distribution of small grains ............ cece eee eee 174-175
Distribution of field peas and beans .............045 175-176
Distribution of corn ........ cece cece cee eee ees 176-177
Northward movement of the corn belt in Minne-
SO fae grey atk. Sic tls eased clots com ee oe eras 176-177
Factors favorable to northward extension...... 176
Concentration of rainfall in June and July.. 176
Average yield in Minnesota greater than in
many corn belt states ..............5. 176
Development of quick-maturing varieties... 176
Greater duration of summer sunshine in high
latitudes ................. pokvdueeesa stag las 176
Present northern limit of corn growing........ 176-177
Distribution of non-cereal field crops.............+.. 177
Northward migration of flaxseed................- 177
Specialized potato-growing districts ............. 177
Wild and cultivated hay ......... 0. cc cece eee eee 177
Tobacco, sorghum, and sugar beets............... 177
Maple sugar production in the “Big Woods”...... 177
Distribution of fruit and vegetable crops............. 177-178
Vegetables other than potatoes...............000- 177-178
Localization affected by establishment of can-
NING factories: 24 oc actenevesaws sean ss cee < 178
Small fruits concentrated in the southeastern quar-
ter-of the State ise sce cohen creas. h eee a ales 178
Orchard fruits and nuts ..........0. 0. ee esse eee ees 178
Distribution of stock raising.............+- seen eee 178-179
Horses Se eee nie Nannon ce Son CO resins me
COL Cattle gsc nene sus ae wale y We gee e eG ee Nea eee es
Sheep. exercimeycdecse th ev ieonialy xs Se vest woe ay 178-179
SSWAME soe 5 epi dus inde or tune Ben ato vestudan ebnae Wena OH SNS Gh 79
Distribution of the dairy industry..............ee eee 179-180
Daity? Cattle: c's nae cctoens eden) savant ie gas marie tec 179
The milk supply of.the Twin Cities and other towns 179
Distribution of creameries and cheese factories.... 179
Organization and product of cheese factories...... 179
Possible extension of the cheese industry......... 179-180
Distribution of poultry and bee industries............ 180
Distribution of value of farm products .............. 180
Distribution of value of farms ...... 0.000. ee eee eee 180
Distribution of population .............. Fe neemae ets 180
Continued decrease of country population......... 180
Summary of agricultural development, 1900-1910........ 208-223
Proportion of land used for agriculture.............. 208
Pressure on extensive margin not yet severe....... 208
Slowing up of agricultural extension................. 208
Settlement of unused lands proceeding slowly...... 208
Need of a state soil survey .............0.. cee 208
Changes in bushel crops, 1899-1909.................. 208-209
Decline in total acreage and production of wheat. ..208-209
Rising price per bushel increased total value.... 209
Increase acreage and production of corn, oats, bar-
leyand FYE hice cacodg unavac gins cence eawes vas 209
Changes in other crops, 1899-1909.............0..c00s 209-210
Hay and forage crops ..........cc cece cece ee eeeee 209
Spectacular increase in value of orchard fruits... .209-210
Decline in value of small fruits .................. 209-210
Changes in numbers of domestic animals............ 210-211
Censuses of 1900 and 1910 not strictly comparable.. 210
General increase of live stock.................05 210-211
Changes in animal products.............cceeceeeeseee 211-212
Animal products increased faster than animals.... 211
Rising prices a leading element in increased
WALL G Ks euinea iA egutas ayaniied ex thie ease a ine ae 211
Effect upon the dairy industry of introduction of
hand separators .......... cece eee ce cece eee 211-212
Rapid development of creamery butter-making.211-212
Lowering of grade of cream...............005- 212
Decline in the cheese industry ................ 212
Possibilities of the cheese industry.......... 212
Changes in values, 1900-1910.............0.......00- 212
Total value of farm products .................... 212
Decreased expenditure for fertilizers, increased ex-
penditure for labor ............ cc cece cece ee 212
Tools and machinery ........... 00... cc ec ee eens 212
Live stock on farms .......... 0.00 cc cece eee e ewes 214
Tremendous increase in value of farm land and
butldines: cele sates oategetind alkene « kao nee seek ae 214
Value of farms outstripped value of farm products,
VOOO-I91O: ge bse-siaies fe sadon os wracia aiarnua o 0'4.norn eb aimee Hees 214
Cause not a lower rate of interest but rather:
(1) Greater technical efficiency ............... 214
(2) More intensive farming................... 214
(3) Higher prices for farm products............ 214
(4) Higher ratio of net to gross earnings....... 214
Comparison of relation of value of products to
value of farms in decade 1900-1910 with that
in previous decades ............00cc cee eeeee 214-215
The new status of agriculture ................... 214-215
Exhaustion of the supply of new land.......... 214-215
Rising prices of land .............. ccc ce eee 215
Tendency to produce tenant farmers........... 215
Changes in the country population and the size of
FE TTTS): isacaisasteaevens:seesaoootiegaserbeawesen 8 GAH ROOMS dk lees 215-216
Decline in country population ..................5. 215-216
Throughout central and southern Minnesota... 216
Causes sidilias mutdaiwa os Sek ee Mes HORS HERES S 216
Reduction in the number of inmates per
household ..............ccce eee eeuee 216
Higher death rate ..............0.cee eee 216
Lower birth rate .......... ccc ces e cence 216
Migration from country to city .......... 216
Reduction in number of households........ 216-218
Tendency toward larger farms means few-
Cf AATGISY sscssirs Sopa ece dosing o BS SALE 216-218
Changes in Minnesota, 1900-1910........ 216-218
Increase in size of farms ..............ce ee eeueuee 217-219
Type of farming in relation to size of farm..... 218
Changes in size of farms by classes ............ 219
Increasing size a wholesome tendency......... 219
Despite the city man’s cry for intensive farm-
ANG sees ox de esa Mave a amis Vl tgee eagle cose 219
Conflict of interests ........-.....000005 219-220
Relation of country population to land and
values, 1850-1910 ..................0.. 220
Changes in farm tenure and indebtedness............ 220-223
Increase of tenancy ......... cece ee cee nee eee 220-223
Tenancy most common in the older counties
where land is dearest ............-00000: 222-223
Increase of mortgaged farms ................5. 223
Social significance of increased tenancy........ 223
Analysis of progress of agriculture, 1900-1910........... 223-234
Analysis of returns for 1890 and 1910 on mortgage in-
CebtedHess! ~. ese sis assis vescssere eon ecaen ace siieie aoe eal gad ae 234
List of maps and diagrams in text ............ cc cece seus 237-239
List of statistical tables in text .......... 0c cece eee ete eee 239
List of statistical tables in appendix.............0.00.0000e 239
Bibliographical note ...0 cc ese cee eee aee eases cneeswenses 240-242
Appendix of statistical tables ........ 0... ccc cece eee eee 243-306
PREFACE
The original intention, in undertaking a study of the development of agriculture in Minnesota, was to prepare a statistical
atlas which should put into graphic form the most significant facts relating to such development. It was believed that an ex-
tended series of maps and graphs, showing the distribution as to place and time of the various agricultural industries would be
of use to those engaged in such industries, to teachers of agriculture, economic history, and economics, and to students in the
field of rural economics.
As the work advanced, however, its scope extended. It soon became clear that a mere presentation of the facts in graphic
form, without interpretation, would be of relatively limited advantage; and having once undertaken the task of interpretation,
it became necessary to seek explanations in many directions. In the first place, since all extractive industries are largely con-
trolled by physical environment, a preliminary survey of topography, soil, and climate was clearly indispensable. Fortunately
it proved possible through the courtesy of Mr. Frank Leverett, of the United States Geological Survey, Mr. U. G. Purssell, Director
of the Weather Bureau station at Minneapolis, and Mr. A. Walfred Johnston, Instructor in the Department of Geology and Geog-
raphy, University of Minnesota, to include new maps relating to the glacial soils, altitudes, and climate of Minnesota, which
record the latest available data in these several fields. Some of these will presumably interest many not directly concerned
with agriculture. Again, various economic developments were the result of historical causes, and an interpretation of these
presupposed a survey of the sources and routes of settlement and transportation, especially during the pre-railroad era.
Finally, when it came to agriculture itself, the census returns, separated by ten-year intervals, were found not to record a
number of interesting movements, which ran their course in less than a decade; and even when the facts were recorded in the
census, their explanation usually had to be sought elsewhere. As a result it was necessary to go through a great mass of con-
temporary publications and in numerous cases to interview or correspond with men who experienced the development which
this work seeks to explain. These sources are partially listed in the notes. This part of the work demanded much time and
has considerably delayed the publication. Even with assistance from all available sources, various problems remain but partial-
ly solved. In these cases it is hoped that the maps, graphs, and tables at least offer the laboratory material which may assist
other investigators to a final solution.
On this account and also because many of the statistics are scattered and not generally accessible, it has seemed worth
while to include in the appendix a somewhat extended series of tables from the census, the state statistics, and other sources.
One of the most difficult questions, not however of a statistical nature, concerned the maps of Minnesota. No mathe-
matically accurate maps of Minnesota as a whole, showing civil boundaries at different periods, appear ever to have been made,
nor are any likely to become available until the topographic survey of the State by the United States Geological Survey is
completed. This uncertainty is greatest in the matter of county boundaries, especially for the earlier decades. As a base map
was indispensable for each census period, a general base map of the State was prepared and on this the boundaries at each census
year were laid down according to the best contemporary maps, checked by reference to the state statutes and the census. In
this way it is hoped that approximate accuracy was attained, though it should be noted that no skilled map makers were avail-
able and mathematical precision was not thought necessary for the purpose in hand.
In some cases, moreover, the census and the state laws are apparently in flat contradiction as to the existence of certain
counties, while even the state statutes themselves are strangely inconsistent and contradictory. Thus in the map of 1860 (J. S.
Sewall and C. W. Iddings) Pipestone and Rock counties were transposed. This was owing to a mistake of the legislature in 1858
which was corrected in 1862 (Special Laws of Minn. 1862, chap. 30). Lac qui Parle County was originally north of the Minnesota
River, but this was subsequently included in Chippewa County (Laws of Minn. 1868, chap. 113, sec. 1). The census of 1870
however recognized both Chippewa and Lac qui Parle counties. Swift County was formed out of Chippewa (Laws of Minn.
1870, chap. 90) but the census reported it as formed from Lac qui Parle (Census 1890, Population, Pt. 1, p. 26). Traverse County
as established in 1868 overlapped Big Stone to the extent of several townships (Laws of Minn. 1868, chap. 109). The legislature
also made several attempts to establish a Lincoln County, apparently forgetting each time what it had done previously, before
the present Lincoln County was defined; and this gave rise to not a little confusion.
In connection with this investigation relating to agriculture, it seems proper that attention be called to the urgent need of
general state statistics, so arranged as to supplement and unify those issued by the several state departments. Minnesota began
the publication of state statistics as soon as it became a state. After 1861 there was an unfortunate lapse which renders the
interpretation of the Civil War period difficult and fragmentary at best. In 1868, however, the second series began, and, with
the exception of a single year, when the legislature failed to make an appropriation, this second series covers the thirty years,
1868-1898. There it stopped, owing apparently to legislative opposition. As a result, the most recent period in the history
of the State is the one most difficult to interpret. In fact, by reason of this lack, the decade from 1900 to 1910 took as much time
as the preceding fifty years; and the result is less satisfactory than for any previous decade since the territorial period, except
only that of the Civil War. For example, there is no possible means of tracing the decline of the acreage in wheat from 50.69
per cent of all tilled land in 1899 to 25.73 per cent in 1909; yet this meant an agricultural revolution. This difficulty, moreover,
is one certain to increase with the passage of time, rendering it less and less possible to understand the course of our agricultural
and general economic development, at the very time that the whole State is filled with talk about the back-to-the-land sae
ment. If this movement or any movement for the advancement of economic efficiency is really to have result, and nee en y
talk, as usually happens, the necessary point of departure would seem to be the re-establishment of a comprehensive system 0
state statistics covering all lines of economic activity. Certainly until there is available exact and comprehensive information
regarding present conditions and tendencies, it is futile to undertake any systematic plan of bettering these conditions.
This argument is not meant to imply that the old state statistics were perfect—far from it—nor that it would be an easy
matter to organize a satisfactory system; but it is not believed that the difficulties are insuperable. It is indeed true that so long
as live stock are subject to taxation, it is useless to expect an accurate return of such property from assessors. The motives to
concealment are too strong. On the other hand, there is no reason why the assessors should not ascertain and report with sub-
stantial accuracy the acreage in the several crops and the yield of each, together with the location, character, employees, and
capital of fishing, lumbering, mining or quarrying, manufacturing, and trading concerns. Most of these industries, aside from
manufactures, are inadequately reported by the United States census; and even the census returns on manufactures are prac-
tically limited to the three large cities, together with a brief summary for the State as a whole. On this account, the material
does not now exist for an analysis of any industry in Minnesota, aside from agriculture; nor is there any hope of obtaining it,
even to the extent necessitated by such a study as this upon agriculture, unless the State shall establish an adequate system
of state statistics. Moreover, the expense need not be large. If only there were a permanent state statistician, having scientific
qualifications, and it were again made the duty of all assessors to collect the required data, in return for a reasonable compensa-
tion, it is believed that the statistician would be able to furnish the kind of information which is indispensable alike for intelligent
legislation, wise administration, and scientific investigation.’
In addition to the gentlemen previously named, thanks are due to the authorities of the University Library, to several
of the departments at Washington as well as the State Capitol, and to many individuals, of whom a few are named in the notes.
Col. William W. Folwell and Mr. Frank Leverett kindly read portions of the proof and made valuable suggestions; though the
author of course assumes full responsibility for all statements. Special mention should also be made of those who have served as
research assistants during the progress of the investigation, namely, Mr. R. A. Graves, who began the work on county boundaries
and maps; Mr. Stanley Gillam, who continued the statistical maps; Mr. Bo Westman, who was employed on the tables; and
Mr. Fred G. Tryon, who worked on the analysis tables and graphs, and has verified numerous references. All of these manifested
an interest and zeal which have been of distinct advantage in the undertaking.
In this connection it should be noted that in view of the immense amount of detailed work involved, this investigation
was only made possible through the legislative appropriation for scientific investigation and research.
Epwarp VAN DyKE RosINson
The University of Minnesota
1 Compare the remarks of Mr. D. A. Wallace, Proceedings Minn. Agr. Sot. (1911), 231.
CHAPTER I
PHYSICAL FEATURES AND CLIMATE
The area of Minnesota is 84,682 square miles, including 80,858 square miles of land and 3,824 square miles of water surface.!
From the projecting corner north of the Lake of the Woods to the southern boundary, the distance is approximately 400 miles,
while the greatest width, north of Lake Superior, is 357 miles. By way of comparison it may be noted that the area of Great
Britain (England, Wales, and Scotland) is 88,729 square miles.
Minnesota occupies almost the exact geographical center of North America and contains the sources of three great drainage
systems flowing in opposite directions: the Mississippi, the St. Lawrence, and the Nelson. (Figs. 1 and 3.)
f~ =
Brie wos wy
Con eae
gen, / SNCS
WB Gp aseks
Ku ZEN, GS ALIN
EMO ESRD
12 =) (( —= 5)
re im “ (ire y))) (We
7 Sy SUEL) “a
RAMOS ea
(e4gaae
Hrz ((( i we 4}
OS a ee Y 2
SAA SAE
dh CS
Ay XS
EZRA
RAN ORAS
MAP SHOWING
CENTRAL, LOCATION d
MINNESOTA pa L
118 Tonatrade,
Figure 2. Map showing greatest extent of former glaciation
Map of North America showing central location
in North America. (After U. S. Geol. Survey)
of Minnesota.
Figure 1.
This central location has affected the economic development of Minnesota in many ways. Owing to the short distances
separating navigable waters on the several systems, Minnesota early became a great thoroughfare for white men as it had been
for the Indians. The abrupt transition from forest to prairie made lumbering and farming mutually complementary industries.
The altitude of the plateau which carries the main divides provided water-power to mill the product of forest and farm. And the
enormous deposits of iron ore in the northern part of the plateau assured a many-sided economic.activity. Still more important
in connection with agriculture are certain facts as to soil and climate.
The geological history of Minnesota is complex and much of it not pertinent to the purpose of the present investigation,
especially as the continental ice sheet removed or covered most of the residual soils. The present soil is therefore largely of
glacial origin. Only a small area in the extreme southeastern corner, like the adjacent portions of Wisconsin, Illinois, and Iowa,
escaped glaciation, presumably because the ice sheets were diverted by highlands and followed pre-existing valleys.
Nevertheless, the underlying formations have not been entirely without effect on topography and soil, and, therefore, on
agricultural development. Glaciers do indeed modify profoundly the face of nature, but after all they flow under the influence
1U. S. Geol. Survey, Bul. 302. Other figures of earlier date are given in the Geol. and Nat. Hist. Survey of Minn. I, 114.
[3]
Area and location
Underlying
formations and
glaciation
EDWARD VAN DYKE ROBINSON
= Water Resources Investigation
of Minnesota
i pees
MAP SHOWING
wn Drainage Basins of Principal Rivers,
Stream Gaging Stations and
River Surveys
z
oe
n
v I oO WwW A
Figure. 3. The principal divides, showing area of drainage basins. Dots indicate gaging stations and heavy lines
show surveys on rivers. (After Water Resources Investigation)
ECONOMIC HISTORY OF AGRICULTURE IN MINNESOTA 5
Elevation map of Minnesota
500-750
750-1000
1000-1250
1250-1500
1500-1750
1750-2000
2000-2250
Figure 4. Elevation map of Minnesota. (By A, W. Johnston)
EDWARD VAN DYKE ROBINSON
TAOIN,
TIOSN TAOZN.
(PHO a0wR Og WUT ODE OY
Sn
‘M6 4M 426 MON MINN MZIN METH MOEA MST, MOF OMEN “Mene6 ~ MEra _-MOZA MIA -MzZza MEZU MPZN MGZ A MOTH HE
9 ry AS)
ee i } \
af C sf is 7
‘ ANS = v Y a Oy _
‘ No ff Wp may Ls Ie e
OT RAR a! /p ( ‘ f CPi bn Oy
‘ WAL 0A POY Wie Ly a
CASAS J SNS E
* VS Cr 6
This, ~ J
Ges
¢
‘EAST Bes Weour st UNE
3003 OOL TeAssequr unoyu09
ooqaas Kerempacde ops
wa zurw'a'O 4a
WiLOSAUNNIWN NYAHLAOS
AO dVW OIHdVHOOdOL
YILIVY
Figure 5. Contour map of southeastern Minnesota showing advanced dissection of the driftless area and the relation of railroads to topog-
raphy. (U. S. Geol. Survey, Water Supply Paper 256)
ECONOMIC HISTORY OF AGRICULTURE IN MINNESOTA 7
4
ca
“J
a
=
se Po4
GLAC. WAL MAP
MINNESOTA
Showing drift sheets and direction
of movements
by
Frank Leverett
eee
tn “Atel i ¢ LEGEND
Z s PhS to ney N Generalized ice movement —== >.
| 4 64 Moraines of L.S. lobe toate
—* ee Met ine 3 & ’ Moraines Fed drift Sec00000%
/ om Young grey drift border = —"“~~
Ren villa —_ t o” , 9 g “y
| a Stott 1 Pears’ Thin Red drift border
\ ree >: Sb hy ie, ;
N y Se
JHC ols Lyon Aedwood Saf
| & - ‘ ota _| \ . \ Sellet LeSue>
et \ ei Brun WN Feet
‘ Ve i \ \ .
x! je Scr
Bigs oe Cotfonwood a Be Kanth i Stacie SY Dodlga Omir —4e bleroe :
| 3\% aes j ee ‘ \ A ig Is “a co [2.8 \ a
%\ % | + =e ek ee
SVR \ \ \ SS > s oy \ &
SVS Sah S i &
| Thad eo ae J Vachswn Marthe rset bsabere | Mower ly. Ylirrene » Ao\ Tony
oe \ Dp / \, |
——2 i Z 4 = }
CopyrighTl 194 oy EF Robinson
Figure 6. Glacial soil map of Minnesota. (By Frank Leverett, U. S. Geol. Survey)
Uplands and
lowlands
Soil provinces
8 EDWARD VAN DYKE ROBINSON
of gravity, much like a river; and while they bring some drift from a great distance, the larger part is of local origin. Any rock
formation reaching the surface over a considerable area will therefore somewhat affect the character of glacial soil deposited
upon it, as well as farther along in the glacial channel.
Prior to the ice invasions, the valleys were generally deeper, the surface more rolling and more thoroughly drained, than
is now the case outside of the driftless area. The principal valley at that time apparently extended from north to south, approxi-
mately through the elbow of the present Minnesota Valley, as appears from the distance to bed-rock in different parts of the
State. This was part of a preglacial depression due primarily to folding.
The present elevation of the surface is in part the result of preglacial conditions, notably in case of the highlands north of
Lake Superior, where glacial-stripping doubtless exceeded glacial deposition. There has also been a differential tilting of the
surface during or since the glacial age, as shown by the greater elevation toward the north of the beaches of former Lake
Agassiz. In part, however, the present elevation and slope of the surface in Minnesota result from the amount of earth and
rocks dropped in different localities by the melting ice, together with subsequent erosion by running water.
The greatest altitude in Minnesota is 2,230 feet, north of Lake Superior. Two other regions exceed 1,500 feet; one north
of the Minnesota and west of the Mississippi, culminating in Hubbard, Clearwater, and Becker counties, and containing, at
about 1,750 feet, the divide between the sources of the Mississippi and the Red River of the North; the other extending across
the southwestern corner of the State and forming the divide between the Mississippi and Missouri valleys. This ridge, called
the “Shining Mountains” in Carver’s account of his explorations,” and the ‘‘Coteau des Prairies’ by the French fur traders, is
deeply covered with glacial drift and marks the southwestern limit, in Minnesota, of the later or Wisconsin stage of glaciation.
Another upland is found east of the center near the southern border, chiefly in Mower and Freeborn counties. This upland,
which reaches 1,412 feet elevation,’ is a plateau rather thinly covered with drift and forms the divide from which streams flow
south to the Cedar River, north to the Minnesota, and east directly to the Mississippi.
The lowest elevation in Minnesota is 602.2 feet® at the surface of Lake Superior. There is, however, only a small area of
lowlands surrounding Lake Superior. This was formerly flooded when the lake stood at various higher levels, toward the end
of the glacial period. Aside from this old lake bed, the lowest elevation is found in the Mississippi-Minnesota bottoms, which
stand 615 feet above the sea at the Iowa line.* Another region of relatively low elevation is the Red River Valley which, at the
Canadian line has an altitude of only 748 feet above sea level.* The average elevation for the State is estimated at 1,200 feet.?
During the last or Wisconsin period of glaciation the ice sheet entering the State from the northeast carried the char-
acteristic red drift, derived from the Lake Superior region, considerably beyond the present course of the Mississippi River.
Later the Keewatin ice sheet, advancing from the northwest and entering through the Red River Valley, spread a gray drift
over most of the western and southern part of the State.
Southeast from Red Lake, a broad lobe of this ice sheet over-
rode the red drift, depositing gray on top of red more than
two thirds of the way to Lake Superior. Approaching the
south, the ice sheet carrying the gray drift covered all the
State between the Coteau des Prairies in the southwest, and
the plateau in Mower County toward the east, and over-
flowed southward into Iowa. A large arm of this ice sheet
also turned to the northeast through the Minnesota Valley
and overrode the red drift to, and even a little beyond, the
present course of the St. Croix River in Washington and
Chisago counties.
In favorable circumstances both types of drift form
heavy soils. In general, however, the gray drift, derived in
larger part from shale and limestone, has proved the more
fertile. In fact, most of the successful farming in the State
has been and still is on the gray drift, together with the older
drift and the area formerly covered by Lake Agassiz. This
fact is, however, due not merely to difference in soil composi-
tion, but also to elevation, slope, forest cover, and possibly in
some measure to climate.
Figure 7. Glacial Lake Agassiz (Upham, U. S. Geol. Survey). A re- During the recession of the ice sheet Lake Agassiz was
examination, however, indicates that the island shown in Lake formed against its southern face, in the Red River Valley.
Agassiz was covered at the highest stage. This glacial lake at its maximum development exceeded in
size the five Great Lakes of to-day.
For many years it was assumed that other glacial lakes, called Lake Minnesota and Lake Undine, occupied the region
south of the Minnesota elbow during the retreat of the ice sheet. This theory seemed to explain the generally level surface
(except where cut by recent steep-sided valleys) and the heavy soil of a considerable area in Blue Earth and adjacent counties
?Carver, Jonathan, Travels through the Interior Parts of North America in the Years 1766, 1767, and 1768 (London 1781), 451.
3 Weather Bureau, Summary of Climatological Data for the United States, secs. 55, 56.
‘State Drainage Commission, Water Resources Investigation of Minnesota, 132, 392.
ECONOMIC HISTORY OF AGRICULTURE IN MINNESOTA
C A Ny 4
D
Forest Map of Minnesota
Legend
Ease Coniferous (cone-bearing) Forest Region.
“2 Hardwood (broad-leaved) Forest Region.
The original forest area of state was 33 milfion
acres.
The area now bearing tree growth comprise 28
million acres, and of this area approximately 15
million acres will always remain in forest.
The annual growth in the’ forests of Minnesota,
allowing for a sixty-five per cent loss by forest
fires, is about two billion feet board measure. More
than this amount in forest products is cut each year.
With good fire protection, the forests can be made
to yield more than twice what they do, and lumber-
ing, our second Industry In importance, can be main-
tained and increased.
ij" Cos)
' ' Figure 8. Original forest areas in Minnesota. (After First Report of Minnesota State Forester)
The forest areas
10 EDWARD VAN DYKE ROBINSON
which somewhat resembles the Red River Valley. However, a recent examination by the United States Geological Survey has
failed to find any evidence of beach lines.® It follows that if the lakes in question ever existed, they must have been very ephem-
eral. Surface and soil are apparently the result of location at the bottom of the main glacial channel southward into Iowa
during the Wisconsin period of glaciation.
In both the southeastern and southwestern parts of the State, areas of glacial drift older than the Wisconsin period are
exposed. A part of this older drift is also covered with loess, a fine silt deposited by the wind, probably between the earlier
and the later glaciations. Both the older drift, which is calcareous like the gray Wisconsin, and the loess are very fertile.
The forests of Minnesota have been a factor of prime importance, not only in the commercial development of the State,
but alco in relation to agriculture. Originally the driftless area and the bordering belt of loess were covered with hardwood;
while the ‘‘Big Woods,” also composed of broad-leaved trees, extended up the Minnesota to the big bend. All the rest of southern
and western Minnesota was treeless, except along the streams; while the northern part of the State, aside from the Red River
Valley, bore dense coniferous forests, comprising largely white, Norway, and jack pine. These differences as to cover, however
they originated, extend in a measure to the soil.
The prairie grasses, growing and decaying more rapidly than forest vegetation, have given to the prairie soil a darker color
and a larger proportion of vegetable humus than the forest soils possess. This contrast is less noticeable in the intermediate
belt of deciduous forest, but becomes very striking in the northern coniferous zone, especially where the red drift lies on the surface.
For this reason the United States Bureau of Soils has taken ;
the boundary between forest and prairie in Minnesota as tier
oe no ee ‘HE VyvooD3
marking a distinction in the type of soil wherever the surface “Sa ‘
is drift covered. (Bul. 85, Bureau of Soils.) "
In view of the origin, composition, slope, and cover of }
the soil, Minnesota may be divided into the following five
geographical provinces, with special reference to agriculture.
(1) The driftless area, with the adjacent loess-covered
belt, in southeastern Minnesota, marked by well-developed
drainage, rolling surface, and only moderately fertile soil.
(2) The drift-covered prairie and the deciduous forest
zone outside the bed of Lake Agassiz. This region contains
numerous belts of terminal moraines and sandy outwash plains
which cause the soil to vary greatly in fertility. The drainage
is also imperfect in places, some of the prairie sloughs lack-
ing outlets and much of the bottom land, especially along
the Minnesota River, being subject to overflow. On the whole,
however, there is in this province a large proportion of arable
land of high fertility; and most of it is already under cultiva-
tion. The areas of older drift in the southeast, southwest,
and northwest are in general somewhat better drained and
therefore more fully cultivated than the younger drift; though
the surface soil is more leached.
(3) The bed of glacial Lake Agassiz. In this area the
finest parts of the soil carried by the ice or washed from the
surrounding lands were deposited toward the center of the
lake, where the water was deepest. This was the origin of
the heavy clay soils which have made the Red River Valley Figure 9. Geographical provinces based on soil and forests.
one of the greatest wheat-growing regions in the world. (After Figures 6, 8, and monograph LII, U. S.
There are, indeed, patches of sand and gravel in the midst of Geol. Survey, 453.)
the best soil, where glacial streams formerly reached the lake;
and there are also long ridges of sand, flanked on either side by sandy loam, marking former beaches of the lake.
The great defect of this lacustrine basin is the lack of adequate natural drainage channels. For this reason the State has
made provision for a very extended system of drainage ditches and canals; and a federal survey has been made looking to par-
ticipation by the United States in the work of draining the ceded portions of the Red Lake Indian reservation. Nearly every-
where the fall is adequate, if only proper channels are provided. There is consequently no reason to doubt that eventually
practically all of the lacustrine soils of Minnesota, including the forested and swampy region north of Red Lake, will be occupied
by a prosperous agricultural population. At present the heavy clay soils within twenty or thirty miles of the Red River are
under the plow, wherever sufficiently drained; but between the several beach lines there are large areas not yet brought under
cultivation. Here is one of the most promising districts for agricultural development.
(4) The former bed of Lake Superior, when the lake stood at higher levels. The slope in this area is generally steeper
and the drainage better than in the basin of Lake Agassiz. Being in the coniferous zone, agricultural development has hitherto
lagged; though there is considerable good soil, with cheap water transportation to market.
* Result communicated by Mr. Frank Leverett, geologist in charge of the examination (October 15, 1913).
ECONOMIC HISTORY OF AGRICULTURE IN MINNESOTA 1
(5) The coniferous zone, outside of the Lake Agassiz and Lake Superior basins
considerably greater elevation than any other in the State (Fig. 4). ;
of young drift, there are extensive areas of marsh lands subject to o
for agriculture when drained. The soil in the coniferous zone,
from acre to acre. The numerous morainic belts contain consi
are excellently adapted to dairy farming, thou
This province has, on the average, a
Nevertheless, owing to the characteristic inchoate drainage
verflow. Large parts of these marshes will become valuable
however, varies in quality not only from section to section but
derable clay and sometimes bear more or less hardwood. These
gh the surface is often too rocky or too broken for the plow. The more level tracts,
on the other hand, are apt to be outwash plains, sandy and originally covered with jack pine, though good alluvial soil appears
in the valleys. In general, sand and sandy loams predominate west of a line extending irregularly from Cloquet to International
Falls, approximately along the margin of the gray drift; while east of that line rock outcrops and drift boulders become increas-
ingly numerous. There is some farming of the mixed and dairy types, especially in the southern part of the zone; and the settle-
ment of this region is likely to proceed rapidly in future, particularly in the western part and also on the heavy lacustrine soils
near Lake Superior. Nevertheless, appreciable areas have already been set aside as permanent forests under either state or
federal control; and there are other large districts, notably in the rocky eastern part north of Lake Superior, which in the long
run may grow trees more profitably than any other crop, just as is the case in Maine. In the map published in the first re-
port of the State Forester (Fig. 8), there were estimated to be 15 million acres in Minnesota better suited to forest than to
any other use: in the absence of a detailed soil survey and land classification map, it is impossible to give exact figures.
KOOCHICHING
uperior
Forest
eee
X
Ne
\
Forest
Experimentol
Station
CARLTON
FOREST RESERVES INMINNESOTA
E= Nationa Forests
State Forests
EXPERIMENT STATIONS
Figure 10. Federal and state forests in Minnesota. (After Cox)
Owing to its central location in North America, Minnesota has a distinctively continental climate, marked by wide varia-
tions of temperature. The greatest change recorded at any one place is from 103 degrees F. above to 59 degrees F. below zero,
at St. Vincent—an extreme range of 162 degrees F.°; though of course the ordinary annual range is much less.
The cold of winter is supposed to stimulate energy and promote forethought. However this may be, frost undoubtedly
does promote the disintegration of pebbles in the drift, thus releasing constantly new supplies of plant food; and it provides ex-
cellent roads, for some three months each year, wherever the ground is fairly level, especially in swampy areas. This effect of
the freeze-up in facilitating transportation has been a great factor in the rapid cutting-away of forests, and also in the develop-
ment of agriculture.
*U. S. Weather Bureau at Minneapolis.
Extremes of
temperature
EDWARD VAN DYKE ROBINSON
12
(neaing wyIVIM “SN “OH IMg) ‘we g—pOEr ‘6 Ady Uo suoMpuos Surmoys ‘dew soyyVaAA “TT 2In3L7
2 Co —————— od
Cr a) ee ne Y
| se onums |
u
qv “SIMO ZI Sl Jovere ToNwrdrioeid sMoys Jurpsys
mba ! vale
: amssoid-Moy 10 ‘auopofo Jo 103090 sozwo;PUI MOT ‘18
Toe’ Re : eansseid-y31q 10 ‘auopoAo1} Us Jo 19390 S0z8ITpUul HYOTH
| its 9 ‘mous § furer Y fApnopo @ ‘Apnopo Ayavd @ ‘18919 O
| Ol 0€ “ly “SUIMOTQ St PULA ToMoerp ut qurod saosr8 foinqvsodure} | |
cap : EE) ont [enbe Zurasyq soovyd yoauu0o seuly HOV pe}70P seansseid
a . o“ onemorsg penbs Suravy soovpd yooutoo sour] Oe[q.plog
+ rte wT eT ,
ol is _
3 y
e 2 v
. " \
a -»-\om) Og; id a x
oe /\ ak, a j > Ni pos i
Y Yen iB ' \/ A
IP oficaes f adeeb a =
‘ssh = a 3, oe 2 2 ° r
Le em i fxg s .
4 of ‘ a -
3 ’ Po} * eos
} Hy 3 fy
- oe 13, v J
: W Sa x
: “4x
SOP 7
aM 7
j Ds 1 {ZF \
Ne
E u
we wwcceeh= e o -_—. Hi TP eee, “|
he ofs00) rma Boles . "
é ‘ PED
" ! a
of fi / nosey ks Paognyyy 5 a
og” i FE lS
# Cc ‘ x
S 06 :
0 A0 5 ¥
4
ee a mA oe a er sr so ait
13
ECONOMIC HISTORY OF AGRICULTURE IN MINNESOTA
‘syodeauuryy, 3@ Neaing JeyIeEMA °S “M 247 Aq paysyuiny sain3y uo pase,
PY PAYUIIYLY s9o1Bop dJeoipul sainBiq “Iarsnjoul Z][G][-9ggyl ‘eyosouulp, Joy oinjesoduis} enuue osesoae Surmoys yey “ZT ainsi
os pasa
aaa
Hy
SS vam sods La
Xe
Nw
B/E
o/b/
g0b/
92b/
(20/
yab/
oo0h/
SESS
gb /
fbsl
C48/
obS/
BLSE
“Weqyuslyey ssiap sie Sosy ‘syodeauuryy 7e neamg JqWIwIM *S “M 243 Aq poyeruny soindyg uo paseg,
(1lessang iV)
2LYICW 0} 19490390 Woy sainjessdurs} ues “pl aan8rT
(TPssing Jay Vy)
2 PJOSIUUTTY UT Sainjesodura} jenuue uespy “€] Jandy
EDWARD VAN DYKE ROBINSON
14
nae orboleed z
lz hy aD ZF 537 — —— — Wty mrp 7 4 rte yl ht dit o
Tt = ; <T ain
oun 2 eos oy Fhe. * wry on, = 4 oon 3
“ | we Ns, ah a TN rey J PMS nee) comer . tlw woytney oe LNG yeayy nryear segue |
‘ Fiz gh. new
(rer
fore % ; 9% bur L\ |
emt Pe eT | oy, evoret | serey ogre law ists
‘ l prose | fetey ery Prenusyes Awseryy oegseelys
7 76
2, ee
: bs v7 —
a? oy ” Gap 79'S !
F SZ a youn sempyy —of
9 f9AaeeD Py | ctHe a
he fon -) Ww aa =
i ma eats a owas nateddryg \ EO 7
a is! | cH mel jye yi | slpsey | gine
wry erry . oe a
oe oD fe Ss |
wt | “ae "=
owengunyss \ * | cent Tas :
ceva) aon e | ower Noh
queg | sais dens | awe HEUS saz ne A ehervs] Hey | 7) bees ‘%
x I I So Deus es
ie ee r. —y Pie anay
lis ‘ iy Mey a
ib worm doy wyruey eed
500) (4 uN wostedeyy
le i——— —_, FOR DP fey
pe SI 7 s
Z | | ne 222
W410 sermon
= JA2 Fay 049]
wafer l erpett
“/ | anny . “Hv,
sot”
nt “as bee —H
ott
t¥ ‘ t
” J
it £'
sz +
2 S
zt
o et af ue
oy boas vy] oS
ot Wate oy
| 7 | : \\ | 7 <S
Ld
ECONOMIC HISTORY OF AGRICULTURE IN MINNESOTA
(Tlessing q313V)
vAinf 10f (aur prri0p) “J oQZ Jo
WoyIOs! YM fysnsny pue ‘inf ‘aunf 10; samyesodw9} ues, ‘OT aansry
» “SUOI1DIG U0?JVAISSIO
———— (96aI-1261) Aint +4
OL JO WsYyOST /DUION
ss (asnbny puo
‘Ainpaunf toy) vjosauuyyy
UI SULIsYosT SaUUNG
a
q
Athy
oa
webunurgy
“‘WoyTelyey seeBap oie sainsiy ‘stjodeaunly ye neaing IJsyyeeMA “Ss “fF ay? Aq peysitiing sein3y uo peseg,
pdaquiajdag 0} [lidy wo somjesaduia} uvay “ST o1n317
19
ee ; 079
no | aoe t aaa 2 as Tr |
os a
eas PT
pony =
ED eyerer \ 8
wy
be a 6¢
ross toy: 419 ¢
pom, eC
a [2
EDWARD VAN DYKE ROBINSON
16
WW zor 9°62 9°9F 3'ss TL9 T° 69 L°%9 zss 6° eh $°9% Lut
vot
Feax 22d “AON "pO "ydasg ‘any Aint aunt ACT adv “Ieyy "qa
uef
(‘aarsnpur ‘eT6T ‘AML 03 C6gt ‘dy pore “Bu}310dez suoyyeye ]ye yo aBereAy)
VLOSUNNIW NI AUNLVAAIWAL ATHLNOW NVAWs
(stjodeauurpy 3e neaing JayjyeaMA Wory eq)
Ss ZIGI-S68I ‘syuoU Aq eJOSaUUIPL Joy ainyeisdula} aSelaay “Z] ans
17
ECONOMIC HISTORY OF AGRICULTURE IN MINNESOTA
(qPssing JsiyVy)
‘UUININE Ul S}sOI] BUI[Iy SIG JO soyep eser9ay ‘GT ons
5P0 EVO sds. sz sehe o¢eS
=r 2
og dae 5 ales
ICL oe ee
Peers uw Pus ~ Kero oy
ee |
ae ae 70 ry
age Nis
Poowueige? 4 ysooy
= + ies
wi 7-9 |
$3 AUN « sits)
oe neers FN?
= I
a es
ree A
nt vale ing 3 ee ay
vt thee ©
xs |
PEO eon
webuniigy |
i geese
(essing 4933 V)
‘Burids url sjsosy BUITTY We] JO Sayep aBeIIAY “QT 241NSLT
lo Dee, yok gouk
fn ers Bin wbettgl
re) (}. 7"
Areas of high
and low pressure
Annual and
seasonal
temperatures
18 EDWARD VAN DYKE ROBINSON
110
120
Nisin ie
pepe |
il * Mleod
.
Renvills iE. ic
5°
be
163
Sa ;
Nobles Trees; _ iat Consflra Mout
A | eo araT.
eee ee wai ige Tbe
140 150 150
Figure 20. Average length of growing season in days. (After Purssell)
In common with the rest of the country, but to a greater extent than regions nearer the ocean, the variations both of
temperature and of precipitation are connected with the passage from west to east of areas of low pressure followed by other
areas of high atmospheric pressure. Since the winds blow toward areas of low pressure and away from areas of high pressure,
the surface winds are constantly veering. On the whole, however, southwest winds predominate in summer; while in winter
when the areas of low pressure often pass farther to the south, northwest winds are more frequent. The clear and cool
wind from the northwest is refreshing in summer after the close, moist condition of the atmosphere which marks the passage
of an area of low pressure; but-in winter a wind from the northwest is apt to bring a cold wave. The occurrence of a few clear,
dry days each winter with the temperature about 20° F. below zero, as a result of such conditions, has in the past somewhat
limited the fruitgrowing industry of the State, pending the development of hardy varieties.
The average annual temperature for the State as a whole is subject to considerable variation. From 1886 to 1912 it has
once (in 1888) fallen below 39 degrees F., and three times (in 1894, 1900, and 1908) it has gone above 43 degrees F. For theentire
twenty-seven year period, the average temperature has been 41.4 degrees F. (Fig. 12); for the period April, 1895, to July, 1913,
41.6 degrees F. The latter record is presumably the more reliable, as it represents a much greater number of stations.
A map showing the mean annual temperatures of different parts of the State indicates that the highest annual temperature
is a fraction over 45 degrees F., in the Mississippi Valley toward the Iowa line, and also in the relatively low lands south of the
elbow of the Minnesota River; while the lowest annual temperature is 36 degrees F., in the extreme north of the State.
In general, it is noticeable that the isothermal lines bend to the north, indicating higher temperatures, in all important valleys,
and also near Lake Superior. On the other hand, all considerable elevations are marked by a southward dip. showing lower
temperatures.
ECONOMIC HISTORY OF AGRICULTURE IN MINNESOTA 19
During the months from October to March inclusive, the average temperature varies from 27 degrees F. in the southeastern
corner and in the elbow district previously mentioned, to 17 degrees F. along the northern border—a range of 10 degrees (Fig. 14).
In this latitude, however, where most crops are planted in the spring and harvested in the autumn, less importance attaches
to the winter temperatures, or even to the annual isotherms, than to the heat of the growing season. During this season, from
April to September, inclusive, the highest average temperature is 63 degrees F., in the southeast and in the Minnesota elbow
region; while the lowest is 55 degrees F., near the Lake of the Woods and also near Lake Superior. The extreme range in the
growing season, from south to north, is thus 8 degrees F. The northward bend of the isotherms in the valleys is even more pro-
nounced than on the map of annual temperatures (Fig. 13). Still more significant than the isotherms for the entire growing
season are the temperatures for the three summer months, which have a special relation to the ripening of grain; while for certain
crops the isotherm of 70 degrees F. for the warmest month is thought important (Figs. 15, 16).
For the State as a whole, a chart showing the average temperature by months brings sharply to view the considerable range
between the winter and the growing seasons, resulting from the midcontinental location of the State in middle latitudes (Fig. 17).
It is this high temperature in summer and the lingering of heat in the autumn, shown by the more gradual slope on the right,
which render summer farming so independent of winter temperatures.
More important in some respects than the temperature is the length of the growing season, between the last spring and
first autumn frosts. The average date of the last killing frost in the spring varies from May 1, in the southeast, to May 30, in
the extreme north (Fig. 18). There is a curious island of frost immunity around Minneapolis and St. Paul. Several other maps
have shown an island of higher temperature in that locality, for which no convincing explanation has been advanced; though
some investigations of climate in great cities have sought to show a change of temperature due to the artificial heat generated
there. Possibly the blanket of smoke, checking radiation, may have some effect. It is worthy of note that, owing to the mod-
erating effect of Lake Superior, killing frosts do not occur later in the spring at Duluth than at Winona. This relative immunity
also extends back in all directions a considerable distance from the lake.
The average date of the first killing frost in autumn is September 10, on the iron ranges, and October 10, in the south-
eastern lowlands. The range in this case, as in the date of the last spring frost, is thus a month. The same relative immu-
nity to frosts is found around Lake Superior and about the Twin Cities, as on the map of spring frosts (Fig. 19).. Considerable
irregularity develops in the southern part of the State, due to the early frosts on the higher uplands; and also in parts of
the Minnesota Valley, which acts as a catch basin for the cold air from the lower adjacent hills.
The average length of the growing season, representing the interval between the dates shown on the last two maps, neces-
sarily partakes of all the peculiarities there indicated. The growing season varies from one hundred sixty days in the southeast
and around the Twin Cities, to one hundred days on the iron ranges—an extreme range of substantially two months. This
range is sufficient to introduce very considerable differences in the crop systems of the several parts of the State. The map
brings out in a striking manner the influence of elevation in shortening, and proximity to large bodies of water in lengthening,
the growing season. Thus the absence of late spring and early fall frosts in the vicinity of Lake Superior gives a growing season
nearly ten days longer than the average in the State. This fact suggests that the south-facing slope north of Lake Superior, as
far as formerly flooded by the lake, may not improbably become the seat of intensive culture of hardy fruits and vegetables,
provided they do not require high summer temperatures. The cheapness of transportation by water to large and growing urban
populations affords additional advantages, as in the case of the eastern shore of Lake Michigan.
For the State as a whole, the average growing season, from 1898 to 1912, has been 132.2 days: the longest being 145 days, in
1905; the shortest, 118 days, in 1907. The extreme range in average length of growing season for the entire State from 1898 to
1912 has thus been-twenty-seven days or approximately a month.
The rainfall in Minnesota, as in most of the region east of the Rocky Mountains, is of the summer or semi-monsoon type.
The moisture-laden air from the south and east, pressing inward toward the heated interior of the continent, is drawn into the
areas of low pressure, where it is chilled in the process of rising and drops a part of its moisture in the form of rain. There is
also some precipitation from local thunder storms, not connected with the eastward movement of large areas of low pressure.
The average annual precipitation for Minnesota from 1886 to 1912 inclusive, was 26.52 inches; for 1895-1912 it was 27.16
inches. If the figures be limited to stations having a record of 10 years, the average is 26.9; and if the figures be weighted in
proportion to the areas represented, the resulting weighted average is 26.86 inches.” From 1886 to 1896, the average was below
normal in every year but one; from 1896 to 1906, on the other hand, the average precipitation was above normal in every year
but two; in 1907, again, began a period of sharp fluctuation, 1910 being by 30 per cent the driest year on record. As in the case
of temperature, so in the matter of rainfall, the annual amount is less important than its distribution throughout the year.
According to these figures, 20.37 inches, or exactly 75 per cent of the total, fell during the growing season, from April to
September inclusive. The rainfall during that period is thus equal to the amount for the same months in northern Illinois,
Indiana, Ohio, Pennsylvania, and New York, though the yearly average in all these districts is considerably greater than in
Minnesota. Moreover, evaporation, while not yet accurately measured except for water surfaces, tends to vary directly with
temperature and is therefore less rapid in Minnesota than in regions farther south (Fig. 24). For both of these reasons, a rainfall
of 27 inches in Minnesota is equal, in crop-producing power, to 40 or even 50 inches at other seasons or in lower latitudes.
The average annual precipitation is greatest (34 inches) in the southeast, and least in the northern Red River Valley. In
that region, however, as much as 77 per cent of the precipitation occurs in the growing season. The effect of Lake Superior is
clearly seen in the relatively heavy precipitation along its northern shore.
° Based on figures furnished by the U. S. Weather Bureau at?Minneapolis
Length of
growing season
Annual and
seasonal |
precipitation
20
Z/b/
b/
O/b/
b0b/
bb/ F-
L06/
906/
_s0b/
fobs
6 0b/
Zob/
(0b/
00h/
Sb8l
SS8/,
orp
EDWARD VAN DYKE ROBINSON
Laser
Pe
fl
Lae
|
Co
eee
a
ees
P|
fake |
>
Ps
|
=.
=|
a ee
Pee!
4
5
os x = “NS = ¥ 8 N +> ~ Se
ae)
a = : a ae XN s x 2 S-
Variations in average length of growing season in Minnesota, 1898-1912.
Figure 21.
21
‘syodeauuryy 38 neaIng JeTIEMA “S “A 947 Aq paysrusny semBy uo paseds
ge SAISHIIUI ZT6T OF OBB Woy sivak Aq ejOSoUUIP UI UOTETIDeId [enuUe BBeIOAY ‘ZZ DINSIY
GF
L/
EAT NOMICT a
3 ei ee a Ly
WE AY sally
a ~ | ;
GE
Soyout ut
vonegtdrooay
ECONOMIC HISTORY OF AGRICULTURE IN MINNESOTA
tlo/
O/b/
S°/
g08/
fobs
tohl
o0L/
Lb47
g68/
AbS/
th8/
Obs/
Sss7
g85/
woeh
EDWARD VAN DYKE ROBINSON
OT Lz 94°0 wer Tez as 69° 98° 10°F 6s" 86°T zz't 49°0 69°0
IvaA 29d “AON “20 "ydag ‘sny Ant aunt ARYL dy “Ie “qe ‘uef
(syodeountpy 3e neaing JaqzeeA, WOT; ee) -aA[SnPUT "STeT ‘AINE 03 S6RT ‘ACYL WOT} Porsed oY} IOs BuryOda suoNe}s [Te JO Splooar oy} WoOl} pouruisayap bY
VLOSANNIW UOd NOILVLIdIONUd ADVAAAV or
or(neaing soyyeany Wor eyeq) “ET6T ‘AIN[ 3 GE6RT ‘AeIN ‘syuOUE Aq Ryosouurpy Ul UOHEydroaid aseroay “EZ 9131]
23q AON 120 ld4ac “ony Ane anne AY Tudy WW “aaj aC
os*
aS
00 7/
os'l
00°?
ogs'2
00°
ose
00%
“SAHONT
23
ECONOMIC HISTORY OF AGRICULTURE IN MINNESOTA
(86S ‘POT “29q ‘Malay sayeayA ATyWUOW.) “aovZINS JOJeM aIZ B WoIF SayoUt Ur UOTyesOdeAa Jo ujdep [enuuy “pz sins
out unt
sel eNUNS
op EL) -
re
\ eee - _ ro
J perry ey
wo i va 1,
—s* \
ad
eusoW
STUY Sauys 1 prmie2l? opuhol
i
mm \ ot ae as) j—-7 Rodway
aa”
y ons young HPO
ee, “tik
0
0
progennds ,|
Wahg
WUT Tp t0R ay —s ty, ie
PM Ng 7 me TP
AY VT jpn
MO prdegy _ r + OS
lx
CFE
CR, "
EDIVARD VAN DYKE ROBINSON
32 WAM.
Scale of Shades, in inches:
(7772)
VZLLA
[ZZ Lt]
(ZZZZ)
Less than 22 22 to 26 26to30 More than 30
Figure 25. Distribution of average annual precipitation for Minnesota by regions. (Weather Bureau)
25
ECONOMIC HISTORY OF AGRICULTURE IN MINNESOTA
(IPssing s913v)
“SAISHOUL
‘raquiaydag 0} [Udy ‘ejosauurpy ut uonepdroaid asVIVaAy °7Z ain3Bwy
te.
wyreyy
oP
ere. > oy
Sefer ent wort, Spy come
yer
78
we cers reeugo f\ “PT
e pre..
ooo
TN ae
“BAISN DUT
saquiaydag of prsdy ‘ vposauurp
ur uoyDnpdiary abosany
ouangapy
eo
someon
({Jessing Joyyy) ‘aarsnpour
‘YoIVPT 0} 19q0790 ‘eJOSaUUIP, Ul UOT}e}dINaId ASeIaAW “OZ BINS
oob oo ook
vores 7 ere LPGOD
= Par i
=|; ; is
= men ie 4 EO gens ne crew | ory
ot |
oob on iezie a :
ert PRrsey, oF * *
T
ae —
iy png
| 4
x
—~ ~ypreg 7
“BAIsnjous ‘yoIDW OL
4290420 ‘Dyoseuuiy Uy
uopopdiasg ebouary
4 Y
aie
I e
youe,
werreday |
\j Uf
26 EDWARD VAN DYKE ROBINSON
In like manner the precipitation during the growing season varies from 24 inches in the southeast to 16 inches in part of
the Red River Valley (Fig. 27); while during the winter (October-March) the precipitation runs from nine inches in the south-
eastern corner and along the eastern edge of the State to five inches in the northwest. The relatively light snowfall is a factor
in limiting certain fall-sown crops which need the protection afforded by a mantle of snow; but the amount which does fall is
more effective than it is farther south, owing to the infrequency of thaws. For this reason fall-sown grains have been migrating
northward for a number of years.
Soil and climate together determine the types of native vegetation. The joint effect of all the factors hitherto discussed
is consequently shown, in a general way, by a “‘life zones” map; and this has the further advantage of showing the relation of the
climatic zones in Minnesota to those of neighboring states.
It is worthy of note how all the life zones bend toward the north in the Great Plains region. This shifting of the zones,
moreover, is strikingly illustrated in the western part of Minnesota. This fact largely explains the great development of wheat-
growing in the Red River Valley, in a latitude where, on the Atlantic slope, little or no wheat is grown.
CHAPTER II
EARLY TRAVEL, TRADE, AND TRANSPORTATION
The first white men in Minnesota were Frenchmen who entered by way of the Great Lakes, and their motive was the fur
trade. According to Radisson’s account, Groseilliers and Radisson were possibly on the Mississippi above Hastings, in 1655,
though this interpretation is uncertain; and were again somewhere in eastern Minnesota in 1659.' Just twenty years later,
Du Lhut reached Mille Lacs from Lake Superior. The next year he came over the Bois Brulé-St. Croix route (Fig. 28) to the
Mississippi, joining there Father Hennepin, who had just discovered and named the Falls of St. Anthony.” A few years later
Perrot, coming by way of the Fox-Wisconsin route (Fig. 31), built a fort on the Mississippi. In 1793, after the revolt of the
Fox Indians had closed this thoroughfare, Le Sueur came out by the Bois Brulé-St. Croix portage and established a trading post
on Prairie Island below Hastings.? Having learned, as he believed, of the existence of copper on a tributary of the
Minnesota, Le Sueur later returned to France, came out with the party which settled New Orleans, ascended the river, built a
fort on the Blue Earth River, and secured there a cargo of bluish-green earth which he mistook for copper (1700).* In the first
half of the eighteenth céntury, after an interval of withdrawal, there were again French forts and garrisons in Minnesota, both
on Pigeon River, north of Lake Superior, and on the Mississippi near Frontenac.*
i 4 The French régime formally ended with the cession of the country west of the Mississippi to Spain, in 1762; and that east
ofgthe Mississippi to England, in 1763. There remained in Minnesota only a few French traders and a considerable number of
half-breeds who generally intermarried again with Indians. The half-breed element was thus in rapid process of absorption by
the Indian stock. Because of the dominance of the fur trade and the consequent wide scattering of the whites, there was no
agriculture as a separate occupation, and no permanent settlement of French origin within the limits of Minnesota.
In 1766 appeared the first of the English explorers, Captain Jonathan Carver, who came out by the Fox-Wisconsin route
and ascended the Minnesota River in search of a route to the Pacific.© The English also took up the fur trade with renewed
vigor; and in the year of Carver’s visit, ten years before the Declaration of Independence, there was at certain seasons a con-
siderable rendezvous at Grand Portage,” some five miles west of the present international boundary on Lake Superior, where the
canoe route started for Lake Winnipeg and beyond (Fig. 28). In these circumstances the monopoly claimed by the Hudson
Bay Company, under a charter dating back to 1670, provoked resistance; and during the winter of 1783-1784 the Northwest
Company was formed at Montreal, though it was not completely organized till 1787. The new company operated along the St.
Lawrence and Great Lakes route, with its chief posts at Detroit, Mackinaw, La Pointe (near Ashland), Prairie du Chien, and
Fond du Lac (Minnesota). From these stations it long continued, in spite of the American Revolution, to be the real govern-
ment in the Northwest. A much-used route led up the St. Louis and East Savanna rivers over a portage® to the Prairie River
and so to Sandy Lake and the Mississippi. This portage follows the former course of the upper St. Louis River when it flowed
into the Mississippi. Owing to its strategic location, the chief factor of the Northwest Company at Fond du Lac and later (after
1794) at Sandy Lake, controlling the trade over this route, practically ruled all northern Minnesota. In 1805 Lieutenant Zebulon
Montgomery Pike, of the American army, found the British flag still flying over the Northwest Company’s posts in Minnesota;
and this condition only ceased in 1816, when Astor induced Congress to pass an act confining the Indian trade to American citizens.
As a result of this law all posts south of the Canadian boundary eventually passed into the control of the American Fur
Company. In 1821 the Northwest Company, thus driven to the wall, merged with the Hudson Bay Company. Meantime,
Fort Crawford was built at Prairie du Chien in 1816, and in 1819 Fort Snelling was established on a high bluff commanding the
junction of the Mississippi and Minnesota rivers.
Henceforth, the flag was different; but for almost another generation the old mode of life went on practically unchanged.
Hunting, fishing, and the fur trade rather than farming continued to be the economic basis of life, and as a consequence the white
population remained small and widely scattered. To a considerable extent, indeed, the French element, recruited from Canada
where the French began to increase as they had never done under French rule, continued to predominate on the frontier. Thus
J. B. Faribault, who settled for a time at Prairie du Chien and was almost the only trader unwilling to bear arms for England
in 1812, subsequently established the first trading post at St. Peters (Mendota). His son, Alexander Faribault, in 1826 built
a trading post on Cannon Lake, near the headwaters of Cannon River; and later (1844) transferred this post to the site of the
city which now bears his name.'® In like manner Joseph Renville, a half-breed who had fought against the United States in
the War of 1812 and subsequently (1822) organized the short-lived Columbia Fur Company, in 1835 established a noted trading
7 “ eh , W. W., History of Minnesota, 9. . r ri
1 Radisson, Voyages (Prince Society Publications, 1885). See aloo Toll Us. and Journeys of La Salle and His Companions, ed. by I. J. Cox (Trail Makers Series, New York,
; ’ ae 7.7 :
i i i . he St, Croix-Bois Brulé route, see Appendix to Shea's edition of Hennepin’s Louisiane, 375.
eae eer on cebdoen i Misstssipe ed by Shea (Albany 1861); in Wis. Hist. Coll. XVI, 149; Minn. Hist. Soc. Coll. 11, 89, 200.
‘Wis. Hist. Coll. XVI, jraen ae Hist. Soc. Coll. I, 17, 319; III, 1-12.
5 Jesuit Relations, LV, 320; ; ; ‘
fens yonctunin Travels, ete. (London 1781); in Minn. Hist. Soc. Coll. 1, 349.
7 Minn. Hist. Soc. Coll. IX, 9. 7
i ia gy 1820 (Alb: 1821), 209, 274. : :
Peg pis eager eager cea nA Mississippi. (oe eerie : ae Sete Travels, ete (London 1811); in Minn. Hist. Soc. Coll. I, 3 .
10 Minn. Hist. Soc. Coll. II1, 168; Soil Survey of Rice County, Bureau of Soils, Dept. of Agr.
[27]
The French
period
The English
period
The fur trade
under the
American régim
American
explorers and
missionaries
Early
transportation
routes by
water
Canal and lake
navigation
28 EDWARD VAN DYKE ROBINSON
post on Lac qui Parle where he represented the American Fur Company.’ In 1834, however, Henry H. Sibley settled at Mendota
as a chief factor of the American Fur Company,’? and for almost twenty years he remained easily the most powerful man in
Minnesota, practically ruling a vast territory like a feudal lord. In 1843 Norman W. Kittson established a trading post at Pembina
in the Red River Valley and later became the representative there of the Hudson Bay Company.’ Other fur traders prominent
in the early history of Minnesota were Joseph R. Brown, a drummer boy in the first detachment that came to Fort Snelling, who
married a squaw and had trading posts at various points in the State;'* William Morrison, who claimed to have found his way
to Lake Itasca as early as 1804;'* Allan Morrison, of Crow Wing; Ramsey Crooks, first agent in the northwest of the American
Fur Company; Charles H. Oakes and Charles W. Borup, of La Pointe and (after 1849) of St. Paul. Henry M. Rice also came
to Minnesota representing the Chouteau fur interests of St. Louis, at first the rival, then the successor, of the American Fur
Company.’® The intensely bitter campaign of 1850, which ended in Sibley’s return to Congress as territorial delegate, resulted
from this clash of business interests as well as the personal rivalry between Rice and Sibley.’®
The first important American explorer was Zebulon Pike, already mentioned, who set out from St. Louis in September,
1805 to explore the headwaters of the Mississippi.’ He had twenty soldiers and ascended the river in a seventy-foot keel boat,
propelled by oars and poles. After buying from the Indians a tract of land for a military reservation at the junction of the St.
Croix and Mississippi, and another at the junction of the Minnesota and Mississippi, he portaged around St. Anthony Falls,
proceeded up the river to the rapids below Little Falls, and then during the winter traveled by sled to Sandy Lake, Leech Lake,
and Upper Cedar (Cass) Lake, which he believed to be the true source of the Mississippi. In 1820 Governor Cass, of Michigan,
came up the Lakes and over the Savanna portage to Cass Lake, which he also reported as the source of the Mississippi.'® In
1823 Major Long ascended the Minnesota, portaged to the Red River, and returned by way of Rainy River and Lake Superior."
An Italian named Beltrami, who had accompanied him part way, set out by way of Red Lake to find the source of the Mississippi.
Going up a tributary of Red Lake, he portaged to Lake Julia, some six miles north of Lake Bemidji, which he apparently believed
to be the true source both of the Red River and of the Mississippi.2® In 1832 Henry R. Schoolcraft, who had accompanied:
Governor Cass in 1820, again came over the Savanna portage and finally reached a lake which he named Itasca.”1_ In 1836
Joseph N. Nicollet, following up one of several creeks flowing into Lake Itasca, found three smaller lakes, the last of which heclaimed
to be the final source of the great river.”
In the meantime Protestant missionaries had appeared on the scene, the first at Leech Lake in 1833, among the Chippeways;
the second in 1834 among the Sioux on the shore of Lake Calhoun, now included in Minneapolis. These pioneers were followed
by numerous others in both the Chippeway and the Sioux territories.’ It may be doubted whether either explorers or mission-
aries contributed directly to the development of agriculture; though the missionaries did try to teach the Indians how to farm,
and there was a time, in the early fifties, when the Indians in some districts probably grew more corn than the whites.2* How-
ever this may have been, there can be no doubt that the reports both of explorers and missionaries spread a knowledge of the
country and its possibilities and thus indirectly prepared the way for the great immigration a few years later.> Such knowledge
had not been previously disseminated by the fur traders, who did not want agricultural settlers, since their presence would tend
to destroy the wilderness conditions necessary for the continued prosperity of the fur trade.
Until superseded by railroads, the principal routes remained substantially what they had been during the French and
English periods; and most travel and trade went by water.
Between the Mississippi and the Red River the principal water route led up the Minnesota and over the portage at Browns
Valley from Big Stone Lake into Lake Traverse.” Another went by way of the Crow Wing and Leaf rivers over a portage into
Otter Tail Lake, this portage being the site of the former village of Ottertail. A third route led from Cass to Red Lake by way
of Turtle and Red Lake rivers, going through the Lake Julia discovered by Beltrami.“ From the Mississippi to Rainy River
the usual course was from Lake Winnibigoshish into Big Fork River, over a mile portage connecting Cut-Foot-Sioux Lake, an
affluent of Winnibigoshish, with Bowstring Lake.?’ From the Mississippi to Lake Superior there were two routes: the first
connecting Sandy Lake and the St. Louis River by way of the Savanna portage as previously described; the second going through
Wisconsin by way of the St. Croix and the Bois Brulé rivers.” Between Lake Superior and Lake Winnipeg the route by way of
Grand Portage,” Pigeon and Rainy rivers remained in use until about 1812, when the Canadian government shifted the ter-
minus from Grand Portage to Fort William on Canadian soil. At a later period that government also placed ox teams on the
portages and steamboats on the lakes, in order more effectively to connect the St. Lawrence with the Winnipeg basin. This
route remained in use until supplanted by the Canadian Pacific Railway. The Wisconsin-Fox route also continued to be followed
between the Mississippi and Lake Michigan until superseded by the railway.
When Thomas Jefferson negotiated the Louisiana Purchase, he thought that it would be a thousand years before the region
1 Minn. Hist, Soc. Coll, 1, 196 fi
12 Ibid., VI, 2
13 Blakeley, eae Russell, The Opening aE ike Red River of the North to Commerce; in Minn. Hist. Soc. Coll. VIII, and Baker, ut infra, 20.
14 Minn. Hist. Soc. Coll. 1, 466-470; III, 2
15 Tbid., I, 417; III, 247-248.
16 Baker, 5. H., History of Transportation in Minnesota: in Minn. Hist. Soc. Coll. IX, 13.
17 Folwell, W. W.. History of Minnesota, 105-106.
it Schoolcraft, H a TR, Narrative Journal ‘of Travels . . . . in 1820 (Albany 1821); in Minn. Hist. Soc. Coll. 1, 123.
20 Beltrami, G.C., A Pilgrimage in Europe and America, etc., 2 vols. (London 1828); in Minn. Hist. Soc. Coll. II, 183.
21 Schoolcraft, H. R., Narrativeofan Expedition... . to Itasca Lake, etc. (New York 1834) ; also Summary Narrative, etc. (Philadelphia 1855); in Minn. Hist. 00 eis I 125,153.
22 Nicollet, J. ve Report pues to Illustrate a Mop of the Hydrographical Basin of | the Upper Mississipps River (Washington 1845); in Minn. Hist.
23 Minn. Hist. Soc. Coll. 1, 84, 477; II, 120, 125, 126; VI, 117. alt ay 5 5 Sine, Colts
2%4Le Duc, agate Year Book (1853), 26; Bond, Minnesota and Its Resources (New York 1853), 212-213.
25 Minn. it Soe. Coll, 1, 191; III, 2. 1.
26 Ibid., I, 4
27 Tbid., Vil. 237.
28 Ibid., III, 246; VIII, 238; Appendix to Journal Minn. House of Representatives, 1857-1858, 54; Bond, Minnesota and Its Resources, 80; ch. ul, note 2.
29 Minn. Hist. Soc. Coll. 1x’, 9; Alex. MacKenzie, Voyages, pp. xlvii-xci; Thwaites, Story of Wisconsin, Pp. 132, note.
yy
°
wetettccces get wae®
Pfececcct® ccvee
~~
e
seeeetee aoaee?
9} eee
46
Redwood p} vee
;
[oe
we cme ae we ee ee ee ee
1
“9°
i
76°
ECONOMIC HISTORY OF AGRICULTURE IN MINNESOTA
XS a ;
“ “K .
6 > :
* oon -" aN
yh oa °
‘4 = fy
he fA a
Mod tatlky For7le L., a
\ Bow Srrir),
ere rien. 3 RY wae 2
A 7S a, Winnibrgoshish i
S)
Cass
7 mT 7 cil
ns MePonegan a J @,
D 13 AM - f° ul?
L. {tasca, “359 fe
. Leech ss : ue |
y L 33 Aye fr MK 447
r 2 ye Aas \o
S) otcotfedecee ses sen, o
J VG Side, Nee, fe
Se 3 ft ; :
— Ae Sendy PU HP *\- 8015 Brule’ River.
> a :
|= Pe so
L-, French 22°/~Unger St Crom Lake.
Y
|
| 6$)
Mille Lacs $e
_ Lake A wy
1
ciate Falls
: Pike Rapids J oe aN
WATERWAYS MAP
be LEGEND:
; Je PORTAGES @™
Xe 44 CANOE ROUTES wr.
Nea. pagcs HEAD OF STEAM
cae “NAVIGATION pp +
5. Traverse
$ des S1ovx
oF
1 1
iy”
f r
16° 15°
Figure 28. Early water routes
in Minnesota. (Head of steam navigation according to Appendix to House Journal, 1857-58).
29
30 EDWARD VAN DYKE ROBINSON
north of the Ohio and east of the Mississippi could be peopled. Perhaps he was not so far wrong, reckoning as he necessarily
did without steam or electricity. In any event, it is clear that while fur traders, explorers, and even lumbermen could travel in
birch-bark canoes, a farming population, with women and children, domestic animals and agricultural implements, required more
substantial means of transportation, both for themselves and their products. On this account the development of agriculture
in Minnesota, as in other middle western states, depended in large measure on the provision of transportation facilities, not only
within the State, but also farther east.
The Louisiana Purchase in 1803 opened the mouth of the Mississippi River to American shipping. The Erie Canal in
1825 linked the Great Lakes with the navigable Hudson. The next year steam navigation began on Lake Michigan; though the
first steamship reached Chicago as late as 1832, and the first shipment of grain to the east from that port, consisting of seventy-
eight bushels, occurred in 1838.°° In 1833 the Ohio Canal connected Lake Erie with the Ohio River; in 1848 the Illinois and
Michigan Canal provided a waterway from Lake Michigan to the Illinois River and the Mississippi; and in 1856 the Portage
Canal, between the Fox and Wisconsin rivers, was completed, thus opening that ancient water route to vessels and cargoes too
heavy to be portaged. Finally, the Sault Ste. Marie Canal in 1855 extended the head of navigation on the Great Lakes to Duluth,
bringing all the shores of Lake Superior into direct connection with Buffalo. This canal, however, remained without material
effect on agriculture in Minnesota until Lake Superior was connected by rail with the Mississippi and the Red River some fifteen
Led years later.
Sais Misetesiont In the meantime steam navigation had begun on the Ohio River in 1811, and on the upper Mississippi in 1823, when the Vir-
Rinse ginia came up to Fort Snelling with a cargo of government stores. Until 1838, when the first cession of Indian lands occurred,
there were no white settlements, aside from the fort and a few trading posts, the chief being at St. Peters (Mendota). This was
consequently the destination of practically all vessels which came above Prairie du Chien. The usual cargoes were government
stores and supplies for the fur traders, including whiskey. The passengers comprised mainly troops and fur traders, besides
some tourists who usually drove across the prairie a few miles to see the Falls of St. Anthony while the vessel was unloading.
Return cargo, except furs taken on at Mendota, was generally lacking.
So far as recorded, the landings at the fort were as follows:*
TABLE 1
YEARS | LANDINGS | YEARS LANDINGS YEARS LANDING
1823 2 1829 ? 1835 ?
1824 2 1830 ? 1836 5
1825 4 1831 ? 1837 ?
1826 10 1832 5 1838 9
1827 ? 1833 ? 1839 15
1828 ? 1834 ?
' The average for the eight years recorded suggests that up to 1838 probably five landings a year were about normal. What
caused the large number in 1826 does not appear from the records; but the increase in 1838 and 1839 was evidently connected
with the Indian cession and the beginning of immigration. Four landings are also recorded on the St. Croix in 1838 and one in
St. Paul in 1839. Unfortunately no reliable figures are available for later years on the St. Croix, nor for any other year prior
to 1844 in St. Paul. The first cabin in St. Paul was built in 1838, before the treaty of cession had been ratified; the first con-
siderable immigration occurred in 1840, when all squatters were ejected from the Fort Snelling reservation; and the first store
in St. Paul was opened in 1842, being followed by two more in 1843 and three others in 1844.° Between 1839 and 1844 com-
merce at St. Paul must have increased with extraordinary rapidity, for the steamboat arrivals in 1844 already numbered forty-one.
The arrivals thereafter, as reported in the Sixth Report of the Minnesota Commissioner of Statistics for 1874, were as follows:*
TABLE 2
YEARS LANDINGS YEARS LANDINGS YEARS LANDINGS
1844 41 1855 560 1865 829
1845 48 1856 857 1866 777
1846 24 1857 1,025 1867 883
1847 47 1858 1,068 1868 835
1848 63 1859 808 1869 792
1849 95 1860 775 1870 760
1850 104 1861 937 1871 553
1851 119 1862 1,015 1872 346
1852 171 1863 743 1873 No report
1853 200 1864 631 1874 218
1854 256
30 Report of Chicago Board of Trade; Bul. 15, Ill. Geol. Survey, 71; Dopp, Devclopment of Wisconsin (Bul. Am. Geog. Soc., August, 1913).
31 Minn. Hist. Soc. Coll. VIII, 376-377.
32 Neill, Rev. — Dy, is iam Psy Soc. Coll. Ul, 1 Biter, eae Trade and Trader oe St. Paul (Minn. Hist. Soc. Coll. 1X, 163).
33 Minn. Ex. Doc. , No. 10, 98; based on report of the Deputy Collector of Customs at St. Paul. Lists differing somewhat and i i i ick,
Old Tins on tae Dope Mississipbi, 295: acd Blakeley, Advent of Commerce dd Minnescia (Mian. Hid, Son. Con VII AI ee eae even Merrick
ECONOMIC HISTORY OF AGRICULTURE IN MINNESOTA 31
The striking character of these changes may be seen more
clearly from a diagram based upon the preceding table.
It will be noted that the greatest number of boats
arrived in 1858, though the number of different boats was
only sixty-two as against ninety-nine in 1857, when the
season of navigation happened to be shorter.** Evidently
by 1858 a decline had already set in, due at first to the
effect of the panic of 1857, later to the’ Civil War, and
still later to railroad competition, railroad control of shipping
terminals, and the refusal of railroads to pro-rate with water
routes. :
Steam navigation above the Falls of St. Anthony was
inaugurated in 1850 with the Governor Ramsey, which was fol-
lowed later by other boats; and it continued until the railroad
began to parallel the river between 1863 and 1866. This stretch
of navigable water extended as a rule only to Sauk Rapids
above St. Cloud; though at high water boats were sometimes
run through and operated on the upper river as far as
Pokegama Falls near Grand Rapids. This happened in the
case of the North Star in 1858. Owing to the relatively shallow
water and short haul, steam navigation above St. Anthony
was always limited compared to that below St. Paul.
Steamboating on the Minnesota, aside from the lower
stretch near Fort Snelling, began in 1850 with a series
of excursions which for the first time made known the
general character of that valley. The next year, by the
treaty of Traverse des Sioux, the Indian title to most of
the land in the Minnesota Valley was extinguished. This
was soon followed by a tide of immigration, whose fluctuations
are reflected to some extent in the following table, though
the stage of the water and the length of the season also had
much influence.
Figure 29. Rise and decline of steamboat and Red River cart traffic
in Minnesota, as shown by the number arriving.
TABLE 3
STEAMBOAT STEAMBOAT STEAMBOAT
YEARS TRIPS (BELOW YEARS TRIPS (BELOW YEARS TRIPS (BELOW
MANKATO) MANKATO) MANKATO)
1850 4 1858 394 1866 100
1851. 3 1859. 300 1867 100
1852 13 1860 250 1868 80
1853 49 1861 318 1869 50
1854 30 1862 413 1870 50
1855 109 1863 177 1871 _ 20
1856 207 1864 166 1872 1
1857 292 1865 195
The maximum navigation on the Minnesota was evidently from 1857 to 1862 inclusive. There was also considerable
freighting by keel boats and other crafts without steam power; and toward the end of the period there was more navigation (not
covered by the table) above Mankato than below it, where railways were already available. The sudden and complete collapse
of steam navigation on the Minnesota was due in part to the very cause which had produced it, namely, the increase of agri-
culture, which exposed large areas of loose soil to rapid erosion and thus filled up the river with shoals and sand bars; and in
part to the advance of the railway up the valley from St. Paul, reaching Mankato in 1869 and New Ulm in 1871.
The first steamboat was launched on the Red River in 1859. Funds for its construction had been obtained in part by
public subscription in St. Paul, the purpose being to secure the trade of the Fort Garry (Winnipeg) region. Other boats followed,
and the Hudson Bay Company, represented by Norman W. Kittson, eventually secured control. The period of most active
navigation in the Red River was during the years following 1871, when the Northern Pacific Railroad had reached Moorhead,
the usual head of navigation, while the river north of that point was not yet paralleled by railroads.*° During this period there
34 Tbid., VIII, 402-405.
36 Hashes, Steamboating on the Minnesota River (Minn. Hist. Soc, Coll. X, 1, 158-
36 Blakeley, Opening of the Red River to Commerce (Minn. Hist. Soc. Coll. Vil; "Bel Early Steamboating on the Minnesota and Red Rivers (Minn. Hist. Soc. Coll. 1X).
Steam navigation
on the Minnesota
River
Steam navigation
on the Red
River
32 EDWARD VAN DYKE ROBINSON
were four or five boats on the river, which made from thirty-five to sixty-five round trips, depending largely on the stage of the
water and length of the season.*’
The Red River boats were an undoubted factor in promoting immigration and the development of agriculture in the Red
River Valley, though owing to the earlier establishment of agriculture by the Selkirk settlers, more immigrants seem to have
gone into Canada by this route than stopped off in the Minnesota part of the valley.
poesae eale ta When the whites first reached Minnesota, both the prairie and the forested district were traversed by a network of Indian
trails, though relatively few trails, and those chiefly warpaths, connected the territories occupied by Sioux and Ojibways. The
trail paralleling the Mississippi was evidently based on a buffalo trace, since this was the route of the annual buffalo migration.
The same thing was true in the Red River Valley; and it is probable, though it can not now be proved in detail, owing to the
early obliteration of the trails, that the same relation existed in other cases. The Indian trails in turn gave general direction to
most of the early roads; for example, the trail from Mendota via Northfield, Faribault, and Waseca to Spirit Lake, Iowa, was
adopted for one of the military roads authorized in 1850.”
HBG esee cad Considerable use was doubtless made of the Indian trails by the early fur traders, packing goods on their backs. In general,
error eer however, the first forms of land transportation used by whites in Minnesota were the sledge in winter and the Red River cart in
summer. For persons and light goods, extended use was made of dog sledges, the usual rate of travel being from thirty to forty
miles a day.*? For heavy haulage, horse and ox sleds were employed, the route often following the course of a river.*' The
freeze-up, indeed, which transforms marsh and river into solid and level roads, greatly facilitated logging operations and thus
hastened the cutting away of the forests in all the states bordering the Great Lakes; and it has been almost equally important
in relation to agriculture. Without the solid roads formed by frost for three or four months each year it would not have been
possible to operate farms at any considerable distance from the railroad; unless, indeed, something better than earth roads were
provided.
The Red River cart was a rough, two-wheeled affair, made entirely of wood and drawn by oxen. In appearance it was
practically a duplicate, and it was no doubt in fact a lineal descendant, of the type of cart represented on Trajan’s column at
Rome. The French voyageurs, on reaching the prairies, simply reverted to the primitive type of cart which was at that time
more or less used in France, as it still is in Spain, Russia, and the Balkan region. The first Red River cart is said to have been
made in 1801.*7. Red River carts were brought into Minnesota by refugees from the Selkirk colony, perhaps as early as 1821;
certainly they were a familiar object by 1839, when it is recorded that forty or fifty cartloads of emigrants from the Selkirk settle-
ment were camped at Fort Snelling.** Originally the carts simply followed the sandy ridges, marking ancient beaches of Lake
Agassiz, through the Red River Valley, usually on the Dakota side, and then crossing between lakes Traverse and Big Stone,
headed for Traverse des Sioux** (Fig. 28). In 1844, however, after Norman W. Kittson had established his trading post at
Pembina, Hallett cut out a trail running farther north, from the mouth of the Crow Wing River to the northern end of Otter Tail
Lake, and then into the open valley, paralleling largely the old canoe route between the Mississippi and the Red River (Fig. 28).
The distance by this route from Pembina to St. Paul was said to be 448 miles and the time by cart thirty to forty days.** The
stage route laid out in 1859, following an intermediate course along the edge of the hardwood belt (Fig. 8), went by way of
Sauk Rapids, Osakis, Alexandria, Pomme de Terre (near Ashby), and Breckenridge.*® It will be noted that the Northern Pacific
Railroad, between Brainerd and Perham, takes the general direction of the Hallett trail; and that, as far as Pomme de Terre,
the Great Northern follows very closely the stage route of 1859.
In 1844 regular trains of Red River carts began to reach St. Paul, bringing chiefly buffalo tongues, buffalo robes, pemmican,
and furs, and taking back general supplies.” This trade grew rapidly, especially after the Hudson Bay Company in 1858 and
1859 made the Mississippi rather than Hudson Bay its chief route to market and base of supplies. It was estimated that during
1869, 2,500 Red River carts passed up and down the valley.®
The reported arrivals of Red River carts at St. Paul were as follows:®
TABLE 4
. NUMBER NUMBER NUMBER
vanes OF CARTS Bone OF CARTS Yeays OF CARTS
1844 6 1851 102 1858 600
1845 ? 1852 ? 1859 ?
1846 P 1853 ? 1860 ?
1847 fg 1854 ? 1861 ?
1848 ? 1855 ? 1862 ?
1849 ? 1856 ? 1863 275
1850 ? 1857 500 1864 ?
37 Minn. Statistics, VI Report (Minn. Ex. Doc. 1874, I, No. 10, 102).
38 Minn. Statistics, 1V Report (Minn. Ex. Doc. 1872, 729).
39 Law of July 18, 1850 (32 Cong., 1 sess. Doc., 12, 7; Sen. Doc., 33 Cong., 2 sess. II, 346.)
40 Minn. Hist. Soc. Coll. 1X, 21; Minnesota Pioneer, Jan. 3 and 29, 1852.
41Seymour, Sketches of Minnesota (1849), 148-150.
42 Bell, C. N., The Selkirk Settlement, 30.
43 Minn. Hist. Soc. Coll. II, 138.
44 Minnesota in Three Centuries, 311. .
45Schultz, John, The Old Crow Wing Trail (Minn. Hist. Soc. Coll. 1X, 20). Journal Minn. House of Rep., 1859-60, 2 sess., appendix D, 27, 36.
46 Minn. Hist. Soc. Coll. VIII, 45; Journal, Minn. House of Rep. 2 sess., 1859-60, appendix D.
47 Minn. Hist. Soc. Coll. IX, 20.
48 Coffin, The Seat of Empire (1870), 80-81.
4° Williams, History of St. Paul, 306.
ECONOMIC HISTORY OF AGRICULTURE IN MINNESOTA
eae U.S: MILITARY ROADS
oe IN
‘ MINNESOTA
Surveyed and constructed between
1851and 1859
o7
; ° 2 » 32 = sprites
y LEGEND
See, (
women —Floads & portions of roads completed
\ Bee Roads claiming appropriation made for the.
= “road fram the falls of St.Ant. t0F t Ridgely?
Portions of roads not worked.
Trovelled roads through the publ’c lands,
Portions of roads 40 be yat construtted.
ines of survey atandoned derng cifcutpus OF
impracticable
mM Routes reconnoitered only and yer fo be
Surveyed,
wannnnna Routes proposed for examination and
survey.
DY; After map in office of Chief of
Engineers, U.S.A.
ey
a a
Figure 30. U. S. military roads in Minnesota, 1851-1859. (From map in office of Chief of Engineers, U. S. A.)
Early wagon
roads in
Minnesota
34 EDWARD VAN DYKE ROBINSON
After 1867, when the St. Paul and Pacific Railway (Great Northern) had reached St. Cloud, the Red River cart began to stop
wherever the railway terminus happened to be; and after the Northern Pacific was completed to Moorhead in 1871, the picturesque
Red River carts disappeared from Minnesota. For at least half a century they had played a considerable réle in transportation;
though on the whole serving rather the interests of buffalo hunting and the fur trade than of agriculture, because only goods of
considerable value in proportion to their bulk could stand the cost of transportation by cart for such great distances.
Settlement in Minnesota, aside from the outlying Pembina region, began in the district between Fort Snelling and the
St. Croix, of which St. Paul is the geographical center. The first wagon roads were consequently laid out from St. Paul to Fort
Snelling, Mendota, Stillwater, and Willow River (Hudson), Wisconsin.
Another road ran across the prairie to St. Anthony, and then up the east bank of the Mississippi to Sauk Rapids and Crow
Wing. Crossing the river at these points, two trails (rather than roads) continued northwest to the Red River Valley. Such
was the situation as to roads in 1849, when regular stage lines for passengers and (in 1851) express traffic were established between
the principal settlements. In January, 1850 a road for use during the winter was opened along the east bank of the Mississippi
from St. Paul through Prairie du Chien to Galena.*! This was the first means of transportation between Minnesota and the
OS” PAUL NO HUDSON & oF
g . Lp
;/ C O s(t NAS
- >
y
4
Fé
cm, Jo reer Bay
Ro ist ‘ ft
© y x
Blach Ariier
Falls ®
or
\
$i i
a
“2
NISNOISI AG OA
pat
jv
ee v . J
Z vt Sf ‘& 4 ay Z
~
Pe ee ee eer Fo KY X
Nt .
1, Ov-w A Xe! -
ye x
“ D 8 = Ss 497 Ferri ost Puta Be
LEG F N D , . \e "ei tt tt +t ++ Bice Mounds 7" =
a kay “ate
PoRTAGES «=
Canoe Routes ----
TRAILS
MitiTARY ROADS ++++++++
TERRITORIAL Roans --------
OT. Paut-GALENA Roab ----~--
_—— ao EE eee
——_——
pate
Figure 31. Early overland routes from the Mississippi to Lake Michigan. (After Thwaites, letter cited; Merrick, 206; Seymour, 215; 26 Congress
1 Session, Senate Document 140; Wisconsin Historical Collections, 6:369, 7 :372; Minnesota House of Representatives, Journal, App. 51, 1857-58;
Minnesota in Three Centuries, 2:198, 4:309) The route of the St. Paul-Galena road is definitely stated to have been by way of Black River
Falls, but in other respects its course is somewhat uncertain.
50 Baker, J. H., History of prea terietsen in Minnesota (Minn. Hist. Soc. Coll. IX, 1-34).
51 Minnesota Pioneer, Jan. 2,
ECONOMIC HISTORY OF AGRICULTURE IN MINNESOTA
35
outside world during the season of closed navigation. In July, 1850 Congress authorized a military road from Mendota along
the west bank of tbe Mississippi; and in 1853 a winter stage line was established over this route to Dubuque.”
+,
| AS ne
Sy ST CRO lls
SD 3 he hh Osceola Co A>
ef 7 ap
nf a >
y
eS
2Af Cnippewa Falls
&
CSB Eau Clare
at WABlaca wer FALLS
wy 3B ER fF
a} Ckos¢.
p au neg, & Ngee oe
faba cAI
Alacross™
PORTAGE
Bao Ane (Genoas =)
Mictory Wy
re De Seto
aby cwey
ary
Me GRrecon SN Ora
™ “aes asp ee
Sprenps feeey
Duavave i
Sarpeeson “erry
MAP OF THE MISSISSIPPI BETWEEN ST. LOUIS AND ST. PAUL
Figure 32. Sketch map of the Mississippi showing railroads and
river ports in 1860. (After Merrick)
52 , loc. cit., 19.
@ Betas of ‘Cariton County (Barat of ool U. S. Dept. of Agr.).
54 , loc. cit., 19, 32 Cong., 1 sess., Doc. 12, 7. :
55 ee ‘Sketches of Minvisots (1849), 275; Bond, Minnesota and Its Resources,
5° Map in Sen. Doc. 140, 26 Cong., 1 sess. (1839); Lapham, Increase, Wisconsin (18:
57 Wis. Bee oe a 369, 372
58 m Reuben
io iivaites, Wisconsin (Am. Commonwealth Series).
60 Bond, loc. cit., 173-178.
61Seymour, loc. cit., 275.
In the same
act another road was approved to extend south from Mendota
through Northfield and Faribault into Iowa. A military road
was also opened in 1856 from St. Paul to Fond du Lac and
Superior.’ During the years 1853-1857 the second military road
authorized in the law of 1850 was also pushed southward from
Mendota toward the mouth of the Big Sioux River (Sioux
City).5* On all of these roads stage lines were operated until the
coming of the railroads, which in practically every case closely
paralleled these highways.
The National Road, completed in 1818 across the moun-
tains to the upper Ohio, was second only to the Erie Canal (1825)
in its influence on the peopling of the West. To it was due in
no small measure the rapid development of the Ohio Valley, and
of St. Louis which long remained the chief base of supplies for
the upper Mississippi country. Owing to the opening of the
Wisconsin-Illinois lead district, which began in 1822, Galena, the
metropolis of this district, became the usual transhipment point
for both passengers and freight. As a result, well-marked, if
not always well-made, roads ran from Galena to Milwaukee and
Chicago even before the Black Hawk War in 1832, the trip
requiring about eight days. In 1833 a trail was blazed from
Green Bay to Prairie du Chien, paralleling the old French canoe
route; and in 1835 a United States military road was built over
this trail.°® In 1834, Michigan territory had authorized (but not
built) a road from Milwaukee via Platte Mounds to the Missis-
sippi. In accordance with this plan a territorial road was laid
out in 1837 from Milwaukee to Madison, joining the military road
near Blue Mounds in the western part of Dane County.” Pro-
vision was also made in 1838 for a military road from Milwaukee
to the Mississippi opposite Dubuque, but the appropriation was
apparently spent on the territorial road east of Madison.** For
some twenty years thereafter, until 1854, practically all the ex-
ports of the upper Mississippi, except such as took the water route
to New Orleans, were divided between these routes to Lake
Michigan. The typical freight wagon used on these roads was a
ponderous ‘‘prairie schooner’’ drawn by six to a dozen yoke of
oxen.°® Such outfits were used in bringing the lead of the south-
western district to Milwaukee for shipment east. There were
also stages of various types for passenger traffic, some merely
open wagons.” The time by stage was from eight to ten days,
depending on the condition of the roads; and by 1849 there
were daily stages from Milwaukee and Chicago to Galena.”
Transportation was indeed cheaper to St. Louis, but the best
market for the product of the upper valley and likewise thesource
from which settlers were drawn, was the North Atlantic section.
As a result Galena vied with St. Louis as a supply and outfitting
station for the upper valley; and it easily took the first place as
a source of loanable capital, until the establishment of direct rail-
road connection between Chicago and St. Paul.
The first railway from tide-water reached the Great Lakes
at Buffalo in 1842, Chicago in 1852, and the Mississippi at Rock
Island early in 1854. This was followed by a grand excursion
178: Ill. Geol. Survey, Bul. 15, 89; Bul. Am. Geog. Soc. (Aug., 1913), 593.
44); Matteson, C. G., History of Wisconsin, 171-172.
G. Thwaites, under date of Sept. 20, 1913, modifying the account of roads given in his Wisconsin, 250-251.
Outlets by land
from the
Mississippi
Valley
Outlets by rail
from the
Mississippi
alley
36 EDWARD VAN DYKE ROBINSON
up the river to St. Paul, a public reception and speech-making, in which former President Fillmore and George Bancroft, the
historian, took part.gj # This celebration proved effective in turning public attention to Minnesota and was one factor in starting
a great stream of immigration to the territory.
Figure 33. Progress of railroad construction in Minnesota, 1862-1912. (Data from Report of Railroad and
Warehouse Commission, 1912)
In 1855 the Galena and Western Union (Illinois Central) Railroad, passing through Galena which lies some miles up a
tributary, reached the Mississippi at Dunleith (East Dubuque).* This road enabled Galena to hold its position in the river
trade, which had been threatened by the Rock Island road, and it further increased the flood of immigration to Minnesota. On
April 15, 1857 the Milwaukee and Mississippi Railroad was completed to the river at Prairie du Chien; and immediately this
ancient seat of the fur trade took on new life and became the principal transfer point for Minnesota exports. A third stream
of immigration also began to reach the river at this point.“ These were the bonanza days of steamboating on the river, when
a vessel launched in the spring not infrequently cleared two hundred per cent on its cost during the first season. Finally, on
October 14, 1858 the Milwaukee and La Crosse Railroad reached the river, and thereafter La Crosse began to divide the export
of Minnesota products with Prairie du Chien. By that time, however, the after-effect of the panic of 1857, which was especially
severe in Minnesota, had caused a great shrinkage in the volume of immigration, so that relatively few settlers came by way of
La Crosse until the railways had been so extended that it became possible (1867) to reach St. Paul by rail through Prairie du
Chien and Owatonna.
Early railroads In Minnesota the earlier public discussions were all about roads, but about 1852 interest shifted to railroads. By lavish
oe land grants and bonuses, including state bonds, the attempt was made to stimulate railroad building ahead of the demands of
population. In the main, this attempt brought only disappointment, debt, and disgrace.” The first pieces of railroads actually
62 Folwell, loc. cit., 121.
63 Minn. Hist. Soc. Coll. VIII, 402.
64 Milwaukee Sentinel, April 16, 1857; Minn. Hist. Soc. Coll. VIII, 402-405.
65 Merrick, George B., Old Times on the Upper Mississippi (Cleveland 1909).
66 Paxson, The Railroads of the Old Northwest (Trans. Wis. Acad. of Sciences, XVII).
67 Message of Governor Ramsey, Jan. 9, 1861 (Minn. Ex. Doc. 1860, 11-12).
37
ECONOMIC HISTORY OF AGRICULTURE IN MINNESOTA
(6 ‘4 “6zgt ‘deur ‘gzgy ‘souorssrum0> peospey (S91-Z9T “E ‘OZ8T S1ZI-O11 “4 ‘ORT ‘souswols -umspy
di i ‘ ‘ 3 Sgt ‘d ¢ ‘dew ‘ ‘Op ‘d ‘JQUOISSIUILUOT PeOI[IEY ay} JO
JO Hodsy wor e3eq) “6Z8I ‘Og auNf[ ‘uoNeIAdo ut Speolley “se omar alias fae aici eet kewter saDyniedo et We Ep nt
esi su gehltnd
ee a | Bi Lentay Ap lar pyeretle fr 26s 4
AOY BT
Agu ES ae heenu: | | |
" rou 3. we 9920 ypreges hess a 56) 70)
eerenay : ee woes ; igor is | pd ow fe vif \ Jey | yey vorpep | sag ony —4 |
, 02 4? & } 4 48 WM Naps oyogs ZAI | 5
yesrsa4) OF e Bros aig = | | ig | | 44925382 VIP - — <a I —
; ems sigue) os dc & |
‘ range; ¥
Caged 2 oe paren epee | wel, Fy - re PPT e cro | 7 | Wey | eee | meer eger ent) oanecey, “ey foeyy age y
ououy £35320, ¢ om == J YNON A, SU Bee eons voOASM QTVASASD Fuv7, 4
_ Sh i cee | a fl pane: s_| OLMMPW Ee es |
MAS, 5 ~ sents
Z S 2
27 by OZ So, man ypory ‘ y
oysogn, ae : # Ss ae wv pret wok> | yr2ury 2ysegayy 5 tL | ar00p Mh yyy
| a sos 7 2ype> & $
: Ang | poomey, Pe wt? _ 8
ais rv 1 _, “e - se) 479 PPro
ves c — yaa ayy aurupy —a2X vate) 442 GH LW
pits i poe SONLLSIINE Z |, 09 = weed,
LP? TW DIAY a Dd PION HHS
I 5 wi 3 mpata): i PPO DW
é loapiAayuo| os
TNVALS te | | Peat yay 0 287 Nat 1S Or Peer, ; { Ses |
aomypss) oy, g Ne) Fog. 70d SF die HOD ”
@ Ae SON cai |
KSB ER CY rt ae Bees YD!
of Dy PE ayers,
¢ = DY My %
: x sro BS ens —
79 Spiwosme & i
ee reargeng oie
See vty | HD ie
=
| <n
Py
Pe pwee
semreoay/9;
2 S4ishers Landing
BS
§&
rege
wos sty
fUBI UI ISH
38 EDWARD VAN DYKE ROBINSON
completed in Minnesota were from St. Paul to St. Anthony, and from Winona westward about ten miles, both in 1862. During
the next few years the St. Paul and Pacific (Great Northern) was pushed on up the east bank of the Mississippi, following the
road toward Sauk Rapids; the Winona road was continued westward; a parallel line was begun through the southern tier of
counties, starting just opposite La Crosse and following the Root River Valley; the Minnesota Valley (Omaha) line was under-
taken up the Minnesota Valley; another road (main line of St. Paul and Pacific) was begun toward the west from Minneapolis;
a sixth line (Minnesota Central) was pushed southward from Mendota; the St. Paul and Duluth (Northern Pacific) was begun
from St. Paul northward toward the head of Lake Superior; finally from the Mississippi, opposite the mouth of the St. Croix,
another railroad (Hastings and Dakota) was begun toward the west, not touching either St. Paul or Minneapolis. The line
from Mendota through Northfield followed in a general way the old Indian warpath, largely along the divide between the Minne-
sota and the Mississippi,°’ which Congress in 1850 had designated as the route of a military road. In 1866 this line crossed the
Winona road at Owatonna. During the next summer the Milwaukee and St. Paul Company, having acquired and completed
the Minnesota Central to McGregor, Iowa, installed a pontoon bridge to connect with the Milwaukee and Mississippi road at
Prairie du Chien, establishing thus in November, 1867 the first through railroad route from St. Paul to the Great Lakes and the
East.” These eight roads or portions of roads were the only ones constructed prior to the crop season of 1869, which is reported
in the census of 1870 (Fig. 34).
During the prosperous years preceding the panic of 1873, railroad building in Minnesota as elsewhere progressed with
giant strides. In 1870 railroad connection was established between St. Paul and the head of Lake Superior, following in a general
way the military road opened in 1856. In 1871 the St. Paul and Pacific (main line) arrived at Breckenridge’! and the Northern
Pacific, building west from Duluth, reached Moorhead, the head of navigation on the Red River. The same year saw the estab-
lishment of direct rail connection between St. Paul and Chicago by way of Tomah, Wisconsin. In 1872 the Minnesota Valley
Railroad reached the Missouri River at Sioux City, while the Winona (Northwestern) line penetrated to the western boundary
of the State.”? In the meantime the St. Paul and Pacific, besides uniting the upper Red River Valley directly with Minne-
apolis, had constructed important pieces of track which were later (1878) to become the nucleus of the Great Northern system.
Thus, in the space of ten years altogether, and for the most part within five years, the dependence of the State on Red
River carts, stage lines, and river navigation for intercourse with the outside world came to an end, and the way was opened
for the rapid settlement and agricultural development of Minnesota.
68 Message of Governor Ramsey, Jan. 7, 1863 (Minn. Ex. Doc. 1862, 22-23).
69 Journal Minn. House of Rep. 1857-58, appendix, 51.
70 McClung, J. W., Minnesota as It Isi n 1870, 133. Letter under date of Nov. 3, 1913, from W. H. Norris, attorney of Chicago, Milwaukee & St. Paul Railway at Minneapolis.
71 Williams, loc. cit., 405; Report of Railroad Commissioner, 1872, 7-17.
‘ 72 Message of Governor Marshall, Jan. 2, 1870 (Minn. Ex. Doc. 1869, 14); Message of Governor Austin, Jan. 5, 1871 (Minn. Ex. Doc. 1870, 23); Second Annual Report of Com-
pilssioner of statistics ea Doc. 1870, 1050-1052); Message of Governor Austin, Jan. 4, 1872 (Minn. Ex. Doc. 1871, 1, 16); Second Annual Report of Railroad Commissioner (Minn.
x. Doc. a hs ‘ ; :
CHAPTER III
SETTLEMENT AND DEVELOPMENT OF PIONEER AGRICULTURE, 1838-1860
The Indians continued to hold title to all land in Minnesota, aside from the military reservation, until 1838. In that year
Congress ratified a treaty, negotiated in 1837, by which the United States acquired title to the district between the St. Croix
and the Mississippi, as far north as the mouth of the Crow Wing River.
This cession was relatively small and confined in the main
to the forested region, the southern portion of it bearing hard-
wood, while the northern extended into the pineries. Moreover,
the survey was delayed so that not until August 14, 1848, could
title be obtained to any land in Minnesota. On that date, at
the land office at St. Croix Falls, 3,326 acres were sold at $1.25
an acre, including the town sites of St. Paul, Stillwater, and St.
Anthony.’
It will be noted that the cession of 1838 did not extend
west of the Mississippi. All of southeastern and southern Minne-
sota, including the prairie section, remained Indian country,
jealously guarded by the Sioux, until the treaties of Traverse des
Sioux and Mendota in 1851. Asa result, the advance of settle-
ment was necessarily discontinuous, passing by the southeastern
district and spreading from the so-called ‘‘delta’’ between the
St. Croix and Mississippi rivers.
NOTES:
: 7 og Prior to the great migration of 1854-1857 furs and lumber
= gaa furnished the economic motives which brought people to Minne-
4. — 1867 sota. It was the desire of lumbermen to get at the Minnesota
aoe pineries which led to the cession of 1838; and the principal effect
ZZ woun nesenvarion of this cession was the development of lumbering in Minnesota.
EIN areveo The first lumber mill in Minnesota was erected by the
soldiers at the Falls of St. Anthony in 1821 to saw lumber for
Fort Snelling, using logs cut on Rum River. Two years later
a gristmill was also built to grind wheat grown on the military
| reservation.” These mills, however, were only operated spasmod-
bo ee ically and ceased operation as government mills before either
Fi 36. Extent and dates of Indian cessions with ia reservatiors sumibering is sericulfire ned: Decevestabiaied 27: bhinnesota oi
ae Minnenets), (After Report of Bureau of Eble: 1899, and e oe I basis. ‘ j : : Xess
1913 map by Office of Indian Affairs.) In Minnesota, as previously in Wisconsin and Michigan,
the magnificent forests of white and Norway pine attracted lum-
bermen from northern New England, and especially from Maine, who brought with them the experience and methods developed
under substantially similar climatic conditions. The lumber industry, therefore, advanced with great rapidity after 1838 so
that by 1850 it rivaled the fur trade as the dominant interest of the territory.
From 1822 on, repeated attempts had been made by private parties to cut logs, especially on the St. Croix; but these attempts
had been frustrated, largely by the vigilance and firmness of Major Taliaferro, the Indian agent at Fort Snelling.* As soon as
the treaty of 1837 was negotiated and before it had been ratified, logging for private account began on the St. Croix. This was
during the autumn. Eleven years later, in 1848, logging also commenced on the Rum River, which heads in Mille Lacs and
enters the Mississippi not far above the Falls of St. Anthony.* During these intervening years it will be remembered that indi-
viduals could secure no title to land in Minnesota. Under the Preémption Act a man could, indeed, occupy land and claim the
right to purchase it at a fixed price, when surveyed. This was the method employed for water-power sites and town lots. In
general, however, the lack of title did not greatly hamper the development of lumbering, since it was the prevalent idea that
whatever belonged to the government belonged to the people, not merely in a collective sense, but also individually; or as one
of the early St. Croix lumbermen expressed it, “as citizens inheriting an interest in the government.’”*> From this it was inferred
that every citizen had a perfect right to cut timber on government land, and that any attempt on the part of the government
1Williams, J. F., Héstory of St. Paul, 183-185; Minn. Hist. Soc. Coll. U1, 133, 134.
3
; Tig” if, fi 76 Sat 132
: i ig a sa . . . .
igeanenasla, Daniel, Pioneer Lumbering on the Upper Mississippi (Ibid., IX, 329).
5 Ibid., IX, 296.
[39]
Indian cessions
in Minnesota
Beginnings
of the
lumber |
industry in
Minnesota
if
The settlement
of Minnesota
Beginnings of
agriculture in
innesota
40 EDWARD VAN DYKE ROBINSON
to prevent it, or to collect payment for such cutting, was a tyrannical procedure. This peculiar logic, confusing collective and
individual rights, doubtless has much to do with the almost insuperable difficulty still encountered by the government in pro-
tecting, not only forests, but grass lands, minerals, and all other natural resources from depredations by men who, in other respects,
are often good citizens.
The first logs cut on the St. Croix were used in building mills at St. Croix Falls (1838) and Marine Mills (1839). Other
mills were also erected at Stillwater (1843), Osceola, Wisconsin (1845), for which logs were largely cut on the Minnesota side,
Lakeland (1848), and Arcola (1848). The first lumber placed on the market came from the Marine mill during the summer of
1839. Many (perhaps a third) of the logs cut on the St. Croix and some from the upper Mississippi, were rafted down the river
to mills at Rock Island, Moline, and other towns as far south as St. Louis. In the early days much of the sawed lumber was
also made up into rafts and taken to market by river.° The first private mill in Minnesota on the Mississippi began work in
1848 at St. Anthony (now East Minneapolis), which had been laid out the preceding year.”
Around these various mills villages quickly grew up, which were the first distinctively American settlements in Minnesota.
The lumber industry thus built up many towns on the Mississippi and its tributaries, both in Minnesota and farther south. More-
over, the abundance and consequent cheapness of lumber played an important part in the rapid development of agriculture,
as soon as transportation facilities became available, especially in the prairie district toward the south and west.
At the census of 1840 the only part of Minnesota open to white settlement was the district between the St. Croix and the
Mississippi, which formed a part of St. Croix County, Wisconsin. This county also included all of Wisconsin west of a line from
the mouth of Porcupine River, which enters Lake Pepin, to Lake Superior.
The population of the county, aside from Indians, was 809, according to the census of 1840 (Appendix, Table I). How
many of these lived in Minnesota it is, of course, impossible to say; but they comprised, aside from trappers and fur traders,
chiefly lumbermen arrived on the St. Croix since the cession of 1837-1838. This number presumably did not include the little
group (25 in 1837) around the trading post at Mendota, the oldest settlement in Minnesota; or the squatters on the Fort Snelling
reservation; or the scattered traders along the Cannon, Minnesota, and other rivers, since all of these lived west of the Mississippi.
According to the census of 1840 (Appendix, Table I), there were three sawmills, employing 77 men, and seven general stores,
in St. Croix County. There were also 90 men reported in connection with ‘‘forest products,’ meaning apparently trappers and
fur traders. The value of skins and furs was given as $43,000. The fisheries, evidently on Lake Superior, occupied 127 men,
the product being 4,282 barrels of pickled fish and 1,500 gallons of fish oil. There were only 815 head of live stock of all kinds,
including swine and poultry. More than half (434) were cattle, probably work oxen about the lumber camps; though the value
of dairy products was given as $220. The yield of crops was 9,031 bushels, nearly all being potatoes (8,014 bushels) and corn
(606 bushels).
From these figures it is evident that agriculture, as an independent occupation, did not exist in Minnesota in 1840, at least
in the region east of the Mississippi which was covered by the census.
Stock-raising and farming were carried on to a limited extent about some of the important trading posts. Thus, Governor
Cass in 1820 found an enclosed garden of about four acres, largely planted with potatoes, at the Sandy Lake post;* and Governor
Sibley declared that Joseph Renville was the first stock-raiser in Minnesota, since he had owned ‘‘sheep by the hundreds and
cattle by the score” at Lac qui Parle more than twenty-five years prior to 1856.° Agriculture was also practised more or less about
the forts, missionary stations, and Indian agencies, notably at Lake Calhoun, Red Lake, and Long Prairie.*° The lumbermen like-
wise at times found it expedient not only to cut wild hay, but also to plant potatoes, corn, and occasionally oats, for use in their
logging camps the following winter.’’ Such incidental agriculture evidently accounted for the farm products reported from St.
Croix County at the census of 1840.
Curiously enough, the first permanent settlers who sought to live by agriculture in Minnesota came from the wilderness
to the north, being refugees from the Selkirk settlement in the Red River Valley of Canada. The first agricultural settlers reached
that district in 1812, by way of Hudson Bay and the Nelson River. Until 1821 the settlement was distracted by war between
the Hudson Bay and the Northwest companies; later, notably in 1826, came disastrous floods; and then followed plagues of
grasshoppers. In 1821 about 166 Swiss, mostly French-speaking, joined the colony, only to find conditions very different from
what they had expected. As a result, five families found their way to Fort Snelling that same autumn, thirteen families came
in 1823, and more year by year, every disaster being the signal for a fresh exodus. Thus, after the flood of 1826 came Abram
Perret (Perry), Joseph Rondo, Benjamin and Pierre Gervais, Louis Massie, and others, most of whom eventually settled in St.
Paul. In 1831 it is recorded that about twenty arrived, and, in 1839, forty or fifty cartloads.'? Altogether, this immigration
is estimated at 500, down to 1836, and 200 more from 1836 to 1842; though half or more went down the river to Galena, St. Louis,
or Vevay, Indiana.'* In addition, there was a considerable settlement of half-breeds from the old fur posts on the Red River
around Pembina, which was originally supposed to be on Canadian soil. These, however, practised agriculture only inciden-
tally, their main reliance being buffalo-hunting.’*
The first Selkirk refugees were permitted to settle, build houses, and establish farms on the Fort Snelling reservation. In
1837 there were 82 persons, mostly Swiss, in this settlement, and they had about 200 head of horses and cattle. In addition,
6 Tbid., IX, 317.
7 Stanchfield, Daniel, Pioneer Lumbering on the Upper Mississippi (Ibid., IX, 329).
8Le Duc, W. G., Minnesota Year Book for 1861, 29.
9 Annual Address before the Historical Society in 1856 (Minn. Hist. Soc. Coll. 1, 466).
10 Journal Minn. House of Rep., 1857-58, 47; Le Duc, W. G., Minnesota Year Book for 1861, 28, 42; Bond, J. W., Minnesota and Its Resources, 213; Minn. Hist. Soc. Coll. 11, 124.
11 Bond, ut supra,
2 Minn. it Soe C Coll. II, 124, 138; VI, 88-89.
13 Williams, J. F., History of St. Paul, 42; Minnesota in Three Centuries, II, 76.
4 Journal Minn. " House of Rep., 1857-58, appendix, 79.
ECONOMIC HISTORY OF AGRICULTURE IN MINNESOTA Al
there were 25 at Mendota and 50 at other trading posts in the immediate vicinity. On May 6, 1840, some two years after the
opening of the region east of the Mississippi to settlement, all squatters were ejected from the reservation. Some of them settled
on the site of St. Paul, at that time a place without a name; and in 1844 one of these (B. Gervais) founded Little Canada, an
agricultural colony nine miles north of St. Paul.!* This has remained a French community to the present day. In the mean-
time, about 1841, the first American farmers had settled at Red Rock, on the river several miles below St. Paul, and at Cottage
Grove prairie (the Prairie Settlement), not far above the junction of the Mississippi and the St. Croix. According to General
Sibley, Joseph Haskell and James S. Norris, both settlers in the Cottage Grove district, were ‘‘the first farmers who made Minne-
sota their home; and who demonstrated that our lands are equal to any others in the west for the production of cereals.’’'®
On June 1, 1849, the organization of the Territory of Minnesota was formally proclaimed, and in accordance with the pro-
visions of the territorial constitution, a census of the inhabitants was ordered, as of June 11, 1849. The territory included not
only the present state, but also all of the Dakotas east of the Missouri and White Earth rivers. For lack of other officials, the
enumeration was made by the sheriff of St. Croix County—the only organized county in the territory. Indians were supposed
to be excluded, but half-breeds were included. Judging from the population reported west of the Mississippi, where white settle-
ment was confined to traders and missionaries, and from various oral traditions, it would seem that the census was considerably
padded.’” Even the troops and other persons in the forts were all included. As officially reported, there were 3,067 males and
1,713 females, a total of 4,780 persons, in the territory (Appendix, Table II). It may, however, be doubted whether the actual
population, including half-breeds living apart from their tribes, reached 2,500; and it has been estimated that the white popu-
lation, exclusive of mixed bloods, did not exceed 1,000.'® According to the census there were on June 11, 3,740 persons within
the present boundaries of Minnesota, counting the Pembina settlement as in Dakota; or 4,057, as estimated by the Minnesota
Commissioner of Statistics.1? Of this number 2,879 were found in the ceded district east of the Mississippi, including 211 in
the Lake St. Croix precinct and an uncertain number, not greater than 194 (shown by the 1850 census) in Little Canada. The
number in these two districts, where agriculture predominated, was thus under 400.
The census of 1850 gives the population of June 1 of that year; but the agricultural returns necessarily represent the crops
of the 1849 growing season (Appendix, Table III). The same relation to crop seasons also obtains as to subsequent censuses.
The territorial legislature at its first session in 1849 had divided the territory into nine counties, of which only three—
Washington, Ramsey, and Benton—comprising the ceded land east of the Mississippi, were organized. The population reported
in the territory as a whole was 6,077; an apparent increase during the year of 1,297 persons or 27 per cent. Using the corrected
figures for 1849, the increase appears as about 3,500 or 140 per cent. The population within the area of the future state was
subsequently estimated as 5,354.29 The three organized counties included the majority (3,701) of the population, most of the
others being scattered along the Mississippi and Red rivers, approximately as shown on the accompanying map.
The census of 1850 apparently does not distinguish consistently between country and town population, though the three
largest villages, St. Paul, Stillwater, and St. Anthony, had together 2,271 inhabitants, or 37 per cent of the total population
(Appendix, Table III, note 6). However, since places under 2,500 are counted as rural, and St. Paul contained only 1,112 people,
the map shows at once the total population and the rural population as of June 1, 1850. The nativity of the inhabitants (Table
III, items 8-11) indicates that while the half-breed element was undoubtedly large among persons of Minnesota and Canadian
birth,”! there were at least 3,000 or 50 per cent of whites from other states and foreign countries. This was the element which
was beginning to furnish an agricultural population.
The number of men reported as farmers was 340; but this number included 77 in St. Paul,”? and must have included others
elsewhere, who were either in transit or for other reasons not actually farming. The total land in farms was 28,881 acres, the
improved land 5,035 acres, and the number of separate farms reported was 157. This would give on the average 183.95 acres,
including 32.07 acres of improved (plowed or enclosed) land, per farm. It is, however, evident that the 36 Itasca “‘farms”’ of
2.5 acres each probably represent a wild guess, since there were only 23 dwellings in that county. In any event, if these clearings
existed, they were mere gardens and therefore not to be averaged with genuine farms. Deducting these 36 parcels in Itasca,
there remain 121 farms containing 28,781 acres in all and 4,935 acres improved. On this basis the average farm contained 238
acres, including about 40 acres of improved land. The larger farms were found in Ramsey, Benton, and Washington, where
real farming had begun; and the largest of all (339 acres) in Washington, which had 58 per cent of the improved land (Fig. 38).
Outside of these three counties, the farms evidently consisted for the most part of small fields, gardens, and pastures about the
* trading, military, and missionary posts.
The live stock comprised chiefly horses and work oxen, though some milch cows were reported, especially in Washington
and Pembina counties. The considerable value of live stock in Pembina, together with the insignificant acreage of improved
land there, indicates a hunting and pastoral, rather than agricultural, mode of life.
The crop season of 1849 was fairly cool and extraordinarily wet (Figs. 69, 70). According to the census the yield of all field
crops was 81,911 bushels (Table III, item 37). Using the same unit as in later years (1 dot = 10,000 bushels), the entire oat
crop would be represented by three dots, the potato and corn crops each by two dots, and the joint yield of all crops in the entire
territory by eight dots.- The bulk of the crops naturally came from Washington and Ramsey counties. Wabashaw (as then
i , 3. 5
aad ty 18 ee he ees 555 Williams, J. F., History of St. Paul, 115-116; Bond, J. W., Minnesota and Its Resources, 57.
17 Williams, J. F., History of St. Paul, 228, note.
18 Ibid., 207. : _
Second Annual Report of the Commissioner of Statistics for 1860-61, 97.
7
ane tten the Indian population (civilized), which consisted chiefly of mixed pious, ee pees as 2,369; and the Minnesota Commissioner of Statistics at the time thought this
5 “108: imi: ton VIII Census \. “ i
a poe a. yo tec pe ioe e 36. re. a A vecals statements attributed to the census by contemporary writers, but not found in De Bow’s edition of the census,
The census of
1849
Minnesota
according to
the census of
EDWARD VAN DYKE ROBINSON
42
(IIT 21qe .L uo paseg) (‘Joarayy Wolsey Jofew 10 sade OOI s}uas
-31da1 40
1OP Ye) “OSST jo snsuas 24} 0} 3u
Tplosoe puey ure; Pesosdun
JO worjNqiystp ayeulxoidde pue Solrepunog pue saureu Ayunoy “ge ainsi
| ery 1 7 42 ss b>
(40S 241,90 socapureg presse agg engin
Arps mys goqerd you Sun bapr/u))
OS3/ 4 Saepuneg Atunog buimoyor
Qpsouuiyy Jo Atopedly 2 1
wy Suyrent
eres,
7
|
|
|
!
|
PPS
gs
uonoely Iofew 10 suossad OOI s}Uasaid.
947 38 ejosauur ur uorendod jo uo
I eq2L uo paseg) (‘soarayy
21 0p yey) ‘ESET JO snsuas
TNGIsIp oyeuxoiddy ‘ze INST
sory. Lo cb PD.
( apeyp 4.30 rapunag prone yg enyin
Aoepane aif Jogiod poys kyo Sapry2u)
OS8/ 4" Saldepuneg Kiuneg bumoyor
Qposauuiyy fo Xiopery 34
eySerysops
=)
|
|
|
|
SS a a |
Site
ong
ECONOMIC HISTORY OF AGRICULTURE IN MINNESOTA 43
spelled) ranked third, in spite of the land there being unceded, probably by reason of the mission and trading posts along the
Mississippi. In Washington County market-gardening had begun, in a small way, to supply the adjacent towns. In fact the
district in Washington County extending from Douglas Point to Red Rock and Cottage Grove, easily accessible by water both
to St. Paul and Stillwater, was the first center of commercial, as distinguished from self-sufficing, agriculture in Minnesota.
Thus, under date of 1853 we read: “If the traveler wants to see what the practical farmer can do in Minnesota, let him ride
down to Cottage Grove . . . . on the tongue of land extending down between the St. Croix and the Mississippi. The farmers
there raise more oats, roots, everything that is good to eat, than they have any use for, and they sell a handsome surplus every
year to St. Paul and Stillwater.’
The relative importance of various crops in 1849, as reported by the census of 1850, is shown in the following diagram.
The crops grown were thus chiefly of a character suited to local use.
Wheat, the great market crop of later decades, had not yet come into vogue,
the entire yield being only 1,401 bushels.
Gristmills for local use were a feature of frontier life in Minnesota as
elsewhere. In some cases they were driven by the wind, though usually by
water or by steam. After the government mill at St. Anthony Falls (1823),
the earliest gristmills in Minnesota were those built at Little Canada in 1844
and at Afton, near Cottage Grove, in the winter of 1845-46. These mills
largely ground corn and other coarse grains, and were very small affairs. The
census of 1850 reported only one gristmill in Minnesota having a product valued
at $500 per year, smaller establishments not being counted (Table III, 44).
During the fall of 1849 the first considerable farm (Russell’s) had been
opened above the Falls of St. Anthony, near Sauk Rapids.”* Others followed
rapidly in 1850 and thereafter, when the Governor Ramsey had begun to make
trips on the upper river. As early as June, 1850, the census reported 20 hold-
ings classed as farms in Benton County. In 1851 there is a record of three
To farms along the river, between the falls and the mouth of the Rum River,
a o and others at Belle Prairie and Gull Lake.> In December, 1852, Captain
a ac de vid Gers 0 nee Todd, the commandant at Fort Ripley, addressing the first session of the Ben-
and the percentage which each formed of the total ton County Agricultural Society, described in detail the management of two
(81,911 bushels). (Based on Table IIT) additional farms, besides that of Russell at Sauk Rapids.?® On all, mixed
farming rather than any one-crop system prevailed; though spring wheat was proving more dependable than winter wheat, and
for the same reason, small grains were beginning to be preferred to corn.
During 1850 the Brophy settlement was begun around Lake Johanna, northeast of St. Anthony;?’ and the next spring
much of the prairie between St. Paul and St. Anthony passed under the plow.”® Owing to the proximity of markets in St. Paul
and St. Anthony, agriculture here took on a more intensive character, the farms being relatively small and market-gardening an
important feature on many of them. A nursery was also established between the cities. As a result, land in this district was
already held at prices much above the average.”
In 1851 were negotiated the treaties of Traverse des Sioux and Mendota providing for the cession to the United States
of substantially the southern half of Minnesota, west of the Mississippi (Fig. 36). Steamboat excursions up the Minnesota in the
summer of 1850, added to the reports of the fur traders, had already made known the character of the country; and without
waiting for the ratification of the treaty (June 26, 1852) a rush of settlers into the new cession began. The site of Minneapolis
was‘occupied, and farmers spread as far west as Minnetonka. The valleys of the Root, Zumbro, and Cannon rivers, entering
the Mississippi from the west, served as highways into the interior, especially through the driftless district where the valleys
are better aggraded. The site of Winona, which became the fourth city in the State, was likewise determined by the convergence
of a number of small valleys, offering easy routes on to the farming lands on the plateau. By the close of 1852 the west bank
of the Mississippi was lined with villages and there were considerable settlements in the tributary valleys.*° At the same time
steamboats and other craft navigating the Minnesota River were crowded with settlers going into the south central region, and
town sites were being established in all sorts of locations. The rush of settlers and the violence of speculation both increased
still further in 1854, after the Sioux had finally retired the preceding year to their reservation on the upper Minnesota (Fig.36).
This movement was stimulated, not only by the opening of such a vast area of fertile land, but also and especially by the great
excursion up the river on the completion of the railroad from Chicago to Rock Island.*' For the crop season of 1854 there were
estimated to be 15,000 acres under tillage. This year also saw the first agricultural fair, held in Hennepin County. By this
time the territory was in the grip of a real estate “boom” which spread and grew with prodigious rapidity until the panic of
1857.°5
23 Bond, J. W., Minnesota and Its Resources, 34.
24 Minnesota in Three Centuries, II, 446. :
2%Le Duc, W. G., Minnesota Year Book for 1861, 27-28. Bond, J. W., Minnesota and Its Resources, 46-49.
%6 Thid., 169-172.
27 Ibid., 362.
38 Ibid., 43.
20 Ibid, 140-141,
80 Tbid., 50. ; .
41 Blakeley, Capt. Russell, Advent of Commerce in Minnesota (Minn. Hist. Soc. Coll. VIII, 393-400).
82Second Annual Report of Commissioner of Statistics for 1860-61, 55; Message of Governor Gorman,
33Second Annual Report of Commissioner of Statistics for 1860-61, 103,
Council Journal, 1855, p. 41
First grist-
mills
Development of
agriculture,
1850-1857
Increase of
population,
1850-1857
Importation of
food stuffs
Minnesota
becomes
self-supporting
44 EDWARD VAN DYKE ROBINSON
The substantial facts underlying this speculative frenzy were, first, that population was actually increasing rapidly, and,
second, that most of the newcomers were turning to agriculture. From 4,780 on June 11, 1849, and 6,077 on June 1, 1850,
the population of the territory increased to 20,000 before the opening of navigation in 1853°* and 30,000 by January, 1855,*°
according to the best estimates; while the actual population shown by the territorial census was 53,600 during the summer of
1855,°° and 150,037 in 1857, prior to the admission of Minnesota as a state.*”? It thus appears that from 1850 to 1854, when
immigrants had to make an eight or ten days’ drive by wagon from Milwaukee or Chicago to Galena, the increase of population
in Minnesota was at the rate of approximately 5,000 a season; but beginning with 1854, when railroads from the east reached
the Mississippi River, and continuing till the panic of August, 1857, the increase rose to about 35,000 a year.
Owing to the rapid growth of the towns and the lumbering industry, agriculture was for a time unable fully to supply the
home market. Thus, it is recorded that during the winter of 1850-1851, the following scale of prices prevailed in St. Paul: flour,
$7 a barrel; potatoes and oats, 50 to 75 cents a bushel; beef, 8 cents, pork, 10 cents, lard, 14 cents, butter, 25 cents a pound; and
eggs, 25 cents a dozen. Some of these prices look modest enough to-day, but on the strength of them it was asserted that ‘‘farming
is and must be a very profitable business in Minnesota. For their produce, farmers will have for years a home market and high
prices.’°8 Again, some three years later, under date of April 10, 1853, we encounter a similar statement: ‘‘Look at our prices
current (in St. Paul) at this time, before the arrival of the first boat from below with our supplies: flour, six dollars per barrel;
oats, fifty-five and sixty cents per bushel; and potatoes, seventy cents. Butter twenty-five cents per pound, and eggs and poultry
not to be had for love or money.’”® As late as 1853 one of the writers desirous of inducing immigration placed his principal
emphasis on potatoes and oats, adding, however: ‘‘No one competent to judge doubts the efficacy of Minnesota as a wheat-
growing region, although this crop has not been thoroughly tested as yet.’’*°
This failure of Minnesota for some years to feed herself was even made a ground of attack, especially by Horace Greeley,
editor of the powerful New York Tribune, who alleged, as proving the worthlessness of the territory, that it “imported loafers,
the bread that they ate as well as the whiskey that they drank.’"*! It may be surmised that Greeley objected to seeing northern
settlers drawn off to Minnesota, especially after the Kansas-Nebraska Act of 1852, when (as he thought) their presence was sorely
needed in Kansas and other border territory to insure the supremacy of the antislavery element. To offset these unfavorable
reports, energetic efforts, in part at public expense, were of course made in Minnesota, notably by General Le Duc in 1853.”
Nevertheless, Mr. J. J. Hill has recorded that even so late as 1856, when he first came to the territory, ‘‘it was still considered
that Minnesota might be a good country for lumber; we had a few cranberries to sell (probably 150 or 200 barrels a year); and
beyond that the fur trade.’”*’
However, the great flood of immigration, which for several years had been pouring in,somewhat abruptly changed the economic
character of the territory. As early as 1852 some 2,000 bushels of wheat were shipped from Hastings, but the destination is not
recorded and may have been St. Paul.“* Mr. J. J. Hill further reports: ‘‘The first wheat that I know to have been shipped from
Minnesota was in 1857, and was raised on the Le Sueur prairie. In 1859 there were a few thousand bushels of wheat
raised, principally about Le Sueur and St. Peter. It was shipped to St. Louis by boat. There was not enough to
fully load a barge. In 1859 and 1860, all the grain was hauled in seamless sacks. Milwaukee was
practically the market for all our grain.’’”** It seems clear, however, from other contemporary evidence, that in 1857, the imports
of foodstuffs largely exceeded the exports; and that, owing to poor crops,** the supply barely met the demand in 1858, when
Minnesota became a state. In 1859, however, the harvest was excellent, except that much of the corn was damaged by frost;
and the fall of that year saw the feeble beginnings recorded by Mr. Hill grow into an important export movement of farm products,
as shown by the following figures:
TABLE 5.—SuHIPMENTS BY Ports IN 1859*
Ports WHEAT OaTS Corn BARLEY POTATOES. TOTALS
Bushels Bushels Bushels Bushels Bushels Bushels
Minneapolis and St. Anthony...........) 0 ...... 13,000 33,000 46,000 92,000
St. Patilwncuceuswwe eves dean eee oe 12,848 30,000 5,376 | eres 50,000 98,224
‘Taylor's Baligecicoscbs vector sdeseseees |, “paxeed 2,000 1. gee cca fh kee dd 2,000 4,000
Stillwatetia.¢ 4 cbs teed we ee ees 500 97000, | neeews of a cei ee 7,000 17,100
*First Annual Repor) of Commissioner of Statistics, 1860, 155.
% Estimate in Bond, W. G., Minnesota and Its Resources, 22; for date compare 165.
35 Message of Governor Gorman (Council Journal, 6 sess., 31, under date of Jan. 18, 1855).
3€ Message of Governor Gorman, Jan. 9, 1856, Council Journal, 7 sess., 257; and Williams, J. F., History of St. Paul, 359.
37 Second Annual Report of Commissioner of Statisti«s for 1860-61, 98; Minn. Ex. Doc. 13, 1875.
38Le Duc, W. G., Minnesota Year Book for 1861, 49.
39 Bond, J. W., Minnesota and Its Resources, 165.
40 Tbid, 165.
41 McClung, J. W., Minnesota as It Is in 1870, 92-93.
42 Hill, J. J., History of See gt pemreseee (Minn. nia Coll. bre aes ie
43 [bid., . About 4,500 barrels of cranberries were shipp uring 9 from St. Paul, Mendota, and Stillw. ; _E.S., a : se,
sola Ghote Bee 19 and 27, 1849; Minnesota Pioneer, Dec. 12, 1849 and Jan. 2, 1850.) ‘ater. (Seymour, E. S., Sketches of Minnesota, 157, 183; Minne
44 Minn. Hist. Soc. Coll. VIII, 395.
45 Ibid., 276. : at ee
4° Wheelock, J. A., Firs! Annual Report of Commissioner of Statistics, 89, 100; Williams, J. F., History of St. Paul, 386, 391.
ECONOMIC HISTORY OF AGRICULTURE IN MINNESOTA
TABLE 5.—Continued
45
Ports WHEAT Oats Corn BARLEY POTATOES TOTALS
Bushels Bushels Bushels Bushels Bushels Bushels
Pt. Douglas....... 000. ee 6,000 G,O00 || ge-aek fll caste, Il eeeapsees 12,000
Hastings icy se yeG ine Atlas oes keener 49,477 59400 | .. .. | wee. 3,000 111,877
Pine. Beng wacss cc icas ce-eeante es cue ue 3,000 1,000 |) cweeeswe || cneree | tance 4,000
NeW POM chad xeeerde ecedesnameeiereel| asics 1,500) | oeeoss | avens 1,500
Red Witiise deca cknanetueeenedbedwas S0,0007 >|) <axewe. lll Gexeep 1) cduecke [fl oxgede 30,000
Lake Cityconnd imate. hoagie cop ertaees 18,0000 (|) Xtewees Ul) -Seaseeee 1 eee 3,400 21,400
Wabashas.< so 2acn ae menne 04 Sines ees 4,800 10,000 | ...... 2,000 16,800
Reed’s Landing.....................00. 3,000 5,000 | ..... Jove... 1,000 9,000
Minneiska.......... Aci aa ae aerrety 120007 |!) citer lh) axleeoe. il stele 12,000
Mt. Vernon...........: CNnits waded ao a antes 30007 |) oxic (1) ceeeeae ll) cosihaw: |) oonoees 3,000
Win0tae sa iek: 2428 boca ke Obed ie 177,000 35,000 | ...... 9,000 6,000 227,000
La, Crescent. 210.9 6 ede eels dete Seed ae eee ox 15,000 1,000 2,000 | ...... 2,000 20,000
HORAN a ears nottsor 5 roa cidade paraeceee aie 3,000) Givetse (] caegee, Of seared [ties 3,000
Brownsville.... ............0..05. 32,000 4,000 | ...... 1,000 | ...... 37,000
Leake SUPEMOR so) isis aheedeeeeredeeael) “tadss 1,000 1,000
Wotalss.ci.ccccersitagsewwuake owes 369,625 177,500* 40,376* 10,000 123,400 720,901 +
In spite of the fact that, as previously noted, agriculture in Minnesota began in the Cottage Grove district, and the first
considerable wheat shipments are stated to have come from the Minnesota Valley, wheat first became the leading crop in the
southeastern section, along the Mississippi and adjacent to older wheat-raising districts, and spread thence toward the north and
west. Thus, in 1859, as appears from the preceding table, Winona and the other ports in that vicinity showed the largest wheat
shipments, while from St. Paul but little, and from Minneapolis no wheat at all, was shipped. There is also contemporary testi-
mony to the effect that the leading primary wheat market was at first Rochester, then Red Wing, and finally (by 1871) Minne-
apolis, indicating a similar shifting of the principal area of wheat-farming.*’
Flour manufacture kept pace with, or even outran, the wheat crop. The first custom gristmill at St. Anthony dated from
1851, though it was not adapted to wheat till the following year. About the same time similar mills began to appear in the new
cession west of the Mississippi. The first merchant mill at St. Anthony was built in 1854. For several years thereafter the
local supply of wheat was inadequate and some had to be brought either 100 miles by wagon from Wisconsin, or up the river
from Iowa and Illinois. The mill, nevertheless, proved profitable because of the large local demand, the lower freight charges
on wheat than on flour, and the cheapness of power. As late as 1857, flour appears still to have been imported 8 but in 1858,
before wheat exports had fairly begun, the mill at St. Anthony made the first recorded shipment of flour to eastern markets rae
and in the exports of 1859 there is a record of 114 barrels of flour shipped by way of La Crosse and Prairie du Chien, 100 of these
going to Boston at a freight rate of $2.25 per hundred® (Note {, Table 5). Concerning the first shipment, it is reported by
one of those concerned: ‘It was not considered that Minnesota flour would be accepted as genuine, and to make it genuine it
was branded Muskingum Mills, Troy, Ohio. Within about three months after the first shipment the quality of
the flour was so very much better than the flour of Ohio that we were compelled to change the
brand. Since that time it has dated from Minnesota.’
Up to 1840 the economic basis of Minnesota had been the fur trade. By 1850 lumbering, though still in its infancy, was
fast becoming the leading industry. The close of the decade 1850-1860 saw the new state an agricultural community solidly
planted upon the soil.
The full extent of the economic revolution accomplished in the preceding decade appears in the census of 1860. In no
respect is the change more strikingly shown than in the number and distribution of the population, compared to 1850 (Fig. 40).
In 1860 there were sixty-four counties in place of nine; three towns (St. Paul, St. Anthony, and Minneapolis), each having
over 2,500 population, while another (Stillwater) had 2,380 inhabitants; and the total population was 172,023 east of the Red
River, against 6,077 in 1850 for the entire territory.
The distribution of the population shows clearly the influence of transportation routes, settlement being densest along the
navigable portions of the Mississippi, Minnesota, and St. Croix, and varying inversely with the distance from these streams.
Actually, the population was mostly gathered within from thirty to sixty miles (roughly a two days’ drive) of the rivers, but
the use of the county as the unit of tabulation renders it impossible to differentiate the areas of denser settlement within the
+P issi istics, 1860, 155. The totals printed in the commissioner's report are 164,500 for oats and 41,376 for corn, while the correct footings
of the ee ee eee ne Sterile tt is impossible to tell where the errors occurred, the county items are here accepted as correct and new totals calculated, in order
to make the total balance.
All grains, but principally wheat. ; 3 ; ye 2 ; Ristecnn ik —
r Cc , Prairie du Chien, and Fulton, in 1859, were: ginseng, 203,000 pounds; cranberries, 10,300 bushels; bales of furs, ; bales of buffalo robes,
403; fide oad eine dl meron; sock, 24 tales and 2,000 pounds; butter, 3,886 pounds; jlour, 114 barrels (Ibid., 108-109).
47 Hill, J. J., History of Agriculture in fio reser Ze a Coll, VIII, 282).
Ore issioner of Statistics for , 121. 4 ;
eee coe Cay roe Dictate in Minnesota. (Minn. Hist. Soc. Coll. X, Pt. 1, 38-39).
50 Pillsbury,‘ C. A., American Flour (Depew, One Hundred Years of American Commerce, I, 269).
51 Hill, J. J.. History of Agriculture in Minnesota, (Minn. Hist. Soc. Coll, VIII, 277).
Distribution
of population in
1860
46 EDWARD VAN DYKE ROBINSON
———
Ce
/Tfasca
Poth
Sard Lous .
Cars
Brechene dye
: . Corton
5 , Atkin
. Bechenn
CES re Todd y
2 Doughes ; RP
wel @ 4 . > = . .
Ae ee tie re er
OE si si, oh u = 1. Rural Population of Minnesota ac-
go Re NS : Fea a) cording to Census of 1860 including
; eae : oh —-. Dee Ue Cities and Villages of less than 2500
Perce i oh 5 a eS : cea akc Population.
Méarivigal : oe SNL Tate Each dot represents 100 Inhabitants.
i : : Tesora Each circle represents Incorporated
, Place of 2500 or more Inhabitants.
Masd yahe =
fe ees,
| Fremlh
eee es
‘
ia | Nobles Ss cok nts MarTen | on a ; .
=== 1 Capy right jae € Vaoh aon ‘
Figure 40. Rural population of Minnesota in 1860. (Based on Table XI)
ECONOMIC HISTORY OF AGRICULTURE IN MINNESOTA
° Pembina
B rechenriclge
Itasca
Lake
Poll
os Sar Lous / o
——e
eo
Becker
: ; . Cass [2 ae es hae
Ot r-Fa:/ “1 Att
Crow Wing
—S eu , y
i . OI Sor | oadaraee =,
| Doug Jas * . ‘ . 3 she Dre
| ‘i Chetnas 3. Country Population of Minnesota
é * -. SAGO i
~ S ol: according to Census of 1860 exclud-
: ’ Be gto pa ing all Incorporated places. Each
verce Wie Te. ee Anche « dot represents 100 inhabitants.
. . Meeker Leight . Pty 2) Xe
| Aardiyohy ) Af Herren Nye
Mheod Caries ste :
Renville
1 Sibley Fe
pls eer Re
Nicollet Of LeSiets) ae NT
———
ei 2
—_—_
Fock Murray CaVbaseed Brown * | BheLarlh Pr ee Steele" Testo A nye he Wien
| FA, tpeslone
Nobles Jackson Matt, |} Foabipejp ic | =ftethen, .'+ Mowers | Aiea A. Poesibn,*,
Copyright 1918 b LV Rebinson
Figure 41. Population outside of incorporated places in 1860. (Based on Table XI)
EDWARD VAN DYKE ROBINSON
Pembma
Poth
Saint Lous
| Becher |
Breckenridge | | Cass |
| Carlin
O+ferta.} | Aithin | ae |
| Crow Wing
| | Buchanan |
Toombs Mille lacs pop ema 3
| Morrison Lo _|
Douglas Kana i Fete
Bewlor |
| Stearns . | : ; .
feast 14. Production of Wheat in Minnesota
° . Sherburne Snisaae according to Census of 1860.
; Each dot represents 10,000 Bushels.
net v | Anes
Monongeha ‘ nate
-_—_—— Machen | Lveight " Washingt
‘ F Pe ae
farcry ob | | * Henrepin it ‘vl 8
Soe ay |: gee: .
Mtheod Carver ~ i : .
Fereille fe dl oie | oe
ie | 1 Sms Dehot =)
= aa im “Fe oS
Goodhue .
: LeScevn | .
°: Z .
Neollee a : bloshe
.
| ike [eA
Rock Nerray CoMonwood “ | sie Larth haseca Stecle Zeige” “oO Mnste : Wirteg:
. . 7 : - -" l ; . : . : ‘
Pa grr tee eae . == | mee] S, = 2 7—s el. °
e e e
' ° | e Cj ee °: ee ° e
Aypestone Wastes Jac heen Martin Faribeu/P Freeborn Mower Re ieee Che
. | ~ oe @ i e +
| l ‘ fe 9 eo ts el? : = 1
2 ~
Copyright 1912, EV. Robinson,
Figure 42. Production of wheat in Minnesota in 1859 according to census of 1860. (Based on Table XIII)
ECONOMIC HISTORY OF AGRICULTURE IN MINNESOTA 49
i
—_—— —.
—— ce ee es ee
—
Sant Z ous
Falk
we
_— 1 &G
! | Cass
Breckenridge ——---~ l a |
| ~— a Carlin |
ee,
———-$ Ottrt,/ l L | Athen | os
row
| wing | | Buchanan |
Toombs SS _ Todd ya 6 ~~ | Nae Ne
r | Morrison [5 [
[Devales j | Penta Pine
| | _| eo ee LS | |
——— | Benton | ir
QS ee 1—— | Ce ne . ert ee 7 =| 26. Production of Oats in Minnesota
eerie ° according to Census of 1860.
qQ cece to Sherburne aoa Has Each dot represents 10,000 Bushels.
Pierce | SS | Anoka —
Monon aha é
| ieee Meeker | Wright eae
| apes fi Es
aad LN
| iLeed ae L - tS i x
| Frenville | ea a "eet -
| haa a
‘ - ios tas
| Moller . LeSvew peice Neal atl = eS
| . | ee ae se | | ebeshe :
ee ee
| Rock [Murray eet | Brows Bhelarlh aes | Steele [Dodge ee oe : :
De a Nake cat see lhe A ee ee Bink
eo ee eee:
[Preston Nobles lee hoon | Martn | Forvbau/t | Poeaborn | Mower - |. Fillmore 7
|
ir el ieee eee of
SSR 1912, EY. Robmsen,
q | HossTon
Figure 43. Production of oats in Minnesota in 1859 according to the census of 1860. (Based on Table XIV)
50
EDWARD VAN DYKE ROBINSON
——o
a Sj
Brechenridye
Becher
|
Lake
Hiece a
Semt Lous
Coss
C: orllen
Tt
OtfeeT,/ Atthwn
Serres Buchan
= —~ ~ lee lees ae
Morrison J wealhig: fame
DBngles | i |
Berta
Stearns | pets 32. Production of Barley in Minnesota
ak according to Census of 1860.
Corsage
Sherborne Each dot represents 10,000 Bushels.
Anoka
Hevee Me-engeha
Mecher hight __ _|beshing in
Ramsey
Forndiyeh Hennepin N
| i
MeL cod ioe Carver
Pinnill eH Ges a6 Dynes
ee eo ie i=
Jo Bide
Molle ZL Sieve Fle « 7
| ) Wabasha
| Fy. My €: +4, sf Binz | Blo Larlh Waseca | S%ele Lod 5¢ Olnsle od
se Ureay: of lomwee
Fixe shoe Nebles Jochen Morker Farr bau /# | Freeborn Mower Cilimore
Copyright 1912 E V Robinson
Figure 44. Production of barley in Minnesota in 1859 according to census of 1860.
(Based on Table XVI)
ECONOMIC HISTORY OF AGRICULTURE IN MINNESOTA
51
U'
Fb
gP
of.
mg Dr
Hevea i i
Pall a
& Sarl Lous / 9°
Becken
[
Cass Lente niet <mneontty
Brechenriclge Carlin
Ofhvtul “| Athn
Crom Ming fl eee
i ee, ;
lori Sore Lan ba :
| | Douglas fae . | Pure
Beribr
Stearns ; 64. Production of Rye in Minnesota
® /sart : According to the Census of 1860.
\ | Sherk, Chisago Each dot represents 10,000
ey | Bushels.,
Prevce Mo oon hea Anoka rama
Mechep Leigh? J ne
Rensey ad
Frandyoht . 4 Hennepin e
Mood Carver
e
ee beatt \ Dabore
Sibhy __| |
7 | Goodhue
Molle LeSvewr ice. peaacre
| Wabasha
—— oad
Valera Marry Cat ternwrocd Brown | Blue LZailh \ pbseco | Sele Doce On sled | bWiinena
FY qpestone Nobles Sackeax Marin Faribault Freehorn Mower | Fillmore Aousion
Copyright IWR yy LV Robinson,
Figure 45. Production of rye in 1859 according to the census of 1860 (Based on Table XVII)
EDWARD VAN DYKE ROBINSON
[Tasca |
Lake
Polk |
wn
|
| Becher | Cass
Breckenridge
OtlerTal Aitken SSS SS
| Crewing |
| 1 Suchenan
Toombs | sie
|
20. Production of Com in. Minnesota
<———— ——+—_| Stearns :
Nach | Chisago according to Census of 1860.
| ease eh Each dot represents 10,000 Bushels.
Fuerce is *
Moron galia | oe
51
Mee hen ° Weight ee
i ‘ -Rereey
"Hemnépin q
Aard; 1 ob
Renville
—_ ‘Scott +
aay oe poe ie ai
— ea Cmte’ ES
Le Seeus
° te eco | F . “|
Niecllel” 7 Puce s ° nee? é
°
a .
= ‘ oe J
on ar se
Beso. eae "| Waseca” is Stele sarees Olmete Winona *
fi
|
Martin Faribault sah Free pe ; Mower |. *Fillegere ee
- Copyright MZ EY. Repiser
Figure 46. Production of corn in Minnesota in 1859 according to census of 1860. (Based on Table XV)
ECONOMIC HISTORY OF AGRICULTURE IN MINNESOTA
Se”
53
Pembina
Vasea | | Zs ahe
vith.
Poth | Sarit Lous |
OS vA | i
| Becker
Cass
Brakersclye i :
| Carlton
S|
eS Otterte.f = | a | So
ATK in
Crom Wing | Buchanan
imide ————— Todd — | Mille lac et
Morrison | | 4
| Douglas a 7 [Aanabac Pine
~ fae ape penta ab |
TT! * Berton eee r_
Stearns , . Chg 38. Production of Potatoes in Minnesota
Bae re Isane — according to Census of 1860.
Sherburne oes | Each dot represents 10,000 Bushels.
qQ Praree ie ——
Monongaha .
|“* Meeker
a a
| | Weight 3 ° i = ea
| Pcie Kandy ob seals "Webnadh C7 a ue
| hae op ek Say
: Renvil/e M*Leod Career — - a Bae
| [| poy Seat ‘| Deke.”
| eee oa ye als
| Sh 7 . . “Le oa
| Keli é PoSiitin - « Race i a Goodhue | . ‘ . y
| . 3 : - 7 | . | : fe ! | Wabasha .
| Rook Merray | Cottonwood | ‘Bown I. Bef E ott lee ieee Steele | thiye™ a ‘ re
| _ RH Sa
a . | ees ee
[" ere Nobles Jackson | Mari , | Faribault ss | Mower * Fillmore ; | rs
ee a ae z | Cop ght 142. Sate nSon,
Figure 47. Production of potatoes in Minnesota in 1859 according to the census of 1860. (Based on Table XVIII)
EDWARD VAN DYKE ROBINSON
54
(AIXX 2192 uo paseg) (IIXX 192L uo paseg) -gogz yo snsuao
Foe194} UorseIy Jofeul 10 smoo ‘Yoru OOT Siasaidas yop yoeq 24} 0} SUIpioo.e EBT UL ejJOsouUIT ur Aey jo uononporg ‘gp aansrq
‘0981 JO snsusd ay} 0} SuIpi0z9e smo Allep Jo uonnqiysiq ‘Gy ainang
. | ‘ woree%y AT rite pybotory ; = =
| ey ‘ See Sa werypror. IN | rey erely | ee . ee : siwiny ! © warn wrepeiny : ead | sini ! eer
© | ‘i ‘ etc ro gees ole a fe [ |
. e “1 & “il |
PT. “2H, orergy wnyong Lmoegy er | Sorsryy re|
“yeeyzong ney pomuyge) oe we
epee] se 4. allt ee
|
“cnoaso7 = wren . | ‘ f 7 Jo ey! Page . deren -
ae? | : ye) 4 ee re
es = y * 6 YO 5 > : ~ x ‘og . 7
cute ye ol | ord} ege, TI YS |
“Yo A ew | PW | | 4 + 09,| + poryysy | :
on’ downy | yh pees Lee |
Aare yy|
ae
eg
er tT mys —
oe < ey
= “ons aa ee aay
LS UN tadbuiegyy fb ep
a co | ee ct is :
Oa ] “Py
a a
oe *suol 000'1 sjuasaidas op yreZ stony
- “O9gT jo snsuay 94 0) SuIpoIIy
BosauuTYy Ut AREY Jo uonanporg ‘12
- moun
| HA | i SEO
2 prauayraigy
#007. ets ies
om
cuguany
|
oo peey
ECONOMIC HISTORY OF AGRICULTURE IN MINNESOTA 55
counties. The same difficulty is of course encountered in mapping the crop areas. The region between the Mississippi and
the Minnesota, however, had been comparatively well settled, not only by infiltration from both directions, but also by reason -
of the military road running south along the divide (Fig. 30). The considerable settlement in Stearns County arose from the
fact that the ordinary head of navigation on the upper river was at Sauk Rapids, and that at about this point the valley, curving
toward the north, leads directly into the coniferous zone. As a result, agricultural immigrants, being forced to land at the rapids,
spread over the region of mixed hardwood and prairie to the westward, along what was rapidly becoming the principal trail to
the Red River Valley. East of the Mississippi settlement made relatively little progress except for the original agricultural
district in Washington and Ramsey counties.
In order to eliminate, so far as possible, the influence of lumbering, manufactures, and commerce, another map has been
prepared showing only the population in the open country, exclusive of all incorporated places, according to the census of 1860.
The distribution of population on this basis is somewhat more even as between the inhabited counties, though the effect
of Sauk Rapids is again evident in Stearns County. Even this country population, however, can not be considered exclusively
agricultural, for two reasons: first, many places which were in fact villages had not yet been incorporated; second, persons
engaged in the fur trade, lumbering, or fishing were mostly found outside of incorporated towns.
The wheat crop for 1859 (census of 1860) was more restricted in its distribution than the country population, most of it
being grown in the two tiers of counties west of the Mississippi and south of the Minnesota, though it extended as far as Stearns
County. The greatest density appeared in Fillmore and Olmsted counties, which are largely loess-covered (Fig. 42) and less
dissected by streams than the river counties. The oat crop had substantially the same distribution, except that it was more
strongly represented east of the Mississippi. Being grown chiefly for local use, oats was more important near the cities and
the lumbering districts. In other respects its distribution followed that of the agricultural population, except on the extreme
frontier,
The minor small grains, barley and rye, were grown in very limited quantities. Barley extended over about the same
areas as wheat and oats, while rye did not appear in the southeastern district, aside from the Minnesota Valley.
Corn and potatoes, like wheat and oats, extended as far north as Stearns County; but true to their character as frontier
crops grown for local consumption, they were also found at materially greater distances from the rivers than was wheat, or even
oats. Corn had the preference on the extreme frontier because more easily planted and harvested on land imperfectly cleared
or broken. It will be remembered, too, that an early frost had destroyed a considerable part of the corn crop of 1859, which is
represented in this census (p. 44; Fig. 46). The great apparent density of potato-growing in Blue Earth County is manifestly
an error in the census, since there was nothing before or afterwards, or in adjacent counties, to indicate such intensive culti-
vation of a bulky crop. Moreover, such a type of agriculture would be wholly inconsistent with the necessities of frontier exist-
ence. Only when large markets and cheap transportation are available, is it possible to carry on specialized potato-growing.
The production of hay, mostly wild hay, and the distribution of milch cows, corresponded closely to the distribution of
the country population, extending beyond the areas devoted to cereals well into the wilderness. For the most part, both hay
and milk served purely local uses, the dairy exports reported for 1859 being only 3,886 pounds of butter. The principal dairy
product was butter (2,957,673 pounds), while the output of cheese was less
3\of0 than one tenth as much (199,314 pounds). These were prepared on the farm,
butter and cheese factories being altogether unknown.
Among the minor products dry or field peas and beans amounted to
18,988 bushels; and garden produce was valued at $94,704," against $150 in
1850. The increase had occurred chiefly in Hennepin, Ramsey, and Wright
counties, adjacent to the two cities. On the other hand, market-gardening
remained insignificant in Washington County, where it had first appeared,
notwithstanding the proximity of Stillwater and St. Paul. The development
of small-scale farming in Little Canada, not far across the line in Ramsey
County, presumably had some bearing on the matter. The census also report-
ed $649 worth of orchard products, 140° pounds of hops, 1,983 pounds of
flax fiber, 109 tons of hemp, and 38,938 pounds of tobacco. There were even
somewhat bizarre agricultural experiments (suggesting what took place in
New England in the seventeenth century), such as the production of 412
gallons of wine, 3,286 pounds of rice, and 52 pounds of silk cocoons. It
would seem that Minnesota was thought to be almost, if not quite, in the
banana belt.
The relative importance of field crops in 1859 according to the census
of 1860 appears from Table IV and Fig. 50.
Figure 50. Field crops in 1859. (Based on Table IV) Comparing Fig. 50 with Fig. 39 (p. 43), the most striking difference is
seen to be the development of the wheat and corn crops. Wheat advanced
during the decade from 1,401 to 2,186,973 bushels, which was 21.6 per cent of all field crops at the census of 1860; and corn, in spite
of a serious crop failure, from 16,725, or 20 per cent, in 1849, to 2,941,952 bushels, or 29 per cent of all field crops, in 1859.
62Corrected total. The census total for market garden produce, $174,704, shows a discrepancy of $80,000 compared to the items of which it purports to be the footing. Sim-
ilarly, the correct total of the county reporta for hops is 140 pounds instead of 132 pounds, as given.
Distribution of
farm products
in 1859
(Census of 1860)
Relative
Importance
of crops
56 EDIVARD VAN DYKE ROBINSON
Oats, the leading crop of 1849, stood fourth in 1859, after corn, potatoes, and wheat, although almost on a parity with wheat.
A similar advance of wheat is suggested by the development of manufactures. In place of four sawmills, producing lumber
worth $57,800, as in 1850, there were in 1860 no less than 158 sawmills, with a product valued at $1,234,203. Even more striking
was the increase reported in gristmills, namely, from one mill with products worth $500, to 81 mills grinding $1,289,665 worth of
products. In short, by 1860, agriculture and the factories based thereon had superseded the forest as the chief source of wealth
in Minnesota.
TABLE 6—MANUFACTURES IN MINNESOTA ACCORDING TO THE CENSUS OF 1860
I 5 No. of Capital Cost of raw | Hands Annual | Annual value
ndustries . 5
plants invested materials | employed wages of products
1. Agricultural implements................ 12 $19,650 $11,870 42 $14,364 $45,150
2. Wagons, carts, etC......... 0.0. c eee eee 14 6,000 5,623 20 5,640 13,275
3. Total of implements and wagons......... 26 25,650 17,493 62 20,004 58,425
Ah GSAS tii Saas os ata aves raica harness ee 81 587,500 978,552 188 67,212 1,289,665
S« Meat packing. (0.00 coe eew hie ee 3 21,000 25,334 6 1,680 35,238
6. Total of grain and meat................ 84 608,500 1,003,886 194 68,892 1,324,903
1a" SAW Scone. con soe wee knees 158 1,334,120 593,607 1,146 363,612 1,234,203
8. Reworking of lumber................... 58 134,650 60,844 202 75,624 181,166
9. Total of lumber........................ 216 1,468,770 654,451 1,348 439,236 1,415,369
10. All other manufactures................. 236 285,390 228,240 519 184,082 574,475
Total of all manufactures............... 562 $2,388,310 | $1,904,070 2,123 $712,214 | $3,373,172
While commercial agriculture, represented chiefly by wheat, was thus in the process of rapid development, the farmers in
Minnesota were still, in the main, growing crops for their own use or at most for local consumption. This fact is evident from
the percentage relation of the various field crops. Even the gristmills reported by the census were mostly custom mills, serving
local patrons, as shown by the relatively small export of flour (Table 8).
Fee ee The change from 1849 to 1859 in the relation of population to land and food supply clearly appears in Table 7 at the end
ane of this chapter. From the last column, indicating the percentage of change, it is seen that the number of farms, total field crops,
and value of all farm property, each increased approximately three times as fast as the total population. On the other hand,
the average size of farms, calculated from the corrected total number of farms (17,999) obtained by footing the counties, fell
from 184 to 150 acres. On the basis of the unsupported total number given in the census (18,181),°? the average size of farms
would be reduced still further, to 149 acres. The field crops, comprising the bulk of the local food supply, thus increased roughly
three and a half times as fast as the population outside of incorporated places. This change marks the transition from dependence
on outside food supplies to independence and the beginning of food exports.
TABLE 7.—CHANGES IN AGRICULTURE FROM 1850 To 1860, ACCORDING TO THE CENSUS RETURNS
Percentage of
Increase or
ITEMS 1850 1860 Decrease
1850 To 1860
1. Total populatiotic siss1.s6.650. 00d seas acuierasckigesenna die 6,077 172,023 2,730.7
2. Country population..........:5.-e cece cece ence eee een enes 3,806 122,530 3,119.4
% Number of farms.........0.40205seevesteereries rere keds 157 17,999* 11,364.4
4. Land in farms (acres)..........00 ee eee teen eee Pagers telaetas taht 28,881 2,711,968 9,290.1
5. Improved land in farms (acres)......... 0.0 sees seer eee eens 5,035 556,250 10,947.7
6. Average size of farms (acres)..........- 0+ cece eee cree eee eee 184 151* —17.9
7. Improved land per farm (acres)....... 6-0. sees eee e eee eee e ee 32.0 30.9* —3.4
8. Field crops (bushels).........-.-.- eee e terete eee ete 81,911 10,114,6777 12,248.4
9. Value of farms (land and buildings).................... eee seuss $161,948 $27,505,922 16,884.4
10. Value of implements, etc. ...... 0... eee eee eee teen eee eens 15,981 1,018,183 6,271.2
141. WVatue of live st0Ckicc. 00.5. <0 sae vesen cow eeey¥ yea seers arers 92,859 3,642,841 3,823.0
12. Value of implements and live STOCK a ila sn see tis Ae ER 108,840 4,661,024 4,182.5
13. Value of all farm property........--. eee cece cece eee eens 270,788 32,166,946 11,779.0
14. Value of lands and buildings per acre. .......... 00. e eee eee eens 5.61 10.14 80.7
15. Value of all farm property per acre...... 1... eee e eee eee eee 9.37 11.86 26.4
16. Value of all farm property per capita of the country population. . . 71.17 262.52 268.9
i an enlarged estimate to allow for assumed omissions in the county figures. ; ’
*The total number a Suu civen in the a (p. 222) is 18,181, but the county totals (p. 205) foot up only 17,999, which number is here adopted.
TAL Sareais peas and beans, potatoes (Irish and sweet), clover and grass seed and flaxseed, with census totals of wheat, barley, potatoes, clover and grass seed corrected to corre-
spond to items standing over them in the census.
53 Fither a typograp.
CHAPTER IV
PERIOD OF SPECIALIZED WHEAT FARMING 1860-1880
Wheat being preéminently a market crop, its spread was powerfully affected by the upward course of wheat prices during
the later fifties and early sixties.
In 1846, according to quotations collected for Madison, Wisconsin,’ wheat had fluctuated around sixty cents per bushel
and tended on the whole to decline until 1852 or 1853, but rose with extraordinary rapidity to $1.70 in 1855 (Fig. 51). This
mountainous rise was presumably caused by the disorganization of the wheat trade and stoppage of supplies due to the Crimean
War. The cause being temporary, the rise was followed by a sharp drop in 1856 and 1857, though not to as low a point. By
1858 minimum prices were again rising and this rise was accelerated on the outbreak of the Civil War.
In Minnesota reliable statistics date from 1881, when the Minneapolis Chamber of Commerce was organized; prior to that
date reliance must be placed, as at Madison, on irregular quotations in the newspapers.” These indicate the same rise in the
Figure 51. Wheat prices at Madison, Wisconsin, 1846-1876.1
\Hibbard, B. H., History of Agriculture in Dane Co., Wis., 133.
2Second Annual Report Commissioner of Statistics, 1860-61, 54-55. The 0.5 per cent represents “‘all other bushel crops.”
[57]
The course of
wheat prices
prior to 1860
58
EDWARD VAN DYKE ROBINSON
ee years 1858-1861 (see Report Chicago Board of Trade, 1858,
58).
Figure 52. Wheat prices at Chicago, 1858-18773
3“No. 2 contract,” highest and lowest prices for year furnished by Secretary of Chicago Board of Trade. “No. 2 Spring Wheat,” yearly average of semimonthly quotations
19; 1859, 41; 1860, 21; 1861, 21); for years 1863 to 1877, ‘Spring Wheat,” grade unspecified (Ibid., 1869, 34; 1876, 52; 1879
' 1 '
ECONOMIC HISTORY OF AGRICULTURE IN MINNESOTA oe)
fifties, associated with the Crimean War; though, owing to the lack of quotations from 1854 to 1857, only the last phases of this
rise are represented in the diagram (Fig. 53).
| 8160
Up to 1859 the prices were higher in Minnesota than in Wisconsin, presumably
150
|___ 1.40)
130
| 120 os
100 o
110 \ :
0)
80
10}
£0
30
40
Hh
20
20)
10
1853 1854 1855 1356 1957 1958 1859 om 1861 962 1863 |
{ 1865 (866 IBE7 1968 18691970 1871 1872 1873
Averace Pricg of WHeat
No DATA AVAILABLE
Figure 53. Wheat Prices at St. Paul and Minneapolis, 1853-1873.4
because the great influx of settlers compelled the importation of bread stuffs. Thereafter, with the increasing local crop, a decline
set in which carried the price below the Madison and Chicago levels.
C orn
3143577 BU.
Figure 54. Comparative yield of bushel crops during
the 1860 season. (Based on Table V)
In Chicago the Board of Trade in 1858 established the first system of
wheat grades, with a view to transportation and merchandizing in bulk. A
comparison of these several sets of prices yields some interesting results. The
Chicago quotations begin too late to reflect the price movements connected
with the Crimean War; but for the later years they reveal the same general
tendencies, at a higher level, as the quotations from Madison and St. Paul.
Under the stimulus of rising prices the 1860 crop season showed a fur-
ther advance of the tendency toward wheat farming revealed by the census
for the crop season of 1859. This fact appears clearly in the reports of the
local assessors to the state statistician.
From a comparison of Figs. 50 and 54 it appears that wheat had risen
from 21.6 per cent in 1859 to 36.1 per cent in 1860 of the total bushel crops,
and that rye and barley had also increased slightly. On the other hand, all
the others had declined relatively, this shrinkage being particularly marked
in the two crops least capable of profitable shipment, potatoes and corn.
Contemporary evidence also indicates that in consequence of the large crops
of 1859 and 1860 oats declined in price because, having greater bulk in pro-
portion to value than wheat, they were less readily exported at a profit. This
decline in price tended to a further reduction of the relative acreage sown to
oats.>
These changes were reflected in the export trade.of 1860, compared with that of the preceding season, as shown by Table 8.
éQuotations collected from St, Paul and Minneapolis papers by Mr. Stanley Gillam, Research Assistant.
5 Ibid., 60.
The 1860 crop
season
60 EDWARD VAN DYKE ROBINSON
TABLE 8—ExporTs DURING 1859 AND 1860, EXCLUSIVE OF LUMBER®
ITEMS 1859 1860
den Wheat DUShiel s verse ae tyne cate epee tan esa cals Bucucdar Dafessnschaeih Gare eo aeeee Panes Due Ben ieee Lees 369,625 1,576,666
2o JEG i, Daurel se ie cs at A oa doi vasbeone feange oa les tse ne Seana Te SIS Tee a tee ET SY 114 5,721
Sa: MIRVE, ushelsSgs ac oie Soe es 5 en oe ho cen ach el nein ents Sateen edamame hs rach icedy alleles ef 8,886
4s b Barley. bushels ocdssece cna es ad anastcavedveroun shee fone Nae Ow ARE ae RE 10,000 19,623
Ds SOAS sD US Mel Stee oth eases Gis ta besa icee eee oars do taeg cae igre eae cule oN Da ere tao Gara 164,500* 185,195
Oat SGorn bushels ste auction al eke ed ee aot ON Ne ak a aia 41,376* 30,071
i, sPotatoes Dushelsiss yica-d.ss6)-casn 9 seo ea bce DS Rn So he Ie) 123,400 55,941
Os) MELIMESF Vell C28. oie Ste aetees doe ented el tance ed ae aa aes cena ar aia tha ga ectie cle Loner acted $15,000 $47,981
Oi) CNW@O) sf POU Cl Sisco seagate iy ad pai ae os Hee aia ae eee esa ohn: Seabee al ease emu ie nla tea Sones tints duncan 7,000 25,887
105: “Butter. Pound sisi vised. ste ak raaee as Gods cae ae hk OM Beas Acne Mle eatl Stenhg tee aoe 3,886 36,272
1. Ginseng, pounds sa.cy es Co hoe ei Ree hoor ence ees 203,000 285,434
T220 “Cranberries, DuShel Sig chy sachs le kak eas ocak kaa ne Ge ol aes peg oe aan Sale a the cat aaah 10,300 ?
DSi US Vea ee conga deck see as Pata eee Sasa tes atc La Les acta ay me RC Cat Ded aa se NS ase $160,000 $186,155
14: Buffalo robes. Daless..:c20:G24qias sha tilew con eeulets atenstiate bad Dogue DORE RE ee 403 ?
The thing which stands out above everything else in the foregoing table is the increased exportation of wheat and flour.
Butter, while still a minor item, gave some indication of future possibilities. On the other hand, there was a sharp drop in the
shipments of corn and potatoes, and but slight increase in the movement of oats.
, Eotigettion of Such an increase of shipments soon congested the transportation routes. In the spring of 1860, after the good crop of
1859, shipments began with a rush, indicating a large surplus carried over from the preceding harvest. The crop of 1860 was
3 one of the largest in proportion to acreage ever harvested in the State; and as soon as this began to reach the river, a virtual
blockade set in, which continued with greater or less stringency for a number of years. This condition has been graphically
described by George B. Merrick, at that time a prominent steamboat man: ‘On the return trip . . . there was always
a more or less assorted cargo, but the mainstay was wheat. . . . There was no question about getting it. Every boat got
all the wheat it could carry, and the shippers begged, almost on bended knees, for a chance to ship five hundred sacks, or a hun-
dred, or fifty—any amount would be considered a great favor. Wheat was shipped at that time in two-bushel sacks.’”®
The future development of commercial agriculture in Minnesota evidently depended in large part on the provision of more
adequate transportation facilities; in other words, on railroad connection with the outside world. It was, however, not until
1867 that connection was finally established by rail with the Great Lakes at Milwaukee and Chicago (page 38).
_ Introduction of Another factor of commanding influence in the transformation of the self-sufficing type of agriculture into farming for
arvestin « . . . . . . . .
machinery the market was the invention and improvement of agricultural machinery. Considerable beginnings had, indeed, been made
in 1850 to $17,802,514 in 1860.° This striking increase was attributed by contemporary writers largely to the interest in such
machinery aroused by the first World’s Fair at London in 1851, and the subsequent exhibitions at New York in 1853, and at Paris
in 1855.° The first reapers, of the Manny type, reached Minnesota about 1855, while threshing machines began to be intro-
duced after 1856.!° It was, however, after the outbreak of the Civil War, which drained away from the fields so much of their
labor force, that the agricultural revolution began in earnest—a revolution not less striking and far-reaching in its effects than
the industrial revolution which started in England a century earlier. Between 1860 and 1864 not less than 250,000 American
reapers were sold,'' each capable of doing the work of many men with a great saving both in expense and in time. It is obvious
that this revolution in agricultural methods tended to extend the acreage sown to small grains, not only because of their lessened
cost of production as compared with other crops, but also because a large area could now be harvested during a few days of favor-
able weather, when otherwise the crop might have been lost, or seriously damaged by storms.
First culmination In addition to these favoring circumstances there was a constant influx of new settlers. By 1865, in spite of the Civil
Se ee War and the great Sioux massacre of 1862, the population of the State had risen from 172,022 to 250,099, an increase of more
than 15,000 a year or 45 per cent in five years.” This increase of population caused a rapid extension of wheat culture up to
1867 despite the congestion of shipping routes.
A second factor in this extension was the crop yield. In 1860 and again in 1865 the average yield of wheat exceeded 22
bushels to the acre; a figure never since approached (Figs. 71, 102). In 1866 and 1867, on the other hand, the crop was decidedly
| before 1860, as shown by the increase in value of agricultural implements manufactured in the United States from $6,842,611
*Uncorrected total carried forward by the Commissioner of Statistics from the previous report, and inconsistent with items there printed over it. For corrected total, see Table 5
6 Ibid., 91. ane
1F inst Annual Report ibe asad Hs ae 860, ae 108;
8 i B., ‘ames on the er Mississippi, i , ,
need wobe! on the VIII Census, 61, 97, 99); Flint, C. L., A Hundred Years’ Progress) Report, U. S. Dept. of Agriculture, 1872); Holmes G. K., Progress of Agriculture in
the United States (Year Book, U. S. Dept. of Agriculture, 1899); Fowler, Agricultural Machinery (Depew, Hundred Years of American Commerce, II, 352-386.) :
10Hill, J. J., History of Agriculture in Minnesota (Minn. Hist. Soc. Coll. VIII, 228-279); Thomas, Farm Implements (1854); Emerson, Rise and Progress of Minnesota Territory,
1855), 14, 41.
: : 11Census of Agriculture, 1860, XXII-XXIII.
12 Statistics of Minnesota, 1869, 64.
ECONOMIC HISTORY OF AGRICULTURE IN MINNESOTA 61
light and this partial failure was a prime cause of the relative decline which set in for a time after 1867, rendering that year the
first culminating point of wheat growing in Minnesota.’
A third factor in the extension and fluctuations of wheat farming was the course of wheat prices. During the Civil War
there was a rapid rise owing to the withdrawal of many thousands of men from the fields and the beginning of paper money
inflation, The highest price quoted at Chicago ($2.95) for No. 2 contract wheat was in May, 1867; but for some reason, not
clearly apparent in the records, the highest point both in Minnesota and Wisconsin was reached in 1866 rather than 1867. It
may be that the increase of output and congestion of shipping routes in these two states were responsible for this variation. From
this high point the decline was equally rapid up to 1870, though not to as low a level as before the war. After a brief rise in 1872
and 1873 prices again dropped back to approximately the level of 1870. This decline in price of course tended to reduce the
acreage in wheat after 1867 (Figs. 51, 52, 53).
The reasons for this abrupt drop in the price of wheat were complex. For one thing, the supply of wheat in the country
at large had outrun demand, owing to the rapid extension of cultivation west of the Mississippi; and this condition became still
more acute when the disbanded armies returned to the farm and factory. Moreover, the country was entering upon the period
of falling (paper) prices, accompanying the decreasing discount on paper money, which continued to oppress all lines of industry
until the resumption of specie payments in 1879. Finally, the influence of the panic of 1873 may be seen in the sharp drop during
the following years.
Unfortunately the quotations at Chicago are not fully comparable with those in Minnesota, owing to the irregular character
of the Minnesota figures prior to 1876. Nevertheless, the difference between them testifies in a general way to the high cost
of transportation.
Freight rates by rail, while low compared to the pre-railroad era, were nevertheless high, measured by the reduced market
price of the product. In 1868, for example, the rate on wheat from St. Paul to Milwaukee or Chicago was about 30 cents per
bushel'* and in 1869 the average charge by rail per ton per mile was estimated to be 29.8 mills, against 11.4 on canals, 2.9 on
rivers, and 2.5 by sea.'® In 1871 the newly appointed commissioner of railways reported the average charges as 3.6 cents per ton
mile on freight and 4.4 cents per mile for passengers.*®
As a result of these several influences, there followed, after 1867, a slight reaction toward a more varied crop system. This
movement increased the acreage of oats 30 per cent, corn 29 per cent, barley 53 per cent, and potatoes 39 per cent, in 1868
compared to 1867.'7 The effect was to restore oats to nearly the same relative position which it had held in 1860. In spite of
this reaction, however, wheat occupied in 1868, 59.7 per cent of all cultivated land, against 53.4 per cent in 1860 (Fig. 55).
Moreover, notwithstanding the severe drought of July, 1868 (Fig. 70), which affected the wheat crop more seriously than any
other except oats, wheat amounted to 49.19 per cent of the total bushel crops in 1868,'* against 36.1 per cent in 1860 and
21.6 per cent in 1859.
93.4 7% IUT%
WHEAT
230,315 acres
WHEAT
189,338 acres
ALL OTHERS
1860.
Figure 55. Uses of tilled land in 1860 and 1868.19
18 Tbid., 7-9.
M4 Message of Governor Marshall, June 7, 1869 (Minn. Ex. Doc. 1868-69, 18-19).
16 Rteesace of Governor Austin, January 7, 1870 (Minn. Ex. Doc. 1869-70, 16.)
16 Minn. Ex. Doc. 1871, II, 44.
17 Statistics of Minnesota, 1869, 22, 25, 26, 29, 35.
18 Ibid., 6. 2 7
19 [bid., 1861, 54; 1869, 7. For corrections of arbitrary additions, see 1871, 5-15.
The course of
wheat prices
during and |
after the Civil
War
Transportation
charges
Relative decline
of wheat
Des clopnient
of stoc!
husbandry,
1860-1869
Population
according to
the census of
1870
Distribution of
agriculture
according to
the census
of 1870
62 EDWARD VAN DYKE ROBINSON
During the Civil War the great demand for wool coupled with tariff changes caused active speculation in sheep, resulting
in an increase from 13,044 in 1860 to 97,241 in 1864 and 193,045 in 1866, when the movement culminated. Thereafter, the number
declined to 135,450 according to the state returns for 1869 (Table VI). This rapid decline of sheep farming (Fig. 56) was due
not merely to the slackening of demand after the war, but also to the same general decline of prices which affected adversely
specialized wheat farming. The number of cattle varied inversely with sheep, declining when sheep increased and increasing
when sheep declined.
After the close of the Civil War immigration to Minnesota again be-
came very active, rising as high as 40,000 or possibly 50,000 in a single year.
During the decade 1860-1870 the population increased from 172,023 to 439,706,
a gain of 267,683 or 156 per cent. Compared to the population shown by the
State census of 1865 (250,099), the increase during the last half of the decade
was 189,607, or 37,921 per year. By no means all of this increase, however,
went to the country. There were eleven municipalities in 1870, each having
at least 2,500 inhabitants, against three in 1860. With the exception of
Duluth, all of them lay south of Stillwater and east of Mankato; and all
except Rochester and Faribault were situated on navigable waterways. This
southeastern section accessible to the Minnesota, St. Croix, and the Missis-
sippi below the Sauk Rapids, contained more than fourfifths of the popu-
lation.
The country population, amounting to 327,698 persons, showed a simi-
lar localization as appears from the map of the distribution of population
outside of incorporated places (Fig. 58). North and west of the Sauk Rapids
the principal settlements were in Stearns and Douglas counties; that is to
say, in the hardwood belt along the route to the Red River Valley.
Comparing the distribution of population in 1860 (Fig. 40) and 1870
(Fig. 57) with the map of original forest areas (Fig. 8), it appears that the
country population, even aside from trappers and Jumbermen, persistently
clung to the hardwood zone, venturing out upon the open prairies only with
reluctance and for the most part after the hardwood region had entirely passed
into private ownership. The same thing had happened in Illinois, Wisconsin,
and other states on the border between woodland and prairie. The reason was
partly ignorance, which led many to argue that the prairie soil must be
inferior, since it would not grow trees. Others were deterred by the un-
familiar aspect of the country, especially the lack of windbreaks. In the
main, however, the cause for the slow settlement of the prairies was Figure 56. Number of live stock, 1860 and 1864-69.29
the lack of transportation facilities and of fuel. The prairies lay mostly
at a distance from the waterways, which imposed heavy expense for haulage; and in a climate such as that of Minnesota the
lack of wood for building and especially for fuel presented a very serious problem.’ In fact in Minnesota, as twenty years before
in Illinois, it was only the coming of the railroad which made the prairies habitable.” For this reason, comparatively little progress
had been made up to 1870 in settling the prairie section of Minnesota. This was for the most part the work of the years from
1870 to 1900.
The crop season of 1869, represented in the census of 1870, was cold and wet, with unseasonable storms especially at harvest
time”? (Figs. 69, 70). As a result there was a lower yield on heavy clay soils and a higher yield on the lighter soils east of the
Mississippi, than the average. The damage at harvest time was greatest in the case of wheat and oats; though oats, being better
adapted to a cool and moist climate, nevertheless proved a heavy crop.
The greatest density of wheat growing was in the two tiers of counties west of the Mississippi and south of the Minnesota
(Fig. 59); and this in spite of the fact that weather conditions were favorable to sandy soils. The crop was small east of the
Mississippi, except in Washington County.
Oats covered substantially the same counties (Fig. 60). There was, however, less concentration in the counties adjacent
to navigable waterways, since this-crop mostly supplied local consumption.
Barley, another market crop, had its center of production in the same tier of southeastern counties as wheat (Fig. 61);
while rye, reduced to insignificance by the spread of wheat growing, was found on somewhat lighter soils, especially north of
the Minnesota (Fig. 62). Corn and potatoes, also grown mostly for local use, followed closely the distribution of country popu-
lation (Figs. 63, 64). The same thing was true of the distribution of hay and dairy cows, though a slight tendency to concen-
tration near the cities may be noted (Figs. 65, 66). All of the products serving local consumption were relatively well repre-
sented east of the Mississippi. Measured by aggregate value of farm products, which was reported for the first time in 1870,
20 From U. S. Census for 1860; Minn. Statistics, 1869, 44, for years 1864-69. Owing to the break between the first and second series of Statistics of Minnesota, no figures are avail-
able for the years 1861-63 inclusive.
21 Statistics of Minnesota, 1878, 50.
22 Illinois Geol. Survey, Bul. 15. . :
at Sianisties of Minnesota, 1869, 18-19. McClung, J. W., Minnesota As It Is in 1870, 101.
ECONOMIC HISTORY OF AGRICULTURE IN MINNESOTA
Perm bine
=
Polk
Bel tua
Visca
. Aithin
a
Milles |
ere (~ Aanabee
AipasTine
Murray
Colfer wood
Sant Lous
to
Poche
Nobles
Dw ieekies
Lake
Lake
Rural Population of Minnesota ac-
cording to Census of 1870 including
Cities and Villages of less than 2500
Population.
Each dot represents 100 Inhabitants.
Each circle represents Incorporated
Place of 2500 or more Inhabitants.
“Copyright 1412, & V Robinson.
Figure 57. Population of Minnesota in 1870, (Based on Table XI)
63
EDWARD VAN DYKE ROBINSON
Itasca
hLahe
Blk
Sawt Z Ons :
HisMe/nc|
a FKanabec
: 9. Country Population of Minnesota
~] Aen
p 7 : s, f seh te : oa according to Census of 1870 exclud-
ee 2 ee Pe eee re “1° : ing all Incorporated places. Each
dot represents 100 inhabitants.
Traverse 2
a OE oe :
“Moreggaha’, |. *
oe Pe .. ¥
A.
.
an, Ayohr * a
1 .
.
; Reevilles” ee
ares
eet
. %
Brant
° ae
70" °
‘
.
aoe fie
FA peilne
Bock
Cthnweed
. .
.
Walon wer Pe
es *
Nobles
L
he
x .
“ *
Saehigt
. ° Sern
ee oe .
. ede
.
.
2 MarT ny aay
farbaulf :
°
.
. -.
Figure 58. Country population of Minnesota in 1870.
(Based on Table XI)
ECONOMIC HISTORY OF AGRICULTURE IN MINNESOTA 65
qe
Se a te es epee Seti es, —
Lake
|
Pembina |
|
| ' eee
wiiie Oftertal acct | Aitkin = |
el Grant oe ° . :
Traverse Rae pe ae 5 |
o" | : “ts : © 7 8 ON Benton | det
ell ese | Pope* | = es : 3 :
toe om ene fe Attra’ PT pheoe,
iE pee ae
ee a |:
—_—— . Ancha *
. Production of Wheat in Minnesota
according to Census of 1870,
Each dot represents 10,000 Bushels.
Bigstone
1 ve anaes
Chipp een : | Wri Kt, “fh oy ae
SS S—- Macken i _ ef tees ae 7
[Aandiyess |” ee »_fHensegin . ne
—b— stl Te DS
| MeLeed ee! a
Pe: oe —-! ¢ oe
é Le is ie
“Sibley”. wha
de Se eo
. |. . “ ~ =~ “Mies/let 7 Ledvevr | te
= fie | arn ie ie cee
T ee ee
| tt
| Apestine | Murray ee Loti eS dition: Wide ets
oa a oe pa aS
| Roca | Nobles TF Feess | Martin [7 ‘eibélt, : frathocn Pe ee .
rn fase foi [oe age EA
Copyright i a
aie 5
Figure 59. Production of wheat in 1869 according to census of 1870. (Based on Table XIII)
EDWARD VAN DYKE ROBINSON >
/lasca
Polk Micah oars
. ; Berton | [ v3 at 7 i . :
se ae 27. Production of Oats in Minnesota
according to Census of 1870.
| A ge F
ae ‘= 3 | . > wee 7 : 7 PON ae SF enlice ake [tee Each dot represents 10,000 Bushels,
[re ee ot
| |Monerrgaha a eae : at . z fe |
| | /santi i
Pe ies BEES
toi eet re re x ‘ he sale eee Toe
[ | | bey. s Pa Ree
: aed ee "ne
| ae Morray | ColTonwood | wetinnan Bee a silly,
Fiedeehe oN
- Ceca ® ees y 2
. “s Lotte ce eie ele wel os
* Freeborr® + eee a + Fillmore 2° 1] Pavaes 2
2 « . ale 36 oes a ee bp
pe ser ch im ae en re ae a a ee
Figure 60. Production of oats in 1869 according to the census of 1870. (Based on Table XIV)
ECONOMIC HISTORY OF AGRICULTURE IN MINNESOTA 67
4
qe
, es
Pa mbna Pa
lfasea
Lake
Polk Si Love
Belfear
~~ |
Cly Becher
a re Cass
al |
Carley
Wedena
bAlkin OtterTai, Aithin
Crow bing
Pine
| ——4
<> occa Todd tele lacs
Hara bac f
Gran? Douglas
Traverse
33. Production of Barley in Minnesota
according to Census of 1870.
Each dot represents 10,000 Bushels.
Stevens eee Searns
Morongaha
Kandy oh;
Rene /le
Redwood
hse Karl
Fi peshne Murra y CoP foowood gees | Zi ne |
ae ae Sachsen Oy Piha | Freeborn a a) oe a
2 e
° .
Copyright 192, € V Frobmsor
Figure 61. Production of barley in 1869 according to the census of 1870. (Based on Table XVI)
68
EDWARD VAN DYKE ROBINSON
cf
cS
P Ch 3b 7a
| /tasca Lathe
Prlk Be/feram
| San” Loins
il.
Lecher
hedena Carlbn
Otte r7a:/
Pn
| “Ti : LY
a Ted | Hille lct|
Grant L2xy A POCISED zi Karabec
glee |
Traverse |
eee 4 TDs :
Sevens P Shears 65. Production of Rye in Minnesota
According to the Census of 1870.
= Each dot represents 10,000
ie Bushels.
Monengaha |
c Aippewa 7
| Kandyohi |
M Led enue
Penile, i Sake 5
Pedvocd Shs 7% sen:
4
N, Goo dhoe
“eolley LeSvew Alice Libbashe
Brown |
|
Ppeshine ee Goth nveod” \“* Lath Waseceo | Shek | Lo dg e | Obnshed deieane
ey Walon wary |
Rock Nob/es Saekton Marhin | jeny Putt Ppctiek ower Filmore HlouSTon
epyrighT 191% by ZV Pobinsen
Figure 62. Production of rye in 1869 according to the census of 1870. (Based on Table XVII)
ECONOMIC HISTORY OF AGRICULTURE IN MINNESOTA 69
Fambina
Polk Beli-ann Sant Love
GS oN a
= 2
Clay | ar Cas. Ss
| = Basho
ay 7
| Wadena Fars | Carlisn
Wehin | Ot ferTail Athe
== ae
| Crow Wing |
LC Pca
—| |
‘
x
beeisorr a |
| Laos { Karbee |
| er | cee ee i
averse | ca |
* . Berton . i ag
Seance rae | SYarns : —L__| sant [_ 21. Production of Corn in Minnesota
| , S : Lee according to Census of 1870.
es L- | Beene | eet Each dot represents 10,000 Bushels.
| Monongalra — . = A ecotber | a :
: Washington
cnera | Wergit \ = eee
| Meeher 7 : : \ :
. . TAS
e | . |° Herneain + = i:
McLeod Carver | 3
Renlle a —— \ ee 7 .
| | Scolt w\e Fr :
Sibley \ r 2S
| * | % Ses _ . : . =X
Redwood : a oft oe tet : ae Grodbue. ’ : : a _
Niollet _ Fe seh | * pe 8 . Bh iiee a “
A | oy: « er
_ __ | ae OK. eae i I Se ees
+ a ee ee
2 | aeecien |
| Pheshne Murray Cotinwood Wakbrwarn
|) Pa | Nobles Fiedes* Wit ‘
Figure 63. Production of corn in 1869 according to the census of 1870, (Based on Table XV)
70
EDWARD VAN DYKE ROBINSON
—
Pemba
Pik
Wilkin
Aerts,
=
oS
Belparn
3 o
Wadena
/fasca
|
J es
Lake
Sant Lows
Carlin
39. Production of Potatoes in Minnesota
according to Census of 1870.
Each dot represents 10,000 Bushels.
Chippewa
| randiyohy
Rea db wood
| e
re Lar
oy Murray CoMonwood Walorican | = oo i ° . © | oe Moone
. e S. ° . e - e :
| ees ie is aa oie
e “le
ie | Nobles Sjecn Marlin FaribavtT PPeeborn * Miwae Clon ere a eres
| c. . a : n . i . ° o c
— ———_ fete °
Copyright $912. E ¥. Robinson.
(Based on Table XVIII)
Figure 64. Production of potatoes in 1869 according to the census of 1870.
71
ECONOMIC HISTORY OF AGRICULTURE IN MINNESOTA
(AIXX AGeL vo paseg) ‘ozgt jo (IIXX 1981 uo paseg)
SNSUad dy} 0} SUIPIOIIe SUIIe} UO SMOD AITep JO WOrNqiysIq ‘99 ain3hy ‘OZ8T JO smsusd 9Y4} 0} BuIpIoooe ‘69g, UI AeYy JO UOIPNpoIg ‘cg ainsi
erty A op tat sybrels Derepeiy A F AG vir ty broke:
ees [iste heh oases Teese te ee : “| aay =|" 2h * Jie Fe (eed. 2 i . |e
23 ¥ CANT Le 2. edeewy *| | sinpap rn ee fe ss sayy 2 cegy tt Tes Jl were, “yey eoryeap sy y
my
pagers ape eeu A. ener: silt, 3 | oe premesrey 1 eryy | magnet
le
=
g
ea
R
|
POP |
|
|
suo} COo't sjuasaidas top yeq
‘0£81 Jo snsua> ayy 0) Supsoroy
Plossuurpy ut Aepy jo uonsnposg tg
ovate
eg ee
‘SWO) OO/ Szurssr4das Jop yrDZ
OL9! Jo SASuaD ays os buipsor2zy
DyOSPUUI UI 2ByYo0) Fug
aremeny,
:
—— " wry
PULO |
: -
ye
erg | 4
eras]
ua
ourguiay
EDIVARD
Pern bine
AM
Lelframi
|
Blk |
|
|
; Ot terte./
Wilkin
Merongala
°
VAN DYKE ROBINSON
/tasea
Sany- Z owns
(
Lake
Hi Me /ocs|
| | Aarabec
Pine
Total Value of Farrn Products
According to Census of 1870
Each dot represents #/0.000
| Harahyate hy ;
Penville 5 Ft : \
Predhicieal! ac
Ppeitine Murray Cr tenwood eee ®
re al omar ae
| Peed Nobles: Jackson * « Metin
CopyrighT 19 by LV Probimsen.
Figure 67. Total value of farm products in dete acoring to: seicensls ot Wei) Casedon Tale ARK)
ECONOMIC HISTORY OF AGRICULTURE IN MINNESOTA 73
agriculture had developed chiefly south of Anoka and east of Brown County, with a marked concentration along the Mississippi
and Minnesota rivers (Fig. 67).
The development of agriculture during the decade is clearly shown by Table 9 at the end of this chapter, giving the totals
from the census of 1860 and that of 1870, with corrections to correspond to the true footings of the county items in the census
volumes for 1860.74 For the sake of a clearer analysis, there are added the percentage of change for each item, the relation which
it held to the total country population at each census year, and the differences in values for 1870 if calculated on a gold basis.
The total population increased during the decade 1860-1870 from 172,023 to 439,706, or 155.7 per cent; while country popu-
lation grew from 122,530 to 327,698, or 167.4 per cent. Town population, on the other hand, increased only from 49,493 to 112,008.
At that time the attraction of free agricultural land was evidently stronger than the lure of the city.
During the same decade the number of farms rose from 17,999 to 46,500 and their average size decreased from 150.7 to
139.4 acres. Moreover, unimproved land in farms increased 93.1 per cent, while improved land increased 317.2 per cent, or
more than three times as fast. For each 100 of country population there was consequently less unimproved land in farms in
1870 than 1860, while, on the other hand, there were 708.6 against 4541.0 acres of improved land. It follows, therefore, that, in
spite of the movement of population westward, the principal agricultural development of the decade was a more complete use
of land, the average improved acreage per farm being 49.9 in 1870, against 30.9 in 1860 (Table 9).
Wheat showed by far the most striking increase, from 2.2 to 18.9 million bushels; or from 17.8 to 57.6 bushels per capita
of the country population. Oats, while falling far behind this rate, nevertheless increased from 17.7 to 32.5 bushels per capita
of the country population. Barley and flaxseed exceeded even wheat in their ratio of increase but still remained minor crops,
closing the decade with 3.1 and .057 bushels respectively per capita of the country population. All other bushel crops lost ground
relatively to population and most of them absolutely.
During this period several minor crops attracted considerable attention, without however attaining real importance. Dur-
ing the Civil War, when supplies of southern sugar were cut off, many farmers began to grow sorghum for the manufacture of
syrup. Hop culture also spread from Wisconsin into Minnesota, reaching its maximum about 1869, after which there was an
abrupt decline.”> Flax fiber was grown experimentally but remained without serious effect on the crop system. More important
was the development of fruit growing. Apple orchards had been extensively planted, especially in the Lake Minnetonka district
and on the hillsides along the Mississippi; and in 1869 for the first time these yielded a crop approximating 10,000 bushels.”°
All kinds of live stock on farms increased more rapidly than country population, except swine and working oxen. Both
of these increased absolutely but lost relatively; swine owing to the limited corn crop, working oxen because they were being
supplanted by horses and mules. The percentage of increase was greatest in the case of sheep, though the census year did not
coincide with the culmination of sheep farming (Fig. 56). Wool increased more than twice as fast as sheep, indicating the intro-
duction of better breeds. The most significant increase, all things considered, was in milch cows, from 40,444 to 121,467; or from
33 to 37.1 for each 100 of the country population. Accompanying this increase in cows was a more rapid gain in butter. Cheese,
on the contrary, showed but little change in amount, consequently declining relatively to the country population. This change
was in the direction of economic advantage, since the production of good cheese involves more technical skill than the production
of butter, and is consequently more difficult upon the farm. In order to overcome this difficulty cheese factories began to be
established at the end of the decade, in 1869 and 1870.7”
60.1% 58.5%
WHEAT WHEAT
931029 acres 1,096,518 acres
Figure 68. Uses of tilled land in 1869 and 1871.28 (Based on Table IX)
24C ted total to agree with the county items in the census. ; ’
26 From 283,335 palintin as reported in the state statistics for 1869 (or 222,065 according to the census of 1870), the yield fell to 64,243 in 1871 (Statistics of Minnesota, 1872, 25
1873, 189), For 1879 the census reported only 10,928 pounds.
aoe of Minnesota, 1869, 47; 1870, 16; 1873, 205.
27 Ibid., 1870, 31. as ;
28 After deducting the arbitrary additions made by the commissioner for 1869. (See Statistics of Minnesota, 1870, 15; 1871, 5-13; 1872, 7-10).
Summary of
development,
1860-1870
“gaq “uef seq ,,‘19yUIM,, ‘read Tepuayes suvaul , jenuuy,, “stjodeauulyy ye Neaing Jayqzeay *S “| Aq poysruIny eyeq,
* 6Z81-ZLE8I ‘AWUIDIA pue [Neg “ISG BuLpauG Woy ye samyesodura} yenuue pue [euoseas “69 aIn3LyZ
yak YVWGNAIWS Yosa NUAIWA
FS SS : > (NATIT
YSNWNS
ee =< --— ONT I
a
BUNLVYadW3L [NYS MALIA, GNI OH 1
Or PIO! eZI9/ aT QAP! 999) 998/99 299/_ Odey ede 9de/_— eer 2g _—sod eden Ye! VE! zee One! SEIg/
NIA ;
HV AN EAA EM VAAL YN TT aA
fad M4
ee
V oe
OC
SE
~
eo S|
pa
I
OV
S
pe a
bs
a
o
4
lL
Pse0
a
EDWARD VAN DYKE ROBINSON
SS
\
»
AT
y
7
zr
SS
C|
ue
- Z i”
,
a
K+
pm
ES
=
=
>
oll
4
N~N
a
2
L
-
‘
=
ZX
“J
wh
a
ONS
yD
=
|
aN
NH
er
lg
UH
7 g we OS
SS
09
7 GZ
OY
ott AISHNAPHW 4 | S33H9AQ
ECONOMIC HISTORY OF AGRICULTURE IN MINNESOTA 75
The value of farms increased more rapidly than the country population or the land in farms, reflecting the greater propor-
tion of improved land as well as the depreciation of the currency (Figs. 208-211); the value of live stock mounted up nearly
twice as fast, and the value of implements considerably more than twice as fast, as the value of land. This rapid gain in live
stock indicates the beginning of a more varied type of agriculture in some of the older districts; while the increase in imple-
ments testifies to the progress of farming by machinery (Table 9, Figs. 204, 209, 210).
If values in 1870 are reduced to a gold basis by discounting currency values 20 per cent, as suggested by the census, the
total value of land and buildings for the State still increased more rapidly than during the preceding decade, owing to the large
increase of farm land and population. On the other hand, there was a very moderate increase in gold value per capita of the
country population, per farm, and per acre in farms; while the decline in value of farms, per acre of improved land, became corres-
pondingly more rapid. This failure of farms to advance in value as fast as they were improved was the first indication of
approaching depression in agriculture (Table 9, items 53-55; Figs. 209, 211).
Acreage figures for the several crops were not collected by the federal census before 1880. From the state figures, how-
ever, it appears that the total tilled area in 1869, used in growing the crops reported by the census of 1870, was 1,559,073 acres,
against 345,000 acres in the crop season of 1859.” The distribution of this area between the several crops in 1869 appears from
Fig. 68.
Comparing 1869 with 1871, it is seen that wheat gained absolutely but continued to lose relatively, reaching the lowest
point since 1863 in the year 1871, presumably as a result of the low wheat prices of 1870 (Fig.53). Oats, corn, and barley, on
the other hand, all made a considerable gain. Potatoes continued to lose in relative acreage as they had done since the appear-
ance of the Colorado potato bug.”
During the later sixties and early seventies, not only was the price of wheat sagging with the increase of the aggregate supply
in the country and with the falling discount on paper money, but the bonanza yields of 1860 and 1865 were not repeated. Con-
temporary writers generally laid the blame on the weather. In 1868, they said, the weather was too hot; in 1869, it was too cold
and wet, especially for wheat; in 1870, again, it was hot and dry; in 1871, it was cold at seeding time but hot and dry in May and
June.*!_ The seasons of 1872 and 1873 were admitted to be fairly favorable, and 1874 passed without serious complaint; but in 1875
again late frosts damaged the corn, while hot weather in the growing season and heavy rains during harvest injured the wheat; in
1876 hot weather was again responsible for a part of the heavy loss; finally, in 1878, wheat “‘blighted”’ extensively in the southern
and central parts of the State.** It may therefore be worth while to see what the records show on this point. For the period from
1837 to 1879 the seasonal temperature and precipitation at Fort Snelling, St. Paul, and vicinity were as shown in Figs. 69 and 70.
Figure 70. Seasonal and annual precipitation at Fort Snelling, St. Paul and vicinity, 1837-1879.33
29 After deducting the arbitrary additions made by the commissioner for 1869. (See Statistics of Minnesota, 1870, 15; 1871, 10-13; 1872, 7-10),
30 Ibid, 1870, 28-29.
31 [béd., 1869, 14-15; 1870, 18-19; 1871, 16; 1872, 5-8; 1874, 7; 1876, 17; 1877, 17; 1879, 21.
32 [bid., 1869, 14-15; 1870, 18-19; 1871, 16; 1872, 5-8; 1874, 7; 1876, 17; 1877, 17; 1879, 21. aa e
33 Data furnished by U. S. Weather Bureau at Minneapolis. “Annual’’ means calendar year; “winter,” Dec., Jan., Feb.
First movement
toward mixed
farming
Weather
conditions,
insect attacks,
and crop yields,
1859-1879
Causes tending
toincreased |
specialization in
wheat
76 EDWARD VAN DYKE ROBINSON
These diagrams substantiate in a measure the claims of considerable fluctuation in seasonal weather conditions, as may be
seen by comparing the lines of precipitation and temperature for the summer season. The severe winters of 1872-73 and 1874-75%4
also left their mark in the records, as shown by the curve of winter temperature.
In addition to unfavorable weather conditions crops were seriously damaged by insects. The Colorado potato beetle began
serious ravages in Minnesota about 1868. After settlement reached the prairie districts, particularly from 1863 on, the western
counties were invaded by locusts, commonly called grasshoppers. At times the swarms darkened the sky and consumed every
particle of green vegetation in their course. The damage from this cause was greatest from 1872 to 1877, the worst year being
1876.°° Thereafter, their attacks lessened as more effective means of combating them were devised, especially the practice of
deep f.ll-plowing. No sooner was the hopper plague under control than the chinch-bug, which had caused great loss in southern
Wisconsin during the Civil War, made its appearance in force in the southeastern corner of Minnesota, destroying two fifths of
the crop in Houston County in 1877 and spreading toward the
west and north, season by season.*° As a result of these unfavor- Y{ELO IN BUSHELS
able conditions, crop yields became highly irregular and tended
on the whole to decline, the lowest yield for most crops being in 440
the season of 1876. POTATOES — el
As will be seen from the diagram (Fig.71),the average yield 130
of wheat fell from 22 bushels in 1860 and 1865 to 17.9 bushels / \
in 1868, 12.28 bushels in 1871 and then, after a series of better [80 4
yields, to 9.61 bushels in 1876, closing the period with an average | |
yield of 11.3 bushels in 1879.37 Granting all that was claimed at ‘"!0
the time regarding the effect of unseasonable weather and insect ce / \ | |
attacks, the fact remains that the climate had not materially 180 Z
changed and that methods of cultivation have much to do with \ | \ | |
the ability of crops to withstand both unfavorable weather and 90
insect attacks. It is therefore impossible, especially in view of 80 | | |
the fact that the wheat “‘blight”’ of 1868 affected chiefly the old-
er counties,*® to escape the conclusion that the one-crop system 10 \ 3 |
had already begun to exhaust the soil, wherever it had been V
followed for twenty years or more. 60 |
Indications were consequently not lacking, early in the |
seventies (Figs. 68, 74), that the craze for wheat had almost run 50
its course, and that conditions were ripe for a return to mixed
farming. That this change did not occur at that time, rather 40 ; at 4
than twenty or thirty years later, was due chiefly to three / OFRN ee aA ~.
causes. a : 30 ‘fh PARLEY \ y a RX ff ‘A
In the first place, railroads were rapidly bringing fresh / nee et SOS Let tag
lands within reach of the market, and also connectingMinnesota 20) 47 |” ~*~ SAI
more effectively with the East. It will be recalled (page 38) LEA ALAN
that in September, 1870, St. Paul secured railroad connection 10 meal
with Duluth, thus opening the Lake Superior route to the East; |
that in October, 1871, the St. Paul and Pacific reached Breck-
: . : : 159 TBGO 1861 GER 1963 1864 1865 1864 1867 1B6B 1869 1870 1871 1673 1873 1674 1875 876 1877 1878 1879
enridge, in the upper Red River Valley; while the Northern
Pacific the same year connected Moorhead at the usual head of LEGEND:
navigation on the Red River with Duluth; and that in Septem-
ber, 1872, a new route to Chicago was opened by way of La
Crescent and La Crosse. In 1872 also the Minnesota Valley
Railroad from St. Paul was extended to SiouxCity. The second
cause tending to wheat farming was the fact that, owing to lack Figure 71. Average acre yields of principal crops, 1859-1879,37
of capital, most of the farmers even in the older counties were
compelled to concentrate their efforts on that crop which promised cash returns in the shortest possible time. These causes
were reinforced through the introduction of new and revolutionary methods in flour milling, of which more will be said later.
To these major causes were added several others of a temporary or incidental character. Thus, it was discovered that cheap
prairie land plus automatic agricultural machinery rendered large-scale wheat farming both possible and profitable; and the huge
railway grants afforded every facility for assembling great landed estates. Asa result, there began as early as 1870° the develop-
ment of that type of bonanza wheat farming which was later to play such a conspicuous part in the Red River Valley. Again,
the season of 1872 proved more favorable to wheat in spite of the plague of grasshoppers in the western prairie counties, the
Wheat ——— Goan ———
Oars = ------- Bartey —--—-—~
Potatoes
No DATA AVAILABLE = = =~
a4 esti Minnesota, 1874, 21-22; 1876, 17. .
Tbe, ad 192; 1874, 7-9; 1875, 19-22; 1876, 49, 80, 88; 1877, 17, 19; 1878, 9. Fifth Report Agricultural Experiment Station, 96-99.
36 Statistics of Minnesota, 1877, 18, 94; 1880, 22-24, 72-74. : :
31 [bid., 1869, 17; 1880, 21. This average for 1879 is substantially confirmed by the census of 1880, which shows 11.36 bushels of wheat per acre.
38 7bid., 1879. 21.
39 McClung, J. W., Minnesota As It Is in 1870, 106-109.
ECONOMIC HISTORY OF AGRICULTURE IN MINNESOTA a7
average yield being 17.4 bushels per acre against 12.28 bushels in 1871.*° Further, the destructive epizootic or horse influenza
reached the State in December, 1872, and together with the very severe weather during that winter caused severe losses among
live stock. The same winter destroyed a large part of the fruit trees which had recently come into bearing,*’ and many more
were damaged during the winter of 1874-75. These losses tended to discourage diversified farming.
611% 66.2%
WHEAT
1,548,713
WHEAT
1267309
1,764,109
15.1%
ISA
The ancient method of extracting flour from wheat by a single grinding had long been superseded in merchant mills by a
process of “high-grinding,” which yielded extra flour, bran and an intermediate product called middlings. The middlings when
reground yielded an additional amount of flour, but of inferior appearance. It became well-known that the middlings, espec-
ially those of spring wheat, contained more nutriment than extra flour of the same weight, and it was a problem among mil-
lers how to eliminate the impurities which darken the flour. In 1870, Edmund N. La Croix, a graduate of the Ecole des
Arts et Métiers of France, came to Minneapolis and introduced the “middlings-purifier,” a combined sifting and suction
apparatus, based on a French invention, into the ‘“Washburn B” mill, then operated by George H. Christian. By 1876
this invention was in general use. Meantime, in 1874” the plan of using iron or porcelain rollers in place of mill stones, was intro-
Figure 72. Uses of tilled land, 1872-1875.28
40 Statistics of Minnesota, 1873, 192.
i -245+ , 21-23. , ‘ .
Py ag Te Pe Cut Soe. 1, 45-49; Statistics of Minnesota, 1876, 204; Pillsbury, C. A., American Flour (Depew, One Hundred Years of American Commerce, I, 269).
Effect of new
milling processes
Second —
culmination of
wheat growing
78 EDWARD VAN DYKE ROBINSON
duced in the ‘Washburn A” mill. This plan, originally a Hungarian invention, had been developed and perfected under the
direction of Minneapolis millers, and also of John Stevens, of Neenah, Wisconsin, who eventually secured the patents. By 1880
this roller process was also in general use.** The essential principle of the new plan was multiple grinding with reduced speed
and pressure, the wheat berry being at first merely cracked and the bran removed, and then reduced to flour by successive
millings.
The effect was immediate and striking. The middlings purifier alone advanced the price of spring-wheat flour as much
as from $1 to $3 a barrel.*? In place of selling at a discount, it now commanded a premium of at least $1 a barrel over flour
made from winter wheat. As a result, spring wheat, owing to its large content of gluten, also rose from 10 to 40 cents a bushel,
depending on the grade.** This rise in wheat was, however, delayed until competition between the millers forced them to pass
on part of the extra profit to the farmers, the final advance averaging perhaps 20 per cent of the previous selling price. Such an
advance in price rendered wheat farming a much more profitable business and for the first time established on a solid basis the
commercial prosperity of the spring-wheat district of the Northwest.
In view of these favoring conditions wheat growing spread so rapidly after 1871, chiefly in the new counties, as to carry
the percentage of tilled land in wheat up to new high levels. The culminating point of this second period was reached in 1874,
when wheat occupied 66.3 per cent of all tilled land (Fig. 72).
After 1874 a second reaction set in for several years. The panic of 1873 was far less severe in Minnesota than the one of
1857, yet it brought railroad building practically to a dead stop (Fig. 33), and reacted unfavorably on the market for farm products.
As a result, wheat prices again declined, as previously noted, and agricultural discontent became widespread, the immediate
ground of complaint being high railroad rates. Already in 1873 it was declared that ‘‘wheat is becoming king, and through its
alliance with high transportation a tyrant.’“5 There was also discouragement due to low yields. After the disastrous crop
failure of 1876, for the first time since Minnesota became a State, there was an actual decline in the acreage sown to wheat, chiefly
in the south central counties.*°
The year 1877 thus marked the lowest point of the second decline in wheat growing, but even this low point represented
a larger percentage of land in wheat than the first culminating point in 1867 (Fig. 74).
AREA IN ACRES YIELD IN BUSHEL
4.900 000
3,000,000 000,000
2.806 000 100%
2.600, 000 000.000 90
2.400 000 000000 30
2200, 000.000
0
2000
60
1800.
1400. 50
t 400, 000,000 40
1poo, 12,000,000
30
1,000,
20
800, 8,000,000
wo. 6,000000 10°
Y
400. 4,000,000 -
1859 (860 1862 1863 1864 1865 1366 1867 1868 (869 1870 ISTt 1872 1873 187% 1875 1876 1877 1878 1877
200. 2.000.000 a
LEGEND: Torat.cran crops
Bartevana ave -------- Waeat —----------
(ar 1969 18465 (B66 (867 (668 (869 1870 (871 18728 1874 1975 1876 1677 (876 Gutrivareo ay Oars ks
LEGEND: Areain Wear ————__— P, C
Tora Yiewo 9 ------~——~- OTATOES ——--—-—-- UORN
No Data AVAILABLE ———————. No DATA AVAILABLE -———------
Figure 73. Acreage and total yield of wheat, 1859-1879.47 Figure 74. Percentage of tilled land in principal crops in Minnesota,
1859-1879.46
43 Wis. Hist. Coll., 1907, 246 ff.
44 Statistics of Minnesota, 1877, 27.
45 Tbid., 1873, 188.
“6 Tbid., 1878, 14. as
47 Tbid., 1861, 56; 1878, 15; 1880, 23. Figures for 1868 and 1869 corrected by elimination of arbitrary addition. (See 1871, 6 ff.)
ECONOMIC HISTORY OF AGRICULTURE IN MINNESOTA #2
In spite of the check to railroad building after 1873, the population of the State rose from 439,706 at the federal census of
1870 to 597,279 according to the state census of 1875, the increase being 157,573 or at the rate of 36 per cent for the five years.
A considerable part of this increase was in the southwestern counties, below the Minnesota River, adjacent to the line of the
Minnesota Valley Railroad. During the same period tilled land increased 74 per cent and the yield of wheat 78 per cent.”
While wheat farming was thus rapidly spreading, especially toward the west and northwest, there were evidences in the
older section of a beginning of diversification. For example, the statistics collected by the State Grange for 1873, covering mostly
well-established farms in the older counties, showed a materially lower percentage of land in wheat and grain crops generally
than obtained in the State at large. On the other hand, flax was well represented, especially in Blue Earth County, adjacent
to the linseed oil mill at Mankato; cultivated hay occupied 8.57 per cent of tilled land on the grange farms, against 4.39 per
cent in the State as a whole; while minor crops held 2.38 per cent, against 0.76 per cent shown by the state statistics. Included
under minor crops were sorghum, hops, tobacco, peas and beans (in which a colony of English settlers in Martin County was
specializing),*' clover and grass seed, broom corn, and small fruits, especially raspberries, currants, and strawberries. Orchard
fruits, however, including chiefly apples, suffered greatly from the severe winter of 1872-73 and again from the winter of 1874-75,°2
which made it clear that Minnesota was not likely soon to rival Michigan or Ohio as a fruit-growing state.
Another evidence of increasing diversification is the fact that in 1874 ten of the older counties (Dakota, Fillmore, Goodhue,
Hennepin, Houston, Olmsted, Rice, Wabasha, Washington, and Winona), each containing 5,000 or more acres of cultivated hay,
together comprised nearly 80 per cent of the cultivated hay in the State, while four of them (Fillmore, Olmsted, Winona, and
Goodhue) alone had 32.82 per cent of the entire crop.*> The same ten counties in 1874 had 35 per cent of the milch cows, pro-
ducing 37 per cent of the butter, and sheared 34 per cent of the sheep in the State. In brief, as early as 1873, different types of
agriculture began to prevail in the older and the newer parts of the State. This difference, which still continues, in a measure
prevents state averages from being truly representative of any large section of Minnesota.
The crop failure of 1876 caused high prices for wheat in 1877 (Fig. 75). As a result so much land was planted to wheat
the next spring as to make 1878 the third and final culminating point of wheat culture in Minnesota, this one crop then occupying
68.98 per cent of all tilled land. No other year has equaled that record. There was a poor crop in 1878, and the yield per acre
was still lower in 1879, exceeding but little the aggregate crop of 1878 or even 1875, in spite of the larger acreage (Fig. 73). Prices
also failed to maintain the level of 1877.°* The percentage of land in wheat consequently fell off slightly in 1879, due to an
actual loss of acreage in the south which partially offset the gain in the north and west.>
v
170
0 j
Ib)
4A__+1\
\
\
BO |}
l2_}
\
{
\
\
1 ~~ * x t 7 _ NT
Hi0| §& P\\7 \ I\ 4 \ \ \
100 NS LAN i Wee — f, | \ : 5 ‘ : a a
: \ \\ ! \ / A fomn
al oe Vv WL i \ PRM ge Ny Al! x
80 N pr LOWESTS ~ A a ZX / wx , is
pod a Sa TY \ YL / / A= yk od
60 \ AS | NEW LK ae
50 v ‘Loot | ©
40
20
20
JO
1878 77 78 79 GO 8 8 83 84 85 86 87 8 89 9 911892953 94 95 96 GF 9BGDI9000! 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11-12
LEGEND: Hichest Price FoR THE YEAR ------—----~—---—--—
Lowest " oe mae 2 ee eee
MEAN OF MONTHLY HIGHS AND LOWS FOR THE YEAR
MEAN * : “ * " FOR JAN, FEB, MAR:
Figure 75. Average price of wheat in Minneapolis, 1876-1912.54
48 [bi -62; as 2, 8; 1877, 27; 1880, 21. Figures for 1868 and 1869 corrected according to 1871, 6 ff.
49 ia 1375, is Cie pee on page 110 of the same Paar gives the total population as 597,407.
50 [bid., 1873, 255-257; 1875, 33-34,
51 [bid., 1874, 17.
Pola, 1875; 33-34,"49
8 Thirteenth Report ‘of ‘Minneapolis Chamber of Commerce, 82-88, using highest and lowest closing prices.
56 Statistics of Minnesota, 1880, 22.
First indications
of diversified
agriculture
Third and final
culmination of
wheat growing
Diversification
in the later
seventies
Development
of dairying
80 EDWARD VAN DYKE ROBINSON
Among the minor crops flaxseed made a great gain in 1879, occupying about six times as much land as previously. This
increase was largely in the southwest, where flax was used as a sod crop in lieu of beans, which had previously been so employed.
After the great blizzard of January, 1873, which caused much damage and suffering in all the prairie states, Congress passed
the Timber Culture Act, designed to encourage the planting of windbreaks. In 1876 this was followed, in Minnesota, by the
organization of the Minnesota State Forestry Association and by the grant of state money for the encouragement of tree plant-
ing.*’ These tree bounties, which were largely increased a dozen years later, have cost the State to date more than $600,000,
and it may be doubted whether they have accomplished anything which would not have come to pass sooner or later without
them.** Nevertheless, the association and the bounties did turn public attention to the desirability of tree planting, and within
a few years the open prairies were dotted with small groves. This increase of shelter was one of several circumstances favorable
to the development of animal industries.
For some years prior to 1876 there had been a number of farms in the State devoted to raising blooded stock for breeding
purposes. All kinds of live stock as well as poultry were represented on these farms, though it was claimed by some that the
common cattle throughout the State were of low grade and still deteriorating.*®
The decline of sheep farming, which had been in progress from 1866 on, was checked after 1871.% After that date the number
of sheep again increased, especially in the Coteau des Prairies region of the southwest, and by 1879 was greater than in 1866;
though of course sheep were relatively less important at the later date because of the great increase of country population.
More significant than increase of number was the increase of wool (Fig. 76). In 1868 the clip averaged less than 3 pounds
Nuneer of sueep Pounos of woot
250.00 000,000
995,000 f 400,000
200,000 / P| 800,000
115,000 / ae I 700,000
| }
150,000 / 14 600,000
\
Pl S| ferte
125 000 . 500,000
100,000] Ns / 400000
A a We NI
75,000 Le 300000
50,000 hag 200000
c -
< 2 LS
25,000 ff 100,000
1859 1860 1861 1862 1863 18¢#1865 (866 1867 1868 1869 1870 1871 1879 1873 1874 1875 1816 1877 1878 1879
LEGEND: Nunser or sucer
Pounos of woon 29 —--——-.-__-
No DATA AVAILABLE 9 —-—-——-——---—---
Figure 76. Increase of sheep and wool, 1859-1879,60
per head; by 1872 it had reached 4 pounds; and in 1879, it exceeded 4.5 pounds per head. This change evidently signified the
introduction of better stock. One cause promoting sheep farming was the existence of a woolen mill at Minneapolis, which
furnished a market for practically all the local wool and even a considerable amount from Colorado.®! On the other hand, the
principal factor limiting the industry was the loss caused by dogs and wolves.” In Minnesota, as in most of the states east of
the Mississippi where farms are relatively small, sheep are not kept in sufficient numbers to warrant the regular employment of
guards as in the Rocky Mountain region.
The dairy industry, being less speculative than sheep farming, showed both a steadier, and in the long run a more rapid,
development, as will appear from Fig. 77. In this diagram the barbed curves represent federal statistics, while the others are
56 Ibid., 1880, 32.
57 Ibid., 1876, 157-158; Laws of 1876, chap. cx.
58 Report of State Forester, 1911, 107.
59 Statistics of Minnesota, 1876, 116-151.
60 [bid., 1860, 100; 1861, 74-75; 1869, 44; 1870, 31; 1872, 26; 1880, 39.
$1 Jbsd., 1878, 224.
62 [bid., 1876, 137-142.
ECONOMIC HISTORY OF AGRICULTURE IN MINNESOTA 81
based on the annual state returns. These state returns run materially lower than the federal because they were collected by the
assessors, which furnished a motive for understatement in the case of live stock subject to taxation. Both sets of curves show
an increased rate of growth in the dairy industry about 1868 or 1869, when the first serious reaction set in against specialized
wheat growing.
Founos or Cueese on Burter Numser or Muct Gows
20,000,000 300000
48,000,000 i rs 470,000
16,000,000 | | ig Y_|a40900
vo OE 210,000
14000,000 F
f
_
12,000,000 ie . iC 180,000
VA o 7 150.000
“ 5
8,000,000 Pil Ps ; ne
wr Le
6.000,000 | A ; =
os or opto ss 7
4,000,000 | i ae oe | =
ee Sha
2.000.000 30,000
e MINN. ST4> *
Sees ato
“1859 1860 1861 1862 1863 | 184 (865 1866 [867 1968 1869 1870 1871 1872 1873 en 1875 18% (877 1878 1879
ACCORDING TO ACCORDING TO
LEGEND: Pounos of Guerse® USCENSUS “MINNESOTA STAT
Pounps or Butter
Mitcn Cows
No Data Avaicaste --------- -
Figure 77. The dairy industry, 1859-1879.63
(See Tables XXIV and XXXII)
Butter and cheese as farm products date from the beginning of agriculture in Minnesota, though the first record of cheese
marketed in St. Paul is for the year 1852. Both butter- and cheese-making in the United States were then entering the transi-
tion from farm to factory industries. New York State took the lead in this change, the first cheese factory there dating from
1851, and the first butter factory from 1861. In Minnesota, as already noted (p. 73), the first cheese factory had been estab-
lished about 1868 or 1869, the census of 1870 reporting two such factories.
They multiplied rapidly thereafter, the Minnesota statistics for 1876 showing 49 cheese factories in the State. At that
time it was declared that, while Minnesota butter had no particular reputation, Minnesota cheese, already in large part a factory
product, ranked with the best.”
Butter factories were established later and less rapidly. In January, 1876, the Langdon Butter and Cheese Factory Com-
pany was orgnaized in the Cottage Grove district as a joint stock company, producing during the first season 52,000 pounds of
cheese and 300 pounds of butter. It was then calculated that it took 914 pounds of milk to make a pound of cheese, but 2214
to make a pound of butter (a ratio of 1 to 2.34) °° hence it would not pay to produce cheese, supposing other expenses to be equal,
unless cheese sold for at least 42.7 per cent as much per pound as butter. At the State Fair in October, 1876, it is recorded that
“the display of butter and cheese was very fine, a number of factories having samples that would convince the butter- and cheese-
makers of Ohio and New York that it is time for them to look to their laurels.’’”® It seems, however, that butter factories were
relatively few, since the next year (1877) we find the Pioneer Press publishing an article on butter factories as a new institution
which readers were invited carefully to consider. ™ In February, 1878, the State Dairymen’s Association was organized and
dairying was advocated as ‘‘more certainly remunerative than wheat growing because it is not so liable to injury by grasshopper
depredations, unpropitious seasons, hail storms, etc., nor does it occasion depletion of the productive elements of the soil.”””? In
6 Data from U. S. Census, and Statistics of Minnesota, 1861, 68-69; 1870, 16; 1871, 23; 1872, 27; 1880, 38. “‘Cheese’’ includes both farm and factory product.
64 Minnesota Pioneer, July 29, 1852.
68 Year Book, U. S. Dept. of ‘Agriculture, 1889, 385-386.
66 Ibid., 1876, 85. The industry was, however, still unstable, as the next year only 46 factories were reported and a number of these were in other counties (Ibid., 1877, 100).
67 Ibid., 1877, 55; also Table 10, items 63, 64.
18 Tbid., 1876, 151.
69 Tbid., 117.
10 Tbid., 1877, 55-56.
m1 Report of State Agricultural sactely, 1906, 57.
72 Statistics of Minnesota, 1878, 39.
EDWARD VAN DYKE ROBINSON
€2 O88T UI Satjunod Aq sariojoR} asaayo Jo uOTNQIISIq ‘6Z 21NB1T
< emrwpeny nz fe rer ipbolleD,
Hee Les recat ee
weeny meen ey ad i aan ewew rer 179N ret
ei e e e| e He, © ele
1 ® ame lee © | |e
Or yes | worsens | ypezrg
TD | ey |e
f.104204 BS29Y) BUD = @
088) u
D4IOSaVUIW UI S31I0{2D7 BS>EYD
[ome
‘i
re
rT pues
Wea
‘29 ‘O88T “PEGI sz
99°9Z81 Ul SalyUNOD Aq satiojDe} Bsa0qY9 JO UOIINGIIISIQ: “BZ 2INBIJ
semmreny A Mt ma dpbleer,
ae ca
weperogy wou /1 any » wepensy gees heey weymy ty9yy rae
° ait ° e ° es “| |
ee Sele, i
eee ee eee a
woes: 2 so oe : : ;
a oo 6 FL ere | yerr"1e Te: oe “aoelet
Pee ee @ 7 %;e@ |
= a arich _—
cvroze | @ @) © o 7 4 @ |
A Ss e ot poems? Lu"
Ye Premera woky | our7
9104204 2S38YD 2UD =@
OLB! Pf4OSAUUIYYY UI S3BI4O{IDY BS22Y]) | pepe
es ae
520/2/ . eo
| me =f
rey ywes
Wa
wey pty
ECONOMIC HISTORY OF AGRICULTURE IN MINNESOTA 83
1879 at least one large establishment was converted from a cheese to a butter factory, owing to the better prices obtained for
butter;”* and it is possible that this happened in other cases. For 1880 an irreconcilable conflict exists between the state statistics,
which show by counties 49 cheese factories,’* and the census of that year, which reports only 27 cheese and butter factories com-
bined. By reason of the greater definiteness of the state statistics, the inference is that the census report is incomplete; especially
in view of the fact that the state statistics, being collected by the assessors, tended always to be too low rather than too high.
It is, however, possible that the high price of butter had temporarily caused some of the cheese factories to close down. This
hypothesis would also explain the sharp drop in the output of cheese in 1879 (Fig. 77). The distribution of cheese factories in
1880 according to the state statistics is shown in Fig. 78.
It should be noted that this map, like the one for 1876, gives the location by counties, but not by smaller civil units. A
glance suffices to show that 28 of the 49 cheese factories reported for 1880 were located in two well-marked groups. One group
was found in Dodge, Olmsted, and adjacent counties, in the heart of the original wheat belt, where mixed farming was becoming
imperative; another in the district east of the Mississippi, where wheat farming never had been a success; while the remainder
were scattered through the western counties toward the agricultural frontier. It is noticeable that few factories were found near
the cities or, indeed, adjacent to the principal waterways. In such locations it was apparently more profitable to market milk
or butter. On the other hand, cheese, being less perishable, could be produced to greater advantage in districts more remote
from centers of population.
By 1880 settlement had extended west and northwest to the boundaries of the State. The northern half of the Red River
Valley, however, was still very sparsely peopled, having but recently (1878) secured railroad connection with Duluth and Minne-
apolis” (Fig. 80). The population reported by the census was 780,773, an increase of 341,067 or 77.6 per cent over 1870, and
183,494 or 41.7 per cent (measured by 1870) over 1875. The increase was thus the more rapid during the latter half of the decade,
in spite of the disastrous crop failure of 1876. This fact seems to indicate the cumulative effect of the new milling processes.
So large a part of the newcomers had gone to increase the density of settlement in the older section that the bulk of the popula-
tion was still found east and south of Stearns County, especially as 13 out of the 14 municipalities having 2,500 or more inhabitants
were situated in the relatively small district between Winona, Mankato, Anoka, and Stillwater (Fig. 80). :
The distribution is not materially altered by the elimination of all incorporated places (Fig. 81). Settlement was still, as
in 1870,denser along the edge of the hardwood belt running northwest through Stearns, Douglas, and Otter Tail counties than in
the purely prairie counties. On the other hand, it is evident that in 1880, thanks chiefly to the rapid extension of railroads,
the settlement of the prairies was well under way.
Computing the ratio of improved land at the census of 1880 to the area of the several counties, it appears that nine counties
in the southeastern section, besides one (Nicollet) in the bend of the Minnesota, had between 60 and 80 per cent of their total
land area under tillage or otherwise improved for farming. These counties from Mower and Fillmore to Dakota occupied the
flat divide between the lower Minnesota and the Mississippi, extending also at places to both rivers. It will be noted that the
driftless district in the southeast corner of the State, being more broken as to surface, showed a smaller percentage of improved
land. On the west and northwest the percentage of such land also diminished toward the agricultural frontier, which began
beyond Brown and Stearns counties. East of the Mississippi only Washington and Ramsey counties had as much
as 20 per cent improved. In the extreme southwest, Rock County, which had been settled largely by way of the
Missouri River and Iowa, had a materially larger percentage of land improved than the counties to the northeast on the
Coteau des Prairies.
The acreage of wheat, first reported by the census in 1880, brings out perhaps more clearly than the production the west-
ward spread of wheat growing (Fig. 83). It is interesting to note that the Coteau des Prairies across the southwestern corner of
the State is clearly shown by the lesser acreage in wheat.
The average yield of wheat being approximately six bushels less per acre in 1879 than in 1869 (Fig. 71), the production
of wheat in these two years does not tell the full story of the development during the decade (Figs. 59, 84). The bulk of the crop
was still grown in the section south of the Minnesota River and east of Blue Earth County, though a notable westward extension
of wheat growing was evident, especially north of the Minnesota River.
The acreage of oats showed about the same range as that of wheat, with distinctly less concentration in the southeastern
section (Fig. 85). The yield of oats in 1879 was fairly comparable with that of 1869, being only about a bushel less per acre
(Fig. 71). Comparing the total yield for the two years (Figs. 60, 86), it appears that oats had advanced westward about as fast
as population and had also gained in most of the southeastern and south central counties, largely by reason of the increase in
farming population (Table 10).
Barley in 1869 was almost entirely confined to the southeast (Fig. 61). By 1879 it had spread somewhat toward the west
and northwest, as shown by the acreage (Fig. 87). From the production map, however, it is evident that some five or six south-
eastern counties, in the original wheat belt, had bégun to make barley a leading crop (Fig. 88). This was undoubtedly a step
away from the one-crop system, since barley, like wheat, is distinctly a market crop. The total yield of barley had more than
doubled in the decade (Table 10), although the yield per acre was substantially the same (Fig. 71), indicating a corresponding
increase of acreage.
Rye was grown in many counties (Table XVII), but in most of them on too small a scale to appear on the maps of acreage
or production (Figs. 89, 90). While still a minor crop, it about tripled during the ten years, gaining especially on light soils, in
14 Ibid., 1880, 38. See also footnote 41.
76 Ibid., 62.
76 Ibid., 1878, 193, 208.
Distribution of
population in
in 1880
Distribution of
improved
in 1880
land
Distribution of
agriculture
accordin;
census 0
to the
1880
84 EDWARD VAN DYKE ROBINSON
districts formerly wooded. For such localities it has the advantage, being usually planted in the autumn, of getting a good growth
before the season of hot and dry weather.
The acreage of corn was mostly in the southern fourth of the State, south of Hennepin County (Fig. 91). From the maps
of production, however, it appears that corn had advanced during the decade not only toward the west, bu also toward the
northwest, being of some importance as far north as Otter Tail County (Figs. 63, 92). The total yield had more than tripled, imply-
ing a large increase of acreage, though not a proportionate increase, because the yield per acre was some four bushels larger than
in 1869 (Fig. 71). The greatest density of corn growing was in the counties containing parts of the lower Mississippi and Minne-
sota bottom lands, and in the belt of lowland running south from the elbow of the Minnesota River.
The cultivation of potatoes had advanced west and northwest with the population (Figs. 64, 93). The total yield was more
than double that of 1869 (Table 10) ; but this increase was due in part toa larger yield per acre. In 1869 potato bugs had destroyed
much of the crop, but by 1879 means had been found of keeping them in check (Fig. 71). It will be noted that there was already
a zone of somewhat greater density of potato growing about the cities. Among the other crops, flaxseed for the first time ap-
proached 100,000 bushels, having increased more than fivefold since 1870 (Table 10). All the counties producing as much as
10,000 bushels (Fig. 94) were in the prairie district of the southwest (page 10). The acreage and production of hay, as reported
by the census, include both wild and tame varieties. Since hay was then cut chiefly for local use, the hay harvest was widely
distributed (Figs. 95, 96).
The distribution of dairy cattle on farms also corresponded so closely to that of country population as to indicate that dairy
products were as yet chiefly by-products of farming; that is to say, handled almost exclusively, except for the cheese factories, by
the women and children.
On the basis of total value of farm products in 1870, the river counties with Olmsted and Fillmore, which for several years
had enjoyed railroad connection with the river ports, were far in the lead; whereas by 1880, the interior counties of the southeast
had risen to substantial equality with the previous leaders. There was also in evidence a notable westward extension of the
value of farm products. On the whole, however, the bulk of the values as of the population was still found south and east of
Stearns County.
Pie cee By way of summary of the agricultural development of the decade 1870-1880, a comparative table is presented at the end
farm panaltices; of this chapter giving for each product the amount, the percentage of increase or decrease during the decade, and its relation
to the country population.
In Table 10 the most striking fact revealed is the beginning of the rush to the city, country population increasing only
65.8 per cent against 112.1 per cent for all incorporated places (Items 1, 2). Nevertheless, it was still true that the absolute
increase of country population was 215,495 against 125,572 for town population. The first report on tenure made at this census
showed 90.85 per cent of the farms operated by their owners.
Improved land increased over three times as fast as country population, gaining more rapidly than waste land and wood-
land, and resulting in nearly double as many acres of improved land per capita as in 1870. Since the best land, all things con-
sidered, was presumably used first, it would seem that the extensive margin of cultivation was descending; that is, some lands
not absolutely first class were coming under the plow (Items 4, 7, 8, 12). The number of farms also outran the country popu-
lation, though it failed to keep pace with the increase of total land in farms. As a consequence, the average size of farms rose
from 139.4 to 145.1 acres. This change was presumably based on the increasing use of agricultural machinery, especially for
planting and harvesting small grains (Items 9, 10, 11).
The greater efficiency of farming, due to machinery, is strikingly apparent in the crop returns, notwithstanding the element
of uncertainty due to variation in seasons (Fig. 101) and possible variation in the proportion of country population engaged in
occupations other than agriculture. Thus, the percentage of increase in the crop was greater than the increase in country popu-
lation, not only for wheat and barley, but also for oats, rye, corn, potatoes, and flaxseed, besides various minor crops. Only
buckwheat, beans, hops, flax fiber, market-garden products, sweet potatoes, and maple sugar failed to increase as rapidly as
country population (Items 13-50 inclusive). All of these were crops of small importance; and in the case of garden produce the
decrease shown by the census was probably unreal, being due to a difference of classification.
The rate of increase was especially striking in the case of several minor products, notably clover, grass seed, and fruit, which
have subsequently gained more ground; also tobacco and sorghum, which began to be widely planted during the Civil War for
home use. Tobacco never progressed beyond this stage; but about 1869 a new sorghum hybrid called ‘‘Minnesota Early Amber”
was introduced and for some years men had visions of Minnesota competing with Louisiana in sugar.’” A syrup factory was
built at Morristown and a sugar factory at Dundas, in Rice County. It even became the fashion to suppress the word “‘sorghum”
and refer to the new variety as “sugar cane.” Asa result of this development the output of sorghum syrup rose from 38,735 gal-
lons in 1870 to 543,369 gallons in 1880. Climate is, however, a stubborn fact, and it became clear after a time that Minnesota is,
on the average, neither warm nor dry enough for sorghum, which finds its best habitat in southern Kansas.”
The various classes of live stock also increased from two to three or even four times as fast as country population, except
working oxen, which were then giving way to horses. Oxen, being less excitable than horses, were useful so long as roots, stumps,
or stones were likely to be encountered; but when agriculture entered the prairies, and especially when expensive farm machinery
began to be employed, it became profitable to use more rapid means of traction (Items 51-58).
Animal products, like live stock, increased more rapidly than country population. The increase of wool, however, was
77 Ibid., 1877, 38, 47; 1878, 28-36; 1879, 24-25; 1880, 74-77.
78 Abbe, C., Climate and Crops, 337. (Bul. 36, U. S. Weather Bureau).
ECONOMIC HISTORY OF AGRICULTURE IN MINNESOTA 85
PON aa
Mar sha/f 7
‘
. ve ; or ¥ =i
¥ = & {0 SFR
. . ° i
+ el
ee
: oye
A oe : «| * °
gs Fe bee
aoc eee ete Bue. So
,
“Bitz "|:
Traverse *|2
“elec Quiflrks *
*h
* .
° po .
. 4 . .
. . ej.
eee . . ee
or =
.
2, Bp fe ss» «
.
4 2s Stevens’ +
[Tasca
Sart hours
Cook
Coot
Aoke
KT + Shecbiccne oe : i one .
Rural Population of Minnesota ac-
cording to Census of 1880 including
Cities and Villages of less than, 2500
Population.
Each dot represents 100 Inhabitants.
Each circle represents Incorporated
Place of 2500 or more Inhabitants.
eon the tc "Reet e 2 6 ee) aes ee
Figure 80, Population in 1880, (Based on Table XI)
Copyright Ms.
86
EDWARD VAN DYKE ROBINSON
Aittson
. oe
/
/
—_
— —_
—_——_]
. i
/Tasee
Sant Lo wns
°
»
Or reid
10. Country Population of Minnesota
according to Census of 1880 cxclud-
ing all Incorporated places. Each
dot represents 100 inhabitants.
. Se agg, OE
. rosy
ee os “er. Bog
ee oe ow
oe . 2
Loe | : Lyon . c ° Redwood. pe
s hg: es 7
oe
Pipeline, OTe os, ees ces” |,
domecnia ae — TT Capper? Wa by EW Probinion
igure 81. Population outside of incorporated places in 1880. (Based on Table XI)
87
Wor Ife.
Lake
Less THAN °F 140
Cook
4 Percentage of the total Tand
Area improved, Census of 1880.
ECONOMIC HISTORY OF AGRICULTURE IN MINNESOTA
O to 20%
20 to 40 %
40 to 60 %
60 to 80 %
80 to 90%
A
Cop, ayrighT sia by
\
.
ba
Larvh
a
es
15.24
Marshalf
0-44
Renvilla
14.4,
Yellow Ma dicine
2
3
N
; :¢ é
% Es x N
8 S
$ RQ
[_
£ 1"
$ Ys
g at Es
| Si as
S 3 gg
4 82
=
2
Ss
. ye]
= ge s¥
: $
x g
= °
gt x
63 ==]
* =
4% Vee
o
¢ K
Cae ime ¢
] »
' 85
: % 38
q
! bax 3 Q
I lye 4g &
( ' : <
1 If G
j I t é
Le S ae
s
S65 ‘
gy & Sa |
Re 2.
Qg>
Mr
Figure 82. Percentage of total land area improved for farming purposes in 1880.
EDWARD VAN DYKE ROBINSON
ro)
\
: \
/ \ Cook
if
Aittson 7 | ;
Ss
a . 7
f
7
f /
4
4
ae /
ae
4
/
~
Marshall /
_—_—_—_—_
—]
ARS
Viasea
‘y Belteam //
Lake
. \ a _—-
‘ Same Lous
|
|
I
|
. . = T —+—
i
.
: Chay | ie - . Becher
pT
- .
Car/fe
:
x
y,
. is .
Of tert. + te
- ee bibl
—F. PT aa a heey ; eral /
: , : Aanebec [
60. Acreage of Wheat in Minnesota ac-
cording to Census of 1880.
Each dot represents 1,000 acres
: = *Kandyoh 2 |: «| Mecher * 7 WoighT . JE: s .
"Se Ont me oR a,
. ee
‘eee Ot Hénnepia
one
Liveohs .
. .
Dyoestine
Roch 1° Nobles * -\* Tachson * | Matlin” Vs fbmbac/P yet?
CopyrighT wa by & WV Robinson
Figure 83. Acreage of wheat in 1879 according to census of 1880. (Based on Table XIII)
ECONOMIC HISTORY OF AGRICULTURE IN MINNESOTA 89
Kuttson
4
7
¢
i
¥
Fa
Marshal Z
a
eile
. ‘N
\
= ‘
* x
“. Cook
is . 7 ss Zt /tasca |
. . \
Pelt a |
fe ‘ 2 ‘ : Lake
e S ain! Lourt
Tee e . e
. Artkin Carlen
* Ofrer/.
she, yan ene. Fire
. a ere . us < ie i
Tier! So ecgh oe hates] . Fi . Karak
Grint *| * "Dongs >, 8 : oH
Traverse 4+" “fee ta sls je wee sar _—
ae ep ees ae eet ens .
TT Sigs + Dap’ 2 af Sea ieee deal fey lee - 16. Production of Wheat in Minnesota
eget na, {'- < ee =] oat doa. fos ian te [2 7. meade according to Census of 1880.
. jee ype es “f a ene | oe Each dot represents 10,000 Bushels.
er) ae Thi eee eee « Anok pee dees
oe ae fae ee
Cees ° eee . sith al: on ao
Id.ac'Qur Fark Sees -
a ey . aces
: te bells paces
* Yellow Medicine ae XS i
be oS
[Lincoln Y ‘Lyon z | oe INS
bees
re
| Rock ke Mebles l Saahion 7 Mar fin
ea Ee “Ls
oc .
. fo Cotlineed ‘ =
: hi
=
|.
7 7 —_——
——— Fe
me
Copyright 1912., EY Robinson.
Figure 84. Production of wheat in 1879 according to census of 1880. (Based on Table XIII)
1 EDWARD I’.AN DYKE ROBINSON
_
—
_—
LL
A “a ik Son
4
‘
ee 7
aan
/
s
a
Marshal/ ef
AN
Ss
\
Ne
‘N
\
\ / /Tasea |
. \ /
Polk . cy te)
My ake
sa ees, SGT Lous
* '
: |
ba---- 2-2
Becher
Carlen
werhin Or fart
Crow Wing
. | Melos |
Aanabec [
56. Acreage of Oats in Minnesota ac-
cording to Census of 1880.
Each dot represents 1,000 acres.
. Sevens . Pope :
Su FF
Lineoln | “Lyom
: ee Se
Pret) Meo | ined | ten | Bee es te | ie ord |
le Fillmore” «
Rock . Nobles * Jackson “Matlin * | a Fantail : Freeborn sey Mia -
—
° . . . .
Si . ew. ‘< .
.
° . .
. . .
o ¢ 2% . @ We 8. oe ote a *%
S .
Copyright Wa by EV Rebinson
Figure 85. Acreage of oats in 1879 according to census of 1880. (Based on ‘lable AlV)
—_— ee
Kilfson
ECONOMIC HISTORY OF AGRICULTURE IN MINNESOTA 91
/ Belteam:
x | Sam? Lous Dale
(Aitkin Carlhe
: - , Pik. 5
| ae . ican Sony Cass p Tl ;
| |
Wilkin
7
: . | A ag Todd , = + | MMille-
. . . o | * B Lacs
3 Mh-rison /
. . ® . < |Hanabec
\ Se pe havtne ‘1 bi
Souk 28. Production of Oats in Minnesota
-* : Nea according to Census of 1880.
\. BigS7ér7e . . e =
~ bone sls gs ps 8 Bhs aise 1 Sherberne = : Each dot represents 10,000 Bushels,
: ; * Sete 2 ‘| boo eS ey : Anoka ao
pee Ay . e ° . * © - * S . igs . . * a: # ym:
a a a a Kandyyom, Megs pee Wright 9 ofS ; Washing.
. * e 3 . 7 . . . . .
Lac Qu: Parle No Chippewa “be 0 2 oF ‘
. = ° . a . .
‘. . ¥ ° F Cera * - = “3
ooren £ z 2 S Bar ey ee . .
le Pee soe 7
ae ee ae . * e . ° ways eo ee 2 * a tele u
"6 lon Medeme NS SRenrdles © sls
ae
cs
| Pie store
| Lincoln
. és .
. . . oe
.
. 4 ‘i
—_—, . 5
S 2 ° ss ec +
., “ ‘ ~ .
ffogy, , Fedwood » * . ex
a . a . * " ® . .
4 My | ee
o o of * 2 2 © Brown ©
yee ee
a en ee ce nee eas
. ‘*i ‘ ° * * * wo ct
Murray | * Cotfonwood Be | | + L407
a ve eigen b ele ninan ee a: oa
6 .
| * Rook 7
— — |
. . ae
. = .
* - | .
. . +
a2
NN Copyright fh EV Beiineen
Figure 86. Production of oats in 1879 according to the census of 1880, (Based on Table XIV)
Q?
A it tson
&
4
fore ‘
er
J
4
/
Marshall /
y
C
i. )
N
\ /
\ 7
\ . £
/
Polk ‘ ey
: Me cee —
aera = 7
| 3
| | !
| !
T =
| |
! |
Wesco
Chay Becher
Or ferle:/
EDWARD VAN DYKE ROBINSON
/Taccea
Zigstsne
Lireoln | Lyon
/ Kandyoh
Flenvilla +
Sibley
| Melee |
Sent Leurs
Carlo
Aanabec [
Nieol|e
GoodAve .
Locke, OlmsTe :
48.
Wabasha
Cook
ARS
Cook
Loke
Acreage of Barlcy in Minnesota ac-
cording to Census of 1880.
Each dot represents 1,000 acres.
ae
Bossa r
Prpeslone Merry Cees eee se Ble Lar/s ! - SYtela
Roek Nobles Tachsan Martin” eee Freehorn :
Figure 87. Acreage of barley in 18/9 according to the census
|
of 1880. (Based on Table XV1)
ECONOMIC HISTORY OF AGRICULTURE IN MINNESOTA
Seat | Laholn
93
Ailhion
/
we
/
/
Marshall /
ae
4
\
\
\
%
\
\
\
Polk %
: \
fees ae of SemtLous
‘ ' |
! |
a
aa |
; T
I {
oem | oy
Clay Becher
Carts
Wilkin Of terial Poot |
. Cr Wing
as |
Hl | | Aina
f — . Todd elle dacs | Kanabec -
Grant DJouglas | | _
Travevse 3
F ‘i Seiten if
\ alter Aepe Stearns + hsante <0 34. Production of Barley in Minnesota
. : according to Census of 1880.
1947e Sherburne | m
= | cou = 7° Each dot represents 10,000 Bushels.
sess ae 6
| Safe R | Ancha
mo ; atch, lon
Hendiyohs Meeker weg ee | m
“ Rh my
Lae Qu Parle Chypewa om ey
a sate ; MeL nd ote s Oe
Xellw Mohemne « . Renfle < B
Ge e
. 7H : oo ee =e NG
duced — :
Losi | eee] | . . i 7 Erethves | A Fe tee
on Mettler \LeScer | Ace ote Te
3 : a bbs # mal = beedetie” ©
‘ | | Brown ; ae cake a
. | ° . 7 » = : . OA eee m .o
Moone Cothnuced ‘ Blue karTh \ pasecy | STéele | Zhdge'\* Oitate ty |. ort >
Pipestore Y WeTonwan . Se oe a 6 : :
= : ; $ ; SoG pelo ee eee ete
. = . e 2 4 e © ¢ a °
° ° ° . ig * . oes °° - .
Hock * Wbles * Jachson MarTir Farbaclt | Frachirn | “Atyver, °° Fillmore |» Movitin
. of ° . ej. ~
° . | - a me - we .
Figure 88. Production of barley in 1879 according to the census of 1880.
cave 1912, EY. Robinson.
(Based on Table XVI)
EDWARD V’.IN DYKE ROBINSON
94
(IIAX 1921 4O paseg) (IIAX 1981 vO pase)
O88I JO SNSUdd ay} 0} SuIps0oe GET UI 2A FO UOI}NPOIg “06 2N3ByT ‘O88T FO SNsued 0} Buipiosoe G/B] UT 2AI Jo aBvainy “68 aInsiy
ergy 13 ty tae able,
T es |
yf samy wvegensy | ayreguny | eieyy worse "9 pee isn | epRLL 1 MET ee
|
oo ee
|
|
o =z | sou ie Wrz = FS aw fom
voy | meng
”
HE
anne
‘sya
Oooo: = sjussaudaa yop Nes
“ORS? Jo snsud> ap oy Suipsoooy.
Qosuuipyy ur 2Qy jo vononpag 99
“sav 000" syuasaidou op ey
“OSS! JO sNsUdT IY 0) Fupsoooy
Qosoumyy wr aQy jo akeoy of
28/8)
ECONOMIC HISTORY OF AGRICULTURE IN MINNESOTA
Aittsen
Polk
a
Cly
Beche
=
S
.
i
/
Beltran, ff
Zw
=
Veo
[ a ~~
! i
|
a=
Vlasea
95
| Cook
Z
Cook
Lake
RY a Lous
Car/fen
| M elaes |
Aanabec [
MeL eid
* Carver
.
Acreage of Corn in Minnesota ac-
cording to Census of 1880.
Each dot represents 1,000 acres.
.
° ie Ase:
: Flite : .
° — ws Vo:
a :
Lurecoln ‘yore | Maal +
Pyesione Meee CG jaro biter "Ble Luis i" Waseca ‘ie ‘ oe
Rosh | Nobles | Tachsn* |" Martin | sale Freckang *
Figure 91. Acreage of corn in 1879 according to the census of 1880.
.
° é eo & ele .
Copyrigh? wia by &-V Robinson
(Based on Table XV)
96 EDWARD VAN DYKE ROBINSON
J
pees
Cook
‘ /
Kittson V
7
~
Se
Cor
7 | 4
ae _| Beltrami | e |
a Le
\ / 5
. ‘ |
a | e | Hfasca | | aoe
% /
pull \ z | | Lake
% Bere | Sant Lows
* Cass |
‘ Wadena
a
Aitkin Carlton |
=e
Wilkin : Crow Wing [~ |
Pe : - | ! aa —| i Pine
Se a
4
[nates anader _|
Traverce — | eee ene | one |
= +i. . | i ° se os )\ Darton « |-— Te
, : : pe £5 an ks = facie Cheap?
Ba Store | : «Sherburne « bee —_—
ie Satt er ee Pa 7 . * Anoka pies =
. . i fe . * | Peshingln
‘me rack“ eo eS
| © Ottertar| ; -—
| ;
© | Qorrison
| .
22. Production of Corn in Minnesota
. according to Census of 1880.
Each dot represents 10,000 Bushels.
7 . ° fs ABS «[Pamsey| +
ae \ es
Lac Qui Parle ‘PP es : . Heiney” , :
ate oy Coa oe
A . 3 a ie tyes.
ec eas = Ze) ole th, - a
oe * . *
YE How “Me Some . ° Penville Ay i‘
| ae Ls oa oek st op Sok so aS
hock hs Lyen ‘ | 3 ead
= og hee:
ae | E L ; pees.
a ae
See
eo ee,
Pe . Sheek» 1a: sei . isa 4 i of nae
“Boh,” | Nobles” | echocis | ° Atertn * . obs eels Sane * +|+
Chas ; | 2 ae i Toe se eae ke a
oe* © @ @ os “le * az
Copyright tt EY Robinson
Figure 92. Production of corn in 1879 according to the census of 1880. (Based on Table XV)
ECONOMIC HISTORY OF AGRICULTURE IN MINNESOTA
| =N
IY ey
(
ro |
es ‘ . a %
| ff \ | Cook
; a |
Aulflgor /
f { a
Be eee | |
x
/
Belfearry
97
\
if
7 STasea
/
Cook
|, |
Sent Loos | Late
40. Production of Potatoes in Minnesota
according to Census of 1880.
Each dot represents 10,000 Bushels,
Chippewa | .
| Lae Qu: Parle -
por eb | |
*. i Med - G
, . = e . . . Nie . *) e
Yellow” Medieine Renetie rr | = Seott ° |. Dako’
SS ee ee) a ° . * . of]
| Jecncss J i | * Sibley ui 2 :
—— s Te* *] * Goodhue”
| Pivsshs Lyen | Reduced . : ; “| . |
eae eS
|- Waseca "Stele « |
Ppeclone Murray Cottonwsod m
ees Sie ee
| Rock ~- Nobles | Sachsen. Marlin | Facibaulf | * Freeborn
Figure 93. Production of potatoes in 1879 according to census of 1880. (Based on Table XVIII)
98 EDWARD VAN DYKE ROBINSON
aa,
( |
| \ ee
fee ee Soe et ee | % | =
| fi ‘ | Cook 2S
f
Lol leon ge |
Coen ce | oa <
a
#
x
ie
Marshall | |
/ 7
ie |
Beltran |
5 |
Sar? Lous
~
ot
6
a
a
-
-—
a
=-
rege 44. Production of Flaxsced in Minnesota
according to Census of 1880.
Each dot represents 10,000 Bushels.
Figure 94. Production of flaxseed in 1879 according to census of 1880. (Based on Table XIX)
ECONOMIC HISTORY OF AGRICULTURE IN MINNESOTA
‘O88I JO snsued oy) ‘0881 JO snsuss
0} Sulpsiosoe 6/8] Ul (payeanjnd pue pylm) Avy Jo uoNoNporg "96 ens 0} Surps0sse 628] Ul (payeanno pue ppm) Aey jo aBeay “C6 eins
mre A za re pre
more a git lhe
BLE ea, , Lamy! + eeztoagy | 2 ele sme. Jive COMMIS: . | atl Lig |e Pet
eee a
7 a) irae ee: \. Lonapy i
compre” oe “| peoury
I lapady e huapyy “ash
Pet as
! ‘$2320 000'1 syudsaiday top yey
Age feecag Psa eae a. Pe! 3 Ie s eos Ft as “OSgt JO Snsua7 9y) 0) SuIpsodIy
Sum C00"! syuasaidas yop yseq iwc 7 Pe ea Pe es ADs . + C8 wossuulfy ut Aepy jo evoany “Ly
“Oggi jo nsuay 24 0) SuIproIDYy s . so fee ee Bete A a sce See oe
Rosauuryy ut KEP jo vononposg fe eee gy efiae a OF eI es lg, oR nas
PRIBARA/
aa enyrn
on =a
ea
1
|
|
1
'
'
L
Yee a
Wea We *
ora
of H* cere
—— — —_—_— ____
7
,
/
’
wesgyly o wosy gy
/
/
. 4
Aittson |’
. ¢
s
eel at eal Z
eee
<
/
Marshall ff
a ee oA
e Ne -
. és .
*
N
NG
. ek
: N
Rp
‘NC
Polk * :
. * NS
EDWARD VAN DYKE ROBINSON
:
\
\
\
x
/
Be "Tare, ft
. . *
ome eee ene ip a . PF, es 7
ae ~ 8
» | Stevens 1 Dew
7 . Se iS
e ° < * x " e .
8 & ° ° . oe
eee? . eo 8? }
s * 60 SKeaens 5 8:
of est ea ee Oy
.
[i Oi Perle d
.
+ —_—— -- °
.
oe ‘laivan: Medierre :
.
°
°
———— ————
/lasea
———
Cook
RS
Cook
Leke
| Saunt L ous:
e
CarlTen
e
—
: peas
. Aanebee [
Pipe sone eee 3 “Cot terinrocd » Wilinvta.[,? 03 se
: Sach son se
. MérFin, we |
. oe
. o . * % oi . @
. ° ° oe ‘ oe ee
. ‘ bs
che . = s. ® ea 38: ols eo 6 ole es oe
. Jferibes ir. i. cP
Y
Dairy Cathe in Minnesota
According to Census of 1880
Each dot represents [00 Cows
Copyright wa by £-V Rebnson
Figure 97. Distribution of dairy cows on farms according to census of 1880. (Based on Table XXIV)
ECONOMIC HISTORY OF AGRICULTURE IN MINNESOTA 101
D
\
—= \
5 \
_—_—_— —
res
Cook,
/
Aittson /
/
,
Pane anes 7
—
/
7
-
Marshal/ -
co raeagy |
- oN . .
\
N
. ie \ .
: N
. Ng
. e : ° ie / Tacea
. 2 . /
- Polk ON sc
. 8 . . * \ Jae
° ; a a . Ven Sant Lous
oe Se eee 7
- . I
: | : eo Se
° e ‘ 1
5 ° | ‘a |
Bae = eae |
w. Se Te: a = —_—t
«* os * . : ° [>
. . 5 t—~—--~ -__ |, ° ie °
. Chy, .c : _# Beches “4 . Cass . P
4 . ‘ee -* = idee stl : ‘ | ° —
“ly? 7 “ae oe a . ale Athi Car/Terr «
pli: \_ OTnese.* . et
el Pine
J
The Value of Farm Products ta Minnesota
According to the Census of 1880.
Each dot represents “0 000.
Lurcoly » Z byen . . "
* .« :
i Tackson*
s «
.
TCapyright ina by EV. Robinson
Figure 98. Total value of farm products in 1879 according to the census of 1880. (Based on Table XXXV)
102 EDWARD VAN DYKE ROBINSON
more than twice as rapid as the gain in sheep (Fig. 76). In the case of dairy products, the greatest ratio of increase was in milk
sold, on account of the development of large cities; and next to that, in cheese, especially if both farm and factory products be
included. In actual pounds, however, by far the largest increase was in butter (Items 59-69).
In spite of the increase of technical efficiency shown by the ratio of population to products and live stock, or perhaps in
part by reason of such greater efficiency in the country at large, values did not increase, from 1870 to 1880, in proportion to
products. Thus, the value of farm products rose only 47.9 per cent, the value of live stock 58.6 per cent, and the value of farms
98 per cent, against an increase of 65.8 per cent in country population, 94.8 per cent in value of farm machinery, 106.7 per cent
in total acreage of farm land, and 212.1 per cent in acreage of improved land (Items 70-76). One cause of this unfavorable showing
was of course the depreciated currency and consequent inflation of prices in 1870. The amount of such inflation has been esti-
mated by the census at 20 per cent; but even when the gold values for 1870 are used, there was very little increase in value of
farm products per capita of the country population, from 1870 to 1880, while there was an actual decline of such value per acre
of farm land and especially per acre of improved farm land. The value of farms, on the other hand, increased considerably per
capita of the country population and also per acre included in farms; but failed, as during the previous decade, to keep pace
with the increase of improved land.
This decline in value of products per acre and the failure of farm values to advance as rapidly as the acreage of improved
land presumably resulted from one fundamental cause—the relative overproduction of farm products and consequent downward
trend of prices, which affected even wheat in spite of the new milling processes.
The same condition of agricultural depression thus existed in Minnesota during the seventies as in other western states,
though apparently in a less extreme form. Asa result, farmers, on the average, found themselves able to accumulate little except
through the rise in value of their lands. The inference seems warranted that it was this relative unprofitableness of agriculture
which started the rush to the cities and likewise furnished the motive power both of the Granger movement to regulate railroad
rates, and of the several cheap money campaigns designed to check the fall of prices.
TABLE 9.—PrRoGRESS OF AGRICULTURE, 1860-1870, FRom U. S. CENSUS
Percentage of Per 100 of country population
increase or
Items 1860 1870 decrease
(a minus sign 1860 1870
denotes a decrease)
I. Population: %
1. Country population....... ........ 122,530 327,698 TOPAN geen ll pilates
2. Town population.................. 49,493 112,008 120.3" j|) aietereaic, ||) aeceeddvds
3. Total population.................. 172,023 439,706 19527" |i extagen GI sregeuse crews
II. Acreage:
4. Improved land in farms, acres.... 556,250 2,322,102 317.2 454.0 708.63
5. Unimproved land in farms, acres... . 2,155,718 4,161,726 93.1 1,759.3 1,270.0
6. Total land in farms, acres.......... 2,711,968 6,483,828 139.3 2,213.3 1,978.6
7. Number of farms.................. 17,999* 46,500 158.4 14.7 14.2
8. Average size of farms, acres......... 150.7 139.4 ages | | ede aed. UI) Seal adiei ue ie
9. Average improved land per farm,
ACCS: eau Gk nas egies eta areas 30.9 49.9 GIES || -orsteediedee, ||) apenas
III. Farm products:
10. Wheat, bushels....... ............ 2,186,973* 18,866,073 762.7 1,784.9 5,757.3
11. Oats, bushels........... ......00. 2,176,002 10,678,261 390.7 1,775.9 3,258.6
12. Barley, bushels.................... 119,568* 1,032,024 763.1 97.6 314.9
13. Rye, bushels............ 0.0.2.2... 121,411 78,088 —35.7 99.09 23.8
14. Buckwheat, bushels................ 28,052 52,438 86.9 22.9 16.0
15. Total small grains, bushels.. ...... 4,632,006 30,706,884 562.9 3,780.3 9,370.7
16. Corn, bushels..................4.. 2,941,952 4,743,117 61.2 2,401.0 1,447.4
17. Peas and beans, bushels............ 18,988 46,601 145.4 15.5 14.2
18. Irish potatoes, bushels.... ........ 2,516,485 * 1,943,063 —22.8 2,053.7 593.0
19. Sweet potatoes, bushels............ 792 1,594 101.3 65 49
20. Flaxseed, bushels.................. 118 18,635 15,692.4 A 5.7
21. Clover seed, bushels............... 351* 126 —64.1 29 03
22. Grass seed, bushels................ 3,255* 3,045 —6.5 21 93
23. Total, bushel crops, bushels........| 10,113,947 37,463,065 270.4 8,254.3 11,432.5
*Corrected total to agree with the county items in the census.
ECONOMIC HISTORY OF AGRICULTURE IN MINNESOTA
103
Percentage of
Per 100 of country population
Items 1860 1870 increase or
decrease 1860 1870
%
DA. Hayy tonsisaied vac yavgasueies apap ace 269,483* 695,053 157.9 219.9 212.1
25. Rice, pounds...................00. 3,286 None | .......... Dade A) Sesto
26. Tobacco, pounds.................. 38,938 8,247 —78.8 31.8 2.5
27. Hops, pounds..................0.0. 140* 222,065 158,517.9 Al 67.8
28. Hemp, tons............ 0.0.00. eee 109 NOHEr }) aseeceenee BODE "| Geek Ceaeseeey
29. Flax, Ponds. 000 vesnxevewerenees 1,983 122,571 6,081.1 1.6 37.4
30. Silk cocoons, pounds............... 52 None | .......... OAE) || Gite ct tale
31. Maple sugar, pounds............... 370,669 210,467 —43.2 302.5 64.2
32. Maple syrup, gallons..... ......... 23,038 12,722 —44.8 18.8 3.9
33. Sorghum syrup, gallons............ 14,178 38,735 173.1 11.6 11.8
34. Wine, gallons. .................05. 412 1,750 324.8 34 53
35. Orchard products, value............ $649 $15,818 2,337.3 $0.53 $4.83
36. Market-garden products, value..... $94,704* $115,234 21.7 $77.29 $35.17
37. Forest products of farms, value..... (No report) POLL S28." ||| wheter ||) aehederegres $95.06
IV. Live Stock on Farms:
38: IOTSES ans hike ghey Sa So alia Bh ea has 17,065 93,011 445.0 13.9 28.4
39. Mules and asses.................. 377 2,350 523.9 31 72
40. Milch cows...............000- cee 40,444* 121,467 200.3 33.0 37.1
41. Working oxen.................... 27,568 43,176 56.6 22.5 13.2
42. Other cattle...................0.. 51,345 145,736 183.8 41.9 44.5
43) SHEEP isisieisccssins ised cans aut ae ee Wea 13,044 132,343 914.6 10.6 40.4
G4. (SWin@ acaai ice sway ound kitaeokes 101,371 148,473 46.5 82.7 45.3
45. Total live stock................... 251,214 686,556 173.3 205.0 209.5
V. Animal Products:
46. Wool, pounds......,...........05. 20,388 401,185 1,867.8 1.7 122.4
47. Butter, pounds.................... 2,957,673 9,522,010 221.9 2,413.8 2,905.8
48. Cheese, pounds.................... 199,314 233,977 17.4 162.7 71.1
49. Milk sold, gallons................. (No report) DOS ABO) Il) vibe iene ol) atc danct 63.5
50. Beeswax, pounds.................. 1,544 3,963 156.7 1.3 1.2
51. Honey, pounds.................... 33,585* 92,606 175.7 27.4 28.3
52. Animals slaughtered or sold for
slaughter, value................ $751,544 $3,076,650 309.4 $613.36 $938.89
VI. Value of:
53, NanmSsurgneen! aukew sat dateetaie $27,505,922 $97,847,442 255.7 $22,448.32 $29,859.78
$4. Live stockisiscavmncessasios geniew’s $3,642,841 $20,118,841 452.3 $2,973.02 $6,139.60
55. Implements and machinery......... $1,018,183 $6,721,120 560.1 $830.97 $2,051.06
56. WAeS Paid ss cca geen ccescecuaes (No report) MEASO DOL | gacmeseve VT aeeaewmcey $1,360.80
57. Farm products (including better-
ments and additions to stock)....| (No report) $33,446,400 | .......... Jove... $10,206.72
COMPARISON OF CURRENCY AND GOLD VALUES
Figures in italics indicate results if values in 1870 are reduced 20% to allow for depreciation of currency at that date. (See
Census 1910, Supp. for Minn., p. 365.)
Percentage of
Per 100 of country population
Itemst 1860 | 1870 increase or
decrease 1860 1870
%
35a. Orchard products, value........... $649 $15,818 2,337.3 $0.53 $4.83
812,654 1,849.8 $3.86
36a. Market-garden products, value. . . $94,704* $115,234 21.7 $77.29 $35.17
$92,187 —2.7 $28.14
*Corrected total to agree with the county items in the census.
Numbers refer to position of the same items in the preceding table, (a) being added.
104
EDWARD VAN DYKE ROBINSON
Percentage of
Per 100 of country population
Itemst 1860 1870 increase or
decrease 1860 _ 1870
Jo
37a. Forest products of farms, value....} (No report) S311 528 | od-taumets, ||| abawieagas $95.06
$249,222 $76.06
52a. Animals slaughtered or sold for
slaughter, value............... $751,544 $3,076,650 309.4 $613.36 $938.89
$2,461,320 227.5 $761.11
Value of:
S3a.: Farms (idc5r4aii ante 208 dee ee de $27,505,922 $97,847,442 255.7 $22,448.32 $29,859.78
878,277 954 184.6 $23,887.82
54a. Live stock sectis denied Red Goan $3,642,841 $20,118,841 452.3 $2,973.02 $6,139.60
$16,095,073 341.8 $4,911.68
55a. Implements and machinery........ $1,018,183 $6,721,120 560.1 $830.97 $2,051.06
85,376 895 428.1 $1,640.86
56a. Wages paid................00000. (No report) $4°459-2080 of) aaakacxkae- |) waneedaen $1,360.80
$3,567,361 $1,088.64
57a. Farm products including better-
ments and additions to stock....} (No report) $33,446,400 | . ........ | cee ee ee eee $10,206.72
$26,757,120 88,165.38
tNumbers refer to position of the same items in the preceding table with (a) added.
TABLE 10.—Procress OF AGRICULTURE, 1870-1880. (ANALYSIS FROM THE FEDERAL CENSUS)
Percentage of
increase or
Per 100 of the country population
Items 1870 1880 decrease
(a minus sign
denotes a decrease) 1870 1880
I. Population: %
1. Country population................ 327,698 543,193 65:80 |) Avcueeeeda ll) eaves as
2. Town population.................. 112,008 237,580 MQ eee Jble| peace Sates
3. Total population.................. 439,706 780,773 TICOm | eater test Wh) pecearenctease
II. Acreage:
4. Improved land in farms, acres. . 2,322,102 7,246,693 212.1 708.63 1,334.09
5. Permanent pastures, meadows,
orchards, vineyards, acres....... (No report) L727325% |) asGieoas, || sceenedods 317.99
6. Tilled land, including fallows and
grass in rotation, acres.......... (No report) 3,010368 | eyes |) Yladedaces 1,016.09
7. Unimproved land in farms, acres.... 4,161,726 6,156,326 47.9 1,270.0 1,133.36
8. Woodland, acres........ ...... .. 1,336,299 2,030,726 52.0 407.8 373.85
9. Total land in farms, acres.......... 6,483,828 13,403,019 106.7 1,978.0 2,467.45
10. Number of farms.................. 46,500 92,386 98.7 14.2 17.01
11. Average size of farms, acres......... 139.4 145.1 AEN | eecas eesti JUIC) whet Sues
12. Average improved land per farm,
ACHES oer sei tenna tet ess erence ma ede 49.9 78.4 PMC) tek ced tbe uh | = Clone Aelia,
III. Farm Products:
13. Wheat, acres.............0.000000. (No report) 3044670 1 Sscueke |) ceeeteaek 560.5
14. Wheat, bushels.................... 18,866,073 34,601,030 83.4 5,757.3 6,369.9
15. Oats, acres... 0.022... cece ee eee (No report) 617,469 | .......... | 22.0... ee. 113.7
16. Oats, bushels..................05. 10,678,261 23,382,158 119.0 3,258.6 4,304.6
17: Otley PHOTOS. Like i Rianng tena aawe (No report) 116,020. ||) xdseeevee. Ub Scenic cus 21.4
18. Barley, bushels.................... 1,032,024 2,972,965 188.1 314.9 547.3
OLR We HCEES acd eae Neon eennaniae eed (No report) GIN) |i eee aceon Ml Bagadeoees 2.5
20. Rye, bushels...............-.0000- 78,088 215,245 175.6 23.8 39.6
21. Buckwheat, acres............0.005. (No report) SOLE dh irene Wy au titee cece 67
22. Buckwheat, bushels................ 52,438 41,756 —20.4 16.0 7.70
23. Total, small grains, acres........... (No report) Spee eOU WS ae ladets IN) kup cotta 698.70
24. Total, small grains, bushels......... 30,706,884 61,213,154 99.3 9,370.7 11,269.10
ECONOMIC HISTORY OF AGRICULTURE IN MINNESOTA
105
Percentage of
Per 100 of the country population
Items 1870 1880 increase or
decrease 1870 1880
25. Corn, acres.............05. cuca’ (No report) SS3S713T ll aplicetveues ) eet dees 80.8
26. Corn, bushels.................0.. 4,743,117 14,831,741 212.7 1,447.4 2,730.5
27. Peas and beans, bushels........... 46,601 25,039 —46.3 14.2 4.6
28. Irish potatoes, bushels............ 1,943,063 5,184,676 166.8 593.0 954.5
29. Sweet potatoes, bushels........... 1,594 Noné | gu.ceniaws AOR |. aloe eed fe
30. Flaxseed, bushels................. 18,635 98,689 429.6 5.7 18.2
31. Clover seed, bushels.............. 126 18,003 14,188.2 .03 3.3
32. Grass seed, bushels............... 3,045 30,707 908.5 93 5.7
33. Total, bushel crops, bushel........ 37,463,065 81,402,009 117.3 11,432.5 14,985.8
34. Hay,* acres..............00. cc eee (No report) 1:053,378 il!) <Gleacadd att: Ul webiek Mabie 193.9
$55 JHAYs (ONS sjosy cine — ae Hw ch wine 695,053 1,637,109 135.5 212.1 301.4
BG: “Tobacco; Actes ..6 sc sen cetaceans (No report) TG) | ax oenenanctieaatnl i bueaegwraesonaa .03
37. Tobacco, pounds. ce Hn Sh Sl 8,247 69,922 747.8 2.5 12.9
38. TOPS BCR Ss kc siew wenn eolvancadesens (No report) SW | ea eancwen 1 || eager .006
39. Hops, pounds.................... 222,065 10,928 —95.1 67.8 2.0
40. Hemp, tons...................00. None QOe | sere Bagi. IN udlsn whe xk .004
41. Flax fiber, pounds................ 122,571 497 —99.6 37.4 .09
42. Broom corn, pounds.............. (No report) 68/433 |, ciscueaden | 4 Qeatudsies 12.6
43. Maple sugar, pounds.............. 210,467 76,972 —63.4 64.2 14.2
44. Maple syrup, gallons.............. 12,722 11,407 —10.3 3.9 2.1
45. Sorghum syrup, gallons........... 38,735 543,369 1,302.8 11.8 100.0
46. Sorghum sugar, pounds. ......... (No report) TOG? ||| wexteccaces. lt” deaeoeeanay .035
ays: Wine, galloneics sosi.5 0s ekeen eee eases 1,750 (Noreport) | .......... MOON!) oe Geswecee
48. Orchard products, value.......... $15,818 $121,648 669.0 $4.83 $22.39
49. Market-garden products, value... . $115,234 $166,030 44.1 $35.17 $30.57
50. Forest products, value............ $311,528 $1,796,260 476.6 $95.06 $330.68
IV. Live stock on farms:
Sia SHOTSES sou tears ren waticnah oon meee hs 93,011 257,282 176.6 28.4 47.3
52. Mules and asses.................. 2,350 9,019 283.8 72 1.7
533. Mileh cows). isco cts cdicaria dd ouiens 121,467 275,545 126.8 37.1 50.7
54. Working oxen.................0.. 43,176 36,344 —15.8 13.2 6.7
55. Othér cattlés.. s.xcestoeeavee sees 145,736 347,161 138.2 44.5 63.9
56. Sheep......... 0... cece eee ees 132,343 267,598f 102.2 40.4 49.3
Ss, SWING iy g du bas Sioa abate teen 148,473 381,415 156.9 45.3 70.2
58. Total live stock.................. 686,556 1,574,364 129.3 209.5 289.8
V. Animal products:
59. Wool, pounds.................... 401,185 1,352,124§ 237.0 122.4 248.9
60. Butter made on farms, pounds..... 9,522,010 19,161,385 101.2 2,905.8 3,527.5
61. Butter made in factories.......... (No report) S3j450) ee clsicesssen ll) Saeecek eons 15.4
62. Total butter, pounds.............. 9,522,010 19,245,835 102.2 2,905.7 3,543.1
63. Cheese made on farms, pounds..... 233,977 523,138 123.6 71.1 96.3
64. Cheese made in factories.......... 37,500 462,191 1,132.5 11.5 85.1
65. Total cheese, pounds......... sects 271,477 985,329 263.0 82.8 181.4
66. Milk sold, gallons................ 208,130 1,504,407 622.8 63.5 276.9
67. Beeswax, pounds................. 3,963 6,552 65.3 1.2 1.2
68. Honey, pounds................... 92,606 234,054 152.7 28.3 43.1
69. Animals slaughtered or sold for
slaughter, value................ $3,076,650 (No report) | .......... $938.89 | Ll... ll...
*Includes wild and cultivated hay.
{Sheep exclusive of spring lambs.
§Spring clip of 1880.
106
EDWARD VAN DYKE ROBINSON
Percentage of
Per 100 of the country population
Items 1870 1880 increase or
decrease 1870 1880
VI. Value of:
70. Farms, including fences and
buildings:..0s 24s Absence reeds $97,847,442 | $193,724,260 98.0 $29,859.78 $35,663.98
71. Live stock....... .. Rite ates $20,118,841 $31,904,821 58.6 $6,139.60 $6,873.58
72. Implements and machinery... $6,721,120 $13,089,783 94.8 $2,051.06 $2,409.78
73. Wages paids 4.045 vassedee canes $4,459,201 (No report) $1,360.80 | ..........
74. Cost of building and repairing fences| (No report) $1/316,895. | ssacvane || Gevawanaens $242.43
75. Cost of fertilizers purchased. ..... (No report) $93,250 1) cacti Sete, ||| Sethe cadies $17.17
76. Farm products................... $33,446,400 $49,468,951 47.9 $10,206.72 $9,107.07
Figures in italics indicate results if values in 1870 are reduced 20% to allow for depreciation of currency at that date.
COMPARISON OF CURRENCY AND GOLD VALUES
Census 1910, Supp. for Minn., p. 365.)
(See
Percentage of
Per 100 of the country population
Items* 1870 1880 increase or
decrease 1870 1880
48a. Orchard products, value of....... $15,818 $121,648 669.0 $4.83 $22.39
$12,654 861.3 $3.86
49a. Market-garden products, value of.. $115,234 $166,030 44.1 $35.17 $30.57
$92,187 80.1 $28.14
50a. Forest products, value of......... $311,528 $1,796,260 476.6 $95.06 $330.68
$249,222 620.8 $76.05
69a. Animals slaughtered or sold for
slaughter, value of............. $3,076,650 (No report) | ..... .... $938.89 | ..........
$2,461,320 $761.11
VI. Value of:
70a. Farms, including fences and
buildings. ................005. $97,847,442 | $193,724,260 98.0 $29,859.78 $35,663.98
878,277 954 147.6 823,887 82
Tia. Live stock...................... $20,118,841 $31,904,821 58.6 $6,139.60 $6,873.58
$16,095,073 98.2 $4,911.68
72a. Implements and machinery....... $6,721,120 $13,089,783 94.8 $2,051.06 $2,409.78
$5,376 896 143.4 $1,640.85
73a. Wages paid................0005. $4,459,201 (No report) | .......... $1,360.80 | ..........
$3,567 361 $1,088.64
76a. Farm products.................. $33,446,400 $49,468,951 47.9 $10,206.72 $9,107.07
$26,757,120 87.1 $8,165.38
*Numbers refer to position of the same items in the preceding table, (a) being added.
CHAPTER V
DEVELOPMENT OF DIVERSIFIED FARMING, 1880-1900
The lessened profits in agriculture and the increased profit in milling tended at once to increase the urban population and
to cause a rapid development of the milling industry. These causes, combined with discriminations in railroad rates in favor
of competitive points, resulted in a startling increase in the population of large urban centers during the decade 1880-1890. As
a result, the population of Minneapolis (including St. Anthony) rose from 5,821 in 1860 to 18,079 in 1870, 46,887 in 1880, 129,200
according to the state census of 1885, and 164,738 in 1890. During the fifteen years after 1870, following the introduction of
the middlings purifier, there was thus more than a seven-fold increase in the population of Minneapolis.
During the same period
the population of the State had risen from 439,706 in 1870 to 1,117,798 in 1885, less than a three-fold increase (Table XI).
TABLE XI.—DEVELOPMENT oF FLouR MILLING IN MINNESOTA, 1860-1890 (Based on the U. S. Census)
Census Census Amount Percentage
Items of of of of
1860 1870 Increase Increase
Number gtistmillsyijccnewse ates dav emaee een rnd ee aed wens 81 216 135 167.0
Capital invested. gins Gan aaees eased he bea eae eee ats $587,500 $2,900,915 $2,313,415 393.8
Cost of raw materials........0...0. coc cee eee eee eee $978,552 $6,090,006 $5,111,454 522.3
Hands emiployedicss cess dane locate me ers mewn wees 188 790 602 302.3
Value of product asia svismaentitcs erro Wie shawiouet ew ulaeiabesune Sanwninn pes $1,289,665 $7,534,575 $6,244,910 484.2
Census Census Amount Percentage
Items of of of of
1870 1880 Increase Increase
Number gristmills....0...¢28 sues cose e ee dee dds ore daaweeeeye 216 436 220 101.8
Capital invested: 462 cereica dea Be ees eB RR Ee bene $2,900,915 $10,510,362 $7,609,447 262.3
Cost of raw materials.........00.00 0.0000. c cece eee eee eens $6,090,006 $37,155,429 $31,065,423 510.1
Hands emploged, «.. veo0.¥56 Gasoes 2ienses 448 eee Keawsh ueuese 790 2,634 1,844 233.5
Valiié of productscison ciwsee bar sara on ea bse ee aie ees $7,534,575 $41,519,004 $33,984,429 451.0
Amount Percentage
Census Census of of
Items of of ' Increase Increase
1880 1890 or or
Decrease Decrease
Number gristmills....:.5..00.05 c¢ccce gee be peach yada eevee ee en 436 307 —129 —29.6
Capital invested? :s9.. Asm isgiedad SUS eG OMG SUA we A ee $10,510,362 $19,518,743 $9,008,381 85.7
Cost of Taw materials. 5 c.c es ces oe HERS iSWe EHS SEs CES ER ECE REED $37,155,429 $52,383,867 $15,228,438 41.0
Hands ‘employed ys. «:.:.42¢iseno25s0ee ter vawee nee News Weeds eo 2,634 4,038 1,404 53.3
Value of product........0... 00 cece ete cence ene eeeeenas $41,519,004 $60,158,088 $18,639,084 44.9
As shown by the preceding table, the milling industry in the meantime underwent a corresponding, if somewhat less rapid,
expansion.
a six-fold increase; in 1890 it was 60.2 millions (Fig. 99).
In 1870 the value of flour mill products in the State had been 7.5 million dollars; in 1880 it was 41.5 millions, nearly
In Minneapolis the output of flour, though fluctuating from year to
year, on the whole kept pace with the increase of value for the State, which was in fact largely based upon the product of the
Minneapolis mills.
apolis.
American market, and also because of competition from eastern milling centers.
The period 1880-1890 had on the whole more favorable weather conditions than either the preceding or the following decade
(Figs. 69,70, 100,101). In 1881, however, the summer was the warmest since 1868, while the rainfall during that season remained
below normal.
[107]
Later in the fall, indeed, there were heavy rains but they came too late for any of the small grains.
Beginning about 1877 there was also an important direct export movement to Europe, especially from Minne-
Exportation, however, did not keep pace with production, owing to the increasing proportion needed to supply the
The rush to the
cities, and the
milling industry
Weather
conditions,
1880-1890
108 EDWARD VAN DYKE ROBINSON
‘
Average crop
yields, 1880-1890 The average yield of wheat per acre in 1880 was 13.3 bushels, which was better than in any year since 1877 (Figs. 71, 102),
though far inferior to the yields of many earlier years. In 1881 it fell almost to the level of 1879, owing to the very dry summer.
In 1882 again it averaged a
trifle higher (Figs. 100, 102).
Thereafter, for the remainder
of the decade, the average
yield of wheat per acre exceed-
ed 13 bushels in every year but
1887, the best crops being in
1884 (16.23 bushels) and 1889
(15.3 bushels). During these
years, nevertheless, the wheat
fields were damaged by rust
and insect attacks, especially
in the older counties. One of
the worst years was that
of 1887, when 15 important
counties were devasted by
chinch-bugs, while a fresh in-
cursion of locusts was in pro-
gress in Otter Tail County.’
Corn suffered from the
backward spring and early
frosts in 1882 and 1883, with
the result that barley was
largely fed to stock in lieu of
corn the following winter.
This experience shook the
faith of many farmers in corn
as a reliable crop and for a
time checked the development
of corn growing in the State*
(Figs. 102, 104).
The abrupt drop in the price of wheat in 1878 and 1879, following the equally abrupt rise of 1877, was succeeded by a period
of higher prices which culminated in 1882.
This rise was in turn followed by a still
greater decline which carried the average
prices for the period 1884-1887, following
the industrial depression of 1883-1884, to
the lowest level since 1863 (Figs. 53, 75).
Contemporary writers attributed this break
in prices to the competition of Russian
wheat in European markets.* Many of the
farmers, however, attributed the fall to
market manipulation and became bitter in
their opposition to the system of state
statistics, which they considered a device to
aid the speculators. This opposition, which
increased from year to year, diminished
somewhat the reliability of the state statis-
tics as to the acreage under tillage.®
After the poor crop of 1887 there was
another period of higher prices, continuing
during the remainder of the decade and
reaching itsculmination in 1891, shortly be-
Figure 100. Precipitation by seasons in the vicinity of the Twin Cities, 1880-1913. fore the great depression and panic of 1893.
Figure 99. Development of flour milling, 1860-1890.1
Price fluctuations,
1880-1890
1From U. S. Census (value); and Pillsbury, C. A., American Flour (Depew, Hundred Years of American Commerce, I, 269-273); Statistics of Minnesota, 1871, 157; 1876, 204-206;
, 222-223, ; a et : : :
nen 2 Data furnished by the U. S. Weather Bureau at Minneapolis. Figures for Minneapolis 1880-1895; St. Paul, 1896-1904; Minneapolis, 1905-1913.
3Annual Report of the Commissioner of Statistics, 1890, 8-9; Fifth Annual Report of the Agricultural Experiment Station, 96-99.
4 Ibid., 1893, 15-16; 1884, 16-17.
5 Ibtd., 1884, 11; 1889, 7-8.
8 Ibid., 1884, 9-10,
ECONOMIC HISTORY OF AGRICULTURE IN MINNESOTA 109
Figure 101. Temperature by seasons in vicinity of the Twin Cities, 1880-1913.2
The total land under tillage increased during the decade from 4.4 million acres in 1880 to 5.9 millions in 1889, a gain of 1.5
millions or 34.9 per cent. Most of the years showed an increase in acres tilled over the preceding year, the notable exceptions
being 1882, which followed the crop failure of 1881,and 1887, which came after three years of abnormally low prices’ (Figs. 102,75).
The land under wheat, on the other hand, fell off over 225 thousand acres during the ten years.
The discouragingly small yields of 1880 and 1881 caused a loss of acreage the following years in spite of rising prices. This
decline was largely localized in the older counties.’ In 1883 more wheat was sown because of the slightly better yield and higher
prices in 1882. There continued to be a larger acreage in wheat, with some fluctuations, from 1883 to 1887 during the period
of low prices, owing to the relatively good yields; but the poor crop of 1887, coinciding with the bottom price reached in that
year, again reduced the acreage planted to wheat during the remaining years of the decade.
A stationary or falling acreage devoted to wheat, while the tilled area was increasing 34.9 per cent, of course meant a
decline in the proportion of tilled land occupied by that crop.
From 68.98 per cent in 1878, the highest point ever reached, the percentage of land in wheat declined to 66.59 in 1880,
53.35 in 1882, and (after the slight rally in 1883-84 previously mentioned) to 45.89 per cent in 1889.9 This was a smaller pro-
portion than at any time during the preceding thirty years. Most of the land lost by wheat went to the other cereals, chiefly
oats, corn, and barley. The percentage of tilled land in cereals nevertheless did decline from 94.47 in 1879 to 86.27 in 1889—a
loss of 8.20 per cent. Nearly all of this (7.15 per cent) was planted to flaxseed and cultivated hay. Potatoes had sold so low, :
prior to about 1880, as hardly to pay the cost of digging and hauling to market, to say nothing of cultivation. About that time,
however, the supply became inadequate for the growing city population and prices consequently advanced, though still subject
to great fluctuations. As a result, potatoes doubled their acreage from 1880 to 1889, which meant an increase in percentage of
7 Ibid., 1889, 18.
8 Ibid., 1883, 14. fade 9
*Annual Report Commissioner of Statistics, 1890, 9. The census of 1890 gives no totals for all tilled land. However, by footing the acres assigned to different crops in the census
and also adding in the acreage assigned to certain minor crops in the state statistics, for which the census gives no acreage, a base is obtained from which a calculation of percentage rela-
tions is possible. Such a calculation gives 46.89 as the percentage of tilled land in wheat at the census of 1890. In view of the many chances of error in a composite problem, such a
close approximation of the result to the figure given in the state statistics is reassuring as to the substantial accuracy of both the state and the census figures. It is quite possible, too,
that the larger percentage of land in wheat shown by the census was due to the fact that, being taken as of June 1, 1890, the crops reported were necessarily those of the 1889 crop season,
while the acreages were likely in many cases to be those of the 1890 season; and in that year, as indicated by the state statistics, there was again an increase in the percentage of land sown
to wheat.
©
Areas in crops,
1880-1890
EDWARD VAN DYKE ROBINSON
110
“0S ‘S68T 19 ‘9681 {OT ‘FORT “PIG
‘a4nqng148 y fo qusujsngaq ay) fo YOOGLDI A ‘ZL6T-96ST SIA 10} $g ‘OGST PUL SERT ‘P2GT ‘S6-OGBT SIVA IOJ $61 ‘ORBT ‘8227917075 fo sauotssimmo| ay] fo JAogay JONUUY WOT} ‘6R-OBT SIB2A JOY &FEC or
“OIQETIeAL SI UOTJONpoId 10 aBedioe dy} JO p10dII OU QQRT IvdA 9} JOY
8681-0881 ‘eeyM JO uoTjONposd pue a8eei10e [elo], “EO, ens
or 261-0881 ‘sloysnq ur ‘spjaif dos e8ereay “ZOT emndiq
JAY Se SIOLVLO|
en ATI Sees «SIN ()
eo WwaHM 2INJI9DI57
Erb! IIb} 0161 406) 806! LOb! 406! SOb! Hb! COI COB! 1061 O06! BS] 8691 L481 981 SES] HbBI EOS! BABI 188) OBI 6881 SeGI L981 9881 $881 49BI CBB! EBB! 1881 0981
is
Net |
KS SREP |
él‘ ff AI ZS S|
does VENI NAS o¢
/
L
: Oh
\ os
|
| | [
PAL |
NT ATALANTA TAT a 7
LO
0b
pee
oy]
JF
LT
| ——_
eter
$3041)
ie
ee eee
Ana
ou
] 0€)
Ohl
STSHSNG NI CTI,
ECONOMIC HISTORY OF AGRICULTURE IN MINNESOTA 111
Figure 104. Percentage of tilled land in principal crops, 1880-1909.12
tilled land occupied by this crop from 0.86 to 1.29. More attention was also paid to good varieties for planting.’ About 1886
a specialized potato district began to develop in the counties just north of St. Paul and Minneapolis, the direct stimulus being
furnished by a produce firm which sent buyers through the country. In 1886 the shipments were only 150 cars; but by 1889
over 1,000 cars were shipped to New England alone, in competition with the Maine product. Starch factories were also estab-
lished to use the small and unsalable potatoes.'*
Additional attention began to be paid to better breeds of stock during this period including, among others, blooded horses.'°
Sheep also increased somewhat, though less rapidly than other live stock, owing to the loss from dogs.'® The principal gain,
however, was in hogs, which increased from 381,415 to 853,715 (Table X XVII), and in cattle, which increased from 659,050 to
1,373,579. The percentage of cattle represented by dairy cows also rose from 41.8 in 1880 to 43.2 in 1890 (Table XXIV). This
gain, both in cattle and in hogs, was the result of the development of the dairy industry, which not only supplied by-product
cattle for the market but also furnished waste materials for feeding by-product hogs. This development began in earnest during
1881, according to the testimony of the state agent of the Federal Department of Agriculture, as a consequence of the conditions
previously discussed which tended to reduce the area planted to wheat. So rapid was the change that by the close of 1882
the dairy industry had advanced from relatively small beginnings to a position of real importance. That year also marked the
organization of a new association representing the butter and cheese factory interests,'’ as distinguished from dairy farming,
woe 1879 to 1898 inclusive from Annual Report Commissioner of Statistics, 1891, 9; 1898, 52. Years 1899 and 1909 from census. For 1888 and 1900-1908 inclusive no report
was made.
13 Tbid., 1889, 20; 1890, 8-9.
16 Ibid., 1889, 206-207.
15 Tbéd., 1890, 131.
16 [bid., 1883, 33-34.
17 Report of First Annual Meeting of Minnesota Butter and Cheese Association, 1882.
Animal industries,
1880-1890
er S88T Ur Sip! uajoom.
pue ‘s]jnm xey ‘s[jmmmes ‘syst JO WONeoO] puke JoquinN ‘oO, ens
es | a e ‘a
rae gent a Aaa)
ovg “|
= =
‘™ ey 47 49 rine geben led
@ caps, wees
e *% sa “eh
© ets a a
ey ee |]
eyseget |
es Pepe
es ee
ene
Boe iT
© en * emerpeyy ~ 6H
- pha ear
+
° Se on 2
Yt uyoow 340 <0 Sy ex |e eee TR Oe 7,
Yi roy guo= 4 Syren S S36, ok se" | vgohpeny ¥
Yt MOS BU0— 9» ™| vy e * | Oe
itt {8146 Bude © ee a Mea ls
G8G/ Ut BjosaUUILy ut ebony aloo oe =e ve
; @ ae wash,
SW “2/00 puo 'syyy Oly ~ age :. aa oe? ) gee
“SWWY MOS ‘SHUN 48119 ee
WOWNDIO ree: PSveren
2 WO1{2207 pub saguinyy el gs — = oT ey
tee @ | 20
e
°&
e
LL AAO
eg Pres
aie --&
EDWARD VAN DYKE ROBINSON
ery
| i
Pre7 yuier
112
Asauvas> 2u0 = O
fioja0j ososy2 suo = @
GOs ul vpoSauUIW U;
S20J2Dy BSVaY) Ppud SaltaUve)
: : i “Oze-ETE * “ps
S8-ES “SSBT “PAT 28S “SOTISII"IG Jo JOUO!ssyUIMIOD Aq Peppe ,,s27eUII}5S9,, 30 oarsnioay "
st S88 ul SdIIOJIPF essay puUe SoTIOWIeII JO UOTINII}sIG “SOL ans]
werepiay a 712 rae spbietahd
he ° oe 8 “4
we: 0 66 woegaoay eeqeey eo . com S a
2 [
7 ! 3 o |
|
euysaoigy
J
ae)
weky | yom
°
om
e
e@oO0
Meajeare
lo 9000
Pao7 jules
ECONOMIC HISTORY OF AGRICULTURE IN MINNESOTA 113
which was represented in the State Dairymen’s Association. Shortly afterward, in 1885, the interest in progressive agriculture
also led to the establishment of the School of Agriculture in connection with the University of Minnesota, and the creation of
the office of State Dairy Commissioner. Again, in 1887, came the establishment of the Agricultural Experiment Station in
connection with the Department of Agriculture at the University. All of these have been important factors in subsequent agri-
cultural development.
The first creameries in the State dated from about 1876 (p. 81); at the census of 1880 only 83,450 pounds of butter out of
19,244,835 pounds were reported as the product of butter factories.2” By 1883, on the other hand, there were already 63 cream-
eries in the State and their improved methods, together with the better grade of dairy cattle, had wrought a revolution in market
conditions. The best brands of Minnesota creamery butter then began to rank with the best in eastern markets, and won pre-
miums at the New Orleans Exposition.”! Cheese, on the other hand, losing the exclusive advantage of factory methods, declined
in relative importance. In 1885 the state statistics showed 73 creameries against 46 cheese factories.” The distribution of
these by counties (but not by towns) is shown in Fig. 105.
Comparing this map with the one of cheese factories in 1880 (Figs. 105, 79), it appears that while the creameries had in
some instances taken the place of cheese factories, they were mostly a clear addition.
There was, however, such variation from year to year in the number of creameries and cheese factories shown in the state
statistics as to suggest that the same establishment was sometimes operated as a cheese and again as a butter factory, especially
as the cheese season extended only from May 1 to November 1.27, Whenever the price of butter exceeded two and one-half times
the price of cheese, there was a tendency to make more butter; and, conversely, whenever the price of cheese per pound exceeded
40 per cent of the price of butter,”’ there was a prospect of greater profit in cheese; limited, however, by the loss of the skim milk,
and the fact that high-grade butter was easier to make than high-grade cheese.””__ Finally, the factory organization of the dairy
industry was still in an experimental stage, many of the plants failing because too small for profitable operation; and fire losses
became so great that some companies refused to write insurance upon such property.”
The development of the dairy industry was also for a time somewhat retarded by the competition of oleomargarine, and
filled cheese, not only in the eastern markets but even within the State. In 1884 as much as four million pounds of oleomar-
garine were shipped into Minnesota;”* but in a few years these shipments had been reduced fully two thirds by congressional and
state legislation, the latter enforced by the State Dairy Commissioner.”*> Cheese suffered less from this competition and during
the later eighties the number of cheese factories in the State increased about a third each year under the stimulus of an active
demand and high prices.”®
In 1890 the area of maximum density of population covered the section south of St. Cloud and east of New Ulm (Figs. 107-
108). Within this area, however, the density varied considerably, a number of counties in the lower Minnesota Valley showing
a greater density, excluding towns above 2,500 population, than the older southeastern counties. Evidently the center of great-
est density had moved toward the northwest. Beyond the limits named two municipalities of 2,500 population were found in
the agricultural belt extending northwest from St. Cloud, and four in the northeastern section. The latter, however, were sup-
ported by industries other than agriculture.
The country population, outside of incorporated places, had overspread the entire prairie and hardwood zones, although
still sparse in the southwest and in the Red River Valley (Fig. 108). The coniferous zone, on the other hand, was still a wilder-
ness, the few people in the northeastern counties, outside the villages, being engaged in trapping, fishing, lumbering, and mining
(Fig. 108).
Another phenomenon also first appeared during this decade—an actual decrease of country population in the older counties.
During the previous decade, indeed, several scattering northern counties had declined somewhat, largely by reason of the shifting
of lumbering in certain districts; but from 1880 to 1890 a solid group of thirteen counties, in the oldest and richest farming sec-
tion, lost country population (Fig. 109). The decline was especially marked in the row of counties from Fillmore to Dakota
inclusive, which for many years had led in the production of wheat; though the greatest percentage of loss (18.9) was in Hennepin.
Most of this section was severely ravaged by the chinch-bug during this period; and it showed the most marked decline in wheat
acreage (Figs. 131, 83, 110). Evidently an agricultural revolution was here in progress which disposed young men, not yet established
in the world, to seek their fortunes elsewhere. Moreover, farmers who could not or would not adapt themselves to the new
conditions were either selling out or being forced out by the pressure of debts which they could not pay. In either case, they
were migrating westward, either to the new parts of Minnesota or to the Dakotas, and were taking up fresh lands, there to con-
tinue the only type of agriculture which they knew how to practice. On the other hand, those who remained and adopted a
more scientific method of farming soon found this change reflected in the value of their land. It should be added that the striking
decline in country population in Hennepin County was due to the incorporation as villages of certain suburban districts and the
addition of others to the city. The same thing was true in Ramsey. In the other eleven counties minor variations were due to
this cause; but a careful scrutiny shows that the decrease was general, appearing in many of the townships, irrespective of incor-
porations and urban additions. No rate of change during the decade could be ascertained for Norman County, since it was
formed in 1881, nor for Hubbard County, organized in 1883.
20 Statistics of Minnesota, 1877, 55; 1878, 39, 40; 1880, 38.
aAnn, Rept. Comr. of Statistics, 1883, 10, 30; 1884, 335.
Bie tare, than arcepted between the amount of milk necessary for the two purposes respectively in contrast to the earlier ratio of 2.34 (page 81). (Ibid., 1894, 85).
4 First Biennial Report of Minnesota Dairy Commissioner, 1887, 6-42. Census report 1890, IX, pt. 3, 519.
2 Second Report, Minnesota Dairy Commissioner, 1889, 21.
26 Ibid., 1889, 37.
Distribution of
the population |
according to
the census of
Distribution of
reous according
to the census
of 1890
Distribution of
dairy industry
in 1890
Improved land
and value of
products in 1890
Summary of
development,
1880-1890
114 EDWARD VAN DYKE ROBINSON
The maps of wheat acreage and production (Figs. 110, 111) make it evident that the period of specialized wheat farming was
at an end in southeastern Minnesota. The center of density of wheat growing then lay in the counties on either side of the big
bend of the Minnesota, although the crop had extended throughout the Red River Valley.
Oats were grown throughout the agricultural portion of the State, largely for local use (Figs. 112, 113). In the southeastern
counties, however, from Washington to Houston and Mower, oats were evidently being substituted for wheat as a market crop,
since this is the region showing a marked decline in wheat (Figs. 83, 110).
Barley was peculiar in that it appeared mainly in the three corners of the State. The principal area of production, however,
was in the southeastern counties, from Goodhue south and east. Here barley, like oats, served as a market crop in lieu of wheat
(Figs. 114, 115).
Rye was planted mainly in the counties abutting on the Mississippi and lower Minnesota, from Sherburne and Wright to
Winona, overlapping barley in the southern part of its range. Rye, like barley, was a substitute for wheat, since it grows well
on soils naturally poor (Figs. 116, 117).
From the distribution of corn (Figs. 118, 119) it is evident that this grain, like oats, was in a measure following wheat in its
migration north and west. As yet, however, most of the corn crop was found south of Sherburne and east of Brown counties,
especially on the lowlands. On the other hand, the regions of greater elevation, such as the Coteau des Prairies in the southwest,
and the plateau in Mower County, produced distinctly less corn (Figs. 118,119). Compared to the competing small grains, corn
has this advantage, that it does not require labor at the same time as wheat. For this reason the corn belt overlapped many of
the wheat counties, notably Blue Earth.
Potatoes, like oats, were grown throughout the agricultural zone for local use, roughly in proportion to population. In
addition, potatoes had become a leading market crop in the districts adjacent to the large cities. The potato belt also extended
north through Isanti and Chisago counties, where much of the soil was too light for wheat, and the proximity of markets favored
a bulky crop such as potatoes (Figs. 120, 122).
Flaxseed was still grown, most extensively in the prairie region of the southwest, where it had greatly extended its acreage
since 1880 (Figs. 94, 121, 123). The southeastern counties from Mower and Fillmore to Dakota had also gone into flax grow-
ing to a considerable extent, as another partial substitute for wheat. Owing, however, to the exhausting effect of flax upon
the soil, it could not continue to be so used for any great length of time upon the same fields.
The hay crop, including both wild and tame hay, was distributed more nearly in proportion to the population than any
other product (Fig. 124). Tame hay, on the other hand, was grown chiefly in the districts which were turning to dairying as their
main resource. A glance at the map of acreage shows that these districts were south of Washington and Hennepin and east of
Blue Earth counties (Figs. 125, 126).
Dairy cows were distributed in the several counties in much the same ratio as the cut of hay. They were, however, rela-
tively more numerous in the same districts as the largest acreage of tame hay. This concentration of the commercial dairy
business is more apparent in the map of creameries and cheese factories, showing location by towns as well as counties (Figs. 126, 127).
Improved land in farms formed from 60 to 80 per cent of the entire land area in all but six counties south of McLeod and
east of Brown (Fig. 128); and in these six, which were all river counties with considerable areas of bluff and marsh except
Freeborn, improved land amounted to from 40 to 60 per cent of the area. This southeastern district had made the most advance
toward a full use of the land. The prairie counties farther west and northwest had, as a rule, from 20 to 40 per cent improved;
only three had passed the 40 per cent line, while five still fell short of 20 per cent. East of the Mississippi only one county had
40 per cent, and two others as much as 20 per cent, of improved land.
The total value of farm products at the census of 1890 naturally corresponded in the main to the distribution of improved
land. In Ramsey and Hennepin counties, however, the value was disproportionately high by reason of small areas devoted to
market gardening and other intensive uses of the soil (Fig. 129).
In order to bring out clearly the nature and extent of the changes in agriculture during the decade, Table 17 is presented at
the end of this chapter showing the items reported by the census for 1880 and 1890, with a statement of the percentage of change
and the relation to the country population.
During the ten years 1880-1890 the total population of the State rose from 780,773 to 1,310,283 or 67.8 per cent; the town
population, from 237,580 to 602,169 or 153.5 per cent; the country population, on the other hand, from 543,193 to 709,114 or
30.4 per cent. In other words, for reasons previously indicated, town population increased more than five times as fast as country
population.
The number of farms increased 26.9 per cent, the total area in farms 39.2 per cent, the improved land in farms 53.6 per
cent; with the result that the average farm was greater by 14.6 acres and contained 16.8 acres more of improved land (Items 4-12).
The tendency was thus toward a fuller use of the land, but not to the application of more labor to less land. On the contrary
improved land in farms increased from 13.34 to 15.71 acres (or 17.8 per cent) per capita of the country population.
Wheat gained during the ten years only 10.8 per cent in acreage, but 51.2 per cent in yield. This difference was of course
due to the better crop of 1889 compared to 1879 (Figs. 71, 102). Measured by country population, wheat culture actually declined,
there being in 1890 only 4.8 acres in wheat per capita of such population, compared to 5.6 in 1880. All other grains, and in fact
all other crops, gained rapidly by comparison with the country population, except several of little importance, such as hops,
tobacco, hemp, and sorghum. Wheat, although still by far the leading crop, was thus in process of losing this preéminence
(Items 13-63).
All kinds of live stock and poultry also increased faster than the country population, except mules and work oxen. Horses
ECONOMIC HISTORY OF AGRICULTURE IN MINNESOTA Ls
oe doe “ei ,
| oe S| Atmwdien |
4. Rural Population of Minnesota ac-)
cording to Census of 1890 including
Cities and Villages of less than 2500
Population.
Each dot represents 100 Inhabitants.’
Each circle represents Incorporated,
Place of 2500 or more Inhabitants.
fs ‘Dipestone ane,
£ V Robinson
Copyright 12,
Figure 107. Population in 1890. (Based on Table XI)
116
. ‘ !
EDWARD VAN DYKE ROBINSON
|
“inate denote 7 Ed | : ‘a
. a ho ® ‘i a es .
gat era ame coe | '- . |
. > + 1 7 Saat iN . .
. - '. ont 7 Sie a7 hs | \ .
ere =| ere oe ae oe ; ; A
CBP dea gah RUBE! ee ge aes . | Avbbe: ie a . ei .
Clay. . fs . Becker ‘o y sel” oo. Cass o 3 “
: : 8 Gow ‘ a foe . | 2 : ‘
: Wille lace * =
° Kanabes .
Cook
Country Population of Minnesota’
according to Census of 1890 exclud-
ing all Incorporated places. Each
dot represents 100 inhabitants.
i
3 Nobles! z
Figure 108. Country population in 1890. (Based on Table XI)
wet Se ete
Copyright 194 by EV Aebinsen,
117
ECONOMIC HISTORY OF AGRICULTURE IN MINNESOTA
(Based on Table XI)
Copyright (914 by EV Rebinser.
4 3
a oa
8 P 9
x Ss os
S c ind y = > 5
g8 x 8
o 9
>s & So
SS q~ 5° =
M SQ x 2S
ag “px e &
~2 © «3 3 f
0 9 So 9S 8 &
= £ s = + 2 HN | ors
~
x
Eo v 9 t t { u T.3
30 S o 9 8 & RS
GS © vu uv °
SS x + ©
. ~ Q ~l . fo
fs nt
9g es
ys 2 iy ‘
2 9 NY \ SA we t
Su XW os
U WY :
2 NY ZF x rs
a NY S
o £ \ =
= ANAL Oo; a
aS ANA Z rg offs
ay
iw
¥ | i. i
3
3 ;
“NI 28
72 a x
x i g ee y = > Y
8 g § . Se AWN. NA 8 oP vy
x § wR RRR S ie
VAY \. , y ACN
0 AO NN SANs SSS Vig N
Ava ae ‘o> S TOTO TTT
AO i4 Se SS RE
q Q hoe NOS NN . SN NS \
~ SRE AS
~, . \ AN
i S & ES SRA
t 8 S 3 he STEER
g So- aj QR
# x . rE + *.
$ 8 vb v wernt Sy oy ’ WARE
si he et 8 BRR MASA
a8, ‘ z \ ee wan “S Ny poe To
= g hs SAY WAS ROY AA ak
s 3 T ON SI COs
. . \ © WYNN
y £ RE SOQ WS
+e 7 = WS Mea SS Ny \ SAAS ae
= A As SS ~ NY SAS Nass
= ~ } \ y ny
iS < oN OK SAE
: AWS 7 RR
g x NS S SHEN Ayr yA
8 ‘ SER SY VW
Vy
H ‘ : Wan ZZ
9 x S SAS < §
3 RANE RS $ .
S . AN AORY S Zs 3
S.
oe Ee ; ASSESS
*
eC ; 2 : \\ RS LA
! £ 48 x < i SIM
se a y VANS
$8 . \s \\ 3 = a
£ > ASA. 9,
; 3 A: \W\A
ANN s ‘ ‘8 Ze s
“ ON + ; F &
8 eS ww v
SS SOSH NAN ec
‘a gy AAA q ,
- BRS
ANAS BEE
XN
$ > \ SRS y \\ : SS
av z \Y AN \ NS 8 A x 9.
2 al \S ws 3A 3 2 S
+ h g ANA uv
Le aeieeaes & y SOAS x 4
fs ; SARS RRR AWW
f rs N VA fe 2 oa x
eS XY Z g
s S SA g
x Se s ny ¥“
>» J
5 3 S 8 OM Sere : 3
2
fe 2 ¢ \ § 8 $ By LAX >
S Ss < XS = 3 =
S. . S $S 8
Increase of country population, 1880 to 1890, in percentage.
109,
Figure
118 EDWARD VAN DYKE ROBINSON
ay ee Kitten, 2
Marshall * 2)?
G S aint Z ous
a
Farabeg
/sanit [. ; sae
te ee = 61. Acreage of Wheat in Minnesota ac-
Astage cording to Census of 1890.
Each dot represents 1,000 acres.
Anoka ie
Was huey.
| ton
Ramsi
Hennepin ,
hs Goodbus® 1°
:. 1+ Lebashe *
atime eek oo poe eee hao ea ee, Pe as
Wee ae ao Jia Le harth. Whfesies * Steele’) Doge "|" OlmsTé ed | *Lvinena *
(Rech, + Nobles.” |, Jackson” |, MerTin = Pathos «| a Franbint =. Mastic Fillmore | * fouston*
ese Copyrigh? 194 by FV Robinson 4
Figure 110. Acreage of wheat in 1889 according to census of 1890. (Based on Table XIIT)
ECONOMIC HISTORY OF AGRICULTURE IN MINNESOTA 119
Y a.
=
—
Saint Lous Aake
Corll
Fine Le
Mille laces
Kanabac
Chisago \ 17. Production of Wheat in Minnesota
according to Census of 1890.
Each dot represents 10,000 Bushels.
. * oa >
7. .
oot fe, s . e
. * Cotpbrevecal * f° eee © Olmsta gf * |" Winenae
Penge * feed gerwan « . eM ats
. te eles toe Oats” ates, . © ele % 6
> >
eg - ee .
. AEeh enn 3 4illm ove 0 Mausam
wSegee free fe * e
.
ee e io ele
« = Copyright 1912, £.V Robmson
Figure 111. Production of wheat in 1889 according to the census of 1890. (Based on Table XIII)
120
Klien
EDWARD VAN DYKE ROBINSON
: Marshal!
Blk +
: Nermols
ay ices fies
: Clay" - . .
E I | Ne
i med OS .
7 . Hebb.
. | Cass
Traverse F
pins
ee on Ne
a eo a
way |: lye a
sh
fend
Ey
Meeker,
ae
A envil ‘le e@
dee MiLead *
2 Say c
i Redoant, * l "
Pipestone
ps 1%
0 Mieollet,”
S art Z ous
57. Acreage of Oats in Minnesota ac-
cording to Census of 1890.
Each dot represents 1,000 acres.
ber «
ee a
.
oe ae wl
AL
“Dodge , * OlarsTe A. VL,
z . oe
. «2 el- * ote
. ———$S-—§.
7 ° ° * .?
* Far bailt a
3 .
o few |
Sse . °
1 Ppeeborin’ .*
is . ie .
. he ee
He Mower ‘
aa ® we
8
Figure
£ OV Aodinson
«ele :
Cyyrigh? 92 by
112. Acreage of oats in 1889 according to census of 1890. (Based on Table XIV)
ECONOMIC HISTORY OF AGRICULTURE IN MINNESOTA 121
71
\
!
+-——— ees
2
rc
ee
mad T | |
é a8 og o! 1 \
ae ee | |
le Caney | SY | . |
aaa | Be aS
Ce sl, Becher : (ieee | b | |
ee PTS TT oo
ee S| ceeey, oe 4 ry | yore | A/ kin | Carlton
7 n ve ess . 5 ; “TP - . : .
-| A i | Wing | | Sin22 es
al Ort Hit.
eae e ia |
nap te SRA Bi
eve = ne oad u
walt apes st | : . Mo rigor Wales oe
le le “Grea A Dale . =| tae | - “[Lacsl oo ;
i i eee : | . | 7 °\. a aoa ,
Traverse. = pr cae Peace) Sel a gas
ee a 5 Oe ese heaton et Hee ake ae iene a : i ee 29. Production of Oats in Minnesota
ear ane "sS¥erens ts Oa “l"- eee Vaart, oo according to Census of 1890,
\eae) ; cay “Le Stearns. fechas wehee te oe 5 Each dot represents 10,000 Bushels.
Nis aes EY ae
[X ie ee bee ree
ee Sa andy eM Wieser Je livaadt x ae es
rei a BR Me oe ia - . Lee eos Chess
[ees PRR ea
. . .
oF a eee
.
Yo ow * Hedin’ :
es Dee é
ee Veale : Sakae ‘Maths A
(2: ips eee. ee a -
a tte oe 2 CE : ales ses scs oT es =
_— iS ea! mee cee: a renew eae ene aes aS, cee a Copyright 141Z, EY, Rebinson
—S ee eee oe
Figure 113. Production of oats in 1889 according to: the census of 1890. (Based on Table XIV)
122 EDWARD VAN DYKE ROBINSON
% \ | Coak
* Kitfton NC |
= Marshal!
” : ie /, Tasea
Polk * - ahi PNeoeoeoa 1
‘ Lelfoam:
Si ant Z ous
Oferta!
CranT Douglas
Jmaverse
Stevens Zhpe < /sanhi
49. Acreage of Barley in Minnesota ac-
cording to Census of 1890.
Each dot represents 1,000 acres.
| j
Lineoln | Lyon | Redwoot
Mieollef- LeSveur Rice
tz . .
Brown = aoe
fase Clatnrny Coffeawood piu ee Larlh | Waseca Sele 2 ee : re y | 2
"Rock * Nobles ° . Jackson 7 Marlin Faribault . Freeborn - : Mower . : : Fillmore . | eestor
| = a 79a by EV Fibiasen
Figure 114. Acreage of barley in 1889 according to census of 1890. (Based on lable AV1)
123
ECONOMIC HISTORY OF AGRICULTURE IN MINNESOTA
Sp Saint Lous
—
_— — —— 7~
. . Tedd '
Geant Douglas ' | Aanebee |
e e .
* . ‘ Benton
Stivens Pope aR YS danke 35. Production of Barley in Minnesota
. . | : | according to Census of £890.
Pes sTone 5 Sherburne Each dot represents 10,000 Bushels.
pees
YeMow Mediome ,
¥ .
Lincoln Lyon
# e
° 7 ‘< s .
~* % ©
ApasTine Muneay ; : 7 baseca . — Oy . Dey a
- ms a2" . el « . ai _ . ale eo «
oe Pe a e ° eo. ‘* iy ° e a dl. ° Lary ‘eo on
.* e - . y 6 A - . : e e ™ ale eos
Rack ° "Webles ° . Sachsen . el Martin . t Farbastt °\ ® Freeborn . *
Bo ite é a ° eo . ole
. ° - . ° e ° e e « e e é . ° <
. 2 ° . ° ° e a e = e 2 ee
te tO e ° e e ° Copiright TIDE V.Robrnson.
Figure 115. Production of barley in 1889 according to census of 1890. (Based on Table XVI)
(IIAX I19e2L uo paseg)
‘068 FO SNsusd 0} Butprosse GBBT UI aAI Jo UONONpoIg ‘ZIT aansng
SMAI te A FA ras sy Fh —. Sara tee
delereyy | nowy y Porrapy | 429 2204 MOT ey Myaefy wenyoe/ | PION, aa
aI i : |
:— | “T car =
PRET Puyo 2 | AD) eresurg| quoz any * prestesie)) decsrpy | evysvery
eal 4 ea!
Lote Vo aes , ; omer De
: Meet PL pwnage z | gyjory {- |
A] F roieceg | ee wot | omy
Bc : il ec “9S 4 |
SC. see | { pempayy ey,
“at af 2 OF aypawayy Py “UK
a ae 5 pate Pe - con
Peo Toke
I a Dee ated 7
ssfeysng 000‘ ao 2 | van
syUeseidaz ae er sere | EOS
‘0681 Jo snsuaD ay? 04 sy at mae aS
BUIpIoo.y eOsSeuUIPY sono" ou tle ae ‘ | owessbigp
Ul eAyY Jo uoronpolg ‘19 Ea yuost |— susease. Pt pumaze
tg | “meg
a
[
|
EDWARD VAN DYKE ROBINSON
Pne7 wes
124
ony
segue
ae a
7 4
|
i i . CYP | ge,
ey d . eorbovyy
rey) * | FPL ee
St awe |
ssl
o
Pasay
Hos
(IIAX 71981 uo paseg)
‘0681 JO Susuad 0} Surpsos.e GBQT Ul 4x Jo aBvaIay ‘OTT einBLy
vada
a
PezAV
e ~7¥ 0p
ayia
“sane : °
000‘ s}Ueseider yop | .
eA _"O6sT Jo snsua) ° oe snangeny
9} 0} BUIPIOOOW vIOSeT ebony a | « *l* % *
eu, UlaAy joasvany “TL eT yuosy © suseayy
baa
Prey jules
ere
pe
| wgohpuesy eg
weep ey a I 44 rar dG FAD, We
PI SmeyyeT warropy ereg aad | MOF CS “yey weryzef, FY geN, yey |
OAT eonteras je fowtatry wepsaa,
pussyQ | YT) yD) esesyq) guozeygy Renee) Aesrpy | suysoaiey
» * — 1 |
oe L ce ihe
° 2 ~% | [ iz files |
. roy | oneager( sayeon aaa ore
|
apy ~Y
70 207
ye
|
il
eerrony
---B--
| Myst
wos yy
ae,
ECONOMIC HISTORY OF AGRICULTURE IN MINNESOTA
Kittin
Marshall
Polk
Merime
p— -— y-~-—
/fasca
4
~~ ee
Becker
wmaverse
Bigstone
fod | pul
nthe.
——_—
Saint Lous
Carlton
Mlle a
Fl r* Soot T
Pine
rs = od Zon
ae
a :
Isanti . is
$3-
125
Coo
Loke
Acreage of Corn in Minnesota ac-
cording to Census of 1890.
Each dot represents 1,000 acres.
Lincoln Lyen : . . F e bathe Ty
iP babese
Pipesvone Murry ef CoLfonwood bee mas Bhee Larth . hlas fea . Seek c “Dogge , s Olmishe, / “ tase . .
"Rock. "Nobles > | Tachson |, Martin « "|~ Faribault” |.1 freebirm “|” Mower’ + 1. Filan’ » Hoision -
= —— = - = E ae a & EP han \
Figure 118. Acreage of corn in 1889 according to the census
of 1890.
(Based on Table XV)
126
EDWARD VAN DYKE ROBINSON
/Tasca
. | Grant i Beenie a | i f° if fl Sree L
{2 ~ [fs . rT |
VOILE: eae eee es aos ee ee a ee < . ——
D l =| i “3 j ON eee | Ge Soe
<---— eens 4 Pape |: Stra aoe at ae ee 23. Production of Corn in Minnesota
Y B my gee oC eh ‘Y ef co CS according to Census of 1890.
| Each dot represents-10,000 Bushels.
: i Minwciog econ)
Se ale
Rak: ae Nobles” | Tithe | Mache -.|: Piles 3 Preah .
" . | | : *& & .
- = . ar “he
. . ee. & cis jeeieds we Ne ws s
: * # be ree | . 2 - .
— —— -_——— * . ©. .
sohle Pepe a ie rie er : ce
Figure 119. Production of corn in 1889 according to the census of 1890. (Based on Table XV)
127
ECONOMIC HISTORY OF AGRICULTURE IN MINNESOTA
(XIX 1921 uo paseg)
‘068T JO snsuso 9Y} 0} BuIpI0Doe 6997 Ul xey jo asea1ny
ay hethy
werergees 1 J fe rar
‘Tel Pnsrq
diana lhe despoep 1+ sxfpeqy « * yee
rs oe te
| eaiteaip ! . mean 5 E iehely | eaep iy | aengneey vw | + : |
oa ee Slee a ea,
each AT pO oz. YUP) esesygl” ywozoye| aa . cae MeO. : PORE. fuged
ae all [Pe welt
melt sl i a
: agen) ie ary fae 7 ae Ny prompa ny | wel LRT.
; 3 eo “LE 19S ret ;
* pene 1 #D
|. sere le ; prea reapyy YX
are g | poopy LK 2: is
ia encoun apy . | I aradldiy 9 a eee
< iba sy aap | syohpuey =
ovary “ | SLID
“B21 QOO'T Sques —_ ,
-a1de1j}0p PeY “O68T Josns bony ee dl | Do
“U9 2q} 03 SUIpIOOY ej0s mee “sewer PL | ruses
SUNT] UI XeLyxjo edveny aise | eo
Pne7 pies
Vaepreyy
Host SY
oe
(IIIAX 198 uo paseg)
‘068T JO Snsuad 0} Surpiosoe EgRT UI s20}e}0d JO eBeaIdy “OZ 21n3IT
wererpeay a 7 “gene tyFelhy
| eye | Prewyry as cep spay wergeny | “gw Serer "YIN vere |
ie : : Lane ‘ |
coor + pyran | aby . WE) weeceng| gwoz one | TR meomenyeg | deaunpy |
c | mages !
ersesert_| ‘am la we
- ee 3 e were | - wy yoy
ane 7 . as oi al
— ay
ee EID ge ees
pe 774N
Ly 7 ee t |
: eh Bay z - | ca am addy vee 0 227
“I Lo pie | sptpony
ate % | en
“S8ID® 0O00'T SqUas i = ; 2
“Sida1j0p eq “O6RT JO sns obony.y 4S ~| | pwepsbigg
-U9D 84} 0} ZuIprooY e30seu ae ewer aaa reads
WIP UI s2078}0g Jo aseaIDy | Ps = : : =
: ous
. etl. || ae 7
wordy
| FPL
EL |
|
wed
EDWARD
VAN DYKE ROBINSON
Sint Lous
Ane .
°
Morsa//
° si e
° » es
¥
ane
: . » na
.
Poolh eda veel Mocca
e = Be/frarmy
e
J _ € |
. * . pommes E
. \
. > | | : |
| |
° is | |
I —
° .
| | | lL
oT. | | y
| . \
Wise Bj Ae a OI | Se eee
wae . Me bhard ia
Becker : Coss
‘ .
a ° % .
y ° i e e
. .
e i Wadena | mi Athen
* ° ° we: .
3 * 7 Crow Wing » é .
* Onerha| + ‘
e e ‘ * s - - A .
°
——— +> 5 ols His =| . . a -|
. ° Nid Saget .
= é ” . : J rriin Neha — pana bee
© Gane « Douglas . * | [
e ° ‘ . é . =
Traverse * : 2 . ee s Fi . °
. : : : . Bank; [owe ty pe ee
. ° ‘ . Sor . ie ao 2
: | ; Svevens Re ‘ Stearng * : | © anh, 3 Change
s e . © 2 . . x “e
= . e ° % a .
e = a . . .
| Sasa >
‘i «Les jo Se.
OH ce LtaghT .
& Willi Merdesoe
Avrcoly
4yen
|
cools
a TN Aca OO ees,
Prenvifle 7 a2. < * %
« e =
° Sibley ~(:
: fe ee
Redwood ° | 3 =e es E
Production of Potatoes in Minnesota
according to Census of 1890.
Each dot represents 10,000 Bushels.
4t.
Al | . Gem. SLE
.
. e * _ ~ 2 °
° ao fe * . . .
Fyeeslone Murray Coton moed heat, «|. Bhe Lach * héseca Sitele . Daodya | Ome *
(alomeary . OF Pes ale s ® ° . < ~ 6
[ © - . ca ar p . @ . ee : 5
e |e? eS oe . . . ° 2 ne ad
e a . . * . ‘a . . . 2 ” . Ct eee eid
Frost Neb lay Jachson ‘ ae, <8 Farbavlt si etl, sgl os Mower © ° 0 Sillore « é eeafen
° | ARPS as. . ie ol, we oe .
i e * . : of? als * ate ee Thal 4 ws [i Be
ae — = a = Copyright M12, EV Robinson.
Figure 122. Production of potatoes in 1889 according to census of 1890.
(Based on Table XVIII)
Aibtson
ECONOMIC HISTORY OF AGRICULTURE IN MINNESOTA
Marsha} /
OftecTar!
Sant Laws
Figure 123. Production of flaxseed in 1889 according to the census of 1890.
129
= See) (fed SE EN Meas ey za
= | Mille Secs}
| Wife
Grant Dougles |
Traverse ee aan cet |
‘ | Benton | P
——j_ Stevens | | /santt [eee 45. Production of Flaxseed in Minnesota,
Pope Stearns ae ory accordin: Cc f 189%
; : . ig to Census of 1890.
gee | | Sherburne eee Each dot represents 10,000 Bushels.
| a
| | Sao ff faa S Arocha a
eee Nee | Meshnglen)
TT] Aandiyohy | Mecher | ae i.
e Ramsey ‘
Lae Qui Farle Chippens | ee ay Hennepin 0
a aa | o ©: | MeLeed | Carver
Fellow Medeine Ranille 7 5 ; .
Dake,
ee a a Pilcell Te“seott a=
+ e
. 4 Peace eo | * Sibley ce oe ae
Bees edie as ee Codhoe _ |
ie oe ° Necolley Le Sveve Ace f | $ r Wabasha
. . °
$ | e Brown * | * ~~ te —_-— =
. e e “| * « .°? é i ore is |__|
. ° b . VhoflC i Blue Larth - |g Zz a . a
| Fe STome Murray Cot hinmroed owe ts cath: ° . 3 ‘ Waseca Fee, Dedge wl” OlnéTe : Winena
. oh A te . e ° bi a : ae alae . ate ee
(es Slee : 7 5 or, sas GS cue So °
eat o 7 ° . . : e el, oe a oe ° | Full . Houston
| Rock ¢ | °Neblea © a “| * Martin | Farbau/P ° Freeborn Moyer 7 | ghee &
- . ° : or 8 . * * . = . : "
(Based on Table XIX)
EDWARD VAN DYKE ROBINSON
130
12°068T JO snsuas
2Y} 0} SuIproooe EggT UI AeY payeAnnd yo aBeory “ST ean31y
wepy a 7 ee.
tae aes
sea tie eH wpe 1 ry gy | yoy
*. . a ‘. e ~ .
2 e ie:
= . s * e °
° voomgyeny
eoeseng | ymnz onyey e ¥ | Pecmtweyjey Aosunpy \ ouyperdtey
. ee ape 2,
. 7 . emery 2 i
waense 7) Lyfe {- S c
© : pomp by woky | emery
Z AUT - ° . . |
. 4
oe a ng i
Gee a 7 Pwo e, me,
ae : en PY mK
Sask = (eo | rep | * i——
. ° . * i e - ia é *.
: =f a . | : i ei axadtdiy) 78 7
ole . fe J ;
ee] Sf aebiana OEY | eatery
sae . 5 .
= ee a SY ° | en
, . 7 e >
eberyD = each t | & i
. | yuosy en Paeead ooey renee nee
2 s nog e es
"$are O00) Syuasaidad JOP 4227 a es
‘OGG/ 7° SI8uED ay Of bulps029 . . = % Tt :
MT. woes i ° sepbrecr Lens) ;
oyosauunpy ut Pop] Pafeniyj7D JO v 9 pe
22/ Y | aN * :
hs
(Hep °
CEE word
.
Reg | tes
SS es ae ee: 7 ©
i i | .
Po
t i
Memagy é
| I .
wey gutet
“Th ‘0681 ‘5991881015 fo ‘smo day ‘uu 12
‘O68T JO snsuas
a4} 0} Buipsosoe Eggy ul AeYy payeantnd pue prim jo eBeaIVY “PZ 21n3LT
mewipeny a So rae gy bulb D
pegs eriey|
‘Sank 000'r sjuasesday yop yoeg
0681 Jo snsua7 ayy 0} Buipsoroy
Bossuuryy ul Aepy jo advany gg
1
|
t
|
!
'
\
\
te ee
: Be aN ocd
on May REyy *
. oa
ee
+ eosy yy
z
—
13]
ECONOMIC HISTORY OF AGRICULTURE IN MINNESOTA
se068T Ul Serieureesla pue sariojoey asooyo yo uolNqr4ysiq
wererp apy 4 Fe ras syilD
“ZeT aansiy
“ETE ‘TORT “24aq poo pun Karoq fo 140494 sz
(AIXX 142], uo paseg)
‘0681 FO snsuad ay} 0} Surpios.e smod Aueq ‘zy ain31q
ie | ote
@ 8 a8
Seen Q|
BuirusbI12 2495 O
Wsopreg as2ay2 sug = @
OGG We eposaunyy wt
SIMBUOBLD PUP EBISOYIOS IFIIYD {0 UOl{0I07
°|° ° [
s 2
17Ny
° e
dosanpy | weepeagicy|
+ amaddiyD
e
wok. | yoy
g
“ray YK
3
yeMo 27
"SM02 OO/ Sywesesdos 4$OP Y2OZD
O6G/ 49 snsUuaZ ay 4 og buipio2y
efOsoUuyy ut 24409 hog
£797 jules
rc- —_ ____.
“osyy) Y@
132
Value of ol Farm Products in Min
According fo the Census of (890.
Lach dot represents %0 000
ee
EDWARD VAN DYKE ROBINSON
1889 according to the
Figure 129, Total value of all farm products in
census of 1890. (Based on Table XXXV)
q
20 140%"
40 fe 50%
WW
EA 80 fo 90 %
ne
g
$
9
6070807
Cook
g
§
%
o
g
:
8
»
s
s
&
b
s
8
x
N
+
x
x
s
v
S
:
é
\\
Cyaprigit Wa by EV Robontem
\
Sent Lous
0.) 4
\\
c
3
$
:
&
eo
er
ME
:
:
3
3
J
donee
ATE E weats
Figure 128. Percentage of total land area improved in 1890,
aA ANY
s *
PE NY SSNS
y we SKN . Ye
i SRN wy
< SARE
aN vA “
S SEARO
AOE AE
ASR
= ANTE NCO ENN
Y MOONY
SSS
xe < EGER Rey
Ne AS QO VA . OR
gS AAR NEN SRE ES
Ss ARE ISSEY Ww
a oh agp AN
¥ wh
\
Kttion
+ 749
ECONOMIC HISTORY OF AGRICULTURE IN MINNESOTA
Marshal!
—203
oe
[Tasca
Oe eae ,
s Pe Lelfeams Lake
= Zee Sa Saint Lous
ciety aac tl +84 -340.5
Nivronel, | |
Pe
. 1 ah
| | | iS
Macross Hubbar eas
Becker | Cass 49.4
+9 4 Lite ae
mee |
Of ferTai/ 48,9 q |-_— —— ==
iy Bre
Hae + 4 7
/ r Farab . Increase or Decrease ip
Cran7 Doug fas -/30 —/0.0 |-185) Ti
=) |= 3) recor —— '|384
Berton
Stevens Zhpe Sfearns : /sanh L
: Chisago
20, +293 +2 23 + 10.9 Sherburne Fiz ‘3
2 a £/6,/ FA7
Swit? YD 3 9 We Atoka
Kandyobt | Aifeaton | ; 6
Chippewa +/4,3 awe 4 Hennepin
Lee Qu: Farle 75,3 =| -
492.6 | | | 5.6
7304 ca ca aoe Caxr |
Aenvil/e Pel -bFLO
i
i
Average Size of Farms in
Nirnesota trom 1/880 to 1890,
figures represent absolute
werage alference (n acres.
ial
Z yneola | Lyon | Redwood pens es Goodhue =
~29 |446.7 | 4239 a7 1208 | ee
— |
Pipeslone Nhurray Cofforwooad Bich Bhee Larlh nae Steele Legge | Ciessiet Ce
11952| 4214 | 1238 |'F75O| +21 |420 Lea [48/ | -8720| +246
| |
Rock Nob, fe $ Jackson Marlin Faribault Freeborn Mower FR 5 ~
| -02 | #249 | +/66 | 4/09 | 43.0 | 4/00 |+@B4 | +42
Cpyright (0a by EV Pebinsens
Figure 130. Changes in average size of farms from 1880 to 1890.29 (Based on Table XXXVI)
39 The sign ++ means increase and — means decrease during decade. Counties left blank underwent some change of boundary.
Housion
+44
Changes in size
of farms,
1880-1890
Changes in
values of
farms and
farm products
134 EDWARD VAN DYKE ROBINSON
gained more than twice as fast as the country population, indicating the more extended use of machinery. The most rapid
increases were, however, in swine and milch cows, both due to the development of the dairy industry (Items 64-77).
The reports of animal products bring out some of these changes still more clearly. Thus, the slight increase in wool, taken
in connection with the incomplete returns both of sheep and wool in 1880 (footnotes to Items 69, 79), makes it evident that an
actual decline had occurred in the sheep industry. Evidently the losses caused by dogs, combined with the rising value of land
in some districts, were rendering sheep farming as then carried on, relatively unprofitable. The greatest rates of increase were
in factory-made butter and cheese; and this notwithstanding the fact that the census secured reports from only 115 butter and
cheese factories in 1890, against 152 creameries and 121 cheese factories (273 in all) whose exact locations and owners were defi-
nitely stated by the State Dairy and Food Department (Fig. 127). For this year, as for 1880, the federal census of butter and
cheese factories was evidently so fragmentary as to be far less reliable than the state statistics. As reported, nearly one fourth
of the butter, and more than four fifths of the cheese, were made in factories. The absolute increase of butter was much the
greater, but, while butter increased more than five times, cheese increased more than ten times, as fast as the country population.
Approximately the same relative increase occurred respectively in eggs and honey, which now began to be items of some impor-
tance.
During the decade 1880-1890 the average size of farm in Minnesota increased 14.6 acres.
irregularly distributed as appears from Fig. 130.
The most significant feature of this map is the general increase of size in the older counties. In order to get at the reasons
for such changes a table is presented dealing with the thirteen counties which lost country population.
This increase was somewhat
TABLE 12—CHANGES IN AREAS AND VALUES IN COUNTIES SHOWING A DECREASE OF COUNTRY POPULATION, 1880 To 1890
Percentage of} Percentage | Percentage | Percentage ‘change i Percentage adie ak arm cetiis
County decrease in | changein j|changein area change in averse wells change a was of total value
country number of | of.all farm | average size dacteaite average value of farms
population farms land of farm ee of all of farms per
acre
farm land In 1880 | In 1890
Dakotas guvene ese ieseesh renee —10.4 —4.9 —1.3 +3.9 —20.7 +51.3 22.9 12.0
DGOdGE sss cua ides lie peta ee ess —0.5 —7.3 —2.0 +5.8 —22.5 —8.2 23.3 19.7
Fillmore vec eis seen eae ta ete —8.8 —7.0 —4.2 +3.2 —19.0 +8.8 24.4 18.2
Goodhue sscesp ees oie Meee eaws —9.5 —3.5 +4.3 +8.2 —42.9 —12.4 25.1 16.3
Henne piny 2. ccc sca dee we were es —18.9 +4.8 —1.3 —5.8 +6.7 +114.4 19.8 9.9
HoOustOiie: 2s acne tates aes —11.9 —A4,2 —1.2 +3.2 —26.6 +13.8 28.8 18.6
Mower eiveiauigex caw te terse vee as —3.7 —5.0 +6.5 +12.1 —11.9 $2.3 27.2 23.5
Olinisted s4/34 46 os ee ee —12.0 +45.8 —A4.8 —34.7 —24.0 —3.3 25.0 19.7
Ramsey wis sigiecuaueee ees sors es os —3.9 —2.7 +1.5 +4.3 +113.2 +285.9 15.9 8.8
Rice. ceed. ceo na eed eee aa eats —4.6 - +6.0 +0.03 —5.7 —10.4 +19.9 22.1 16.5
ScOttnwist. Ohta Sereda —2.2 +0.14 +0.38 +0.32 —23.0 +26.0 24.7 15.1
Wabashasintscsex tex ee rtabe eaecaes —0.1 —10.9 —3.4 +8.4 —17.7 —4.7 29.7 25.7
Win0lds esc cc cea cng setae a veo —9,7 —14.2 +0.9 +17.6 —15.3 +5.0 28.0 22.6
Along with the decrease in country population there was in most of these counties a decline in the number of farms and
an increase in the average size of farms. In some there was even a loss in the total farm acreage, due presumably to the exten-
sion of roads and towns, and possibly in some cases to the abandonment of some of the poorer lands.
These relations did not, it is true, obtain in all the thirteen counties; but the most striking exception, Olmsted County,
is due to an evident error in the census which can not now be eliminated. The various figures for that county are entirely incon-
sistent with one another and also with those for all adjacent counties. Such revolutionary changes as the reduction of farms in
area by a third do not happen in ten years in a well-settled county, especially when no similar movement is evident in the neigh-
boring territory.
The total value of farm products rose 44 per cent, the value of farms 75.5 per cent, and the value of live stock 80.9 per
cent, compared to an increase of 30.4 per cent in country population. It follows that both the production and the accumulation
of wealth outran the increase of country population; and while it is true that these margins were not wide, they show that the
tide had turned, since farmers were on the average more prosperous at the end than at the beginning of the decade. This change
may reasonably be attributed to the influence of improved farm machinery, the new milling processes, and the dairy industry.”
When it comes to a comparison of values with land areas, the matter becomes more complex. A part of the increase in
farm values was due to mere increase in acreage, which amounted to 39.2 per cent. If it could be assumed that the new land
taken into farms averaged as high in value as land previously occupied, it would follow that 39.2 per cent of 75.5 (or 29.59 per
cent) would have to be subtracted in order to ascertain the rate of increase in value of land previously farmed. This assumption
30It has, however, been pointed out by census officials that all figures for values before 1900 must be used with caution, being based more largely on estimates. (Coulter, J. L.+
in Quarterly Journal of Economics, November, 1912).
ECONOMIC HISTORY OF AGRICULTURE IN MINNESOTA 135
is, however, unsafe because the new land was presumably less valuable per acre than land in the older counties. Such additions,
while increasing the aggregate value, would normally tend to “dilute” or reduce the average value of the older lands. _ It there-
fore becomes important to know what changes occurred in average values per acre (Table 13).
TABLE 13—AVERAGE VALUES PER AcRE”!
Absolute Percentage of
Items 1880 1890 increase or change (— denotes
decrease ecrease)
I, Average value of farms per acre of all farm land...... $14.454 $18.220 $3.766 +26.06
Average value of farms per acre of improved land..... $26.733 $30.559 $3.826 +14.31
Percentage of farm land improved................... 54.07 59.62 5.55 +10.27
II. Average value of farm products per acre of all farm land $3.691 $3.817 $0.126 + 3.42
Average value of farm products per acre of improved
LANG se ced cnx wles heer aeun. vee ean eee ene aaa Hana $6.826 $6.402 —$0.424 —6.22
According to Table 13 improved land increased faster than total farm land; and while the value of farm products per acre
increased 3.42 per cent for all land, it decreased 6.22 per cent for improved land. In other words, during the decade 1880-1890
as from 1870 to 1880, the increase in improved land did not proportionately raise the financial returns. This is the more difficult
to explain because the crop season of 1889, represented in the census of 1890, was more favorable than the season of 1879. In
the case of wheat, for example, the yield per acre was some four bushels or 35 per cent greater in 1889 than in 1879; though this
was in part offset by a slightly lower price (Figs. 71, 102,75). Moreover, the proportion of improved land under tillage was larger
in 1889 (64.64 per cent) than in 1879 (61.49 per cent) as appears from Table 14, which renders the problem still more difficult
of solution.
TABLE 14—Ratios BETWEEN TOTAL, IMPROVED, AND TILLED LANps™”
Percentage which Percentage which Percentage
Year improved land was tilled land was of which tilled was of
of total in farms total in farms improved land
1850) cs gsecby te dedaied tA Gee eee Re Ale tlh tere fandeare des ee ee Cea 17.44 at a aie
1860 6 asesiwensacdt ey eee ee ee Seeds Sales gM eed wae eS teas 20.51 15.98 77.89
VB 7 Ones Seco ican eeae eae eS PEN ERE MO OR aE GR GS 35.81 26.61 74.29
NS B80 so3 308.5 b ose se Ore owra's bie Owe AOE E as Haare AGEN a aoe ee Ae 54.07 33.25 61.49
NS DO ose hapce era sak erase he Is Gale eS Na le cad daa cine teh ta du eu tase Coad 59.62 38.54 64.64
1900 oo de see se Sa See eee ae vee eos de eee See ea ees 70.26 49.31 70.18
TOW O63 dad iodes tice Fees apart, aan yee acd eae cet e et OAS a did, deat ae tates teiens Gees aMaNG Anes 70.98 46.03 64.85
From these facts it follows that, in spite of the larger yield of wheat, there must have been either a smaller product relative
to the improved land, taking all branches of agriculture together, or a reduction in the average price of farm products. It is well
known that the general level of prices did decline somewhat from 1873 to about 1897; and this fact may be a sufficient explanation
of the smaller value of products per acre of improved land. However, several causes also tended to a smaller actual product
per acre. Thus there was some deterioration in lands previously farmed for many years under the one-crop system; the margin
of cultivation was presumably descending to poorer lands, or at least lands requiring more time to become fully productive, as
larger and larger areas came into use; finally, the ratio of country population to improved land was constantly falling (Fig. 218).
As each man spread his labor over more and more land, the normal result, under the law of diminishing returns, would be a larger
yield per man but a smaller yield per acre, and this seems to have been substantially what happened.
On the other hand, the average value of farms rose 14.31 per cent per acre of improved land, and 26.06 per cent per acre of
allfarm land. There was thus a disproportionate increase of farm values in the face of decreasing returns per acre of improved
land. Referring again to Table 12, relating to counties which declined in country population, it is noteworthy that in all of them
except two the value of farm products per acre of farm land declined materially, the two exceptions being Hennepin and
Ramsey, in which market gardening and other suburban uses of the land had acquired some importance. Moreover, in all these
counties, without exception, the value of farm products of 1889 formed a smaller proportion of the value of farms than did the
value of the products of 1879. At the same time, the average acre value of farms increased in nine out of the thirteen counties.
Some of these irregularities may be due to the fact that this was the section of the State which had been ravaged by chinch-
bugs for the longest period, and that some counties had made greater progress than others toward the adoption of mixed farming.
Further, the proximity of large cities had unmistakably resulted in a speculative advance in land values in Ramsey, Hennepin,
nc uted from Table 17.
a2 Filled land from Statistics of Minnesota for 1860 and 1870; other figures from the census.
Weather and
crop yields,
1890-1900
Wheat prices,
1890-1900
136 EDWARD VAN DYKE ROBINSON
and Dakota counties; and this same speculative influence was presumably at work in the vicinity of other important centers of
population. On the whole, however, the fact that in all thirteen counties, as in the State at large, the value of farm products
represented a smaller percentage of the value of farms than ten years before, and the further fact that the same tendency appeared
during the decade 1870-1880 (Fig. 208), raises the question whether the fundamental cause in this advance of land values was not
the decline in the rate of interest current in the State which accompanied the increase of population, the accumulation of capital,
and the establishment of better credit with eastern money lenders. Certainly nothing but capitalization at a lower interest rate
would enable the relatively reduced returns permanently to support such enhanced land values; unless, indeed, the ratio of net
to gross farm income was increasing, which could not well happen during a period of falling prices.
The period from 1887 to 1893 was marked by relatively warm winters and cool summers (Figs. 100,101). Thereafter, the
summer temperature rose, though with many fluctuations, reaching the highest points (since 1881) in 1894 and 1900. Precipi-
tation, on the average, increased from the low level of 1889 during the rest of the decade. There were, however, sharp and dis-
astrous fluctuations, especially in the summers of 1893 and above all 1894, when the rainfall was approximately two inches.
During these dry seasons, especially in 1894, chinch-bugs again became destructive, particularly in the forested districts where
they could find good shelter in winter* (Fig. 131).
Te
Wood,
Se)
WW be
AANA
Al AX
Y, CWirdahed
7 ts]
— + 894
jy LOAVES
Figure 131. Distribution of chinch-bugs in 1887, 1894, and 1895.38
In consequence of these conditions as to weather and insects the average yield of wheat was low in seven of the nine years
up to 1898,"when the series of state statistics unfortunately comes to an end (Fig. 102). In 1892 the crop averaged only 11.8
bushels, in 1893 only 10.7 bushels, and in 1897 only 9.11 bushels per acre, thus falling below 10 bushels per acre for the first time
since 1876 (Fig. 71). The seasons of 1891 and 1895, on the other hand, gave yields exceeding 18 bushels peracre. Other products
varied somewhat, but in general were unfavorably affected in the same years and by the same conditions as wheat.**
The price of wheat continued on the whole to work lower until 1894; the last drop following the memorable panic of 1893,
which diminished seriously the buying power of large classes of the population (Fig. 75). | After the short crops of 1892, 1893, and
1894 a sharp rise again set in which culminated in 1898. The price of wheat in 1899 and 1900, though low relative to that in.
1898, was nevertheless in advance of its price in 1893 and 1894.
The actual acreage in wheat rose in 1890 as compared to 1889, following the advance in wheat prices during the first quarter
Ann. Rept. Agr. Exp. Sta., 1895, 97-123.
34 Ann, Rept. Comr. of Statistics, 1896, 8.
ECONOMIC HISTORY OF AGRICULTURE IN MINNESOTA 137
of the year (Fig. 103). Again in 1892, after the good crop of 1891, there was a further increase which carried the acreage to the
highest point recorded since 1886. | With the poor crops of 1892 to 1894 the acreage again shrank, but rallied somewhat in 1895
and 1896, by reason of the slightly better yield in 1894 as compared to 1893, and the upward trend of prices which began in 1896.
In consequence of these generally unfavorable circumstances wheat lost ground relatively during the first half of the decade.
In 1889 it had occupied 45.89 per cent of all tilled land;* in the following years, especially in 1890 and 1892, it regained some
of the lost ground, but in 1895, after the low prices and poor yields of 1893-94, it held only 39.3 per cent of the tilled land. From
1878 to 1895 the proportion of land in wheat had thus declined substantially one half.
The same circumstances tended in a measure to check the increase of tilled land, as shown by Fig. 132.
Figure 132. Increase of land in farms, land improved, and land cultivated, in Minnesota, 1859-1898.36
In this diagram it is noticeable that, after 1884 and especially after 1890, the margin between the tilled land reported by
the state statistics and the improved land reported by the census began perceptibly to widen. In a measure, however, this
widening may have been due to the break in wheat prices in 1884, which led some of the farmers to underestimate their tilled
acreage. The relative loss of acreage in wheat from 1889 to 1895 was offset chiefly by the increase of corn and barley, the two
gaining almost exactly the percentage lost by wheat. After the good wheat crop of 1895, especially in view of the advancing
prices, more land was planted to wheat, year by year, the proportion of tilled land under that crop being thus raised from 38.91
per cent in 1895 to 47.75 in 1898. The extremely high price of wheat in the latter year resulted in another large addition to the
acreage in 1899. The census of 1900, based on the 1899 crop season, thus reported 6,560,707 acres or 50.69 per cent of the tilled
area in wheat, compared to 2,790,782 acres or 38.91 per cent in 1895.
This acreage marked another, and no doubt the last, culminating point of wheat culture in Minnesota; since the proportion
of tilled land then reported in wheat was larger than in any year, so far as recorded, after 1886 (Fig. 104). Such an apparent
relapse into specialized wheat farming caused great uneasiness in the State, as evidenced by books and other publications of the
36 A calculation based on the census of 1890 with additions for certain crops not shown in the census by acres gives 46.89 per cent of tilled land in wheat. This result confirms
the substantial accuracy of the state statistics so far as concerns the relative breadth of different crops.
38 Statistics of Minnesota, 1869, 5; 1872, 9; 1880, 21; 1896, 17; 1898, 7.
Acreage
in various
crops,
1890-1900
Changes in
animal industries,
1890-1900
Distribution of
crops according
to the census
of 1900
138 EDWARD VAN DYKE ROBINSON
period.*’ In point of fact, however, as will appear from the distribution maps, this relapse into wheat growing was due in large
part to the extension of tillage over new lands, rather than a return to wheat farming in the older counties (Fig. 135).
At the World’s Fair in 1893 first prizes were awarded to exhibitors from Minnesota for shorthorn cattle and Clydesdale
horses.** Nevertheless, these successes were due to individual herds rather than to the general excellence of Minnesota live
stock. The very next year Professor Thomas Shaw bore witness that beef cattle in Minnesota were not yet, on the average, of
sufficiently high grade to render the production of such cattle for the market a profitable industry in competition with cattle from
the western ranges.*°
In this period occurred a series of revolutionary inventions, especially the mechanical separator, which made possible the
quick and complete separation of butter fat from the milk; and the Babcock test for the determination by sample of the propor-
tion of butter fat in milk. A separator using centrifugal force was patented as early as 1877;*° by 1885 one was in use on the
farm of Mr. J. J. Hill;*’ and by 1890 this method of separation began to come into general use.*” At the same time (July, 1890)
the Babcock test was given to the world without price.’ These inventions for the first time put dairying on a scientific basis,
and may therefore be compared, in their far-reaching importance, to the new flour milling processes. In 1891, moreover, the
School of Agritulture of the State University became very active in connection with dairying. Another event of first-class im-
portance was the introduction of the codperative creamery. Hitherto, both cheese factories and creameries had been private
concerns, operated for the benefit of their proprietors. In 1889, however, a codperative cheese and butter factory was estab-
lished at Biscay, McLeod County; and in May, 1890, a group of Danish farmers at Clark’s Grove, Freeborn County, inspired
by the story of codperation in Denmark, organized the first separate creamery on the basis of ownership by the patrons.** This
establishment became the model for many others, especially as the entire influence of the Dairy School at the University was
cast in favor of the codperative form of organization.
The Babcock test, the power separator, the introduction of refrigeration and of codperative organization all favored the
transfer of butter-making from the farm to the factory. This accordingly took place with great rapidity during the early nineties
(Fig. 134). In order to shorten the haul for patrons, skim stations were also established in outlying districts, where separators
were installed, only cream being forwarded thence to the creamery. In the face of these revolutionary advances in butter-making,
cheese factories soon began to decline, both relatively and absolutely. The period from about 1890 to 1895 or 1896 was thus the
climax of cheese-making in Minnesota.*®
The relative localization of these two branches of the dairy industry seems to have been affected to some extent by the
nationality of the settlers; the Swiss bringing the traditions of cheese-making and the Danes favoring butter (Fig. 133). At all
events, Freeborn County, which contained by far the largest settlement of Danish farmers, early became the leading butter
county ;*° while Dodge and Goodhue, containing the largest Swiss colony outside of the cities, have maintained an even more
striking lead in the production of cheese*” (Table XXXII).
In the northwestern cheese district, comprising Red Lake and Polk counties, French settlers have been active in cheese
manufacture, and it is possible that old-country traditions have likewise played a part.
Wheat growing, whether tested by acreage or yield (Figs. 135, 136), had perceptibly migrated toward the west and northwest.
In the southeast it was unimportant, except in Goodhue and the counties immediately west which were decreasing in population.
On the other hand, the area of greatest density lay in the upper Minnesota Valley and the belt of heavy land extending south
from the big bend of the Minnesota. Next to these districts, the principal wheat-growing area was the Red River Valley.
Oats continued to be produced in all the agricultural counties, chiefly for local use. In addition, there were two districts
where this grain had practically replaced wheat as a market crop: one in Dakota County, adjacent to the great cities, the other
in Fillmore and Mower counties, where the southeastern plateau reaches the greatest elevation (Figs. 137, 138).
Barley spread northward during the decade, becoming of some importance in all the Red River counties. In the main,
however, barley growing was concentrated in two separate districts: one in the extreme southwest on and south of the Coteau
des Prairies, the other including five counties in the southeast, east of Steele and north of Mower and Fillmore. In these counties
barley had largely replaced wheat as a market crop, possibly in part because of the local markets offered by the breweries in La
Crosse and other towns on the Mississippi; but in the main because barley yielded better than wheat on lands somewhat depleted
by the one-crop system. Such lands are sometimes preferred for barley because it is less likely to run unduly to stalk and to
“lodge’’ under heavy winds and rain. Of the several counties Olmsted and Wabasha led in barley, as Mower and Fillmore did
in oats.
The principal rye-growing district overlapped the barley district in Goodhue County, but for the rest lay farther north,
extending from Dakota to Sherburne and Isanti counties. The larger part of the crop, indeed, was on the lighter soils, adjacent
to and east of the Mississippi (Figs. 141, 142).
Corn had advanced a little toward the north, but in the main was confined to the southern third of the State, as was the
case in 1890 (Figs. 143, 144). Within that area, however, corn had gained considerable ground. The area of greatest density of
37 Latzke, Paul, The Predicament of Minnesota (St. Paul, 1904).
38 Ann, Rept. Comr. of Statistics, 1893, 142.
39 Report of State Agricultural Society, 1894, 77.
40Wing, Henry H., Mik and Its Products (New York, 1913), 112.
41Seventh Report Minnesota Dairymen’s Association, 1885.
42 Report Delaware Exp. Sta., 1892, 110-122; also Bul. 17.
43 Wis. Exp. Sta., Bul. 24, July, 1890. 7
44Vye, J. A., The Story of the Birth of a Great Cooperative Movement.
45 Seventh Biennial Report Dairy and Food Dept., 162-163.
46 Excluding counties containing centralizers.
47Table XXXII. Compare Ninth Biennial Report Dairy and Food Dept., 35
48Statement of State Dairy Commissioner.
ECONOMIC HISTORY OF AGRICULTURE IN MINNESOTA
—_—_—_,
_
A WTh5on
Q Marsha//
139
(
Si anit Z Owls
ae
!
|
ea eeeaas 1. 1
|
Ree bm
Hubbard ~~~
Becker © FE Cass
: “er
O° Wadena | : ae
HO Ms
Ot tere! o —
°
oO fe)
Toaled | ain
° hr r$ OF7 -
Cran? Doug les © op
_o ae
ae ot | Oistribution of Danes and Swiss in Minn,
é | Oo Berion | | According fo the Census of /890.
Fevers Zhpe Srearms . /sanh Each dot represents (OO persons or
e Sherburne Chusago mayor Fraction.
- ° ° 0 = Dones
Artecka i
Oo ° a o @= Swiss
Wr At Mashing
ee tl * o | Fon
s A Hennepm \\Rams °
| o O | oO ce)
Mtkeod | Carver | oO
- ° @ Pd
A 0;
lo 2 Scott . we
O° | Sbley y
fame wake Ca
of? | @
c . ©] Mieol/e7* LeSverr| Rice ey
Oo. ° ° ° ln"
° a @|
Oo [e) ° oO oO e °
Pipeshne Murray Co Wemwece ee Bhe Lats Waseca \ Se ve Lodge. OlmsTed lVinone
= ° : oO ° | oO ° |
0.000 =a
° oO ° | ° ©0010 ° °
Roch Nob /es Jackson Marlin Faribault °o es Mower Fillmore Keusion
_ : re 00 sq] 0
Cipyrigh? (91a by EV Robinson
Figure 133. Distribution of Danes and Swiss outside the three large cities according to the census of 1890.49
“Excluding 355 Swiss reported for Isanti in 1890. The census showed only two Swiss there in 1900 and seven in 1910. Evidently some enumerator in 1890 confused “Swiss”
with “Swedes.”
140 EDWARD VAN DYKE ROBINSON
yy |
| \ Cook
Alison | Passau
Marshelf
| Aiod Lake
QO
® oO Sant Lours
Oo 7}
a | |
Nori ars |
| |
:
} |
} | |
eee af
Chay & O oe cher
a Cc
0 CG 9° @
Carlfsn
Creameries, Skim Stations, anf
Cheese Factories in Minnesota
in 1896
O =-one creamery
CQ = one skim station
@ = one cheese factory
@ O
Grant ° Doses, A a
e | " e& 7 ° ° a
Steam e° Pipe O° SYearns o9 °
O° oO
o7
oO Oo ic
= ro Io ene
Oo oOo oO 00 Oo
fe 6 20 |, @ Sc ‘
o :
oO
ae ‘iors mere O° 1380 = ° lo Winona
oe 2 08 a? al 6
: i Oo ° C
: ox PEP ty.
ne Meas °o YeeReon DoS ° f Fill peers a
O ° o me °. . : S
—__19_ 9 q oO S 908 a sleieas
a igh? 1912 by &-¥ Robinson,
Figure 134. Creameries, skim stations, and cheese factories in 1896. 50
bo Report of State Dairy Commissioner, 1896, map.
ECONOMIC HISTORY OF AGRICULTURE IN MINNESOTA 141
corn growing included the southern tier of counties, and the lower Minnesota Valley. The leading corn county at the census of
1900, all things considered, was Fillmore, originally and for many years the leading wheat county; although it led in corn by a
smaller margin than Mower did in oats or Olmsted in barley.
The production of potatoes was naturally well distributed, owing to the universal use and bulky nature of this crop (Figs.
145, 146). In addition, two areas of specialized potato culture appeared; one near the large cities, extending from Dakota to
Isanti and Chisago counties; the other in Clay County in the Red River Valley. The character of the industry was, however,
essentially different in the two areas. The potato belt near the cities coincided almost exactly with the principal rye district,
since both crops do well on sandy soils not suited to most cereals. Besides supplying the city market, this district also furnished
potatoes for shipment to the East as previously noted (p. 111). In Clay County, on the other hand, Early Ohios were grown for
shipment to states further south as seed potatoes. This industry owed its establishment to individual initiative, Mr. Henry
Schroeder being the pioneer potato grower of that region.°’ It is, however, based on the fact that northern-grown seed give
better results than seed native to the southern locality where used.
Flax was extensively grown for seed in two principal districts (Figs. 147, 148): one, the southeastern counties which had
abandoned or were in process of abandoning the one-crop system, where flax divided the ground with oats, barley, and corn;
the other district in the newer prairie counties extending from south to north along the western boundary of the State, where
flax was still in part a sod crop.
The hay crop, including both wild and tame, was coextensive with the zone of agricultural settlement and even lapped
over into the lumbering region. The distribution of tame hay was less even, the bulk of the acreage being in the counties south
and east of Stearns County (Figs. 149, 150). Considerable areas were, however, planted to tame hay in all except the northern
tier of counties in the Red River Valley. This fact indicates a great advance of diversified farming since 1890 (Figs. 125, 150).
Dairy cattle, like the hay crop, were distributed over the entire agricultural zone (Fig. 151). There were, however, two
areas of greater than average density: one in Freeborn and adjacent counties in the south central district, which led in butter
production; the other in the counties lying west of the Twin Cities, where milk was to some extent produced for the city markets
and for the large creameries or “‘centralizers’’ located there. East of the Mississippi the dairy industry had made progress adja-
cent to the cities, but on the whole far less than would have been expected in view of the favorable location of this district and
the fact that the soil there is better suited to grass and root crops than to grains. This relative retardation was presumably
due to the general preference in recent decades for prairie over forested lands.
The census ‘of 1890 unfortunately continued to combine creameries and butter factories, reporting 596 of both classes but
without definite indication as to their location. The census was evidently incomplete on this point, as it had been previously, since
the State Dairy and Food Department gave the location and owner of 664 creameries and 90 cheese factories in 1898, two years
before the census, and in 1901 reported in like manner 681 creameries and 73 cheese factories, a total of 754 (Fig. 152). The
substantial accuracy of this figure is confirmed by the census of manufactures for 1904 which, for the first time, made a careful
report on the dairy industry in Minnesota, giving 771 creameries and cheese factories.
In 1900 seven counties in the two southern tiers and two in the Minnesota Valley had between 80 and 90 per cent of their
entire land area improved; all the others west of the Mississippi and south of Grant County had from 60 to 80 per cent improved,
except several fronting on the Mississippi and lower Minnesota. In these the bluffs and marshy bottoms interfere with full
cultivation. It is noticeable that Rock County, in the extreme southwestern corner, had over 80 per cent, while Houston and
Winona counties, in the rolling driftless area, had less than 60 per cent of improved land. East of the Mississippi only Washington
County was in the 60 per cent class. In fact, nearly all the region east of the Mississippi had less than 5 per cent of its area im-
proved (Fig. 153).
From Fig. 152 it is clear how widely the dairy industry had spread, even in the Red River Valley, and also how far the out-
put of butter exceeded that of cheese. The principal center of cheese production was still in Dodge and adjacent counties, with
scattering factories elsewhere. These were relatively most numerous in the Park region and the Red River Valley, probably
because a larger number of cows is necessary to support a creamery than a cheese factory. This fact gives the cheese industry
a certain advantage in new dairy districts.
The immense expansion of agriculture from 1890 to 1900, compared to earlier decades, is nowhere more clearly apparent
than in the distribution of value of products (Fig. 154). The entire southern section, and also the Red River Valley, now belonged
to the agricultural zone, while the northeastern two fifths of the State still remained almost untouched by the plow. In spite
of the rapid spread of agriculture toward the west and northwest the value of products per square mile was greatest in the older
section, south and east of Stearns County. The fresh soils of the newer counties were thus more than offset, so far as concerned
the financial return per acre, by greater labor applied to the land in the older counties. It should be noted, however, that while
this more intensive use of the soil naturally gave larger returns per acre, the returns per man and per team were frequently larger
on the newer lands, owing to the increasing cost of production per unit of output under intensive cultivation (page 221).
In 1900 the center of density of population was in the counties adjacent to the two great cities, and in the Minnesota Valley
counties below the big bend. Settlement had continued to spread in the Red River Valley, occupying the last of the prairie town-
ships; and from there had begun to work eastward into the brush prairies. Except for the strip adjacent to this valley, most of
the hardwood belt of the State (Figs. 8, 153) was in farms, though wood-lots still occupied a considerable area. East of the
Mississippi scattered clearings appeared along the railroads even in the cut-over and (largely) burned-over coniferous zone,
51 Letter under date of April 14, 1913, from Mr. L. A. Huntoon, President First National Bank of Moorhead.
62 Biennial Report of Dairy and Food Dept., 1899, map.
Distribution of
the dairy
industry in 1900
Distribution of
improved land
according to the
census of 1900
Distribution of
value of
products in 1900
Distribution of
population in
1900
rary
Summary of
agricultural
changes for the
state as a whole,
1890-1900
142 EDWARD VAN DYKE ROBINSON
especially between St. Paul and Duluth. This decade was also marked by the development of the Mesabi iron range, and there-
fore by the appearance of a considerable population, for the most part resident in towns, in St. Louis County (Figs. 155, 156).
If all incorporated places be eliminated, as is done in the map of country population (Figs. 155, 156), most of the apparent
settlement in this northeastern region disappears. The coniferous zone stood in 1900 as a great island of wilderness, thinly
sprinkled with logging and mining camps and towns, but barely touched as yet by agricultural settlement. On the other hand,
the remainder of the State, aside from the center of density west and southwest of-the Twin Cities, showed a surprising evenness
of settlement. Evidently a dominant type of agriculture, based on substantial equality of soil, had worked itself out in an approxi-
mately equal spread of population over the land.
The decrease of country population, noted for the previous decade, continued between 1890 and 1900 in five of the same
thirteen counties; though the rate of decrease was less rapid in all of them except Wabasha (Figs. 109, 157). In addition,
three counties lying farther west, at the big bend of the Minnesota, suffered a loss of country population. The extent to
which the decrease was spread over these counties is shown in Table 15.
TABLE 15.—Proprortion oF TOWNSHIPS WHICH Lost CouNTRY POPULATION, 1890-1900
Townships re- Losses
acai Tetownships, Ported as losing) corporations | ;,d¥e £0 Rew | "decreasing
BliterBarthic2os:5-35i iyo aiyy eeoce 23 12 3 2 10
Bull mGre ios chien PGs e eR eee Se BE EES Ok ES 24 9 0 0 9
Goodhuesic:chiieveeste dle eaaeae Ake Mee es BOE 23 15 1 1 14
Pee STO Ui ies eer Ra eet ag nae ana eeu end ete es ae 14 5 1 0 5
Nicollet 24.33 fou ed e e GRE Seed 13 10 2 1 9
WIRIGEcgecsed aur devise eedak's aed chicas da oe Ga aA ew eet Ee 14 6 3 2 4
Wa Bias bias ans ahs sericea Siac besten Dare eee Sabora ante Gatensne cad hae ss 17 11 5 5 6
WHOM ose ea OS a Gad omie? US oan eed ee Maes Os 20 14 4 4 10
otallixcsas eed Rew een as a eee eee dss 148 82 19 15 67
An inspection of these figures, and of the list of villages newly incorporated in the several counties, shows that the large
apparent decrease in Wabasha was due in great part to the separation of villages not reported as such in 1890; and that the same
cause affected the returns from several of the other counties to some extent. On the whole, however, the fact remains that there
was an actual loss of population in nearly half of the purely rural townships.
By way of possible explanation it may be pointed out that these eight counties formed a zone in which dairying had made
less advance, and more reliance was therefore still placed on grain growing than in Freeborn and the adjacent south central
counties (Figs. 149-151, 135-144). The inference would be that dairying gives employment to more people. Some further light
is thrown on the matter by an examination of the changes in size of farms. From the map (Fig. 158) it is evident at a glance
that the relation of population and size of farms was not uniform, which probably indicates the existence of unknown factors in
the problem; but the fact that farms increased in size in six out of the eight counties which lost country population creates
a presumption that consolidation of land holdings was a fundamental cause underlying the decrease of population. If it be
objected that much greater increases in size of farms occurred in the southwest and west, without a decrease in country
population, the answer is that in 1900 there was still unoccupied land in those counties which could be added to farms without
ousting anyone; which was not the case in most of the older southeastern counties.
In order to bring out clearly the extent, rate, and direction of change, the corresponding items for 1890 and 1900 are given
in Table 18, at the end of the chapter, with an analysis of the changes on the percentage basis, and also with reference to the rural
population.
The country population in the State as a whole increased 25.7 per cent during the decade ending 1900, which was less than
the rate (30.4 per cent) in the decade ending 1890. On the other hand, town population increased 43 per cent, compared with
153.5 per cent during the preceding decade. The towns thus slowed down greatly in their rate of increase, but they nevertheless
continued to gain faster, both absolutely and relatively, than the open country (Items 1-3).
The total land in farms was augmented by 7.6 million acres or 40.6 per cent during the decade, most of this increase (7.3
million acres) being represented by improved land. While total land in farms increased 40.6 per cent, and improved land 65.7
per cent, the gain in number of farms amounted only to 32.4 per cent. As a result, the average farm was larger by an even 10
acres, or 6.3 per cent, and contained a fourth (25.3 per cent) more improved land (Items 4-9).
The acreage in wheat almost doubled, the bulk of this increase, as previously noted, being in the last half of the decade;
while the production increased less rapidly, the average yield being a bushel per acre lower in 1899 than in 1889.
Rye also showed a larger acreage and smaller average yield, while buckwheat had declined in both respects. On the other
53 Biennial Report of Dairy and Food Dept., 1903, 16, 38.
54Roseau and Red Lake counties formed from Kittson and Polk, distributing figures for these counties, which nevertheless showed an increase in population and size of farms.
ECONOMIC HISTORY OF AGRICULTURE IN MINNESOTA 143
| Cook
i Kilborn Pe Proseau ~ |
Marshall vo, : |
Y=
Coon
f; Taséa
at
"
Lahe
Sam Zz ows
Hebbard ry
x
Coarlfsn
‘ [eae . hy ise A
Tote | gee ae \aeeled
‘ Hy WTO rpison anabee "
al
4s ante ie ee 62. Acreage of Wheat in Minnesota ac-
|FAeat 7
Bes [ leg gs cording to Census of 1900.
eS Each dot represents 1,000 acres.
wee Coton, 2
7 sa A pee A,
: Tt. 7 |: ifs
sos ee ale es 7 2 oe a! .
Dodge” | * Olmsted ei Liinena *
Freiberg Pita Mower ° . Filmore = “1+ Houston *
—* Sa See = a opyr igh? 192 G LF Pobmsom .
Figure 135. Acreage of wheat in 1899 according to census of 1900. (Ba sed on Table XIII)
144
oo 8) tee
Po
eo
7 ee oe
EDWARD VAN DYKE ROBINSON
Millelaes
«| Aarebec
eborpe *
ROCs:
.
Schum? Ao asl
* Filliowe ; *
.
el* * . « 2
Copyright Marz. EV Robinson
Cook
Covk
Lake
18. Production of Wheat in Minnesota
according to Census of 1900.
Each dot represents 10,000 Bushels.
e
.
.
°
*| , Houslon
.
Figure 136. Production of wheat in 1899 according to the census of 1900. (Based on Table XIII)
ECONOMIC HISTORY OF AGRICULTURE IN MINNESOTA 145
; ki nee , ; ‘ Proseau aan ( ek |
.
$ a | “Red Leke - os
< ake
: Sant Loung
. . 1 .
5g Newent
“1
e oy.
. : °
= oa
, cc . ie Sa ieee
. Chay Becher
ns : Carlton
: Ofer Ta/ ar
a ‘4 : . . : $e Ss) 7 ‘ ; - el as
. ial | a é . . Todd Nillelocs
Se aig ela ee ne eee te ; Miichusun * ; se
Pg AE Grant, "De Douglas, . . sits . oe
tTraverse oe | ew Sa 7 of. sh x .
f *]. Sverens’ * Pigs 3
Stearns ie ras d * fsantt * ie 7 : 58.
es fee e . y a "1C4
: . Sherburne ° . 7 a ik
Acreage of Oats in Minnesota ac-
cording to Census of 1900.
Each dot represents 1,000 acres.
Pw Ante =;
ONT Fandyehs . bheght
£40.Qo Pare. Chppens | + *
z Meeker 7 Trp te
. 7 . He, ares anise) .
“ tanepin Nye hs,
a eee ee
S hteee Ne tages IS a oe
Be — ee ee ae, oes
*L ineoh, = “Lyeh 4 on Hides Beet NS ~ = ~ - = > oe . = a = = J Z : ote ae — \
vas = oo, oe os Beery tes |: 2S. “Meller, . : LeSueur.|. Ree, me ot? Giedbve "|, oo
‘ m ae Ws cS ens “oN, 2 | 7 ‘ oo Wabasha
2 ofe oe . . . Ee 2 s . . . eee
7° «fe = e 2 ~ tere Lee = on slp FF ee pacer
‘i . ee ee Ge ea Seton weg a teh ca 2 . ws
- + - . “le ee . hen 2 . - = .
. 3 3 ie :
Materia foe Ste
Peoria! “Meena Vedieacy 32 oe
Wasica | Stee “Dobe. | once page
Lock : Nobles to sis Sock son, re Martin ‘ =? + Faribault : : in eeaib oe as 5 a a a sblente = ‘
Copyrigh? 192 by EV Robmson
Figure 137. Acreage of oats in 1899 according to census of 1900. (Based on Table XIV)
146 EDWARD VAN DYKE ROBINSON
Cook
| \H
/Tasca | / | Cook
|
| |
beeen | Saint Lows | Lane |
| |
|
= | |
|
| | |
| |
PN
| |
! o
Aithin | Car/fan |
Sig |---—-
Soe, F ry : Bs |
war al |
+ | fate | af
; : “, Lacs ne ,
Reet « || |
oll sae Shs
Ne a le oe Meant « Hee 30. Production of Oats in Minnesota
* Bhs chon Ls oe ee according to Census of 1900.
Se ST fo ; Each dot represents 10,000 Bushels.
"Ee 2 Weng 0 beegr ate ee Topyright 7412 £¥ Robinson
Figure 138. Production of oats in 1899 according to census of 1900. (Based on Table XIV)
ECONOMIC HISTORY OF AGRICULTURE IN MINNESOTA 147
Mt arsh aff *
: ‘ | Ped Lake
GER? I.
7 yay Beltrami:
SemF Zz ows
| athe
3 Wadena
Carl4in
OrterTai/
Doug las
Traverse |
Acreage of Barlcy in Minnesota ac-
cording to Census of 1900.
Each dot represents 1,000 acres.
SKevens Pope
| ee
. Ka ne ay feeker
bhoght
Liv Qu Farle i
Meh eod! |
pei
7 Sibley
Villon Madera
Ces 4, ata ie | pe
: : : eft otf Mebasger 9
. . [Oru | . . . A ao fees dene
* Digested . : Aloanae eS a aa F Blue Larhh Waseca Steele Dodge’ 7
«Foca. =e o Nobles, :
* Faribau!/f- Freeborn 2 : Mower. aps . FUrmsme” 7 : aes
So ee ais en neg
Copyright? 19a by EY Robinson
J Tacksos, +|° Matin
Figure 139. Acreage of barley in 1899 according to the census of 1900. (Based on Table XVI)
148
. Hterta/
°
* Granf 6
‘i * Douglas
EDWARD VAN DYKE ROBINSON
*WTesca
J
Karabec i
36. Production of Barley in Minnesota
according to Census of 1900.
Each dot represents 10,000 Bushels.
° °
Farboule +
‘
Figure 140. Production of barley in 1899 according to census of 1900.
(Based on Table XVI)
149
ECONOMIC HISTORY OF AGRICULTURE IN MINNESOTA
(IIAX 21928] wo paseg)
‘006T FO SNstad ay} 0} SuIps0dde E6BI UI eAI Jo UOT}ONpoIg ‘zpy 9anBiLT
aut
=] a 1 boodley |
hols rewuyfed woatoyy Pee ty | Leg ey | ao) | es frefe VIN yeu |
‘4 | | eg | Z
eu as ae saa
| | eeseme| peenenyen | seanpy | meme
geen] & ae 7) wy ts yey 12 Cee PD fory ree
Sa
a 2m snonpay| . 0 ade
F “nig. er | e prepay woke | yoy
a a: i rs : 4979'S .
SE Seen ces é ; C| —
metro ATLL . dl
Bg SY $2A8D). eee ——
pee N Leo aty aah eoadly NUL 0 207
( “ es | PW | yetpany) ee .
ee : ASIAS
spysng ;
coo'at sjuastidas yop Yyory my
“0061 Jo snsuad) ay} oy Surpsoa3y ss . ie
ROSAUULY de aQy jo wousnpolg $9 any susan \ acoy mS |
| - —" + * = Ty DSsaADy
‘ yh) Lees ts
ates / ue .
[rere | |
Tes
a
a
peso \ ay pr
rerroay | woypy
peril age
‘O06T FO SNSUDd 9Y} 0} SUIPsODIe GEQT Ul VAI JO aBeIIDV
(IIAX 1421 vo paseg)
"Ipl emnBLg
wemepey ty A ti tole
seen
Pe ie
| weprnopy
‘sauoe OoO'! syuasasdad JOP Yes]
0061 Jo snsuscy 24) 0) Auipsod} yy
BOsouUIY, ul ady jo abeay
a ee
a4
eee:
wemeyy euegaady | Heyes “Yoo wosy nef
oe
rr ms PRE ees | WN pemmeyea | devanyy | mepredy
. z | wnugy__}
MY SeILAT . € “3 « .
. ee da : et ey jess rs wel yz
suey pare
Prseany
» (LK ayo
te
i a
oa 1
1
t
1 i
' V ermeerany
I \
! | sae
L
Wd
7 Pre |
ey
Cee | woos
1S) EDWARD VAN DYKE ROBINSON
f
Killson Pros eau
Marshal!
| Fed Lake
oth
Sami Zz ous
ee Bp =
SS OF + —
‘ “ ‘ he
Gran? | Douglas ina
_ Sirens + |, Pope 54. Acreage of Corn in Minnesota ac-
.
cording to Census of 1900.
Each dot represents 1,000 acres.
‘ . Swit
Lipa ifucd. ye ptieie sh ~ Se eee ees . F .
" aoe : Poe te ee V2 Sueur" iAess =. Goodhue, *| eg te
"“——7 + ¥ : St | c Nl sel = ea
Dpatva | hdivtay.”,| Cattncond “\iroc sof} BE AON nlaseea) Sticke V Dodge We One dN tLvindna
ee Noblis 2]. Teeheon + | Mebtin | =) oe] Poaebern? At Mason's MS Fitinate | \ Aone
. * e . o ve Sas eee ees
. i c 8 . . . .
“lo. soe . . .
wpyrigh? 192 by &¥ Pobmson
. * . . - .
. . S és e |e
oe ee 2 . * : < .
Figure 143, Acreage of corn in 1899 according to the census of 1900. (Based on Table XV)
ECONOMIC HISTORY OF AGRICULTURE IN MINNESOTA 151
>
~.
\
{
(
\
\
\
<= \
\
APron
_—_— —— LI
Polk
. Lake
Sart Lous
Clay .
lactones 9
Chee cei AS : Uh ‘ Calter |
Wilkin %)* a : : > : ——
“|. ; Pine
24. Production of Corn in Minnesota
according to Census of rgoo.
Each dot represents 10,000 Bushels.
ie ‘. ts
= »
OF 9 eS aa. tes Ne .
Lae Qui'Parie** 4° * oa
fe tae: tty ne
ee! ace %
o8 ee ete .°
* . é
ee
Pee oe re SO 8 SRO wae le O28 np webeate|.s ws es] ets See eS esl” a a ts? ee
ie erle
3 .
.
hota
Copyright 1912, EV Robinson.
Figure 144. Production of corn in 1899 according to the census of 1900. (Based on Table XV)
—
Ke
to
EDWARD VAN DYKE ROBINSON
Reseay
me.
aa
/fasea
© Rene ie
“ees
“petent
“Seite y?
ao
i Career 7
Saint Aows
Coch
Cook
Production of Potatoes in Minnesota
according to Census of 1900.
Each dot represents 10,000 Bushels.
Lineo/y Lyon | Preduwod
A To : wae : . Gla Lath 7 * ‘ * . i
pestine |" Murray *\ Coltomnceed *|Welinnan | oo 2 | Mee Miah Seep Ponste fa t| Winnt +
; es a © i. ° : o|* ry . at og £ ‘s “ ote = ¢ i
Ps . : a é . Ea se cl
. = . a . s . Blea et . . > x, ee : coy : ; 5 z
“= , Neb 7 S 7 ° - . & ‘a ¢: a oo ; e - *|
oe ee les Jackson « Marlin °* Espibuott ethan Mode oe + Fi ristae
= ° . e . . + e. <« Fe * 7 e . ° ° é . 7 “ .
° : ” : Copyright 12/2, EY Robinson
Figure 145. Production of. potatoes in 1899 according to the census of 1900.
(Based on Table XVIIT)
153
ECONOMIC HISTORY OF AGRICULTURE IN MINNESOTA
(XIX 142] uo paseg) (IIIAX 198L uo paseg)
‘006T JO sSnsuad 0} SuIpsosoN GEERT UT xeg JO a8valny “ZpT ainsig ‘Q06T FO Snsuad dy} 0} SuIpsoose GEgT UT S20}e}0d yo aseaIny ‘Opt ainsiT
mers 7 4 oe wen
aie
sor 2 Se syle r
“i ale Fo . gn weeny . a ee “ey || MOS yoy i IW rey | | . me - i Sieg . aa0g aay
- . | . cme eect way 0 cams
4O bp | VS | basen] a . - YD ae wv oyred, ,
e Paes ‘ee i. ys ta woaseq Yte7 P18 |
Hregeiey Yyroyy wor y rape *719N ry
We7 21g
"$249 O00"! syuasaidas yop. weg.
. 5 “0061 Jo snsua-y ayy 0} Suipos3y
82498 Ooo"! sjuasosdai op yey adoy . FIOSOUUIJAY UL SAOTEIOg Joadeany “SL
"0061 jo snsua-) 24) 0} Butpsoooy ; fg ONE ae
Mosauupy ut xeL4 jo adeany “gf . wey an . F Mhee cee ae alll eg es
ou Beez peel ‘|
MEE
ptrusO
bu; “9 |
Yyyieg | owspayd| _|
rd
| | sd ons aes pI
! ps Poa z >. et
SJ rere |_| d
i | !
; é
\ | ' :
F "cL
. "Ye pry |
~ apap ©
awrrcay fi yyy
EDWARD VAN DYKE ROBINSON
Cook
Lake
Sent Zmive
. . . = ! \ |
. eae Fz <3 NY |
‘ Nerman *| : | ’ .
° s I ‘
: at ween] i]
. . wep ot Reservation a
oo ! | Hubbard \
Hoe al eS al | ee = =
| for he eh oe Se
Lt Clee | Becher | | es |
ae . ” Wea | Aitkin Cartten
°
oy . Cree | :
Within? 6 5 Oferta! : | i i
oe? . —
. | | Pine
. "E = re y
. owe ey ae Toded eee
4 We
* a eee * | . Meorhisor pat toes —_
. < . » * [ Aonabes
~ |. Cenk * Douglas | |
Traverse. ge eg +f ° eee |
el. ° *) ° Benton
i aa | | oe 46. Production of Flaxseed in Minnesota
. ‘ 1s ago 5 ;
oy. "6 5 | Seer | Stearns : a ot according to Census:of i900.
3 | Sherburne ez Each dot represents 10,000 Bushels.
a6 = * | |
. — Anoka |
Seif . ° S i
. : é rm . 7 hinglon
see ea Kandyobs | Maeker ght i, ©
. - * J 4 Ramsey
. . " Chy, ele
Lac Qui Farle a PERS. | ° nes | ase — Hennepin \
. Se << «| . eal : .
« Vallow * Medime © * aa hole ‘
3 5 [= — eae ce .
. . . | . ae ee o =
" *. : me * Goodhue e
re. BL ° | . . .
me a . Yone Ree are [ ents
, | ia me : ‘
e 3 TE “ 5 - © ° | 4 (eS
1 : rs er | 7 ze ‘| % °| «
° : ° . . e ae °
- eo. . + Steak *|’ si Soe e a eae e
. Pipestone | - Morray A Dodge . *Omsle d , . ERAS
e « = 7 e
: ele % . ° ioe ale 2 ole = — ot os
% ° ol? e el}. ° S < | ° . a] oe a e Ve - @ s |
a a - . a | . ts . ° | . ae 8 ‘| . “ . *| = e »
. mes . . ee e e © fos Tory
| Rock | Nobles | Jackson . | Marlin cen me Fretiorn 2 | f nee ° : Ce ot
Pate . . * . © *: i *. © ‘s e e a é . *
| ° | . : 3 de® . . | e . . ° | . ele ° i. Copyright Tz, EY Robinson.
Figure 148. Production of flaxseed in 1899 according to the census of 1900.
(Based on Table XIX)
155
ECONOMIC HISTORY OF AGRICULTURE IN MINNESOTA
‘0061 JO Snsuad 0} SuIpsoss.e GET UI ey payeaN{Nd yo aBea10y ‘OST aansty
ney
.
24
Ce Ler pore |
flees el ei ‘| ;
> ere os. Safe ch gs fa 2
. . a .
oT ued. eee: igtpony L
oe = -
- . . .
. . °
auang yes - : 3 .
_ $9420 OOO] S4uasasdas Jop yo0Z
h
OO6/ #9 saSsUAD ays oy Buypso2y |
wy wi holy PHOMYND JO 2b021y : | : .
S| peo99en
‘006T FO Snsuas ay} 0}
BuUIpsIosde G68T UI Aey payeannd pue pia jo aseaIy ‘6pl ens
werepeiy 4 7 4 tit ybakdey
‘Side o00'r syuasasdas op yey
‘0061 jo snsud-) ay oy suipiony
(mosouupy ur fepy jo asrny ‘by
eo I06[ Ul S3TIOJV} assay pue SotJamevala JO UOtNqIIysSIq ‘Z¢oT ainsi
"SE ‘OT ‘£061 “142q poog pun Katong fo 14od+y ToIUUatg es
(AIXX 219%L 40 paseg) “Q06T °
SNsUdd dy} 0} BUIPIOIIE SUIT UO SMOD AIIep JO UOTINqIIIsSIG
“TST 2anBLy
EDWARD VAN DYKE ROBINSON
156
— 4 Oo pebiokte 3
050 |[° o @ | °go%,0 b, ° je °| C
Ae Ob vale aes RH Byer | om | eh
ea &. ee ies Soe |e? by
| © 62 o 5 Ao
° oe goo, ®o go 21 @,, ie -
Ce a oe 5 SE Be (eed 9° Cee ? "896° ong aye
oFAL 2 Be o 6 we Sls °
9 Pe o 3 6 °9.20 700 ]g OG
Oy Poy 8° ° 2 ° © °°
° CSS 3} rr | “7 yours
Cn: | 6 ee)
8 COE PBL oof, | © °
oe A Rlo 8 Po
CO bBo @ Bia oN CL EO
ecko 540 | O oO —
Fee eo SS >
“OL odo FT oo]. 7 0% 6 0°
SR bam JO Pool o 4 yt Nur ore
a. 3° 2. 9.4 0° °
9 ° S i Char ° °
° o9 Q 6!
° °, 0 | © HSS Ps
9 0@ 20° ° oo
: wRyaueo\ 0-999 % O-p0 °
alo wes | 00 0% 1° a
1104204 25394) IU0 = @ “00 oe Z oT 2 ae o °&a sM02 OQ/ spuasasded 40P 4709
AIDUIOISI UO 2 © 5 a a ° 2 SE ° P Po OO06/ #0 $NSUVAaD ays of bUip402Iy
/O6/ Ut OposauUy Wi ° ° © o5° ° ° QOSEULW UI SUID UO 3140 AMOG
GIAOJIASY a5A9Y4) PUD SAITO, a Papeuay e 3 oO %é<, MoD
Meta, :
Pees yy | GL °
ia = °
eS . r
e °
°
a ‘; @ pedo
o Lig p rod c
Sunes | O| wel 0 5 @
“444 °
pass 6
| °
| s90D 792° @
oss. ese
S| perro ||
|
L |
| |
\
| le, L Lo
fine: I
7 ees. Ve °
157
ECONOMIC HISTORY OF AGRICULTURE IN MINNESOTA
Cook
———
Coon
Less THAW
Yio?’ Ie
|
|
|
tYavca
Beltr-eam
VSN
Se ra
VQ asialy
cae
WL
KG
Bes
%
§
\
&
x
s
s
e
<
=
=
”
a
4
ows Tore
OtoZO
20 to40%4
40t06O%
60 to BO %
8070 90%
\
b \\
Fillinone
Copyry
Fer Cent of Total Land Aréa lrnprovéd
Accoraing to the Census of [900
0.346
ee by EK obansory.
Sem Zz ous
WN
7
XC a
e
SSS
SS
“
KS
WO
lar-Ty¢
O.8 qo
Wadena
Cot tors wood
\
SST
SSSI SE
SSS se SSS
SR
0)
PaAVer$Se
Figure 153. Proportion of land improved according to the census of 1900.
158 EDWARD VAN DYKE ROBINSON
go oe Le ipe
—— ——
Belfram a
Total Value of Farr Products tn Vinnesota
According to the Census of 1900.
Lach dot represents “10,000.
c
Figure 154. Distribution of value of farm products in 1899 according to the census of 1900. (Based on Table XXXV)
ECONOMIC HISTORY OF AGRICULTURE IN MINNESOTA
8 (Cations 0:
.
" Cossgeinng, 9
Rural Population of Minnesota ac-
cording to Census of 1.900 including
Cities and Villages of less than 2500
Population.
Each dot represents 100 Inhabitants.
Each circle represents Incorporated
Place of 2500 or more Inhabitants.
Copyright 42 EV Robinson.
Figure 155. Distribution of population according to the census of 1900, (Based on Table XI)
159
160 EDWARD VAN DYKE ROBINSON
\_
Killen |
‘ ae oe
: - » Beltran *
.
Willelaed| 2+" |r.
ba eel E Aanabee|. =
Country Population of Minnesota
eet eee = according to Census of 1900 exclud-
Og Basten ing all Incorporated places. Each
dot represents 100 inhabitants.
= Copyright? 19a by EF Feobuntom
Figure 156. Population outside incorporated places at census of 1900. (Based on Table XI)
161
v
Rok a GA ,
5 SEA RNS
vives uy
\
yy’
\ \
\ SLOG
e 8
Asal, SN
EAT NOS
Per-cent of Increase of Couniry
Population in Minnesota From
1890 to 1900
[] Decrease
Less that €Op trcrease
FA 20 to 40 7,
BSS Over 80 %
BES 40 to 607%
MW 60%80%
§
8 g
ws 8
aN tc
wt
is N
vo ft >
- 8
8 eos MLE 2
Wt WANN SNA iS 8
2% Aaa tee =
os 8 MSS SN g &
ie tds y
8 oly oss yi
SV ree =
vans \\ =
AR ENN AMES 3
= UV SBS NTT TTS
| Ce ARS ARS ES
aS OS. aay VV VSS
OLS RW La ah
uv SU AS RU AY ANNY
2 fv yy MOOR YANN
Sn Mek oees BUN AS
9 SS SRE LRN S NA
o™N hes ay SALa SN y
YD! SST AN YS Vat Ay
\ Vesy\\ A a \
Sot fe NK NS NN ed
SEE ake ghee Wa cae AY
ANY TO A ES
enville
lace ira
¢ Howe
CoP tom wo
—WY 2
2
&) 3
= ~
= WH
££
a § S
ae se) 8 §
= 8 zt 2 e
R : $
2 SN
¥
&
: : \ §
x
= s WS &
e x ‘ :
yy
al S st rN ve g
5 o Oa EN s
wv AE ES
© S a YE POY
~ 9 Ye Wy Veh
g SRN AMS AS
S aN ERY OS an
\ WAR ASS Ry
— g t WB yr’ SRY
DPrrrirs
x fs SAA Vas ws
$ AAA ane Sash) \\s
ca ; BS RO RON
& PORE TS RI AN YS
Oo g 8 ST I
2 RAO SN \ — se ae .
wey SAAS TS Vd
i, 2 SSSA NY RO AWS Sade
2 S ASAE E A AS EBA EQ Sy
s \N AVS RAR MS
e ON NINES
ASANO EU
Nyy NYS
& SER RON
nH q SEMEN RS
mS g ¥ YN YY RANA) RANNSRROANORRRN
L NAN MN SS AN rN
oY g 3 x WEI TR RN
KK so & Yt RN Soe NNN AS \S SONY
& 8 . y 5 SAAN NYY AMAIA NS
ina % x s RI ON
= $ SAS UR AY ANY
s QQ VRE YAS
Ss MR RS RAS A RE
\ Ney MA Sai) vo Mn ey
LS RG AR
vo ey A XW SAY ANN
S ‘ yw Wy daw es YON
SNA APA OQ ,
© \ My ARI
RANSON 4 MYA) SEAN NS Q
Q > SOARS v SAD ST RY 3
ty SS ANA ANS NAS ike Vary SONY ta SM S
° 5 SSO a Po NY Sah ay AN VAY S
Sen Au
Os w Se: = KOON §
Rs Ss uw Svs < SO uN Ae
NE Aes Syd t eR aA z A
& NOs WS SOR ANN ¥ REASONS
RO Q Oo Vw ys ONAN SS
yu sat and g WAN hn v. RSA
bees NAN SS SRY \ SORE AY
aw R e Ne VN ayy g ww SAAT SNS ys hh
NS \ NAN \ X MSDS
e SSNs See = NYS
ON wes SAN QRION AN
¢ \ MRM YS , x SEE
CAST Sa ans g S ‘ N X
g ee ‘ g . 4s SSD
SO eee Vee AS ~~ a > ANA AANEANANN
VN \ Wy S oad)
8 SS SENS ANAS wes = = <
y SRN 5
\ = ARAM VANS NENA
\ vss wy ANS,
ANAS Savy
AMSA aks
athson
1890-1900.54 (Based on Table XI)
Figure 157. Changes in country population,
se in population and size of farms.
Increa
which nevertheless showed an i
54Roseau and Red Lake counties formed from Kittson and Polk, distributing figures for these counties,
EDWARD VAN DYKE ROBINSON
162
Soe
!
(
\
1 | \
\ Co oke + vg. . 3
t6.9
14, ls orp Proseau
+68
Marshal!
s*
| Fed Leohe
+513 ee bee
47 \__] Beltrami Mas 719 -22.0
-6.6 |
Sent Louns
7
+5 1/,
orrerar | ' (
! 7
I J
Re | Becher
-T4
52 “58.7
td, “IO.
Wilkin Haro!
de | O°
fad Fine
Mille lacs -15.4
et 2. HES 73.7 |~Kanabee|
462 ee | og | +75.1 Incréasé or décréose in Qverage sizé
Zo prarenee —— 7048 | | of farm during decade 1890-1900
garg | ules enti a | According to Census of 1890 and 1900
Stevens ope SYeerns o Figures represent absolute charge
Loystone ae “ ig ) ACTES
44.2 7 +57
th — ; hee
+4,
— #8. | <p | LSP pn
426.7 49.2 pared -10.5 \|n
Lae Qu Parle Chipperva Hennepin WE, “FL
——42' ae e °. oH
tees 2 7. a ne po
VeVon Pilg aay | “83 fie 508
Dake -
| j Lae Seotl 7 |
+526 |+32.8 2 ee | 764 oN
Leek Lee Al +0 +eT Go Fos i]
Ncoley- LeSveur Rice : F358
— 4/83 +29 | | Wabesha
hed 5 +47,/ 4 z +922 |-28 i
- AR 'e +8. J oa a Z/
Pypestne Murrey | ave wood pete Ble gett pies toe Steele Dods - of, a linena
+505 | +41.9 | peasy + 6.2 2
Rock Nobles | ats Sou. Martin F155, ook. Mower AAs Wl 2a
epyrigh? 11a by EV Robmsom -
Figure 158. Changes in average size of farms from 1890 to 1900.54 (Based on Table XXXVI)
54Roseau and Red Lake counties formed from Kittson and Polk, distributing figures for these counties, which nevertheless showed an increase in population and size of farms.
ECONOMIC HISTORY OF AGRICULTURE IN MINNESOTA 163
hand, oats had gained 39.4 per cent, corn 59.9, and barley 144.9 per cent in acreage, all with a larger yield per acre. The same
relation obtained in the case of flaxseed, which increased 86.7 per cent in acreage. Potatoes, on the other hand, increased 38.5 per
cent in number of acres, but only 31.2 per cent in total production, showing a smaller yield per acre. Measured by the country
population, all these crops, except buckwheat, increased materially both their acreage and their yield, giving thus an increased
output per man. This result showed a continued gain in technical efficiency of labor, due to a larger amount of machinery and
other capital goods per unit of labor. The only decreases, measured by population, were in buckwheat, beans, and certain other
very minor crops. Hay and forage (wild and tame), while showing a smaller acreage, gave a larger cut in proportion to the
country population, owing in part to a larger proportion of cultivated hay. All kinds of orchard and garden products, so far as
the census items are comparable, also gained both absolutely, and relatively to the country population (Items 10-84).
All important classes of live stock increased faster than the country population, the greatest relative increase being in
swine, next in cattle of all sorts, then in horses, and last in sheep. It is evident that dairy cows also increased, though by reason
of different classifications in the two censuses, an exact comparison is not possible. There was likewise a notable increase in
poultry, especially chickens, which are frequently associated with dairy farming (Items 85-119).
Animal products naturally showed a corresponding rate of increase, exceeding in most cases the growth of country popu-
lation. This relation obtained as to milk produced, butter, eggs, and wool, the most striking increases being in eggs and butter,
and especially in factory as compared with farm butter. On the other hand, for reasons previously stated (page 113), the pro-
duction of cheese declined both relatively and absolutely. A similar decrease occurred in the production of honey, probably
because of the difficulty of discovering and preventing the sale of adulterated or imitation honey; but it was a curious fact, if
fact it was, that while the output of honey declined, there was a larger production of beeswax. Unless bees were being bred to
build thicker combs, the presumption is that this discrepancy arose from another inaccuracy in the census (Items 120-144).
Turning now to relative values (Items 145-155), it appears that against an increase of 25.7 per cent in country population,
there was a gain of 54.3 per cent in value of live stock, 77.9 per cent in implements, 307.8 per cent in fertilizers purchased, 126.3
per cent in value of all farm products, and 96.9 per cent in value of farms with buildings. The increases in live stock, imple-
ments, and fertilizers, of course, go far to explain the increased output per capita of the country population. In the case of wheat,
however, there was not only an average yield of a bushel less per acre in 1899, compared to 1889, but also a similar reduction in
the market price. It is evident, therefore, that the increased value of products, in so far as not the result of increased acreage,
was due to items other than wheat, and presumably in large measure to dairy products.
From 1870 to 1890 increase in land values had outrun value of products (page134) ; from 1890 to 1900, on the contrary, value
of products increased faster than farm values (Items 145, 155). In order to eliminate so far as possible the influence of increased
acreage on these changes, the totals in Table 18 are reduced in Table 16 to the acre basis. 7
TABLE 16.—AGRICULTURAL CHANGES IN MINNESOTA AS A WHOLE FROM 1890-1900
Value of land | Value of land
Val f Value of Value of Percentage | and improve- | and improve-
a a : products es Value of farms* per acre of total ments other ments other
pro of fa per acre o! farms* per acre| of improved farm land than buildings | than buildings
acre ol farms | improved land land improved per acre of per acre of
farms improved land
L900 Weekes eee hee oe $6.14 $8.74 $25.51 $36.30 70.3% $21.31 $30.33
TS QO cp oath ce ceesiarss atten varies $3.82 $6.40 $18.22 $30.56 SMOG) |i) caterer 'Nl) <adiiee
Absolute change.............. $2.32 $2.34 $7.29 $5.74 Le, Ns ewaaexe |||! geese
Percentage of change.......... 60.8% 36.6% 40.0% 18.8% 180%: |. star — |} Adee es
From Table 16 it is evident that the value of products increased $2.32, and the value of farms $7.29, per acre of all farm
land; while the corresponding figures per acre of improved farm land were $2.34 for products and $5.74 for value of farms. Stated
proportionally, the value of products per acre of improved land increased 36.6 per cent, against 18.8 per cent for value of farms,
or approximately twice as fast. For the first time since comparison became possible (1870), value of products thus outran value
of farms (Fig. 219).
Theoretically, this is what ought to happen under the law of decreasing returns. Once the stage of extensive pioneer agri-
culture is passed, increased returns per acre are in general won at an increased expense per unit of product. It follows that the
ratio of net to gross returns per acre naturally declines as agriculture becomes more intensive; and, consequently, if the rate of
interest remains constant, that the capitalized value of such net returns, represented by the value of the land, will usually increase
less rapidly than the gross returns per acre.
It may be doubted, however, whether this explanation is fully adequate. In the first place, the question why this relation
bétween value of products and value of farms did not appear sooner presents itself. Certainly it is difficult to ‘believe that the
point of increasing expense per unit was not reached prior to 1890. Again, less rather than more labor was being put on each
*Value of farms includes value of buildings.
1o4 EDWARD VAN DYKE ROBINSON
acre, as shown by the increasing acreage of improved land per capita of the country population; though it is of course possible
that this movement had gone so far as to encounter decreasing returns per acre, accompanied by increasing returns per man.
Further, during the closing part of the decade, prices in general began to advance. This advance would naturally benefit the
farmers, since wages move less readily than commodity prices; and it would, therefore, tend to increase rather than decrease the
ratio of net to gross farm earnings.
In view of these considerations it appears necessary to take account of two other facts which clearly had some bearing on
the matter. For one thing, the panic of 1893, and the following depression, destroyed whatever speculative land values there
were in 1890. Finally, the turn of the tide shown by the rising level of prices came so late in the decade that the rising value of
products had not yet been reflected in the value of farms, as happened in the following decade.
Coincident with this evidence of agricultural prosperity, the percentage of farms operated by owners, which had declined
from 90.85 in 1880 to 87.07 in 1890, fell to 82 per cent in 1900.
TABLE 17.—ProGRESS OF AGRICULTURE, 1880-1890, ACCORDING TO THE U.S CENSUS
Percentage Per 100 of the country population
of increase
Items 1880 1890 or decrease
(a minus sign 1880 1890
denotes decrease)
I. Population:
1. Country population............. 543,193 708,114* BO it acbednateates, ll: deent ieee in
2. Town population. ............. 237,580 602,169 PS SS? |i eieresatene, 1) caealiaamsteties
3. Total population............... 780,773 1,310,283 6728 |) wsasiennece |, Sestak eaekss
II. Acreage:
4. Improved land in farms, acres.... 7,246,693 11,127,953 53.6 1,334.09 1,571.4
4a. Permanent pastures, meadows,
orchards and vineyards, acres. . 1,727,325 (No report) | .......... SIO | oxdeoe ina
4b. Tilled land including fallows and
grass in rotation, acres........ 5,519,368 (No report) | .......... 1,016.09 | ..........
5. Unimproved land in farms, acres. 6,156,326 7,535,692 22.4 1,133.36 1,064.2
5a. Woodland in farms, acres.... 2,030,726 (No report) | .......... 373.85 | gesenwvaas
6. Total land in farms, acres....... 13,403,019 18,663,645 39.2 2,467.45 2,635.7
7. Percentage of land area in farms. 25.9 36.1 Oe Ili) Ghvaisueedusce’||'ll) etackcdeares
8. Number of farms............... 92,386 116,851 26.9 17.01 16.5
9. Average size of farms, acres...... 145.1 159.7 MOMLS ll) Gastedeseaameteke JH) teed tae tandeass
10. Average improved land per farm. 78.4 95.2 2Ned. |) wenoaseee |) aeaweeieres
11. Percentage of all farm land im-
PLOVE Ss sie aiicuce Were Gheday we maeoned 54.1 59.6 10.2) || ageceeeee ||) wadena vides
III. Farms by size groups:
12. Under 3 acres, number.......... 36 (No report) | ........ O07 | encased
12a. Under 3 acres, percentage of total. 4] (CNoreport) | acccccsecwes | swoeendens | gagreweenon
12b. Three and under 10, number..... 604 (No report) | .......... GUT ily) shereedrasg nectar
12c. Three and under 10, percentage of
EO Gal casts 2 fra cara ects Nevertire ca be 05.l'y CNG EDGE)’ il) esses. ||) echyeGes J) chrdenoterd
12d. Total under 10 acres, number... . 640 812 26.9 12 12
12e. Total under 10 acres, percentage
Of totals cd adatawacaastcons stn .69 .69 OF, [ib ek, aecenseh- 'T) caeneeieaeapane
12f. Ten and under 20, number....... 952 1,210 27.1 18 17
12g. Ten and under 20, percentage of
LOANS iycox hin ramadan aera 1.03 1.04 MOE Ill eteeaetatetunan. (tli scatengardtente
12h. Twenty and under 50, number... 8,003 9,742 21.7 1.47 1.37
121. Twenty and under 50, percentage
OM Ota ee caccctchauetkarnce amen 8.7 8.3 —AtGr | okectesnis. |) a. gaan se
12}. Fifty and under 100, number.... 25,530 26,163 2.5 4.7 3.7
12k. Fifty and under 100, percentage of
COba laiirco cake, Gceakce et cte vn 27.6 22.4 SSL SeGid Al | se teanere ence, (lly Geaxamtiaeeeeee
121. 100 and under 500, number...... 56,375 77,048 36.7 10.4 10.9
12m. 100 and under 500, percentage of
LOCA ess sce.ainstoit, eta snide Secouelp heshuse os 61.0 65.9 O10)4 | crits ahah Sate || —Atabdtandlarmans
*The country population for 1890 includes 8,457 persons reported from Indian reservations.
The statistics of agriculture for 1890 do not embrace Indian reservations.
ECONOMIC HISTORY OF AGRICULTURE IN MINNESOTA 165
Percentage Per 100 of the country population
Items 1880 1890 of increase
or decrease 1880 1890
12n. 500 and under 1,000, number.... 741 1,594 115.2 14 22
120. 500 and under 1,000, percentage of
total. vss dcwiuatawdhereeyes 81 1.36 OF.9° | oehactiaeey || waadesde cag
12p. 1,000 acres and over, number.... 145 282 94.5 03 04
12q. 1,000 acres and over, percentage of :
Ot Al on cries techs oats ed ees 16 24 SOO Vt) vere dedetate Jl pues
IV. Farm Products:
13. Wheat, acres...............00.. 3,044,670 3,372,627 10.8 560.5 476.3
14. Wheat, bushels................. 34,601,030 52,300,247 51.2 6,369.9 7,385.9
15. Oats; ACteS eee soskeatceer ees ica 617,469 1,579,258 155.8 113.7 223.0
16. Oats, bushels.................. 23,382,158 49,958,791 113.7 4,304.6 7,055.2
17. Barley, acres................04. 116,020 358,510 209.0 21.4 50.6
18. Barley, bushels........... ..... 2,972,965 9,100,683 206.1 547.3 1,285.2
19). RVG) aChES inc ce ei bape ata 13,614 62,869 361.2 2.5 8.9
20. Rye, bushels................... 215,245 1,252,663 481.9 39.6 176.9
21. Buckwheat, acres............... 3,677 22,090 502.1 .67 3.1
22. Buckwheat, bushels............. 41,756 281,705 574.6 77 39.6
23. Total, small grains, acres........ 3,795,450 5,395,354 42.2 698.7 761.9
24. Total, small grains, bushels...... 61,213,154 112,894,089 84.4 11,269.1 15,942.9
25.. Corn, acres... cca eae bes 438,737 901,690 105.5 80.8 127.3
26. Corn, bushels.................. 14,831,741 24,696,446 66.5 2,730.5 3,487.6
27. Peas, bushels................... s 6,452 8,965 38.9 1.2 1.3
28. Beans, bushels................. 18,587 61,009 228.3 3.4 8.6
29. Irish potatoes, acres.. ......... (No report) 105/880. {)) eSsesizenae, | weteoeeins 15.0
30. Irish potatoes, bushels.......... 5,184,676 11,155,707 115.2 954.5 1,575.4
31. Sweet potatoes, acres........... (No report) Ll gaberieerstesd.. |i) Le keeodenees .001
32. Sweet potatoes, bushels......... None S654 = wetaiws ( eseatidass .052
33. Flaxseed, acres................-. (No report) 303:6856)||| Seakeonied. a) catalan et 42.9
34. Flaxseed, bushels............... 98,689 2,721,987 2,697.7 18.2 384.4
35. Clover seed, bushels............ 18,003 87,240 384.6 3.3 12.3
36. Grass seed, bushels............. 30,707 507,459 1,552.6 5.7 71.7
37. Peanuts, acres...............-. (No report) Look) Baber Sacetae! o> ave eewats .001
38. Peanuts, bushels............... (No report) TAA) Sc aleta eis) Wi) weeds taewsea: .020
39. Total, bushel crops, bushels. ..... 81,402,009 152,133,502 86.9 14,985.8 21,484.3
40, Hay,” acreSeccc os csge eee avon e. 1,053,378 2,709,191 157.2 193.9 382.6
41. Hay; tons: 2200s esaes seae ns 1,637,109 3,135,241 91.5 301.4 442.2
42. Tobacco, acres.............005- 163 49 —69.9 .03 .007
43. Tobacco, pounds............... 69,922 23,285 —66.7 12.9 3.3
44, Hops, acres..............00005 30 2 —93.4 006 -0003
45. Hops, pounds.................. 10,928 500 —95.4 2.0 07
46. Hemp, tons.................... 20 NONE? || series 004): wsedaedurks
47. Flax straw, tons................ (No report) SUAVGS:'||| atcestensteteute | cae eiteatnce 4.4
48. Flax fiber, pounds.............. 497 8,609 1,632.2 .09 1.2
49. Broom corn, acres.............. (No report) - B05 ||| sieeeocate All| aetteeter Gm O11
50. Broom corn, pounds............ 68,433 42,090 —37.0 12.6 5.9
51. Maple sugar, pounds............ 76,972 34,917 —54.6 14.2 4.9
52. Maple syrup, gallons............ 11,407 12,091 6.0 2.1 1.7
53. Sorghum syrup, gallons.......... 543,369 340,792 —37.3 100.0 48.1
54. Sorghum sugar, pounds......... 190 (No report) | .......... OSS| eae e ss
55. (No report) 3,800: | oc dap cneee | Poueeewes 54
Sorghum, acres................:
*Includes wild and cultivated hay.
tin addition 1,288 bushels of cow peas are reported.
166 EDIVARD VAN DYKE ROBINSON
Percentage Per 100 of the country population
Items 1880 1890 of increase
or decrease 1880 1890
56. Market gardening, value of prod-
DOES nina ch ge ac abate teeta encase $166,030 $612,451F 268.9 $30.57 $86.49
57. Forest products, value. ........ $1,796,260 (Nexeport) | gcsceeas va $330.68 | ..........
58. Orchard fruits, number of trees
D@aird 1 G6. 25, csen, iemensne costa tar eneoes (No report) DIS S81, | aescsetes a |) oansanegae 30.4
59. Orchard fruits, bushels.......... (No report) 85.603) |) seceecasac (WA Shoseddsmars 12.1
60. Orchard products, value......... $121,648 (No report) | .......... 922.39. awenne ay
61. Nursery trees and plants, acres
DARING ec.02%; vactadacvaee ss: (No report) SOO" | | soneteteii aa. UP lente amen 11
62. Seed farms, acres planted........ (No report) B56" |) oped ates GE! adtewaghes 12
63. Florists’ establishments, area under
glass in square feet........... (No report) AOS O02) ue ceatailes des |!) cprdaclcangt arabes 57.7
V. Live Stock on Farms:
Gas HOPS Si.c wu «gk ke etaiaa sae as 257,282 461,509 79.4 47.3 65.2
65. Mules and asses................ 9,019 9,511 5.5 1.7 1.3
66. Milch cows.............0.0000. 275,545 593,908 115.5 50.7 83.9
67. Working oxen.. .. ............ 36,344 32,505 —10.6 6.7 4.6
68. Other cattle. . ............0.. 347,161 747,166 115.2 63.9 105.5
69. Sheep.......... cece eee ee 267,598* 399,049 49.1 49.3 56.4
10s SOANEs: £5. siccs. aac deed ha ew hapawads 381,415 853,715 123.9 70.2 120.6
71. Total live stock................ 1,574,364 3,097,363 96.7 289.8 437.4
VI. Poultry on Farms:
2s “Cnickenss ee chet oe eek oes 2,098,824 4,448,831 112.0 386.4 628.3
73. All other poultry............... 159,561 295,380 85.1 29.4 41.7
TAS TUKEY S sis acooy oarsaie Mie Weed ger idiadeea Not WS 45O° | RiGee. “|| akan 21.4
15) (GOC8E ios ee sdne bah e eee ees reported OOD 2A AI) Geoet eae el|) Gamdeuetnones 9.8
MOS TIC le Stess toutes eis tate ty onsale enernleee amc separately TACO) Se wus aces Sl caiegaaseds 10.5
77. Total poultry.................. 2,258,385t 4,744,211 110.0 415.8 670.0
VII. Animal Products:
78. Number of fleeces.............. 267,598 312,861 16.9 49.3 44.2
79. Wool, pounds.................. 1,352,124 1,945,249 43.9 248.9 274.7
80. Butter made on farms, pounds... 19,161,385 34,766,409 81.4 3,527.5 4,909.7
81. Butter made in factories, pounds§ 83,450 13,911,095 16,570.0 15.4 1,964.6
82. Total butter, pounds............ 19,244,835 48,677,504 152.9 3,542.9 6,874.2
83. Cheese made on farms, pounds.. . 523,138 676,642 29.3 96.3 95.6
84. Cheese made in factories, pounds§ 462,191 3,615,528 682.3 85.1 510.6
85. Total cheese, pounds............ 985,329 4,292,170 335.6 181.4 606.2
86. Milk produced on farms......... (No report) 182,968,973 | .......... Joe eee 25,838.8
87. Milk sold, gallons....... ...... 1,504,407 (No report) | .......... DRO? |e sareen oven ies
88. Eggs produced, dozens.......... 8,234,161 20,354,498 147.2 1,515.9 2,874.5
89. Beeswax, pounds............... 6,552 12,050 83.9 1.2 1.7
90. Honey, pounds................. 234,054 1,160,390 395.8 43.1 163.9
VIII. Value of:
91. Farms, including fences and
buildingss axx2 sowceeeirnk oe Ge $193,724,260 | $340,059,470 75.5 $35,663.98 $48,023.27
OF “WeiverstOcks. occ cece nic erna’s ss waraes 31,904,821 57,725,683 80.9 6,873.58 8,152.03
*Sheep exclusive of spring lambs.
tIncludes value of small fruits.
{Exclusive of spring hatching.
qSpring clip of 1880.
§The number of factories reported by the federal census as producing cheese and butter was 27 in 188 i : i isti jes i
and 121 chaese factories and 152 creameries in 1890. in 0, and 115 in 1890; while the state statistics reported 49 cheese factories in 1880,
ECONOMIC HISTORY OF AGRICULTURE
IN MINNESOTA
167
Percentage Per 100 of the country population
Items 1880 1890 of increase
or decrease 1880 1890
93. Implements and machinery...... 13,089,783 16,916,473 29.2 2,409.78 2,388.95
94. Cost of building and repairing
PON CES spe ih mas anu ee enneme nae 1,316,895 (No report) | ........... 242.43 | wo cca ec ees
95. Cost of fertilizers purchased. ..... 93,250 61,578 —33.9 17.17 8.70
96. Farm products...... reli igsch eecnnnihs 49,468,951 71,238,230 44.0 9,107.07 10,060.28
IX. Tenure of Farms: 5
97. Total number of farms.......... 92,386 116,851 26.5 17.0 16.5
98. Cultivated by owners, number... 83,933 101,747 21.2 15.5 14.4
99. Cultivated by owners, percentage
OF UAL aie snas ved se ueeec unde 90.85 87.07 et) gaeeenaiwe -/ll) aeeew ews
100. Rented for fixed money rental,
NMUMDER. 66 4 ooo eis Wee was 1,251 3,421 173.5 23 48
101. Rented for fixed money rental,
percentage of total............ 1.35 2.93 Dale, |), etiam, | ill ea Mae lek
102. Rented for share of products,
NUMbBEP. os. eee eek we Rade vane 7,202 11,683 62.2 1.33 1.65
103. Rented for share of products,
percentage of total............ 7.80 10.00 SPD heii UWL! degen ee dnd
18.—PROGRESS OF AGRICULTURE, 1890-1900
Percentage
of increase
Per 100 of the country population
“Items 1890 1900 or decrease
(a minus sign
denotes decrease) 1890 1900
I. Population:
1. Country population............. 708,114* 890,252 DOs!) asecngeartbase, ¢ |! ata taees
2. Town population............... 602,169 861,142 ASO KH) fede ccereatc. |i) Sotedrecr ite akel
3. Total population............... 1,310,283 1,751,394 BST Ait || cGleteancs were. sl Spetaingsa a
II. Acreage:
4. Improved land................. 11,127,953 18,442,585 65.7 1,571.4 2,071.6
5. Unimproved land............. : 7,535,692 7,805,913 3.6 1,064.2 876.8
6. Total land in farms...... pate asa 18,663,645 26,248,498 40.6 2,635.7 2,948.4
7. Number of farms............... 116,851 154,659 32.4 16.5 17.4
7a. Under 3 acres, number........... (No report) Se! |) grsethecs dears IM ego eae, A
7b. Under 3 acres, percentage of total
PATS co hese Gian kes eae (No report) GA IN devin hd abate til soecee ease, |) Sate ete
7c. Three and under 10, number..... (No report) MOOR. i bet tk tones MI Be thre 2
7d. Three and under 10, percentage of
total farms..............0..05. (No report) TeS1 |) da erie J bGademetc,, ll, ouedwlaetoe
7e. Total under 10 acres, number.... 812 2,549 213.9 Al 3
7f. Total under 10 acres, percentage
of total farms................ 7 1.6 128.6 | ....... eo Ih aattonaueedese
7g. Ten and under 20, number....... 1,210 2,254 86.3 2 3
7h. Ten and under 20, percentage of
total farms.................. 1.0 1.5 SOO seen scnate dapat | IP. detaitdene oe Bd
7i. ‘Twenty and under 50, number... 9,742 13,278 36.3 1.4 1.5
7j. Twenty and under 50, percentage
of total farms................ 8.3 8.6 SiO: | ses tecocuey |) domuedades
7k. Fifty and under 100, number... . 26,163 30,990 18.5 3.7 3.5
71. Fifty and under 100, percentage of
total farms.................. 22.4 20.0 S107 | 45a¢ Gece 1|||) sateacsane
7m. 100 and under 175, number...... (No report) SO 85°]! axignkieeade || veessedtons 6.4
7n. 100 and under 175, percentage of
total farms.................. (No report) SOs Tih eekieewa es |i) Seto es! |) eels
7o. 175 and under 260, number...... (No report) 24,933) | -Scccigescce. ||, Gakekieees 2.8
*The country population for 1890 includes 8,457 persons reported from Indian Reservations. The statistics of agriculture for 1890 do not embrace Indian Reservations.
”
168 EDIVARD V'AN DYKE ROBINSON
Percentage Per 100 of the country population
Items 1890 1900 of increase
or decrease 1890 1900
7p. 175 and under 260, percentage of
total faniiSs s.ewcenwenenseess (No report) 1Osl: ‘| sheeteetret Ml) gemipties I aeieknics
7q. 260 and under 500, number. (No report) DODO W cewiseasian a |) eahesactats cunts 2.3
7r. 260 and under 500, percentage of
total farms: secescce Gs see ees (No report) 1383 |) Gis attwenee! | vedeeeeaitewes: | |ll lee Seances
7s. Total 100 and under 500, number. 77,048 102,258 32.8 10.9 11.5
7t. Total 100 and under 500, percen-
age of total farms.. ......... 65.9 66.1 & || geatawecee | -jeadlaaces
7u. 500 and under 1,000, number.... 1,594 2,965 86.0 2 3
7v. 500 and under 1,000, percentage
of total farms................ 1.4 1.9 Beh | wiksacrcttacin’ |) Gewntatess
7w. 1,000 and over, number. ....... 282 365 29.5 .04 .04
7x. 1,000 and over, percentage of total :
PATINISH mre eet ene tees an See teeter ered 2 OA Lacermee aie at Seattle |W feat dateae
7y. Percentage of all farm land im-
PrOVed us cne cp wonweeaciar en 59.6 70.3 TSO okgehdeavee:. ll vebentisens:
7z. Percentage of total land area in
PAT INS 0d, cet Seneceud> “Gaarg idurhawters hess 36.1 50.7 AOS) casa hieles We spesaden” Sree
8. Average size of farms, acres...... 159.7 169.7 Oecd ill secperaceeti!, Will, aegaeml cence
9. Average improved land per farm,
ACKES se cewaemv eed ani dansaae ears 95.2 119.2 DOSEN ||) sedencastos eee S\') paieecer aces
III. Farm Products:
10. Wheat, acres................... 3,372,627 6,560,707 99.5 476.3 736.9
11. Wheat, bushels................. 52,300,247 95,278,660 82.2 7,385.9 10,702.4
125 Oats, AGreS ins ss se: taaaesassea ean dewincs 1,579,258 2,201,325 39.4 223.0 247.3
13. Oats, bushels. ......... 49,958,791 74,054,150 48.2 7,055.2 8,318.3
14. Barley, acres................,.. 358,510 877,845 144.9 50.6 98.6
15. Barley, bushels....... 2. ...... 9,100,683 24,314,240 167.2 1,285.2 2,731.2
LO: Rieye} Beresins snd cccasc edie des dace wales 62,869 118,869 89.1 8.9 13.4
17. Rye, bushels... ................ 1,252,663 1,866,150 49.0 176.9 209.6
18. Buckwheat, acres.............,. 22,090 6,700 —69.7 3.1 8
19. Buckwheat, bushels............. 281,705 82,687 —70.7 39.6 9.3
20. Total, small grains, acres........ 5,395,354 9,765,446 81.0 761.9 1,096.9
21. Total, small grains, bushels...... 112,894,089 195,595,887 73.3 15,942.9 21,970.8
22, Corny ACKOS 456. c:sasicsedandis ewig eat 901,690 1,441,580 59.9 127.3 161.9
23. Corn, bushels.................. 24,696,446 47,256,920 91.4 3,487.6 5,308.3
24. Peas, acres. ......... 0.0 eee (No report) OHOF Nl) seeecedentaet |II|! <dsoaetbneeics .08
25. Peas, bushels. ............... 8,965F 9,021 6 1.3 1.0
26. Beans, acres................... (No report) S290 ll aie sarees. Il Bipnace ede 4
27. Beans, bushels. .. ............ 61,009 36,317 —40.4 8.6 4.1
28. Irish potatoes, acres........ 105,880 146,659 38.5 15.0 16.5
29. Irish potatoes, bushels. ........ 11,155,707 14,643,327 31.2 1,575.4 1,644.8
30. Sweet potatoes, acres.. ........ 7 4 —42.9 001 0005
31. Sweet potatoes, bushels. ...... 365 136 —62.8 052 015
32. Flaxseed, acres................. 303,635 566,801 86.7 42.9 63.7
33. Flaxseed, bushels...... ..... 2,721,987 5,895,479 112.9 384.4 662.2
34. Clover seed, bushels. .......... 87,240 8,034 —90.8 12.3 9
35. Grass seed, bushels............. 507,459 553,939 9.2 TAG 62.2
36. Peanuts, acres................. 7 None | .......... SOOT aoae eda
37. Peanuts, bushels............... 145 None | gawawes den 020 | .......00
38. Total, bushel crops, bushels...... 152,133,502 263,999,060 73.5 21,484.3 29,654.4
tIn addition 1,288 bushels of cow peas are reported.
ECONOMIC HISTORY OF AGRICULTURE IN MINNESOTA
169
Percentage Per 100 of the country population
Items 1890 1900 of increase
or decrease 1890 1900
Hay and Forage Crops:
39. Wild salt and prairie grasses, acres.) (No report) 2196;6234 | outed. |) adottenias 246.7
39a. Wild salt ‘and prairie grasses, tons.| (No report) D8409435 |) ccoiswacsedieete | |] Ghonsawdiaas 319.3
40. Millet and Hungarian grass, acres.| (No report) DO oOo i Cheese ta. Nill ttle wheoihg 6.6
41. Millet and Hungarian grass, tons.| (No report) S05 A i) Sass es. (il teeta tnd Ges 10.6
42. Alfalfa, acres..................5. (No report) 658) "| scasence6 il) sects eased 07
43, Alfale, totes cscsweusseracseyas (No report) Ege) se Cl decreronyen .20
44, Clover, acres......... 0.00000 088 (No report) T4609" | cease oedehe. ll, cee aGeuus 8.4
45. Clover, tons............... ...| (No report) 128,767 |) -eeeaccgeaee |ll) tacecentss 14.5
46. Other tame and cultivated grasses,
ACKES 5. hrc, orga tia a thenata at taca sours (No report) TOA DAG? |) Tae xsorese see Il) sagan eine on 84.7
47. Other tame and cultivated grasses,
CONS ices ean kek se re tnloaias (No report) TATA ASO! || ce Seontarewe’, Ol veers ees 125.2
48. Total cultivated hay, acres. (No report) BS O12® Wh. canes sey. ONIN pelacs acdsee: 99.7
49. Total cultivated hay, tons....... (No report) US3S,960! (|, .goveesgucrG) ol) Se Serene 150.4
50. Grains cut green for hay, acres..| (No report) ZO SOA IK cesar Searacger tale All Abu eden aa 3.0
51. Grains cut green for hay, tons....| (No report) AS,633- ||): ot. viscaksase 4) | “esa Sede 5.1
52. Forage crops sown for forage,
ACTES Scat bute Mara Down Ae eee se (No report) AG854 ||) oleae oll ete 5.3
53. Forage crops sown for forage, tons.|_ (No report) TI2 5000 |! sbeowe ee | i deed ae 12.6
54. Corn stalks, tons............... (No report) 12;399>|| esaaneses, | dh bicaredetenm ee 8.1
55. Total hay and forage, acres...... 2,709,191 3,157,690 16.5 382.6 354.7
56. Total hay and forage,* tons...... 3,135,241 4,339,337 38.4 442.2 487.4
57. Tobacco, acres............2.0- 49 117 138.9 .007 01
58. Tobacco, pounds............... 23,285 127,730 448.5 3.3 14.3
59. Hops, acres............0000000- 2 |Lessthantacre|] .......... .0003/Less than .0001
60. Hops, pounds.................. 500 51 —89.8 07 .006
61. Flax fiber, pounds.............. 8,609 (No report) | .......... 12% A) «secariecs
62. Flax straw, tons..............-. 31,163 (No report) | .......... AAD 2A hoes
63. Broom corn, acres.............. 80 149 86.2 O11 0.17
64. Broom corn, pounds. .......... 42,090 76,960 82.8 5.9 8.6
65. Maple sugar, pounds............ 34,917 29,580 —A5,3 4.9 Biot
66. Maple syrup, gallons............ 12,091 1,079 —91.1 1.7 12
67. Sorghum syrup, gallons.. ...... 340,792 157,605 —53.8 48.1 Le
68. Sorghum cane sold for sugar mak-
ING; tONS3 ess couche evap iaesin 593 1,232 107.8 .08 14
69. Sorghum, acres...............4- 3,890 2,283 —41.3 4 25
70. Sorghum, product in tons........ (No report) TABOO |1)| outa tsedc. |} | aeeswinn ede 1.6
71. Market gardening, value of prod-
ICES sence rec cites opin aa ted latins $612,451 (No report) | ........ $86.49 | ..........
72. Forest products, value. ........ (No report) $2,002,832 || soiecewuen. |) wavwasance $292.32
73. Orchard trees, number bearing. . . 215,381 1,096,444} 409.1 30.4 123.2
74. Orchard fruits, bushels.......... 85,603 143,655 67.8 12.1 16.1
75. Orchard products, value......... (No report) PLOSOSU: | aveecwagee +) piaetiadend $12.25
76. Nursery trees and plants, acres
Dear 0 esc ad ease veenes 809 1,127 39.3 ad 13
77. Seed farms, acres planted........ 856 (No report) | .......... Te" |||| Hianegesce
78. Florists’ establishments, area under
glass, square feet............. 408,612 889,986 117.8 57.7 99.9
79. Small fruits, acres.............. (No report) 3,092) uapeed et dea |: Peeigayions 35
80. Small fruits, quarts............. (No report) 4,549 640° || -xccadiase |) Sh edewdes 510.2
81. Small fruits, value.............. (No report) PAS0 509.) cad corm pice. OL) ean ees $38.14
*Exclusive of corn stalks. f
+Apparently includes young trees not yet bearing.
170
EDWARD VAN DYKE ROBINSON
Percentage Per 100 of the country population
Items 1890 1900 of increase
or decrease 1890 1900
82. Grapes, number of vines......... (No report) 1SSATS. |. wecadheeses | meena 15.6
83. Grapes, pounds.............. ..| (No report) SIS 212” || Seeemetuten | [> Gabaveraaes 64.4
84. Grapes, value of product (includ-
ing raisins and wine).......... (No report) $15,593 | cesseacues | ceeceweakies $1.75
IV. Live Stock on Farms:
85. Horses, number................ 461,509 696,469 50.9 65.2 78.2
86. Horses, value. .. ..........0.. (No report) $49 955,044) | cn. aunveaus PP weneaeedes $4,746.41
87. Mules and asses, number.. ..... 9,511 8,500 —10.7 1.3 .96
88. Mules and asses, value... ...... (No report) $498'055 |) cepsagegea | Aatow anes $55.95
89. Milch cows.............. 0.45. 593,908 (No report) | .......... 8339 ol | eaessaloaes
90. Working oxen........... ...... 32,505 (No report) | .......... BiGrs |) cg iinccceesiss
91. Cattle, other than milch cows and
working oxen. .. .......... 747,166 (No report) | .......... TOSS? 4) decdve sears:
92. Calves under 1 year, number..... (No report) S65, 904 2 0b wae ce acnicar. |i) aobnbre apcusiees 63.6
93. Calves under 1 year, value.......| (No report) $4,254,414 | sewavaraes | wee varsous: $477.89
94. Steers, number......... .. .... (No report) 229,493 | niece: | aa ea eens 25.8
95.. Steers, valu@....5 cexcesee vues (No report) $4,289,461 | wkversigeces | natescean ae $481.82
96. Bulls 1 year and over, number. (No report) APSA | aghe aate owed! dl aneeteteiess 4.8
97. Bulls 1 year and over, value..... (No report) S202 197 WN cavieeaceeted ll Gaeta eons $135.04
98. Heifers 1 year and under 2 years,
numbers + c.s02004 eeawce ad see (No report) DEN GTOZ Al) Seceenmareevoi es uN | eee ania daira 23.8
99. Heifers 1 year and under 2 years,
Vall. axe cosmamycee godasuoes (No report) PS; 2991805- [cated Jap | duo Gundeties $370.67
100. Dairy cows 2 years and over,
number..........0..0 0.0000 ee (No report) POSOS2. |) -xseeeeeeetey J ||! Suadrexeerodes 84.7
101. Dairy cows 2 years and over, value! (No report) $2155135337 |v cceeneee | caches deans $2,416.55
102. Other cows 2 years and over,
MUMbErs sis. cece Ree wees ewan (No report) 68:565-1 | wanteerskide | caledecey 7.7
103. Other cows 2 years and over, value} (No report) $1.689:084° | ce ce | cundeidind ene $189.80
104. Total neat cattle, number....... 1,373,579 1,871,325 36.2 194.0 210.2
105. Total neat cattle, value....... .| (No report) $36,248,958 | cee ceagess | cave vases $4,071.76
106. Sheep, number..... ........... 399,049 589,878 47.8 56.4 66.3
107. Sheep, value.......... 2. 2.2... (No report) $1;740j088 | socwcew eee | curse eens $195.46
108. Goats, number........ sls coats (No report) S,S2de |) ee desieow. IT) ep igeeetons 44
109. Goats, value... .........0.000.. (No report) BED OOS. Cll) ae a cpemrteeaccat: ON) se Sak eta tl tt $1.45
110. Swine, number. ............... 853,715 1,440,806 68.8 120.6 161.8
111. Swine, value................... (No report) $5,865,590 | 1. wc... | eee eee ee $658.87
112. Total live stock, number........ 3,097,363 4,610,799 48.9 437.4 517.9
113. Total live stock, value... ....... (No report) $86,620,643 | ......... | lle ee eee $9,729.90
V. Poultry on Farms:
114 -CHIckenss caress cece ee vaneens sees 4,448,831 7,730,946 73.8 628.3 868.4
19S. Tiirkeys. i. cee wees ees 151,459 193,143 27.5 21.4 21.7
116. Geese.........00 000006 cee eee 69,224 90,975 31.4 9.8 10.2
TF 8.s IOUCKS airctsctardee acer e. amar dakar twasemae, 74,697 127,635 70.8 10.5 14.3
118. Total poultry, number.......... 4,744,211} 8,142,693} 71.6 670.0 914.6
119. Total poultry, value. ..... .... (No report) $2,274,649 | .......0.. |e $255.51
VI. Animal Products:
120. Number of fleeces of wool shorn.. 312,861 376,009 20.2 44.2 42.2
121. Wool, pounds.................. 1,945,249 2,612,737* 34.3 274.7 293.5
*Weight in pounds of unwashed fleeces.
Includes only fowls three months and over.
Exclusive of spring hatching.
ECONOMIC HISTORY OF AGRICULTURE IN MINNESOTA
171
Percentage Per 100 of the country population
Items 1890 1900 of increase
or decrease 1890 1900
122. Wool, value.................... (No report) $460,305. | o.eavesesre | orercuaen $51.71
123. Mohair, fleeces shorn........... (No report) S505 Hi) auehtoncettee. ll cetiteeeduts ak .04
124. Mohair, pounds................ (No report) HOO) Ste yate aetna Saad .06
125. Mohair, value.................. (No report) PISOT| causes) | seams als $0.02
126. Butter, pounds made on farms...| 34,766,409 41,188,846 18.5 4,909.7 4,626.7
127. Butter, pounds sold from farms. .] (No report) 22,376,084. |) aiatseccad |) @enseasas 2,513.5
128. Butter, pounds made in factories§} 13,911,095 41,174,469 196.0 1,964.6 4,625.0
129. Total butter, pounds............ 48,677,504 82,363,315 69.2 6,874.2 9,251.7
130. Cheese, pounds made on farms... 676,642 290,623 —57.0 95.6 32.6
131. Cheese, pounds sold from farms. .| (No report) ZAICSTOA || “aaaietisanue o6|4 cee caearereies 25.6
132. Cheese, pounds made in factories§ 3,615,528 3,285,019 —9.1 510.6 369.0
133. Total cheese, pounds............ 4,292,170 3,575,642 —16.7 606.2 401.6
134. Milk, gallons produced.......... 182,968,973 304,017,106 66.2 25,838.8 34,149.6 ©
135. Milk, gallons sold......... ..... (No report) 103;768,172 | cokes | eee eka 11,656.0
136. Cream, gallons sold............. (No report) 1,205,845" |) cgsveecdavel || Se eeetoads 135.4
137. Dairy products, value of all......| (No report) $16,623,460 | .......2.. | ce eee eee $1,867.28
138. Dairy products, value of those
consumed on farms........... (No report) $5,508,769 | auavceuacy | -2tvedweaws $618.79
139. Eggs produced, number in dozens.) 20,354,498 43,208,130 112.3 2,874.5 4,853.5
140. Poultry raised, value of......... (No report) POOR TIE || Seaceta dae || Baeenseds $328.87
141. Bees, swarms.................. (No report) AS STG IS ccsae ees, Jo[t] peticbiore 2005 5.2
142. Bees, value.................00. (No report) $167,280 |. sda kaiee | Uteeseesuds $18.79
143. Beeswax pounds............ : 12,050 20,626 71.2 1.7 2.3
144. Honey, pounds.............. Sake 1,160,390 986,446 —14.9 163.9 110.8
VII. Value of:
145. All farm property.............. $414,701,626 | $788,684,642 90.6 $58,564.25 $88,591.17
146. Land and improvements (minus
baildingels.<. cc accssiaatees ces (No report) | $559,301,900 | .......... | oe... $62,825.12
147. Buildings...................-5. (No report) | $110,220,415 | .......... | wee eee $12,380.81
148. Farms, including buildings....... $340,059,470 | $669,522,315 96.9 $48,023.27 $75,205.93
149. Implements and machinery...... $16,916,473 $30,099,230 77.9 $2,388.95 $3,380.98
150. Livé stock.................0005. $57,725,683 $89,063,097 54.3 $8,152.03 $10,004.26
151. Fertilizers purchased............ $61,578 $251,120 307.8 $8.70 $28.21
152. Wages paid...............02--. (No report) $16;657,820' || seeenceyes. || aeitavsass $1,871.14
153. Value of products fed to live stock.| (No report) $33,257,480) |) wxieuseees || aieedev urs $3,735.74
154. Value of products not fed........ (No report) | $127,959,824 | .......... | eee eee $14,373.44
155. Total value of farm products..... $71,238,230 | $161,217,304 126.3 $10,060.28 $18,109.18
VIII. Tenure:
Total number of farms (item 7).. 116,851 154,659 32.4 _ 16.5 17.4
156. Cultivated by complete owners,
number... i ketene ee Cea (No report) 110-248) ||) eaeceetts. ||). Sages 12.5
157. Cultivated by complete owners,
percentage of total............ (No report) FEO ||) reerteeegs Ill Soe eieae dae. |!) cheb ateodees
158. Cultivated by part owners, num-
behevscwsnseeeeseeemees (No report) 14-805.) ||| -2n8¢e08ede. ‘} meiosind: 1.7
159. Cultivated by part owners, per-
centage of total.............. (No report) OIOS i waeteeetico tes ile eed oko dalton ae i) = gues edea diy
§The number of factories producing cheese and bntter was:
In 1890 = In 1900
Be ‘Cece factories............ 115* 506*
By State Dairy Commissioner!”
Cheese factories...........-+ 121
Butter factories............ 152
*Grouped as “establishments producing cheese and butter.’’
“I
to
EDIVARD VAN DYKE ROBINSON
Percentage Per 100 of the country population
Items 1890 1900 of increase
or decrease 1890 1900
160. Cultivated by owners and tenants,
NUMBER kia, ceseeeeaca Macdaacsiow ss (No report) 150" | pateies: | Oe awkintied aes al
161. Cultivated by owners and tenants,
percentage of total............ (No report) i> | igeweepeeee | || waetiueeware ||) aaaaiesshanl,
162. Total cultivated by owners, num-
DER ad ares water med aah nena 101,747 126,809 24.6 14.4 14.2
163. Total cultivated by owners, per-
centage of total.............. 87.1 82.0 SOA It ntact fi makes 6
164. Cultivated by managers, number.| (No report) L095) + samme ee |) sabes .08
165. Cultivated by managers, percent-
age of total.................. (No report) Be ly Uedestet thar Oeee Filia tiene? attaatae HIN Bacal then tana
166. Cultivated by cash tenants, num-
DER garpedvdhd ses cre oege eee ood 3,421 5,129 49.9 48 58
167. Cultivated by cash tenants, per-
centage of total.............. 2.9 3.3 13:3: || aekvipek ee ||| isaac
168. Cultivated by share tenants,
NUMDEL «..a..eswes oid wieweea eee 11,683 21,626 85.1 1.65 2.43
169. Cultivated by share tenants, per-
centage of total.............. 10.0 14.0 40.0
CHAPTER VI
RECENT TENDENCIES IN AGRICULTURE
The summer of 1900 was one of the warmest on record, almost equaling 1881 and 1894 (Fig. 101). In the spring there
was also drought, followed by heavy, and in places excessive, rains from July to September.! The season of 1901 was favorable
up to midsummer, but torrential rains later in the season, together with early frosts, caused losses in some districts (Figs. 100, 21).
Insects were also troublesome, especially the chinch-bugs in the south central section, the Hessian fly wherever wheat was grown,
and the Rocky Mountain locust (grasshopper) in the Red River Valley from Wilkin to Kittson County.” From 1902 to 1906
the annual rainfall was above the average (Figs. 22, 100), and there were occasional complaints (as in 1903) of early frosts.’ On
the whole, however, while the annual temperature was below normal in 1903 and 1904, the average growing season for the State
as a whole was unusually long, from 1903 to 1906 inclusive (Figs. 12, 21). In 1903, however, the lesser migratory locust caused
damage in Otter Tail County, and also near Crookston, where some tracts had been left unplowed; while the Hessian fly, favored
by moisture, destroyed not less than eight per cent of the wheat crop, notably in the west and southwest. Chinch-bugs, although
held in check somewhat by rain, caused loss on warm sandy soils, attacking especially wheat, barley, and, later in the season,
corn.*| The Hessian fly continued to be destructive in 1903, but even this was less in evidence during the cool season of 1904.°
On the other hand, some districts were affected by rot and blight;> and the heavy rains flooded considerable areas, especially
during 1906 in the Red River Valley.© In 1907, as in 1903 and 1904, the average annual temperature dropped below normal,
being low at all seasons (Figs. 12,101). At the same time the average growing season was cut short by a late spring, falling to
118 days (Fig. 21). These variations were, however, less disastrous than might have been expected, because the precipitation
also fell somewhat below normal, enabling a smaller amount of heat to exert a greater effect on vegetation. In 1908 both
temperature and precipitation somewhat exceeded normal; in 1909 the temperature was a trifle below normal, while precipitation
remained abundant (Figs. 12, 22). In both years the growing season exceeded the average in length (Fig. 21). These two
years were consequently among the most favorable for crops on record.’ In 1910, however, came a season of unexampled drought,
the average precipitation for the year being less than fifteen inches. Moreover, in spite of the high average temperature, the
growing season was relatively short (Figs. 12, 21). The defi-
ciency of rainfall in 1910 was in large measure offset by an ex-
cess in 1911, though not until disastrous results had followed.
The temperature was lower in 1911 and especially in 1912, but
rose in 1913 to approximately the same point as in 1910,
though with very different results owing to the larger rainfall.
During 1909 and especially during the dry season of
1910, damage was again reported from grasshoppers in the
Red River Valley, particularly near large tracts of unplowed
land which served as hatching places. As these tracts were
held by non-resident owners, they unfortunately could not,
under the law, be plowed at the expense of the owners.®
The series of Minnesota Statistics came to an end in
1898, owing to opposition in the legislature. For this reason
it is impossible to trace the development of agriculture in the
State as clearly during the last decade as during any previous
period after 1858, aside from the period of the Civil War
when the state statistics were likewise discontinued.
Owing to the absence of state statistics, it is necessary to
rely, for the last decade, chiefly on the federal census, which
covers only the crop years 1899 and 1909; together with the
estimates published by the United States Department of Agri-
culture. These estimates, however, being based on the guesses
of local observers, are of little value so far as concerns acreage
in the several crops. This fact was strikingly shown when the
Figure 159. Acreage and acre yield of wheat, 1899-1912.9 department estimated for 1909 nearly double the acreage of
1Fighth Report Agr. Exp. Sta., vu.
2 Ninth Report Agr. Exp. Sta., vi, X-Xul; Tenth Report, XVII.
3 Eleventh Report, Agr. Exp. Sta., 9. k .
‘Eleventh Report, Agr. Exp. Sta., 22-23; Insects Injurious in 1902, 12-18.
5 Thirteenth Report, Agr. Exp. Sta., vit, 11-15.
6 Sixteenth Report, Agr. Exp. Sta., 5-10.
7 Nineteenth Report, Agr. Exp. Sta., 167-171.
8 Ibid., 74-75
9Census of 1900 and 1910; U. S. Dept. of Agriculture, Statistics Bul. 57 and Year Books 1909-1912 inclusive.
[173]
Weather and
insects, 1900-1913
Defects of |
recent statistics
Yield and
price of wheat,
1900-1912
Proportion of
land under
each crop
Distribution of
improved land
in 1910
Distribution of
small grains
according to
the census of
\74 EDIVARD VAN DYKE ROBINSON
wheat in Minnesota which was found by the census for the same year (Fig. 159). It is evidently hopeless to attempt to cal-
culate, from figures having such a margin of error, the percentage of tilled land in various crops from year to year. However,
local observers are able to ascertain, from threshers’ reports, average yields much more closely than acreage; and the acre yields
published by the department may consequently be used with some confidence.
This conclusion is confirmed, in the case of wheat, by comparing the census figures of total acreage and average yield,
with the estimates of the Department of Agriculture.
According to the census the average yield of wheat in Minnesota was 14.5 bushels per acre in 1899 and 17.4 bushels in 1909;
an increase of 20 per cent (Fig. 102). The estimates of the Department of Agriculture ran a little lower, but showed sub-
stantially the same ratio of increase. According to these estimates the drought of 1900 and the floods of 1906 both resulted in
partial crop failures; while the great drought of 1910, leaving the soil exhausted of moisture, was largely responsible for a still
more disastrous failure in 1911. With these exceptions, the average yields per acre exceeded 12 bushels each year, being highest
in the census year 1909.
In this connection it is significant that investigations by the Agricultural Experiment Station covering the period 1902-1907
found 12 bushels per acre to be the minimum crop of wheat which would yield a profit under modern conditions. For the ten-
year period 1900-1909 the average yield for Minnesota shown by the estimates of the Department of Agriculture was 13 bushels
per acre. The margin above the cost of production of wheat since 1900 has thus been somewhat narrow.
On the other hand, in contrast to the period from 1880 to 1896, the general tendency of wheat prices since 1900 has been
upward, except for the two years 1906 and 1907. This movement, like the acre yield, also reached its climax in 1909 (Fig. 75).
While changes from year to year can not be ascertained since 1898, owing to the unfortunate discontinuance of the state
statistics, it is possible, by using the census figures, to ascertain roughly the use of the tilled land down to 1909 (Figs. 74, 104).
The proportion of tilled land in grains was higher in 1860 than in any subsequent year so far as reported. In 1883 this
proportion dropped below 90 per cent, and in 1910 for the first time the census showed less than 80 per cent of the tilled land in”
grains. The land lost by the cereals largely went to cultivated hay and fodder crops, flax, potatoes, and pasture (Figs. 74, 104).
The phenomenal rise previously noted from 1895 to 1899 (page 137) had carried the area in wheat up to 6.6 million acres,
or 50.69 per cent of all tilled land. It may reasonably be assumed that after 1899, asin previous decades, the acreage under wheat
continued to vary directly with the acre yield and with the price. On this basis the low prices and crop failures of 1900 and 1906
presumably tended to reduce, while the relatively good crops and high prices of 1905, 1908, and 1909 tended to increase, the acre-
age planted to wheat in subsequent years (Figs. 75, 102). In spite of this stimulus the area in wheat had shrunk, by 1909, from
6.6 million acres, or 50.7 per cent of all tilled land, to 3.3 million acres, or 25.7 per cent of such land. In view of these figures it
is manifest that, while agriculture still remained the greatest single industry, wheat growing had definitely ceased to be the domi-
nant type of agriculture. King Wheat, after a reign of more than forty years in Minnesota, had finally been dethroned.
The land lost by wheat was largely planted to oats, corn, barley, and rye, which have always gained whenever wheat lost
(Figs. 74, 104). Oats, indeed, held in 1909 but little less land than wheat, and may eventually become the premier grain crop
of the State. Still more significant, however, was the rapid increase of cultivated hay, which means rotation of crops and a
corresponding expansion of animal industries.
Improved land was still very unequally distributed throughout the State, and this fact underlay the unequal distribution
of crops and of values. From Fillmore County north and west to Clay County the proportion of total area improved was
from 60 to 90 per cent except for several river counties and the belt from Stearns to Otter Tail which includes the Leaf Hills
moraine (Fig. 161). East of the Mississippi, on the other hand, only three counties had 40 per cent and only seven had 20 per
cent of their area improved for farming purposes. In practically all of the coniferous region the proportion of improved land
was less than 10 per cent; and in most of it less than 1. per cent. The complete contrast which the coniferous region thus offered
to the early settlement and rapid development of the broad-leaved timber belt and of the prairies is most striking.
In 1909, as reported at the census of 1910, wheat had ceased to be an important factor in the crop system of both the south-
eastern and the southwestern counties (Figs. 162, 163). In the two southern tiers of counties only the strip of relatively low land
with heavy soil running south from the big bend of the Minnesota—once the channel by which the great glacier moved south
into lowa—continued to grow wheat in considerable amounts. The bulk of the wheat crop reported by the census of 1910 thus
came from the Minnesota and the Red River Valleys. In recent years winter wheat, which yields more to the acre, has made
some progress in the south and even as far north as Crookston. It is frequently planted in standing corn, which tends to hold
the snow."!
Oats, in addition to being generally grown for local use, were cultivated more intensively in several distinct areas: one
in Dakota and Washington counties near the large cities, another in Mower County on the highest part of the southeastern plateau.
Both of these corresponded to the distribution in 1900. There was also apparently the beginning of a third oats district, as yet
less clearly defined, in the southwestern Coteau section. The explanation of this distribution is somewhat complex. In view
of the bulky character of oats, this crop, like potatoes, pays better near the city markets. On the other hand, warm nights tend
materially to lessen the yield of oats; hence it may reasonably be inferred that the upland districts named are better suited to
oats than to most other cereals. Oats are also the principal grain crop of the coniferous zone,’” partly for climatic reasons, partly
because the lumber and mining industries furnish markets near at hand (Figs. 164, 165).
Barley showed a much wider spread in 1909 than in 1899, being of some importance in all parts of the agricultural zone
‘Bul. 117, 45.
11 Seventeenth Report, Agr. Exp. Sta., 378.
12Eleventh Report, Agr. Exp. Sta., 182.
ECONOMIC HISTORY OF AGRICULTURE IN MINNESOTA 175
(Figs. 139, 166). The areas of most intensive culture were found in the southeastern counties, which originally led in wheat, and
also in the southwestern district. There barley apparently competed for the soil with oats; Martin County, for example, having
much oats and little barley, while others reversed these proportions.
Compared to other cereals, aside from buckwheat, barley has the advantage of ripening in a shorter season and therefore
escaping late droughts. Both barley and oats, the one doing well in a cooler season and the other ripening in a briefer period,
seem better adapted to upland situations, and also to the northern half of the State east of the Red River lowlands, than either
wheat or corn.
Rye, like barley, spread widely between 1899 and 1909, replacing wheat on considerable land (Figs. 141, 168, 169). The
center of density was still in the potato and oats region near the Twin Cities, but extended also toward the northwest in the
hardwood belt from Stearns to Otter Tail County. Of all cereals grown in Minnesota rye is best adapted to a sandy soil.
Moreover the winter variety, being fall-sown and harvested in July, before either winter wheat or barley, usually escapes summer
droughts. It has also the further advantage of furnishing late fall and early spring pasturage, and of spreading farm labor over
a larger part of the year. Finally, rye is a good stock food, largely takes the place of wheat in breadmaking whenever wheat
flour is expensive, and yields more to the acre than wheat, especially if the value of the straw be included.!* For all these
reasons a considerable development of rye culture would appear to be in the line of economic advantage, especially on the cut-over
timber lands in the northern half of the State.
Buckwheat, being to a considerable extent a catch crop, planted after a failure of some other crop to make a good stand,
fluctuates considerably from year to year, both as to amount and location. In the 1909 season, six counties grew as much as
10,000 bushels each, five of them being in the southeast and one (Polk) in the northwest. The largest crop was in Mower (Fig. 170).
More important than buckwheat are two grains recently introduced by the Department of Agriculture for use as stock
feed: emmer, which is highly drought-resistant, and spelt, a cereal of the wheat family but encased, like oats, in a close-fitting
husk. In 1909 there were two distinct areas of emmer and spelt growing: one in the southeast, where the crops were presumably
an adjunct to the dairy industry; and another in the southwest. There was also some production in most of the western counties
(Fig 171).
Field beans and peas, planted and harvested like small grain, are a considerable factor in the crop system of other states,
notably Michigan, which are located on the northern edge of the corn belt; but in spite of occasional spurts, neither has become
of such importance in Minnesota as to be shown on a map using the same unit as other bushel crops. In 1909 the principal
producing counties were as follows (Table 19):
TABLE 19.—ACREAGE AND YIELD OF FIELD PEAS AND BEANS IN 1909
Gauiies Peas Peas Caunties Beans, Beans,
acres bushels acres bushels
Bentonsscehiers eeoae ante hers beus 44 804. JAItKifig fice dae b kee eee Mion ae oe 75 1,955
Carlton sono bh vty eee ood ae ee 38 ADS NANO ais: oes hate eons erecemtareg ede atau Taye 294 2,620
HOust6nnss cdo eae 26 bbe eSe- chess 100 13384.) Beckers 4. ince eee wb eee ieiee ees 51 1,058
INICOMEE 2 kes exis big pad. eie anata wey Ge ees 16 510° ||Bentonit s2g.ecote ei ety al gia d vate 73 817
Olimistedls a irce caveasg bucatetgten gee Sidi wees 22 S13! \Cassintwcn inci Soe nancy Ban eae own see 53 883
Otter ater ei a tee Bacnntnd Raselrdis 84 1,573 |Chisago ss. ccc eeu es vel eek au ee 108 1,708
Pin@ ssi ee och ace sap ob how eee 38 645 |Crow Wing............ 0.0.00. 2 eae 147 1,874
Ramsey............. Ged dua atade icaitagy, CUMS 44 681. |Hubbard.. 9 seycaseare weve rear deeds 135 1,560
Saint Louis... ..... 00... cece. 92 T3249 WISANtH 8 ge2 Suen he 8 Goes See ean Sage os 1,448 16,230
Sherburne: osc eens os sere weaee eweat 43 922 |Morrison.. ................ ie bien 61 1,350
Stearns. es neces ovate ness Ces 131 3,344 lOtter: Tail. 2 si-ctaaiasse oe ee eende 258 3,946
All others........0.. 0.0.0.0 00 vee ees 183. DBT WPinei.ie es pl sel gee ie hey tl hae 57 1,321
Pollevc3.c.c hae wenteed. Och 6 dia tine Sates 158 2,705
Sherburne sc5cn as was ee ee 78 907
MPO die. A acc uedhncah tac Ae Ue 491 5,165
Washington...................00008- 124 2,430
AI Othe ism ease cake ews a es 1,086 16,293
Dtateer nck A Senin ieee ier eld 835 14964 |S€at@ ss cosacn coded dct ce dendoi onan aes 4,697 62,822
Peas are the hardier but require heavy soil; with the result that though they were little grown in the prairie region, where
small grains had the preference, most of the producing counties, aside from Carlton and Pine, were in the hardwood zone. On
the other hand, beans do well on sandy loams but are very susceptible to late frosts. The principal region of production, there-
fore, lay east of the Mississippi, especially in Isanti County. The production of beans is more than four times as large as that
Eleventh Report, Agr. Exp. Sta., 192.
MUBul. 120, Agr. Exp Sta., 3-4.
176 EDWARD VAN DYKE ROBINSON
of peas; but this crop, like rye, seems capable of a far greater development in the cut-over region east of the Mississippi, unless,
indeed, late frosts prove a serious obstacle.
Distrib f : ; ‘ Ses iy
corn according Corn continued to spread northward during the decade. The area of greatest density, which in 1899 was limited to the
of 1910 southern tier of counties, by 1909 had advanced at least two tiers of counties, extending well toward the headwaters of the Minne-
sota. Moreover, the Squaw and Flint varieties characteristic of frontier agriculture had largely given way to the more pro-
ductive Dent corn.'* In fact, it may fairly be claimed that corn has completed the conquest of the State, aside from the north
shore of Lake Superior; since, according to the census of 1910, corn of some sort was grown in every county but two.’® It how-
ever remains to be determined how far north corn is likely to become a commercially important crop.
One important factor in corn growing, which some investigators consider the principal determinant of fat or lean crops, is
the rainfall during June and July.’’ On this basis, in normal years all Minnesota can readily qualify as a part of the corn belt,
since three fourths or more of the annual precipitation falls in the three summer months (Fig. 23). Moreover, the heaviest
rainfall is in June, when most needed, and the next heaviest in July.
The other important factor is of course the temperature. Corn, being of semitropical origin, requires more heat than most
crops of the temperate zone. Abbe, indeed, declares the gorwth of corn to be practically proportional to the accumulated excess
of temperature above the germinating point, which for corn is given as approximately 50 degrees F.'8 However it may be about
growth, this rule clearly does not hold as to yield. From 1900 to 1909 inclusive the average yield of corn in Minnesota, as reported
by the Department of Agriculture, was 29.4 bushels per acre,. which far exceed-
ed the yield in any of the states south of the Potomac and Ohio, or in Texas, BysHELS OF CORN PER ACRE. MEAN, 1900 101909.
Oklahoma, Missouri, Kansas, Nebraska or South Dakota. Even Iowa, as O 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
famous for corn as Minnesota for wheat, led Minnesota by only 2.9 bushels OHIO
per acre’ (Fig. 160). INDIANA
During the early years in Minnesota it was supposed that the isotherm
° ee ILLINOIS
of 70° F. for June, July, and August marked the northern limit of corn as a
leading crop; but at present practically the entire Wisconsin corn district, as WISCONSIN
MICHIGAN
well as a considerable part of Iowa, lies beyond this line.”°
Again, butter production in Wisconsin is said to be more profitable in IOWA
the corn belt, and cheese production farther north; at the same time it ap- MINNESOTA
pears that cheese factories in Wisconsin are found chiefly north of the district
. i 21 3 5 5 MISSOURI!
having a growing season of 150 days.“ This would seem to identify the
zone of 150 growing days as the northern limit of the corn belt. In point NEBRASKA
of fact, however, while the greatest density of corn production in Wiscon- SOUTH DAKOTA
sin is found in this zone, corn has long since passed beyond these limits, NORTH DAKOTA
evenin that State; while in Minnesota there is no evidence of any relation KANSAS
between a season of 150 days and corn growing, unless it be that Martin
County, which grew the most corn in 1909, has such a season; but so also
have several other counties in the southeast and the east, which grow rela-
tively little corn (Figs. 172, 173).
One reason for this northward extension of the corn belt, beyond the latitude once thought suitable, is the greater duration
of summer sunshine in high latitudes, which forces vegetation to an extraordinarily rapid growth. During the three summer
months the sun is above the horizon 1,403.8 hours at Crookston and 1,373.5 at St. Paul, against 1,355 hours at Milwaukee and
1,337.2 hours at Peoria, in the heart of the Illinois corn country.”” Further, the proportion of actual to theoretically possible
hours of sunshine is greater, and the average temperature of summer is therefore higher, in Iowa and Minnesota than at the
same latitude and elevation in the vicinity of Lake Michigan. For example, at St. Paul there were 1,006 hours of actual sunshine
in June, July, and August, 1911, against 853 hours in the same three months at Milwaukee. The ratio of actual to possible sun-
shine was thus 73 per cent at St. Paul, but only 63 per cent at Milwaukee. Finally, in spite of the heavy summer rainfall, the
air is less moist in most of Minnesota than it is farther east; and while air so dry as to permit a rapid radiation of heat, and conse-
quently, cool nights, is unfavorable to corn, yet short of this point, the drier the air the more rapidly corn will mature.”>
These favorable influences extend in a measure to all parts of the State; yet it is a fact, and one to which special attention
has been called by Professor C. P. Bull, that the acre yields of corn average much larger in the southern than in the northern
counties.” It is also a fact, as reported by the federal census, that in 1909 relatively little corn was grown north of Otter Tail
County, except in the lower river valleys (Fig. 172). The explanation is not far to seek. In the northern half of the State
earliness of maturity and heaviness of yield seem to vary inversely ;?> and while corn can be grown almost everywhere, it does
not follow that corn is everywhere the most profitable crop to grow, even for stock feed. The practical limit is thus drawn
Figure 160. Comparative yields of corn per acre in the
principal corn-growing states, 1900-1909.
15 Eleventh Report, Agr. Exp. Sta., 213-214; Sixteenth Report, 177-178; Seventeenth Report, 389-390.
16 Boss, A., Northward Movement of the Corn Belt (Proceedings Minnesota Agricultural Society, 1911, 257-259).
eae 7 aah J W., Relation of Precipitation to the Yield of Corn (Year Book, U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, 1903); Arctowski, H., Studies on Climate and Crops (Bulletin of Am. Geog. Soc.
cto ers 1912
18 Abbé, Cleveland, Relation Between Climate and Crops, 335 (Bul. 36, Weather Bureau).
19Data from Year Book, U.S. Dept. of Agriculture.
20Bul. 260 Bureau of Plant Industry, Plate 11.
21Bul. 231, Wis. Agr. Exp. Sta., 6; Bul. 210, maps 6, 17.
22Data from U. G. Purssell, Director U. S. Weather Bureau at Minneapolis.
23 Eleventh Report Agr. Exp. Sta., 213-214.
24 Minnesota's Resources, 9 (State ai of Immigration, St. Paul).
26 Sixteenth Report, Agr. Exp. Sta.,
ECONOMIC HISTORY OF AGRICULTURE IN MINNESOTA 177
by economic considerations rather than directly by climate. There are, however, good Dent varieties ripening in 110 to 115
days, and these can be matured with reasonable certainty wherever the average growing season is 130 days. Even the shorter
seasons at such places rarely prove insufficient to mature the crop. In Minnesota the line marking an average season of 130
days seems to bear some relation to the isotherm of 65° F. for the three summer months, avoiding, however, the plateau in the
north central section above the 1,250-foot contour line (Figs. 16, 4). Most of the zone having 130 growing days also lies south
of the line indicating September 15 as the average date of the first killing frost in autumn. In the region beyond the 130-day
zone, barley now largely serves as stock feed, in lieu of corn; being supplemented by rye, field peas, clover, and root crops.?°
This is, moreover, the approved agricultural practice, as appears from the four-year rotations recommended by the Agricultur-
al Experiment Station for this section, which are (1) oats, barley, clover, fodder corn; (2) barley, clover, field peas (on heavy
soil), root crops.?”
Flax, planted for seed, also moved northward (Figs. 174, 176). There was an increase in the northern part of the Red River
Valley, but from Clay County south a marked decline had occurred. South of the Minnesota flax was still grown to a limited
extent in the group of counties from Mower and Fillmore to Goodhue, and also more extensively in the southwestern prairie
district, but from the intervening south central counties it had practically disappeared. The explanation of this decline is prob-
ably the deleterious effect which repeated crops of flax exercise upon the soil.
Potatoes were grown less extensively in many parts of the State than ten years before (Figs. 175, 177), presumably because
of the further development of specialized potato growing in the two districts previously noted—one adjacent to and mainly
north of the Twin Cities, the other in Clay County. Potato culture had also spread considerably toward the north, east of the
Mississippi;and there were indications of a similar development in the hardwood belt between Sherburne and Otter Tail counties,
precisely as in the case of rye. In fact, throughout the northern half of the State, aside from the Red River Valley, potatoes,
since they flourish on light soils and mature in a season of 100 days or even less, are in process of becoming the principal money
crop.
The acreage and production of hay, including both wild and tame, showed the usual wide and fairly equal distribution.
(Figs. 178, 179). Even cultivated hay, which had previously been substantially limited to the older districts, now extended over
the entire agricultural zone, including portions of the coniferous region (Figs. 150, 179). There was, however, a district of greatest
density, though no longer sharply defined, in Freeborn, Dodge, and the adjacent counties. This wide distribution of cultivated
hay is one of the most striking evidences that by 1909 the one-crop system was no longer exclusively followed in any section
of Minnesota.
In addition to the tame grass cut for hay, there were considerable areas of timothy, clover, and millet grown for seed, the
yield being close to a million bushels and the value approximately 1.5 million dollars. Unfortunately no county statistics are
available for these crops; but it is reliably reported that some of the larger farms in the southeastern counties specialize in timothy
seed.”? It is also well known that some farmers in the coniferous district, remote from railroads, grow clover seed because it has
a larger value in a small bulk than any grain crop and is therefore more cheaply marketed.
Other special crops grown on a small scale in Minnesota are tobacco and sugar crops. Tobacco was reported for the 1909
season from 186 farms, the entire breadth being 150 acres. Evidently it was nowhere a major product, though there are
large areas similar to the tobacco districts of Wisconsin. Unfortunately, there are no county statistics to show the location of
the producing farms.
Syrup and sugar are derived, in Minnesota, from three sources: the maple tree, sorghum cane, and the sugar beet. The
production of maple sugar and syrup has greatly declined since earlier decades, partly because maples grow on good land which
is likely, unless very broken, to be more valuable for other purposes; partly because it has proved almost impossible to prevent
the sale of imitation maple products. During the last decade, however, there was some recovery due to better enforcement of
laws against adulteration (Table XXIII, Items 44, 45). In 1909 the principal area of production was still in the former ‘‘big
woods”’ extending from Le Sueur and Rice to Wright and Hennepin, though some was produced as far north as Beltrami County
(Fig. 180). Sorghum has likewise declined since the decade 1869-1879, the area of largest production being also in the “‘big
woods’’ district where it now serves merely local use (Fig. 180). The most important commercially of the sugar crops, and,
indeed, of all these special crops, is the sugar beet. Being planted largely under contract with the factory located at Chaska
in Carver County, sugar beets were produced chiefly in the same group of counties as the other sugar crops, with the addition
of several along the Mississippi (Fig. 180).
During the decade 1899 to 1909 there was an increase in vegetables other than potatoes from 28,361 to 46,021 acres, or
62.3 per cent; in flowers and nursery products, from 1,270 to 4,017 acres, or 216.3 per cent; in small fruits, from 3,092 to 3,738
acres, or 20.9 per cent; and in orchard fruits and nuts, for which no acreage statistics are available, from $125,240 to $813,971
in value of output, or 549.9 per cent (Table 24).
The counties having the largest acreage in vegetables other than potatoes were Dakota, Freeborn, Hennepin, Otter Tail,
Ramsey, Stearns, Wabasha, and Wright. All of these except Otter Tail, as well as most of the others having upward of 500 acres
each planted to vegetables, are located adjacent to important urban centers (Table 20). Otter Tail, which contains areas of light,
warm soil, is well situated to serve as a source of vegetables for the adjacent regions of heavier and colder soils, especially in the
Red River Valley.
28 Ibid., 69, 178; Nineteenth Report, Agr. Exp. Sta., 389-390.
27 Seventeenth Report, Agr. Exp. Sta., 389-390.
%8 Tbid., 805.
* Bul. 117, Agr. Exp. Sta., 42:
Distribution of
non-cereal field
crops according
to the census
of 1910
Distribution of
fruit and
vegetable crops
in 1909
Distribution of
stock raising
accordin
census 0
to the
1910
178 EDWARD VAN DYKE ROBINSON
TABLE 20.—ACcREAGE IN VEGETABLES OTHER THAN POTATOES FOR 1909 (CENsus oF 1910).
County Acres County Acres
Bel ttamiceinswiec seca c i ren ar oe terete 571 POLK Se arstezs ehaeee Sy RSS VeRO Se eae 952
Blue Barth. 5404 00d aw baw ae ald a wee 898 |Ramsey.. jcaccciceaaig eevee ve vevwaiw sie as ees 1,644
IBFOWilss Gen cet va mutans beens eae eee diese 523 Renville css scccttacn ee ea shh ee ae 708
CARVER eee sarah sel ai cisete Rihay waver enbdt wou ale Rie emiaeiondibed 729 RiG@ caren o hiss aros Sees Glan hoses teas 767
CROW WINE baie ioiS bed ea Gb Remwes gen owianPale fides 500 St: Louis. 05... sean assae bree Seen gees edie 539
Dakotavesicteus ait aicomn ee eon e QAIG |SibleVieswecsdesacwae dew 2 eo ces ge taser ece 599
Pati Dalles s ciao ua aae rea aie saan ee a Sieibiiecacara.dwigatewa beatae a ee eee 1,394
Full mOre:: 20: Sac Seg gen bang a news dye ondawebae FOD2. ‘EOdA a baie seins Gains auc paca cniteuimeitowestrasats 791
PREG HOM is sicew + be sia eed oc see Fee eee ee 1,309: -|Wabashaecg ¢icesiwss ees wav vexgeteebtekees: 1,447
Goodhtle evens Sig eeeaaee doe ee eae nes 644 «| | Washing toniis s:secers sas ewew Hove wears 763
ICN e Pic cceuth deaiixceiydededie sd poe Deke eee 8 3,800. ||| WANONA so hieasee tad enh ae eee Se Raed ex 772
LG SUE eine ek GrsesneN sper erewaierdaw vers S60) (WHOM cv ees oeeeheRereeecEks weenie weeks 1,035
McLeod os 4.2655) REPAY SSR Ae eae oud on 536 ‘|All others (having less than 500 acres each)..... 16,758
IMOrrisOMnadets bad Sheeran or oa areas 659
MOWE? se oes cige set eee a ew Peds HeecEG Tecate 646 Total for State... .. cee cece eee cee eens 46,021
NODIES ehaijicw ena GOA RASA AS wee 537
Olmsted icc. occ da Soscaas tos sech alan (ose aca aod es wlaelacehe 627
Otter Tall sii.0 ss eccsege Sackett ee wede ee 1,192
PARC ants wick ectea veces er ae eosin oases oa ees ISIE 670
The localization of vegetable growing has also been somewhat affected by the establishment of canning factories. As
reported by the State Dairy and Food Department in 1910, there were 17 canneries in active operation and several others tem-
porarily shut down (Fig. 181). The canning industry in Minnesota was by that date fairly past the experimental stage. The
principal products canned were corn, peas, and beans; and it will be noted that the chief group of canneries was in the lower
Minnesota valley,°° which has the greatest density of country population and the largest value of farm products.
Small fruits, comprising chiefly strawberries, raspberries, and currants, mature readily in all parts of the State, though
raspberries require some protection in winter.*' Nevertheless, by reason of transportation charges there was a marked con-
centration in the southeastern quarter of the State, adjacent to the Twin Cities, Stillwater, Winona, Red Wing, and Mankato
(Fig. 182).
Orchard fruits as reported by the census of 1910 showed a somewhat similar, though less clearly marked, localization (Fig. 183).
All are planted by preference on fairly abrupt slopes facing toward the north or east, in order to avoid damage from late spring
frosts.*' On this account river bluffs and lake shores are favored situations. Thus, Lake Minnetonka largely explains the density
of fruit production in both Hennepin and in Carver counties, even grapes being extensively grown on its shores.
The most important of the orchard fruits is the apple, which, thanks to the work of Peter M. Gideon, originator of the
“Wealthy” apple, and other horticulturists, can now be grown even in the northern section provided the soil be at once
heavy and well-drained; the plum, which will do well on lighter soils; and the cherry, found mostly in the southeast, notably
in Winona County.*” Nuts were produced to a very limited extent, 7,036 of the 8,110 trees reported being black walnuts.
The bulk of the bearing orchard trees in 1910 were in the southern third of the State, though this is probably due more largely
to market than to climatic considerations (Fig. 183). Experience has shown that the average farmer, especially in sections re-
mote from large cities, can not profitably grow fruit except for his own use. The production of fruit for the market is an
exacting business requiring special knowledge and undivided attention to insure success.?”
The distribution of horses in 1910 bore a close relation to the number of farms and the amount of improved land, the number
being greatest south of the Minnesota River (Fig. 184). Another reason for this concentration was the presence of more of
the younger horses in the corn- and oats-growing districts.
Beef cattle were, in general, numerous in proportion as dairy cows constituted a small per cent of the total (Fig. 185).
Thus, in northeastern Minnesota dairy cows formed a considerable majority of all cattle, not because dairying was important
there, but because few other cattle were kept there. Again in Ramsey, Hennepin, and closely adjacent counties, dairy cows
formed an even larger majority because dairymen were ceasing to raise their own cattle, owing to the high cost of feeding them.
In the southeastern section conditions varied considerably, the most intensive dairy county (Steele) showing the highest pro-
portion of cows.*’ Finally, in the southwestern counties, as in several of the extreme southeastern, the low proportion of dairy
cows shows clearly that cattle were being raised or at least fed for the market.34
Sheep raising was well spread throughout the State, including portions of the coniferous zone. Sheep, however, will not
30 Report State Dairy and Food Dept. 1910, 129; Fourteenth Report, 41-42.
oe neha Agr. Exp. Sta., 245-246; Seventeenth Report, 411-413; Minnesota Horticulturist, March, 1914, 102.
32 [bi 1-141.
33 Nineteenth Report, Agr. Exp. Sta., 94, 157.
34Ibid., 94, 157, 168.
ECONOMIC HISTORY OF AGRICULTURE IN MINNESOTA 179
flourish on low or wet land, being essentially adapted to arid highlands. It was at least in part for this reason that sheep
were most numerous on the relatively high and well-drained lands in the southeastern and the southwestern corners of the State
(Figs. 186, 4). On such land it is estimated that one acre will carry six sheep, and that a farm of 120 to 160 acres may profitably
keep 50 to 75 ewes.°®
Swine were in large part a by-product of the dairy industry, being raised on skim milk and fattened on corn or barley.
Corn was, however, by far the leading feed stuff, as shown by the general correspondence between the distribution of swine and
of corn (Figs. 187, 173). The influence of the city milk trade was also obvious in the small number of swine reported by the
city counties and others, such as Dakota and Goodhue,** which ship considerable quantities of milk.
Dairy cattle were distributed in about the same ratio as cultivated hay, being numerous throughout the agricultural zone,
including the western and southern parts of the coniferous region especially between the Twin Cities and Duluth (Figs. 179, 188).
There were, however, two areas having a greater number to the square mile than any other: one including Freeborn and ad-
jacent counties to the north, as far as Rice; the other comprising some five or six counties west and southwest of the Twin Cities.
Dairying was also the leading branch of farming in the southeastern counties, though less intensively developed than in the
two areas just named; and it had made great progress even in the Red River Valley, especially in the older southern counties.
In the vicinity of cities, even those of comparatively small size, a very appreciable part of the milk and cream was con-
sumed directly, either in the natural state or in the form of ice cream. In addition, large factories (centralizers) located in the
cities, especially Minneapolis and St. Paul, manufacture butter or cheese from milk and cream received by rail. Thus investi-
gations made in the Seminar on Economic Development at the University show that the milk supply of Minneapolis consisted,
during the calendar year 1912, of 5,243,430 gallons, of which 2,529,105 gallons were hauled in by wagon and 2,714,325 gallons
came by steam and electric roads. Shipments were received from points as far south as Steele, as far north as Kanabec, and as
far west as Renville County, the most distant shipping point being in the latter county 105 miles from the city. The great bulk
of the supply, however, came from the territory within a radius of 70 miles, the larger part of it from the counties toward the
south.” It follows that neither the number of factories nor the output of butter and cheese tells the whole story as to dairy
development, especially in counties near the three large cities, such as Goodhue, Dakota, Rice, McLeod, Carver, Anoka, Chisago,
and Washington.*® On the other hand, the output of butter and cheese in counties containing centralizers may be greater than
could be made from their local supply of milk.
Allowing for this diversion of milk to direct consumption and for the effect of centralizers, the distribution of creameries
and cheese factories indicates fairly well the status and localization both of dairy development and of butter and cheese manu-
facture (Fig. 189). Thus, in 1909, as reported by the State Dairy and Food Department, there were 797 creameries, besides 46
skim stations and 69 cheese factories. Of the creameries no less than 547 were organized on the codperative plan, while 222
were operated for the profit of the proprietors and 28 were not clearly classified as to organization.” The codperative type
prevailed, though not exclusively, throughout the southeast and also the northwest; while the private creamery predominated
not only in the Twin Cities, but also in several neighboring counties, notably Carver. In the southwestern corner of the State
where dairying was as yet a subordinate industry, private creameries also prevailed.
The manufacture of cheese was more closely localized in 1910 than in previous years, the principal cheese district, especially
for Swiss, brick, and other sweet-curd varieties, being in Dodge and Goodhue counties. Another district included Otter Tail
and Wadena counties, while a third was found in Red Lake and Polk counties. The 69 cheese factories reported in 1911 were
classified as follows :*°
TABLE 21—CuHEESE FACTORIES IN MINNESOTA IN 1911
Organization Number Product Pounds
COOPerative: A canted kine ae oh ie ae eae CES 32 American (Cheddar) 3,116,540
Individualsc.ces te ki yee ss ORS Se a 33 Brick 709,238
Centralizersi 5 a.cixetesc ther sed erie ohne SoeR eee 4 Swiss (three factories) 64,870
DOta lies ete cesar Os hah Saeed sod 69 SEOtalle-sgrsai ys Ronee wtenchin antes 3,890,648
To avoid confusion it should be noted that there is no connection between the form of organization and the kind of cheese manu-
factured.
According to experience elsewhere, both in Europe and in this country, a cool summer means a better grade of milk; and
the quality of milk affects the grade of cheese more than of butter. As a result, famous cheese districts are with few exceptions
found at higher latitudes or altitudes than the butter districts.*1 The best environment for cheese-making is afforded by a hilly
district, with rich grass, abundant cold springs, cool nights even in midsummer, and no crop demanding protracted attention
during the growing season. For this reason corn, which requires long-continued cultivation, goes better with butter than with
cheese-making, since butter can be made in winter, the skim milk being reserved for feeding purposes, while cheese is produced
more profitably in summer, when milk is more abundant and is not needed for young animals on the farm. Moreover, where
35 Brown, C. E., in Proceedings Minnesota Agricultural Society, 1911, 296-298.
36 Bul. 53, State Dairy and Food Dept. :
87 Jones, C. M., Sources of the Milk Supply of Minneapolis (Bul. 53, State Dairy and Food Dept.).
38 Report State Dairy and Food Dept., 1903, 13. 5 ‘ 3
: 39 Ag given in county tables, 54-79 of Thirteenth Report, State Dairy and Food Department. The summary on p. 82 of the same report apparently includes nine stock companies and
eight of the nineteen unspecified as ‘‘codperative,” making 574 so described.
40Fourteenth Report State Dairy and Food Dept., 39.
“1 Bul, 60 and 140, Wis. Agr. Exp. Sta.
Distribution of
the dairy industry
in 1910
Distribution of
poultey and bee
industries
according to
the census
of 1910
Distribution of
value of farm
products in
Distribution of
value of farms
in 1910
Distribution of
population
in 1910
180 EDWARD VAN DYKE ROBINSON
corn is a profitable crop it often pays better to save all the skim milk for raising hogs to be fattened on corn. This fact tends
still further to localize butter-making in the corn belt and points to more elevated and more northern districts as preéminently
suited to cheese-making. For all these reasons it would seem that while the Dodge and Goodhue district will doubtless persist,
having the benefit of acquired experience and reputation, its development is being limited both by the competition of butter
plus hogs and by the city milk trade. On the other hand, the more northern section of the state is admirably fitted for cheese-
making; especially as a cheese factory will pay even where cows are too few in number to support a creamery. In fact, it would
be difficult to name a more favorable environment for cheese-making than is found on the Leaf Hills Moraine in Otter Tail County,
and other rugged morainic tracts in northern Minnesota.
It is indeed claimed that the residual limestone soils in Wisconsin give the highest quality of milk; and that a fairly moist
atmosphere is advantageous in the curing of cheese. The marketing of cheese is also a complex process, in which the refrigera-
tion facilities of the great meat-packing plants at Chicago play a considerable role.** In all these respects Wisconsin would seem
to have a certain advantage over Minnesota. However, both the area of gray drift and the older drift in the Leaf Hills region
are rich in limestone; atmospheric moisture can be regulated artificially during curing, if necessary, as is done in cotton mills;
and the marketing advantage of Wisconsin may be offset by cheaper feed stuffs, due to the greater proximity of grain fields and
milling centers. An organized effort might also result in satisfactory icing arrangements with the meat packers at South St.
Paul, Austin, and elsewhere, similar to those in effect at Chicago. e
Poultry raising in 1909 was widely distributed in Minnesota, as in the country at large, being a side industry often carried
on by the women: though only a few of the leading crops gave larger returns (Table 24, Fig. 190). In general, poultry raising is
favored by a sandy, or at least well-drained, soil and a location near large urban centers.*’ Accordingly, an area of greater density
of poultry-raising appeared west and southwest from Minneapolis, in the district previously noted as the seat of intensive agri-
culture. Codperative marketing of eggs has been undertaken in some localities, occasionally in connection with dairy estab-
lishments.“*
The bee industry, on the other hand, showed a distinct localization within the original forest zones, especially the hard-
wood belt, probably because of better shelter (Figs. 191, 8). The relation of bees to fruit was also fairly obvious; while counties
which largely adhered to grain farming had made little progress in bee keeping.
The value of farm products was distributed with remarkable regularity over the southern third of the State, aside from
the district east of the Mississippi; though an area of greater density could be distinguished in Ramsey, Hennepin, and several
counties farther west. This density was evidently due to the intensive use of certain land areas to supply the city markets with
perishable products, as well as the introduction of canning and sugar factories. Toward the northwest there was clearly appar-
ent the effect of rugged moraines and of the White Earth Indian reservation in reducing productivity. The most striking features
of all, however, were (1) the slight development of agriculture, measured by value of products, in the coniferous region; and
(2) the enormous increase in value of products in the State as a whole (Figs. 192, 218).
During the decade ending 1910 the value of farm land increased in every county for which comparison was possible (Fig.
193). The figures shown on the map are averages for the whole counties, and of course are much less than the increase in
certain townships. Aside from the suburban counties the greatest advance occurred in the three southwestern counties, decreasing
(though not regularly) toward the north and east. These changes consequently tended to increase rather than to equalize differ-
ences in land values, the lands already relatively high priced showing the greatest advances.
The average land value in 1910 exclusive of buildings varied from $111.47 in Ramsey and $80.56 in Hennepin to $9.63 in
Cook, the average per acre for the State being $36.82. Aside from the suburban counties, the highest level of value was in the
southwestern and south central counties, sinking irregularly toward the north and east. In general, the value of farm land
corresponded to the relative value of farm products in the several sections of the State (Figs. 194, 192).
In 1910, as in 1900, an area of greater density appeared around and west of the Twin Cities, including towns of 2,500 or
less inhabitants. If, however, all incorporated places be excluded (Figs. 195, 196), the even spread previously noted becomes even
more striking. This relative equality appeared not only west of the Mississippi but also in the potato belt east of that river.
Only the coniferous section to the northeast remained largely unoccupied by an agricultural population. There was, indeed, a
considerable sprinkling of population there outside the incorporated villages but the settlers mostly found employment in other
occupations, chiefly lumbering or mining, as appears from the statistics of improved land and of farm products.
The same phenomenon of a decrease in the country population first encountered in 1890, and again in 1900, reappeared
in 1910 ona greatly enlarged scale. In fact, a considerable number of counties, mostly in the southern part of the State, decreased,
in total population (Fig. 197); a still larger number, extending in an almost continuous zone from southeast to northwest,
declined in total rural population, which includes both country and town population up to the 2,500 size; and with the exception
of two in the extreme northwest, and five scattered counties, mostly in the southwest, there was a loss of country population
throughout the entire agricultural zone west of the Mississippi (Figs. 197,198). Even east of the Mississippi several of the older
counties lost country population. Only in the region of cut-over lands was there any considerable increase on the percentage
basis; and the actual increase even there was not large, except for the iron ranges, where the country population is non-agricultural.
Minnesota thus exhibits the same condition of decreasing farm population which had previously appeared in some of the older
agricultural states farther east and south. (See map, abstract of the Thirteenth Census, page 58, showing per cent of increase
in rural population by states, 1900-1910). The problem presented is therefore not at all local, but rather, associated with a
certain type of agriculture and stage of economic development (pages 216-219).
Bul. 210 andj231, Wis. Agr. Exp. Sta.
43Thirleenth Report, Agr. Exp. Sta., 240.
“4 Bul, 132, Agr. Exp. Sta.
181
ECONOMIC HISTORY OF AGRICULTURE IN MINNESOTA
>=
Cook
BN
8
S
g
ao NS
8s
9 v9
a TK
> °
& 4
SR
a ve
e Ss
N R&
Q eee eee 5 £
nd
gs
§%
s §
ease Qs
Sant oe
Olam
O-fe
[_] Less than ZO %
z
20 to40%
40 to GO%
NS 607080%
RS BO fo 90%
A, %. SN
ANN
OI AAV
x
SONS
SEN CE A AS eh
\
N\A
iS VV SN ANY
\
VAAN
sys
VAAN
Baty
Say
egies’ \
Way
x
vy SSRN NN VY
NA SATA MSS ANS Dg ye
PEON AYN en RAR
LRU NAV ANS RRM
\
entra pity
Ye
oo x
Ss PYM Yat
sR NAA ree Cara N GS
‘x SES PA,
al Sys sey i ny
- ? TN ES
“<8 Na
\
e 82 SEAN
~~ S r \ NAN
PR — SNS EY
Ro ANSE
‘
< g Soa
x 2 VN
3 vs
Q £ N\A
Re a at
*.
| ‘ N iy x
* %
ye \. 5%
Ce ane ws Vays
VASA NVA SS g
Mehr iv Sok) ¢
JUS AS AED &
os ASM “4
MLeod
fojoe
-
an diyoh,
Chippewa
ac Qu: Farle
Good hue
\\
Wabasha \\
VirrsTad
hbhinoad
48
2
x
§
@
3
NS
¢ Wy
<
s
LA
R <
se
=
S
LJabeoTe
eur
\\
E Seo tt
er
Carver
Les.
Sibley,
Meollet.
Renville
edwood
\
bor
ths
‘Ble Le,
\\
aribautt,
AK
Wwatenvan "0 \\\\
fain
\
Yellow Medew
Figure 161. Distribution of improved land according to the census of 1910.
182
Roseau
|S fiber
|
ne Marshall “ :
" Binngion .
: a Red ie
Pe a,
Merri | é
Mabnomen
en
Ih
Becker .
Sor tertei/’ <
at
alt
----
C
eltain:
Hebbord
"| Wadena |
“Tedd
: = ork
EDWARD VAN DYKE ROBINSON
A cochiching
Aitkin
| Crow hing
oo
\hllelaes
[Arete
AL
tant.
.
. Me Krisor
Y Bent .
7 ‘Gees eae s
‘Lineihy wye
Pestne
ieee Whe fis fe
: ’ . Shee piv
Aroha
© ae
Cosh
Sant Lous
Pine
Acreage of Wheat in Minnesota ac-
cording to Census of 1910.
Each dot represents 1,000 acres.
63.
.
+ Hennapir +
‘ Ton
Re mse 4 *
[bias herng,
fle
Cotlinwood
[Blea hahag Vinheta |
Watenwan x
. .
Digs
| Fac 4
Jac Asay 3
eA Freeborn’ 7
Mower , Filrrore
CopyrighT 194 ty £4 Robinson
Figure 162. Acreage of wheat in 1909 according to the census of 1910. (Based on Table XIII)
ECONOMIC HISTORY OF AGRICULTURE IN MINNESOTA 183
ow aL Mleloes =
° “e
19. Production of Whcat in Minnesota
according to Census of 1910.
Each dot represents 10,000 Bushels.
Aleck Nobles Mower? * Fillmore |” HowTon
: 7 ° . ie . .
. ‘* e ° ° e e a. e
~ Copyright 1712, EV. Robinson.
o .
.
3: oe ele *
Figure 163.
Production of wheat in 1909 according to census of 1910.
(Based on Table XIII)
184 EDWARD VAN DYKE ROBINSON
Ros eau
: . Marshall eos
iis | : Pennington s
Sant Lous
: eee El Mahrsrser
eee elt ®
tp Bt
ol ee
raya
es
Wilkin “y .
lle laes
K ome ec
ee Ae en ee mi ae es , a : ie i LL
gt eal Oa CORE a |” Seams? 8% Se ae “leant. 1
Loatrn |". = pie = = ts : J : De 7 : es a ; ea
Sl eee A ad Arete PET
Be ee Kandifete’| ‘nfeerer.* | a f-*\ yer
Lee's ee Pie, . On * = ae ro " ; oo. : :
- es ile Medi ay " Rinaite: ; ae OC eee =
Porton Lanes ae le ee ee ey ee eat
hc? a “[ Ree . apa on os > = . ; . * Te - a So.
incely |, . Yer |. Redwood. 2.1L” - 2 ya . - Serene she ~
Be PE ae tet caesar 8 _t ae ne ae 5 othe oS - Nicolle? *LeSueur |. . a Goodhue .* | oe oe te
59. Acreage of Oats in Minnesota ac-
cording to Census of 1910.
Each dot represents 1,000 acres.
| Chisago
Ciipscie |. pansy hee Va? fe pee eee. al :
Pn | ta eee Cotleawood- |. 2 | Bee. | Wace ot espa eg Ege eo oe iS eer
pete cen hee es ‘ian. ceca "| Steele: |" Dodge | - Olpista'd: |" biriond. +:
a Wicca SSI taseke As ee al hs Ae, date oOo alan ay, gee Race Bs
nee MMT Tealeain sl Martin“ oN" Farbaitt «). Fréebaon* 2 Thea soe lt Houlton
Ta ghT 104 ty £.-7 Aebimson
Figure 164. Acreage of oats in 1909 according to census of 1910, (Based on Table XIV)
ECONOMIC HISTORY OF AGRICULTURE IN MINNESOTA 185
Sant Louie.
* Mahmorne'y |
- |
I
.
31. Production of Oats in Minnesota
according to Census of 1910.
Each dot represents 10,000 Bushels.
Copyright 19/2,£.V Robinson.
t 7912, E.V Robinson.
Copyri9.
Figure 165. Production of oats in 1909 according to census of 1910. (Based on Table XIV)
186 EDWARD VAN DYKE ROBINSON
\ | Cook
yet vn SR
’ Marshall j
a5 anaes
| : Pearington
- Red ‘Lake . ie 41
de Tne cs. . | 4 Beftictm,
“i .
Leake |
token, |
. Hubbard I
|
| Ne —
Mette dg ll Ses |
ae
s bays a Becker | a |
. Sart Wee et
eas Aitkin Carlin |
. fadera
| a=
: Cearte| { /tasce Sant Lous |
——
t
eo
‘Merman *
|
\
1
Mabnomen :
: i
ey ; . : : . cs ° Wing ——
Wilkin S Otterta! + + ¢ i -—_ |
| ‘ _—— al Pine
ie. dite lee|
m * dd ny Mo ‘PISOr
Pe. * Grant’ ‘ : Dushis - r ? . Raiehiet
Taiverse - = eae TE i 7 ew i . |
, : pS : | ) an ‘ Berton Teg
cs a : 4 Tope BB: nas * Saves, * es Lanti & 51. Acreage of Barley in Minnesota ac-
Cavsago cording to Census of 1910.
sranbnne Each dot represents 1,000 acres.
el ee en ee
Be Gag toe de eS ONS Dane, : sce rg
Pe — ; oe, ‘Kandyoh "| Meeker - . Weigh? : 1 van
as dae eras TN Chews toe ee a oe - 2) * “ Hennepin OU»
‘Lac Qu: Farle * ee . Seeeciaeel ee uj és
ie 3 5 pet * SI" e . e , és . make Carver :
oe Welle’ hte “ Pa Benyalle. —— ; ‘ = 138
ay 7M Stott
Toe is * Sibley oe - ee
“ie . “bi i. Redwood .
* Mollet ~ Le Sueur
Pils
Waseca. "Steele " Dadga * * spe ue ahe® é h ete - :
aaa <
Fpestene. eo ae BY be ae Bloe Lasth
Sell Sg es Watonwan
°
el:
Se
é .
wae Dot Yachien | Martin, | Farbault | “Fatt | peter « [f Fie i %
re Vor bye: 7 neon
Figure 166. Acreage of barley in 1909 according to census of 1910. (Based on ‘lable XV1)
ECONOMIC HISTORY OF AGRICULTURE IN MINNESOTA 187
eu oe ee
. . °
ee ge Cook
. we ae * . *
en te fe
"AT ts ore « Aoseav
sre eee . .
a .
oe te y Sy re .
eo ss weer .
> # . ° ° . e %
°
a tee >
. a e
2 Oo ie 8 Be
ot MaAthall >
os ag . . *
7 oe : ee ee =
: eee . Pres! s “a i Fooehiehing
© |e
°
.
5 / Ye rrrnim g Doty . ee
.
> . fa
rt : Look
wy Aevirie NS |e
2,
haha
Sent howg
Carlton
Se
Five
Millelacs
. .
Kanahee fF
37. Production of Barley in Minnesota
ae according to Census of 1910.
Chisago Each dot represents 10,000 Bushels.
J." teeks
.. . ees
.* . :
* Waseca ) * S%ele
. ¢| ° =
Figure 167. Production of barley in 1909 according to census of 1910, (Based on Table XVI)
EDIVARD VAN DYKE ROBINSON
188
‘OI6T FO Snsusd ay} 0} BUIPIOIe ENG] UI a1 JO UONANpoIg
Pen 7 fe ras Held
a
=
ey
(IIAX 92] uo paseg)
“6OT ansLy
tery sae
tyr | =|
“sppysng
wooo! sjuMoulad lop yey
0164 Jo snsurs a1 0) Buipsooy
wwessuutyy ut 2G Jo wonanposy
Ss
ah
Bl. =
“dancanpy "| vengsvelyy |
ot
“aaky “poe |
CIIAX e1qeL uo peseg)
‘OI6T JO Snsusd 0} Burpsosoe EQG]T Ul AAI Jo aBvalIy “QOT ainsi
woserpeiy a 7 fe var Sy lel D
|
ees |
*saioe ooo'r sjuasaidas jop yoesy
"0161 Jo snsuasy ay) 0) Suipsos9y
Rosauutpy ui aQy jo adeaoy £2
reer y | wom
ewogaesy Hg aby | eywopy
cllooe
= | peere/O
Sle
PT | hes Weezy yr
Seprreaet ies
-J- “yey
wwmuapeng
Tas hesenpy | esol
eb eee
fe Peemreey | wek7 to
189
ECONOMIC HISTORY OF AGRICULTURE IN MINNESOTA
‘OT6T JO snsues ‘OT6T JO
dy} 0} Sulpiosse E06] url eds pue sour Jo uONNNpoIg ‘T/T 2NSIWy Snsusd 94} 0} BUIpIOoe GONG Ul JeayMyYnNG Jo voIpnporg ‘O/T ens W
Pac 7 fe OD
ae | Vee Honan ed. “yw ne | ey, a |
| .
aes erase | warez Er
evens pee “0 ee, 2 Bemony
— e ° e
oF LL ale ie
POG Ul °
Plea. age BUN f= =
he lee | | :
°
Ay gr
ee has ms 3
ee —] Ueno py “UK ©
aaa | perry °
| ° [==
i
“S¥2YS99 000 0/ S4UaSPIdBs JOP YIOFT
OM6/ 40 625UR] ay f Of buipsooryy
oposeuuly ut f2d¢
fuUo tal JO LOU IT I04A
S2YSNG OOO'O! S4ULPSB1II4 JOP YIDFZ
Ol6/ $0 S05U2D yf
Oo, buypso2y “byosauuyy
Y {ORMYMG JO COUINPOLA
190 EDIVARD VAN DYKE ROBINSON
Cook
tits | Hise bad t S o |
| | | Ko
Marshall
Pennington
we
|
|
4 2
=| Red Lake _ |
Canta sien Lake:
Polk a OUSieeetoeIA) 0 —sCs«éi gfe |
. Clear waTer \ (Tasca Sant Lous
Bt cee |
1
\ SS !
Bs | | C . Kos]
OnrI At ‘ Mabnomen i
ie .
LL
J | | | Mebbere SS
a meee Se ret ags |
Clay | Becher | Cass * |
; aT — geese
poy eo . ' : | Aitkin Carlhon
. ° = Eee . 2
. p . . . | 1 hing . ee
Wilkin Ottertai/ * ss ; :
ann ee ae
whe Se Se Ts edd "de Aillelacs :
a : : | Mol-rison 7
7 + Grant > Douglas . a . :
Traverse : 1" _—— — . 7 - ‘N coll
oo él ep a ey i 8 NB i ie
ef Sterne | An! Steet Lant 5s: Acreage of Corn in Minnesota ac
‘ Chisago cording to Census of 1910.
Keer ne . a pe = ee Pas \ herbie : =, Each dot represents 1.000 acres.
; “wight” ge eal
.
.
eg) Aandiyete "| Atecker, |
. ° es . . © $
a NG Chippewa 1! ore kare Henipen ‘a4
Lac Qu: Farle Beh a a OR Os l oe te o]e 4. .
es Mheod * Carver. :
ee et
. Linewhs ;
——: . : = VSee rt,
"Sibley. ann aie
deep * val Cameos “PS <a
es SE . os feplee % elle [pest "Ree.
* Brown. *
.
-Daksta, «
ss | Z
eeocps Ei
‘Waseca e
[ae Ene:
ao “gtonieai +].
Destine
Murray. V. Cotfemirgsd » * 1Sivel ‘| ‘Dhdge |. Olmsted, | - butona* >
7 ‘Feber nite Freshers . |. + Mower = pero e. “
alge Meer) A eS aes PS Alas + 2
a J 6 gi & ate ee - ee . sets pihtgw a .* . =
oles os MEA koe 8 lc gf ae ae Spe ghP ia oy EA Pobinson
x
Figure 172. Acreage of corn in 1909 according to census of 1910. (Based on Table XV)
ECONOMIC HISTORY OF AGRICULTURE IN MINNESOTA
kit hear
Aeseay
Marehalf *
.
.
Peamngtan
.
Red Lake °
ie . °
.
a
Poth
,
Norman,
cm
_
0 | Clear wakan °
in
Mins |
| 5
V
! .
1 i F
: I Heb bard
Hee aa oe
Bechen
Sant Louis
thm
“lesllelacs
Carlin
25.
191
Production of Corn in Minnesota
according to Census of 1910.
Coprigtt 1912 EVRobmson, — |
Figure 173, Production of corn in 1909 according to census of 1910. (Based on Table XV)
Each dot represents 10,000 Bushels.
EDWARD VAN DYKE ROBINSON
192
(IIIAX 19] uo paseg)
“OI6T FO SNsuad 94} 0} Bulpso0se G6] UI sa0jejod so aBeaay “Gzt enBLT
weneepeey x 7 fe ras syle,
bie Reemcagiag | ew moprny HOPG: | eyseyy ary se
ee al 2 ae a
. se | Pera \ RT | gems | osare wey ege 3 Sate rb one
geet dP
a ea
79 | onenge7
ea |
uae OOO! sHIasAudas Ip YET]
“0161 jo snsua7 ayy oy AuIpsoaoy
Tyosauuryy UIsaqqejog jo aRersoy ys
TAT IRIEL IEEE
(XIX 292] uO peseg)
‘OI6I JO sNsusd ay} 0} Burps0s9v ENGI UI XeY jo sBvatny “pf ainsiy
ayae, ; Fy Dby ® oy -
. _ Peemeerye. 4 aemse
ECONOMIC HISTORY OF AGRICULTURE IN MINNESOTA
.
Sout hours
193
Cook ©
Lake
eae — 3 Bentin
ers eee Fi a8 47. Production of Flaxseed in Minnesota
; at oe : SHeanns - —— Lf ean a pie according to Census of 1910.
gene | “|e. 2 Shes Sivice fa Each dot represents 10,000 Bushels.
; ‘ | Sis fr . ‘ rile Anckn
7 oN : ee hind 2 , height Mashnghi
: Meeker =
$ ‘ ‘. a
hae Gur Pare 0\ Chibbewe : oot os 2 Hennepin 7
a ae oan 7A
- _—-— | 2 . ° Mhkeod Carver el 7
< Yellow Madina Renilla * 7 4 i
es « " ie | Sect Dakota . ;
—— —-___ __ | a L
i ee ea) —
Lines In Lyon Pedivsed OT et Oosel hans .
e
| F 3 < | . . Enea: Le Sueur Rice iE bedeedl
‘a . e . * * . . 7
| Bhs, oan _ waa
Pifastine Haroay- btisS : Blee Fah | beatae | Stele | Dae’ | “Olmsted Winene
. z 5 Metonwan | | as
| Five Nobles Tacheon Marton Fart bault- Free born © Mower -| neers | Houslon
Saeed 2 | Copyright lz, EY Robinson.
Figure 176. Production of flaxseed in 1909 according to the census of 1910.
(Based on Table XIX)
194 EDWARD VAN DYKE ROBINSON
Production of Potatoes in Minnesota
according to Census of 1910.
Each dot represents 10,000 Bushels.
.
= 7 ice ss 6
Bite kart Hoses | * 50 al? Dodge v1»
OlersTe df
Firibeult, |" Freeborn "Mower | + Lilbmone *
. o os | 2 a - . . on i
. oe ° *
Copyright 1412, E.YRobinson. |
t
Figure 177. Production of potatoes in 1909 according to census of 1910, (Based on Table XVIII)
195
ECONOMIC HISTORY OF AGRICULTURE IN MINNESOTA
‘OI6T FO snsuas ‘OI6I FO snsuss ay} 07
24} 0} Burpsos9e GGT UI Avy poyeanfno Jo a8vaioy “6LT PINS SUIPIOINe G06] UI EY payeayjno pue ppm jo a8eainy “g/] anB1y
$9420 OOO} S{UPEBAGI4 JOP YIOF
"O16/ 70 0SUAD Biff Of OLIPIO22Y
cposainyy ui hops pyornyja yo sboas2p «
° °
oe fl
wor | fants *
obee ods
os
ol
c.
a
Se . 2 a
srs. ale a
is errr NS ee
03
:
a Skee eA SUK
7 2 ners .
orb See TEN ale IN
ofa tg elee « . ° oe
vouaey © + ze . carafe ity
.
® ale [° si
° Lean Cdk we ee lee Sie meee
veeate ef 8 [0 Pew | yehpuny zi
* . = . . ae
k Thee eT ‘tet. ‘ ae
Se Wag |e oN .fooe Te ea: 5,
wy + we 8: . : . + * 3 ev eft *% «©
soe) ls Sie ah eg Ee eee “em ol. wetmrole 2 2 eN\
te see] £ oe ig osefie area
.
, S2de 000'F sjusseidaz op yey
‘0161 30 snsuacy 343 0) uipsooy
Rossuurpy ut Aepy jo aWweosry 06.
“SNSUID YWWIWIYL PUL '6ZT ‘OTGT ‘4auossssumoy poo pun Karpq 7401S fo 140G9N ay
oy squR[d resns-jooq pue (XX Mel uo paseq sjooq sesns jo worngis3siq )
‘squaurysyqeise Sumped-jeoul ‘sorauues Jo uOeIOT "[ZT ens ‘OI6T JO snsuss oy} 0} Surpsosoe ENG] UI sdorD IesNS “O8T ainsi
he veae Syl). aeons
wnreeprty a 7A tH | 7 pe a
| in nemo wwoge ne. regiey eyneyy sary oo
umes | romayey We | wogpey OOF EED | “yey SEP Pye ry mreway ty aya eas,
9 7%
hice oa | | me | Meemaayeg | tocar | mpeg eveuyt puro | eer
ae
fe}
BS savant | LOT YT
emule
peanwnyes Aoaunyy —\vogsrelyy
=
peempaty | wake | spo
S|
‘3b? Uy bt0s JO SUOJO00/ +9
‘6{a2q 106N& 4O SUu0f 000/'= *
“saadf dou OOO] - *
Ol6/ fo ENSUaD ayy, Of bulpsozy
Lyoseuupy us sdo4g 40bN¢
suawysyqorea 614200
(OAL PH DBA {UBUMIPNOO BU0 ®
0:104904 40bNS 1224 3U0
wojoredo ut Mou jou hao? 30 de
Loyosade i Mou hik/V02 20 &
PIG/ 1 SasNopy BUY 204 PUO'OC/G/ UI
€3/401I01 JOONG fae Pe salsauUOD
EDWARD VAN DYKE ROBINSON
prez erg
ane7 pues
leczaeed mad
oa o4e7 Pay oe ey my
hice ley [ase
pearaepy pepe
1. Ee
196
197
ECONOMIC HISTORY OF AGRICULTURE IN MINNESOTA
‘OI6T FO snsusd ay} 0} Zurproooe ase Surieaq Jo sar} preypIO “egt ainsi
Saad, GU11D8G OOO/ Siuasasded (op ¥207'
Ol6/ $O Srsua] ay, Of
Suproz2y “nyosauulyy Wt by
bitdo0ag JO $3AL, 24104240,
‘OI6T JO snsusd 0} Burprosoe ENG] Ut szMIz [reus yO uoHNNpoIg ‘zgyT amnsiy
‘sywonh O00 O/ S4uasaide4 YOP YIDFZ
OlG/ #0 SN5U2D 24/4
Of bulpsi0I2y “oLOSeUuiyYy Ut
Syd {JOU JO WOUINpory
_ wyburugy -
| © pryrempy
(AIXX 71981 uo paseg) ‘OI6T
FO SNsudd 0} Sulpsoooe 2[3e9 QQ, 1ad smoo Alrep jo saquinny “¢gy ain3ny
‘OT6T FO Snsusd 0} Surpioose sussey UO sasioy yo UONGLSIG “PERT ainsi
EDWARD VAN DYKE ROBINSON
198
le eae ee ee
be CCE [E9C [0b \€lh | 96¢ 1G
oes | S| PT ae cpns| BL Zon ODN Moony ey:
eh-—CLE|B TH OS OBO ICE (HE
gar SLA cde 8. GIF -- + | |
g ere We ST" loge a7
ww hh er gh ear AI poe
GK 9, Le | ort
O16/ £2 SSUAD WsOsy PapoyN2OD
ONG] 41 34409 1/0 40
O0/ 4ad SMODAMOG JO 4BGQUIAN
aoa saya
ge
toh
Son Nth
$8S4GY OO] FpUESI4TOL {OP YIOF
OIG] $0 SnSUAD ay of buips022y
OLOSOULW LI SULLY UO SAS4OfY
199
(IIAXX 7142L uo paseg) “O16T
. ; 3
JO snsuso 24} 0} Surpsoo.N suze; UO aUIMS Jo UONNGUISIq] “/gT emnsty OI6I JO snsuas 0} Zurpsosse surrey uo daays Jo uornqtsiq ‘OgT 2n3W
ECONOMIC HISTORY OF AGRICULTURE IN MINNESOTA
BUMS OOO! Filasasdad JOP 4YIOFZ
O61 £9 SASUAD ay) of buipso22y
OLOSBULNYY Ul SLID UO BUIMG
fe ee
weuueees) o ee
eee eeeee
yoy, So ens® je 8%
sopessset 7s
Se asrel ae
od
d2ays OOO! Suuasasdas JOP 4IOF
Ol6/ 40 SASUAD aut Of buIp40297
oposau) wt Susy UO CaaUS
97 6061 Ul SalIoJOR} asaayD pue
‘SUOTIEIS WITYS ‘solauIesID JO UOTJeZIUeSIO pue UOTNGIISIq ‘68I INST
seers 7A nt EA.
Blo o Boo, ° 0 B°,Bo
e d 98.0
oa o oot Plo eo ogg
| c lo oO
o —
o oO
5 a) 8 |
BEL jorrim® | of
nfs el |
J sb ® ol
00, 89 .- 5 ne 20 io 2 9 |°
RES | See al EE a8 nig to eee
— oO © | )
l 2 o | °o |?
=e 9 |g 99 [> oT eee] Oe °°
" oe a Peace site! aes
» I 8 eorera| 7 grr
Gr0j204 280342. @®
woop ulys « WY)
payloads
fOr woyoruolr fiauoal? .« @
Asawo02> ywepusdeput . @®
Rrausoas? IA10s2d007 849 O
BOE) Hi ayoSaumnyy wi Sa1s0j204
PSII) PUD SUOMOLS UslyS “SHtsIU/0PS I
EDWARD VAN DYKE ROBINSON
“GL-PS ‘6OG6T ‘42UoESStUMOD pooy pun L4sDq 7101S f0 140422 v5
"AIXX AG2L vo peseg) ‘OL6T 5°
snsuad ay} 0} Surpsoooe swsey UO sMOo AIep JO UOTINGIISIG “BT ens
$MOD OO! $4UasaIAad JOP YIOFZ
O/6/ 40 5NSUAD aug Of BLIP IOIZY
QLOSAULY LI SLuLIOY UO YgYOPANOD
201
ECONOMIC HISTORY OF AGRICULTURE IN MINNESOTA
(XIXX qe[ uo paseg)
‘O16T
FO Snsusd 94} 0} BuIpioooe suey uo sveq Jo UONNQIISIq “[6] anB1y
—_—,—
SOMO? OO] S{UISBITAA JOP YIOF
OG/ £0 SPSU3B) Ff f Of Ouipsooo
Qpsauulyy Ul $9aG JO $a1UyoD
JO snsuad ay} 0} Sulpsoooe suiez uo A1}[nod jo uoNqrysIq ‘Q6T FanSiy
“ee
ck
Sputy 1/0 fo
S{MOf O00 OF $4Ua6asdas JOP YIOF
O/6/ #9 $NSUAD auf Of buIpso22y
CpOsaUUIP) Ui SussOy UO Astro
fot LEAD
(IIIAXX 142 uo paseg)
‘OI6T
ery 7 a ee ee .
one 8 eo fF peo ore oe s,e 6 © *%,% ae oe]
e°e® oie oe Fo Mort ey, Peel. e © e e
ee © e-w @ jg 0 AGH «Big |e rx 0) @ rey e
% oe oufe 6 oOT See ee 0 wo eo eg em, |*
eo ete |% @ Oe ete bre vee ee csje oe 8 e
oee ® oe See ec *lee @_@ @le o “6
elope Se of eo ey Fe4 o°
ce oo * eele @ ee -.
“t pure PT »
e "56 °
OE:
EDIVARD VAN DYKE ROBINSON
~
Value of All Farm Products in Minnesota
According to the Census of /9/O
Each dot represents #/0,000
Figure 192. Distribution of value of farm products in 1909 according to census of 1910.
Cobley
(Based on Table XXXV)
203
ECONOMIC HISTORY OF AGRICULTURE IN MINNESOTA
(z8'°9¢$ ‘9781s JO} aSe1aay)
‘O16T
*ajqissod ou st uospreduioo sey & yey} Os ‘apedap ay} BuLINp pasueyo sarepunog Nay} PeYy 10 pawiioy a1aM YUL 32] saUNOD,,
JO snsuad 0} Sulpios.e aioe sod puey wey yo anyea aSeiaay “p6l eInsty
Reta
wl me, |. POSES Lia CoE
reg] Ing | Leet meet (ies OY
every Peren/Q | er oH ed 6hOs$ zr oe LHS fewer rg
Nees =e Fh SO 8E Of thg a
ag SE ie as ems os
eS er eID ed "ca
CTT me | GEORG a ==
Ho Shy hed eee
=p 6h hat
fee
as 5
O16) Jo snsuaD ay4 0, Surpsory
DyosauuIW ‘Ul adDYy Jad
puo7 Woy Jo ajay sGosary
song, ISesa—
yy
DC CES
replies
oer (BEE B\© 28
i poi
Dae
| voreey sine 88
0 287
sre
eas
CEES |
nea
| Siem accen energy
wey} [Cl CoB lone pee Wee Oh
zee" oh a | i ae
tae Peis | sores
a | wee jek) hea
i | itt
7 eciee |
i
Grg | O66 co ey
oz —
ane: | S68 F ae Wey
“8 60 sx¢
ie Late
___ ons”
aia
avn SO 0CP
| sreeg
near.
nee | womyny
Of Tig
LP OT6I-O06L ‘2192 Jad puel uses jo anyea a8e1aae ur asearsul “¢6] eIN3LY
DE mine ——-
fea comer y vem wopneey aes ee ee "99 iad
P| LEG | ALIS me MUG | Ah eEG) bLITH| OO'REH ptoey
| ‘ “7 DMB | wnmcson Gh CEB ne
ou peers ~ seus | essreq OFT 4 PeeneeegeD Aeeerpy | egsnel
Cig ECB ang ee eis | LBB Er
> ee
28 Ton sielEMS HORN
ne a SUB mee bes “i 81088 16
2 coe ws 5°9/. ae ia
OHNE ie Srlig ese
Agape BEET eer
We pe ciel ml ChLIgs LUCE
“sunjop ul asoasIUs CLs 23 = one Lsi¢
aunjosqo juasaudas saunOL4 ERA lens cule —L, =
snsuaySn aus of ao eng | ruaongs. | wee | mens LITEB
Gw psor>y ‘O16! 02 O06/ Wo 86 | watuey b/ AIS ECHS EG BIGIET € ae
a4y sad pupy ulspy Jo |aiL WL. while
any ab01BAY U) BSVAIUT Speieyp egy) | suypboog, soa f
aa ey | rr | OO HB ASL
ee KS 5 l ewe
ool a preneso ia
cod ml CLS lacrerg
trae
° | one eee es an
peggy | |
wae
wmucnyay | rousasyy
SEUG
~---+ Wee
Lf
Te | IbEle
rrr SEO
were | eoypoy
be7¢ 4s
EDWARD VAN DYKE ROBINSON
os oOo 4
SO
Rural Population of Minnesota ac-
cording to Census of 1910 including
Cities and Villages of less than 2500
Population.
Each dot represents 100 Inhabitants.
Each circle represents Incorporated
Place of 2500 or more Inhabitants.
epyrignt 192, £ ¥ Robinson.
Figure 195. Distribution of population according to census of 1910, (Based on Table XI)
ECONOMIC HISTORY OF AGRICULTURE IN MINNESOTA em
. k Peininigion % .
ae we ed: ss
Aad.Qui Farle» \s REM E.
13.
205
ar ‘ ee ae es ; ;
S08 Sant Lous. . e .
ate M ae
. . he oe .
. .
i ayes . a e
» Bagh oof re
ae @ ee oe we ek ‘ .
oe © %
e . e
2 eg nge eee ke a -
. . Pe aoe
os .
. 5 oo. oe .
< . * ee?
oe. 3 fo 8 ia
23 e 8,
ene
8 ee 6 wy .
eo8
.
ii ah
. ’ ov * «
—
* he wale
wa ae
#9 © gy 2
fetes é
eas ee
or
Ceram 4.
eet 8 eas
Country Population’ of Minnesota
according to Census of 1910 exclud-
ing all Incorporated places. Each
dot represents 100 inhabitants. ©
LV Rebinso:
Figure 196. Distribution of country population according to census of 1910.
a
(Based on Table XI)
Ge by
s¢ O16T-0061 ‘Uonetndod |eins ur pue [ej}0] UT aBueYyd Jo advjzua.IIg
“eNSU9.) YWWIIWIY TL IY} wWoI) dees,
“£61 aansig
"aL0UL LO SpuDjiqnyut 00g's Buravy saovjd paywsod.soour fo aprsyno Burpisas yoy) sv pauifap sr uorojndod youny
’ Pie Pee J a
Teas: ent ee ee
k= wve- $ woL- | ee2 98-477 %
Bieta see Tat 1 Yamow | N80E32u3 Laanveivs b, misevw 74
‘ ; | i WAG
ome. bee ype eb ps
“p= O1— [SE'CLE'r—eerOle verze
%'L j 200! Veoool Ze L'OI, “YI
H 4
vnontm § O316N10 i raaidvoaswaMiuv3 ame! y <7 01103 4 A Cunt
fees Gna e cl aeral ITO
Se eee eto Nea NMonE ir
“eo- | %0'6— _—: Chote wy
CC
; Ly
mis Bony ENINSTT/ yoQ-gQh444,#
wuevavneiue'r— | 1%0'8= Foon 47
wa} aMHG000 wry j
7,
B3AuVD |} COJ1OW
are I
aNuneyaH ast
‘7,
CES,
“tn,
GG
o Gof
:
i
47
‘1,70,
Bes
“igh ty
‘Y,
By
0
%
Y =
EDWARD VAN DYKE ROBINSON
NOILVINdOd TVUNE
Cal's
AL 6 as page niga sl
Yang baoom 24
[ern AGEL
BME | wawaan | be eg KUL
, ' 13/M8
fay VxONVAT = oy
MY ar SAO ey chap ppm ol
4 , C10, * — a. S
ORL OR, LG UT TTL
alate
“7,7, BNBW3LB “4, 47)
MO hy. ty Ay 4,
4,
od
“4;
‘Z,
SIBBOW 444,47,
(bys Yo i
: Y),
ORL
%20°S— oa (Mire,
noswove U/ e3190Nn 4, woow |
Tg le ase
TONG
\ SMA oe
Tye ed
700,
Vonsd Le PVE
Vv 1 =
Vat bveaaaind i 904
ed
GUI IB ~
4
(edb 7,4 OMBNILE
S
ONES ON
Naa,
“CA Wnt!
“uty %O' > 4,9, 7,
4,07, 8¥IONOO y-LNVED
at
“4 Gite
%P'O-
V1 BILLO
- r mt ED,
Baek : COA GLE 8 age Vu woe a “50, “NILE
Frere ea Aen ‘wuoasays 1 a inveluvs Zwaewn~/J Noexove Y, 93780N, V x04
A 2! [1,01 ty A Ly Ay yt, , ‘7 ‘,
i ena COLER M
ot ye, pee Tl emg Pabaw A (-
omew ie ; ; Ae :
aye- f wrz~ FES eZ tna. wie FMC, Lend oq 2 ole
wnonim = § 031SW10 , g IIBLEVOSSYMHLYV’ BNIB, LOI yyy ree AVBENW Ia
vet { i EDV OMA Lt,
; 3 i ORO Cal ty Opp te ite,
EIT DOO T man n8,
Low 727,74 0 Racte= oe ee ates
1 %0"8— j LBTIOOINS AY CE NOAD
Vee
ae Ly o—
FLY 0— | %9'>— | avUANIY
(7 ANIDIG3W MOTIZA
NIHOIHDOOH
£ ee joosew te
5 ! VET
o : Sg byt, Bwyd 1nd
B2A0 ON NID U3d OS good Lp OTST (Aa Gtasaino We
8 tf wb E— | waw3aW i (OS LLLLLL :
490 w2d OS 01 SZ 3 AHIR C6 BNO
2 Ke, i “A 141M9 *
Oe,
4n39 u2e SZ 01 SI be LL Dy hy (as po ao tee R62
00777777) INSNBUIH TL, Ce o%
47 tANver Z eNuvaLe GOTT TIT) oa
4N29 8390 9) 01 G 4, yy adoae A OT
ee NOLN39. AOSD
y CALS <
4NBO 83d 9 NHL 6637 Y “0") "
BSV3YON) NosiuuOWw “Yi cae
6002
36v3y030 i Yj perp
NOLIBY
SL Lh
/ i
{
iY 8INOT "198
i ayv7 1 i YY
(GY | maeetZ
009, i | G |
Wy |
Y a i
NOILVTNdOd TVLOL
euren £40N0d eq} JepUN poezJesuy sf 30e0 Jed oy} esBelcep JO oseo UT
OI61-O06T ‘SHILNOOO AG ‘VLOSANNIM AO NOILVINdOd HO ASVAMOAC UO ASVAUONI AO LNAO Wdd
206 )
oc
ECONOMIC HISTORY OF AGRICULTURE IN MINNESOTA 207
Marshall
Koochiching
SEE NOTE
| Penningian
ie See vote
—3%0 ie
Red Ae Cook
| See wore |
Ps lhe —-/2.0 ahe
fasce Beebe
ai |
Norm
eoeee Mahnomen
See Nore
SEE wore
Increase of Country Population in
Minnesota in per cent (900-1910
Decrease
Less than ZO% mereasé
ZOtC40% 4
Zigstove | eke 40 to 60% 7
Teel Shep 60 to 80 % :
re te Over BO% :
XY Kon diyohs
all Cees Hennepin
Lac Qu Farle a a 2.5
ge —6.8 = OLA Ae ee
Yellow (Ve deine Renilla ‘ —l.3
: | [ Sco Ht Lok ola
" Sibl peed eee A
—ite \ ay | Gooehos dia.
neollet” Le Sueur ee —/0.
za i bio . 2 i Mine £3 Wabasha
as a6 re
Osa ro a —
pote Pele Less | +
LIL EEe 72s [eet appt al ee
ee ‘ Bp ue OES al4 | 73) | ~/0.2 he 8.3
PB estore Murray Lolbewivoed -, —2./ Bloe Lartt, | Waseca Stecla Lodge Oli sTad biitona
Ze tee Ae es Sf Watenwan ~/S77
ae ea ye eS ise ae
3.2 = 66 3.0 whe —/0.6 6.7 —/0.8 —/e7 alte.
ek Mob /es Tg iy as Martin Faribault Freeborn Mower Filbrrome | Hrouslon
CopynighT 194 by & ¥ Robinson
Figure 198. Percentage of change in country population, 1900-1910, according to the Thirteenth Census.49 (Based on Table XI)
‘Counties marked ‘‘see note’ were formed or changed as to boundaries during the decade; hence the rates of change could not be ascertained on the same basis,
Summary of
agricultural
development,
1900-1910
Proportion of
land used for
agriculture
The slowing-u;
of agricultu
extension
Changes in
bushel crops,
1899-1909
208 EDWARD VAN DYKE ROBINSON
In order to bring clearly to view the extent and direction of agricultural changes during the decade 1900-1910, a table is
presented at the end of the chapter showing the percentage of increase or decrease during that period and also the relation of
each item to the total country population. The figures relate to the State as a whole, irrespective of counties.
The total land in farms increased from 26.2 to 27.7 million acres, or 5.4 per cent; unimproved land in farms from 7.8 to 8
million acres or 2.9 per cent; and improved land in farms, from 18.4 to 19.6 million acres, or 6.5 per cent. The total percentage
of farm land improved thus rose from 70.3 to 71; and the percentage of land area in farms increased from 50.7 to 53.5 per cent.
From these figures it is readily calculated that the ratio of improved farm land to total land area was 35.64 in 1900 and 37.98 in
1910 (Items 4-13, Table 24).
It will be noted that improved land in farms increased 1.2 million acres against 0.2 million acres of unimproved land. This
clearly indicates that the extensive margin of cultivation was descending on farms previously established. Nevertheless, the low
rate of increase in improved land (6.5 per cent) shows that the pressure upon the extensive margin was not severe; and it may
be inferred that so long as the farming population does not increase considerably or more intensive farming of the better lands
proves profitable, cultivation will not readily descend to the poorer lands unless there is a still greater advance in the prices of
farm products. The relation of these changes to previous decades is shown in Figs. 199, 213.
The striking fact in the accompanying diagram is the slowing-up
of agricultural extension in Minnesota since 1900, in spite of the large go Farm Land in Minnesota 1850-1910 peyes
area not yet included in farms. The explanation lies near at hand. io 30,000,000,
So long as prairie homesteads could be had for the taking, ready for
the plow, agricultural settlement went on apace; but prairie land of
this character was practically all occupied, or at least in private hands,
by 1900. Since that date the unoccupied lands have been found
mostly in the forested or cut-over districts (Figs. 153, 161). Toa
generation accustomed to the quick and easy method of establishing Kj
a farm on the prairies, the clearing-away of the wreck left by the lum- é
berman and by the forest fires which followed hard on his heels, if — ,, Ie
indeed they did not precede him, has seemed a formidable task. At &
best, it is undeniable that pine stumps, left in place, hinder the full oe
use of the land for many years; and that their removal by machinery 69
or dynamite demands a larger investment of capital than most of the AP !
settlers are able to afford for some years. Moreover, attempts have wy Rk
sometimes been made to sell settlers land better suited to the growth
of forests than of farm products; and these attempts, even when un- a ; go
successful, have tended to discourage settlement in the coniferous gr ‘7
zone. For these reasons many thousands have passed by Minnesota, red ye
preferring the prairie lands farther west, even in the semi-arid zone or x
or in Canada. This westward movement has moreover been increased _ gq ‘i 7 m4 39000 000
by the unusual rainfall of the last few years in the normally arid 4
Great Plains region, and by the effective advertising of these western ay wW
lands. 2 a oO P 60000000.
In view of these facts the question may fairly be raised whether ae We
the traditional plan of leaving settlement wholly to individual initiative ‘ i‘
and decision is entirely satisfactory in face of the new problems pre- ” ee POO O08.
sented by the cut-overlands. The re-establishment of the state immi- 1
gration service has already resulted from these conditions. In order that i _s\e
all land may be devoted to that use for which it is best fitted, without "so 1860. 1870 1880 1890. 1900. 1910
long delay, costly mistakes, and unnecessary hardship, there is also im- Figure 199. Total and improved farm lands, 1850-1910.
perative need of a thorough soil survey, issuing in a detailed land classifi- (See Table XXIII)
cation map, especially of the coniferous section. So long as some of ;
the coniferous land is known to be non-agricultural, but has not been definitely segregated, all land in the coniferous zone will
be more or less under suspicion by settlers. To command public confidence and serve the double purpose of promoting agri-
cultural and forestry development, and at the same time protecting settlers against misrepresentation, such a survey would have
to be made on scientific principles, regardless of local or special interests, with the primary purpose of determining which lands
are better suited to farming than to forests, to reservoir sites for water-power development, or to other uses. Further, the question
is worthy of consideration whether a revolving fund may not properly be provided, even though it require constitutional amend-
ment, to clear the state lands which shall be classified as agricultural by the survey and turn them over to settlers on the install-
ment plan, in somewhat the same way as federal irrigation projects are now administered.
The great decline previously noted in wheat-growing is here shown in more detail (Items 59 to 61). The acreage sown to
wheat actually fell off 50.1 per cent, while the production declined only 40.1 per cent, owing to the heavier crop in 1909 (Fig. 200).
The fundamental cause of such a loss of acreage, in the face of increasing prices for wheat, was the slowing-up previously noted
in agricultural extension. Wheat-growing had been maintained as the dominant industry up to 1900, chiefly by the plowing-up
a 27000 000.
Y 24000 000
1=¥— $121 000 000.
/8 000 000
ee (5 000 000,
12000 000.
aQ
We
\
ECONOMIC HISTORY OF AGRICULTURE IN MINNESOTA 209
year by year of fresh prairie lands. As soon as the addition of new wheat lands ceased, the spread of mixed farming in the older
counties at once began to reduce the total acreage planted to wheat. In the face of this decline in amount, the value of wheat
nevertheless increased 10.7 per cent, indicating that the price per bushel realized by the farmer had approximately doubled.
Owing to this phenomenal advance in price, though both acreage and yield had fallen off compared to the country population,
there was an increased financial return per capita from the wheat crop.
PRODUCTION OF CEREALS, 1850-1910.
Bushels
29000 0ca PRODUCTION OF HAY AND FORAGE, FLAX-
SEED AND POTATOES IN MINNESOTA /850-/9/0
i \ TONS OF HAY AND FORAGE BUSHELS POTATOES
l ‘ 20000 Goo 6000000 30 000000
i} i i
[| i
t ¥ 8/000 000 400000 ot 7000000
| \ i
i \ f
i \ f /
H \__| 72000000 4800000 - 24000 000
i \ L
i Vy \/
! \ i
i ie 63.000 000 4200000) # 21000 000°
i fe J\ Z
ip | nM f
i 9 i af
i
! i 54000 000 5600 000 As 18000 000
r 7 7 2
/ / VM E
; f ie 2
/ Fo) > i
Fd i 45000000 3000 000 “ € a) fe 15000 000
A / ig vy 78
ie / r oe ie
Le / ie o i
& 2 36000 000 2400000 i es J/g {12000 000
f So
i is , ie IE
/ a - ie fe
ze 2 /__| 27000000 1800000 ks fe 9000000
f / / ie Y fe
/ - * f 3
f Fs sf J
4 ve if 18000 000 1200 000 3 6000000
i ie i af ANP
/ f o J Ie X
af v rk / os” x
/ / IS w x 7® N in
Zé £ ye 9000 000 600 000 a 2 3000 000
Uae m=) [aA
; _ ae a a.
faa La gases -* :
os pope | wa aceon pye fOr No oe e
650 1860 1870 1880, 1890 19001910
7850. 1860 18701880 1850 1900 1910
Figure 201. Production of hay and forage, flaxseed, and potatoes,
Figure 200. Production of principal cereals, 1850-1910.
1850-1910. (Based on Tables XXII, XVIII, and XIX)
(Based on Tables XIII, XIV, XV, XVI, and XVII)
All other grains, in fact all other bushel crops except flaxseed and sweet potatoes, showed not only an absolute increase
in acreage, total yield, and value, but also an increased yield and value per capita of the country population (Items 61-109; Fig. 219).
Moreover, in every case the value outran the increased crops, in some cases exceeding the increase in bushels as much as four
times. Thus oats, with a gain of 26.8 per cent in amount, showed an increase of 114.9 per cent in value; and the corn crop, larger
by 43.7 per cent, was worth 169.1 per cent more money. The totals for all small grains showed a loss of 16.7 per cent in acreage
Evidently the average price to the farmer had increased
The same conclusion is indicated for all bushel crops, since they increased in the aggregate only 10 per cent in
and 2.2 per cent in bushels, yet an increase of 48.2 per cent in value.
fully 50 per cent.
amount but 62.3 per cent in value.
As a result of these changes, wheat, though still occupying more land than any other crop, and also ranking first in value,
was exceeded in amount by both oats and corn (Fig. 200).
increases also occurred in all the minor grains, as well as in grass seed (largely timothy) and clover seed.
Hay and forage crops increased 25 per cent in acreage and 39.1 per cent in tonnage, a decline in wild hay being more than
This change was the natural consequence of a decline in wheat-farming (Items 110-145;
offset by the gain in tame grasses.
Fig. 201).
On the other
The principal decreases among the miscellaneous products were in broom corn, sorghum, and maple sugar.
hand, slight increases were reported in tobacco and sugar beets, though neither had as yet attained importance (Items 146-175).
More important gains were recorded in market-gardening, orchard fruits, and nursery products.
fruit trees since 1890 and in value of fruits since 1900 has been fairly spectacular (Items 183-222; Fig. 203).
The crop fourth in rank, measured by value, was barley. Notable
In fact, the increase in
Small fruits, on the
Changes in
other crops,
1899-1909
210 EDWARD VAN DYKE ROBINSON
other hand, declined slightly in yield, though increasing in acreage and value. It is noteworthy that the increase in tree fruits
was chiefly confined to apples, plums, and cherries, and in small fruits to strawberries, raspbeiries, and currants, most of the
laZz &
OATS
834,023,389
CORN
$30,510, /45
$56,007,435
PRODUCTS
$29,219,406
1909
Figure 202. Relative values of principal farm products for 1899 and 1909 according to the
censuses of 1900 and 1910.
others showing a loss. In the case of some of the softer fruits, including grapes, there are evidently climatic difficulties not yet
j solved.
domestic animals, The census of 1900 was taken as of June 1, while that of 1910 | Live Stock on Farms in Minnesota-1850-/9/0
1900-1910 : ; :
was of April 15. This change renders the figures for live stock not
fully comparable, as will be seen from the percentage of decrease wdieog G08
wherever the youngest age class is given separately (Items 272, 282). we
The effect of this discrepancy is evident in Fig. 204, where the rate f
of increase from 1900 to 1910 appears as less than from 1890 to ; 1350000
1900, except in the case of dairy cows, which of course were not ;
affected. The presumption is that most of the kinds of live stock
would have shown at least as rapid an increase from 1900 to 1910 /200 000
as during the preceding decade, had the census been taken at the
same date.
Even without allowing for this discrepancy, there was a 1050 000
general increase in live stock, both absolute and relative to the
country population. Thus, all cattle increased 25.4 per cent,
steers and bulls 27.1 per cent, and dairy cows 44 per cent. Horses 200000
VALUE OF ORCHARD PRODUCTS AND OF SMALL FRUITS
AND NUMBER OF BEARING TREES AND GRAPE VINES 1860-1910 750000
VALUE IN DOLLARS BEARING TREES
1,000,000 2,000,000
600000
800,000 1,600,000
450000
600,000 1,200,000
‘pice Gece 300 000
200,000 400,000 150000
we
gee 7
1860 1870 1880 1890 1900 4910 1850 1860 1870 1880 1890 1900 1910,
Figure 203. Fruit trees and value of fruits, 1860-1910.
Figure 204. Number of live stock on farms, 1850-1910.
(Based on Table XXIII)
(Based on Tables XXIV, XXV, XXVI, and XXVII)
ECONOMIC HISTORY OF AGRICULTURE IN MINNESOTA 211
increased 8.1 per cent, but mature horses 12.7 per cent. In spite of this increase, however, inquiry at the Midway horse market
reveals the fact that too few horses are raised in the State to meet the demand of the lumber camps and the cities, many being
imported, especially from Iowa.*° The explanation is presumably the longer feeding season and the higher cost of feed compared
to states farther south. Swine increased slightly (5.5 per cent) in spite of the youngest age class not being separated, which
means a large gain in fact. The explanation is, of course, the development of the dairy industry. Sheep increased at the same
rate (8.1 per cent) as horses; but ewes, which furnish a better test, increased 56.9 per cent. Goats were 20 per cent more
numerous, without allowing for the change of date. Like sheep, they were being increasingly used in clearing cut-over lands.
Poultry gained 31.4 per cent and bees 23.6 per cent during the decade, which indicates a considerable development of these
by-product industries. The value of the younger age classes was usually less, by reason of the earlier date, which of course
affected the relation of totals in 1900 and 1910.
PoutTRY 6 EGGS 188041910
PRODUCTION OF HONEY AND WAX ANO NUMBER OF SWARMS OF BEES
FOR THE STATE, 1850 - 1910
120,000
100,000
80,000
60,090
40,000
20,000
POUNDS SWARMS
Number of Fouts Oozdns ef Ecos 1,200,000
(21000 000 30 000 000
1,000,000
10.000 000 , 74 000 000
i
7
i / 800,000
000 000 of 60-000 000
‘ iM
ae 7
_fommp || | f' | A 45 000 00g) £01000
Ti 1
Ae /
oy? /
000 000 Ye ff -t_34 000 000 400,000
(| J
7 /
US
_ 9'000 000. f 4 is e. 5 {5 0480 000 200,000
yo
o eae A
| 280 $60 = 1900 _~— i910
| \é oe g i 1850 1860 1870 1880 1890 1900 1910
Figure 205. Poultry and eggs, 1880-1910. (Based on Tables Figure 206. Bees, honey, and wax, 1850-1910. (Based on
XXVIII and XXXIII) Tables XXIX and XXXIV)
_ All domestic animals except poultry and bees gained 14.3 per cent in number but 81 per cent in value, indicating an increase
of two thirds in average estimated value. A part of this increase was, of course, due to the rise of the general level of prices;
but a part of it, notably in the case of dairy cows and horses, may fairly be attributed to the introduction of blooded stock.
Animal products increased faster than the number of domestic animals, exceeding also the increase of country population,
except in the case of cheese and bee products. As with the value of animals, the value of their products showed a dispropor-
tionately rapid gain, due largely to better prices, but perhaps in part also to better quality. This relation is illustrated by the
figures for wool, mohair, poultry products, animals sold and slaughtered, and receipts from dairy products (Items 322-372;
Fig. 207).
The increase of output and of value is especially striking in the dairy industry. The total production of milk increased
34.6 per cent, while the value of dairy products to the farmers rose 84.3 per cent. The difference presumably represented increased
prices, due in part to better quality. The milk sold declined from 103.8 to 53.2 million gallons, while the cream sold rose from
1.2 to 5.8 million gallons. This change followed the introduction of hand separators on the farms, which has occurred mostly
since 1900.
The hand separator discouraged butter-making on the farm, because it enabled the farmer to shift this task to the factory
without daily trips to the creamery. It also discouraged the sale of whole milk for either butter- or cheese-making. By the use
of the separator the farmer was assured of fresh skim milk for feeding young stock; on the other hand, the skim milk received
back from the creamery was usually sour, while the whey from the cheese factory (though estimated as worth in good condition
10 cents per hundred against 20 cents for skim milk)™ was as a rule quite worthless, except perhaps in the Dodge-Goodhue dis-
trict where the plan of pasteurizing it had come into use.” The net effect of these influences was: (1) to cause a rapid develop-
‘oLetter from Barrett and Zimmerman, St. Paul, J eauaty, 1913,
‘Twelfth Report State Dairy and Food Dept., 1909, 13
“Thirteenth Report, State Dairy and Food Dedt., 1911, Ss; Ninth iReport, 33
Changes in
animal products,
1900-1910
Changes in
values
212 EDWARD VAN DYKE ROBINSON
ment of butter-making and at the same time to shift it more largely to the creameries; (2) to lower somewhat the grade of cream
because farmers frequently kept it too long; and (3) to cause a decline in the cheese industry.
Whether this decline in cheese-making will continue may be Peiae> Seaclicvieca i aUrReas Nan eee vebeae
doubted.5? The rapid rise of Minnesota as a dairy state, from the Pek, ExPUEW AE BAL BOL Penance
eighteenth in rank in 1880 to the fourth in 1910, when only Wiscon- mers 1850 = 1910
sin, New York, and Iowa had a larger value of dairy products, indi-
cates exceptional advantages for the dairy industry. The same con-
clusion follows from the fact that up to 1912 Minnesota butter won
eight out of the ten banners offered by the National Buttermakers’
Association.** It is not clear why such advantages do not favor cheese
as well as butter, especially in the hilly regions toward the north.
Moreover, experience in both Wisconsin and Minnesota seems to show
that butter equals cheese as a money-maker only in case its price is at
least 2.5 times that of cheese,’ and for some years past the price of
butter has not maintained this ratio. The conclusion would seem to
be that an expansion of cheese manufacture may be anticipated in
the districts best adapted to it by nature or by reason of acquired
skill. In this connection it is interesting to note that the 1913 report
of the State Dairy Department shows an increase of approximately a
million pounds (24.46 per cent) in the output of cheese for 1912 as
compared to 1911. The value of materials increased even more
rapidly, owing to higher prices.*°
The classification of the value of farm products in 1910 renders
a comparison with the figures for 1900 uncertain, since no statement
is given either of farm products fed to live stock or of total value of
farm products. However, the total value of all farm products re-
ported in 1900 was 161.2 million dollars, thus including 33.3 million
fed to live stock and therefore counted twice. The extent of such
duplication was 20.6 per cent. In 1910 the value of all crops, plus the returns from live stock (Items 386-388), amounted to
278 million dollars. If the extent of duplication was the same, we would obtain the following results:
1650 1860 1870 1880 1890 1900 1910
Figure 207. Butter and cheese per capita of country popula-
tion, including both farm and factory: product, 1850-1910.
TABLE 22
Items | 1899 1909
Total farm prodiicts........... 00.00.0000 0 ee $161,217,304 | $278,052,215
Products not fed........ 0.0... .00 ccc eee eee $127,959,824 | $220,773,458
As a matter of fact, the increase of 112.6 per cent in value of animals sold, while largely due to higher prices and excep-
tionally heavy sales of meat animals that season, nevertheless indicates that animal husbandry was advancing faster than crop-
raising, and consequently that more than 20.6 per cent of the total products was presumably fed to stock; but how much more
there is no means of determining. All that can be said with certainty is that the value of farm products increased somewhat
less than 72.5 per cent.
The expenditures for fertilizers decreased 70.2 per cent during the decade. It is evident that the farmers had begun to
learn other methods of conserving the fertility of the soil without the use of commercial fertilizers, which can be used profitably
only in the production of special crops of high value per acre. On the other hand, the expenditures for labor increased 34.1 per
cent, probably as a result of larger numbers of live stock,*” which require attention at all seasons. With expenditures decreasing
or increasing less rapidly than the value of products, it would seem that the net returns to farmers must have risen materially
faster than gross returns. The period 1900-1910 thus presents quite a different aspect from the preceding decade. In this con-
nection attention may be called to the fact that country population was decreasing rather than increasing, except in the northern
counties.
The value of tools and machinery, moreover, increased 73.9 per cent. This rate of increase slightly exceeded that of value
of product, and was more than double the increase of labor, which would tend to diminish the unit cost of production. At the
same time the increase in value of machinery was at approximately the same rate as the increase in value of products, and less
than the increase in lands and buildings. This would seem to indicate that the machinery situation was in a fairly stable con-
dition; in other words, that no revolution due to radically different types of machinery was in progress.
83Fourteenth Report, Slate Dairy and Food Dept., 1913, 40.
“4 bid., 1913, 35.
55Annual Report, Commissioner of Statistics, 1894, 85; Wis. Agri. Exp. Sta. Bull., 60, 13.
Bs a Report of State Dairy Dept., 1913, showed for 1911, 3,890,648 pounds, containing milk costing $397,056.56, for 1912, 4,842,328 pounds, containing milk costing $631,-
81 niversily of Minnesota Studies in Economics No. 1, 11.
ECONOMIC HISTORY OF AGRICULTURE IN MINNESOTA
VALUE OF FARMS. AND FARM PRODUCTS FOR THE STATE
DOLLARS 21850 - 1910
PER CENT
$1,300,000,
100s
700,000,000 70
50
30
200,000, 20
1850 1860 1870 1880 1890 1900 © 1910
Figure 208. Value of farms (land and buildings), and value
of farm products for the state as a whole, 1850-1910.
(Based on Tables XXXV and XXXVI)
AVERAGE VALUES PER FARM {850 - 1910
9,000
8,000
7,000
6,000
5,000
4,000
3,000
2,000
4,000
1850 1860 1870 1680 1890 1900 1910
Figure 209. Average value of farm products and property per
: farm, 1850-1910.
AVERAGE VALUES PER ACRE IN FARMS 1850 + 1910
VALUE PEA CENT
$50 100
45 99
40 8
chy 70
30 60
25 50
20 40
BY] 30
10 20
1850 1860 1870 1880 1890 1900 1910
Figure 210. Average value of farm products and property
per acre in farms, 1850-1910.
AVERAGE VALUES PER ACRE OF IMPROVED LAND
DOLLARG Mago 1310
PER CENT
965
55
50 100%
45 w
40 8
35 7?
x» a
25 ~
20 40
15 30
10 20
1850 1860 1870 1680 1890 4900 1910
Figure 211. Average value of farm products and property
per acre of improved land, 1850-1910,
213
Values in
relation to land,
1850-1910
The new status
of agriculture
214 EDWARD VAN DYKE ROBINSON
The value of live stock on farms increased 81.5 per cent, farm land 82.2 per cent, farm buildings 120.8 per cent, land and
buildings 88.6 per cent, and all farm property, real and personal, 87.2 per cent. The value of live stock thus outran value of
farm products, again suggesting a more rapid growth of animal husbandry than of tillage. This large increase in buildings signi-
fies, of course, a considerable investment of capital in fixed form, and is to be explained in part by the erection of good farm struc-
tures on the new lands in the northern part of the State, in part also by the increase of the dairy business.
The increased value of land reflected the gain of 2.9 per cent in wild, and 6.5 per cent in improved land included in farms,
even though these additions were not in all cases productive during the census season. It may also be true, as has been claimed,
that speculation or the example of other lands similarly situated but better farmed, resulted in pushing up land values over con-
siderable sections faster than the returns from those particular lands warranted.** In the main, however, farm land is worth
what it earns, capitalized at the current rate of interest. This means, of course, that a lower rate of interest would give a larger
capital value; but the fact seems to be that interest rates in general rose rather than declined between 1900 and 1910. Weare
thus brought to the conclusion that the principal factor in this advance of land values was increased earning power, due to (1)
greater technical efficiency, (2) more intensive farming shown by northward migration of dairy farming and corn growing, (3)
higher prices for farm products, averaging perhaps 50 per cent advance (pages 209, 212), and (4) a higher ratio of net to gross
earnings, due to the more rapid advance of returns than of expenditures for wages and fertilizers. Allowing for the extension of
land area and this higher ratio of net to gross earnings, the increase of 82.2 per cent in land value corresponded substantially
to the increase of 72.5 per cent in value of products.
The relation of value of farms and value of farm products to each other at the several census years, so far as reported, is
shown in Figs. 208, 219.
From Fig. 208, it is seen at a glance that the value of farm products for the State as a whole increased slowly from 1870,
when first reported, up to 1890; but thereafter it rose rapidly, especially in the last decade. Value of farms, on the other hand,
rose more rapidly with every decade from 1850 on, with the result that the actual increase in such value from 1900 to 1910 almost
equalled the entire gain from 1850 to 1910. Throughout the period, with the single exception of the decade 1890-1900, value
of farms increased faster than value of products, not only absolutely but relatively, so that value of products formed a declining
percentage of value of farms. As previously indicated (page 136) this fact seems to imply either an increasing ratio of net to gross
farm earnings or a declining agricultural interest rate.
In order to eliminate from the calculations, so far as possible, the disturbing effect of new lands brought under cultivation
Figs. 209 to 211 present the same data with reference to the farm, the acre in farms, and the acre of improved land in farms.
On the basis of the farm and of the acre of land in farms (Figs. 209, 210), the agricultural depression of the seventies stands
clearly revealed, especially if currency values are used; and these were the only values which the farmers knew. It is, indeed,
true that a large part of the great apparent prosperity during the sixties” had been fictitious, resting on nothing more solid than
fiat money inflation; but this fact was not understood by the farmers, and, in any case, it did not render falling prices and stagnant
land values any less disastrous for them. Moreover, from 1870 to 1880 there was a decline in value of farm products even on the
gold basis. On the other hand, the decade 1880-1890 saw a recovery in value of products and an advance in value of lands. On
the whole, however, the two decades 1870-1890 were clearly a period of acute agricultural depression in Minnesota as elsewhere,
in striking contrast to the abounding prosperity of the two decades 1890-1910.
These contrasts between 1870-90 and 1890-1910 stand out still more clearly when the data are presented for each acre of
improved farm land (Fig. 211). On this basis, however, it is seen that even during the sixties land values did not keep pace with
the increase of improved land, continuing to fall until 1880; but that a rise then began in land values ten years before the advance
in value of farm products in 1890. Changes in land values have thus anticipated rather than followed changes in value of products,
much as values of stocks usually anticipate changes in dividend rates. On the basis of improved land, even more than on any
other, the increase in all values during the last decade far outstripped any previous period or indeed all previous decades.
Such a stupendous advance in farm values, due chiefly to higher prices for farm products, suggests that we have definitely
entered upon a new era. Ever since the discovery of America, the Old World has been exposed to an increasing stream of
influences and of products from the New World. This reaction of America upon Europe has reached a maximum of intensity
since about 1870, owing to the perfection of harvesting machinery, the use of Bessemer steel for steamships, locomotives, and
rails, and the rapid extension of railways into the plains west of the Mississippi. Never in the history of man has so great an
area of fertile land been brought under the plow and made accessible to the world’s markets in so brief atime. Asa result, Europe
has been inundated by a flood of farm products, forcing prices down to levels never before reached. In fact, prices have for
considerable periods of time gone below the cost of production in a large part of the United States. This condition, as previously
noted, was an important cause of the Granger legislation and the insistent demand for “cheap money,” represented by the green-
back and free silver movements. In Europe the cheap foodstuffs from America caused a profound crisis in agriculture. Some
countries, such as Denmark, were forced virtually to abandon grain-growing, while the area under grain was greatly diminished
in most of Western Europe. This American competition, moreover, gave rise to the agrarian protection movement which has
dominated the commercial policy of most European countries for the last thirty years.
On the other hand, the city populations both in America and in Europe have thriven and multiplied by reason of cheap
foodstuffs. This has been the fundamental fact underlying the rush from the country to the cities. Never before have so many
people lived in the cities or lived so well as during the last half century. Economic doctrine, too, has been profoundly affected
58Minn. Agrt. Exp. Sta. Bul. 117, 48-50.
‘Ruggles, Clyde O., The Economic Basis of the Greenback Movement in Iowa and Wisconsin (Proc. Miss. Vall i
60From the author's Changes in Minnesota Agriculture Indicated by the Preliminary Results of the Thirteenth on Ot ou of Am. Statistical Assoc., March, 1911)
ECONOMIC HISTORY OF AGRICULTURE IN MINNESOTA Zs
by the fact of cheap foodstuffs. It has a close relation to the modern neglect of production in favor of theories pertaining to
distribution. So far, however, as our thinking has presupposed an indefinite continuance ‘of cheap foodstuffs, we have all been
living in a fool’s paradise. The Columbian age, the age of plenty produced by opening up and exploiting the colossal riches
of a new continent, is drawing toa close. This fact is clearly apparent in the rising prices of farm products and of farm lands as
reported by the census of 1910, not only in Minnesota but in the country at large. This same conclusion is even more strikingly
confirmed by the beginning, during 1913, of food imports into the United States on a considerable scale. The underlying fact is
that the population, both of this country and of the world at large, has of late increased much faster than the area brought under
the plow; much faster than the intensity of cultivation on lands already cultivated; and much faster than the total crop of food-
stuffs. Moreover, no second Mississippi Valley remains to be exploited. Most of Australia is arid and much of Canada and
Siberia is frigid; and the lands that remain to be put under cultivation in Asia, in Canada, and in Argentina have not the economi-
cal potentialities of those that have been brought under tillage in the last fifty years.
During all this age of plenty, the farmer alone has usually been oppressed with poverty, since for him it has meant low
prices for his products. These conditions have given rise to our current American conception of the farmer as a hard-working
and underpaid member of society, at the mercy of all other classes. For the future, however it may be with the farm laborer
and the tenant farmer, the land-owning farmer must be reckoned a capitalist who is certain to receive year by year an increasing
share of the social dividend.
In view of these facts, it becomes of great importance to ascertain what are the present tendencies as to number of farmers,
as well as the size and tenure of farms.
Population of Minnesota. 185071910.
Distribution of Population, 1850-1910.
2000 000 ez
7 /800 000 a6
1600 000 a
-*~ TES
1400000 ies ax» 70
if a
f KY
1200000 ' x Dt 60
& A bee E r ae
is Ze WW Pe
2 / 1000 000 te 50
x Nz
Q Sf ‘
, x Np
& “ye . Zé Too N +
© ZR “| 800000 440
RT ye f Z
“~ ZO i ie
“oT e” eS 7
ke? ep iP J Gal
tA 2 600 000' / a
Lo ns yey \ o
Lv a” eo
7 ot if
“| 400000 @ 20
* “¢ A < 2s
oy wa ain
& 40 o . . ee eee
ae 200000 Ze Encl (25 10
Bs be beer a owns
aes alles owns Pes
ation im yf
Hoare 4
1850 ~—s-: 1860 1870 (880 1890 1/1900 /9/0 (850 1860 1870 1880 {890 1900 19/0
Figure 212. Absolute increase of population, 1850-1910. Figure 213, Relative increase of country and town popu-
- : (Based on Table XI) lation, 1850-1910. (Based on Table XI)
From 1900 to 1910 there was an increase of 8,298 persons in the open country, against 316,016 or 36.7 per cent in incor- par in
porated places; the total for the State being 324,414 or 18.5 per cent. The total and the relative increase of population in the P°Pulation
country, in places under 2,500 inhabitants and in larger municipalities is shown in Figs. 212, 213, for each census interval.
From Figs. 212, 213, it is evident that country population gained very rapidly up to 1880, and at a less rapid rate up to 1900,
216 EDIVARD VAN DYKE ROBINSON
since which date it has been practically stationary. Villages under 2,500 population increased most rapidly from 1880 to 1900,
though continuing to increase somewhat from 1900 to 1910. Cities of over 2,500 population, on the other hand, began to grow
most rapidly in 1880, when the first slackening of country population appeared and after a slight check, due presumably to the
panic of 1893, resumed substantially their rapid increase from 1900 to 1910. At the rate there shown, it seems probable that
by 1915 more people will be found in municipalities of 2,500 or more inhabitants, than in the open country. On the percentage
basis (Fig. 213), the year 1870 marked the highest point for country, and the lowest for village, population; while on the other
hand 1910 marked the lowest for country and the highest for cities of over 2,500 inhabitants.
As previously indicated this check to country population resulted from an actual decline in southern and central Minnesota,
which all but wiped out the increase in the northern section (Figs. 197, 198). The question is, what caused this decline in the
country, throughout nearly all the richest farming counties of the State?
It is evident that a decline in population must mean either fewer members in each country household; or fewer households;
or both these conditions combined. The latter is believed to be the true explanation in most of the counties concerned.
A decrease in the number in each household may be due either to fewer hired help, or to fewer children at home; and here
again both causes are believed to be operative.
For one thing, less help has been needed of late in general farming because of the general use of nearly automatic machinery
for much work formerly performed by hand. Another change tending in the same direction is the transfer of butter- and cheese-
making to factories, together with the introduction of separators on the farm, which has reduced the frequency of trips to the
factories. On the other hand, the change from grain to live stock has made the demand for labor more continuous, if less exten-
sive at certain seasons; migratory labor can not be depended on, especially since the lumber industry is largely a thing of the
past; and immigration of northern Europeans, familiar with the care of live stock, has greatly diminished. It is even claimed
that farmers, discouraged by inability to get efficient help, have sometimes leased their farms,” as cotton planters have done in
the South, on the theory that a tenant will show more interest and capacity than a hired laborer.
A reduction in the average number per household could also occur through a higher death-rate, a lower birth-rate, or the
migration to the cities either of individuals or of large families. The death-rate certainly has not risen, though reliable statistics
are not available as to its actual course for the country population. The birth-rate, on the other hand, has declined, at least in
some of the older rural districts, from 41.5 per thousand in 1860 to 14.7 for a recent five-year period.” This decline of nearly
two thirds in the birth-rate would alone suffice, if general, to explain the decrease of country population. That it is at least
wide spread is shown by the fact that in one school district after another where formerly there were 25 to 35 children, there
are now only 5 to 10. Families now number 3 or 4 in place of 8 to 10. On the other hand, in communities where people of a
single nationality and tongue are compactly settled, especially in the newer parts of the State, families of 8 to 10 children are
stillcommon. These facts suggest that the decrease of the birth-rate is due in the main to the spread of education and a higher
standard of living, which everywhere tend to check child-bearing. Moreover, before the days of farm machinery, children were
more useful and could begin to pay their way at an earlier age. This is true on the whole in spite of an occasional task which a
child can perform with machinery. It follows that just as laws raising the age of employment have been followed by a decline
of the birth-rate among factory populations, so the introduction of machinery has tended to discourage large families on the
farm, by postponing the period when the children could become economically useful.
Further, not only has the birth-rate fallen, but for the same reasons the current of migration to the cities has gathered force.
Thus, in a typical southern Minnesota township 60 per cent of the girls and 37 per cent of the boys between 16 and 21 years of
age were away from home, either studying, teaching, or working in the cities; while of those over 21 years, who had presumably
chosen their calling, 53 per cent of the girls and 22 per cent of the boys were not on farms. The larger proportion of women
who abandoned the farm is obviously due to the fact that not being generally employed in fields in this country, fewer women
than men are needed in modern farming, especially since butter- and cheese-making and, to some extent, canning have become
factory industries. The farm household was in former generations an important center of production, as well as of consumption;
but having been stripped of industries, with the exception of cooking and sewing, the labor force thus released has naturally
sought employment in the towns where most of the former household industries are now carried on.
Among well-to-do farmers this migratory movement frequently takes another form. Instead of the children going singly
to seek education or employment, they prevail upon the parents to move to town, the farm being left to the oldest son or a son-
in-law, or to some other young man as tenant. On the average this form of migration also results in a net loss of country popu-
lation, while the country towns and, to some extent, the cities are continually recruited from such retired farmers.
Population in
relation to size The country also lost population, not only by a decrease in the size of the average household, but also by a decrease in the
enipare number of households. This fact appears clearly in the decreasing number and increasing size of farms in most counties (Figs.
214, 215).
These changes do not mean abandoned farms, in the usual sense, but merely abandoned farmsteads, which are a familiar
sight in some parts of the State,™ notably in the Red River Valley. This tendency toward fewer and larger farms, while general,
was not at all universal. Thus, in the southern part, Steele County, in the heart of the dairy section, showed a slight increase in
number of farms, with a corresponding decrease in size. This is the more difficult to explain since the average farm in Steele
was already smaller than in most of its neighbors, and other dairy counties such as Freeborn and Goodhue changed in the oppo-
one of Minnesota Studies in Economics, No. 1, 5,71.
62 7bid.
8[bid., 68, 74-75.
6aWorks, S. D., in Proceedings of Minnesota Agricultural Society, 1911, 283.
2i/
ECONOMIC HISTORY OF AGRICULTURE IN MINNESOTA
(IAXXX I1GBL uo peseg)
oo OL6T-O06T ‘Satunos Aq sutie} JO azIs aBeIOAe UT aBUeYD ‘“S[Z 2N3Wy
mete 2 7 Le nets shh
"0061 J97;e SaITEpUNog 0} se pasueY JO pazlueBIO 919M YUL 1a] S9TUNOD 49
CITX P19eL vo peseg)
oo OL6T-O06I ‘SAuUNOD Aq sutrez JO Jaquinu Ul asueYyD ‘plz ans
empty a 7 fe ree yb ote
porte (ern (br rn ir aloes (rey ea ae, sega) ee ee | | sola
esis| St gee) eee | PP | Zo- | set | TO" | ail iz-|h9S- | AG- | & __ _ | 894 SEH
con! ese! at] ee! eel Be] BE] gel ey bow eid 7) az PBF el BR | | =| BLE foes
a it al Us | te es fer | ors ue pee h9 SOr| a | ¢Z- 8St
el ir apf aN oar 7 a ae FOLree wife OST LET
nee L we Hor CO SHI Ost 9e
sar, | ony
“SA4II0 Ul
SUF
espas2apP JO BSDdasIU!
aynjosgo yuasasdas sasnbry Pig
SnSUaSN a44U0 pasog ae oe
Ol6/ OL 0061 WO af
pyosauury ur Woy 40
_j 2eeeey| 2e4 er
[855 : wes
: lL
eet | is aa = meas
azo aosasy us abuoy>
G+
re =! abot | ae (| | $e7- $9-
Bee EE
“us |
| €oS- | Ihl-|bhl>
Sa
|
sryevey| of
BIGHT aie Pre Laure eal
Snsu2z) GN ay4u0 pasog wey L reson
O16 OL O06) 6/4; ee ik h6/—-
wos saiyuno) Aq susog | 9G)
40 saquwany ays ur abuoyD
S°L4VIO
os s €oh— [ee
Lolt |
~as7e2
O6S4
geet |
a) ae ae
—- —_
Tylt | fur. a i
—— = | Ligh i | 9 019
& _
{ rey, 69L 14 ee (mW 225)
| i: | Bick | i r eas
1
| un a) (6/4 | seh | Soe aes
| pete 7 | Bae | pel
st leper -29) |
i: LEE [ a GI8-
| | | (Prey 296) | . =
Siaryo-y rset Ls i
| | pri |
erranyy eye =
| PLe+ woven Efe
“Ey
Let Vt | 95-
reory
Type of farming
in relation to
size of farm
218 EDWARD VAN DYKE ROBINSON
3075 | 196.7
| Aeseen
la- sha,
o
Behan,
3 ng | e—- .
253.2 11693) |
ee
me
or i565 | ul [42.9 wie NAA
Grant \ Douglas ! is Kanebee | Average Size of Farms in
Travers Minnesota
According tothe Census of 19/0,
Figures represent absolute
size in acres,
173
i3a| xg LP
“ef co
te 7d 355) | Bhs Lepr Waste Steele fea Olmsted IT48
152.6| Vii | ie
me Dies aa , tol 1 A
399 3158 5087 | (746 | tis 1”
Figure 216. Average size of farms by counties in 1910. (Based on Table XXXVI)
site direction (Figs. 215, 216). Southwest of the Minnesota River, where the farms averaged from 40 to 80 acres larger than in
the southeast, two contradictory tendencies were also manifest. Along the crest of the Coteau des Prairies, the number of farms
fell off while the average size increased; but on both slopes of this ridge, farms increased in number and decreased in size. In
this class were several counties, notably Martin and Rock, which grew heavy crops of corn, and one is tempted to infer that
corn-growing tends to smaller farms. This inference cannot, however, be maintained in face of the sharp drop in number of
farms in Fillmore and other important corn counties. In the rest of the State, however, these conflicting tendencies were not
greatly in evidence. The western and northwestern section, north of the Minnesota, showed a general decline in number and
increase in size of farms. This, it will be remembered, was still the home of small-grain-farming. On the other hand, all the
counties adjacent to the Twin Cities had a larger number of farms owing to the increase of vegetable- and fruit-growing; and
the same condition obtained in the northeastern forest zone, where additional land was coming under cultivation. In a general
way, the region of fewer farms corresponded unmistakably with the region of decreasing country population (Figs. 215, 198).
As a result of the changes which took place in previous decades, as well as from 1900 to 1910, the average size of farm at
the latter date varied from 56.7 acres in Ramsey County to 304.8 acres in Wilkin, the general acreage for the State being 177.3
acres of all land including 125.8 acres of improved. land.
Excluding Ramsey and Hennepin, where market-gardening reduced the average, no county averaged less than 100 acres
per farm. Aside from the counties adjacent to the Twin Cities, the smallest average was found in the forested district of the
northeast, and the next smallest in the southeast. On the other hand, the largest average size was in the northwest and the
next largest in the prairie district of the southwest.
More significant than changes in average size were the changes by classes (Table 23).
ECONOMIC HISTORY OF AGRICULTURE IN MINNESOTA 219
TABLE 23.—CHANGEs IN SIZE oF Farms By CLAssEs ACCORDING TO THE CENSUS OF 1910
Number of farms . Increase or decrease Percentage of total
Pisses ch tare (a minus sign denotes decrease)
1900 1910 Number Percentage 1900 1910
Under 20 acres. ..............04. 4,803 5,619 816 17.0 3.1 3.6
20 to 49 acres... .. eee eee eee 13,278 12,028 —1,250 —9.4 8.6 7.7
50 to 99 acres... cece eee ene 30,990 26,571 —4,419 —14.3 20.0 17.0
100 to 174 acres................. 56,785 55,424 —1,361 —2.4 36.7 35.5
175 to 499 acres..............05. 45,473 52,836 7,363 16.2 29.4 33.8
500 to 999 acres.............000. 2,965 3,359 394 13.3 1.9 2.2
1,000 acres and over............. 365 300 —65 —17.8 2 2
It is clear, from an examination of the percentage column, that there has been a marked decline in the number of small
general farms (between 20 and 175 acres), and also in the number of large farms (over 1,000 acres). On the other hand, there
was a notable increase in the class of farms under 20 acres, devoted to fruit, market-gardening, and the like; and an even greater
increase in the classes of large general farms (between 175 and 1,000 acres), which has raised the average farm in Minnesota from
169.7 acres in 1900 to 177.3 acres in 1910. The conclusion is irresistible that there is in progress an adjustment of the size of
farms to the types of farming.
Such an adjustment is a step toward more economical and effective farming; and this is equally true, whether it is attained
by enlarging or diminishing the size of farm. It is a vicious popular error, propagated by various sentimental writers, to suppose
that a smaller farm always means better farming. That depends absolutely upon the crops grown, the amount of hand-work
involved in their production, the progress of invention as to labor-saving machinery, the relative cost of labor and capital goods
measured by their output, the value of the output per acre multiplied by the number of acres which can be handled by a unit
equipment of labor and capital, and the proportion in which management must be combined with the other factors to give maxi-
mum returns; in brief, it depends upon the type of farming. Thus, the size of farm which is best for vegetable-gardening would
be absurd for wheat-growing; yet we need bread no less than vegetables, and it is to the interest of all, consumer and producer
alike, that wheat be grown by the most efficient combination of land, labor, and capital. Again, an intertilled crop, such as
corn, presents quite a different problem from the small grains; a hand-thinned crop, such as sugar beets, has another set of require-
ments; and the various branches of the animal industry, such as dairying, introduce still other problems which affect the proportion
of land to labor and capital. There is, consequently, no one size of farm best suited to all types of farming; nor can the best
size for any given type be ascertained except by experiment. Moreover, the best size to-day may not be the best to-morrow,
since it varies with the invention of new machinery and with any other change which affects the relative cost of labor and capital
goods. In the case of Minnesota, for example, the average farm, based on the homestead unit, has long been too small for the
most economical operation in small grains, owing to the introduction of highly efficient machinery for such crops; and it seems
possible that the Babcock test, the mechanical separator, and the use of factory methods generally in the dairy industry have
tended likewise to enlarge the dairy farm as shown by the decreasing number and increasing size of farms in most of the dairy
counties; though it is still true that dairy farms average much smaller than grain farms (Figs. 214, 215).
In view of these facts, it is unfortunate that the census did not make at least three divisions between 175 and 500 acres,
and a corresponding number between 500 and 1,000 acres. This would permit a closer delimitation of the size of farms with
reference to the principal types of farming. It would likewise show which types tend to large and which to small farms, and thus
enable us in a measure to forecast the future of American agriculture.
City people generally view with favor every reduction in the size of farms and every increase in country population, irre-
spective of the type of farming, assuming that smaller farms and a denser farming population mean in general an increase in the
aggregate output of farm products. On the other hand, the tendency toward larger farms and a smaller farming population,
which has appeared in much of the north central section, usually arouses great uneasiness. In this matter inhabitants of the
cities instinctively take the viewpoint of their class interests, since it is true, on the whole, that the denser the agricultural popu-
lation and the larger the aggregate crops, the more business there will be for townspeople of every sort, from the village black-
smith and carpenter to the metropolitan merchant and banker.
On the other hand, how does the matter stand with the farmer himself? It sometimes seems to be forgotten in this con-
nection that the farmer, like other classes of the community, is not purely a philanthropist, nor yet interested primarily in making
a good statistical showing for the State, but rather in securing the best living for himself and his family. Moreover, the largest
returns to the farmer are not usually identical with the largest aggregate crops. Not to speak of variations in the prices of farm
products, which sometimes cause lean crop years to be the more profitable to the farmer, it is true in general that the attempt
to wring larger and larger yields of the same kind of crop from the same area of land, using the same technique, necessarily en-
counters the law of (relatively) diminishing returns, or increasing expense per unit of product. Thus, if L = a given number
Conflict of
interests
Relation of
country
pepuianen to
and and values,
1850-1910
Farm tenure
and indebtedness
20) EDWARD VAN DYKE ROBINSON
of acres of a certain quality of land, W =a number of days’ labor with the proper tools and machinery, P = the number of bushels
so produced, and A = an additional number of days’ labor, then
L+W =P;butL+ AW =A P—.
This equation necessarily holds true after the stage of frontier agriculture is passed, when the ground was sometimes scratched
so superficially as virtually to yield no crop at all.
All commodities are the joint product of land, labor, and capital in the form of tools, machinery, live stock, etc.; and it is
impossible, in the nature of the case, to increase a joint product proportionally to the increase in any one or two factors, while
the other factor remains unchanged. This fact, while possibly obscure to unreflecting persons of other occupations, is well
known to every plowboy in Minnesota; for if it were not, there would be no reason why any farmer should buy or clear more
land. In fact, except for this principle of (relatively) decreasing returns and increasing cost per unit of product with greater
intensity of cultivation, a farmer could raise as much wheat on a single acre as on 1,000 acres, and as much on a square yard as
on an acre; not only so, but he could clear as much over cost of production on the smaller as the larger area.
In view of this fact it is obvious that the farmer has no interest in expending more labor on less land, unless some product
can be found which will yield, not only a larger gross return but also a larger net return per acre; not only so, buta net return
so much larger that the profit per acre multiplied by the number of acres which one man can handle will exceed the aggregate profit
possible with his previous type of farming. Thus, if one man can raise 100 acres of corn or 10 acres of sugar beets, yielding (let
us say) $5 net per acre of corn or $50 net per acre of beets, there would be neither gain nor loss in changing from corn to beets, so
far as concerns the returns to his labor. On the other hand, if the beets yielded only $25 per acre above expenses, the man would
evidently earn better wages growing corn. The mere fact that one crop yields more per acre than another is therefore not at all
conclusive as to which is the more profitable to the farmer. It follows that except for certain highly intensive crops, commanding
but a limited market, such as vegetables and fruit, the system of very small farms which finds many advocates in the cities would
mean, not only a higher cost of production per unit of output, but also a lower standard of living on the part of the farmers. In
a word, it means the development in this country of the ignorant and narrow-minded peasant type represented by the famous
picture of “The Man With the Hoe’’; a type due less to oppression by kings and nobles, which Markham’s poem naively assumed
to be the cause, than to the very “hoe” from which the picture is named—that is, to generations of monotonous and exhausting
hand labor, devoid of intelligence and of interest, on farms too small to permit the use of machinery.
On the other hand, the farmers in Minnesota who are enlarging their farms and machinery equipment are presumably
moving in the direction of larger profits and a better living for themselves and their families, even though this may mean less
labor on each acre, a smaller country population, and less business for the townspeople. Certainly the increase of the average
farm up to the size giving maximum efficiency would offer an incentive for managerial ability to remain in the country, and,
by raising the standard of living on the farm, would also tend to increase the attractions of country life.
The foregoing discussion, it should be noted, concerns greater intensity of cultivation with the same technique. In so
far as new and better varieties of crops and stock, or more scientific methods of cultivation, are discovered and introduced, this
conflict of interests between classes is fortunately suspended; since larger yields at less cost per unit are to the advantage both
of city and country. Scientific agriculture rather than mere intensification of cultivation by the use of more labor of the same
sort is consequently the road to social peace and general prosperity, whether it leads to smaller or to larger farms, and to a
larger or a smaller country population. It is on this account that schools and colleges of agriculture as well as the agricultural
experiment stations, are of such immense social, as well as economic, importance.
In order to see what has actually happened, decade by decade, and the relation of each to the following, summary charts
are here presented concerning the period 1850-1910 so far as the data were collected by the census.
From Fig. 217 it is evident that the average size of farms declined from 1850 to 1870, since which time there has been a steady
increase. At the same time, the proportion of improved land has continually mounted, the most rapid gain being from 1870
to 1880, and the least from 1900 to 1910. Stated in terms of population (Fig. 218), this means that there has been an increasing
number of acres of improved land per capita of the country population in every decade; and so also of tilled land, except for the
period 1900 to 1910, when considerable plow land was seeded down to pasture. In place of applying more labor to less land,
the farmers of Minnesota are thus using more land with the same, or less, labor.
The financial results of this plan, from the viewpoint of the farmer, appear in Fig. 219. For the period 1870-1890, this
diagram, like those based on land, shows a stagnant or declining value of products per capita and only a moderate increase in
value of farms; but for the period 1890-1910, evidence again appears of abounding prosperity. What would have happened to
the individual farmer if, with the same scientific knowledge and technique, there had been during these years a decreasing acreage
of improved land per capita of the country population, is not difficult to conjecture. Certainly in such circumstances the dark
period 1870-1890 would have created among us many a “‘man with a hoe” whom not even the prosperity following 1890 could
have redeemed.
In the matter of land tenure there were also some significant developments. Farms operated by full owners declined from
72.4 to 63.7 per cent from 1900 to 1910, while those operated by part owners increased from 9.6 to 14.5 per cent of all farms (Table
24, Items 390-393). Combining the two classes, it appears that farms operated by full or part owners declined from 82 to 78.2
per cent of all farms. On the other hand, farms operated by tenants increased from 17.3 to 21 per cent, and those operated by
salaried managers, from 0.7 to 0.8 per cent of the total number of farms. These changes may be due in part to the fact previously
noted that a number of ‘‘bonanza’’ farms of over 1,000 acres have been broken up and leased to tenants, who are presumably, in
many cases, on the way to buy the lands they now occupy. The decline in owners, especially full owners, is, however, too con-
ECONOMIC HISTORY OF AGRICULTURE IN MINNESOTA 221
Avtrace |size _L IMPROVED AND UN IMPROVED LAND
PER FARM - 1850-1910
ACRES ao ‘
10 10
0 : 9
» 4
\ Ba
0 \ il 8
* he]
NC om
HO & Nl pete 7
wy Pp
\%. Ry
4) \¢ iY Pal 6
. wn
\%, ye ra
! Se |e 5
\| § A
«© 7
0) wt
f
x
9
oe NA aoe ah 4
u Is
& ; al leah
J Z 2
Lee
HH HyY
20 n
i660 180 ia70 14% 1990 1900 10
s ~“~s ~ L- . " *
Figure. 217. Average size of farms and proportion of farm land
improved. 1850-1910. (See Table XXXVI)
VALUE PER CAPITA oF| COUNTRY POPULATION ‘
2 aie
el 1850-|910 aA
Gold Values {for year] 1810
jap eee eee i
Percentage | Ratio] Value! of /
Products to Value of Farrns *
1200 a cee ee ene L1 «0
1oa i 50
|
wt
800 x 40
Jj
6100 Re, io
eg & 30
Ss
Mee x awe-420 Fan
bo ee. |
aa
Loyd
eT
2\00 fet} S eal 10
“ f. p>
ie | Cases arm
0
1850 6 pO 210 =B0 180 900 ~—- 1940
Figure 219. Values of products and farms per capita of the country
population, 1850-1910. (Based on Tables XXXV and XXXVI)
Acres oF farm Lawns Per Capira of THE |
GountrRY POPULATION 1850-1910.
3.5 ACRES
‘0 A
a
5 er
—~— ’
0 i 7 Leer
A
5 ee eis Es
y Lan | Sy
vi 7
10 f LZ
wer
= vos a
COP
[4
AY
Oo 618
ss
185 60 I870 1860 880 1900 1910
Figure 218. Acres of farm land per capita of the country
population, 1850-1910*
*Land in farms and improved land as reported in the U. S. Census.
Tilled area from following sources:
For 1850 and 1860, Statistics of Minn., 1869, 5.
For 1870, Ibid., 1872, 9.
For 1880 to 1910, Calculated by adding all reported acreages of indi-
vidual crops from the U. S. Census, and in case of 1880 and 1890 sup-
plementing from Statistics of Minnesota for all crops for which the
census gave no acreage.
TENURE OF FARMS 1880-/9/0.
Per Cent Number of Farms
100 l—~ 125000
%
é
90 “ é 112500
>
Peenrr Ay
oY
& 6
eo Se
80 x ent 1/00 000
J oN
6}
Zé
70 Lg 87500
>
60 75 000
50 62 500
40 50 000
30 37500
a]
2 aoe
20 Kon .-| 25 000
Operated by Tenants , a
222° Oe
ine veer #
10 ore e 12500
Operated py Managers Her Cent
1850 ~—: 1860 1870 /880 1830 §=61300 1910
Figure 220. Tenure of Farms, 1880-1910.
222 EDWARD VAN DYKE ROBINSON
siderable to be explained solely or even mainly on this ground. The increase in farms operated by managers probably testifies
to the influence of the colleges of agriculture, which are turning out young men well trained for such positions.
The relation of these changes to conditions during previous decades has already been shown in Fig. 220. From this it appears
that the percentage of farms operated by owners has declined steadily, and almost uniformly, from 1880, when the first report
was made on tenure, to 1910. Moreover, the absolute number of farms operated by owners, after increasing rapidly from 1880
to 1900, also began to decrease thereafter. On the whole it is impossible to avoid the conclusion that some fundamental forces
have been at work tending to supplant landowning farmers with tenant farmers.
Some clue as to the nature of these forces may be found by observing how the several classes of farms were distributed over
the State (Fig. 221).
86.1 | eng Doe |
Todd | st 90.5 eta d
Pai aad ey MIGRS Per-cent of All Farms in Minnesota
aid 69. 4 80. | 83.5 Pectin BL Operated by Owners
Storms ==
According to the Census of 1910
a 738/600 E
é9. 0. oe $53 80; 0 fe es
é lige | Vals)
CO Gi Maem SW Mie 1 B3979F on
Bl pe: 70.2 Sibhy = lh
19 62.71 MoS e THO
i ei alo BO
0.8 177917991674 708
ese “peg (G8 [ey TIRTSIGIA 708743
AS BS leas CHT] Te hoe| was [7a
saa eal eae
Figure 221. Percentage of farms operated by owners in 1910.
(Based on Table XXXVI)
A glance at this map shows that the percentage of landowning farmers varies from 98.6 in Cook to 42.5 in Rock County,
being on the whole greatest in the newest parts of the State, where land is cheapest, and least in the oldest sections, where land
is dearest: There is also evident a variation with the type of farming and the size of the farm. Thus, the southeastern counties,
where the farms are smaller and devoted chiefly to dairying, have a materially larger proportion of farms operated by owners
than the southwestern counties. A dairy herd evidently needs the care of the owner, and, owing to the large capital required,
dairy herds can seldom be supplied by tenants. Again, the counties immediately around the Twin Cities, where farms average
smaller, and more intensive use of the soil prevails, show a higher proportion of landowning farmers than counties farther west.
ECONOMIC HISTORY OF AGRICULTURE IN MINNESOTA 223
In fact, the eastern half of the State, originally wooded and now devoted to dairying and mixed farming, has been conspicuously
less invaded by tenancy than the western grain-growing section.
These inferences as to the relation of value of land and size of farm to tenancy are confirmed by comparing farms operated
by owners and by tenants. Thus, the average farm operated by full or part owner in 1910 contained 169.3 acres, an increase
since 1900 of 4.5 acres or 2.7 per cent; and was worth $44.53 per acre, an increase since 1900 of $19.64 or 78.9 per cent. On the
other hand, farms operated by tenants contained on the average 200.9 acres worth $48.71 per acre, and farms operated by man-
agers averaged 338.6 acres, worth $50.54 per acre. The value of farms in 1910 thus averaged $7,538 per farm for owners,-$9,789
for tenants, and $17,111 for managers. Evidently, the larger the farm and the greater the value per acre, the more difficult it
is for tenants to buy, and, therefore, the greater is the proportion who fail to become landowners, in case the original owners
abandon farming (Table 24, Items 389-436).
Conflicting influences are thus set in motion by the increasing size of farms. On the one hand, it renders farming more
attractive for landowning farmers. On the other hand, it renders tenancy more surely permanent; and it is a well established
fact that tenants on the average take less part in farmers’ codperative movements and show less interest in community projects
than resident landowners.
The figures for farm indebtedness show that mortgaged farms increased from 44.8 to 46.3 per cent of the total, mort-
gaged and unmortgaged. Owing to the defective character of the report on indebtedness in 1900, it is not possible to make a
comparison on other points. This is, however, possible for 1890 (Table 24, Items 443-449). For the twenty-year period 1890-
1910 the number of farms mortgaged declined 9.9 per cent and the ratio of debt to value of farms declined from 31.6 to 26.4, or
16.5 per cent, while the average equity of the owner per farm increased from $1,760 to $5,198, or 195.3 per cent. The great
increase of land values was thus enriching the man who held the title, even though he had failed to remove the mortgage. On
the other hand, this same increase of value was building a constantly higher barrier between tenancy and landownership.
As conditions are in this country, whatever hinders the purchase of farms by tenants works for a permanent and ever-
increasing system of land tenancy. In various ways landownership gravitates toward the cities. For one thing, the migration
of young people to the cities causes many farms to pass by inheritance to urban residents, who rarely return to the country to
work their farms. Again, other farms are purchased by business or professional men for investment or speculative purposes.
Still others, and these the larger number, are given over to tenants when the owners retire to the cities to spend their later years.
In some cases, indeed, these farms are left in charge of a son or son-in-law who will presumably become the owner; but in a typical
township this was true in only 13 per cent of the cases. For the most part the movement of landowning farmers to towns and
cities means the permanent increase of tenancy, except in so far as tenants alien to the family are able to purchase the land.
This movement city-ward also tends to deprive the country of its natural leaders in all plans, public and private, for the better-
ment of rural life.
To check the increase of tenancy from these causes, two courses are open: either to facilitate purchase by tenants, in spite
of the increasing size and value of farms in this section of the country, or to lessen the migration of landowning farmers to the
cities. In order to facilitate purchase, the most promising plan would appear to be the provision of capital at lower interest rates
through the improvement of rural credit facilities; provided some method can be devised of preventing town investors and spec-
ulators from taking advantage of such lower rates to buy up still more farm land. Obviously this is a difficult task, though
perhaps not insuperable. In order to check the migration of farmers to the cities, country life must be made more attractive.
This is largely, though by no means exclusively, a matter of education.
Certainly the problem presented by the steady increase of farm tenancy is one not only of economic interest and impor-
tance but of great social and political significance as well. American democracy in the past has been the product of the land-
owning farmer; and on the agricultural changes now in progress, which appear to threaten his existence, depends in great measure
the future constitution of American society.
TABLE 24.—Procress ofr AGRICULTURE, 1900 To 1910, AccoRDING TO THE U. S. CENSUS
Percentage Per 100 of the country population
Items 1900 1910 of increase
or decrease 1900 1910
I. Population:
1. Country population............. 890,252 898,550 SONI, aeraiaae sueivaee, |i!) ilsaedieatee at ys
2. Town population............... 861,142 1,177,158 SOnr Il, eucuecreeeive: || tatwsamte ce
3. Total population............... 1,751,394 2,075,708 13.5 |) zeaectersers: ||) abemacwessces:
II. Acreage:
4. Improved land, acres........... 18,442,585 19,643,533 6.5 2,071.6 2,186.1
5. Woodland, acres............... (No report) 31929:3901 | vissenaane | aeaesamaee 436.5
6. Other unimproved land, acres....| (No report) AMOO8990 | asa cathowedoy | seele etdune ne 457.4
7. Total unimproved land, acres... . 7,805,913 8,032,290 2.9 876.8 893.9
8. Total land in farms, acres....... 26,248,498 27,675,823 5.4 2,948.4 3,080.1
9. Percentage of farm land improved. 70.3 71.0 ah Wily Menten eieotalen ||. akasdun netstat
% University of Minnesota Studies in Economics, No. 1, 5.
Jo EDWARD VAN DYKE ROBINSON
Percentage Per 100 of the country population
Items 1900 1910 of increase
or decrease 1900 1910
10. Percentage of land area in farms,
ACKOS Hic ihode a Gunde ba ORAS ORES 50.7 53.5 536 | SaxGiesentnc || seseacnee
11. Number of farms............... 154,659 156,137 1.0 17.4 17.4
12. Average size of farms, acres...... 169.7 177.3 BSS 1))|\\) wad eto tod, Wilh wdeedet laced
13. Average improved land per farm,
ACES soo S Bows ann emmooure 119.2 125.8 5. ||| inteads || Mutsirmeds
III. Farms by size groups:
14. Under 3 acres, number.......... 555 294 —47.0 .06 .03
15. Under 3 acres, percentage of total. A 2 ==50:00 |! satiauecae || venues
16. 3to9 acres, number............ 1,994 2,555 28.1 .22 .28
17. 3to9 acres, percentage of total. . 1.3 1.6 93°56. |) 25keteow |) EaeeeS.ces
18. 10to19 acres, number.......... 2,254 2,770 22.9 25 31
19. 10 to 19 acres, percentage of total. 1.5 1.8 20.0" > seaside. “Wl. . eid
20. Total under 20 acres, number.... 4,803 5,619 17.0 54 .63
21. Total under 20 acres, percentage of
total, farim$ oo ciccgeecures ee 09 8 3.1 3.6 16.2 |||) seGeenes te. ||| Sates:
22. Total under 20 acres, percentage of
all farm land................. 22 2 O10". ||| oh aorhejiee.|ll) ateeawiiad.
23. Total under 20 acres, percentage of
improved land............... a2 2 0:07:||| siewekess ol) eavewaeday
24. Total under 20 acres, percentage of
total value of land and buildings 9 1.1 DRI San Rares WI aueedheaNns
25. 20 to 49 acres, number.......... 13,278 12,028 —9.4 1.49 1.34
26. 20 to 49 acres, percentage of total
fariis.c4. de ccna os Gia soe tanga 8.6 7.7 S105 |} <aetane |) weewiyauas
27. 20 to 49 acres, percentage of all
farm latids, a ¢ sos cag ein eS eas 1.9 1.6 15:85 ye Yedda |) Shee eens
28. 20 to 49 acres, percentage of im-
proved land...............-6. 1.5 1.2 ==20.0: | gaagcewen. | Sraereesedts
29. 20 to 49 acres, percentage of total
value of land and buildings. ... 2.6 2.3 S115) ||) wees eese |) vitae geeee
30. 50 to 99 acres, number.......... 30,990 26,571 —14.3 3.48 2.96
31. 50 to 99 acres, percentage of total
FATS is fpcaseaee diester Oran ee 20.0 17.0 S=[5:0: |) acaeicas. WV) ¢okGdeniie
32. 50 to 99 acres, percentage of all
fare land teens. cchwwithlets sons 8.8 7.4 SS15/0" |) setae gene ||) ebetedeuys
33. 50 to 99 acres, percentage of im-
proved land................5. 7.7 6.4 SAHOO | ceese Seas | I] aheweray
34. 50 to 99 acres, percentage of total
value of land and buildings. . 10.4 8.5 2218359 || | vawarsecheace. ||| Wpeeredieneex
35. 100 to 174 acres, number........ 56,785 55,424 —2.4 6.38 6.17
36. 100 to 174 acres, percentage of
total farses ¢cawswr arene : 36.7 35.5 3250, '||| Seren Vin ~onteted eet
37. 100 to 174 acres, percentage of al
farm land ic ct ce wedge awe es 32.4 29.0 SACS -Ascobduula.) db @ ease
38. 100 to 174 acres, percentage of
improved land............... 30.6 26.7 SAT ee eked: | eet
39. 100 to 174 acres, percentage of
total value of land and buildings 31.1 28.2 —9.3 ssh eee Sees Steet eames
40. 175 to 259 acres, number........ 24,933 27,972 12.2 2.80 3.41
41. 175 to 259 acres, percentage of
LOtal iG dag ewes nase copa neeiuste 16.1 17.9 TY 2!) care destesnastto I]; Cantatas
42. 260 to 499 acres, number... 20,540 24,864 21.1 2.31 2.77
43. 260 to 499 acres, percentage of
COtals. cc ducG-ae tees Hae 13.3 15.9 19S Fi tae tests. ] GiaGionie
44. 175 to 499 acres, number........ 45,473 52,836 16.2 5.11 5.88
ECONOMIC HISTORY OF AGRICULTURE IN MINNESOTA
225
Percentage Per 100 of the country population
Items 1900 1910 of increase
or decrease 1900 1910
45. 175 to 499 acres, percentage of
total farms................05. 29.4 33.8 TSO) Grohe attoetas Fil] aves aace. a8
46. 175 to 499 acres, percentage of all
farmilatid weccucwccce wade ewes 47.1 52.4 PES Ny weesdGaretic | -eedebaaets
47. 175 to 499 acres, percentage of
improved land............... 50.4 55.5 POLE d |) Ada eevse Ate, || “oy eaeeereee
48. 175 to 499 acres, percentage of
total value of land and buildings 46.9 51.8 TOES |) seekekedeeee ||| wee beste
49, 500 to 999 acres, number........ - 2,965 3,359 13.3 33 37
50. 500 to 999 acres, percentage of
total farms) won. 66. ee eae es 1.9 2.2 15:05. Il aes beets |i) aueeadeday
51. 500 to 999 acres, percentage of all
farm land ....iss.csa08 esse teas 7.1 7.7 8:5) (9) (wud Il aededee
52. 500 to 999 acres, percentage of
improved land..... Sesihihsewab abe 7.5 8.2 Oise Nb eects. willy “aaneaesttens
53. 500 to 999 acres, percentage of
total value of land and buildings 6.3 6.8 FeO WW) grkrocsrametaee: |i Jouve s
54. 1,000 acres and over, number.... 365 300 —17.8 04 .03
55. 1,000 acres and over, percentage of
total farms................4. 2 2 O02 ck aeaeeea! |||) ob eeeeerss
56. 1,000 acres and over, percentage of
all farm land................. 2.4 1.7 909) akon, ||) wakes
57. 1,000 acres and over, percentage of
improved land............... 2.1 1.7 985: | il we teticdeen Ill Sedeieses
58. 1,000 acres and over, percentage of
total value of land and buildings 1.8 1.4 2D Il naesaeeeeeee il Sunaina
IV. Crop Products:
59. Wheat, acres.............00000: 6,560,707 3,276,911 —50.1 736.9 364.7
60. Wheat, bushels ................ 95,278,660 57,094,412 —40.1 10,702.4 6,354.1
61. Wheat, value.................. $50,601,948 $56,007,435 10.7 $5,684.00 $6,233.09
62. Oats, ACreS........ cece ee eee 2,201,325 2,977,258 35.2 247.3 331.3
63. Oats, bushels.................4. 74,054,150 93,897,717 26.8 8,318.3 10,449.9
64. Oats, value............ 002 c eee $15,829,804 $34,023,389 114.9 $1,778.13 $3,786.47
65. Barley, acres...............0.4- 877,845 1,573,761 79.3 98.6 175.1
66. Barley, bushels................. 24,314,240 34,927,773 43.6 2,731.2 3,881.1
67. Barley, value................-- $7,220,739 $17,213,817 138.4 $811.09 $1,915.73
68). [RYE AChESi2.2526ccn waded eee 118,869 266,567 124.3 13.4 29.7
69. Rye, bushels................... 1,866,150 4,426,028 137.2 209.6 492.6
10. Rye, value. ..acncene ec aee eaves $783,852 $2,679,987 241.9 $88.05 $300.26
71. Buckwheat, acres............... 6,700 10,309 53.9 8 1.1
72. Buckwheat, bushels............. 82,687 144,861 75.2 9.3 16.1
73. Buckwheat, value.............. $43,741 $89,058 103.6 $4.91 $9.91
74, Emmer and spelt, acres......... (No report) BO0;891). |. catercacein i). fades 3.4
75. Emmer and spelt, bushels....... (No report) 154339 |) eases ||) dateeneeus 84.3
76. Emmer and spelt, value......... (No report) $338:841 | -cecckesecue | |) eee ers $37.71
77. Total small grains, acres......... 9,765,446 8,135,697 —16.7 1,096.9 905.4
78. Total small grains, bushels...... 195,595,887 191,248,130 —2.2 21,970.8 21,284.1
79. Total small grains, value........ $74,480,084 | $110,352,527 48.2 $8,366.18 $12,281.18
80. Corn, acres..........000e eee eee 1,441,580 2,004,068 39.0 161.9 223.0
81. Corn, bushels.................. 47,256,920 67,897,051 43.7 5,308.3 7,556.¥
82° ‘Corn; Valll@sacsg axes See sew ees $11,337,105 $30,510,145 169.1 $1,273.48 $3,395.49
83. Kafir corn and Milo maize, acres. 43 75 74.5 .005 .008
84. Kafir corn and Milo maize, bushels 1,096 3,335 204.3 12 39
= 85. Kafir corn and Milo maize, value. $366 $1,466 300.5 $0.04 $0.16
226 EDWARD VAN DYKE ROBINSON
Percentage Per 100 of the country population
Items 1900 1910 of increase
Oraeceetee 1900 1910
86. Peas, dry, acres................ 670 835 24.6 08 09
87. Peas, dry, bushels.............. 9,021 14,964 65.9 1.0 1.7
88. Peas, dry, value................ $9,338 $18,384 96.9 $1.05 $2.04
89. Beans, dry, acres............... 3,290 4,697 42.8 A 5
90. Beans, dry, bushels............. 36,317 62,822 73.0 41 7.0
91. Beans, dry, value............... $49,685 $124,996 151.6 $5.58 $13.91
92. Irish potatoes, acres............ 146,659 223,692 52.5 16.5 24.9
93. Irish potatoes, bushels. . ...... 14,643,327 26,802,948 83.0 1,644.8 2,982.9
94, Irish potatoes, value............ $3,408,997 $7,685,259 125.4 $382.92 $855.29
95. Sweet potatoes, acres........... 4 jLessthan acre] .......... -0005 0001
96. Sweet potatoes, bushels.......... 136 50 —63.2 015 .006
97. Sweet potatoes, value.. ........ $149 $80 —46.3 $0.02 $0.009
98. Flaxseed, acres................. 566,801 358,426 —36.8 63.7 39.9
99. Flaxseed, bushels............... 5,895,479 3,277,238 —44.4 662.2 364.7
100. Flaxseed, value................ $5,898,556 $4,863,328 —17.6 $662.57 $541.24
101. Clover seed, bushels............ | 8,034 48,013 497.6 9 5.3
102. Clover seed, value.............. $34,536 $326,299 844.8 $3.88 $36.31
103. Grass seed, bushels............. 561,973 945,666 68.3 62.2 105.2
104. Grass seed, value............... $529,301 $1,496,438 182.7 $59.46 $166.54
105. Peanuts, acres................. 0 TA) Siserecetente ||) Sherbanee: .0001
106. Peanuts, bushels............... 0 MED). 4) Ih seperieton en: i) Alera tee .002
107. Peanuts, value................. 0 C557 Ee ene er | LO $0.004
108. Total bushel crops, bushels...... 263,999,060 290,300,232 10.0 29,654.4 32,307.6
109. Total bushel crops, value........ $95,748,117 | $155,378,956 62.3 $10,755.17 $17,292.19
Hay and Forage Crops:
110. Wild, salt and prairie grasses, acres 2,196,623 1,988,664 —9.4 246.7 221.3
111. Wild, salt and prairie grasses, tons 2,842,234 2,714,121 —4.5 319.3 302.1
112. Wild, salt and prairie grasses, value} (No report) $9,609,031 | ........e. Poole, $1,069.39
113. Millet and Hungarian grasses,
ACKES oktaxs ovale eae Ady Sues Ue eee 58,339 27,136 —53.5 6.6 3.0
114. Millet and Hungarian grasses, tons 93,954 50,383 —46.4 10.6 5.6
115. Millet and Hungarian grasses,
Vall acsnirs bane aca nants acon (No report) mosis || ero vataccm dS, | yews teed $25.77
116. Alfalfa, acres. ................ 658 2,288 247.8 .07 25
117. Alfalfa, tons.. ................ 1,781 6,314 254.6 .20 70
118. Alfalfa, value..... ...........,. (No report) $44,540 | oo... ] eee. $4.96
119. Clover, acres...............0.4. 74,669 57,358 —23.2 8.4 6.3
120. Clover, tons................... 128,767 106,334 —17.4 14.5 11.8
121. Clover, value.................. (No report) DST 2 199." |) ataseeiay. | ces eaasccccd $63.74
122. Timothy and clover mixed, acres.| (No report) 8295600!) Aeaaseceme. || Ghewdwarse 92.3
123. Timothy and clover mixed, tons..| (No report) 1433/0790 ||. Sugucesesets | cee Bhegerncs 159.5
124. Timothy and clover mixed, value.| (No report) $7,915,659 | oo. Pl, $880.94
125. Timothy alone, acres. ... ... (No report) POU BTS) 4 cicciyenas Ill’ wegersagbe 86.8
126. Timothy alone, tons............ (No report) EVOL O10) || ve axaaies, ||) qoeecicsin cs 123.0
127. Timothy alone, value........... (No report) Phe 0. tll! execute ll!) cone yawcs $658.08
128. Other cultivated grasses, acres... 754,246 118,493 —84.3* 84.7 13.2
129. Other cultivated grasses, tons.... 1,114,459 188,371 —83.1 125.2 21.0
130. Other cultivated grasses, value...| (No report) PESOS) sntelbuwan: |i hese eos $88.27
131. Total cultivated hay and forage,
ACHES sit eden Braeda Dus tals 961,067 1,957,408 103.7 108.0 217.8
132. Total cultivatedt hay and forage,
POTS fos cee hoa a descend eeahemenatonaes 1,497,094 3,322,626 121.9 168.2 369.8
*Decrease due to difference in definition.
tExcluding corn stalks.
ECONOMIC HISTORY OF AGRICULTURE IN MINNESOTA
227
Percentage Per 100 of the country population
Items 1900 1910 of increase
or decrease 1910 1910
133. Total cultivated hay and forage,
Value cntucha Wate anwar (No report) SEP TIS,770. |) Gcivacawss. ) coeew youu $1,904.82
134. Grains cut green for hay, acres... 26,304 19,981 —24.0 3.0 2.2
135. Grains cut green for hay, tons.... 45,633 31,060 —31.9 5.1 3.5
136. Grains cut green for hay, value...| (No report) GUAS AIO II!) cg ete cases WY nek wee oes $15.93
137. Forage crops sown for forage,
ACTOS eee els BN SE RN CWS 46,851 121,619 159.6 5.3 13.5
138. Forage crops sown for forage, tons 112,500 401,614 257.0 12.6 44,7
139. Forage crops sown for forage,
ValllGyxacuntiet ibe sa eases (No report) SUsAT Aas | ceca ek || eiadaa. $163.76
140. Root forage, acres.............. (No report) D088 IW b Aken: Mill Zone pade te .06
141. Root forage, tons............... (No report) 2 OGS- ll anenwea al ewe: wales 44
142. Root forage, value.............. (No report) PSOS1O 2 IO ce tees Wy aotesoosaps $3.37
143. Total hay and forage, acres...... 3,157,690 3,946,072 25.0 354.7 439.2
144. Total hay and forage, tons...... 4,339,328 6,036,747 39.1 487.4 671.8
145. Total hay and forage, value..... (No report) $26,724,801 | .......... | ..eeceee 5 $2,974.21
146. Tobacco, acres.............000. 117 150 28.2 01 .02
147. Tobacco, pounds............... 127,730 173,321 35.7 14.3 19.3
148. Tobacco, value................. $12,869 $20,554 59.7 $1.45 $2.29
149. Hops, acres................ 00 ee Less than 1 acrelI.ess than 1 acre] .......... Less than .000i|Less than .0001
150. Hops, pounds.................. 51 372 629.5 .006 04
154. Hops, vale, occa neebenneaaa $9 $38 322.2 $0.001 $0.004
152. Broom corn, acres.............. , 149 13 —91.0 .017 -001
153. Broom corn, pounds............ 76,960 10,259 —86.7 8.6 1.1
154. Broom corn, value.............. $4,121 $738 —82.3 - $0.46 $0.08
155. Maple sugar, pounds............ 29,580 11,399 —61.5 3.3 1.3
156. Maple sugar, value............. $2,733 $1,742 —36.3 $0.31 $0.19
157. Maple syrup, gallons............ 1,079 17,808 1,550.4 12 2.0
158. Maple syrup, value............. $939 $21,620 2,202.4 $0.10 $2.41
159. Sorghum, acres................. 2,283 1,709 —25.1 25 2
160. Sorghum, production, tons....... 14,369 13,253 —7.8 1.6 1.5
161. Sorghum, production, value...... $59,714 $83,966 40.6 $6.71 $9.34
162. Sorghum, used as forage, tons....}| (No report) BOG 5! || sega, [il Beant cle .04
163. Sorghum, used for syrup, tons...| (No report) 1258875 | xedzekeeee. | a Pbsewe.cdss 1.4
164. Sorghum syrup, gallons......... 157,605 143,934 —8.7 17.7 16.0
165. Sugar beets, acres.............. 2,114 2,238 5.9 24 25
166. Sugar beets, tons............... 15,959 24,140 51.3 1.8 2.7
167. Sugar beets, value......... piu $59,826 $118,625 98.3 $6.72 $13.20
168. Sugar beets used as forage, tons..}| (No report) 384. | geyeetaess | aieaeewwds 04
169. Sugar beets used for sugar, tons..} (No report) DS 190.- |) casicaigetase |) “aiaieawsancs 2.6
170. Flax fiber and straw, tons sold...| (No report) T0704) |) ceustecese ||) wizeoed eden 1.2
171. Flax fiber and straw, amount re-
COVER he Marae cee huen ms cece (No report) $55;209' | aisisadieae | Bitavagats $6.15
172. Other straw, tons sold.......... (No report) T4204 PIN ciece ret, UN, ealcuntndined 1.6,
173. Other straw, amount received....| (No report) $34°600. ||| etaedintedus, hy (ey adsecdiow even $3.86
174. Cornstalks and leaves, tons sold..| (No report) DANG. Ol) scstaenge tect, (Ih deta en eae se 3
175. Cornstalks and leaves, amount
TECEIVED: ose ened tad eataNs (No report) SEALE || <a rkistee ey ll leselendae $0.83
176. Total receipts from sales of straw. $4,410 $97,352 2,107.5 $0.50 $10.83
177. Vegetables (other than potatoes,
sweet potatoes and yams), acres 28,361 46,021 62.3 3.2 5.1
178. Vegetables (other than potatoes,
sweet potatoes and yams),value $1,503,401 $3,359,052 123.4 $168.88 $373.83
179. Forestproducts offarms,totalvalue| $2,602,335 $5,181,508 99.1 $292.32 $576.65
228
EDWARD VAN DYKE ROBINSON
Percentage Per 100 of the country population
Items 1900 1910 of increase
or decrease 1900 1910
180. Forest products, used on farms,
Valles : 2298.6 2n- Sa Oeseeateeg (No report) $3,023,701: -|: avhvsnvade |) eh coe aes $336.52
181. Forest products, cut and sold,
ValU@.iicbies seis necine hinges cee (No report) $2,024 (205i) caer candela catia sre. $225.33
182. Standing timber sold, value...... (No report) PLSS; O22 0) Lic weewdes: ll) fidataccwes $14.80
Fruits and Nuts:
183. Orchard fruits, trees of bearing age 1,096,444* 1,644,590 1900 data 123.2 183.0
184. Orchard fruits, trees not of bearing unreliable
AGEY seas ates See ewes (No report) 1,787 AQL | lieyiescec |) Soa aderids 198.9
185. Orchard fruits, bushels.......... 143,655 1,066,659 642.5 16.1 118.7
186. Orchard fruits, value of product. $109,050 $801,112 634.6 $12.25 $89.16
187. Apples, trees bearing............ 875,905* 1,380,396 1900 data 98.4 153.6
unreliable
188. Apples, trees not bearing........ (No report) AS78169 fh) Acad oes LI) oe Seance rs 175.7
189. Apples, bushels................ 120,143 1,044,156 769.1 13.5 116.2
190. Apples, value of product........ (No report) $769,114 |... ee | eee ee $85.60
191. Peaches and nectarines, trees bear-
Maite Maen GSt ede eee ete 1,626* 1,571 1900 data 2 i2
unreliable
192. Peaches and nectarines, trees not
D@aRNG iso ainde ao ea dae aes (No report) GOS |) eateue lors) ee ee ler ee A
193. Peaches and nectarines, bushels. . 190 599 215.3 .02 .06
194. Peaches and nectarines, value of
PLOGUEGE unoserc neue aes (No report) ODO? Hil he dacie trata: |e eet een ore $0.07
195. Pears, trees bearing............ 3,602* 2,792 1900 data 4 3
unreliable
196. Pears, trees not bearing......... (No report) 44135 1. cedex Reaeieeas: Ih Sok ticank hasan 5
197. Pears, bushels................. 226 400 77.0 .03 .04
198. Pears, value of product.......... (No report) $405.) | xetastincca.e. || wawweaains $0.05
199. Plums and prunes, trees bearing. . 191,313* 233,736 1900 data 21.5 26.4
unreliable
200. Plums and prunes, trees not bear-
BN ee hte oer cnt ct ca wien (No report) LOTRO2ZG6 Vo teehee (il) fated ein 18.7
201. Plums and prunes, bushels....... 21,820 19,920 —8.7 2.4 2.1
202. Plums and prunes, value of prod-
MCU Speer tae Guten a (No report) Wey R | Sect eee lhl epee Gluck As $3.09
203. Cherries, trees bearing.......... 19,882* 25,139 1900 data 2.2 2.8
unreliable
204. Cherries, trees not bearing....... (No report) SOOO ca tatacuua! lll geeeinicie 4.3
205. Cherries, bushels............... 960 1,526 59.0 A 17
206. Cherries, value of product....... (No report) 2903" | ila telaanee | 1) ee tes oats ae $0.33
207. Apricots, trees bearing.......... 87* 66 1900 data 01 .007
unreliable
208. Apricots, trees not bearing....... (No report) DDS ||) oeteatocudeencctan JWI L338: 2205 Sek 3 02
209. Apricots, bushels............... 2 10 400 .0002 001
210. Apricots, value of product....... (No report) DES Pilea ccsste Juf| tcp tnd Sonos $0.001
211. Quinces, trees bearing........... (No report) HOM 14) BeAss can coc dou | ill acl t tank oe .02
212. Quinces, trees not bearing....... (No report) GSU jt) ayer Goe, UP a toke on 2 Sel .08
213. Quinces, bushels................ (No report) Deal: «aint Retr e,, IM techn eetat cere! .0002
214. Quinces, value of product....... (No report) OCA! ce eet ice, Id cat M eater bail $0.0006
215. Grapes, vines bearing........... 138,175* 61,916 1900 data 15.6 6.9
unreliable
216. Grapes, vines not bearing....... (No report) Oe Uc il) samara |), “dgeiehaacoes: 4.0
217. Grapes, pounds................ 573,272 293,805 —A48.7 64.4 32.7
*Reported as trees of bearing age; thought by census to include some young trees. See 1910, General Report on Agriculture, p. 707.
ECONOMIC HISTORY OF AGRICULTURE
IN MINNESOTA
229
hese 1900 ‘910 odes Per 100 of the country population
or decrease 1900 1910
218. Grapes, value of product........ $15,593 $11,021 —29.3 $1.75 $1.23
219. Cider, gallons.................. 6,111 9,044 48.0 7 1.0
220. Vinegar, gallons................ 3,339 5,778 73.0 4 6
221. Wine and grape juice, gallons.... 6,197 4,567 —26.3 7 5
222. Dried fruits (including raisins and
dried grapes), pounds......... 500 2,853 470.6 .06 32
223. Black walnuts, trees bearing..... (No report) TOS! 4 itera iacss.ccs. Mil) cesasspasddeecies 8
224. Black walnuts, trees not bearing..| (No report) 6,307 (|. ceeibeyeace. ll s6eekuouss 7
225. Black walnuts, pounds......... (No report) O5,074) |) eesacagiess: | aneteadans 7.2
226. Black walnuts, value of product..} (No report) $1;490- )) cscascace || Bee iai@us $0.17
227. Pecans, trees bearing........... None O> |) cavtanteeeaver |Iill cuted ith .0007
228. Pecans, trees not bearing........ (No report) SOT Muth ane Ne ill cabin kon .004
229. Pecans, pounds................ None D5 il Gute ee. ||| darkness .003
230. Pecans, value of product........ (No report) G5: He cabled ieee ay. Ill seete tattered $0.0006
231. All nuts, trees bearing.......... (No report) 8110" || ceesatiedewe | oxpesteeewos 9
232. All nuts, trees not bearing....... (No report) TOAT Ul ets oustmate ll coucnieeadhass 8
233. All nuts, product, pounds....... 33,700 81,555 142.0 3.8 9.1
234. All nuts, value of product....... $597 $1,838 207.9 $0.07 $0.20
Small Fruits:
235. Strawberries, acres............. 1,302 1,873 43.9 14 21
236. Strawberries, quarts............ 2,506,020 2,730,099 8.9 281.5 303.8
237. Strawberries, value............. (No report) $2608;772) |) -cciucais || <hleaeveons $29.91
238. Blackberries and dewberries, acres 162 145 —10.5 .02 .016
239. Blackberries and dewberries,
Guatlthy p29 Gsaiereseaa ae ness 192,010 139,741 —27.2 21.6 15.6
240. Blackberries and dewberries, value] (No report) $17,696) | accutane: |) s¥eehaves $1.97
241. Raspberries and _ loganberries,
ACTOS isis inane Mawel oe elehareleees 1,115 1,388 24.5 12 15
242. Raspberries and loganberries,
Quarts + sa vacssees ease weeny 1,252,930 1,340,469 7.0 140.7 149.2
243. Raspberries and _ loganberries,
VAIUE hci wie hiodiek. oy eee eee (No report) $178;689) | adeusewie ||) wvewiioves $19.89
244. Cranberries, acres.............. 22 61 177.3 .002 .007
245. Cranberries, quarts............. 35,840 22,112 — 38.3 4.0 2.5
246. Cranberries, value.............. (No report) IOS Siewbbcced), |) “edeaeees $0.22
247. Currants, acres...........0..-.. 259 200 —22.8 .027 .022
248. Currants, quarts............... 311,950 182,825 —41.4 35.0 20.3
249. Currants, value................ (No report) 19783" |) wissedeaede | pAatedeedhs $2.20
250. Gooseberries, acreS...........4. 112 71 —36.7 01 .008
251. Gooseberries, quarts............ 128,250 60,661 —52.7 14.4 6.8
252. Gooseberries, value............. (No report) $6412 | todas Wl ears $0.71
253. Total small fruits, acres......... 3,092 3,738 20.9 35 41
254. Total small fruits, quarts........ 4,542,640 4,476,575 —1.5 510.2 $498.2
255. Total small fruits, value......... $339,569 $493,406 45.3 $38.14 $54.92
Flowers and Plants:
256. Farms and establishments report-
Mie italia eee niented 110 136 23.6 012 015
257. Flowers and plants, acres........ 143 163 14.0 .016 018
258. Flowers and plants, value of
products..........-. cece eee $288,055 $603,935 109.7 $32.36 $67.21
259. Florists’ establishments, area
under glass, square feet....... 889,986 1,419,496 59.5 100.0 158.0
260. Nursery products, farms and es-
tablishments reporting, number. 85 191 124.8 01 .02
261. Nursery products, farms and es-
tablishments reporting, acreage. 1,127 3,854 242.0 12 43
230 EDWARD VAN DYKE ROBINSON
a a Percentage Per 100 of the country population
items oe aed ae 1900 1910
262. Nursery products, farms and es-
tablishments reporting, value of
PROdUCtS: «iinwas sesame esa es $383,105 $863,014 125.3 $43.04 $96.05
263. Flower and vegetable seeds, value
Olina vate eee te $9,249 $6,645 —28,2 $1.04 $0.74
V. Live Stock on Farms:
264. Cattle, all, number............. 1,871,325 2,347,435 25.4 210.2 261.2
265. Cattle, all, value............... $36,248,958 $50,306,372 38.8 $4,071.76 $5,598.62
266. Dairy cows, number..........-. 753,632 1,085,388 44.0 84.7 120.8
267. Dairy cows, value.............. $21,513,337 $33,276,653 54.7 $2,416.55 $3,703.37
268. Other cows, number............ ; 68,565 218,948 219.3 7.7 24.4
269. Other cows, value.............. $1,689,684 $4,616,179 173.2 $189.80 $513.74
270. Heifers, number.............-.-. 211,162 323,948 53.4 23.8 36.1
271. Heifers, value..............005- $3,299,865 $3,842,647 16.4 $370.67 $427.65
272. Calves, number..............-. 565,994 373,537 —34.0 63.6 41.6
273. Calves, value.............0005- $4,254,414 $1,952,261 —54.1 $477.89 $217.27
274. Steers and bulls, number ....... 271,972 345,614 27.1 30.6 38.5
275. Steers and bulls, value.......... $5,491,658 $6,618,632 20.5 $616.86 $736.59
276. Horses, all, number............. 696,469 753,184 8.1 78.2 83.8
277. Horses, all, value............... $42,255,044 $89,068,872 110.8 $4,746.41 $9,912.51
278. Mature horses, number. ....... 599,566 675,509 12.7 67.3 75.2
279. Mature horses, value........... $39,252,715 $84,779,112 116.0 $4,409.17 $9,435.10
280. Yearling horses, number......... 51,399 63,069 22.7 5.77 7.0
281. Yearling horses, value........... $2,031,557 $3,840,249 89.0 $228.20 $427.86
282. Horse colts, number............ 45,504 14,606 —67.9 5.1 1.6
283. Horse colts, value.............. $970,772 $449,511 —53.7 $109.04 $50.08
284. All mules, number.............. 8,339 5,775 —30.8 9 6
285. All mules, value................ $486,580 $732,723 50.6 $54.65 $81.64
286. Mature mules, number.......... 6,804 5,213 —23.4 38 6
287. Mature mules, value............ $422,878 $697,451 64.9 $47.50 $77.71
288. Yearling mules, number.......,. 813 444 —45.4 a 05
289. Yearling mules, value........... $39,020 $31,077 —20.4 $4.39 $3.46
290. Mule colts, number............. 722 118 —69.8 .08 .O1
291. Mule colts, value............... $24,682 $4,195 —83.0 $2.77 $0.47
292. All asses and burros, number..... 161 219 36.0 .02 .02
293. All asses and burros, value....... $11,475 $22,857 99.2 $1.29 $2.55
294. All swine, number.............. 1,440,806 1,520,257 5.5 161.8 169.4
295. All swine, value................ $5,865,590 $13,929,127 137.8 $658.87 $1,551.91
296. All sheep, number.............. 589,878 637,582 8.1 66.3 71.0
297. All sheep, value................ $1,740,088 $2,693,424 54.8 $195.46 $300.09
298. Ewes, number................. 329,984 417,652 56.9 37.1 46.5
299. Ewes, value................... $1,205,275 $2,190,295 81.7 $135.38 $244.03
300. Rams and wethers, number...... 29,344 34,419 17.3 3.3 3.8
301. Rams and wethers, value........ $124,256 $193,642 55.8 $13.96 $21.57
302. Lambs, number................ 230,550 185,511 —19.5 25.9 20.7
303. Lambs, value.................. $410,557 $309,487 —24.6 $46.12 $34.48
304. Goats, number................. 3,821 4,588 20.0 44 1
305. Goats, value................... $12,908 $18,480 43.2 $1.45 $2.06
306. All domestic animals (except poul-
try), number................. 4,610,799 5,269,040 14.3 517.9 586.4
307. All domestic animals (except poul-
try); Valu@iica iptacninend Sees wed $86,620,643 | $156,771,855 81.0 $9,729.90 $17,466.64
VI. Poultry and Bees on Farms:
308. All fowls, number.............. 8,142,693 10,697,075 31.4 914.6 1,191.8
309. All fowls, value................ $2,274,649 $4,646,960 104.3 $255.51 $517.74
ECONOMIC HISTORY OF AGRICULTURE IN MINNESOTA
231
eas i000 10 ee Per 100 of the country population
or decrease 1900 1910
310. Chickens, number.............. 7,730,940 10,293,849 33.1 868.4 1,146.9
311. Chickens, value................ (No report) $4,231,729 | ........ee | cee eee eee $471.48
312. Turkeys, number............... ~ 193,143 147,335 —23.7 21.7 16.4
313. Turkeys, value.......... ...... (No report) 994-0906. |) Kowkacueew | twhiebecues $24.97
314. Ducks, number.. ............. 127,635 94,269 —26.1 14.3 10.5
315. Ducks, value. ................ (No report) G55 B02 25% Obes det) Wb watered ate $6.16
316. Geese, number................. 90,975 105,161 15.6 10.2 11.7
-317. Geese, value..............00005 (No report) $122,596" | 4 eaainciank | || Seenew ees $13.66
318. Guinea fowls, pigeons, and peal
fowls, number................ (No report) 56461) |) eels ha ee aasee obese 6.3
319. Guinea fowls, pigeons, and peal
fowls, value..............000. (No report) PISA TE |i, cde teetes tts | | caeertetrn se as $1.47
320. Colonies of bees, number........ 45,877 56,677 23.6 5.2 6.3
321. Colonies of bees, value.......... $167,280 $221,781 32.6 $18.79 $24.71
VII. Animal Products:
322. Value of dairy products of farms..| $16,623,460* | $30,629,649+ 84.3 $1,867.28 $3,412.58
323. Average value, per farm......... $119 $218 S32 || waseeeeine Ji) “Seears dis
324. Average value, per cow.......... $22.06 $28.22 DOr! neta recs, Ih) costae aed oy
325. Milk produced, gallons.......... 304,017,106t | 409,191,276] 34.6 34,149.6 45,589.8
326. Butter made on farms, pounds... 41,188,846 34,708,669 —15.7 4,626.7 3,867.0
327. Butter made on farms, value..... (No report) $8.593°233° |) dsescckeae, | <eaetands $957.41
328. Butter made in factories,|| pounds} 41,174,469 88,842,846 115.8 4,625.0 9,898.4
329. Total butter, pounds............ 82,363,315 123,551,515 50.0 9,251.7 13,765.4
330. Cheese made on farms, pounds... 290,623 106,075 —63.5 32.6 11.8
331. Cheese made on farms, value....} (No report) GIA STO. "| | seaetess, IM skawhweedé $1.60
332. Cheese made in factories,|| pounds 3,285,019 2,735,883 —16.7 369.0 304.8
333. Total cheese, pounds............ 3,575,642 2,841,958 —20.5 401.6 316.6
Receipts from Sales and Quantity Sold:
334. Milk sold, gallons.............. 103,768,172 53,181,785 —48.7 11,656.0 5,925.2 .
335. Milk sold, amount received...... $7,039,631 $6,146,512 —12.7 $790.75 $684.81
336. Cream sold, gallons............. 1,205,845 5,756,165 377.4 135.4 641.3
337. Cream sold, amount received.... $551,992 $3,542,993 541.9 $62.00 $394.74
338. Butter fat sold, pounds......... (No report) AQAI4Z 15) -easiavacas | Gieaqetsas 4,502.7
339. Butter fat sold, amount received.| (No report) $10,922,293 SO: FIN aneeeternee a $1,216.90
340. Butter sold, pounds............. 22,376,084 18,016,409 —19.5 2,513.5 2,007.3
341. Butter sold, amount received....| $3,500,323 $4,591,554 31.2 $393.19 $511.57
342. Cheese sold, pounds............ 227,878 79,045 —65.3 25.6 8.8
343. Cheese sold, amount received... . $22,745 $10,870 —52.2 $2.55 $1.21
344, All dairy products, receipts from
SALES): ako hae als Bode a Rw $11,114,691 $25,214,222 126.9 $1,248.48 $2,809.23
345. Wool, number of fleeces shorn§. . 376,009 453,583 20.6 42.2 50.5
346. Wool, pounds§...............+.: 2,612,737 3,259,282 24.7 293.5 361.1
347. Wool, value§............+-0065 $460,305 $816,866 77.5 $51.71 $91.01
348. Mohair, number of fleeces....... i ey 1,952 457.7 04 22
349. Mohair, pounds...............- 3.) 556 6,929 1,146.3 .06 17
350. Mohair, value..............055: $180 $1,987 1,003.9 $0.02 $0.22
*Including home consumption. ;
tAs estimated (excludes home consumption of milk and cream).
fAs published (includes estimates). :
§Including estimates. See Census 1910, General Report on Agriculture, p. 492.
estimated by Census Bureau.
General Report on Agriculture, 1910, p. 476.
|The number of factories producing cheese and butter were: aH
1900 1910
ey ike EO :
eese factories......
mn eee pens, geeti { 596 784
y Sta ept.:
Cheese factories...... 731 692
Butter factories...... 690! 7972
1Reported for 1901.
2Reported for 1909 season.
232 EDWARD VAN DYKE ROBINSON
Percentage Per 100 of the country population
Items 1900 1910 of increase
or decrease 1900 1910
351. Poultry raised,* number......... (No report) PIVSO29 80) cere ae HO 2 2 oe coed 1,321.7
352. Poultry raised,* value........... $2,927,717 $4,714,919 61.0 $328.87 $525.31
353. Eggs produced,* dozens......... 43,208,130 53,807,974 24.5 4,853.5 5,995.0
354. Eggs, produced,* value.......... $4,437,148 $9,767,410 120.1 $498.41 $1,088.23
355. Honey, pounds................. 986,446 976,262 —1.0 110.8 108.8
356. Honey, value.................. (No report) PLEZO;S608|| seve decors) Le raw ad mace $13.43
357. Beeswax, pounds............... 20,626 16,880 —18.2 2.3 1.9
358. Beeswax, value................. (No report) G4050 ||! ceeaatcatenger |i cpetane ere ew $0.45
359. Value of honey and wax......... $118,884 $124,617 4.8 $13.35 $13.88
360. Domestic animals sold, receipts
from sales: + lier xr was eaeaens $16,046,622 $34,121,517 112.6 $1,802.48 $3,801.63
361. Domestic animals slaughtered on
farms, value................. $4,908,051 $6,942,498 63.9 $551.31 $773.49
362. Value of all classes of domestic
animals, sold or slaughtered....| $20,954,673 $41,064,015 96.0 $2,353.79 $4,575.12
363. Sheep sold, receipts............. (No report) $1,153;716.] aseoverge I Woeehosdoc $128.54
364. Sheep slaughtered, value........ (No report) SIL 202 1) abot Fete, WL fos ceele a oe $7.93
365. Swine sold, receipts............. (No report) $13,999,240 | .......... Jee, $1,559.71
366. Swine slaughtered, value........ (No report) $4,908,163 | .......... Jowell e eee $546.84
367. Cattle (excluding calves), sold,
FECEIPLS .Hetieak Roses (No report) $11,958,640 | .......... fleece eee $1,332.36
368. Cattle (excluding calves), slaugh-
tered, value............... (No report) $1,528,060 |) vevcaeieen | alaesedees $170.25
369. Calves sold, receipts............ (No report) GL OOO encterentice Gees $118.89
370. Calves slaughtered, value........ (No report) $434,501} ie eae if Soakekanes $48.41
371. Horses sold, receipts............ (No report) $5;847;186-| ccceseccus | aeeceeecus $651.46
372. Mules sold, receipts............. (No report) POO FORE!) Gea e tee) | Gal eh oe. $9.53
VIII. Farm Values:
373. All farm property.............. $788,684,642 | $1,476,411,737 87.2 $88,591.17 $164,493.52
374, Land (without buildings)........ $559,301,900 | $1,019,102,027 82.2 $62,825.12 $113,542.63
375. Buildings...................... $110,220,415 $243 ,339,399 120.8 $12,380.81 $27,111.51
376. Farms (including buildings)...... $669,522,315 | $1,262,441,426 88.6 $75,205.93 $140,654.15
377. Implements and machinery...... $30,099,230 $52,329,165 73.9 $3,380.98 $5,830.22
378. Live stock..............000000, $89,063,097 $161 ,641,146 81.5 $10,004.26 $18,009.15
379. Value of all crops............... (No report) WOR MOL CIE Gul eoeaquk L Weeueketwe $21,553.28
$80. Value of all live stock products...} (No report) Fi SSO OO | accuioeoce \Ll ebbesenues $4,850.62
381. Receipts from sale of animals....| $16,046,622 $34,121,517 112.6 $1,802.48 $3,801.63
382. Value of animals slaughtered..... $4,908,051 $6,942,498 63.9 $551.31 $773.49
383. Expended for labor (including
beard) su aes ieee det oues $16,657,820 $22,330,149 34.1 $1,871.14 $2,487.90
384. Fertilizers purchased............ $251,120 $74,653 —70.2 $28.21 $8.32
385. Feed purchased................ (No report) Dep OEE O25! safe edds: lil (cae boentalsns $557.74
386. Value of farm products fed to live-
SHOCK yates idee ee cas oa en $33,257,480 (NO Teor) | jagiaieee: $3,735.74 | ooo... cae
387. Value of products not fed....... $127,959,824 (No report) | .......... GL SII AG b oare a eure
388. Total value of farm products.....| $161,217,304 $278,052,215t 72.5 $18,109.18 $30,171.60
IX. Farm Tenure:
389. Number of all farms............ 154,659 156,137 1.0 17.4 17.4
Operated by owners:
390. Operated by part owners, number. 14,805 22,611 52.7 1.7 2.5
*Including estimates. See census 1910, General Report on Agriculture, p. 505.
tSum of items 379 to 382, which include the following:
Value of all (6008.20.00. c0rs x eaoan penne ¢
ANd Crea 55 ceases a est aue-s mids sothyed tas
Value of poultry and eggs produced.......
Value of honey and wax........
Value of wool and mohair......
$193,451,474
29,219,406
13,496,745
124,617
695,958
34,121,517
6,942,498
$278,052,215
ECONOMIC HISTORY OF AGRICULTURE IN MINNESOTA
233
oo 1900 ‘ae Fercentage Per 100 of the country population
or decrease 1900 1910
391. Operated by part owners, percent-
ape Gf all Tattisa cs ceein nce os 9.6 14.5 SLA) 4\) gatamesaes, |i) Acaceedenny
392. Operated by complete owners,
numbers... weer acae news 112,004 99,493 —11.2 12.6 11.1
393. Operated by complete owners,
percentage of all farms........ 72.4 63.7 SOM vataestrraaer. ||| auie bane,
Total operated by owners:
394, Number............. 2.00 e sees 126,809 122,104 —3.7 14.2 13.6
395. Percentage of all farms.......... 82.0 78.2 A.6.0'|'| seceeenee til) saben taeda
396. Area in acreS........... eee eee 20,893,966 20,668,885 —1.1 2,347.0 2,300.2
397. Percentage of total land in farms. 79.6 74.7 ==0.2° ||) sade 4) Sat ounowewsra
398. Average size, acres............. 164.8 169.3 Dede Wy -ezoeacencee LN Caghavanteneeteys
399. Improved land, acres........... 14,357,865 14,153,505 —1.4 1,612.8 1,575.1
400. Percentage of total improved land 77.8 72.1 SAS |||. Baomeciecrret I'll pishetcast auld
401. Average improved land, per farm,
, Aber lasicdsc on eninaeacaaiaas 113.2 115.9 De iris Seeagensias i) Bamana:
402. Percentage of farm land improved 68.7 68.5 = (73 ble Beaute |i lated
403. Value of land and buildings...... $519,971,545 | $920,359,347 77.0 $58,407.23 $102,427.17
404. Percentage of total value of land
and buildings................ 77.7 72.9 O12 || date: ||) Gagdeerdes
405. Average value per farm......... $4,100 $7,538 85:9 ||) srundsonesatte) 4b eeedmmateceans
406. Average value per acre.......... $24.89 $44.53 $89 | sexsaaecee | -ceaneamnaee
Operated by managers:
407. Numbers. ..cccanca sarees sweos 1,095 1,222 11.6 12 13
408. Percentage of all farms.......... 0.7 0.8 1T443'\\|) oSasdavecace’. ll) aeebeeeat
409. Area in acres.............2+.65. 486,147 413,734 —14.9 54.6 46.0
410. Percentage of total land in farms. 1.9 1.5 Dl | Y | wtaetrauciete: U1) niet eee dies
411. Average size, acres.............. 444.0 338.6 2S Sill, Lteyuseeeeeseed: | I) Sestienaedeas
412. Improved land, acres........... 293,012 285,241 —2.7 32.9 31.7
413. Percentage of total improved land 1.6 1.5 098) ill) Gaaaesaveeaas |ill i Gautaeerae
414. Average improved land per farm,
ACTOS ig diem wd ee sinars nh dvediens 267.6 233.4 12.8) | eeweiawer || aaieste seis:
415. Percentage of farm land improved 60.3 68.9 DASio ||! Lead? lh ankiaudaits
416. Value of land and buildings...... $11,703,470 $20,909,251 78.7 $1,314.62 $2,327.00
417. Percentage of total value of land
and buildings................ 1.7 1.7 O00 | sesweseaa | wasiewsieams
418. Average value per farm......... $10,688 $17,111 COST, eetavecceiee. SN) tadeeasdat
419. Average value per acre.......... $24.07 $50.54 1102000 |) | aaiegeranocane (il) comeecgnacias
Operated by tenants:
420. Operated by cash tenants, number 5,129 10,566 106.0 6 1.2
421. Operated by cash tenants, per-
centage of all farms........... 3.3 6.8 TOGA.” JL aiecetreamor »!l, Sailovesedies
422. Operated by share tenants, num-
Chi iarie niece cheater 21,626 22,245 2.9 2.4 2.5
423. Operated by share tenants, per-
centage of all farms........... 14.0 14.2 SAS Wh, ccgisceseeaiad Ne cebaeel Ae etarty
Total operated by tenants:
424. Number iscccc.ccisewspaace oon oo 26,755 32,811 22.6 3.0 3.7
425. Percentage of all farms.......... 17.3 21.0 PAA Ul) iaetite cereal) acaGeutracnae
426. Areain acres.............e005: 4,868,385 6,593,204 35.4 546.9 733.8
427. Percentage of total land in farms. 18.5 23.8 25.0 | «secxeerew | raxeeaewies
428. Average size, acres............. 182.0 200.9 104 |) siesta Witenes
429. Improved land, acres........... 3,791,708 5,204,787 37.3 425.9 579.2
430. Percentage of total improved land 20.6 26.5 28s0 | sexsewseae | aeenwemens
234 EDWARD VAN DYKE ROBINSON
Percentage Per 100 of the country population
Items 1900 1910 of increase
or decrease 1900 1910
431. Average improved land per farm:
ACHES oe Gr ecw e epee aN a es 141.7 158.6 AT Ols fenaGize ieee, Ful) ive. eed coli
432. Percentage of farm land improved 77.9 78.9 1.36 5 esgaty digi! || Salon ccc
433. Value of land and buildings...... $137,847,300 | $321,172,828 60.4 $15,484.08 $35,743.46
434. Percentage of total value of land
and buildings................ 20.6 25.4 DOA |) cas hesihaharttess Tl) gurcadonetedens 2
435. Average value per farm......... $5,152 $9,789 OOS) |) adasiha Shackiees, IM cole a aenveds
436. Average value per acre.......... $28.31 $48.71 TOD |) suteee Ris ain || oetieaeaigude.
X. Farm Indebtedness: :
437. Owned farms, total numberf.... 125,405* 122,104 —2.6 13.7 13.6
438. Free from mortgage, number..... 66,922 65,038 —2.8 7.5 7.2
439. Free from mortgage, percentage of
COtal Ts cicie sk ed atene a ea ena lend 55.2 53.7 dole) Some ie Aes, |] aie vee oe,
440. Mortgaged, number............ 54,338 56,145 3.3 6.1 6.2
441. Mortgaged, percentage of totalf.. 44.8 46.3 OO) a Suki eatebos HI) Dketeseeenerts
442. Not specified, number........... 4,145 921 —77.8 5 al
ANALYSIS OF RETURNS FOR 1890 AND 1910 oN MorTGAGE INDEBTEDNESS
Percentage Per 100 of the country population
Items 1890] 19108 of increase
or decrease 1890 1910
443. Number of farms or farm homes
mortgaged..............0000- 46,347 41,775§ —9.9 6.5 4.6
444. Value of land and buildings......| $119,290,539 | $295,015,775 147.3 $16,846.23 $32,832.43
445. Amount of mortgage debt....... $37,709,574 $77,866,283 106.5 $5,325.35 $8,665.77
446. Percentage of debt to value...... 31.6 26.4 tO |"! vetasemeao. I atiedealemnits
447. Average value per farm......... $2,574 $7,062 T/A | cacenceeae J oorheee au,
448, Average debt per farm.......... $814 $1,864 129.02\|| seen ware ols Abner
449, Average equity per farm........ $1,760 $5,198 TOSS) | tl ows || aa a ered
*Reported as ‘‘owned farm homes.”
tIncludes all farms owned in whole or in part by the operator.
Percentage of combined totals of mortgaged and unmortgaged.
{Includes all owned farm homes, estimates being made (by the census) of value of farms and amount of debt for all defective reports.
§Includes only farms consisting wholly of owned land and reporting value of farm and amount of debt, whereas the figures in the 1900-1910 comparison are more inclusive.
APPENDIX
List of Maps and Diagrams in Text
List of Statistical Tables in Text
List of Statistical Tables in Appendix
Bibliographical Note
Appendix Tables
LIST OF MAPS AND DIAGRAMS IN TEXT
Figure Page
1 Map of North America showing central location of Minnesota... 3
2 Map showing greatest extent of former glaciation in North
America (after U. S. Geol. Survey)... 0.0.0.0... 0 cece eee eee 3
3 The principal divides, showing area of drainage basins (after
Water Resources Investigation). ...........00cceeeeeeeeee 4
4 Elevation map of Minnesota (by A. W. Johnston)............ 5
5 Contour map of southeastern Minnesota showing advanced dis-
section of the driftless area and the relation of railroads to
topography (U. S. Geol. Survey, Water Supply Paper 256).. 6
6 Glacial soil map of Minnesota (by Frank Leverett, U. S. Geol.
SUIVEY) Seviaded Mladen weed onbla Moda Meade SiGe da 7
7 Glacial Lake Agassiz (Upham, U. S. Geol. Survey)............ 8
8 Original forest areas in Minnesota (after First Report of Minne-
sota State Forester)... 0.0... 0c: cn cece ccc en cece vets veeeens 9
9 Geographical provinces based on soil and forests (after Figs. 6
and 8, and Monograph LI, U. S. Geol. Survey, 453)....... 10
10 Federal and state forests in Minnesota (after Cox)........... 11
11 Weather map, showing conditions on April 9, 1904—8:00 a. m.
(Bul. Q, U. S. Weather Bureau)...........0..000cce ee eeee 12
12 Chart showing average annual temperature for Minnesota, 1886
torl912inclusive:. iso cc aes ccdes ade ee eee aali aao wales 13
13 Mean annual temperature in Minnesota (after Purssell)....... 14
14 Mean temperatures from October to March (after Purssell)... 14
15 Mean temperatures from April to September................ 15
16 Mean temperatures for June, July, and August; with isotherm
of 70° F. (after Purssell) 0.0.0.0... 0.0. cece cece cece cece ee 15
17 Average temperature for Minnesota by months, 1895-1912 (data
from Weather Bureau at Minneapolis)................... » 16
18 Average dates of last killing frosts in spring (after Purssell).... 17
19 Average dates of first killing frosts in autumn (after Purssell).. 17
20 Average length of growing season in days (after Purssell)...... 18
21 Variations in average length of growing season in Minnesota,
DEQS=1OTD visi catie oe. wsnd, Molise ans auale Na ane a Gel pea dae SAE TS Hew 20
22 Average annual precipitation in Minnesota by years from 1886
to:1912; inclisive.. 3 \scon8 48048 sate re hee AN ee ASE ee & 21
23 Average precipitation by months, May, 1895 to July, 1913 (data
from Weather Bureau).........0 0.000 cee cee eee ec eens 22
24 Annual depth of evaporation in inches from a free water surface
(Monthly Weather Review, December, 1904, 558).......... 23
25 Distribution of average annual precipitation for Minnesota by
regions (Weather Bureau). ...........cccceeee eee eeeeees 24
26 Average precipitation in Minnesota, October to March, inclusive
(Gfter Pursell) cnc va oyaed eae SHS he MOSES See LEER AEROS 25
27 Average precipitation in Minnesota, April to September, inclusive
(after? Purssell) 5 sce sida esotieas ce entra tiie necncseeatk Nd OOH 44 25
28 Early water routes in Minnesota (head of steam navigation
according to Appendix to House Journal, 1857-58)......... 29
29 Rise and decline of steamboat and Red River cart traffic in Min-
nesota, as shown by the number arriving................+. 31
30 U.S. military roads in Minnesota, 1851-1859 (from map in office
of Chief of Engineers, U.S. A.).......0..0: 0c cece eee ene 33
31 Early overland routes from the Mississippi to Lake Michigan.. 34
32 Sketch map of the Mississippi showing railroads and river ports
in 1860 (after Merrick).....0.... 0.00 c cece cence eee eaee 35
33 Progress of railroad construction in Minnesota, 1862-1912 (data
from report of Railroad and Warehouse Commission, 1912).. 36
34 Railroads in operation, January 1, 1869 (data from reports of the
Railroad Commissioner, 1871, 1873, 1879; Minnesota Statis-
ties, 1869, 1870) 5 0. -scsgc-ca te gotten Saues scnatn wed Hanah bi: 37
35 Railroads in operation, June 30, 1879 (data from reports of Rail-
road Commissioner, 1873, 1879)...........00 0c cece eeeeuee 37
36 Extent and dates of Indian cessions with present reservations in
Minnesota (after report of Bureau of Ethnology, 1899, and
1913 map by Office of Indian Affairs)................005. 39
37, Approximate distribution of population in Minnesota at the
Cénsus'Of 1850) o3. 0125.90 ayied ve eie nag an weer mie tewe ena 42
38 County names and boundaries and approximate distribution of
improved farm land according to the census of 1850........ 42
Figure
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
Page
Field crops according to the census of 1850, showing the yield in
bushels for the 1849 crop season and the percentage which
each formed of the total.......... 0... cece cece cece en eee 43
Rural population of Minnesota in 1860.............0.0000008 46
Population outside of incorporated places in 1860............ 47
Production of wheat in Minnesota in 1859 according to census of
PBGOO iors cei sis tal ej nel ae iis ed ie Paik eines Sige ea AOI RON Mea 48
Production of oats in 1859 according to census of 1860........ 49
Production of barley in 1859 according to census of 1860...... 50
Production of rye in 1859 according to census of 1860......... 51
Production of corn in 1859 according to census of 1860........ 52
Production of potatoes in 1859 according to census of 1860.... 53
Production of hay in 1859 according to census of 1860........ 54
Distribution of dairy cows according to census of 1860........ 54
Field crops in 1859. 4.56.0 aias ces cece sca tee ewe eewe se nenan 55
Wheat prices at Madison, Wisconsin, 1846-1876.............. 57
Wheat prices at Chicago, 1858-1877........ 0.0 ccc cece eee aees 58
Wheat prices at St. Paul and Minneapolis, 1853-1873......... 59
Comparative yield of bushel crops during the 1860 season..... 59
Uses of tilled land in 1860 and 1868............... 000 gee eeee 61
Number of live stock, 1860 and 1864-1869. .................. 62
Population of Minnesota in 1870.............. cc cece eee eee 63
Country population of Minnesota in 1870.................00, 64
Production of wheat in Minnesota in 1869 according to census of
1870's eciessptaci sc acnat dna tiaae aero O ths waa EER eR Tee & 65
Production of oats in 1869 according to census of 1870........ 66
Production of barley in 1869 according to census of 1870...... 67
Production of rye in 1869 according to census of 1870......... 68
Production of corn in 1869 according to census of 1870........ 69
Production of potatoes in 1869 according to census of 1870.... 70
Production of hay in 1869 according to census of 1870........ 71
Distribution of dairy cows on farms according to census of 1870 71
Total value of farm products in 1869 according to census of 1870 72
Uses of tilled land in 1869 and 1871..................00 eeu 73
Seasonal and annual temperatures at Fort Snelling, St. Paul,
and vicinity, 1837-1879. ..... 0... 0c ccc cee ec cee eee 74
Seasonal and annual precipitation at Fort Snelling, St. Paul
and vicinity, 1837-1879. 0... 0... eee eee ees 75
Average acre yields of principal crops, 1859-1879............ 76
Uses of tilled land, 1872-1875... 0... 0. cee ccc ce eee 77
Acreage and total yield of wheat, 1859-1879.................. 78
Percentage of tilled Jand in principal crops in Minnesota, 1859-
1B IO oe aie ate ew de iebaa vary Sapa doce A pron OR Bee ere eae 78
Average price of wheat at Minneapolis, 1876-1912............ 79
Increase of sheep and wool, 1859-1879.............. 0000s eee 80
The dairy industry, 1859-1879......... cc cece cece ence eee 81
Distribution of cheese factories by counties in 1876........... 82
Distribution of cheese factories by counties in 1880........... 82
Population in 1880) coc sce ck ee sawed adind coded ae ha ke eae 85
Population outside of incorporated places in 1880............. 86
Percentage of total land area improved in 1880........... 87
Acreage of wheat in Minnesota in 1879 according to census of
VS SO): sce Aedes teh eee eae eee Gos SS a ae hes ee ee es 88
Production of wheat in 1879 according to census of 1880...... 89
Acreage of oats in 1879 according to census of 1880........... 90
Production of oats in 1879 according to census of 1880........ 91
Acreage of barley in 1879 according to census of 1880......... 92
Production of barley in 1879 according to census of 1880...... 93
Acreage of rye in 1879 according to census of 1880............ 94
Production of rye in 1879 according to census of 1880......... 94
Acreage of corn in 1879 according to census of 1880........... 95
Production of corn in 1879 according to census of 1880........ 96
Production of potatoes in 1879 according to census of 1880.... 97
Production of flaxseed in 1879 according to census of 1880..... 98
Acreage of hay (wild and cultivated) in 1879 according to census
GE TBS 0a ca os Ne 2 asta eres Gn aeaiglih a ie wa hw oan anarinns An orem awe She 99
Production of hay (wild and cultivated) in 1879 according to
99
GCETSUSIOL USSOs: ccsstcy alte anrtiaen Gane aussie. dee ay ek pis ra eet tek owe So as
APPENDIX
LIST OF MAPS AND DIAGRAMS IN TEXT—Continued
238
Figure Page
97 Distribution of dairy cows on farms according to census of 1880 100
98 Total value of farm products in 1879 according to census of 1880 101
99 Development of flour milling, 1860-1890.................055 108
100 Precipitation by seasons in the vicinity of the Twin Cities, 1880-
1913 sub an een Semen ea awd Sa ed eR RE BEE 108
101 Temperature by seasons in the vicinity of the Twin Cities, 1880-
1993) cuvece eek caden cea seken eee rota cyte aaa et ad aes 109
102 Average crop yields, 1880-1912........ 0... eee eee eee eee eee 110
103 Total acreage and production of wheat, 1880-1898............ 110
104 Percentage of tilled land in principal crops, 1880-1909........ 111
105 Distribution of creameries and cheese factories in 1885........ 112
106 Number and location of gristmills, sawmills, flax mills, and
woolenzmills 17 188534 ois cc adver cer tea ae ee Bee ee we 112
107 Population in Minnesota in 1890. ........ 0.0... cee cece eee 115
108 Country population in Minnesota in 1890.................04. 116
109 Increase of country population, 1880-1890, in percentage...... 117
110 Acreage of wheat in Minnesota in 1889 according to census of
VS 90 aise wy aaaetien bo VON ane RGA re A anes Seal eon ancon doe Be POOLS ae 118
111 Production of wheat in 1889 according to census of 1890...... 119
112 Acreage of oats in 1889 according to census of 1890........... 120
113 Production of oats in 1889 according to census of 1890........ 121
114 Acreage of barley in 1889 according to census of 1890......... 122
115 Production of barley in 1889 according to census of 1890...... 123
116 Acreage of rye in 1889 according to census of 1890............ 124
117 Production of rye in 1889 according to census of 1890......... 124
118 Acreage of corn in 1889 according to census of 1890........... 125
119 Production of corn in 1889 according to census of 1890........ 126
120 Acreage of potatoes in 1889 according to census of 1890....... 127
121 Acreage of flax in 1889 according to census of 1890........... 127
122 Production of potatoes in 1889 according to census of 1890.... 128
123 Production of flaxseed in 1889 according to census of 1890..... 129
124 Acreage of wild and cultivated hay in 1889 according to census of
1890 bene ca cee te thes ek Re ee peo kee Hed yeaa ne iets 130
125 Acreage of cultivated hay in 1889 according to census of 1890.. 130
126 Distribution of dairy cows according to census of 1890........ 131
127 Distribution of cheese factories and creameries in 1890........ 131
128 Percentage of total land area improved in 1890.............. 132
129 Total value of all farm products in 1889 according to census of 1890 132
130 Changes in average size of farms from 1880 to 1890........... 133
131 Distribution of chinch-bugs in 1887, 1894 and 1895........... 136
132 Increase of land in farms, land improved, and land cultivated,
in Minnesota, 1859-1898........ 0.0... cece cee eee 137
133 Distribution of Danes and Swiss outside the three large cities
according to census of 1890........... 0.0 cece eee eee 139
134 Creameries, skim stations, and cheese factories in 1896........ 140
135 Acreage of wheat in Minnesota in 1899 according to census of
LOO Sc i2edase' iss eeese edie Manca tease aac eh sguane atl cates Meets hatin decuceee aE dees 143
136 Production of wheat in 1899 according to census of 1900...... 144
137 Acreage of oats in 1899 according to census of 1900........... 145
138 Production of oats in 1899 according to census of 1900........ 146
139 Acreage of barley in 1899 according to census of 1900......... 147
140 Production of barley in 1899 according to census of 1900...... 148
141 Acreage of rye in 1899 according to census of 1900............ 149
142 Production of rye in 1899 according to census of 1900......... 149
143 Acreage of corn in 1899 according to census of 1900.......... 150
144 Production of corn in 1899 according to census of 1900........ 151
145 Production of potatoes in 1899 according to census of 1900.... 152
146 Acreage of potatoes in 1899 according to census of 1900....... 153
147. Acreage of flax in 1899 according to census of 1900............ 153
148 Production of flaxseed in 1899 according to census of 1900..... 154
149 Acreage of wild and cultivated hay in 1899 according to census
Of 190 sc ieculisiiue sie te aie ee ten eh She eke aide cacnaune ae 155
150 Acreage of cultivated hay in 1899 according to census of 1900.. 155
151 Distribution of dairy cows on farms according to census of 1900 156
152 Distribution of creameries and cheese factories in 1901........ 156
153 Per cent of total land area improved according to census of 1900 157
154 Distribution of value of farm products in 1899 according to
CENSUSHOFAINO He... v.25 on) n a winiien Mol aadmaua eam among awed 158
Figure Page
155 Distribution of population according to census of 1900........ 159
156 Population outside of incorporated places at census of 1900.... 160
157 Changes in country population, 1890-1900.................., 161
158 Changes in average size of farms from 1890 to 1900........... 162
159 Acreage and acre yield of wheat, 1899-1912.................. 173
160 Comparative yields of corn per acre in the principal corn-growing
States, 1900909: sacs cenit cs ee inndiceawlan ne Lae Ae Ouleleek 176
161 Distribution of improved land in Minnesota according to census
Of 19 WMO se iis os hie Sears Se Baer RETR Ae eR cane ee Gwaun 181
162 Acreage of wheat in Minnesota in 1909 according to census of
LOTS orca conn denen Eesha paca ew tee aaa ae eae 182
163 Production of wheat in 1909 according to census of 1910...... 183
164 Acreage of oats in 1909 according to census of 1910........... 184
165 Production of oats in 1909 according to census of 1910........ 185
166 Acreage of barley in 1909 according to census of 1910......... 186
167 Production of barley in 1909 according to census of 1910...... 187
168 Acreage of rye in 1909 according to census of 1910............ 188
169 Production of rye in 1909 according to census of 1910......... 188
170 Production of buckwheat in 1909 according to census of 1910.. 189
171 Production of emmer and spelt in 1909 according to census of 1910 189
172 Acreage of corn in 1909 according to census of 1910........... 190
173 Production of corn in 1909 according to census of 1910........ 191
174 Acreage of flax in 1909 according to census of 1910........... 192
175 Acreage of potatoes in 1909 according to census of 1910....... 192
176 Production of flaxseed in 1909 according to census of 1910..... 193
177 Production of potatoes in 1909 according to census of 1910.... 194
178 Acreage of wild and cultivated hay in 1909 according to census
Of LDLOg iio eas sea ny apenas Cy aieg Gus cee eee ee sa 195
179 Acreage of cultivated hay in 1909 according to census of 1910.. 195
180 Sugar crops in 1909 according to census of 1910.............. 196
181 Location of canneries, meat-packing and beet-sugar plants..... 196
182 Production of small fruits in 1909 according to census of 1910.. 197
183 Orchard trees of bearing age according to census of 1910....... 197
184 Distribution of horses on farms according to census of 1910.... 198
185 Number of dairy cows per 100 cattle according to census of 1910 198
186 Distribution of sheep on farms according to census of 1910..... 199
187 Distribution of swine on farms according to census of 1910..... 199
188 Distribution of dairy cows on farms according to census of 1910 200
189 Distribution and organization of creameries, skim stations and
cheese factories in 1909... 0.0... ccc cece ee eens 200
190 Distribution of poultry on farms according to census of 1910... 201
191 Distribution of bees on farms according to census of 1910...... 201
192 Distribution and value of all farm products in 1909 according to
census 0f 1910) ..24sue snewh ae dak nga Gans cua eeabea-tarad 202
193 Increase in average value of farm land per acre, 1900-1910..... 203
194 Average value of farm land per acre according to census of 1910 203
195 Distribution of population according to census of 1910........ 204
196 Distribution of country population according to census of 1910 205
197 Percentage of change in total and in rural population, 1900-1910
(from the Thirteenth Census)...............eeccueeeuees 206
198 Percentage of change in country population, 1900-1910, accord-
ing to the Thirteenth Census.............. 0.0.00 cece eeueee 207
199 Total and improved farm lands, 1850-1910.... ............. 208
200 Production of principal cereals, 1850-1910...............0005 209
201 Production of hay and forage, flaxseed, and potatoes, 1850-1910 209
202 Relative values of principal farm products for 1899 and 1909,
according to the censuses of 1900 and 1910................ 210
203 Fruit trees and value of fruits, 1860-1910.................00. 210
204 Number of live stock on farms, 1850-1910..............00005 210
205 Poultry and eggs, 1880-1910... 0. cee eee ence nee 211
206 Bees, honey and wax, 1850-1910............. 0. cc ccc eeeeeees 211
207 Butter and cheese per capita of country population, including
both farm and factory products, 1850-1910................ 212
208 Value of farms (land and buildings), and value of farm products
for the State as a whole, 1850-1910.................0. 000 213
209 Average value of farm products and property per farm, 1850-1910 213
210 Average value of farm products and property per acre in farms,
1S5021910 scarred aslae sani edeatue ase Ndi Wek ha Raa 213
APPENDIX 239
LIST OF MAPS AND DIAGRAMS IN TEXT—Continued
Figure Page
211 Average value of farm products and property per acre of im-
proved land, 1850-1910....... 0... cece eee 213
212 Absolute increase of population, 1850-1910.................0. 215
213 Relative increase of town and country population, 1850-1910... 215
214 Change in number of farms, by counties, 1900-1910.......... 217
215 Change in average size of farms, by countes, 1900-1910....... 217
216 Average size of farms, by counties, in 1910.................. 218
Figure Page
217 Average size of farms and proportion of farm land improved,
185021910 os c8 ciainiacaiatra vale vn Paes Became oes cache has BOS 221
218 Acres of farm land per capita of the country population, 1850-1910 221
219 Values of products and farms per capita of the country popula-
LIST OF STATISTICAL TABLES IN TEXT
Table No. Page
1 Steamboat landings at Fort Snelling, 1823-1839............... 30
2 Steamboat landings at St. Paul, 1844-1874................... 30
3 Steamboat trips on the Minnesota below Mankato, 1850-1872.. 31
4 Number of Red River carts arriving at St. Paul, 1844-1864.... 32
5 Shipments by ports in 1859.1... 0... eee eee 44
6 Manufactures in Minnesota according to census of 1860....... 56
7 Changes in agriculture from 1850 to 1860, based on U.S. Census 56
8 Exports during 1859 and 1860, exclusive of lumber........... 60
9 Progress of agriculture, 1860-1870, based on U. S. Census..... 102
10 Progress of agriculture, 1870-1880, based on U. S. Census..... 104
11 Development of flour milling in Minnesota, 1860-1890......... 107
12 Changes in areas and values in counties showing a decrease of
country population, 1880-1890. ........... cece eee eee 134
13 Average values per acre, 1880 and 1890...................0.. 135
14 Ratios between total, improved, and tilled lands, 1850-1910.... 135
Table No.
I
II
III
IV
VI
vil
VIII
IX
XI
XII
XIII
XIV
XV
XVI
XVII
XVITI
LIST OF STATISTICAL TABLES IN APPENDIX
Page
St. Croix County, Wisconsin (including Minnesota east
of Mississippi), according to census of 1840. This was
the first census which made any report on agriculture. 243
Census of Minnesota Territory, June 11, 1849 (Journal of
House of Representatives, first session, Appendix)... 243
Census of Minnesota Territory, 1850 (population and
agriculture by counties)................00 0c eee 244-245
Field cropsin Minnesota in 1859, according tocensusof 1860 245
Acreage and yield of principal crops in Minnesota for the
1860 growing season...... 2... cc cere teenies 245
Number of the several kinds of live stock for State as a
whole (1860-1869)... 0... eee ce ete ene 246
Cropsii0l 1868.25 conde cniehew ese aes Sh Seed aegis bee 246
Yield and value of farm products, 1868-1869........... 246
Crops of 1869 and 1871........ 00... c eee 247
Improved and unimproved land in Minnesota, by counties,
1850 to 1910145 crassa vcwwe se exnanenawae ges’ 248-251
Population, by counties, 1850-1910................. 250-255
Relation of country population to land, by counties,
1850-19104 saviay es aea evade sen ge-eeie dienes 256-259
Acreage and production of wheat, by counties, 1850-
1910........ Did nia cnlbacetid tea anual ee ble Acai es 260-261
Acreage and production of oats, by counties, 1850-
NOVO soc eisai tick Aad Sa EAS Pee ESS ee SAN ew 261-262
Acreage and production of corn, by counties, 1850-1910. 263-264
Acreage and production of barley, by counties, 1850-
19102 bea ecikce ene ee ee w Dee Ma oe eS 264-265
Acreage and production of rye, by counties, 1850-1910..266-267
Acreage and production of potatoes, by counties, 1850-
prifad-asbecuncs Gea Aas eee CER LEM BOs O Miao gE 267-268
PLOT LES021 910 soics dieses caste Sete deine Aaa HS Rea Hage ae eas ca eene 221
220 Tenure of farms, 1880-1910........ 0.0... ccc cece eee eee 221
221 Percentage of farms operated by owners in 1910.............. 222
Table No. Page
15. Proportion of townships losing country population, in counties
losing country population, 1890-1900...............00 ee eee 142
16 Changes in value of land and of agricultural products in Minne-
sota as a whole from 1890 to 1900..................-2000- 163
17 Progress of agriculture, 1880-1890, based on U. S. Census..... 164
18 Progress of agriculture, 1890-1900, based on U. S. Census..... 167
19 Acreage and yield of fleld peas and beans in 1909............. 175
20 Acreage in vegetables other than potatoes for 1909 (census of
19 TO) ss assis! diasazacdeans iosdeen asian, Guarana Robaneadena, egh de ed Be waenea arate es 178
21 Form of organization and product in pounds of cheese factories
in Minnesota in 1911. cou ca esneg ga eee ened eee esa ewan es 179
22 Total value of farm products and value of products not fed to live
stock in 1899 and 1909... 0... 212
23 Changes in size of farms by classes according to census of 1910.... 219
24 Progress of agriculture, 1900-1910, based on U.S. Census... .. 223
Table No. Page
XIX Acreage and production of flaxseed, by counties, 1850-
19D oni eta ae tes cnaeiw ad eaiaea salen 269-270
XX Acreage and production of sugar beets, by counties, 1850-
191 On veer saumt te tere ie bac be Laue tee ee vekime 270-271
XXI_ Acreage and production of tobacco, by counties, 1850-
; 1910 2 seal nets mente gala eeeelen Sele eae eeauind eae ane 272-273
XXII Acreage and production of hay and forage, by counties,
1850-1910 ..icc se cey asm cay ae tes ae eedeeed ue ree de 273-274
XXIII Miscellaneous agricultural statistics for Minnesota as a
whole, according to the U. S. Census, 1850-1910.. .274-275
XXIV _ Cattle on farms in Minnesota, by counties, 1850-1910. .276-279
XXV_ Horses, mules, and asses, by counties, 1850-1910... .280-281
XXVI_ Sheep and goats on farms, by counties, 1850-1910. . .281-282
XXVII_ Swine on farms, by counties, 1850-1910............. 283-284
XXVIII Poultry on farms, by counties, 1850-1910........... 284-285
XXIX Bees on farms, by counties, 1850-1910.............. 286-287
XXX _ Animals sold and slaughtered on farms, by counties, 1850-
1910. seria eet jean Te. TLE MGA a aba alee 287-288
XXXI_ Production of wool and mohair on farms, by counties,
18502191 Osi acta ckcnsdancs eae ye Fe PoE Ree eee YS 288-289
XXXII Dairy products, by counties, 1850-1910.............. 290-293
XXXIII Poultry products on farms, by counties, 1850-1910. . .294-295
XXXIV _ Production of honey and wax, by counties, 1850-1910. .296-297
XXXV_ Value of farm products, by counties, 1850-1910..... .298-301
XXXVI Average size, value, and tenure of farms, by counties,
185021910 6 daze Gitons esa ws Sees no aes Hone 300-303
XXXVII_ Farm sizes and values, by groups and kinds of property,
for the State as a whole, 1850-1910.................. 304
XXXVIII Number and value of live stock, by counties, 1850-
BIBLIOGRAPHICAL NOTE
The following titles are added not as in any sense a complete bibliography, but merely as a guide to some of the more important and readily accessi-
ble materials bearing on the economic development of the State. Specific references on particular topics are given in the footnotes.
Andreas, A. T., Historical Allas of Minnesota, Chicago, 1874.
Andrews, C. C., History of St. Paul. Syracuse, D, Mason & Co., 1890.
Arctowski, H., Studies in Climate and Crops. Bulletin American Geographical
Society, Oct., 1912.
Atwater, Isaac, History of Minneapolis. New York, Munsell & Co., 1893.
Austin, Governor Horace, Messages, Jan. 7, 1870; Jan. 5, 1871; Jan. 4, 1782.
Ayers, Mrs. E., ‘First Settlement on the Red River,’” in Minn. Hist. Soc.
Coll, VI, 421.
Baker, Gen. James H., ‘History of Transportation in Minnesota,” in
Minn. Hist. Soc. Coll, UX.
Bell, Capt. Edwin, ‘‘Early Steamboating on the Minnesota and Red
Rivers,” in Minn. Hist. Soc. Coll. X, Pt. 1, cf. Pt. 4.
Bell, Charles Napier, The Selkirk Settlement, in Some Red River Settlement
History, Historical and Scientific Society of Manitoba, Transaction
No. 29. Winnipeg, Call Printing Co., 1887.
Beltrami, G, C., A Pilgrimage in Europe and America. London, Hunt and
Clarke, 1828.
Blakeley, Capt. Russell, ‘‘ History of the Discovery of the Mississippi and
the Advent of Commerce in Minnesota’? (Plates 10-21), in Minn.
Hist. Soc. Coll. VI, 375.
——"' Opening of the Red River of the North to Commerce and Civiliza-
tion,” in Minn. Hist. Soc. Coll. VIII, 45, and Plates 2-3.
Bond, J. W., Minnesota and its Resources. New York, Redfield, 1853.
Boss, Andrew, ‘‘ Movement of Corn Belt Northward in Minnesota,” in
Proc. Minn. Agric. Soc., 1911, 256.
Brewer, William H., History of Agriculture, in Tenth Census, volume on
agriculture, 131.
Brohaugh, G. O., ‘‘Policy of the State Regarding Timber Lands,” in
Proc. Minn. Acad. of Soc. Sci. 11, 1909.
Bromley, A. A., “‘'The Old Government Mills at St. Anthony,” in Minn,
Hist. Soc. Coll. X, Pt. 2, 635-643.
Bah ae Minnesota's Resources, St. Paul, State Board of Immigration,
Bureau of Plant Industry, Bulletin 260, The American Beet Sugar Industry
in 1910 and 1911.
Burpee, L. J., ‘A Chapter in the Literature of the Fur Trade,” in Papers
of the Bibliographical Society of America, Vol. V, 1910.
Carver, Jonathan, Travels through the Interior Parts of North America in
the Years 1766 and 1768. London, 1781.
Census Bureau, Reports of the Sixth to Thirteenth Censuses (1840-1910,
inclusive).
Chamberlain, T. C., and Salisbury, R. D., ‘The Driftless Area of the Upper
Mississippi Valley,” in U. S. Geological Survey, Sixth Report, 199.
Cre he “Farming in the Pine Regions,” in Proc. Minn. Agric.
OC. i
Chicago Board of Trade, Report, 1912.
Childs, E. D., ‘Agriculture in the Red River Valley,”’ in Proc. Minn.
Agric. Soc., 1904, 13.
——" Dairying in the Northwest,” in Proc. Minn. Agric. Soc., 1899.
Coffey, George Nelson, A Study of the Soils of the United States, Bureau of
Soils, Bulletin 86.
Coffin, Charles C., The Seat of Empire. Boston, 1870.
Colton & Company, J. H., Minnesota Territory with Map. New York.
Commissioner of Statistics, Annual Report of, 1859-1860. (For 1868-1899,
see Statistics of Minnesota.) St. Paul, 1860-1861.
Cooley, ‘'Decrease of Rural Population in Southern Michigan,” in Pub.
of Mich. Pol. Sci. Ass'n, VI, 355,
Coulter, John L., ‘Agricultural Development in the United States, 1900-
1910”, in Quarterly Journal of Economics, Nov., 1912.
—" Industrial History of the Valley of the Red River of the North,” in
North Dak. Hist. Soc. Coll. 1, 529-672.
—"' Marketing of Agricultural Lands in Minnesota and North Dakota,”
in Am. Econ. Rev. II, 282.
Council Journal of Minnesota for 1849.
Cram, Geo. F., Agricultural and Industrial Review of Minnesota, with
World Atlas. Chicago, G. F. Cram, 1911.
Crooks, William, ‘‘The First Railroad in Minnesota,” in Minn. Hist. Soc.
Coll, X, Pt. 1
Delaware Experiment Station, Bulletin 17, Tests of Centrifugal Separators.
Report, 1892.
Department of Agriculture, Soil Surveys of Carlton, Rice, Blue Earth,
Crookston and Marshall Areas.
——Statistics Bulletin 57, Wheat Crops of the United States, 1866-1906.
— Yearbook, 1907-1912, inclusive.
Depew, Chauncey, One Hundred Years of American Commerce, 2 vols.,
New York, 1895.
Dopp, Mary, Geographical Influences in the Development of Wisconsin, Bull.
Am. Geog. Soc., Aug. and Nov., 1913.
Durant, Capt. Edward W., ‘‘Lumbering and Steamboating on the St.
Croix River’ (Plate 14), in Minn. Hist. Soc. Coll. X, Pt. 2.
Elfelt, Charles D., ‘‘Early Trade and Traders in St. Paul,” in Minn. Hist
Soc. Coll. 1X.
Eliasen, A. D., ‘Beginnings of Banking in Minnesota,” in Minn. Hist,
Soc. Coll. XII.
Emerson, Charles L., Rise and Progress of Minnesota Territory. St. Paul,
1855
Executive Document 97, 33 Cong., 1 sess., Survey........of Road from
Mendota to Big Sioux River (Apr. 28, 1854).
Flint, Charles L., ‘‘A Hundred Years’ Progress of Agriculture,’’ in U. S.
Department of Agriculture, Report, 1872, 274-304.
Folsom, William H. C., ‘History of Lumbering in the St. Croix Valley,”
in Minn. Hist. Soc. Coll. 1X.
Folwell, W. W., Minnesota. Boston and New York, Houghton, Mifflin
& Co., 1908. (In American Commonwealths series.)
Fowler, Eldridge M., ‘‘ Agricultural Machinery,’ in Depew, One Hundred
Years of American Commerce, II, 352-350.
General Land Office, Map of Minnesota.
Geological and Natural History Survey of Minnesota. 6 vols., St. Paul.
Gorman, Governor Willis Arnold, Messages, Jan. 18, 1855, Jan. 9, 1856.
Gray, C. E., The Manufacture and Storage of Butter, Bulletin 84, Bureau of
Animal Industry.
anaes o B., ‘Progress in Horticulture,” in Proc. Minn. Agric. Soc., 1902,
Green and Ayers, Rate of Increase on Cut-over Timber Lands of Minnesota,
Minn. Agric. Exp. Station, Bulletin 49.
Haecker, T. L., ‘Progress of Dairy Industry in Minnesota,” in Proc.
Minn. Agric. Soc., 1905, 50-57.
Hall, C. W., Geography and Geology of Minnesota. Minneapolis, 1902.
Haywood, H., Facts Concerning the History, Commerce and Manufacture
of Butter, Bureau of Animal Industry, Circular 56.
Heard, Isaac V. D., History of the Sioux War and Massacres of 1862-63.
New York, 1863.
Hennepin, Father Louis, Description de la Louisiane Nouvellement Dé-
couverte. Paris, 1683.
Hibbard, B. H., History of Agriculture in Dane County, Wisconsin, 146 pp.
University of Wisconsin, Bulletin No. 101, 1904.
——Indian Agriculture in Southern Wisconsin, in Wis. Hist. Coll.
[ 240 ]
APPENDIX 241
Hill, J. J., “History of Agriculture in Minnesota,” in Minn. Hist Soc.
Coll, VIII.
Holmes, George K., Progress of Agriculture in the United States, U. S.
Dept. of Agric., Yearbook, 1899.
— Supply and Wages of Farm Labor, U.S. Dept. of Agric., Yearbook, 1910.
Hosmer, James K., History of the Mississippi Valley. Boston and New
York, Houghton, Mifflin & Co., 1901.
Hudson, Horace, B., A Half Century of Minneapolis. Minneapolis, 1908.
Hughes, Thomas, “History of Steamboating on the Minnesota River,’’ in
Minn. Hist. Soc. Coll. X, Pt. 2.
——"The Treaty of Traverse des Sioux,’’ in Minn. Hist. Soc. Coll, XII.
Illinois Geological Survey, Bulletin 15.
Jenks, A. E., ‘Origin and Distribution of Population in Minnesota,” in
Proc. Minn, Acad, Soc. Sct. 11, 1909.
Journal Minn. House of Representatives, 1857-58, Appendix; 1859-60, sec-
ond session, Appendix D
Journeys of La Salle and His Companions, edited by I. J. Cox, Trail-
Makers’ Series.
Keating, William H., Narrative of an Expedition...... under the Command
of Stephen S. Long. London, G. B. Whittaker, 1825.
Lamphere, George, ‘‘History of Wheat Raising in the Red River Valley,”
in Minn. Hist. Soc. Coll. X, Pt. 1.
Latzke, Paul, The Predicament of Minnesota. St. Paul, Webb Publishing
Co., 1904.
Lawson, P. V., ‘‘The Invention of the Roller Flour Mill,” in Wis. Hist.
Soc. Proc. 1907, 244-258.
Le Duc, William G., Minnesota Year Book for 1851-53. 3 vols. St. Paul,
1851.
McClung, J. W., Minnesota As It Is In 1870. St. Paul, 1870.
MacDonald, Colin F., ‘The Nation’s Response in 1862 to the Great Sioux
Outbreak,” in The Minneapolis Journal, Jan. 16, 1910, and Feb. 18,
1912.
Marshall, Governor, Messages, Jan. 7, 1869, Jan. 7, 1870.
Merrick, G. B., Old Times on the Upper Mississippi. Cleveland, 1909.
Miller, M. F., The Evolution of Reaping Machines, Office of Experiment
Stations, Bulletin 108.
Minneapolis Tribune, The, Special Dairy Edition, Aug. 28, 1898.
Minnesota Agricultural Society, Proceedings. St. Paul.
Minnesota Agricultural Experiment Station, Annual Reports, 1888-1913.
Bulletin 47, The Draft of Flax on the Soil.
—Bulletin 53, Effects of the Rotation of Crops upon the Humus Content
and the Fertility of Sotls; Production of Humus from Manures, by Harry
Snyder.
——Bulletin 56, Summary of Investigation as to Sugar Beet, 1888-1898.
——Bulletin 117, Cost of Producing Minnesota Farm Products, 1902-1907,
by E. C. Parker and T. P. Cooper.
——Bulletin 120, Rye Growing in Minnesota, by Andrew Boss.
——Bulletin 124, Cost of Minnesota Dairy Products, 1904-09.
——Bulletin 132, Studies in Egg Marketing, by C. W. Thompson, Bureau
of Research in Agricultural Economics,
Minnesota Dairy Commissioner, Biennial Reports, 1887 to 1913.
Minnesota Executive Documents, 1869, 1870, 1871, 1872, 1873.
Minnesota Historical Society Collections. 15 vols. St. Paul, 1872-1913.
Minnesota in Three Centuries, 1655-1908, ed. by L. Hubbard, William P.
Murray, James H. Baker, W. Upham. 4 vols. New York, 1908.
Minnesota Pioneer, Jan. 2, 1850; July 29, 1852.
Minnesota State Forester, Report, 1911 (with map).
“Minnesota Statistics,’—see Statistics of Minnesota, and Commissioner of
Statistics, Annual Report.
Neill, E. D., Concise History of Minnesota. Minneapolis, 1887.
ee of Dakota County. Minneapolis, North Star Publishing Co.,
—History of Minnesota. Minneapolis, 1883.
——History of the Minnesota Valley, Including the Explorers and Pioneers
of Minnesota. Minneapolis, North Star Publishing Co., 1882.
——History of Washington County and the St. Croix Valley. Minneapolis,
North Star Publishing Co., 1881.
Nicollet, J. N., Report Intended to Illustrate a Map of the Hydrographical
Basin of the Upper Mississippi River. Washington, 1845.
Paxson, F. L., ‘‘ Railways of the Old Northwest,” in Wis. Acad. of Sci.,
Transactions, vol. 17.
Pike, Zebulon M., Account of Expeditions to the Sources of the Mississippi,
ed. by Coues. 3 vols. New York, 1895.
——Exploratory Travels. London, 1811.
Pillsbury, C. A., “American Flour”, in Depew, One Hundred Years of
American Commerce, I, 266.
Plumb, C. S., Geographical Distribution of Cereals in North America,
Biological Survey Bull. II, 1898.
Powell, L. P., Historic Towns of the Middle States. New York, G. P.
Putnam’s Sons, 1899,
Radisson, Pierre Esprit, Voyages, Prince Society Publications, 1885.
Railroad and Warehouse Commission (of Minnesota), Reports, 1872-1912.
Ramsey, Governor, Messages, Jan. 9, 1861, Jan. 7, 1863.
Robinson, E. V., ‘‘Changes in Minnesota Agriculture Indicated by the
Preliminary Results of the Thirteenth Census,” in Quarterly Publi-
cations of the American Statistical Association, March, 1911.
“The Wealth of Minnesota,” in Proc. Minn. Acad. Soc. Sci. Il, 1909.
Rogers, Geo. D., “History of Flour Manufacture in Minnesota,” in
Minn. Hist. Soc. Coll. X, 35-55.
Ross, J. B., ‘Agrarian Changes in the Middle West,” in Pol. Sci. Quart.,
Dec., 1910.
Russell, Evaporation Map of the U.S., in Monthly Weather Review,
Dec. 1904, 558.
Schoolcraft, H. R., Narrative Journal of Travels...... in 1820. Albany,
1821.
Narrative of an Expedition to Itasca Lake. New York, Harper & Bros.,
1834,
——Summary Narrative of an Exploratory Expedition to the Sources of the
Mississippi...... 1855. Philadelphia, Lippincott, Grambo & Co.,
1855.
Seymour, E. S., Sketches of Minnesota. New York, 1850.
Shaler, N.S., The United States. 2-vols. New York, Appleton, 1894.
Shea, J. G., Discovery and Exploration of the Mississippi Valley, with the
Original Narratives of Marquette, Allouez, Membre, Hennepin and others.
New York, 1852-53.
—Early Voyages Up and Down the Mississippi. Albany, J. Munsell, 1861,
Sibley, H. H., Annual Address before the State Historical Society in 1856.
Papers in the Minn. Hist. Soc. Library, Business and Personal Letters,
1829 ff.
Smith, J. W., “Relation of Precipitation to the Yield of Corn,” in U. S.
Dept. of Agriculture, Yearbook, 1903.
Snyder, H., ‘Sugar Beet Industry in Minnesota,
Soc., 1899.
Stanchfield, Daniel, ‘‘ History of Pioneer Lumbering on the Upper Missis-
sippi and its Tributaries,” in Minn. Hist. Soc. Coll. 1X, cf. plates 6-12.
State Board of Immigration, Minnesota by Counties. St. Paul, 1913?
Minnesota, Her Resources and Opportunities. St. Paul, 1911.
——Minnesota's Timber Lands. St. Paul.
——Northeastern Minnesota. St. Paul, 1914?
State Drainage Commission, Water Resources Investigation of Minnesota,
1909-10, with maps and profiles. St. Paul, McGill-Warner Co., 1910.
Statistics of Minnesota, 1868-1898 (except 1888)—second series. (For
first series 1859-1860, see Commissioner of Statistics, Annual Report.)
St. Paul, 1869-1899.
Taliaferro, Major L., Autobiography in Minn. Hist. Soc. Coll. VI.
Taylor, Jas. W., ‘‘Report and Map of Minnesota and Western Canada”,
in Journals of Minnesota House and Senate, 1858-59, Appendix.
‘‘Report on Northwest British America and its Relation to the State
of Minnesota,” in Journal of Minnesota House of Representatives,
1859-60, Appendix.
Thomas, J. J., Farm Implements. New York, Harper and Brothers, 1854.
Thompson, C. W., ‘‘The Movement of Wheat Growing; a Study of a
Leading State,” in Quart. Jo. Econ. 18, 570.
Thompson, J. G., Rise and Decline of Wheat Growing in Wisconsin, Uni-
versity of Wisconsin, Bulletin 292.
Turner, F. J., ‘‘The Character and Influence of the Fur Trade in Wis-
consin,” in Wis. Hist. Coll. 1889.
in Proc. Minn. Agric.
242 APPENDIX
Thwaites, R. G., Early Western Travels, 1748-1846. 32 vols. Cleveland,
1904-1907.
Jesutt Relations and Allied Documents, 1610-1791. 73 vols. Cleveland,
1896-1901.
Wtsconsin, in American Commonwealths series.
United States Geological Survey, Geology and Underground Waters of
Southern Minnesota, Water Supply Paper 256.
University of Minnesota, Social and Economic Survey of a Rural Township
in Southern Minnesota, by Carl W. Thompson and G. P. Warber,
Studies in Economics, No. 1. Minneapolis, 1913.
Upham, Warren, Glacial Lake Agassiz, Monograph XXV, U. S. Geol.
Survey.
—"'Settlement and Development of the Red River Valley,’’ in Minn.
Hist. Soc. Coll. VIII.
—" The Geological and Geographical Structure of Minnesota,” in Proc.
Minn. Acad. Soc. Sci. 11, 1909.
Van Hise, C. R., and Leith, C. K., The Geology of the Lake Superior Region,
U.S. Geol. Surv., Monograph LIT.
Vye, J. A., ‘“Coéperation,” in Proc. Minn. Agric. Soc., 1907, 147.
Walker, Platt B., Destruction of Forests, in Minn. Statistics, 1893, 169-173;
Taxation of Forests, ibid., 181-184.
Weather Bureau, Bulletin 36, Relations between Climates and Crops.
Bulletin Q, Climatology of the United States.
——Summary of Climatological Data for the United States, sections 55, 56
and 57, relating to Minnesota. ,
Welch, G., “The Agricultural Possibilities of Minnesota,” in Proc. Minn.
Acad. Soc. Sct. II, 1909.
Whipple, Bishop Benjamin, Lights and Shadows of a Long Epi
New York, 1902. i eerie,
Wildes, F. A., ‘Policy of the State Regarding Ore Lands,” in Proc, Minn.
Acad. Soc. Sci. U1, 1909. re
Williams, J. F., ‘Bibliography of Minnesota,” in Minn. Hist. Soc. Coll.
See
—AHistory of St. Paul. St. Paul, 1876.
Wing, H. H., Milk and its Products. New York, Macmillan, 1914,
Wisconsin Agricultural Experiment Station, Bulletin 60, The Cheese Indus-
try in Wisconsin, 1897,
—-Bulletin 88, The Dairy Industry in Wisconsin, 1901.
——Bulletin 140, Development of Factory Dairying in Wisconsin, 1906.
—Bulletin 209, The Prices of Farm Products, 1911.
——Bulletin 210, Progress of the Dairy Industry in Wisconsin, 1911.
—Bulletin 231, The Marketing of Wisconsin Cheese, 1913.
Works, S. D., ‘Deserted Farms of Minnesota,” in Proc. Minn. Agric. Soc,
1910, 283-286.
dé
APPENDIX 243
TABLE I.—St. Crotx County, Wisconsin (IncLupinc Minnesota East or THE Mississipp1), ACCORDING TO THE SIXTH CENSUS (1840) *
Number, Number,
Items amounts Items amounts
and values and values
Forest Propucts:
PoPULATION: Sugar, Poundswasveiey mete seesa ewindeissaneuelens veges 17,997
Whites, midle. did: s ucskg coke d cinald Sates dew le Ga Wee ee es 510 Wood sold, cords........... 000: cc cece c cece eeeueeeees 275
Whites, female... 6..s:cssssa cree gua suare ce escate nes 295 Lumber, Value cs sac cvnacecne wos cade paaekind ves 4 ne baa Oe eG $2,000
Total whites). s.40.0s sac0s webs a weeded ke ea Be Ree ww ies 805 SKINS And efursi. 25 ssine chal agsa$ Us te ws ead me eae Rea ee $43,000
Free negroes, male... 0... kee eee ee 3 Men employed «5 sso aisns ae xox ¢eoi8 can see deteacasain om ome eaene na 90
Free negroes, female... 22... cece eee 1
Total free negroes... 2... cece tee ee eee 4 || FISHERIES:
Total v1 os eecesaie see Sxeieaw exams sadam’ 809 Pickled fish, barrels......................000. eae eee ees 4,282
FSH ON 55.0.5 aeons aes on ent a pec nm ane eater Raton ands 1,500
Live StocK AND PropuctTs: Capital invested........ 000... c cece cece eee nee $54,000
Horsesiand ‘mules: .:., 2 g4-cn pesin ee eae eanenes wa aha ee ce 58 Men employed............ 000 cece ccc cuueeuneeceeeeeen 127
Cattlenay: cunts sg bk GoM ees HES RE eR MARE HN aos 434
Sheep eaccidiviee aca ta aint Av th Sebo tia Aap dare don did wis Sa Seen bau salteeed 6 || MANUFACTURES:
SWINE agin crs laden Nach oan neal kia tle df Ala d Pau am ameanonere 187 Number of sawmills.......... 0.0.0... c cece cece eee eee 3
POU Ltr ys ins, csiet dase Srecastes wie taalle eemeederg ate acces aeaearld Sys lahat somes 130 Number of men employed. ...............0 00 0c ceca eens 77
Dairy productsieccus sates Wothonw dada saauer ad ee deers $220 Value of vessels built... 0.00.0... $3,500
Men employed in furniture manufactures................. 9
Crops: Number of homes built...........00 0.00.00 c cee e ee eeee 55
Wheat, bushel$.<i:.0vice es nataahideeeninds ds kiwean yeas 74 Number of men employed building houses................ 79
Barley, bushels is qicecen ate oagig ac Uadae aieain yaad ae oa awe 79 Value of building done............ 0.0 c cece cece eee $9,880
Oats; bushels).xiisnucn. Hain cae ee Gee He es Hens MSee Be oes 258 Total capital invested in manufacturing.................. $74,000
Gorn; bushels¢:< scaccvic casos Maced ae aa esa i ed Garee ee caus 606
Potatoes, bushels............ 000s cece eee eee eens 8,014 ||CoMMERCE:
Hays tOns:.6c26eicce eee oe renee omawens Bere siabae akieerherdncdaae 447 Number of dry goods, grocery and other stores............ 7
Capital invested: csi2ve.c02. cee he kee eee oes baw eee $118,500
*This was the first census which made any report on agriculture.
TABLE II.—Census or Minnesota Territory, JuNeE 11, 1849*
County and Precinct Males Females Total
. St. Croix County:
Stillwater" precin Chance sakssniaoeeeelea vay team aau Yaa ee Sale lp ak Cha Ame Pate ae 455 154 609
Lake St: Croix Precinct. oss 455.40 ete ta tet Fag DEGREES ADEE REA Dae ee ORES SES Rea eas 129 82 211
Marine Mills. Precinct éiesaceicg ciarde6d sce be Rie Sere aoe ga eek hk SE RRA EO Le RN we aN a ES 142 31 173
StsPaul: Precincts..; 2:: <-ccc.a3zd baaca dito MA dca DA Das ableaane Goya eoemntectinnceced minceta uct dannate at ane Gem 540 300 840
Little Canada and St. Anthony Precinct......... 00.0 c cece eee eet e eect ene eee 352 219 571
Osakis Rapids Precinct..... 0.0... 0.0 cece cece ee eee said fa tae ye seen ate aeons od ed Sak ded 2k ce oe 92 41 133
Grow Wing: Precinct 02.08 casncey ede eee e eae ee ded Seba eae Le FA pede en ee ee SESE ES Pk eE Meee eo 103 71 174
Crow: Wing, €aSt BIdO i cscs octets Swe vlenldia tate dcw'e gue eonce SRR £8 Bea UA a ASE PASTA Gea Be es a Oe ae 35 35 70
Fallsvof St, Croix Precinct .o:ssec. cedar tin ee dance 8 PRIM bin ets ob ni Wk Boe Wide e aeatean ay Slayer nl Gee ecadaes ace 15 1 16
Snake! River: Precinct. < enotistseveadies be teewi es ee kieere tees Me RAE MEG es. teee taco eemd 58 24 82
Total civilians contained in ceded territory... ...... 0.000 1,921 958 2,879
2. Unorganized Territory:
Isa Pointe: County: snc vexain ra eves ined Soar Gh wk ESTEE Rae ewe Ot wage ee gates rRasem sel was 12 10 22
Crow Wing and Long Prairie Precinct........... 0.0 ete eee eee 235 115 350
Big Stone Lake and Lac qui Parle Precinct......... 00 00sec eee tenet eee nett eee 33 35 68
Little: Rocke! Precincts eas ssieseo ahd gas 4s am gay aig Senge avs AG Go's ald ee gO etal ace teem: NaS greta el gated 20 15 35
Mend Ota. c254.45 soe as phe cueeaicae sabes RA Rae Lae Ta Res he PT RA DEA OL Re ee ea ae Daou 72 50 122
Crow Village: (Kaposia). icjsc.cs sue ccc spon dee nua: ba eke EE SE AEH EWN ER gree Rin tien olgealg Rad gitegie gine boos 9 7 16
Red Wing’s Village... 0... ee nT E EERE EEE eee eet ee eee 20 13 33
Prairieville (Shakopee). ......0. 00. c ccc een ene eee eee eee 9 13 22
Oak: Groverciscise:c wasn dsb ok Biel esG OY SPR da Bove Hae Aad ge GEE AR RE oe ee pea ae alee a ea 14 9 23
Black Dog’s Village... 0... 0c c ccc ene E EEE EEE EERE n eee 7 11 7
Wabeshaw and Root River. .......0 00 esse eee e cence eee eee Eee ene eee eee eee 78 se
Fort Snelling (civilians). 20... 0.0. ee EEE ene ent tenes 26
Total civilians in unorganized territories........ 6. tt tt eee tees 535 326 861
Total civilians in present area of Minnesotat............. 0000 e eee eee eee ens 2,456 1,284 3,740
3. Fort Snelling and Fort Gaines (Ripley) soldiers, women and children .......-.--.-- 2-20-00 eee eeeee 267 50 317
4. Outside present State: 34 637
Pembina: cis esrcdy nein cd ance ed Ga eeunl ya pene GMa eed dare e Ya Paar Dk Sone RRR Se 295 ‘ oe
Missouri River... 0.00. ccc ccc eee eee eee e eee EEE EEE eens 49 3
Total outside present stateT......... 06... c cee eee een etn n nen e nets 344 379 723
Total for territory ...4 0.0.00 eee eee eee eet 3,067 1,713 4,780
*Journal of the House of Representatives, 1st sess., Appendix. |
+Counting the Pembina settlement in Dakota, which it was in the main.
244 ' APPENDIX
TABLE III.—Census or MINNESOTA TERRITORY IN 1850
Dakotah*| | Man- | Pem- Ram- | Waba-| Wah- Wash- | Minne-
Items Benton tasca | iahta*| bina sey shaw* | nahta*| ington sota
County | County | County County] County | County | County] County} County |Territory
i ; 385 55 130 578 1,337 139 113 686 3,695
1. Oe ee a eee tame i 197 D 28 556 360 103 47 366 2,343
z Total BNO EUIeneae cascte scr th eyees 416 582 97| 158] 1,134 2,197 242 160 1,052 6,038
4.. Freé colored, ‘males: 2. ¢.cci scsaso: pn awa du dieence coon ees Qe 2 eateee [enteral eee || OO ESO A ann
5. Free ee seme i catigu's uiSiciedh RA a athe seia ae Bindcees| Pedieals gl ene | Sores | asin a sends 4 pais) eats -
6: “otal coloredwc2 cet tacateamesecameleteaeea|! td Dl ie geet | altel) SOI ty ete eta
7. Total population (except Indians)...............000- 418 584 97 158 1,134 | 2,227 243 160 | 1,056 6,077+
8. Number born in Minnesota.............000000000% 151 248 42 14 379 448 HG ie ae 1,589¢
i i PALES ac istiat w cciee, Slast sega ceiesaast : i
9. Others born in United Stat ae abe an a Pr : ae 209 127 786 Sion
Mee et | a) 7| 67| 729] 'sea| 34] 33] 270| Yornt
12. Number a cee ine wc es lie issn tBTa canes ave sepcistarea hae Soe : 78 S 16 ee oe a 7 an ee
13. Number Of farinss ccc Sabine demotion cenunesceett: 20 Saneen |! 28601 wanda
14. Improved land infarms.........0:0ssecseneesceeues 405 | ...... 100] ..... 77 458 oe a eae 5,035
15. Unimproved land in farms..............-.000 0000 4 S40) Gascteted || agua || ate ey 2,068 2,832 - 23,846
16. . “Dotal Jand ity fariids << +-a0svx oe +063 os e004 an caneee 4,945 | ...... 100] ..... ay iets as hace toe 28,881
: din farmss.9 cca. Se evmes <4 a
17. Average size of farms. ....5. 0.2.06 e ess ee nec eee DATO ee sete 24 head
Lae he actos Serie Waseda’ theca aint sete. egnitie aay oe $34,250 | ...... | --.-.. | «2... | $4,400 | $32,270 | $8,100 | $5,064 | $77,864 $161,948
19 vile oe implements and machinery......... $2,495 | ...... $200 | ..... $415 | $1,723 | $1,675 | $1,430 | $8,043 | $15,981
cy eato paie sd Glacatam aide Ses BO eee Wt ha care ea 518 20§ 107 40 130 874
21 Mince om S ieee piaesnedaman natin ocueazous BO | ccsccs 100||| ..... 145 34 59 13 196 607
52. Wier Gil tea kaases sade ook oe baaaroaseweedritpnct x. en Pee oes 267 129 205 74 532 1,395
6 Se pia Peers eee nea earns a Seen | Babak Veet] ~<a aaa) Sapa 0
Se eae ee is cna mince ee ote 3] | 2a | oo 3s3| 134
25. ‘Value of live stoék sc ¢ cade aces choad oa dasa tema e $11,925 | ...... $995 | ..... $45,295 | $5,005 | $7,585 | $6,365 $15,689 | $92,859
26... Value. of afimals slaughtéréd . 05 cc csgccen se esicw cal caadwe di-ayecuse | eeseea | aeaay | wamcea | cvansa $1,950 | ..... $890 | $2,840
i di 1, 1850:
Oe cece ecned pee: 10 Seas 100] 390} 200] 150] 5st} 4401
27. Wheat, ie els..... fag fe ae
iM) resp eer ores lub neers ings | eceneaal Guat lee medlacany vaiaee Ure cea reve: Wem am
30s: “Oats, DUSHE]S oc aiid 4etas doen walanden matoa wihla dda get eanalatas OD || Ccrecacses ell Bbc boo |e wowing S| Ree acer ee, 1,000 | ..... aoe ee
Sis: | Barley, -DUSNEIS ss 40 .ccia xin aae caine 2a Selncummea| ition |laciwee | hecceahl Geen Ison oe [20M ots. late , s
s2 Buckwheat, bushelsinan.<cius aundis eigen aise cae acted dl cece obser’ I seucan Ictoecace becbleees S255. -icwdions 190 515
33. Peasand beans, bushels...........................-| 00.0. | 00... 10: sex ser | aweans 9,585] 250 | saa: 157 10,002
34. Total cereals and legumes (items 27-33)............ ‘ a ee ; Ae ah ee a 160 | 17,870 aioe 1,265 ae pyae
39. Potatoes; bushels: ss. charsics vasdiene ante aigcare anise s damn )050 | ...... SDDS | Aaa sciety |) coayascean d) oeer ate 105 | seen ; ;
30. Sweet: potatoes, bushelee ii. ier smateetaeannwumel aegeen | ccecaus' (ees cose ibiecto Ml caswe ba 200} tsciocce'|eccaaar | keen: 200
37. Total field crops (items 34-36)..............ceceeeee ue Neath ie eee 160 we 10,835 | 1,235 ar NG
SB x, AELAY, MONS ia os creer ccs sub team dive & Saw eS said aes ans alias Sey NS WeL | sac | AS) see | eedeye P1006} occa Tl enace i
so» Mathket gardens, value of produce... sss civacxecsecl execs | gussve Geren: | oweas | anadie [becacs | ou Pell, $150 $150
a0 BUttey, POURS idea. sciwarersaure Ladiad Beee ooiesel Seceg W mapas | eeauer | amesn | aveacs | ensnca bene bee 1,100 1,100
a1... “Wool; pounds. ur ses un ereidarss Brbodae ta iene oo) aegucs ll amdacoe| scesey | heacs, bl cones el cece TS. Scant. 10 85
42. Beeswax and honey, pounds.................000000-f ceeece | coeeee | eee | le PLE pe 75! | ease 5 80
43. Maple sugar, pounds..................c00eee eee Pel eee sl kets gel aitoncteant ll feiss og aaa | is Gees 2950 - eis ae] dotuden ts 2,950
Labor, Trade, Gov- Total
Occupations ae not oa Navi- mig. ae erm | Amy _ of all
culture | agri- 5 gation an : ment ° occu-
cultural | 8¢TVice mining | “°?S | service panera pations
43a. Occupations of free male inhabitants**.............. 563 751 15 4 656 105 59 163 20 2,336
*Spellings follow the Census of 1850.
iSubdivisions of counties are only partially indicated, incorporated places not being consistently distinguished, viz.: Mankahta County—Fort Gaines (Ripley) 143, Gull Lake 15;
Ramsey County—Little Canada (precinct) 194, St. Anthony (precinct) 118, St. Anthony (village) 538, St. Paul (precinct) 226, St. Paul (village) 1,112, Snake River 39; Wahnahta
County—Long Prairie 160; Washington County—Marion (Marine) 114, St. Croix Falls 68, St. Croix (precinct) 253, Stillwater 621.
tThese county figures from Compendium of the Seventh Census, p. 333, agree with the figures in the quarto volume of the census, p. 996, but disagree with totals for the territory
on pp. 116-118 of the Compendium. The discrepancies are as follows:
Feet ag Hae an
o!
°
O'
Compendium Quarto
Born in Minnesota.............. 1,334 1,589
Born in U. S. outside Minnesota. 2,673 2,511
oe are ae ee
Total native born............... 4,007 4,100
VA SOCHORS os uiyeasinawe aeons pranseys eo 2,070 1,977
a
Otay ns spaces eS ieasae tides cateahy a vec 6,077 6,077
In the second column, the figures for those born in Minnesota include three marked ‘‘unknown" in the uarto, in order to mak ibl i f native born to counties.
According to p. 118 of the Compendium about three fourths ( 1,417) of the foreign born came from British North America, See POSH IER RAED
§Contemporary writers called this an obvious error, but it may be correct as it refers only to horses on farms.
Either a bad guess by the enumerator or an error by addition of a cipher. The proportion of cows to other cattle reported is biologically impossible.
§Evidently an error in the census. Either 85 or 95 bushels would be more reasonable. T. i onl,
18,988 bushels of peas and beans. reasonable en years later Ramsey County produced only 129 bushels and the entire state only
**The occupations of these 2,336 males were also reported by separate trades, the principal being: : ; ; : en, 126;
merchants, 87; clerks, 58; traders (fur?), 52; smiths, 49; masons, 37; lawyers, 23; tcumaters, OL: ; eee fe, 3903 farmers), 240; ‘hunters; 207} carpenters, Se :
APPENDIX 245
TABLE III.—Continued
Manuf e Number Cost of Hands Cost Volume
anutactures of Capital raw em- of of
establishments material ployed labor products
44, Gristmills sd eerhebebnea ios. fet Oban dae ark oss eas iaNiante eas aia ous Wiss tre Bae ain anes 1 $2,000 $500 1 $240 $500
45. Sawmills... ean 4 $92,000 $23,800 62 $18,300 $57,800
46: ‘Total: for territory 's:c6-5 00d toa cea sea nd eee kee eee 5 $94,000 $24,300 63 $18,540 $58,300
*From Abstract of Statistics of Manufactures, 1850 (Exec. Doc. 1858-59, vol. 10). These figures, which differ somewhat from those in the Compendium of the Seventh Census’
are used as being later—though unfortunately not given on a county basis.
TABLE IV.—FIeEtp Crops 1n MINNESOTA IN 1859, AccorDING TO THE CENSUS OF 1860
Cc Yield in Percentage
Tops bushels of total
I. Cereals and legumes:
Ae Whee tay, oni ots & Savane dchaea es aie an at aa eee ana en hnea gc atad rand edabate ¢.staa ae chanson a atend Gta chite Wal nea Nang 2,186,973* 21.622
2 RYGiic se Gaan es Babe HOES Oe es BONS RR NS SPS MOTE COTE NB Se Ooi ae lode se ae ee ee yeees weed aes 121,411 1.200
3. Oats states oars b i ceennsh ep cau. 5d feysoas ai ages Ve Spc Be ak hese ees bce elses g ate et ERG Sasa CE vaek PO ee tae Semana RUT eat Bea tee WEE ected ce ls thst cls eons 2,176,002 21.513
Bs TRICE ig sant ca Savedrrocre ray: Mieke ind vase ww OeeriA aa. ANG OE Aye OE A Milk, Wialanna Nand aNAd Aya A Seger Mle: Sala ale auate 730 .007
Be Barbe ysis cg ose a gsi ae nae @ Fal Sara oe RSLs Gralens ice apdp eaous dealas aud ost Aa tate ayer a See aCe ae sae 119,568* 1.182
6 Buckwheat. ss.e< esse dice bored seen als oe enn sb Wie SS OS ok Se ae ns Sam Se ene Ane aan eS inate wa ano sunt eames 28,052 .277
Ti | RET as si sa i. Bios pho oeseased bab ck Sea Na chan sh go Rcded Sarde Son, Hacdaen ante GikANieow oom diac Ved haga a RE RRS A Ra SS TELS HNO ES ie 2,941,952 29.086 .
8. Peasand beans.............. cece eee eee NS etd est Deal NW len Bde tel Se ans cau etamanapetsna achat atenee 18,988 188
0. “‘Potal cereals and legumes: ico zcgheds eu io ive velae ce ktates dee dates scaaloe uns GE Tee SEA ie neg Ve 7,593,676 75.076
II. Root crops:
10... “Irish potatoes ncicay eid Gian eeeaae damn aealnd seded WWE Gites EME COAUra dale SRR TE Shae ears 2,516,485* 24.880
11. Sweet potatoests i e-sicha vividiore as ais ay si Pa ais ew laes ak an ek Betas See Rear aye BIAS pw ALO CNS ge ee BE oly ae 792 007
12... “Total potatoes: cc 2aiieeie este ed anh Una be Sane eee pe SATE eee ee ew eOa OSE EELS Oe Leen Gugeega) es 2,517,277 24.887
III. Other field crops:
13 .,- Blaxseed ana akon es pia on oie iat a Spee wes Ud raed wad al estan ea Guess sal ddee AGM RUG TAG culo vette ne sneer 118 001
14. ‘Clover'sted y<sscex samessdit-sw saves cee nye 8s ee eine FEE ERE ES AS Ce TELE SER E EE ewe ees aed aS 351* .003
15s (GrassiSeed iaiocc.scoisssi oie dad Sed nue. aiaceuevel nen 9 ae daes NOUR Abate Ws aaa Caer Mae DOE SRS © FUG SUE GES OY Chk A ee 3,255* .033
16. Total miscellaneous crops... ....... cece cece eee eee ee eee teen eee t eee eee e enna ee eennaeees 3,724 .037
17; “Total fieldicrops ys. sic eceaie dn didmseie eee Re eae eee Ede ee RIES OA EE ele A ke ee ee 10,114,677 100.000
* Corrected footing of the county figures given in the census.
The totals printed in the census are:
wheat, 2,186,993; barley, 109,668; potatoes, 2,565,485; clover seed, 432; and
grass seed, 3,182 bushels. The county figures are here accepted, though it is of course possible that the errors are in the county figures rather than the totals of the census. At best the
census of Minnesota in 1860 is a chaos of conflicting figures.
+3,286 pounds reported. Equivalent to 730 bushels of 45 pounds.
TABLE V.—AcrEAGE AND YIELD OF THE PRINCIPAL CROPS IN MINNESOTA FOR THE 1860 GrowinG SEASON*
Per cent of Per cent
Items Acres improved Production each crop
planted land in (in bushels) formed
each crop of total
Improved land in crops:
1. Cate ee bic atenss Geet adee okie: baled aig hg mueendieseetaey eee erie Soares Ave 230,315 42.11 5,101,432 36.13
Dis CORD oe bs oases ch vereca hsm ech ARE EDS ER OARS SA OES PRET OS BOERS RIES 88,126 16.11 3,143,577 22.26
3%, OBES led og alhesdd hier bea waded Beau ations assy uk HD As Rae Ane ane RN lene isa wa te 68,714 12.56 2,912,857 20.63
Be POCACOES i505 dessa gates wi G.setae’ es lapee's vacet teas Gaewr Balen Min Gano: ejenace dee a aae ae ES 16,687 3.05 2,303,308 16.31
De RYO es arse oie He haa MEO e AR SORES BE RE ae hoe ae we wee a EEF oe SL RS 13,276 2.43 286,125 2.03
0s) Barley ccicsccieid cecil carnaces Gane oka e AE SE LA EEE a NA ae LSE les 9,073 1.66 301,539 2.14
Tey SBUCKWHEAE 5.5 0-<aven esscenierd nial. asnia os » due hedeudia a Nes Senin BS Reoeeite BEBE he earala 3,618 .66 56,929 40
8... Beans vce 'ia steer odin’ oa dalod Gee bi Bea Gero har HO HHH OAS MAG LE SE 694 13 10,932 .08
9... Tamothy seeds scares ing dese od aerek OO REYES SHES Renn REE ND Gigie aS 1,597 .29 2,779 .02
10s - Sorghum) ...i.ci5:s snes tsue dv gud scales dec sb ae teak AG Rs Be Beda eae ea ees 159 03: 1! | eaisetawand ||| Sashaaiines
11. Total for crops listed. 0.0.0.0... cc ccc ccc eee eee et eee eee tenn eeees 432,259 79.03 14,119,478 100.00
12. Other improved land......... 0... cece cnet eee nee een eee nen neees 114,692 20.97
13, LOtal oscnstscaaiaiaiaveatabeaee nea ales anda er su ate awe oe 546,951 100.00
*Based on Second Report of Minnesota Commissioner of Statistics for 1860-61, pp. 54-55.
tEquivalent to 51.15 per cent of all tilled land.
here was also an output of 11,830 gallons of sorghum syrup.
246 APPENDIX
TABLE VI—-NcMBER OF THE SEVERAL Kinps oF Live StocK FOR THE STATE AS A WHOLE*
1860 1864 1865 1866 1867 1868 1869
HOfS€Scicsancca ee sedrpabad achaurcda teteuse ey ee reece gene 6 17,065 44,002 $2,053 67,119 80,132 87,894 98,980
Cattle.... wh) Payoh. atresia sn gO veabeh ugpisbne bela vB beta Mie Ph hee BAST ae 119,357t | 206,270 202,730 200,140 230,302 247,197 275,977
Miulesandasses- © Wench atarcatn b6 saceamee wa piehe Gas satietr mess SDs Vt) seeea tea Nil, Ncoee ates | Ul etait aes 1,630 1,976 2,450
Sheep.... tae 8 ale AS hee cnt hed 2 en ide dear peat PONE 13,044 97,241 161,187 193,045 182,284 153,927 135,450
HORS aig. Ac duc So daniad binecddins See ana ERNIE SW Mae yeu unulie ena eae 101,371f 75,057 74,118 94,747 113,404 96,041 109,000
*Figures from census of 1860 for year 1860; from Minn. Statistics, 1869-71, page 44, for years 1864-1869.
Fringe ce te eee he Casa at Peco a namin,” while the figures from Minn. Statistics are for ‘‘hogs," the latter apparently excluding spring pigs.
TABLE VII.—Crops or 1868*
Per cent : Per cent of
Crops Acres tilled of land Yield total yield of
tilled bushel crops
Whi be Gate eon aaineS aa apeatibauaila x Gaal Anlay Neca tls guests 858,316 61.862 15,381,022 49.191
DUS enon bt ed ge aie altace eee ne aoc GN accused acta adoro eda COREA ERE Ga a LE ah 212,064 15.284 7,831,523 25.046
Bare yee cocsek 4e hades Soe RE bea TRG G Hee eR dus SE aig ea Ha HOME TE Te TERE aeeAS 18,150 1.308 518,500 1.658
iss. orincorashanaiie’ dB eepirn cued steed es RETRAG EAST WOE A MMM RR AMS ee Rae pERR ey Mike ec 2,713 196 52,100 .167
Buick wheat jececeiics scoa0 Guin gsdeckeda nist dG. wed aime sede tee Meade MS BA RSET Ree ES 1,538 111 25,292 081
‘Total sitiall grains c+ c3 26 x can enn de ae teas Dake eee ay Ge wN DRO nee bales 1,092,781 78.761 23,808,437 76.143
Gores avn vinat Gul awe Tats Me Bed ONE HISD NSE Db SE EPR asS Heer e ate aes 129,909 9.363 4,849,936 15.511
Bead ii.) c2.caites eka PP bas banGaeies Boke AeA EASE TOE OG d aed PEE Ob eee ees 1,027 .074 13,371 .043
‘Total cereals and legumes iuj.s,.1.0- cnc a aes a 5 ote g Aachele pit a Ges neeeaien ne aes tenon 1,223,717 88.198 28,671,744 91.697
Pilaxseed Soe cies tau Padawan an Macon atin apenas arom des ee deem Rennes aerate eee) | edautesatued IN) | Bracke. a 3,345 011
ClO VER SOG fii u's ass ie Wh og ARS 6 ARE ROG bdo DUAR ON ON bi BERG DESMA GEE LER DG TE ea] (Rastyeeee | Ill | wderneeiees 232 .001
Potatoes aye tars ah etn tote soc ele dea ces CR ce ier any ibaa nee ahd a Aare ws Failed vias oe eee 24,475 1.764 2,592,636 8.291
Other bushel Cropsis.3: sais so scuiaaniehetetie dee eseete weekeesteeeienastsaisl saeeweecte | grageesege [eta ekncsow ||) weet eseuas
‘Total bushelicropsies yos.tcc ham need eck ehRee nant ae wero ea ETE A PURnea ee deme h leskaadea ol) Giza aun aad 31,267,957 100.000
BABY. ONS sec aerar etc st deeteass a = Ae bs et hh sons tot ata ta ert tdin nee pe dea ese abn atonediuesymcereaa ican aga ame T Peds Gamecateuall It, Peiccsuadonien stam 430,750 | .......005
Flax fiber, pounds ys eno. 3 secon s ck Ge Span Ee oe DUES Sas ae MEE EE Oe eases Sees) pouaeaazen Ht) gerweeovee 101237 ft aaeue¥ sons
‘Lobacco, ‘poundss 2.02.4 cain. aoawba eon waahs navd ca wyos laee CERES STORER EEC ECS cawaaioeaw I REN Re dees 115293 - | snaceseae es
SOLE UM SYLAps GANONG: soc cis sive cackiswscacainn Boise # RS Hank MaaAAE Hin day Bed MA aeD eA Gar eivatyarall’ | Guana wanes | lp h-aalamenmce aca S123 75% i> indices
Maple syrup; gallons i oisaiorss aceon dcscranisiecd a aise: 08 mie 1 aoeac eda dea caaRplare mate SRRoNCaIAG we) | lantoatcenaaiel I we puahelnaaies 14,105: . |} aveeasred 22
Maplée:sugar, Sounds, cc o<.0d Gacatennderse snus Sea Rica os Geo WR FAME MARC SHAME Re Raa) Uaeee ne eane! lll) Geceeesotes 250,467 | .......0..
WO], ‘GOuU nd Si. See Svcs ascin arava wnsea dia siehy a Ra aaAR Fessler EAD LON BAAS BOP AIT RRA ERE, Lema ee) hl Boeri sa meen AQ2'500) |! auncineaea sa
BULECE POUNS soos tit sce aleve very ah esis Seausd aa ete CDE is bias arene ea ed rel eme EE H Atesaata chy ete | I (ast eecccnitd 4,475,000 | ........06
Cheese: spouindSisi: 5 acces vos erase panes boa SOs Mee bad MO REERR Na T SE aN DE SeES EL Cesc eeacio. ||) use ee: 166,182 | ..........
Other products, value. .... eel bean taf SS nao Sather et oss Lee pan ual a acs ate Se ad tS rR cil mle das cactiegél We eee Sees ce: neat $230,120 | ..........
*Minn. Statistics, 1869, page 6.
TABLE VIII.—YieLp anp VaLuE or Farm Propucts, 1868-69*
. “Aver- | Aver- Per Per ‘
: : age age cent of | cent o
Products Yield 1868 | Yield 1869 price | price Value 1868 Value 1869 value: | value
1868 | 1869 1868 | 1869
Wheats biishels.. scncccevauhiun uhewentas oa tne peaae Se 15,381,022 | 18,500,000 | $0.85 | $0.60 | $13,073,868.70 | $11,100,000.00 | 50.25 | 47.46
Oats, bushels) ass seine cx ine Sohavee nce Be Ae Ae ne catuvew ante 7,831,523 | 12,310,315 -50 30 3,915,761.50 3,693,094.50 | 15.05 | 15.79
Barley; bushels. seis sae Gusts des acts sans wie Suan ealeraia sae eas 518,500 813,120 1.00 60 518,500.00 487,872.00 1.99 2.09
Reey Disbeleus. 6: scans ec aasedccusnavaummmentcods: 52,100 50,000} .60| 45 31,260.00 22,500.007| .12| -10
Buckwheat, bushels...............00...0...0.c sees eee. 25,292 28,900 | .90 90 22,762.80 26,010.00} .09| .11
Total small grains, bnshels.................0.0.00.00000% 23,808,437 | 31,702,335 | ..... | 22... 17,562,153.00 | 15,329,476.50 | 67.50 | 65.55
Corn; ‘bushel sivas cientac ame lyre ks tata eins at One atan 4,849,936 | 5,250,000 70 40 3,394,955.20 2,100,000.00 | 13.06 8.98
Beans; bushelsis snc wasiccccaalieccagi hen due wa weede ce cea mes 13,371 14,000 1.60 1.00 21,393.60 14,000.00 -08 06
Total cereals and legumes, bushels....................... 31,267,957 | 36,966,335 | ..... | 22... 20,978,501.80 | 17,443,476.50 | 80.64 | 74.59
Potatoes; bushels: 3: <jesavtuwn au waco new ewe 04 oh Re Re cece 2,592,636 | 2,934,000 | $0.40 | $0.55 | $1,037,054.40 | $1,613,700.00 3.98 6.90
PL ay TOMS inash Weg fee wal ay teal tewt css tec 2 cue steer Susan nA 430,750 410,000 6.00 7.00 2,584,500.00 2,870,000.00 9.93 | 12.27
Wel puns tera. car hee: boc eye na eee 422,500 | 425,000] .25| .23| 105,625.00} 97,750.00} .41| 42
Butter, pounds: siccccavwdes canons whan dea vawenneacnnens 4,475,000 | 5,750,000 .20 17 895,000.00 977,500.00 3.44] 4.18
Bas POUNDS: 5 bs sies, d aestieo ye Gude ele doy oatnan en cal mamines 4 ae 166,182 158,000 20 15 33,236.40T 23,700.00f 13 -10
ther products is: ccigec'< due dasa aivesiae ta egeenetatce|| wags can | emexcctaeo || ease | Seccs 383,368.00 360,000.00 1.47 1.54
Lotal values sien ace one rae cane ve aia wa saGhia awe acemnaatac | adem eens Gwar | lemon $26,042,212.90 | $23,386,126.50 | 100.00 | 100.00
*Minn. Statistics, 1869, pp. 48-49.
1 For these years the Assistant Secret:
reported by the assessors, in order to cover assumed deficiencies in the reports.
+Corrected total for the yield given in table, p. 49, Minn. Statistics, 1869, according to price there quoted.
ary of State added an arbitrary amount (five per cent for 1868 and four per cent for 1869) to the figures
APPENDIX 247
TABLE IX.—Crors or 1869 anv 1871, Accorpinc To MINNEsoTA STATISTICS FoR 1870 AND 1872
1869* 1871+
Crops Per cent Per cent
f land : 1 3
Acreage “eee. Yield Acreage of ee Yield -
vated vated
: Bushels Bushels
Wheaties i waning Bits BES mek aa ae qi Nita dinate eels Maaeiae bana Caves dele 937,029 60.1 16,587,621 1,096,578 58.5 | 13,467,300
SARDAEST ic sds itonetana: Set scalas as ade eae lasaiceat tas te rae are Eat pak ee ona eae one 260,715 16.7 9,785,959 334,798 17.9 | 10,689,484
Tle trig aise Vestal ed cao gunita camsoueihon Seu au TAI Gis aces ca 31,695 | 2.0 $51,113 64,558 3.4} 1,627,007
VO aa tice Diputasa aie: Gpansie ce ANE: wile Ze ah args NG dsaa SD Mie A aaee SEG San ued a A a caceatece veneer e 4,428 3 72,281 8,061 A 130,928
Buckwheat s.cccc caiaveacam + ean 4 dees teh ale ae wlessaw' da ohradhd-pp-ude-palalens whale we a 2,746 2 46,038 3,597 i2 54,152
Total; small grains: eaccaxee sd ede ae oi ets a heey AER sad wigan deen ys 1,236,613 79.3 27,343,012 1,507,592 80.4 | 25,968,871
CGP ies erictiie sins SA HAA SEERA SS RON OE AEH SOE Re CS eae ees 136,492 8.8 4,194,965 200,124 10.7 7,076,268
Beans ice oe ascne ayses Savages tess mec eri basen vo anda waa ON ct Bs Se Se oe 1,829 A 27,661 1,506 aA 19,658
Total, cereals and legumes. .... 2.2.2... c eee teen eee teen eee 1,374,934 88.2 31,565,638 1,709,222 91.2 | 33,064,797
POLAtOCS ach ee os as Sos ha HEA OR dy MRC D RN Renee Vw eG wees Be oO 19,833 1.3 1,488,428 21,429 1.1 2,153,536
All other Crops dewaci ss dos casa da She eRe es eee La Sa sw ES ARES Geddes 164,306 TOS) [i sous escderne 144,349 TDN eoeisad ove
ictal, Sill Shisiere ea gee coma cat aculanetente Pee died sateen cnauiconit 1,559,073 | 100.0 | .......... 4.875.000 | 1000 |) can canouve
Sorghum: syrup; gallons ...4 .2e0s.cxegeunis eae eae sew e es EEE EOE cede | eacsaomaea de | cases 33j191) ia arnvecea | ween 73,425
Maple sugar) pounds: «.: acai scacp- ve abcde roaee Seem ne cea aR ae Ra ae l|| ecareNRae kor) Laue ee 205,102.) cede wevece dares) ae, Baca 141,982
Maplé syrip, Gallons: ...o2. saccscanads cena pede PPAR AS a hows acd A| daadeaavee [veteas T4815", ci costcvanses , | 9g hierar 22,923
Honey, pounds................ Lie ap ae eee Meta) Sada I dae 93691) |e vasgereewe- || eee Bee 229,679
Hay, ‘wild, toss <6 5 cicaes phe eran oo eee ees loa ein BE RAKE SA Read seaae | ekawterree sot oedeee §32;183° |. casearnets sae. Ag na acne 603,146
Hay, cultivated, ‘tons ss sccle fc eadoa a ceed ed SE SARE PE oe es dea awia cee | aece cna a | a bieaces 6195) ec kicnasct ma | aeadaves 82,456
Hops; pounds 5502.36 a edeisawgii ace Swain 8 A Pa near LAER aI eRe, aes Aeceasaeds| | \gusles we wear. | Sedecue 980,048: | oc veayena | seeder 64,243
Plax:fiber;: pounds). sty vs jyeco cn acia ei akin nace area oO ate eee ahh nes eed ei) aete steed ak abae PS 1062 | oc Se Saaien Wb Ge boeieee 235,548
Blaxseed:: bushels is icc c.canred Anat oceans aie Soe hess rahe HaeAe oe eae isl Shaantmsieo etl -aoumeneaes F801} cos aeuadied oe We asaeeavese 14,421
Timothy séed; bushels... 0.64.04 00:0 sch sa iS SRE FE TATA EERE Gece cawecn el weeeaneean | eces DDI Wisk ae saraune vee | ae andvoleen 15,823
Butters pounds: < aasucc taco bas cenape ehaccacw aneee Ne Riana ule heen weeded) labmiennmiecent || Se eivets 6,552,455 | .......... | oeeeee 7,356,768
Cheese; pounds:5 <:2e0 sec atv uijeeuage yan Seka ee Oe AHN ool ee eeu eaee sy | aware a ewer l ByeuSs B21 9698 | ois mts eaves | ak es 469,147
Wool, pounds! 5.330 c-coa os oa Sod RE oe edie ee GOR eG ligpiaestes ciel aa borasdeat | aeeaws 3825902. | cole dncce wiser | ceouce 355,232
Value of miscellaneous garden products........... 0000. e eee eee eee eect | cece eee eee | vee nee G5125026:') cececacevnaa’ “ans etaeie. ||) aed acatene aieus
*Minn. Statistics, 1871, p. 6. For this year the Assistant Secretary of State added an arbitrary amount—four per cent to the figures reported by the assessors in order to cover
assumed deficiencies in the report. The corrected figures (see p. 10) are here given.
+Taken from Minn. Statistics, 1872, pp. 7-9.
248
APPENDIX
TABLE X—Improvep anp UNimprovep
See eae 1860 or
~~ =
g,e [e _| 3 |3 < 188
cb/2 bey 28 [= [E.. .¢ | 2 "
a |S EO = & & Oe ta a J g
Comms Be BElESE| gy | BE [EEE s2 [5 fee 8 of |#.| 2 [EE
ae s8eca) §2 | 58 /ESS ee | BE lessl 3 #3 |ga!] oe |SEISEe
ave Pele | 2 ia Se | 88 (828 ez | SE| BE SE ISEE
T Aitkin, 20. Sates Geen 7 Ela s E ie < Ag Bu) 8" on eae
alka eee {| — —_ mM a w a eS fo8
B Beckerss Ge ae | 28,310 307 6) 2 E os it
: Beltrami...) mo tere | era SA 18:1 "293760 100233 ae "316 = cr
enton..... aa 267 : , a3
o ee Eile netoieese ty SPeS | B08) 8 10,109 2,975 | 29.4 9,788 ws 3,098'240 ee Be 10,116 ‘46 382
ue Earth........ 2,553 | 26.1] '259,2 2 0.0} 0.
hoe 70,835 13 13 ; ,200 69,480 | 26.8 | 1 ; 0.0
9 Brown... 27a | 17.3 279,144 | 102,298 | 366) 487°680| 308,148 | 74:5 2110 | 7 | 208
jp BtoWitt es == sonra , . 487,680 | 363,148 | 74 ; 0 | 20.8
10 39,914 | 4,912 | 12.3) 138,189] 33,821 | 24.5 ape ee
12 640 ¥ : ' : 391,680 | 198,433 | 50.7 | 14
i) te: : .7 | 140,162 | 35.8
i 109,003 | 13,119 12.0 167,983 | 34,047 | 20.3 ae tas | aa! aia! oa 70.6
1 . 1 ’ 0 d ?. . 15.
16 13,085 14/330 | 2,282880/ 10700 | 08| 787 | =. 469
17 22,132 | 3,648 | 16.5 42/597 Ba04 as 378,240 103°828 ans 64,077 wal ar
’ ' 8.8 273,280 ! ; ,077 | 16.9 | 61.
18 C 850 , 103,789 9} 617
ie 22} 2.6] 667,520| 157,341 38.0 | 31,194 | 11.4 | 30.1
20 320 a4 : 6 | 49,535 | 7.4 | 31.5
21 Dakota 8.8 6,377 782 | 1 58,720 332 *
ine , 2.3 40 20) *
2 Boge oo sft) gional ain as mee a0) Gave) ott alata | is
24 Faribault......... 3/604 305 | 19.5 151,081 74'540 : seri 295,642 | 77.1 | 231, Z| 04 | 348
24 Faribault. ........ ae 577 | 16.0 | 111'696| 13°982 49.3 | 281,600| 226,334 | 80.4 ton'ee, 60.3 | 78.1
BF teen een ness sees) gee) aoe) 2aldts 15962 | 128 | S120 piowo | sao | eieaat eee ee
26 Brechortivarnc +41 aes 5,542 | 25.9 399/546 |} 185,087 28.3 460160 | 312/435 | 67.9 |2 1,540 | 17.3 | 32.5
27 Goodhue.......... 128'412 7,953 | 13.1 | 225,877 , 46.3 555,520 | 495,433 | 89. 25,548 | 49.0 | 72.2
quae neem emacs ; 27,317 | 2 , 69,048 | 30.6 ) 89.2 | 361,100 | 6
29 Hennepin , 1.3 | 349,376 | 217,028 470,400 349'331 | 74.4 | 256, 5.0 | 72.9
2p Hennepin... m1... 10°917 , 62.1 490,880 | 428, A | 256,156 | 54.5 | 73.2
oe vase, | seve | we] abee| cate ait] caa| aseat| eal rea ||
Isanti............ : , . 0,659 67, : , 256,722 | 71. : . :
a3 Hass. sancoces 8 100 | 100 | 100.0 4,289 es Irae) ee 7,824 | 42.2 | 364,800} 283,976 18 1as'530 Bas oS
ackson.......... : : , 7,614 | 15.1 ree
35 Kanab 2 ' i 282,880 93
4 Kandiyohi. ates imG| tetas ne) (Pen ae 749/280 00 | | 00 | -00
AEGON 05 wc sun'a as 902 : 120 f : , 116,528 | 25. oT ee
a oa Ms] S| yo) S80 at) Sauzgo] San | 2g] ast 0a |
40 Li Parle...... 1,779,840 ee a ee 30.8 67.0
268 268 |100.0 ; here
127,128 | 14,271 | 11.2) 175,817 | 37,248 i 1,343°360 tit re SOT? | td? | 213
: , 2] '298,240| 222, ars | > | 1g
, (109 | 74.5 | 11
25,234 3,38 342,400 122,560 | 35.8 0,373 | 37.0 | 49.7
385) 13.4 138,020) 21,447 ae3'120 | ta1's07 | 40.1 | 695s | 154 | 3855
47 Manomin ; 15.5 | 317,440] 216,08 L | 69,955 | 15.4 | 38.5
as Enea aaniurs 2,122 867 | 40 ,081 | 68.1 | 139,354 | 43.9 | 64.5
Martin eee ee we we , 9
49 Martin... as
Bi Mille aes... 268], 201) 15.9 | 112,7 1,144,320
Singha 415 | 2,377 159 19,453 naa 46,799 | 4.1
52 Monongalia. 1,303 a7 | 12.2 120,603) 21,538 ee ae | sept ee se'373 12.0 | 389
34 i se Rabe eae oe 497 | 21.1 g4’997 1,784 | 12.4 373°120 "737 | 55.3 | 128,277 | 32.3 | 58.4
ta sel ies 9 Sl * 2,0 ’ 17,376 ’ 19,324 . .
36 Nivolice ee ey 7964 a9 160266 3,497 203 731,520 oN ee
Cbiwenwe os : , ; ,
57 Nobles. -......... gegen | Mises ee faor| lig | ean aeelees ted | Eis Lapeer | ae | oon
58 Norman. 0000. 733 | 149 | 134'006| 50,828 | 379 | 283's20 tivads | 207 | solids | 67 | 27.6
meted ’ ie 283,520 218794 . , % 27.6
A Orta 182.4 462,080 , 77.2 | 178,610 | 63.0 | 81.6
61 Pembina.......... oa Biee | See | ee) S5.c0L | 207-008 sil cash Veomisiil (cna "icc
63 Pennington... cen aaa RL Bl d3e) asrsua| sea linal aguas | seeeee | ace ieregt | fail are
ierce............ 1960 . ’ ‘ :
64 Pines... <4 : 472,159 | 36.2 | 131,804 | 10.1 | 27.9
ipestone......... 997 11
66 Polk a f) Ato 170
eee ers 4
63 ae ne oN 440 | 20.6 7] ee) Sporto pores | anal oer | 4a 22.8
69 Rediae. 3,290 | 458] 139) 17 92,745 2,848,000 007 | 30.0| 21,861 | 7.3 | 24.3
70 Redwood... 2.1. s40| 5,219] 29.3) a4oi7| toraaa | ae | tosteun Hites | ga | potas | 180 [abe
Re oo tote) a0 ES) Tob) 76) 0a) 288 | At)
Gog ee ee 7,728 5 1655 1,07 , : ‘ :
78 WRiodko sc4atiesso. 136° a5 | 7.8 74,802 1,074 | 23.1 563,840
kee 344! 48,10| 3581 207416| ave | to2 625,920 231407 | 370 | 98318 11.6 | 36.7
i Si ire) hd 83) Siete | freiao aa satias| a4)
BEE incacanuveciy 2,505 | : 4,880 ; . ' : A
See soe | 14,538] 180) 15 Py 156'152 | 49.6 | 761073 | 24.2 | 48.7
eer ’ 0 | 3 161
22,927 | 7,823 | 34.1 | Bt) thee | sat 234°240 12,960 | 0.3} 3,403 | 0.1 | 26.3
163 73 240 | 193.0
,877 | 16.0 2 ,032 | 82.4 | 108,597 | 46.4
86,720 90,354 | 3 , 4 | 56.3
; 1.5 | 39,205 | 13.7 | 43.4
APPENDIX 249
Lanp By Counties, 1850-1910
1890 | 1900 | 1910
————— 7 <S Uy/U cs Uy |v ~~ ue] vg
n Bol no n Role an Sie
es | of [2,) 2, (2eSez) € | 8 [€.| 4, (Selgesx] € | of (EL) 4, (Ssleezls
g ~S |#8) we |Sacbey & —* |#8) vs [SAlSEE) sg “es |gal og /ssses] s
; ea j}88 83 | eB ete J ag |O8/) $5 |e Bless o eg |O8| 2h |eBleee!2! &
5 & ne o * & | 0 o SNE los Oo eo" |9 . & & BE [us 5a jot oO Sl &
Bs AE o 4 Og) PE 8 4 a | o b Pg /o.8 8 4 SE |s g Oo g/OEk
< & Au 7 o¢s 7 < | Au a Bo | ie ee x 3 A, a uo Slots} O
& ala | | & a lay - 5 2 Bla
1,171,200) 24,178] 2.1 2,689) 0.2} 11.1 | 1,171,200} 112,712) 9.6] 20,707] 1.8] 18.4 | 1,171,200| 175,796|15.0, 34,750/ 3.0) 19.8) 1
293°760| 174,171|59.3) 41,326/14.1] 23.7 | 293,760| 174,698/59.5| 87,072] 29.6| 49.8 | 293,760; 203,097/69.1| 101,575/34.9| 50.0| 2
863,360| 198,393|23.0| 71,239| 8.3] 35.9 | 863,360} 304,968/35.3| 144,459|16.7| 47.4 | 863,360] 354,995/41.1| 178,892/20.7| 50.4| 3
3,098,240 8,779| 0.3 129| * | 1.5 | 3,098,240} 186,716] 6.0] 23,622] 0.8] 12.7 || 2,446,080| 223,764 9.1| 33,253] 1.4| 14.9] 4
259'200| 110,168|42.5} 49,237/19.0| 44.7 | 259,200) 180,017) 69.5} 90,595) 35.0) 50.3 | 259,200) 195,187] 75.3] 108,847|41.2| 55.8) 5
314.240| 173,990|55.4| 102,653|32.7) 59.0 | 314,240] 276,968) 88.1} 243,724/77.6| 88.0 | 314,240/ 282,959|90.0| 242,737|77.6| 85.8| 6
487,680| 406,523| 83.4) 350,954|72.0| 86.3 | 487,680) 450,612/92.4| 364,138) 74.7| 80.8 | 487,680] 448,885/92.0| 358,895|73.6| 80.0| 7
391,680| 297,683|76.0| 240,613/61.4| 80.8 | 391,680] 372,680)95.1] 313,492] 80.0] 84.1 | 391,680] 365,311/93.3} 307,678|78.6| 84.2 9
10
554,880| 14,665] 2.6 2,334; 0.4] 15.9 | 554,880! 67,092|12.1] 13,554] 2.4) 20.2 | 554,880) 120,505}21.7| 27,518] 5.0} 22.8 | 11
240,640| 208,380|86.6| 99,221) 41.2] 47.6 | 240,640] 216,868/90.1] 121,224|50.4| 55.9 | 240,640) 216,391]89.9| 128,452|53.4| 59.4 | 12
1,946,240) 14,551} 0.7 2'339| 0.1! 19.5 | 1,346,560) 104,577} 7.8] 20,585] 1.5| 19.7 | 1,346,560} 147,081|10.9| 40,262] 3.0] 27.4 | 13
378:240| 215,580|57.0| 129,658/34.3| 60.1 | 378,240] 342,301/90.5| 308,700/ 81.6] 90.2 | 378,240] 341,736] 90.3) 299,887/79.3| 87.8 | 14
273-280| 145,125/53.1| 43,476) 15.9| 30.0 | 273,280] 214,778|78.6| 85,277) 31.2} 39.7 | 273,280) 225,773] 82.6| 104,670] 38.3| 46.4 | 15
667,520| 281,869/42.2| 161,147| 24.1) 57.2 | 667,520] 546,636|81.9| 438,802) 65.7| 80.3 | 667,520| 531,422|79.6| 435,848/65.3| 82.0 | 16
652,160] 174,616|26.8| 40,545) 6.2| 23.2 | 17
958,720 1,196) 0.1 35} * | 2.9 | 958,720 5,523) 0.6 327/ * | 5.9 | 958,720] 23,769] 2.5 1,568] 0.2) 6.6] 18
409,600| 208,078 50.8; 124,371| 30.4] 59.8 | 409,600] 370,715/90.5| 341,627| 83.4) 92.2 | 409,600] 371,496|90.7| 338,668/ 82.7; 91.2 | 19
353-280| 90,286|25.6| 13,202] 3.7| 14.6 | 676,480| 170,509|25.2| 36,179) 5.3] 21.2 | 676,480} 168,771/24.9| 51,989] 7.7| 30.8 | 20
383,360| 291,786|76.1| 237,029|61.8) 81.2 || 383,360) 332,298|86.7| 272,490) 71.1] 82.0 | 383,360] 329,801|86.0/ 259,793] 67.8| 78.8 | 21
281'600| 221,878|78.8| 191,855|68.1| 86.5 | 281,600) 258,979|92.0) 219,508|78.0| 84.8 | 281,600] 261,863]93.0| 226,580] 80.5) 86.5 | 22
414,720| 306,836|74.0| 118,590|28.6| 38.6 | 414,720] 348,302|84.0} 192,084] 46.3) 55.1 | 414,720] 354,379|85.4) 219,729] 53.0) 62.0 | 23
460,160| 370,849|80.6| 316,354|68.7| 85.3 | 460,160} 442,042/96.1| 394,000| 85.6) 89.1 | 460,160] 433,481]94.2/ 384,265] 83.5| 88.6 | 24
555,520| 474,753|85.5| 357,083|64.3| 75.2 | 555,520] 521,261|93.8] 389,386| 70.1| 74.7 | 555,520) 518,814|93.4| 391,336|70.4| 75.4 | 25
470,400! 368,302|78.3| 274'472|58.3| 74.5 | 470,400] 436,748]92.8| 342,876|72.9| 78.5 | 470,400| 413,711|87.9| 328,677|69.9| 79.4 | 26
490,880| 446,723|91.0| 363,037|74.0| 81.3 | 490,880] 470,062|95.8| 374,593|76.3| 79.7 | 490,880 462,052|94.1] 359,998] 73.3] 77.9 | 27
353,920| 204,052|57.7/ 116,845|33.0) 57.3 | 353,920) 284,039|80.3| 221,610|62.6| 78.0 | 353,920) 296,484) 83.8] 257,382|72.7| 86.8 | 28
361,600; 253,353 70.1; 141,907|39.2| 56.0 | 361,600] 297,052|82.1/ 197,570|54.6| 66.5 | 361,600; 284,378|78.6| 189,721|52.5| 66.7 | 29
364,800| 280/513|76.9| 155,698|42.7| 55.5 | 364,800| 331,986|91.0) 169,810] 46.5| 51.1 | 364,800] 327,094|89.7] 174,020|47.7| 53.2 | 30
336,640| 34,999/ 10.4, 16,706] 5.0) 47.7 | 613,120] —99,143}16.2} 29,509} 4.8] 29.8 | 613,120} 151,984/ 24.8] —_55,699| 9.0) 36.6 | 31
282'880| 146,770|51.9| 38,396|13.6| 26.2 | 282,880) 221,576|78.3) —85,747| 30.3] 38.7 | 282,880| 237,642| 84.0) 109,642|38.7) 46.1 | 32
3,757,440 2,327| 0.1 426| * | 18.3 || 3,757,440; 27,641] 0.7 4,274| 0.1] 15.5 | 1,747,200] 108,380) 6.2] 13,636} 0.9] 12.6 | 33
'449°280| 2157172|47.9| 121,682|27.1] 56.6 | 449,280) 404,014/89.9) 354,253] 78.8| 87.7 | 449,280 411,339/91.6] 354,715] 79.0) 86.2 | 34
341,760| 20,450! 6.0 3369| 1.0| 16.5 || 341,760] 127,475]37.3) 13,832] 0.4| 10.9 | 341,760) 116,370] 34.1] _37,370|10.9| 32.1 | 35
512,640| 310,656|60.6| 213,356|41.6| 68.7 | $12,640] 443,146|86.4] 340,722} 66.5| 76.9 | 512,640) 463,345/90.4| 369,603) 72.0] 79.8 | 36
1,779,840| 2315330/13.0| 117/319| 6.6| 50.7 | 711,040| 339,677|47.8| 205,544/28.9| 60.5 | 711,040) 372,066/ 52.3} 287,389|40.4) 77.2 | 37
2,010,240| 73,245] 3.6 5,529| 0.3] 7.5 | 38
505,600| 319,876! 63.3| 210,259] 41.6] 65.7 | 505,600] 454,705|89.9] 391,711] 77.5| 86.1 | 505,600} 464,102]91.8) 403,125] 79.7] 86.9 | 39
1,343,360 1,176| 0.1 262} * | 22.3 | 1,343,360 2,435| 0.2 243| * | 10.0 || 1,343,360} 22,279] 1.7 2,381) 0.2| 10.7 | 40
298'240| 272'821/91.5| 135,821|45.5| 49.8 | '298,240| 288,60996.8| 148,939|49.9| 51.6 | 298,240] 261,945/87.8] 163,117|54.7| 62.3 | 41
342'400| 179:180|52.3| 102,239/29.9| 57.1 | 342,400] 300,274|87.7| 237,636/69.4| 79.1 || 342,400; 306,129) 89.4| 249,332] 72.8) 81.4 | 42
453,120| 253,083|55.9| 141,335|31.2| 55.8 | 453,120) 398,432|87.9) 334,236| 73.8] 83.9 | 453,120] 401,546] 88.6) 344,172) 76.0) 85.7 | 43
317.440| 271/348] 85.5| 199,260|62.8| 73.4 | 317,440] 302,091 /95.2] 223,943) 70.5] 74.1 || 317,440) 298,961|94.2| 239,925] 75.6] 80.3 | 44
366,080| 41,995/11.5| 24,123] 6.6| 57.4] 45
47
4
1,144,320] 327,400/28.6| 156,377|13.7| 47.8 | 1,144,320] 543,190|47.5| 340,882] 29.8| 62.8 | 1,144,320] 567,865|49.6) 380,677|33.3| 67.0 | 48
460,160| 259;703|56.4| 148,522|32.3| 57.2 | '460,160] 420,792/91.4) 383,459) 83.3] 91.1 | 460,160) 427,727|93.0| 376,804|81.9| 88.1 | 49
307'440| 301'603/75.9| 153,839|38.7| 51.0 | 397,440) 345,982/87.1) 258,314|65.0| 74.7 | 397,440) 358,423/90.2] 270,542| 68.1] 75.5 | 50
373,120; 30,111/ 8.1| 10,926| 2.9| 36.3 | 373,120] 95,660) 25.6) 31,406) 8.4) 32.8 | 373,120] 123,647) 33.1] 48,438) 13.0) 39.2 51
731,520; 209,358|28.6| 68,483| 9.4| 32.7 | 731,520] 331,816/45.4] 148,355)20.3] 44.7 | 731,520) 374,728|51.2| 184,150) 25.2) 49.1 | 53
455,040| 367059| 80.7| 281:486|61.9| 76.7 | 455,040] 432,906|95.1| 394,801/86.8| 91.2 | 455,040) 428,428/94.1) 391,592/86.1| 91.4 | 54
450,560| 1867586|41.4| 1147307|25.4| 61.3 | 450,560] 385,061/85.5) 338,656|75.2| 87.9 | 450,560) 401,048/ 89.0) 355,643| 78.9) 88.7 | 55
283,520| 258°333|91.1| 201.988|71.2| 78.2 | 283,520] 272,290/96.0) 209,259|73.8| 76.9 | 283,520) 262,212)92.5) 189,677| 66.9) 72.3 | 56
462/080| 232'194|50.2| 159,206|34.5| 68.6 | 462,080| 420,213/90.9/ 298,238/64.5| 71.0 | 462,080) 418,200/90.5] 388,156 | 84.0| 92.8 | 57
916,480| 323'191| 35.3] 182'628|19.9| 56.5 | 916,480) 428,985|46.0| 316,597 34.5] 73.8 | 550,400} 418,534/ 76.0) 314,778|57.2| 75.2 | 58
426,240| 3687552|86.5| 311,257|73.0| 84.5 || 426,240] 405,889|95.2| 327,419|76.8| 80.7 | 426,240] 393,620/ 92.3) 316,184) 74.2| 80.3 | 59
1,304,960| 716/555/54.9| 311,175|23.8| 43.4 | 1,304,960| 944,732|72.4] 505,358) 38.7) 53.5 | 1,304,960) 996,535) 76.4) 592,598|45.4| 59.5 60
388,480| 257,485|66.3| 136,735|35.2) 53.1 ie
904,320] 30,853) 3.4 4,783| 0.5| 15.5 | 904,320] 148,459/16.4) 30,637] 3.4] 20.6 | 904,320) 230,689/25.5| 64,768| 7.2) 28.1 | 64
300,160} 120,610/40.2| — 87,943/29.3| 72.9 | 300,160] 241,623/80.5| 208,280| 69.4) 86.2 || 300,160) 267,989/ 89.3) 250,466/ 83.4) 93.5 | 65
1,931,520| 889.811|46.1| 4237514|21.9| 47.6 | 1,266,560] 973,281) 76.8] 651,755|51.5| 67.0 | 1,266.560| 888,852|70.2| 643,946/50.8| 72.4 | 66
443'520| 295'087/66.5| 159,225|35.9| 54.0 | 443,520| 378,812|85.4) 286,540/64.6| 75.7 | 443,520| 373,294| 84.2) 286,395 | 64.6 76.7 | 67
103,040} 42'960|41.7| 23,045|22.4| 53.6 | 103,040] —_60,783/59.0| _ 38,967|37.8| 64.1 | 103,040) —_ 60,543| 58.8) 41,194 40.0) 68.0 | 68
664,960) 258,367|38.9| 146,274) 22.0) 56.6 | 276,480] 125,402/45.4) 77,138) 27.9 61.5 | 69
563,840} 259,706|46.1| 148,289|26.3| 57.1 | 563,840| 508,599/90.2| 417,937] 74.1| 82.2 | 563,840] 527,471/93.5] 438,745) 77.8] 83.2 | 70
625,920] 446°605|71.4| 229'827|36.7| 51.5 | 625,920| 584,659/93.4| 500,199|79.9| 85.6 | 625,920] 589,798} 94.2) 513,520) 82.4| 87.1 | 71
316,800] 276'192|87.2| 220'064|69.5| 79.7 | 316,800| 305,513|96.4| 227,779|71.9| 74.6 | 316,800) 297,944) 94.0) 229,381) 72.1 77.0 | 72
314'880| 201/484|64.0| 142,636/45.3| 70.8 | 314,880| 288,397|91.6| 267,427) 84.9] 92.7 || 314,880] 288,351/91.6) | 270,719| 86.0) 93.9 73
1,068,800| 236,681/22.1| 74,336| 7.0] 31.4 | 1,068,800] 315,106] 29.5} 157,332) 14.7) 49.9 | 74
4,161,920} 35,239] 0.8 4,869| 0.1] 13.8 | 4,161,920 59,950| 1.4 11,406] 0.3} 19.0 | 4,161,920] 272,995} 6.6, 41,111) 0.1) 15.1 | 75
234/240| 193'764|82.7| 1247923/53.3| 64.5 | 234,240| 214,254|91.5] 123,320) 52.6] 57.6 | 234,240) 207,884) 88.7) 133,661| 57.1) 64.3 76
286,720| 1297308|45.1| 61.737|21.5| 47.7 | 286,720| 179,105|62.5| — 98,539|34.4| 55.0 | 286,720) 204,537| 71.3] 110,927| 38.7 54.2 17
APPENDIX
250
TABLE X—Improven and Unrimproven
T1850 | 1860 | | a
—_— = rae Seog > Uv ~~ zg uv 0
viz & | € (g 2 rn cen rs 8 |e | § |82lg
1» 85s (> c2d! 85 = weo] 5 is “Eo 5 Bo vel “y | ee legs
Jee |ue tefl Se | os [SEE] Se | we (SEB) Ss w~ | BE) ye | SBISEB
Counties Io, Oe eee! Be 25 |e8&] Ea £5 |B.) 3d ag |°s| $3 | EB /ERE
ea > oe! & oe of 8 O38 See o 4é os on go oe
Ee ° +5 6} JE 6 OEE Gu % “ne s u o a La 65
a a pore oi a ea & = o < ws Ay e or ae
wie ie is = lf 5 Ay 5 Ay [Oy
® Sler rape een * 86,012 7,767 | 9.0) 151,721 31,275 | 20.6 374,400 212,307 | 56.7 | 123,965 | 33.1 | 58.4
i: ae eae - 115,908 | 17,580 | 15.2] 341,019 55,182 | 16.2 871,680 | 453,862 | 52.1 | 186,651 | 21.4 | 41.1
80 Steele............ ; » 57,911 | 9,509 | 16.4] 118,377 a8 ae 275,840 243,362 88.2 193,001 m0 79.3
Solana ! ee ee 474°240 | 222/316 | 46.9 | 80.783 | 17.0 | 363
82 Swift... | 43.412 777| 58 31,614 3,762 | 11.9 612,480 145,720 | 23.8 | 47,496 | 7.8] 326
as ae ae ae. 320 20| 6.3 363,520 onto 27.4 416240 4.5 | 16.3
oases 3.9) 129,834 | 24,055] 18.5 275,294 136,500 | 49.6 | 346,240 163 | 61.9 | 70.7
re ee "136 6| 44] 344,320] 38,726 | 11.2 |” 8/310 | 2/4 | 21/5
42 2
30 ae anes’ | Sere ee 31,674 | 5,525 | 17.4 | 145,726] 49,259 | 33.8 275,840 | 223,736 | 81.1 | 177,388 | 64.3 | 79.3
90 Washington....... 16,260 |2,914 | 17.9 59,222 | 18611] 314] 104,902 48,471 | 46.2 254,080 169,748 | 66.8 | 104,257 | 41.0 | 61.4
ot Watonwan 2. ae) eT Bis) | sea) aes | aia [ate ae
92 Wilkin............ 9,04 : , , : , . .
93 Winona........... 113,416 | 28,798) 25.4 || 271,455 | 136,584 | 50.3 407,680 335,160 | 82.2 | 219,681 | 53.9 | 65.5
94 Wright........... | 95,048 | 10,087 | 10.6 |, 101,296 23,631 | 23.3 442,240 254,910 | 57.6 | 99,489 | 22.5 | 39.0
95 Yellow Medicine. 479,360 178,860 | 37.3 | 69,157 | 14.4 | 38.7
96 Indian Reservations
Totals for the State }28,881 \5,035 | 17.4 | 2,711,968 | 556,250 | 20.5 | 6,483,828 | 2,322,102 | 35.8 || 51,749,120 | 13,403,019 | 25.9 |7,246,693| 14.0 | 54.1
* Less than \o of 1 per cent.
TABLE XI—Popu.ation In MINNESOTA
ae 1850 1860 1870 1880
2 | 3 2 | 3 2 | 3
> | o& » | eB | os pe | 38] os > | ge | os
Z| S| 3 2 | wt | Bo] 3 2 | & | Bs] 38 3 ey | Bs | 3
BORN TIES S| ae | 2 2 [es | “8 ) @e 2 |ee) tel é 2 | es] “6s | é
Seer Be | See SO | 62-| gs CO | Be] ay
5S 2 = 0D 2 bo = on OD
Ow Os os
1 Aitkin............ 2 2 178 178 366 366
% of increase... . 8800.0%)| 105.6%
2 Anoka............ 1,504 602 2,106 || 2,442 | 1,498 3,940 | 4,402 2,706 | 7,108
% of increase... . 62.4% 80.3%
3 Becker........... 386 386 308 308 || 4,441 177 5,218
% of increase.... —20.2% 1841.9%
4 Beltrami.......... 80 80 10 10
% of increase.... —87.5%
5 Benton........... 418 418 460 167 627 1,124 434 1,558 | 2,414 598 3,012
% of increase.... 10.0%) 148.9% 114.8%
6 Big Stone......... 24 24 |, 3,648 40 3,688
% of increase... . 15100.0%
7 Blue Earth........ 3,244} 1,559 4,803 | 12,596] 1,224] 3,482] 17,302 | 16,505 834 | 5,550 | 22,889
% of increase.... 288.3% 81.0%
8 Breckenridge...... 79 79
% of increase. ...
9 Brown............ 1,704 635 2,339} 5,086] 1,310 6,396 || 8,383 | 3,635 12,018
% of increase.... 198.5%) 64.8%
10 Buchanan......... 26 26
% of increase....
11 Carlton........... 51 51 286 286 512 718 1,230
% of increase.... 460.8% 79.0
12) Carver............ 3,830 | 1,276 5,106 || 10,739 847 11,586 | 11,427 | 2,713 14,140
% of increase... . 180.4% 6.4%
13° Gassissscusnae says 150 150 380 380 486 486
% of increase... . 162.0% 27.9%)
14 Chippewa......... 1,467 1,467 || 4,546 862 5,408
% of increase... . 210.0% .
15 Ces Pete it 1,290 453 1,743 || 4,358 4,358 | 6,395 | 1,587 7,982
of increase... . 237.8% 6.7
16 Chay. vee 92" oo| Sear 5,887
of increase... . 6298.9
17 Clearwater. Witenes 7%
% of increase... .
18: ‘Cookies ieaeiewsaises 65 65
% of increase... . ,
19 Cottonwood....... 12 12 534 534 || 5,090 443 5,533
% of increase... . 4360.0% 853.2% ;
APPENDIX 251
Lanp By ‘Countigs, 1850-1910—C ontinued
1890 | 1900 | 1910
5 ~~ ~ = =
2 | ¢ la| 2 legal 2 | 2 @ | 2 lee. «|e lel © (EE
2 es | = Sore ey t es. [fe a oe wy 2 ee. & = B\S ay] o
5 ag #2 a SEIS ER oO ag ga tH Sele go oO = 9 ea a wee EO] ov
« a a lel Be leblags % 2” [BE] ys |Seio45] 3
d | RE [ye] 58 (87 Bca] sg S@ [ed] 88 |B8/808 ¢ | a2 jee] §8 |ee/Bf al &
4 & © 6 «| 0.6.8 4 q © & 94/988 “ Ne a 2 o 4/98 8] 3
< sg |m =e oe| o <q Ss {a a bejg < Ss |e a. BOLE TS
5 AL od] Ay 5 Ay at} Ay & a, lA,
374,400| 325,924/87.1| 230,002|61.4| 70.6 | 374,400, 357,846/95.6| 277,643|74.2| 77.0 | 374,400| 357,205] 95.4| 283,904|75.8| 79.5 | 78
871,680] 602,668) 69.1] 250,229) 28.7| 41.5 | 871,680} 731,323|83.9} 420,428/48.2/ 57.5 | 871,680| 761/242|87.3| 452,316|51.9| 59.4 | 79
275,840| 236,988|85.9| 213,027/ 77.2; 89.9 | 275,840} 263,371|95.5| 226,873/82.2| 86.1 | 2751840} 262,555/95.2| 225,309/81.7| 35.8 | 80
360,960} 184,035|51.0} —_90,577| 25.1) 49.2 | 360,960] 312,081/86.5} 250,151) 69.3| 80.2 | 360:960| 304,926|84.5| 264'518|73.3| 86.7 | 81
474,240| 265,028/ 55.9} 128,911|27.2} 48.6 | 474,240] 414,950/87.5| 343,863) 72.5| 82.9 | 474'240| 408,661|86.2| 362,277|76.4| 88.6 | 82
612,480| 225,059/36.7| 69,833) 11.4} 31.0 | 612,480] 365,988/59.8] 151,002| 24.7) 41.3 | 612,480] 424/221] 69.3} 201/083|32.8| 47.4 | 83
84
363,520] 190,884/52.5| 99,759/27.4) 52.3 | 363,520] 321,708/88.5| 266,563) 73.4| 82.9 | 363,520] 317,557|87.4| 304,208/83.7| 95.8 | 85
346,240} 292,619} 84.5] 217,459/62.8| 74.3 | 346,240) 324,531|93.7| 227,689] 65.8| 70.2 | 346,240| 3201894|92.7| 229,613|66.3| 71.6 | 86
344,320| 63,675|18.5| 25,687] 7.5] 40.3 | 344,320] 141,375/41.1| — 61,284/17.8| 43.3 | 344'320| 158,666/46.1| — 69,703/20.2| 43.9 | 87
88
275,840| 238,233/86.4| 200,890] 72.8] 84.3 | 275,840] 262,467/95.2| 225,134/81.6| 85.8 | 275,840} 256,347|92.9| 206,512! 74.9| 80.6 | 89
254,080| 186,215|73.3| 118,685/46.7| 63.7 | 254,080] 214,858/84.6] 145,851/57.4| 67.9 | 254,080| 226,312|89.1! 152,745|60.1| 67.5 | 90
277,760| 190,795/68.7| 130,148|46.9| 68.2 | 277,760] 255,815|92.1} 219,558|79.0) 85.8 | 277,760] 251,664/90.6| 225/847|81.3| 89.7 | 91
476,800| 154,240]32.3| 84,648/17.8| 54.9 | 476,800] 318,998/66.9| 267,764| 56.2) 83.9 | 476,800} 335,986| 70.5| 318,237|66.7| 94.7 | 92
407,680} 338,123|82.9| 220,002/54.0| 65.1 | 407,680] 371,659/91.2| 230,698|56.6| 62.1 | 407,680} 374:234|91.8| 237,674|58.3| 63.5 | 93
442:240| 324,564|73.4| 127,255|28.8| 39.2 | 442,240] 383,966/86.8| 215,436/48.7| 56.1 | 442,240; 399'328/ 90.3] 237'792|53.8| 59.5 | 94
479,360} 290,423|60.6| 181,369/37.8| 62.4 | 479,360| 423,714/ 88.4] 353,000|73.6/ 83.3 | 479,360 451,719|94.2| 379;135|79.1| 83.9 | 95
87,492 |- 24,908 28.5 96
5 1,749,120 18,663,645 | 36.1 |11,127,953| 21.5] 59.6 151,749,120 [26,248,498 | 50.7 (18,342,585 | 35.4| 69.9. [51,749,120 27,675,823 | 53.5 19,643,533 | 38.0| 71.0
By Counties, 1850-1910
1890 1900 | 1910
eS lees 2
3 eat 2 SR S om
N n n
£ Set Bs 3 = oni Ey 3 g Bond ay 3 =
3 Sa as 3 5 ag as 6 5 Sas aS 5 8
Oo mv ° im ° mu i ° fH ° ny A ° a 5
oO ry On oO eo on oO > q oY oO
5 So 5 = & 5 = bo
Os Os Os
1,725 737 2,462 5,024 1,719 6,743 8,387 1,984 10,371 i
371.8% 191.2% 66.9%
5,632 4,252 9,884 7,421 123 3,769 11,313 7,710 811 3,972 12,493 2
27.9% 31.8% 3.9%
7,383 2,018 9,401 10,396 3,979 14,375 12,901 3,132 2,807 18,840 3
66.2% 40.8% 24.1%
312 312 8,250 2,780 11,030 9,671 4,567 5,099 19,337 4
3020.0% 2544.2% 17.2%
4,306 1,185 793 6,284 7,048 1,951 913 9,912 7,586 2,849 1,180 11,615 5
78.4% ' 63.7% 7.6%
4,446 1,276 5,722 5,685 3,046 8,731 5,165 4,202 9,367 6
21.9% 27.9% —9I.2%
18,726 1,646 8,838 29,210 17,893 3,771 10,599 32,263 15,076 3,896 10,365 29,337 7
18.5% —4:5% —15.7% :
9,847 2,229 3,741 15,817 10,827 3,557 5,403 19,787 10,010 4,476 5,648 20,134 9
17.6% 10.0% —7.6%
10
1,544 1,198 2,530 5,272 5,544 1,401 3,072 10,017 8,259 2,269 7,031 17,559 | 11
201.6% 259.1% 49.0%
11,990 4,542 16,532 12,159 5,385 17,544 11,607 5,848 17,455 | 12
4.9% 1.4% 4.6%
808 439 1,247 6,693 1,084 97 7,700 3,920 11,620 | 13
66.38% 728.8% 15.0%
ne 1,437 8,555 8,814 3,685 12,499 ee 1,968 3,056 13,458 | 14
6% 23.8% —4.3
ois 2,715 10,359 9,420 3,828 13,248 Sat 3,990 13,537 | 15
5% 23.2% 8
ae 3,702 11,517 11,783 2,429 3,730 17,942 11,583 3017 4,840 19,640 | 16
: : te
. ate 5,819 1,051 6,870 | 17
98 . 98 | 810 810 981 355 1,336 | 18
50.8% 726.5% 21.1%
6,254 1,158 7,412 8,855 3,214 12,069 8,880 3,771 12,651 | 19
22.9% 41.6% 0.8%
252
aces App
z = & E
oom See ae NDIX
Roce 1850
Co | >
UNTIES : oe 1860
i & a, 3 2 3 | «8S TAB
| O mY 3 = 2 Pw LE X mn
20 Crow Wi > & g Sci a) 1870 I—Poputa
21 Pe unl tare i ‘ 5 a8 as 4 > TION IN MIN
i Saag = = =
Dania. pTEABE ‘ ae : 6 3 e 2 8 53 NESOTA
22 peg increase: oe | 584 269 5 % 8 a Bs 880
ests ou 8 mo = t
18 Deo increase. | 584 | Se 2| 2 : 2| #8
Deuelas ool | 96364] 2729 269 E| 22 6 § fet a
24 iol increase. ae sot : ma ae 3 & é A ‘ Es _
25 none ee | 60 11,751 | 2 8 2
illmor crease... 195 751 | 1 x00 5 oo &
26 F U7, of nereaes.. = BME ene 103 | 3,458 454 oo
of increases. : ena : 190)
2 ie ‘| 278 , 9/0 81 ,809
8 Grant, Peis os : 3,105 a 13.542 toe i 673 4,239 24% 2,526 17,391
jr see 2 a
een 7,495 20,726) 4 aaah bo Bey tne 11,344
30 Oar incase. es 1,482 3,367 101.9% 161 940 | 9 Wee
Huston ; : \ i anes ace te: 1.167 24,887 ile 3,247 9,130
3 %, of increase... : : 11 £0 : ,49.
1 fiat ai 6,710 eee 10,578 ae 5,667 13,016
st Ista. increase... 317) 5 04 4,260 13,796 2
oe : ease... : 5,299 134 822 12.849 40 22,618 sae 2,273 8,162
3 of Sp eee lt ‘ | . 6 : . 3
bette eee ; ’ : 1 2 8
34 ae increase. a 97 284 12,886 | 8,079 | 31,5 Gere 18 76 | 29,651
35 cL ieee oe 97 143.2% 2,050 | * eee ae “Age ‘4
Rt Paani oe 47 51 284 14,936 Ho% 623 | 46 3,004
ne Keay increase... 4% 2,035 3,360) 2 1887 | 67,0
a % oe Coes a 181 51 616.5% 3.7% 972 ,013
0 hat ipa? Fs
Kittson Lal 30 és 88 96 2,035 16,332
3a Kceotiinctease. . 1} 1895" (32
: % ching. ; : 76 30 908.3% 96 42.1% 136
9 Tae increase. wee oO 124 5.063
ag re a 03 180s) 408° |
ake crease see: 5760 1 ’ 124
tapeeee DEAD 2215 93 35.9 501
41 ie oneal 8% noe ;
“ oot te z eC... 1,760 ; ,806
"% of increase... 8
: Moe cra ed 248 a 1,304 505
a f A
3 a senna bs : ; | 4,616 P 145 905 10,159
44 ete increase. =) | 702 48 _ 38 7 .
4 eee a 1318 6
ae 150 ee | S20
46 % of in Dewees : 29.6% 1,009 35 1%
Mapkaia. ne 955 : 11,607 Sai 4,891
ae ae es a 13,041 3,062 106
eae see 1,2 a ,
46 Meee co ‘| re i ae 2,048" 16,103
a we Len ale iam ede
aun a S@.... 136 5 643 861 | 1,396 2,945
50 M /, of incre anaes : 10,68
i een bee a as 6,257
a es 136 3%
52 pee oe 151 12,342
M /, of increase...
53 onongalia. ae. eis 151
Maren bc 3 a
54 o Of aahaopiagad o 928 0.9%,
oO ea: . 0} 99
on of aes si 350 438 16- Ze 3,867 2
55 Wee increase: eins es 73 1 io 4 A,S77 002
56 Zo i sets wy 4) 274 350 1419.2% 6,090 18.4% 672
Nicollet crease... || 2.39 3 AGi | 9,898 5,249
57 ne East es 390 | 827 618 803.1% 1,109 82.8% 1,841 :
obles. . Tease... ; 29 1,681 | 3 af 914 5 11,739
58 Nei 3,217 388.7% 161 7.6% 87
‘otine erin 3,473 we ee 1,681 1,501
7% of te tengen he 300 29 8% 5 39 ‘ 5,367
nak 35 3.773 620 70% 10,447 219.8% 508
, 6,23 o 12,733. 5.8
35 ae 2,124 209 51.4% 4,066 1875
ae! 3,604 | 16,7
117 126% 5,008
3,799 | 3,436 | 12,333
3147.0% 636 }
- 4,435
APPENDIX
253
ny CountiEs, 1850-1910—Continued
1890 3 1900 1910 :
me mS os
S eee BR ra
Pp on, oY bs pP 33 ao iw > gm 8 B
# wes ES 3 2 pel ES a z a Boe z |
2 mo 5 3 mo o 3 mu B nt °
3 =a c a 3 mo 6 a 5 ms © 5
8 oe 83 8 ae By 3 Pe | oe" Fe 8
os 8 5
3,149 5,703 8,852 6,726 7,524 14,250 7,359 976 8,526 16,861 | 20
593.6% 118.6% 94%
420 5,328 3,705 20,240 pie 6,144 3,811 21,733 11,249 2,769 11,153 25,171 | 21
—10.4'% 1% —4.6
8,779 2,085 10,864 9,293 4,047 13,340 $336 3,744 12,094 | 22
—0.5% —6.9% —10.2%
WE 3,267 14,606 ie 1,777 2,681 17,964 12,135 2,533 3,001 17,669 | 23
50.7% 1% —10.2
11,563 5,145 16,708 13,075 6,080 2,900 22,055 Veg 8,265 19,949 | 24
18.4% 13.1% —10.6%
ast 5,445 25,966 ae 8,496 28,238 16,398 9,282 25,680 | 25
—8.8% 3.070 —16.9%
423 365 3,305 17,962 Le! 1,701 4,500 21,838 14,588 1,502 6,192 22,282 | 26
O70 470 —6.7%
ee 3,159 6,294 28,806 ae 4,633 7,525 31,137 17,403 5,186 9,048 31,637 | 27
—9.5% —1.9% 8.8%
6,055 820 6,875 6,974 1,961 8,935 6,379 2,735 9,114 | 28
114.7% 15.2% —8.5%
15,823 4,733 | 164,738 185,294 19,171 6,451 | 202,718 228,340 18,696 7,681 | 307,103 333,480 | 29
—18.9% 21.2% —25%
11,767 2,886 14,653 12,203 3,197 15,400 10,472 3,825 14,297 | 30
—11.9% 3.7% —14.2%
1,412 1,412 5,036 1,542 6,578 7,460 2,371 9,831 | 31
256.7% 48.1%
7,349 258 7,607 10,938 737 11,675 10,993 1,622 12,615 | 32
49.2% 48.8% 0.5%
743 743 2,799 1,774 4,573 5,808 11,400 17,208 | 33
499.2% 276.7% 107.5%
7,433 1,491 8,924 10,864 3,929 14,793 10,539 3,952 14,491 | 34
72.7% 46.2% —3.0%
1,579 1,579 3,829 785 4,614 5,110 1,351 6,461 | 35
212.7% 142.6% ; 33.6%
11,532 2,465 13,997 13,774 1,233 3,409 18,416 12,880 1,954 4,135 18,969 | 36
30.2% 19.4% —6.5%
5,085 302 5,387 6,670 1,219 7,889 7,624 2,045 9,669 | 37
461.9% 31.2% 14.8%,
3,945 2,486 6,431 | 38
9,173 1,209 10,382 10,942 3,347 14,289 10,819 4,616 15,435 | 39
87.5% 19.8% —11%
1,299 1,299 1,376 3,278 4,654 2,530 491 4,990 8,011 | 40
1125.5% 5.9% 83.9%
13,568 5,489 19,057 13,229 7,005 20,234 11,357 7,252 18,609 | 41
4.0% —2.5% —14.2%
5,041 650 5,691 7,561 1,405 8,966 7,429 2,445 9,874 | 42
71,2% es 50.0% —18%
6.573 2,928 9,501 8,938 5,653 14,591 9,064 6,658 15,722 | 43
85.2% 36.0% 1.4%
12,827 4,199 17,026 13,207 6,388 19,595 12,278 6,413 18,691 | 44
20.1% 3.0% —7.0%
2,223 1,026 3,249 | 45
46
47
7,911 1,219 9,130 13,080 2,618 15,698 12,742 3,596 16,338 | 48
697.5% 65.8% —2.6%
7,742 1,661 9,403 11,886 2,010 3,040 16,936 11,453 3,107 2,958 17,518 | 49
69.2% 53.5% —8.6% ;
ao, 3,127 15,456 || * 13,953 3,800 17,753 ie 4,146 17,022 50
6 13.2% —7.7%
1,338 1,507 2,845 5,280 2,786 8,066 7,530 3,175 10,705 | 51
46.4% 294.6% 42.6% 2
9,864 3,461 13,325 15,447 1,670 5,774 22,891 15,433 2,542 6,078 24,053 | 53
838% 56.6% —0.1%
12,329 1,850 3,901 18,019 13,543 3,318 5,474 22,335 12,079 3,601 6,960 22,640 | 54
3.7% 10.4% —10.8%
5,794 898 6,692 9,446 2,465 11,911 8,741 3,014 11,755 | 55
69.8% 63.0% —?.5%
9,448 263 3,671 13,382 9,029 1,443 4,302 14,774 7,929 2,020 | . 4,176 14,125 | 56
6.2% —4.4% —12.2%
so 2,093 7,958 10,020 4,912 14,932 ee 5,851 15,210 | 57
4 70.8 6.67
9.996 622 10,618 oe 2,051 15,045 9,988 3,458 13,446 | 58
80.0% —23.1%
APPENDIX
TABLE XI—PorutaTion IN MINNESOTA
jase sSiiacil 1850 — 1860 | 1870 | 1880
— =s =s
g | S| ts ge | 8
) N
~ | 28 P | 8@ | wT | a £ aa | By = E Sear | oe 3
BL Red - 2 don £0 s S 3 av = e as o> So
eae ice 5 ay = 5 ° 3 = 8 é = 3 mS 6 a
a sjee|— | 8 |e) 2 | & See a SO | BE] gz
O ies 5 ‘5 u 3 ‘B bo s op
| . oe os Os
. m | = 460] 1a 9,524 | 15,591 749 | 3,953 | 19,793 | 15,095] 1,345) 5,103 | 21,543
Olmsted... 0.5 -- ’ 92.5% —3.2%
©¢ of increase. - - 940 240 | 1,968 1,968 | 17,040 | 1,635 18,675
Otter a darlin | 720.0% ie 765.9%
ASCs + |
Petia ere 1,134, 1,134) 1,612 1,612 ?
% of increase... ‘ 42.2%
Pennington.....-.-
% of increase... -' i 11
Pierce... 0.00055: '
% of increase... - 92 92 648 648 | 1,365 1,365
Pine ep daisstnin Ge Stig ae ea j 604.3% 110.6% r
ool increase =x 4 ! 23 23 1,870 | 222 2,092
Pipestone......---
ti c. increase... - 240 240 9,762 1,671 11,433
GUE cacawaa de dees
‘ % of increase... . 2,691 2,691 Sate, 5,874
OPCs besaaees eres 3%
t, ofincrease.---) 7 | 4650! 2,227! 1,482 | 267 [10,401 | 12,150] 3,055 20,030 | 23,085 oS 435 41,473 | 45,890
Ramsey.....--- | , 156.8%, 106.1% 8%
% of increase. ... 8%
Red Lake.....-.--
Wey SEEESE Hae 1,829 1,829 | 4,092 | 1,283 5,375
Redwood re te 123.7%
Wp Gl Inereasexs <s 245 245 || 3,219 3,219 | 9,765 | 1,026 10,791
Renville.......--- 1213.9% 208.4%
eo 4,731 | 2,812 7,543 || 10,333 | 2,705 | 3,045 | 16,083 14,181 2,885 | 5,415 | 22,481
IC@is cee Ge ee , ’ 118. \
Go! noreesee ss ao 138 | 2,990} 679 3,669
Rockisyxageedes<s 2066.6%,
% of increase....
Rosa... -ssnaxee%
0) Niger eee 06 | 1,430 3,131 | 4,561 821| 200] 3,483 | 4,504
ae pau apie heet 224 182 4 ae 48.6% ps
Sh eee 1 11,042 | 9,680 | 3,836
eee eee 3,457 | 1,138 anor] pace) bate ee
Teel BREESE + 490| 233 723 | 2,050 2,050} 3,220) 635 3,855
Sherburne........ 818.4% BY1%
see increase.... 2,731 878 3,609 6,019 706 6,725 ghee, 964 10,637
saan eneeies a8 us
Pe oars 4,505 4,505 ose 2,161 14,206 | 18,001 3,955 21,956
S pe reckenes i Ve
PY gaeunesaee: 2,254 | 609 oaét | ean d0r 8271 8901 | 338] 3,161 | 12,460
eee rate ia Mor) a3 3,911
Steven's. e:iswc news 1668.4%
3 le increase.... 6.617" Be6 + 7473
WAIT. g sas eae ewe
mea aN. 430 430 | 2,036 2,036 | 6,133 6,133
% of increase.... ‘ 373.5% 201.2%
Toombs.......--- 40 0
OL oe 13 13 1507 1,507
ey ee
ao veo) 243 243 || 5,813 | 1,415 7,228 || 11,279 | 4,580 15,859 | 11,594 | 4,016} 2,596 | 18,206
% of increase.... 2292.2% one ; ae 2 ai wea
Wadena.......... ; '
% of increase.... '29450.0%
Mahe ad cine 160 160
Seaageeen 2,341 | 260 2,601 | 6,356 | 1,498. 7,854 | 9,352 | 3,033 12,385
ees ‘ : , es oo
increase.... F 1%
ee, ues 435| 621/ 1,056 | 3,743) 2,380 6,123 | 5,987] 1,698 | 4,124] 11,809) 10,048) 460] 9,055 | 19,563
Washingt ’
% of increase. ... . 760.5%, ee oe ag erg site 5.104
Watonwan........ , f ; ‘
% of increase.... 82.5% 1,906
APM this since 's adie 295 295 pee ;
fincrease.... 1%
Witona Scena raat 6,744} 2,464 9,208 | 13,885 | 1,242} 7,192 | 22,319 ee 1,396 | 10,208 | 27,197
of increase. ... 105.9% 3%
Weigh Nee tae ad cys 2,376 | 1,353 3,729 oer 9,457 ee 1,960 18,104
% of increase... . 0% 7%
Yellow Medicine... 4,975 909 5,884
% of increase....
Indians not distrib-
uted by counties... _—
Totals for the State. 3,806 2,271 6,077 | 122,530 | 33,270 | 16,223 | 172,023 | 327,698 | 41,254 | 70,754 | 439,706 | 543,193 | 88,822 | 148,758 | 780,
% of increase... . | |, 8119.4%! 167.4% 658%, sl
APPENDIX 255
sy Counties, 1850-1910—Continued
0 1900 1910
ae & 3 Pi
b ou af = : om g ts > ow S :
oO Ke] ONG ae 5 = oO is ow 3 = 4 an o g
o | wa) Be ol Pe ee Le ee ae
O * oO 5
13,282 1,203 5,321 19,806 14,148 2,128 6,843 23,119 12,451 2,202 7,844 22,497 | 59
—12.0% 6.5% —12.0% ; :
28,426 2,034 3,772 34,232 35,142 4,161 6,072 45,375 32,472 6,677 6,887 46,036 | 60
66.8% 23.6% —7'6% ,
61
5,194 468 3,714 9,376 | 62
63
2,382 1,670 4,052 8,076 3,470 11,546 11,081 4,797 15,878 | 64
74.5% 289.0% 37.2%
ste. 1,782 5,132 a 1,901 2,536 * 9,264 5,116 4,437 9,553 | 65
+170 L'% 6.0%
23,821 2,914 3,457 30,192 25,148 4,922 5,359 35,429 22,127 3,782 10,092 36,001 | 66
144.0% 5.6% —12.0%
ae 1,054 10,032 ay 2,444 12,577 9,036 3,710 12,746 | 67
52.8% 9% —10.8%
3,830 2,810 | 133,156 139,796 4,741 2,748 | 163,065 170,554 5,647 3,284 | 214,744 223,675 | 68
8.9% 28.8% 19.1%
7,651 4,544 12,195 ae 1,896 6,564 | 69’
—39.0
7,518 1,868 9,386 12,940 4,321 17,261 12,760 5,665 18,425 | 70
83.7% 72.1% —1.4%
14,213 2,886 17,099 17,162 6,531 23,693 15,994 7,129 23,123 | 71
45.6% 20.7% —6.8%
13,536 1,253 9,179 23,968 13,280 1,722 11,078 26,080 11,813 1,832 12,266 25,911 | 72
—4.6% —1.9% —11.1%
5,119 1,698 6,817 6,712 2,956 9,668 6,495 1,187 2,540 10,222 | 73
71.2% 81.1% —3.2%
6,529 465 6,994 ae 2,492 11,338 | 74
36.5
5,471 2,908 36,483 44,862 12,442 8,090 62,400 82,932 34,331 12,880 | 116,063 163,274 | 75
566.4% 127.4% 176.9%
471 4,360 13,831 9,540 5,607 15,147 7,983 6,905 14,888 | 76
—2.2% 0.7% —16.3%
4,734 679 495 5,908 5,641 1,230 410 7,281 5,591 1,736 809 8,136 | 77
47.0% 19.2% —0.9%
12,547 2,652 15,199 12,731 4,131 16,862 11,351 4,189 15,540 | 78
29.7% 16% —10.8%
24,810 3,636 6,398 34,844 27,418 9,706 7,340 44,464 26,941 9,590 11,202 47,733 | 79
37.8% : 10.5% —1.7%
9,075 308 3,849 13,232 10,108 855 5,561 16,524 9,373 1,115 5,658 16,146 | 80
1.8% 11.4% 7.8%
3,767 1,484 5,251 5,899 2,822 8,721 5,480 2,813 8,293 | 81
22.4% 56.6% —7.1%
7,861 2,300 10,161 9,831 3,672 13,503 8,533 4,416 12,949 | 82
18.8% 25.1% —13.2%
11,953 977 12,930 17,076 5,138 22,214 16,588 4,261 2,558 23,407 | 83
94.9% 42.9% —2.9%
84
3,635 881 4,516 5,264 2,309 7,573 5,286 2,763 8,049 | 85
141.2% 44.876 0.4%
11,586 5,386 16,972 10,554 3,098 5,272 18,924 9,448 3,342 5,764 18,554 | 86
—0.1% —8.9% —10.5%
2,523 1,530 4,053 5,093 2,828 7,921 5,520 3,132 8,652 | 87
42.8% 101.9% 8.4% =
9,487 3,826 13,313 9,653 2,004 3,103 14,760 8,554 1,858 3,054 13,466 | 89
14% 1.7% —11.4%
10,663 4,069 11,260 25,992 12,958 2,532 12,318 27,808 11,975 3,840 10,198 26,013 | 90
6.1% 21.6% —7.6%
ee 1,791 7,746 7,285 1,604 2,607 11,496 Me 4,247 11,382 | 91
8% 22.8% —2.1%
3,517 829 4,346 6,263 1,817 8,080 5,584 3,479 9,063 | 92
84.5% 78.1% —10.9%
14,087 1,502 18,208 33,797 13,166 2,806 19,714 35,686 12,070 2,745 18,583 33,398 | 93
9.7% —6.5% —8.3%
19,989 4,175 24,164 22,027 7,130 29,157 a 8,018 28,082 | 94
23.8% 10.2 2%
8,406 1,448 9,854 i108 3,557 14,602 10,825 4,581 15,406 | 95
69.0% 81.4% —2.0%
8,457 8,457 2,222 1,264 3,486
708,114 | 159,120 | 443,049 1,310,283 890,252 | 263,042 | 598,100 1,751,394 | 898,550 | 326,864 | 850,294 2,075,708
80.4% 25.7% 0.9%
256
TABLE X
II—ReE
LATION OF CouNnTRY Po
PULATION
TO
See eae 1
- : | = 1860
. Bl aes vo wv
CountTIE oe ml So | =
, FE 58) FE REE) Be zis 7 1870
cz Qh oo 3 ol 5 ios
ee a| =e gg") £4 5fl22| BE ci.e) 22 |
“Ald a os 55 izx| ©] 8 3 im else oe 5 Po “) bsg 1880
itkin. pede ~ ©} Au Osd aja o a wo aol, S| av 2 no
O Pincleg «occa cone a eee St Ea ae 7 “| 33 o 2 | g& E & -
3 GLa ore Sec I a 5 Am 3 5 Ss lt v oo ac G Ja < o| 8
3 Becker... ....+... | Ee || Se) 3 alae ga] £2 =| 59
: hie | 2 a 2} EL Aas Fy au BS iB Ej} as Bs
§ Benton.» ......... . oe 34 "oe o | A s| 3 |™ 2/98! Bs E
7 Big Stone......... | 418 386 5 201 178 o O06 |= a Ea w
pe Ea | 103.2 7.5|| 2,442 29 66.7 ae a a a 48 zs 4
9 Breckenridge. ar 460 15.5 ; a8 ven 338 ae nn 6-03 Ay Ay
10 pre ; 3| 8 7) 44. 59 .2 [169
i Buchanan Setar oar 26.4 7} 1,124 i 44.0] 1,349 bare 9.6 Te 13] 283
TO ance 1,704 4] 476) 68) 12,596 co aos at) 3,3] 11.1 816) 5.4
13 Cass pao d u 2 34.7 996 12. 3; 8 05| 2,4 . 9 a
Nice ien ce ad * 2 1 0 4 ’ 14 6 9
id Chis pesa. a 268} 6.4) 5 ,965| 6.4 91| 3.648 0] 13.1
17 Rani reer "130 doo See) Gal tears OR) es | aie 5|21:7| 61| 2.745] Go
18 Clearwater onned ‘sg 4.7) 10,739 ‘ 8,383| 13.7) 6.0 | =
a aR 5; ‘0. 3 5 a 1,
20 Cottonwood oe 35.4, 173] 7.5 ie ie 90 (190.0 oo econ 456| 5.8
20 Grow Wings s| 4386) | Stal 330 00] 3.3o7| 486| 04 123] 1771| 63
21 Dakota.......+... 418. 350] 12. 91; 4 1! 61. A471 :
perattunpacsva 584 12 18.2 2.5 ,546| 7 8 6.5
23 Douglas 000000 28] fe] Alera a) ras) dar] 69s|1p0| 203 tot ae
25 Pee stake 5 30 16.3 4 67.3 934 6 . 5.6 11.9 1,021 63
26 F nl aennieNtES 5037 10. 944] 6. 200 8.3] 43 1,498 " 712] 8,
HY Codes 200 ws] | 338) “20 a7 ants] | Fa] aro t24} "G10) 5080] 80/73) 1088 .
28 Grants... 21... "3108 eel ae 9.8) 4,239 33 Vid) 6d $99] 12,506 08] 331) Yat “4
29 Hennepin. «....... io on et ily ee al 'eeg eel eae '506|20.9| s4| 1,977
trees 1495 .0 1] 20,7 13.6 6.5 8,818 5.4] 1 21.6
a0 Mabe eel) eea\ oe 1726 el dave eel eel ee pooh clean ae
32 aor ie Bein aol 67 : 773| 9.6 9,411 11.2| 2,826 a 719| 9° 23| 11.6] 10:5 1611] 55
82 Isantie. 1.2... 5: y 22 6] 18,358 13.6| 1,571 3] 868 ,769| 13.6| 4. 1,371| 5.
ales Tie "299 a0), 3'5| 2. 6.0 22,495 4.3] 1 5.5
ot Vaden apa ee oe oo 3) 2,374 oor Garocl eal © 741) 5
35 Ka Bbdicianieinied 97 oF , 638| 8.3 13,487 39.4| 60 7.7] 767 Shae 18.8 a 3,517 aA
36 Kanabos: oe 0 284 50.8 .3| 12,886 20.8! 1,771 5.7| 553 oe 27.9 sf 21345 2
37 Kitts iyohi. . 51 E 281 10 19.0! 1.217 7.6 565 ,820| 5.1 1] 3,306 9
5c 1 el ’ 1 19 8. 6.
— Reochichin de gases a 139.2 re wee 0.6|) 570 ise eo ae 4 a oe
39 Lac qui MB vse 76 20.7 5/36.2| 1,828 7] 348] 5.8 Fal oa) socal oe
i Lake. HO ince 69.7 4) 7.5] °° 5 40/30 : ae aga 494 '040| 6.5
a Siete. i 9 : A} 18.
L ca sine grnsdeaeen 1,760 ya 1 8.71 702] 4 ace * 9| 868] 5.7
Piya 24 4) 318 OF Papel eal an
aa 4 ae 5.5] 3801] 8 nee 0.9 ry 813| 5.3
AS ‘Mahnoméen.c..ca:. : 32.3 145 54 2,781 9 5] 11.1] 5.6 65; 7.8
i Mankaita. 158 885) 5.2| 10,508 cl. alee felroa ane bes | (as
47 Manomin. . ....... 955] | 28.2 ae| "eral fest ool? 790] 4,891) 6.2] 8.6] 28) 7.1
45 Mastin... ae 137) 7 : 9] "46 106| 0.1| 38. 1,180
eames ee 0 6| 13 1} 38.8] 4.1
50 Meeker. CLEP L RE St 13 5,203 535 ae 28.0 ae 4} 26.5
51M vee 6 24.3 7 945/ 5 8| 2,171
2 Mille pe eertiat 15.7 16 943} 5.5 he 4.861 a3 12.2} "683 6.0
53 Menonsslia Seen 151 7 8.5 96 10,684] 21. 7'0| 1.105 4.3
54 meee Pee a ae 8/ 18.9 5 7.7 17743 ae
55 Mur cetoe ei 3 BA. 126 7 3,867 ‘1
Hee ‘ 4
Bp Martner ss 350 aA Slane | Saas 19.9 1
Be ues are 34 0.4 2.2 699 ,788
34 Nobles... shee 2,390 A eles aie ae se olla 4.292] 96] 19:3] 200] 5
59 Gin penaean 3 29 79, 2211 10. 1,681 18.2| 58 12.2 9,398] 15. 8.3| 94 0
Sridates i i Y 2 583 §9| F 8} 4.8
60 ee vanes 473 35 2 3] 9 8} 8,408] - 48.1} 12 5.4 914| 1.6 a) 1arta| Se
61 Pembi Bl cgsa mee 35 6 428 a 209 12.8) 1 bp 13.3) 1,14 -6/ 13.6) 104 5.6
62 poe So ‘ 3 A 6,238 50.6 , oe 7.2 143} 5,367 8.8
€ sanellls ’ 5 711 4.7
gener) OY soa] | 152] 20] sal ssn mre bee er re
fe eos tn 1 8, , 6. . ’ A * ‘i
Visctone 612 # 12 ang 15,591 cn oe 20.1 713 =
66 Pallesicevivioven’ tt 1,968 a ee 709| 531 5.6 1,406 ‘i
Cee oe % 2; 264) 7, 666 , 9} 4.6
fe Regen 92 8 7.51 20 15,095] 22 :
69 Red Tek Se anaes 23 3.6 ales ,039| 17,040 2 47) 1,542
70 R ake... .| 977 240 A 64 4} 12.9} 3 9.8
70 Redwood....-..... 125.9 ; 54.5 lag 8} 1440.0 135) 5.4
74 Renville.........., ieee 2 0 2|324.0| 1,4
72 Rice.......... 0... 8.4; 196 2,69 413) 1,365
ear een ta 7.61 3. 1 469} 1. 1.0] 9
74 Roseau 22.2122 7) 24 3,055 21.3) 555 4,450 1,870| 4.0 7.5| $4) 25.3
75S ate 5 29.9 4.8 9,762 8.6| 1,46
aus ae 4731| | o7| soal 29 1,829 ee a ae 2.2) 8.0 Psi) 56
77 Sherburne... . ea 7| woal sol ioaas 170.3] 23) 79.5 3,982 | 24.7 eeu =
eae Pee 66.9 138 10.9 876 6.3 O78 4,092| 4.6 eee ee
Cae 66.9) 17/13. poe ey ee ee 9°765| 100] 10:2 937| 4
490 2 9 5) 14 10.2 A
63 614] 5 1,430 7.3| 49 181/28.6| 7. 1,777| §
; 110 6] 9,196 2| 2:990| 6. 7.5| 2,334 3S
45) 21050| | 260 61| 38| "721| 4
19.7) 1,310, 7.0 6,903] 821) 0.4 1) 4.1
pol eel deel ateeg ueet | 1 0) Ge
1220} 7.2 3.2 1,504| 6.4
2] 599] 5.4
APPENDIX 257
Lanp in Minnesota By Counrtiss, 1850-1910
1890 1900 1910
n o| oO n ae an e
2 Ss m| 50 n- .e s u ® ¢ w o
Ta u te = = vw n = = e
ge| BE | JE] SE) gE] E] ge) B28 |B) SE] ge] E | gh] 8) ZF] BE) BE] E | 2
o es G@w| oo 3 ) ea o oO Qk Aa 3 aa 4 e ao s 3
fe| Be fee se) B& ] 2g] ge | @s/88) FF | Lae] 22 [ae/88) Be | Le
“ \- oe Q a =
g| os e| yf] 2S | a a | eS el ye] 28] a 5s | Os Se! 23-)e | 3
a Aa 2 A, a a ao
1,830) 4,725[ 0.9 | 64.2 151/114 1,830| 5,024| 27/ 243] 768) 65 | 1,830| 8,387| 46] 24.1) 1,348| 62
459| 5,632 | 12.3 | 13.6 964 | 5.8 459 7,421| 162] 85} 1,356] 5.5| 459] 7710] 168! 7.6] 1,445] 5.3 )
1,349| 7,383] 5.5| 104] 1,210] 61) 1,349] 10,396] 7.7| 7.2) 1,947] 5.3] 1,349] 12901] 96] 7.2) 2,074] 62] 3
4,841 312) 0.1] 241.9 56| 5.6| 4,841 8,250} 1.7] 349] 1,243] 66] 3,822] 9,671/ 25] 291] 1,577! 61) 4
405 | 4,306} 10.6} 8.7 776 | 5.5 405 7,048) 174] 7.8! 1,275! 5.5] '405| 7:586| 18.7] 7.0] 1,279/ 59] 5
491| 4,446] 91] 43 787 | 5.6 491 5,685 | 116] 23] 1,044) 54] 491] 5,165] 105] 24 961| 5.4] 6
762 | 18,726 | 24.6] 5.3} 3,025 | 6.2 762 | 17,893} 23.5| 4.9] 3186} 56] 762| 15,076] 198] 42] 2,941) 51] 7
8
612| 9,847 | 16.1) 41] 1,632) 6.0 612} 10,827] 17.7] 3.5] 1,857] 5.8} 612] 10,010] 164] 3.3] 1,807] 5.5| 9
10
go7| 1,544) 1.8] 66.2 98 | 15.8 867 5,544 64) 40.9| 605] 9.2! 867] 8,259} 9.5] 300| 1,195! 69] 11
376 11,990 | 31.9| 12.1] 1,843] 65 376 | 12:159| 32.3} 10.0] 1,975| 62] 376] 11,607) 309] 90, 1,992! 5.8] 12
3,041 0g | 0.3 | 28.5 86| 94] 2,104; 6,693) 3.2] 32.5] 668/100] 2,104] 7,700) 3.7| 19.1 948] 81) 13
501 | 7,118| 12.0} 5.5} 1,117] 64 591 i814}; 149) 2.9| 1,687| 5.2| '591| 8.434] 143] 28] 1,499] 5.6] 14
127 644. | 17.9! 17.6| 1,377] 5.6 427| 9420] 221| 11.0| 1,969| 48] 427] 9547) 224] 91] 2,005] 4.8] 15
1043; 7,815| 7.5| 48] 1,314] 59] 1,043] 11,783) 11.3} 2.7] 1,994] 5.9] 1,043 | 11,583) 11.1] 2.7] 1,738) 6.7 | 16
1019 | 5,819] 5.7| 144] 1,055] 5.5| 17
1,498 98 | 0.1 | 280.0 8} 12.3 || 1,498 810 | 0.5 | 247.7 36 | 22.5 | 1,498 981| 0.7] 62.6 146| 6.7] 18
640| 6,254] 98} 5.0] 1,142) 5.5 640} 8855] 13.8] 2.6] 1,568) 5.6] ‘640| 8,880] 139! 26] 1,580] 5.6) 19
352| 3,149| 5.7| 23.9 625| 5.0) 1,057| 6,726| 64 | 186| 1,241) 54] 1,057| 7,359] 7.0] 14.2] 1,148] 64| 20
599 11,207} 18.7) 47] 1,880) 60 509| 11.778] 19.7| 4.3] 2152] 5.5 || ‘so9| 11,249] 188) 4.3] 2,163) 5.2] 21
440| 8779} 20.0} 46| 1,493] 5.9 440| 9,293] 211] 4.21/ 11651] 56] 440] 8350; 190! 34] 1,587] 5.3| 22
648| 11,339} 175) 9.6] 1,951) 5.8 648} 13,506; 208] 7.0| 2407] 5.6] 648) 12,135) 18.7] 5.5| 2,265| 5.4] 23
719 | 11,563] 16.1] 3.7] 2,032} 5.7 719} 13.075] 182] 3.3| 2,232| 5.9 | 719| 11,684| 163] 3.0] 2,139! 5.5] 24
368 | 20,521 | 23.6] §.7| 3,272] 63 368 | 19,742! 22:7| 5.1] 31477] 5.7] 868] 16,398; 189] 4.2] 3,213) 5.1] 25
735| 14,292} 194| 5.2| 2,313] 6.2 735 | 15,637| 21.31 46| 2691] 5.8| 735} 14,588] 198} 44] 2,477] 5.9] 26
767| 19,353 | 25.2| 5.3} 3,190) 61 767 | 18,979| 24.7) 51] 3,210; 5.9] 767] 17,403| 22.7] 48] 3,040) 5.7 | 27
553) 6,055| 10.9! 5.2] 1,035) 5.9 553 6,974| 126) 3.1] 1,245] 5.6] 553] 6379] 115] 25] 1,185) 5.4] 28
565 | 15,823 | 28.0| 11.2| 2,781| 5.7 565| 19:171| 33.9| 9.7| 3,684] 5.2] 565| 18,696] 33.1| 9.9} 3,853] 4.9| 29
570| 11,767 | 20.6| 7.6] 1,954) 6.0 570| 12,203| 214] 7.2| 23130] 5.7] 570| 10,472) 184] 60) 1,912] 5.5} 30
S35) 1412| 27) 85 194.| 7.3 958| 5,036/ 5.3| 171| 641| 79] 958] 7,460; 7.8| 13.4 843 | 88| 31
442) 7,349| 16.6| 19.1] 1,341) 5.5 442| 10,938 | 24.7] 128] 2,044) 54| 442] 10993] 24.9] 10.0] 2,063] 5.3| 32
5,871 743 | 0.1 | 174.4 18 | 41.3) 5,871; 2.799] 05) 65.5] 217] 129] 2,730] 5,808| 2.1] 42.6 830 | 7.0| 33
702| 7,433|106| 61) 1,346} 5.5 702 | 10'864| 15.5} 3.1| 1,949) 5.6| '702| 10,539] 15.0; 3.0] 1,906] 5.5| 34
534| 1,579 | 3.0| 46.9 215 | 7.3 534| 3:829| 7.2| 27.7| '749| 51] 534] 5,110) 9.6] 13.7| 1,017} 5.0| 35
g01| 11,532/ 144] 54) 1,958] 5.9 801! 13,774| 17.2| 40] 2,265] 61] 801) 12,880) 161] 3.5] 2,237] 5.8] 36
2,781| 5,085) 1.8| 43 385 | 5.7 | 1,111 6670| 60| 3.2] 1,266) 5.3] 1,111] 7,624) 69] 27] 1,210] 6.3] 37
3141) 3:945| 13 | 714 444 | 8.9 | 38
790| 9,173} 116) 44] 1,550] 5.9 790| 10,942] 13.9] 2.8] 1,951) 5.6] '790} 10,819] 13.7] 2.7| 1,863] 5.8] 39
2,099 | 1,299} 0.6 | 495.8 6 [216.5 | 2,099 1,376 | 0.7 | 566.3 19 | 72.4) 2,099} 25530] 1.2] 106.3]- 210} 12.0| 40
466| 13,568 | 29.1| 10.0/ 2,120] 6.4 466| 13229) 284] 8.9 | 2,472) 54] 466] 11,357| 244] 7.0) 2,218] 5.1] 41
535| 5,041; 94] 4.9! 1,045| 48 535 7'561| 14.1 | 3.2] 1,340] 5.6] 535) 7,429) 139| 3.0] 1,304) 5.7] 42
708! 6573| 93| 4.7/ 1,198] 5.5 703; 8:938| 12.6| 2.7) 1,632; 5.5] 708] 9,064] 12.8| 26] 1,682) 5.4) 43
496 | 12,827] 25.9| 64] 2,070| 6.2 496 | 13207} 266| 5.9| 2,335) 5.7} 496] 12,278] 248] 5.1] 2,268| 5.4] 44
572| 2,223; 3.9] 9.2 248 | 9.0| 45
46
47
1,738! 7911| 44] 54] 1,532] 5.2] 1,788] 13,080] 7.3} 3.8| 2,464] 5.3) 1,788) 12,742] 71) 3.3) 2,121) 6.0) 48
m19| 7,742/ 108) 5.2) 1,495} 5.2 719} 11886) 165) 3.1] 2,138] 5.6] ‘719] 11,453] 15.9) 3.0, 2,181] 5.3] 49
621| 12,329/199| 80) 2,179| 5.7 621) 13953| 225| 54] 2,511| 5.6] 621] 12,876] 20.7| 48] 2,346] 5.5 | 50
583] 1,338; 2.3| 12.2 130 | 7.4 583 5,280} 9.0] 168| 1022] 5.2) 583) 7,530) 12.9] 15.5] 1,278] 5.9] 51
1,143) 9,864| 8.6} 144] 1,537] 64] 1,143] 15,447] 135] 10.4) 2,400] 64] 1,143| 15,433) 13.5] 84 | 2,622) 5.9| 53
711} 12,268) 17.3| 4.4) 2,150] 5.7 mii {| 13'543| 19.0| 34| 2,447] 5.5] ‘711 12079] 17.0} 3.1) 2,386 | 5.1) S4
704| 5,794] 8.2} 54] 1,050] 5.5 704 | 91446 | 13.4] 2.8) 1,713] 55 | 704] 8,741| 124] 2.5] 1,640] 5.3] 55
443| 9,448| 213] 4.7] 1,456) 6.5 443 9029 | 204) 4.3) 1,454) 6.2] 443| 7,929] 17.9] 42] 1,414] 5.6] 56
722| 5,865) 81| 3.7) 1,172] 5.0 722| 10,020] 139| 34] 1,751| 5.7} 722) 9,359] 130] 24) 1,819) 5.1] $7
1432| 9'996| 70) 55| 1698] 5.9 | 1,432| 12,994) 91) 41] 1,938] 67] 860) 9,988] 116] 3.2) 1,653 | 6.0) 58
666 | 13,282/19.9| 4.3] 2,248] 5.9 666| 14148; 212| 43] 2539] 5.6] 666/| 12,451) 187] 39] 2,310) 5.4) 59
2,039| 28'496/139| 91) 4/825] 5.9| 2,039) 35,142] 17.2| 7.0] 6,227) 5.6] 2,039) 32,472) 15.9| 5.5) 5,804) 5.6| 60
607) 5194) 8.6] 3.8] 1,244] 4.2) 62
1413} 2,382] 1.7| 49.8 261| 9.1) 1,413 3,076| 5.7| 264] 1,416) 5.7] 1,413] 11,081| 7.8] 17.1 | 2,066) 5.4) 64
469| 3,350| 71] 3.8 613 | 5.5 460 | 4'827| 103| 2.3, (997) 48] ‘469| 5,116] 109| 2.0] 1,055) 48 | 65
3018 | 23'821| 79| §6| 4600/ 52] 1,979] 25:148| 127| 3.9| 4,340/ 5.8] 1,979] 22,127] 11.2} 34] 3,525) 63) 68
693| 89781130) 5.6) 1,550) 5.7 693 | 10133| 146] 3.5 | 1,872| 5.4) '693| 9,036] 13.0) 3.2) 1,649| 5.5) 67
161| 3,830 | 23.8| 16.6 519 | 7.4 161 a'74i| 294| 122| °923| 5.2) 161] 5,647 | 35.1) 13.7| 1,067 | 5.3| 68
1,039 7651| 74| 5.2| 1,385| 5.5} 432] 4,668| 10.8] 6.1 527| 8.9] 69
881] 7,518} 85| 5.1| 1,353] 5.6 331| 12940| 147| 3.1] 2,348] 5.5] 881, 12,760) 145) 2.9) 2,311) 5.5| 70
978] 14,213/145| 62| 2,529) 5.6 978| 17162) 17.5| 34] 3,013| 5.7| 978| 15,994) 164) 3.1] 2,871) 5.6) 7t
495 | 13536 | 27.3| 6.2| 2,475| 5.5 495 | 13'280| 268| 5.8| 2,672| 5.0) 495) 11,813] 23.9} S.1| 2,380) 5.0) 72
492| 5,119|104| 3.6 931 | 5.5 492 6712 | 136| 25 | 1,169] 5.7] 492] 6,495| 13.2) 24| 1,205) 54) 73
1670| 6529| 39| 88| 1444) 45] 1,670| 8846] 53) 5.6} 1,602) 55 74
6,503} 5,471 | 0.8 | 112.4 326 | 168} 67303| 12'442| 19] 109.1) "696 | 17.9 | 6,503 | 34,331) 5.3) 83.5) 2,465 | 13.2 75
366| 9,471| 25.9| 7.6) 1,506] 6.3 365| 9'540| 261| 7.7] 1,649) 58) (366) 7,983) 21.8| 60] 1,520) 53) 76
448 | 4,734 | 10.6| 7.7 775 | 6.1 448 s'a1| 126| S.7| 1,054] 54[ 448) 5,591] 125] 5.0} 1,190) 47) 77
APPENDIX
258
TABLE XII—Retation or Country PopPutation 10
1 1850 1860 1870 1880
\ en ee a | ¢ o 8
g 2 59 lee g| goyl .2] 6 8 | ai byl eal g ro B@] 2/50] we
bS EF SB (gE)E) bs |e 2) 22) E] be | ei SE) BE) E | ge] PS |B) sE| gel
Counties 1§SiPe Seles] 83 ese; 8) 7] BS jae SE) ge) Clee] SS |delse| Bal] *
PERG Sass] OB aaa! ST] sg | 88 g| = 8 wu | oO “e/| 88 |e eu |B
(O08 z E Zsa | Og 5) bf 423 )/a]| Og a ye o | a S 2) ey 25a
| | | pu Au | Au Au
Gee ace 2,731 35.2). 592] 4.6) 6,019 19.2 | 1,118; 54] 585| 9,673/16.5| 78) 1,579) 64
79 Stearns........... | 4.505 25.6| 709| 6.4) 12,045 21.8 | 2,000; 6.0} 1,362} 18,001|13.2| 9.6| 2'385| 6:2
80 Stecleveiscaceayins 2,254 23.7| 330/ 6.8 | 6,201 13.0, 831) 7.5] 431} 8,961/20.8| 4.6] 1'607| 5%
81 Stevens........... 174 23.4 47 3.7 564 3,077 5.5 4.7 660; 4.7
82 Swill wvascn res dice: 741) 6,617) 8.9} 8.2} 1,307] 5.1
B82 TOddrnsssestsdooautns 430 55.3 3512.3 2,036 54.1 176 | 11.6 957} 6,133} 6.4] 12.9] 1,048] 5.9
84 Toombs........... 40
85 Traverse.......... 13 65.0 2 6.5 568 1,507 2.7 9.3 396| 3.8
86 Wabasha.......... 243 55.4 §,813 24.2 812| 7.2 | 11,279 8.3 | 1,883] 6.0 541} 11,594)21.4 | 5.4] 1,983] 5.8
87 Wadena........... | . 6 100.0 1| 6.0 538) 1,773] 3.3 | 21.3 259! 6.8
88 Wahnahta......... 160 24.9
89 Waseca........... 2,341 42.4 191 12.3 6,356 12.9 | 1,030} 6.2 431 9,352/21.7 | 5.3 | 1,535] 61
90 Washington....... 435 14.9 3,743 20.1 450| 8.3 5,987 12.9 679| 8.8 397] 10,048/25.3 | 9.6! 1,333] 7.5
91 Watonwan........ 2,285 13.7 407| 5.6 434| 4,171) 9.6] 6.9 824] 5.1
92 Wilkin sess o3 sw eo 295 32.6 49; 6.0 745 1,906) 2.6] 9.6 349) 5.5
93 Winona........... 6,744 23.4 759| 8.9 | 13,885 10.2 | 2,037) 6.8 637| 15,593|24.5 | 7.1] 2,394] 6.5
94 Wright............ 2,376 23.6 645| 3.7 9,457 40.0 807 | 11.7 691] 16,144 /23.4 | 16.2 | 2,717] 5.9
95 Yellow Medicine. . . 749| 4,975] 6.6] 7.2] 1,020] 4.9
96 Indian Reservations
Totals for the State 3,806 75.6 122,530 22.0 |*17,999| 6.8 || 327,698 14.1 | 46,500! 7.0 || 80,858 | 543,193] 6.7 | 7.5 | 92,386! 5.9
* Total as taken from returns by counties; state total as given in Census Report, 18,181.
APPENDIX
Lanp IN Minnesota By Countigs, 1850-1910—Continued
1890 1900 1910
a oS a Oo a By
2 s ois a ao a ihe & 2 | Ys
a Be 2) 88] pe | & a Pe 3/82] s¢|/ 28] we] Bs | oe] ge | |e
§ €8 |So/o8| Bs] 4] 8 a2 1 Se lee} oe fel Ss ee |b. g/ 25 | £/ #
Bo sa |ae| Ss a ew ay avis gs uo 33 Yu» | Se Bs §
a5 oa a | = & a o <¢g ° &, 3} am u ak = me | SS 5 3
tee § Os 3| 6 as a 3 Oo 5 | 2a 2 § O68 5 a) we S| 6
o a Z| 37 o a g] om . S a 3] bs 7 Ay
a Ay Ay i “ ) as
585 12,547 | 21.4 5.5 1,985 | 6.3 585 12,731 | 21.8 4.6| 2,177] 5.8 585 | 11,351 | 19.4 4.0 2,055 | 5.5
1,362 24,810 | 18.2 9.9 3,583 | 6.9 1,362 27,418 | 20.1 6.5 | 4,449] 6.2} 1,362] 26,941} 19.8 6.0 4,255 | 6.3
431 9,075 | 21.1 4.3 1,590 | 5.7 431 10,108 | 23.5 4.5 | 1,801] 5.6 3 9,373 | 21.7) 4.2 1,824 | 5.1
564 3,767 | 6.7 4.2 702 | 5.4 564 5,899 ; 10.5 24) 1,156} 5.1 564 5,480 9.7 2.1 1,015 | 5.4
741 7,861 | 10.6 6.1 1,366 | 5.8 741 9,831 | 13.3 2.9} 1,795] 5.5 741 8,533 | 11.5 2.4 1,537 | 5.6
957 11,953 | 12.5 | 17.1 1,786 | 6.7 957 17,076 | 17.8} 11.3] 3,034] 5.6 957 | 16,588 | 17.3 8.2 2,994 | 5.5
568 3,635 | 6.4 3.6 815 | 4.5 568 5,264 9.3 2.0; 1,086 | 4.8 568 5,286 9.3 1.7 942 | 5.6
541 11,586 | 21.4 5.3 1,768 | 6.6 541 10,554 | 19.5 4.6) 1,917) 5.5 541 9,448 | 17.5 4.1 1,787 | 5.3
538 2,523 | 4.7 9.8 402) 6.3 538 5,093 9.5 8.3 990 | 5.1 538 5,520 | 10.3 7.9 1,004 | 5.5
431 9,487 | 22.0 4.7 1,612 | 5.9 431 9,653 | 22.4 4.3} 1,672) 5.8 431 8,554 | 19.8 4.1 1,567 | 5.5
397 10,663 | 26.9 9.0 1,554 | 6.9 397 12,958 | 32.6 8.9 | 1,843] 7.0 397 | 11,975 | 30.2 7.8 1,943 | 6.2
434 5,955 | 13.7 4.6 1,039 | 5.7 434 7,285 | 16.8 3.3 | 1,291] 5.6 434 7,135 | 16.4 3,2 1,269 | 5.6
745 3,517 | 4.7 4.2 591 | 6.0 745 6,263 8.4 2.3) 1,117 | 5.6 745 5,584 7.5 1.8 986 | 5.7
637 14,087 | 22.1 6.4 2,054 | 6.9 637 13,166 | 20.7 5.7] 2,359 | 5.6 637 | 12,070) 18.9 5.1 2,141 | 5.6
691 19,989 | 28.9} 15.7 3,522 | 5.7 691 22,027 | 31.9} 10.2] 3,992] 5.5 691 | 20,064 |} 29.0 8.4 3,814 | 5.3
749 8,406 | 11.2 4.6 1,458 | 5.8 749 11,045 | 14.7 3.1} 1,872] 5.9 749 | 10,825) 14.5 2.9 1,838 | 5.9
8,457 2,222 8.9 348 | 6.4
80,858 | 708,114 | 8.8 6.4 | 116,851 | 6.1 | 180,858 | 890,252 | 11.0 4.9 \154,659 | 5.8 | 80,858 | 898,550 | 11.1 4.6 | 156,137 | 5.8
+ These figures are based on those used by the Census for 1910, and therefore differ slightly from the area used in the Census of 1900, which later calculations showed to be in error.
APPENDIX
CouNTIEs,
ESOTA BY
on oF WHEAT IN MINN
Propucti
GE AND
XIII —Acrea
TABLE
1910 ae
1900
| i | Be |e
On _
= S| ge leet f ge igs
es e Be ios 3 oa Bk
= \ Se g ae) 68 ge |es g 32 | ag
g60 | 3670 | | Le) Sy ges | BS ag § | &
“ f 2 vo, D 3 ob
1850) 1 | 3 | £2 |e “| 58 Be ae ig heat 1h
1 i 7 ! 5 oD i 3 o4 1 18.
| ee 2 | | 33 {3 a. = & eeiee aoa $480 Ia
= @ | 2 | ¢ | a iPS Se 630.0 apes ieul ease yee 14.3
oy ch 3 7 | Ay i 6 ; 4,73 060) 15. 013 , 4
ea \ , 72'0 1,0 48) 18.
tay 8 a GS 3 67) 15.4 229 8 17.6 ’ 314,9
Counties (a) @ : agate jos| aa's43 a “1948 geen | aeen, fare ane
. ~ 94, 3b 33; 15) 5S. 27,98 '500| 13. :509| 1,471,
= 27,393, 16,004, 212, 513) 175, 17.8] 137, 2,177,520) 13. 143,114) 19.2
8,762. 2,850, 16, 14.5, 12, 1,008,835 1] 156,610 2, 59,691} 1,143,
, oe 74,739) 14.5. 56,829) 1, 75,050) 18. 320 14.7 : 3.8
\ , 5,161 0,659) 11.8 75,977 1,375, 90) 2,008, 5,127) 13.
3,541, 9346 110, 47| 3°90 ’ 17.3) 136,8 4 372 10.616 21.6
2,592: bee 858,6 331,604 17. 3,960) 15. 7,531; 810, 12'5
ia ' 96,41 17) 1, ' 3 7,710
21,513, sain : a Mae avtes 7786001 13.3 a a ae
i | 54, 5 449} 22. 641 : 0) 13.5 " 1 "249, 8
213,970) 157 19.3 187} 890, 73, 2, 1,876,66 2) 11,44 45,224] 13.
6.230. | 60 1; 7.6] 39, 560 1} 138,920) 1, 18,280] 18. 11,607} 1,545, 7| 15.5
oe 95,058] 17. 75 519) 14. 7,454, 318, 014.4) 111, 5| 73,39 0
4 30595, 0} 8.6 41} 891, 18.9) 17, 2,593,39 4,74 75) 25.
142) 52) 33,7 6 63,0: 6,821 79,584) 2, 3 16.8
‘298.8 421) 11.7 Bee agua dl. 4 : 0 298,191
28,137 5| 354, S| 284,176 aies| aato% 693) 12.0
| 30,24 53,709] 15. 05,771) 1, 2 12.5) 17, 25,69.
| 9,318 9,912) 1 239) 15.2 : 6| 1,653,860 ‘0 2,138 334,230) 20.3
1 5,787, } 2} 517,086] 13. 5,140 500| 16.2 683] 175, 19.0
i i Ad BarT? 17,859) 1 3 26,78 344,040) 13. 63,643) 1, 959 16.0
| Pane 4. 344) 64800) 18 26,476 830) 18.7 274] 1,170, 17.2
| 0,860 103) 14.2 544 900! 17.3] 26, 9| 1,823, 6| 73, 159,515
: J 311) 3 148 2, 10.7 3, 132,90 9) 97,299) 1, 43,020) 12. 9,264 156 17.7
| 323,975) 10. 7,680 42,496) 18. 54,617) 1,943, 10, 15.1 870 739, 19.4
74) 123,958 *"384'839 9.8 Prec ae ont 16.5| 1 1,657, 326.9 14.6) 41; 3, 639,250 19.4
| 4] 1,435,8 90.400) 9'877 16.6 6850 1,265, 8117.9] 21, 41) 1,010,42 6.8| 33,00 923.778 17.
| 173,65 Oa eee as 618 10.5| 76, | poate Cel Fibs ee 54,207 733| 22.8
| 74757; Pooch oraeel weet Tal are) sees as) Mead 17,560 399, oo 18.5
; 150) 040 61, 1,626,387] 9. 37,329 4'327| 18.5 4,922} 1,362, 201 18.2 , 5 65,5 9.2
552,9 5,904, 1, 59} 11.0 80, 604, 18.3] 94, 657,3 3,54 3657
ir 1285, 688,034) 16 "733 1,143,8 12.1) 32,5 1,150,987! 18. 36,117 74,500] 16.5 3.115 28, 98| 18.8
| 391/350, 1,688, 98, 103, 415,891) 12. 63,001) 1, 9,275| 21.3 0,606 174, 10 13.2 "330, 175.8 18.7
| 39 Saad quo 26 467 14.3 ol | gocteelasal a , 176,8 9,33 1/289
| 16,001 603] 199, 226,4 7/14, 129,619] 15. 13,365 640) 16.5 69 ' 17.0
' 1,815, 15,857 015) 13. 477 084) 14.4 "382/229, 2 104,843
| 152,348) 1, 1,552 020, 671, 0.5; 8, 138,08; 13,88 1,940, 16. 6,157 734] 17.5
| , 49,0 4.336) 1 91561 82! 15.8 20 , 0.3 ’ 26,73 4
| 135 715, 3 557| 62, 2,25 99,505] 1,021, 30) 18.1 "216 1,409, 14.3
i 13 "5181 623, 40,546] 14.8 797] 14.1 934,” 40,3 14.7| 69, 1,362,845 0
| 108,518) 9,505} 140, 845} 294, 6 2,2 90,900) 14. 95,621) 1, 3 23.
; B12: 126, 2,090, 17.0 ° 6.5
| 16,025 0! 5.1 20, 0 88 7| 142, 772.120) 15 859! 16.
407 81,68 7 275) 13. 4,085) 1,772, 1} 1,725, 22.6
i | 952) 5) 12.7 4 1,220, 1.3) 10: ’ 104,42 ’ 1
; 50] 15, 2,44 pee) eee 1 30) 14.7 5 19.6
10 57 24,1 193) 7531 13.3 536, 751, 3,219,2 7 942.597
100 | od tes! ce BID en a sae) er ie
4 1} 60,32 2,110) 14. 68] 15.3 Hoa 18.0| 63, 467,07 0
; 20,16 146 , 1,639,8 31,840 29'046 7081 16.
alized \ 154 106,889| 1, 74,012) 1,331, 10) 13.1 i 12} 334, 21.8
abec........ penal ft | ili fa 45,363 seer 0.0 ea 25108800 ae 65,102 6b 128
BuO aie yt 0 80,793) 15.5 36,745) 332, 12/11.4) 152, 19} 1,651,430 18. 4,12 ‘ 9
‘son. one san aan ta ces l il 22 37,430 5 4' 839 10.5 9802 683,1 31 21.3. 87,3 ’ 437.876 ae
CDSN: recs xmsess cei | | f 248,609 9047, 9. 044] 9.0) 5 907 1,400,97 96,561) 1, 83°631| 14.
Eats mons ean 8 aco | 34,70 (785, 323, 3.1] 65, 440| 14.9 629 "954| 21.3
ceemmmnroniresets aod | serearis. 0, 2,225, 3] 5, 583,854 21.3
ee ee i 2 , 149,040, 2, 4,990) 10. te See oy
BSE pment e 1 40,59 171} 13.0 934| 1,114, 16.0 ’ 53,
1 lex nemacarss de 149,45 5) 1,156, 3) 107, 805,980] 2,427
ee ee 6,500: 89,06 677) 16. 068) 1,805, 18.4| : 15.2
neces 20.8 261, 113, 73,490 640
Mevgereerveeneeeneee "250 3,594 16,058 911/ 17.2 02 ’ 616, 18.1
> peeeoienes i 173 924 7.7 "300 1,514, 17.8 4,0 40,637 115.411 :
eer nena eee 87, 6,853) 17. 6,150} 15.4 6,371 "425| 15.7
aceon | SH 1857 SS Go8268| 2187.80 ssfeu tet) {ele Sean 8 e22i| 086.6) 13
BEEN asatey nit parinnee | mal 135, 0 1,19 0,903} 485, 3) 16.7 ’ 1] 1,531,8 ‘0 56,2 18,397 0
pallies eensausearandtey | ol 7,92 1116.7) 30, 7| 108.76. 118,231) 1, 82,440) 18. 1.188 075| 15.
ah pahenlcnesbiintenie | | 4 199,93 6,50 753) 10.5 476| 1,482, 11.7 , 1,213, 18.5
1 Ce carone re | } 77,15 11,992 60) 9.9 42} 363, “| 82, 51,220 80,758 041
ery 1,250 927 (023 1,370,1 34,6 239] 18. 58) 1,251, 10.6 , 137, 47
pee neces 11, 023) 1, 6.2 1,312, 107,0 9.030) 7.429 07; 1
asoiaes 5 14 17| 138, 77,970 70,173! 4, 27| 11.3 19) 1,459, 6.2 ’ 2,436,2
le Lacs. . 3,0 I 673,0 12.587 "290' 11.9 "504 392,1 5| 137,4 "306.2001 16. 66,023
| 31,476. 835 , 704,29 34,59 249) 11. 487; 396, 16.3] 166, 15.2
434° 315,803 ae 60,698) 2.7 1a “i eRo0D ea 241'169 3,941,120 21,803} 331,193 :
‘ 225 i . 0.9 10, 623,538] 16. , 4) 16.
656,286 10.9 160,133) 2,623, a aes
ating eee Seat 113°000
(9 117,074 56,189 860, 9.440) 17.5 7481 0561 16.0
232,469 2, 8,406 ' 3,971) 69, 0 12.7 229| 2,621, 17.8
ne , 14.9) 3, 951,80 ioertoal 12207437 6
1,590 4,786 0| 13.5 1) 1, 22.
100 , 1,554 28 27 eh aoe ae 305,809 oy A ties ee 317 te
pers cies ' ; 122, : 6. : 013, “7 130, "53,640 18. 79 .
Bian ht earns | 86. 5.673 37,547 17.6| 237,429 tee oot 14.7) 1 912 eat 13.5 ee 1,193, oe 22.1
Be ee onserereniart: 143) | 30.061 oe 11.9 a , 6,091) 18.4! 55,221 ee 15.4 oon 2, 158 a 20.9
a re | 233, | 381, 14.5 164,508) 2, ,160| 16.4 799) 89 11) 14.8
ie enna 950; 53, 7211 32, 122,466 | 087) 15.2 178 3,698, 73 42, 33, 6 13.4
estoDcccronsv saver ats | re 8,460 { 7.224 871, 14.8 225, 1,071,330 17. 2,276 243, "362 9
ee ee 266. 54,32 k 7.535 6.1) 5 081 1,956,002 86 62,036 046 740 14.1 18.172 1,399 20.
led eng chemi caesar 390 «12,2 34,014, 207, 04)10.5) 132; 9 570,450) 18. 74,211 1, 9,780, 15.2 "ot 437| 20.7
ne Bae ie ORONA TAA: | oe 605,4 | 30,60 658) 12.6 a eae eg 16)
Pou ae pea i 57,78 7,514) 12.1 84 348, 3; 870 34,095 1,945
ee 43, 289! 873, 907, 3.3, 27,6 54 0 18.4) "709 6 19.9
Steer renee 00) | 74, 378 3.3) 6,75 3,70 7195
wi eeteeteeien , } ; 78 906 ‘ 1 3 ; 812, 14 .
Bullnavsveeiyes eaten | | 209 3,8 17.1) 31 79,398) 11. 6,711) 1,
eye | 261 i i 6 10 ”
en ero 253 406 40,863 a 388 13.5 a toa 1,622,764) 19
ae 48,797 ree oe 598,956 12.9
SLB cover ee 237,706 46,3
HU caacanouneipae 15,014
ee ,
rburne..... : Reece tae
CYsxe oaedx
APPENDIX
TABLE XTII—Acreace AND PropucTION OF WHEAT IN MINNESOTA BY Countigs, 1850-1910—Continued
261
|1850| 1860 1870 | 1880 1890 1900 1910
o a Oo > a * a >
a a 3 5 S32 (St 3.2 ae) § Sa eel & So |e
CountiEs 4 3 4 e G2 laal * of jeg, os 2 (ool s oe |g
ai 2 2 gd | 82 asl ¢g | Sf sl g¢ | S28 [S57 ¢ | $8 35
QD ° v o oO
ee ) 9 a fe Pa 2 lg Pe 2 a ee
Grete Aaisneacksumeuouer 55,801/ 305,114) 79,193) 1,135,704) 14.3) 131,656 1,992,246 15.1) 192,515, 3,022,230 15.7) 110,052) 2,180,607) 18.8
Stee canes aaecncinantse 28,131) 385,214) 76,772, 846,219 11.0) 33,969 462,770] 13.6] 65,047, "963,250 14.8 43,597 775,609| 17.8
ere 2,064] 31,517) 417,076 13.2] 42,937) 731,824] 17.0] 123,782 1,591,660 12.9 62,332| 1,022'204| 16.4
Suilinesctidearsiunarsins 44,396 492,763/11.1] 66,098, 971,484) 14.7] 163,542] 1,994,730 12.2| 85/016| 1,396,548 16.4
Todd. s+sssseseserseeees 585) 15,907) 13,433] 190,074) 14.1] 28,322] 432,933) 15.3) 66,317] 1,036,060 15.6| 36,082; 566,915) 15.7
OOMDS. 2... cee cee eee neon
Tae Sc dn ns same inl 3,448) 45,668) 13.2] 67,614) 1,301,646] 19.3] 161,660] 2,057,510 12.7) 86,358) 1,487,530 17.2
Wiabashaiduesiewaieadatscins 200! 114,227) 1,480,293) 118,435) 1,461,674) 12.3| 16,673, '305,388/18.3| 26,404, '427'400,16.2/ 9458] '176,935| 18.7
Wadena. hte ese atemeae eso am 2,976 47,634/ 16.0, 12,186 126,861) 10.4 25,657, 307,180 12.0] 4/898 47,761] 9.8
annanta....... SB She Ge A =
Deerise de tewinnangsieie 16,648] 400,288} 68,827) 693,861) 10.1] 53,820, 794,458/ 14.8] 86,663] 1,251,860 14.4) 58,346 977,335] 16.8
Washington...........-..-. 551) 76,264, 444,411) 52,268, 657,569 12.6] 6,116 117,856/19.3) 211541) '352,6101 16.4) 9/851] 219/419) 22.3
Watonwan..... es... eee 75,865, 23,854! 121,613 5.1) 27,900, 497,702|17.8| 85,921) 992,320 11.6, 13,357| 226,009| 16.9
PE ince soieenicon nis 465) 5,141] 72,500/14.1) 47,902) 763,18515.8] 138,202) 1,781,820 12.9| 89/955| 1,338,601, 14.9
Minted ac lac onincrg ict 166,950, 1,357,954] 113,962) 1,216,872} 10.7) 24,259| 466,845|19.2| 19,127/ '286,54015.0, 33761 " 67,111| 19.9
Mig guacin civtnsiaqconone 37,663, 134,095) 38,792} 603,240) 15.6] 52,868] 1,147,154|21.7| 93,023 1,731,720 18.6/ 63,448) 1,385/441| 21.8
Yellow Medicine............ 24,504, 285,672) 11.7) 79,837| '998,455| 12.5] 173,855] 2,552,700 14.7, 70,892| 1,190,464, 16.8
Indian Reservations........ 6,008 81,340) 13.5
Totals for the State..... 1,401)*2,186,973) 18,866,073) 3,044,670 34,601,030, 11.413,372,627|52,300,247| 15.5/6,560,707/95,278,660| 14.5|3,276,911157,094,412| 17.4
i i , p. 8 186,993,
“Coneenmclcuutyicus 2 1neao.
TABLE XIV —AcreaceE AnD Propuction oF Oats in Minnesota By Counties, 1850-1910
1850 | 1860 | 1870 | 1880 | 1890 1900 | 1910
wn e wn =a wn = n ae
2 2 2 5 Sa |ael| § Sa |ael £ Sa jal § Sa | ae
CouNTIES = = = a ge [Ba s ge |gal * oe les 6 Bs a8
2) 3% 2 | g¢| 32 feel g | 82 (Sel ¢ | S28 (Ss) ¢ | 33 | Bs
Ay OP ee gee Re ee gg ee ee ge ee
AUR. cb acnnnnatounias 13 490 37.7 319 10,785 33.8 716 23,800) 33.2) 1,060 23,471) 22.0
ANOLE vis ites caltus uscrieriee 9,917) 17,715) 1,862, 54,876 29.5, 6,272) 213,178/34.0 7,952} 257,580 32.4] 9,668, 278,498 28.8
BecletGi ames wienona ee Suen 11553) 31158) 1221377 38.8} 10,281) 165,548116.1] 16,268 497,960|30.6| 32,274| 778,353, 24.1
Delerarmatetad cca csi envinbae 741, 20,460) 27.6] 1,915, 47,856, 25.0
Pediat cunieaswoanaoenks 60| 5,700) —-7,672| 1,571 52,214, 33.2| 8,244, 207,810.25.2) 8,353} 259,75031.1| 13,418 492,874) 36.7
Bi SOE scciryeuweoecexe 11995 77,882, 39.0, 12,796 406,404 31.8| 20,606, 644,840131.3| 27,200, 953,654| 35.1
Blas Harflics sca yarns oa sens 22,838] 467,575] 21,766 699,426 32.1, 35,528 1,329,254 37.4) 39,746 1,391,370|35.0| 43,732) 1,487,907, 34.0
Breckenridge..............-
Brown... (acuopnoal tus 9,071| 156,768) 12,004 453,274| 37.8] 21,010, 828,322) 39.4, 26,767| 1,037,460, 38.8, 35,397) 1,277,400, 36.1
UCNANAN...... ee ee ee ee eee
Chie ayrauch denigmomne sien 268 152) 5,395, 35.5 88 -2,411/ 27.4 349) -9,740{27.9) 1,342) 40,290, 30.0
Cer pissne ciation bestaedaees 16,669] 140,375) 6,498 291/460 44.9] 9,169, 430,425/46.9 10,318, 468,610/45.4| 13,409, 580,154 43.3
esd teen eiee wananed 1,200 144 2,208) 15.3] 1,437/ _34,070,23.7) 2,856, 48,873, 17.1
CRI PEWE ca cusses aid cunt 2'465| 5,874| 240,275|40.9, 17,009| 519,908 30.6] 27,396] 1,015,260 37.1] 59,142) 2,067,318) 35.0
TEN acsroucncate eines are 13,115 39,596] 2,980, 109/112| 36.6} 7,003) 256,11836.6, 12,701} 498,130,39.2/ 15,788] 568,407, 36.0
Cla: 4'932) 191,154 38.8| 29,531) 530,567/18.0, 51,219| 1,447,380 28.3) 89,463] 2,331,847 26.1
4,325, "114,288 26.4
1 30) 30.0 50, 2,335, 46.7
215| 5,857| 205,155|35.0, 22,940, 623,534/27.2) 34,172! 1,154,310 33.8] 62,775] 1,873,350, 29.8
203) 5,899 28.4, 21347, 59.976, 25.6] 4,181; "100,340, 24.0, 5,950, 104,963] 17.6
270,211] 634,806) 19,735, 731,897 37.1) 75,755) 2,534,796 33.5] 99,398] 3,348,030] 33.7/ 69,781] 2,211,177] 31.7
51,311 384,528] 17/114, 666,081 38.9| 21,854, '777,999|35.6, 33,111) 954,300, 28.8, 25,114} 643,343) 25.6
1'220| 657568] 6,748) 277/996 41.2| 14,336, 441,548 30.8) 18,827 701,650/37.3) 23,385, 820,913) 35.1
6/804| 394'992| 19,012| 684,894 36.0| 38,312) 1,281,839, 33.5, 39,233) 1,212,120 30.9] 47,105) 1,390,702) 29.5
295'000| 976,281) 36,681| 1,370,309 37.4| 69,259| 2,750,757|39.7, 87,179} 3,011,400 34.5] 70,775| 2,198,157; 31.1
7'123| 326,766 20,445, 747,030) 36.5, 41,845, 1,401,041) 33.5| 54,935] 1,702,330| 31.0) 45,274) 1,093,453, 24.2
104'509| 825/301] 29794) 1,275,772| 42.8) 59,266| 2,348,374) 39.6, 50,613] 1,680,880 33.2| 49,044 1,678,348 34.2
2'273| 3,047, '137'952| 45.3] 15,169, '440,835| 29.1] 26,317; 824,230 31.3) 47,593) 1,542,716, 32.4
Hennepin. «2,-2.0. .0..00. 136,696 226,361] 10,594 414,664 39.1, 24,877| | 991,205 39.8 27,0231 | 990,500 36.7] 20,941 757434 36.2
HBr srs aeaeee chamois 1 14,076 35.0) 37,053) 1,261, 617) 1, . : ,
oe iL vias 19:0 saeodssa] ed RRA PO ON Ua oes ies
4) 33.7] 8,219] 267,704 32.6] 11,6 : J
nl rased tod rozeadaad nist soagBHSb) ase unkind 3] ahaa Bo
69| 202,634| 33.4) 21,510, 558,937/26.0 45,696 1,302,310) 28. ,229| 2,149,
nso dog) to] aes 32-3] 393) 177496295, 11119,” 40,1301 35.9| 3,499) "113,5981 32.5
7,832| 10,300, 426/642) 41.1| 20,221] 582,556|28.8| 28,262| 1,010,220 35.7| 48,237| 1,771,599 36.7
| 63, —«1,870,28.8, 9,438 161,603|17.1 20,431) 717,530 35.1) 36,936] 1,029,360, 27.9
‘ é
262
TABLE XIV—ACREAGE AND
APPENDIX
Propuction oF OATS IN MINNESOTA BY COUNTIES, 1850-1910—Continued
~Tisso' 1860 1870-1880 = = : =
7 | 9 ; | : 8 Z 3 ¢
; vo S H o S wv vo oO vo u °
CountiEs i a 3 os 33 25 eo 3a (3. ¢ 38 (si ¢ 33. a8
5 3 il vo °° Pan uo OD a vu 2 on -Q oO (Q oO
a ~Q faa) u ce all u o a o a < G a
< Ay | < Ay < Ay Ay
a 7 — eyes a 134 9) 61,052) 2,1
Lae ut Parke.d ge caceovaen 3,765, 165,295 43.9, 20,498) 607,794 29.7 29,179 1,13 780 38.9 0522, 87,058 35.8
pale 35 ose teel gril 346 509 419, 8,492 339,210 39.9 10,3011 427,419 aa
ne 96 152,682, 6,535) 267,553 40.9 8, : : ; : : F :
Ps een anne a ee aoe 78 586 393, 11,118 136,854 12.3, 21,504 776,410 36.1 ae 2.186449) 328
Uggs 5 gaol many ES ERS Mand) Bigg catealae eae uae
Me ieod jcc esis bansuayadaen i 4,894: el 9,201; 401,934! 43. ; : . , ’ . ail. aeane ie
Mahnomen........-...205+- ‘ , , j
Mankahta......... 0.00. ee0 ey |
is \ 1 J 1
ae ees ae 108} 2,638 24.4, 12,930, 265,172/20.5| 29,643, 924,030/31.2, _ 47,589] 1,280,787) 26.9
ee ae 50! 107,042) 9,643) 332'225/34.5| 33,664) 1,093,662/ 32.5) 60,921, 1,879,310 30.8, 105,977 3,155,585| 29.8
ea ae eR ean aie 6,739, 92,532] 10,132) 398,071 39.3) 17,235, °557,385)32.3) 20,408, 832,250 40.8) 26,155 1,040,683, 39.8
Mille Lacs. Re oaths ee 104 eas! 563, 18,571/33.0, 1,468) 46,496/31.7) 2,319, 80,390, 34.7/ 3,998 164,764] 41.2
onongalia .............05- ;
; 13,008) 18,987] 3,298 157,546/47.8) 11,480, 315,728|27.5| 15,950, 495,490) 31.1] 23,195, 694,529, 29.9
spill eae een 21:792| 463,085| 27/443) 1,044943 38.1] 62,313) 2,433,849] 39.1| 114,452) 4,188,380| 36.6] 100,730, 3,020,317} 30.0
Micra ee aera 522| 3,317; 111,417/33.6| 18,132) 355,620) 19.6] 35,704) 1,273,740] 35.7] 62,511] 1,809,650) 28.9
Nie ee 49,726, 264,565, 14,899] 491,304/ 33.0, 16,6641 773,769 46.4 18,196 1 508,160 “44 20,227 ; 782,822 38.7
6,978 141,862| 20.3) 27,031) 526,289) 19. : ; : f 527, :
Te i Saeae 23/438 315,403\13.5| 31,676 754,550, 23.8) 52,300] 1,338,434] 25.6
Olmsted 222,393) 996,364) 28,377] 1,093,924 38.5| 47,297 1,936,364] 40.9) 59,063, 2,089,320/ 35.4) 47,792, 1,414,011] 29.6
Otter Tail 1,630] 6,701} 12/030, 437,748 36.4| 42;777, 1,001,020, 23.4) 52,059 1,541,520 29.6, 83,328) 2,142,813| 25.7
Pembitias: 036.0904. 6 see keete
) 16,033; 421,078| 26.3
Pennington..............05- , ’
Piere@ tide cig. Siar s ocseans eanee- F
Tie ie pce chum cela / 370 460, 86 ~—2,824/ 32.8 359] -9,995127.8| 2,258 74,460/33.0) 6,567 195,002] 29.7
Bee osetia 1,711] 52}192| 30.5! 15,102, 152,332/10.1) 28,120 964,580, 34.3) 47,695) 1,354,742] 28.4
Pelle isan saaeieeideeas 1,400 6,678) 226,221|33.9, 44/215) 816,626/18.5| 65,267| 1,873,450| 28.7/ 96,774) 2,747,228| 28.4
Bepens cos oa ae ees 44,395] 6,815| 288,337/42.3| 21,275, 619,853) 29.1) 29,518) 907,460/30.7/ 43,227] 1,490,207} 34.5
aE Ey lasionies waaeeeneacer! 6,260, 43,054) 53,868) 2,258] 80,204) 35.5| 3,145, 127,724) 40.6 391908 273,000 39.5 48495 237,835 37.4
Red Lake. ...........20008-- i ‘ ; ; ‘ x
Gigs De coun ene 6,978| 6,614, 212,647/32.2| 18,796 553,233/29.4| 29,601] 1,250,370] 42.2] 68,666) 2,419,502) 35.2
Reaville Bae ee ee ae 660| 27,659| 12212) 503,299) 41.2| 31,232| 9927926] 31.8] 41,203] 1,694,060, 41.1] 60,060) 2,319,684] 38.6
Rirercatueneiuekscaateae | 125,545| 348,543| 12,726 507,522| 39.9] 30,876] 1,014,026| 32.8] 40,063) 1,465,130) 36.6) 33,967| 1,250,004} 36.8
Rock Be einen teases vibes 600| 7,974) 246,924} 31.0] 25,842) °577,593| 22.4 34,433 1,167,290 33.9 63,464 2,082,469 32.8
OSCAW sida cated cat eraheoeees ; , j ; ‘ 4
Saint Louis..............00- 343 349, 11,856] 34.0 265} 5,043! 19.0 259, 4,890018.9| 1,008 31,069] 30.8
BG | $7,352) 165,247) 6,014| 266,166 44.3/ 13,199, 503,770 38.2] 15,251| 569,650| 37.4] 15,680, 601,878| 38.4
Sherburne......... +s... s++ 12957, 17,797] 1,618) 49,380 30.5] 11,585, 240,851 20.8| 7,917| 187,900|23.7) 15,347| 445,734 29.0
Slee een ee heaaiae | | 16,6601 221,416) 10,541| 459,239143.6) 18,013, 796,985 44.2| 22,432| 946,220/42.2/ 25,078| 988,002 39.4
Sedens. cay een | 49,369) 447,193) 19,559] 728,996] 37.3| 36,235) 1,033,753) 28.5) 42,508] 1,449,370] 34.1] 72,695, 2,694,415] 37.1
Sieclei van dermecensomnes | 30,084, 230,421] 13,044) 512,287|39.3) 24,560, °711,438/29.0| 27,524) 801,590| 29.1] 21,057} 657,586 31.2
| Se ee rs see seg as Tie ee eee
WAGs cosa cicrsiia Gisacst ade ears TR ee j ; ; ; ‘ 3 ji ‘ 3 . f 5
Tidy yaa oe eae | | 1,260| 18,012| 3,396 1137854 33.5| 97372; 197,638) 21.1] 12/454] '385,770|31.0| 25,804, '722,298| 28.0
"TOOMBS. 2 oca-bavsin dus Auseeld ub dace
DANE sacaci danny neoewnnan 1,016 — 38,446/37.8| 12,062| 374,924/31.1| 26,237| 702,330/ 26.8] 39,887) 1,346,148] 33.8
Wabasha............0. 006 | 1,000 110,550| 669,410] 18,194} 744,653| 40.9] 35,364) 1,416,965] 40.1] 33,762| 1,203,190, 35.6] 30,960] 1,116,886] 36.1
Wadena “| 480, 17,924| 37.3) 4,452| | 66,927/15.0) 5,315] 109,050}20.5| 11,586, 164,461] 14.2
Wahnahta....... Fe
ASE ss can ame os 4 i | 10,932) 208,243) 11,151] 405,653 36.4) 17,539, 535,909 30.6] 16,434, 529,410132.2| 15,352| 493,112) 32.1
Washington. .......... 006. 23,262, 143,466] 267,086] 8,928| 343,392| 38.5) 29,635] 1,160,480, 39.2) 29,963) 1,033,510| 34.5] 33,155, 1,174,069) 35.4
Watonwan..........0. cee 46,068) 6,387/ 191,548 30.0] 22,660, 796,554) 35.2] 30,741] 1,016,960 33.1} 47,116] 1,574,090, 33.4
WA Gasactionciaecanasies | 4,425) 1,109 39,147 35.3) 12,803| 309656) 24.2] 31,211) '876,210/28.1] 50,049] 1,243,065) 24.8
Winona.............s00cees F 145,830, 598,871] 19,947| 795,624 39.9] 36,664! 1,530,805 41.8] 39,412! 1,313,850| 33.3] 35,589] 1,169,273, 34.8
WH aot ee usec eal aes 30,339! 97,282| 7,436 292,303, 39.3) 141397, "541,708, 37.6) 15,881] '630,910|39.7| 19,016, 759,700} 40.0
Yellow Medicine ........... 4,262} 193,124) 45.3, 17,864; 439,608) 24.6) 27,748] 1,189,950|42.9| 61,888) 2,174,813) 35.1
Indian Reservations......... 4,398) 100,490| 22.8
Totals for the State... ... ./30,582/2,176,002/10,678,261/617,469 23,382,158] 37.9|1,579,25849,958,791, 31.6|2,201,325|74,054,150, 33.6|2,977,20893,897,717| 31.5
APPENDIX 263:
TABLE XV —AcrEAGE AND PropuctTIoN or Corn In Minnesota By Counrigs, 1850-1910
1850 | 1860 | 1870 1880 i 1890 | 1900 [ 1910
ww _ wn = na
na n a u Be naw v g ai o s #8 c
— — = oO oe An 3 i 8 42e iw Oa 2 o i 2a ow vo
Counmis 2/2) 2 )8 | BB Be | ge jes] & | Be fee) & | Be | Be
2 3 3 3 32 lay] ¢ US isyl gf og 1Bul ¢ og a is
a ~Q ~Q = En na 5 an eq 8) = a me 5 Ee A &
Aitkin. 2... eee cee eee ees 38 17 515] 30.3 86 2,675| 31.1 489 17,860} 36.5 924 30,167} 32.6
Anoka.... 40,411} 36,838] 4,496, 121,995|27.1) 8,868) 278,951/31.5| 11,135) 307,300) 27.6] 12,076 375,378 31.1
Becker. eee 330, 228 9,353)41.0/ "253, 7,678 30.4 1,300, 38510 29.6) 3,126 97,115, 31.1
eltrami ...... 5. eee ee eee eee 2) 2.0 172 4,240| 24.7 589 19,631) 33.3
Benton. .....20-e2eeeeees fe 160, 6,005) 5,036) 1,081 29,573] 27.4) 4,209 85,635] 20.3 6,732} 162,690, 24.2| 10,056/ 304,470) 30.3
Big Stone 746 13,203) 17.7] 2,244) 49, 985} 22.3] 11,270} 273,700) 24.3) 13,934) 441,405 31.7
Blue Earth eee y nneneen e | 72,070] 198,060) 21,636, 689,835] 31.9] 42,319] 1,286,275] 30.4) 44,214) 1,697,760 38.4, 67,157) 2,532,182] 37.7
reckenridge...........0005% !
Browne sss-ssssseerereteee 29,332| 34,525] 9,874, 335,055| 33.9] 16,417; 497,446 30.3] 20,797| 691,150 33.2] 44,738) 1,750,881/ 39.1
uchanan......eee eee eee eee
Carlton's sages oases Gee ein 50 2,281) 45.6 8 213) 26.6 73 2,220} 30.4 49 1,419} 29.0
CHCA ene eee 78,072) 122,140| 7,405; 298,772 40.3] 12,987; 412,100|31.7] 16,929) 713,150/42.1/ 18,601] 845,214) 45.4
Cali os asness ch beaea ne rene’ 330 425, 10,870 25.6| 2,071) 50,500/24.4) 2,393] 64,066, 26.8
7 eer ere 3,550) 2,080, 65,853/31.7| 4,486] 103,374/ 23.0) 19,022} 497,750| 26.2] 35,599| 1,147,639 32.2
Pies po gemancaemee cohen 20,697| 13,603) 1,738 45,435|26.1) 2,971] 107,583136.2/ 4;210, 130,980,31.1] 6,060, 211,416, 34.9
Clie chain ees ae tele 70 —«*1,784/25.5| 118) —-2,283) 19.4 817| 23,650,28.9) 2,345 72,451) 30.9
a ait SE aeeue mas aes 171 5,560; 32.5
OOK vcs aces kia v asim ee +
Cottonwood............0.065 70 225] 4,181) 103,297] 24.7] 6,165] 103,253)16.7/ 24,296 693,260} 28.5] 50,891) 1,737,431) 34.1
Crow Wing.........22-eeeee 3,285 145 5,002) 34.5] 1,918 55,815] 29.1 3,253) 91,200) 28.0 5,224, 135,263} 25.9
Dakota...... sees e eee eee 143,842 210,286) 14,673) 467,135| 31.8) 22,811) 709,987/ 31.1] 21,985) 738,980) 33.6] 29,042} 927,323) 31.9
Dodge. ...... cece eee eee eee 66,678| 81,277] 8,105) 294,624) 36.4] 14,316] 379,247/ 26.5] 20,423) 736,960) 36.1] 23,214, 742,211) 32.0
Douglas.......6-0eeee eee eeee 1,065 6,570) 1,278 50,991) 39.9) 2,485) 76,816] 30.9) 6,593, 214,870) 32.6 8,927| 308,805) 34.6
Faribault cs .cccc cee ce ee ene 18,425] 137,496] 21,277) 733,330) 34.5] 35,543) 798,641) 22.5] 43,356) 1,625,670) 37.5] 66,798) 2,481,412 37.1
Fillmore 4.64.4 scstieee dea oe ate ae 433,895) 389,956] 27,724) 970,818) 35.0] 54,247) 1,759,139| 32.4) 63,073] 2,530,050) 40.1 57,507] 1,913,779 33.3
Freeborn... o.3sc82s0 ees sane es 61,965] 134,638] 14,537} 532,514] 36.6) 41,429) 773,043} 18.7] 40,363] 1,590,750, 39.4 51,385] 1,761,670, 34.3
GOGdhue ss cei sisicciee eo Seas 3 hdss B 124,686] 209,790) 16,846 586,798] 34.8) 35,824! 1,018,182) 28.4) 25,622) 922,140) 36.0 27,267, 951,862; 34.9
Grants csc genatet’s Fee's eaves 100 155) = 847| 37.7 556) 14,910) 26.8 3,120) 77,450| 24.8 9,386 272,798 29.1
Hennepin........... Horie tedieeras 222,684] 259,418] 16,488 504. 159| 36.0) 22,337, 808,199) 36.2) 24,213) 811,040) 33.5] 23,782; 995,159} 41.8
Houstons e246 cen 2s see ee asl ees 143,825] 249,761] 22,692) 822,763] 36.3] 35,445) 1,191,986) 33.6 35,710) 1, 306, 150) 36.6} 30,816) 1,215,563) 39.4
Hubbatd oi. 4 escseece eee es cine § 239) 5,742) 24.0 1,790 42, "400 23.7 4,014; 106,044; 26.4
A SANE ices resents os 0. sricdeiebin's os 3,460 8,699] 2,078 58,877) 28:3] 5,835| 144,005) 24.7 5,877 159, 700) 27.2 7,568) 217,530) 28.7
tases tcditsiiess ciara pe ectenlbraees 90 4 132) 33.0) 53 1, 340 25.3) 88 3,617) 41.1
Jacksons: « sie cee nnece soa, 6404 485) 6,405] 4,040) 105,279) 26.1] 11,493) 241,286) 21.0, 43,168 1,207,700 28.0) 66,636) 2,303,976 34.6
Kanabee i ciscacs csies ccna ess 800 100) 30) 896) 29.9 89 2,276] 25.6 410 13,070| 31.9 1,226 40,129} 32.7
Kandiyohi. ..............+6- 1,490 488) 2,313 91,671) 39.6] 4,747 95,277| 20.1) 13,423) 379,950| 28.3] 30,730, 900,407; 29.3
W800 cin ciae 00s scenes, eoed «oie 6 210| 35.0 1,435) 30,118) 21.0
Koochiching................. 3 55} 18.3
eau Parlesscoee acess aie 2,233 57,445] 25.7] 9,485) 204,941) 21.6) 30,565) 895,970] 29.3] 45,833) 1,480,031) 32.3
Le Sueur. a 162,511] 264,288] 15,035) 595,588] 39.6] 26,809 809,245] 30.2| 27,637] 1,052,140) 38.1} 32,047) 1,253,738) 39.1
Liticolt sais csancv ee eae eee 1,055) 19,199) 18.2 3,339 38,945] 11.7] 17,473, 415,790| 23.8] 19,211) 523,670 27.3
EVO cucaiuare araie anise state acctes: 4,091| 103,464) 25,3} 10,134 185,378) 18.3) 35,011} 950,450} 27.1] 52,656 1,553,976, 29.5
MeLeod 3 wis ese ieae canes sivas 13,550) 48,381) 5, 802 269,739| 46.5] 10,757) 360,067] 33.5 17,409) 680,370} 39.1] 24,024, 937,430) 39.0
Mahnomen................+- 100 3,003} 30.0
Mankabta...............205.
Manomin...............000% 6,715
Marshall. osc ¢62 esacaae ae, 17 540) 31.8 12 210) 17.5 79 2,340) 29.6) 763 19,423} 25.5
Martins 3 xis sc.vota ge aces Sean 1,775] 39,149] 10,181) 312,235 30.7| 25,226, 635,073) 25.2] 53,191) 1,685,860 31.7] 79,370) 2,936,289 37.0
Meeketis oicb sic cincticae wate coals 11,723] 28,974) 4, "459 166,625] 37.4} 9, ‘050 250,478] 27.7] 15,028, 480,000) 31.9} 23,991 841,327| 35.1
MilleLacs.............000005 655) 9,572 658 23,669) 36.0) 1, 557 38,712) 24.9 2,925 91,290) 31.2 2,659) 89,661) 33.7
Monongalia...............0055 1,655 4,930
Morrison..............00000- 1,345) 9,345] 1,318 37,350) 28.3] 6,362) 192,261) 30.2 12,073} 297,810| 24.7] 16,036, 467,967; 29.2
Mowets..25c:oc sane eaceins ovis 47,182) 118,771] 13,145) 423,113) 32.2 23,470, 534,906 22.8] 37,579 1,398,630] 37.2] 41,686] 1,287,543) 30.9
Murray..... 00.0... cece ees 110 720] 2,439) 56,867) 23.3) 4,111 68,007] 16.5) 36,944! 1,002,550) 27.1| 53,820 1,510,531) 28.1
Nicollet vis ycnan via vetea nes 53,197| 83,256, 8,628, 325,918 37.8) 16,338, 476,196 29.1] 21,572) 880,340, 40.8, 28,790 1,148,333, 39.9
Nobles; si stdsisiosceociecctcwee 5, 304 160,334) 27.2} 14,397| 258,168 17.9| 57,445] 1,675,130, 29.2) 75,190, 2,191,650 29.1
Notimans.0e5.5.syaieiaracvlainaces Se ; 143 2,544! 17.8 450) 12, "790 28.4) 2,259) 63,947, 28.3
Olmsted........... 0c. cece eee 206,991] 340,223] 15,449] 568,150) 36.8 34,491) 1,012,075) 29.3) 38,128) 1, 402, 060] 36.8] 43,120) 1,230,593) 28.5
See Stet Willow Aaetae eae Y 3,320 942) 2,204 62,568] 28.4] 7,024) 204,860) 29.2 19,551 "535,520 27.4) 30,983) 986,681) 31.8
embina........... cece eee
Pennington..............000: os 168 5,815} 34.6
IEICE. iiercine egdeed dae :
Pine’ sacee's nog aeaawnse acne 650 110 28 1,150) 41.1 208) 6,240} 30.0) 1,259) 35,200} 28.0 3,037 86,671, 28.5
Pipestone..............0000- 928) 16,914] 18.2) 4,725 55,482) 11.7] 22,710} 598,600) 26.4 34,039, 917,431) 27.0
Poles isc: ssniesne cade eeinee 2,350 117 3,627) 31.0) 153) 4,100} 26.8! 575 15,020) 26.1 2,903 96,890, 33.4
Pope a levaes ers a ahninereladne bEnIG es 1,925) 1,009) 36,785] 36.5] 2,609 74,748) 28. i en avian ie pe aeolene ae
IMSCY oss saan oa ade Rees A 58,360| 34.8] 1,726 62,560} 36. ; , ; , :
Red ie 1,615] 29,271) 38,020] 1,675 6 ; te 1490 278 : od “20,79 359
2,240) 4,660) 122,527) 26.3 10,256| 248,695) 24.2 33,696| 1,088,290} 32.3 R 397, iS
1,320 6,537) 6,532) 233,371 35.7] 14,862} 385,930) 26.0 37,496] 1,118,950) 29.8} 60,368 2,124,394) 35.2
168,092| 227,931] 11,524! 405,990 35.2 23, 437 eer ie ee : Ber aee a asl 5 Eat os aa
. 3 0,5 . ? ’ ’ = *
400 5, 551) 173,158) 31.2 17, 534 36 3801 14.6 148 4 4941 23.1
30 20 670 $9) 16911 et ae 30.7
88,789] 186,012] 8,593) 303 475] 35.3) 15,127) 508,274) 33.6 16,720) 666,670) 39.9 ;
18,199] 37,006] 5,365 143,408 26.7| 16,783, 314,451) 18.7) 21,343) 568,550 26.6] 21,458 582,779 27.2
APPENDIX
24
TABLE N\V—ACcREAGE AND Propuction oF Corn IN Minnesota By Counties, 1850-1910—Continued
1850, 1860 | 1870 | 1880 7 1890 | 1900 1910
| I n ba | - |
{t H : o o >
“ a fo | Bh Sa oe f | S4 Iael § Sa jae g Sa oe
CouNTIES a a : a | a § os 2 aI 8 gs 23 & gs aa . 2 28
wn |i | ae 3 2 By ae oe = wa a - wo
a | «a a f | 2 ae. é 2 ag g Bs as : Be] gs
i 2 4
{| } | | io
Sibley. .7....- seccauo ews se “| 49,180 142,060, 7,226 247,617 343° 15,026 490,700 32.7; 24,025, 821,040°34.2) 32,2
SASS wand cies et eae aie { ' 411880; 78,627; 8,883 274,770 30.9: 14,326, 327,490 22.9 26,696, 802,710 30.1 38'167 121/007 te
Bteeleneaits duapieatneendo-dert 54043, 82,040, 9/461 329,460 34.8) 23,794 534,704 22.5 20,459 723,100, 35.3] 26,316, 851,953 32.4
Blevens auicreansoencseoned | (35, "338 11,632 34.4, 1,137, 29,187|25.7| 8,235] 201,780) 24.5; 12,415, 326,935, 26.3
Swift Day gather diitea seu are caae og Pa 1,809 46,708 25.9 3,421 1904394 26.4 12,452 362,730 29.1) 25,168 790,078 31.4
pringe aonibe sate nes BAH | 385, 3,814) 1, 91 3, 773, 30.6, 10,709 303,170 28.3 14,111) 448,403, 31
TOG DSiaza.p bia e eee eR aS : | : ; zs
Te OEE nid nink aia ee eas | 300, 404. ~=S«6,730 16.7; 1,186, 28,842} 24.3] 8,792; 173,440 19.7
Ma AS aos quiay Genie ans 1,855 144,523, 312,697) 13,949 488,236 38.0, 337467 98577571 29'5| 25,205, 865,330 34.3 25/069 $0271) | a2
Wadena. SN papier Teenie ae 100 2321 + ~—«6,685. 28.8) 1,162| 32,941) 28.3) 6,073) 150,780 24.8] 7,753 214,186 27.6
Waseca 4.570) 98,478, 9,183, 292,790 31.9] 19,669 496,232] 25.2] 22,5841 879,110] 38
Washington. ............200. 11,830 99/334) 113,650 7,388, 255,110 34.5) 13,967, 478,574, 34.3) 12,593, 384,170 30.3) 14828 580"18 305
WAGHAWa.. naiendnuvecsnwss | | 6,391) 5/595, 131,999 23.6] 13,889] 364,554) 26.2) 25,544, 865,290, 33.9] 42,2701 1,637,835, 38.7
Militicsntenesimesceseeal Vi ! 52 1,707) 32.8 570, _12,982/22.8| 2,562) 64,770125.3| 7,744 '236,3441 30.5
RMU OMe, ecw pate cs noweiees Seo | 161,115, 273,477) 15,289 546,767 35.8 26,536 898,538) 33.9/ 26,704) 943,380 35.3 28,802| 922/948] 32.0
Wright Neda | | 58,546, 69,572) 10,871 371,235 34.1) 20,794, 641,982 30.9| 30,156 1,006,820] 33.4) 37,207] 1,509,337, 40.6
Yellow Medicine. «00.1... | 2/293, 6279861 27.5, 7,924, 181,176|22.9' 27,459 °756,690 27.6] 51,674] 1,683,022 32.6
TONS sacssceek ncn ve i | | 310 7,450) 24.0
Totals for the State........ 16,725 2,941,952|4,743,117 438,737 14,831,741] 33.8 901,690 24,696,446, 27.4/ 1,441,580/47,256,920 32.8|2,004,06867,897,051| 33.9
TABLE XVI.—AcrEAGE AND PRopUCTION OF BARLEY IN MINNESOTA BY CounTrEs, 1850-1910
| 1850 | 1860 | 1870 | 1880 | 1890 1900 1910
n > n = >
no n n 2 8 n wn : 2 8 n o 3 B 2 e
= = = Yo ce — rates! a 5 22 a 2 5 2 v
oan 2) =| 2 | # | 82 jes] * | se les] = | ae igs) & | Be | ge
a | a a § | 32 igi § | B32 lds) ¢ | BB |Bsl €§ | BB | Es
ele 12 /| a Soe be PS) ee ee
Ay
Aitkin | j
tiie a ee 13 :
Anoka OR ENOL R ENE IOE ENDER | | 223 481 97, 1,370 14.1 10 tho iio a asin 3 1e's0u ii
ee aad : 454, 12.454/27.4, 1,047| 18,854/18.0| 1,651 44,6602 182,660, 21.5
Benton SS aN tees aii cr 314, 53, ~—-1,102/20.8' 1981 4,202) 21.2 aa ear 18 ong We
Big Stone 0.2.0. e sees, srg, asta 3 28o gr 899.22-9, 79 19,124 24.2) 2,078 51,770| 24 480512) 21.1
Bele “ ; : 56,398| 18.6, 4,148] 110,951 26.7) 5,210 162/090| 31 280,765) 22.3
Brown. Deena | 648) 24,448) 1,367, 29,047 21.2) 1,188 26,960, 22.7 2,656 75,880, 28.6 262,571] 21.3
Cae
Carlton... eee ries | | 128 5 72\14.4| 52 950) 18.3 7,580, 20.5
Carvers eve eee eect | 5,317| 33,987) 1,479, 48,084) 32.5| 622) 18,696130.1, 1,018 34,440 33.8 198,814, 30.9
Cen pen ese | 190 4,010, 21.1 8.771) 15.6
ae , La 450 $21, 12,527 24.0 1,356 30,051) 22.2, 6,208 184,120 29.7 509,228 21.3
ae ! | 201, 6,311 3141156 3,422, 21.9) "402, 11,980 29.8 40,804, 30.6
Clearwater | | 3,606, 27.5) 4,723; 77,796116.5| 6,806 174,640) 25.7 640,693, 22.1
OIC 3.225 eens seca Seis ace. acorn ts hanetnvech a2 | eee es
Cosa Raa alte tadlnd basmati | | 2,088} 38,972'18.7| 4,509] 84,0361 18.6) 15,449, 418,540 2 490. 343 04
Di oe ee al By Aon eel anes 4 10,217, 16.
Dee a atte ee = aire $,248 33,877, 2,583, 67,892 26.3] 691] 19,940 28.9, 8,103, 233,070 2 563,989] 24.9
Dodge 1749, 47,150, 5,771, 153,873/26.7| 11,666, 309,247] 26.5| 281654| 802'59
Douglas... 02.0... .escee cere | 45 3,934) 812/-20,761/ 25.6) "878, 21,266 24.2 2\408| 71, 2 113060, 265
Faribault. 0.022... ees ieeee | rete 278% 2,986 59,238 22.1) 6,454 157,743) 24.4] 7/247 195°340 27.0 217°206 209
ee eet gal "<y'1ag) Sous, ‘7s'eai| ae] ‘ease tiatoas) sea] soreey) *gob sg 22.) Pac iey
Pes aeieaaa tee ee ‘ : a ae. , Uy Teel) | oes : :
Goodhue. ss... eeeteee eet 7,165 81,878 11,062, 324,059 29.3) 44,923]1,330,951| 29.6, 72,492 1,909/230 j are: 83
Fitri ince ata eevases oes 1729 11,391 3t7, Saee de] 1985) 52,928) 26.7) 3,462) 88,240 2 ‘573,654 22.7
EE Ane PiDs eaxreaieg een temas: : , 317, 9,168, 28.9) 389; 10,922} 28.1] '708| 20,6501 2 278, 30.2
Kei eceas Goaee shee i 31351) 31,182/ 2,556 60/141 129,2 '
ee } ; ; 141] 23.5 1,081 30,334 29.4 4,535] 129,280) 2 $66,612, 25.1
BAH is olulak Lcngens acan eon oe WR f , 2; 109) 1,870 17. 4,558) 15.6
Isami... sss sseseseeeesesesees 20 57,35, 82323.5, 17, 284i 16.7) 119, 2660, 22. 11,752} 25.9
poe Sere ee ee | 392 1479 22,159 15.0) 9,929| 172,473) 17.4 34,004 871 ji0 } 524,867 tee
WeandigGliins tealcasdcaaqueqnaawnniae \ | | 651) += 703,18 068 257 a Hata Qe! tee fee
eo es : | ms tacos es. 932} 19,680 21.1] 6,632) 193,440) 29.2 729'589| 23.5
Koochiching ‘ é | 4.0) 8,697| 150,340 17.3, 14,688) 377,540 25.7 635,129 18.4
ac qui Parle ‘ 533 :
\ 470, 11,735|25.0, 1,101] 24,977 22.7] 6,260, 209,300) 33.4. 966,108| 22.0
APPENDIX
TABLE XVI—AcreacE AND Propuction or BARLEY IN MINNESOTA BY Countigs, 1850-1910—Continued
265
1850 | 1860 1870 1880 | 1890 1900 1910
a > n > n - a
2 a “a & § an {nV 4 8 a nev s Si nw é 5 nL
g g g % Be esl & | Be [wal 8g Bu feo) 3g Bo | og
CounrTIES a a a 2 so [as 8a jan of j28 3 og gg
e a a g i 3 Bh g = 3 3 & g ug Su a 3 S Bh
Se i | eel ee el ee ey oe gee ee
Lake ivenei reguaicaees tes osen rogers 20 4 130] 32.5 5 1201 24.0 1 16! 16.0
Le Suetitiscsesonvsnn txoetenmnnetvess 1,043) 18,692} 452, 11,910, 26.4) 518 15,928) 30.7] 1,167, 40,230/34.5| 4,762| 132,029| 27.7
ineolniccnaniin anche dese taxes: 279| 6,925] 24.8) 1,489 15,746] 10.6] 11,954 335,650, 28.1) 34,145 709,969, 20.8
LyGucaeaseusicengencunconmmnntoee: 1,346 30,569} 22.7/ 1,239 22,052] 17.8] 13,706, 415,750 30.3| 36,604, 640,371| 17.5
MM sleciduren canescens veeoraateyeevae 423) 10,914) 772, 21,322/27.6 928 23;896125.8| 41057, 134680/33.2| 11'662| 333°710, 28.6
Mahnomens eicsc soe ss ex cee cee ceed 1,597 23,830] 14.9
Mankalitas cocks codecs ego guacetees ac
Manomin..... AG ise Soauala ome emo eg .
Marshall... . 0... ee geen eee eteeeeees 5 56] 11.2] 7,811) 163,671] 21.0] 15,432} 368,600) 23.9] 41,591] 856,862) 20.6
Martitiesss24 sacs i we caked eee esses 5,262] 1,455) 28,689/ 19.7] 5,139 111,271) 21.7] 11,419] 339,810 29.8 5, 105 99,193) 19.4
Meeker........ 0-0-4 ses eens sees eens. 250; =10,492 886 24,988] 28.2 342 8,666! 25.3|| 4,192) 127,880) 30.5 20, 571} 547,188) 26.6
MilleLacs............ 00. e esse ee ees 96 42 850) 20.2 34) 847| 24.9 292 7,910) 27.1 1, (097 33,771) 30.8
Monongalia ices esnis velsioe bers ce epe xd 4,766
Morrisons «22 ges2 eee ta new reese 756 243 8,464] 34.8 336) 7,141) 21.3 604 13,630) 22.6 3,631 88,933) 24.5
MoWer scons ca tee creee headed 837| 39,975} 9,382} 257,342/ 27.4] 20,074} 541,561 27.0] 29,577 821,300/27.8| 23,505 552,293 23.5
Mitrrayers ay wicansecsen amauta 200] 1,049} 20,539) 19.6] 3,795] 53,729) 14.2 27,808, 8325350, 29.9) 40,224, 660,400 16.4
Nicolle sc. noose uta ees 3,507) 32,411] 1,754) 50,624 28.9] 960} 29,129 30.3 2,784 —951640134.4] 7,060| 188,333) 26.7
Noblesine vss naaevaecndaeed Pee eaTaee 1,116) 12,762) 11.4] 10,086] 122,692] 12.2] 43,724, 1,231,600] 28.2] 29,719) 483,145) 16.3
Nora tlsos.siena35.te ae dpss Baas ees 3,691; 56,051) 15.2) 8,781) 202,820) 23.1] 31,751) 683,949} 21.5
Olt cathoatawas aeneawinee sel eon 9,932) 114,056] 12,603, 344,962| 27.4) 36,154|1,152,809| 31.9] 70,932| 2,032,280] 28.7| 63,428) 1,379,796, 21.8
Otter Tail paar Sigieeh Sa ara Pig eae Wie Dew aR ake 37 946, 23,568) 24.9] 3,581) 70,918) 19.8] 4,921) 130,340] 26.5] 31,122) 717,080, 23.0
lembina:. ae s0s.s:s boats eeoldie imme eeerex?
Pennington. ............ cece cece ee 6,396] 115,024) 18.0
PHELCE sy 5 56:04 sc pisin Favela acd das 3 Goan ro eres ‘
Pin archive, Sates troic osey eros tages ean: 21 328) 15.6 174 3,740) 21.5) 740 16,218) 21.9
PipestONe 4,30 s050'ss sa ce awa saeranaees 146 2,660) 18.2 2,992} 18,082} 6.0] 34,386] 919,670} 26.7] 42,707) 797,416) 18.7
Policies és aces cows asic Veneta 200 582} 15,544) 26.7] 16,474! 300,439] 18.2] 28,194) 682,230) 24.2) 53,268] 1,173,579] 22.0
2,239 423} 11,670) 27.6 990} 23,149) 23.4] 2,908) 81,440 28.0) 15,036) 379,889) 25.3
20 1,472 9,015 203 4,505) 22.2 12 390) 32.5 778 27,770) 35.7 608 18,323) 30.1
3,149 60,150) 19.1 4,269) 82,563} 19.3
470) 1,559} 29,337} 18.8] 1,173] 25,019] 21.3] 10,011) 316,590/31.6] 21,131) 419,775] 19.9
3,610} 1,353, 33,541) 24.8] 2,441) 57,689| 23.6] 12,546, 379,660, 30.3] 36,286] 864,210) 23.8
° 12,208] 36,773 890, 22,789) 25.6] 1,603} 31,916) 19.9] 4,768} 141,360) 29.6] 16,570} 468,340] 28.3
1,762) 28,804) 16.3] 12,864) 189,447) 14.7] 49,788 1,405,780) 28.2} 38,235 663,099] 17.3
2,620 58,340) 22.3 8,201} 156,467) 19.1
137 115 2,287| 19.9 6 83) 13.8 77 1,370 17.4 186 3,941} 21,2
2,544} 15,667 360) 9,846] 27.4 324 8,241) 25.4) 1,424 46,300 32.5 4,240| 115,500) 27.2
576 645 43 1,102) 25.6 32 419) 13.1 33) 830} 25.2 395) 10,052) 25.4
861) 34,545] 1,599] 47,743) 29.9] 1,973) 59,869| 30.3] 5,183! 160,990} 31.1] 13,225) 341,620} 25.8
1,650] 23,856] 1,518} 39,259) 25.9) 1,296] 27,486)21.2] 5,197; 148,080/ 28.5] 23,597) 654,100) 27.7
1,041] 12,709 869} 21,585) 24.8) 4,792) 93,784/19.6| 4,872; 146,370'30.0) 11,479) 282,883) 24.6
50 693) 21,135; 30.5] 1,075) 26,537/ 24.7] 3,638 94,650) 26.0) 25,122) 560,456) 22.3
885; 19,177) 21.7] 1,221) 28,428) 23.3] 5,355} 150,580} 28.1) 30,906} 673,650} 21.8
1,065 132 3,170) 24.0 314 5,754 18.3] 1,058 24,540) 23.2 7,624, 181,685] 23.8
74 2,045] 27.6) 2,025; 56,845) 28.1] 1,950 45,510} 23.3] 25,484) 552,934) 21.7
4,183] 80,125] 10,343} 282,962) 27.4] 34,146] 990,512/ 29.0] 69,183] 1,902,250) 27.5) 67,990, 1,682,961} 24.8
52 1,699} 32.7 114 1,618) 14.2] . 315 6,600| 21.0 1,115 17,079] 15.3
136 8,754 912} 20,106) 22.0] 1,183) 23,427/19.8] 2,507 72,790) 29.0 7,196 169,011) 23.5
Washington............0.ceeceeeeees 1,196] 19,646] 42,155! 2,506 67,693) 27.0] 4,310) 114,379] 26.5] 10,540, 287,470/27.3/ 13,761) 385,627} 28.0
atONWaN..... eee eee 2,125 819} 13,927|17.0] 1,689) 39,197} 23.2] 2,667) 66,880) 25.1 5,032} 101,692) 20.2
Wilkting si csini. tu easnar dene saeane £88 139 110 3,006) 27.3) 3,324 67,875) 20.4) 4,857; 121,020) 24.9] 20,158 388,965) 19.3
Wilda: oye cscrsiie gis se pias oheeuaed 9,329] 64,311] 6,368) 168,662) 26.5] 33,075/1,067,797| 32.3] 57,875) 1,532,950) 26.5] 65,280) 1,559,815) 23.9
WHIgE x ssccice s.scapeia a mane alecs ta eoy ees 361 7,639 470| 14,434) 30.7 297 8,036) 27.1] 2,104 62,380] 29.6] 11,258) 335,546, 29.8
Yellow Medicine..................00. 378) 9,375] 24.8 791} 14,079/17.8] 7,923) 263,870) 33.3], 37,032} 716,842) 19.4
Indian Reservations................. 719 10,420 14.5}
Totals for the State................ 1,216] *119,568/1,032,024/116,020/2,972,965| 25.6]358,510/9, 100,683] 25.4/877,845/24,314,240 27.7|1,573,761 34,927,773] 22.2
* Total as given in census (1860, p. 82) 109,668.
Correct sum of county items........ 119,568.
266 APPENDIX
TABLE XVII —AcREAGE AND PropuctiIon oF Rye IN MINNESOTA BY Countigs, 1850-1910
. ica eet tg aa See aS Binias -¥ sere :
_, 1850 | 1860 | 1870 | 1380 si" 19000. 1910
ie na =U Teas | | oe os ——
| | | seb! fs ae : 1) e bw x
2 2 | 2 Sa iue § 82 le ol Bo! Ba lagi § So | we
2 gl2. 8 |eoie 2 gf gs * | eg lez # | oe | B8
CountIES 3 3 ; 3 ¢ | oe ig. g 33 24 ¢ 93 Bo g 33 Bh
F e CoB my: 4 Ime. | 4 al 8 A Q
ete ee a Af ce j 2 =
Ul : | . a
De Soe = = 2 60 30.0 34 610.17.9; 23 332) 144
ee , Bie: " poaall 872) 10,624 12.2, 1,589 27,142 17.1 8,252, 99,600 12.1) 5,500 77,062) 14.0
PAs kc ah une ci oot aes Gas ad Aa oes | | | 35) °795'22.71 66 864) 13.1 66 740 11.2 599 8,153 13.6
. | ! | i / ‘
De eee ae ' I 248 260 4,066 15.6, 1,125) 16,432 14.6] 1,821, 18,650 10.2, 9,393) 133,658) 14.2
Ee tp0, cdeeae io axunimceiackoan sane bie | 89, "761 8.6 18 «2a 14.6 wi iv 120 13. 3 1,648 23,382 14.
Bide Watt 5.535 navda whew eneumaen coon es awn | 2,635) 3,559, 244, 4,959 20.3 ; : : ; d
eee | 1,097) 770, 269 4,85618.1] 84 1,643'19.6) 615) 11,380,18.5/ 8,727, 154,559, 17.7
Beet rat ti ence) Ak pte | !
PUR ARAN se vcsssstsnereesrenere ee | gd ta it oe Bada, ee odo) oy 6e@ 21
Srtet 1.55 yih ed as sa dela reierar ens tase aoe | 9463, 4,031] 116] 2,610 22.5) 2,104 55,914 26.6) 2,362, 61,520 26.0 1,888 43,614 23.1
Cf | gf = 1221.31 135 33.8) 407, 4,80011.8! 548) 8.963, 16.4
Ch ee ee | 5,260 4,331! 267 3,957 14.8) 1,583 31,261 19.7 oat 90.20 209 2,382 32,031 13.4
Gla eens ange hat vn igens nah oto @ AAA TA ae ASW ae BG dastek j 11 : F ‘ ; i ;
32 490, 15.3
Cleatwaters siiec dascacinnts watansdaey. ye d-telelae dea !
66 1,030 15.6
ee ee ee 175, 2,811/16.1) 93 1,249/13.4) 1,995) 31,450,15.8) 3,330] 45,483, 13.7
Crag a, cas eres been ceaeemasvedsnes 400; 28 645/23.0) 17 222/ 13.1] 536 6,480, 12.1] 1,146, 16,941) 14.8
fiscal.) ol ascaauihe tema akan caciessae varus 5,348] 4,664) 201) 2,966 14.8| 2,845 54,917, 19.3 14,003 200,140 143 19,967 327,381 16.4
SE al ecdeencetatnlly dah HemediGn cues ames 496| 330, 35, 578 16.5} 476 9,046/19.0) 1,082 ; : ; :
Dotee indo wancchuasbaee eno aper ii naeaanane 25 593| 178) 3,609 20.3; 59 1,193,20.2) 196, 3,230, 16.5| 3,148, 70,998 22.6
Pu a 266 62 1,003/16.2| 50 1,064 21.3| 141; 1,690|12.0 188, 2,404| 12.8
ilrilickis sate ese noi v2 dees 3,014, 426| 183 2/603 14.2| 1,345, 25,888 19.2| 9681 16,25016.8) 482} 7,606, 15.8
Freeborn sae 1,308) 316) 181! 3,10717.2| '139| 2,619, 18.8 30 460 15.3) 232 4,010 17.3
Goodhue 3/215] 2,196 1831 3,309|18.1/10,050, 228,333 23.7 10,855 187,960 17.3 16,546 293,889 17.8
Pepi ca nately nk ce taunts sameeren 12 35 399) 11. : ;
Hee eidaiatetcnnesaia Wauacoes GREE ER toe 18,214| 9,411) 402 6,603/16.4| 1,734, 39,286 22.7) 3,672| 61,340 16.7, 1,866, 34,938) 18.7
AGED sso aces sreavan cha etemnnalanen vias hae 528, 973| 658 9,733) 14.8) 1,439 oe 15.1 1,312 22,620 17.2 30! oss! 17.6
Hale Gea cees sas Gane aoe eee ead eahoe 148) «1 ; : al : :
Pate ee ee 2,523| 716) 10,325) 14.4| 3,173, 56,509 17.8) 4,958 64,520 13.0 4,624 60,328 13.0
po ee ae 10/141, 1,945/13.8| 171) 2,310113.5| 569) 6,380 11.2} 1,905, 26,548} 13.9
JACKSO a ics eis bedi ot be tae ee BES :
Pea co honk hg bisa ss sp ee caccee mids ae gunn eee 226 3,064/13.6) 169 2,88017.0, 144 2,547) 17.7
Teta tegile acorss Load ewaniecuien ya ie nat aera ine 71} 1,217|17.1] 16 420] 26.3 130 2,070 15.9 338 15,828 16.5
Le iets ao ent sea naincemonaaiaes 12 348) 28.3 81,220 15.61 1, :
Koochichingss 24 segigeusse ie sereretsu panes naan
Tee Hi Weanlea ues cau agaeuweceesy cer eanee: one 14) 274 19.6 61 1,280,21.0| 3,491] 59,634) 17.1
ee ee ee 1 30, 30.0
Toe Wire. a acakthe a ies iam eu ener veg ose 7,118] 622) 146 3,234 22.2] 293, 6,87323.5| 699 13,280 19.0] 736) 15,167} 20.6
Tas oe oA ee cer naira iacemunciiens 33 460 13.9] 929 17,520,18.9| 2,490 33,468 13.4
gee sdiasane sacs cei aaa 16 -22414.0) 8 116 14.5] 157) 25190/13.9| 4,593] 62,534} 13.6
Mel Cor cccsauusu leu uamuss tae as edna 290 667/131} 3,410 26.0, 202, 4,838/24.0 3,473, 83,860, 24.1 2926 64,725, 22.1
NaN AONICNic-w 4<cad ccmua da nee een Ree ARG es '
Matkalitapgaca ar esmacien otamaatvsrvcatscan tursata | 95 995) 10.5
MAanOMINy sc 5. tech ou maiahon solsiak ose wees oy eRy s 65!
Nave ialls cus eee ox aacnds bora whawene amen waco’ 156 2,211/14.2) 309, + 5,400,17.5| 1,869 27,624, 14.8
Wat iia ce ved cs hea ected vee cn wee tome eee | 30; «12, S63] S947) 14.6, 39) 676 17.3| 832) 10,690/12.8] 394 5,537} 14.1
DARE oe apy eet eee ove wee ne | 1,081) 619, 131) 2,632/20.1) 302) 6,149, 20.4] 1,974} 44:470,22.5| 7,188| 142,377) 19.8
Mille Lacs, couse wes ae ee ae ee 10 422 172, 11850,10.8| 259| 4,397|17.0] 1,177| 19,59016.6| 290, 5,846| 20.2
OnOn gallate 6.4 ones Soe ak Wa eee aa aiemvaieled
Morrison 5, 867} 461] 4,903/10.6| 1,113 15,502/ 13.9) 2,303 33,980 14.8] 11,507| 183,350, 15.9
Moet. cs ceveckeuce deus a 193) 55! 185] 2.471/13.4| ‘228 4/237/18.6/ ' 49 §90112.0) 213 3,025} 14.2
Murray............---- . 18} (214,11.9| 17 176/10.4| 241) 3,300 13.7| 4,539) 62,995, 13.9
WMicoMeE: oa ocr eartimnaemedan ge annes uw awnaered | 1,692 648) 219, 5,822}26.6) 353, 9,350,26.5) 1,861] 27,96015.0, 2,025, 41,057) 20.3
Nobles Lic atone Net Kini aes ‘ | 186 15501) 8.1] 305) 4/2241 13.8] 445, 5,800 13.0 128 ore 12.4
OMAN wreaacaPie Gain een oakned snags daaMuess . 96 530) 9.5 150 2,120) 14.1) 2, :
Dlwictech tan acdaccovene mmoles sochmnskeweae | 4,374 495] 35) 4961 14.2! 1,490, 31,194,20.9 6741 11'30016.9] 962) 14,817) 15.4
Otter Tail Se cae eee eee | "240, 20) 581} 10,560/18.2) ‘863 13,762) 15.9] 1,216, 18,650| 15.3] 15,070| 246,153) 16.3
CM DIN Gita. se oa ste aw iwiter's 2 laid Sera Slpddis he ned FS WSR ew
Penningtons s<ss-nss aac pee weg bee 5s beep emaw ces 820, 11,492) 14.0
PICK CO 5.5.6 aise o are Sessa Be ETE ae RS OOS EN tical BADR Sow
Sa ie ok pan iae Ales eee 75| 30 28 532/190, 346 5,530 16.0] 497; 5,961, 12.0
Pee ii Eada’. cach sLaaaunanad eh bives ee eautods 55, 603/11.0 313) 2,368) 7.6, 324, — 3,330/10.3) 417; ~—-6,399) 15.3
Pe race ee eee ea ca 200 | 63) 1,424/22.6) 231) 2/169) 9.41 425] 6,990 16.4] 7,707| 133,439 17.3
icons Fc esos Pada en a Ae oa eevee | 100, 23318) 23.2 2 44/22.0, 179 2'420/13.5| 1,165, 19,655] 16.9
Haney: arte akie eat ind pied sere aula ramadan Batoe sae ; 1,020 1,528 89 1,490) 16.7] 67; 1,595) 23.8 1 ee! 18.9 a lade ies
e ie i ssas aisciianaigas® Sr ieee. es deakd sae Gse Maa ane aes Bes BONS : ! I 170 2,170) 12.8 ; 5
PoC pab ta. cutadh aoawecan oa ciadlen: xsd wanes i | 222] 1,333| 6.0] 10 170'17.0/ 640, 10,71016.7) 7,009, 122,021) 17.4
Peay le en ok enn com oamnteee eek soya eee 240, 511/50 628126, 17 362 21.3) 1,680, 27,650 16.5| 3,031| 57,848) 19.1
Fee vase Saharan ee Be eo he aaa eas 4,348, 1,489] 65) 1,240 19.1) 2,157, 40,885/19.0] 1,068) 15,000 14.0) 2,039, 41,712, 20.5
Rock slod igre oasis fa cae ee iia toa eptee tAONe | 662) 8,369/12.6) ‘552 7.777/14.1) 4341 6,090, 14.0 570 8,697 a
OG OA aioe 52s Gieaind, a edits Oe cents Bd Bde Brass Sa aay Eee Naseer deve : : 141 2,620] 18.6 13 : i
Be i ica pana toca baton niaaes wawxdoente 42} 190, 4,06921.4) 6 108118.0, 85, 1,480\17.4) 130; 3,349 25.8
SN geese ad Sek roe se Se ! 6,432 12, 374, 332} 5,48416.5| 4,247 84,458/19.9| 4,354 81,490,187) 7,541] 135,341) 17.9
Shiet Wil Mea ie aeticwale oun ake odndstuneae saeaevacee: | 934) 1,518’ 1,283, 15,829 12.3| 4,020 62,618 15.6, 10,761] 116,480 10.8) 10,420, 130,777 12.6
APPENDIX
TABLE XVII—AcrEacE AND PropucTIon or Rye in MINNESOTA BY CountigEs, 1850-1910—Continued
267
1850| 1860 | 1870 1880 | 1890 | 1900 | 1910
n > n = nw = wn a
2/2|24] 8/8 lee] 6] 84 lee] & | Se lee] § | Se | ae
CounrTIES =e| = a e | oe legal s oe jeg) s BS (Bal a Be | 88
a) aia! 32 ae ¢] 82 igs ¢ | 32 (Bs) ¢g | 2! Bs
5 er ay ue al & e al & o a
ci} a x Aa < Ay < ay
Gblegacelasa ae ao seen swore awnoananena | 4,287) 2,261; 103) 3,361) 32.6) 535, 13,345 24.9) 2,136 39,550) 18.5) 2,548| 51,038) 20.0
SEATS caeais me nela aie ase Gace meno mae hiondNA | 12,859) 3,262) 892) 15,987 17.9] 1,138, 18,597/16.3) 2,939 45,9101 15.6 14,136 259,532, 18.4
Sf pele case ac jR name eRe an Ee ace 886| 306 31, 763/24.6) 733! 12,360, 16.9 76, 1,230/16.2) 952) 19,767| 20.8
Eyes asad ache ato eP cc 9 212| 23.5 7 70}10.0] 174 2,657] 15.3
Gari scan auey tot tama Gaubion sacuaenor een ae 88 1,738) 19.8 162} 2,010/12.4| 3,623) 49,192] 13.6
Todd. 2 weldhalycaik Maiisinna ueseaiowteuetat-on- nee 20 743 12,464/16.8/ 211 2,791) 13.2) 953] 15,760/16.5| 9,321] 163,472] 17.5
TOO MDS ined nce ek Maced aie awe Hee NTs Ore ET feces
ET a CS eo tec dessa cote Ste coe eam Tee Teer 7 94) 13.4 1,583] 25,301} 16.0
Rabe ouch at aa em one he catmaieheae aan 100} 2,591; 994, 162) 3,520|21.7] 4,818 106,119|22.0] 2,192) 32,630|14.9] 6,564| 123,759, 18.9
Wadena teak ep eels dls tester seem itavh Mabaso ance 56| 1,296] 23.1) 519} 7,894} 15.2| 626 6,320/10.1| 5,665| 71,697) 12.7
Walinahta ......ccsscce tee des cewersciee ease ares 4
NA Secale co diestte vninerca sdezeaidesors enue eanesteiaae en ea Sa 196] 130; 15 307/20.5; 157; 2,493] 15.9 94| 1,220 13.0] 2,693) 48,340, 18.0
Wa ch giao achansieseaee ulnar anavenaaroaseaas 25] 14,096] 5,883) 136, 2,454) 18.0) 3,415] 83,808/24.5/ 9,154, 154,190 16.8] 8,694) 162,870, 18.7
Watbli Wa it 2ceeenocmaOeneduadel aoreacumanneranncad 170/54, 788, 14.6] | 45 763| 17.0, 286 3,730/13.0] 1,444) 22,528] 15.6
Willi saci am eceeraeek pen ae a eccew heen: 15) 191/ 12.7 6 80, 13.3 83} 2,160 26.0, 1,260, 23,192} 18.4
Winans Cth es yas tea ce ee ah ea 2,716] 1,613] 171) 2,626/15.4] 3,041} 67,918|22.3} 757| 11,360, 15.0] 2,233, 43,333) 19.4
RU ipl cist onais anscat wagentebnbnononan ies pige oma 4,228] 2,221) 252) 4,448/17.7] 1,934 37,612 19.4] 3,182 63,120/19.8] 4,438) 83.997| 18.9
Yellow Medicine............0ecseeeseeeeeeeeeaes 16 117) 7.3; | 19 256 13.5 m4 1,139 15.3 997| 14,863| 14.9
Indian Reservations. .........0ccce eee e eee ee eee 019.
Totals for the State......0..00..cec cues cess eee | _125)121,411/78,088)13,614,215,245) 15.8/62,869|1,252,663| 19.9|118,369|1,866,150| 15.7|266,5674,426,028| 16.6
TABLE XVIII—AcreEacE AND PropuctIon or PoTaTors IN MINNESOTA BY CounrTiEs, 1850-1910
1850 | 1860 | 1870 | 1880 | 1890 | 1900 . | 1910
no a“ n = wn a
2 2 2 2 5 | 82 jag} § | 84 |2eg| & | Se | ae
o o v oO OD uO ~~ Oo ov +O ou
CouNTIES 4 a 4g 4 sa | G8 . sg | ge * | 2s qa
3 3 3 3 3 u5 Bu a u5 sh 3 U5 Sh
~Q ~Q —Q -Q v oa Qe 2 2.8 ae 2 oa me
< Ay <q Ay xt Ay
Althitth gu.,csrachtnanaactnao aes obser os ~ 440) 1,525) 225, 42,542) 189.1) 487) 48,386 99.4 1,157) 150,759) 130.3
GOB Ss cc fessor xs cienadiesal akan 8 ene 34,734) 15,872] 68,672) 3,179] 430,950| 135.6] 6,803 716,904 105.4] 10,756] 1,255,880| 116.8
Becker:iclor. 2 sane op seanta ars atone dea tee, 40] 76,406] 768) 80,073} 104.4) 1,044, 106,742} 102.2/ 2,101] 267,459} 127.3
Beltrami sssic-srm svsig-oc denies ventas nomena 8 968] 121.0] 650) 67,878| 104.4] 1,549} 212,785) 137.4
Bento: sai saiassieng searsrseicne Sesinety aanaeadunmainas 3,650 6,835| 5,312| 22,988] 670 58,140, 386.8) 925} 102,580 110.9/ 1,974 286,974) 145.4
Big StonG sins cise nicarvasicarwirnunicrrwvankas wna 16,722; 542| 30,628} 56.5) 573° 51,628 90.1] 741) 78,331) 105.7
Blue Earth... 0.00... cc ccc cece eee e eee ees 543,223] 65,393] 150,021] 2,244 269,796] 120.2] 2,518 243,004} 96.5] 1,891] 213,787] 113.1
Breckenridge
pee. 25,614) 24,566/ 81,160) 955 84,820, 88.8) 1,188 91,019) 76.6) 1,080, 126,438) 117.1
Buchanan
Carlton 630 20,672) 120; 22,808) 190.1) 577) 57,442} 99.6) 1,559] 239,715] 153.8
Carver 97,211] 54,207| 84,572| 1,376 134,857| 98.0| 1,139 121,269] 106.5] 1,188) 145,356) 122.4
CARB oareissds Aas oes auc tre afin tunvcssnantnne aaluneneiok 900 100} 11,770, 117.7] 539) 53,087 98.5) 1,079) 125,267| 116.1
Chippewa 158] 24,092] 485 46,634, 96.2] 735 75,891} 103.3) 967) 113,644 117.5
Chisago 28,005] 16,975| 67,777| 3,697, 612,397| 165.6| 10,536) 1,164,922} 110.6] 12,284) 1,874,597, 152.6
SLAY desea ced eu, Banh mene nt oee eed ease p aed 300| 49,619] 1,304 77,951] 59.8] 3,543) 360,746] 101.8 19,674 1,790,460 210
Clear ; ‘
oe ee 725) | 43d 86.8) 29) 3,433, 1184 10] 19,711) 195.2
Cottonwood ae 140 245| 30,202) 562) 28,257; 50.3] 65 4 ; :
row Wing 1,550} 4,119] 848; 111,621] 131.6) 971} 121,069, 124.7/ 1,610, 194,358, 120.7
Dakota 5d. dsiiecsix voy sitesi ssaices Justonnangiaternndcutres 138,436| 93,387] 239,481| 4,766, 598,257 125.5| 4,207, 404,170, 96.1) 5,062, 629,503) 124.4
Dodge ascii. sisstsiccse'aseu dcase's avbninserriewis-arsiesone aie 36,373) 36,569] 91,474) 977, 112,641/ 115.3) 624 —_ 62,542| 100.2} 766, 79,181} 103.4
Douglas vd cta a anmecieuhieteus seieesemvanasbad 3,100] 36,884] 86,101] 1,000 93,246 93.2] 1,317] 136,295] 103.5) 1,532} 178,466, 116.5
aria ult sro scusapsiars oisunesd @uscesewis seein 2 20,529| 29,321] 98,116] 1,398 89,602 64.1] 1,197/ 100,917} 84.3) 1,319| 140,483] 106.5
PUM MOF sisi a.6.5ciss0 ara 4) siencen ueevssein vine duceensive 115,560] 92,402] 181,135) 2,225) 295,233, 132.7| 2,032) 270,828 133.3] 1,549, 172,405] 111.3
BNGEBOED 4 a: 7i7 canatcibinghinanainaneactemsionn™ 43°788| 53,814) 147,857| 3,770, 254,051] 67.4) 2,983] 263,610, 88.4] 2,032} 196,865) 96.9
Goad Bue .c- oss cacctecnusiats earcneoniynegieboralonenieretdeles 65.973| 85,390] 1677452] 2,178] 218,450, 100.3) 1,695) 158,560, 93.5] 1,430, 165,728| 115.9
Granting cc dujediavoneanlc cctnt ooennecsuasnonehonwes 1,739| 16,504) 436 33,140, 76.0) 601) 41,793, 69.5] 558, 58,305] 104.5
BLSAGE pitistntnenas 0 hacsia uoccc ageeumnceseasray ceo 179,539] 98,863] 316,872| 9,522) 1,018,203, 106.9] 9,567] 904,359] 94.5] 17,471) 2,438,132) 139.6
IUELON Eas 3s cicla cite ence Neshoesteueebet 48,917| 32,065| 107,281| 1,613; 208,128, 129.0) 1,754} 229,370, 130.8] 1,349) 172,090 127.6
Hubbard......0000 0 U1 ii : 165} 24.526 148.6] 394 51,223, 130.0) 1,927) 224,317] 116.4
BAD ces caninenh aioe dss 4,295| 11,544) 49,207) 3,683) 530,143) 143.9) 13,283) 1,425,233, 107.3) 16,798) 2,150,573) 128.0
TEA actaitsatica rouse tasuns cascades sceoey FOO ‘ 4 24, 12,765, 115.2; 281, 35,563) 126.6) 1,080, 157,352} 145.7
PACKET ta ested ptan es tied soeonmoGen stoece ; 555| 7,637| 32,352| 752) 48,723, 64.8) 958 88,640, 92.5] 1,172) 125,161) 106.8
ISOMER eich ciuutboh ccc ap eek ween 1,520 150, 4,545) 177) 21,098] 119.2) 1,152) 108,283| 94.0 2'652| 394,169| 148.6
BIGGIN a tsi Os ochc cate encore ae 11135] 5,586; 42,963) 724 51,051] 70.5) 832} 76,428) 91.9 1,376 133,838| 97.3
HSOfeon ec ec a : ; 11030) 399| 61,559) 154.3, 371] 48,465) 130.6 608 85,689 140.9
Kanter tree een eeeenaeeetneenee es
eae Ee Sh rd eames 23,806, 723 47,798 66.1] 1,101) 110,641, 100.5, 1,464} 159,504] 109.0
268 APPENDIX
TABLE XVIII—AcREAGE AND PRroDUCTION OF PoTATOES IN MINNESOTA BY COUNTIES, 1850-1910—Continued
| 1gs0 | 1860 | 1870 | 1880 | 1890 | 1900 | 1910
| i
Low ss > ” -
1 a 2 2 » | & | Sa joe] § | S2 jwef & | Be | ae
| @ Oo oO vo | & 80 vo w ou « sa OG
Counties \ 3 3 3 3 ¢ 23 3 = o BS 3 oy oe 23 ce
a : ce |e) £ ef jme] & cb | my
jaa} faa) —Q a “a Qa a a Be a a,
BakG greoits ion ul Sere ah Heese hed | 650 1,025 9 1,965! 218.3 14 1,635, 116.8 157 21,171; 134.8
ee Suef sco: Se reoidx cane mands mewaweds gl 124,198] 61,520] 109,913) 1,564) 154,286 98.6 1,296 121,217; 93.5] 1,128 117,476 104.1
Lt C Ol fheceoascts na 3 cea heen in ees ew 14,465 654 29,910, 45.7 685) 51,642; 75.4) 923 86,655] 93.9
TEVO Biri. hanes mei gel Sales santas paca tal ae ees 39,745 756 46,173) 61.1 871 77,035 88.4 980 88,037} 89.8
Mel: Codi ance mane atl saeriawnmeieiiuna auhaus 15,673) 31,855) 75,251} 1,189} 100,959, 84.9 1,211) 110,356 91.1) 1,160, 136,473) 117.6
Mahnomeniiinscrieea sotyeecicoraetonae saeue 161 17,586 109.2
Mankahtaicsaesountes unites wal tadsnll getoraais
Manominscaocsewes ao eben yeeeneaere teeks 7,065
Marshalls x00 ances ckathe tart ota wa ee ae ane 2,290 733 91,719) 125.1 828 93,885| 113.4) 1,074) 158,864) 147.9
IMAGE LING ye Axedoeserpatoroduaotieny aie hcnuera tae era more anes 1,130) 25,094) 48,298 958) 64,283) 67.1) 1,131 95,586 84.5) 1,496, 175,074) 117.0
Meee hei cpartieccicaratracn tec nuts oatapetainlataw saaries 15,212] 39,913) 67,068 977 71,182) 72.9) 1,105 84,103) 76.1} 1,222; 146,016) 119.5
MilleLacs..... rile: eta Na ne eR Re pase orate 730 5,163 4,752 224 20,124 89.8 2,338 256,671} 109.8] 3,860 570,482
Monontalias'. aieex eean seen eiounaaomatast 2,176| 22,158
Morrison: 2% .ckce. sa ta now aes tgEereseuweee s 5,464) 13,668] 45,660) 1,292) 143,593) 111.1 1,907} 164,056 86.0} 3,861) 461,863) 119.6
IML OWE x -acind ntiasuslas bo aicne waked etechoiaoehemaee 2,176] 63,244) 142,644) 2,276 212,307) 93.3 3,767, 381,751; 101.3 2,519) 231,528 91.9
Murray-csencsis cnpogared % Geren Aeuihecsapibtaneniliuel an 285 855) 18,240 572 31,777, 55.6 990) 87,695} 88.6] 1,279) 108,859] 85.1
ING COG bes -4:4 ao nadterneerearccacantane byednaeatnine-oraneswbe 55,580} 36,158! 104,937] 1,022) 112,189) 109.8 960} 101,538; 105.8 868) 97,739) 112.6
Noblesi. ces nqucet engine reset 35,707 758) 53,294 70.3) 1,228) 129,977) 105.8) 1,870, 180,460) 96.5
NOrmanesisasxertenaiaivds sewed dare 903) 71,159) 78.8 858) 96,881) 112.9) 1,353) 147,532) 109.0
Olitisted 0s os422 04005 tao aoeeaeReeee ones 98,661] 126,668 188,091) 2,175, 264,110} 121.4} 3,013 345,830, 114.8] 1,797) 164,919) 91.8
Otter Dal visveics, caricsa: cya iacd ia SA Swan ate hose 2,450) 8,784) 146,354) 2,753) 289,013) 105.0] 3,688 340,711) 92.4) 6,195) 728,975) 117.7
Peri DIMA se adkoon die: pasiatuicaie sedarisyhduneuunsind eon
Pennington. esccsccicvuatie wean dard cnwln eda 627/ 74,933) 119.5
Pier eeiiies sso dniy eterehttes pagent leeedn gent omidnawa Beck ates
Pans gis 2 wal digo pubaie bwa ale seaside meuniere ects 4,150 360 3,536) 292 38,897) 133.2] 1,844} 166,699} 90.4] 3,005, 468,834) 156.0
PipestOn@sc23 senna toeeeseeruedsre wed oxole 8,348) 450) 20,560 45.7 548) 45,494) 83.0 887 69,541) 78.4
ON sieges co ae teases REIS Mee Ee ear k eenal 1,550 65,527] 2,392) 283,382) 118.5] 1,651 252,965| 153.2) 3,900, 524,374! 134.5
OPCs ics ie Siandaiter tases esti Seles ad A anced oe ese 20,528; 39,139 683) 54,744, 80.2 925) 90,840; 98.2) 1,120) 108,714 97.1
BREAN Sys ganesh ised Ne ntagspentnentayey Anal’ 53,188] 33,697) 101,522) 1,551) 252,450) 162.8] 2,263} 190,251) 84.1] 3,931) 497,939) 126.7
Red dak ehcp sanargaticunaiance tannin aacan 692 72,908, 105.4 436) 65,035; 149.2
Rediw 00d is mcien nh tee tectatee ane spn anee whaabee eaten ge 1,880} 35,980) 802 63,944, 79.7] 1,047) 108,458] 103.6] 1,608) 182,910) 113.8
Renville ccs cp ice deeded oa hed ag vente meaied 2,856| 14,761] 78,460] 1,296 116,277) 89.7] 1,336 118,619} 88.8) 1,762} 177,492) 100.7
Ricehn: waxed earhae teins ier med wnchenniian we 86,224] 57,862) 128,769} 2,030] 209,376} 103.1] 1,624; 146,202) 90.0] 1,411) 150,742) 106.8
Rock. :ct60dscsanesasen seine ee etees cages 480] 26,350 641 48,262) 75.3) 1,094, 121,474) 111.0) 2,748) 220,880} 80.4
ROSE Wisi uit ¥ acd ban eet MS ta hema kaos 308) 38,735, 125.8) 777; 119,120, 153.3
GAT CLOTS Sertsea.o vaca sSttycea gctdaaaces agent tus/ace nterenensone 2,517 24,011 336 50,665, 150.8 721 75,378 104.5] 2,378) 355,537) 149.5
SCOtt sedi a agoy aaitoediesha jon Conca Medd aemURATE 78,360] 39,292) 98,313] 1,249) 106,180} 85.0) 1,179 99,482) 84.4) 1,033) 105,268 101.9
14,290) 17,987] 29,969) 1,255) 106,602) 84.9) 2,801) 273,022) 97.5] 9,908 963,073} 97.2
81,450] 52,649! 74,306] 1,220, 103,788) 85.1] 1,317) 108,709} 82.5) 1,153) 135,022 117.1
65,039} 120,865| 184,307) 2,506) 182,150} 72.7] 3,217) 295,706) 91.9) 3,938) 486,540) 123.6
34,495] 36,025] 95,870] 1,507) 175,314) 116.3] 1,252) 115,688 92.4] 1,342) 138,390) 103.1
1,613) 27,347 574 30,378) 52.9 616 52,985) 86.0 825) 89,766| 108.8
51,580) 744 63,514; 85.4) 949 99,135; 104.5) 1,188) 145,421) 122.4
2,670) 13,736) 54,961) 1,181) 127,551) 108.0] 2,149) 215,117 100.1] 4,504) 553,493) 122.9
400; 6,608) 404 28,255} 69.9 558 43,044, 77.1 815 84,545) 103.7
Nia la Shahid vc cctacts chenstend suena seme ayatencctiah Wap 7,105 85,051] 97,700) 117,573] 2,155] 280,604) 130.2) 1,854) 220,083] 118.7] 1,618) 198,128) 122.5
Wad ena-n casas nied aee yside sama menoad ae ae 28 - 26,724 356) 47,286) 132.8 821 80,296, 97.8] 1,655; 173,283 104.7
Wahnahtans cessccas cece pomshetereees 2e5
Waseca 3 ins aut heg iG Gatovavs fins Sonia aba BR aatage Manes 25,841} 30,092) 80,564) 1,338) 128,339) 95.9) 1,134 94,537! 83.4) 1,039 107,100, 103.1
Washi tons occa. aussalw.decwacaued duandessciercanertion tng 9,340 88,513] 45,686] 108,643) 3,324, 431,908) 129.9] 3,856 363,273 94.2] 5,797 758,162) 130.8
te Milanese nuiiao acide wnaunallehines 11,171] 27,063) 558) 39,051] 70.0) 548 52,418 95.71 (662, 69,430) 104.9
RA ies aas cote rane neamondanncaiennoe dada 8,390} 8,048, 452| 22.775 50.4) 623/ 56,961, ° 91.4] 2,537) 247,160) 97.4
Minott evesacieianewowede te Bea ssondecesee 86,328] 79,074] 183,705) 2,909 366,626 126.0) 3,152 226,455, 71.8] 2,531 308,444! 121.9
ice Mi aceyenipeaicasic acy’ dered edciabadla ents 77,051) 51,748] 121,072) 2,534) 210,010 82.9] 2,348) 217,240 92.5| 3,595| 476,389} 132.5
Nelli MemIene: ccxxasncameneemcereuawes 26,493} 706 55,516 78.6) 905] 78,139 86.3] 1,348 124,605| 92.4
Indian Reservations... .......-...000 0 eeu 180 22,897; 127.2
Totals for the State...... 00. ..eccee eee eves 21,145)*2,516,485)1,943,063/5,184,676|105,880/11,155,707, 105.4/146,659|14,643,327| _99.8]/223,692,26,802,948) 119.8
* This represents the total of returns by counties; state total as given in census report, 2,565,485.
TABLE XIX —Acreace AND PropUCTION OF FLAXSEED IN MINNESOTA BY CouNTIES, 1850-1910
APPENDIX
269
1870 | 1880 1890 1900 1910
wee eee ee er ee eae
a 4 22 & 4 oe 2 5 oa 2
Counties 3 3 3 . 3s aa o oe | as oe | ea
ajaja | & ea jag) £§ | BB las) € | Be | me
« a “|< A, < a, 5
Aitkin. 0.0.00 eee cece e eee eens 1 10 | 10.0
Rarolea cai godine d woliendideuincnieen trenton 327 6 40 6.7
Becket, coat vnkawnsy es eaiesnchne #3 719 6,095 6,525 | 75,340} 11.5 | 4,979| 36,590| 7.3
Helprailil. cue We dableecieatannes 193 1,700 | 8.8 314 2,311 | 7.4
Benton ices sapana add ao edanOaiE ae abo i si ie 790 | 11.1 817 7,987 | 9.8
ISON eins siconawon sana nee : 900 | 10.6 | 9,024] 91,648 | 10.2
Blue Earth 24,014 14,137 167,506 6,321 73,550 924 8,843 9.6
Breckenridge
Beawitie tik cenamioun crud eevmaceu enka’ 239 161} 6,597| 81,702 4,474} 50,170 2,370 | 19,512 | 8.2
Buchanan
Carlton
Coivels scau covnmnauinias 2,714 2 3 32 39 460 | 11.8 42 408 | 9.7
CASS ala concerned saan ence tee OO RIS Beinn 13 60| 4.6 48 301 6.3
Chippewa 3,094 | 23,796 | 7.7) 13,035] 124,210] 9.5] 3,903] 34,502] 8.8
Chisago : 1 15 | 15.0 4 66| 16.5
Cas nn anntaveecee we uendrerees ss 20 182| 9.1 | 44,662 | 424,580] 9.5] 9,519) 69,344] 7.3
Clearwater 222 1,926| 87
Cookeca asian earn dae len ae oe
Cottonwood 15,978 113,041 7.1 13,020 134,990 | 10.4 5,119 44,375 8.7
Crow Wing ‘ 2 14 7.0 145 825 7.2
Dakota scicccccak ease re lagceace egy s 6,263 265 11,208 112,767 | 10.1 9,169 110,450 | 12.0 2,279 26,479 | 11.6
Dodge... ..-. secre reece cence eens 401 14,304 146,326 | 10.2 10,527 117,210 | 11.1 8,456 89,524 10.6
Douglass xjcccsnisiaseniansin contents mtecaioe aetstos 57 535 | 9.4 3,397 39,670 | 11.7 4,859 54,013 | 11.1
Paribatlltesciccchinndiecignaa toad exesies 4 | 17,044 11,514 113,809 | 9.9 7,932 76,510 | 9.6 1,366 12,262 9.0
Fillmores..3.s04 e405 de see oa ees ere eee 38 9,859 108,685 | 11.0 15,767 179,150 | 11.4 5,528 61,103 | 11.1
Bree bOritiss.c/ceinscde ne Ae Re ed OH = 1,817 2,355 20,715 | 8.8 13,020 125,190 | 9.6 2,165 20,462 9.5
Goodhulesciscis dcciosiassunaatsrneonae ate 204 5,806 61,366 | 10.6 12,110 151,040 | 12.5 8,148 106,282 | 13.0
Granta seers Se oa ans eneeved nes 259 2,441 | 9.4 23,238 215,510 | 9.3 8,950 88,949 9.9
Hennepin 6,504 30 59 332 | 5.6 89 1,000 | 11.2 6 45 75
Houston 375 3,942 | 10.5 4,273 52,660 | 12.3 473 4,984 | 10.5
Hubbard 70 472 | 6.7
FL SANE hy svichort aka eceinciens ohaneves eng runaanciaeaua 14 93 6.6
Ttascasicad sasiestau nian tase aeateset Neoise'
Jackson a cseed02 careers nercas rene 8,738 20,980 163,450 | 7.8 13,183 145,780 | 11.1 5,788 49,399 8.5
Hana DEC is so sse dusua duien sustdcaus ase teeta ite 22 110 | 5.0 62 631 | 10.2
Kandiyohi ...osise over tie dveinasantavscndoaneiaun 3,087 351 3,005 | 8.6 8,496 90,290 | 10.6 8,248 86,627 | 10.5
Kittsonis. oiy seta cud dasiegsrgtinnesstnorn aera 9,178 108,220 | 11.8 7,552 61,537 8.1
Koochiching...........00seeeeeeees
rf qui Parlevs.. c0ca-vaewaae cs ones 5 576 4,400 | 7.6 9,678 112,890 | 11.7 | 12,578) 128,913 | 10.2
ANCE G saci dv'y ciara Sudiotarnis OM Seatiekaoneee ne ae
Tie Sue bss. cewtie-nexcestenaratecerodreon a dishalscs 16 * 165 | 10.3 33 370 2 28| 14.0
Danco nisi ciate oaretsaw stale ese aneiies 8,377 52,805 | 6.3 14,392 147,900 6,867 63,738 9.3
LYON icennsee rear soca Des neew wee A 5,874 44,711 7.6 12,086 126,210 4,855 41,517 8.6
IMC LCG hs scons size gcdsnstasevgien ibe tak ba aki ed OF 6 110 128 1,629 | 12.7 1,074 14,320 1,698 20,918 | 12.3
Mahnomen...........-00eeee cere 1,225 9,014 74
Mankahita ci. cass nares nivsieranda scanner
Manomi0ss3¢00 020000 008d en ee eas
Marshall... jscaJicadacanct rasa teacet 136 1,558 | 11.5 | 11,337 120,220 | 10.6 | 17,009 141,744 8.3
IMAP EIA ia. dh ceccte sae cod SanaRnas wie Dawnbne 15,710 142,293 | 9.1 9,539 89,410 | 9.4 1,808 14,015 7.8
Mek GR onsies cantare aioe sAtvatiud Guansen kre ooo 1,325 7 67 661 | 9.9 2,589 32,730 | 12.6 4,149 47,945 | 11.6
Mille Caesis.6 sees wavee es vexninaee eas 6 30| 5.0 30 280 | 9.3 57 496 8.7
Monongalia.............00cceeeeeee 50
DM OtrisOms ossyiceca a dverscsin ansivaceive ¢aconh ecrante 160 1,800 | 11.3 72 540) 7.5 1,594 13,310 8.4
MOWER oe cccpecdacetacce re sGdse bene 210 30,244 312,108 | 10.3 15,998 182,550 | 11.4 14,798 155,871 10.5
Milrray.c:oiga.cdae suecieneciew ae ens oealees 3,761 | 17,751 107,681 6.1 16,039 156,580 | 9.8 6,889 54,988 8.0
Nicol lets secscn:xisisacccsyes scttave, suns eorerbon REX 20 540 1,401 20,356 | 14.5 1,400 16,650 | 11.9 504 5,272 | 10.5
NODES issezsietents cet ke mxactut teases Bae 18,188 21,223 153,848 | 7.2 14,883 158,790 | 10.7 6,714 46,604 6.9
NOPMAB oe iesciccasores dade oasis auantadie tucson 87 519 | 6.0 13,034 114,550 | 8.8 12,456 87,885 71
Oliristed is. ctien'y ae vniindarnnarae eas 72 7,895 89,965 | 11.4 14,922 186,270 | 12.5 3,118 37,377 12.0
Otter Ta tl enact jcicd ces ceceai es oats eacenhessuuin 582 4,127) 7.1 8,089 86,610 | 10.7 9,123 92,419 | 10.1
GH DATED 8 -acctccoput svcd: conic ogee ela div
Pennington 8,505 57,885 6.8
PICT CO stv: cahiecies soccer ones earets tues eames
ee $7 550) 9.7 98 918] 9.4
Pipestone.......... 0c cece cence eee 1,320 | 11,467 59,352 | 5.2 6,010 65,230 | 10.9 3,878 30,872 8.0
Bll ascctacitoak tagrtnssicialel densi eaheneiek 41 609 | 14.9 | 12,599 | 131,420 | 10.4 24,500| 198,503} 8.1
ea hace eae 845 7,027| 8.3] 7,583| 79,380 | 10.5} 11,465] 116,013 | 10.1
RAM SOY mcs. re ricelcses cub eve ia edad em 165 5 15 150 | 10.0 42 420 | 10.0 17 239 | 14.1
Ral act conin sarees vee 1,003 8,480! 85) 6,014] 51,942) 8.6
ReUMOd ss icaacasunysmowveieeayancan 1,823 | 7,580| 63,406 | 8.4] 10,907 | 119,080 | 10.9 | 6,580} 56,481 8.6
Renville,.cvernexien ov vanacertans 3,166 | 32,601 | 10.3) 13,963 | 164,690 | 11.8] 8,461) 80,541 | 9.5
IIe i tivihcs/G ec chasagtiton isiietantoceeier te 45 107 | 2'669| 24996 | 9.4] 6,599) 82,190 | 12.5 | 1,154 | 14,066 | 12.2
OGM sz crcaestayel dita ainda bes 10,688 | 16,874] 131,964) 7.8 1,722 21,690 | 12.6 487 3,918 | 8.0
Roseau...............0000 le : 412 4,070} 9.9 7,600 70,111 | 9.2
Sip Lomita scsasuiswuwax anendae 1 15} 15.0
BOO hic ii suhc oe pucatim publ auacmrieseeune 90 806 | 9.0 292 3,810 | 13.0 36 346 9.6
SREHDUENG 5.5 cu sinn pwns niadaaants ote 10 110 | 11.0
270 APPENDIX
TABLE XIX—ACREAGE AND PropuUCTION OF FLAXSEED IN MINNESOTA BY COUNTIES, 1850-1910—Continued
1850 | 1860 | 1870 | 1880 | 1890 2 1900 | 1910
7 = 4 | Sag Oa ee oso dS
| ! » 24 d ‘ ’
a 1 wa of oe Ff 8 ae , ae! 8 Bam 2e & eu nw
2 oo 1 ey es Ff ve 8 BO GO 8 80 vo g o0 OO
Counties a ee . a6 i¢a® > sa [an ; 3G a
— Bt 8. sO 3 a as sh o 05 oh g v3 Su
| @ i am | m | @ e ea ;ma u SS | M4, & £4 me,
: < a < Ay < ay
SibleWiensccnks aikaaud Puiied ches ey | => | 171 1,193, 16,359 | 13.7 1,952 22,020 | 11.3 1,632 16,027 9.8
Steannstcsaw sien sain Rasta yea | 160 | 95 | 168 1,390 8.3 3,069 34,570 | 11.3 8,438 90,161 10.7
Steele «snes nev sk Henien Shoes See Sees : 21 200 | 2,398 23,826 9.9 5,895 69,430 | 11.8 1,304 14,285} 11.0
Stevens..s 44 anv cd cures te eevee oo aes i | 3,567 31,928 9.0 18,655 177,430 9.5 9,859 90,240 9.2
WAL 5 Fatiharaed aun be Raneea via Sun kane ea at el be : 665 2,168 17,676 8.2 14,772 136,460 | 9.2 8,062 67,777 8.4
sede ; a es Ocelot ak cel ak UALS AUTH AEN A | | 1 2 2.0 117 1,090 | 9.3 1,293 12,119 9.4
OOMDS sais ex Sev adores Sate es
Eraiy Gree’: 40:-a.\c aie ee nrelad daeusetaed t 268 2,167 8.1 22,837 156,050 6.8 12,267 101,197 8.2
Wabasha: cas ccace cs ced oe en onees : ; | 942 9,871 | 10.5 3,632 41,990 | 11.6 1,806 26,216 | 14.5
Wadena. ..0...0...sseseisceces ! 101 1:190 | 11.8 213 1,135} 5.3
ALAN tasks aaleion stalion wen aaa an i
ete ores eee eens siete | 4 | ! 1,291 | 13,071 | 10.1) 3,673 | 38,190 | 104 | 1,002] 10,479 | 10.5
Washington... i Gee pias a ae I 16 977 10,521 | 10.8 1,329 19,480 | 14.7 415 5,949 | 14.3
Watonwan 46S e RPE N 4 REN eRe eee RS j 5,578 16,740 172,094 | 10.3 4,197 44,350 | 10.6 1,273 11,698 9.2
Wilkin SS adeno WAGES. SaRa Meert I e | j i, 17 534 3,721 7.0 26,899 227,080 8.4 12,895 76,848 6.0
Winona Se catth hie Pathe tha be aratilar a cehthce) Ractoyh | i 3/ 1,250 16,413 | 13.1 6,252 78,240 | 12.5 1,102 12,090 | 11.0
We alice asenetinet: | | 14 125 14 100] 71) ‘127| 1,140 | 9.0 90| 1146 | 12.7
Yellow Medicine.................005 I i 761 6,504 | 8.5 14,538 172,450 | 11.9 11,205 114,899 | 10.3
Indian Reservations................ | 2,281 27,750 | 12.2
Totals for the State......... 02.02 |_| 118 | 18,635 | 98,689 | 303,635 | 2,721,987 | 9.0 | 566,801 | 5,895,479 | 10.4 | 358,426 | 3,277,238 | 9.1
TABLE XX —AcreacE AND Propuction oF SucarR Beets in Minnesota By Counties, 1850-1910
f 1850 1860 1870 1880 1890 1900 1910
no n no 8 an n no 5
CounTIES | ev ge |e v eg £3
! 0 ° i oO ° 3° bs
= e leyl <« e | eg
a a
| i
ACEI ciccace co: sues: ada acd cater RES
ne sc Ralale Lia Gauue dea dhag lag mlaysimacanecacasrted 5 33 | 6.60 4 31 | 7.75
Bie ok Oy Se en
Benton s iis isc duiacwn gine aes qugnusas ewes -
Big pear ie crea wy ad iwigh d eteeseM es haeee es |
Ue Marin. « sts 40685 945 ReSWAS Fo ROE BSW i j
Hecebenrilie Jaiku bakun Pieaea da ete | - ee * a ee
POW Bsc cseas Sia. alhaan Saracens aaa |
Bitchanative. «:$:).ousc.4dintns 6 oaloteriwa's + seabed aoe e oe | eee
CarltOtiss ci cacicecg gui eusin isan eaene sat fi + 2
Carver neers ! 724 | 6,285 | 8.68 | 555| 6,114 | 11.02
Chipfewawnewes te sesraiuncar sua yim venn
Chisago. jisccactins turns aiadiet bY tea cae wae
VEGF vice x asisawrel orienehing. putea) Big aphuendite ay ae Sissy de peOD
ao anda lone Going Gian Soe 4 St Aetna econ 1 4| 4.00
Gettenwoed eae
TOW INQ... ec cee eee eevee re 4 57 14,25
Po PeLRPENKE TOS Hw Ea Bas GeeRes Sew Saws 72 652 | 9.06 151 1,604 | 10.62
Dis By Be ON) ae g BE P
Beat tira Machine edhe) easiness Neadiadh toh
illmore
Baten ato aie Pig erga erie ieeeteus er eh sa fetes Rae FAP 22 197 8.95
es side Fu Garon sobs ata Miele s Mine e 36 212 | 5.89 42 490 | 11.67
Cae eee ee 82 540 6.59 63 649 10.30
eo a LE Ad ilaitit oe Sa asearemae tale, amie 115 750 | 6.52 13 165 | 12.69
Gibb ee : | ed ee
[santas cused stews ss Gene Se ween cas leet oct ; | * ;
ltaseaicsau pexeenccaaceer assess daxaa oe | | * 2
ee Sa erteeh te Seah evans ed Nang a Seale Eacien Oa | | |
NA DEC ick csi dt erences wenern eee ene Sao 1 i
Wdivg ade eee ese ov saene | ' 1) Bae
Kuttsotive «uve ganed eke ek aks oeceh eee ; F | : 1g | 10.00
Koochiching........iseccicurcessaeeuvs os i
(ete aul Wales as hence | i
|
APPENDIX 27
TABLE XX—AcreacE AnD Propuction or Sucar BEETS IN Minnesota By Countizs, 1850-1910—Continued
1850 1860 1870 1880 1890 1900 1910
melt ok e 2
n wn my no
CouNTIES g g Z 8 | g 2 Z 3
< & AG <x ia ay
i ie a
[ae eR een eta ee ee
GeSteunsccsvidemedincten aatiaesint
Weinicolnizewdecnsiinereceeoiabaenn & chuekemnangneneet Fi 59 585 | 9.92 481 | 5,952 | 12.37
read Apacihee Pa sae Re Eis Ha Mee Sees eas
CSCO acs tied: aaipaeaegrw ewes ee we wohmadad
Mahnomen 151 1,186 | 7.85 84 794 9.45
Mankatha.... ..........-.
mee cceah Ga AAR SR RS ESRD ER aes
Marshalls x a's .sivsansnspala Susoa. ateenecee 2 sas bao
Mat Wt IGM si eve ace Wear alate wesisehbladees 5, ene ote, ss 1 8 8.00
Meeker xccies.inw antes ovau nn dutch os are ob ied
Mille Lacs.sci<tunpseus ys saneess ay dead + 2 12 | 6.00 27 ant 12.48
Monongalia......... 00 cece cece eee eee :
Morrisonisgeon gab nis -og anea-g saan een endo : " 1 4 9 $5
Mowetivixeasoos eas pad borate a eae 5 47 | 9.40 ai ve o eb
ey pa Ae e AER J are ee oars awe :
TCO CUS se: ose ieaeiy a A eeu ben Ga eae ee
Noblesicsssaaencintcacina i aauuieceme aan 18 154 | 8.56 3 40 | 13.33
a Hibeig sdeomidar de tga ne ened ae ag: |
IMsted casey eeenr ate emaeseh caer esas 94 #4
Oper Dailies venue 8c tices ee Sonn nen ea daed | 3 21 | 7.00 8 | 13.83
Pemba /s. ha sad waesusios Gaaine ees he dates |
1 2| 2.00 2 18 | 9.00
3 25 8.33
15 98 | 6.53
; 8 61 | 7.63
8 70 | 8.75 30 185 6.17
21 172 | 8.19 86 1,060 | 12.33
COLE sa elt tops aint et cet at 179 1,408 | 7.87 80 823 | 10.29
18 32 1.78
372 1,963 | 5.28 3 32 | 10.67
| 47| 591 | 12.57
! : 19 228 |12.00 93 944 | 10.15
: 4 23 | 5.75
| | : 3 36 | 12.00
! 3 6 | 2.00
| |
: | 9 34] 3.78 || 109! 1,205 | 11.06
| 2 10 | 5.00
9 48 | 5.33 57 461 8.09
27 272 | 10.07
. 2
21 194 | 9.24 15 164 | 10.93
| 2
)
|
|
| 84} 548/652] 65| 637! 9.80
}
|
2,114 | 15,959 | 7.55 || 2,238 | 24,140 | 10.79
Totals for the State.................
* Area less than one acre.
ere APPENDIX
TABLE XXI—AcreAGcE AND Propuction oF Topacco IN MINNESOTA BY CouNTIES, 1850-1910
a : | 1850 | 1860 | 1870 | 1880 1890 1900 1910
je oS =
2 > 8 = o g
n 1 n | o - 5 a ov = Ln ov ie 2a ae
CounTIES g | g | 5 s Se Es 8 Ce g g) 8 ge @ =
a ed ¢| 02 /oui ¢] 88 155] ¢ |] BS | Ss
oe: & | & 2! ca iagi &) ca jaal 2 eo | hA
| | pala <| a 4 | &
Aitkin............. Pe eese ease coagels een = ? 10
Pn OKaaietictue Beara oR ie ese wai n hie Ears ! 20 | i 3 1,025 | 342 2 1,296 | 648
Becker E26 9e CLEATS TEDL Seo geraderens Manes | ft 4 333 | 333 . 50 an
MURAI 42-55 0.5 dee Sie: dea omions Gut cegeane gam iaes ani ; |
Benton. oes eee cee cena | ts | 3) 639/213) 1/70) 70
NE? DUONG ies ens creep gkko ama E Mee : t
Blue Earth. see eerie ! ' 21 690/345] 1/ 133/133] * 10
PECKENMIG GO ris cares eis dined hans MAREE OLY SS AREY ° ‘ i
Browns scwnstsestscotceuntevenresyeee tone : 1,691, ' 3] 936} 312 * 10
WC aN ciacicu sae QesGAehs wise oh AEh te AON
Carlton isis aatess.s nawens eek ec oieioen aeiees eee , 340
alas a esters a alaladies ag chia va aura oul aaty Seperate aud i | 7,392 70 8 | 2,661 | 333 1 130 | 130 1 oF 480
ASS. ise lan ines oabia ss Sed Seay cea cae Cea RES YS Ee
aes cota = ae | | 2 1,276 | 638
ee iB EB Bhat Saati ond euaem Bee ead Saataddea Reale 266 | 86 1 442 | 442 * 40 “ a6
UY xc SHA gusset i acest a ch eben ai cgpss Sy ayer asters jase hea eeanee '
Cle arwateiia 4a sceiwcta gies Si vedo eee isla sere |
COOK. cautions ie itoalen exceonen bean kav ieemes :
comonuodd POR RSe 2 oe Bed Xe eae te A SREE ARE i 2 610 | 305
POW WING 65940058 sade geaeedi ganas anes i * 70
Dakotas tren uce tasicdisdule chien onan nasion seed 20 , 65 1 390 | 390 1 142 | 142
DOGS Ceres sssads cia lgsabvirs Gs tabrnr ic teene tenets arn wane oe weteeea 2 1,070 | 535
Douglas cart araitonniy cay aie ie sve ee eae 6| 2,305 | 384) * 40
Ba niball tins: ying og. cine warble aan Caw <a me Os i 245 1 300 | 300 1 110 | 110
PullamOnGstwtein's evs acs yn Seana ne BY RS Re eat 20 50 7 | 2,525 | 361 5 7,158 |1432 86 | 105,420 | 1,226
Bree Dorn aie wed gers se hacaiwiniecee heen baw eci ees 10 2 575 | 288 1 200 | 200
peeuae Se eee ee i a ee eee 2 405 | 203
PAC 2295 Sie ataneh des W Rune FO aaa a amie ees :
Henne pitisicc <a cies aneeaincausreeee wn eee ees 3,996 3 966 | 322] 1 60 60 : 90
poneeon, sSheapenes iat fas lacie tangs labia Seaman ele el gon UA IGG a OE BRAS 2,876 | 1,655 12 6,253 | 521 1 400 | 400 2 oe 1,250
u AD a: ahs; o6 Gen a ME OA So eee ESE EES Ba *
TSA Ghd cater Sulghes aes ak see Lane tenia aie 3 | 2,090 | 697 * 20
tas Ca owes we Beas uated calor a ahaa: 1 1,000 | 1,000
ees BARRED RE ed Sad ge bk ARAN hee, desalted dommes 54 1 is a
ANAC se esis donee 2 iis vice the Wancnaeh Ene keene 12
iebciveh i Bae Attia caper toh tates yO farce Ne Aces 126 4| 2,010 | 503 x ma
LtESON Gt occ wo new gu ae FON BARS ET ALORS OCS 3 . *
Koochiching s.<:56:.0ne0 saves ye etasteesaauds
i quit. Parle ii. ims as see sade dinate paces oa Sunes 1 58 | 58 1 200; 200
Oyo seg tah ved Wir EAE SO eal oe E OE Raed Game
Wee ree tests save toys ones wouassnoneacoaes 1616; 70, 6! 3,401| 567| 9 1,969! 219) 8| 8,120 }1,015
Pineda Sedineh aoe Aisne ammne eve Ne emineRSY | i 1 212 | 212
YOM 5 aes b Qyeeceaile dsonia ees 39 Goixgiertenvartanebeize fairey eephee te layed: ie lee eile gl | t
McLeod... ieee ! 1,781 | 4| 1,573 | 393 4 850} 213
NOMIC oie, sessed des aye Ws 4 Ae OE SS BESS BR evaeoe
Mankab tavy isaau ves we'sce Sen ekeetedaws xed suns
Manominis as sans 2e.6 div vied win deed bie we Ria oe sae
Marshalls ion siwssecearn ag mesnv nnn oaWaert apenas |
IM arbre oases a5. cece-ar n Avie h Gothen bn ee MIae eee ees | i
Meas datas lah) et capac anets feast doreiay ewan n at egbe eer Gs wits | : 164 25: 12 6,403 | 534 1 78 78 40
Cite ranean te erate a RM naat taGh idea tal ated | | 4 e
Monongalia..... Sh Sng ies ar ERIS 3 oe ate eee | 370 |!
IM OnfISO Msg )8ii econ eh asia He Wow Sie stSe aeectera Ga csack 4 1,671 | 418 4 1,499 | 375 1 380 | 380
See og Mega tk of Gall Buse ash Db Bevinuad. a sduasesaeeneln Aaamaen i 4 1,975 | 494 3} 4,760 1587
Sie ada hui ea atten cad npreennionioraes 1} ‘125 | 125
va Asha asuasalca dbo 6 Teak cs Beat one savbiciecees See, vo 3,962 | 45 4 545 | 136
OTM PEE OPTS ee ee ee eee ee mE eR \
INGETMIA NG 56 spars Horrcyecs ache vai hetea om eerie we ac :
Olmsted. Stings, dom cla he GEES AEN Sv ERA toate be. yee 1,139 | | 1 355 | 355 1 300 | 300
ene pales iss BS Ah Mae Boas muccsee bie acanorneseaunea a chan 4 1,965 | 491 2: 591 | 295 * 130
PERIGEE, cer awcugie pain de eocecmonmerr caeae
IPIOTICE syaxts Soe A chines: ay aaa rere Ga Ray lebeaeaanicisedes Ate : I
Pines 6. coatie.t ancy heed asain eeseen ale Mane se. | |
Pipestone iy, sditivnis aue.c bean Eee sae wake i | | : cee
oe Sta Wee Re SERS eu dea lnaerniees aan eui eta 200 1 210 | 210 2 909 | 455 3 1,600 | 533
Ramsey seo seeveeseereeseeesttiteeeceees 100 | 21 1,320 | 660 * 50
Ides seuiceeeees Godan dedi oer) i 2 560 | 280
Pa sts ip aes sires Bin a a mat eld A Awa Ah cack ae y 1 310 | 310 1 70; 70
Remy Cis yarna Soe EW hehe Boe NOR TS eS eee buns : me 22 377 | 189 1 340, 340
Rice ocnsennnia-reenrsineeseuitensn sims: ' 4,506 | 130) 7, 2,496 | 357 : # 10
Tee aia ininaaee a nee wigan * 10
Sa init: OUI Sia ncaa vow eey Satins Set Rea et ea 3} 1,930 | 643 |i
SCOLE Ar iareenn ed Ske wah cosh oad Aisa Easaatal nen ; 1,000 | 1,985 4) 2,480 | 620 | * 20
Sherburne
At) ai ais nei raumaeuah ch paunnence | 5 5 | 2,817 | 563 |
APPENDIX 273
TABLE XXI—Acreace and Propuction oF Tosacco In Mrinnesora By Countiss, 1850-1910—Continued
1850 | 1860 | 1870 | —_—_1880 | _1890 ( 1900 1910
n = wn eS Ss
2) an a 5 5 wv} & g wl 3 s
zu zu zu 5} 53/35) 5] $4 |} Bel 5 | 8» ae
CouNTIES = 5 g s | OF e s| *) BS | esis | SB Tes
e|eé © |g) 38 (Se) gs] 38 [esl g | 38 | sy
Oe Rae ate le ee
Sibley seine asm las" SURE cant RR artes waver Sioa“ age ase os eseiceice 1,153 3 536 | 179 1 288 | 288
GtearnSs sneaiecs ne RU RR REKE HORS OMENAe dare 10 6| 3,265 | 544) 1 298 | 298 || * ‘59
Bf cele ace x ieicuvecrguclbuast Suainnel anemia tne Me tauraniancasng 30 3| 1,050] 350 * 40 # 40
StEVENSiscnnea dae enante diese ies adiaioine om
Qwik Bisa ainise eek SOSH ROCESS Rear see aneaE 2 1,025 | 513
Todd siciccinrccrea stan avs SOOF HOA SRE AS wae 50 1 706 | 706 | 14 575 | 575
TOOMBS x seiseiace ener asses cstnetbraninscantio ern heart os
Traverse. ...
Wabasha ....0.caaee nee « 895
Wadena sa vice d muirscninedas Sie Te MaMO aN eek REI SHH 1 118 | 118
Wahnahtaisexcctiaacaciaciuik diaveaienieinianeened gamne ma
Waseca... 1. see e erence eee enter e eens 670 3 1,512} 504] 1 800 | 800 !
Washington ccxoxtausa mcd wgiametimeeiigamited 1 930 | 930] 1 145 | 145 |
WatonwWallicesicceciuauns @aecoriwkaea paver outa 775 1 430 | 430 | * 15
Wilkinsetotes cacti cnveniuunaiien aia adam ie aaecaaues
Winona sb aes spite eter dea ectea pleas GUS edie 4,000 850 2 690 | 345 1 305 | 305 5 4,330 | 866
Wildl be wa cachacaceunwenbeomaneoitenanie: 2,972 25) 8| 2,237| 280] 1| 591| 391] * 20
Yellow Medicine........... 0.0 cee cence eee
Indian Reservations............00.ecee ee eee
‘Tatalaor Bie Stalen weise tethers sv ncoaneannns | 38,938 | 8,247 | 163 | 69,922 | 429 | 49 | 23,285 | 475 | 117 | 127,730 | 1,092
* Area less than one acre.
TABLE XXII.—AcREAGE AND PropucTIon oF Hay AND Forace IN MINNESOTA By CounrmTIES, 1850-1910
/1850/ 1860 | 1870 | 1880 1890 1900 1910
n im = wn - wn -~
Pe alae la Be fat BS le
n n a S ao o pb n SB 3S
CounTIES 5 5 7 os gg gs iS gs gs e g8 gs « og gs
Se) fe |) ge 1 et eee | ee eg eee ie gp ee 1 ee
be o a ei u a H o a we ret a
< Ay < Ay < oy < a
ATER svcisanic Benes dun omiaid Setanta sive 67 84; 1.25 3,390) 4,483) 1.32 6,746] 12,057} 1.79] 15,787) 22,775) 1.44
ATOM ai are tihe oral tetas ina eel cafene cgiesavnd sia ctstinind 3,255) 7,919) 11,518) 15,228) 1.32) 22,016, 25,956/1.18) 26,601) 34,822/1.31) 30,566, 42,995) 1.41
Becketisinvsnay Soca sn anv ee avaseteads 7,429| °16,833/ 2.27] 23,423) 21,162/0.90} 33,867) 43,896,1.30] 51,767) 65,630 1.27
Beltrarints 262 2c snecavtee, ssancuarsoedhansidecsarnedsacs | 65 113) 1.74 8,423) 13,029/1.55) 14,004, 19,030, 1.36
BentObssc4 otniow nweandpemannniacaed 1,121, -906} 1,535 3,693 6,850, 1.85] 14,757) 18,863/1.28] 16,225] 27,796) 1.71) 31,033) 50,286, 1.62
Big Stone ' 75| 6,118 6,940.1.13} 18,393 31,415/1.71]} 27,595} 38,004} 1.38, 26,953 37,821) 1.40
Blue Earth 8,636) 18,994} 38,137 57,365/1.50, 57,824] 58,723) 1.02) 54,008 84,868 1.57) 63,191) 120,324) 1.90
Breckenridge
Browns. .ssssessessseveeeeserseeess 16,520) 24,651, 40,535/1.64] 55,595, 71,585|1.29] 52,705 73,730 1.40] 48,699 98,457} 2.02
uchanan
Carlton: auctncactoec octane uence 17 745 892) 1.20 1,509 1,856] 1.23 8,324, 10,714/1.29) 16,265) 20,215) 1.24
Garver aiscrcascesis aeteesianate avatrorsb auosasbybod ' 9,155/ 19,694) 14,983) 26,087/1.74) 23,363) 33,404) 1.43 27,909 53,433/1.91] 34,824) 78,401) 2.25
SS cc sashcanus be cougean sued Muay alerereul th lol indkdsa one gies | 50 70} 1.40 1,647 1,817] 1.10 6,079 8,658) 1.42) 12,318) 18,681) 1.52
Chippewa..............0. abbas nssreveehete 4,993} 10,695| 19,060) 1.78) 33,481) 46,391) 1.39) 44,220 57,763| 1.31} 43,107) 66,446) 1.54
MCNISA G07 243: tet ase scie ede ments Sheree acne 2,272) 6,242 9,821} 13,898) 1.42] 20,981) 26,658/1.27]| 28,767, 48,342) 1.68 35,658 63,920) 1.79
CLAY sara sacra cota = he. cece sncsctan ea tm ea tesdixdgee 13,057; 17,753} 1.36] 51,302; 42,280)0.82 96,287, 87,572)0.91] 83,678! 97,157) 1.16
Clearwatetie.csiasew ait naan bn acim 18,954} 23,213) 1.22
COGIG Aecortdiseetvan hoteles teahstarianes pecieoanae 8 10| 1.25 20 20) 1.00 215) 303) 1.41 936) 883] 0.94
40 539] 13,799 23,260) 1.69) 40,252) 48,150) 1.20 59,091, 67,235) 1.14) 58,028 82,217) 1.42
488 881) 1.81 7,291 7,588 1.04 12,563) 18,0781.44} 21,181) 25,878) 1.22
13,242) 22,744) 22,592) 28,229)1.25) 48,492 52,944! 1.09] 39,363) 54,354)1.38] 44,942) 67,233) 1.50
7,854) 19,863] 24,474) 32,178) 1.31 49,025} 48,677/0.99} 34,564) 54,933/1.59] 45,386 77,099| 1.70
450] 10,708) 17,358 28,853/1.66] 39,201 42,809| 1.09] 41,580, 54,494) 1.31} 56,170) 85,972) 1.53
3,857] 15,398] 35,452) 59,880 1.69 77,308} 71,878|0.93] 56,009} 85,077) 1.52) 73,608 121,141; 1.65
28,684) 28,903] 32,806 44,737| 1.36 61,062, 80,797) 1.32} 50,185) 76,066,1.52) 63,141 119,711] 1.90
9,403] 35,712] 42,219, 64,292) 1.52 87,825] 87,7401.00} 81,638) 130,143,1.59} 85,825 158,794} 1.85
13,011] 31,468] 33,173) 41,221) 1.24 71,320, 74,412'1.04) 56,966 91,321) 1.60 57,886| 117,488 2.03
881 3,210 5,728) 1.78] 32,081) 40,970) 1.28 35,765) 44,342/1.24) 43,545) 56,513) 1.30
15,811] 25,454] 26,733) 39,556) 1.48 46,860 56,830)1.21) 53,602; 94,713) 1.77] 62,304 124,811! 2.00
9,692 14,776] 16,193 21,499) 1.33 31,419, 43,993) 1.40) 37,117) 57,095) 1.54 38,708 67,052! 1.73
167 199) 1.19 2,384 ee We ee ae 1.00
96! 5,432 6,468 9,908! 1.53] 15,966) 19,285 1.21) 23,649) 33,895) 1.43) 32, ; 1.48
43 : - 245 465) 1.90 1,432 2,296! 1.60 5,424 7,714) 1.42
39) 4,263) 16,040) 27,932) 1.74 53,215} 57,210/ 1.08] 54,962 71,513] 1.30) 66,795] 101,975, 1.53
110 211 297) 1.41 1,843 1,921) 1.04 6,195| 11,913/1.92} 19,004) 28,868) 1.52 .
125] 3,823] 25,685) 40,220)1.57] 67,233 84,322) 1.25) 76,528} 103,583! 1.35 84,650; 116,130, 1,37
: 371 683] 1.84] 18,418] 12,091)0.66) 35,899, 35,438 1.00} 44,716 46,717) 1.04
2,449, 3,368) 1.38
274
APPENDIX
TABLE XXII—AcrEAGE AND Propuction or Hay AND ForacE IN MINNESOTA BY Counties, 1850-1910—Continued
/1850| 1860 | 1870 | 1880 h 1890 | 1900 1910
ooo a ss a 4 =
oe : 2 2 Hf d 8 q
& & eos O82 jen « og jae es |e s One So
| q 7 3 _ 3 3 > 39 3} - 3 o
Counmms é £€ 12h g | 38 Esl ¢ | ee lest ¢g | B? esl f | Be | es
i ! i Me a: ST u a - ) a ) o a
< A < Au < Au < Ay
Lac qui Parle 9,643) 18,180) 1.89) 36,020; 55,838) 1.55] 39,320 60,949 1.55] 44,184) 74,683] 1.69
Lake. .aics gi aeie ng ese cated 445 72 139) 1.93) 104 190} 1.83 178 237| 1.33 1,183) 1,437) 1.21
Le Sueur 18,510, 13,579} 21,654,1.59, 20,490, 37,856 1.85, 22,265, 57,757) 2.59 32,136 67,571} 2.10
LinGOlN ssisas conan da cetiaa re 3,662| 6,284) 1.72) 22,217] 24,020, 1.08] 26,833) 37,636)1.40) 40,194) 72,394, 1.80
TY OMe geo sieiee a raw t. wieend tees oa ienien 12/223) 19,715| 1.61} 33,115] 42,965/1.30) 44,606 61,547) 1.38] 44,041 70,387| 1.60
MeLeod), a.ie4 eeideaiawee eae win 40 804 cwe 16,932] 24,993) 39,618/1.59| 40,248] 55,925/1.39) 46,849, 69,568) 1.48] 53,122 87,477, 1.65
Mahnomen 5,719] 5,217) 0.91
Mankahita.).2.ccxceGne te vers perder
Manomin. ... 0.0.0. cece ee eeeeeeens 850,
Marshalls 5 42sec ae. nscccaniun doves sais 576 895| 1.55) 40,637| 30,010/0.74) 65,573| 74,572) 1.14] 83,087) 83,239) 1.00
Martins gicnscorgemeancetokesseaedies 170) 11,689] 19,832 35,692/1.80, 63,910) 71,867) 1.12] 55,203) 76,544) 1.39 68,709} 114,742) 1.67
Meekeérsisicssics casinesesageaarese ss 2,083] 15,329) 22,460 36,803/ 1.64) 47,599] 61,635/1.29) 52,577 82,375] 1.57] 58,798) 101,693} 1.73
Mille Vacs so 0:2 sca0s si naeoarweraess's 62) 1,917 1,114) 1,875) 1.68 5,426 7,1161.31] 11,626) 17,865/1.54) 24,209| 44,025) 1.82
Monongalia............ esse eee cece ee 345|| 10,209
Morrison «02 cies ties en toe, 28 aeagens 729) 2,462 5,355, 7,835/1.46, 18,348) 21,790 1.19] 24,970, 37,416/1.50) 53,489) 78,945, 1.48
Mowefesiag seg neaina newness anne 4,611| 18,151] 33,592) 42,750,1.27) 64,237| 67,988/ 1.06] 51,797; 80,516,1.55] 69,662 113,570} 1.63
Murra yiiwies saw ciagnctienia aw emmnawe es 94 349 4,999} 9,543/ 1.91] 24,967] 33,697) 1.35] 42,602) 60,510, 1.42) 60,463) 86,856) 1.44
Nicollet.0 s+ os0<¢suscesnen-caeaaineees 9,856| 24,446] 31,709, 54,381/1.72) 51,790) 65,756/1.26) 48,337/ 79,734) 1.65} 46,890 75,334} 1.61
NObI€S3.5 0 thedeaamociae 22 kmsainedss 9/291] 19,160,2.06) 47,036 44,095/0.94) 59,037, 66,204) 1.12) 70,081) 87,645) 1.25
NGM ies ciecdeed pete ccac coarse RRA ee 52,876 29,713|/0.56] 59,941) 62,740)1.05] 66,985) 66,789} 1.00
Olmsted: ci cie-c 4 Hotes vee ditseintonnaee 21,461] 31,319] 30,464) 43,138/1.42/ 53,352] 65,392) 1.23] 37,606, 61,740) 1.64] 48,284) 96,379) 2.00
Otter Latlenccgicvrgugemaneedveavortis 556| 4,262) 25,9351 40,194] 1.55] 65,438] 66,192) 1.01] 90,102) 111,114/1.23; 133,137) 187,095) 1.41
Pembina... exaisfisln ns Gass ike arn eens ee
Pennington........... 57,494) 57,298) 1.00
PIERCE a: aii tee teens ck Owes RN
PING oes Hoste: sis caanret eee ae aes 110 133 346) 453) 1.31 2,421) 2,473/1.02] 12,167) 20,205) 1.66} 31,022} 48,046 1.55
Pipestone... 2.0.66... e cece eee eees 3,139} 4,946) 1.58 9,395} 9,147|0.97] 16,231) 20,703) 1.28} 36,830| 53,621) 1.46
Polls, saseiccsttciee os patie ald «awa ellen 325 11,670| 6,621] 0.57] 101,316) 72,537|0.72) 121,100, 137,796/1.14] 142,460! 142,284) 1.00
Popes $s sinis's caioee was haw earns 8,567) 14,883] 26,537/ 1.78] 49,861} 60,983) 1.22| 59,236, 71,266,1.20) 60,576, 83,685) 1.38
Ramsey ss nis 4 ote wanes ee eee oe ees 100| 2,996] 5,600] 6,386 8,834)1.38] 12,078 17,081|1.41]/ 15,235, 23,897) 1.57] 14,844) 29,828) 2.01
Red Lakes sis. sinc ccsns es nea ar deniecs 33,385] 37,212/1.11] 21,427) 19,700) 0.92
Redwood......... cece eee eee eee es 882 7,634, 14,860.1.95| 42,122) 64,336/1.53] 54,554) 79,417) 1.46] 58,963, 99,539) 1.69
Renvill@sssse cc guid sone ccc ate adere lee tas 670| 9,731] 25,196, 47,291)1.88] 69,779} 108,190|1.55] 78,486 99,255)1.26] 80,945) 127,692) 1.58
RiGee greet siesing Susie gual atee eaters ee 16,462] 33,615] 27,312) 41,229/1.51) 42,288] 43,332| 1.02) 42,633) 73,983) 1.74) 49,639! 100,097) 2.02
RocKkisseiviaicce galery tees cwa de decades 433| 10,031] 15,129|1.51/ 26,833) 27,84811.04| 26,127) 35,442/1.36/ 35,384, 64,007} 1.81
ROSCA gag eign saci ded sweety ae awe ss 29,902} 35,845/1.20) 50,237; 52,704) 1.05
Saint Louis.25.2.3s22.5e02seseeeteess 140 562; 1,784) 3.17 2,485, 2,409) 0.97 6,350, 7,960) 1.25} 24,892) 28,247) 1.13
Scott. cicctinGnnedins te U atex awatnnees 7,861] 19,700) 16,463) 26,617/1.62] 23,935} 29,5581 1.23] 23,045) 42,694) 1.85] 28,237) 55,518) 1.97
Sherburne. oo... ncn c.cioa a meweieeee 1,873} 8,303 7,102, 11,168/1.57] 17,320] 21,117|1.22] 19,671) 30,197) 1.54) 25,720, 33,597) 1.31
SIDIEY® once. paiaientnng Sette aes 604] 32,659; 19,873| 33,254'1.67] 46,623] 66,370,1.42) 54,467; 69,311|1.27} 62,044) 91,194, 1.47
StearnSecud sea inuialye Wee digotanis tettinaoe 12,224] 28,939} 26,303} 43,295} 1.65], 71,877| 80,098, 1.11] 81,356) 111,714) 1.37] 108,234! 162,200, 1.50
Steeleia seg sit sn gnaw ee soses 914d naan ately wi 6,940) 19,928) 26,800, 42,355/1.58] 50,293) 51,180|1.02) 43,180, 73,984/1.71] 54,104, 95,888) 1.77
SLEVENS sachet miaihis ne F158 eerie mar 877 6,248 9,768 1.56| 26,267) 34,904} 1.33] 37,880] 50,601) 1.34) 45,324) 58,432) 1.29
Swilticct< sees s geous we ws dais eeiaee 9,642| 20,524) 2.13) 42,721) 67,624/1.58) 53,648) 71,992| 1.34] 46,091) 60,790, 1.32
pl nipheth Evista MEW ONES Bae eD eetentd 625} 3,339 7,578, 12,774| 1.69) 25,739) 30,753|1.19] 31,724, 48,255| 1.52] 59,937) 92,634) 1.55
OOMDS ci. S ete snare Tee ee ywaRee
WrAVECSEs 62 ce cca Sn a elandinnhs wenaeen 100 1,635) 1,990, 1.22] 11,653) 17,723] 1.52 32,860| 32,116/0.98] 37,359} 44,500; 1.19
Wabashav. seo idee s teutenaa caecchie: 13,559] 11,618] 15,073 20,315 1.35] 27,372, 37,05811.35) 23,885| 39,277|1.64| 29,220; 60,240, 2.06
Wadena ccsnccancssinr Sib anudoemuass 416 879 2.11 5,601] 6,443}1.15] 10,768} 15,025)1.40] 25,071) 31,727) 1.27
Wahnalta...
Waseca...... 5 ” 3,836] 20,445) 23,911, 35,430/1.48] 46,602| 39,051)0.84] 36,759] 58,141/1.53] 44,434) 84,033] 1.89
Washington............. "| 755 4/451] 6,430) 12,054' 15,228) 1.26, 30,634| 30,308/0.99| 32,905] 48,654/ 1.48) 34,158) 62,250] 1.82
Watonwan........... 2.66 "1 6,383, 14,388 25,455/1.77| 34,229) 46,218/1.35] 32,157| 48,148|1.50]| 42,372) 76,113) 1,80
Wilkin... 0.2.02. cece eee eee 1,510 733, _1,140)1.56] 14,733) 15,084|/1.02] 40,690) 39,466|0.97] 45,837| 47,741] 1.04
WWANONAY tas; hcreaaemusrenehiant 10,443) 16,944] 18,851 26,692/1.42| 35,692] 49,667/1.39| 33,754| 49,515/1.47] 40,000| 75,319] 1.88
Wright..... ee ee 5,626] 6,961] 18,603) 30,429)1.64) 32,382} 44,000/1.36} 40,708) 78,709| 1.93] 51,639} 107,533] 2.08
Yellow Medicine............-.++..5+- 12,803, 23,297,1.82}) 42,141) 60,697|1.44| 48,096 67,604/1.41] 48,376) 77,405/ 1.60
Indian Reservations..........++0+++4+ 7,846| 9,427| 1.20
Totals for the State................|2,019]*269,483/695,053]1,053,378|1,637,109| 1.55/2,709,191/3, 135,241] 1.16/3,157,69014,411,667/ 1.40/3,946,072|6,036,747| 1.53
* This represents the total of returns by counties; state total as given in Census report, 179,482.
TABLE XNXIII—MiscetLaneous AGRICULTURAL STATISTICS FOR MINNESOTA AS A WHOLE ACCORDING TO THE UnitEep States Census, 1850-1910
BOW
ITEMS 1850 1860 1870 1880 1890 1900 1910
I, UNIMPROVED LAND IN FARMS: |
Total unimproved land in farms, acres..............4.. 23,846 | 2,155,718 | 4,161,726 6,156,326 7,535,692 7,805,913 8,032,290
Woodland, acres in farms
Forest products from farms, value
Unimproved land not growing wood, acres.............
1,336,299 | 210305726
$311,528 | $1,796,260
2,825,427 | 4,125,600
3,922,391
$2,602,335 $5,181,508
4,109,899
APPEN DT X
275
TABLE XXIII—MIscELLANEOUS AGRICULTURAL STATISTICS FOR MINNESOTA As A WHOLE ACCORDING TO THE Unitep STATES Census, 1850-1910—Continued
ITEMS 1850 1860 1870 1880 1890 1900 1910
I. IMPROVED LAND IN FARMS:
s Li ea? acres in farms................06. 5,035 556,250 | 2,322,102 7,246,693 | 11,127,953 | 18,442,585 19,643,533
‘otal tilled: land) oicicis ss tecsaeisen een nears amare we ah ew Se 44
6a Tilled land including fallows and grass in rotation, acres Pree 7,192,759 | 12,943,339 12,738,056
HILAR ITS csv sees? syetscedans: somes Sucuncerns ake aja nia ecesaitied 5,519,368
7 Permanent pastures, meadows, orchards, vineyards, and
acres‘in farms a cos sewn ei iaws Saas HMw eR ee sete 1,727,325
lll. HAY AND FORAGE:
8 Alfalfa, ACTOS 6 6 semis dale Seat ESE REM RE RA He Ow MS a RX 658 2.288
9 Alfalfa, LOTS esse cerexrses ele se ne se eRe eR Mase 1,781 6.314
10) Glover ACES dscamanieltachdiinsacsusan races neimarebaed eaybacs 74,669 57,358
11: “Glover; tOnsic since atin ween aware eenes ealed pens 128,767 106,334
12 ‘Timothy; acress ocasccccsicvise ised eeseseeereeeenwees ' 780,375
13 Timothy, tons........ sa RED EMIT A oo asa ct a acd gm anette 1,101,510
14 Clover and timothy (mixed), acres................00005 829,600
15 Clover and timothy (mixed), tons..................0.. 1,433,075
16). Millets acreSicoc sw snereerangescnawa wo'sd ta tanne ene ees 58,339 27,136
17 Millet, CONS... cc55.¢pe mince cee tants cu mates tn dona awoateaietions 93,954 50,383
18 Corn stalks, production in tons................00 00 eee 72,339
19 Grains cut green, ACreS........ 0... cee cece ee 26,304. 19,981
20 Grains cut green, tOMS......... 6... cece eee eee eens 45,633 31,060
21 Root forage, acrespdaccctediiainscuie sanction ieeaeiaiece ae 558
22 Root: forage, (ONS... 6 gees de cena aantawe de ve ede 3,965
93 Rootiforage; value. sic: ar sages ate ease aan se wielwatennsis $30,315
Iv. FIELD CROPS:
24 Acreage in cereals........ Seah he Dighsrarsie incest oat ad nae 4,234,187 6,297,044 | 11,207,069 10,139,850
25 Per cent of improved land in cereals................... 58.4 56.6 60.8 51.6
26 Buckwheat, actress wis soseus exe vese es vees eas SERe HS 3,677 22,090 6,700 10,309
27 Buckwheat, bushels................:..ccscccceeeeeee 515 28,052 52,438 41,756 281,705 82,687 144,861
28, RACE; POURS sia.5-05 aie ias cuara- scien anne We iow aiatan ander detearne 3,286
29 Emmer and spelt, acres........... 0... c cece cette eeeee 30,891
30 Emmer and spelt, bushels............. 0.0.0. e eee 757,339
31 Peas and beans (dry), acres... 0.0... . ccc eee eee ees 3,960 5,532
32 Peas and beans (dry), bushels....................0.406. 10,002 18,988 46,601 25,039 $70,064 45,338 77,786
33 Clover seed, bushels............ 0.0. e ccc eee ene eee *351 126 18,003 87,240 8,034 48,013
34.- Grass seed, bushels icc0coene vi aex i qeys same mea eau ae 73,255 3,045 30,707 507,459 553,939 897,653
35 Sweet potatoes, acres....2 2... cece eects 7 4 || Less than
1 acre
.36 Sweet potatoes, bushels........... 0.200 cee eee eee eee 200 792 1,594 365 136
$f Peanuts, bushelSp 6 nose spakow sari eees aca eae seed 145 15
38 Vegetables, except potatoes, sweet potatoes, yams and
sugar beets, acreS......... cece ee eee e ee nee eens 28,361 46,021
39 Vegetables, except potatoes, sweet potatoes, yams and
sugar’ beets; values aaiciss seeuywasedscisa en union ate’ $1,503,401 | $3,359,052
40 Klaxfibre, pounds céecccasccinccisnd ahieot aanw wane Gana e 1,983 122,571 497 8,609
41 Hemp fibre, tons........ 0... ccc eee e eee e eect n ee ences 109 20
42 Broom corn, pounds............ccceeeeeee rete eeeeees 68,433 42,090 76,960 10,259
43, Hops: pounds ei. sasicaicus-ueae Wahu MRICS ARR RROD ES +7140 222,065 10,928 500 51 372
Vv. SUGAR AND MOLASSES OR SYRUP:
44 Maple sugar, pounds............. 00 ccc cece eee neces 2,950 370,669 210,467 76,972 34,917 29,580 11,399
45 Maple syrup, gallons. ........ 0... cece eee eee eens 23,038 12,722 11,407 12,091 1,079 17,808
40. Sorghum, acres eoici: eco njc cases sordimad erat ckeee Meese ets 3,890 2,283 1,709
47 Sorghum molasses, gallons............0000ceeeeeeeenee 14,178 38,735 543,369 340,792 157,605 145,934
48 Sorghum, tons of cane sold for sugar making........... |190 593 1,232 none
49 Sorghum, production in tons.............0eeeeeee eens 14,369 13,253
VI. GARDEN AND ORCHARD CROPS:
50 Market gardening, value of products............-+--++ $150 $94,704 $115,234 $166,030 9$612,451 ‘
51 Orchard fruits, number of trees............00000 eee eee *#215,381 1,096,444 1,644,590
52 Orchard fruits, bushels.............0-.000ceseeeeeeeee 85,603 143,655 1,066,659
53 Orchard fruits, value of products.............200+0+00+ $649 $15,818 $121,648 $109,050 $801,112
54 Dried and evaporated fruits, pounds................+.. 500 2,853
55 Grapes, number of vines...........cc cece e eee e eens 138,175 97,866
e Grapes, POUMA ST. anrns. vison ouscuacaasae 6 baabe auacite tus tee cerns ahee 573,272 293,805
rapes, value of i i , raisins and
Co a $15,593) $11,021
98: “Witte, gallomes ses dniseeecs ses dieoscaichiave wins ateaweremie Seed 412 1,750 6,197 4,567
59 Cider and vinegar, gallons.....0..0.c cc ceeseeeueeeeeee 9,450 14,822
GU Sma Puts ALES» wie isis wes ha. woe Nadine mini eelnwen unease , 3,092 3,738
Ol: Samal Amite CUAL Es ocx cxatcpeme meray ccwuesavemame nt re 4,542,640 4,476,575
62 Small fruits, value of products...........-.000eeeseeee $339,569 $493,406
OS Nuts, value of Gillis .cjcretavenevadesimwareo inte rene $597 $1,838
ee p aay trees and plants, acres bearing................ | ee 1,127 3,854
eed farms, acres planted............000ceeee eee eens !
66_ Florists’ establishments, area under glass in square feet.. | 408,612 889,986 1,419,196
* Total as given in census (1860 p. 82) 432
Correct sum of county items 351.
t Total as given in census 3,182.
Correct sum of county items 3,255.
t In addition 1,288 bushels of cowpeas are reported.
§ Calculated b i ding the acreages reported by Minnesota Statistics in cases where census does not report.
y taking the sum of all reported acreages, corrected by adding gi ” Total-as given in census (1860 p. 82) 132.
Correct sum of county items 140.
| Pounds of sugar produced. .
{ Includes value of small fruits.
** Number of bearing trees only.
276 APPENDIX
TABLE XXIV—Cart_e on Farms IN MINNESOTA
| 1850 1860 | 1870 1880
EN eee ea -
o : wn o © a v o a wv v n
fo £| #8 | z 22 S |e ee é = |#.| #8 8
Bu 3 8 SP at 5 8 BR a4 eG s ob) 23 e
CouNTIES es a 3 ES > a Ls! eS 2 & wa Bo >
aS & 2 ou Sue = a vv | Ste = = ov od ae
| $6 3 s fall 2oO x ~ Ay ; 5° A ~ Ay $° A
be vet a A O 1 og G
“HL Alt kinewacecos sa: | 3 1 2, 33.3 136 49
2 Anoka 1,308 468 840, 35.8, 2,855 978 1,877, 34.3| 6,732, 2,704
3 Becker 65 19 46, 29.2 6,210 2,104
4 Itrami
5 Benton 246 60 186 24.4 337 105 232} 31.2: 549 217 st 305 3,993 1,429
6 Big Stone......... | : 46 7 . 1,978 784
7 Blue Earth....... 3,380, 1,063 2,317, 31.4) 11,731 4,734 6,997, 40.4) 22,847, 9,584
ridge......
9 poe sagen 2,178 577 1,601) 26.5 5,786 2,155 3,631] 37.2) 14,605, 6,403
10 Buchanan........
11 Carlton.......... 19 5 14 26.3 339 127
12° Carver........... 5,182 1,596 3,586 30.8 12,551 4,170 8,381) 33.2; 13,534 5,685
13° Cassics os wan satin: 16 4 eet ged 155 4 ne
14 Chippewa. ....... | 2,085 584 501] 28.0) 5,385] 2,273
15 Chisago.......... 1,249 341 908 = 27.3. 2,801 1,027: 1,774, 36.7) 8,180, 2,633
16~° Clayex connie uae: 23 13 10, 57.0) 4,379, — 1,588
17 elearwater sakes g ‘
18 OOK s.5 cvhe seats ¥
19 Crore haha aes 16 5 11) 31.3 237 74 163} 31.2, 8463! 3,166
20 Crow Wing....... 111 35 76 31.5 264 88
21 Dakota.......... 6,497 2,199, 4,298] 33.8 10,331 4,806 5,525} 46.5] 12,673) 6,248
22 2,798 1,008 1,790, 36.0 7,867 3,208 4,659) 40.8; 10,448 5,092
23 148 36 112 24.3) 2,972 1,071 1,901) 36.0] 11,855 4,076
24 814 287 527, 35.3: 8,099 3,235 4,864, 39.9] 17,824) 8,020
25 14,460 4,950 9,510 33.8: 18,823 8,092 10,731) 43.0) 23,177/ 10,719
26 2,917 1,012 1,905) 34.7 11,641 4,468 7,173; 38.4) 18,673 8,236
27 4,975 1,851 3,124 37.2 15,506 6,485 9,021! 41.8) 17,824, 9,461
28 347 133) 214, 38.3) 4,126 1,385
29 8,062 2,775 5,287, 34.4 12,128 5,361, 6,767| 44.2] 14,700, 8,069
30 Houston.......... 4,120 1,522 2,598 37.0 8,150 3,614, 4,536, 44.3] 15,849] 6,704
31 Hubbard.........
32 Isanti............ 186 60 126 © 32.3 1,809 660, 1,149} 36.5] 6,369) —-2,229
33 Itasca..........0- 102 100 2} 98.0 |
34 Jackson.......... 29 14 15} 48.3 1,209 469 740, 38.8) 7,843] —-2,888
35 Kanabec......... 80 20, 60, 25.0 14 2 12] 14.3 421 135
36 Kandiyohi........ 46 16 30, 34.8 1,419 565 854 39.8] 14,723) 5,697
37 Kittson.......... 406) 160
38 Koochiching......
39 Lac qui Parle..... 176 54 122; 30.7) 5,771) —-2,282
40 Lake............. 23 11 12) 47.8 86 37
41 Le Sueur......... 5,221; 1,535 3,686} 29.4 10,596 3,695 6,901, 34.9) 11,707, 5,668
i Lincoln.......... ; ee ne
Lyon yaa dicins aes gic ‘ :
da Wes 820 266 554, 32.4 6,624 2,483 4,141) 37.5] 15,553) 6,117
45 Mahnomen.......
46 Manomin. ....... 93 38 55} 40.9
47 Mankahta........
48 Marshall......... | | 653 205
49 Martin........... | 50 21 29, 42.0" 3,223 1,267 1,956, 39.3} 10,209) 3,981
50 Meeker........... i 724 244 480 33.7, 5,708 1,871 3,837 32.8] 11,980, 5,209
51 Mille Lacs | 40, 9 3122.5) 719 249, 470, 34.61 1,459 451
52 Monongalia....... 115, 35 80 30.4 3,369 1,299 2,070 38.6
53 Morrison......... | 354 109 245, 30.8, 1,058 353 705} 33.4) 5,228 —-1,806
54 Mower........... . 1,805: 631 1,174) 35.0, 7,616 3,073 4,543, 40.3) 14,888 6,693
SS MURPaN seas vas : | 21 5 16 23.8 126 38 88 30.2) 3,862 1,616
56 Nicollet.......... 2,958 1,058 1,900 35.8, 7,363 3,189 4,174, 43.3] 16,864 6,433
57 Nobles........... | | | i 5,343 2,008
58 Norman.......... | | ; | | : |
59 Olmsted.......... | | i 8,460, 2,996 5,464 35.4) 15,959 6,496 9,463 40.7) 17,867) 7,929
60 OtterTail......../ | 79. 24 55, 30.4, 1,700 539 1,161) 31.7 20,762 7,288
61 Pembina......... 1 412 145 267 35.2: | : \
62 Pennington ; | ; | '
63 Pierce......... a! | i | | \| |
64 Pine........ 0... | 21 4 17 19.0 17 6 11 353, 313 68
65 Pipestone......... i i | i | : 1,434 610
66. Polk: sc cae ees fi | \ 114) 15 99 13.2, | 7,304, = 2,774
67 Pope............. ' \ | | i 3,081 942 2,139 30.6) 9,489 3,506
68 Ramsey.......... 163 34 129 20.9 961 450. 511, 46.8" 2,058 1,099 959 53.4, 3,497 1,905
69 Red Lake........ : | | j
70 Redwood......... ' 256 90 166; 35.2, 7,513, 2,575
71. Renville........... i 272 74, 198) 27.2. 2,752 993 1,759, 36.1) 16,052) 6,083
72) Rice.. 2... eee, | | 6,334) 1,911 4,423 30.2) 11,843 4,240 7,603, 35.8) 14,098) 6,622
73° Rock............ 116 34 82 29.31 4,111 1,611
74 Roseau........... f i | |
75 Saint Louis...) | | | 47 13 3al 2.7 | ! 839] 343
76 Scott............ | | 4,117; 1,489 2,628 36.2. 11,255 4,262) 6,993, 37.9 9,954 4,917
77 Sherburne........ 733, 300 433 40.9. 2,206; 716) 1,490 32.5) 7,431 2,372
APPENDIX 277
ay Countis, 1850-1910
te
vo vo n vo Oo my
bre 2 Bo B 3 = av e x b= 2 3 =
+ a = = = oO 3 ~ n
s | Ee} FE | 8 | 3 |Gp] $2 | =| & |Gp) Be | 8 | & Jie} €
3 bo a & S eo] e 5 na | ae eb i as 5
2 g aS 3 4 |? a 5 = & S93 ‘3 s e-| @
87 | 36.0 1,337 454 883 | 34.0 4,929 | 1,812 3,117 | 36.8 10,720 5,318 402 | 49
4,028 | 40.2 | 8,795 | 4,499 | 4,296 | 51.2 13,883 | 5,978 7,905 | 43.1 15,608 8,659 C040 sas )
4106 | 33.9 12,803 5,106 | 7,697 | 39.9 17.665 | 7,408 10,257 | 41.9 24,209 11,015 13,194 | 45.5 3
307 118 189 | 38.4 4.936 | 1,935 3,001 | 39.2 7,426 3,246 4,180 | 43.7 4
2,564 | 35.8 8,464 | 3,177 5,287 | 37.5 12:784) 4,505 8,279 | 35.2 22,092 10,773 11,319 | 48.8 5
11194 | 39.6 8.646 | 3,108 5,538 | 35.9 9'697| 3,621 6,076 | 37.3 12,804 5,107 7,697 | 39.9 6
13:263 | 41.9 33,148 | 14,953) 18,195 | 45.1 41,560 | 17,659 23,901 | 42.5 43,648 20,447 23,201 | 46.8 7
.8
8,202 | 43.8 24,598 | 11,176 | 13,422] 45.4 29,509 | 12,981 16,528 | 44.0 32,571 15,791 16,780 | 48.5 9
10
912 | 37.5 550 204 346 | 37.1 4,004 1,538 2,466 | 38.4 7,932 4,154 3,778 | 52.4| 11
7,849 | 42.0 19,528 | 9,326 | 10,202) 47.8 28,319 | 13,963 14,356 | 49.3 33,000 19,834 13,166 | 60.1 19
96| 38.1 631 255 376 | 40.4 4.012 1,470 2,542 | 36.6 8,138 3,872 4,266 | 47.6| 13
3,112 | 42.2 13,187 | 5,280} 7,907 | 40.0 17,353 | 7,244 10,109 | 41.7 20,219 9,194 11,025 | 45.5] 14
51547 | 32.2 13,675 | 5,813] 7,862 | 42.5 23,774 | 9,466 14,308 | 39.8 26,288 14,622 11,666 | 55.6]; 15
2791 | 36.3 16,748} 6,493} 10,255 | 38.8 20,413 | 7,955 12,458 | 39.0 24,319 11,146 13,173 | 458 | 16
9,216 4,501 4715 | 48.8| 17
2| 60.0 11 4 36.4 155 60 95 | 38.7 237 123 114| 51.9} 18
5,297 | 37.4 16,885 | 6,639 | 10,246 | 39.3 22,451 | 8,400 14,051 | 37.4 34,433 13,165 21,268 | 38.2} 19
176| 33.3 3,739 1,564 | 2,175 | 41.8 8,222 | 2,993 5,229 | 36.4 10,624 5,465 5,159| 514] 20
6,425 | 49.3 22,202 | 11,949} 10,253 | 53.8 23,299 | 9,549 13,750 | 41.0 26,781 12,696 14,085 | 47.4) 21
5,356 | 48.7 26,258 | 12,257 | 14,001 | 46.7 32,106 | 12,690 19.416 | 39.5 38,987 16,239 22,698 | 41.8| 22
7779 | 34.4 17.928 | 7,569 | 10,359] 42.2 24.614 | 9,210 15,404 | 37.4 32,876 15,025 17851 | 45.7| 23
91804 | 45.0 41,152 | 14,135] 27,017 | 34.3 40,229 | 15,925 24,304 | 39.6 42,008 18,255 23,753 | 43.5| 24
121458 | 46.2 48,219 | 22,306| 25,913 | 46.3 53,326 | 19,172 34,154 | 36.0 61,713 21,937 30-776 | 35.5 | 25
10,437 | 44.1 40,883 | 18,232] 22,651 | 44.6 61,580 | 27,384 34,196 | 44.5 58,188 27,890 30,298 | 47.9| 26
8,363 | 53.1 41,708 | 21,607 | 20,101 | 51.8 44,657 | 17,838 26,819 | 39.9 52,199 24,843 27,356 | 47.6| 27
2741} 33.6 11'868| 4,694] 7,174] 39.6 14'553 | 5,735 8,818 | 39.4 18,879 7,990 10,889 | 42.3| 28
6,631 | 54.9 18:786 | 12,466| 6,320] 66.4 33,545 | 19,114 14.431 | 57.0 34,323 23,471 10,852 | 68.4) 29
91145 | 42.3 30,017 | 12,324) 17,693} 41.1 32,943 | 11,788 21,155 | 35.8 37,389 14,837 22,552 | 39.7| 30
1/324 445 879 | 33.6 2,164 352 1,312 | 39.4 4,924 2,511 21413 | 51.0| 31
4,140 | 35.0 10, 672 4,640 | 6,032) 43.5 16,119 | 6,696 9,423 | 41.5 18,997 10,446 8.551) 55.0! 32
18 37 | 32.7 683 241 442 | 35.3 3,390 1,735 1,655 | 51.2) 33
4,955 | 36.8 oo. 962 8,688 | 14,214 | 37.9 34,548 | 12,840 21,708 | 37.2 39,389 16,268 231121 | 41.3]; 34°
286 | 32.1 1;488 595 393 | 40.0 6,143 | 2,167 3,976 | 35.3 10,810 5,454 5,356| 50.5] 35
9,026 | 38.7 27'838 | 10,882 | 16,956 | 39.1 34,723 | 14,376 20,347 | 41.3 37,613 17,077 20,536 | 45.4| 36
246 | 39.4 7'520| 2,850} 4,670| 37.9 91965 | 3,408 6,557 | 34.2 16,241 6,694 91547 | 41.2| 37
1,017 460 557| 45.2| 38
3,489 | 39.5 18,750| 7,251] 11,499 | 38.7 21,264 | 8,646 12,618 | 40.7 25,870 10,985 14,885 | 42.5| 39
49 | 43.0 41 13 28 | 31.7 116 73 43 | 62.9 591 332 259| 56.2| 40
6,039 | 48.4 16,674 | 8,003] 8,671 | 48.0 25,199 | 10,146 15,053 | 40.3 27,359 13,586 13,773 | 49.7] 41
1,798 | 41.8 91968 | 3,827) 6,141) 38.4 14.471} 5,578 8,893 | 38.5 25,324 10,623 14,701 | 41.9| 42
3,934 | 39.4 14.776 | 5,706| 9,070 | 38.6 21,015 | 6,985 14,030 | 33.2 29,468 11,443 18,025 | 38.8) 43
9,436 | 39.2 21144 | 10,528 | 10,616 | 49.8 29,241 | 14,396 14,845 | 49.2 34,736 20,375 14361 | 58.7| 44
2,397 1,207 1,190) 50.4, 45
46
: 47
448 | 31.4 14,651 | 4,705) 9,946 | 32.1 23,514 | 7,834} 15,680) 33.3 31,812 13,700 18,112 | 43.1| 48
6,228 | 39.0 27,753 | 10,071} 17,682 | 36.3 36,439 | 13,264 23,175 | 36.4 42,168 16,906 25,262 | 40.1| 49
6,771 | 43.5 21157 | 8,849} 12,308] 41.8 32,673 | 14,360 18,313 | 44.0 37,557 19,062 13,495 | 50.8! 50
1,008 | 30.9 2618 915 | 1,703 | 35.0 8.078 | 2,832 5,246 | 35.1 17,016 8,255 8,761 | 48.5 51
3,422 | 34.5 12,667 | 5,115) 7,552 | 40.4 20,553 | 7,632 12,921 | 37.1 36,341 17,476 18,865 | 48.1 | 53
8,195 | 45.0 33,821 | 15,843 | 17,978 | 46.8 44,458 | 16,674 27,784 | 37.5 49,002 18,792 30,210 | 38.3} 54
2,246 | 41.8 12'082| 4,956] 7,126 | 41.0 22,127 | 8,116 14,011 | 36.7 36,040 12,839 23,201 | 35.6| 55
10431 | 38.1 21258 | 9,520| 11,738 | 44.8 26,282 | 11,293 14,989 | 43.0 23,617 11,441 12176 | 48.4| 56
3,335 | 37.6 17,680 | 6,191] 11,489) 35.0 95,441 | 7,666 17,775 | 30.1 41,008 14,603 26,405 | 35.6| 57
17,625 | 7,208| 10,417) 40.9 21,708 | 8,972 12,736 | 41.3 26,217 11,894 14,323 | 45.2; 58
9,938 | 44.4 37056 | 17,439 | 19,617 | 47.1 40,032 | 14,844 25,188 | 37.1 48,176 17,940 30,236 | 37.2| 59
13,474 | 35.1 38948 | 16,850 | 22,098} 43.3 50,996 | 21,650 29,346 | 42.5 74,660 34,529 40,131 | 46.2 60
19,417 8,606 10,811 | 44.3 62
245} 21.7 1,770 702 1,068 | 39.7 10,023 | 3,836 6,187 | 38.3 19,359 10,379 8,980 | 53.6| 64
824} 42.5 6,026 | 2,588| 3,438] 42.9 12,114 | 4,199- 7.915 | 34.7 22,980 7,818 15,162 | 34.0] 65
4,530 | 38.0 39,307 | 14,413 | 24,984 | 36.6 41015 | 16,021 24.994 | 39.1 53,491 24,650 28,841 | 46.1 | 66
5,983 | 36.9 22,277 | 8,055 | 14,222 | 36.2 24,269 | 8,833 15,436 | 36.4 28,001 11,455 16,546 | 40.9) 67
1,592 | 54.5 3.822) 2,716) 1,106| 71.1 7917| 5,915 2,002 | 74.7 7:790 6,029 1,761 |.77.4| 68
| | | hate) soak] as) as] aie) tla] Gi
4,938 | 34.3 22,951 | 8,314 | 14,637 | 36.2 31,229 | 11,724 19,505 | 37. 38,4 ; ‘ ;
9,969 | 37.9 30,398 | 12,742 | 17,656 | 41.9 38,193 | 16,263 21,930 | 42.6 40,832 19,065 21,767 | 46.7| 71
rat 47.0 27,624 | 14,236) 13,388 | 51.5 36,392 | 15, 1678 20,714 43.1 39,544 21,273 18,271 53.8 2
500 22,801| 6,4 f . : ; , :
ve pee ee pane Se 9736 | 3,646 6,090 | 37.4 19,715 au 11,304 42.7 C
496| 40.9 1,073 703 370 | 65.5 4054) 2,116 1,938 | 52.2 11,69 : ‘ :
5,037 | 49.4 14,616 | 7,614| 7,002 | 52.1 24,119 | 9,858 14,261 | 40.9 23,933 12,879 11,054 | 53.8| 76
5,059 | 31.9 12,461| 5,494 6,970 | 44.1 16,214 | 5,908 10,306 | 36.4 14,546 7,258 7,288 | 49.9| 77
278 APPENDIX
TABLE XXIV—Cart Le on Farms IN MINNESOTA
850 i 1860 | 1870 1880
is bs ¥ % e 3 a e 5 o
Bw E 3 + = F3 3 e —e2 z z a a 5
21 8 § a Es 8 8 oP Ege 3 § Be Eg 8
Counties es is s aS < 3 gg 4 a ag p
= c o oe ~ EB o bo = m v ov bare :
es 2) 2 14 | 2 3 & | a gS g Ss |& | 88 q
a) 4 | 6 é A 6 a A ° Bs a
ES: SIDIEVi dis wwsersisieiant a 3,270 1,110 2,160 33.9: 9,483 3,531 5,952) 37.8] 15,521 5,731
79 Stearns... 000.1 | | | 3lond—t02,- 28221281, 12,870 «= 43399, BATH) 34.21 26,099 91723
80 Steele............ 2,500: 899 1,601 36.0 6,640, 2,846) 3,794| 42.9) 11,446) 5,485
81 Stevens.......... 260 89 171) 34. 2,164 1,002
B2- "Switticce cs iaticd act 7,791) 2,772
83 Todd iscsi sa; sense | 227 66 161) 29.4 950 337 613) 35.5) 7,223; 2,487
84 Toombs..........! | | | *
85 Traverse......... | 837 323
86 Wabasha......... 264 59 205. = 22.3 4,952 1,705 3,247 34.4 11,678) 4,374 7,304, 37.5 9,797 5,000
87 Wadena.......... ; 18 6 12) 33.3 869) 320
88 Wahnahta........ 87. 13 74 14.9,
89 Waseca........... | | | | 1,611 545 1,066 33.8 6,865 2,593 4,272} 37.8] 11,1481 5,252
90 Washington 728 196 $32. 26.9, 3,018) 1,223 1,795 40.5 4,164 2,074, 2,090} 49.8 8,495 4,380
91 Watonwan........ 2,430 702 1,728} 28.9) 8,866 3,648
92 Wilkin........... i ' | 419 113 306; 27.0 1,061 458
93 Winona.......... \ | | 4,430 1,651 2,779 37.3 11,547 5,167 6,380! 44.7) 15,250 6,680
94 Wright........... | | 3,285 1,006 2,279! ~—--30.6 6,037 2,050 3,987, 34.0] 17,796 6,850
95 Yellow Medicine.. .’ I 6,719 2,674
96 Indian Reservations | |
Totals for the State’ 2,002, 607, $1,395 30.3, 119,357 *40,444) +78,913, 34.0] 310,379, _121,467/_ +188,912| 39.1] 659,050 275,545
* Total as given in Census (1860, p. 80), 40,344,
Correct sum of county items, 40,444.
¢ Includes working oxen.
a hr
hy
APPENDIX 279
py Counties, 1850-1910—Continued
1880 | 1890 1900 1910
ix ts
v o n v o n ) o vo
Z 2 29 FE z is 2 B Zz Dy : s 7 w
8 |8e| 8s 8 8 |p| Ee 8 & | fp) #e 8 # |8e/ €
pact om 4 c on
$ 5 ae & BS fess] so £ 5 se] so 3 BS | &
4 Ay go = Ay go s s A, 2S a s ay Oo
o mS a ° & QA } Rs a o
9,790 | 36.9 22,738 | 11,380) 11,358) 50.0 30,301 | 13,950 16,351 ) 46.0 33,209 17,308 15,901 | 52.1 78
16,376 | 37.3 37,763 | 16,348 | 21,415 | 43.3 55,961 | 21,777 34,184 | 38.9 68,428 36,272 32,156 | 53.0} 79
5,961 | 47.9 24,243 | 11,704 | 12,539 | 48.3 34,299 | 17,125 17,174 | 49.9 36,835 20,332 16,503 | 55.2| 80
1,162 | 46.3 9,336 | 3,391 | 5,945 | 36.3 12,564} 4,520 8,044 | 36.0 15,982 6,764 9,218 | 42.3] 81
5,019 | 35.6 17,815 | 6,738} 11,077 | 37.8 20,437 | 8,418 12,019 | 41.2 23,612 9,856 13,756 | 41.7} 82
4,736 | 34.4 15,356; 5,965/ 9,391] 38.8 22,714 | 8,972 13,742 | 39.5 39,243 20,129 19,114] 51.3] 83
84
514| 38.6 5,848 | 2,187] 3,661 | 37.4 7,774 | 3,105 4,669 | 40.0 12,837 5,402 7,435 | 42.1] 85
4,797 | 51.0 20,786 | 9,177} 11,609 | 44.1 24,957 | 8,827 16,130 | 35.4 28,882 11,755 17,127 | 40.7} 86
549 | 36.9 3,243 1,307 1,936 | 40.3 7,450 | 2,838 4,612 | 38.1 13,358 6,730 6,628 | 50.4 87
8
5,896 | 47.1 20,746; 9,629] 11,117] 46.4 26,801 | 12,386 14,415 | 46.2 27,297 13,834 13,463 | 50.7| 89
4,115 | 51.6 13,161 7,478 | 5,683 | 56.8 18,965 | 8,260 10,705 | 43.6 21,297 11,161 10,136 | 52.4] 90
5,218 | 41.1 16,279} 7,504] 8775 | 46.1 20,995 | 8,925 12,070 | 42.5 27,331 11,533 15,798 | 42.2} 91
603 | 43.2 6,431} 2,339) 4,092 | 36.4 9,459 | 3,605 5,854 | 38.1 12,604 5,418 7,186 | 43.0] 92
8,570 | 43.8 27,052 | 11,253 | 15,799 | 41.6 29,000 | 10,788 18,212 | 37.2 39,931 17,017 22,914 | 42.6} 93
10,946 | 38.5 23,551 | 11,053 | 12,498 | 46.9 39,544 | 16,915 22,629 | 42.8 49,876 28,071 21,805 | 56.3) 94
4,045 | 39.8 21,070} 7,218 | 13,852 | 34.3 22,988 | 8,447 14,541 | 36.7 29,020 12,662 16,358 | 43.6| 95
1,491 493 998 | 33.1 96
383,505 | 41.8 | 1,373,579 | 593,908 | 779,671 | 43.2 || 1,871,325 | 753,632 | 1,117,693 | 40.3 | 2,347,435 | 1,085,388 | 1,262,047 | 46.2
280
CounTIES
Becker
Benton................ cael
Big Stones ga:hacie soeyooutess
CaSScadi gah wee bere: eee
Chisago............, egaed
Ca ais ine, Sered Gabel ene exe Sa seeers
Cooks acieasstas ee. eae
Crow Wing.......... pert
Dakota............,, dads
Faribault...
Fillmore.... thee
Freeborn..........,, Scbaniests
Goodhue. .........,, SnePhs fa
Houston..................,
Manomin
Mille Lacs
Monongalia................
MOMISON e428 5-2 giae Socsetin's God le \
MUP Ys ted ceden warteannce |
NObleS i iaiceaa puted sen |
PICK Ce ononian ain St otek ACs
Panes os. nce ee Beales Siecdsh eines oie i
Pollen cial gcaseesccatinech ake ae
APPENDIX
TABLE NXV —Horses, Mvutes, AND Asses IN MInNESOTA BY Counties, 1850-1910
Number
59
518
1850
42
353
171
2
149
102
1,197
603
162
2,458
250
810
1,277
564
367
69
33
101
10
325
2
397
1,734
9
1860
1870 «1880 1890 | 1900 1910
3 | 3 3 3 3 y
& E E & gE a
s i s S s 3 >
m me 4 7, | 2 Zi
edd | i
7 sag 181 1,470 2,098 | § 230,837
638 | 1,738 3,007 4171 4,786 | 504'432
17 | 1,319 ai210 Go7 ee 905,036
| 1774 196,609
106 | 693 1,906 3493 41356 604,112
| 943 31485 7'290 7,872 | 950,166
4,499 | 9,873 14,065 14/870 15,453 | 1,773,653
1,235 | 4,823 8,094 10,433 | 11,491 | 1,289,443
| 37 100 975 1,749 | 220,478
1,740 4,126 5,580 6,625 7,709 | 953/040
11 33 164 1,514 1,974 | 203,274
160 2,164 5,806 01355 10,255 | 1,138,481
413 i 1,428 2'561 4.954 5,897 | '712'392
10 | 11796 6,185 13,440 13,535 1,744,895
, ; 91/334
k 18 108 1
53 | 2558 5,421 9,729 11,263 1242 tee
40 49 930 2,718 2,748 | —287'398
5,599 8,428 9,756 10,356 10,771 | 1,418/031
2'932 6,660 7°780 8,405 8,920 | 1,054,140
544 21867 6,231 9,357 9,580 | 11045/931
3,103 6,799 11,542 14/238 15,044 | 1°715/513
6,662 14,062 15,990 16,584 17,067 | 23150,136
3:170 81321 10,997 13,489 14,275 | 1,623,907
6,950 13,114 14,372 15,301 16,661 | 2'075,811
48 1,347 4.809 7:323 7,767 | '917,598
3,692 6.722 8,667 115555 12,068 | 1,530,726
2'970 6,367 8,330 8,319 8,900 1,028,669
, 856 | 210,849
225 1,096 2,156 4,640 5,576 649,648
00 134,176
245 1,968 5,382 11,490 12,807 1,424'460
233 4486 8,654 12,544 13701 1 epae?
; 564 8,532 | 1,129/381
352 51,609
21 2,278 7,750 13,118 14,158 | 1,637,828
2,109 5,079 6,974 8,539 8 O79 1 oas'it
1,036 3,501 8,007 8,811 | "960,787
2,594 6,313 11,027 12'386 | 1,446,669
1,114 4176 7°692 91276 9,032 1,286,712
042 | "121,932
279 4,309 11,264
1,139 3,089 7,610 12,619 ierde Ves6798
998 4473 8,070 10,421 11,242 | 1'507,310
c 213 533 2,240 31521 | '382°260
237 | 1,307 3,559 7,188
2,886 9120 11/031 13°710 signe | igarisen
17 1440 4.736 10,654 11,709 | 1'309/051
1,904 5,926 8.612 8,701 8,638 | 1016,301
1,854 5,913 11,933 : "600,
5,013 11,933 13,903 | 1,600,372
7,772 11,514 13,295 13,555 Trasa | qlee seo
173 5515 14,039 22,949 yo cen | sgeraene
: : ; 23,350 | 2'579,804
4,097 | 468,789
, ,
15 46 206 2,481
854 3,309 6,940 Tig Tao
3,220 13,209 21,925 19,270 | 2,458,210
377 2/502 6,808 91528 97321 | 1/114'938
654 1,462 1,892 age 3,010 353,098
48 2,373 6,555 14,154 a's 1 pee
424 4665 12,789 17,243 18,365 | 2/211,604
3,842 7,679 9,276 10,097 101557 | 1,225,664
2'261 51521 8,474. 10,043 | 1/249/401
Cae 3,217 4,053 | 4841143
2,095 | 4033 5,184 6,280 eae sonirs
441 1,449 2/832 3:91 : ;
; ; 912 4,413 | 493,468
APPENDIX
TABLE XXV—Horsss, Mutes, AND Asses IN MINNESOTA BY Countigs, 1850-1910—Continued
281
| 1850 | — 1860 1870 | 1880 | 1890 | 1900 1910
3 3 a 3 S a B
CouNTIES : ' e ¢ e e 3 4 a
3 3 3 g = 5 2
4 a a a 7, z &
SMilegasu ease ee y 187 1,739 4936 8.689 10,165 0765 E57 O78
Stearns.......6 6 cee eee eee | 428 2,487 7,410 13,653 18,425 19,802 ': 22491602
Steele, .ccccam sees ness on | 383 2,007 6,408 7,405 8,395 9,190 | 1,100,954
Stevens....... 2600. ee ee eee | 36 1,726 3,768 8,034 7,189 872,291
Swifts gamens qayenweecume tated 2,664 5,944 10804 10696 | 1,263°542
Todd :3ecnesen Acme teeeaanie 50 76 1,578 3,857 8,743 9,342 976,652
TOOMDS. .siccs ceva esarwaes ;
TIAVers@ ric ciis «tent eutramnacs 3,455 7137 8,410 | 1,074,995:
Wabasha.......-.-0202000- 107 | Sit 5,538 7,074 8,352 9,415 9,889 | 1,272,600
Wadena: <canevax s gaa nee 525 1,025 2/863 2/871 305°932
Wahnahta................. 40 ss ance be
Waseca sis cianccvn 4 anh oi taeninttons i ,143 7,812 8,348 8,934 992,677
Wesel ingtows cee puioercance 130 | 760 1/303 31960 51534, 6,517 71307 | 988,076
Watonwan.............006- 545 2,289 5,236 7,263 8,016 879,366
Wilkin. ......-0.-ee eee ees 51 926 3,066 8,487 8,247 | 1,001,234
WInOha si dam-c any eyisins ae 88 923 5,627 8,412 9,913 9,869 11,112 | 1,368,496
Wright...... saponin ag 276 1,104 4,796 8,683 11,765 13,430 | 1,646,512
Yellow Medicine............ | 2,410 6,851 12,404 13,468 | 1,528,385
Indian Reservations......... 1,152
Totals for the State......- 874 17,442 95,361 | 266,301 471,020 704,969 [$42,754,041] 759,178 [$89,824,452
TABLE XXVI.—SHeEep anp Goats ON FarMs IN MINNESOTA BY CounrTiEs, 1850-1910
1850 1860 1870 1880 1890 | 1900 1910
Z 3 2 zg 3 3 3 g
CouNTIES g g g E g 5 § 5
Z- Zz Z z z Z Z >
Aitkin acco nau ei | 15 35 724 2,366 | $ 7,506
PET dani aceedowiecnsmenawes 50 1,745 1,799 1,514 1,613 1,322 61125
Becker ics cn dad andanvabeawss 30 1,137 3,357 5,434 6,349 23,017
Beltraminecésscs oc eee sve vena 1,324 1,824 6,711
ODEON ust o.caieine denne taceeees 15 261 494 1,016 3,651 3,973 12,835
Big Stone.......00.cce sees sees 10 333 1,706 1,957 7,355 33,642
Blue Earth............000.000- 110 6,690 9,060 5,825 14,011 11,634 | 50,458
Breckenridge..............0005
aoa nena 61 995 3,078 4,582 3,446 4470 | 18,788
Buchanan..............0.00008
Gstltsde ss ence cen 27 98 646 1,313 | 4,949
Camel ishives corsets vemos eee 120 5,501 7,135 5,267 5,568 4,085 15,920
Casein cise ce uae re aetna eaten 199 529 2,538 9,624
Chippewa............ cee esses 395 1,692 4,165 4,433 4,074 | 21,964
ER eAtU. oc ca sicesereclex coat dacs 244 1,387 3,334 4,171 3,333 21456 8,789
Clays ct pie oacnnva cuennteniene 896 5,201 3,390 3,701 16,002
Clearwater..............0000- ae 8,888
COOK so seal seeeceicn ain sexta ance 96
Cottonwood............0.0000- 39 5,512 23,260 12,560 14,842 65,679
row Wing..........c0.eeeeee 252 1,451 3,229 10,644
Dakota sia siese. 6 sige: e1se-ne,pnataieleiore 650 3,065 3,503 14,778 6,313 6,995 28,844
Dodge icicieictc aS ascnt stncuesisenaeecnan 320 5,889 2,854 6,525 13,267 12,207 50,554
Douglas.............00eceeees 10 1,017 5,181 6,416 6,365 5,674 20,627
Faribault..............0.00005 45 4,127 15,974 7,353 9,538 9,170. 39,369
PA MON Bic ..cc ex aiesdnarsvegnvas 1,598 10,342 8,351 8,166 25,343 34,308 | 173,622
PIBeOOR 2 ss dca v Pease wances 211 5,057 4,938 4,558 7,837 7,569 | 31,913
Goodhue. 2121022222200 678 6,244 7,261 10,222 10,846 12,717 | 51,624
prise ioe nee cisaanes 106 1,056 3,645 5,876 4,157 | 15,487
Hennepin............-00-0000- 305 5,672 9,841 4,904 4,076 4,290 20,609
OUSLON oo ass seen amine aensss 720 4,697 4,688 4,800 7,204 12,792 51,204
Hubbard. .......... 00. ee eee 105 1,008 2,344 8,566
Dexa cosas vss ook eg ave co 975 2,700 5,350 4,559 2,456 6,658
Heaths... eseeeseeens 7 a oes
Jackson...................... 413 4,538 12,482 11,875 13,360 | 57,939
Kanabec...................... 15 500 3,336 3,736 13,510
Kandiyohi... 11122222202 742 8,133 7,824 6,006 7,452 | 32,506
itll tyvaserumeswemd anew 49 1,302 4,289 we we
Kitson ose eseeceeee sneer
ey Pane 20002 2s o44 5,280 2,771 3,599 | 14,610
282 APPENDIX
TABLE XXVI—Sueer anv Goats on FARMS IN Minnesota BY CounrIEs, 1850-1910—Continued
| 1850 | 1860 =| ~—:1870 1880 1890 | 1900 1910
|
i} oe he bh be be MH be
| 3 3 i 3 3 3 2/8
CouNnTIES | E g g § g g g is
iG a a a a a a
Lakes suines.aaccsae gh daaoee abe i 7 18 56 15 5 | $ 14
Le Stietirg 2245 c0 dla gee stas ean 161 5,233 6,795 3,325 6,393 5,774 22,202
Lincoln: askasayse ees Se seu ee rs | 976 8,422 11,351 7,089 27,459
LYON 52 ssa arecegcrmnsnn ew es eho 3,351 10,210 12,481 12,979 60,451
Mcleod. siad « tikea dopesnde tie 3,489 5,632 4,620 5,226 5,272 20,610
Mahnomen.............0.0055 132 559
Mankahtasss2.o0 02 sacvedadaas
Manominis «ss seees eaves eepeers ; 2
Maftshall....3 os daees secs sases as 17 2,702 15,302 10,647 42,958
Martities «acer nails + das acess ' 749 14,615 11,328 9,523 12,150 56,511
Meekeriis: s cisavcd wae onareieaares i 38 2,936 6,166 4,477 4,504 7,264 31,304
MilleTsacs... oa. eecs0% esvietenaes 155 219 471 2,020 2,234 8,566
Monongalia............eesee6- 2,468
Morrisons <.2 ccs -sians 8 Hawa Sage 55 570 939 4,453 5,704 6,731 21,245
MOWERS cies c Aout e sere cinaten docemune 176 1,945 3,025 7,002 18,281 12,790 67,968
MuUrrayccasdatoaanies wngesnes 115 1,566 5,910 26,080 18,694 87,836
Nicollet. css soccer seas weawen 391 1,619 4,881 3,757 5,825 3,706 15,889
Noblesasces.i aes sahaice awa cesien 8,275 10,749 16,136 23,522 113,172
Norman. 2ic0. cseane cae ccecess 4,908 6,177 6,095 21,891
Olmsted...........0 eee eee ees 3,348 4,918 8,693 14,538 29,374 34,841 | 153,681
Otter Taille wcwes sateen beabeds 465 5,153 11,896 18,714 19,592 69,746
Pembina «: .c6cscasa sass sien es 2
Pennington............0eeeeee 4,644 15,630
PierGe: sc saa cscs da sise ce dee ees
Bitte. ccc saa sec enaee eseeuen 11 2 298 2,253 4,069 15,987
Pipestone.......... cece eee eee 78 1,509 11,795 21,617 93,461
Polk csnoe cas pete dé be whee heeede 747 9,853 12,429 11,433 49,662
Popes cudiguewanceigueuians pad 964 5,004 4,719 4,272 3,665 15,420
Ramsey's og teagan gnges Vesanier es 45 4 298 219 583 875 1,368 5,279
Red. Lake wai wet's wie ee Seared 5,005 1,755 6,323
Redwood.........seeeeeeeeeee 250 4,672 9,713 10,610 9,025 36,362
Renville.... cc ce ceca ess eeeanns 5 833 4,013 8,406 7,075 7,904 31,536
RIG os aihic ds ned dssane bo eraon se 1,078 7,907 8,973 7,035 8,827 5,808 24,251
Rochesicsasend cans oeuiie-sltheealnies 9 1,082 3,641 12,623 16,958 91,666
RROSCaU jis: s es sas ew sae ed senioeis 4,568 7,114 22,809
Saint Louis............ 0 eee ees 169 254 255 868 3,014
Scotts x42 sane cain ase sevee 118 3,863 4,785 4,100 5,863 5,435 21,952
Sherburne. .......... 200s eeee 115 1,112 1,873 674 2,561 2,454 10,328
Sibleyi.a c.misc odo ee tees tas chs 195 3,666 6,627 5,135 7,877 6,498 23,224
StOALiiS aos discs Sistas aaoeis 28 oe 227 6,174 8,703 7,320 13,438 13,461 45,318
Steele... cece eee eee ee 481 2,785 4,207 5,705 8,025 2,432 9,671
Stevensiissaadasy venoms nsters 32 223 2,190 4,374 10,497 44,470
Swiftssesaieyaerseaecassee 1,202 4,126 2,810 3,414 13,439
Todd scrutinne« Bees news oxeiewss 378 1,761 5,043 9,434 7,783 27,532
Toombs)...cs:0. vcd viaes es ces es
TRAVEDSE ss esa ce eae ese ae 8s 9 367 1,347 3,412 15,839
Wabasha. sc. wsiisucisaueasenee aces 26 66 2,819 1,582 6,910 13,131 24,172 95,708
Wadena........ ccc cece ee eee 25 1,323 3,675 4,026 16,959
Wahnahtas. «< seceecee ee aseae
WASECAN ssi nes nancsains oeteeacd 197 2,617 2,980 4,342 7,165 6,725 28,362
Washington...............068- 7 557 2,179 1,986 2,392 3,428 3,176 14,275
Watonwan.........-.+.. sees 446 3,080 5,943 11,190 6,006 26,360
Wilkin. . 2... 6... ee eee eee ee es 11 43 1,061 2,741 3,440 16,150
Winona. ...... 06-06. ee eee eees 555 3,287 5,123 5,530 12,245 16,360 65,231
Wright..... ee ee 140 2,612 11,698 9,665 9,345 4,926 18,767
Yellow Medicine............... 1,873 7,521 6,451 5,676 23,365
Indian Reservations............ 109 ,
Totals for the State.......... 80 13,044 132,343 267,598 399,049 593,699 [$1,751,861] 642,170 |$2,711,904
APPENDIX 223
TABLE XXVII —Swine on Farms in Minnesota By Counttss, 1850-1910
1850
1860 1870 1880 1890 1900 1910
M we be
vo Vv uo 8 &
CountiEs ¢ z : 2 3 & 2
5 z
z Z Z z Zz £ £ S
RL aban se sea
21 236
Anolihesossesesevessescetet 741 682 2,368 4,088 S179 306 | ° 40'802
cree eek ORES : ie es ae Boy | laa
BERtOR scanned ae bin 54 199 168 1,430 14,239
So s} | bs] | gous] | gas] | sas) sales
fe: Hatt haacccanoaeoies as 2,389 5,65 , 98
Breckenridge...........--eeeees : ee au 951 33,727 42,714 410,526
Brown. ...... cece cece eee eenes 1,232
Bucheiahe ws ccococovocccese Me oan 14,292 20,334 29,539 | 267,688
arlton. 6... cece eee ee eee eens 10 32 113
Carver eee en 5,376 7,874 10,991 17,983 03,087 26766 186088
Bhi cts Rice eA ecnsean yee 191 986 1,651
Chippewa easiness ULebA ee snieed 256 1,146 3,649 ae
Chisago Gycccesteahanyameeuaeer 1,251 988 2,567 3,199 1830) a 26 get
a 308 4,957 naan 6,149 | 71,066
Cook caihens secede s sma areas 6 22 nari oe
oa a Sia hG deme seides Seo 4 a aa uate 17,660 26,699 257 oF
lade Baipicr ravenna al rca 15 2,86 i
ee aacinek wb aistociuarsc icttek 5,149 6,232 p70 16,152 17/429 20) ne 198781
Spiess ae A ee chet a : ; 113 23,221 21,326 | 199,
Tom ladies sanoa seven irae nondn 59 983 3,225 4,830 8, rio?
Manibalt clawctdand eee 569 3,394 155146 31,355 s3o83 11,285 coe
Fillmore, 4... 00.2seererseres 9,605 19,809 31, 083 48,697 83, 138 56 ioe so8 C1
Bae en ae ard ators 36,256 46,2 :
Goodhue Ucciviuinn Gatiiak on neeoeaen 3,872 6, or 10,728 29,044 s 332 a1, 233 pase
neste reece mee omnes 862 5,389 : :
Heaps plillenaan ia devesar cessor 7,928 5, 503 10,560 19,214 21,203 i's6s | 178838
Houston. ao ee pation i iaice’ 4,050 6,305 27,829 401917 53,300 43'935 | 365,909
FAs at ea cares 551 988 : ;
Isanti RANE NREL! ; 158 395 1,365 2,704 3,387 3/928 ae
rc seta choos 2 538 :
Jackson. erg aeaies se caanenee 17 251 2,771 8,859 32,980 36, pe sea 02t
Kanabetss.....2s.ssesssereeen 11 94 288 1,379 1,524 15,588
Kandiyohi. CE edd Saceahetaes 39 172 2,266 4,329 11,755 21,103 208°252
oe) SY oo oo sey|| Same
Lae gui Pate, cucaceecanevdanes 19 1,550 6,452 22,138 29,896 | 287,840
Le Sueur Da edition se 10,164 9,337 17,012 26,100 21,367 27,431 213 183
Lincoln.......+.+.eseeeeesress 787 2,129 17,485 14,016 | 131,432
Lyon. .sssseeeeeeseessesesss 2,534 5,852 30,473 25.498 | 261,909
LEG) jane amen eee 486 1,039 5,685 123101 18,379 27,145 | 195,585
Mahnomen.............--e00+- ; "646 :
Mankahtasicssscvescoassacans ee
oa ee ee rere 69 :
Glace acs 82 5,332 7,283 5,707
Martine: ciacuraaigrs soavne eave 32 2,492 7,178 21,525 37,929 46'550 462079
Mecker... Li ddineeasaeee tows 515 2,687 3, oad 6,010 10,275 191421 | 192571
Monongatia. 2 2000000020000005 98 640 oe aren ee
OFTIBOM, .cccieve eae ened oa ole ee a 713 593 2,278 5,318 11,324 12,63
Mower.<<cancsssaxdvauvessouns 849 2,973 123047 20,297 44747 29, es as
Murray... eon ae 8 10 1,385 3,949 31,721 27436 | 278,363
Mice, cans acne scueuecen 1,468 1,982 5,819 21,140 19,689 20,770 | 206,119
Nobles fo, acioii oe acsectare-acuoudioue, é 2, 396 9,344 48,581 41,003 386,143
Norman, sconces nei coe@een sage: 4,129 6,777 5,527 51,724
Olmsted oon 6,133 7,298 12,455 34, “409 38,714 39,192 | 345,477
bean ceca rr rcccccrvscees ®
ree on anes Hprhsie's due teta ia: seeinse-s 115 tee ay i a a ee
CNMINGTON..... cer ev cccceccns
Pierce ee mie os
HIN cry al semana Beanies 25 30 47 416 2,452 4,300 34,457
Pipestone Eaercos Rancectinsheeatec gear wieieiie 659 2,763 18,468 20,609 181,478
: Olle ciated sheer oawva senoroe sees + 1,382 13,755 16,317 11,795 122,503
Pope eis davan.e ithe Tin ae eee 790 1,711 4031 8,696 9,074 93,309
. Ramsey... 69 1,331 1,357 1,627 2;690 4,019 4574 48,924
I R i Lake. 4375 2,318 19,191
edwood. . AT 2,496 7,050 23,054 32:965 | 301,589
Renville Lcbdibiadnss ageest a wiciave oe : 113 285 4,639 11,595 28,821 42,677 377,515
Bice... is 5,232 7,324 9,860 20,984 22,967 25,549 | 224,869
Rock Sahn aon Butetnen ies 11 3,663 17,003 45,976 40,310 | 385,269
eee 1,782 2,424 24,035
| Saint Louis. 1 20002000000 3 112 330 521 1,659 | 14,574
5 Ott its sana anes Gerba hie es 4,060 6,654 9,218 15,654 18,785 18,395 148, 649
MObOtney iis siueuie ae whos exie3 < 220 542 1,418 4,921 7,340 6,851 68,787
284
APPENDIX
TABLE XXVII—Swine on Farms 1n Minnesota By Counties, 1850-1910—Continued
rae 1850 | 1860 |S ta7os|Ssszo—i(;:=S its f§ S900 1910
| | |
fp oT 3 3 3 3 gos
CounrTIES g | | g | & g g g a
2 2 z | 2 & Z 2 >
! i
= i | | ' | |
SUI ah ko uoh eons Sas ~~ 3,082 | 3,990 | "7,334 | 18,512 21,401 28,535 § 214,803
Bae abcde sheen: | 3,266 \ 6,237 | 11,106 | 16,413 29,936 | 40,476 | 306,068
Peal cc nieces etynelauiaanentant | "744 | 2,006 7,129 15,519 26,090 | 29,617 | 227,413
ey aiisupuaden oetecevetiase aad ' | 55 | 718 2,279 9,978 | 7,987 78,614
SWil tic soe aaaua ava wansnasbuubonetcn 2,176 4,350 13,207 | 14,194 153,111
Todd... ial Glethe- seca acee eens | 119 373 2}825 4,120 10,244 13,022} 110,135
OOMDS anes) enain ese wars Ree were
WMAVERSCendaetia me 4 iemece paeaacs | H 2 131 2,714 6,353 8,283 90,527
Weabashety 440 #24 gannseeewwcdus | 3,336 | 3,238 | 11,294 38)255 31,021 22,410 | 197,259
Wadena. oe... ieee ¥ 913 926 31367 33138 30,613
LTUELAN CA ys ayia vecca es ros giearce Area aren ahetane \
Waseca....... ss. sss, | 1,167 3,188 7,317 15,231 24,036 21,951 | 191,775
Washington | 31492 2/870 4966 11,015 12,404 12,309 | 118/247
Watonwan.............- sec... 815 2}872 12681 18,022 20,537 | 214/415
Uli aiiedoasseueasirgiacuanon 44 269 21295 5,713 5,333 53,216
AE Ol aactainangepatnone arta | 4,375 6,278 14,100 23,924 31,211 34/586 | 288,273
MN ae cues wisiomrpdssau ni deines | _ 31932 2;946 91565 19,329 29,653 40,109 | 326,646
Yellow Medicine................ 1,683 6,331 28,490 29,108 | 277143
Indian Reservations............. | 1,007
Totals for the State........... | 740 | 101,371, 148,473 381,415 853,715 1,440,806 1,520,257 $13,929,127
TABLE XXVIII —Pouttry on Farms 1n Minnesota BY CountiEs, 1850-1910
3g 50 1860 | 1870 | 1880 1890 1900 1910
e Me Me rm ue fe a
C7) vo vo cy vo Vv o v vo
CounrtIESs € e e 2 3 z a 2
a 5
Z Z Zz Zz Z Z e Z 2
Meee 170 2,092 14,465 § 4,558 25,679 | $ 11,480
BUG iscsesd aca anasonadiace: 16,138 32}257 45,537 17,643 61,685 33,296
Becker..............se000-, 6,904 26,752 50,191 13,749 73,359 30,122
Beltrami..............000.. "150 12,814 4,104 26,191 13,268
Beil cis kay adda ghinwicetdcs | 6,287 26,304 38,634 12,577 60,382 26,389
Big Stone...............---. | 5,296 24,162 49,840 13,245 69,364 32,030
Blue Earth................. : 89,991 144,916 240,382 66,027 | 262,705 | 116,156
Breckenridge................ | | : ;
Brown 45,501 97,756 143,153 32,095 | 204,295 73,721
Buchanan \ 7
Cat ltotie, sae acuiew ons 1,057 1,713 8,818 3,258 24,914 12,476
Carver. . 63,924 101,233 137,172 39,752 184;135 72,978
Ceknenondiannean eth & 12 2127 13,626 3,693 23,875 11,201
Chippewa ! 12,492 37'508 90,936 24;103 | 137,676 51,910
Chisago 16,123 31,474 60,655 15,758 81,478. | 31,189
Be eerie 8,807 40,661 76,535 22'163 || 100,595 42,274
fe 8 : | 20 228 621 3s7| ear | 973
Cottonwood................ | i 17,959 49,145 106,670 29,764 | 149,210 60,529
Crow Wing................. | "560 9,818 30,551 9,834 39,544 17,736
PWM toa ses fetac dace | 70,262 127/277 122,338 41,836 144/203 77,662
Te ad psia steno | 46,628 76,875 115,075 29,291 129,803 61,234
Dogs: 24,0 sed denanabea 20,386 46,193 90,510 19,520 128,284 47,438
Fanibanltspeswenteci enwaveds i | 57,542 106,382 188,299 59,308 || 224383 | 109,959
Brill tte py aia hades ga acess i "1183359 1891184 265,253 73/302 | 264535 | 117,634
Freeborn.............00.00. : 64,883 119059 208°821 59015 247°988 125,909
cede ie cstedwaearnaeuacece I 102920 177,460 226,696 58,119 || 239,328 98,195
EEE: ; 5,839 29:275 69,706 17,224 86,703 35,960
Fei auicot pe ecsnecueess | 81/139 134020 153,875 57,762 | 197,856 | 118,634
HoitsliWigecsesnaycewerdeuien ; 65,949 96,652 139,661 36,946 | 145,052 58,288
Hubbard 3:2: cca sins cba aces 40 | 5.897 11.079 4267 26-170 12,898
USS Ht lan sccccemewnnnacen can | 11,963 34/354 54,617 13,729 73,129 22,904
Teeter a annescremonnacens 022 3/188 1,421 15,461 9,577
Tacksonesicxsner ans ene} | 16,242 / §4,949 158,710 44,777 | 195,602 85,870
Be a ateashiaeesptaeices ae 255 | “9/981 14,749 3,553 27,460 12,612
Kandiyohi | 25,311 57865 105,924 25,137 169,825 67,575
Kitson. eee eee eee | : ! 244 j 22,113 38,464 10,528 53,058 18,426
Has ic ing ava cesdanep Aoi eaae lens | 5,642 3,360
Cui Parley «sc ew aqae ener | | 11,926 » 51,047 116,490 33,381 173,502 73,960
APP BN PLT x 285
TABLE XXVIII—Poutrry on Farms 1n MINNESOTA BY Countiss, 1850-1910—Continued
1850 1860 1870 1880 1890 1900 1910
3 S 3 3 4 u h
Q a a v o vo v
CounTIES g g g : e = 3 - =
5
Zz, Zz Zz z Z Zz > Zz eC
Lak@yc tates sc decoe cece waa | 97 189 974 | $ 402 5,069 | $ 3,524
Le Sueur. .....-... eee ee, 64,698 90,864 137,281 37,147 165,409 83,003
Lincoln: ss jsccas0ee% sonana ns 6,577 27,416 67,889 18,608 104:885 38,725
TSW cine Mig eotacoecce ean ia 15,315 43,969 110,500 32,570 157,941 73,019
McLeod........+-+++0 0.0 ee 44,852 92,157 150,447 42,011 215,456 91,022
Mahnomen................, 1 4 7,821 3,190
Mankahta...............0.. ;
Manomin................08. |
Nacsa 6 nny isadamuos cass 634 32,715 66,079 18,688 91,901 32,615
WM arhitis ies stetswciederaceinen ones i ‘ 25,087 76,589 177,261 52,191 232,674 | 113,338
Mecketrcscasvesesse ves das t | | ' 34,182 73,972 115,815 31,917 170,509 70,552
MUNG LAGS. .ec nests ee nina i : 6,147 24,903 6,700 39,513 17,963
Monongalia.................
Morrison..............0000. | | H 13,010 40,756 76,283 22,136 107,626 43,257
Mowetucdcoheokasuiticus } \ 65,209 95,946 181,227 48,200 188,292 91,096
Mitta aah ciolivarmiageand : 9,831 39,991 125,021 34,800 160,332 70,787
Nicollet.................00, { ' 48,120 81,932 133,811 29,006 163,694 61,271
Nobles........0...00..0000, i | 13,958 52,298 154,034 43,874 185,219 86,758
Noritianlss sexs. s.00¢ en 8 eaace | : 41,771 69,443 16,712 98,413 38,133
Olmsted. Scctae eM AGeaue Wh, ee \ 97,542 137,661 199,389 54,230 215,944 98,172
QtGP Tall, sacs cwueveauwcoscs 35,092 108,062 |, 202,845 51,628 285,958 104,835
Pembinass sce. 3 Arsacdwied cue's conte Ss
i 41,662 16,640
i
: 659 4,878 31,198 8,487 60,776 25,424
H 3,802 25,609 75,737 18,458 96,070 46,250
i 12,298 104,681 139,425 44,427 184,945 80,390
14,307 42,662 80,868 23,117 111,980 43,926
| 15,473 26,583 32,393 12,148 51,184 33,526
44,288 12,321 23,159 10,647
16,062 51,522 150,353 41,883 237,343 104,627
: 35,377 97,752 199,610 54,193 292,788 121,448
68,110 137,562 146,668 45,646 175,978 81,614
15,599 45,836 106,210 27,111 123,124 52,972
1 20,102 7,383 42,492 16,641
3,427 6,983 15,334 6,574 45,758 25,177
SCORE NG see Siaie Bed losthiie Hee reas \ 51,922 90,233 111,941 33,431 129,859 54,839
Sherburne.................. 13,504 38,085 50,103 14,491 65,208 28,313
SIDISY i casias sey sarees camer anes 50,536 106,513 162,932 43,171 224,797 86,605
SLEAPNS viene ae canta von acs sacs | | 65,040 128,981 219,285 54,131 287,632 102,481
Steele sai ese coice ese aus ga nie eae : | ‘ 50,934 79,059 125,648 37,331 172,394 78,385
Stevens.......0......000005 6,978 24,225 59,031 17,549 77,906 33,950
Wil bis casera ae cee x te i 19,728 44,625 84,852 24,116 122,282 50,414
POU Ge icstadaiad ee ees Hitices cece eee sae i 13,920 37,422 88,897 23,939 131,936 55,735
TOOMDS ip 2s scaigs ecmds ea nace nine | ;
Traverse............. eee eee | 1,896 23,220 48,177 13,435 73,725 31,414
Wabasha................... 70,283 109,407 138,625 36,847 150,819 60,445
Wadena................005. ; | i 1,859 10,331 |. 27,390 8,588 37,840 17,813
Wahnahta.................. ! | It
Waseca............ 0-0-0000 : ' 40,860 80,598 121,038 31,355 149,138 63,949
Washington................. : ; | 41,278 75,990 89,631 28,336 109,973 54,065
Watonwan.................. [4 | 20,018 47,880 96,298 27,672 | 117,166 50,739
Wa ante iec cous 5-gatasraccod: bl 4 |} 1,590 23,984 48,362 14,444 73,172 31,508
Winona.................-.. : : 83,412 109,025 125,893 34,991 151,977 64,998
Wright oo odes ca cueloninuss ook A | j 60,115 119,747 181,689 53,114 251,171 119,382
Yellow Medicine............. f i i 14,105 48,282 119,018 31,902 190,192 78,436
Indian Reservations......... | | 4,440 942
Totals for the State........ \ ! | 2,258,385 4,744,211 | 8,142,693 | $2,274,649 || 10,697,075 | $4,646,960
286 APPENDIX
TABLE XXIX —Bees on Farms In Minnesota By Counties, 1850-1910
oer oe 1850 | 1860 | 1870 | 198: | 1890 ~ ‘| 1900 | 1910
|
; i ! { an n
i i! . we & M &
CountIES } aS 5 28 3
| | ae s ge) os
Ps ae o
i a ©
Aitkin seer irvcraeenerees 4i)$ 222] 294| $ 1338
eee na ee ee | 206 858 180 724
Beltrami............ reenter = 74 89 468
Beaten ceo ees ae une as 30 221 159 855
Pee ! mw ee
Blué-Barth...ccscenaeee ae meaess
Breckenridge.s csavsuusyongaaee ens ceiver : | 1,829 6,007 2,084 7,151
ra Wii. mine cece tnuiuiiene aottwem ied ac Goi i
wee ee | | oo 1,270 662 3,037
Carlton. . i
Fria esac taleh ea raiealtac aay dtivan tut teeta nates 15 73 126 586
Carve
oo. Seales ; i 540 2,172 1,171 4,631
Chippewa I | ) 122 596 162 840
Chines | 121 595 | 265 1,210
CLAY a os wieiscg iuiiispccedabedarne one oesaaiinls i 837 3,112 574 2,557
Clearwater oo ! 1 5 90 464
FT aaa OH ee 4|| “6
Cottonwood... 0.0... .cceeecseeeeeeeey
Craur Witiiexstemcciexiniua kawetieea ae: 238 1,315 314 1,223
Ds pot dbjeieieaddianaenaes 250 1,297 569 2,648
Tape pisigh kan ienhen ol banlacuee: 652 2,594 | 833) 3,754
TQ tae accespenbasnecians ps caer anand 1,043 | 3,232 | 1,054 | 4,047
Ra ribAUul Becios oilara coe ceatecienda coment 455 1,942 455 1,757
TU fisijapecs ces eastnar yastey ikcamacons ations ' 1,138 4,323 | 1,331 4,783
Pare OGiiieatrecwnn doh ucsectenk erties: 1,893 7,030 | 3,094) 11,282
Peo ocr ia sucescaansenaigctoens 926, 3,077 | 1,107 | 4,101
de PAE a hecvaust caesar atiseheaiaa edwin tease r 1873 6,086 | 2,119 7,366
Hennepin........0.0000ceccc severe eS j 79 302 32 143
Pet ctonensei ae reee reactance 1,556 5,294 | 2,042 8,950
ED iae daa panna america roe morrevouent 911} 2,321 | 1,028 | 3,351
Teatitin se rene const tates ceate scene, 3 15 18 . 156
Tenet cs Jectoedensasa aiakebacnacasedaall 620) 2,159 | 382 1,293
AC KSOT ccs cose oiarteeunsnd. Wn. ro annealed Behe !
eee rasbetee Mavs akon fay card eve ococuastinceueesten nee 278 1,113 305 1,181
Beat yol Riccvinns caknar ceased romecentch au 402 1,314 | 607 2,648
Kittson......... Nu ie 194 692 201 932
Koochiching........... 4 8 37 242
Lac qui Parle 20 195
TSAO iscassd iisrsines Sassca axrand dameancdiok séceovsessianssbawse "acovaise f 195 714 178 890
TpS 2 SUB UIE sa scsechaet vi onsstands aol inns Sreteeldubebhecsnava OS i 5 aE
THEO xdaleine nai noataaepmomrec | 1,422 | 4,470 | 1,244 | 3,982
MEV Oi sp sctag rs aay Gata ce tonanieajdoewian Seneete Saitdns I 114 487 299 1,430
Mee dhgictsenaccc SoscateitunentGate sina guons 195 741 797 3,850
DM altuitetly canankieenatmoavimanvenene | 868 3,204 | 1,081 | 3,905
Mankahtaxnc <x ecscxr cn eacaweseeesetie |
Ma nommittie eee: i.csa sioeaccinsacese was etiardcow seated mace
WTSI Me i oscanastenoroecrecatcouala auevn Aeveiacertan einen
MAbs sieco siete towered are coniotlaainlornmvion tas i 6 30 49 269
Meeker is sadiisscsed.s eessates saulersua teas ola Sonic sigs ; 911 3,804 858 3,635
IVI EEL atch ie cheer ata le rare mt ; 823; 3,150} 607 | 2,254
Monongaliaisccex anion coaex be tieunnenrony i - 1,253 4,048 787 3,269
Morrison ik sate we dans taaesnns Giese dacs |
IMO WEE aes casa aie Ba.w sehssuns Sgt desig gubedehaeereunte aud i 1,716 6,771 || 1,396 5,139
IMO TRAY. ortdstdosucsinod insieeas walaldnatastenttle Scere I ; | 1,258 4,318 | 1,632 6,014
Niollet isis hajtnancnictsmcnatintamnmnaense 84 372 482 1,940
Ree lea enas ee te hed a ae 567 1,903 | 942, 3,588
INGE Maite 2. Avinw essere tia dee aww ee | 47 182 646 3,011
Olinisted waceicesemenign aciaisaicemeeeea seas 38 180 51 270
Otter Tall ieteonchaincc aids Masedteawhcntes tae 1,247 4,628 | 1,466 5,783
Bem Pitas cctig atest anda dwineachidnermantracte | | 835 3,622 | 1,384 6,076
Pennington
Pierce wal | | 113 487
Pines: sets acess eaeeten vee emiese ‘| |
Pipestone ss0c:sc2.cseadacawasss i | 746 2,637 618 2,509
sag. aS iacunateanan aacore sata! | | 7 22 95 450
Dain eh pe ievatsheoaacaen aa eelonkanid i l | 273 1,467] 577| 3,317
Mia Tey icc hase cae uacanemuecme tenis ‘ I : i 145 536 85 408
BGA lente pina greenies teicadawie f 279 1,052 | 110 570
Redwood as xeiaeventosacinncmn ortauct tote | | 241 1,232 183 796
Riemiille 93 5 crsehaataabcdanaesnan ites | 301 1,291 973 4,339
Pe ! | | 255| 1,081 | 783| 3,261
ROCKE e sciio Seekers wisng wasn eo Saw ete | | ! 990 3,241 1,040 3,885
ROSEAUerctcies talons aed Stnntea: mpiotcbevantia hula i 66 348 357 1,630
Saint WOWiSe cose vanarisaceons eames mas I : |
Ge ee ! | 102 smi} 41 290
SHGUVUHHEL . weonsucaeerncemeeneesa cece | | | 996| 3,002) 950] 2,948
251 787 150 609
APPENDIX
TABLE XXIX—Berzs on Farms 1n Minnesota By Countiss, 1850-1910—Continued
287
1850
1860
1870
1880 1890 1900 1910
bE g
ww
CouNTIES 2 gs 2 2 s Z
3 oe S wo
aa eS Bi
° °
Gibley uaccens ean ceen sens sabuaeeawns on 830 | $ 3,261) 1,105 | $ 3,652
Stearns... 2.2 cece eee eee eect eee ees 1,641 6,027 | 1,338 5,072
Steclé..cccancews ao eenwwree etsy eng, 630 1,889 892 3,297
Stevens 171 791 108 445
Swift....... 59 293 158 633
er ieee Bee 1,562 6,365 | 1,593 5,370
Toombs
Traverse 9 45 60 333
Wabasha 2,024 6,286 | 1,971 7,330
Wadena 664 3,094 355 1,528
Wahnahta
Waseca 525 1,931 1,142 4,876
Washington....... 66. e secre eee e eee nes 672 3,060 987 4,187
Watonwan..... ccc cece cece setts ences 283 1,295 492 2,210
Wilk liticsc-.o cs teaiae Helene nw Saad re tiga 8 40 4 24
Winndie cera sunitinta te SeOr ARMOR ORG TS 1,649 5,712 | 1,787 6,826
Wright... 0.00 c cece eee eee eee eens ie ee ee oa
Yellow Medicine.........-- 00sec neers 222
Indian Reservations... ...........0005-
‘Totals for the State...............005 45,877 | $167,280 || 56,677 | $221,781
TABLE XXX —AnIMALs SoLp AND SLAUGHTERED ON FARMS IN MINNESOTA By CountTrEs, 1850-1910
1850 1860 1870 1880 1890 1900 1910
v 3 3 3
CouNTIES s iS s a
ith: cccaselee somes eee s $ 23,258 $ 95,946
ae oceateceieee $ 6,262 $ 10,612 103,101 171,829
Becker. .....s0eeeceee cues 150 134,950 258,435
Beltrami. ........22+-eeee 13,696 73,345
Benton. gets nanvas ances 2,544 4,094 98,402 240,622
Big Stone............0000. 105,991 277,609
Blue Earth.............-- 13,899 147,653 545,775 849,903
emia et eee 7,047 21,673 297,105 541,408
330 23,659 83,281
29,122 77,971 294,790 592,727
20,672 116,505
214,311 396,193
7,903 25,014 173,487 264,744
90 189,520 317,930
93,185
765 4,495
56 150 249,398 619,022
840 56,466 124,072
38,395 140,813 322,182 646,597
17,206 45,912 343,281 652,455
630 9073 173,720 376,496
8.282 81,538 591,802 991,051
56,649 265,363 956,755 1,858,863
ee] | et gre) | tatese
: 175,551 ' ;
20.310 280 en ae
153,620 149,908 328,22 659,2
Hotstonse: 34,305 114,202 703,657 958,729
Hubbard ee 14,071 85,543
Ges aac 556 10,120 98,539 179,183
Itasca... , :
eee weer eee ee eee 6,590 384,667 865,472
econ eee eee ee ee eee tm ae 0 32,366 92,739
Kandiyohi ee ee mew eee ewe eee 13 3,909 251,638 596,348
een mec 119,163 ie
Sees cra vbitis eoniecahl wanna ne: 226,508 555,605
aie QUO is see: Brera erase So ee 200 155 7,938
Pe GneWtice sic acer 42,499 188,613 eae py
Lila : ’ 205,150 389,534
vor Deere meee te eet ee ee 329,347 816,309
Mae 3,372 40,364 eee on
Mahnomen............... X
Mankahta aed hiceadnnttaitewiah
qetomuin olneraduaratrece eats 1,250 200,119 326,629
88 APPENDIX
TABLE XXX—ANIMALS SOLD AND SLAUGHTERED ON FARMS IN MINNESOTA BY Counties, 1850-1910—Continucd
ee |; 1g500=~Cté~<‘«é‘«iN KC 170 =| ~S(«d880—S|~S—«(1890 1900 1910
gi 3 aie g 8
CountTIES ne 3 iG) | , < is
oe = 7 ee ou f
WGN ..cc cca scasc encoun | $ 296! $ oo tk § 488,387 | $ 1,193,422
Mer | | 2,805 iis 1 og | 259,867 693,017
Mille Lacsis.< vis | 130 4,418 | | 47,798 158,905
Monongalia | 305 13,874 | | i |
Morrison.................. | 2,194 8,008 | 156,618 352,842
MOWEP oc co osexnnarernignn ee cienas : 7,522 80,335 : | 631,013 953,550
Wea enaesrius wieeevednd 113 460 340,057 732,486
Nicollet piacecies iene 11,146 54,193 | 277,026 412,642
OC Se evs spacing as AER ies Bs cp aicar ey eda Lar 462,469 1,208, 1
INOEMA PB iecics Guano sernneace re | | 160,090 300'736
inthe soe aaa see 36,603) ‘178,730 605,174 1,307,030
Otter Tail... a, | | 676 : | 440,709 925,698
CMDINa we = 6 6 eax SR Saw } | }
Permit boven tutes Reta ae | | 202,649
GT Coie besa gushes co Setente rset sancti so :
Peeve oc erro eomemenregienats 122 1,000 45,538 172,498
Pipestonescvsecseainex eanrene | : 209,923 513,624
Epil ejbemene ent RARE: | i 700 | i 350,623 629,349
OPC m cicic dt Peicccsrduausenlp secusinnied } 4,529 : 204,796 328,470
pene. Ef nate ae ; 8,342 31,350 43,415 108,397
OG OAR crncn deve d eeeuw ch | ; 103,156 101,126
Redwood......) 000000 | 1,018 340,356 764,926
Renvilley axcicna: ovendaceone 60 2,606 376,945 757,432
Rice... 35,066 | 149,623 386,512 694,882
OG RY akin etiatavennees 0 385,498 931,527
Roseau...........0. cece ee ! j
Saint LOWS sosce ovesesiw deeswnecn arts F 425 | uD re
Bee ee i cae 25,857 119,881 284,862 400,461
Sherburne................. 4,656 18,509 126,133 224'463
ill ey eipecs ieee Ga akeac ae ; 15,060 125,679 332,238 506,304
Stearns i iebie id wane ncaet : 19,282 128,441 | 499.555 1,039,861
ee CRaunicecsd nic tahevoeayocute , 10,457 55,872 |! | 368,123 654,099
etn i toast evorcedeaahere Ck teers 340 ; 136,462 263,260
ao Kexpsaaneeages cue ein dcnbonsan ia ce | : tens tae
He aiiecsncmaanionst : “| 48,782
TOOmD Sex scraysee vise vais cision and 1 i ; ,
Traverse... cc. cece eee eee j b
Wabasha. 2.2.2.2. 2 0, $1,950 25,666 128,702 406374 633'803
pees pateccna send ‘ : 67,469 130,062
Wi sccetinssceavcecswemaree 8,595 67,536 '
Washington................ 890 25,430 35,832 rede 508'530
Watonwan................. 11,625 : Pa
ato | : 280,571 512,664
1;790 : 72,342 192,156
30,401 163,470 i 447.1 :
30,401 63,4 | 5139 860,760
; 226 : 418,366 833,935
: | 307,977 577,759
| | 5,041
_ Totals for the State....... $2,840 $751,544 | $3,076,650 | | $20,954,673 $41,064,015
TABLE XXXI—Propuction or Woot anp MoHatr oN FARMS IN MINNESOTA BY CounTiES, 1 850-1910
1850 1860 1870 1880 1890 | 1900 1910
oT :
wn n | } wn wo ‘
~ ~ ! ~~ A ; wn
CouNTIES S § | § . = = zi
° a | 5 5 5 5 B
a, a a, | a, a | >
Wilh... ncsatos ccag ase T 50 7
q
Anoka Seth cae ctg 136 5,246 8,548 | 12,358 7560 | . n O19
Et eae Auahenrun monte 2 os oo ae 3000 06
Benton........ 0.00000 cece eee | : eee
Big Siete Beseyau iabenea soar aca fo meetin | a 490 rit Oe ce
MGs GATES. civa'y sirewoseusurtnsesseneanitteats ; ¥ j ; : : : :
Ereckenridge rahegit ps ciklee Pape dares ee > nee Pas At9t9
TO Within were tnemend ener week r 55
poe SiS hE tacsietr acca aaah Ra ree | oe ae 14 set seat
‘arlton
cAsesdh uaa toile etuinaparon ees aesacaueeaGid } 95 307 2.767
CATV ET ose santrcs suede helen eae: 211 ‘ ; 1,057
eee oe ae ee 37090 21076
hippewarccewsveauar anne vee 1,365 7,309 : :
Chisago ese apne weueees acs tea 647 3,688 goes | 11590 10°508 2057
Can see ne oo 4,702
COO pater an este oeaasia aAar r ais
Cottonwoods.- <5 xcaes cena eoie2 :
Crow Wing. .............2000- | j ; Saue ey ee ae Tne
Fe held taaneoneuledaes | 1,302 : ? :
7,874 19,692 | 25,978 31,660 7,643
APPENDIX
289
TABLE XXXI—Propuction or Woot AND MoHArr oN FARMS IN Minnesota By Counties, 1850-1910—Continued
1850 1860 1870 | 1880 1890 1900 1910
wn w wa wn |
uw ~ ~~ ~~ n
CounrTIES 5 = g g = | 3
S 9 i) 5 5 a
| A ee Au Ay a >
Dodge p..220 picaiadav erm ewe ees 20,808 14,875 33,610 57,631 15,689
Douglass mcvxsswowrwes 6 antics 1,992 23,645 24,961 23,700 : 3/033
Faribault..................0... 7 12,712 76,370 46,614 47,660 8,721
Fillmore.........0.......000005 4,414 27,137 50,037 40,997 120,484 42'573
Freebotina ues ecs over wes eyes 590 15,000 23,975 22,213 35,873 6,592
de colli Agta dinar uaces tates: 831 21,298 38,879 70,209 52,560 24,091
GPE otek aktieran vase aca eaas 174 4,347 15,730 23,450 4,015
Hennepin.................00.. 596 12,034 57,073 27,865 17,684 3,303
Houstoniesccp cw vuccavave namary ess 2,549 14,286 22,582 21,026 29,498 13,582
Hubbard. ........-. 00.0.0 005. 471 3,380 ' 2,086
Tea actaeuee hn ocmanen adele | 2,607 10,445 17,596 11,256 ; 1,688
WeaSCa sv ataconattutin Bale xossinernaecains 870 253
JaGk son sisi scram ard ges cse see saul ed tes 1,328 22,458 50,208 54,982 16,814
Kanabec. | ee ae tectum eae ce 75 1,831 10,960 2,410
Kandiyohi....... Bedale oneecoled 2,025 35,021 33,016 24,800 8,151
TENNER dani eaeen pen casio seas 196 4,641 15,060 | 5,303
Koochiching.................4) 32
Lac qui Parle................. 100 4,605 24,357 11,176 2,917
Vak@ cen thy ete ee ge kk oi aes eos 65 120 54
Le: SWGUE sacs) scececnrd.creoaun s iedive eats 731 18,652 32,909 21,214 29,857 5,666
Tinea ic ricosiacsnceamccemetece | 5,070 41,243 46,763 9,044
[yond esse iodokanieertaeee ‘ 17,872 57,834 52,475 13,457
McLeod : +2 ws erence sickens oieiocd i 11,470 28,646 26,283 22,311 5,956
Mahnomen................... | 85
-Mankahta................0... |
Manomin....................
Marshall................. eee 69 10,009 51,677 i 10,920
Martin....................... 2,210 68,726 58,188 47,428 12/829 ~
Meeker....................... Eo 7,878 34,311 22,340 19,930 | 9,133
MilleLacs................ canta 380 1,244 1,392 8,207 1,585
Monongalia................... 10,515
Morrison..................... I 6 1,491 4,002 15,024 22,290 i 4,771
MOWEE i cece sce nae census j 7,670 16,403 40,822 83,360 13,620
MULTA YS acc cascnacaco aoe sie he aes ! 8,337 21,610 111,498 17,076
Nicollet’. ieicscsaists ex penn geass ac 279 5,389 25,847 17,238 24,974 2,848
Nobles is iceieSh see seoettgiacisicdeced sean ded ; 41,578 59,090 74,900 25,540
Norman...................00.. i 19,828 20,450 5,639
Olmsted............0......... 1,484 18,082 57,421 103,944 137,397 45,190
Otter Tail........0000......0.. 343 21,380 43,946 65,760 16,689
Pembina......................
Pennington................... 3,882
PherGG is a scthcinsnces stacns seiner on ie nnd
PANG), sx ncpeseewanaioalonnnte weaned 43 8 1,151 8,110 3,453
Pipestone.................005. 471 4,683 54,752 26,446
Poles kis otek dectin os od caancseien A 3,002 38,493 44,238 11,658
POPC i's 8. 5 ie gs cn ane aero eanseai 2,757 20,888 19,024 16,140 2,657
Ramsey.............-........ 1,500 806 3,036 4,025 4,011
Red Lake aceHPAavigi fee, 29S AV) WAR iagedcn ve wosses ot ie 17,504 2,117
Redwood................0.00, jj 900 32,872 50,985 47,947 8,815
Renville...... 1.1... 1,735 21/504 407417 307612 6,297
Birla dias tacarent bacon ea base } 620 20,607 42,566 49,058 38,227 7,267
ROCK iiss sons arr nie tne Perec tcs i 6,492 15,747 56,177 20,730
ROSCA soo coey snig sok don gears aoe ace 12,950 6,924
Saint Louis................... | 676 875 1,027 673
POO D ids ca 6 yesh alacers Shale 199 13,446 23,776 21,896 24,243 6,134
Sherburne................... 5 227 2,556 9,026 3,445 9,592 2,647
SIDLEY... see's oy sed oo hn cae nen 335 19,600 32,435 22,209 32,790 5,917
DECALNS sient un crak nuh acauengine : 17,701 37,981 32,594 53,670 10,405
Btls. cacanvucevenavenade 1,233 7,172 21,071 31,413 38,020 2,732
Stevens....................... 111 1,182 11,582 19,234 11,587
OWUf sis ecis ied eavtuag cen sess cians. ac 5,341 16,703 12,320 3,761
MOUs sie chen: ce Ces, hacseunie hens 1,054 8,519 20,205 35,660 6,456
Toombs......................
Traverse...................... 25 1,538 5,184 4,407
Wabasha..................... 75 4,416 10,622 42,182 63,023 28,882
Wadena................5..... 137 6,090 14,262 3,383
Wahnahta............... ey: :
MN AN CE ity a dees canine cats can 297 6,206 15,330 27,341 29,592 8,029
Washington...... Hv ies 10 1,381 6,806 9,308 13,492 18,230 4,750
atonwan.................... 988 14,715 23,017 48,655 5,708
PNG aco sil at haite nema vcch: 87 4,368 11,480 3,144
Winona...................... 1,897 10,615 32,583 55,378 138,800 21,439
PAM eo 6s ssisc sacs oan pn wince 361 6,964 55,564 48,614 38,367 4,869
Yellow Medicine... 10101211) 9,448 31,777 28,108 5,657
Indian Reservations............ 390
Totals for the State.,........| 85 20,388 401,185 1,352,124 1,945,249 2,613,293 $695,958
DIX
TABLE XXXII—Dairy Propucts 1n MINNESOTA
. 1890
= = 1880 :
: T3850 1860 1870 : ; 3 3 3
uo 9 . c
Ge) oes Mt > ay Jo Weg oo Cease, iia o 89 See 58.3 os 2
‘goBl g°% | ooo] Se | geB | g8B lose de See | eee S66 | fee | gas
Beil Bee gee) 25 | £28 | $23 | S558] Bsb | Pee) kee ges | 258
iw } + | — S e°sa 3
ome 08H) ATE) GRE| au | 202 | She lataia 422 [ok] coe | 452 | 6%
i S 4 ae | ao A a, Py as” a 5 S E E
=n ae aall ie) ae 8
itifiessnc ees | 49,882 214,364} 1,860] 1,701,684 ' ’
Te Unseen | | 38,610} 5,220 sage) HSS 4'525 137,028) 2,800 1,429,589 309,182 15,911
3 Becker. . A siblenied Gage | ae ee ao
© Beneu -cscines | a0? ai) |) oe 1,666 aee| asy 835,915| 194'855| 8,035
: Pears San haar 100 487 oh 12.090 2:710 704,895} 6,718] 4,407,539} 1,018,695) 22,801
7 Ble Barth ooo ay 2,484,714] 633,235] 12,557
8 Breckenridge step nigga ! 62.505 5.950 94,993 2,070 3,701 396,883 10,256 s : ; :
9 Brown............: , , a ineat
8,670 88,
10 Buchanan.......... : 790 Pee
ee 440 140} 211,497| 1,230 351} 276,974] 9,008) 2,900,436 490
19: Carver ices csoiiaidoia ome 91,410 4,429 , 500 1 15:22 seta Seat
14 Chippewa 2.000002) aoe 5 ay a teres Wess 1,844,455| 385,529| 7911
13 Chase. Somes Hepel) 488 _ i 5/840 75,740| 2/416| 2,198,573] 460,683] —2'560
16: Cai sists seats i a
17 Clearwater.......... 225 265 ie eee
18) “@oOk seine yasaavwe | 50 3,100 490 213,097 7,010 te Des ae rae
19 Cottonwood........ 500 as 626 6/600 4,000 147,507 104.177 1128
20 Crow Wing......... Loug 457.400 3,450 7,110 487/980 =. 785, 815,759 720
Dakot ve ea) ape 667| 10,021) 16,215} 400'597| 41'763| _4'280'309 :
BB Dose Tero) |e) asea| bal Rast) So] HAS) Piepoey SE) "eat
Be DOUG teense ] Zune 2,850 30| 259,645| 17,891 30,590 616,758| 15,656 3,875,222 964,977| 1,710
25 Pillmoressssc0s0 0 | | s87'833 18,848 oeeeee| alee arose ert 7a gia 1,017,286] 39,442
26 Freeborn re | 78055) 64s 190°301 16967 3027 723,368| 22,960| 7,237,969| 1,012°938| 51,850
a Se | ostol ssaie] osama] att!l rau] sup] 28] 283 SRG BIRR] she
; 0) 4,33 ; !
oe eh c ennereat os 70| 333,146| 7,341 + 314,772| + ~—-558°729| + 8’500| 47330" 24,017
ee ee ee 72| ‘4'447°986| 445'301 11,
50 eat ba cea | 137,046] 5,292 380, 229,183) 6,790 501 364,364| 6,4 oe ee -
ot neem 600) 490 $8,331] 175) 11,791) 106,526] 2,377) 1,033,319] 226,957| 4,
32): Usantivas ccc cen vengeance | | ; am
Bo MAGA axexsmenress 35,510| 1,110 320; -192,548) 560/ —-2,139'260 508,525] 6,
$5 Kanabec 000000 | ! : 050 a ee 100 373°680 8,373) 2 306107 -530,532| 6,987
36 ee ea 1,100 100] 25,983 100 200 1650] 8, ee eae
37. Kittson.............
Se at UE rete | | 6,010 92| 173,471| 650) 2,024,474 411,874) 3,801
AD ali coca : | od 362'963 530| 2 aétan 580,042| 2,317
41 oe Sacweieieee’ | 96,773} 3,190 180} 320,985 945 11,024 ones Tiered, ene 0
42 Lincolites. isa ces eed i 3,645 200°496 675 1'646.879 403,024 iss
Co ; 22,290] 1,520 168,438) 11,072 31,805; 485,206] 8,615] 3,096,165
45 Le ribet ander pheisd | ‘
46 ankahta.......... |
47 Manomin.......... 1,810 524 bag 1,408,163 282,325 18,540
de. tell erases sian i 114,473] 1,190 57,638 307,480} 1,590/ 2780006] 568,55 2,480
Ee Pre uaneteacano yer i ran 1,100) 142'771 685] ~ 25) —-3021852/ + 3'641| 2429/4309, S38'014| 9,
| | So aeee ree a 22°667 22/680} 1,900 314/855] 56,965] 250
51 MilleLacs.......... ' , 496
52 Monongalia.........| i ee 150 ee “ 3,565 108,965 420) 1,435,848] 340,120 >
a rete ‘| ae 3 295'896| 2,130 31/421 531,670| 5,340, 5/634,055| 843.456| 3,
Be Monet as bor an on we _ 3/900 "150 "60 106,019 525 1,329,640 381,534 om
a SONS pee i Aas i! , , "325,6 0 :
ee | 96,693; 4,574] 5,247) 250/844] 11,163 6,320 405,287 1728 3,325,680 beeen) tae
57 Nobles............. | | 2/080 48 400,557 6390
or Side eens Shea t l 4 : ;
Sem | yg] mam] som] ass] tous) angel geal seal Gan HA hee
60 Otter Tail........ | i 2,150 . ’
61 Fembing Scr adet aaseatts sd | i
62 Pennington.........) |
2a enema 190 500 2,384 258,205] 66,238), 347
gr ce | | 1.928) 28,638) So] 745,993) 176,469] | 7,175
oe ! 1,450 400 1,365) 110,253) 738) 4,157,202] 981,314] 16,162
A cme | ; 65,375 1,310 100 281,593) 5,850) 2,078,505 ae es its
re ewes metecens| 17,623; 2,000] 12,000 91,185} 10,700! 113,181 153,499 a 1,472,518] 126.4
es | 5,275; 2,900. 405} 191,498! 3,820) 2,535,603] 480,410 13,225
nettle, ‘ 400 40,185 610 21) 429,914) 13,142 MS ee Mec
Ce Rn ereeneate 15,311 91,271] 491,640} 11745) 5’282' :
7 Res Seiinn cao | Sheahan) Ware a t 307 127,418] 3,286] 1,448,339] 395,429| 100
(3 Rockissseaug sa eence i ,
74 Roseau.............! | abe ere0s #61 Gd 44,565
oe ! 7 622} 4,200 319,142] 1,500 230, 325,603) 3,201] 2,517'160| 466,890| 1,660
a ee Metis; Sol 160,549| 32;374) 1'537'750| .280'531| 475
77 Sherburne.......... | 16,145, 2/210 53,610| 12,250 1,602 é : 537. :
APPENDIX
291
ny CountiEs, 1850-1910
eal 1910
On = = = as Ye ~ ~ av sv > 5
584 8 23 2 ro os 39 5 oa O 6 336 O18 = o/s on
See) 2) ee eed Se oe ee ee) ee ee | eee) ee gee a)
aS S5 ue aoe SU ifo2| 2y aut SE og os ae 55 |SS5/ 23] §
=o = Os | ea ms jOea| O§8 = & s us Bg aoe £2 5689/32] 6
ws 3, 3 | 3 8 3 a | #8 3 a | a8 SE} f° | de et
St 5 o q =| = ba bo a 58 a 6
723,018| 28,159 954] 151,946) _60,870| 1,700 1,719,143| 11,741] 27,332) 110,875] 270,693)
2,365,627) 458,044 173) 475,589) 310,647 2'790'544, 752/698| 201084| 138,180) 453/389 3736 | |
2,867,568 355,887, 39,186] 452,571| 206,076; 2,625 348]; 3,942,948 50,922) 32,795} 418,919 568,194 278,844] 2,003) 1,685, 3
696,600 52,578 130,831 50,513 842 510 936,664 48,539 1,801 33,366! 244,644 107,333 "870, | 80, 4
1,341,980 121,669 483| 299,046; 160,640! 3,630) 3,412] 2,333,641 119,285) 103,946! 569,153} 179,121 53,582 226 5
. 1,215,948 75,554 21| 233}227| 94,332| 2,398| 1,745| 1,012,097) 41,681) 35,044] 99,016) 189,373, 80,648] 210 6
7,712,792 3,997,673 302} 761,762| 414,271 616 452|| 3,166,097] 1,825,433] 80,551) 612,443] 647,760; 461,601] 3,600) 3,500, 7
: 8
4,986,269| 3,476,998 256,217| 106,922) 6,110} 4,985} 4,316,757] 1,686,773) 105,347; 479,754, 166,414 69,383) 1,900) 1,700; 9
10
777,135 104,898 31; 149,947 67,442 ; 1,636,097 87,108) 18,753} 138,291} 293,527) 154,824 {1
5,476,434| 3,454,350 2,639| 347,481; 251,842] 3,605] 2,842] 5,086,733) 1,683,289] 68,745) 928,738 458,285 373,193 258 12
550,368 32,012 121,699 50,159 896,037 2,459) 17,794} 105,551} 196,017 88,294 60 13
2,364,608 747,354 204} 308,662) 135,385) 2,870! 2,632] 2,253,208 84,826; 72,660 95,692| 449,765) 201,760 14
3,973,945 | 2,217,392 300,947} 145,092} 1,467| 421] 4,532,794| 1,042,083} 13,103) 1,028,951] 152,008, 98,058) 651; 638) 15
3,067,038 203,482| 13,804] 578,407! 355,189} 2,194] 1,726] 2,988,286) 299,971) 38,528 170,771) 656,048; 340,283 150 16
1,621,339 3,702 8,444} 121,563] 282,494) 154,978 960} 650) 17
23,533 745 2,161 308 56,196 2,705 14,324 3,757 18
3,382,064 896,739 6,714] 538,430} 305,388 441 205] 2,355,285 18,639) 22,525} 859,921| 220,087 46,751 19
1,110,512 92,157 420} 219,702 122,682] 1,470| 1,230] 1,467,812 83,738| 23,467 34,387) 350,966; 214,767; © 245 95| 20
4,362,537 844,803 7,799| 797,244) 489,023] 2,070; 1,508] 3,606,034) 1,004,442| 68,873; 319,816 676,998! 406,673 21
5,351,284] 1,465,470; 108,262 695,089| 494,233) 31,059] 28,734] 4,856,057] 1,615,633 |* 131,309] 498,999| 640,268 473,813} 1,300) 300} 22
3,193,056 311,322 525; 595,731| 240,077| 1,836 4,001,506| 306,215) 58,003) 738,237; 434,877, 146,194) 3,056) 3,056] 23
6,449,137} 3,887,923 4,050] 444,950} 300,805 4,068,323) 1,060,202] 114,047| 606,760} 344,581; 259,491 85 24
8,592,890} 2,296,828| 196,411 1,134,698| 597,760 106 103| 6,567,474| 102,524] 84,176] 1,070,904) 868,936) 394,853 115 50} 25
12,101,481] 8,616,669 4,352| 673,720} 489,194] 6,989) 6,502] 5,781,089] 4,539,932 83,586} 519,429] 750,510; 586,890 26
7,899,332| 2,015,516) 185,634 1,095,294] 582,870] 5,353] 5,075] 6,413,763] 2,290,626; 207,637) 1,166,835 435,185} 126,927} 6,998} 950} 27
2,196,513 98,760 462,449| 241,326) 1,236 660} 1,866,396 5,844] 46,516] 297,576) 300,858 95,048] 8,400; 8,400) 28
9,992,644} 5,880,054) 22,624 875,874| 493,143] 27,775| 25,583] 9,144,685} 5,953,533 47,361| 293,000) 785,446) 507,635] 9,583) 8,861) 29
4,875,100 888,900] 233,020} 553,550; 251,960 210 50 3,834,781 17,776| 79,015; 583,257] 611,326) 361,985] 3,500] 2,600) 30
306,348 29,267 52,676 19,934 535 780,537 47,069| 13,639 15,575] 185,195 89,571 275 20} 31
2,305,812 268,256 2,788) 382,082| 171,417) 1,571 2,819,457| 534,880} 13,006] 398,215} 305,332} 106,267 25 32
115,024 7,395 25,904 11,295 558,751 45,918 4,923 124,685 56,446 705 33
4,299,776| 1,227,020 2,662| 705,983| 470,954] 6,646] 6,242 3,629,828 48,231| 92,906) 607,880} 544,011} 361,469 34
1,034,223 84,245 218,968; 125,312 834 142| 1,766,232 89,853| 34,712] 296,429; 201,582 33,756 400} 300) 35
5,038,863) 2,399,647 1,163] 455,967} 217,780} 6,937) 5,794 4,865,632| 445,164) 57,696| 462,885| 926,088} 590,514| 4,300 4,000) 36
1,339,668 51,146 253,042 82,416| 4,590 172) 2,377,142 6,742| 16,544] 188,442] 369,014) 138,066) 1,125 30} 37
127,209 1,082 28,176 7,901 80 38
3,375,101 491,221 139} 671,879} 326,113} 2,700) 1,331] 2,642,338 36,294| 40,763) 271,610) 557,519) 235,295 534} 384) 39
23,280 14,190 1,416 308 120,370 44,123 206 9,588 2,839 40
", 4,446,628! 1,564,579 558,878} 315,117 2,201,098| 967,664] 203,848] 112,505| 258,716 137,419 / 41
2,263,635 442,985 365,095] 162,951 646 2,887,184 49,371] 35,338] 696,414) 254,594 71,430 150 42
3,271,074 202,290 61| 758,461] 429,304] 8,940] 8,201 1,465,967 64,881] 59,276] 515,316} 294,028 97,267 190 43
5,980,982; 3,353,000 91| 499,708} 318,059} 1,714] 1,464 4,213,903] 1,563,203} 12,855] 716,424) 787,174) 489,029 200 90) 44
249,501 6,790 5,672 10,037 48,440 20,105 ie
47
2,840,360 94,020 102; 557,056| 172,456) 2,636 164 3,814,474 18,234] 125,161] 386,242} 673,840} 237,470 3,072] 1,330) 48
5,424,511] 2,206,276 9,256) 687,588) 440,813} 4,040 3,518) 3,309,385] 282,280} 75,053| $49,438 388,873} 193,444 400} 300; 49
5,777,546| 3,883,898 52) 306,466] 178,092] 1,082 406) 5,857,347| 858,944} 26,780) 1,644,961 80,001 24,932 50
1,040,112 94,294 41| 201,108 98,932 103 2,977,856 18,790; 14,111; 832,827 126,128 39,017 60 2
2,475,365 147,409 3,485| 549,476| 260,862 158 20| 5,621,543} 136,720! 111,383) 964,205 469,663| 167,612 595; 540} 53
6,531,436| 2,906,102} 63,986] 659,746| 408,507 31.405] 30,694] 4,123,224) 733,308 95,152} 599,744] 686,515} 467,780 54
3,214,744 606,801 527! 591,500) 325,513) 2,548] 2,091 3,925,471] - 23,069] 83,154) 670,099 227,611 65,012 55
4,126,818] 2,706,388) 41,218) 206,499) 100,616 2,836| 2,020] 2,534,308 1,518,034) 21,197) 295,986 93,420 67,243 56
2,951,120 106,843 41| 684,306] 363,506) 1,575) 1,281 2,041,878 36,183] 100,828) 548,934| 325,789 131,989} 1,200) 1,100} 57
3,204,124 200,802 5,451| 624,942| 270,917) 2,163 731) 3,422,945 17,690| 34,385, 548,111] 513,078 219,601} 2,170} 1,525] 58
6,885,855| 2,738,214| 12,041] 903,533| 551,668 551 3,078,702| 251,669) 133,115 803,416; 695,017} 421,081 59
7,821,870], 377,200 465) 1,571,902) 681,205) 10,914] 5,292 9,988,171; 283,052| 109,775] 1,836,690 1,262,512) 432,154] 2,106] 1,780 a
2,380,373 72,964| 30,155) 442,603) 295,052 101,971] 8,393] 5,808 o
1,355,198 183,366 249,621} 119,956 327 63|| 2,568,211] 115,936; 102,937 390,304| 412,786} 244,868} 1,130 64
1,545,606 165,186 155) 322,744| 164,596 1,234,927 51,636) 44,794) 262,322 261,917} 135,144 65
6,494'300| 314°380| 3,000| 1,438,801| 676,660| 33,272| 30,714) 8,039,937| 338,421) 127,238 986,606| 1,377,339, 665,911; | 466 66
3,365,623| 421,202 302) °627,725| 284,346] 4,535| 472] 2,408,218 9°324| 76,213) 375,954| 416,132, 161,882) 7,775| 7,775] 67
31374,522| 2,575'934| 8,993, 160/416| 63,468| 536), 528) 3,237,310) 2,676,924) 13,280 136,972, 30,069] 1,396| 1,341] 68
1,545,268| 114,046 276056| 119,552| 3,053| 2,647] 1,168,465] 355,700/ _6,016| 190,508 151,133] 78,817 69
4,417,896] 1,526,687 1,830) 638,477) 380,960} 2,392] 2,091 3,062,169| 215,264] 54,562 705,822| 415,143) 169,867 70
5,633,382| 1,329,219 879,589| 478,684| 5,387} 4,811 3,174,852| 213,976} 134,528 425,657| 783,919 415,500 50 71
7,331,285| 3,882,649} 24,271) 613,555] 381,769 5,607,021) 2,022,033] 215,750 1,047,423} 272,736] 133,698 7,652| 7,300} 72
2,647,503 235,736 6,995| 560,207} 343,137 1,358,214 34,822| 77,284} 354,727 221,905 59,595 73
1,411,935 26,422 21| 285,610; 125,921) 3,234 154] 2,540,894 15,436| 27,564| 225,663 398,953} 154,697 ie
1,042,848 505,025 1,959] 101,867 50,278] 2,193 414} 2,569,155| 968,524 8,398 13,101| 425,264) 205,851 2,319 30} 75
4,431,571| 1,425,499] 119,044) 475,675) 278,821 2,404,008; 617,949| 142,290 322,462| 187,108} 115,126 2,084) 1,214 ie
2,403,128 333,940| 16,116| 490,038; 332,010 603 388); 1,792,767 76,633| 116,521| 224,085 224,184| 110,051 7
202 APPENDIX
TABLE XXXII—Darry Propucts In MINNEsoTA
| 1850 | 1860 | 1870 1880 1890
' i. S a 3 a ae
| a re) og o Wey ou og 2 Pd : E g wo E E
goo gE] seh | Be) gS8 | goo [sbige| eee | gee] gfe | gfe | ges
CouNTIES eos Sus Paces ee gus voy | %o°S= SES 2gs a3 #es veg
ase’ mee | Gee | Bh | mee | GSE lel eee) 828 (Oval veh Hoh | Ook
i ee a= ae a ae a S§ a 3 3 me 3 3
| 2 = = = 5 E
78 Sibley.............. 74,150; 1,000} 310,217 1,200 8,424 272,608)" 1,315] 2,369,694) 373,911] 6,296
79 Stearns............. 87,565, 108] 323,085} 10,435 43,147 591,202] 40,440) 3,920,526] 851,080] 10,273
80 Stecle...........0.. 65,075 8,206 27,840) 208,249 2,950 57,851 443,094| 8,139) 3,567,450] 587,285] 5,226
81 Stevens............. 8,280 140 40,887 1,184,562) 240,695] 2,035
82 ‘Swill eevee es eee esas . 4,325 180,656} 2,653) 1,730,166} 457,221] 3,990
83° Todd een’ ssccdtens we | 6,100 27 25,683 160 550 131,539] 7,390) 1,824,589] 439,063} 9,009
84 Toombs............ I
85 Traverse........... | 21,425 682,461 140,892 275
86 Wabasha........... | 135,245 516} 15,444} 376,729 4,830 13,105 575,332} 5,057] 4,210,385) 688,282) 4,301
87 Wadena............ . 23,110 544,444 112,468! 1,737
88 Wahnahta.......... H i
89 Waseca............. | 41,325 8,345 | 224,227 4,184 2,281 376,439| 6,330] 2,672,235) 623,148] 5,865
90 Washington......... ' 1,100 | 77,817 2,830 ! 118,392 3,501 153,296 302,645| 11,587) 2,457,251] 674,467) 3,715
91 Watonwan.......... | 120 43,095 280 600 248,994| 1,600) 2,262,572] 554,423} 16,535
92 Wilkin............. | 9,825 875 4,160 400 745,659| 158,610] 2,205
93 Winona............ | 117,845 9,326) 22,585] 478,425 6,760 36,643 539,784| 9,110) 4,836,155] 800,327] 14,407
94 Wright............. | 71,285 4,951 115,675 1,490 626 362,623| 6,017| 3,616,377 578,423] 5,314
95 Yellow Medicine..... fh 45 187,461] 1,642) 1,946,833] 421,213} 2,993
96 Indian Reservations .' |
Totals for the State. .| 1,100, 2,957,673 199,314) 208,130] 9,522,010! 233,977|| 1,504,407| 19,161,385] 523,138] 182,968,973] 34,766,409) 676,642
APPENDIX 293
ny Counties, 1850-1910—Continued
mn 1910
es a a ~ = =
9 vg uv — zy & vy v ~~ ~~ ~o gu > aU]
UO «a = =“ = = O om mae = a uo)
Ba 3 29 S ~o a ~O $4 a Ja vo os zu 3 3
see | w® | g? | seg] g® |ges) g#) gfe | 28 | 22 | #8 | yee | Bg leek) Be] 2
anf ae og B68 BU |s68| gy Ba a8 og og 38 Ge (22 1 821 8
s as 5.8 ~Q 2 as 9 se ae a8 HO oes SS 50 So oo 2
ye BO = Os yo ps Oyo Os ag 5 OD = Os 53 ase ga |OSE| sal 8
5 e 8p Bo & g a S & Bo me. as ma as 5
5,584,142; 2,852,110 523) $61,075) 337,157, 3,131, 3,015) 3,061,976) 636,507, 49,461| 464,977| 581,605| 416,783 80 78
7,671,896 | 2,363,433) 2,252| 1,043,154 | 654,137) 2,040, 1,182] 8,337,777] 1,373,024, 439,378| 1,022,376] 622,491] 325,730) 2,704| 2,350| 79
7,042,534] 5,667,520) = 2,379) 186,835 46,206 4,811,248} 3,018,714) 36,156] 561,620) 578,544] 511,899 80
1,822,966, 238,154 20; 355,337} 172,033) 5,681! 5,525] 1,653,251; 18,525| 65,060| 222,845) 228,050! 69,132 81
3,169,077; 735,057; 4,352) 517,625] 255,139| 9,262) 7,216] 2,603,047] 74,423} 41,690) 248,237| 441,958) 163,382] 1,826] 1,750) 82
2,993,145 62,798 659,222 | 305,706| 2,982| 2,204] 3,820,758] 227,878] 115,500] 1,093,905| 454,062} 224,344) 2,000] 2,000] 83
84
1,191,015 15,285 82| 257,559} 103,113 191 1,144,976] 16,358] 39,696] 118,623} 230,251) 82,109] 1,228] 1,000) 85
3,860,004; 649,112] 4,989 778,036) 484,699| 1,775| 1,313) 2,410,499) 57,295] 114,790} 498,870} 378,349] 150,059 75| 35| 86
1,161,222 36,236 266,863| 126,855 134 81] 2,000,736] 205,463} 50,361| 380,633) 167,445] 51,856] 1,450/ 1,400] 87
88
5,217,761| 3,024,748 161; 469,094] 371,076 2,406,694| 1,322,037) 36,908} 433,495} 308,608] 212,222 15 89
4,135,003| 1,493,426, 7,575 564,427| 378,558 3'972,611| 2}137,263| 43,669! 117,982} 387,037| 256,908} 106 90
sacares] DOsrege N88) 39s) losios| ages) zeal tastes) Sueto| Masour| tefaos| devas) 112985 z
1,430,416 ; ; ; ; j 30,810 ,02 17,103] 264,281] 115,780] 455) 190] 92
4'733,106| 1,124,009, 13,160} 823,732] 490,385) 2,958) 2,828 31666,845| 630,430| 40,043) 914,422} 762,484| 546,018] 1,350] 1,250} 93
6,669,582] 1,304,631) 13,591) 1,176,909| 743,802] 330 41] 8,116,137] 2,179,855| 208,041] 1,192,154] 498,430] 331,202| 1,704] 1,628! 94
3,046,575| 203,783 430 oe Bo,038 252| 123] 2,307,324] 32,212) 37,705) 342,402) 546,999) 171,297 95
81,085 2,688 ; ; 96
304,017,106 |103,768,172 1,205,845 |41,188,846 (22,376,084 |290,623 [227,878 |273,319,603 153,181,785 5,756,165 !40,414,151 134,708,669 118,016,409 |106,075 79,045
Oy
APPENDIX
TABLE XXXIII —Pourtry Propucts oN Farms IN MINNESOTA BY CountTtEs, 1850-1910
Seo | 1850 | 1860 | 1870 | 1880 | 1890 | 1900 | 1910
i i =} uv
| ay 2 gy
“ee aoe “ee oS ee g "
Counties ( I & x Bo 8 Bb 8 Zp & 8 p o
if | ed ee a | a ee ee
- | a e
Aitkin.................ss sll | = 935 9,206'. |, 94,770, § 5,386) 139,083| 30,772| § 36,624
Pana licfen sc pgcaceten nes ate | 79,002 115,356 | 340,530 25,639] 367,495| 80,940 —»-107,966
Da ern sexes venue vataanes ; | 44,027, | 113,097, += |=: 287,420 19,342] 432,282) 84,397 104,692
Belial ancaceeanat casa! ! | | 885 | «57,440 4,679 155,238} 36,242 49,868
ESN alias a oacwpassu fae | | j 19,683, | 94,428 | 228,730/ 16,915 323,047/ —-80,119 93,041
Big Stone....................1 | | 14,406, 116,418 321,720 15,967, 278.477 70,643 81,739
Blue Ea Bs Se sce adenine 301,965 554,551 1,231,460, 80,183] 1,150,876 279,494, — 322'891
laieana cout asad |
Brown. « eakeloanaediad | | 145,746 368,938 677,060, 39,122] 884,388} 196,390, 222,104
CACORE: ccateargberenacaconce | 7,494 8,560) 63,420 3,872| 130,831 32,385] 40,476
Gye ibe casiend wnecyawancions | 238,700 518,142 749,860 49,588} 949,735 182,630, —«-249.156
ede da nasa ieuiatcan snes | l 5,888 63,810 4,449| 126,093 —-25,385 33,281
Cli BiehAbomicammennmates enn | ; 44,044 178,156 488,090, 27,335| 581,455, 117,296 137,627
: | : 194,657 461,710 16,708] 532,643; 65,105| 124758
| 22,449 235,457 484,000 28,325) 483,361) 112,465) 130,189
| : 110,056 17,030 24,722
| 67 07 197 a 530200 38 e onr'sia sorte ries
f ’ e ’ ’ ’ , 0,4 4
4377 44,007 176,470 16,128] 209605; — 47,536 59,032
Die GR succes cca) 298,812 394133 585,810 65,453| 814,632} 210,371] —- 263.420
Dodge Eoin ene cea ieiaeee | | 150,140 326,402 630,720, 33,605] 645,000, 124,807 177,538
Douglas... see sees, ; | 59,524 173,886 478,330 21,066, 666,087, 116,404, 158,123
Faribau aie ae oan 200,122 375,323 868,870 93,919 833,473) 229,582 «251,290
Fillmore... 0.6.2.2 esses | 422,998 886,408 1,524,000, 77,825] 1,260,890, 232,432) 318/721
Ge Lit id-aena naib Aesrcanmnnane: 232,574 523,500 989,530, 96,520] 1,116,040, 259,530 327.201
Goodhue Ouisecpiniosten Seateeincat | 358,236 $87,524) 1,167,970 74,855, 1,276,267| 237,802 320,005
Grants. ss sevceesceccen | | 12,849 123,593 429,870, 221460) «367,806 ~—=«71,940) 92,993
ei Sf saree ekendeucct hactebereleaoiend Sneed eon ae 84,344) 1,166,318) 264,946 379,112
eats Ua atidaae sents | : ; : 45,671] 581,854} 140,683, 160,662
Hubbard Se eee aera Bea : 10,344 soorh50 1778 143,024 33,251 41,512
sph aches asta eave : ; : : 445,762; 55,303 93,158
Itasca satire cannon eabied cose | 687 18,780 2,019 90,046. «23,564 34,874
Jac BOR eee sees eee, 51,888 207,993 598,990 56,899] 8491158 193,580, —- 222/232
Kanabecs 2.22.2 esse 1,090 17,047 91,140 4,050, 125,378, 24,159 33,041
Kandiyohi....... 00.02.0000 60,309 243,446 531,660 26,499} 813,723] 143,026, 198.822
RUNS OOECOIDS: ; i 12,550| 267,008 49,089 64,005
Koochiching............. ? : : ‘
¢ ; ace 25,013 5,654 91024
Lac qui Parle. cnc susnin vasa 40,536 221,942 715,490 37,877] + 770:412| +~—«:174'509, + ~—s-:198642
Lake... eeeeeeseeeececee 900 750 4.470 532 23,577 6,835 9,686
Le Sueur. 22... ee esse, 245,671 292,517 648,780 68,372| 744,502) 2111497] + ~—«- 232/601
PARA este Pirie rarer 16,225 110,607 304,350/ 24,154] 481/256 101,751 112,329
Lyon. ese ee ete eeeeees 18375 176,676 580,820, 41,142] 546,349 161,765, 167,033
MeLeod.........2. esses : 471.650 770,860, 66,716] 1,086,181} 254,843 280,265
ere 30,005 8,542 7,859
Manominiiesa i aacds ecnctow acces
Marshall................... 237 130,497 411,800]
I ‘ i 22,608] 461,962} 80,760, —«:102,306
Martin Metre ages teas 74,432 266,938 742,290 63,880) 953,093 264,817/ 284,927
Wikias ee Has 243,652 792,470, 45,493) 914/361) 148,809 —-226,699
Ee ae ones 23,658 142'510 9,215] 258,575, 43,627 68,179
Morrison................... 54,451 158,292 438
: : 870 25,430) 569,399 118,875! 137,309
Morich ress eswinsaae ane 3121833 389,396 884,870, 67,151] 807,229, 1915392} 2395101
ie 38,191 137,620 635,580, 43,782) 685,514, 179/348) «187,294
ie ps cee ae od ae B08 135,466] 167,807
Steal aha eaten ce ; : : 449 26,672; 183,936, 208,042
penee sovagabaisistehantenddlcencyaeaiaRind 195,341 330,630) 17,327 572,015 80,922 125,049
a ainienieaidak emoeaal | | 316,941 691,881 1,190,370, 59,212] 1,051,195| 199.7 265,647
Oiler atl sadn seine carious | 117,152 444,449 ; "450, "aay 3
Pembina te sR ie ceGripue BNE sue ae cane se : : is da eae e807 082 251007 Pog.100
Pennington................. :
Pierce. suede acneaiaSoviuaesesmaawaton eet o 38,008 pageee
Paseo aces bee teas 2,336 25,026 184,190 11,047/ _355,4
, : ‘ s 460, «61,441 89,002
oe z Tose) 346,490, 20,781] 388,273 103,482; «115,814
oe 459,870 774,600 57,463) 999/211, 205,344, ~—«-266,315
oe 87,656 486,550, 26,279] ~~ 500,041) 103,183; 134,375
, i 213,250 15,771 255,855 56,199 92,162
cance pie 224,740 = 14,200) ~—«:118.937, 22/735 29,766
aie 200, 711,970, 55,567) 1,069,283; 266,000, —«-292,395
ee 380 008 881,020 59,296] 1,219,347| 267,859 317,986
| seas 599, 3 811,230 69,482) 8591530, 211/235) «258,297
: 695 623,570, 26,629] 433,131) 108029) ~—« 117,890
ee ea 136,030 7,715| 2480791 36,677 53,010
SCOT East ete as Lenton ents Noa i , 202,774 427-7 eat fei] 2e3e28 ae oe
Peta: isa nose mano ae dz 686,980, 50,788] 7481522| 127.745 182,771
: 412 344,090, 24,203] 318,078, ~~ 71568 85,104
APPENDIX 295
TABLE XXXIII—Pouttry Propucts on FarMs 1n Minnesota By Counties, 1850-1910—Continued
| 1850 1860 1870 1880 1890 l 1900 1910
3 3 '
: : 2 aig iy ‘S's oa 8 5
Counties 8 & & S és oe ga 3
as aS eS oP as 2 3
~ ~~ cs @ Oo Ba y
Ps s S
° o
a Au
Sibleyic casa ease eee Foe ess 142,756 436,505 752,660] $ —55,099| 956,914 213,031; $ 247,123
Gtearns sash ag see aca ee ee eee 233,911 535,437 1,302,880 67,990} 1,489,402 243,094 357,153
Steeles asaiseaies cracked aaa 145,638 391,620 734,680) 55,015 774,578) 190,169 220,365
StevenSiie sb icee sccaueve oes 19,778 87,139 311,690 25,653 347,172 84,218 97,985
ie cas emnean eaaeees 65,671 197,430 441,590, 25,553| 485,934, 112,296 126,132
Pod discass iaioe Saneiagaae conten ee 35,921 150,379 560,360 30,163 721,817 132,161 171,157
Toombs........- NP lene aie isa
Traverse... cece eee eee 6,852 114,975 226,770 15,911 322,630 83,870 87,222
Wabasha..........00e eee 265,672 483,119 707,710 37,566 680,223 127,318) 171,577
Wadena........... eee ee eee 10,560) 60,934! 197,370 10,017 182,814 45,733 48,800
Wahnahta..........0 0s eee
Wee oedencaeeaescey ane 153,864 414,028 569,390, 40,768) 568,077; 176,344 173,258
Washington........ ee Se sa beds 206,527 323,100 606,540 37,866 592,829 119,953 173,131
Watonwan.....-..-. 0. ce eee 56,159 204,567 325,540 32,332 456,048 123,699 131,540
Wilkin os3 o4: Sie hase ew wie we a eee 2,057 79,808 272,660) 16,773 344,861 76,093 92,727
Winonais.és aes sc aaiere yee sacs 324,291 546,363 524,410 38,868 785,652 160,286 202,192
Wright). ... sas se 9400 eae 410,207 465,553 992,510) 78,840] 1,154,538 270,094 310,645
Yellow Medicine............. 37,007 218,536 548,270 32,416 716,509 191,902 207,833
Indian Reservations 20,200 681 .
Totals for the State...... 8,234,161 20,354,498, 43,208,130} $2,927,717], 50,413,375] 10,933,411) $13,496,74
296
APPENDIX
TABLE XXXIV —Propuction or Honey AND WAX IN MINNESOTA BY COUNTIES, 1850-1910
_ | 4850 | 1860, S«1870 1880 1890 1900 | 1910
| |
| |
| ; wf 2 ” 2 2 2
| : {| zu 0 ~ og o oO 2
CounrTIES i § 5 5 5 5 & =
: fe o ° oO oO o ° S
: | Ay Ay Ay Ay Au Au
Sox 2 a Lee, i Mn
Ali litiwsessc nda tewaee | | 200 790 2,782 400
Reghiiastaciunsconanctensural R) 4 105 1,434 2,298 5,290 2,534 304
BECKET cased 8 caeticeenen nanan | | 10 140 1,479 260
Beltraniig.c+5 ¢ewites suas eens | ' | 430 3,775 609
BentGile oc wwe ontinkeawns asiene Po al 56 | 2,793 8,949 28,570 9,208 1,155
Big, Stones « dc.s:0.4 ace dqrnanvsteass cer | | 200 1,153 175
Blue Earth. .......00... 0000: | 400 5,556 10,190 43,044 33,590 33,592 4,364
Breckenridge...............+. | F
Browinesanh ios voddascarae: PS 1,242 1,371 4,273 11,180 14,958 1,633
Buchananss>saces oa aes ewes i ‘
CatltOns,: caiiaasusenaneseuses I 4 | 10 270 982 151
Carver Se hatanethadesthora ects 4 3,349 463 8,497 12,926 11, a 19,248 2,397
BSSny des ebay ewan mM | 20 5, 4,443 618
Chippewa...... 02.6256 eee ees { 8 330 1,640 3,004 363
Chisago Es baanit of lente abate ra 500 2,450 6,886 16,560 21,040 6,672 777
AY g cq ont agers eANEE HSAs Al | 100 2,055 27
Pee Sadar sas gon Rao ONT SA ; 2, 057 320
OOK carcgaomien kin ciceesataaues eee 100 25
Cottonwood............+5 e005 | 407 535 5,610 2,747 403
Crow Wittksijareusancoosioes | | 320 4°450 13,249 | 1,784
Dakotaaw ce swusetswgels soanecunt | | 75 3,906 4,114 30,894 10,490 15,502 1,766
Dodges sc: anver yawned venus salen | | 1,653 | 4,139 3,741 28,216 15,410 21,852 2,864
Douglas.......--..+-eeseeeee \ | 2,268 8, 921 16,340 8, 611 1,030
PaRDiUN, osicrcicmoarimawe sae | 1,525 6,104 27,875 19,330 21,789 2,782
Fillmore... 00.0... 00 cece eeues 4,041 5,017 18,104 97,256 33,770 80,656 9032
Freeborn. .......-.. eee eee ees | 325 390 5,117 15,812 12,430 25,557 3/082
Goodhue..........00eee eee | | 750 6,551 5,691 42,274 29,080 33,123 3,769
Granbysos usar resus aanereene? "766 2,840 635 87
Henitiepitisniasccmers nose escaty | 4,840 3,573 13,788 54,260 43,710 38,355 5,290
eaten, Stage chal RQPOD CREED SIO 2,552 1,457 4,878 70,186 22, 010 23,401 2,419
UBDATA ces sessed Sessalacs ota 550 75
faite Leen geNe aides tes 490 3,414 6,235 13,296 1,638 188
Jackson... 2 sciences cqaas vances 302 1,918 5,280 5,318 739
oeetaer Se Naas 9, 160 8,395 1,058
pes iyohi... ee Gre 5,835 4,914 2, 1620 3,226 476
IttSON's «cree wea ms 30 840 172
Koochiching...............-- 163 24
Lac ai Pathe’, 5 ccascscnmcoaaenas 810 4,133 2,372 347
Rua NevaRass SOARS HAO Big ON REF 150 37
Le Sueur le ee Nees ctesiett 1,018 1,045 6,679 28,139 35,070 26,565 240
ee Mek ctockees Ginae sna aain a i aa 2,390 pee ; 2
rat NG Aue k Sa cpuezardaha css : 1253
McLeod Spee Roane 742 2,369 2,986 17,602 a "O80 17'180 373
MaGhatd. gcsnccoseccconcence
Manomin...............0008
Marshal lhciciistaeasracau-rtin cane 885
60 888 163
Martin epee at ease eee 200 5,437 17,757 16,360 11,768 1,694
Meeker. seu esrrrrvsssrees ie 945 5,874 23,771 17,500 7,276 1,053
Mil ieee Leet eseenarenetes 1,500 12,574 39,510 11,258 1,164
WEOMRIROTE . ooice cass tna seats 4,111 1,849 43,2
, ' ,240 18,554 2,297
Mower cout tlencle tebastaciastaciand 200 425 8,320 49,860 18,120 43,974 5,254
ee soy eae msec Bosna ica 54 1,078 1.150 3,274 487
Nicollet «20+... sssseverseen 2,281 2,314 6,379 19,993 12'360 11,022 1,291
PR EOEMS D cea eae wets eae ei 450 820 8,121 1,118
pee Ge ratiguan neti Scunns atc doa oe — 1,460 1,513 "184
Hiei Gens Garg ARIE SAA ‘ ; 8,705 72,629 :
Ona ; 23,660 34,823 4,162
fot on 2,i0 15,920 26,406 | 3,807
Pennington
Eeeon 4,970 793
Pin scar se seeee nnd wera e eau 56 145 3,250
: 19,090 12,758 1,554
ee 575 105 "20 1,876 "296
ee 42 1331 31850 778} "230
Ramsey. «se duneatap rote 250 420 2,174 8,300 18, "310 1,642 232
R ge ebdieenden 820 2,881 424
Reece Soherreniine ach 547 7060 10,546 1,467
Fo ere eeeeoee taint 527 4,312 5'670 10, 610 1, "434
Rice... ees ee eer eeeeees 1,408 7,753 9,274 61,310 18,040 11,027 1,402
Roseay. 100 ie is wan), 186
pik Ulasa ngs excoaesuuraa nd 695 6,550
SEOUL ection lenge aunts 2,305 3,089 5,574 15,463 zee cis 1 Bad
Sherburne ple neahhe hehe Soaks 655 4,452 5,209 5324 1,164 "162
Sibley easton cance aoe 1,255 4371 123035 23,600 14,940 1,817
tearnS.... eee eee e eens 2,396 9,799 21,007 35,300 13,025 1,974
35,129
APPENDIX 207
TABLE XXXIV—Propuction or Honey AnD Wax In Minnesota By Count tes, 1850-1910—Continued
| 1850 | 1860 1870 | 1880 | 1890 1900 | 1910
no wn w Ww wn
~ ~ ~~ ~~ n n
Counties 5 g g 5 3 ye z ¥
o 2 5 =
ay a & o co © & s
Steele 2,320 3,028 40,717 9,950 11,034 | $
? ’ A 1,416
Stevens "540 3,580 1,037 163
et oes anaes stachene 4,983 ne 640 31237 | 450
Toanibe , , 38,990 21,859 2,635
Traverse 300
Wahasha nai amined beer 75 67 5,203 15,370 106,405 30,420 eee ne
ACGENA.. cc eww wee een wans 1 % .
Wahnahtaiesscxe sees nee ana s ee 13,090 6,565 876
Waseca...... ese e cence eens ) 1,506 2,824 14,801 6508 :
Washington............00.06. 5 2,440 5,704 2/232 15,948 12050 10°s08 241d
Walia nseicnes eines ons 459 1,081 1,011 5,890 8434 | 1,090
u NTs can ie Seas eRe Se eS cians 80 295
WINCH a icnn nes mh¥e Sad 8G 2,305 13,460 7,134 86,217 49,259 4131 | 4,872
WG seaaisn duce auckiaue 640 1,970 11,009 28,803 31,030 19,425 | 2,561
Yellow Medicine.............. 3,081 4,250 6328 039
Indian Reservations.......... ?
Totals for the State....... 80 *35,129 96,569 | _ 240,606 1,172,440 1,007,072 993,142 | $124,617
* Total as given in Census (1860, p. 83):
Pounds of wax............eeeeee 1,544
Pounds of honey............0.05 34,285
35,829
Correct sum of county items:
Pounds of wax..........2eeeeues 1,544
Pounds of honey...........+..5- 33,585
OOIAKHEWN
i
CouNTIES
AnOkae. we jucsic epee |
Becker c23c00e Ak me q
Beltrami. «co s0..6 se |
Bentons.< 2232 ¢2a-08
Big Stone
Blue Earth......... i
Breckenridge....... i
Brownies 545 wera ec i
Buchanan......... i
Car ltt: 2 scsasen ae |
Chippewa......... 4
Chisagos sss e4s24 9s
Clayicseesae aw ie
Clearwater.........
Cookie i eivaey ecdins
Cottonwood.......
Crow Wing........
Dakotas «se cee cise
Fillmore...........
Freeborn..........
Goodhue
Kittson soci sce sce sen
Koochiching.......
Lac qui Parle......
Lake. gia anes
Le Sueur..........
MilleLacs.........
Monongalia........
Morrison
Olmsted...........
Scotties seciahk penton
APPENDIX
TABLE XXXV—VatueE or Farm Propucts tn
1850
it
1860
| 1870
a =
Pee 8 eee
ead 8 mf See
t an Sa S & ‘aEs
| ao (Oe | Oe | gas
i @ z e| £ ) bok
& a a | &
$ 400 $ 66.67 |$ 2.25
123,215 14.61 | 50.46
3,243 12.14] 10.53
37,765 14.79 | 33.55
299 _23.00 | 12.46
1,415,075 13.83 | 112.34
333,061 9.85 | 65.49
867,331 25.47 | 80.76
1,770 23.92 4.66
57,088 5.99 | 38.91
211,638 26.44 | 48.56
1,106 50.27 | 12.02
14,900 19.05 | 27.90
6,362 16.74 | 31.81
2,509,758 15.44 | 213.58
1,017,813 13.65 | 143.63
190,291 13.57 | 44.89
732,645 10.77 | 79.06
2,664,398 14.39 | 128.55
856,233 12.40 | 90.98
2,269,040 10.46 | 123.60
9264 10.72 | 27.25
1,400,479 21.64 | 103.84
964,512 14.22 | 74.85
95,477 12.54 | 46.92
90,650 16.83 | 49.67
700 14.00
45,720 7.38 | 25.98
2,243 8.37 | 15.47
3,500 31.53 | 25.93
907,789 24.37 | 85.73
295,219 13.77 | 56.74
258,080 13.27 | 66.74
411,917 19.13 | 76.01
40,514 22.71 | 36.53
160,828 9.26 | 50.88
62,383 17.84 | 37.11
949,145 14.49 | 112.89
6,400 15.50 | 30.62
645,855 12.71 | 103.54
2,877,800 14.25 | 184.58
36,539 10.06 | 18.57
1,900 42.22 2.93
161,386 12.76 | 60.00
514,884 50.36 | 168.54
17,417 16.22 9.52
96,043 ' 9,87 | 29.16
1,291,392 13.53 | 124.98
6,650 14.36 | 48.54
673,973 14.26 | 73.29
157,573 20.00 | 76.86
APPENDIX 299
Minnesota BY Countigs, 1850-1910
1880 - 1890 | *1900 1910
on ~ nw uw ~~
aos v =o «il g 8 » > | » % = |S g 2 |x
2 a 2 2 8 2 Po o wv > | oO » 0 w > | oO
4.3 B | & /ses| s<3 E E( spe] ge3 elsps| aos = elep8| 8
Pe Do Se aes) Pee So oe | aes re 2 S we aga] Fae 5 ee teee| =
gov | MG pe BRE] ase | BG | ee] See] gs | Se |e eee] ash | AG Ae |Se3| &
§ a | « /,28] 36 s >| LBS] Ss g ;|c8a]| 8° d (28 a8l 8
gE e | gle e| e & | E\g #] & £E e) g§|p 8) & & B g |p a) ©
oO
2,725| § _1.49§ 12.62§ 7.45, § 71,660 § 39.16§ 26.65] $ 41.54 § 207,477) $ 113.38§ 10.028 41.30 G8, 106 § SSL IF 18.658 77.2
274,652; 598.37 7.30 62.39, 409,1701 891.44, 9.90, 72.65 729,466, 1,589.25. 8.38) 98.30 5 cates : coat eee 018 20 ;
315,050, 233.54. 7.85, 70.94, 410,670, 304.43 5.76 © 55.62| 1,062,238, 787.43 7.35 102.18 2,204,420 1,634.11) 12.32) 170.87) 3
1,560 32; 12.09, 5.00) 224,088, 46.29, 9.49 27.16, 809,075 «211.69, 24.33, 83.66 4
131,356 324.34, 7.14) 54.41| 270,350, 667.53) 5.49| 62.78] 568,640 1,404.05, 6.28] 80.68 1,780,359, 4,395.95, 16.36) 234.69, §
150,910, 307.35, 6.83) 41.37/ 854,450, 1,740.22| 8.32} 192.18) 1,423,116, 2,898.40) 5.84] 250.33) 2,890,932, 5,887.85, 11.91) 559.72] 6
1,314,196, 1,724.67, 4.88, 79.62) 1,993,120, 2,615.64, 5.68, 106.44, 2,805,152| 3,681.30, 7.70 156.77| 5,758,891) 7,557.60, 16.05] 381.99 7
8
542,706| 886.77; 3.87| 64.74| 1,478,260, 2,415.46, 6.14} 150.12} 1,962,215, 3,206.23 6.26| 181.23] 4,107,704 6,711.93, 13.35] 410.36 9
27,337 31.53) 12.71) 53.39 32,670 37.68} 14.00) 21.16 154,038 177.67, 11.36} 27.78 687,895 793.42) 25.00) 83.2
895,186} 2,380.81) 9.61) 78.34] 1,085,200, 2,886.17} 10.94) 90.51 1,546,166) 4,112.14) 12.75) 127.16 3,719,142 9,891.34) 28.95 320.42 2
400 1 82 26,950 9.49) 33.35 164,465 78.17) 7.99) 24.57 582,048 276.64, 14.46 75.59) 13
436,462) 738.51) 6.81) 96.01 838,970} 1,419.58) 6.47) 117.87 1,625,902) 2,751.10, 5.27| 184.47] 3,524,703) 5,963.96] 11.75) 417.92) 14
325,892 763.21) 10.45) 50.96 477,980, 1,119.39, 10.99] 62.53] 1,081,154} 2,531.98] 12.68) 114.77] 2,384,832} 5,585.09) 22.78) 249.80) 15
426,478, 408.90] 8.61) 72.44] 1,212,570) 1,162.58) 7.52| 155.16) 2,544,500) 2,439.60, 5.80, 215.95) 4,534,042 4,347.12} 10.40) 391.44 16
613,630 602.19} 15.13) 105.45] 17
675 45] 33.75) 10.38 520) 35) 14.86 5.31 8,747 5.84) 26.75} 10.80 70,690 47.19} 45.08} 72.06 18
256,649} 401.01) 3.69) 50.42 708,712} 1,107.36} 5.70) 113.32) 1,745,332) 2,727.08, 5.11) 197.10} 3,502,555) 5,472.74} 10.34) 394.43) 19
20,386 14.86) 44.90 149,750 11.34) 47.55 367,463 347.65, 10.16} 54.63 812,029 768.24, 15.62| 110.35) 20
1,688,545] 2,818.94) 7.31) 135.02) 1,322,100 2,207.18 5.58 117.97] 2,163,589| 3,612.00, 7.94} 183.70] 4,527,530, 7,558.48 17.43) 402.48) 21
1,129,086) 2,566.10) 5 82) 128.04 858,270; 1,950.61) 4.47) 97.76 1,519,532| 3,453.48) 6.92} 163.51; 3,166,948} 7,197.61) 13.98) 379.28) 22
582,831 399.43; 8.15| 77.47] 1,084,540) 1,673.67] 9.15, 95.65) 1,507,509! 2,326.40) 7.85] 111.62] 3,349,021) 5,168.24 . 15.24 275.98) 23
1,086,955} 1,511.76) 4.82) 111.27] 1,788,955] 2,488.12) 5.65, 154.71 2,606,911) 3,625.75, 6.62) 199.38) 5,151,868, 7,165.32) 13.41) 440.93) 24
2,330,539| 2,684.95, 6.45} 103.60) 1,808,480 2,083.50, 5.06, 88.13 3,062,713) 3,528.47) 7.87] 155.14] 6,689,440} 7,706.73) 17.09) 407.94) 25
1,535,804, 2,089.53} 6.00) 111.32| 1,190,720, .1,620.03, 4.34) 83.31 2,699,917 3,673.36 7.87) 172.66] 5,270,283, 7,170.45) 16.03) 361.28) 26
2,921,177| 3,808.57} 8.39] 136.63) 1,743,855 2,273.60, 4.80) 90.11] 3,027,194! 3,946.80) 8.08| 159.50} 5,922,553, 7,721.71) 16.45; 340.32) 27
245,064} 443.15) 7.52) 86.90 978,330, 1,769.13} 8.37) 161.57 1,303,708| 2,357.52, 5.88 186.94) 2,728,751) 4,934.45) 10.60) 427.77) 28
1,590,168} 2,814.46) 11.14) 81.53] 1,672,615) 2,960.38 11.79 105.71] 3,012,397} 5,331.68 15.25] 157.13) 6,448,744) 11,413.71 33.99) 344.93) 29
1,133,737) 1,989.01} 7.79] 84.86 822,960, 1,443.79} 5.29] 69.94) 1,630,451) 2,860.44) 9,60) 133.61} 3,456,792 6,064.55; 19.86} 330.10) 30
106,310 6.36) 75.29 188,155) 196.40, 6.38 37.36 660,667 689.63) 11.86) 88.56) 31
224,619) 508.19} 8.62) 45.59 277,925 628.79, 7.24, 37.82 820,890} 1,857.22} 9.57, 75.05/ 1,869,092; 4,228.71) 17.05) 170.03) 32
5,340) 91) 12.54 7.19 70,222 11.96) 16.43) 25.09 412,918 151.25) 30.28) 71.09) 33
185,356 264.04; 3.07) 43.06 647,200 921.94, 5.32] 87.07 1,810,921) 2,579.66, 5.11] 166.69] 4,229,795) 6,025.35, 11.92) 401.35) 34
10,217 19.13! 12.21) 20.23 23,020 43.11) 6.83) 14.58 182,471 341.71| 13.19) 47.66 730,561} 1,368.09) 19.55] 142.97) 35
886,146} 1,106.30, 5.61] 100.07] 1,062,350} 1,326.28 4.98) 92.12 1,984,622) 2,477.68 5.82] 144.08] 4,642,016) 5,795.28, 12.56, 360.40) 36
900 32 42 99 554,139) 199.26. 4.72 108.98] 1,415,082) 1,273.70) 6.88] 212.16) 2,772,234) 2,495.26, 9.65) 363.62) 37
253,262 80.63) 45.81) 64.20) 38
350,740, 443.97, 6.18] 71.71] 1,423,060, 1,801.34 6.77| 155.14] 2,434,690, 3,081.89) 6.22; 222.51) 5,135,259) 6,500.33) 12.74) 474.65) 39
2,175) 1.04, 7.97) 20.52 2,830, 1.35} 10.80 2.18 6,539 3.12) 26.91) 4.75 78,081 37.20} 32.79) 30.86, 40
910,304| 1,953.44, 8.25| 69.80) 1,236,410) 2,653.24) 9.10 91.13] 1,707,797| 3,664.80, 11.47] 129.09) 3,506,794, 7,525.31! 21.50) 303.96) 41
135,210} 252.73) 5.62) 45.91 350,580 655.29 3.43] 69.55| 1,344,889] 2,513.81) 5.66, 177.87) 2,634,904 4,925.05, 10.57) 354.68) 42
457,676] 646.44 6.54) 94.15 717,840, 1,013.90) 5.08 109.21) 2,124,409) 3,000.58 6.36 237.68] 3,845,160) 5,431.02} 11.17) 424.22) 43
787,577| 1,587.86 5.65| 73.72] 1,375,250] 2,772.68) 6.90 107.22) 1,949,713] 3,930.87] 8.71] 147.63) 4,273,271) 8,615.47| 17.81) 348.04) 44
: 188,975 330.38) 7.83) 85.01) 45
46
47
3,775 2.11 74 3.81 797,930 446.27; 5.10 100.86] 1,887,997) 1,055.93] 5.54) 144.34] 3,761,550} 2,103.78) 9.88 295.21] 48
346,800] 482.34) 6.26) 75.77 872,590, 1,213.62) 5.88) 112.71] 1,968,386 2,737.67, 5.13] 165.61) 5,055,179) 7,030.85, 13.42) 441.38) 49
$32,608| 1,340.75] 6.49} 84.12] 1,470,900) 2,368.60 9.56 119.30) 1,955,417] 3,148.82) 7.57) 140.14) 4,806,993 7,740.73| 17.77) 373.33] 50
37,510 64.34, 5.60) 41.04 90,820 155.78} 8.31) 67.88 304,518 522.33, 9.70} 57.67| 1,177,145) 2,019.12, 24.30) 156.33 .
292,008} 255.48 8.15, 54.41 610,520 534.14) 8.91) 61.89) 1,102,016 964.14) 7.43] 71.34) 2,845,783) 2,489.75] 15.45) 184.40) 53
1,808,526] 2,543.64] 6.56] 142.03] 1,700,499] 2,391.70, 6.04 138.61} 2,707,766] 3,808.39 6.86] 199.94} 4,918,897, 6,918.28 12.56| 407.23) 54
142,695 202.69} 4.73) 39.59 670,150 951.92| 5.86 115.66] 1,978,560] 2,810.45] 5.84) 209.46] 3,511,534 4,987.97; 9.87) 401.73) 55
907,369| 2,048.24} 5.08] 101.99] 1,369,340) 3,091.06 6.78, 144.93] 1,643,601F 3,710.16 7.85} 182.04) 3,191,754 7,204.86} 16.83] 402.54) 56
184,004 254.85; 2.72) 48.43 773,090! 1,070.76 4.86 131.81) 2,208,819 3,059.31, 7.41) 220.44) 4,502,804) 6,236.57) 11.60, 481.12 57
917,390 640.64, 5.02) 91.78) 1,402,436 979,35| 4.43| 107.93] 3,259,145] 3,789.70, 10.35) 326.31) 58
2,360,672) 3,544.55) 7.32} 156.39} 1,708,960, 2,566.01, 5.49 128.67| 2,559,762) 3,843.49] 7.82) 180.93) 5,144,936 7,725.13, 16.27) 413.21) 59
1,137,832 558.03, 8.63} 66.77) 2,370,220) 1,162.44) 7.62) 83.38 3,541,557, 1,736.91) 7.01) 100.78] 7,767,686 3,809.56, 13.11) 239.21 on
1,410,149} 2,323.14) 10.31) 271.50) 62
63
17,708 12.53] 12.65] 12.97 41,790 29.58 8.74) 17.54 318,576 225.46, 10.40) 39.45) 1,403,161 993.04} 21.66] 126.63) 64
73286 156.26 3.35| 39.19] 272,290, 580.58 3.10, 81.28) 1,258,276 2,682.89, 6.04! 260.67, 2,576,418) 5,493.43} 10.29] 503.60) 65
615,304) 138.27| 5.02} 63.03] 2,223,310, 736.68, 5.25] 93.33] 3,662,269 1,850.57, 5.62| 145.63, 7,216,630| 3,646.60, 11.21) 326.15) 66
516,180| 744.85] 6.47| 87.88] 1,041,190 1,502.44 6.54, 115.97) 1,567,910 ee aaa ee spe ale tgs shoes si
342 : 4,596.77, 32.11) 193.23) 1,098,889] 6,825. : : 889, 1735. ; :
; ere ee a eee : 717,978, 691.03, 4.91) 93.84 836,389] 28009 ie oe a
“302,304 343.14! 4.63) 73.88] 957,860, 1,087.24) 6.46, 127.41) 2,356,769 2,675.11] 5.64) 182.13] 5,156,030, 5,852. : i
'* —_ 826,779| 845.38} 8.67, 84.67) 1,853,440, 1,895.13) 8.06, 130.40 3'235,004| 3,307.78, 6.47) 188.50] 6,859,646, 7,013.95, 13.36) 428.89 71
“'” 1,328°696| 2,684.23| 7.06] 93.70] 1,190,940, 2,405.94) 5.41) 87.98 206s tne sn a oe ae 2565810 aed 8 ee 2
x 2 ; i 41.88) 1,763,121} 3,583. i ; 717, 1555. : :
53,943, 516.14, 3.34 84.93] 726,280) 1,476.18 5.09) 141.8 Ce ees eee eT 20230 730.10 ae 13595 i
45,225 6.95| 13.29} 55.09 87,820 13.50, 18.04) 16.05 283,998 43.67, 24.90| 22.83, 1,451,678 : ; .
953,284) 2,604.60, 8.78 08.48 738,280 2,017.16 5.91) 77.95] 1,390,878, 3,800.21 11.28] 145.79| 2,681,231) 7,325.77} 20.06| 335.87| 76
-235:958| 526.69} 6.02| 73.28| 366,390| _ 817.83] __—5.93|_—(77.40, 651,902, 1,455.14, 6.62) 115.56] 1,534,940) 3,426.21) 13.84 274.54) 77
* The Census Report for 1900 gives only the value of farm products not fed to live stock, and not the total value as in other reports.
APPENDIX
TABLE XXXV—VALUE
oF FarM Propucts IN
1850 1860 i 1870 ‘
/ Be os e 2 Is
3 Ss TS > gS
i snd & 2 i 8PEg
| >a eo & ba |aek
CountTIESs ‘ aye a g a8 gsc
i | Pe} #| 2 pes
wig | *; 8 |e
Sibicy............. ! $ 536,376 $ 17.15 |$ 89.11
St€arnSi ccc vuwena> 789,885 14.31 65.58
Steel @eccan.camiinae ay 546,701 11.45 | 88.16
StevenSes 6 ca dee ua 15,811 21.22 | 90.87
Gwilties2seueewmaices
OG 545 sane ans Gusei eed 71,672 19.05 35.20
TOOMBS) 4, cei. i
Traverse.......... i 1,009 50.00 | 76.92
Wabasha.......... | 2,139,397 15.67 | 189.68
Wadena........... | 650 108.33 | 108.33
Wahnahta......... |
WASEEA.. sac ewsenal i 648,297 13.16 | 102.00
Washington........ | 790,181 16.30 | 131.98
Watonwan......... ; 170,188 10.18 | 74.48
Walking nerd ce peek | 43,455 47.96 | 147.31
Winona........... 1,883,873 13.79 | 135.68
Wright............ 1 309,251 13.09 | 32.70
Yellow Medicine... ‘
Indian Reservations
Totals for the State | $33,446,400 $14.40 |$102.06
TABLE XXXVI—AvERAGE S1zE, VALUE, AND TENURE OF
a i 1850 1860 1870
a ~~ n as - ~ n o w ~~ n o
s ge leca ze} 8 Be |S8—02| ge] & ge |aton| Be
ve | oe [Feke #2 | 2 we [heke| HE g se «|g 88e] BE
am ee | of |Ssus, £8] BE CS | Huh) 82 | &S cB [eee BE
ee | ge gS es Es g° | gS a es y ee
o = w > o = wg oO wh
2 aU VISH LC = ~ 09dS0 Re =o O95 85 Oo
a Se ino ol ae Ss [zo ee oe eg |e a
1 Aithins cscs cad ee ten ! 153.5 | $ 500 | $ 1.63
2 Anokaia 20g esa 50% 140.8; $ 182,885 | $ 6.46 137.8 421,379 9.05
3 Beckerescu's sneer sn 144.3 6,300 6.23
4 Beltrami........... |
§ BentOteicecc csc cness $34,250 190.7 68,850 6.81 181.3 73,450 7.50
6 Big Stone.......... 4.3 65 5.00
; eo ny teaser tas ‘ 148.8 |- 309,271 4.37 142.1 5,133,375 18.39
reckenridge.......
9 Bae casa alstels esti tear ok ! 148.9 215,210 5.39 143.1 1,493,537 10.81
uchanan
Carlton 160.0 3,800 5.93
Carver 134.1 454310 | 4.17 107.4 2,637,526 15.70
ass 2.0 850 3.79
Chippewa 45.5 45,365 3.47
Chisago 127.9 124,019 5.60 121.7 477,720 11.21
ele ; 212.5 1,598 1.88
earwater
Cook
Del Gee eee wer 160.0 2,600 8.13 148.3 43,600 6.84
row Wing......... 134.8 5,950 8.83
Dakotas. 2 aes acie ars 151.9 1,228,387 8.56 148.4 5,226,820 19.97
Dodge...-.....---. 182.1 441,070 5.61 135.6 2'933,717 | 19.42
Douglas, een yee ie deoan oo ae 589,050 5.27
aribault........... . ’ : : 2,916,985 12.15
Fillmore............ 145.9 1,844,797 6.32 141.4 6,636,880 16.61
ce NA leraa hee uein anes {ee etd 4.82 143.8 3,077,225 13.62
oodhue........... : , 6.12 147.2 6,723,190 19.24
Grants sccdvyiraes- ee 182.0 "40,835 | 3.74
Hennepitte « ¢o< ries 133.4] 1,367,862] 8.51 112.7| 4,164,074 | 20.87
Houston... : 144.6 990,598 | 10.74 132.0] 25706,140| 16.84
ISAttlas.s 2 sale gog scams 153,2 23,430 5.46 145.1 225,751 4.48
Ttascas esis ching sete ‘ ;
Jackson............ 160.0 2,350 2.94 157.6 261,815 7.95
Kanabec... 20.2... 253.8 4,500} 4.43 120.0 1000| 8.33
ee sithagea Si mebae 3 i 4,400 4.88 100.2 266,281 8.36
SONG anc else anes
Koochiching........
Lac qui Parle....... 11.7 1,355 5.06
APPENDIX
301
Minnesota BY Countiss, 1850-1910—Continued
1880 1890 1500 | ; 1910
2 3 ie a 7] uw 2 oO
— a hs = SS. ea ey = I
B32 ) se | veleze] FAR | so | selabel FSB | 58 | 8 iSRS) Bae w2 | 8 |SPS! 8
aH A, & aE | sss] seo a4 a= | $53 gk ae Bc et oa Dy oe PRES &
ge. § e\letel BS” § ; 8S a 6 g | M |Seal gs as MA 15 RB) &
o hy ° > ° 5 .
eee) eee) | ale Ae a) ese el oe gaa
Ww
§ 748,961$ 1,280.28) § 6.04§ 77.43)$ 1,523,050§ 2,603.50 § 6.62$ 121.39] $ 1,959,182$ 3,349.03 8 7. 89)
1,520,766, 1,116.57, 8.15 34.43 11825'390 1'340.23 729 73.37] 3'121°368° 2201.75 © rao 113.84 * 7608'269 ° §'586.10 1689 282.00 19
1'120,097, 2,598.83! 5.801 125.00} '872,550, 2,024.48 4.10 96.15) 1,772'871| 4,113.39 7.81 178.39, 4'061'072,9°422.44. 18:02 433.271 80
500,437, 887.30, 7.69, 162.64, 737,790, 1,308.14) 8.15, 195.86] 1,365,509, 2,421.12 5.45] 231.48, 2.859999, 5,070.92, 10.81] 521.90 81
546,594, 737.64, 6.77| 82.60, —983,590| 1,327.38) 7.63| 125.12) 1,698,333, 2,201.95 4.941 172.75, 3'803'271| 5132.62, 10.50 445.71 82
274,148, 286.47| 5.77 a 537,620, 561.78, 7.70, 44.98) 1,162,160 1,214.38 7.70, 68.06) 3,130,402, 3,271.06, 15.57) 188.71 83,
77,585, _ 136.59) 4.78 51.48! — 993,630, 1,749.35) 9.96 273.35! 1,476,927 2,600.22 5.54! 280.57| 3,153,33
1,991,705 3,681.52, 9.30) 171.79 1,583,900, 2,927.73, 7.28 136.71, 1,940,613) 3,587.09 8.52] 183.87 3/033°977 roe at teas 30
68,952; 128.16, 8.30 8 151,610, 281.80, 5.90 60.09 409,610, 761.36 6.68, 80.43, 879,940 1,635.58) 12.62 159.41] 87
88
863,148 2,002.66 4.87) 92.30, 1,005,520, 2,332.99 5.01) 105.99} 1,613,400 3,743.39 7.17] 167.14) 3,127,263, 7,2
1,159,600. 2,920.91, 11.12) 115.41) 943,300, 2,376.07, 7.95} 88.46 1452895, 3,659.69 9.96 112.12 3°201'778 Duis 20.96 3 at 00
293,261, 675.72, 4.82; 70.31] 835,270 1,924.59, 6.42, 140.26) 1,261,126 2,905.82, 5.74 173.11] 21827;115, 6,514.09 12.52) 396.23 91
86.988, 116.76, 4.37, 45.64| 681,650 914.97) 8.05| 193.82) 1,488,030| 1997.37 5.56 237.59/ 2'811,268 3773.51] 8.831 503.45) 92
2,044,440, 3,209.48 9.31) 131.11] 1,749,350| 2,746.23 7.95 124.18) 1,913,093) 3,003.29, 8.29] 145.31) 413591081. 6,843.14 18.34 361.15 93
907,662, 1,313.55 9.12) 56.22) 1,279,430, 1,851.56 10.05, 64.01] 2,267,059, 3,280.84| 10.52) 102.92, 5,432'142, 7,861.28 22.84. 270.74) 94
383,699, 512.28, 5.55| 77.13) 866,860| 1,157.36 4.78, 103.12) 2,253,540, 3,008.73, 6.38) 204.03| 4,566,983) 6,097.44, 12.05) 421.89) 95
118,013 4.74, 53.14 96
$49,468,951) $611.80, $6.83, $91.07 $71,238,230, $881.03, $6.40. $100.60 $127,959,824| $1,582.53, $6.98$143.73,$278,052,215 $3,438.77, $14.15 $309.45
Farms in MINNESOTA BY CountTIEs, 1850-1910
1880 1890 1900 1910
fe ue vo ay uo 2 os cs ww 2 vo s ~ 2 o
8 a= doug Bel § B= |geugl Bel HE feeoel Be | 2 Be SScyl Bel o
a oe eye we ® = Pye! ud in = ry Mo a = Pye 2d} v
ve ‘oie oH 9e BE ow “Ste yh &.8 ee oo oe ghee ee ov ‘Se oh 8.8 Hw S) Ss
m5 CB lSsue] SE] ws ce «6[ aus! £6 | PS B |%sue) $8 | Bs B |eeud| £8] &
3” a foes oR 3” a boas Oo 3 * S. Byes OQ 3° 2 cogs onl S
a | See |e | ee eee eee ee | eee
142.2 | § 12,500 | § 6.76 | 100.0 | 160.1 | $ 158,950 | $ 6.57) 98.0 | 146.8) § 862,630 § 7.65) 96.1 | 130.4 | § 3,161,916 § 17.99 | 93.0] 1
122.8 996,072 | 9.94 94.0 180.7) 5,685,780 | 32.64] 85.3 | 128.8| 3,459,430 | 19.80] 82.5 || 140.6 8,045,837 | 39.62 | 86.3 | -2
152.1 | 1,035,705} 9.09} 98.0 | 164.0| 2,047,310 | 10.32 | 93.4 | 156.6| 4,187,660 | 13.73 | 92.3 | 171.2 9,752,482 | 27.47 |86.6| 3
156.8 38,850 | 4.43 | 100.0 | 150.2| 1,112,410] 5.96| 98.8 | 141.9 2,821,703 | 12.61 |94.6| 4
154.4 421,695 | 6.07| 96.7 | 142.0| 1,579,500) 14.34) 91.8] 141.2| 3,209,050 | 17.83} 92.1 | 152.6 6,916,127 | 35.43 |89.4| 5
200.2 488,875 | 4.61| 98.7 | 221.1 | 1,813,580 | 1042] 91.2 | 265.3| 5,255,560} 18.98 | 79.6 | 2044) 12,406,575 | 43.85 |65.7| 6
13231 6,405'200 | 17.64} 83.2 | 134.4] 9,761,500] 24.01 | 81.9 | 141.4] 19,187,070| 42.58] 76.7] 152.6) 28,211,078 | 62.85 |72.4) 7
: 8
136.3} 2,414,775) 12.17] 87.5 | 182.4} 5,232,354 | 17.58 | 87.4 | 200.7| 11,559,780 | 31.02 | 76.6 | 202.2] 17,928,894] 49.08 | 70.8] 9
; 10
155.4 85,720} 6.34 98.9 || 149.6 165,920 | 11.31] 95.9 | 110.9 748,600 | 11.16] 95.5 | 100.8 3,164,396 | 26.26 | 95.2 | 11
112.1| 4,021'855 | 20.26 | 93.7 | 113.1| 6,882,376 | 33.03 | 91.3 | 109.8 | 7,845,820} 36.18) 86.8 | 108.6| 17,704,035 | 81.82 | 83.9 | 12
159.8 17,555 | 1.64 | 100.0 | 169.2 113/150 | 7.78 | 100.0 || 156.6 647,340} 6.19 | 94.8 | 155.1 2'523,967 | 17.16 90.5 | 13
100.4 1,147'305 | 11105| 90.5 | 193.0 | 2,650,580 | 12.30| 85.0 | 2029 | 7,657,420 | 22.37| 81.4 | 228.0| 14,944,592) 43.73 | 69.0 | 14
io1.7| 171717426 | 11.29 | 97.3 | 105.4| 2'563,630| 17.66] 94.3 | 109.1] 4,793,950 | 22.32} 92.0 | 112.6| 10,398,497 | 46.06 | 91.3 | 15
2210| 1,489,746 | 9.47 | 97-6 | 214.5 3,321,940 | 11.79 | 89.7 | 274.1] 9,991,970 ) 18.28 | 85.7 | 305.8 | 20,514,786 | 38.60 | 74.7 | 16
65. 598,659 | 14.88 | 94.9 | 17
166.0 2,200 | 6.63 | 100.0 | 149.5 25,400 | 21.24 | 100.0 | 153.4 $6,450 | 10.22 | 100.0 | 162.8 334,765 | 14.08 |98.6 | 18
1584 | 1,797370| 10.49 | 93.5 | 182.2} 2,806,430| 13.49] 89.8 | 236.4) 9,751,270 | 26.30| 78.7 | 235.1] 18,612,878 | 50.10 | 65.8 | 19
187.5 33,825 | 8.59 | 100.0 | 144.5 666,330 | 7.38] 95.8 | 137.4| 1,503,890) 882] 91.1 | 147.0 4,011,455 | 23.77 | 87.9 | 20
149.5| 7,355'148 | 24:88 86.0 | 155.2 | 10,979'960 | 37.63 | 76.0 | 154.4 10,026,675 | 30.17 | 71.4] 152.5| 19,804,890 | 60.05 | 74.0 | 21
1405| 4'842'931 | 21.40| 824 | 1486 / 41357,020| 19.64] 72.8 | 156.9; 8,082,780 | 31.21} 70.0 | 165.0} 14,605,108 | 55.77 | 67.4 | 22
160.4| 11816813 | 8.26| 94.6 | 157.3| 4,068,350 | 13.26} 94.2} 144.7 | 6,964,060 | 19.99} 86.7] 156.5] 13,868,988 | 39.14 | 88.1 | 23
1795| 3'464'006 | 11:09 | 82.6 | 1825| 7,999,808 | 21.57 | 82.0 | 198.0] 19,109,110 | 43.23] 75.0 | 202.7 | 28,270,676 | 65.22 | 66.8 | 24
140.9| 9'535'815 | 19.25 | 87.5 | 145.1 | 9.935,202 | 20.93) 83.7 | 149.9| 17,042,320 | 32.69 | 76.3 | 161.5 | 30,717,736 | 59.21 72.1) 25
149.2} 5'486'571 | 15.68| 87.5 | 159.2| 5,960,245| 16.18) 85.3 | 162.3] 14,545,150 | 33.30) 76.1 | 167.0| 23,657,024 | 57.18 | 71.6 | 26
129'5| 11'655°376 | 27.22| 86.7 | 140.0| 10,659,610 | 23.86) 78.7 | 146.4 15,368,790 | 32.70} 73.8 | 152.0} 27,533,479 | 59.59 | 68.0 | 27
202.3 677510 | 681 | 94.7 | 197.2| 2,709;880 | 13.28 | 91.9 | 228.1 | 5,121,390 | 18.03 | 82.4) 250.2} 11,636,890 | 39.25 | 73.6 | 28
96.7| 8,0177191 | 31.23| 89.9 | 91.1 | 16,958;864| 66.94 84.0] 80.6 | 17,680,150) 59.52) 75.4] 73.8 30,916,803 | 108.72 | 80.0 | 29
139.2 3'933/482 | 13.85 | 89.2] 143.6| 4418/5609 | 15.74 | 83.8] 155.9) 8,195,010) 24.68 | 81.5) 171.1) 14,012,152) 42.84 | 79.2 | 30
180.4 323,560 | 9.24) 86.1 | 154.7 822,870 | 8.30 | 92.7 | 180.3 2,671,660 17.58 | 90.9 31
108.2 767 8.7 | 109.4| 1,367,450} 9.32] 94.6 | 108.4] 3,531,030) 15.94] 90. 630, ‘9 | 32
Ne | | ton 22,800 9.80.| 88.9 | 127.4 2601500 08} 205) 108 gees ae, ee
143.3| 1,001,225 | 8.59| 92.6] 159.9| 3,173,595 | 14.75 | 83.2 | 207.3} 12,017,630 | 2 838,
133.5 35,754 | 412] 96.9] 95.1 223420 | 10.93 | 96.7 | 170.2} 1,267,740 9.95 | 96.1 | 114.4 3,970,268 | 34.12 | 92.6 | 35
153.4 | 2,240,939} 9.52 | 93.2 158.7| 4,552,260) 14.65 ort | 2083 | s'342'940 | 13 #3 one | sors | iusaysrr| 302 | ase | 37
186, 9.88 | 97.7 | 268. ' d ; : ;
6.5 88,143 | 3.69 | 99.2 | 261.4| 2,285,955 ie eivsan | ieee loeb | ae
176.0| 1,350,834 | 6.51 | 97.6 | 206.4) 4,145,300 | 12.96 | 92.5 || 233.1 | 10,899,910 | 23.97 | 76.2 | 249.1 | 22,747,997 | 49.02 | 65.5 | 39
302 APPENDIX
TABLE XXXVI—AveRAGE SIZE, VALUE, AND TENURE OF
a Se ne ee 1850 1860 1870
[ ws | swe if ; | ~e ts ; 2% =
2 | EB Sse ge] 2 | EB (dsug) ge | & BS |e°es) Be
a a5 ‘Fosm oe a ' ag (ey SM Bo Bi ag > y ow uo
eae! ou we ayes ee Bas vo “rE ,ob5 SS Se oo “si o 5 9-8 BE
CUUNTIES a, aes 72 bo OS ee ag oe be do BO ao es bo do es
| 2 a Meee ces, | Be So, skE] ee | 8 S Sudel| sep
i * 3 3 3
40” Lake 2. eccesssacees | | | 211.0 | $ 16,000 | $ 25.28
41 Le Sueur........... | | "143.6, $ 575,465 | $ 4.53 114.5 2,614,215 | 14.87
42 Lincoln. .........../ |
43) Lyon swe accocadas an |
44. McLeod............ | | 484.2 99,815 3.96 146.4 1,107,763 8.03
45 Mahnomen........., t |
46 Mankahta.......... | '
47 Manomin........... | 132.6 62,060} 29.25
48 Marshall........... | on
49 Martin............. | 158.3 5,800 4.58 161.3 1,073,755 9,52
50 Meeker............! | ; i 154.1 75,710 3.90 129.4 1,136,505 9.42
51 MilleLacs.......... 217.2 4,090 3.14 158.6 86,410 5.99
52 Monongalia......... 112.1 7,500 3.18 ' 145.6 495,995 5.85
53 Morrison........... 153.5 56,800 6.98 136.6 107,221 6.23
54 Mower............. 164.5 234,030 6.44 137.7 2,674,775 | 16.69
55 Murray............ ! 160.0 1,500 3.13 160.5 15,100 6.27
56 Nicollet Bate aouieceall | 153.4 502,885 7.66 137.0 1,907,475 | 14.23
IODICS).. soa aha; a eae ciel ote 1
58 Norman............ i
59 Olmsted............ | 141s 1,453,690 7.97 148.0 7,308,111 | 21.77
60 Otter Tail Sc eeamislaan ae | 202.0 17,550 7.24 123.2 151,281 4.65
61 embina........... 400
62 Pennington.........
63: Pierce aia icmeikicinend !
64 Pine.............0. t ; 142.4 4,500 4.51 85.0 5,000} 29.41
65 Pipestone........... | : | i H
66 Polk iene 6 Sen itauiae | | 356.7 16,000 748
6 OPC irccrsnn Gand ricer sie giant | 167.1 493,833 5.32
68 Ramsey............ i 32,270 91.0 509,710 | 28.57 98.8 1,083,950} 45.13
. Red Lakes ccs ccadis ind i
0 Redwood........... | 202.4 48,600 | 10.44
71 Renville............ | 322.0 24,660 3.19 146.1 343,490 4,59
PD RCO is oe ae ack 169.6 985,955 7.23 132.1 3,584,355 | 17.28
is Rock Mas ate ag ae 7 | 162.8 10,700 3.46
OSEAU seis eta ns a ed
75 Saint Louis......... | 147.4 21,100 8.42
916 ISCOlES ci dncseaniieg | | 131.3 694,230 8.61 | 117.4 2,204,115 | 14.37
77 Sherburne.......... | 208.4 126,631 5.52 ' 176.2 486,950 9.90
78 Sibley..........0... | 145.3 284,700 3.31 135.7 1,468,800 9.68
79 Stearns............. i 163.5 627,000 5.41 170.5 2,740,575 8.04
80 Steele.............. 175.5 332,150 5.74 142.5 1,974,300 | 16.68
o oe spat seach Lane aetnbicaee | 151.7 37,300 5.23
I WELD Ga as sy seni wees es es
83 Todd. Bees eet oh | 383.2 55,200 4.12 179.6 219,370 6.94
OOMIDS és ces we 8
85 Traverse........... | 160.0 400 1.25
86 Wabasha........... 8,100 159.9 1,144,595 8.82 146.2 5,997,080 | 21.78
87 Wadena. 0.02.0... | ae | 136.0 250| 1.84
ahnahta.......... ,
89 Waseca............. | . 165.8 160,180 5.06 | 144.5 1,995,036 | 13.69
90 Washington......... 77,864 | | 131.6 702,615 | 11.86 | 154.5 2,681,780 | 25.56
ps ewan eat eee | i i ee 617,350 11.39
UKMNensamr ences ; ; 4 23,003 2.54
93 Winona............ : 149.4 9,820,187 | 86.59 133.3 5,893,010 | 21.71
ot Wright... sangeet 147.4 425,792 4,48 | 125.5 1,131,256 | 11.17
€ WwW edicine.... 1
96 Indian Reservations. |
Totals for the State../ ___|_ $161,948 | $5.61 | ____150.7 | $27,505,922 | $10.14 | | 139.4 | $97,847,442 | § 15.09
APPENDIX
303
Farms IN MINNESOTA By Counties, 1850-1910—Continued
1880 1890 1900 1910
s wh (|g. ¢ ge |S ¢ zh (8 j Eo 3
5 a5 (8oua Be | 3 Ss |sozal Be) 3 #£ fseyyl ge | & fo eal Se |e
of ws eas| £ o we eose| #2 wn co Pye Le a Ad Fem Yo | o
op os Heys of op 4 o's VO wl of oe ‘o's vo “:e) BE oo “ars on 8.8) RE |S
eg oP i@®ee] Fo | Be ge | Pees) eo ee ye |hawe) FS) BS oe ous] 83) =
oO iS ODS! yom vo o Gud oS oO 2 Gay So 5 5 £85 o
2 ae Zo Bo = 2 aa 2) SE 2 Se a we é sy ga we oO
536.5 | $ 2,850 |$ 1.33 | 100.0 | 196.0 | $ 17,400 | $-14.80 | 100.0 | 128.2 $ 25,500 |$ 10.47 | 100.0 | 106.1 8
102.3 4, 017: 150 18.09 90.0 | 128.7 6,478,730 23.75 87.1 |} 116.7 9,620, 950 33.34 84.4 | 118.1 ; ee : fen sa i
179.4 632, 515 5.16 96.3 | 171.5 1,767,910 9.86 88.6 | 224.1 6,520,030 21.71 84.3 || 234.8 13,471,887 44.01 | 71.9 | 42
164.6 1,640,623 9.02 92.9 || 211.3 3,269,473 12.92 86.7 || 244.1 9964950 25.01 74.8 || 238.7 19,806,261 | 49.33 | 62.7 | 43
124.0 2,900,190 13.42 93.0 | 131.1 6,570,970 24.22 89.5 || 129.4 10,682,210 | 35.36] 86.1 || 131.8 19,903,950 | 66.58 | 83.4 | 44
169.3 989,905 23.57 | 79.0 | 45
46
47
234.0 169,150 3.61 99.0 || 213.7 2,874,679 8.78 | 92.6 || 220.5 6,662,030 12.26 | 90.9 || 267.7 14,081,313 | 24.80 | 86.6 | 48
162.8 1,647,863 10.67 85.9 || 173.7 4,246,018 16.35 78.9 || 196.8 13,954,630 | 32.61 70.3 || 196.1 26,287,282 61.46 at 49
124.1 3,076,745 14.00 91.6 | 138.4 6,033,820 20.01 90.4 || 137.8 10,004,210 | 28.91 84.9 || 152.8 18,105,691 | 50.51 | 80.0 | 50
185.8 144,500 7.48 97.1 | 167.3 310,100 10.30 | 93.9 93.6 1,678,090 17.54 | 93.0 96.8 4,567,956 | 36.94 | 90.5 | 51
52
146.2 1,043,242 8.33 97.3 | 136.2 2,613,810 12.48 93.4 | 138.3 4,932,620 14.87 | 92.2 | 142.9 11,334,897 | 30.25 | 90.5 | 53
152.3 6,638,617 19.25 83.4 | 170.7 7,230,760 19.70 78.9 | 176.9 17,571,170 | 40.59 73.8 || 179.6 26,936,721 62.87 | 70.6 | 54
156.3 782,340 7.02 92.8 || 177.7 2,357,040 12.63 86.9 | 224.8 10,620,220 27.58 71.9 | 244.5 20,242,134 | 50.47 | 64.9 | 55
155.6 3,191,221 14.59 88.0 | 177.4 5,909,258 22.87 82.1 | 187.3 8,630,170 | 31.69 74.3 || 185.4 13,387,912 | 51.06 | 67.0 | 56
173.2 1,271,355 8.96 | 93.4 | 198.1 3,563,280 15.35 79.7 || 240.0 12,662,110 | 30.13 64.0 | 229.9 26,240,715 | 62.75 | 53.5 | 57
190.3 3,320,280 10.27 91.4 | 221.4 8,003,010 18.66 | 87.5 | 253.2 13,996,985 | 33.44 | 78.5 | 58
251.1 9,433,926 | 24.36 83.1 | 163.9 8,677,600 23.55 75.5 || 159.9 16,276,920 | 40.10 73.8 | 170.4 23,041,201 | 58.54 | 70.8 | 59
150.6 3,650,223 7.73 97.5 } 148.5 8,511,465 11.88 91.1 ) 151.7 15,521,600 16.43 88.5 || 171.7 31,883,306 | 31.99 | 85.7 | 60
61
207.0 5,128,728 | 19.92 | 87.8 | 62
‘ 63
113.5 64,775 10.57 88.9 | 118.2 300,330 9.73 98.5 || 104.8 1,827,320 12.31 96.0 | 111.7 6,234,866 | 27.03 | 94.0 | 64
61.6 484,720 5.39 90.7 || 196.8 1,592,110 13.20 77.3 | 242.4 6,283,720 | 26.01 58.7 || 254.0 14,941,735 | 55.76 | 52.2 | 65
215.4 3,189,394 8.45 98.7 || 193.2 9,085,270 10.21 92.7 || 224.3 16,054,900 16.50 | 88.5 | 252.2 29,738,082 | 33.46 | 81.1 | 66
168.1 1,359,562 7.90 95.3 || 190.4 3,386,252 11.48 94.8 | 202.4 6,262,600 16.53 86.2 | 226.4 13,032,141 | 34.91 | 80.1 | 67
79.4 2,151,715 50.79 84.6 82.8 8,424,800 196.11 75.9 65.9 5,046,190 | 83.02 65.0 56.7 8,751,165 | 144.54 | 78.1 | 68
186.5 2,554,830 9.89 | 90.9 || 238.0 3,006,651 23.98 | 81.2 | 69
189.6 1,447,926 8.15 89.0 | 191.9 3,630,586 13.98 87.0 | 216.6 14,170,310 27.86 77.3 || 228.2 26,259,980 | 49.78 | 65.7 | 70
130.2 2,472,493 10.68 93.5 | 176.6 6,862,455 15.36 | 90.6 | 194.0 15,921,600 | 27.23 77.8 || 205.4 28,853,443 | 48.92 | 70.2 | 71
118.3 6,001,613 21.74 91.0 ; 111.6 7,198,310 26.06 | 87.2 | 114.3 12,284,210 | 40.21 84.8 || 125.2 19,504,914 | 65.47 | 81.0 | 72
216.6 1,463,930 9.38 89.2 | 216.4 3,412,250 16.94 | 67.7 || 246.7 9,142,400 | 31.70] 48.6 | 239.3 22,252,685 | 77.17 | 42.5 | 73
163.9 1,704,020 7.20 | 98.5 | 196.7 4,819,868 | 15.30 | 93.6 | 74
99.7 182,780 14.10 | 97.7 | 108.1 1,072,040 30.42 94.8 86.1 916,340 15.29 | 91.7 | 110.7 5,768,299 | 21.13 | 95.6 | 75
128.3 3,856,733 19.98 91.9 | 128.7 4,879,310 25.18 85.9 | 129.9 7,448,660 34.77 83.2 | 136.8 12,557,580 | 60.41 | 79.5 | 76
150.8 743,739 8.23 92.8 || 166.9 1,800,374 13.92 83.7 || 169.9 2,635,300 14.71 83.7 || 171.9 6,166,413 | 30.15 | 82.7 | 77
134.5 2,887,906 13.60 | 91.8 | 164.2 7,386,880 22.66 | 91.7 | 164.4 11,382,580 | 31.81 83.1 | 173.9 18,919,439 |. 52.96 | 76.5 | 78
157.3 4,899,008 10.79 93.0 || 168.2 9,859,330 16.36 | 89.4 || 164.4 15,641,300 21.39 | 83.2 | 178.9 29,107,101 | 38.24 | 83.5 | 79
151.4 4,613,254 18.96 91.5 || 149.0 4,404,262 18.58 87.2 || 146.2 11,224,240 | 42.62 82.8 | 143.9 16,011,755 | 60.98 | 79.9 | 80
232.9 1,363,320 8.87 96.8 || 262.2 1,947,738 10.58 91.3 || 270.0 5,574,770 17.86 | 84.0 | 300.4 11,973,590 | 39.27 | 65.4 | 81
170.1 1,795,566 8.08 97.2 || 194.0 2,911,310 10.98 92.4 || 231.2 8,011,240 19.31 82.5 || 265.9 15,602,438 | 38.18 | 73.5 | 82
139.0 981,390 6.73 92.7 || 126.0 2,469,480 10.97 91.8 | 120.6 7,120,370 19.46] 88.8 | 141.7 13,300,865 | 31.35 | 86.1 Ee
251.3 492,523 | 4.95) 99.0] 234.2] 2,142,070] 11.22] 90.9 | 296.2] 6,106,620) 18.98| 76.4 | 337.1 14,265,832 | 44.92 | 60.4 | 85
152.7 6,700,535 | 22.12) 84.8 165.5| 6,167,640 | 21.08] 77.0 | 169.3 | 10,398,870 | 32.04] 77.6 || 179.6 16,800,715 | 52.36 | 72.6 | 86
149.5 305,050 | 7.88 | 98.5 | 158.4 635,650 9.98 | 93.5 | 142.8] 1,599,520} 11.31] 89.8) 158.0 3,848,829 | 24.26 | 87.5 87
.
145.8 4,062,241 | 18.16| 87.3 | 147.8| 5,323,830| 22.35 | 84.3] 157.0| 10,891,680 | 41.50] 79.4] 163.6 14,929,925 | 58.24 | 77.2 | 89
127.3 4,452,498 | 26.23 | 91.7 | 119.8} 7,172,860} 38.52) 89.1 | 1166] 7,829,560] 36.44| 82.3 | 116.5 14,019,332 | 61.95 | 81.5 | 90
108.6 1,148,792 | 12.84| 92.0 || 183.6] 3,670,280} 19.24 | 87.7 | 198.2] 8,232,300| 32.18) 74.1] 198.3 | 14,041,160] 55.79 | 68.1 | 91
274.5 633,010 | 6.61| 97.1) 261.0| 1,791,094 11.61 | 91.4 | 285.6] 6,206,630| 19.46] 78.6! 340.8| 13.914965| 41.42 | 61.3 92
140.0 7,303,606 | 21.79 | 86.1 | 164.6| 7,732,670 | 22.87] 78.9 | 157.5 | 12,495,170 | 33.62] 78.5 | 174.8| 19:142/981| 51.15 | 74.5 | 93
93.8 3,445,187 | 13.52 | 92.6 92.2] 7,549,371 | 23.26| 89.5 | 96.2 | 11,908,010] 31.01] 86.3] 104.7| 23,658,273 | 59.25 | 85.3 | 94
175.4} 1,167,065 | 6.53} 97.6 199.2) 3,842,717 | 13.23 | 90.3 | 226.3 | 10,367,590 | 24.47 | 82.2 | 245.8] 21,285,124 | 47.12 | 69.6 | 95
251.4 932,420 10.66 | 80.2 96
145.1 | $193,724,260 | $14.45 | 90.9 | 159.7 |g340,059,470 | $18.22 | 87.1 | 169.7 |$669,522,315 | $25.51 | 82.0 | 177.3 $1,262,441,426 | $45.62 | 78.2 |
304
AP PE
NDIX
TABLE XXXVII—Farm Sizes AND VALUES BY GROUPS AND KINnps OF PropekTY FOR THE STATE AS A WHOLE, 1850-1910
ITEMS | 1850 | 1860 1870 1880 1890 1900 1910
1
le Nanitier-ol (arms os ace readies cease wae tetems | 157 *17,999 | 46,500 92,386 116,851 154,659 156,137
Per cent of increase............... | 11,364.3% | 158.4% 98.7% 26.5% 32.4% 1.0%
II. Farms by sizes | |
Under 20 acres? number's .cccccssvcaveot | 6,946 12,154 1,592 2,022 4,803 5,619
Percent:of totalicesocve tetceedtsas | 38.6% 26.1% 1.7% 1.7% 3.1% 3.6%
Per cent of change) sacs cer deances 75.0% —86.9% 27.0% 187.5% 17.0%
20-99 acres; number................005 10,402 29,177 33,533 35,905 44,268 38,599
Per cent-of totals cca.cxcasaw aenarned | 57.8% 62.8% 36.3% 30.7% 28.6% 24.7%
Per cent of change................ 180.5% 14.9% 7.1% 23.3% —12.8%
100-174 acres; number...............4- 56,785 55,424
Per cent of total...............0.. 36.7% 35.5%
Per cent of change................ —2.4%
175-499 acres; number................. 649 5,039 56,375 77,048 45,473 52,836
Per cent.of totals. :sc22c6sne0008% 38.6% 10.8% 61.0% 65.9% 29.4% 33.8%
Per cent of change.............../ 676.4% 1,018.8% | 36.7% $92.7% 16.2%
500-999 acres; number................. 2 128 741 1,594 2,965 3,359
Per céentiof total... sass ouaes were t 0.3% 0.8% 1.4% 1.9% 2.2%
Per cent of change................ 6,300.0% 478.9% 115.1% 86.0% 13.8%
1000 acres and over; number........... 2 145 282 365 300
Per cent of total oi .cc0eccresvcn nes t 0.2% 0.3% 0.3% 0.2%
Per cent of change................ . 7,150.0% 94.5% 29.4% —17.8%
Average size; total acres............... 184.0 150.7 139.4 145.1 159.7 169.7 177.3
Per cent of change................ —18.1% —7.6% 4.1% 10.1% 6.3% 4.8%
Average size; improved acres........... 32.1 30.9 49.9 78.4 95.2 118.6 125.8
Per cent of change................ —3.7% 61.5% 57.1% 21.4% 24.6% 6.1%
III. Value of all farm property, dollars.......... $270,788 | $32,166,946 | $124,687,403 | $238,718,864 | $414,701,626 | $788,684,642 | $1,476,411,737
Per cent of increase............... 11,779.0% 287.6% 91.5% 73.7% 90.2% 87.2%
Land alone; value..............0000085 559,301,900 1,019,102,027
Per cent of total value............. IN 69.0%
Per cent of change in value........ 82.2%
Buildings sci seco ee care oeheG oe Bee eRy a 161,948 | 27,505,922 97,847,442 | 193,724,260 | 340,059,470 |{ 110,220,415 243,339,399
Per cent of total value............. 59.8% 85.5% 78.5% 2% 82.0% 14.0% 16.5%
Per cent of change................ 16,884.4% 255.7% 98.0% 76.5% §96.9% 120.8%
TinplementSigeciag cwwtdutana cin earslam arenas 15,981 1,018,183 6,721,120 13,089,783 16,916,473 30,099,230 52,329,165
Per cent of total value ............ 5.9% 3.2% 5.4% 5.5% 4.1% 8.8% 38.5%
Per cent of change................ 6,271.2% 560.1% 94.8% 29.2% 77.9% 73.9%
Livestock c.ccacacsasseusy meee sue sed 92,859 3,642,841 20,118,841 31,904,821 57,725,683 89,053,097 161,641,146
Per cent of total value............. 84.8% 11.8% 16.1% 13.8% 13.9% 11.8% 0%
Per cent of change................ 3,823.0% 452.8% 58.6% 80.9% 54.3% 81.6%
IV. Average value of farms per acre............ $9.38 | $11.86 $19.23 $17.81 $22.22 $30.05 $53.35
Per cent of change................ 26.4% 62.1% —7 4% 24.8% 386.2% 77.5%
Gand alon@ce: x22 one tor des shen nex ees x 21.31 36.82
Per cent of change................ 72.8%
BUI ES ccs. axcna ecg nie elavdianndl adascecsumaaauae 5.61 10.14 15.09 14.45 18.22 4.20 8.80
Per cent of change................ 80.7% 48.8% —4.8% 26.1% §40.0% 109.5%
tmplements, ee etreenhninsaed 0.55 goat, a 0.98 0.91 1.15 1.89
ercent of changens 0:4 e009 pulses —30.9% 178.7% —d.8 —7.2 26. 64.3%
Liyelstotkis os vsaxiannep as sgenesearws 4 3.22 1.34 3.10 oR nee $8 eee
Per cent of change................ —58.4% 131.8% —23.2% 29.8% 9.7% 72.8%
V. Farm ownership
Operated by owners..............0000. 83,933 101,747 126,809 122,104
Per cent of ‘total. ccs caccaaewaae 90.9% 87.1% 82.0% 78.2%
Per’cent of change, sic ..acceeae cues 21.2% 24.6% —3.7%
Operated by tenants.................. 8,453 15,104 26,755 32,811
Per cent of totals.....c.cawrasead dues | 9.1% 12.9% 17.8% 21.0%
Per cent of change................ | i 78.7% | 77.1% 22.6%
Operated by managers................. | 1.095 1,222
Per cent of total...............2... | 0.7% 0.8%,
Per cent of change. .............. | 11.6%
* Total as taken from returns by counties, and not total for state as given in Census Report.
+ Less than one-tenth of one per cent.
t Applies to the total number of farms between 100 and 499 acres.
§ Applies to the total value of land and buildings.
APPENDIX
305
TABLE XXXVIII—NuMBeR AND VALUE oF Live Stock 1n Minnesota By Counties, 1850-1910
1850 | 1860 1870 1880 | 1890 1900 1910
2) 2\2 g | 8 y s y & y 2 g s g
OUNTIES € ss & be g “a & a § a & "a E “d
: Se yee ce ee te ae ee a eel
aeons nwnce 68 330 185\§ 3,470) 1,789$ 59,130] 8,522$ 210,367) 16,752$ 473,484
nae eae 2,292$ 44,062) 5,920 138,944| 12,637/ 217/329 17,404, 409;880| 247846, $18,645] 26,112) 1,017,421
Wacker siaeoennnss 118 4°360| 9,933, 268,649} 221062, 498'531| 34,860, 776,486| 44,041] 1,456,969
oe uss oY Sh eae) ay ae
; 9,295) 1,084, 30,138] 6,513 118,932 2 95 : : : 119,
Re ceaie. ... nl oe 58 11670, 3.723, 128'248| 16,680 471,790| 26/450, _ 612:457| 37,807| 1,348,896
Blue Earth. .....<- 6,232; 65,316) 28,572; 886,048| 57.916 1,102,247) 84,989] 1,474/821] 104,168, 2,052,004| 113,449| 3,227,831
pres oa 3,642| 46,522) 9,812| 318,060] 28,736 —553,821| 51,566) + 818,770| 63,722} 1,302,136] 78,071, 3,232,304
Buchanan.......-- ops
oe 31 800 435, 18,210 861) 20,790 6,484) 152,488] 12,474, 422,
SS a 10,827| 110,912] 27,666 513,100] 35,786 500,288| 48,358) 681,812, 63,549] 1,088,919) 71,500, 1,923,818
ee? 27 1,360 192 9,250] 1,185, 25,950] 7,041] 163,806) 14,301 383,562
Orne ae) 2,896 90,804] 10,387| 262,099| 26,807| 658,110| 50,141} 969,627, 56,474 1,759,354
ca 2,846, 27,153| 5'589| 163/325 15/509, 255\826| 23,6061 409,330, 37,418) 796,296] 40,160, 1,344,671
chee 49) 27085; 7,880, 317,270} 33,091) 771,715) 45,475, 1,349,664 47,704 2,353,744
Clearwater......-- : ae
5 320 17 420 195 5,338 302 24,
Cooks cccasaxad wees a sg gerege
1 2,420| 19,898, 375,721| 50,179 679,536] 62,400, 1,114,378] 87,237, 2,291,
edna oe is al es: M078, 4011 10,645| 5,836 145,620} 15,257, '338,981| 19,317) 531,583
Pees ee, 13,493, 202,177] 25,227| 1,014;741| 34,574, 856,449] 62,868) 1,192,130, 57,397| 1,271,751) 65,002, 2,316,378
Mgt eo eae 6,397| 101.452| 19/512| '577,198| 27,272| 718,639) 55,694} 863,440, 76,999] 1,201,699] 81,440, 2,163,393
il ae 225, 5'060, 5,516 168-758] 23,128) 384,356] 35,405, 628,535 49,300, 919,429) 59,415) 1,738,842
Loge ee 1,590 20'164| 187231 587'808| 55,743, 778882) 91,402) 1,295,240] 107,288 1,901,347) 110,628, 3,117,811
pie oe 23°121| 429'091| 46/636 1,409,805) 76,673; 1,372,551| 121,072] 1,789,035| 178,388, 2,581,696] 169,469, 4,327,856
Ds 2°348| 691607] 23.391] 665,956 42,390, 878,974] 92,694, 1,156,910| 129,157} 2,208,584] 127,943) 3,279,323
ae seieti 10°335| 172°918| 35°368| 1,331,058] 48.927| 1,318,611] 96,246 1,581,210] 101,086, 1,980,402| 104,830, 3,507,509
Gogh sont , ; "534," 16,924| 7/340, '193,810| 23,274) 650,840) 33,141 669,585| 36,598, 1,330,714
ier RAG 17,5721 235,715| 27,084 862'159| 41'823 780,971] 51,571] 1,092,740, 70,379 1,638,754] 72,246 2,809,233
Steeler 9454, 141,801| 22,122 512,650| 54,733| 688,368 84,070 982,192 101,766 1,349,303 103,016 2,178,443
Hubjard Cees 356 5,460| 3,404, 85,921] 11,530/ 189,811 20,882 279,500 28,705 571,821 30,254 1,042,109
Santi... 2.2 eee reese ’ ’ 1 ; ;
Pe oreeten We) 1a 17.1201 265,349| 49,625] 734,896] 90,893 1,536,034| 102,012| 2,655,637
ee 102 2660] ay Sol 578 11'856| 2,486, 34,640) 12,211, 196,880} 18,540, 545,934
chi a ceaes 87 1,179| 2,566 77,733) 29,608) 594,470) 48,645 Boe 65,078 Eeueee seae eae
oe ; : : 634, 23/075| 15,764, 487,53 ‘ : ; "519,
Kittson.......---- , 1'603 84°191
i ea ree pees 241 8,655, 10,543) 313,872) 38,232 917,055 59,291 1,339,995 73,523 2,430,087
Cc q' ieee 44 1450 112 1,925 : ; :
Pa eee : 573°851| 53,073| 795,780| 61,498) 1,069;550| 69,543) 1,872,189
Lg Suetioy ++ = Se en aaa), ieee Ae 887 145,394| 24,020 4195120] 51,314] 799,030) 55,240, 1,635,036
siitien irae site ne e+ 14976 375.651| 37,151] 727,973) 74,996 1,282,914] 80,331| 2,390,874
ee gee mail 1,375| 25,217| 13,719, 290,165| 31,046, 538,825/ 45,557| 840,270) 62,122, 1,286,106 76,785 230150
Mahnomen........
Mankahta........-
MSO RET as icons st Het) aa 1,031, 51,457) 27,084| 671,465] 57,363) 1,320,559] 59,301] 2,012,692
en sé 1,410) 6,150 239,240) 357091] 446,014| 68,216) 1,008,770) 96,510, 1,642,804] 115,583) 3,144,244
cee 1,378| 22'664| 12/329, 263,249) 26,263] 568,888, 39,714, '888,400) 57,873] 1,338,073) 75,484) 2,547,820
Mice 69, 1'380| 1,142) 33,869] 2,070, ~—«47,375| 4,515] 79,040) 14,565) 310,415} 25,133
ie LaCcS....-2+-+-s ’ ’ ’
; 167,018
Meonptge aan 22 ee oa eed) ches ; 752; 226,487| 25,997| 504,080) 44,769] — 880,862] 63,946} 1,731,306
oe y 155 50°S05 15/420 si¢132 39°080 937408] 72/151] 1,221,460] 121,196 2,042,920] 105,810) 3,289,417
cae 50) ses) 's'850| 8253) «187,000, 26,677| 574,430) 90,582| 1,274,033] 93,879 2,440,877
Murray... $1 96.433) 12,868] 368'841| 33/490, 685,550, 54,767| 3,369,190, 60,497) 1,107,243) 56,731] 1,777,206
Niel eh ¢sacies +n opin ee) ' : 17°368| 275,583) 43,686, 731,290) 102,091} 1,395,237| 119,436] 2,984,123
Noma ooo soy iaonpis) S9a08 akaou, ters Foueanl| 13gse] Uae
Norman........-.-- 29) 1,109,918] 99,298) 1,381,990 121,6 946, , 141,
Olmsted. -......-.. Tees eater sa sa'es3 3e'i9) “91L°770| 78/123) 1700/25] 112930) 2,361,082] 145,064| 4,314,146
tter Tail.........- ’ ’ ’ ,
Pembina.......... 945 45,295 30,139) 887,395
Pennington........
Pierce... ..seeeeees 46] 2,690) 56,005] 17,209| + 342,360) 32,122) _ 904,663
Bemis nar 2k SO 1,155; 73] 2,050) Ae eetoal 13'607) 3047430 49,317) _ 728,088] 72,663] 1,553,436
Pipestone........- 76,214| 1,838,973| 91,686] 2,435,827| 95,989, 3,704,380
P 450 12,653, 549,002] 76, 838, ;
oe 3) SA sod unas ia Ea) STS Bue) fs eae ed ies
en aaa 327 §,008| 2,607, 61,915] 4,367, 164,037) 6,805] 177,164) 8,987 494,450 eee soo je
Red Lake......... 4] 318,757| 46,269, 844,850} 79,047| 1,682,705] 95,420, 2,890,745
Pia sae §) 4,094 115873) 2 Seo| Gse'728| 681188, 1,313;665| 91,332} 1,852,756] 109,778 3,436,280
Re Sneek 13,646 179817 30916, 777,420) 40,610, 776,124 Born MT bees Aedes are ea
ee eR eenaibane 153) 6/075| 11,117} 286,059) 39,3 | eo5 “Ad abo Seog ost et
lravios os ene 64,265 5,881} 183,291] 16,99 :
Sint Lavo 34] 124°232| 23,867| $16,568 28'090 4711433 30°354 623,940) $5,047, 978,207) 54,374 1,490,852
SA ieenaanemeae 1033 36913 23 Oi] 129°860| 127171] 226,325) 20,888, 436,090, 30,027 621,848) | 28,264, 898,958
erpurne......... ’ ’ ’ ’
306 APPENDIX
TABLE XXXVIII—NuMBER AND VALUE OF Live Stock IN MINNESOTA BY CounrTIEs, 1850-1910—Continued
a i 1g50 | 860 1870 1880 1390 [ 1900 1910
i
1 - we we mS Le eT
Sieh s a | 8 2 = g s g x g a y
CounTIES se me E 7 E a E ca E 3 g i § a
Pe) pe > Zz e z ag Zz Zz Z
Sibleyiciese mancaaves 6,734 $ 82,501! 18,878) $ 412,565) 34,418 $ 556,371 55,074; $ 449,290) 69,744'$ 1,265,766) 79,005) $ 2,201,733
Stearns exc wene xis 7,845, 118,243) 27,768 603,931 53,318} 1,031,789| 75,149) 1,504,430) 117,760) 2,187,966) 142,167 3,959,713
Steele cc cccaceeea 4,108 73,511} 13,438 375,185} 29,190 660,764; 52,872 784,180} 76,809} 1,334,578] 78,074 2,221,557
Stevens 383 9,840 4,831 231,354 17,573 446,900} 34,950 733,221 41,655) 1,315,506
Swit biccccnawicie seine 13,833 383,356) 32,235 712,040} 47,258) 1,024,257) 51,916 1,878,466
TO Gis sain & ayes Saves 396 10,920) 1,777 52,171 13,387 265,486] 28,376 511,165) 51,135 918,375] 69,390 1,890,903
Toombs
Traverse 4 200, 1,740 97,477 12,384 424,955 23,211 622,749) 32,942 1,442,052
Wabasha 624$ 1,585] 9,165 221,850) 28,273 989,948) 29,747 703,153 74,303 977,150) 78,524; 1,239,807] 85,353 2,170,305
Wadena 18 1,450 1,632) 51,580, 6,517 133,800 17,355 310,959) 23,393 625,840
Wahnahta 127) 6,365
Waseca 3,194 40,548) 14,750 410,662) 27,188 544,792] 48,131 850,070} 66,350} 1,207,898] 64,907} 1,770,781
Washington........ 1,218) 15,689) 7,827) 122,388] 11,016 383,650} 19,407 479,353] 32,102 720,840} 41,314 890,284] 44,179) 1,669,805
Watonwan......... 4,236 136,198! 17,107 300,476; 40,139 620,340) 57,470} 1,002,315] 61,890} 1,700,184
Wilkin. ........... 525 17,160 2,299 103,928) 12,853 353,237] 26,400 707,751] 29,624, 1,320,214
Winona........... 10,283) 156,902) 26,739) 1,144,203) 42,885 921,777] 66,419) 1,107,770) 82,325) 1,374,816] 101,989, 2,638,487
Wright ssoesscrsernecnt 7,633 90,967] 12,699) 252,292) 43,855 628,392} 61,228 985,745] 90,307) 1,588,748] 108,341} 3,145,098
Yellow Medicine... 12,685) 315,990) 41,773 827,690] 70,333} 1,212,757] 77,272; 2,404,291
Indian Reservations. 3,759 93,774
Totalsfor the State
onfarmsandranges. .| 3,690$92,859 251,214$3,642,841) 686,556$20,118,841/ 1,574,364 $31,904,821/3,097,363$57,725,683/4,610,799/$86,620,643)5,269,040$156,771,855
Totals for the State
not on farms and
Tanges............. 156,215 151,617} 12,862,351
Grand Total. .... 4,767,014 5,420,657/$169,634,206
Note: The total values given for 1890 and 1880 and 1870 seem to include values of poultry and bees as well as domestic animals.
Note: The Census of 1870 (page 75) gives the number of horses not on farms as 9,667 in 1870, and 8,063 in 1860.
The same table gives the number of cattle not on farms as 54,862 in 1870, and 29,823 in 1860,
%
4p it
. iterate ee aes let cthe
vi sat be Intel ceareuten
HF bt 4 4 beh stern ati
* ap ahs Hoesen tefl tS +
pitiienteeseta eer try tetolesaetraetnaoeny
penratt yt apt taet eaerse ea
" Midiviesth - é 5
Be aabtetesnetatet rhe Reaper t
ial
* u ;
=
Sanh ah
zecearseeiant
oN iesorionaht
m
setae a ste Bayo
~ bee
4 bi fureaben Biers . rs
dot eneite
eeenanyoite pecan se ee
SS rebar trinceneleett Ruths retin ‘
Bleacher etapa ile
HO ana Peo
ss CET aa dt Hired 3 otted
eet eis ;
Hatenthnet tt aire Merny ta:
nay : Me pert girs fe
Peerage seat siete aes
ett pnpryanienemenestte
chert eden ete ga
Prt tose) * Arumee
WM eM hod rb rd. ‘ > CE Mtsp rte eeibt io iaeg
batons a Ltr, reper ben nr eee ark eke Lan
rea etn eehteeetr nate nneleennpenee Pacomine cation
arehiarh Htreltirrstth ts tah eee ata ee iterate
ot Rtn bende | Hae rinntteebaanaitialety em papeastete
' ue lariat tat dt tere ienetetl st seeeteee Weinlindeinbeere eiicior elas
Te pobre Sees pie it catered eet sree Stet ri
f fe pent ran bohianiieteienaoet
eerie patrhundacytadattis : teeter tmertth ey ‘
Peli eee sas tae Hanh tt te
ee
Ces etatad fee
Pier taulata ty
ehioet Rete Baltics
tte ty >
beth Lies i dlp
sili narerteoon tests
sea
Pe ie
eeptetpicteleiene ten
Hosts
HinsinhteiH tested
HM sjephinerh
re "
teieleditetstpiid
teh
4
Sith epson ceeetey elt
arabes See Meee este
aloes ttc ltt reetderesrrracsfetist
spi86t bs yulsieia seen ecnaeeeent
beet Arcee aetoeapas