F "pee eR eo: ° ° o * Private Library , oa ae S fA Stewart H. Burnham 2 Ne Sandy Hill, N. Y. x zsh mr ALBERT R. MANN LIBRARY CORNELL UNIVERSITY —— \ From Wiegand Gerbarium Library DATE DUE GAYLORD PRINTED INU-S.A. THE MUSHROOM BOOK COPRINUS COMATUS Courtesy of Agricultura! Experiment Station, Cornell. ae Amanitopsis parcivolvata, Pk. See page 55. * THE MUSHROOM BOOK. A POPULAR GUIDE TO THE IDENTIFICATION AND STUDY OF OUR COMMONER FUNGI, WITH SPECIAL EMPHASIS ON THE EDIBLE VARIETIES ::: : BY NINA L. MARSHALL With Wane Iffustratfions in Cofor and Black and White HPBotographed from Mature Bp J. @. & B. €. Qnderson ce NEW YORK DOUBLEDAY, PAGE & CO, 1902 CopyRIGHT, 1901, BY DOUBLEDAY, PAGE & CO. PREPAGE THe author of this book makes no claim to the discovery of the facts presented. The ma- terial has all been drawn from monographs written by men who have made specialties of the different divisions of fungi. A list of works consulted 1s given at the close of this book. The plates are reproductions of photographs made by Mr. J. A. Anderson, and coloured by Miss H. C. Anderson. They are as true to nature as it is possible to make them with the best meth- ods of reproduction now known, and by them alone an acquaint- ance with many species may be acquired. Many of the cuts have been redrawn by the author from vari- ous reliable sources, and many have been drawn directly from nature. With a few exceptions, the line drawings of sections were made from the specimens photographed. It has been the aim of the author to write a book simple enough to serve as a source of knowledge for the many who, though busy with other pursuits, yet take an in- terest in science and wish to obtain information about the fungi, either for the sake of using them as food, or for the Vv Coprinus comatus Courtesy of Agricultural Experiment Station, Cornell University. Preface pleasure which an acquaintance with their habits and home life may give. A great effort has been made not to sacrifice accuracy in this attempt. : The number of species of the fungi is so great that to de- scribe them all would necessitate a book of huge dimensions, so that it has seemed best simply to give a general idea of the characteristics upon which the larger groups, the classes, orders, and genera, are based, by describing some of the species ‘in each. Seven genera of the Spore-sac Fungi are illustrated with ten species, and thirty-five genera of the Basidiomycetes with seventy-three species, making a total of eighty-three species represented by photographs in colour and half-tone. In addition a number of species are given in rough pen drawings, with sufficient accuracy for identification, and many species have been described without illustration. An effort has been made to describe the species in terms intelligible to the average reader without constant reference to an unabridged dictionary, and, whenever possible, the terms have been illustrated by line cuts. Although the technical names necessarily used are a serious hindrance to the popularization of the study of fungi, it has seemed best, in most cases, to give only the Latin form of the names of species, since, by so doing, there will be less danger of confusing harmless species with those which are harmful; and, also, if their Latin names are adhered to, one will find it much simpler to consult the scattered literature on this subject, as this nomenclature is used by all naturalists of whatever nationality. That the pronunciation of names may be rendered as simple as possible, each vowel has been marked long or short. These vowel-marks are not necessarily indicative of the true syllabic quantity, but are rather diacritical points denoting the popular pronunciation by the English system. Each word has been divided into syllables according to the accepted rules, and an accent has been placed on the syllables to be accented. The author is under deep obligations to Professor Lucien M, Underwood, of Columbia University, for aid and encouragement in the work of this book, and for his cheerful willingness at all times to assist in the search for material and in the work of revising proof. vi Preface Thanks are also due to Professor Charles H. Peck, the New York State Botanist, for his kind assistance in identifying many of the specimens illustrated. A list of books consulted has been placed at the end of the book, for the benefit of those who may wish to pursue the study further. vil Coprinus comatus. Courtesy of Agricultural Experiment Station, Cornell University. GONTENTS CHAPTER |: THe Homes and Hasits oF Funai! CHAPTER II: THE RELATION OF FUNGI TO OTHER PLANTS CHAPTER III: From Spore tro MusHRooM CHAPTER IV: THE Key What a key is, and why a name is desirable How a key for fungi is made, and why it is desirable The Key CHAPTER V: Funai witH GILLS I. WHITE-SPORED SERIES Genus Amanita Death Cup; Poison Amanita. Fly Amanita . Orange Amanita ; Comparison of Three Yellow Amnanitee Genus Cantharellus Cantharellus floccosus . Genus Amanitopsis The Sheathed Am: sHitepsis Amanitopsis parcivolvata Genus Mvycena : Mycena hematopoda Genus Lentinus Sealy Lentinus Genus Pleurotus . Oyster Mushroom . Pleurotus sapidus . Elm Pleurotus Genus Hvgrophorus : Chanterelle Hygrophorus 1X WN VT oat BW Ww 4 onin~l Oo Co SVS ST IT oO Nn “Oo So Contents Vermilion Hygrophorus Ivory Hygrophorus Genus Armillaria Honey-coloured Acmnittaria Genus Lepiota Parasol Mashregens Ts all Lepion Smooth Lepiota Lepiota Friesii Genus Marasmits Fairy-ring Mushroom Genus Collvbia Collybia familia Genus Panus Genus Trogia : Genus Schizophvllum . Genus Omphalia . Genus Russula Emetic Russula ‘ Green Russula; Verdette Variable Russula Genus Clitocybe . ; Clitocybe laccata . Clitocybe virens Genus Tricholoma Masked Tricholoma Craterellus cantharellus . 2. BROWN-SPORED SERIES Genus Agaricus j Comparison of Eight Agaie Common Mushroom Rodman’s Mushroom Agaricus abruptus Genus Hypholoma Perplexing Hypholoma . Comparison of Six Hypholomas Uncertain Hypholoma Hypholoma sublateritium Genus Stropharia x Contents PAGE Genus Psathyra . ‘ ‘ ‘ : : . 82 Genus Psilocybe . : : : : ; =). 462 Genus Pilosace . ; 5 $ ‘ : . 82 Genus Deconica . : : ; ; ; . 82 Genus Chitonia . f : ; 3 : . 83 3. RUSTY-SPORED SERIES Genus Pholiola . ‘ ; ; 2 : . 83 Fat Pholiota . : : : : : . 83 Early Pholiota : : 5 : ‘ . 84 Pholiota aggericola ‘ ; : ‘ . 84 Genus Cortinarius : : ‘ s : . 85 Cortinarius alboviolaceus : : ‘ . 86 4. PINK-SPORED SERIES Genus Pluteus . ; : : , : . 87 Fawn-coloured Pluteus . : : : . 87 Genus Entoloma . , ‘ : ‘ : . 88 Genus Eccilia j : : : 3 . 88 Genus Volvaria . ! : f ; : . 88 Genus Clitopilus . ; : 5 : : . 88 5. BLACK-SPORED SERIES Genus Coprinus . : ; ‘ : : . 89 Ink Caps ‘ 3 : ‘ : . 89 Shaggy-mane; Horsetail; Maned Agaric - 90 Inky Coprinus : : : : : . QI Glistening Coprinus. : : ‘ po AOL Genus Gomphidius . : ; : . - 92 Genus Psathyvrella : : : : : i 62 Genus Paneolus . ; : d : ‘ : 2 6. FUNGI WITH MILKY JUICE Genus Lactarius . : : : ‘ ‘ : 2 Peppery Lactarius . : : ‘ ; - 92 Lactarius ligniotus . : 3 ; ; - 93 CHAPTER VI: Funct with TEETR—HyDNACEe : - 94 Genus Hydnum . : : : é ‘ » 95 Spreading Hydnum : ‘ 2 - 95 White Hydnum . : : . : » 95 x1 Contents Hydnum imbricatum Bear’s-head Hydnum Medusa’s Head Hedgehog Hydnum Coral Hydnum CHAPTER VII: Fairy CLusps aNnD CORAL FUNGI—CLa- VARIACEZ Genus Physalacria Genus Pistillaria. Genus Typhula Gents Sparassis . Genus Pterula Genus Lachnocladium . Genus Clavaria Pale Yellow Clavaria Golden Clavaria Red-tipped Clavaria Crested Clavaria : Pistil Clavaria ; Large Club Clavaria fellea Clavaria formosa CHAPTER VII: Funct witH PorEs—BOoLetaceé ; Poty- PORACEA j : : z Boletacee . Genus Fistulina Genus Boletinus . Painted Boletinus . Genus Boletus Boletus glabellus Boletus bicolor Boletus cyanescens Boletus pallidus Boletus mutabilis . Boletus speciosus . Golden-flesh Boletus Boletus radicans Boletus Peckii Boletus calopus xii 102 102 102 103 103 104 104 105 105 105 105 105 106 106 106 106 Contents PAGE Purple Boletus : : ‘ 5 . 107 Boletus Satanus. 2 : , ; x =LO7 Bitter Boletus : F ; ‘ F . 107 Boletus scaber ‘ ‘ ‘ : . . 108 Orange-cap Boletus. : : : . 108 Chestnut Boletus . : : : : . 108 Boletus eximius . : : : : . 108 Edible Boletus ; ‘ : : ; . 109 Boletus subtomentosus . : : : . 109 Boletus Americanus —.. : : i . 109 Polyporacee . 3 : : : : : . 109 Genus Merulius . : : ‘ ‘ : . 110 Genus Polyporus . s ; : : : . 10 Polyporus applanatus . ‘ ‘ : . FIO Polyporus fomentarius . ; : : . 110 Polyporus conchatus. p : ; GEE Polyporus velutinus —. i : ; eo ST Polyporus pergamenus . ‘ : : 2 oN Polyporus perennis : : : : = Ta Polyporus sulphureus . ‘ 5 : . Itt Polyporus squamosus . : : ; . 112 Polyporus lucidus . : : d : . 112 Polyporus arcularius . : ; : bo 2 Polyporus versicolor. : : k ee oe) Polyporus circinatus. F ; ; » BETZ Genus Trametes . . : : 3 : . 113 Genus Lenzites . : : : : : . 113 Lenzites betulina . ; s , 7 = 13 Lenzites separia . : : . ’ » Lid Genus Dedalea . ‘ : : 2 : . 114 Deedalea unicolor . é ; : : & 114 Dedalea confragosa : z ; 5 . 14 Deedalea quercina . : ; F : » 14 Genus Favolus . : ’ ‘ : ‘ . 115 CHAPTER IX: GELATINOUS AND OTHER FuNcI. . 116 Jew’s Ear, or Judas’s Ear. : ; : . 116 Tremellodon : : ; ; : ‘ . 116 Guepina : : 2 : : : . 116 xiii Contents CHAPTER X: OFFENSIVE FUNGI—ORDER PHALLALES . Genus Phallus Stinkhorns Phallus impudicus Genus Dictyophora Dictyophora Ravenelii Dictyophora duplicata Mutinus caninus Family Clathracee . Latticed Clathrus Clathrus columnatus Anthurus borealis . Simblum rubescens CHAPTER XI: PUFFBALLS Order Lycoperdales Genus Lycoperdon Pear-shaped Puffball Pinkish Puffball Genus Calvatia Brain-shaped Calvatia Giant Puffball Cup-shaped Puffball Genus Bovista Genus Bovistella . Bovistella Ohiensis Genus Geaster Earth-stars : : The Smallest Earth-star Water-measuring Earth-star . Genus Calostoma Calostoma lutescens Calostoma Ravenelii Calostoma cinnabarinum Order Nidulariales Genus Spherobolus Genus Nidularia Genus Cyathus Genus Crucibulum xiv PAGE 117 117 117 119 120 120 120 120 121 121 121 121 122 123 123 124 125 125 126 126 127 128 128 129 129 129 129 130 130 131 132 132 132 133 133 133 133 133 Order Sclerodermatales Genus Scleroderma Scleroderma vulgare CHAPTER XII: Spore-sac FuNGI—AScOMyYCETES Order Tuberales—Trufles . Order Hypocreales Genus Xvlaria : Order Spheriales : ; Order Pezizales—Cup-fung? Peziza odorata Golden Peziza Order Helvellales : ‘ : Family Geoglossacew—Earth Tongues Genus Spathularia Velvety Spathularia Spathularia clavata Genus Geoglossum Geoglossum hirsutum Geoglossum glabrum Genus Vibrissea . Vibrissea truncorum Vibrissea circinans Genus Mitrula Irregular Mitrula Family Helvellacee—Morels Genus Gyromitra . Gyromitra esculenta Genus Morchella . Genus Helvella Helvella elastica Helvella lacunosa CHAPTER XIII: StimE FunciI—MyxomyceTeEs CHAPTER XIV: Func! FoR THE HERBARIUM Collector's notes . Collector’s outfit . Care of specimens Collecting spores The search fora name. XV Contents PAGE 193 Ie 134 135 135 136 136 136 137 137 138 138 138 138 138 139 139 159 139 139 139 140 140 140 140 141 141 141 142 142 143 144 145 145 147 147 147 149 Contents Pace The preparation of rough-dried plants for the herbarium 149 Mounting . 3 3 : 5 3 : : . 149 Sections. : : : ‘ . 150 Poisoning herbarium specimens : : : : . 150 CHAPTER XV: Funci FOR THE TaBle . : : . 151 Cautions for the inexperienced. : 3 : . 51 The food value of fungi. ; : : . 152 To keep mushrooms temporarily : ; ; . 153 To prepare the edible agarics for cooking . : . 153 To toast agarics . ; : . : ‘ ‘ . 153 To bake agarics . : : : ‘ : : . 153 To broil agarics . : ; : : : : . 153 Mushrooms stewed. : : : : ; . 153 To prepare russulas_ . B : ‘ ; . 154 To prepare fungi with milky ities : : ‘ . 154 Lactarius deliciosus. : . : ; - 154 Lactarius volemus 5 : 3 : : . 154 To prepare amanitas . : : ; : . . 154 To prepare chanterelles , 3 : : ; . 154 To fry chanterelles . : : : ; : . 154 To prepare coprini—ink caps. : ; ‘ . 154 To prepare boleti : é ; , ‘ . 154 To prepare Hydnum repandum ‘ : . : . 154 To prepare morels .. : 4 : : . 154 To prepare beefsteak fungus : : : : . 155 For salad. 3 : : ‘ 3 : » 155 Minced : : : : 3 : : » 155 To prepare gyromitras 3 »- 155 To prepare woody pore-bearing finot—Pelypare - 155 To prepare clavarias and branched hydnums : » 155 To cook clavarias : : : : : : / 155 To prepare puffballs. ; : : : : - 155 To cook puffballs ; : ; ; ; : 155 To cook the giant puffball . : : : : - 155 Puffball salad. : : : ; : ‘ - 155 List OF AUTHORITIES CONSULTED : : : : . 157 ABBREVIATIONS OF Names OF BOTANISTS WITH EXPLANATIONS . 159 INDEX AND GLOSSARY . : : : : : i . 161 Xvi PLATE Il. IV. Vi. VII. VIII. IX. XI. XII. LIST-OF- PLATES xvii . Amanitopsis parcivolvata, Pk. (see p. 55) Frontispiece Facinc Pace . Death Cup; Poison Amanita (Amanita phalloides, Fr.) 48 Fly Amanita (Amanita muscaria, L.), poisonous 49 Orange Amanita (Amanita Cesarea, Scop.), edible. 50 . Sheathed Amanitopsis (Amanitopsis vaginata, Roze) 54 Scaly Lentinus (Lentinus lepideus, Fr.), edible 50 Oyster Mushroom (Pleurotus Ostreatus, Fr.), edible (see p. 57) ; : ; . 58 Golden-flesh Boletus (Boletus chrysenteron, Fr.) (see p. 106) : ’ ‘ . 60 Vermilion Hygrophorus (Hygrophorus miniatus, Fr.), edible ‘ ‘ 5 : 3 . 60 Chantarelle Hygrophorus (Hygrophorus cantharellus, Schw.), edible (see p. 59) . ; : ; . 60 Fat Pholiota (Pholiota adiposa, Fr.), edible (see p. 83) 62 Honey-coloured Armillaria (Armillaria mellea, Vahl.), edible : : : ; : . 62 Smooth Lepiota (Lepiota naucinoides, Pk.), edible . 64 Parasol Mushroom (Lepiota procera, Scop.), edible (see p. 63) 64 Lepiota Friesii, Lasch : : 65 Cortinarius alboviolaceus, Fr. (see p. 86). 65 Collybia familia, Pk. (edible) : 67 Clitocybe laccata, Scop., edible (see p. 70) 67 List of Plates PLATE XIII. XIV. XV. XVI. XVII. XVIII. XIX. XX, XXl. XXII. XXIII. XXIV. XXV. XXVI. XXVIL. XXVIII. XXIX. XXX. FacinGc Pace Emetic Russula ar emetica, Schaeff.), dangerous : : ‘ ; Green Russula (Russula virescens, Fr.), edible (see p. 69) Clitocybe virens, Scop. (edible) Masked Tricholoma (Tricholoma personatum, Fr. ; var. bulbosum, Pk.), edible . Pholiota aggericola, Peck (see p. 84) Craterellus cantharellus, Schw. (edible) Agaricus campestris, L., edible (see p. 76) . Agaricus abruptus, Pk. (edible) ek Rodman’s Mushroom (Agaricus Rodmani, Pk.), young . ; ; : : Rodman’s Mushroom Gaistate) Agaricus abruptus, Pk. (edible) . Perplexing Hypholoma (Hypholoma perlexum Pk.), harmless Uncertain Hi ochaloma uenaen TEE Pk. ), edible Brick Top iene ian SsUIatenHOR: Schaeff.), edible . Ivory Hygrophorus mechan ayarntte Fr.), edible (see p. 61) . : Early Pholiota (Pholiota precox, Pate ), edible Fawn-coloured Pluteus (Pluteuscervinus, Schaeff.), edible Inky Coprinus (Coprinus atramentarius, Fr.; var. silvestris, Pk.), edible (see p. 91) . Inky Coprinus (Coprinus atramentarius, Fr.), edible : 3 5 ‘ , ‘ Peppery Lactarius (Lactarius piperatus, Scop.), edible . ; : ; : Mycena hematopoda, Pais Gens: 55). Lactarius ligniotus, Fr. i Bear’s-head (Hydnum caput-ursi, Fr.), ‘edible xviil 68 70 7! 73 73 74 74 76 77 78 80 81 84 84 87 89 91 92 93 93 96 PLATE XXXI. XXXII. XXXII. XXXIV. XXXV. XXXVI. XXXVII. XXXVIII. XXXIX. XL. XLI. XLII. XLII. XLIV. List of Plates Facinc Pace Clavaria formosa, Pers., edible (see p. 101) Golden Clavaria (Clavaria aurea, Schaeff.), edible Painted Boletinus (Boredads sale Pk. ), edible Spreading Hydnum (Hydnum en L.), edible ‘ : : Lenzites betulina, Fr. feos 13) Polyporus versicolor, Fr. ‘ Polyporus circinatus, Fr. (see p. 113). Deedalea quercina, L., Pers. : Jew’s Ear (Hirneola auricula-Jude) L., pak Xylaria (see p. 136) . Phallus impudicus, L. Pear-shaped Puffball (Lycoperdon pyriforme, Schaeff.), edible (see p. 125) : Brain Puffball (Calvatia craniformis, Schw.), edible ‘ Bovistella Ohiensis (Ellis and Note: edible (see p. 129) : ‘ ‘ Cup-shaped Calvatia (Calvatia easing Bosc), edible Least Earth-star (Geaster minimus, Schw.). Water-measuring Earth-star (Geaster hygromet- ricus, Pers.) Bird’s Nest (Cyathus vernicosus, D. C.) on P: 133) : Calostoma Ravenelii, Berk., Mass. Calostoma lutescens, Schw., Burnap . Calostoma cinnabarinum, Desv. : Spathularia velutipes, C. and F. (see p. 138) Flesh-coloured Puffball (Lycoperdon § subincar- natum, Pk.), edible (see p. 125). : Young Pear-shaped Puffball (Lycoperdon pyri- forme, Schaeff.), edible (see p. 125) Hard-skinned Puffball (Scleroderma vulgare, Fr.) XIX 98 100 103 103 110 112 114 116 116 119 124 126 130 130 132 132 132 132 134 List of Plates PLATE Facinc Pace XLV. Cordyceps capitala Soe a au on Elaphomyces : . 136 Lycogola epidendron (see p. ay 3 ‘ . 136 Floccose Chanterelle (Cantharellus floccosus, Schw.), edible (see p. 53). : 5 . 136 Mutinus caninus, Huds. (see p. 120). : . 136 XLVI. Golden Peziza (Peziza aurantia, Pers.), edible . 138 Peziza odorata, Pk., edible (see p. 137) < we XLVII. Helvella elastica, Bull. (see p. 142) : : . 140 Helvella lacunosa, Holm. (see p. 143) . ‘ . 140 Mitrula vitellina, Sacc., var. irregularis, Pk. . . 140 XLVIII. Delicious Morel (Morchella deliciosa, Fr.), edible . 142 Polyporus arcularius, Batsch, Fr. (see p. 112) . 142 xx LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS IN TEXT Coprinus comatus, Fr. (old) Coprinus comatus, Fr. (mature) . ‘ ; Coprinus comatus, Fr. (young) . Puffball : : : Corollas and honey, attractive to insects Ingenious stamens Pistil of violet Seed-box of iris . Pistil of St. Johnswort Seed-box of sacred bean Winged seed of the silver fir Fern with spores (Polypodium vulgare) Grass spikelet : : Liverwort (Marchantia polymorpha) Bean seed to show embryo Indian pipe : ; : Moss (Dicranum scoparium) (natural size) White mould on dead fly . Spores borne in delicate membranous sacs . Bread mould ‘ Spores borne on little spicules Spores as simple cells Spores divided into several cells Mycelial threads Mushroom buttons Young mushroom Puffball Xxi Pace Vili A725 Corr wTtInt aaanad=Aau wi - 9,17 Qe] II 1 IT II 12 List of Illustrations in Text Mushroom to show veil : : Mushroom to show cap, ring, gills, and stem Mushroom to show veil on stem and cap Section across gill (magnified) : A small portion of section of gill (highly angninea) Corn smut . E Leaf rust on Hepatica triloba : 3 Pouch-fungus, section to show spores in hollow rind Section to show gills . Section of a Boletus, to show pores Clavaria with spores on spines . Section of Hydnum, to show teeth Section of stroma with perithecia (magnified) Perithecium (highly magnified) . Outer surface of truffle Section of truffle Fleshy cup-like fungi Club-shaped fungus ; Conic, convex, and pitted fungus Fungus with gyrose furrows Saddle-shaped fungus Fungus with spore surface flat, running down the sictes Fungus with gills Fungus with pores Fungus with spines Calostoma Geaster Nidularia Clathrus cancellatus Simblum rubescens Anthurus borealis Mutinus Phallus impudicus XXxil BA 24, 24, 24, Pace 14, 102 List of Illustrations in Text PAGE Embryo plant of Mutinus caninus ‘ : j : 24, 120 Scleroderma vulgare . : , : é é : y 25 Section of Scleroderma vulgare . : é : . 25, 134 Mutinus caninus, young plant; embryo plant. : . 120 Bovista. ‘ ; , : : : : . 28, 128 Section of Bovista (diagrammatic) . : : . 28, 128 Calvatia. , : ; ; 7 , : : 28, 126 Section of Calvatia. : ‘ : 5 : s 28, 126 Geaster . : p : 2 : : : : . 28 Lycoperdon : ; : : : : : ‘ - 29 Section of Lycoperdon (diagrammatic) : : . 29, 124 Bovistella . : : : : ‘ 3 ‘ ‘ . 29 Section of Bovistella . . ‘ ; é : . 29, 129 Clavaria. 3 ‘ ; s j : : 4 =, 130 Section of Hydnum . : . ; : : : . 30 Cap of Hydnum imbricatum 5 : , : 30, 96 Cap with striations on the margin. : ; . 30, 40, 50 Bracket fungus . ‘ ‘ ; é : : : % 3) Resupinate fungus. : : : : : ; » 31 Boletus Satanus . : : . ‘ 4 : ‘ - 31 Polyporus quercina . : : ‘ : : : sy) il Pleurotus, stem central. . . . . ; = 32 Pleurotus, stem eccentric . ; : : : : x 332 Pleurotus, stem wanting . ‘ 5 4 s ; s 732 Gills toothed, Lentinus ‘ ; : , : : 192 Lamelle entire . : : : : : : ; 33 Stem eccentric . : : : . : : ; - 33 Lamellze simple . ‘ ; : : : ‘ ‘ - 33 Fungus with volva and annulus . : : > ; . 34 Volva, but no annulus : ; : 6 : : . 34 Annulus, but no volva . 34 Lamelle free from stem. : : 3 : ‘ 34, 39 Annulus movable. : : : ; ; : - 34 XXlil List of Illustrations in Text Lamellz united with stem . Lamelle decurrent . Lamelle adnate . Lamelle sinuate : ; Volva wanting; annulus wanting Lamellz in shallow folds Volva present; annulus wanting Volva none; annulus none. Annulus arachnoid Lamellz adnate Veil remaining on stem as annulus Volva none : Veil attached to margin of pileus Lamellze deliquescent Spores fusiform . Spores globose . Hydnum with central stem Branched Hydnum Lamelle labyrinthine, woody Lamelle radial, woody Pores long-hexagonal : Pores in the form of tubes, stem lateral Pores in the form of tubes, stem central Section of young Amanita in wrapper Young Amanita in wrapper Young Amanita in ruptured wrapper Section of Amanita muscaria Cap striate, and free from warts. Section of Amanita Czsarea Young plant of Amanita Cesarea Section of Cantharellus floccosus Section of Amanitopsis vaginata Section of Amanitopsis parcivolvata XXxiV Pace : - 34 35, 37, 39, 40 » 35) 375 39 BD 35 36 37 37 38 38 39 39 39 40 40 40 4l 41 43 43 43 44 44 47 47 47 47 50 50 50 53 54 55 Section Section Section Section Section Section Section Section Section Section Section Section Section Section Section Section Section Section Section Section Section Section Section Section Section Section Section Boletus List of Illustrations in Text of Lentinus lepideus of Pleurotus ostreatus of Pleurotus sapidus of Pleurotus ulmarius of Hygrophorus miniatus of Hygrophorus eburneus of Armillaria mellea of Lepiota procera . of Lepiota naucinoides of Collybia familia . of Russula emetica of Russula virescens of Clitocybe laccata ; : : of Tricholoma personatum (var. bulbosum) of Craterellus cantharellus of Agaricus Rodmani of Agaricus abruptus of Hypholoma perplexum of Hypholoma incertum of Hypholoma sublateritium . of Pholiota adiposa of Pholiota preecox of Cortinarius violaceus . of Pluteus cervinus of Lactarius piperatus of Hydnum repandum of Hydnum caput-ursi Satanus Under surface of Lenzites betulina Favolus areolarius Section of young phallus Mutinus bambusinus . Lycoperdon XXV PaGE 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 67 68 69 71 72 73 76 77 79 80 8I 83 84 86 87 93 95 96 107 113 115 119 120 124 List of Illustrations in Text Section of Lycoperdon (diagrammatic) Asci and paraphyses . : 3 Section of truffle to show position of asci . Truffle, ascoma Z Fungus growing on caterpillar : Section of Peziza odorata to show two layers Gyromitra esculenta Morchella esculenta Section of Morchella deliciosa Helvella ; i Z Helvella lacunosa (diagrammatic) xxvi Pace 124 135 135 135 136 137 141 141 141 142 143 THE MUSHROOM BOOK CHAPTER I: THE HOMES AND HABITS OF FUNGI For centuries epicures have used certain fungi for food. The Greeks and Romans esteemed them highly, and gave a great deal of consideration to favourable times and places for gathering them, and to choice methods of preparing them for the table. Juvenal tells us of one old Roman enthusiast who was so carried away by his love for them as to exclaim, ‘‘Keep your corn, O Libya, unyoke your oxen, provided only you send us mush- rooms!” Horace says that mushrooms which grow in the fields are the best, and that one can have but little faith in other kinds. Mushroom eaters of the present day would perhaps not agree with him, for they find edible species in every imaginable place where fungi grow, and are constantly adding to their list new varieties which they esteem delicious. Although for centuries it has been known that some fungi contain most virulent poisons, still, through ignorance of those points which distinguish the poisonous from the edible, frequent cases of poisoning occur in all classes of society. The mistakes resulting in death have been frequent enough to inspire the timid with an overpowering dread of all fungi, while the damp and grewsome places in which many fungi flourish have caused them to be despised by others. The following lines from Shelley very aptly express the general sentiment : ‘* And plants, at whose names the verse feels loath, Fill’d the place with a monstrous undergrowth, Prickly and pulpous, and blistering and blue, Livid, and starr’d with a lurid dew. I The Homes and Habits of Fungi ‘© And agarics and fungi, with mildew and mould, Started like mist from the wet ground cold ; Pale, fleshy, as if the decaying dead With a spirit of growth had been animated.” SHELLEY: ‘‘ The Sensitive Plant.” To many people the only growths known as fungi are toad- stools and mushrooms. They give the name mushrooms to the species known to them as edible, and regard all other similar growths as toadstools, things uncanny or poisonous. “* The grisly todestool grown there mought I see, And loathed paddocks [toads] lording on the same.” SpENSER’s ‘‘ Faerie Queene.” This distinction has no scientific basis, and in fact most of the species called toadstools are edible. Fungi are not always the grewsome things of Shelley and Spenser. In their ranks are many which delight the eye with their colouring and the sym- metry of their forms. They are the grotesques of nature; nests, hoofs, cups, umbrellas, shells, and clubs are represented, together with spheres, hemispheres, cones, and many other geomet- rical figures. The mildew on the linen, the mould on food, the rusts and smuts which blight our fields of grain, and the dry rot which crumbles our lumber to dust and which causes old wood in dark places to glow with a weird, pale, flickering light, are all forms of one group or another of these plants which prey upon living or dead organic matter. In ordinary observation, only the simpler and more noticeable fungi are taken into account, but they are in reality met with in almost every situation imagin- able. They are found in damp cellars and in rooms shut off from the light ; in fact, some form of fungus will be found in every place and on everything which is not exposed to a circula- tion of fresh air. In woods and open fields the attractive forms are found. In shady woods the beautiful white ‘‘ bear’s head” hangs on stately tree trunks, and the ‘‘destroying angels” gleam white in the shadows on the ground. Shelving brackets, green or red or brown, encircle old stumps, or stand out stiff and white from the crumbling trunks of fallen moss-grown monarchs of the forest, while wood-brown toadstools huddle in groups among 2 The Homes and Habits of Fungi the fallen leaves. On the outskirts of the wood, green and red Russulas vie with the flowers in the brilliancy of their colouring. Pink or violet Clavarias, dainty corals, border the wood path, and golden Clavarias lighten up the sombre wood tints with their yellow branches. In dry pastures and along wood roads, puff- balls, large and small, send up their puffs of brown smoke, to the delight of every passing child who strikes them with a wand. On lawns and hillsides the Oreades cause fairy rings to grow. The fairy rings are circles, or parts of circles, of impoverished grass of a lighter colourand less luxuriant growth than that of the grass immediately surrounding the circle. Before the existence of fairy folk came to be doubted, it was firmly believed that these fairy rings were the dancing grounds of the fairies. “The nimble elves That do by moonshine green sour ringlets make Whereof the ewe bites not ; whose pastime ’tis To make these midnight mushrooms.” Rev. GERARD SMITH. The rings on the commons increase in size until sometimes two or more rings intersect to form a labyrinth of green network. Rings appear year after year in the same place, and then disap- pear, to reappear after an interval of a few seasons. As long as the fairies existed in the imaginations of the people, it was easy to account for these strange happenings—the fairies danced in the moonshine, and the grass was worn down under their feet. If they were displeased and left the neighbourhood, the rings disap- peared too. As this fancy was given up, other solutions of the mystery were sought. Some believed that the ring was caused by a thunder-bolt entering the ground at this spot, and still others were confident that it was caused by moles. The true solution is not hard to find, to one familiar with the habit of growth of the fungus plant. One fungus plant growing alone upon the lawn will soon exhaust the soil directly beneath it of all true fungus food. Of all the spores which fall from the parent plant only those will grow which fall without this impoverished spot, and so a ring of toadstools is formed. Again, only those spores which fall outside the ring will find good fungus food, and so the ring widens always outward, forming a perfect circle, unless something on one side or other interferes with its travels. The 3 The Homes and Habits of Fungi decaying ring of fungi temporarily stimulates the grass around it, so that its rich colour stands out in circles or arcs of circles against the less highly nourished grass. Such rings are conspicuous on the lawns of the White House at Washington, and are often to be seen well defined on distant hillsides. Brackets and mushrooms and puffballs grow in warm, moist places where they find decaying wood and leaves to feed upon. Old tree trunks and fallen logs, rich leaf mould, and cattle pastures are their favourite haunts. The reason for their choice of place is invariably connected with the question of food, for fungi can thrive only where they can obtain organic matter, as they have lost the power which all green plants have of feeding on inorganic or mineral matter. All plants must have food with which to form plant flesh. Green plants by means of their leaf green—the only agent in the world which has the power to turn lifeless mineral matter into living matter—take the element carbon from the air, and hydrogen gas and oxygen gas from water, and with their green granules, by some mysterious process, make of the elements hydrogen, oxygen, and carbon, compounds of wood and starchand sugar. Fungus plants have none of this leaf green and must therefore feed on material which has been manufactured by green plants. To define fungi simply, so as to include all the varieties, would be a difficult task ; but in general it may be said that they are plants which have no leaf green and which do not grow from true seeds, but from dustlike bodies resembling in appearance the yel- Ss low pollen of roses or lilies. The fungi have no flowers and produce no seeds. They produce spores instead, fine dust-like particles, which are borne in special places on the mature plant, whether a mould or mildew, a toad- stool, puffball, or bracket. The cap of a mush- room placed right side up on a piece of paper under an inverted glass will print with its spores a pic- ture of the radiating leaves or gills beneath. A slight blow on a puffball in the pasture will cause a puff of smoke-like dust to rise from it—really millions of spores that have ripened inside the puffball and are now ready to grow into new puffball plants when they fall on favourable soil. Puffball CHAPTER II: THE RELATION OF FUNGI TO OTHER PLANTS A CLASSIFICATION or orderly arrangement of material collected for study is indispensable to true pleasure and profit. The nature student must classify both his specimens and the knowledge he may obtain about them ; for, as Spen- cer has said, ‘‘ When a man’s knowl- edge is not in order, the more of it he has the greater will be his confu- sion of thought.”” As he compares his specimens he sees interesting grada- tions of resemblance, and becomes fas- cinated with the pleasure of tracing their relationships and the gradual evo- lution of higher forms from lower. Every lover of nature who haunts Corclins and honey: wt. the fields and woods acquires a rich tractive todasects store of facts about plant life, and with- out, perhaps, recognising that he does so, distinguishes two great groups of plants—those which have attractive flowers, and those which have no flowers at all. His flowerless plants bear no seeds, but quan- tities of fine, dust-like particles which rise inthe air as he brushes his stick over their green leaves. As the powers of observa- tion develop, he distinguishes the ferns and Christmas greens among flowerless plants, and perhaps soon recognises that the soft green moss bank, too, is composed of small plants, and that the green mats, the liverworts, on stones and moist banks and logs, are plants also. His only reason, perhaps, for calling them plants is that they grow and are green. He may 5 Ingenious stamens The Relation of Fungi to Other Plants learn with the microscope that the pond scums which he had thought disgusting frog-spittle are in truth tangles of exquisite Fistil of Pistilef and afterwards, in violet St. Johns- wort by well-marked characteristics. Seed-box of sacred bean of reproduction —corollas and honey, attrac- tive to insects ; ingenious sta- mens, pistils, seed-boxes, and seeds. The humble grasses, with their close Winged seed of the sil- ver fir nation, and leave them exposed to the fey wind. relatives, dispense with gay colours and the as- sistance of insects, and trust to the breezes to carry their pollen to its goal. The pines and their allies are a step nearer simplic- ity, and do not enclose their seeds in a seed-box at all, but provide them with wings for dissemi- It will be seen, as these pass in review, that they are conspicuous according as they are complex. plants, made up of chains of slender, transpar- ent cells finer than silken threads, each cell containing many tiny green par- ticles of leaf green, or chloro- phyll—the cause of the green colour of all green plants. At first the most conspicu- ous plants attract the attention, succession, those less and less conspicuous. They, in reality, present them- selves in great natural groups, readily distinguished Seed-box of iris The gorgeous flow- ering plants have complicated methods with spores (Polyfo- dium vulgare) The Relation of Fungi to Other Plants The ferns and Christmas greens (Lycopodiums) have no flowers, and therefore no true seeds. They havea distinct stem, which grows from the apex and is strength- ened by woody fibres, which may readily be seen by breaking the stem across. The woody fibres so strengthen the tissues of these plants that they are able to stand erect and make a conspicuous appearance not pos- sible to the small moss- es and liv- mM erworts, which are Grass spikelet groups re- semble each other in descending degrees, so that they may be classed in groups under groups. Similar specimens may form groups of species. Species may form larger groups, or genera. Genera with common characteristics may form families ; and groups of families, orders; and orders, classes; while classes unite to form branches, or phyle. A botanist relies for the classification of his specimens mainly upon the similarity of those parts of the plant which produce the seeds or spores rather than upon those parts—the roots and leaves and stems—which have the work of the plant household to do. He finds that the seed and spore producing parts are more con- Bean seed open toshow embryo D Liverwort (AZarchantia polymorpha) spore-bearing plants with no woody fibre. The plants of all these SR Indian pipe stant in their forms and habits than the leaves and stems and roots, which are more exposed, and which are constantly 7 The Relation of Fungi to Other Plants being forced toa change of form which will better suit their changed surroundings. The novice sees nothing in the brown, or even in the highly coloured, fungi to war- rant his calling them plants. They are to him “Just toadstools ;” for green colouring matter —his first criterion for _ plants—is not there, and, moreover, there is noth- ing in their shape which suggests to him the plants with which he is familiar. The snow- white Indian pipe lacks the green of most plants, but that does not rule it for him out of the plant world ; for although it is colourless, and depends upon other plants for food, still it has a flower form and produces a seed-box with well-devel- oped seeds. Fungi, however, to any but the close student must seem quite unrelated to all normal plant forms. But the botanist, by a study of their structure, finds that they all grow from microscopic, dust- like particles, which differ from true seeds in consisting of but one or a few cells, and in having no embryo plant in them as true seeds have. He recognises their position in the kingdom of living things, and classes them as spore-bearing plants, lower than the group of mosses, those dainty plants which delight every one with their graceful- ness, and which bear their spores in tiny cap- sules or boxes set up on slender stems. By studying their life history he decides that they are degenerate members of the low- est group—the algz—and that they have fostered the habit of feeding on material constructed by green plants, instead of con- structing food material for themselves, and have, in consequence, 8 Moss (Dicranum scoparium) (natural size) _—— -- = == White mould on dead fly The Relation of Fungi to Other Plants lost their power of constructing such food, and also their green granules by which this work of construction may be carried on. The life history and structure of fungi has been studied so minutely that one is able to arrange them in three well- marked classes: The first class, the algal-like fungi (Phycomycetes), includes bread moulds and several of those fungi which cause diseases of plants and animals—the downy mildew on the grape, the potato rot, the common white mould which fastens dead flies to the walls or window panes in the autumn, and the fungus Threads Bread mould (mag- Spores borne in del- icate membran- ous sacs (magni- fied) pendent existence through stealing their food instead of making it for themselves. The second class, the spore-sac fungi, produce their spores in delicate membranous sacs. The spore-sac fungi vary greatly in size, habit, and structure. Most of them are inconspicuous members of the plant world, as the yeast plant, by which our bread is raised ; the fungus which causes which grows on salmon nified) and causes them to die in great numbers. The plant of these fungi is cobwebby, sometimes growing within the cells of the plant substance on which it lives, and sometimes growing both within and on the surface. A freshly moulded piece of moist bread shows the bread covered with exquisitely fine transparent threads, which con- stitute the plant. Later, spore cases containing tiny black spores will be seen, which give a del- icate gray tint to the plant at first, but later form a black, repulsive mass as their numbers increase. These plants are regarded as descendants of de- generate algze, which lost their power of inde- the peach leaves to curl and the black knots Spores borne on little to appear on cherry and plum trees. spicules (magnified) The third class is made up of all fungi which bear their 9 The Relation of Fungi to Other Plants spores on little spicules standing up on large cells. This con- tains most of the conspicuous fungi one will care about knowing. To understand the group one must understand the method by which a spore grows to be a fungus plant, and to be able to distinguish the different members of the group one must know on just what portions of the spore receptacle the spores are borne. 10 CHAPTER Ill: FROM SPORE TO MUSHROOM THE way in which a spore grows into a fungus plant is very simple : (1) The spore is a single cell, and when it is in a warm, moist place it swells. (2) The cell absorbs food through its cell wall and divides into two cells. © O Cy) f (3) Each new cell absorbs food and divides until long chains of cells are I>, formed, looking to the unaided eye like ee eS threads. Each thread is a hypha, and a tangle of threads is a mycelium. (4) In the soil the mycelium nour- ishes itself on decaying vegetable matter, and grows; then, at certain points, the threads mat together to form little balls the size of pin- heads (a). (0) The pinheads grow to the size of bird-shot. (c) The bird-shot increase to the size of shoe-buttons. (5) If the ball is to become a stemmed toadstool, a minute stem ap- pears on the button. The stem and button increase in size. The button is lifted above the soil and expands into a mushroom. (6) If the button is to become a puff- . ball, no stem appears on the button; but II From Spore to Mushroom it grows, and comes out of the ground around puffball. (See Plate opposite p. 124.) If one wishes to learn to distinguish the members of the mushroom or toadstool family, either for the pleasure he may derive from knowing them, or from a desire to distinguish the edible from the poison- ous, he must ie be familiar with the typi- f cal parts of the 4 fungus _ plant, and must know the names of these parts. The edible mushroom of the market (Agaricus campestris) serves well for study, Bi yt oeeererereenss as it shows some of the characteristics which all the toad- cs stools, mushrooms, brackets, and puffballs have in common. (1) This mushroom is in shape some- Puffball thing like a parasol. (2) The handle is the stem, or stipe. (3) The open topis the cap, or pileus. £4 \ ty 5 AL the cap, radi- ating from f Giveieeee sais Spores on me spite ENB ii slender processes the edge of the cap, are thin plates—the gills, or lamelle. (5) When the mushroom is in sureeeee-Short cells the button stage, the gills are not visible, for they are covered with g a thin sheet of mycelial threads, Section across gill (magnified) Called the veil. (See coloured plate of Agaricus campestris.) (6) As the button grows the veil stretches, and finally breaks, 4 12 : pore Mycelial thrads aeecaeeenc oe -Club-shaped bodies From Spore to Mushroom feaving a ragged edge to the cap, anda ring or annulus of veil around the stem. The gills of the Agaricus are not fastened to the stem, but are rounded off at the end near the stem, while others, between the long ones, extend from the edge of the cap only far enough toward the stem to fill up the angles formed by the long gills. The surface of the gills is the fruiting portion of the mushroom. It is here that the spores are formed. The structure of the fungus plant up to this point has been similar throughout. A loose tangle B jen A small portion of section of gill (highly magnified) Corn smut (2) Just outside of this loose mycelium, on either side, are layers of short cells (c), which bear club- shaped bodies standing out over both surfaces of the gills (0). (3) Each club bears two. slen- der processes (sf) at the free end, and each process bears a spore (sp). of threads underground formed the myce- lium—the food provider. A more closely matted tangle above ground formed the stem and cap and veil, and even the central part of the gill—the fruiting parts of the plant. : On the surface of the gill a difference in structure is found, which will be clearly understood from a picture of a thin section cut across a gill. (1) The central portion of the gill is made by loosely tangled mycelium threads (tr) draping themselves in thin plates from the surface of the cap. Leaf rust on Hefatica triloba 13 From Spore to Mushroom All corn smuts, wheat smuts, leaf rusts, toadstools, puff- balls, and brackets bear their spores on club-like cells, and for this reason are put in one group, called Basidiomycetes. The fact that corn smuts and leaf rusts feed on living plants, while toad- stools, brackets, and puffballs feed on dead plants, separates them in- to two groups; the smuts and rusts forming the lower group, and the others the higher group. It is the higher Basidiomycetes which we wish to con- sider, as this group includes most of the con- spicuous fungi, most of the edi- ble, and those fungi which are dangerous because of their re- semblance to edible species. Remembering that toadstools, puffballs, and brackets all start from spores; that all have the tangled thread - like Sy plants, seeking the pune dark; that they all -e- ye have the spore recep- l@varia_ with ‘ : spores on spines tacle in the light, and bear their spores on club-like cells, one can readily understand their be- ing put in one group. With a few exceptions not Section of Hydnum, to show teeth Necessary for us to consider, all the higher fungi naturally divide into two groups—pouch-fungi (Gasteromycetes), which conceal their spores in a definite rind, or peridium, as the puffballs do ; and membrane fungi (Hymenomycetes), now called Agari- cales, which bear their spores exposed on the surface of gills, pores, spines, or teeth, as the garden mushrooms, the Boleti, the Clavarias, and the Hydnums. Pouch-fungus section, to show spores in hollow rind Section to show gills Section of a Boletus, to show pores 14 CHAPTER IV: THE: KEY WHAT A KEY IS, AND WHY A NAME IS DESIRABLE A key in the study of botany is a guide by which a student may trace a specimen until he finds a name for it. Having found a name, he may learn from books or from friends what is known of its habits of growth, of its value as a food or drug, whether it is harmful or harmless, whether it is to be protected or whether war is to be waged against it. He may learn whether it has figured in history or the myths, and how the poets and artists viewed it, and may perhaps learn to see it with their eyes. He may watch similar specimens as they grow, and may add the results of his observations to the facts already recorded about his specimen. HOW A KEY FOR FUNGI IS MADE, AND WHY IT IS DESIRABLE In the first place, only such plants are considered as grow from spores and have no leaf-green. (The spore characteristic is one the amateur must decide upon either by seeing the spores or by inferring their existence from the fact that seeds do not appear.) There are some thirty-five thousand species of fungi known to botanists, so that it would be impossible to find a name for a specimen if one had to read at random until the right description for his specimen was found; but since all of these plants may be put in one or another of three groups, on account of certain points of resemblance which they have in common, and since these three groups may each in turn be divided and subdivided, one may, by selecting groups rather than individual specimens, find a short path to the name desired. The three primary groups, called classes, are made as follows : The first contains many mould-like fungi which resemble one another in microscopic characters. The second contains other mould-like fungi and many con- 15 The Key spicuous fungi which bear their spores in transparent sacs (see first page of Key). The third contains all fungi which bear their spores on en- larged cells called basidia (see first page of Key). To even partially understand the inconspicuous fungi is a task impossible to one who is not familiar with the use of a com- pound microscope. To acquire a knowledge sufficiently accu- rate to identify nearly all of the conspicuous fungi is within the power of any intelligent person, for the two groups or classes containing the conspicuous species may be divided, on account of easily distinguished characters, into groups called orders. The orders may be divided into groups called famzlies, and the families into groups called genera (singular genus), and the genera into individual specimens called speczes; and all these groups may be arranged in such a way that the series of selec- tions may be quickly made. Such an arrangement of groups is called a key. 16 Key Saq- 95-AW-O--, PIS-BE 891- 25-Aul-09- sy saq-,95-Auu-00- Ay g Is- SB ii spose, SNY-,SE e : snose i uf-unj pasunouoid { 18uny ‘[eantg ‘sns-unj paounouoid { sneunj ‘Tepnsulg (paytuse}) Sees So "TT OStg “BIpiseq pasirjua uo vay saiods aw aw "So]QIALUIOIPISEG ee Il sree BULBS satods ‘ ce Sl aod (oud ‘(lost) sovs snoursquiauw 3}v9 by IVS~aAdlOdeC <% IDS tO ey) “2p ul paonpoid sarods *SOJIIAWIOISY a Il 6 ade fig @ ee “OMN-P[NOW “vIeUTSLIa}s uO JO ‘(losv) sovs aY1]-]V5] ay) | I "saad ALUOI AU] ul salods oy} svaq Jou op pue ‘s[enprarpul sv snonoidsuosur ase yoy 1Sun4 & a ‘IONNA AA» Key (poyuseur Ayy Sty) wnposyiweg (payruseur) eroayjtied YJ TUOI}S JO UOTDAS ‘ -yoriq) 10. 0 ‘uaad1s “MO TIAA ‘waIvsso[soay Apwuey JO 9}VALIO vUOISY aco 21 194-,2H 2t Key JO ‘B][aWUIL] JO 9IVJANS 9Y} SUL -I9A09 aULIqUayW “}SI *paplaipun sqnp a1odg “ayeu a1ursio =pvap Wun] IULIQWII\ “Ayn ye peyvu ‘Ayayway | woody yUdUT 10 ‘govjins snouriquaut v | 10 ‘Apoom | -ysiinou Sul ‘soqaoXuiouawAp] Suruoy sqnja aiods ‘Kyusotd -yv} dung + oO Vv (18un{snouleyay) z -soun|awwa4 ‘sqnjo a1ods paplaIp YA 1sunj snoulryedy ‘\soy dy} SUILIOJIP ‘PI ase uayo ‘onIsvard "SINUS ‘syur,d sul pue -Al] WO} JUS sysny -yslinou Sul -yr} dung v (WLVNDIYEALS NO ANHOS SauxOdS) SALAQVANOICISVA If SSV19 Key wn-l- Pied saj}-,95-fwi- o-ugui- ‘be asvg WW (18un.j yonog) *(wuntipliad) osvd ajIuyap & Ul *sayad AWIOJa}svy) -YUM pasopoua sqnya aiodg + ‘sautds Jo a0vjns ay} BULIDAOD oURIqUIOW “pe "of ade ‘saiod Jo aorgins oy} ‘saTeoLesy BULIIAOD OURIQUIAY; “pz AIL Soul[-[2-,W21 Key €£1 ane (‘1dun.j}S9U-s Pl) ‘uinipliad padvys-dno v ut ‘yua}sisjad ‘sasvd ayl[-SH2 apy] UI ele ee auiog saiods a "a[oey -dasa1 Surpurd -xo Aypeousvyja uv uo pajvagja si ‘9g 20g Ayuinyeu ye yng a ‘(uiniplied) ors (-suseusans) pees e ul "savy [eUd ; pesopaua ysiy 1e SI YOIyA\ ‘SSPUa jusosonbiyeap SSo] 10 aJOUI BUT auloq saiods al suadyo GONNA HONOd SALAVANOYALSVO Key S3]-,2I-RU- 12P-9- 12]9§ *€£1 adeg *Sa[LJLULIIPOII]IS "9z 98t ‘sapep1odooAy Sa|-,EP-1gd-Q0- AT UOT}IIS wn-[ys-J[-prdea 1,214 81-0- PIN “AYWINYVUL ye ATAvpNBadd Suunjdns ulys “UTUIM [ino,od pray “‘pouulys HOG sppegq AVIEM ‘YsnNoY “(wuniypides) spvaiy) YIM pexiu ‘sassvu aiods ayl]-}snp WA pally Aqpiny 6a -eul ye { Sunod usyM = Aysapy SI ET TETd “AYN J -un uiniptied ayy UIYJIM = SUTUTeLU -a1 salods C 25 Key “IDIIAIP splemiaye jnq ‘sunod "ITI a8eq usyM vqIzs a} ISo]D “sninyyuy -ud YY Sue 99d} Ul Sulpua = ajav}davay ‘govjdace1 ay1 Aq _ pasoja co | “ue ssew asods “ABM JOYPO JOJOWLIP S| ‘payers 10 ays ‘g]ov}da0 ‘TT1 OBE jenba ynoqe jo saysau + = -sos_ ‘payouriq | 7 sulpurdxa “LUNIUITS {pase apovjdasay 8 AyaepnSeaqat Ajyeouseja ue uo alla ae parry | Poel 8! Ayn} es apovyda.0y “el Je yng “(uNy | | ~Pl#ed) oes oxy -899 Uv Ul paso]d -ud 4s je SI “sivq Sul yaya — “(eqay8) ‘Ic1 aSeq -souojstue Ajanbiyqo 10 ssvul juad “smu ey AVUWINJOD YA psdiyr] -sanbijap ssay 4¢ : aissas_— ayovjdasay 310lU & UO au10q > saiods ¥eaNae (SNHYOHHNILS) SAIV11VHd ‘yaqHO 26 SMTRUd = B-g- 4d9-40- 1q eas ered = sue ny-uy —— wNTq- WIS 2 “SulueM “LIL ased . : ‘i *xadv ‘snqeud wo | 24yy 3 odys dy} sulof yor snarid eB jo ooRjins oy} uo duJ0g vga "| ‘snayid ay} yyeousapun = ‘ot ant adys ayy jo xade ay} 8 ‘eloydodqoiq wol Sursury [lad ; un "ways ‘OTI aBed ay Jo uoriod saddn “snulyny ay} uO 9Ut0q vqaTy SM YIRIQ =e gd- | BI-YIID, ‘apoejdazel ayy Aq pasojoue jou ssvtw daiods ‘pao}ye] apoaejda00y jou Bq-,21D Key ‘ynow apsuls v Aq Sutuado wnipied 671 ABE “Jaysvan “SJUDLUSAS IYI[1v}]S OJUr Suriyds wmniplisg th uonoas aseq aysig ee “SsplvMuUMOP JAOQL WO} SJUILUSVY OWT ‘QT1 anv Suryeaiq aovpins Jedd ‘rreaes : ‘ASU ALAS 9 Z UUM ‘OPISSAS LUIMNIPLad AA Sa ae an oe 7 is ee ae ‘yjnow [voide ue C a ear ee Aq Sutuado wimiplag ‘aseq afl1a}S ONL “E}SIAO ves ‘QJISSAS WINIPLad sh YUANO SH1IVGYaAdOOAT ‘HaAqCHO Key RUl-91- SO-TED “Tet ast “eLUOYSO[LD RI [RV SIA-O winiptied rsuuy ugp- tad-9o-£T BLYS-/BA-TED woljoaS "20. ‘OTL O8tg pue yioys “vpJaySIAOg spvaly | V ‘payoe} Mines _ -]e ‘lap bor aseg -ua]s ‘Buo] ‘uop1adooAq oan v BI SI-Og ‘YINOLU dYI]-Av}S pay ‘salqy SulovpsoqUur jo aseg ‘Surivaddesip Joep pure = ‘snounryas 191no iy unipliad ‘yuasaid (spvoiy}) uiniypidesy ‘ynoul peoide | ue Aq Buruado winipLiag ‘aseq J[a3s YA WINIpLag ah Key U01}99S ‘yWIMols Ul plvAUMOP Sulel "IP ase -old sayvjd ayly-y100} ‘waovuphH ‘ Jo ‘sapuaqn} ‘Yyjae} want uo auloq salods ¥ "Ways ed} -uad pur des ya paptaoid (381) “H[Pwery] | Ayeuou aovjans ‘ob-c€ saSvg Jo sayeyd Suretpes | Bupeaq - a10ds ‘waovouesy uo duloq saiods Cy db Hy { \ ‘asrq UOWUWWOD v WIOIY <6 eee} Sutsur saysueiq yoosa | “SuUoNJod saddn uo Jo sasseu Sururoy | 2U40q = Sarodg "LIILVALTD : ha) Jo ‘podeys - qnip db SaITIWvd SATVOlUVOV ‘YaqYO oO - Key ‘eh ‘ch saseg “waovlod Ajo “Sh ‘bh sas ‘waoela[o0g ae-25- 21-21-O w-5- eu-pAT “Alay eI] Jo ‘Apoom ‘A&¥109 aoaurysqns ‘Teda}e] W9}s 40 ‘[eijuad Wa}s “1ayJO Yyovo pue deo oy} wo dunes -edas Ajisea ssaq 10 a1oul salog *AYysoy aouvrysqns w-a5-29-[- 1R3-V ‘sasessed aulyULAqey] 10 saqn} | 10 saiod jo JOLII}UI 9y} uo oul0q saiods db ae-g5- B-F- JB ARID ‘ayl[-Jayoe1g (pz) 31 Key ‘SuNUrA Wa}sS "Juaysisiad Q ‘914]U9299 WA}S 10 SUTATA ae ‘9S aduq ‘[eJUaD WIS -a1 + ApooM “snulua’] ‘sa8pa may} uo) —“Asaqe a aoe . : -uleay ‘yeno} , = payyooy = AyeuuOU = @IJOWIL'T eomnf Bs ie x j2uUReTd = ‘70-08 Saned : : : ; : yarpq saiods "€Q-€L Saeed > uMmoiq-ystdind 10 uMoiq ylep selods ‘Le-€g sar UAorg- Aysni 10 UMOIG-YsIMoT[ak sarods eBuee "99 ‘Le sane : : * uowyrs to Asot satods BEST ‘€L-oF saseg : . aYyM saiods od ‘€ ‘Burt (‘snpides oe -}UurmM ‘d ul fxg : z ‘OL ‘LS a8ed ee -uao.q| ‘Ayam ‘juadseijnd s “sn}oINald ae “1 yea] goin uoos | Aysoy : :uays F |yuretd salods 2 - ‘TO and : SnUe}ey *painopos 10 sym ‘Ay aoIn{ WagNa | (STTID HLIM IONNA) HAOVOINVOV ‘ATINVA Key BAS OLL way 4yd-9-2145 syu- Bd SN-[W- SEI" RI ‘Lo aseg ‘padsuo "PISOLL JO payjauueyd ezyewey] y | Sunuea 10 [e.19}e] ‘ wo ‘Lo aseg sree Ce ‘winyAydoziyss | suds Ajdoap xyjauy D “Alay Way ‘Lo a8eq juryd *snurd £ afduuts [IU] *[VIJUII Dt ; W3}S Alp pue © ; uy deo SQ au] : ‘ opduus “SNILUSEIL ; xypouey snu- 1j-uaT sn}- 01 “ONUD Bowe] Ud sn Jd By te RT Key ‘yjoous Aqjensn snayid we}s -A.LIHM) (STTID HLIM IONNAD WAOVOINVOV ‘ATINVA "19 o8eg “eLIe] [WY ay} YUM po}tuNn xI[IWe’] : ite ade ‘Ajeos Ayjensn g a0vd deo { ajqvaow uayo snjnuue “quasaid sn[nuue “ejolday ‘ Ways WIJ da1j ZI[aWe’] :SUIULAL VALOA = 26 ated ‘snjnuue ‘sisdopuewy ou nq BAIPIA “ Be pe “smnuUP PUL BA[OA ‘eYULUY n WUANAO (Sa1uaS GaYOdS 34 Key RI-NS- SN sjs- dgy-J- ugw-y Ru 320-ATA] BU-,OT-QY9- LL, sni-Q- ydqi3-Aty BIG AIQO «= ea eud-wgq = aq fS-0rND RM Bay Rr ordaT “66 aSeg “a}VLI]S SSI] -euadkw ssa] JO alow ‘snouviquiau dvs {pULl SNOUISEIAVI YA Wa}s 6 ‘cL ant : O}ENUIS BOUL] “BUOTOUYDL eas 3 - “6S a6eq “AXEM ‘snioydois Ay wxyjouey a ‘apuq Ay *‘painojoo "29 988, 2 2 -1u3 89 d nse xyjewey | -1ysuq uayo dro ‘WwUpE aToUey ‘yynssny ‘plal Urq ‘AYSaE wa} % 4 6 : ‘pull 99 28rd : “iq A109 SNOUIBE]IJIS YUM UIs 4 "89 ont ‘pull snoulsely ‘erpeyduo -189 YUM Wd}S “Wa}S a4} UO : g juasinoep ‘ol ase “AYS2Yp WIS | BllIWey] ‘aqh00nID g x ‘aynoe saspa Jay. ‘UlYyy BX [JIuey] a J ei] Up ‘SunuemM snjnuue ‘BulueM vA[OA So Key | ‘juasaid “eLieNUUy (‘eoLOWY UL puNno} usdaq Jou sey vUue;nUuUY) sninuue {Suyuem vAjoA 5 ° "99 aed “SUIUEM "BLIRAIO A, r «© snjnuue $yuasaid = rajon oO (SAIMAS GAUYOdS-NNId) (STTID HLIM IONNA) BAOVOIYVDV ‘ATINVA ‘asnjqo saspe €$ a8eq Be Way ‘Splo} MOT . = « ‘guOU snynuue { auOU BAO snypaivyyueg sad4oq queyd ¢ yuad -[BYs JO WO} ayy Paes -Indep xXawey] ul xyjauey = VugNdo (S4INAS GAYOdS-SLIHM) (STTID HLIM IONND BAOVOINVOV “ATINVA 36 Key RENO SNe Id-gr RW OCU Sag «= BE erye-uy "88 adeq “eyo0g ‘PULL SNOUISLTILID YM WI3}S I! 9 "UI94S -98 a8tq “Aysay wars ay} uo yUasind ‘snjidowy) Go) PoP eee *(@) oyenuIs ? os "88 a8ed JO (v) ayeupe “PUIO[OJUY & | ]auey “AYSayf wuays gabe be ‘(v) Ways Woy soy BOW] ‘snaqn{d 7 \ Ri: BATOA SMT- [2t-RUI-URD “QUOU SNfNuUR ! BUOU LAJOA So 37 *€Q 98% “Ua}S ay} JO (‘eysviqan wo payiodas saiseds a]suls) “BIUO}YD) aseq ay} We LALO _ (SAINAS GAYOdS-NMOU® (STTID HLIM IONNA) HADVOINVOV “ATINVA “SUOLU ‘TeLysal -190ds sapjo ut juasedde "Cg aed : (JOU Udayo | jUsISIUPAD = 7 snieuryo -19} Jurjd { aqvu " ul ae “pe xypowuey Jo ‘snojuewry ‘plou -yovie snjnuuy Key Oo ‘uaysisiod . g. €g ase | puv snonuuod ‘piou “BIOTOUd -yorie you snjnuuy o VUaNdO (SAINaAS GAYOdS-ALSNY) (STTID HLIM IONNS) YaOVOIEVOV ‘ATINVSA Key pi- Aqi-esg aq- £9-9]-ISg BO-[- UQI-9q, Rul o1-gud-4H BUD e-ydgus SHO TES BAU OF-MGD SNH BUD" 199 ‘eB adeg ‘eikyyesd ‘aqeu 2g aStg -pe = youre] ‘ aqAdOIISq : “SulUeM en quadind : 7g ane (10 snonoidsuosul [IaA 3 “9p wou] ‘ ama f B1U099q] d "TQ ase “sod VOU] "20vSO]ld 7 suauloeds pyo abate ine Z Noe jou uso ceurd :Snafid ay} Jo ulsieul 9y} 0} peyorye SuIUreUad fIaA, n “WId}S ayy €8 90k Uy pejiun ‘snjnuue ue “eleydosys #&]{[ 9 ure] se ways ay} d “Wuqs uo Sulurew ‘EL ase = a dy} WO ea “31 119A “snouesy w]la ue] ” d 25-BS-O]-1d ROM odd “QUOU PAJOA ° 39 Key 76 a8eg “AYsayy } ‘ ‘snjoxurg wajs !a}eLiys you snot cee “Pploao | \ -asogo]s saiods "76 ase | ‘pull ie See Sno} ym ‘o7e qualindapjou ‘Axe mM TesAyyesd “8 snaqig yOU wypouey | a 7 “WOjIsny saiods ; 76 aBed Ssunurm sn] ‘Juslinoap | -nuue { jusdsanbijap ‘snipryduioy ‘AXCA BIPOUILY] you —- BI] Jawuvy > o 2 ‘piny AYUI ue 0} 6g aseg Sune ‘juassanby ‘snutidoy -op By] [OWE] So VINA (SAINAS GAUOdS-NOVIE) (STTIO HLIM IONNA) HAOVOINVOV ‘ATINVA ° + Key wnu- PAH "C6 088] “winupAY a-20- vu-pAT] SN]-Q- @-URT RL ar Aur-esg sn-[-,pryd-wo5 ‘snayid JOUI}SIP OU YIM ‘sasseul payouesq Ul SUIMOIS salveads nf "Ways [v1] -u9d YUM soieds nf snu- tud-95 “ae[n -8o1 Ayjensn ‘padeys -[Me ‘souids oy]] -o3[peaeu Bulsaaoo aovjins asods Ke ‘snatid v 0} Jo suriq -waw a}eurdnsal vO} payaene yya02} Jo BUI}SISUOD JULI nr (SANIdS HLIM IONNSA) @AOVNGAH ‘ATINVA 41 Key “OIl aseg ssnsodA]og E11 ode *soyourel |, VUaNdAD *(Qxou 9y} Woy pazeiedas AYMIYIP YWA st snuad sty) (SH4YOd HLIM ‘devo ay} jo yy} Wolf JUITIBIP saiod ay} uae} -9q adurjysqns ‘A] -aueu ‘SUIpUdaoS -ap you deo ay} JO adurysqns < ‘satod ay} usm} -aq Sulpusdsap (euuely) deo ay} jo adur}sqns & IONNA) ®AOVYOdATOd , “Iejnsue pue jasivy] Jo ‘punol pue JNUIL S210 gq - "ATINVA *}X9}U0D 94} WO} ajqviedas jou ‘AXVAA JOU JdvJANS Sulivaq - a10ds x Key S9}- 1Z-UgT E1L o8vq SN-OA- 2a sni-9- dé mA "ysoy Ss} »,UO EI} SUIMOIS aovjins Ssulvsq -aiods 410 ‘Sul *so}zua = -JUeM wWd}s f[e -Iped xypaury Ss “sulurM Aye ‘PIl ase -1ou ways sau) | “earepeq -uLAqe] pur sno “NUIS QPOwe’y] & “G11 ose ‘Teuose “snjoaAvf -xay-Suo] saiod :[BJa}e] Wa4S & I-ed $9}- 9W-R1 "WIOJI]TOWE] Jo ‘snonuls ‘(vu -O8¥X9Y-SUO] ‘adiv] Salo a 43 Key "YSHIYM JO “11JU99 ; Q -99 jeyMaUlos for sand uMOIqg salods | , peta “snyajo Ajaqet “10 Jel} 10d ‘snafid ay} wo. : -u99 ways Surjeiedas AjI = -peal sal0q Vv “JayjO yoea “Jay}o yova Ho a pur snoqid Wol} poyeiedas ; a wod TOL INU aie sy}ynow a ; atqvivdas "eUul[NSI asoymM ‘saqn} Jo : ‘ Ayisea ayinb WO] ay} Ul Sai0d ; ; , sailogd fyedayey = Ways 5 VINA (SAUOd HLIM IDNNA) HAOVLAION 'ATINVA Key $95-AUI- ,O-[]q- 0.13 SNU-11-2[- OG “Ystyoe lq salods fasoo00y snayid “sa AWOTIGO.NS ‘wuopylun sasod $ ySnoy, A ; ie ‘ysIMoTad 10 UMOIG €o1 aBed saiods { smoli SuneIpes ssoy “snulje]og Jo alow! ul ‘saiod Aysey A sni- 2]-0g an aS “snofid oy} woy Ayno “YIP UM Sunes -edas salog Vv ROIS 45 CHAPTER V: FUNGI WITH GILLS GENUS AMANITA Tue fungi with gills all have this characteristic in common— that they bear their spores on radiating plates or lamellz. Their family name, Agaricacea, is derived from a typical member of the family, Agaricus campestris. The family is the largest and most widely distributed of all the families, and contains some five thousand described species, which are placed in groups or genera, more or less large, based on such characters as the colour of the spores; the position and shape of the lamelle; the colour and texture, as well as the shape, odour, taste, and appendages of the cap and stem. The colour of the spores is one of the most important char- acteristics, as the decision as to whether the plant is wholesome or not often rests upon it. The colour may be determined by placing the cap, with spore surface down, on a sheet of white or black paper, and leaving it for a time under an inverted glass, so as to cut off all drafts which may blow the spores away. A print of the radiating gills will then be made in the colour of the spores— white, pink, rusty brown, or black. For external characters of the stem, one must be careful to get the entire stem from the ground; for a most important char- acteristic, the volva, if present, will be found at the base. The volva may be membranous and attached to the base, excepting at the rim, or membranous and loose, or present only in the form of rings of scales at the base, with perhaps traces on the surface of the cap. The surface of the stem may be smooth or rusty or mealy white. It may or may not have near the cap a ring of the membrane which covered the gills of the young plant. The character of the lamella and the internal characters of the stem may best be determined by cutting the cap and stem from top to base with a sharp knife, for then it may be seen whether the gills are free from the stem or attached to it, or 46 White-spored Series whether they grow down on the stem; and whether the stem is hollow, solid, or filled with web-like mycelium, and whether it is fleshy or has a tough and hard rind. The lamellae may be of different or of equal lengths, and their edges may be entire or toothed or thin or blunt. To know a genus of the gill-bearing fungi, one must know the cap, gills, stem, and habit of growth which characterise that genus. A very young plant of the genus Amanita is enveloped in a membranous wrapper. The relation of the young plant to the wrapper will readily be understood by cutting a young plant through its length. As the plant grows, the wrapper is ruptured, a part is left at the base to forma cup or sheath, Gills....+..- ig : or a part may be carried q up on the cap, to ap- pear in small patches. = The- inches; stem, 7!5 inches ‘C] ‘eueosnw eyueUy) ‘(snouosiod) eyiuewy Ay4 White-spored Series Fly Amanita (Poisonous) Amanita muscarta Cap or Pileus—Orange red to pale yellow or almost white. The young plants are brighter, and fade from the margin inward as the plant matures. Floccose scales, the wrapper remains, are scattered on the cap. The margin is often striate. 3-6 inches broad. Stem or Stipe—White or slightly tinged with yellow. Pithy or hollow. Base not broad and abrupt, but ovate, covered with the scaly margins of the wrapper. 4-6 inches long. Veil and Ring or Annulus—The veil covers the gills of the young plant, and later is seen as a collar-like ring on the stem. Gills or Lamelle—W hite or slightly tinged with yellow. Various in length ; short ones terminating in length with almost vertical abruptness. Spores—W hite, broadly elliptical. filesh—W hite, tinged with yellow under the epidermis. fabitat— Along roadsides, on borders of fields, in groves of conif- erous trees. It prefers poor soil, gravelly or scanty. It grows singly, not in groups. Time—June until freezing weather. Young Plant—This is at first egg-like, then dumb-bell shaped. As the parts within expand, the wrapper breaks up into scales, so that the convex, unexpanded cap is densely covered with more or less concentric fragments of the wrapper, and the bulbous stem is covered with rings of tringy scales. As the stem expands, these scales are left on the bulbous base, while the fragments on the cap are more widely separated by the growth of the cap. The fly amanita is a very conspicuous and handsome species. There are conflicting statements concerning the properties of this fungus; some claim that it is edible, and yet it is known to have caused much sickness and many deaths. It caused the death of the Czar Alexis of Russia, and of the Count de Vecchi in Washington. It is said that it is cooked and eaten by the Russians, and still it is on record that several French soldiers ate of it in Russia and became very ill. The Siberians steep dried specimens of the fly amanita in whortleberry juice, and thus make a drink which produces an intoxication similar to that produced by the ‘‘haschisch” and “‘majoon” of the East. Miis-ca’-rl-a 3 49 Fungi with Gills There is something about it particularly attractive to flies, and yet for them to sip its juices means death, as may be seen by the circle of dead flies lying on the ground under the shadow of its cap. The chief poison of this fungus is an alkaloid called musca- rine, which paralyzes the nerves controlling the action of the heart. Injections of atropine in doses of from one one-hundredth to one-fiftieth of a grain are employed as an antidote for this poison. In addition, the most powerful emetics are used. Orange Amanita (Edible) Amanita Caesarea Cap or FPileus—Smooth, glabrous, and free from warts or scales. Red or orange, fading to yellow on the margin or all over the cap. Margin distinctly striate. When fully ex- panded, nearly flat. When moist, slightly sticky and viscid. Stem—Yellow. When young, fibrous or cottony within, later hol- low. Wrapper or Volva—White and mem- branous, loosely sheathing the ‘warts base of the stem. Veil—Covers the gills of the young plant. Remains are seen on the stem only, where it hangs down like a white ruffle. Gills or Lamelle—Rounded at the stem end and not attached to the stem. Yellow, an exception to the rule that the col- our of the gills in mature plants resembles the colour of the Cap striate, and free from spores. Young Plant—When Vouny plane Section of A. Czesarea young, the cap ; (a) Smooth cap (c) Hollow stem and stem are contained in a wrap- (® Free gills (r) Ruffle-like ring per not unlike a hen’s egg in fl shape, size, and colour. As the cap and stem within develop, the wrapper ruptures in its upper part, the stem elongates, and the cap is carried up, C&’-sd-ré'-4 50 soyour g-t ‘yisuay wais ! sayour g € “weip dea Cdoog ‘vacvsy) vyIuvie fF) (379103) VLINVWY 39ONVY¥O White-spored Series while the remains of the wrapper are left at the base of the stem, an open sac. Spores—White, elliptical. Flesh—W hite stained with yellow under the separable epidermis and next the line of attachment of the gills. Zaste—Mild and pleasant. ffabitat—Thin woods, preferably pine woods and sandy soil. Abundant in southern Europe, common in the Southern States, and occasionally found in New York and Massa- chusetts. Zime—July, August, September. The Amanita Cesarea is one of the handsomest species. The Greeks and Romans esteemed it as an article of food. The names, ‘‘ Food of the gods,” ‘‘Cibus Deorum,” ‘‘ Imperial mush- room,” ‘‘Czsar’s mushroom,” and ‘‘ Kazserling,” suggest the esteem in which it was held. st Fungi with Gills jj] Snouosiod st yt Quasqe st dnd 9y} J] BUR Br SQI j ayes styuryd oy} Quasaid si eyueUy MOTIA, ¥ JO dno aul JI ‘Wa}s WO 991J—s77H) *MOTJ[IA IO BMY AA— Mas -saddvio ayy {0 Sulpulas OY] Ag paursivu dppysys cpuo SAppIs jou wiajs Jo aseg = ‘dnd ON—2yo04 ‘Joyfews YONu nq ‘vLIyI “SIM “PY OF AL[UIG—snapig 40 Fog *payul] MO] -ah Apysys Ajases ‘WY AA—sv7D “OUY AA as ‘AqDIS puv Snogging Ways ayy jo aseg ‘dnd ON—vazo4 ‘VAJOA painjdns ay} jo saysjed jo Burysisuo2 SHRM JUITNIDOY YA pausope ‘Mook 10 asuLIOQ—snyig 40 Fog “W9}S wioy aay ‘mMoeak aed—s7D “MOT[aA 2d —MAS’ ‘ajlym. puv asooy ‘dno v JO WO} ay} Ul ‘WU9}S 9} JO asvq oy} Je Waysislog—vyo ‘yyoous “Moyfe4 Jayed ‘Ajai 0 a8uvso Tysig—svayig 40 Jog (snouosiod) eueljsoiyg eylueUYy (snouosiod) eluvosnw eyiueUYy Celqipad eolieseg eyUeUY SVLINVWY MOTISA AIYHL dO NOSTYVdWOD White-spored Series GENUS CANTHARELLUS The members of the genus Cantharel/us differ from all other gill-bearing fungi in that the gills are in the form of shallow folds growing down the stem. The folds are generally narrow and forked or branching. The name Cantharellus, meaning little cup or goblet, refers to the shape of the fungus, some of the species being so deeply depressed that a cup not unlike a tall goblet results. Cantharellus floccosus (Edible) Cap or FPileus—Funnel form or trumpet shaped, depressed even into the stem. The surface of the depression is woolly or scaly. The scales some- times persist and sometimes dis- appear. Reddish yellow, fading to yellow. Gills or LameH@e—Blunt, narrow, close; forked branched so as to appear as a network. Yellow to yellow brown. Stem or Stipe—Short, smooth, or hairy. Sometimes extending like a root among fallen leaves. Spores—W hite. Flesh—W hite, thin. Time—July to September. Habitat—In groups in woods. The specimen pictured was found grow- ing in moss by a stream among laurels and rhododendrons. Section of C. floccosus GENUS AMANITOPSIS The genus Amanifopsis has white spores, the gills free from the stem, and at the base of the stem a volva, the remains of the wrapper which enclosed the young plant. There 7s no annulus or ring on the stem, a feature which separates the genus Amani- topsis from the genus Amanita. C4n-tha-rél’-Itis Fléc-cé’-stis A-mén'-I-top’-sis 53 Fungi with Gills The Sheathed Amanitopsis (Edible) Amanitopsis vaginata Cap or Pileus—Variable in colour, ranging from white to reddish brown. Thin, fragile, smooth; or, when young, with a few fragments of the wrapper adhering to its surface. Margin distinctly and deeply _ striated. 2-4 inches broad. Stem or Stipe—Hol- low or stuffed; smooth, or sprinkled with minute mealy particles orwoolly scales. Not bul- bous at the base. 3-5 inches long. Spores—W hite. Ring or Annulus— None. Wrapper or Volva— Soft, flabby, white, adhering slightly to the base. Gills or Lamelle—Free from the stem. White or whitish, close, irregular. Filesh—White, or sometimes stained under the easily separating skin. Section of A. vaginata Time — June to Oc- tober. ffabifat—In woods or open places, in damp vegetable mould, widely distributed. Specimen pictured was found growing in mountains of New Jersey. A. vaginata, var. alba, has the whole plant white. A. vaginata, var. fulva, has the cap tawny yellow. A, vaginata, var. livida, has the cap leaden brown, and gills and stem tinged with smoky brown. Vag-In-a'-ta Fiilv’-a Liv'-1-da 54 SHEATHED AMANITOPSIS (EDIBLE) (A manitopsis vaginata, Roze) White-spored Series Amanitopsis parcivolvata Cap or Pileus—Convex, then expanded ; smooth, free from warts. Colour brilliant orange red over the whole cap; not yellow on the margin, not fading with age. Uniform in colour in young and old_ specimens. Margin with striations deep and long. Gills or Lamelle—Lemon yellow, free from stem,and rounded at the outer extremity. Stem—Slightly tapering toward the cap; hol- low. Clear lemon yellow, covered with meal-like particles. king or Veil—None in old or young specimens. Volva—Present; not large and loose. White; clinging closely to the stem in the form of scales. Spores—W hite. flesh—Unpleasant raw odour. White, stained with orange red immediately under the skin. Habitat—Mixed woods. New Jersey, North Carolina. Time—Jul y. The caps of the specimens found Section of A. in North Carolina varied in colour from Parcivolvata (reduced) almost white to white with a red centre, and from orange or shades of orange to brilliant red. GENUS MYCENA The members of this genus have white spores ; no volva nor annulus ; lamelle thin, with acute edges ; gills with a little bay cut out near the stem, sinuate, and the stem with a cartilaginous rind. Cap membranous and striate on the margin—that is, with depressed parallel lines. Mycena hzematopoda Cap or Pileus—Bell-shaped ; reddish brown, deeper shade on margin. Gills or Lamelle—Paler tint of colour of cap ; adnate. Par'-gi-vol-va'-ta My-cé'-na Hém'-a-tép'-3-da 55 Fungi with Gills Stem or Stpe—Colour of cap; hollow; a mere tube, with thin walls. When cut quickly, it changes to a deep red brown and exudes a purple juice. Flexible, fragile. Spores—W hite. Ring or Annulus—None. Time—September. ffabitat—Decayed wood in forest. GENUS LENTINUS The genus Lentinus has white spores, no annulus, and no volva. The stem is central or lateral, and the lamelle are nor- mally toothed on their margins. The species are leathery, fleshy, and tough ; will stand drying, and revive when moist. Lentinus lepideus is one cause of the decay of telegraph poles, railroad ties, and bridges. Scaly Lentinus (Edible) Lentinus lepideus Cap or Pileus—Fleshy, firm, convex or expanded. Creamy white, spotted with dark brown appressed scales. 3-5 inches. Gills or Lamelle — Rather broad, not crowded; growing down the stem. White edges, irregularly toothed. Stem or Stipe—Whitish. Sometimes ec- Section of L. lepideus Lén-ti'-nits Lép-td’-é-iis 56 (aZIS "YeNE ‘Sold yy ‘snapigog SnUTqUIT) (angiaa) SANILN3ST A1VOS White-spored Series centric, straight, or curved; firm, solid, equal, or tapering at the base. 2-4 inches long. Ring or Annulus—None. Spores—W hite. Filesh—W hite. Zime—June to August. Habifat—On wood; common on railroad ties. GENUS PLEUROTUS In the genus Plewrofus the stem is attached to the cap at some point to one side of the centre. The stem may be on the very margin of the cap, or may be wanting altogether. The three species to be mentioned all grow on dead wood—either on dead trees or on dead branches of living trees. The name Pleurotus comes from a Greek word meaning side, and has reference to the position of the stem. Oyster Mushroom (Edible) Pleurotus ostreatus Cap or Pileus—Fleshy, convex, smooth, and moist. White, or tinted with ash colour or brown. Gills or Lamelle—W hite, or tinted with ash; broad; growing down the stem, and branching again and again at the base. Stem or Stipe—Short or wanting. Spores— White, ob- long. : Flesh —W hite, tough. Section of P. ostreatus Time—September. Habitat—On dead wood. The specimens pictured were found growing on a dead forest tree at Lake Placid. The largest shells measured four inches across. em Pli-rd’-tiis Os-tré-a'-ttis 57 Fungi with Gills Pleurotus sapidus (Edible) Cap or Pileus—Convex or depressed, smooth, often irregular. White, yellowish, ashy grey, dull lilac, or even brownish; overlapping each other. 2-5 inches broad. Gills or Lamelle—Whitish, rather distant,- growing down the stem, branching and connecting again at stem end. Section of P. sapidus Stem or Stibe—Stems more or less united at the base, eccentric or lateral, smooth, whitish. 1-2 inches long. Spores—Lilac, oblong. Time—June to November. Filesh—W hite, tough. Habvitat—In clusters, often from a common stem, growing on decayed wood. Elm Pleurotus (Edible) Pleurotus ulmarius Cap or Pileuws—Convex or nearly flat, firm, smooth. White, tinted at the centre with reddish yellow or brownish yellow. 2-5 inches broad. Gills or Lamelle—Broad, not crowded, notched at the stem end, growing down the stem. White, turning yellow with age. Stem or Stipe—United to the cap one side of the centre. Usually curved ; solid, smooth, or downy. White or whitish. 2-4 inches long. 3 Sap’-I-diis Ul-ma'-ri-tis 58 rs ee a Oyster Mushroom (edible). (Pleurotus ostreatus, Fr.) Reduced. See page 57. White-spored Series Section of P. ulmarius Flesh—White, not tender, agreeable flavour. Spores—White, globose. Zime—September to November. fabitat—Conspicuous on dead parts of standing elms. Large and white. Sometimes found on other than elm trees. GENUS HYGROPHORUS The members of this genus may be recognised by their moist caps and by the waxy nature of their gills, which grow downward on the stem (decurrent), and are not very closely placed side by side. No species is known to be dangerous. Chantarelle Hygrophorus (Edible) Hygrophorus cantharellus Cap or Pileus—Thin, convex at first, but later depressed. Cov- ered with minute scales. Moist, bright red, becoming orange or yellow. 34-1 inch broad. Hy-groph'-6-riis 59 Fungi with Gills Gills or Lamelle—Distant, somewhat arched, growing downward on the stem (decurrent). Yellow, sometimes tinged with vermilion. Unequal. Stem or Stife—Smooth, not truly solid, sometimes hollow. Coloured like the cap, whitish within. 2-4 inches long. Ring or Annulus—None. Spores—W hite. filesh—Disagreeable in flavour. ffabitat—Swamps and damp, shaded places ; in fields or woods. Common. The specimen photographed was found in dense mixed woods, Lake Placid. Var. H. rosea has the cap expanded and the margin wavy. Var. H. flava has the cap and stem pale yellow, the gills arched and strongly decurrent. Var. H. flavipes has the cap and stem red or reddish. Var. H. flaviceps has the cap yellow and the stem reddish. Vermilion Hygrophorus (Edible) Hygrophorus miniatus Cap or Fileus—Thin, fragile at first, convex, becoming nearly flat. Smooth or minutely scaly. Often depressed. Red, fading to yellow or orange. 1-2 inches broad. Gills or Lamele—Distant. Usually yellow, sometimes tinged with red. Notched at the stem end, or growing down the stem, or fastened to the stem by the entire width of the inner extremity of the gill. Stem or Stipe—Slender, smooth. Coloured like the cap. Solid when young, hollow when old. 1-2 inches long. Ring or Annulus—None. Spores—White, elliptical. flesh—Tender, and of agreeable flavour. Zime—June to September. ffabitat—Adapts itself to varying conditions. Singly, in groups, or in clusters, in bogs or on dry hillocks. The specimen photographed was found in woods, among fallen leaves and decayed wood, Lake Placid. Section of H. miniatus Flav'-1-pés Flav'-1-céps Min-\-a’-ttis 60 Golden-flesh Boletus. (Boletus cnrysenteron, Fr.). Reduced. See page | 06. Reduced Vermilion Hygrophorus (edible). (Hygrophorus miniatus, Fr.). E sie bicelles iM os (Hygrophorus cantharellus, Schw.) Chanterelle Hygrophorus (edible). Reduced. See page 59. White-spored Series Ivory Hygrophorus (Edible) Hygrophorus eburneus Cap or Pileus—White, thin, fleshy,viscid. Stem or Stipe—White, unequal, long, slender, stuffed, or hollow; viscid. Gills or Lamella— White, waxy, unequal, distant, growing down the stem (decur- rent), thick and firm. Volva and Annulus — Wanting. Spores—W hite. flesh—O dour and taste grateful. Time—September. Habitat — The speci- Section of H. eburneus men photo- graphed was found growing among moss and fallen leaves in dense wood, Lake Placid. GENUS ARMILLARIA The members of this genus have white spores, and the gills attached by the inner extremity to the stem. The stem has a collar, but no wrapper at the base. The name is derived from the Latin armilla, a bracelet, referring to the ring upon the stem. Honey-coloured Armillaria (Edible) Armillaria mellea Cap or Pileus—Colour from almost white to dark reddish brown. Young plants have numerous minute tufts or scales of brownish or blackish hairs. Margins sometimes striated. 1-6 inches broad. Eb-tir'-né-tis Ar’-mil-la'-11-& Mel'-lé-4 61 Fungi with Gills Stem or Stipe—Usually reddish brown, paler above than below. Uniform in thickness, narrowed or slightly thickened at the base. Firm externally; soft and spongy, or hollow within. 1-6 inches long. Ring or Annulus—Cottony to membranous, sometimes lacking in old plants. Gills or Lamelle — Simply joined to the stem or run- ning down it. White or whitish ; sometimes va- riegated with reddish- brown spots. Spores—White, elliptical. filesh—White or whitish. Section of A. mellea Taste unpleasant or acrid. Quality inferior. Habitat—Common in woods or in cleared land, on the ground or on decayed wood. Solitary or clustered. Zime—Abundant in September. Found in June. Var. obscura has cap covered with numerous small, blackish scales. Var. flava has cap yellow or reddish yellow. Var. glabra has cap smooth. Var. radicata has tapering stem which penetrates the earth deeply. Var. bulbosa has bulbous base. Var. exannulata has cap smooth, margin even, stem tapering, annulus slight and evanescent, or wholly wanting. The Armillaria mellea has a disagreeable taste when raw, but when cooked it is thought by some to be very good. Dr. Peck says he does not know of any unwholesome species for which it may be mistaken. The Armillaria mellea has the habit, very unusual for a member of the group of Agaracales, of producing from its my- celial threads tuber-like masses of fungal substances from which the fruiting capsarise. The fungal masses of the Armillaria, the so-called sclerotia, are ribbon or string like, and may be found between the wood and bark of cone-bearing trees. These sclerotia send out cylindrical branches, called rhizomorphs, which may penetrate the soil and attack the roots of other trees, and so continue their work of destruction in the forest. Ob-scii’-ri Gla’-br& Bul-bd'-sa Flav’-% Rad-1-ca’-t& Ex-dn/-nii-la’-td 62 Fat Pholota (edible). Pholiota adiposa, Fre See page 83. Honey-coloured Armillaria (edible). (Armillaria mellea, Vahl). White-spored Series Itis to the luminosity of these mycelial threads, which per- meate the decaying wood, that the weird phosphorescent light in dense woods is due. GENUS LEPIOTA The members of this genus have the gills free from the stem, and have no wrapper remains at the base of the stem. In some species the cap or pileus has the surface scaly, owing to the rup- ture of the fibres which compose it. It is this feature which has suggested the name Lep/ofa, from the Latin word Jepis—a scale. There are about thirty species represented in the United States, of which a few are commonly eaten. Parasol Mush- room; Tall Lepiota (Edi- ble) Lepiota procera Cap or Pileus—Con- vex, like an open umbrella. Thin, umbonate, cov- ered with closely pressed scales. 3-5 inches broad. Stem or Stipe—Loneg, hollow, or with cottony pith; bulbous at the base; usually covered with closely pressed scales. 5-10 inches long. Veil or Ring—Thick and firm; often movable on the stem. Section of L. procera Lép-!-d'-t4 Prdg’-é-ra 63 Fungi with Gills Gills or Lamelle—Closely placed, side by side. Whitish, or tinged with yellow. The inner extremity remote from the stem. Spores—White, elliptical. Filesh—White, soft, and dry. Zime—July to September. Habitat—Thin woods, pastures, and by roadsides. The specific name, Procera, from the Latin procera (tall), refers to the Jength of the stem. There is no poisonous species for which it can be mistaken if one bears in mind that it has a long stem with bulbous base, a peculiarly spotted cap with dark apex, and a broad basin about the insertion of the stem. Smooth Lepiota (Edible) Lepiota naucinotdes Cap or Pileus—Smooth, white ; rarely the central part of the cap is tinged with a smoky hue. 2-4 inches broad. Stem or Stipe—Coloured like the cap ; thickened at the base. Hollow or webby. 2-3 inches long. Veil or Annulus—White. Exter- nal edge generally thicker than the inner ; often mov- able on the stem. Gills or Lamelle—White when young; when old, pinkish or smoky brown. Rounded at the inner extremity and not attached to the stem. Narrower toward the stem than in the middle. Spores—W hite, sub-elliptical. Flesh—Thick, white, and ten- der. Time—August—November. Section of L. naucinoides The smooth lepiota resembles the chalk agaric (Agaricus crelaceous), Which has brown spores, and the meadow mush- Nau'-cin-oi’-dés 64 SMOOTH LEPIOTA (EDIBLE) (Lepiota nanctnotdes, Peck) Nat. size: Cap diam., 3!, inches; stem length, 4!) inches. PARASOL MUSHROOM. TALL LEPIOTA (EDIBLE) (Lepiota procera, Scop.) Nat. size: Cap. diam., 3! inches ; stem length, 4!» inches Lepiota Friesii, Lasch. (edible). See page 65. Cortinarius alboviolaceus, Fr. Reduced. See page 86. White-spored Series room (Agaricus campestris), which has darker gills, a persistent collar, and a stem tapering at the base. No harm can come from confusing these for edible purposes. Great care should be taken to be sure that a specimen thought to be a smooth lepiota has no volva or wrapper at the base, for the absence of a volva is the most marked difference between it and the poisonous vernal amanita (Amanita verna). The gills of the smooth lepiota turn a dingy brown or pink, and those of the vernal amanita remain white ; and the cap of the smooth lepiota has not the moist smoothness and the brilliant whiteness of the vernal amanita, Lepiota Friesii Cap or Pileus—Rather thin, convex, or nearly plain, with soft, tawny fibres forming small patches over the surface. 1-4 inches wide. Stem or Stipe—Tapering toward the cap, slightly bulbous at the base. The lower part of the stem coloured like the cap, and with similar fibrils. Hollow. Powdery white above the ring. 2-5 inches long. Ring or Annulus—Present and pendulous. Gills or Lamelle—Narrow, crowded, free from stem ; white ; some forked. Spores—W hite. flesh—Soft, white, with a slight odour when bruised. feing or Annulus—Well developed, drooping. White above, and tawny or scaly below. flabitat—Soft, loose soil in bushy places. Zime—July to September. GENUS MARASMIUS The genus Marasmius belongs to the white-spored series. The plants are small, and wither and shrivel in dry weather, to revive again when wet. The gills are thin, and have acute edges. The generic name comes from the same Greek word as the word marasmus, the name applied to a disease from which the patient wastes away without any apparent cause. The signifi- cance of the name will be apparent to one who watches the fleshy little plant shrink away when the sun shines. Fré’-s!-i Mi-ras'-m!-tis 5 65 Fungi with Gills Fairy-ring Mushroom (Edible) Marasmius oreades Cap or Pileus—Fleshy, tough, smooth, convex, or nearly plane, often with the centre higher than the space between it and the rim. Reddish ; fading, as it ages or dries, to pale yellow or buff. 1-2 inches broad. Gills or Lamelle—Broad and wide apart, creamy or yellowish, rounded at the stem end, unequal. Stem or Stipe—Whitish, slender, tough, solid, coated with dense woolly hairs. _1-2% inches long. Ring or Annulus—None. Spores—W hite. flesh—Thin, white, tough. Time—May to October. fTabitat—\n circles or groups. Dangerous fungi somewhat resembling the M. oreades, and found in company with it, may be distinguished by their dark- coloured spores. GENUS COLLYBIA The members of this genus have white spores, and the lamella with thin edges attached to the stem by their inner ex- tremity. The stem hasa cartilaginous rind; that is, it is hard and of a tough texture. The genus contains fifty-four American species, some of which are regarded as edible, while others are regarded as deleterious. The velvet-stemmed collybia, or Co/- lybia velutipas, is edible, and remarkable for its habit of growing long after the frosts of winter have come. It is easily recognised by its yellowish and viscid cap, and its habit of growing in tufts, and developing on the stem a dense coat of velvety hairs. The rooted collybia, Collybia radicata, may be recognised by the char- acter of its stem, as the lower part is like a slender tap root, gener- ally penetrating the earth to a depth equal to the length of the stem above the surface. O-ré'-A-dés Col-l¥b’-1-4 66 Collyhia familia, Peck. Reduced WAXY CLITOCYBE (EDIBLE) (Clitocybe laccata, Scop.) White-spored Series Collybia familia Cap or Pileus—Greyish, with centre darker. Smooth margin, often cracked. Slightly striate. Gills or Lamelle—Slightly greyish, soft, un- equal, free, not crowded. Stem or Stipe—Greyish, hollow. | Lower part covered with white woolly sub- stance. Spores—W hite. flesh—Greenish grey. Lime—September. Section of C. familia ffabitat—The specimen photographed was found growing upon a prostrate evergreen tree near Lake Placid. GENUS PANUS The members of this genus are leathery plants, with the stems lateral or wanting. The gills are simple, not forked, and the spores are white. Panus stypticus is common on rotten wood, and gives out a weird, phosphorescent light. The species of the genus Panis so much resemble species of the genus Lentinus, which do not have toothed margins, that Panus and Lentinus are considered by some as one genus, with the name Lentinus. GENUS TROGIA The genus 7rogia has but one species ; this is small and leathery, brownish in colour, with the spore-bearing surface white. The lamellz are obtuse on their edges, and are not hairy. The spores are white. This plant is common on fallen branches of the alder. GENUS SCHIZOPHYLLUM The members of this genus have white spores and a leathery pileus, with the lamelle hairy and grooved, or split. Schizo- phyllum commune is common on twigs or branches. It varies from % to 2 inches across, appearing as fluted shells on the bark. Fa-mil'-1-4 Pa’-niis Trog’-1-4 SkYz-6-phyl'-lim Cém-mi'-né 67 Fungi with Gills GENUS OMPHALIA The members of this genus have white spores, and the gills growing down onthe stem. They have a hard, tough rind to the stem, which distinguishes them from the genus Ciitocybe, which has fleshy stems. Omphalia umbellifera is a small species, with a cap about an inch broad. Itis the common mushroom on the top of Mount Marcy, the highest mountain in the State of New York. GENUS RUSSULA The genus Russu/a may usually be recognised by its brittle character, added to its fleshy stem and the fact that the lamelle are usually joined to the stem. Bright clear reds and purplish hues prevail, but several species exhibit a green colour, or an approach to green. The spores are white, and the flesh never exudes a milky nor coloured juice. Emetic Russula (Dangerous) Russula emetica Cap or Pileus—Rosy tint to rich red. Flesh thin. The margin furrowed with parallel lines. Centres of old plants depressed. Cap diameter of specimen photographed, 3% inches. Gills or Lamelle—White. Usually uniform, occa- sionally unequal; \ broad and _ brittle. Stem or Stipe—Rosy. Swol- len near the base. Specimen photo- graphed, 2% inches Section of R. emetica long. Spores—W hite. Flesh—White, unless just under the skin, where it may be pink. Very fragile. Om-pha’-Ii-4 Um-bél-1’-fé-ra Rtis’-st-ld E-mét'-1-cd 68 ‘Cypaeyos ‘woljetua eBynssny) ‘(snosaBuep) eynssny s1jaWy White-spored Series Zaste—Acrid and biting. Time-—July to November. fHabitat—\n damp meadows, in woods, in grassy places, under pine trees and firs. Russula emetica is a dangerous species, but may readily be distinguished by its peppery taste. Green Russula: Verdette (Edible) Russula vtrescens Cap or Pileus—Greyish green. At first globose, then expanded ; convex or depressed at the centre. Firm and dry. Not viscid, but adorned with flaky greenish or yellowish patches, produced by the cracking of the skin. 2-4 inches broad. Margin marked with impressed lines. Section of R. virescens Gills or Lamelle—White. Moderately close ; free, or nearly so ; narrow as they approach the stem. Some forked, others not. Stem or Stipe—Shorter than the diameter of the cap. Smooth, white, and solid, or somewhat softer within. 1-2 inches long. Spores—White, rough, nearly globose. Flesh—White ; mild in taste. Vi-rés'-céns 69 Fungi with Gills Time—July and August. Habitat—Grassy grounds, groves, and open woods. No milky nor coloured juice, no coloured circular zones. Variable Russula (Edible) Russula heterophylla Cap or Pileus—Variable in colour. Greenish or pinkish grey, but fleshy, firm ; slightly convex, then depressed ; smooth, and polished, the very thin skin disappearing. Margin thin, smooth, or with slightly depressed lines closely placed. Stem or Stipe—Solid, firm, smooth, shining white, the apex oc- casionally dilated in the form of a cup. Annulus or Volva—None. Gills or Lamelle—Narrow, crowded, forked ; white ; of different lengths. Spores—W hite. Flesh—W hite ; mild in taste. fabitat—Woods. Common. Time—July to October. The specific name refers to the difference in the lengths of the gills. GENUS CLITOCYBE The members of the genus Clitocybe have the spores white, no volva nor annulus, the gills with thin edges not notched on the edge near the stem, and generally decurrent. Clitocybe laccata (Edible) Cap or Pileus—When moist, pale red, buff red, or flesh red; when dry, greyish to pale yellowish brown. Surface cov- ered with tiny tufts of hair. Convex when young, flattened with wavy margin when old ; often depressed. 12-2 inches broad. Gills or Lamele—Broad, distant, unequal. Flesh colour. Slightly decurrent. Veil and Annulus—None. Stem or Stipe—Slender, stiff, fibrous, stuffed, or hollow. Colour like cap. Often twisted. 1-3 inches long. Spores—White, rough, globose. Flesh—Thin, pale flesh colour, leathery, tasteless. Hét’ér-d-phYl'-la. Cli-t6-c¥'-bé Lac-ca'-ta 70 ‘69 aBed vag ‘Cly ‘suaosesiA eynssny) ‘(a]qipa) eBjnssny uaessy Clitocybe virens, Scop. (edible). White-spored Series Sections of C. laccata Zime—Spring to autumn. fHabitat—W ood, swamps, or open fields, naked ground, mossy or grassy places. Var. amethystina has cap darker, gills amethyst, quite decurrent. Var. pallidifolia, gills paler than Jaccata. Var. striatula, plants small, gills showing as lines through the thin cap. Clitocybe virens Cap or Pileus—Fleshy, convex, expanded, obtuse. Pale greenish blue. Gills or Lamela—White, crowded, thin, slightly decurrent. Stem or Stipe—White, with occasional rusty spots ; stiff, solid. Sometimes two stems are found growing together at the base. Spores—W hite. Flesh—W hite. Time—Autumn. Habitat—The specimen photographed was found growing in mixed woods in Pennsylvania. Am-é-thYs'-t-n& PAL-N-d1-f0'-IN-4 Stri-at’ 1-14 Vi'-réns 71 Fungi with Gills GENUS TRICHOLOMA The members of genus Tricholoma have white spores, and no collar on the stem. The gills are attached to the stem, and are notched on the edge at or near the stem. Masked Tricholoma (Edible) Tricholoma personatum (var. bulbosum) Cap or Pileus—Variable in colour; pale lilac, with yellowish tint; brighter in young specimens ; sometimes whitish or pale greyish. Thick, fleshy, convex when young, with margin rolled in, and slight bloom or mealiness on the surface. When mature, smooth ; mar- gin wavy or turned upward. Gills or Lamelle— Faint lilac col- our, with tint of violet. Nar- row, unequal, free, close, and rounded at the stem end. Stem—Faint lilac tint. Surface t f rather fibrous ; ee short, stout, solid, bulbous. Spores—Sordid white, _ ellipti- Section of T. personatum (var. d2/bosum) cal. Flesh—Firm, ‘‘ first class.” HTabitai—Thin woods, open grassy places. Time—September to freezing weather. Tri-ch6-16'-ma Pér-son-a'-tim ‘Cyd ‘winsoqinq ‘eA sake ‘wnjeuosied eBwWojoyois | ) ‘(a|qipa) ewojoyouy] paysel\| > is: r . . Pholiota aggericola, Peck Reduced slightly Cratercllus cantharellus, Schw. (Edible) Reduced slightly Brown-spored Series Craterellus cantharellus (Edible) Cap or Pileus—Margin wavy. Yellow or pinkish yellow. Fleshy, firm, convex, then centrally depressed. Gills or Lamele—Blunt, running down the stem, forking many times. Stem—Solid, yellow, and smooth. Spores—Y ellowish. Flesh—White, slightly stained in places. Taste slightly peppery ; no odour. Time—Summer and autumn. flabitat—Specimen photographed was found grow- ing in moss and earth on an old wood road in Section of C. mixed woods, New Jersey. cant hanelns Craterellus is at present classified as one of the family Thelephoracea. For convenience we have placed it under ““Fungi with Gills.” It is interesting, as it forms a connecting link between fam. Thelephoracee and fam. Agaricacee. GENUS AGARICUS The genus Agaricus includes all brown-spored species which have free gills and astem with a collar. The distinctive features of several edible species may be quite satisfactorily seen by refer- ence to the table with parallel columns. Mushroom-growing is becoming quite an important industry in this country ; both professional horticulturists and amateurs successfully engage in it. It is not a difficult matter to raise the common mushroom, as the conditions necessary are easily ob- tained. Mushrooms will grow almost anywhere out of doors, and also in cellars, caves, and tunnels where a uniform and mod- erate temperature of from 50° to 60° Fahr. can be maintained. The part of a cellar devoted to mushrooms must be darkened some- what, must have a dry floor, and must be protected from wet overhead and from winds. These conditions are common in cel- lars which are rather dark, but sufficiently well ventilated not to be musty. The bed for the mushrooms is prepared in a manner Cra'-tér-él'-lits Thél-é-ph6-ra'-¢é-ce A-gar'-V-ctis 73 Fungi with Gills similar to that employed in making a hot-bed, care being taken that the conditions are such that too great heat is not generated. Any one desiring to experiment will find it helpful to have the ‘‘Farmers’ Bulletin,” No. 53, ‘‘How to Grow Mushrooms,” which may be obtained from the United States Department of Agriculture, Washington, D. C. 74 3 ned a e iy ‘ Agaricus campestris, L. (edible). Reduced. See page 76 og ee Pee : 5 ere: Agaricus abruptus, Pk. (edible). Reduced. See page 77. Brown-spored Series SNUI-11-,1-TE A SNO-1-/TBA-]AS “1'PA “Pllos 10 ploys—ways “popunom vaya YsIppal 40 ysPyulg@—ysepz s90-KuI- 09-21 q SU-LI-/BP-1OY3g-, a HL ‘queyiodunun ynq ‘arqipy *sauo JugdsauEAa Ma} YUM LO ‘sayeas NoYyW AA —PLI “‘papunom uayM pal [Np 0} Bursueyd yon—ysa-z | pas pnp 0} Bursuryo JoN—Yysaz7 sug5-,saj-nJ-,qns SIS-,UgA-1V “14IPA “saTeIS UMOIq quaysisied snosaumu uA —?29 ‘papunom usyM 1-/URW-poy s11}-,sad-we) “91q1pq ‘snoqing ‘ayy A\—wazs “UMOIq ayejod0yo “plo uayM “40 fsayeos UMOIG YPM ayyM Jo ‘a}tyUA\—¢v7 ‘pepunom uayM pat IMP 0} SuSueys AppwnO—ysapyr snuyiueu ‘yw SNoneaAlAs'y seoAwoorld ‘vy Snlueployusasoweay ty ISVOD-VAS NO YO ‘SHAOUD YO SGOOM NI ONIMOUD SLINV1d—Il “214'Pa “9OBy “INS LBMO] Sj UO APIS —2v7709 “uUMOIg UaY} ‘ystyurd uayy ‘ayy sy Ww—s7779 “MOTOH — ays “IPA “ysimoyjad £ yds Ayjeipes ‘asoyuawojqns “41ay514} qed jamop {ayy ‘snoueiq ~watu led taddn ! ajqnog—«n709 ‘uMOIG uay} ‘yuid AQYsys say yy—syy729 “MOl[OH was “21q'Pa “suawioads PIO Ul siaAe] OMY ay} UBaMaq aaoois daap & { aqnoq—«2709 “deo jo SSOUYIIY} ULY} Peolg ssay—s772 “UMOIG 19}e] ‘APY Ys1y YY—777 “Pllos 10 paynygs—uazs “91Q1Pg ‘suawuldads plo ul uaas sazeiy nq uayo ! uly} pue ajduig—.2y709 ‘deo ayn jo ssau PHY} A} SB PLolq se jnoqy—s7779 “uMo Jaze] ‘yuld si yy—sy779 “Pljos Jo paynyg—aays susosejniqns ‘vy SIsudAse "y juewUpoYy “vy Sl4jsedueo snouesy SOV 1d NddO YO ASSVUOD ‘SFAYNALSVd NI ONIMOND SINV1d—] 75 Fungi with Gills Common Mushroom (Edible) Agaricus campestris Cap or Pileus—Silky, or with fine fibres. The young plants— ‘‘buttons”—are hemispherical or almost globose. The mature plants are convex or nearly flat. White, or tinged with dingy browns. Skin separable. Margin extending beyond the gills. Gills or Lamelle—Delicate pink, then dark brown, covered by a veil in young plants. Crowded, rounded at the inner ex- tremity. Not attached to stem Stem or Stipe—White, smooth; stuffed; that is, softer within than without. Shorter than the diameter of the cap. king or Annulus—Delicate, often disappearing with age. flesh—White. Much esteemed. Spores—Brownish, elliptical. Zime—Late summer and autumn. ffabitat—|n pastures, lawns, and open places. Agaricus campestris is the mushroom ordinarily seen in the markets, either fresh from the growers or preserved in cans. Rodman’s Mushroom (Edible) Agaricus Rodmant Sections of A. Rodmani Cam-pés’-tris R6d-man’-i 76 RODMAN'S MUSHROOM, YOUNG (EDIBLE) (Agaricus Rodmani, Peck. Reduced) RODMAN'S MUSHROOM, MATURE (EDIBLE) (Agaricus Rodman?, Peck) Nat. size: Cap diam., 3'{ inches ; stem length, 2 inches (QIGIPY) "Yo 'SzpVU4gv sngcvs pr Brown-spored Series Cap or Pileus—Creamy, with brownish spots. Firm, surface dry. Mature specimens frequently have the surface or the cap broken into large, brownish scales. 334 inches broad. Gills or Lamelle—Whitish, then pink, becoming dark brown. Narrow, close, unequal. ; Stem or Stife—Fleshy, solid, short, thick. 2 inches long. king or Annulus—Double. Spores—Brown. Flesh—Firm, white, assuming a pinkish or salmon tint. When cut, agreeable nutty flavour. Zime—May to July. Hfabitat—Grassy grounds, crevices of unused pavements. The specimen photo- graphed was found growing in a cluster between broken stone in the gutter of a village street in New Jersey. Agaricus ab- ruptus (Edible) Cap or Pileus—Creamy white, dry, and silky. Irregular in shape when young. Yellow when bruised. Gills or Lamele— Slightly pinkish when the veil first breaks; deeper pink in mature speci- mens, becoming brownish. Soft, free from the stem, crowded, unequal. Stem or Stipe—Creamy white, deeper cream, or brown- ish near the base. Hollow, . stiff, brittle, sometimes Section of A. abruptus Ab-riip’-ttis 77 Fungi with Gills splitting lengthwise. Rather swollen below the centre, tapering toward cap. 3 inches long. Spores—Brown. Ve and Annulus—Frail, part adhering to the margin of the cap, part forming aring on the stem. Flesh—W hite, solid. Decided taste of pistachio-nut. Time—September. ffabitat—The specimen photographed grew by the trail along Lake Placid. GENUS HYPHOLOMA This genus has brown spores, and no volva at the base of the stem. The veil remains as a fringe attached to the margin of the pileus, but is not always apparent in old specimens; no portion remains as a ring onthestem. The gills are attached or grown fast to the stem at their inner extremity. In this respect, and also in having the stem destitute of a collar, the genus differs from the genus Agaricus. Perplexing Hypholoma (Harmless) Hypholoma perplexum Cap or Pileus—Convex or nearly plane, smooth, sometimes slightly umbonate. Reddish or brownish red, fading to yel- low on the margins. Stem or Stipe—Firm and hollow, slightly covered with fine threads. Whitish or yellowish to rusty red or red brown. 2-3 inches long. Veil or Ring—Veil remains attached to the margin. No ring on the stem. Gills or Lamelle—Thin, crowded, slightly rounded at the stem end. At first pale yellow, then tinged with green or purplish brown. Sfores—Purplish brown, elliptical. Flesh—Mild, not clearly bitter, white. Time—Autumn to freezing weather. ffabitat—Grows in clusters, sometimes singly, on stumps, in the woods or in the open. Six allied species of Hypholoma may be readily distinguished by reference to the table. Hj’-ph6-lo'-ma Pér-pléx’-tim 78 (Hypholoma perplexum, Pk.) ih Section of H. perplexum Brown-spored Series I—TASTE MILD OR NOT CLEARLY BITTER H. epixanthus Gray-~gilled Mush- room H. capnoides H. perplexum Perplexing Mush- room Gills—Y ellow, be- coming grey; neither green nor purplish. Cap—Yellow or slightly tawny on disk only. Taste—Mild. Gills—Grey to purple- brown, Cap —Yellow or slightly tawny on the disk only. Taste—Mild. Gills—Y ellow, green, or purple brown. Cap—Brick red, yel- low onthe margin. Taste — Mild or not clearly bitter. Regarded as edible. rE -pi-xan'-thts 79 Cap-noi’-dés Fungi with Gills II—TASTE BITTER H. elzeodes H. fasciculare Tufted Yellow Mush- room H. sublateritium Brick-red Mush- room Gills—Green to olive. Cap—Brick red. Stem—Hollow, rusty. Filesh—Y ellow. Taste—Bitter. | Pie Vallaw to green. Cap—Yellow tinged with tawny. Stem — Hollow, yel- low. Filesh—yY ellow. Taste—Bitter. Reputed poisonous. Gils—W hitish to sooty olive. Cap—Brick red. Stem—Solid or stuffed. Flesh—W hitish. Taste—Bitter. Reputed poisonous and edible. Uncertain Hypholoma (Edible) Cap or Pileus—Thin and adorned with the frag- ments of the woolly white veil. Opaque when dry, transparent when moist. Ovate at first, then broadly spreading. 1-2% inches wide. Gills or Lamelle— Thin, narrow, close; fastened to the stem at their inner extremity. White at first, then purplish brown. El'-2e-d'-dés Fasc’-{c-ti-la’-ré Hypholoma incertum , fragile, whitish. Margin often wavy Section of H. incertum Stb-14-tér-7'-shi-tim 80 In-cér'-ttim Uncertain Hypholoma (edible). (Hypholoma incertum, Pk.). sayoul * ‘yysua, Ways | sayour F ‘‘weip dv) :azis ‘jeN ‘psonpay Cyeeyos ‘vaevzz24azv7qus viaopoygtT]) (3qg!10g3) dOL WOIus Brownespored Series Stem or Stipe—Hollow, white, and slender. 1-3 inches long. Spores—Purplish brown, elliptical. Flesh—Tender. Time —Throughout a moist season. flabitat—In clusters, in lawns, gardens, thin woods, and pastures. Hypholoma sublateritium Cap or Pileus—Brick red, with pale yellowish border. Surface covered with fine silky fibres. Fleshy, firm, moist. 2%-4 inches broad. Stem or Stipe—Creamy when young, lower part slightly tinged with red. Hollow or stuffed. Silky fibres on the surface. 2%- 4 inches long. Gills or Lamelle— Creamy when young, olive when old. Attached to stem at innerextrem- (— = ity. Rather narrow, crowded, un- equal. Ring or Annulus— None. Rem- nants of veil often seen on edge of cap. Spores—Brown. Flesh—Creamy, firm, bitter. Time —Septem- ber. Habitat—The Specimen photo- graphed grew in clus- ters ona mossy stump Section of H. sublateritium in the open. 6 81 Fungi with Gills GENUS STROPHARIA There are about seven species of this genus in America. The spores are brown, there is no volva, the stem has a collar, and the lamelle are united with the stem. They have no special economic importance. GENUS PSATHYRA . There are but two species reported for this genus. The spores are dark brown, there is no volva, the veil is inconspicu- ous or wanting, and the lamellz attached to the stem or notched at the inner extremity. The margin of the cap in the young plant and mature plant is a/ways straight. GENUS PSILOCYBE There are eleven species reported for this genus. The spores are dark brown. There is no volva, the veil is inconspicuous or wanting, and the lamellz are attached to the stem or notched at the inner extremity. In the young plant the cap curves in at the margin. GENUS PILOSACE This genus has but one American species recorded. The spores are dark brown. There is no volva, and the veil is incon- spicuous or wanting. The lamelle are free from the stem. GENUS DECONICA There is but one species in this genus. This has dark brown spores, and the lamellae growing down on the stem. The veil is inconspicuous or wanting, and there is no volva. Stréph-a’-rl-a Psa-thy’-ra Psi-16-cy'-bé Pi-16-sa'-cé Dé-con'-!-c& 82 Rusty-spored Series GENUS CHITONIA There is but one species reported in this genus, Clarkeinde plana, from Nebraska. The spores are brown, and the stem has a volva at the base, but no ring. GENUS PHOLIOTA The members of this genus have rusty spores, and an annulus on the stem. There are about twenty known species, and some of these are edible. Fat Pholiota (Edible) Pholiota adiposa Cap or Pileus—Showy, deep yellow, with little scales of reddish brown. Fleshy, firm. At first hemispherical, then convex. Sticky when moist, shiny when dry. 2-4 inches broad. Stem or Stipe—Stem yellow, gener- ally rusty at the base. Equal in diameter, or slightly thickened at the base. Stuffed or solid. Section of P. adiposa Tough. Gills or Lamelle—Yellowish, becoming rusty; close, and at- tached to the stem. Ring or Annulus—Slightly radiating, woolly. Spores—Rusty brown. Zime—September to November. flabitat—|n tufts, on stumps or dead trunks of trees. Pholiota limonella, \emon-yellow pholiota, has a smaller, thinner, and more expanded cap, of a lighter yellow, with white gills. Chi-ta!-ni-& Pho-l-3'-t& Ad-1-po'-si 83 Fungi with Gills Early Pholiota (Edible) Pholiota pracox Cap or Pileus—Creamy white, smooth, not shining. Very thin skin. 1-2 inches long. Stem or Stipe—Creamy white, rather scaly. Skin peels readily. Stuffed or hollow. 1-5 inches long. Gills or Lamelle—Creamy white when young, brown when mature. Soft, close, un- equal, notched at the inner extremity, and attached to the stem. Veil and Ring—Stretched like a drumhead from stem to mar- gin of cap. Variable in manner of parting. It some- times separates from cap margin, and forms a distinct ring about the stem; again, but little remains on the stem, and much on the rim of the cap. Spores—Rusty brown. flesh—W hite, solid though soft, moist. Taste slightly bitter. Time—May to July. flabitat—Grassy ground. The specimen pictured grew about the roots of a poplar Section of P. prcecox tree in New Jersey. Pholiota aggericola Cap or Pileus—Brown, shining when moist. Margin in older specimens finely and closely impressed with parallel lines. Cap diameter of specimen photographed, 2 inches. Gills or Lamelle—Pale brownish when young, darker brown Pré'-cox Ag-gér-tc'-6-14 84 IVORY HYGROPHORUS (EDIBLE) (Hygrophorus eburneus, Fries) Reduced. Cap diam., 1 inch; stem length, 23; inches EARLY PHOLIOTA (EDIBLE) (Pholiota pracox, Pers.) Reduced. Nat. size: Cap diam., 2% inches; stem length, 3!( inches. “ Rusty-spored Series when mature. Attached to stem when young, free when older. Verl—Pale brown, colour of stem. Stem or Stipe— Pale brown- ish, darker at base. Softer texture with- in than with- out. Stem length of specimen photo- graphed, 2 inches. Spores — Rusty brown. Flesh—Pale brownish; brittle. © No taste or marked odour. Section of P. aggericola Time—October. fabitat—Specimen photographed grew among grass and leaves in a New Jersey garden. GENUS CORTINARIUS This genus contains many species which are distinguished by the rusty yellow colour of their spores and by the webby character of the veil. It is of the utmost importance in identify- ing species of Cortinarius to know the colour of the gills of the young plant, as the gills of the old plants are almost uniform in colour, owing to their being dusted with the rusty yellow spores. In addition, one should carefully note the colour of the young plant compared with the old; the surface, whether sticky or dry, smooth or hairy; the taste; and the markings left on the stem by the retreating veil. All species have their gills attached to the stem, and some have them notched at the stem end. They may be looked for along the borders of woods and groves in hilly regions, during the latter part of the summer. COr-ti-na’-ri-is 85 Fungi with Gills Cortinarius alboviolaceus Cap or Pileus—Lavender, paler in the centre. Surface with rusty spots. 2% inches broad. Gills or Lamelle—Crowded, unequal, attached to the stem. |) (Ca Stem or Stipe—Pale lavender, assuming a deeper shade when cut or bruised. Spongy in the centre, swollen toward the base. 3 inches long. Vei_—Filmy, stretching from stem to the margin of the cap in young plant. Spores—Rusty brown. Al-bd'-vi-d-14’-cé-tis 86 soyour £ ‘y.Sua, ways ! sayour o£ ‘'weip ded :azis jen Cyaeyos ‘s7u72499 snagnjq) (379103) SNALAId GSYNOTOO-NMV4 SHL Pink-spored Series flesh—Tinged with violet. Zime—Autumn. flabitat—Thick, damp woods. C. violaceus differs from c. alboviolaceus in having the cap dark violet and usually covered with fibres. GENUS PLUTEUS The members of the genus Plifeus are fleshy fungi with pink spores, and gills free from the stem. They have no volva or wrapper about the young plant, and no ring or annulus on the stem. Eleven species are known from the United States, of which Pluteus cervinus, the fawn-coloured mushroom, is the commonest. The generic name Pluteus means all that is joined together to make a cover for bestegers at their work, that they may be screened from the misstles of the enemy. The arrangement of the caps in the group pictured is suggestive of the meaning. Fawn-coloured Pluteus (Edible) Pluteus cervinus Cap or Pileus—Light brown or fawn coloured, CO ue? streaked with A. PP lines of darker brown. Sur- face dry and shining. Skin thin and papery. 3% inches broad. Gills or Lamelle— Almost white when _ young, flesh colour when mature. Broad, unequal in length, free from the stem. Stem or Stipe— Creamy white, P. cervinus Pla'-té-tis Cér-vi'-niis 87 Fungi with Gills streaked with pale brown. Brittle, pithy in the centre when mature. 3-06 Inches long. Spores—Pink, with suggestions of yellow; salmon colour. Flesh—W hite, tasteless. Time—Early in the season, May. “abitat—Mixed woods, on and around old stumps. New Jersey. GENUS ENTOLOMA The members of this genus have pink spores, and the lamellz attached to the stem, or with a notch near the junction of gilland stem. The stemis fleshy, and not tough and hard as in Leptonia and No/anea, genera with pink spores and adnate or sinuate lamella. There are some twelve species in this genus, none of which have any economic interest. GENUS ECCILIA The members of the genus Eccilia have neither volva nor annulus. The gills grow downward on the stem, the spores are pink, and the stems have a hard, tough rind, uot fleshy as in Clitopilus. There are three species known. GENUS VOLVARIA The members of the genus Yo/varta are fleshy fungi, soon becoming putrescent. The spores are salmon colour. A volva is present, but no annulus. Distinguished from Amanitopsis by having salmon-coloured spores instead of white. GENUS CLITOPILUS The members of this group have neither volva nor annu- lus. The gills grow downward on the stem, the spores are pink, and the stem is fleshy, without a hard and tough rind as in Eccilia. There are fourteen American species, of which at least two species are edible. En-t8-l6'-m4 N6-la’-né-4 Ec-oil'-1-8 Lép-té'-n!-4 Vol-va'-ri-4 Cli-té-pi'-lis 88 (azIs “eN MIO SNPS ILPIS “IVA “SH Z-CVIUIMDAZV snulsgo)) (angiga) SANINdOD ANI Black-spored Series GENUS COPRINUS Ink Caps (Edible) The genus Coprinius may be readily recognised from the fact that the spore-bearing plates dissolve to an inky fluid soon after the spores mature. An amateur mushroom hunter may feel perfectly safe in col- lecting ink caps for his table, as all the species large enough to tempt the collector are not only edible, but are generally conceded to be of the best. Their general appearance is such that even the most un- trained observer should not mistake them for species of other groups. The oblong or nearly cylindrical cap, which does not expand until ready to dissolve in inky drops, is too striking a character- istic to permit of any one making a mistake in identifying it as a specimen Safe to eat. These plants literally grow up in a night and perish in a day, as their period of growth is spent underground, and it is not until all the parts of the fruiting portions of the plants are fully developed that they push themselves above ground. Then they push and crowd from the ground in such numbers, where but a few hours before no evidence of them was seen, that each one is compressed from its cylindrical form to that of a many- sided prism, so that there would be no chance for the expansion of those within the group if it were not that those on the outer rim so rapidly expand and dissolve away. Specimens to be eaten should be gathered in the young stage and should be cooked promptly; for though not poisonous in the black stage, they are surely not attractive. Shelley must have had the ink caps in mind when he wrote of the fungi in the garden of ‘‘ The Sensitive Plant”’: “Their mass rotted off them flake by flake, Till the thick stalk stuck like a murderer’s stake, Where rags of loose flesh yet tremble on high, Infecting the winds that wander by.” Co-pri’-ntis 89 Fungi with Gills Shaggy-mane; Horsetail; Maned Agaric (Edible) Coprinus comatits Cap or Pileus—Cylindrical or barrel-shaped; becoming bell-shaped or expanded, with split margins, when old. Colour of the buttons or young plants dark; but that of the older forms white, flecked with dark patches or scales. Surface shaggy. 114-3 inches long before expansion. Stem or Stipe—White, smooth, hollow. 3-4 inches long. king or Annulus—Slightly adherent, or movable in the young plant ; later lying on the ground at the base of the stem, or wholly disappearing. Gills or Lamelle—Crowded. White, then tinged with pink ; finally black, and dripping an inky fluid. Spores— Black, elliptical. flesh—Fragile, tender, digestible, with nutty flavour. Zime—Autumn. flabitat—Loose, rich earth. By roadsides, in pastures, and in dumping grounds, If one study the specimens of the shaggy-mane from the time it pushes its little brown head above the ground until, as a tall black umbrella, it melts away into inky blackness, he will find much that is beautiful and interesting. A little brown button may be cut with a sharp knife through- out its length to show the unexpanded gills lying close to the part which is afterwards to become the stem. An older button cut in the same way will show the gills separated from the stem and the outer cover of the cap at the lower end of the gills joined to the stem. A still older specimen will show the connection of the outer cover broken loose from the base of the gill and the torn part still remaining on the stem as a temporary collar. The outer layer of brown threads which covers the button will be found to break as the threads within expand, and to re- main in the older specimens on the surface as patches of brown threads. Underlying these are broken white threads which in a younger stage, unbroken, formed a white cover under the brown. It is these loosely hanging threads which give the shaggy ap- pearance to the cap of the mature plants and which have suggested the names of shaggy-mane, horsetails, and comatus (comatus, in Latin, meaning hairy). Cé-ma’-tis go (EDIBLE) INKY COPRINUS size) Nat. prinus atramentarius, Fries. “ ( Black-spored Series Inky Coprinus (Edible) Coprinus atramentarius Cap or Pileus—Cylindrical at first, broadening by degrees until it is cone-shaped. Colour greyish or greyish brown, with sug- gestions of lead colour. Smooth or with a few obscure scales on the disk. Often suffused with bloom. The mar- gin sometimes notched or lobed. Deliquescing. 1-3 inches in diameter. Stem or Stipe—Slender, smooth, whitish, hollow. Ring or Annulus—A slight vestige of one may be seen to extend around the stem near the base as an irregular zigzag ele- vated line of threads. Gills or Lamella—Crowded. At first whitish and flocculose on the edges, then black, moist, dropping away in inky fluid. Spores—Black, elliptical. Flesh—White, quickly deliquescing. Time—Autumn. Habitat—Rich soil, waste places, woous. The form growing in the woods is much more beautiful and is known as C. atramentarius, var. silvestris. Glistening Coprinus (Edible) Coprinus micaceus Cap or Pileus—Ovate, then bell-shaped. Striations radiating from near the centre of the disk to the margin. Glistening mica-like scales cover undisturbed young specimens. 1-2 inches broad. Colour tan, light buff, or tawny yellow. Stem or Stipe—Slender, smooth, fragile, white, hollow. 1-3 inches long. Ring or | oi Ratelg seen except in very young specimens. Gills or Lamelle—Not as crowded as in the ink cap and shaggy- mane. Colour white, then tinged with pinkish or purplish brown, finally black. Spores—Brown, elliptical. Flesh—A nutty flavour when raw. In wet weather it melts to an inky fluid. In dry weather it may dry with all parts well preserved. Time—Common during spring and early autumn. The glistening coprinus is small and beautiful, and grows in clusters on decaying woods, stumps, or buried roots. At'-ri-mén-ta'-rl-tis Mi-ca’-¢é-its gl Fungi with Gills GENUS GOMPHIDIUS This genus has black spores. The lamellz are waxy, and grow downward on the stem. GENUS PSATHYRELLA The members of this genus are fleshy fungi, with black spores. They have no annulus, and the lamelle are not waxy or decurrent. The cap is striate, and the stem has a hard, tough rind. GENUS PAN/AZOLUS There are six or more species of this genus in America. They have black ovoid spores, a cap smooth and not striate, a fleshy stem. GENUS LACTARIUS A milky or coloured juice exuding from the broken gills of a fungus marks it as a Lactarius. The species are mostly stout and fleshy, the cap resembling an inverted cone; the gills are more or less decurrent, and the stem short and stout. Many of the species have a hot, acrid taste, and some have zones of colour on the surface of the cap. The spores are white or yellow. The juice exuded may be white or orange or blue. Peppery Lactarius (Edible) Lactarius ptperatus Cap or Pileus—Creamy white, fleshy, firm, depressed in the cen- tre. Dry, never viscid, and uncommonly broad. 3-12 inches in diameter. Gills or Lamelle—Creamy white, narrow, crowded, unequal, forked, decurrent. Exuding a milky juice when bruised. Milk white. Stem or Stipe—Creamy white, short, thick, solid, rounded at and slightly tapering toward the base. G6m-phid'-f-tis Sa-thy-rél’-14 Pan-z'-6-lts Lac-ta’-ri-tis Pip-ér-a'-tiis 92 PEPPERY LACTARIUS (Lactarius piperatus, Scop. Nat. size) PEPPERY LACTARIUS (Lactarius piperatus, Scop. Nat. size) ip ee DRANDAS RADA ND AS AALAND AS SAAT SPAS AARIND ATR AL SPS AAA Sera ie aa ana Na Pot claeue ones cal daee syne a eece sTnee ome eae ee ee Rae ee ee le ee er 0 0 a eee ey 8 ee ee a ee ee a eee ee ee ee ee or SRE MAESEEDRMAEEESSE MAES ES OPAOOS ESSENSE TE SEPADED ES EP teE re ee ee ee ee ee wa me setes eae eo ees eae eo ees eae eo ees eae eo ees eae eo ees eae e Satay Sa ean wre oa eal rare oa eal rare oa eal rare oa eal rare oa eal rare a ala PA ik Maar her irl re Ay i arr A rl rr ik rer AA rl rer i] 7 a a i a a) i a a) i a a) i a a) i a a) i a a) i ¥ ¥ ¥ ¥ ¥ ¥ s S898 308) 6 69) 8 98 38 6 69 8 8 8 8 6 8 8 8 8 6k 8 8 8 6s 8 8 8 6 es ks i - SP hERS ROSE REGS EO EE REOD RODE RROD RSE BOOS POR RROD Eee ha see iss vee SSP st 7 ee SS Pies oe SAP eS oe SSP eS oe SS Pst > eS hs a 2F.8 60) 0 88606 e610) 88 8.86 8011686 8 6 8806 66806 8) 5 0885 888800) 8 888 8 81851 me A er amr Veer a pas Vie es ay es Oe aes VO Oot ey Oe as ee Oa Ss Ve ve ee Vs J Ve ee Or ss a es We a | 2?) FS 28 87.8 i FS 658 878 FS 28 Se Se FS 6S 2S FS 28 SS Fe 28 Sr e ® OP PP PSP FE PSAP Sa PF PFU SHS IO PS PO SOI KY Ser ern eo ere rue ern eos Ae roe ree rma reer lr Ce, ee ee ee eC en ee ee on 86 on 86 on 86 on 86 on 86 on 86 Sa DA cat Seen SIO CON TT a at eee OO OU mT cat eee OO Oe DO cat eee OO SU mt DO cat See SEO et cate Se tt Ie eh eee Niet oe iw wim mee hw me Niet era Aw im ee hw me Niet ww im eh we Niet ei i lw im ee hw meet era iw Mw im eh wee eet oer ww ia ee hw ole te Es nn ae ad ke en ee al ee ae ee Cae ae Sa a a Suen en Sa a a Sa Sa ee a Oe a ee a a a ee a ee a ee ees i tee Yo ys Oe i ee eT ys in oe a Yo ee ys Oe en ee a ee Ys Oe en ee a Yo ee Ys | Mycena heematopoda, Pers. See page 55 Lactarius ligniotus, Fr. Fungi with Milky Juice ES sa L. piperatus Vetl and Annulus—None. Spores—W hite. Flesh—Slightly paler than the surface of the cap. Taste very pep- pery. Odour quite aromatic. Time—Summer. Habitat—Specimen pictured was found in mixed woods, among dried leaves and sticks, in New Jersey. Lactarius ligniotus Cap or Pileus—Fleshy ; brown velvety surface ; convex to plane; brittle. Gills or Lamelle—Attached to the stem, distant, unequal. Snow white to yellowish white. M/k mild and white, Stem and Stipe—The upper part the same colour as the cap surface, base lighter ; hollow. Ring or Annulus—None. Spores—White. ilesh—Taste pleasant. Broken flesh reddish white, then yellow- ish. Time—September. fZabitat—Common among mosses under fir trees. The specimen pictured was found growing in mixed woods at Lake Placid. Lig-ni-6'-tis 93 CHAPTER VI: FUNGI WITH TEETH— HYDNACE/E THE fungi with teeth are so called because, instead of bear- ing their spores on the surface of gills and pores, they bear them on the surface of awl-shaped teeth, which project down- ward. The genera of the family Hydnacee are distinguished by the size, shape, and attachment of the teeth. Plants with teeth only, and no basal membrane, make the genus Mucronella. Plants with flattened, leaf-like teeth attached to a leathery mem- brane, growing on wood, either in the form of a cap, or simply spreading over the host, make the genus /rpex. . Plants with thick, blunt, irregular spines make the genus Radulum. Fleshy or membranous plants with caps and flattened teeth, growing on the ground, make the genus Svstotrema. Plants which spread over their host, closely attached to its surface, and have simple, bristle-like teeth, make the genus Pycnodon. Plants growing in a manner similar to those of the genus Pycnodon, but having low-crested wrinkles instead of bristles, make the genus Phiebia ; while those with smooth hemispherical warts make the genus Grandinia, and those with crested papillose warts make the genus Odontium. The typical genus Hydnum has the teeth cylindrical, so that a cross section would appear circular. This is the only large genus, and in it are found several impor- tant edible species. These may be put in two groups, one con- taining the species with a cap and central stem, and one the species growing in branched masses with no distinct cap. These are commonly known as Hedgehog Mushrooms. HYyd-nai -c8-2e Tr'-péx Sts-td-tré’-ma Phléb-1'-& Mi-cro-nél'-l4 Rad’-ti-lim Pyc'-n8-dén Gran-dy'-ni-a O-dént’-1-tim Hyd'-niim 94 Genus Hydnum GENUS HYDNUM Spreading Hydnum (Edible) Hydnum repandum Cap or Pileus—Fleshy, fragile, moist, smooth or somewhat scaly in mature specimens. Variable in colour ; light red, pale buff, or rusty yellow. Convex, plane, or deeply con- cave by the stem becoming hollow. Margins often wavy. 1-4 inches broad. ; Teeth or Aculei—Pointed, whitish, easily detached, leaving little cavities in the fleshy cap. Stem or Stipe—Stem solid in young specimens, hollow in older specimens. Surface rather rough ; often eccentric. 1-3 inches long. Flesh—Watery, lighter colour than cap. ° Spores—W hitish. Time—July to October. Hfabitat—W oods and open places. Singly or in clusters. The speci- men pictured was found in North Carolina in February. Section of H. repandum Hydnum rufescens (edible) is more red than the typical form, is smaller and more regular. White Hydnum (Edible) Hydnum albidum Cap or Pileus—White, fleshy. 1-2 inches broad. Teeth or Aculei—White, short. Stem or Stipe—White, solid, short. 1-2 inches long. Flesh—W hite. Time—June to August. Habitat—Thin, wet woods. Ré-pin'-diim Ri-fés’-céns Al-bi'-diim Fungi with Teeth—Hydnacea Hydnum imbricatum Cap or Pileus—Brownish, as_ if scorched. Surface cracked in irregular scales. 6-7 inches wide. Teeth—Bluish grey. Stem or Stipe—Short and thick, with irregular scales. Filesh—W hitish. H. imbricatum Time—Late summer. fabitat—Dry woods. Bear’s-head Hydnum (Edible) Hydnum caput-urst Plant—W hite, fleshy. Branches and Teeth—Short branches covered with awl-shaped teeth of varying length, pointed toward the ground. Section of H. caput-ursi Flesh—White when young, creamy when old. Habitat—On prostrate or standing tree trunks of decaying de- ciduous trees. Erect, if on the upper side; ascending or pendulous or both, if on the side of the trunk. The bear’s-head hydnum is very variable in form. The Im-bri-ca’-tiim Ca’ -piit-tir’-si 96 BEAR'S HEAD (EDIBLE) (Hydnum Caput-Ursi, Fries) Genus Hydnum essential character is a solid, fleshy body with short protecting branches bearing numerous simple or branched teeth, which may vary in length from one-sixth of an inch to two inches. Medusa’s Head (Edible) Hydnum caput-meduse Hydnum caput-medus@ has knob-like branches, with short, distorted teeth above, and long, uniform ones below. At first it is white, but later changes to a smoky or ash colour. The change in colour from white to an ashy tint distinguishes it from H. caput-urst, which changes to creamy white. Hedgehog Hydnum (Edible) Hydnum echinaceus The hedgehog hydnum is white at first, and then creamy. The branches are knob-like, and bear numerous straight, equal teeth about two inches long. Coral Hydnum (Edible) Hydnum coralloides Plant—Pure white, becoming creamy with age. Branches and Teeth—Numerous, spreading, angular or flattened. Terminal branches often curved upwards, terminating in a crowded mass of spines. Teeth, %—% of an inch long. Stem—Short, dividing into branches almost from the base. Flesh—Tender, white, with agreeable taste. Time—July to October. fabitat—On prostrate trees in mountainous or hilly country. When amere child, Elias Fries was so attracted by this beau- tiful coral-like fungus, which grew in his native forests in Sweden, that he was led to take up the study of fungi, and later became one of the most prominent students in that branch of botany, and laid the foundation for the study of the Basfdiomycetes. Ca’-ptit-mé-dii'-sze Ech-i-na’-cé-tis Cér-al-loi’-dés 7 97 CHAPTER VII: FAIRY CLUBS AND CORAL FUNGI—CLAVARIACE/E THE fairy cjubs and coral fungi belong to the family Clava- riacee. They are fleshy fungi of upright growth, which have their spore-bearing surface exposed on the apices of branching or simple club-like forms. Many are extremely beautiful, re- sembling corals of exquisite shades of pink, violet, yellow, or white. The seven genera are distinguished by the colour of the spores, by their habit of growth—whether simple or branched, and, if branching, by the form of the branches; whether club- like or thread-like, flat or round, cartilaginous or leathery. Many of the members of this family are edible, and none are known to be unwholesome, so that it will be safe for a beginner to try any of them. GENUS PHYSALACRIA Plant small, simple, hollow, and enlarged at the apex. GENUS PISTILLARIA Plants conspicuous, club-shaped or thread-like, with two spicules to each spore-bearing cell. GENUS TYPHULA Plants conspicuous, club-shaped or thread-like, with four spicules to each spore-bearing cell. Clav’-ar'-1-d'-¢é-2 Phys-a-1a'-crl-4 Pis-til-la'-rf-4 Typh'-i-la 98 Clavaria formose, Pers. (edible). See page |0I. Genus Clavaria GENUS SPARASSIS Plants conspicuous, with the branches strongly flattened or leaf-like. Sparassis crispa somewhat resembles a yellow cauliflower, and often forms masses as large as one’s hand. It is considered an excellent fungus for the table. GENUS PTERULA The members of this genus are mostly slender, thread-like forms, cartilaginous when moist, and horny when dry. GENUS LACHNOCLADIUM The members of this genus are leathery plants covered with hairs. GENUS CLAVARIA The genus C/avaria is the largest genus in the family C/ava- riacee. Many of the species are edible, and so easily recognised that the beginner may venture without hesitation to eat any of the branching forms. The club-like forms might be mistaken for certain club-shaped forms of the sac-fungi unless an examina- tion of the spores were made. The Clavarias would have the spores on little spicules, as in the garden mushroom, whereas the forms for which they might be mistaken would have them in membranous sacs. In collecting species of Clavaria, notes should be taken as to the character of the apices of the branches, the colour of the branches, the colour of the spores, the taste, and the place of growth. Pale Yellow Clavaria (Edible) Clavaria flava Plant—White and pale yellow. 2-5 inches high; the mass of branches 2-5 inches wide. Spa-ras’-sls Cris’-pd. Tér’-ti-ld.- Lak-né-cla’-di-tim = Clav-ar'-1-8 = Flav’-4 99 Fairy Clubs and Coral Fungi—Clavariacee Branches—Round, not flattened; smooth, crowded, and nearly parallel, pointing upward. Whitish or yellowish, with pale yellow tips. Branchlets terminating in from one to three blunt, tooth-like points. Stem—Short, thick, white. Spores—Y ellowish. Flesh—W hite, tender. Time—July to September. Habitat—Vhin woods and open places. Golden Clavaria (Edible) Clavaria aurea The plant is from three to four inches high, with the branches of a uniform deep golden yellow, and often longitudi- nally wrinkled. The stem is stout, but thinner than the Clavaria flava, which it somewhat resembles. Red-tipped Clavaria (Edible) Clavaria botrytes Plant—From 2-5 inches high, whitish or yellow or pinkish, with the tips of the branches red. Branches — Sometimes longitudinally wrinkled, repeatedly branched. Stem—Short, thick, fleshy, whitish. Time—July to September. Habitat—Thin woods and open places. Crested Clavaria (Edible) Clavaria cristata Plant—Small, not more than 2-2% inches high. White or whitish, often faintly tinged with dull pink, or creamy yel- low, or smoky tints. Branches—Widened and flattened above, and deeply cut into several finger-like points, which may turn blackish brown when old. Stem—Slender, spongy within. Spores—W hite. flalitat—W oods and open places, especially in cool, shady, moist places. Au’-ré-4 Bo-try'-tés Cris-ta'-ta 100 Golden Clavaria (edible). (Clavaria aurea, Schaeff.). Genus Clavaria Pistil Clavaria; Large Club (Edible) Clavaria pistillaris Of the club-shaped clavarias, the pistil clavaria is the largest. It is of a light yellow tinged with brown or red, and with soft white flesh. In shape it resembles an Indian club, being blunt and rounded at the summit, with a diameter of an inch or less, and a height of five inches or less. It is found during the summer in grassy open places or in thin woods. Clavaria fellea The clubs of this species are about one inch high, light yellow tinged with brown or red, somewhat divided by pairs from bottom to top into two forked branches. The stem is round and solid, and the branches are crowded and nearly parallel, with blunt tips, and of a uniform colour. The taste is bitter. Clavaria formosa The Clavaria formosa has a stout whitish stem, with erect branches, dividing and subdividing repeatedly, golden to pink, the branchlets obtuse. The specimen pictured grew on a fallen tree in dense mixed woods. Pis'-til-la’-ris Fél’-1é-a For-m6'-sa a IOI CHAPTER VIII: FUNGI WITH PORES— BOLETACEA: ; POLYPORACE/E THE fungi with pores naturally divide into two groups. The perishable fleshy fungi with pores easily separating from the cap and from each other make the family Boletacea. The perishable fleshy fungi, and the leathery, corky, membranous or woody fungi, with pores permanently united to the cap and to each other, make up the family Poly- mm» Poracee. In each the spores are borne on the linings of pores or tubes placed close together, so that on the surface of the cap they look much like large pin pricks on a stiff cushion ; but in a sectional view, obtained by cutting the cap from the upper surface to the lower, they look like tubes placed side by side. Among the fleshy forms the genus FistuJina has the stem lateral and the tubes close together, but distinct from each other. The genus Boletus has the tubes easily separable from the cap, and the genera Boletinus and Strobtlomvces have the tubes quite firmly connected. A brief comparison of essential points is given in the table. Section of a Boletus 1. Stem strictly lateral. Mouths of the tubes separated from CACM ONE teaterien sede cicasaaene eee ie ensue Genus FisTULINA 2. Stem central. Pores readily separating from the cap..... Genus Botetus 3. Stem central or eccentric ; fleshy. Pores in more or less FACIAL E FOWSi:.scaie:sesvcudavas ry muniedaeoe.suessie.p ates neverem aes Genus Bo.etinus 4. Stem central, ough. Pores uniform. Cap woody...... Genus STROBILOMYCES GENUS FISTULINA The genus Fistu/ina contains one notable species, Fistulina hepatica, so called from its resemblance to a liver. In its early stages it somewhat resembles a strawberry, and later it may Ba-lé-ta'-c&-ce Fis-tii-li'-ni B6-1é-ti'-niis Pd'-1¥-pd-r'-¢é-ze B6-1é'-tiis Strd-bil-d'-my-¢és 102 Painted Boletinus (edible). (Boletinus pictus, Pk.). Spreading Hydnum (edible). (Hydnum repandum, L.). See page 95. Genus Boletinus have the appearance of a big red tongue protruding from a tree trunk, so that the French call it /angue de beuf. It is often called vegetable beefsteak, from the flesh-like fibre and colour of the fresh specimens. When young, the upper side is velvety and of a fine peach colour ; later it becomes liver red and loses the velvety appearance ; the under surface is flesh coloured, and is rough, much like the surface of a tongue, owing to the fact that the tubes are free from one another. GENUS BOLETINUS | The spore-bearing surface of the genus Boletinus is com- posed of broad, radiating lamellz connected by numerous nar- row partitions so as to form large angular pores. The tubes are not easily separable from each other and from the portion on which they are borne. They are yellowish in colour, and grow downward somewhat on the stem. The genera may be distin- guished by the following table: 1 Stem hollow=:s