Date Due Library Bureau Cat. No. 1137 At Cornell University Dthaca, N.Y, Library QK 166.H Heo University Library issachusetts i | mann BOB 42 NYT “L¥d "AN ‘osnoviss SIOHEAL “s0lg p10psey 120 sonnts et palabawci noua @ QW ioe Proceedings of the Boston Society of Natural History. H ( 3 a Vout. 36, No. 5, p. 171-382. FLORA OF BERKSHIRE COUNTY, MASSACHUSETTS By RALPH HOFFMANN. BOSTON: PRINTED FOR THE SociETY WITH AID FROM THE Gurpon SALTONSTALL FunpD. Marcu, 1922. Proceedings of the Boston Society of Natural History. Vou. 36, No. 5, p. 171-382. FLORA OF BERKSHIRE COUNTY, MASSACHUSETTS By RALPH HOFFMANN. BOSTON: PRINTED FOR THE SOCIETY WITH AID FROM THE GuRDON SALTONSTALL FuND. Marca, 1922. PRK bb HL4Y 4/332 PREFACE. TueE following catalogue of the plants growing without cultivation in Berkshire County, Massachusetts, is based chiefly on the collec- tions made by the writer during the last thirty years and now in the herbarium of the New England Botanical Club at Cambridge, supple- mented by those of other members of the Club, deposited in the same place. A few species are entered in the list which are not represented in that herbarium but no species has been admitted which the writer has not personally examined. In the case of difficult groups every effort has been made to have the writer’s identification verified by competent authorities. In the Appendix a list is given of plants which have been attributed to the County, specimens of which have not been seen by the writer or by some competent authority. A list is also given in the Appendix of plants which the writer believes have been attributed to the County through error. No catalogue of the plants of Berkshire County has been published since Dewey’s list in 1829 (vid. Introduction, p. 178). The great advance made in our knowledge of the New England flora since then seems to justify the publication at this time of a summary of our present knowledge of the flora of the region. That such a list must be incomplete goes without saying. Addi- tional introduced plants are likely to make their appearance at any time. There are doubtless a few native plants in the County which have up to the present eluded the search of collectors. Our knowledge of the range within the County of some of the plants in the list is still incomplete. One of the functions of a local list is to stimulate students to add to the knowledge therein contained. The writer will be glad to hear from anyone who has additional data to offer. Communications to be of value should be accompanied by specimens from which the identity can be determined, together with particulars of occurrence, etc. These specimens should be properly dried under pressure. In the present list the names of all indigenous species, varieties, and forms are printed in bold-faced type; those of introduced species, varieties, and forms in small capitals. The nomenclature and order followed are those of Gray’s Manual, seventh edition, except where a later name has apparently received the sanction of the editors of the 174 PROCEEDINGS: BOSTON SOCIETY NATURAL HISTORY. Manual. In such cases the name used in the Manual follows in parentheses. For the convenience of those who use Britton and Brown’s Illustrated Flora, the name used in the second (1913) edition of that work is also given in parentheses wherever it differs (except m spelling) from that used in this list. If the generic name used by Britton and Brown differs from that here used but the specific names are the same (except for changes of gender), the generic name only is given. The Illustrated Flora, as is well known, does not recognize geographical varieties to the extent of naming them. It will be impos- sible therefore, for those who use the Illustrated Flora to discriminate between the species and the many varieties (over two hundred) recog- nized in this list. A great number of our native plants are not sufficiently known by the people to have received a genuine popular name. Only striking plants, like the Cat-tail, Sweet Flag, and Butterfly-weed, have names that are actually current. Others belong to a group which is recog- nized, like Cotton Grass, but species within the group are not dis- . tinguished. Many vernacular names are given in the botanies, that are never used by the people, such as Dock-leaved Persicaria (Poly- gonum lapathifolium). In the following list all names known to be in current use are given, and others have been copied from the Manual. The habitats given are those observed in the County. The use of the expressions valley and plateau demands a word of explanation. The term valley is used to designate the trough formed by the Hoosic and Housatonic Rivers and their main tributaries. It eontains the principal limestone and moraine deposits, and its slopes mclude wooded hillsides with well-drained leaf mould. The term plateau is used to designate the broad upland bounding the valley on the east. It is characterized by an absence of limestone and by cool rocky woods, ill-drained hillsides and moist fields (vid. Introduction, p. 182). For convenience, the term Greylock is used to include the whole mountain-mass that culminates in Mt. Greylock of the topographic sheet, and The Dome for the mountain-mass that culminates in Mt. Everett of the topographic sheets. To indicate the comparative frequency of the plants listed the fol- lowing terms have been used, namely, “common,” “frequent,”’ “ occa- sional,” and “rare.” These terms must be interpreted in connection HOFFMANN: FLORA OF BERKSHIRE COUNTY. 175 with the accompanying statement of habitat; thus, “Rich woods; common,” implies that the species is infrequent or entirely absent except in rich woods. Moreover, the term “common” cannot be used with anything like mathematical precision. A species may be so designated if it occurs in fairly large numbers wherever the condi- tions are suitable, but owing to its association with a number of other species struggling for space in the same environment the total number of plants in a given area may not be nearly so great as in the case of a species which crowds out all competitors. “Frequent”? means that the species may be found without much search but that there are areas in many apparently suitable localities where it is absent. “Occa- sional” and “rare” explain themselves. When a plant is “ occasional” or “rare,” all the stations where it has been found have been given. The term “local” is used when a species is common at a few stations. Since the publication of the Manual a number of new species and varieties have been described, or the treatment of species or groups has been revised. Brief descriptions of these new species, varieties, or forms have been included in this list, generally copied from the original description, so that the list may supplement the Manual for the region which it covers. All varieties and forms have been given a separate paragraph for convenience in using the list, instead of combining subordinate varie- ties and forms in the same paragraph with the species. In a very few instances only, new combinations have been made in this list. A few combinations treated in the Manual as varieties have been reduced to forms, in accordance with the more recent treatment of these phenomena. The incised, or auricled forms of ferns, color phases of fruit or flower, which occur with the typical form and are not combined with any other character or any marked difference in range are treated as forms. A few color forms, most of which have been well known to collectors, but have not yet received a name, have been given names in this list. A list of all new forms and combina- tions is given in the Appendix. Artificial keys for the determination of species in large and difficult groups are an essential feature of the standard manuals of botany. It has seemed to the author unnecessary to furnish the present work with such keys, except where the number of species found in Berkshire County is much smaller than the number covered by the manuals. Tn such cases keys covering only the species known to occur in Berk- 176 PROCEEDINGS: BOSTON SOCIETY NATURAL HISTORY. shire County have been prepared by editing the excellent keys in Gray’s Manual, seventh edition. It remains for the writer to express his sincere thanks to those who have generously helped in the preparation of the list both in the field and in the study. The assistance freely given by Prof. M. L. Fernald in the early years of the undertaking was of the greatest service to the writer. Dr. Harold St. John has kindly read the manuscript and has helped with many difficulties. Mr. C. A. Weatherby has generously given aid and advice. Mrs. Agnes Chase, Mr. W. W. Eggleston, Mr. F. F. Forbes, Mr. F. Tracy Hubbard, Mr. Bayard Long, Mr. K: K. Mackenzie, and Prof. K. M. Wiegand have very kindly aided in determining difficult species. Dr. B. L. Robinson and Miss M. Day have been frequently consulted. Without the keen eyes and industry of Mr. F. Walters and Judge J. R. Churchill the list would be poorer by a number of species. Mr. Walters has also been of great help in the study of Dewey’s and Eaton’s nomenclature. The map of Berk- shire County has been kindly drawn by Mr. H. Harris. The writer wishes to take this opportunity to express his gratitude to Mr. and Mrs. Bernhard Hoffmann for the constant interest which they have shown in the preparation of the list. CONTENTS. Page Introduction 7 ; , ‘ ‘ “ 5 : 5 . 177 History j : : : : : ‘ : . : . (177 Physiography : : ; . A ss F . 182 Catalogue of Flowering Plants and Ferns . : i ; . 193 Appendix . : ‘i : 3 : z ; : 3 . 3853 Fugitive Species . : : : . ‘ . 853 Excluded Species 5 ‘ 4 : ‘ é . 854 Doubtful Species . : 5 x ‘ : ; 3 5 . 356 Tabular List of Families ‘ 5 é gi : : j . 857 Observations on Soil Relations. F . ; ‘ 3 . 361 List of New Forms and Combinations . é ‘ : 5 . 363 Index ‘ , : : 5 Z , . . 3865 INTRODUCTION. History. Tue first two decades of the 19th century constituted a period of active study of North American plants, by both native and foreign collectors and systematists. Pursh traveled in North America from 1799 to 1811 and published his Flora Americae Septentrionalis in London in 1814. Michaux had already published the Flora Boreali- Americana in Paris in 1803. Local students were beginning an inten- sive study of the regions about the chief centers of scientific interest. Dr. Jacob Bigelow’s Florula Bostoniensis, the first local list published in this country, appeared in 1814; Barton’s Florae Philadelphicae was published in 1818. Nuttall’s Genera of North American Plants appeared in the same year. During the second decade of the century Williams College was a local center of botanical interest and activity. Two botanists of high rank were connected with the college at that time, Chester Dewey and Amos Eaton. Chester Dewey was a native of Berkshire County, born at Sheffield in 1784. He was graduated from Williams College in 1806, accepted a tutorship at the college in 1808, and in 1810 was appointed Pro- fessor of Mathematics and Natural Philosophy in the same institution. He held this office for seventeen years. From 1827 to 1836 he was 178 PROCEEDINGS: BOSTON SOCIETY NATURAL HISTORY. head of a boys’ high school at Pittsfield and was at the same time a professor of chemistry in the Medical College at Pittsfield and also at the Medical College at Woodstock, Vermont. He died in 1867. Dewey prepared a list of the plants of Berkshire County for the History of the County which was published by Rev. Dr. Field in 1829. This list, now nearly one hundred years old, has remained the only catalogue of the flora of the County. It contains the names of about 800 species and varieties of native flowering plants, ferns, and fern allies. The habitat of each plant is indicated in a very general way, and occasionally a definite locality is given. With the assistance of Mr. Frank Walters, the writer has made an analysis of this list with the following results. There are about twenty-five names on the list of plants which are undoubtedly erroneously determined, such as Clintonia wmbellulata, Desmodium viridiflorum, Viola striata, etc. It is sometimes possible to determine with little doubt what plant Dewey had in mind, e. g., Clintonia umbellulata is without doubt C. borealis (Ait.) Raf. which is not included in the list. What is intended by Desmodium viridiflorum is a matter of conjecture. It may be D. paniculatum (L.) DC., which is not listed. , There are about twenty species on the list which have not since been found in the County. These are species which Dewey could hardly have mistaken, and the synonymy is in no way confused. Several collectors besides the writer have looked for these plants but without success. The list is given in the Appendix in the hope that these plants may still be found in the County. In many cases plants listed by Dewey were looked for in vain for many years by those interested, and finally found. In the case of Smilax rotundifolia only one plant has been found, which may be Dewey’s very individual. In the case of Arctostaphylos and Phragmites it is certain that we have followed in Dewey’s very footsteps and found the same plants growing in the same stations where he found them one hundred years ago. There are inexplicable omissions in Dewey’s list; plants are absent which he must have seen in the County and which had been described and named before his day. He lists Selaginella rwpestris under the name Lycopodium rupestre, but omits Lycopodium apoda. Potamo- geton pusillus L., Viola lanceolata L., Desmodium nudiflorum (L.) DC. are not on his list. Other plants which have since been added to the list Dewey simply HOFFMANN: FLORA OF BERKSHIRE COUNTY. 179 failed to find. Everyone knows how hard it is to find rarities when everything is unfamiliar. It is not to Dewey’s discredit, that a keen collector like Mr. Frank Walters added Arisaema Dracontium, Cimi- cifuga racemosa and Dentaria laciniata to the County-list in Dewey’s own town. The great majority of species and varieties in the present list which were not contained in Dewey’s list, are plants now recog- nized as distinct which had not in his day been separated from closely related species. There are also a number of introduced species, like Rudbeckia hirta, which have made their way into the County during the last one hundred years. Anyone who studies Dewey’s list, keep- ing in mind the state of botanical knowledge in his day, will entertain a great respect for his energy and acuteness. Dewey’s chief interest in botany early became the genus Carez. He began to contribute studies of this genus to the American Journal of Science and Arts in 1824 and continued till 1866, the year before his death. The following species were named either by him or by his corre- spondents from material collected in Berkshire County. Carex formosa Dewey from Stockbridge. Carex novae-angliae Schwein. from Saddle Mt. (Greylock). Carex scabrata Schwein. from Berkshire County. Carex longirostris Torr. from Sheffield. Carex Davisii Schwein. and Torr. from Sheffield. Carex Hitchcockiana Dewey from Saddle Mt. Carex Tuckermani Dewey from Sheffield. Carex Schweinitzii Dewey from Williamstown. Carex setacea Dewey from Williamstown. In 1840 Dewey was commissioned by the Governor of the State to prepare a report on the flowering plants of Massachusetts, a compan- ion to Emerson’s classic report on the trees and shrubs. There are a number of references in this report to Berkshire County, some of which are interesting enough to quote, as throwing light on the history of its flora during the last century. Of the Sweetbrier (Rosa rubiginosa) he says, p. 55, “Its perfectly wild state in the fields and along hedges in the north part of Berkshire County has led me to doubt its importa- tion into that part of the state.” Of the Shrubby Cinquefoil (Poten- talla fruticosa), which is now a pest in moist pastures, he only says, p. 57, it “grows on the margin of ponds in marshy situations and on cold upland tracts.” Dewey did not seem to know Vicia Cracca from 180 PROCEEDINGS: BOSTON SOCIETY NATURAL HISTORY. Berkshire, where it is now frequent. He gives it from Malden and Cambridge and calls it “a native of England.” He says of Trifoliwm officinale and Trifolium album (Melilotus officinalis and alba), p. 66, “The yellow-flowered and the white, both finely scented are often cultivated in gardens. The white is sparingly naturalized in some places.” Both are now naturalized, the white commonly, and the yellow frequently. The Pitcher Plant, Dewey calls the Side-saddle Flower, “from the resemblance in shape and position of its curved and hollow leaf to the horn of a side-saddle.”.. The name with the equip- ment is now practically unknown. He says nothing about the insec- tivorous habits of the plant. Agrostemma Githago, now rare, he calls, p. 87, “a well known weed of wheat fields.” Cerastiwm vulgatum he speaks of, p. 89, as of “little consequence except as yielding seed for the food of small birds.” Pyrola (now Moneses) uniflora, common in pine woods, he says is “found near Salem by Mr. Oakes.”” The Canada Thistle (Cirsium arvense) had already become a menace, but Cirstum pumilum he says, has been “found near Boston.” Joe-Pye- Weed (Eupatorium purpureum) is “said to have been recommended to the whites by an Indian of the name.” The Shakers “ manufac- tured the heads and leaves of Gnaphaliwm margaritaceum [Anaphalis margaritacea] into mattresses, and which are said to be pleasant and healthful.” Rudbeckia hirta is not mentioned. Of Prunella, of which the popular name in the books is Heal-all, Dewey says, “ Not used to heal anything.” Galeopsis Tetrahit, he says, has “sprung up from straw thrown out from crates of crockery.” Thymus Serpyllum, now common in the central towns of the County, he says is “ cultivated in gardens and naturalized in a few places, formerly used in cookery.” Dianthus Armeria, Saponaria officinalis, Rumex Acetosella, Plantago major, Arctium minus, Leontodon taraxacum (= Taraxacum officinale), Tanacetum, Inula, Tussilago, Veronica arvensis, V. agrestis, and V. serpyllifolia had all become naturalized in Dewey’s time. Shortly after Dewey had become established as a professor at Williams College, A. A. Eaton, though not a member of the faculty, gave a series of lectures at the college on botany which created an unusual interest among the students and even in the community. Eaton, was born in Chatham, New York, a few miles from the border of Berkshire County in 1776; he graduated from Williams College in 1799. In 1817 he lectured on botany to enthusiastic classes at Wil- liams College, and at their request published the first edition of his HOFFMANN: FLORA OF BERKSHIRE COUNTY. 181 Manual of Botany, followed in 1818 by the much enlarged second edi- tion. In this edition is the first description of Lonicera hirsuta, found by one of Eaton’s pupils “two miles west of the college.”’ This species was later found in Vermont, New York, and westward, but in no other stations in Massachusetts. Moreover, Eaton’s station was lost sight of until 1920, over one hundred years after its original discovery, when the writer had the pleasure of finding a flourishing colony of plants probably in the same locality that Eaton referred to. Eaton made occasional references in his Manual to definite localities in Berkshire, which represent either his own knowledge of the County or information acquired from his pupils or from Dewey. He refers in particular to the activity of Dr. E. Emmons, who was his pupil. Eaton must have had unusual power to arouse interest and even enthusiasm for scientific study. There is a tradition in Williamstown, for which I am indebted to Professor S. F. Clarke, that after his lec- tures on botany, the loafers in the village taverns when meeting in the evening discussed the new flowers that they had found. Eaton was not so accomplished a botanist as Dewey, but probably a more inspir- ing teacher. In 1824 Eaton went to Troy, there to found the Polytechnic School, and in 1827 Dewey took charge of a school in Pittsfield. The latter still worked at the genus Carex, and doubtless kept up his interest in Berkshire plants, but the period of active botanical work on the flora of the County carried on by resident botanists was practically over. The collections in the County from that time to the present were made by botanists from the centers of scientific activity, chiefly from Boston and its vicinity, although a sheet of Thelypteris Goldiana in the her- barium of the Boston Society of Natural History collected in Williams- town by Torrey, but bearing no date, testifies to the presence in the County of that distinguished botanist. Oakes, also, visited the County, probably on the occasion of his trip to western Vermont. Sheets from Pittsfield and Williamstown bearing his name as collector are in the herbarium of the Boston Society of Natural History. They must have been collected prior to 1848, the date of Oakes’ death. In 1858 William Boott was collecting Carex Schweinitzit in Williamstown, as sheets in the Gray Herbarium testify. J. W. Robbins in 1864 collected Potamogeton alpinus in Richmond. In 1877 the modern period of botanical work in the County may be said to have begun, inaugurated by the first visit of Judge J. R. Churchill to the County. 182 PROCEEDINGS: BOSTON SOCIETY NATURAL HISTORY. In that year he collected Arabis Drummondit on Hoosac Plateau and in the year 1920, forty-three years later, he is still active in the field, adding new plants and new stations to the list. The brothers Charles E. and Walter Faxon visited Lenox in 1872, and made collections there. Professor C. S. Sargent collected Crataegus in the County in 1902 and was the first to discover Quercus Muhlenbergii as a native of the State. Professor Brainerd was studying the violets of the County in the first decade of the 20th century. The formation in 1895. of the New England Botanical Club and the increased interest in the New England flora resulting from that step has attracted to the County in the last two decades many active collectors, whose work has enriched our knowl- edge of its flora. Particularly notable was a visit by Professor Fernald to Florida. Attracted by the presence on the geological map of the County of a strip of serpentine, he visited the outcrop and added two species to the county list: Arenarta macrophylla and an indigenous form of Cerastium arvense. From 1913 to 1917 the County had again for too short a time a resident botanist. Mr. F. Walters in three seasons’ collecting dis- covered in the southern tier of towns a large number of interesting plants which had not previously been reported from the County, besides adding materially to our knowledge of the distribution of many other species. PHYSIOGRAPHY. The plants comprised in the list published in this paper have been all collected within the boundaries of Berkshire County, Massachu- setts. A brief description of the physiographic features of the County is essential to an understanding of the distribution of the plants here listed. Berkshire County is the westernmost county in Massachusetts and extends entirely across the State, from Vermont to Connecticut. Its northern boundary is formed by Bennington County in Vermont and its southern boundary by Litchfield County, Connecticut. On the west it is bounded by Rensselaer and Columbia Counties, New York. It extends from lat. 42° 45’ north to about 42° 2’ south, a distance of about 49 miles. In breadth it varies from about 24 to about 12 miles. Its area is about 1000 square miles. The main topographical features of the County are the Housatonic 183 HOFFMANN: FLORA OF BERKSHIRE COUNTY. NOSOR, ie he oc os o SS ont z 3 Fig. 1.— Map of Berkshire County, Massachusetts. 184 PROCEEDINGS: BOSTON SOCIETY NATURAL HISTORY. and the Hoosac Valleys, the Taconic Range, the mountain-mass of which Mt. Greylock is the highest peak, and the Hoosac Range. The Housatonic Valley extends from Lanesboro to Sheffield, a dis- tance of 32 miles, about two-thirds of the length of the County. The elevation of Pontoosuc Lake on the southern boundary of Lanesboro is 1120 feet. At the southern boundary of the County, the river has fallen to less than 700 feet. The floor of the valley varies consider- ably. It is broad in Pittsfield, occupying about seven miles, and in Sheffield six miles, and is narrowest at Glendale, where steep hills rise abruptly from each bank. Several long valleys extend eastward from the main valley of the Housatonic: that occupied by Muddy Brook in Great Barrington, that of Hop Brook in Tyringham and that of the west branch of the Housatonic in Hinsdale and Dalton. Lake Gar- field (Brewer Pond) and Lake Buel in Monterey are drained by the Konkapot River, a tributary of the Housatonic which flows south, through New Marlboro. Several long narrow valleys bring streams from the northwest to the western bank of the Housatonic, notably the Williams River through West Stockbridge and Great Barrington and the Seekonk River, with its tributary, the Green River, through Alford and Egremont. The Hoosac River rises in Lanesboro and flows north through Cheshire, Adams, North Adams, and Williamstown, falling into the Hudson in Rensselaer County, New York. Its course is rapid through- out and it has a narrower valley than the Housatonic. In Willams- town it receives from the west the Green River which rises in Hancock and flows north in a long, narrow valley. The Deerfield River, a tributary of the Connecticut River, borders the town of Florida for about seven miles. The Farmington, another tributary of the Connecticut River, head- ing in the southern part of Becket, drains the greater portions of Otis and Sandisfield. The western part of Mt. Washington in the extreme southwestern corner of the County lies almost entirely in the Hudson River drainage system. The Taconic Range forms the chief feature of the western border of the County. It is formed of a succession of ranges, many of them ris- ing in isolated peaks to over two thousand feet in height, separated by the valleys above described or by passes such as that above Leba- non, which has an altitude of 1500 feet.. In the southwestern corner HOFFMANN: FLORA OF BERKSHIRE COUNTY. 185 of the County Mt. Everett, better known in the County as The Dome, rises to an elevation of 2624 feet. In the northern end of the County, lies the mass of which Mt. Greylock is the highest point. This peak is 3505 feet above sea level, and is the highest mountain in the State. The eastern portion of the County is composed of a broad series of ranges, which are a continuation of the Green Mountain range of Vermont. The highest peaks rise to an elevation of 2840 feet in Florida and 2280 feet in Windsor, but there are no deep valleys sepa- rating one range from another as in the Taconic range. For long distances the upland rises steeply from the valleys of the Housatonic and the Hoosac to a very uniform level, about 2000 feet in the north, falling to 1500 feet in the south. The whole upland is so distinct in its character from either the valleys above described or from, the well- drained Taconics that for convenience it will be called, in the following list, the Hoosac Plateau or the Plateau. There are nine or ten large lakes and a number of small ponds in the County. Most of the lakes are remnants of glacial lakes formed in the river valleys. The largest are Onota and Pontoosuc in Pittsfield, Lake Mahkeenac (Stockbridge Bowl) in Stockbridge, Lakes Garfield (Brewer Pond) and Buel in Monterey, and Cheshire Reservoir in Cheshire. Several of these have comparatively soft bottoms and marshy places along part of the shore-line. There are in the upland, particularly in Becket and Otis, a number of small ponds with hard bottoms and rocky shores. There are also small ponds both on the upland and in the valleys in the center of “quaking” peat bogs. In Lenox and Sheffield there are extensive swampy woods bordering the Housatonic and its tributaries. The altitude of much of the Plateau and of many of the hills, not- ably The Dome and the Greylock mass, is such that snow falls earlier and lingers later there than in the valleys, and clouds and mist often rest on the heights when the valley is clear. The distribution of plants depends so intimately on the character of the soil and this in turn so much on past geological history that a brief account of the main geological changes that have taken place in the County is necessary. The upland designated above as the Hoosac Plateau is composed for the most part of hard igneous or metamorphic rocks dating from the Archaean and Cambrian periods. The principal rocks are granitic gneiss, sericite schist, and quartzite. The valleys of the Housatonic and Hoosac and their principal tribu- 186 PROCEEDINGS: BOSTON SOCIETY NATURAL HISTORY. taries have been formed in a broad belt of limestone of Cambrian and ‘Ordovician formation. The Taconics are formed of sericite schist. ‘The hills which rise everywhere in the valley, even at times bordering the river, are for the most part portions of the schist and the quartzite formations which through faulting have been separated from the main ranges and are often hard knobs, overlain on their flanks with lime- ‘stone. A narrow band of serpentine is exposed in Florida. The greatest differences in soil in the County are due to the presence -of limestone in the valleys and its absence from the Plateau and the higher ranges. Another very important factor in the formation of soils of different nature was the glacier. Not only did the glacier transport materials of different composition and mingle them together, not only did it scrape the summits of the hills bare of soil, but at its periods of halt it caused the formation of lakes and streams through whose agency much of the transported and ground material was depos- ited in the form of sand-plains and moraines. On the sides of all the larger valleys are mounds of sandy or gravelly material deposited by the halting ice-sheet, and on many of the valley floors are level sandy plains, the former beds of lakes formed by an ice-obstructed gorge. Taking into account the factors of shade, moisture, and soil the native plants of Berkshire County may be divided, with more or less -exactness, into various groups or associations. The most character- istic of these groups are indicated in the following lists, which are not intended to be exhaustive but merely suggestive. (1) Plants growing in water with submersed or floating leaves: Isoétes echinospora, var. Braunu, Sparganium angustifolium and 8. fluctuans, all the Potamogetons, Elodea, Vallisneria, Ceratophyllum, Nymphozanthus (Nuphar, Man. ed. 7), Castalia, Brasenia, Myrio- phyllum exalbescens and M. verticillatum, var. pectinatum, Bidens Beckii, ete. (2) Plants of muddy, sandy or rocky shores: Eriocaulon septangu- dare, Eragrostis hypnoides, Carex flava, var. rectirostra, C. Oederi, var. pumila, Cyperus aristatus, C. esculentus, C. strigosus, Juncus articu- latus, J. brevicaudatus, J. marginatus, J. nodosus, J. pelocarpus, Radi- cula palustris, Hypericum boreale, H. canadense, H. ellipticum, Viola lanceolata, Apocynum cannabinum, ete. (3) Plants of low river banks and swales: Pteretis nodulosa (Onoclea Struthiopteris), Bromus altissimus, Elymus riparius, E. striatus, Panicum clandestinum, Carex crinita, C. cristata, C. grisea, C. lanugi- HOFFMANN: FLORA OF BERKSHIRE COUNTY. 187 nosa, C. longirostris, C. pubescens, C. vesicaria, and var. monile, C. tribuloides, Populus balsamifera, var. virginiana (P. deltoides Man. ed. 7), Salix alba, var. vitellina, S. nigra, Polygonatum commutatum, Smilacina stellata, Urtica gracilis, Polygonum lapathifolium, P. virgini- anum, Ribes americanum, Geum virginianum, Apios tuberosa, Acer saccharinum, Impatiens pallida, Psedera vitacea, Vitis vulpina, Hyperi- cum Ascyron, Veronica virginica, Helenium autumnale, Xanthium pungens. (4) Plants of low calcareous meadows: Selaginella apoda, Carex aurea, C. flava, var. elatior, Scirpus lineatus, Juncus Dudleyit, Parnassia caroliniana, Lythrum alatum, Lobelia Kalmii. (5) Plants of calcareous bogs: Cypripedium hirsutum, Quercus macrocarpa, Salix candida, S. serissima, Cardamine pratensis, var. palustris, Viola renifolia, var. Brainerdii, Aster puniceus, var. lucidulus, Solidago patula, S. uliginosa. (6) Plants of rich leaf mould: Adiantum pedatum, Athyriwm acro- stichoides, Botrychium angustisegmentum, B. ramosum, B. virginianum, Carex laxiflora, var. blanda, C. laxiflora, var. latifolia, C. plantaginea, C. platyphylla, Arisaema triphyllum, Allium tricoccum, Trillium erec- tum, Cypripedium parviflorum, var. pubescens, Orchis spectabilis, Laportea canadensis, Asarum canadense, Claytonia caroliniana, Actaea alba, A. rubra, Hepatica acutiloba, H. americana (H. triloba Man. ed. 7), Ranunculus abortivus, var. eucyclus, Caulophyllum thalictroides, San- guinaria canadensis, Dicentra canadensis, D. Cucullaria, Dentaria diphylla, Viola canadensis, V. eriocarpa (V. scabriuscula Man. ed. 7), V. rostrata, V. Selkirkii, Panaz trifoliwm, Osmorhiza Claytont, Sanicula gregaria, 8. trifoliata, Hydrophyllum virginianum, Collinsonia canaden- sis, Eupatorium urticaefolium, Solidago latifolia, etc. (7) Plants of dry woods: Lycopodium clavatum, Panicum dichoto- mum, P. latifolium, Carex rosea, C. pennsylvanica, C. virescens, Lilium philadelphicum, Hypoxis hirsuta, Cypripedium acaule, Castanea den- tata, Quercus alba, Q. Prinus, Anemonella thalictroides, Sassafras offi- cinale, Baptista tinctoria, Desmodium Dilleni, D. nudiflorum, D. pani- culatum, Polygala pauciflora, Ceanothus americanus, Viola palmata, V. sororia, Circaea lutetiana, Aralia nudicaulis, Chimaphila umbellata, Pyrola rotundifolia, var. americana, Vaccinium vacillans, Lysimachia quadrifolia, Aureolaria virginica (Gerardia virginica Man. ed. 7), Melampyrum lineare, Antennaria plantaginea, Helianthus divaricatus, Hieracium venosum, Sericocarpus asteroides, Solidago bicolor. 188 PROCEEDINGS: BOSTON SOCIETY NATURAL HISTORY. (8) Plants of cool, moist woods: Thelypteris Phegopteris, Lycopo- dium lucidulum, Taxus canadensis, Cinna latifolia, Carex leptonervia, C. novae-angliae, C. rosea, var. radiata, Clintonia borealis, Streptopus roseus, Trillium undulatum, Fagus grandifolia, Ribes lacustre, R. pros- tratum, Rubus canadensis, Oxalis Acetosella, Acer pennsylvanicum, A. spicatum, Circaea alpina, Cornus canadensis, Sambucus racemosus, Viburnum alnifolium, Aster acuminatus. (9) Plants of wooded swamps: Thelypteris cristata, Osmunda cinna- momea, O. regalis, var. spectabilis, Carex intumescens, var. Fernaldit, C. tenella, Symplocarpus foetidus, Habenaria psycodes, Benzoin aestivale, Mitella nuda, Ribes hirtellum, R. triste, var. albinervium, Rubus hispidus, R. pubescens, Rhus Vernia, Ilex verticillata, var. tenuifolia, Nemo- panthus mucronata, Rhamnus alnifolia, Viola incognita, var. Forbest, Lysimachia thyrsiflora, Lycopus uniflorus, Viburnum cassinoides, V. Opulus, var. americanum, Aster puniceus, Bidens connata, Cirsium muticum, Senecto aureus. (10) Plants of bogs: Carex canescens, var. subloliacea, C. diandra and var. ramosa, C. limosa, C. paupercula, C. rostrata and var. utriculata, Eriophorum tenellum, Rhyncospora alba, Scirpus hudsonianus, Smila- cina trifoliata, Pogonia ophioglossoides, Liparis Loeselii, Sarracenia purpurea, Drosera rotundifolia, Potentilla palustris, Epilobium molle, Andromeda glaucophylla, Chamaedaphne calyculata, Ledum groen- landicum, Vaccinium corymbosum, V. macrocarpon, V. Oxycoccus, Menyanthes trifoliata, Galium labradoricum, Lonicera caerulea, var. villosa. (11) Plants of rocky summits: Woodsia ilvensis, Agropyron caninum, Deschampsia flexuosa, Carex umbellata, Aquilegia canadensis, Corydalis sempervirens, Potentilla tridentata, Pyrus melanocarpa, Rhus copallina, Rhus toxicodendrum, Psedera quinquefolia, var. hirsuta, Aralia hispida, Gaylussacia baccata, Vaccinium pennsyloanicum. (12) Plants of dry open sand or gravel: Juniperus communis, var. depressa, J. virginiana, Andropogon scoparius, var. frequens, Eragrostis pectinacea, Panicum lineartifolium, Carex cephalophora, C. festucacea, var. brevior, C. triceps, var. hirsuta, Cyperus filiculmis, var. macilentus, Spiranthes gracilis, Quercus ilicifolia, Potentilla pumila, Rubus villosus, Lespedeza hirta, Polygala verticillata, var. ambigua, Hypericum gentian- oides, Helianthemum Bicknellii (H. majus Man. ed. 7), H. canadense, Lechea intermedia, Trichostema dichotomum, Aster ericoides, Gnapha- lium polycephalum, Krigia virginica. HOFFMANN: FLORA OF BERKSHIRE COUNTY. 189 Besides the factors above stated which determine the distribution of plants within their geographical range, there is the question of geo- graphical range itself which determines the flora of a given region. The past history of plant life on this continent is not well enough known to enable us to do more than guess at the different courses which plants have taken to reach the same region, but we do know of the plants of any given region that some are commoner to the north, south, east, or west, and we think of certain plants therefore as representa- tives of northern, southern, eastern, or western floras. Berkshire County is a particularly interesting field for the study of the distri- butional relationships of plants. Its flora contains a large proportion of plants that reach the limits of their ranges within or very near its borders. The great wall of the Hoosac Plateau and the broad valley of the Connecticut apparently form a barrier against the progress farther east of many plants which are found from Berkshire County far westward. The drier soil and lower elevation of the country south of Berkshire proves a barrier to the further progress of northern plants, or it may well be that these plants have been retreating north- ward, after the glacial waters were drained off and that the high land or bogs of Berkshire still offer a suitable environment. A number of plants that occur in Berkshire County have not been found farther north. These are either plants that require the warm well-drained country lacking to the north, or plants that occupy the ridges of the Alleghanies southward to Georgia and a very few that follow the coastal plain to Florida. A great number of plants characteristic of Berkshire County are plants that need lime in the soil. Their range coincides with surpris- ing exactness with that of the ancient sea-floors which are now exposed in the limestone areas of the north and west. These plants extend either from northern Maine through northern New Hampshire, Vermont and across New York, Ohio, and Wisconsin to Alaska, or south through Kentucky, Missouri and Kansas to Texas, according as they are plants that love warmth, or are plants of northern latitudes. The distribution of some plants seems to be determined by none of the factors of soil or warmth as at present understood. Such plants are everywhere rare or local in their distribution. The changes brought about by the white man have profoundly altered the original flora of the County. The clearing of the forests and the cultivation of meadows and fields have changed the appear- 190 PROCEEDINGS: BOSTON. SOCIETY NATURAL HISTORY. ance of the valleys and to a certain extent also that of the slopes of the mountains. In 1828, according to Bascom (Appearance and Dis- appearance of Plants, Proceedings of the Berkshire Historical and Scientific Society, 3: 301-315, 1899), there were in Berkshire 185 sawmills and 38 tanneries. Pine, Hemlock and Spruce have dimin- ished more than the hardwoods. The only places where the original flora has remained unaltered are the peat bogs around small ponds and deep gorges and steep cliffs where lumbering was impossible. The introduction of plants foreign to the County, either from Europe or from other parts of the New World, is chiefly noticeable in towns and about farm land. Certain weeds, however, follow every highway, and even wood roads, and other introduced species have invaded the rocky summits of the remotest hills. On the summit of Greylock, one can count a dozen introduced species. Three introduced species have spread so widely that they have become characteristic features of the landscape. These are the Buttercup (Ranunculus acris), the Daisy (Chrysanthemum leucanthemum, var. pinnatifidum) and the White Willow (Salix alba, var. vitellina). In many parts of the County the clearings and hillside pastures are reverting to brush and small timber. Steeple-bush (Spiraea tomen- tosa) and Raspberries (Rubus idaeus, var. strigosus) first cover the ground, then Birches and White Pines spring up. A rough estimate by Mr. Cook, the State Forester, puts the percentage of forested area in five Berkshire towns as follows :— Town Total area in acres Percentage forest Pittsfield 27,000 30% Sheffield 32,000 40% Savoy : 25,000 60% Sandisfield 24,000 70% Florida 12,800 85% The plants in the following groups are those which reach the limits of their ranges in or near Berkshire County. The list is confined to species or well-marked varieties whose distribution is well known. The geographical range is based on published records and on an exam- ination of the collections of the New England Botanical Club and the Gray Herbarium. (1) Plants that occur in Berkshire County, but have not been found native east of the Connecticut River, ranging northwestward, westward, or southwestward, and in the case of certain calciphiles HOFFMANN: FLORA OF BERKSHIRE COUNTY. 191 northeastward (stations in the Connecticut Valley in parentheses): Asplenium ebenoides, Pellaea atropurpurea, Equisetum variegatum, Sparganium fluctuans, Potamogeton alpinus, P. Friesii, Sagittaria cuneata (S. arifolia Man. ed. 7), Carex alopecoidea, C. rosea, var. minor, C. eburnea, C. Davisii, C. formosa, C. Hitchcockiana, C. oligocarpa, C. Schweinitzii, C. trichocarpa, C. Tuckermani, Scirpus Peckii, S. lineatus, Juncus Dudleyi, Uvularia grandiflora, Populus Tacamahacca (P balsamifera Man. ed. 7), Salix serissima, Quercus macrocarpa, Q. Muhlenbergti, Morus rubra, Chenopodium Boscianum, Arenaria macro- phylla, Cerastium nutans, Ranunculus circinatus, Podophyllum pelta- tum, Arabis lyrata, Ribes triste, var. albinervium, Waldsteinia fraga- rioides (Greenfield), Polygala Senega, Ilex monticola, var. mollis, Impatiens pallida (Deerfield), Hypericum Ascyron (Northampton), Viola latiuscula, V. nephrophylla, V. Selkirkii, Sanicula trifoliata, Agastache nepetoides, A. scrophulariaefolia, Blephilia ciliata, B. hirsuta, Stachys palustris, var. homotricha, Physalis heterophylla, var. ambigua, Veronica virginica, Lonicera hirsuta, Viburnum affine (V. pubescens Man. ed. 7), Lobelia siphilitica, Aster prenanthoides, Cirsium Hillis, Helenium autumnale, Solidago hispida (Northampton). (2) Plants that occur in Berkshire County, that have not been found in Connecticut, ranging northward, northwestward, or northeastward: Polystichum Braunii, Thelypteris spinulosa, var. americana, Potamo- geton strictifolius, Poa nemoralis, Cyperus Houghtonti, Carex setacea, C. lenticularis, C. deflexa, C. albicans, Juncus filiformis, Luzula parvi- flora, Cypripedium arietinum, Habenaria obtusata, Salix lucida, var. angustifolia, Alnus mollis, Polygonum lapathéfolium, var. salicifolium (P. tomentosum, var. incanum Man. ed. 7), Pyrus sitchensis, Amelan-~ chier Bartramiana, Viola renifolia, Circaea canadensis (C. intermedia Man. ed. 7), Pyrola asarifolia, var. incarnata, P. secunda, var. obtusata, Hydrophyllum canadense, Isanthus brachiatus, Symphoricarpus albus, var. pauciflorus, Solidago macrophylla, S. Randii, Aster polyphyllus, A. longifolius, var. villicaulis. (3) Plants that occur in Berkshire County, not found native in Vermont, ranging southward, or southwestward: Juniperus com- munis, Digitaria filiformis, Eragrostis Frankit, Panicum umbrosum, Carex albolutescens, var. cumulata, C’. laxiculmis, C. seorsa, C. atlantica (C. sterilis Man. ed. 7), C. tetanica, C. typhina, Orontium aquaticum, Juneus militaris, Chamaelirium luteum, Smilax rotundifolia, Hypoxis hirsuta, Sisyrinchium gramineum, Quercus coccinea, Polygonum tenue, 192 PROCEEDINGS: BOSTON SOCIETY NATURAL HISTORY. Silene pennsyloanica, Cimicifuga racemosa, Cardamine Douglassiz, Sedum ternatum, Potentilla pumila, Prunus americana, Rubus Enslenti, Linum virginianum, Vitis aestivalis, Elatine americana (E. minima Man. ed. 7), Viola palmata, Angelica villosa, Clethra alni- folia, Rhododendron nudiflorum, Vaccinium stamineum, Gentiana Andrewsii, Cuscuta arvensis, Lycopus virginicus, Utricularia manor, Aster Lowreianus, var. lanceolatus, Prenanthes Serpentaria, Solidago rigida, 8. speciosa. FLORA OF BERKSHIRE COUNTY, MASSACHUSETTS. PTERIDOPHYTA. FERNS AND FERN ALLIES. POLYPODIACEAE. FERN FAMILY. ADIANTUM. Matenuarr. A. pedatum L. Marpensatr.— Rich woods; common. On the slopes of the plateau to 1500 feet; on the slopes of Greylock to 2000 feet. ASPLENIUM. SpLeenwort. xX A. ebenoides R. R. Scott.—A hybrid between Asplenium platyneuron and Camptosorus rhizophyllus. First reported from Berkshire Co. by Mrs. J. R. Sanford (wid. Rhodora, 8: 113, 1906), growing on limestone rocks in the southern part of Sheffield. Three plants were subsequently found by Walters in another locality in the same town. A. platyneuron (L.) Oakes. Esony SpLEENwortT.— Rocky pas- tures and open rocky woods, generally at the bases of’ ledges; fre- quent. Grows chiefly on limestone, but also on serpentine (Florida) and schist (West Stockbridge). Rare on the plateau; Washington (C. S. Lewis). forma serratum (E. S. Miller), comb. nov.— (A. platyneuron, var. serratum E. S. Miller, Bull. Torr. Bot. Club, 4: 41, 1873.) Occasional with the type, Sheffield. A. Ruta-muraria L. Rue SpLeENwort.— Limestone cliffs and boulders; occasional. Williamstown; North Adams; Lenox; Stock- bridge; New Marlboro; Sheffield. A. Trichomanes L. MatmpeENHatR SPLEENWoORT.— On or near shaded rocks, chiefly calcareous; frequent. Rare on the plateau; Washington and Becket (C. S. Lewis). ATHYRIUM. (Asplenium Man. ed. 7 and Ill. Fl. ed. 2 in part; vid. Rhodora, 19: 170, 1917.) A. acrostichoides (Sw.) Diels. SILvery SPLEENWoRT.— (Athy- rium thelypteroides Ml. FI. ed. 2.) 194 PROCEEDINGS: BOSTON SOCIETY NATURAL HISTORY. Rich, moist woods, particularly along brooks; frequent, except on the plateau. A. angustifolium (Michx.) Milde. Narrow-LEAvED SPLEEN- wort.— (Asplenium pycnocarpon Ill. Fl. ed. 2). Rich woods, generally in alluvial pockets spread by brooks at the bases of rich slopes, often with Thelypterts Goldiana; occasional in the valley. Williamstown (Churchill); Adams (Schweinfurth); Cheshire (Winslow); Pittsfield; Lenox; Stockbridge; Sheffield. On South Mountain, Pittsfield, one colony grows in rich soil on a flat rock. .. The ferns which have passed in Massachusetts as Asplenium . Filix-femina (L.) Bernh. have been lately treated as including two species and several varieties (vid. Butters, Rhodora, 19: 181 seq., 1917). Athyrium angustum (Willd.) Presl. is apparently the only species in this group that occurs in Berkshire County. It differs from Athyrium asplenioides (Michx.) Desv., which is found in eastern Massachusetts, ‘in having the horizontal or somewhat oblique rootstock completely concealed by the thick fleshy bases of the old fronds. The species and two varieties may be distinguished by the following key. Key to Athyrium angustum and varieties. a.. Fronds dimorphic, the fertile coriaceous, contracted, sori at maturity confluent and covering the lower side of the fertile pinnules. Sun forms, found only in region of hot summers. b. Longest pinnae of the fertile frond 5-12 cm. long, pinnules 4-12 mm. long, simple, sori mainly asplenoid (vid. Rhodora, 19: 174, 176, 1917); pinnules of sterile fronds oblong-obtuse, but slightly toothed or lobe. cye2e8sees degree easgee weceed © A. angustum, £. typicum. b’. Longest pinnae of fertile frond 1-2 dm. long, pinnules 12-25 mm. long, pinnatifid, sori several on each of the lower segments, often horseshoe-shaped; pinnules of sterile fronds oblong-lanceolate, strongly toothed or pinnatifid, somewhat acute. A. angustum, var. elatius. Fronds not dimorphic, coriaceous or contracted, sori discrete at maturity. Forms of regions with cool summers, found also in dense shade in warmer regions. Pinnules lanceolate, sub-acute, strongly toothed or pinna- tifid, the segments toothed, membranous wing along the rhachis obscure OF WANN Gis Saya oe Leena tab eedde dl tars A. angustum, var. rubellum. A. angustum (Willd.) Presl. Lapy Frern.— (Asplenium Filix- femina Man. ed. 7 in part; Athyrium Filix-foemina Ill. Fl. ed. 2 in part; vid. Rhodora, 19: 190, 1917.) Dry open thickets; frequent. HOFFMANN: FLORA OF BERKSHIRE COUNTY. 195 var. elatius (Link) Butters— (Vid. Rhodora, 19: 191, 1917.) Dry woods, thickets and clearings; frequent in the southern part of the valley. var. rubellum (Gilbert) Butters. —( Vid. Rhodora, 19: 193, 1917.) Rich woods and swamps; common. CAMPTOSORUS. Wa kine Lear. C. rhizophyllus (L.) Link. Watxine Lear; Wa Lkine Fern.— On limestone, chiefly in shade; frequent in the valley. Becket (C. S. Lewis). forma auriculatus, f. nov.— Auriculis elongatis. Auricles elongated, sometimes rooting. Limestone ledge, New Marlboro. CRYPTOGRAMMA. Rock Brake. C. Stelleri (Gmel.) Prantl. SieNpER Rock BraKxe.— On shaded limestone cliffs, Bullock’s Ledge, Williamstown. CYSTOPTERIS. Buiapper Frrn. (Filix I. FV ed. 2.) C. bulbifera (L.) Bernh. Buts-BEarine Fern.— Wet banks and moist rocks, chiefly in shade, generally but not always in calcareous soil; frequent in the valley and on the slopes of Greylock and of The Dome, but rarer on the plateau. Washington and Becket (C. S. Lewis). C. fragilis (L.) Bernh. Fracite BLappEr Fern.— Shaded cliffs, moist banks and rocky wooded hillsides; frequent. DENNSTAEDTIA. (Dicksonia Man. ed. 7; vid. Rhodora, 21: 175, 1919.) D. punctilobula (Michx.) Moore. Hay-scenrtep Frern.— Dry woods and upland hillsides; common. When growing in shade near an opening, this fern turns the face of the frond, that is the side that does not bear the spores, to the light. ONOCLEA. O. sensibilis L. Sensitive Fern.— Wet meadows, swampy thickets and wet woodland; common. 196 PROCEEDINGS: BOSTON SOCIETY NATURAL HISTORY. forma obtusilobata (Schkuhr) Gilbert.— Washington (C. S. Lewis); Lenox; New Marlboro. PELLAEA. Cuirr Brake. P. atropurpurea (L.) Link. PurpLe Curr Braxe.— Limestone ledges; occasional. POLYPODIUM. Potypopy. P. vulgare L. Common Potypopy.— Shaded rocks, chiefly on schist, but occasionally on limestone; common. forma attenuatum (Milde) Gilbert.— Rich woods; occasional. ‘ Becket (C. S. Lewis); South Mountain, Pittsfield; Bash Bish Falls, Mt. Washington. forma auritum (Willd.), comb. nov.— (P. vulgare 8 auritum Willd. Sp. Pl. 5: 178, 1810.) Becket (C. S. Lewis). POLYSTICHUM. P. acrostichoides (Michx.) Schott. CHristmas Fern.— Rocky woods; common. A plant from Lee has the frond subdivided at the tip, so that there are four separate tips, the two longest 10 em. in length. forma incisum (Gray) Gilbert.— (var. Schweinitzit Man. ed. 7 and Ill. Fl. ed. 2; vid. Rhodora, 11: 35, 1909.) Occasional with the type. Williamstown; Florida; Washington and Becket (C. 8. Lewis); Lenox; Stockbridge; Great Barrington. A plant collected by Walters in Lanesboro has broad obtuse and in- cised pinnae of the year, while the fronds of the year before are normal. P. Braunii (Spenner) Fée— On the margins of cold mountain brooks, on Greylock and on Fife Brook, Florida. Two plants in rich leaf mould, South Mountain, Pittsfield (S. W. Bailey). These are the only known stations for this northern fern in Massachusetts. PTERETIS. (Matteuccia Ill. Fl. ed. 2; Onoclea Man. ed. 7; vid. Rhodora, 21: 175, 1919.) P. nodulosa (Michx.) Nieuwl. Ostrricu Fern.— (M. Struthiop- teris Ill. Fl. ed. 2; O. Struthiopteris Man. ed. 7.) HOFFMANN: FLORA OF BERKSHIRE COUNTY. 197 Alluvial soil along rivers and brooks to an altitude of 1500 ft.; common. PTERIDIUM. Brake; BRACKEN. (Pteris Man. ed. 7; vid. Rhodora, 21: 176, 1919.) P. latiusculum (Desv.) Maxon. Common BraKke.— (Pteris aquilina Man. ed. 7; Pteridium aquilinum Ill. Fl. ed. 2.) Borders of woods, open woodland, rocky upland pastures and clearings; common. THELYPTERIS. Ssretp Fern. (Aspidium Man. ed. 7; Phegopteris Man. ed. 7; Dryopteris Ill. Fl. ed. 2; vid. Rhodora, 21: 174, 176, 1919.) T. Boottii (Tuckerman) Nieuwl. Bootr’s SHIELD FERN.— Swampy woods; frequent. Perhaps a hybrid between Thelypteris cristata and T. spinulosa, var. intermedia. Specimens collected in Washington by C. S. Lewis have the later fronds with laciniate seg- ments, apparently due to the presence of a borer in the rootstock. T. cristata (L.) Nieuwl. Cresrep SHietp Fern.— Borders of swampy woods and low meadows; frequent. var. Clintoniana (D. C. Eaton) Weatherby. Ciinton’s SHIELD Frern.— (D. Clintoniana I. FI. ed. 2.) Swampy woods; frequent in the valley, occasional on the plateau. T. Dryopteris (L.) Slosson. Oak Frern.— Cool woods, often under conifers; frequent. T. Goldiana (Hook.) Nieuwl. Go.pIE’s SuizLtp FEern.— Rich woods, generally in alluvial pockets spread by brooks at the bases of slopes of rich soil, often in company with Athyrium angustifolium; occasional in the valley. Florida (Hunnewell); Williamstown . (Churchill); Cheshire (Winslow); Lanesboro (Churchill); Pittsfield; Washington (C. S. Lewis); Lenox; Stockbridge; Sheffield (Walters). T, hexagonoptera (Michx.) Weatherby. Broap Brsecn Fern.— Rich moist soil in rather open woodland; occasional in the valley. Williamstown (Churchill); Hancock (Churchill); Lenox; Stockbridge; Great Barrington; Sheffield. T, marginalis (L.) Nieuwl. Mancina SHietp Fern.— Rocky or swampy woods, often on rocks; common. forma elegans (Robinson) Weatherby, comb. nov.— (Aspidium 198 PROCEEDINGS: BOSTON SOCIETY NATURAL HISTORY. marginale, var. elegans J. Robinson, Ferns of Essex County, Mass., 151, 1875.) Rich woods; frequent. T. noveboracensis (L.) Nieuwl. New York Saietp Fern.— Moist well-drained woods; common. T. palustris Schott. Marsa Fern.— (D. Thelypteris Ill. FI. ed. 2; A. Thelypteris Man. ed. 7.) _ Wet méadows, swampy thickets and moist, woodland; common. On the summit of Greylock, 3500 feet. T. Phegopteris (L.) Slosson. Brrca Fern.— Cool woods, espe- cially on moist banks; frequent in the valley, common on the plateau. T. simulata (Davenp.) Nieuwl— Swampy woods, in small col- onies; occasional. Washington (C. S. Lewis); Ward Pond, Becket; Shaw Pond, Otis; Big Pond, Otis; Sandisfield (Walters). T. spinulosa (O. F. Miiller) Nieuwl. SprnuLose SHIELD Fern.— Swampy woods; frequent. var. americana (Fisch.) Weatherby.— (var. dilatatum, f. anaden- ium Man. ed. 7; D. dilatata Ill. FI. ed. 2.) Common in rocky woods on the upper slopes of Greylock, and prob- ably occasional on the plateau, as a specimen collected by C. 5. Lewis from a shady swamp in Washington (altitude 1700 feet) has been identified by C. A. Weatherby as this variety. var. intermedia (Muhl.) Nieuwl.— (D. intermedia Ill. Fl. ed. 2.) Rocky or swampy woods; common. Broad forms approaching var. americana occur in cool woods and swamps, as at Ice Glen, Stockbridge; Ice Gorge, Great Barrington; The Dome, Mt. Washing- ton. A form with very narrow pinnules, approaching var. concor- diana occurs on Fern Cliff, Lee. Hybrid forms of Thelypteris. T. cristata < marginalis.—— Lenox; Washington (C. S. Lewis). T. cristata < spinulosa.— Lenox; Washington (C. S. Lewis). T. cristata, var. Clintoniana < spinulosa, var. intermedia.— Cheshire (Winslow); Washington (C. S. Lewis). T. cristata, var. Clintoniana < Goldiana.— North Adams (Churchill). T. Goldiana < marginalis.— Cheshire (Winslow). T. marginalis X spinulosa, var. intermedia.— Washington (C. S. Lewis). HOFFMANN: FLORA OF BERKSHIRE COUNTY. 199 WOODSIA. W. ilvensis (L.) R. Br. Rusty Woopsta.— Exposed rocks; occa- sional. Stockbridge; West Stockbridge; Monterey; New Marlboro; Mt. Washington; Sheffield. W. obtusa (Spreng.) Torr. Buunt-Lopep Woopsta.— Exposed rocks or shaded ledges, chiefly calcareous; occasional in the valley. Cheshire (Winslow); Pittsfield; Stockbridge; New Marlboro; Egremont (Walters); Sheffield. OSMUNDACEAE. FLOWERING FERN FAMILY. OSMUNDA. F.Lowertne Fern. O. cinnamomea L. Cinnamon FeRnN.— Low wet woods, borders of swamps in the valley, and wet hillsides on the plateau, where it reaches an altitude of 2100 feet (Florida); common. forma bipinnatifida Clute— Swampy woods, Sandisfield. forma frondosa (T. & G.) Buon — (var. frondosa Man. ed. 7.) Sheffield (Churchill). O. Claytoniana L. InrerrupTrep FERN.— Moist woods and on the plateau on ill-drained hillsides; common. O. regalis L., var. spectabilis (Willd.) Gray. Royat Fern.— (0. regalis Man. ed. 7; vid. Rhodora, 21: 176, 1919.) Borders of ponds, swamps and wet woods, reaching an altitude of 2000 feet (Savoy); frequent. OPHIOGLOSSACEAE. ADDER’S TONGUE FAMILY. BOTRYCHIUM. Moonwort; Grape FERN. B. angustisegmentum (Pease & Moore) Fernald.— (B. lanceo- latum, var. angustisegmentum Man. ed. 7; vid. Rhodora, 17: 87, 1915; B. lanceolatum Ill. FI. ed. 2.) Rich leaf mould, chiefly under deciduous trees, often with B. ramosum; frequent. B. dissectum Spreng.— (B. obliquum, var. dissectum Man. ed. 7.) Woods and pastures; frequent. forma elongatum (Gilbert & MHaberer), comb. nov.— (B. obliquum, var. elongatum Gilbert & Haberer, Fern Bull. 11: 89, 1903, and Man. ed. 7.) Pasture, Mt. Washington. . 200 PROCEEDINGS: BOSTON SOCIETY NATURAL HISTORY. forma obliquum (Muhl.) Fernald.— (B. obliquum Man. ed. 7 and Ill. Fl. ed. 2; vid. Rhodora, 23: 151, 1921.) Fields, hillsides, pastures and open woods; frequent. B. ramosum (Roth) Aschers.— (B. neglectum Ill. FI. ed. 2.) Rich leaf mould, chiefly under deciduous trees, often associated with B. angustisegmentum; frequent. B. simplex E. Hitchcock.— New Ashford, in pastures not far from brook (Andrews); Washington (C. S. Lewis); rich woods, Stock- bridge; Sheffield (Churchill). B. ternatum (Thunb.) Sw., var. intermedium D. C. Eaton.— (B. silatfolium Ill. FI. ed. 2.) Pastures and open woods; frequent. B. virginianum (L.) Sw. RatrLtesnake Frern.— Rich woods; common. A plant from Florida has the fertile segment divided into two full-sized divisions. var. intermedium Butters.— (B. virginianum Man. ed. 7 in part.) Dry, rocky upland woods, North Adams (Fernald and Long). Botrychium virginianum, var. intermediwm has lately been dis- tinguished from the type (vid. Rhodora, 19: 207, 1917). Ripe sporangia straw-colored, opening but slightly in dehiscence, their walls composed of regular cells; pinnules of the sterile frond ovate to lance-ovate, their ultimate segments spatulate........ B. virginianum, var. intermedium. Ripe sporangia brown, opening rather widely in dehiscence, their walls composed, at least in part, of irregular cells with sinuous walls; pinnules of the sterile frond much dissected, lanceolate, deeply pinnatifid or nearly pinnate, and the ultimate segments oblong or cuneate or decurrent at the base, lanceo- late and scarcely or not at all spatulate.................. B. virginianum. OPHIOGLOSSUM. Apprr’s ToncusE. O. vulgatum L. Appsr’s Toneust.— Mucky pockets in low meadows; frequent. In thin soil on a limestone outcrop in Great Barrington. MARSILEACEAE. MARSILEA. M. quapriroria L.— A small colony in the inlet to Prospect Pond, Egremont. An interesting European aquatic often cultivated and probably introduced, perhaps accidentally, at the above station. HOFFMANN: FLORA OF BERKSHIRE COUNTY. 201 EQUISETACEAE. HORSETAIL FAMILY. EQUISETUM. Horseratt. E. arvense L. Common Horserait.— Wet roadsides, and banks and sandy shores; common. E. fluviatile L. Pipzs— Marshes, shallow water and muddy shores; common. E. hyemale L., var. affine (Engelm.) A. A. Eaton. Scourine Rusu.— Sandy or gravelly banks; frequent. forma ramosum A. A, Eaton.— Vid. Fern Bull. 11: 112 (1903). Occasional. Florida; Great Barrington. E. scirpoides Michx.— Wet gravelly banks; occasional. Williams- town (Andrews); North Adams; Adams (Knowlton and Bean); Stockbridge; New Marlboro. E. sylvaticum L., var. pauciramosum Wilde., forma multi- ramosum Fernald.— (E. sylvaticwm Man. ed. 7 in part). Swampy woods and moist shaded banks; frequent. Practically all the material of E. syloaticum collected in Berkshire County is the freely-forking form, described by Professor Fernald (Rhodora, 20: 131, 1918). A specimen from Adams, less freely forking, might be considered the typical var. pauctramosum. E. variegatum Schleich. Low ground or wet gravelly banks; occasional. Williamstown (Andrews); Stockbridge; Sheffield. LYCOPODIACEAE. CLUB MOSS FAMILY. LYCOPODIUM. Cuvus Moss. Lycopodium annotinum L.— Cool woods; frequent. var. acrifolium Fernald.— Vid. Rhodora, 17: 124 (1915). Mt. Washington (Floyd). Leaves mostly spreading or reflexed, those of the fruiting branches 5.5-11 Mis LONG: pee sen sie bee aes See R ee MEE Eee aoe Hee re ee L. annotinum. Leaves strongly ascending or appressed, those of the fruiting branches 2.5- GAM IGHE. ven crsaQy cde Bane Ky Asm ee ated ewes mae semana var. acrifolium. L. clavatum L. Common Crus Moss.— Dry woods and clear- ings; common. A form with elongated sterile spikes, mostly simple, 2 to 3 dm. long and no fertile spikes, constant each season, has been collected in Hancock (A. K. Harrison). 202 PROCEEDINGS: BOSTON SOCIETY NATURAL HISTORY. var. megastachyon Fernald & Bissell.— Spikes solitary. (Vid. Rhodora, 12: 538, 1910.) Dry thickets; frequent, especially on the upland. L. complanatum L., var. flabelliforme Fernald. GrounpD Pine.— (LZ. complanatum Tll. FI. ed. 2 in part.) Dry woods and clearings, especially under pines; common. L. inundatum L.— Shores of ponds and wet open ground; occa- sional. Bank near cold stream, altitude 2000 feet, North Adams (Andrews); Basin and Spectacle Ponds, Becket; low meadow, Sheffield. L. lucidulum Michx.— Cool woods; common. L. obscurum L. TREE Cius Moss.— Woods, generally dry, occasionally swampy; frequent. var. dendroideum (Michx.) D. C. Eaton.— Open woodlands; common. L. Selago L. Bank near cold stream on the northeast face of Grey- lock, altitude 2000 feet, one small station (Andrews). This is the only station known in Massachusetts for this plant of high latitudes and altitudes. Specimen in Williams College Herbarium. L. tristachyum Pursh.— Cheshire (Winslow); rather moist woods near Ward Pond, Becket, altitude 1600 feet; dry woods, Sheffield. SELAGINELLACEAE. ‘SELAGINELLA. S. apoda (L.) Fernald.— (S. apus Man. ed. 7 and Ill. Fl. ed. 2; vid. Rhodora, 17: 68, 1915.) Wet meadows and ill-drained hillsides; frequent in the valley, apparently following the limestone up the sides of the valley, reaching an altitude of 1300 feet in Tyringham. S. rupestris (L.) Spring.— Exposed rocks; occasional. Florida, on serpentine; West Stockbridge, on schist; New Marlboro; Shef- field, on limestone, altitude 700 feet; Bash Bish Falls, Mt. Washing- ton. ISORFTACEAE. QUILLWORT FAMILY. ISOETES. Quitiworr. I. echinospora Dur., var. Braunii (Dur.) Engelm.— (I. Braunti Ill. Fl. ed. 2.) HOFFMANN: FLORA OF BERKSHIRE COUNTY. 203 Shallow water of ponds and streams; frequent, particularly on the upland. Occasionally on exposed muddy shores and at other times at a depth of several feet. SPERMATOPHYTA. SEED PLANTS; FLOWERING PLANTS. GYMNOSPERMAE. GYMNOSPERMS,. TAXACEAE. YEW FAMILY. TAXUS. Yew. T. canadensis Marsh. Grounp Hemtiock.— Cool woods and shaded slopes; common. PINACEAE. PINE FAMILY. ABIES. Fir. A. balsamea (L.) Mill. Batsam Frr.— Swamps and moist slopes, along the plateau from Sandisfield northward; frequent in Sandisfield, common in parts of Washington and on Greylock. JUNIPERUS. : JunIrer. J. communis L.—A single tree, 3 m. high, in open woodland, Pittsfield. var. depressa Pursh. Common Juniper.— Hillside pastures and borders of woodland; frequent in Sheffield, rare elsewhere in the valley. Frequent on a gravelly hillside, Cold Spring Road, Williams- town. Occasional on the plateau, Savoy, Washington (altitude 1800 feet). J. virginiana L. Rep Crpar; Savin.— Hillside pastures; fre- quent in Sheffield, occasional in the Housatonic Valley as far north as Lee. A fine grove on a gravelly hillside on the Cold Spring Road, Williamstown. Werep.— Borders of ponds or shallow water in slow streams; occasional. Cheshire; Lenox; Big Pond, Otis; Egremont (Walters); Sheffield. ARALIACEAE. GINSENG FAMILY. ARALIA. A. hispida Vent. Bristty SARSAPARILLA.— Rocky summits and hillside clearings; frequent. A. nudicaulis L. Wuitp Sarsaparitta.— Woods; common. A. racemosa L. SPIKENARD.— Rich woods; common. PANAX. GINSENG. P. quinquefolium L. Grinsene; Sane.— Rich woods; formerly frequent, now occasional. Williamstown; Florida; Cheshire (Wins- low); Dalton (Lincoln); Pittsfield; Becket (Walters); Stockbridge; Sandisfield (Walters). P. trifolium L. Dwarr Ginsenc; Grounp-NutT.— Rich woods and borders of swamps; common. Altitude 2000 feet, Savoy. UMBELLIFERAE. PARSLEY FAMILY. AEGOPODIUM. A. Popacraria L., f. vARIEGATA Hort. GoutTwrrep.— The form with variegated leaves occasionally spreads from abandoned yards. Stockbridge. ANGELICA. ANGELICA. A. atropurpurea L. Purpite ANnceELiIca— Low ground and borders of streams; common. Altitude, 1500 feet (Windsor). A. villosa (Walt.) BSP.— Dry woods; occasional in the southern HOFFMANN: FLORA OF BERKSHIRE COUNTY. 307 part of the valley. Great Barrington; New Marlboro; Mt. Washing- ton. CARUM. Caraway. C. Carvi L. Caraway.— Along roadsides and about farm build- ings; frequent. CICUTA. Water Hemtock. C. bulbifera L— Wet places; common. C. maculata L. Sporren Cowpane.— Wet meadows, borders of brooks and ponds, and swamps; common. CONIOSELINUM. Hemuock Parstey. C. chinense (L.) BSP.— Cool swamps; occasional in the valley. Williamstown (Churchill); Lenox; West Stockbridge (Evans, Fern- ald, Knowlton); Stockbridge; Sheffield. CONIUM. Poison HEMLocx. C.MacuLatuM L. Porson HemLocx.— Waste ground, often about abandoned house sites; occasional. New Ashford; Hancock; West Stockbridge; New Marlboro. CRYPTOTAENIA. Honewort. (Deringa Ill. Fl. ed. 2.) C. canadensis (L.) DC. Honswort.— Dry woods and thickets; common. DAUCUS. Carrot. D. Carota L. Witp Carrot.— Fields and roadsides; common. HERACLEUM. Cow Parsnip. H. lanatum Michx. Cow Parsnip.— Borders of streams, and roadsides in low ground; frequent. HYDROCOTYLE. Water PENNYworT. H. americana L.— Wet meadows, ill-drained pastures and damp open woods; common. 308 PROCEEDINGS: BOSTON SOCIETY NATURAL HISTORY. LEVISTICUM. Lovaas. L. oOFFICINALE (L.) Koch. Lovace.— (Hipposelinum Levisticum Til. FI. ed. 2.) Occasionally established about old house sites. Monterey; Mt. Washington (Knowlton). OSMORHIZA. Sweer Cicery. (Washingtonia Ill. Fl. ed. 2.) O. Claytoni (Michx.) Clarke. Swrer CiceLy.— Rich woods; common in the valleys. Altitude 1800 feet, Adams. O. longistylis (Torr.) DC.— Rich woods and thickets; occasional in the valley. North Adams (Burnham); Stockbridge; West Stock- bridge; Monterey; Great Barrington (Walters). PASTINACA. Parsnip. P. satrva L.— Witp Parsnip.— Waste places, roadsides and fields; common. ‘The juice is poisonous to the touch. SANICULA. Buack SNAKEROOT. 8. gregaria Bicknell— Damp rich woods; frequent in the valley. S. marilandica L.— Woods and thickets; common. 8. trifoliata Bicknell.— Rich woods; frequent in the valley. SIUM. Water Parsnip. S. suave Walt.— (S. cicutaefolium Man. ed. 7; vid. Rhodora, 17: 131, 1915.) Muddy shores; common. ZIZIA. Z. aurea (L.) Koch. GoLtpEN ALEXANDERS.— Meadows, borders of woods and roadsides; common. CORNACEAE. DOGWOOD FAMILY. CORNUS. Cornet; Docwoon. C. alternifolia L. f— Open woods, clearings and fence rows; common in the valley, occasional on the plateau. HOFFMANN: FLORA OF BERKSHIRE COUNTY. 309 C. Amomum Mill. Kiynixinnix; Sitky Corneu.— Borders of streams and swamps; common. C. canadensis L. Buncuserry; Dwarr CorneL.— (Chamae- periclymenum canadense Ill. FI. ed. 2.) Damp woods and knolls in swamps; common. Very common on The Dome, Mt. Washington, in rather dry woods. C. circinata L’Hér. Rounp-LeaveD CorneL.— (C. rugosa Iil. FI. ed. 2.) Rocky woods and limestone ledges; frequent in the valley. C. florida L. Firowrrmne Doegwoop.— (Cynoxylon floridum II. FI. ed. 2.) Dry woods; frequent in the southern part of the valley, occasional elsewhere. North Adams (Lincoln). C. paniculata L’Hér.— (C. femina Il. Fl. ed. 2.) Copses in dry soil; common in the valley, particularly in the south- ern part. C. stolonifera Michx. Rep-osrer Doawoop.— Borders of streams and swamps, and low thickets; common in the valley, fre- quent on the plateau. NYSSA. Tuprto; Sour Gum. N. sylvatica Marsh. Buiack Gum; TupEeLo.— Borders of ponds in the southern part of the valley, as far north as the northern part of Great Barrington; occasional. A group of small trees grew on the dry rocky summit of Monument Mt., Great Barrington (altitude 1600 feet), until destroyed by fire. ERICACEAE. HEATH FAMILY. ANDROMEDA. A. glaucophylla Link. Boca Rosrmary.— (A. Polifolia Ill. FI. ed. 2 in part.) Bogs; frequent. ARCTOSTAPHYLOS. Brarserry. (Uva-ursi Ill. FI. ed. 2.) A. Uva-ursi (L.) Spreng., var. coactilis Fernald & McBride. BrearBerry.— (A. Uva-urst Man. ed. 7 in part; vid. Rhodora, 16: 212, 1914.) 310 PROCEEDINGS: BOSTON SOCIETY NATURAL HISTORY. Rocky ridge of West Stockbridge Mt.; a few plants in dry open woods, Egremont; frequent on exposed summits, Mt. Washington. The West Stockbridge locality was known to Dewey in 1829. Branches invested with a dense canescent almost felt-like tomentum which is persistent, at least for several years. CHAMAEDAPHNE. Leatuer Lear. C. calyculata (L.) Moench. LeatHer Lear.— Bogs and marshy borders of ponds; frequent. CHIMAPHILA. Pipsissrwa. C. maculata (L.) Pursh. Spotrep WinTERGREEN.— Dry woods. Lenox (Lincoln); Sandisfield. C. umbellata (L.) Nutt., var. cisatlantica Blake. Prince’s Prine; Pipsissewa.— (C. umbellata Man. ed. 7 in part; vid. Rhodora, 19: 241, 1917.) Dry woods; common. Differs from true C. umbellata in having the flowers more or less racemose. CHIOGENES. Crenpinc SNOWBERRY. C. hispidula (L.) T. & G._— Cold swamps and cold springy banks; occasional. Savoy; Becket; Washington; Pittsfield; Stockbridge; New Marlboro. CLETHRA. Wuite ALDER. C. alnifolia L. Swrztr PEpprerpusH.— Shore of Symon’s Pond, Sandisfield (Walters). EPIGAEA. E. repens L. Trarine Arsutus; MayrrowEr.— Dry woods and open hillsides; frequent on schist and quartzite, practically absent from limestone. A small patch in Great Barrington on a limestone hillside with Kalmia latifolia. GAULTHERIA, WIntTERGREEN. G. procumbens L. CHECKERBERRY; WINTERGREEN.— Woods and clearings; common. On limestone, under pines, Sheffield. HOFFMANN: FLORA OF BERKSHIRE COUNTY. 311 GAYLUSSACIA. Huckieperry. G. baccata (Wang.) C. Koch. Biack Huckiteperry.— Dry hillsides, clearings and rocky summits; frequent in the southern part of the valley. Occasional in swampy woods, Stockbridge. forma glaucocarpa (Robinson) Mackenzie Rocky summits and dry slopes; frequent in the southern part of the valley. KALMIA. Lavret. K. angustifolia L. Surep LauREL; Lampxriu.— Pastures, open swamps, rocky summits and rocky borders of ponds; common, espe- cially on the upland. K. latifolia L. Mountain Laurer; Mountain Ivy.— Hillside pastures, woods and borders of swamps; common, except in calcareous soil. One bush on a limestone ledge, Sheffield. Growing in Great Barrington on a limestone hill. Altitude 2000 feet, Savoy. K. polifolia Wang. Pate Lauret.— Bogs; occasional on the plateau. Savoy; Washington; Becket; New Marlboro. LEDUM. Lasrapor TEA. L. groenlandicum Oeder.— Borders of bogs; frequent on the plateau, rare in the valley. Pittsfield; Stockbridge; Sheffield (Mrs. W. T. Day). LYONIA. (Xolisma Ill. Fl. ed. 2.) ” L. ligustrina (L.) DC. Mate Brrry.— Wet woods, upland pastures and swamps; common. MONESES. ONE-FLOWERED PYROLA. M. uniflora (L.) Gray. ONE-FLOWERED Pyrrota.— Under pines; frequent. MONOTROPA. Inp1an PIPE; PINESAP. M. Hypopitys L. Prvesap.—(Hypopitys americana Ill. Fl. ed. 2.) Dry woods; frequent. Under hemlocks at Gilder Pond, Otis (alti- tude 1400 feet). M. uniflora L. Inpian Prre; Corpse PLant; GuHost FLOWER. — Rich woods; common. 312 PROCEEDINGS: BOSTON SOCIETY NATURAL HISTORY. PYROLA. Winrercreen; Sin Lear. P. asarifolia Michx., var. incarnata (Fisch.) Fernald.— Cold shaded bog, Stockbridge. P. chlorantha Sw.— Leaves rounded to base and apex, rather numerous (4 to 11) in a rosette (vid. Rhodora, 22: 51, a Woods, often near swamps; common. var. paucifolia Fernald.— (P. chlorantha Man. ed. 7 in part.) Leaves mostly cuneate at base and truncate or sub-truncate at summit; somewhat flabelliform-obovate, few (1 to 7 or even wanting) in a rosette (vid. Rhodora, 22: 51, 1920). Great Barrington. P. elliptica Nutt. Woods; common. P. rotundifolia L., var. americana (Sweet) Fernald. Rounp- LEAVED SuHin Lear.— (P. americana Man. ed. 7 and Ill. Fl. ed. 2; vid. Rhodora, 22: 122, 1920.) Dry open woods; common in the valley, occasional on the plateau. Altitude 2000 feet, Florida. P. secunda L.— Woods; common. var. obtusata Turez.— Cold bogs, in sphagnum; rare. Stock- bridge; Sandisfield. RHODODENDRON. (Azalea Ill. Fl. ed. 2 in part.) R. canescens (Michx.) G. Don. Pink AzaLEa.— (A. canescens Ill. Fl. ed. 2.) Woods, upland pastures and swamps; common. R. maximum L. Great Laurer; Rose Bay.— Swamps. Williamstown (Oakes); Washington (altitude 1750 feet); Richmond. The Richmond station has been destroyed by gardeners from the Lenox estates who have dug up the plants. Nothing is known of the Williamstown station excepting a sheet in the herbarium of the Boston Soc. Nat. Hist. labelled ‘‘ Williamstown, Oakes.” R. nudiflorum (L.) Torr. Pink AzatEa.— (A. nudiflora Ill. FI. ed. 2.) Swamp, Sheffield; Mt. Washington (Churchill). VACCINIUM. BLUEBERRY; CRANBERRY. V. atrococcum (Gray) Heller. Buack High BiurBerry.— Swamps and upland pastures; frequent, especially on the plateau. HOFFMANN: FLORA OF BERKSHIRE COUNTY. 313 On gravelly hills near the Housatonic River in Pittsfield, where glacial drift overlies the limestone. V. canadense Kalm.— Swamps and upland woods; common on Greylock and on the plateau as far south as Washington and Becket. Occurs also on The Dome, Sheffield, and on the adjoining mountain mass. A specimen collected by Churchill in a bog in Lanesboro has practically glabrous leaves. Lowest altitude 1150 feet, swamp on the divide between Pittsfield and Cheshire. V. corymbosum L. HicuH-susa Buiureserry.— Common in hillside pastures on the plateau; frequent in the valley in swamps and on the borders of ponds, absent from calcareous soil, except where glacial drift overlies thickly the limestone. var. amoenum (Ait.) Gray.— Savoy (altitude 2000 feet); woods, Mt. Washington (Churchill). var. pallidum (Ait.) Gray.— With the type; occasional. Lenox; Stockbridge; New Marlboro; Great Barrington; West Stockbridge (Evans, Fernald and Knowlton). V. macrocarpon Ait. CRrANBERRY.— (Oxycoccus macrocarpus Ill. FI. ed. 2.) Bogs; frequent. Occasional on wet roadsides on the plateau. V. Oxycoccos L. SmaLut CRANBERRY.— (Oxycoccus Oxycoccus Ill. Fl. ed. 2.) Bogs; occasional on the plateau. Savoy; Becket; New Marlboro (Walters); Sandisfield. var. ovalifolium Michx.— (var. intermediwm Man. ed. 7; vid. Rhodora, 11: 54, 1909.) Peat bog, Sheffield. V. pennsylvanicum Lam. Low BLurBEeRRy.— (V. angusti- foliwm Ill. FI. ed. 2.) Open woods and pastures, rocky summits; common except in cal- careous soil. Occasional on limestone cobbles and in calcareous meadows. var. myrtilloides (Michx.) Fernald.— Leaves and young twigs pilose; leaves with bristle-tipped teeth. Distinguished from V. canadense by the bristle-tipped teeth of the leaves and their lustrous appearance (vid. Rhodora, 10: 148, 1908). Hillside pasture, Florida. var. nigrum Wood.— (V. nigrum Ill. Fl. ed. 2.) With the type; frequent. 314 PROCEEDINGS: BOSTON SOCIETY NATURAL HISTORY. V. stamineum L. Derrrperry.— (Polycodium stamineum II. Fl. ed. 2.) Dry woods; occasional. Mt. Greylock; Stockbridge; Great Barrington; Egremont; Sheffield. V. vacillans Kalm.— Dry woods, rocky hillsides and open sum- mits; frequent in the southern part of the valley. PRIMULACEAE. PRIMROSE FAMILY. LYSIMACHIA. Loosssrrire, L. Nummunaria L. Moneywort.— Wet meadows, roadside banks and ditches; frequent. < L. producta (Gray) Fernald— A hybrid between L. quadri- folia and L. terrestris. Edge of wet woods, Sandisfield. L. quadrifolia L.— Woods; common. L. terrestris (L.) BSP.— Wet woods and swamps; common. L. thyrsiflora L.— (Naumburgia thyrsiflora Ill. Fl. ed. 2.) Cold swamps; common. L. vutearis L.— Escaped from cultivation in a thicket on the banks of the Housatonic River, Great Barrington (Walters). STEIRONEMA. S. ciliatum (L.) Raf.— Borders of woods, low ground and road- side thickets; common. A form with crowded flowers on short pedicels from Sandisfield. TRIENTALIS. CuickKwrEepD WINTERGREEN. T. borealis Raf. CaickweED WINTERGREEN.— (7. americana Man. ed. 7; vid. Rhodora, 11: 236, 1909.) Woods; common. OLEACEAE. OLIVE FAMILY. FRAXINUS. Asz. F. americana L. Wutrr Asu.— Rich woods; common. Summit ‘of Greylock. forma iodocarpa Fernald.— Occasional with the type, from which it differs in having reddish-purple keys (vid. Rhodora, 14: 192, 1912). HOFFMANN: FLORA OF BERKSHIRE COUNTY. 315 F. nigra Marsh. Brack AsH.— Swamps and borders of streams; common. : F. pennsylvanica Marsh. Rep Asn.— Occasional along the Housatonic River in Sheffield. var. lanceolata (Borkh.) Sarg. Green AsH— Williamstown (Churchill). LIGUSTRUM. Priver. L. vuLGARE L. Pritvet.— On a limestone ridge, Williamstown. SYRINGA. Livac. S. vutearts L. Common Litac.— Persisting and spreading oan old house sites; occasional. GENTIANACEAE. GENTIAN FAMILY. BARTONIA. B. virginica (L.) BSP.— Mossy knolls in upland pasture, Great Barrington. GENTIANA. GeEnNTIAN. G. Andrewsii Griseb. Ciosep Grentian.— (Dasystephana An- drewsii Ill. Fl. ed. 2.) Moist woods and low ground; occasional in the valley. North Adams (Churchill); Alford; Sheffield (Churchill). Corolla with nearly truncate summit; the firm true lobes nearly obsolete, narrowed at the summit; the broader intervening thin prolongations of the membranous bands forming a fimbriate-dentate border. forma albiflora Britton.— Low shaded ground, Sheffield. G. clausa Raf. Ciosep GENTIAN.— (G. Andrewsii Man. ed. 7 and Ill. Fl. ed. 2 in part; vid. Rhodora, 19: 148, 1917.) Moist woods and low ground; common. Corolla with the broad rounded lobes 2 to 8 mm. long; as broad or broader than the intervening 2- to 3-cleft appendages. G. crinita Froel. Frincep GEentrIan.-— Wet meadows, hillside pastures and borders of swamps; common in the valley. G. quinquefolia L.— Upland pastures, open hillsides and shaded banks; frequent in the valley. A specimen from Sheffield 7.5 dm. tall. 316 PROCEEDINGS: BOSTON SOCIETY NATURAL HISTORY. MENYANTHES. | Bucxsran. M. trifoliata L. Buckpran.— Bogs; frequent. NYMPHOIDES. Froatinc Heart. (Limnanthemum.) N. lacunosum (Vent.) Fernald. Fioatinc Herart.— Shallow water in cool ponds; occasional. Becket; Lee Pond, Mt. Washing- ton; Parish Pond, Otis (Walters). APOCYNACEAE. ‘ DOGBANE FAMILY. APOCYNUM. Doasane. A. androsaemifolium L. Spreapinc Docgpane.— Roadside thickets, borders of woods and rocky summits; common. A. cannabinum L. Inpran Hemp.— Low ground and gravelly shores; common. A. medium Greene.— Flood-plain of the Deerfield River, Florida; roadside, Great Barrington. VINCA. PERIWINKLE. V. minor L. PERIWINKLE; BLUE Myrriz.— Established and spreading about old houses and in cemeteries; occasional. ASCLEPIADACEAE. MILKWEED FAMILY. ASCLEPIAS. MILkweep. A. amplexicaulis Sm.— Sand-plain, Ashley Falls, Sheffield. : A. incarnata L. Swamp Mitkweep.— Borders of streams and ponds, and marshes; common inthe valley. var. pulehra (Ebrh.) Pers.— (A. pulchra Ill. Fl. ed. 2.) Low ground; common on the plateau. A. phytolaccoides Pursh. Poke MiLkweep.— (A. evxaltata Ill. FI. ed. 2.) Roadside thickets and rich open woods, generally on the upland; frequent. A. quadrifolia Jacq.— Dry rocky woods; occasional in the south- ern part of the valley. Stockbridge; Great Barrington; Egremont; Sheffield; Mt. Washington. HOFFMANN: FLORA OF BERKSHIRE COUNTY. 317 A. syriaca L. Common Mitkwrrep.— Roadside banks and thick- ets, railroad embankments, low open fields; common. var. inermis Churchill— Low ground, Lanesboro (Churchill). Vid. Rhodora, 20: 206 (1918). A form which lacks the spinous processes on the short, straight pods. A. tuberosa L. Burrerriy-wreEep.— Sandy soil; occasional in the southern part of the valley. Stockbridge; Great Barrington; Sheffield. CONVOLVULACEAE. CONVOLVULUS FAMILY. - GONVOLVULUS. Binpweep. C. arvensis L., var. oBTuUsIFoLIuS Choisy.— Railroad tracks, Coltsville, Pittsfield (Churchill); Union Station, Pittsfield; roadside, Stockbridge. C. sepium L. Witp Morning Giory; HrEepce BINDWEED.— Low ground, fields and roadsides; common. C. spithamaeus L.— Sandy soil; occasional in the southern part of the County. Great Barrington (Schweinfurth); Sheffield. CUSCUTA. Doppsr. C. arvensis Beyrich.— Field, Sandisfield (Walters). C. Gronovii Willd. Dopprr.— Low ground; frequent in the valley. IPOMOEA. Mornine Guory. I. purPuREA (L.) Roth. Common Mornine GLory.— Occasion- ally escaping from cultivation to dumps and waste ground. POLEMONIACEAE. POLEMONIUM FAMILY. PHLOX. PuHtox. P. macutata L. WuiLp Sweet WILLIAM.— Established in a thicket near an old house, Sandisfield. P. panicuLata L. Garpgen PHLox.— Occasionally escaping to roadside thickets. Great Barrington (Walters); Mt. Washington. P. suputata L. Wrip or Moss Pinx.— Spreading in a grave- yard, Sheffield. 318 PROCEEDINGS: BOSTON SOCIETY NATURAL HISTORY. HYDROPHYLLACEAE. WATERLEAF. FAMILY. HYDROPHYLLUM. WaTERLEAF. H. canadense L.— Borders of mountain brooks at the base of Mt. Greylock, Williamstown; Cheshire (Winslow). H. virginianum L.— Rich woods; common. Valley of the Deerfield River, Florida; altitude 2000 feet, Berry Mt., Hancock. BORAGINACEAE. BORAGE FAMILY. CYNOGLOSSUM. Hovunp’s Toncue. C. boreale Fernald.— Clearings and open woods; occasional. Stockbridge; Great Barrington. C. OFFICINALE L. Common Hovunn’s Toneur.— Pastures; occa- sional. ECHIUM. Virsr’s Buctoss. E. vuteare L. BiurE-wrEep.— Dry gravelly soil, open hillsides, along railroad tracks and stony flood-plains; locally common in the western part of the valley and in southern New Marlboro. Occasional on the flood-plain of the Deerfield River, Florida. According to Bascom (Berkshire Hist. and Sci. Soc., 3: 307, 1899) Echiuwm vulgare first appeared in the County in 1849. forma ALBIFLORUM, f. nov.— Corollis albis. Flowers white. With the type, Egremont. Type specimen in the herbarium of the N. E. B. C. collected on the stony flood-plain of Green River, Egremont, July 15, 1920 (Hoffmann). LAPPULA. SticKsEED. L. scutnata Gilibert— (L. Lappula Ill. Fl. ed. 2.) Railroad track, Pittsfield (Churchill); adventive in chicken-yard, Stockbridge. L. virginiana (L.) Greene. SrickseED; Brcear’s Lice — Open woods, thickets and rich soil along streams; frequent in the valley. LITHOSPERMUM. GromweELu. L. arvense L.— Adventive in waste ground, Great Barrington. L. OFFICINALE L.— Open hillsides and roadside thickets; occasional HOFFMANN: FLORA OF BERKSHIRE COUNTY. 319 in the valley. Williamstown; New Ashford (Walters); Stockbridge; West Stockbridge; Egremont; Great Barrington (Schweinfurth); Sheffield. . MYOSOTIS. Forcrt-mn-not. M. laxa Lehm. Witp Forcet-mz-not.— Borders of ponds and low ground; occasional in the southern part of the valley. Monterey; New Marlboro; Egremont (Walters); Great Barrington (Walters). M. scorpioies L. GarpEn ForcEt-me-Not.— Naturalized in brooks, swampy woods, and in the back-waters of rivers; frequent. SYMPHYTUM. Comrrey. S. asPERUM Lepechin.— (8. asperrimum Man. ed. 7 and Ill. Fl. ed. 2; vid. Rhodora, 18: 23, 1916.) Established about old house, Stockbridge; roadside, Sheffield (Walters). S. oFFICINALE L. Common Comrrey.— Moist soil, West Stock- bridge (Evans, Fernald and Knowlton). VERBENACEAB. VERVAIN FAMILY. VERBENA. VeERVAIN. V. angustifolia Michx.— Sandy soil on limestone hills; occasional in Egremont and Sheffield. V. practeosa Michx.— Adventive in waste ground near railroad station, Pittsfield. V. hastata L. Briue Vervarn.— Low ground, and dry fields; common. V. urticaefolia L. Wire VeErvain.— Roadsides and waste ground, in dry or moist soil; frequent. LABIATAE. MINT FAMILY. AGASTACHE. Grant Hyssop. (Lophanthus Il. Fl. ed. 2.) A. nepetoides (L.) Ktze.— Railroad embankment, Williamstown (Churchill). A. scrophulariaefolia (Willd.) Ktze.— Borders of woods and 320 PROCEEDINGS: BOSTON SOCIETY NATURAL HISTORY. thickets; occasional in the valley. Alford; Great Barrington (Walters); New Marlboro; Sheffield. var. mollis (Fernald) Heller.— Thicket, Stockbridge. AJUGA. Bucie WEED. A. GENEVENSIS L.— Established on roadside banks, Pittsfield (Lincoln) : BLEPHILIA. B. ciliata (L.) Raf. Woop Mint.— Roadsides and meadows; occasional in the southern and western part of the valley. Stock- bridge; West Stockbridge; Sheffield. B. hirsuta (Pursh) Benth.— Occasional. Wet roadside, West Stockbridge; swampy place in woods, Sandisfield (Walters). COLLINSONIA. Horse Bato. C. canadensis L. RicH-wrEp.— Rich damp woods; common in the valley. Altitude 1600 feet, New Marlboro. GALEOPSIS. Hemp Nettie. G. Tetranir L. Common Hemp Netrie.— Shaded brook, Han- cock (Churchill). Calyx-teeth in fruit 17 to 5 to 11 mm. long. Corolla large, about 2 em. long (vid. Rhodora, 12: 142, 1912). var. BIFIDA (Boenn.) Lej. & Court.—(G. Tetrahit Man. ed. 7 in part; vid. Rhodora, 12: 142, 1910.) Waste places; common. Calyx-teeth in fruit 5 to 8 mm. long. Corolla about 14 to 16 mm. long and much more slender than in the species. HEDEOMA. Mock PENNYROYAL. H. nisprpa Pursh.— Dry fields and limestone ridges; occasional in the southern part of the valley and possibly indigenous. Great Barrington; Sheffield (Walters); New Marlboro (Walters). b H. pulegioides (L.) Pers. American PennyRoyau.— Dry wodds, fields and stony hillsides; common in the valley. ISANTHUS. Fatse PENNYROYAL. I. brachiatus (L.) BSP.— Dry limestone hills; occasional in the valley. Williamstown (Churchill); Sheffield. HOFFMANN: FLORA OF BERKSHIRE COUNTY. 321 LAMIUM. Deap Nettie. L. AMPLEXICAULE L.— Adventive in a vacant lot, Pittsfield; culti- vated ground, Stockbridge; cultivated field, Sheffield. LEONURUS. MorsHerwort. L. Carpraca L.— Waste ground about farm buildings and old sites; common. , LYCOPUS. Water HoreHounp. L. americanus Muhl.— Low ground; common in the valley. L. uniflorus Michx. Bue_e Werp.— Low shaded ground; com- mon. L. virginicus L. Bucie Werrp.— Rich moist soil; frequent in the valley. MENTHA. Mint. M. arvensis L.— Low ground; frequent. var. canadensis (L.) Briquet.— (M. canadensis Ml. FI. ed. 2] Wet places; common. var. lanata Piper.— Big Pond, Otis. M. Carptaca Gerarde.— A specimen in the N. E. B. C. herbarium, collected in Berkshire Co., locality not given. M. prperita L. Prprermint.— Brooks; frequent in the valley. M. spicata L. Spearmint.— Along brooks and wet places in meadows; frequent in the valley. MARRUBIUM. HoreHounn. M. vutcare L. Common Horexounp.— On dump at woolen mill, Pittsfield. MONARDA. Horst Mint. _M. pipyma L. Osweco Trea; Bre Batm.— Occasionally estab- lished near dwellings. Pittsfield (Lincoln); Sheffield; Sandisfield (Walters); in a damp thicket in Great Barrington, as if native. M. risrutosa L., var. RuBRA Gray. Witp BERGamot.— Near dwelling, Lanesboro (Churchill). M. mollis L. Wp Bereamot.— Hillsides and thickets in calcareous soil; locally common in the southwestern part of the valley, as far east as the borders of Lee and Monterey. 322 PROCEEDINGS: BOSTON SOCIETY NATURAL HISTORY. NEPETA. Catnip. N. Cararta L. Catnip.— Waste places about farm buildings, roadsides and clearings; common. N. weperacea (L.) Trevisan. GILL-ovER-THE-GROUND.— (Gle- coma hederacea Ill. Fl. ed. 2.) Moist ground along roadsides and about buildings; frequent. Occasionally in moist woods. ORIGANUM. Witp Magrsoram. O. vuLteaRE L. Wiip Marsoram.— Locally established on lime- stone hillsides in the valley. Williamstown; North Adams; Stock- bridge; West Stockbridge; New Marlboro; Egremont. PHYSOSTEGIA. Fatsz Dracon Heap. (Dracocephalum Ill. Fl. ed. 2.) P. vireintana (L.) Benth. Fartst Dracon Heap.— Occasionally established along roadsides; Pittsfield (Lincoln); West Stockbridge. PRUNELLA. Sertr Heat. P. vutearis L. Setr Heat; Heat Atu.— Lawn, Pittsfield. var. lanceolata (Barton) Fernald.— (P. vulgaris Man. ed. 7 in part; vid. Rhodora, 15: 182, 1913.) Fields, meadows, open places in woods, lawns and roadsides; com- mon. Summit of Greylock. forma candida Fernald.— (Vid. Rhodora, 15: 184, 1913.) Savoy; Stockbridge; Sheffield (Walters). forma iodocalyx Fernald.— Riverbank, North Adams (Fernald and Long). Professor Fernald has shown (Rhodora, 15: 182, 1913) that the com- mon Prunella in New England differs from the European P. vulgaris in the character of the principal cauline leaves (the median ones). In the European plant these leaves are ovate or ovate-oblong, rounded at the base, averaging one-half as broad as long. This plant is found occasionally inlawns. In the common Pruzclla of the fields and road- sides the principal cauline leaves are lanceolate to oblong, gradually narrowed or cuneate at base, averaging one third as broad as long. HOFFMANN: FLORA OF BERKSHIRE COUNTY. 323 PYCNANTHEMUM. Mountain Mint. (Kodlia Il. Fl. ed. 2.) P. flexuosum (Walt.) BSP.— Dry fields and low meadows; occa- sional in the southern part of the valley. Stockbridge; Sandisfield (Walters); Sheffield. P. muticum (Michx.) Pers.— Lanesboro (Churchill) ; Great Barrington; Sandisfield (Walters). P. virginianum (L.) Durand & Jackson.— Dry fields; frequent in the valley, and in Mt. Washington. Specimens from Lanesboro (Churchill) and Sheffield have pubescent stems. SALVIA. Sace. S. sytvesrris L.— Adventive on a dry hillside, Sheffield. This is the third station recorded for the United States (vid. Rhodora, 19: 39, 1917). SATUREJA. Savory. (Clinopodium Ill. Fl. ed. 2.) S. Actnos (L.) Scheele-— Dry bank, Williamstown (Churchill); field, Sheffield (Mrs. O. P. Phelps). S. vulgaris (L.) Fritsch. Bastt.— Dry open woods and thickets; frequent in the valley, rare on the plateau (Sandisfield). SCUTELLARIA. SxkuLucap. S. galericulata L.— Wet meadows and swamps; common. S. lateriflora L. Map-pog Sxuticap.— Wet meadows, swamps and borders of streams; common. STACHYS. Hepce Nettie. S. palustris L. Wounpworr.— Roadsides in poor wet soil; occasional. Williamstown (Churchill); Stockbridge; West Stock- bridge; Sheffield. var. homotricha Fernald.— Dry field, West Stockbridge. TEUCRIUM. GerRMANDER. T. Borrys L.— Dry soil in pastures; occasional in the southern part of the valley. Great Barrington (Walters); Sheffield (Walters). 324 PROCEEDINGS: BOSTON SOCIETY NATURAL HISTORY. T. occidentale Gray, var. boreale (Bicknell) Fernald.— Locally common along the Housatonic River in Sheffield. THYMUS. Tuyme. T. Serpyttum L. Creepine Tayme.— Thoroughly naturalized and locally common on hillsides and along roadsides in calcareous soil in the central part of the valley. Altitude of 1400 feet (Gilder Pond, Otis). Not noted in suitable localities in Egremont and Sheffield. At Berry Pond, Hancock, at an altitude of 2000 feet, a small patch growing with Vaccinium pennsylvanicum in minimacid soil. TRICHOSTEMA. B.vuE CurLs. T. dichotomum L. Buiue Curis.— Sandy or gravelly fields; frequent in the valley. SOLANACEAE. NIGHTSHADE FAMILY. DATURA. JamestowN WEED; JIMsoN WEED. D. Tatuta L. Purpre Tuorn Appie.— (D. Stramonium Ill. Fl. ed. 2 in part.) Adventive on roadside, Sheffield. LYCOPERSICUM. Tomaro. L. escuLentum Mill. Tomato.— (L. Lycopersicon Ill. Fl. ‘ed. 2.) Occasionally self-sown on dumps and on shores of rivers. LYCIUM. Marrimony VINE. L. gauimirottum Mill. Common Matrimony Vine.— Established in a vacant lot, Lee; spreading on a dry hillside, New Marlboro. NICANDRA. (Physalodes Ill. Fl. ed. 2.) N. Puysatopes (L.) Pers. AppLe or Prru.— Waste ground, Sheffield. NICOTIANA. Tospacco. N. arrinis L. & O.— Occasional on dumps. HOFFMANN: FLORA OF BERKSHIRE COUNTY. 325 PETUNIA. PrErunta. P. NYCTAGINIFLORA Juss.— (P. avzillaris Ill. Fl. ed. 2.) Waste ground, Sheffield. PHYSALIS. Grounp CHERRY. P. heterophylla Nees.— Dry hill, Sheffield. var. ambigua (Gray) Rydb.— Sandy soil, Florida; New Marl- boro; Great Barrington and Sheffield (Walters). P. prornosa L.— Occasional and apparently introduced. Bank near garden, Stockbridge; sandy bank along the Housatonic River, Sheffield (Walters). P. suscLaBprata Mackenzie & Bush.— Waste ground, Stockbridge. SOLANUM. NicutTsHapDeE. S. Dutcamara L. Brrrer-swreet.— Borders of streams and swamps; common. Shaded calcareous ledges, West Stockbridge. S$. nigrum L. Common Nieutsaape.— Open fields and shaded ledges; occasional. Stockbridge; Great Barrington; Sheffield. SCROPHULARIACEAE, FIGWORT FAMILY. AGALINIS. (Gerardia Man. ed. 7 in part; vid. Rhodora, 20: 133, 1918.) A. tenuifolia (Vahl) Raf. SLenpeR GERARDIA.— Open wooded hillsides; rare. Stockbridge; Sheffield. AUREOLARIA. (Gerardia Man. ed. 7 in part; Dasystoma Ill. Fl. ed. 2. Vid. Rhodora 20: 133, 1918.) A. pedicularia (L.) Raf— Dry open woods; occasional in the southern part of the valley. Great Barrington; Sheffield. A. villosa Raf. Downy Fase Foxeiove.— (Gerardia flava Man. ed. 7; Dasystoma flava Ill. FI. ed. 2.) Dry woods; occasional in the southern part of the valley. Great Barrington; New Marlboro. A. virginica (L.) BSP. Smootu Fase Foxeiove.— Dry woods; frequent in the valley. 326 PROCEEDINGS: BOSTON SOCIETY NATURAL HISTORY. CHELONE. TurtieHeaD; SNAKEHEAD. C. glabra L. TurTLEHEAD; SNAKEHEAD.— Swamps and wet meadows; common. Summit of Greylock, 3500 feet. C. Lyont Pursh.— Established for several rods along a brook, Stockbridge. GRATIOLA. Hence Hyssop. G. virginiana L.— Roadside ditches and muddy shores : occasional in the valley. Becket (Walters); Stockbridge; Great Barrington; Sheffield. ILYSANTHES. Fase PimMpernet. I. dubia (L.) Barnhart.— Wet places in woods and muddy shores; frequent. LINARIA, TOADFLAX. L. canadensis (L.) Dumont. Buiur Toapriax.— Sandy roadsides and fields; frequent in the southern part of the valley. L. minor (L.) Desf.— (Chaenorrhinum minus Il. Fl. ed. 2.) Along railroad, West Pittsfield (Churchill). L. vutearis Hill. Burrer anp Ecos.— (L. Linaria Ill. FI. ed. 2.) Fields and roadsides; common. t MELAMPYRUM. Cow Wueat. M. lineare Lam. Cow Wuerat.— Dry woods; common in the southern part of the valley. MIMULUS. Monkey FLower. M. ringens L. Monxry FLowrer.— Wet places; common. PEDICULARIS. Lovusreworrt. P. canadensis L. Louszwort; Woop Brtony.— Open woods and grassy banks; common. forma praeclara A. H. Moore.— Vid. Rhodora, 16: 128 (1914). Common. PENTSTEMON. BrEarpD-TONGUE. P. hirsutus (L.) Willd.— Dry fields and rocky hills; ne in the southern part of the valley. HOFFMANN: FLORA OF BERKSHIRE COUNTY 327 P. rarvicatus Ait.— (P. Penstemon Ill. FI. ed. 2.) Fields; occasional in the southern part of the valley. Lee; New Marlboro; Sheffield. Probably introduced with grass seed. var. DieiTa.is (Sweet) Gray.— (P. Digitalis Ill. Fl. ed. 2.) Fields; occasional in the southern part of the valley. Stockbridge; Great Barrington; Egremont; Sheffield. SCROPHULARIA. Ficworrt. 8. leporella Bicknell.— Fields and roadsides; frequent. S. marilandica L.— Rich shaded soil; frequent. VERBASCUM. Mo t.Ern. V. Buatrarra L. Mora Mutierm.— Old fields; rare. New Ashford; Pittsfield; Great Barrington. V. Tuapsus L. Mutirrn.— Hillsides, clearings and old fields; common. VERONICA. SprEpWELL. V. americana Schwein. AMERICAN BROOKLIME.— Brooks, ditches and swampy places; common. V. Anagallis-aquatica L. Water SPEEDWELL.— Brooks; rare. Stockbridge Bowl, Stockbridge; Sheffield. The material of V Anagallis-aquatica from Berkshire has been determined by Dr. F. W. Pennell as V’. catenata Pennell, var. glandu- losa Farwell. V. aRVENSIS L. Corn SPEEDWELL.— Dry hillsides; frequent in the valley. V. officinalis L. Common SpEEDWELL.— Hillsides and open woods; common. V. peregrina L. Purstane SPEEDWELL.— Cultivated ground; occasional. Pittsfield; Stockbridge; West Stockbridge; Great Bar- rington (Walters); Sandisfield. V. scutellata L. Marsa SpEEDWELL.— Swamps and wet places; common. V. SERPYLLIFOLIA L.— Damp grassy ground; common. V. Trucrium L.— Roadside escape; occasional. Williamstown; New Marlboro; Egremont; Mt. Washington (Churchill). V. Tournerorti L.— Waste ground; occasional. Lanesboro; Pittsfield. 828 PROCEEDINGS: BOSTON SOCIETY NATURAL HISTORY. V. virginica L. Cunver’s Root.— (Leptandra virginica Ill. Fl. ed. 2). Borders of streams and roadside thickets; frequent in the southern part of the valley. Altitude 1100 feet, Sheffield. LENTIBULARIACEAE. BLADDERWORT FAMILY. UTRICULARIA. BLADDERWORT. U. clandestina Nutt.— (U. geminiscapa Ill. FI. ed. 2.) Pools in marshes; occasional. Pittsfield; Stockbridge. U. cornuta Michx.— (Stomoisia cornuta Ill. FI. ed. 2.) Swampy borders of ponds; frequent. U. gibba L.— Poolsinmarsh. Egremont; Pittsfield (Dewey). U. intermedia Hayne.— Pools in bogs and marshes; frequent. U. minor L.— Pools in marshes. Monterey; Great Barrington. U. vulgaris L., var. americana Gray.— (U. macrorhiza Il. FI. ed. 2.) , Ponds and slow streams, pools in marshes; common. OROBANCHACEAE. BROOM-RAPE FAMILY. CONOPHOLIS. Squaw-root; CaNcER-ROOT. C. americana (L. f.) Wallr. Cancrer-root.— Oak woods, Shaker Mt., Pittsfield (Lincoln); Hancock (Churchill). Perhaps more widely distributed and overlooked. EPIFAGUS. Berrcu-props. (Leptamnium Ill. Fl. ed. 2.) E. virginiana (L.) Bart.— Dry woods, under beech-trees; frequent. On Greylock to an altitude of 2500 feet. OROBANCHE. Broom-raPe. (Thalesia Ill. Fl. ed. 2.) O. uniflora L. ONE-FLOWERED CaNCER-RooT.— Dry woodlands; frequent in the valley. On Solidago rugosa and Aster cordifolius (Evans, Fernald and Knowlton). HOFFMANN: FLORA OF BERKSHIRE COUNTY. 329 PHRYMACEAE. LOPSEED FAMILY. PHRYMA. LopszeEp. P. Leptostachya L. Lopsrep.— Open woods in low ground; frequent in the valley. PLANTAGINACEAE, PLANTAIN FAMILY. PLANTAGO. PuLaAnrTain. P. arnistata Michx.— Dry fields and waste ground; frequent in the southern part of the valley. Naturalized from the West. P. LANCEOLATA L. Ris Grass.— Fields and meadows; common. P. major L. Common Piantarin.— About dwellings and along roadsides; common. P. mepia L.— Adventive in a lawn, Lenox. P. Rugelii Dcne.— Fields and roadsides, and about dwellings; common. RUBIACEAE. MADDER FAMILY. CEPHALANTHUS. Burronsusu. C. occidentalis L. Burronsusu.— Borders of ponds and slow streams, and in swamps; common. GALIUM. Bepsrraw; CLEAVERS. G. Aparine L.— Riverbanks and rich soil at: low altitudes; fre- quent in the valley. G. asprellum Michx. Roucu Bepstraw.— Alluvial thickets and low ground; common. G. boreale L. Nortaern Brpstraw.— Meadows; occasional. Williamstown (Churchill); Sandisfield; Sheffield. Plants collected in Sheffield with hispid fruit. G. circaezans Michx. Witp Liquorice.— Dry woods and clear- ings; frequent in the southern part of the valley. G. Claytoni Michx.— Swamps and wet meadows; common. G. EREcTUM Huds.—.Roadsides and fields; occasional. Lanesboro; Becket; Lenox; Great Barrington (Walters). G. labradoricum Wiegand.— Bogs; frequent. G. lanceolatum Torr. Witp Liquoricz.— Rich woods; com- mon. 330 PROCEEDINGS: BOSTON SOCIETY NATURAL HISTORY. G. Motiueo L.— Roadsides and fields; common from West Pitts- field to Richmond, occasional elsewhere in the valley. Williamstown; Adams; Cheshire; Stockbridge; Tyringham. G. palustre L.— Wet meadows and shores of ponds; common. G. pilosum Ait.— Dry woods; rare. Sheffield. G. tinctorium L.— Alluvial banks. Sheffield; Great Barrington (Walters). G. trifidum L.— Swamps and wet shores; common. G. triflorum Michx. Swerrt-scentep Bepstraw.— Rich woods; common. G. verum L. YeEtLow Bepstraw.— Roadsides and meadows; occasional. New Ashford; Lenox (Lincoln); Stockbridge; Great Barrington; Sheffield. HOUSTONIA. H. caerulea L. Buivets; Ivnocence.— Pastures, meadows, road- sides and along woodroads; common. Occasionally in open moist pine woods, Stockbridge. H. longifolia Gaertn.— Dry hills and rocky’ ridges in the western part of the valley; local. West Stockbridge; Great Barrington; Sheffield (Bailey). MITCHELLA. Partripce BERRY. M. repens L. Partripce Berry.— Woods; common. Occasion- ally on limestone but under pines. CAPRIFOLIACEAE. HONEYSUCKLE FAMILY. DIERVILLA. Buse Honeysuckie. D. Lonicera Mill. Buss Honerysuckie.— (D. Diervilla Ill. Fl. ed. 2.) Rocky woods and dry banks; common. Not noted on calcareous soil. : LINNAEA. Twin-FrLoweERr. L. borealis L., var. americana (Forbes) Rehder. Twin-FLoweEr. — (L. americana Ill. Fl. ed. 2.). Moist mossy woods; occasional on the plateau. Savoy; Washing- ton; Harmon Pond, New Marlboro; Mt. Washington (Mrs. W. T. Day). HOFFMANN: FLORA OF BERKSHIRE COUNTY. 331 LONICERA. HoNEYSUCKLE. L. caerulea L., var. calvescens Fernald & Wiegand. Mountain Fry Honeysucxie.— (L. caerulea, var. villosa Man. ed. 7 in part.) Swamps; occasional. Lanesboro; Pittsfield (Knowlton); Stock- bridge. Leaves only sparingly pilose or glabrate; the new twigs glabrous or merely puberulent or sparingly pilose, becoming glabrate (vid. Rhodora, 12: 210, 1910). var. villosa (Michx.) T. & G.— Bogs and wet hillsides; common, especially on the plateau. L. canadensis Marsh. American Fry HonrysuckLte.— Woods; frequent. L. dioica L.— Rocky woods and swamps; frequent. Common in thickets in the sand-plain, Sheffield. L. hirsuta Eat.— Bullock’s Ledge, Williamstown. This species was discovered “ on a rocky hill, two miles west of the college ”’ in Williamstown in 1817 by a pupil of Amos Eaton and described in the second edition of Eaton’s Manual of Botany in 1818. The species was later found in Vermont, Pennsylvania and as far north- west as Manitoba, but no additional stations were found in Massa- chusetts, nor were botanists able to rediscover Eaton’s station. In 1920 the writer had the good fortune to find the plant growing in some abundance at the above locality, probably the type station. L. SEMPERVIRENS L. Trumpet HonrysuckLe.— Escaped on rocky hillside, Great Barrington. L. tatarica L. Tartarian HoneysucKLE.— Occasional as an escape in thickets, Stockbridge. L. Xyiosteum L. European Fry Honeysucxie.— Locally fre- quent as an escape in thickets about Stockbridge Bowl, Stockbridge. SAMBUCUS. ELprEr. §. canadensis L. Common ELpER; ELDERBERRY.— Low ground; common. 8. racemosa L. ReEp-BERRIED ELpER.— Rocky woods, banks and clearings; common. SYMPHORICARPUS. Snowszrry. $. albus (L.) Blake.— (S. racemosus Man. ed. 7 and IIl. FI. ed. 2; vid. Rhodora, 16: 118, 1914.) 332 PROCEEDINGS: BOSTON SOCIETY NATURAL HISTORY. Dry calcareous hill, Sheffield. The most.eastern known station. var. LAEVIGATUS (Fernald) Blake.— (S. racemosus Ill. Fl. ed. 2 in part; vid. Rhodora, 16: 119, 1914.) , Roadside banks; occasionally escaping from cultivation. TRIOSTEUM. Horse GEnTIAN. T. aurantiacum Bicknell Rocky woods and dry thickets; fre- quent in the southern part of the valley. VIBURNUM. VipurNnum. V. acerifolium L. Mapie-Leavep Vinurnum.— Woods; com- mon. V. affine Bush.— (V. pubescens Man. ed. 7 and Ill. Fl. ed. 2; wid. Rhodora, 20: 14, 1918.) Rocky woods, on schist, West Stockbridge Mt., West Stockbridge. The only station known in Massachusetts. V. alnifolium Marsh. Hoxssie-susa.— Cool woods and swamps; common. Occasionally growing as a small tree. / V. cassinoides L.— Swamps and low thickets; common. V.dentatumL. Arrow-woop.— Borders of streams and marshes, wet hillsides; common, especially on the plateau. V. Lantana L. Wayrarine TREE.— Occasionally escaping from cultivation to open woods, Stockbridge. V. Lentago L. Swrret VinuRNUM; SHEEPBERRY; NANNYBERRY. — Thickets, moist woods and banks of streams; frequent. var. sphaerocarpum Gray.— Occasional with the type, Pittsfield. V. opulus L., var. americanum (Mill.) Ait. Hicu-spusn Cran- BERRY.— Swamps and cold woods; frequent. VALERIANACEAE. VALERIAN FAMILY. VALERIANA. Vatertian. V. orFicinatis L. GarpDEN VALERIAN.— Grassy roadside, Lanes- boro (Churchill). DIPSACACEAE. TEASEL FAMILY. DIPSACUS. Tras. D. sytvestris Huds. Wiip Traseu.— Established in a few small stations in Sheffield. HOFFMANN: FLORA OF BERKSHIRE COUNTY. 333 SCABIOSA. S. ocHRoLEUcA L.— Adventive in gravel pit, Pittsfield (Lincoln). SUCCISA. Devin’s Bir. S. AUSTRALIS (Wulp.) Reichenb.— Established in low ground in Pittsfield. First reported in 1892. A small station in low ground in Lenox. CUCURBITACEAE. GOURD FAMILY. CUCUMIS. Gourp; SquasH; PuMPKIN. C. Meto L. Musxme.on.— Occasional on dump heaps. C. sativus L. CucumBEer.— Occasional on dump heaps. CUCURBITA. C. Maxima Duchesne. SquasH.— Occasional on dump heaps. C. moscHata Duchesne. CrooknEcK SquasH.— Occasional in waste ground. ECHINOCYSTIS. Witp Bausam-apP_e. (Micrampelis Tl. Fl. ed. 2.) E. lobata (Michx.) T. & G. Witp CucumpBer.— Riverbanks and waste places; common. SICYOS. Onz-sEEDED Bur CucuMBER. S. angulatus L. ONnrE-sEEDED Bur CucumBeEr.— Riverbanks and waste places; frequent. CAMPANULACEAE. BLUEBELL FAMILY. CAMPANULA. BELLFLOWER. C. aparinoides Pursh. Marsa BrLirLower.— Marshes, wet meadows and borders of brooks and ponds; common. C. RaPUNCULOIDES L. BELLFLOWER.— Roadsides and_ banks; frequent. var. UCRANICA (Bess.) C. Koch.— Occasional. Lanesboro (Church- ill). C. rotundifolia L. HarespeLyt; BLUuEBELL.— Rocky ledges and 334 PROCEEDINGS: BOSTON SOCIETY NATURAL HISTORY. meadows; frequent on and about The Dome, Mt. Washington, on West Stockbridge Mt., along the flood-plain of the Deerfield River, Florida. Occasional elsewhere. Stockbridge; New Marlboro. There seems to be no explanation for the extremely local distribution of this species. In the southwestern part of Sheffield and the southern part of New Marlboro it grows freely on outcrops of limestone and of schist, and in meadows, but in no other township is it even frequent. forma alba Rand & Redfield.— Limestone outcrop with the type, Sheffield. Flowers white. (Vid. Flora of Mt. Desert, p. 124.) C. uliginosa Rydb.— Marshes and banks of streams; occasional. Washington (Johnson); Lenox; Stockbridge; Egremont; Sheffield. SPECULARIA. Venus’s LooxkING-Guass. S. perfoliata (L.) DC. VeEnus’s Looxine-ciass.— Dry hillsides and rocky woods; frequent in the southern part of the valley. LOBELIACEAE. LOBELIA FAMILY. LOBELIA. L. cardinalis L. CarptnaL-FLowEeR.— Borders of streams and ponds; frequent in the valley. L. Dortmanna L. Warer Lopeiia.— Shallow water, borders of ponds; frequent on the plateau. L. inflata L. Inp1an Topacco.— Clearings, hillsides, dry road- sides and fields, borders of ponds and streams; common. L. Kalmii L.— Wet meadows, ditches, and shores of lakes; fre- quent in the valley, always in calcareous soil. L. siphilitica L. Great Biue Losetia.—Low ground; rare. In three localities in Sheffield, near the Connecticut Line (Walters). L. spicata Lam.— Grassy fields; common. forma albiflora, f. nov.—Corollis albis. Flowers white. Occa- sional with the type, Stockbridge. The type in Coll. N. E. B. C. collected in a field in Stockbridge, Mass., July 16, 1916 (R. Hoffmann). COMPOSITAE. COMPOSITE FAMILY. ACHILLEA. Yarrow. A. Millefolium L. Common Yarrow.— Roadsides and dry fields; common. The form with red flowers occasionally occurs about houses, appearing as if an escape. HOFFMANN: FLORA OF BERKSHIRE COUNTY. 335 AMBROSIA. Racweep. A. artemisiifolia L. Racwrzp; Roman Wormwoop.— (A. ela- tior Ill. Fl. ed. 2.) Roadsides, waste places and cultivated ground; common. A. TRiFIDA L.— Occasionally adventive. Flood-plain of the Hoosac River, Williamstown; chicken-yard, Stockbridge. ANAPHALIS. Ever.uastine. A. margaritacea (L.) B.& H. Prarty Everiastine.— Dry open woods, upland pastures and clearings; common. ANTENNARIA. Ever.astine; Lapies’ Tosacco. A. Brainerdii Fernald.— Bank of Deerfield River, Florida. A. canadensis Greene.— Wooded banks; frequent. A form with purplish stem, with petaloid bracts, from Savoy. A. fallax Greene.— Rich open woods; frequent in the valley. A. neglecta Greene.— Fields and open woods; common, especially on the plateau. Altitude 2300 ft., Florida. Plants collected from Great Barrington approach var. simplex Peck. A. neodioica Greene.— Open woods, often on thin soil over rocks; common. var. grandis Fernald.— Open woods; frequent. A. occidentalis Greene.— Rich open woods and grassy banks; fre- quent. A. Parlinii Fernald— Rich open woods and grassy banks; fre- quent in the valley. A. petaloidea Fernald.— Rocky woods; frequent in the valley. A. plantaginifolia (L.) Richards.— Dry woods; frequent in the southern part of the valley. Occasional as far north as Cheshire (Cushman). ANTHEMIS. Cuamomi.e. A. Cotuta L. May-wrrp.— Roadsides and waste places; com- mon. ARCTIUM. Burvock. Key to Arctium. a. Heads corymbose, long-peduncled; leaf-blades round-ovate, , obtuse; petioles strongly angular, deeply furrowed. Petioles solid; heads very large and broad, 3 to 4.5 cm. in diameter; involucre glabrous, green........... 0... e eee eee A. Lappa. 3836 PROCEEDINGS: BOSTON SOCIETY NATURAL HISTORY. Petioles hollow; heads smaller, 2 to 2.7 cm. broad; involucre more or less arachnoid yi occ kieran dq pay awwneees Hes Hee Stes A. tomentosum. a Heads racemose or sub-racemose, rarely long-peduncled; leaf-blades ovate- oblong, usually less obtuse; petioles slightly angular. Heads medium, 2.5 to 3.5 cm. broad; the middle and inner bracts of the involucre equalling or exceeding the corollas; achenes dark brown. A. nemorosum. Heads small, 1.5 to 2.5 cm. broad; the middle and inner bracts of the involucre conspicuously shorter than the corollas; achenes gray or ashy -bLOWis7 hs? bvs SER ME Deg ne eee ee ees Ree Rebs A. minus. A. Lappa L. GreEat Burpocx.— Roadsides and waste places; rare. Williamstown; Sheffield (Walters). A. minus (Hill) Bernh. Common Burpock.— (A. minus Man. ed. 7; vid. Rhodora, 12: 47, 1910.) Waste ground and roadsides; common. A. NEmorosum Lejeune.— Waste ground, Stockbridge. This species is very variable. The specimen from Stockbridge is treated as form ¢ by Fernald & Wiegand (Rhodora, 12: 45, 1910). A. tomentosum Mill.— Frequent in waste ground, Lee. (Vid. Rhodora, 12: 45, 1910.) ARTEMISIA. Wormwoop. A. Axssintoium L. Wormwoop.— Roadside near . Greenwater Pond, Lee; waste ground, Sheffield. A. BreNNIS Willd.— Waste ground, Pittsfield; Lee. A. Lupoviciana Nutt.— Railroad track, Lee. A. vutearis L. Common Mucwort.— Roadsides and waste ground; occasional. Cheshire; West Stockbridge; Great Barring- ton; Lanesboro (Walters); Lenox. ASTER. AsTER. A. acuminatus Michx.— Cool rich woods; common. Summit of Greylock. The monstrous form with chaffy paleae instead of flowers has been found at Otis and Sandisfield (Walters). A. cordifolius L.— Borders of woods and thickets, roadsides and shaded yards; common, especially in the valley. A form from Egre- mont with flowers almost pure white when fresh, drying bluish-white. Many specimens which have been referred to this species have the upper surface of the leaves smooth, almost greasy to the touch. HOFFMANN: FLORA OF BERKSHIRE COUNTY. 337 var. Furbishiae Fernald.— Shaded bank of brook, Lee. var. polycephalus Porter.— With the type; frequent. A. divaricatus L.— Open woods; common. Almost to the sum- mit of Greylock, 3400 feet. A. dumosus L.— Sheffield (Walters). Specimen examined but since lost. A. ericoides L.— Dry open soil; common in the southern part of the valley, frequent elsewhere in the valley. Specimens from Stockbridge approach var. Pringlei Gray. var. villosus T. & G.— With the type; occasional. A. foliaceus Lindl.— Wet roadside bank, Sandisfield. “The chief characters separating [this species] from A. novi-belgit and A. longifolius are its very few large heads (involucre, excluding the enlarged outer bracts, 7-9 mm. high) chiefly solitary on elongate pedicels which are naked or have 1 or 2 large dilated foliaceous bracts, and the essentially equal herbaceous or foliaceous involucral bracts” (vid. Rhodora, 17: 18, 1915). A. laevis L.— Dry soil, borders of woods and roadside thickets; common in the valley. var. amplifolius Porter.— With the type, Stockbridge. A. lateriflorus (L.) Britton.— Thickets in low ground; common in the valley. var. bifrons (Gray) Fernald.— Low ground, Sheffield. var. hirsuticaulis (Lindl.) Porter.— (A. hirsuticaulis Tl. Fl. ed. 2.) Swampy woods; frequent in the valley. Occasionally in dry thickets, Sheffield. var. thyrsoideus (Gray) Sheldon.— Thickets in low ground; fre- quent. A. linariifolius L.— (Ionactis linariifolius Ill. Fl. ed. 2.) Dry open soil; frequent in the southern part of the valley. A. longifolius Lam.— Low shaded ground, borders of swamps; frequent in the valley. Flood-plain of the Deerfield River, Florida. var. villicaulis Gray.— Low ground; frequent in the valley. Often associated with the type. A. Lowrieanus Porter, var. lanceolatus Porter.— Sheffield (Walters). Determined by Professor Fernald. A. macrophyllus L.— Clearings and open woods, roadside thick- ets; common. var. excelsior Burgess.-— Clearings; occasional. Great Barrington. 338 PROCEEDINGS: BOSTON SOCIETY NATURAL HISTORY. var. ianthinus (Burgess) Fernald.— (A. zanthinus Ill. Fl. ed. 2.) Open woods; occasional. Florida; Stockbridge; West Stock- bridge; New Marlboro; Alford; Mt. Washington. A. multiflorus Ait—Dry soil; occasional. Williamstown; Lanesboro (Walters); New Marlboro (Walters); Egremont; Sheffield. var. exiguus Fernald.— Dry hillside, West Stockbridge. A. novae-angliae L. New Enoianp Aster.— Thickets in low ground and ill-drained hillsides; common in the valley, rare on the plateau. October Mt., Washington (altitude 1850 feet). forma roseus (Desf.), comb. nov.— With the type; occasional. Stockbridge; West Stockbridge. A. novi-belgii L.— Common along the flood-plain of the Deerfield River, Florida. A. paniculatus Lam.— Roadside thickets in low ground and wet meadows; common in the valley, infrequent on the plateau (Washing- ton, altitude 1850 feet). var. acutidens Burgess Low ground; occasional. Lenox; Stockbridge; Alford. var. bellidifiorus (Willd.) Burgess With the type; frequent. var. simplex (Willd.) Burgess.— With the type; frequent. var. cinerascens Fernald.— Open woods, New Marlboro (Walters). Specimen in F. Walters’ herbarium. A. polyphyllus Willd. — (A. Fazoni Ill. Fl. ed. 2.) Dry banks and low meadows in calcareous soil; occasional. Stock- bridge; West Stockbridge. A. prenanthoides Muhl.— Banks of streams and low ground; locally common along the Green River, Williamstown, the Green River, Egremont, and in wet fields in the northern part of Lenox. Frequent elsewhere in the valley. A. puniceus L.— Swamps, wet meadows, borders of marshes and roadside ditches; common. Summit of Greylock, 3400 feet. var. compactus Fernald.— A form closely approaching this variety but not the typical eastern Massachusetts form is occasional in the valley. Pittsfield; Stockbridge; West Stockbridge; Sheffield. var. demissus Lind].— Low ground; frequent in the valley. Alti- tude 1450 feet, Washington. var. firmus (Nees) T. & G.— Low ground; frequent. var. lucidulus Gray.— Wet meadows; frequent in the valley. HOFFMANN: FLORA OF BERKSHIRE COUNTY. 339 The most clearly marked of the varieties of A. puniceus and appar- ently distinct enough to deserve specific rank. var. lucidulus Gray, forma albiflorus, f. nov.— Corollis albis. Flowers white. The type collected in a low meadow in Lee, Sept., 1919, now in the N. E. B. C. collection. A. Schreberi Nees.— Dry woods and thickets; common. A. tardifolius L.— Shady roadsides; frequent in the valley. var. vestitus Fernald.— Occasional. Lee; Sandisfield (Walters); Sheffield. Two forms occur: one lax and soft-pubescent, the other stiff and harsh-pubescent. A. Tradescanti L.— Low ground; occasional. Stockbridge; Great Barrington; Sheffield (Walters). Never in the field a very well- marked species; too near A. paniculatus. A. umbellatus Mill.— (Doellingeria umbellata Ill. FI. ed. 2.) Low ground, borders of swamps and mountain streams, roadside thickets; common on the plateau and in Clarksburg, elsewhere in the valley occasional in swamps. Begins to be common at an altitude of about 1500 feet. Not noted on Greylock, rare on The Dome. A. undulatus L.— Dry open woods and clearings; common. A. vimineus Lam.— Thickets and roadsides in low ground; com- mon in the valley, infrequent on the plateau. var. foliolosus (Ait.) Gray.— Wet woods and low thickets; fre- quent in the valley. BELLIS. Daisy. B. pErEnNIs L.—Occasionally established in lawns. Dalton; Stockbridge. BIDENS. Bur Manriaoup. B. Beckii Torr. Water Manicotp.— (Megalodonta Beckit Il. Flora ed. 2.) . Ponds; frequent, especially in the valley. B. cernua L. Stick-tTicutT.— Wet places; common. var. minima (Huds.) DC.— Peat bog, Sandisfield. Tiny, spatulate or oblanceolate leaves and usually solitary cam- panulate heads. B. comosa (Gray) Wiegand.— (Vid. Rhodora, 17: 25, 1919.) River bog, Sheffield (Churchill). B. connata Muhl. Swamp Breaear-ticks.— Swamps and low ground; common. 340 PROCEEDINGS: BOSTON SOCIETY NATURAL HISTORY B. frondosa L. Common Bracar-TIcKs.— Waste places, road- sides and low ground; common. B. vulgata Greene. Bracar-Ticks.—Along roadsides and in damp soil; frequent. CENTAUREA. Star THISTLE. C. Jacra L.— Occasionally adventive. Williamstown (Churchill) ; Sandisfield (Walters). C. macuLosa Lam.— Well established in dry fields in Sheffield. Vacant lot, Pittsfield. C. nigra L., var. RaDIATA DC. Knapwerp.— Waste ground, Pittsfield; dry fields, Sandisfield and Sheffield (Walters). CHRYSANTHEMUM. Ox-rysr Daisy. C. LEUCANTHEMUM L., var. PINNATIFIDUM Lecog. & Lamotte. Daisy; WHITE-wEED.— Fields, meadows and wood-roads; -common. CICHORIUM. Cutcory. C. Intysus L. Cutcory.— Roadsides and waste places; frequent in the valley but nowhere common. CIRSIUM. Tuistie. C. ARVENSE (L.) Scop. Canapa TuisTLe.— Old fields, pastures, roadsides and clearings; common. forma ALBIFLORUM (Rand & Redfield), n. comb.— Vid. Flora of Mount Desert, p. 120. Frequent. var. INTEGRIFOLIUM Wimm. & Grab.— Low field, Stockbridge. C. discolor (Muhl.) Spreng. Fretp Tuistte.— Dry banks and low open ground; frequent in the valley. , C. Hillii (Canby) Fernald.— Edge of field, Egremont (Walters). C. LANCEOLATUM (L.) Hill. Common or Buti TuIstLe.— Pas- tures and clearings; common in the valley. C. muticum Michx. Swamp TuHistLE.— Swamps and wet woods; common. C. pumilum (Nutt.) Spreng. Pasture or Butt THISTLE.— (C. odoratum Ill. FI. ed. 2.) Pastures and open hillsides; common. HOFFMANN: FLORA OF BERKSHIRE COUNTY. 341 COREOPSIS. C. tinctor1a Nutt.— Occasionally persistent about gardens or on dumps. Pittsfield; Stockbridge. CREPIS. Hawk’s Bearp. C. CAPILLARIS (L.) Wallr.— Established in a meadow, Stockbridge. Probably introduced with grass seed. ERECHTITES. Firewerep. E. hieracifolia (L.) Raf., var. praealta (Raf.) Fernald.— (E. hieracifolia Man. ed. 7 in part; vid. Rhodora, 19: 27, 1917.) Recent clearings, particularly after fires, and shaded ledges; com- mon. Upper leaves attenuated to base or petioled. In the type the leaves scarcely decrease in size into the inflorescence. ERIGERON. FLEABANE.. E. annuus (L.) Pers. Daisy FLEaBane.— Old fields and waste places; common. E. canadensis L. Horsrt-weep.— (Leptilon canadense Ill. Fl. ed. 2.) Waste places, cultivated ground, old fields and dry hillsides; common. E. philadelphicus L,— Borders of swamps and moist woods; common. E. pulchellus Michx.. Rosin’s Puantain.— Borders of woods and grassy banks; common. E. ramosus (Walt.) BSP. Datsy Fieapane.— Fields and road- sides; common. var. discoideus (Robbins) BSP.— With the type; frequent. var. septentrionalis Fernald & Wiegand.— Fields; frequent. Stem and leaves sparingly hispidulous or nearly glabrous instead of cinereous-strigose (vid. Rhodora, 15: 60, 1913). EUPATORIUM. TxHoRoUGHWORT. Key to Eupatorium purpureum, E. maculatum, and E. faleatum. a. Florets 9 to 15 (rarely 8 to 20); inflorescence or its divisions flat-topped; stem speckled, if not obscured by too deep purple, not glaucous. E. maculatum. 342 PROCEEDINGS: BOSTON. SOCIETY NATURAL HISTORY. a’. Florets 5 to 7 (rarely 3 to 8); inflorescence convex; stems rarely speckled, more or less glaucous. Stems fistulose, purple, plainly glaucous; leaves in 4’s to 6’s, bluntly toothed, scabrous-puberulent beneath or glabrate; florets scarcely exserted; corolla 3.5 to 4.8 mm. long, very rarely longer. .H. purpureum. Stems solid, green with purple nodes, faintly glaucous; leaves in 3’s or 4’s, very rarely in 2’s or 5’s, sharply toothed, villous-pubescent beneath, or glabrate; florets much exserted; corollas 5.5 to 7.5 mm. long; heads paler than in the other species...............-02.-005- E. falcatum. E. falcatum Michx.— (E. purpureum Man. ed. 7 in part; vid. Rhodora, 22: 68, 1920.) Dry woods, Stockbridge, New Marlboro. E. maculatum L. Jor-Prz WexEp.— (E. purpureum, var. macu- latum Man. ed. 7; vid. Rhodora, 22: 64, 1920.) Wet meadows and borders of swamps; common. A plant from swampy woods, Lenox, with the upper leaves 26 cm. long and about 4 em. broad has been determined by Professor Wiegand as a shade form of this species. E. perfoliatum L. Boneset; THoroucHwort.— Low ground; common. A form with the leaves in 3’s from Sheffield (Walters). var. truncatum Gray.— Damp woods, Mt. Washington; Sheffield (Walters). E. purpureum L. Jor-Pyz Weep.— Rich open woods and road- side thickets; common in the valley. E. sessilifollium L.— Dry open woods on limestone knoll, New Marlboro. E. urticaefolium Reichard. Wauire Snakeroot.— Rich woods; common. Altitude 2500 feet, Greylock. GALINSOGA. G. PARVIFLORA Cav.— Railroad, Cheshire (Churchill); cultivated ground, Lenox; garden weed, Sheffield. First noted in 1918. G. aRisTtuLATA Bicknell.— (G. parviflora, var. hispida Man. ed. 7; vid. Rhodora, 22: 98, 1920.) First noted in 1899 and now thoroughly established as a garden weed and in waste places in the valley. Introduced from South America. HOFFMANN: FLORA OF BERKSHIRE COUNTY. 343 GNAPHALIUM. Cupweep. G. decurrens Ives. Evreriastine.— Dry hillsides and dry open woods; frequent in the valley. G. polycephalum Michx. Common Evertastine.— (G. obtusi- folium Ill. FI. ed. 2.) Dry open hillsides; common. G. uliginosum L. Low Cupwrep.— Roadsides in low ground and old fields; common. HELENIUM. SNEEZEWEED. H. autumnale L. SNEEZEWEED.— Banks of streams; frequent in the valley. H. nupirLorum Nutt.— Dry bushy pasture, Great Barrington. HELIANTHUS. SunFriower. H. annuus L. Common SunFLowER.— In waste ground; occa- sional. H. decapetalus L. W1tp SunFLOwER.— Open woods, thickets and clearings; common in the valley. H: divaricatus L. Wuitp SunrLowEr.— Rocky woods, clearings and dry open soil; frequent in the valleys and on the southern Taconics. H. giganteus L.— A small clump at the edge of a swamp, Stock- bridge. Perhaps introduced. H. strumosus L. Witp Sunritower.— Dry roadside thickets, clearings and open woods; frequent in the valley. H. tuserosus L. Jxrrusarem ARTICHOKE.— Roadsides in low ground, waste ground; frequent. HELIOPSIS. Ox-rre. H. HELIANTHIOIDES (L.) Sweet.— Dry woods, Lenox. H. scaspra Dunal.— Roadside, Lenox; adventive beside trolley track, Stockbridge. HIERACIUM. Hawkween. H. avrantracum L. Orance Hawkweep; Devit’s Parnt- BRrusH.— Fields; common, especially on the plateau, where the plant has become a pest in mowing-fields. 344 PROCEEDINGS: BOSTON SOCIETY NATURAL HISTORY. H. canadense Michx.— Borders of woods and rocky shores; com- mon. H. FLORENTINUM All. Kine Devit.— Adventive, Egremont (Wal- ters). H. paniculatum L.— Dry open woods; common in the southern part of the valley. var. glandulosum Hoffmann.— (Vid. Rhodora, 19: 37, 1917.) Dry woods; occasional. Sandisfield; Stockbridge; Great Barring- ton. A variety based on the presence of stipitate glands on the branches of the inflorescence. H. Pitoserza L. Movust-rar.— Established in lawn, Williams- town. H. prakautuM Gochnat, var. DECIPIENS Koch.— Sandy ground, Sheffield (Churchill). , H. pratense Tausch. Kine Devit.— Occasionally adventive in fields, but not yet well established anywhere. West Stockbridge; New Marlboro; Great Barrington (Walters); Sheffield. Frequent in Sheffield (Churchill, 1919). H. scabrum Michx.— Dry woods; common. H. venosum L. RatTTLESNAKE-WEED.— Dry woods; common in the southern part of the valley. HYPOCHAERIS. Car’s:zar. H. rapicata L.— Adventive in newly seeded grassland, Sandisfield (Walters). INULA. EscamMpPane. J. Herentum L. Enecampane.— Roadsides and pastures in low ground, borders of swamps; frequent. KRIGIA. Dwarr DanpELion. K. virginica (L.) Willd.— Dry open soil, in sterile fields or on out- crops; frequent in the southern part of the valley. LACTUCA. Lerruce. Key to Lactuca canadensis and varteties. Vid. Rhodora, 22: 9, 1920. a. Leaves with linear-falcate, usually entire lobes; upper unlobed leaves (if any) linear or linear-lanceolate. b. Leaf-base sagittate or auriculate....................., var. typica. HOFFMANN: FLORA OF BERKSHIRE COUNTY. 345 b’. Leaf-base tapering, not sagittate.................... f. angustipes. a’, Leaves with broadly faleate, or obovate and obliquely truncate, entire or toothed lobes; upper leaves similar or unlobed and lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, rarely oblanceolate or obovate, entire or rarely toothed. c. lLeaf-base sagittate, clasping.....................005 var. latifolia. c’. Leaf-base tapering, not sagittate.................. f. exauriculata. a’, Leaves all unlobed, lanceolate, oblong, oblanceolate or obovate, entire or denticulate, the lowest sometimes shallowly lobed. d. Cauline leaves lanceolate to ovate lanceolate, entire or rarely toothed. e. Leaf-base sagittate, clasping................ var. integrifolia. e’. Leaf-base not sagittate..................000 000 f. angustata. d’, Cauline leaves oblanceolate or obovate, usually toothed. f. Leaf-base sagittately clasping................ var. obovata. f’. Leaf-base tapering, not sagittate.............. f. stenopoda. L. canadensis L., var. typica Wiegand. WiLp Letruce; Horse- WEED.— Roadsides, thickets and low ground; frequent. var. typica Wiegand, forma angustipes Wiegand.— Roadsides, dry woods and low ground; frequent. Often hirsute on the lower part of the stem. var. latifolia O. Kuntze.— Roadsides, thickets and low ground; common. var. latifolia O. Kuntze, f. exauriculata Wiegand.— With the type; occasional. var. integrifolia (Bigel.) Gray.— Occasional, Mt. Washington. var. integrifolia (Bigel.) Gray, f. angustata Wiegand.— Occa- sional; dry thicket, Stockbridge. var. obovata Wiegand.— (L. integrifolia Man. ed. 7.) Cheshire (E. J. Winslow). var. obovata Wiegand, f. stenopoda Wiegand.— A specimen transitional to var. zntegrifolia, f. angustata from a dry roadside thicket, New Marlboro. The above forms have been determined by Professor Wiegand. L. scarioLa L. Prickity Lerruce.— Waste ground; rare. Wil- liamstown (Churchill); Pittsfield. var. INTEGRATA Gren. & Godr.— Waste ground; occasional. Florida; Cheshire; Great Barrington. L. spicata (Lam.) Hitche. Wuip Buus Lerruce.— Shaded banks; common. 346 PROCEEDINGS: BOSTON SOCIETY NATURAL HISTORY. . LAPSANA,. NIppLe-wort. L. communis L.— Roadside, Lenox. A few plants only, noted in 1920; a single plant in cultivated ground, Lee (1920), the plant from Lee strigose-pubescent. LEONTODON. Hawgsir. L. autumnatis L. Fatt Danpre.ion.— Grassland; occasional. Williamstown; Lenox; Hinsdale; Washington. Locally common in Williamstown, and the eastern part of Hinsdale. LEPACHYS. (Ratibida Ill. Fl. ed. 2.) L. prnnata (Vent.) T. & G. Conr-FLOowER.— Long established for many rods along a dry roadside bank in Lenox. MATRICARIA. Witp CHamoMILeE. M. Cuamomitia L.— Adventive, Cheshire (Winslow). M. suavEo.ens (Pursh) Buchenau. PrneappLe-wEED.—(D. matri- carioides Ill. Fl. ed. 2.) First noted in 1895 when rare. Now frequent in waste ground and along roadsides. Summit of Greylock, 3500 feet. ONOPORDUM. Corton THISTLE. O. Acantutum L. Corron THIsTLe.— Hillside pasture, Lanesboro (Winslow). Noted by Dewey in Pittsfield in 1829. PETASITES. Swesnt Coitsroot. P. palmatus (Ait.) Gray.— Wooded bord ers of cold:swamps; rare. Williamstown (Churchill); Pittsfield. PRENANTHES. RatTLEsNAKE-ROOT. (Nabalus Ml. Fl. ed. 2.) P. alba L. Warttre Lerruce; RatrLesnakrE-RooT.— Rich woods; common in the valley, infrequent on the plateau. P. altissima L.— Rich woods; frequent. var. hispidula Fernald.— Rich woods; occasional. Lenox; Otis; Stockbridge; Sheffield (Walters). HOFFMANN: FLORA OF BERKSHIRE COUNTY. 347 P. serpentaria Pursh. Lion’s-rooT; GALL-OF-THE-EARTH.— Dry thicket, Sheffield. P. trifoliata (Cass.) Fernald. Ga.t-or-THE-EARTH.— Woods; common. Summit of Greylock, 3400 feet. RUDBECKIA. Conz-FLowER. R. wirta L. Buack-Evep Susan; YELLow Darsy.— Fields; common. Not mentioned by Dewey. Introduced from the West after 1850. The following forms have been noted: — a. Rays greenish or streaked with green. b. Rays purple at base. c. Heads with green chaff replacing the flowers. R. laciniata L. Taxi ConE-FLOowER.— Borders of streams, moist banks and upland meadows; frequent. The double form, cultivated under the name “ Golden Glow” occasional as an escape. SENECIO. GrounpsEL; Racgwort. S. aureus L. GoLpEn Racwort.— Low woods, wet meadows and swamps; common. 8. obovatus Muhl.— Rocky woods, moist banks and ledges; com- mon in calcareous soil, and frequent elsewhere. S. vuLeaRis L.— Waste ground, Williamstown. SERICOCARPUS. Wauits-toprep ASTER. S. asteroides (L.) BSP.— Dry open woods; frequent in the south- ern part of the valley. SOLIDAGO. GoLDEN-RopD. Key to Solidago. a. Heads clustered along the axils of the leaves or in spikes or panicles, not in flat-topped corymbs. b. Bracts of rigid involucre with abruptly spreading herbaceous tips; -heads in-clusters or compactly clustered racemes, disposed in a dense somewhat leafy and interrupted wand-like compound spike; local. S. squarrosa. b’. Bracts of the involucre without green tips and appressed. c. Heads clustered along the axils of the leaves, or in wand-like, or pyramidal compact panicles, not in spreading open panicles. 348 PROCEEDINGS: BOSTON SOCIETY NATURAL HISTORY. _d, Heads mostly large, the involucres 6 (rarely 5) to 12 mm. high, forming an erect terminal thyrse; species confined in Berkshire County to Mt. Greylock and The Dome. Heads very large, 8 to 12 mm. high, leaves thin; upper slopes of Mt. Greylock’.. scs sc — on > - iw) RAwWWHH kw bd nN _ al bw _ NONRFWORONKFWWNW - NPR EP WRENN We = yo ee ww why nN —_ oar bd bv OoOOrN - _ BR 18 roy H 42 40 5 1 1 Summary By Divisions AND CLASSES. Genera Species Varieties Forms Native Introd. Native Introd. Native Introd, Native Introd. . Pteridophyta 22 1 50 1 13 11 Spermatophyta 363 88 1073. 252 179 17 54 5 Gymnospermae 7 1 11 2 1 2 Angiospermae 356 87 1062 250 176 17 53 5 Monocotyledoneae 93 12 376 38 78 2 18 1 Dicotyledoneae 263 75 686 213 102 15 35 4 360 PROCEEDINGS: BOSTON SOCIETY NATURAL -HISTORY. Summary By Minor Grovps. Families 118 Genera native 885 introduced 89 Total 474 Species , native 1123 introduced 254 Total 1377 Varieties native 192 introduced 17 Total 209 Forms native 65 introduced 5 Total 70 Whole number of plants, (species, varieties and forms) not including 96 listed as fugitives, 1,656. HOFFMANN: FLORA OF BERKSHIRE COUNTY. 361 OBSERVATIONS ON SOIL RELATIONS. Observations made during one season with the field set devised by Mr. E. T. Wherry for testing the alkalinity and acidity of the soil are given below. Plants Growing in Leaf Mould Reaction Caulophyllum thalictroides in mucky pocket 10 + alk. & s from slopes of Greylock, alt. 2600 ft. 3 + ac. Athyrium angustifolium 10 + alk. “ “ 34 alk. Dentaria laciniata 7 + alk. Thelypteris Goldiana 3 + alk. Viola canadensis | Hepatica acutiloba eral Viola renifolia, var. Brainerdit Bane Mitchella repens Cypripedium pubescens (alt. 1700 ft.) 3 + acid Plants Growing in Low Meadows and the Edges of Bogs Juncus Dudleyi : 10 + alk. Viola affinis : 10 + alk. Selaginella apoda (8. apus Man. ed. 7) 7 + alk. . - neutral Solidago patula (four localities) neutral Lobelia Kalmit neutral Cypripedium hirsutum neutral Parnassia caroliniana (two localities) 10 + alk. “ « “ “ 3 + alk. Sarracenia purpurea 3 + alk. “ “ 3 + ac. Menyanthes trifoliata 3 + alk. Vaccinium macrocarpon . 3 + alk. Vaccinium pennsylvanicum (on mossy log in calcareous marsh) 8 + acid Juncus marginatus neutral Carex aurea 3 + alk. Ledum groenlandicum 7+ acid Potentilla fruticosa 10 + acid Drosera rotundifolia 10 + acid : . 3 + acid Mitella nuda neutral 362 PROCEEDINGS: BOSTON SOCIETY NATURAL HISTORY. Plants of Dry Woods Viola palmata « “ Panicum dichotomum Panicum latifolium Cypripedium acaule in subsoil Pogonia verticillata in oak-leaf mould Gerardia quercifolia Lysimachia quadrifolia under pines Plants of Exposed Rocks Woodsia ilvensts . on schist Amelanchier sanguinea “ “ Camptosorus rhizophyllus on limestone Selaginella rupestris . cs Arenaria stricta Liparis Loesellii “ “ Plants of Open Fields Thymus Serpyllum “ “ “ “ Pycnanthemum flecuosum Plants of Ill-drained Woods Solidago macrophylla (alt. 2700 ft.) Trillium erectum (alt. 2500 ft.) Epigaea repens Potentilla tridentata —_ (alt. 2300 ft.) Plants of Sandy Fields Lechea intermedia Carex festucacea, var. minor Reaction 3 + alk. 3 + acid neutral neutral 3 + acid 10 + acid 3 acid 7 acid 3 + alk. neutral 3 + acid 3 + alk. 100 + acid 100 + acid 3 + acid 3 + acid 3 + acid neutral HOFFMANN: FLORA OF BERKSHIRE COUNTY. List or New Forms anp CoMBINATIONS. Aquilegia canadensis L., forma Phippenii (J. Robinson) comb.nov. Asplenium platyneuron (L.) Oakes, forma serratum - S. Miller) comb. nov. Aster novae- austins L., fanua roseus (Desf. ) cota: nov. Aster puniceus L., var. lucidulus Gray, forma albiflorus f. nov. Botrychium dissectum Spreng., forma elongatum (Gilbert & Haberer) comb. nov. Camptosorus rhizophyllus (L.) Linke, forma auriculatus f. nov. Cirsium arvense (L.) Scop., forma albiflorum (Rand & — comb. nov. ‘ Cypripedium hirsutum Mill, Petes album (Sweet) and. nov. Echium vulgare L., forma albiflorum f. nov. Habenaria paycodes (L.) Sw., forma albiflora f. nov. Hepatica acutiloba DC., forma albiflora f. nov. Hepatica acutiloba DC., forma rosea f. nov. Lobelia spicata Lam., forma albiflora f. nov. ; Phalaris arundinacea L., forma picta (L.) comb. nov. Polypodium vulgare L., forma auritum (Willd.) comb. nov. Thelypteris marginalis (L.) Nieuwl., forma es (Robinson) Weatherby comb. nov. Trillium erectum L., forma albifloram f. nov. 363 Page 267 193 338 339 199 195 340 246 318 248 268 268 334 220 196 197 244 INDEX. Numbers in heavy-face type refer to the annotated list. Synonyms are in italics. Abies, 203, 354 Abutilon, 299 Acalypha, 294 Acer, 187, 188, 296 ACERACEAE, 296, 358 Achillea, 334 Acorus, 235 Actaea, 187, 266 Adder’s Mouth, 248 Adder’s Tongue, 200, 242 Adder’s Tongue Family, 199 Adiantum, 187, 193 Adlumia, 272 Aegopodium, 306, 353 Aesculus, 297, 353 Agalinis, 325 Agastache, 191, 319 Agrimonia, 279 Agrimony, 279 ..Agropyron, 188,209. Agrostemma, 180, 262, 353 ee 209, 354 Aira, 354 AIZOACEAR, 262, 358 Ajuga, 320° der, 253 Black, 296 Downy Green, 253 Smooth, 253 Speckled, 253 White, 310 Alexanders, Golden, 308 Alfalfa, 291 Alisma, 207 ALISMACEAR, 207, 357 Alliaria, 356 Allionia, 261 Allium, 187, 242 Allspice, Wild, 271 Alnus, 191, 253 Alopecurus, 209 Alsike Clover, 292 Alsine, 264 Althaea, 299, 353 Amaranth, 261 Amaranth Family, 261 AMARANTHACEAE, 261, 358 Amaranthus, 261, 353 AMARYLLIDACEAE, 244, 357 Amaryllis Family, 244 Ambrosia, 335 Amelanchier, 191, 279, 362 Amorpha, 288, 353 Amphicarpa, 288 Amygdalus, 284 ANACARDIACEAE, 295, 358 Anaphalis, 180, 335 Andromeda, 188, 309 Andropogon, 188, 210 Anemone, 266 Rue, 267 Wood, 266 Anemonella, 187, 267 Angelica, 192, 306 Purple, 306 Antennaria, 187, 335 Anthemis, 335 Anthoxanthum, 210 Anychia, 261 Aplos, 187, 289 APOCYNACEAE, 316, 359 Apocynum, 186, 316 Apple, 285 Crab, 285 Apple of Peru, 324 AQUIFOLIACEAE, 295, 358 Aquilegia, 188, 267, 353, 363 Arabis, 182, 191, 272, 355 ARACEAE, 235, 357 Aralia, 187, 188, 306 ARALIACEAE, 306, 359 Arbor Vitae, 204 Arbutus, Trailing, 310 Arceuthobium, 204, 257 Arctium, 180, 335 Arctostaphylos, 178, 309 Arenaria, 182, 191, 262, 362 Arethusa, 245 Arisaema, 179, 187, 236 Aristida, 210 ARISTOLOCHIACEAE, 257, 358 Armoracia, 275 Aronia, 285 Arrenatherum, 210 Arrow Arum, 236 Grass Family, 207 Arrow-head, 207 Arrow-wood, 332 Artemisia, 336, 354 Artichoke, Jerusalem, 348 365 366 PROCEEDINGS: BOSTON SOCIETY NATURAL HISTORY. Arum, Arrow, 236 Water, 236 Arum Family, 235 Asarum, 187, 257 ASCLEPIADACEAE, 316, 359 Asclepias, 316, 356 Ash, 314 American Mountain, 285 Black, 315 Green, 315 Prickly, 294 Red, 315 White, 314 Asparagus, 242 Aspen, 250 American, 250 Large-toothed, 250 Asperella, 210 Aspidium, 197 Asplenium, 191, 193, 363 Aster, 187, 188, 191, 192, 328, 336, 356, 363 New England, 338 White-topped, 347 Athyrium, 187, 193, 194, 197, 361 Atragene, 267 Atriplex, 260, 353 Aureolaria, 187, 325 Avena, 210, 216 Avens, 283 Purple, 283 Water, 283 White, 283 Yellow, 283 Azalea, 312, 355 Pink, 312 Balm, Bee, 321 Horse, 320 Balsam Fir, 203 Poplar, 250 Balsam-apple, Wild, 333 BaLsaMINACEAE, 297, 358 Baneberry, 266 Red, 266 White, 266 Baptisia, 187, 289 Barbarea, 273 Barberry, 270 Common, 270 Barberry Family, 270 Barley, 216 Common, 216 Bartonia, 315 Basil, 323 Basswood, 299 Batrachium, 269 Bay, Rose, 312 Beak Rush, 233 Bearberry, 309 Beard-tongue, 326 Bedstraw, 329 Northern, 329 Rough, 329 Sweet-scented, 330 Yellow, 330 Bee Balm, 321 Beech, 254 Blue, 253 Water, 253 Beech Family, 254 Beech-drops, 328 Beggar-ticks, 340 Common, 340 Swamp, 339 Beggar’s Lice, 318 Bellflower, 333 Marsh, 333 Bellis, 339, 354 Bellwort, 243, 244 Benzoin, 188, 271 BERBERIDACEAE, 270, 358 Berberis, 270 Bergamot, Wild, 321 Berteroa, 273 Betony, Wood, 326 Betula, 253, 355 Betuaceasg, 253, 357 Bicucula, 272 Bidens, 186, 188, 339 Birch, 190, 253 Black, 253 Canoe, 253 Cherry, 253 Gray, 253 Low, 253 Paper, 253 Swamp, 253 White, 253 Yellow, 253 Birch Family, 253 Bindweed, 258, 317 Black, 258 Hedge, 317 Birthwort Family, 257 Bitternut, 252 Bitter Sweet, 325 Climbing, 296 Blackberry, 286 High-bush, 286 Black-eyed Susan, 347 Bladder Nut, 296 Bladder Nut Family, 296 Bladderwort, 328 Bladderwort Family, 328 Blazing Star, 242 Blephariglottis, 247 Blephilia, 191, 320 HOFFMANN: FLORA OF BERKSHIRE COUNTY. 367 Blite, Strawberry, 260 Blitum, 260 Bloodroot, 272 Blue Curls, 324 Bluebell, 333 Bluebell Family, 333 Blueberry, 312 Black High, 312 High-bush, 313 Low, 313 Blue-eyed Grass, 245 Bluets, 330 Blue-weed, 318 Boehmeria, 255 Bog Rosemary, 309 Boneset, 342. Borage Family, 318 Boracinaceas, 318, 359 Botrychium, 187, 199, 363 Bouncing Bet, 263 Box Elder, 296 Brachyelytrum, 211 Bracken, 197 Brake, 197 Cliff, 196 Common, 197 Purple Cliff, 196 Rock, 195 Slender Rock, 195 Brasenia, 186, 265 Brassica, 273, 353 Brier, Cat, 244 Common Green, 244 Green, 244 Bromus, 186, 211 Brooklime, American, 327 Broom-rape, 328 Broom-rape Family, 328 Buckbean, 316 Buckthorn, 298 Common, 298 Buckthorn Family, 298 Buckwheat, 257 Climbing False, 259 Buckwheat Family, 257 Bugbane, 267 Bugle Weed, 320, 321 Bugloss, Viper’s, 318 Bulrush, 233 Bunchberry, 309 Bur Marigold, 339 Burdock, 335 Common, 336 Great, 336 Burnet, 288 Canadian, 288 Burning Bush, 296 Bur-reed, 205 Bur-reed Family, 205 Bursa, 274 Bush Clover, 290 Butter and Eggs, 326 Buttercup, 190, 268, 269 Creeping, 269 Swamp, 269 Butterfly-weed, 317 Butternut, 253 Buttonbush, 329 Buttonwood, 279 Cabbage, 274 Skunk, 237 Calamagrostis, 211 Calamus, 235 Calla, 236 Wild, 236 CaLLITRICHACEAE, 295, 358 Callitriche, 295, 355 Calopogon, 246 Caltha, 267 Camelina, 274, 353 Campanula, 333 CAMPANULACEAE, 333, 359 Campion, 264 Bladder, 264 Red, 263 White, 263 Camptosorus, 193, 195, 362, 363 Cancer-root, 328 One-flowered, 328 Cannabis, 355 Capnoides, 272 CAPRIFOLIACEAE, 330, 359 Capsella, 274 Caraway, 307 Cardamine, 187, 192, 274 Cardinal-flower, 334 Carex, 179, 181, 186, 187, 188, 191, 222, 354, 361, 362 Carpet Weed, 262 Carpinus, 253 Carrion-flower, 244 Carrot, 307 Wild, 307 Carum, 307 Carya, 252 CARYOPHYLLACEAE, 262, 358 Cassia, 289 Castalia, 186 Castanea, 187, 254 Cat Brier, 244 Catchfly, 264 Night-flowering, 264 Sleepy, 264 Sweet William, 264 Cathartolinum, 292 Catnip, 322 Cat’s-ear, 344 368 PROCEEDINGS: BOSTON SOCIETY NATURAL HISTORY. Cat-tail, 204, 205 Cat-tail Family, 204 Caulophyllum, 187, 271, 361 Ceanothus, 187, 298 Cedar. Red, 203 White, 204 Celandine, 271 CELASTRACEAB, 296, 358 Celastrus, 296 Celtis, 255 Cenchrus, 211 Centaurea, 340 Cephalanthus, 329 Cerastium, 180, 182, 191, 262 CERATOPHYLLACEAE, 265, 358 Ceratophyllum, 186, 265 Chaenorrhinum, 326 Chamaedaphne, 188, 310 Chamaelirium, 191, 242 Chamaepericlymenum, 309 Chamaesyce, 294 Chamomile, 335 Wild, 346 Charlock, 273 Cheat, 211 Checkerberry, 310 Cheeses, 299 Cheirinia, 275 Chelidonium, 271 Chelone, 326, 353 CHENOPODIACEAB, 260, 358 Chenopodium, 191, 260,'353 Cherry, 284 Bird, 284 Black, 285 Choke, 285 Ground, 325 Rum, 285 Sand, 284 Sour, 284 Sweet, 284 Wild Red, 284 Chess, 211 Soft, 211 Wild, 211 Chestnut, 254 Chickweed, 264 Common, 265 Common Mouse-ear, 263 Field Mouse-ear, 262 Forked, 261 Indian, 262 Mouse-ear, 262 Chickweed Wintergreen, 314 Chicory, 340 Chimaphila, 187, 310 Chiogenes, 310 Chokeberry, Black, 285 Red, 285 Chrysanthemum, 190, 340 Chrysosplenium, 277 Cicely, Sweet, 308 Cichorium, 340 Cicuta, 307 Cimicifuga, 179, 192, 267 Cinna, 188, 211 Cinquefoil, 283 Marsh, 284 Shrubby, 179, 283 Silvery, 283 Circaea, 187, 188, 191, 304 Cirsium, 180, 188, 191, 340, 356, 363 CISTACEAE, 300, 359 Cistus, 355 Cladium, 231 Claytonia, 187, 265 learweed, 256 Cleavers, 329 Clematis, 267, 268 Purple, 267 Clethra, 192, 310 Cliff Brake, 195 Clinopodium, 323 Clintonia, 178, 188, 242, 355 Clover, Alsike, 292 Bush, Fic Hop, 291 Rabbit-foot, 291 Red, 29! Sweet, 301 White, 292 White Sweet, 291 Yellow, 291 Yellow Sweet, 291 Club Moss, 201 Common, 201 Tree, 202 Club Moss Family, 201 Cnicus, 356 Cockle, Corn, 262 Cocklebur, 352 Coeloglossum, 247 Cohosh, Black, 267 Blue, 271 Collinsonia, 187, 320 Coltsfoot, 352 Sweet, 346 Columbine, 267 Comandra, 257 Comarum, 284 Comfrey, 319 Common, 319 CoMMELINACEAE, 238 Compositan, 334, 359 Composite Family, 334 Cone-flower, 346, 347 Tall, 347 Conioselinum, 307 HOFFMANN: FLORA OF BERKSHIRE COUNTY. 369 Conium,{307 Conopholis, 328 Convallaria, 242, 355 ConvoLVULACEAE, 317, 359 Convolvulus, 317 Family, 317 Conyza, 356 Coptis, 268 Coral Root, 246 Corallorrhiza, 246, 355 Coreopsis, 341, 354 Cornacrag, 308, 359 Cornel, 308 Dwarf, 309 Round-leaved, 309 Silky, 309 Cornus, 188, 308 Coronilla, 289 Corydalis, 188, 272 Corylus, 254 Cotton Grass, 233 Cottonwood, 250 Cow Lily, 266 Wheat, 326 Cowbane, Spotted, 307 Cowslip, 267 Crab Apple, 285 Cranberry, 312, 313 High-bush, 313, 332 Small, 313 Cranesbill, 293 CRASSULACEAE, 277, 358 Crataegus, 182, 281 Crepis, 341, 354 Cress, Bitter, 274 Marsh, 275 Penny, 276 Rock, 272 Water, 275 Winter, 273 Yellow, 275 Crocanthemum, 300 Crotalaria, 289 Crowfoot, 268 Bristly, 269 White Water, 269 Yellow Water, 269 Crowfoot Family, 266 CRUCIFERAE, 272 Cryptogramma, 195 Cryptotaenia, 307 Cuckoo Flower, 274 Cucumber, 333 One-seeded Bur, 333 Wild, 333 Culcumber-root, Indian, 243 Cucumis, 333, 353 Cucurbita, 333, 354 CucURBITACEAE, 333, 359 Cudweed, 343 Low, 343 Culver’s-root, 328 Cuphea, 356 Currant, 278 Red, 278 Skunk, 278 Swamp Black, 278 Wild Black, 278 Cuscuta, 192, 317, 356 Cut-grass, 216 Rice, 216 Cymbidium, 355 Cynoglossum, 318 Cynosurus, 212 Cynoxylon, 399 CYPERACEAE, 222, 357 Cyperus, 188, 191, 232, 354 Cypress Spurge, 294 oEe eee 187, 191, 246, 361, 362, Cystopteris, 195 Dactylis, 212 Daisy, 190, 339 Ox-eye, 340 Yellow, 347 Dalibarda, 282 Dandelion, 352 Common, 352 Dwarf, 344 Fall, 346 Red-seeded, 352 Danthonia, 212 Daphne, 303, 353 Darnel, 216 Dasiphora, 283 Dasystephana, 315 Dasystoma, 325 Datura, 324, 353 Daucus, 307 Day Lily, 242 Decodon, 303 Deerberry, 314 Dennstaedtia, 195 Dentaria, 179, 187, 276, 361 Deringa, 307 Deschampsia, 188, 212 Desmodium, 178, 187, 289, 355 Devil’s Bit, 242, 333 Paint-brush, 343 Dewberry, 287 Dianthus, 180, 263 Dicentra, 187, 272 Dicksonia, 195 Diervilla, 330 Digitaria, 191, 212 DipsacacBag, 332, 359 Dipsacus, 332 370 PROCEEDINGS: BOSTON SOCIETY NATURAL HISTORY. Dirca, 303. Dock, 259 Bitter, 260 Great Water, 259 Patience, 260 Yellow, 260 Dodder, 317 Doellingeria, 339 Dogbane, 316 Spreading, 316 Dogbane Family, 316 Dogwood, 308 Flowering, 309 Poison, 295 Red-osier, 309 Dogwood Family, 308 Doorweed, 258 Draba, 355 Dracocephalum, 322 Dragon, Green, 236 Dragon Head, False, 322 Drop-seed, 217, 222 Drosera, 188, 276, 361 DroserackBak, 276, 358 Drymocallis, 283 Dryopteris, 197 Duckweed, 237 Duckweed Family, 237 Dulichium, 232 Dutchman’s Breeches, 272 Echinochloa, 212, 353 Echinocystis, 333 Echium, 318, 363 Eel Grass, 208 Eglantine, 286 ELAtTInacras, 300, 359 Elatine, 192, 300 Elder, 331 Box, 296 Common, 331 Red-berried, 331 Elderberry, 331 Elecampane, 344 Eleocharis, 282, 354 Elm, 256 American, 256 English, 256 Shppery, 256 White, 256 Elodea, 186, 208 Elymus, 186, 213 Enchanter’s Nightshade, 304 Epifagus, 328 Epigaea, 310, 362 Epilobium, 188, 304, 353 Epipactis, 247 EQuiIsBTACEAR, 201, 357 Equisetum, 191, 201 Eragrostis, 186, 188, 191, 214 Erechtites, 341 Ericacras, 309, 359 Erigeron, 341 ERIOCAULACEAE, 237, 357 Eriocaulon, 186, 237 Eriophorum, 188, 233 Erodium, 293, 353 Erysimum, 275, 276 Erythronium, 242 Euonymus, 296 Eupatorium, 180, 187, 341 Euphorbia, 294 EUPHORBIACEAE, 294, 358 Euthamia, 359 Evening Primrose, 305 Common, 305 Evening Primrose Family, 304 Everlasting, 335, 343 Common, 343 \ Pearly, 335 Evonymus, 296, 353 Facacnak, 254, 357 Fagopyrum, 257, 353 Fagus, 188, 254 Falcata, 288 Fern, Beech, 198 Bladder, 195 Boott’s Shield, 197 Bulb-bearing, 195 Christmas, 196 Cinnamon, 199 Clinton’s Shield, 197 Crested Shield, 197 Flowering, 199 Fragile Bladder, 195 Goldie’s Shield, 197 Grape, 199 Hay-scented, 195 Interrupted, 199 Lady, 194 Marginal Shield, 197 Marsh, 198 New York Shield, 198 Oak, 197 Ostrich, 196 Rattlesnake, 200 Royal, 199 Sensitive, 195 Spinulose Shield, 198 Sweet, 252 Walking, 195 Fern Family, 193 Fescue, Meadow, 214 Sheep’s, 215 Festuca, 214, 354 Fever Bush, 271 Figwort, 327 HOFFMANN: FLORA OF BERKSHIRE COUNTY. 371 Figwort Family, 325 Filipendula, 282 Filir, 195 Fimbristylis, 233 Fir, 203 * Balsam, 203 Five-finger, 283 Fireweed, 304, 341 Flag, Blue, 245 Sweet, 235 Flax, 292 Common, 292 Flax Family, 292 Fleabane, 341 Daisy, 341 Fleur-de-lis, 245 Floating Foxtail, 209 Heart, 316 Flowering Fern, 199 Flowering Fern Family, 199 Flower-of-an-Hour, 299 Forget-me-not, 319 Garden, 319 Wild, 319 Four-o’clock Family, 261 Foxglove, Downy False, 325 Smooth False, 325 Foxtail, 221 Floating, 209 Meadow, 210 Fragaria, 282 Fraxinus, 314 Frog’s Bit Family, 208 Frostweed, 300 Fumaria, 272 Galeopsis, 180, 320 Galeorchis, 249 Galingale, 232 Galinsoga, 342 Galium, 188, 329 Gall-of-the-Earth, 347 Gaultheria, 310 Gaura, 305 Gaylussacia, 188, 311, 355 Gentian, 315 Closed, 315 Fringed, 315 Horse, 332 Gentian Family, 315 Gentiana, 192, 315, 355 GENTIANACEAE, 315, 359 GERANIACEAE, 293, 358 Geranium, 293, 353 Geranium Family, 293 Gerardia, 187, 326, 362 Slender, 325 Germander, 323 Geum, 187, 283 Ghost-flower, 311 Gill-over-the-Ground, 322 Ginannia, 215 Ginger, Wild, 257 Ginseng, 306 Dwarf, 306 Ginseng Family, 306 Glecoma, 322 Gleditsia, 290, 353 Glyceria, 215, 354 Glycine, 289 Gnaphalium, 180, 188, 343 Goat’s Beard, 352 Gold Thread, 268 Golden Alexanders, 308 Club, 236 Glow, 347 Ragwort, 347 Golden-rod, 347 Gooseberry, 278 Prickly, 278 Smooth, 278 Goosefoot, 260 Oak-leaved, 260 Goosefoot Family, 260 Gourd, 333 Gourd Family, 333 Goutweed, 306 GRAMINEAE, 209, 357 Grape, 298 Frost, 298 Northern Fox, 298 River-bank, 298 Summer, 298 Grape Fern, 199 Grass, Awned Wheat, 209 Barnyard, 212 Beard, 210 ~ Bent, 209 Blue-eyed, 245 Bottle-brush, 210 Bristly Foxtail, 221 Brome, 211 Canary, 220 Common Hair, 212 Cotton, 233 Couch, 2°9 Crab, 212 Dog’s-tail, 212 Drop-seed, 217 Fescue, 213 Finger, 212 Fow] Meadow, 215, 221 Foxtail, 209 Hair, 209 372 PROCEEDINGS: BOSTON SOCIETY NATURAL HISTORY. Grass, Herd’s, 220 Holy, 216 Indian, 222 Kentucky Blue, 221 Low Spear, 221 Manna, 215 Meadow, 221 Melic, 216 Millet, 217 Oat, 210 Old-witch, 219 Orchard, 211 Panic, 217 Pigeon, 221 Poverty, 210 Quick, 209 Rattlesnake, 215 Reed Bent, 211 Reed Canary, 220 Reed Meadow, 215 Rib, 329 Ribbon, 220 Rough-stalked Meadow, 221 Seneca, 216 Spear, 221 Squirrel-tail, 216 Star, 244 Sweet Vernal, 210 Tall Oat, 210 Thin, 209 Triple-awned, 210 Vanilla, 216 Velvet, 215 White, 216 White Bent, 209 Wild Oat, 212 Wire, 221 Wood, 222 Wood Reed, 211 Yellow-eyed, 237 Grass Family, 209 Grass of Parnassus, 277 Gratiola, 326 Gromwell, 318 Grossularia, 278 Ground Cherry, 325 Hemlock, 203 Pine, 202 Ground-nut, 289, 306 Groundsel, 347 Gum, Black, 309 Sour, 309 Gymnadeniopsis, 247 Habenaria, 188, 191, 247, 363 Hackberry, 355 HALoraGipacear, 305, 359 HAMAMELIDACEAR, 279, 358 Hamamelis, 279 Hardhack, 283, 288 Harebell, 333 Hare’s Tail, 233 Haw, Red, 281 Hawkhit, 346 Hawk’s Beard, 341 Hawkweed, 343 Orange, 348 Hawthorn, 281 English, 281 Hazelnut, 254 Beaked, 254 Heal-all, 180, 322 Heath Family, 309 Hedeoma, 320 Bede Hyssop, 326 ustard, 276 Helenium, 187, 191, 343 Helianthemum, 188, 300, 355 Helianthus, 187, 343, 354, 356 Heliopsis, 343, 354 Hellebore, 244 American White, 244 False, 244 Hemerocallis, 242 Hemlock, 190, 204 Ground, 203 Poison, 307 Water, 307 Hemp, Indian, 316 Hemp Nettle, 320 Hepatica, 187, 268, 361, 363 Heracleum, 307 Herb Robert, 293 Hesperis, 275, 353 Heteranthera, 238 Hibiscus, 299 Hickory, 252 Shag-bark, 252 Shell-bark, 252 Hicoria, 252 Hieracium, 187, 343, 356 Hierochloé, 216 Hipposelinum, 308 Hobble-bush, 332 Hog Peanut, 288 Holcus, 215 Holly, 295 Mountain, 296 Holly Family, 295 Hollvhock, 299 Homalocenchrus, 216 Honewort, 307 Honeysuckle, 267, 331 American Fly, 333 Bush, 330 European Fly, 331 HOFFMANN: FLORA OF BERKSHIRE COUNTY. 373 Honeysuckle, Mountain Fly, 331 Tartarian, 331 Trumpet, 331 Honeysuckle Family, 330 Hop, 256 Hop Tree, 293 Hordeum, 216, 353 Horehound, 321 Common, 321 Water, 321 Hornbeam, 253 American, 253 American Hop, 254 Hop, 254 Hornwort, 265 Hornwort Family, 265 Horse-chestnut, Common, 297 Horsetail, 201 Horsetail Family, 201 Horse-weed, 341, 345 Hound’s Tongue, 318 Common, 318 Houstonia, 330 Huckleberry, 311 Black, 311 Humulus, 256 HypRocHARITACEAE, 208, 357 Hydrocotyle, 307 HyYDROPHYLLACEAE, 318, 359 Hydrophyllum, 187, 191, 318 HYpErRIcacnan, 299, 359 Hypericum, 186, 187, 188, 191, 299 Hypochaeris, 344, 354 Hypopitys, 311 Hypoxis, 187, 191, 244 Hyssop, Giant, 319 Hedge, 326 Hystrix, 210 Ibidium, 249 Tlex, 188, 191, 295 ILLECEBRACEAE, 261, 358 Ilicioides, 296 Ilyganthes, 326 Impatiens, 187, 191, 297 - India-wheat, 258 Indian Chickweed, 262 Cucumber-root, 243 Hemp, 316 Pipe, 311 Tobacco, 334 Indigo, False, 288, 289 Wild, 289 Innocence, 330 Inula, 180, 344 Ipomoea, 317, 353 IRIDACEAE, 246, 357 Tris, 245 Tris Family, 245 2 Ironwood, 258, 254 Isanthus, 191, 320 Isnardia, 305 IsotTacnan, 202, 357 Isoétes, 186, 202 Ivy, Mountain, 311 Poison, 295 Jack-in-the-Pulpit, 236 Jamestown Weed, 324 Jerusalem Artichoke, 343 Oak, 260 Jewelweed, 297 Jimson Weed, 324 Joe-Pye Weed, 180, 342 JUGLANDACEAB, 252, 357 Juglans, 253 JUNCACEAB, 238, 357 JUNCAGINACEAB, 207, 357 Juncoides, 241 Juncus, 186, 187, 191, 238, 355, 361 June heny a Juniper, 20 Juniperus, 88, 191, 203 Kalmia, 310, 311 King Devil, 344 Kinnikinnik, 309 Knapweed, 340 Knawel, 262 Kneiffia, 305 Knotgrass, 258 Knotweed, 258 Pink, 259 Knotwort Family, 261 Kochia, 260, 353 Koellia, 323 Krigia, 188, 344 Lasiatag, 319, 359 Labrador Tea, 311 Lactuca, 344 Ladies’ Tobacco, 335 Tresses, 249 Lady’s Slipper, 246 Larger Yellow, 246 Pink, 246 Ram’s Head, 246 Showy, 246 Smaller Yellow, 246 Lady’s Sorrel, 293 Thumb, 259 Lambkill, 311 Lamb’s Quarters, 260 Lamium, 321 Laportea, 187, 256 Lappula, 318 Lapsana, 346, 354 Larch, 203 374 PROCEEDINGS: BOSTON SOCIETY NATURAL HISTORY. Larix, 203 Lavracga8, 271, 358 Laurel, 311 Great, 312 Mountain, 311 Pale, 311 Sheep, 311 Laurel Family, 271 Leather Leaf, 310 Leatherwood, 303 Lechea, 188, 301, 355, 362 Ledum, 188, 311, 361 Leek, Wild, 242 Leersia, 216 Lrauminosag, 288, 358 Lemna, 237 Lemnaceag, 237, 357 LENTIBULARIACEAE, 328, 359 Leontodon, 180, 346, 352 Leonurus, 321 Lepachys, 346 Lepidium, 275 Leptamnium, 328 Leptandra, 328 Leptilon, 341 Lespedeza, 188, 290 Lettuce, 344 Prickly, 345 White, 346 Wild, 345 Wild Blue, 345 Levisticum, 308, 353 Ligustrum, 315 Lilac, 315 Common, 315 Litracesk, 242, 357 Lilium, 187, 243 Lily, 243 Common Day, 242 Cow, 266 Day, 242 © Meadow, 243 Tiger, 243 Water, 265 White Pond, 265 Wild Yellow, 243 Wood, 243 Yellow Pond, 266 Lily Family, 242 Lily of the Valley, 242 Wild, 243 Limnanthemum, 316 Limnorchis, 247 Limodorum, 246 Linaceas, 292, 358 Linaria, 326, 353 Linden, 299 Linden Family, 299 Linnaea, 330 Linum, 192, 292 Lion’s Foot, 347 . Liparis, 188, 248, 362 Liquorice, Wild, 329 Liriodendron, 270 Lithospermum, 318 Live-for-ever, 277 Liverleaf, 268 Lobelia, 187, 191, 334, 361, 363 Great Blue, 334 Water, 334 Lobelia Family, 334 LoBetiaceaz, 334, 359 Locust, 291 Clammy, 291 Common, 291 Honey, 290 Lolium, 216 Lonicera, 181, 188, 191, 331, 353 Loosestrife, 304, 314 False, 305 Spiked, 304 Swamp, 303 Loosestrife Family, 303 Lophanthus, 319 Lopseed, 329 Lopseed Family, 329 LoraNnTHACEAE, 257, 357 Lousewort, 326 Lovage, 308 Lucerne, 291 Ludvigia, 305 Lupine, Wild, 291 Lupinus, 291 Luzula, 191, 241 Lychnis, 263, 353 Scarlet, 263 Lycium, 324 Lycopersicum, 324, 353 LycopopIacEak, 201, 357 Lycopodium, 178, 187, 188, 201 Lycopus, 188, 192, 321° Lygodium, 354 . Lyonia, 314 Lysias, 249 Lysiella, 248 Lysimachia, 187, 188, 314, 353, 362 LyTHRACEAE, 303, 359 Lythrum, 187, 304 Madder Family, 329 Magnolia Family, 270 Macno.iacrag, 270, 358 Maianthemum, 243 Maidenhair, 193 Malaxis, 248 Male Berry, 311 HOFFMANN: FLORA OF BERKSHIRE COUNTY. 375 Mallow, 299 Indian, 299 Marsh, 299 Musk, 299 Rose, 299 Mallow Family, 299 Malus, 285 Malva, 299, 353, 355 Matvaczas, 299, 358 Mandrake, 271 Maple, 296 Black Sugar, 297 Mountain, 297 Red, 297 River, 297 Rock, 297 Striped, 297 Sugar, 297 Swamp, 297 White, 297 Maple Family, 296 Marigold, Bur, 339 Water, 339 Mariscus, 231 Marjoram, Wild, 322 Marrubium, 321, 353 Marsh Marigold, 267 Marsilea, 200 MarsILeaceas, 200, 357 Matricaria, 346, 354 Matrimony Vine, 324 Common, 324 Matteuccia, 196 May Apple, 271 Mayflower, 310 Meadow-sweet,' 288 Medeola, 243 Medicago, 291, 353 Medick, 291 Black, 291 Megalodonta, 339 Meibomia, 289 Melampyrum, 187, 326 Melica, 216 Melilotus, 180, 291 MENISPERMACEAE, 270, 358 Menispermum, 270 Mentha, 321 Menyanthes, 188, 316, 361 Mercury, Three-seeded, 294 Mermaid Weed, 306 Mezereum Family, 303 Micrampelis, 333 Micranthes, 278 Microstylis, 248 Mignonette, 276 _ Mignonette Family, 276 Milium, 217 Milkweed, 316 Common, 317 Poke, 316 Swamp, 316 Milkweed Family, 316 Milkwort, 294 Purple, 294 Milkwort Family, 294 Millet, European, 219 Mimulus, 326 Mint, 321 Horse, 321 Mountain, 323 Wood, 320 Mint Family, 319 Mistletoe, Dwarf, 204, 257 Mistletoe Family, 257 Mitchella, 330, 361 Mitella, 188, 277, 279, 361 Miterwort, 277 False, 278 Moccasin Flower, 246 Moehringia, 262 Mollugo, 262 Monarda, 321, 353, 356 Moneses, 180, 311 Moneywort, 314 Monkey Flower, 326 Monotropa, 311 Moonseed, 270 Moonseed Family, 270 Moonwort, 199 Moosewood, 297, 303 Morning Glory, 317 Common, 317 Wild, 317 Morus, 191, 256 Moss, Club, 201 Tree Club, 202 Moss Pink, 317 Moth Mullein, 327 Motherwort, 321 Mountain Mint, 323 Mouse-ear, 344 Mugwort, Common, 336 Muhlenbergia, 217, 354 Mulberry, 256 Red, 256 White, 256 Mullein, 327 Moth, 327 Muskmelon, 333 Mustard, 273 Black, 274 Hedge, 276 Treacle, 275 Mustard Family, 272 Myosotis, 319, 356 376 PROCEEDINGS: BOSTON SOCIETY NATURAL HISTORY. Myrica, 252, 355 MyricackAg, 252, 357 Myriophyllum, 186, 305 Myrtle, Blue, 316 Nabalus, 346 Naias, 205 NasaDAcnag, 205, 357 Najas, 205 Nannyberry, 332 Narcissus, 245, 353 Poet’s, 245 Naumburgia, 314 Nemopanthus, 188, 296 Nepeta, 322 Nettle, 257 Common, 257 Common Hemp, 320 Dead, 321 False, 255 Hedge, 323 Hemp, 320 Wood, 256 Nettle Family, 255 New Jersey Tea, 298 Nicandra, 324, 353 Nicotiana, 324, 353 Nightshade, 325 Common, 325 Enchanter’s, 304 Nightshade Family, 324 Nipplewort, 346 Norta, 276 Nothoholcus, 215 Nuphar, 186 NycTaGINACcEAE, 261, 358 Nymphaea, 266 NYMPHAEACEAS, 265, 358 Nymphoides, 316 Nymphozanthus, 186, 266 Nyssa, 309 Oak, 254 Bear, 255 Black, 255 Black Scrub, 255 Bur, 255 Chestnut, 255 Chinquapin, 255 Jerusalem, 260 Mossy-cup, 255 Poison, 295 Red, 255 Scarlet, 254 Scrub Chestnut, 255 Swamp White, 254 White, 254 Yellow, 255 Oakesia, 243 Oat, 210 Oenothera, 305 OLEACEAE, 314, 359 Olive Family, 314 ONAGRACEAB, 304, 359 Onion, 242 Wild, 242 Onoclea, 186, 195, 196 Onopordum, 346 OPHIOGLOSSACEAB, 199, 357 Ophioglossum, 200 Orange, Mock, 277 Orange Grass, 300 Orchid, 187, 249 Fringed, 247 Large Purple Fringed, 247 Large Round-leaved, 248 Ragged Fringed, 248 Showy, 249 Smaller Purple Fringed, 248 White Fringed, 247 Orchid Family, 245 ORCHIDACEAE, 245, 357 Origanum, 322 OROBANCHACEBAE, 328, 359 Orobanche, 328 Orontium, 191, 236 Orpine Family, 277 Oryzopsis, 217 Osmorhiza, 187, 308 Osmunda, 188, 199 OsMUNDACEAE, 199, 357 Ostrya, 254 Oswego Tea, 321 OXALIDACEAE, 292, 358 Oxalis, 188, 292, 355 Ox-eye, 343 Ox-eye Daisy, 340 Oxybaphus, 261 Oxycoccus, 313 Padus, 285 Panax, 187, 306 Panicularia, 215 Panicum, 186, 187, 188, 191, 217, 353, 56, 362 Pansy, Wild, 301 Papaver, 272, 353 PAPAVERACEAD, 271, 358 Parietaria, 256 Parnassia, 187, 277, 361 Parsley, Hemlock, 307 Parsley Family, 306 Parsnip, 308 Cow, 307 Water, 308 Wild, 308 Parthenocissus, 298 Partridge Berry, 330 HOFFMANN: FLORA OF BERKSHIRE COUNTY. 377 Paspalum, 220 Pastinaca, 308 Peach, 284 Peanut, Hog, 288 Pear, 285 Pearlwort, 263 Pedicularis, 326 Pellaea, 191, 196 Pellitory, 256 Peltandra, 236 Penny Cress, 276 Pennyroyal, American, 320 False, 320 Mock, 320 Pennywort, Water, 307 Penthorum, 277 Pentstemon, 326 Pepper, Mild Water, 258 Water, 258 Pepperbush, Sweet, 310 Peppergrass, 275 Wild, 275 Peppermint, 321 Pepper-root 275 Pepperwort, 275 Peramium, 247 Periwinkle, 316 Persicaria, 258, 259 Dock-leaved, 174, 259 Perularia, 247 Petasites, 346 Petunia, 325, 353 Phalaris, 220, 363 Phegopteris, 197 Philadelphus, 277, 353 Philotria, 208 Phleum, 220 Phlox, 317, 353 Garden, 317 Phragmites, 178, 221 Phryma, 329 PHRYMACEAE, 329, 359 Physalis, 191, 325 Physalodes, 324 Physostegia, 322, 353 Phytolacca, 261 PHYTOLACCACEAE, 261, 358 Picea, 204, 257, 354 *‘Pickerel-weed, 238 Pickerel-weed Family, 238 Pignut, 252 Pigweed, 260, 261 Pilea, 256 Pimpernel, False, 326 PINACEAE, 203, 357 Pine, 190, 204 Ground, 202 Norway, 204 Pitch, 204 Pine, Prince’s, 310 Red, Scotch, 204 White, 190, 204 Pine Family, 203 Pineapple-weed, 346 Pinesap, 311 Pineweed, 300 Pink, 263 Deptford, 263 Fire, 264 Grass, 246 Maiden, 263 Moss, 317 Wild, 264, 317 Pink Family, 262 Pinus, 204 Pinweed, 301 Pipes, 201 Pipewort, 237 Pipewort Family, 237 Pipsissewa, 310 Pitcher-plant, 276 Pitcher-plant Family, 276 Plane Tree, 279 Plane Tree Family, 279 PLANTAGINACEAB, 329, 359 Plantago, 180, 329, 353 Plantain, 329 Common, 329 Mud, 238 Rattlesnake, 247 Robin’s, 341 Plantain Family, 329 PLATANACEAE, 279, 358 Platanus, 279 Pluchea, 356 Plum, 284 Canada, 284 Garden, 284 Wild, 284 Poa, 191, 221, 354 Podophyllum, 191, 271 Pogonia, 188, 249, 362 Rose, 249 Whorled, 249 Pokeweed, 261 Pokeweed Family, 261 PoLEMONIACEAE, 317, 359 Polemonium Family, 317 Polycodium, 314 Polygala, 187, 188, 191, 294, 355 Fringed, 294 PoLyGaLacEak, 294, 358 PotyGonacBaE£, 257, 358 Polygonatum, 187, 243 Polygonum, 174, 187, 191, 258, 353, 35 6 PoLyPoDIAcEss, 193, 357 378 PROCEEDINGS: BOSTON SOCIETY NATURAL HISTORY. Polypodium, 196, 363 Polypody, 196 Polystichum, 191, 196 Pond Lily, White, 265 Yellow, 266 Pondweed, 205 Pondweed Family, 205 Pontederia, 238 ; PONTEDERIACEAE, 238, 357 Poplar, 249 Balsam, 250 Lombardy, 250 Necklace, 250 White, 249 Poppy, 272 Common, 272 Corn, 272 Field, 272 Poppy Family, 271 Populus, 187, 191, 249, 356 Portulaca, 265 PoRTULACACEAE, 265, 358 Potamogeton, 178, 181, 182, 191, 205, 354 Potentilla, 179, 188, 192, 283, 361, 362 Prenanthes, 192, 346, 356 Prickly Ash, 294 Primrose, Evening, 305 Primrose Family, 314 Primubaceas, 314, 359 Prince’s Feather, 259 Pine, 310 Privet, 315 Proserpinaca, 306 Prunella, 180, 322 Prunus, 192, 284, 353 Psedera, 187, 188, 298 Ptelea, 293, 353 Pteretis, 186, 196 Pteridium, 197 Pteris, 197 Pulse Family, 288 Pumpkin, 333 Purslane, 265 Common, 265 Water, 305 Purslane Family, 265 Pusley, 265 Pycnanthemum, 323, 356, 362 Pyrola, 180, 187, 191, 312 One-flowered, 311 Pyrus, 188, 191, 285, 353 Queen-of-the-Meadow, 282 Queen-of-the-Prairie, 282 Quercus, 182, 187, 188, 191, 254 Quillwort, 202 Quillwort Family, 202 Radicula, 186, 275, 355 Radish, 276 Horse, 275 Wild, 276 Ragged Robin, 263 Ragweed, 335 Ragwort, 347 Golden, 347 RANUNCULACEAE, 266, 358 Ranunculus, 187, 190, 191, 268 Rape, 274 Raphanus, 276 Raspberry, 190, 286 Black, 287 Dwarf, 287 Purple Flowering, 287 Red, 286 Ratibida, 346 Rattle-box, 264, 289 Rattlesnake Fern, 200 Rattlesnake-root, 346 Rattlesnake-weed, 344 Razowmofskya, 257 Red Top, 209 Red-root, 298 Reed, 221 Reseda, 276, 353 REsEDACEAE, 276, 358 RHAMNACEAE, 298, 358 Rhamnus, 188, 298 Rhaphanus, 353 Rhododendron, 192, 312, 355 Rhodora, 355 Rhus, 188, 295, 355 Rhyncospora, 188, 233 Rib Grass, 329 Ribes, 187, 188, 191, 278, 355 Rice, Mountain, 217 Richweed, 256, 320 Robertiella, 293 Robinia, 291 Robin’s Plantain, 341 Rock Cress, 272 Rocket, 275 Rockrose, 300 Rockrose Family, 300 Rosa, 179, 285, 353 RosacBag, 279, 358 : Rose, 285 Cinnamon, 286 Climbing, 286 Prairie, 286 Scotch, 286 Swamp, 286 Rose Family, 279 Rosemary, Bog, 309 RUBIACEAE, 329, 359 Rubus, 188, 190, 192, 286, 355 HOFFMANN: FLORA OF BERKSHIRE COUNTY. 379 Rudbeckia, 179, 180, 347 Rue, Early Meadow, 270 Meadow, 270 Rue Anemone, 267 Rue Family, 293 Rumex, 180, 259 Rush, 238 Beak, 233 Scouring, 201 Twig, 231 Wood, 241 Rush Family, 238 Rutabaga, 274 Rvuracea#, 293, 358 Rye, 221 Wild, 213 Sage, 323 Sagina, 263 Sagittaria, 191, 207 St. John’s Wort, 299 Common, 300 Great, 299 Marsh, 300 St. John’s Wort Family, 299 SALICACEAB, 249, 357 Salix, ey 190, 191, 260, 355 Salsola, 2! Salvia, 323, 353 Sambucus, 188, 331 Sandalwood Family, 257 Sandbur, 211 Sandwort, 262 Sang, 306 Sanguinaria, 187, 272 Sanguisorba, 288 Sanicula, 187, 191, 308 SANTALACEAE, 257, 357 SAPINDACEAE, 297 Saponaria, 180, 263, 353 Sarothra, 300 Sarracenia, 188, 276, 361 SARRACENIACEAS, 276, 358 Sarsaparilla, Bristly, 306 Wild, 306 Sassafras, 187, 271 Satureja, 323 Savastana, 216 Savin, 203 Savory, 323 Saxifraga, 278 SAXIFRAGACEAE, 277, 358 Saxifrage, 278 Early, 278 Golden, 277 Swamp, 278 Saxifrage Family, 277 Scabiosa, 333, 353 Scheuchzeria, 207 Schizonotus, 288 Scirpus, 187, 188, 191, 238 Scleranthus, 262 Scouring Rush, 201 Scrophularia, 327 SCROPHULARIACEAER, 326, 359 Scutellaria, 323 Secale, 221, 353 Sedge, 222. Sedge Family, 222 Sedum, 192, 277 Selaginella, 178, 187, 202, 361, 362 SELAGINELLACEAB, 202, 357 Self-heal, 322 Senecio, 188, 347 Senna, 289 Wild, 289 Serapias, 249, 353 Sericocarpus, 187, 347 Service Berry, 279 Setaria, 221, 353 Shadbush, 279 Sheepberry, 332 Shepherd’s Purse, 274 Shin Leaf, 312 Round-leaved, 312 Sibbaldiopsis, 284 Sickle-pod, 272 Sicyos, 333 Side-saddle Flower, 276 Silene, 192, 264, 353 Sinapis, 273 Sisymbrium, 275, 276 Sisyrinchium, 191, 245 Sium, 308 Skullcap, 323 Mad-dog, 323 Skunk Cabbage, 237 Smartweed, Common, 258 Water, 258 Smilacina, 187, 188, 243 Smilax, 178, 191, 244 Snakehead, 326 Snakeroot, Black, 267, 308 Seneca, 294 White, 342 Sneezeweed, 343 Snowberry, 331 Creeping, 310 Soapberry Family, 297 Soapwort, 263 SoLaNacBAR, 324, 359 Solanum, 325 Solidago, 187, 191, 192, 328, 347. 356, 351, 362 Solomon’s ‘Seal, 243 False, 243 Great, 243 Small, 243 3880 PROCEEDINGS: BOSTON SOCIETY NATURAL HISTORY. Solomon’s Seal, Star-flowered, 243 Three-leaved, 243 Sonchus, 351 Sorbaria, 288 Sorbus, 285 _ Sorghastrum, 222 Sorrel, Garden, 259 Lady’s, 293 Sheep, 259 Wood, 292 SPARGANIACEAB, 206, 357 Sparganium, 186, 191, 205 Spathyema, 237 Spearmint, 321 Specularia, 334 Speedwell, 327 Common, 327 Corn, 327 Marsh, 327 Purslane, 327 Water, 327 Spergula, 264 Spergularia, 264 Sphenopholis, 222, 354 Spice Bush, 271 Spiderwort, 238 Spiderwort Family, 238 Spikenard, 306 False, 243 Spike-rush, 232 Spiraea, 190, 288 Spiranthes, 188, 249 Spirodela, 237 Spleenwort, 193 Ebony, 193 Maidenhair, 193 Narrow-leaved, 194 Rue, 193 Silvery, 193 Sporobolus, 222 Spring Beauty, 265 Spruce, 190, 204 Black, 204, 257 Bog, 204 Red, 204 Spurge, Cypress, 294 Spurge Family, 294 Spurrey, 264 Corn, 264 Sand, 264 Squash, 333 Crookneck, 333 Squaw-root, 328 Squirrel Corn, 272 Stachys, 191, 323 Staff Tree, 296 Staff Tree Family, 296 Staphyles, 296 STAPHYLEACEAE, 296, 358 Star Grass, 244 Thistle, 340 Starwort, 264 Water, 295 Steeple Bush, 190, 288 Steironema, 314 * Stellaria, 264 Stenophyllus, 235 Stickseed, 318 Stick-tight, 339 Stomoisia, 328 Stonecrop, 277 Ditch, 277 Mossy, 277 Storksbill, 293 Strawberry, 282 Barren, 288 European Wood, 282 Field, 283 Garden, 282 Wood, 283 Streptopus, 188, 244 Succisa, 333 Sugarberry, 255 Sumach, Dwarf, 295 Poison, 295 Smooth, 295 Staghorn, 295 Sundew, 276 Long-leaved, 276 Round-leaved, 276 Sundew Family, 276 Sunflower, 343 Common, 343 Wild, 343 Sweet Fern, 252 Gale, 252 Gale Family, 252 Pepperbush, 310 William, 263, 317 Sweetbrier, 179, 286 Sycamore, 279 Symphoricarpus, 191, 331 Symphylum, 319 Symplocarpus, 188, 237 Syndesmon, 267 Syntherisma, 212 Syringa, 277, 315 Sysimbrium, 355 Tamarack, 203 Tanacetum, 180, 351 Tansy, 361 Common, 361 Taraxacum, 180, 352 TAXACEAE, 203, 357 Taxus, 188, 203 HOFFMANN: FLORA OF BERKSHIRE COUNTY. Tea, Labrador, 311 New Jersey, 298 Oswego, 321 Tear-thumb, Arrow-leaved, 259 Halberd-leaved, 258 Teasel, 332 Wild, 332 Teasel Family, 332 Teucrium, 323 Thalesia, 328 Thalictrum, 270 Thelypteris, 181, 188, 191, 194, 197, 198, 361, 363 Thimbleberry, 286 Thistle, 340 Bull, 340 Canada, 180, 340 Common, 340 Sow, 351 Cotton, 346 Field, 340 Pasture, 340 Russian, 261 Sow, 351 Star, 340 Swamp, 340 Thlaspi, 276, 353 Thorn Apple, Purple, 324 Thoroughwort, 341, 342 Thuja, 204 Thyme, 324 Creeping, 324 THYMELAEACEABR, 303, 359 Thymus, 180, 324, 362 Tiarella, 278 Tilia, 299 TILIAcEAs, 299, 358 Timothy, 220 Tinaria, 258, 259 Tissa, 264 Tithymalus, 294 Toad-flax, 326 Bastard, 257 Blue, 326 Tobacco, 324 Ladies’, 335 Tomato, 324 Tonactis, 337 Touch-me-not, Pale, 297 Spotted, 297 | Touch-me-not Family, 297 Tovara, 259 Toxicodendron, 295 Tracaulon, 258 Tradescantia, 238, 353 Tragopogon, 352 Trefoil, Tick, 289 Triadenum, 300 Trichostema, 188, 324 381 Tridens, 364 Trientalis, 314 Trifolium, 180, 291 Trillium, 187, 188, 244, 362, 363 Nodding, 244 Painted, 244 Purple, 244 Triosteum, 332 Trisetum, 222 Triticum, 222, 353 Tsuga, 204 Tulip Tree, 270 Tumbleweed, 261 Tupelo, 309 Turnip, 273, 274 Indian, 236 Turtlehead, 326 Tussilago, 180, 352 Twayblade, 248 Twig Rush, 231 Twin Flower, 330 Twisted-stalk, 244 Typha, 204 TYPHACEAB, 204, 357 Ulmus, 256, 353 UMBELLIFERAE, 306, 359 Unifolium, 243 Urtica, 187, 257, 355 UrticacrnAsz, 255, 357 Urticastrum, 256 Utricularia, 192, 328 Uva-ursi, 309 Uvularia, 191, 243, 244 Vaccaria, 263 Vaccinium, 187, 188, 192, 312, 324, 355, 361 Vagnera, 243 Valerian, 332 Garden, 332 Valerian Family, 332 Valeriana, 332, 354 VALERIANACEAB, 332 Vallisneria, 186, 208 Velvet Leaf, 299 Venus’s Looking-glass, 334 Veratrum, 244 Verbascum, 327 Verbena, 319 VERBENACEAE, 319, 359 Veronica, 180, 187, 191, 327, 356 Vervain, 319 Blue, 319 White, 319 Vervain Family, 319 Vetch, 292 Blue, 292 382 PROCEEDINGS: BOSTON SOCIETY NATURAL HISTORY. Viburnum, 188, 191, 332, 353, 356 Maple-leaved, 332 Sweet, 332 Vicia, 179, 292, 355 Vinca, 316 Vine Family, 298 Viola, 178, 186, 187, 188, 191, 192, 301, 355, 361, 362 VrioLacear, 301, 359 Violet, 301 Canada, 301 Dog’s Tooth, 242 Downy Yellow, 302 Early Yellow, 302 English, 302 Great-spurred, 302 Long-spurred, 302 Marsh Blue, 301 Smooth Yellow, 301 Sweet, 302 Sweet White, 301, 302 Violet Family, 301 Viper’s Bugloss, 318 Virginia Creeper, 298 Virgin’s Bower, 267 VITACEAE, 298, 358 Vitis, 187, 192, 298 Wake Robin, 244 Waldsteinia, 191, 288 Walking Fern, 195 Leaf, 195 Walnut Family, 252 Washingtonia, 308 Water Cress, 275 Hemlock, 307 Lily, 265 White, 265 Family, 265 Marigold, 339 Milfoil, 305 Family, 305 Shield, 265 Waterleaf, 318 Waterleaf Family, 318 Water-plantain, 207 Water-plantain Family, 207 Water-weed, 208 Waterwort, 300 Waterwort Family, 300 Waxwork, 296 Wayfaring Tree, 332 Wheat, 222 Cow, 326 Whitewood, 270 Wicopy, 303 Willow, 250 Beaked, 251 Black, 261 Crack, 251 Glaucous, 250 Hoary, 250 Purple, 251 Pussy, 250 Shining, 251 Silky, 251 White, 190, 250 Willow Family, 249 Willow-herb, 304 Wintergreen, 310, 311 Chickweed, 314 Spotted, 310 Witch-hazel, 279 Witch-hazel Family, 279 Wood Sorrel, 292 Wood Sorrel Family, 292 Woodbine, 298 Woodsia, 188, 199, 362 Blunt-lobed, 199 Rusty, 199 Wormwood, 336 Roman, 335 Woundwort, 323 Xanthium, 187, 352, 354 Xanthoxalis, 292 Xolisma, 311 XYRIDACEAB, 237, 357 Xyris, 237 Yarrow, 334 Common, 334 Yellow-eyed Grass, 237 Yellow-eyed Grass Family, 237 Yew, 203 Yew Family, 203 Zanthoxylum, 294 Zizia, 308