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‘
GAYLORD

Flora vectensis:being a systematic descr
 

DRAWN EY MISS KNOWLES ON STOVE BYR J LANE AR A

‘Mo 4 N.HANHART, IPT
FLORA VECTENSIS:

BEING

A SYSTEMATIC DESCRIPTION

OF THE

Shenogamons or Flotuering Plants and Ferns

INDIGENOUS TO THE
ISLE OF WIGHT.

BY THE LATE

WILLIAM ARNOLD BROMFIELD,

M.D., F.LS., F.BS.L. & E.,

CORRESPONDING MEMBER OF THE ACADEMY OF NATURAL SCIENCES OF
PHILADELPHIA.

EDITED BY

SIR WILLIAM JACKSON HOOKER,
K.H., LL.D., F.R.A. & LS.,

AND DIRECTOR OF THE BOTANICAL GARDENS OF KEW.
AND
THOMAS BELL SALTER,

M.D., F.LS.
MEMBER OF THE BRITISH METEOROLOGICAL SOCIETY.

Hondow:
WILL{AM PAMPLIN, 43, FRITH STREET, SOHO.

M.DGCC.LVI.

y
 

LONDON:
PRINTED BY E. NEWMAN, DEVONSHIRE STREET, BISHOPSGATE.

ne St
TO

His Royal Highness Arince Albert,
OF SAXE-COBURG AND GOTHA,

K.G.,

HONORARY MEMBER OF THE LINNEAN SOCIETY OF LONDON,

ETC., ETC., ETC.,
THIS POSTHUMOUS WORK OF THE LATE DR. BROMFIELD,

DESCRIBING THE PLANTS OF A BRITISH ISLAND, CELEBRATED FOR I's

BMAUTY AND SCENERY, AND HONOURED BY THE SPECIAL
RESIDENCE OF HIS ROYAL HIGHNESS,

Is,
WITH HIS ROYAL HIGHNESS’ PERMISSION,
RESPECTFULLY DEDIGATED,

BY THE INDIVIDUALS APPOINTED BY THE SURVIVING SISTER OF THE

LAMENTED AUTHOR TO SUPERINTEND THE PUBLICATION,

W. J. HOOKER, W.8., F.RA. & L.S., &e., &e.
T. BELLSALTER, M.D., F.L.S., &e., &e.

Kew and Ityde, 1856.
It was a chosen plott of fertile land,
Emongst wide waves sett like a little nest,
As if it had by Nature’s cunning hand
Bene choycely picked out from all the rest,
And laid forth for ensample of the best;
No dainty flowre or herbe that growes on grownd,
No arborett with painted blossomes drest
And smelling sweete, but there it might be fownd
To bud out faire and throwe her sweete smels al arownd.

Farry QuEeENE, Book IT. cant. 6, stan. 12.
EDITORS’ PREFACE.

In presenting to the public the long looked-for Flora of the
late lamented Dr. Bromfield, the Editors feel that a few, and
but very few, observations are required from them in expla-
nation.

Dr. Bromfield became resident at Ryde, in the Isle of Wight,
in the year 1836, and shortly afterwards conceived the idea of
preparing a Flora of the Island. He was not content to
follow the usual practice in the making of local Floras and
Faunas, and to be satisfied by presenting merely a tolerably
full list; but he determined that the investigation should be
very complete, and that every species should receive an origi-
nal description. Nor was he satisfied with a mere cursory
research in the framing of these descriptions, or with copying
any character from other authors unverified by his own exami-
nations. He was also equally careful to avoid describing gene-
ral characters from individuals or varities, and endeavoured,
with immense and most persevering care, to select such points
as are really the permanent and essential characters of genera
and species. To ensure this result he was in the habit of
obtaining a very great number of specimens of each species,
collected from various localities; and, whenever practicable, he
endeavoured to compare Isle-of-Wight specimens with those
collected at a distance. Having thus secured sufficient mate-
rial for investigation, his next aim was to consult every author
within his réach for all the characters which different observers
had noticed. For this part of his plans he had collected a
vi EDITORS’ PREFACE.

very ample botanical library, especially of foreign authors.
The characters, however, observed by others were, for his own
descriptions, merely suggestive ;— none being recorded but
such as, after careful examination, he himself found to exist in
nature.

The results of these careful investigations were the. most
accurate and elaborate descriptions which can well be ima-
gined; but such were the time and labour bestowed on each
species,—as much as many authors would give to a genus
or family,—that this circumstance very materially retarded the
progress of the work. Unfortunately, also, when the Isle of
Wight had been very thoroughly investigated as regards sta-
tions, and the work of describing was proceeding, the author
enlarged his plan, and determined to comprise the whole
county of Hampshire within the scope of his Flora. This
certainly would greatly have added to the value of the work,
had he been spared to complete it; but, such not having been
permitted, it is impossible not to regret the interruption which
the search for localities in this new field occasioned to the
description of species. Another cause of interruption to the
present work must also here be mentioned. Dr. Bromfield
had an intense love of travel, and this desire ever and anon
prevailed, and occasioned a suspension of the Island Flora.
Extensive tours through the Islands of the West Indies, and
through Canada and the States of North America, although
they contributed most valuable information to the pages of the
‘London Journal of Botany,’ very much impeded the progress
of the present work. Finally, in 1850, Dr. Bromfield started
on an excursion to Egypt, Nubia and Abyssinia; after which
he was tempted to prolong his tour into Palestine and Syria,
where, alas! he was cut off by fever at Damascus.

Under these melancholy circumstances the manuscript of
the unfinished Flora was committed to the Editors by Dr.
Bromfield’s nearest surviving relative; and here, perhaps, the
manner in which they have endeavoured to do their duty, both
to her, to their deceased lamented friend, and to the public,
requires a few words of explanation.

Té soon became evident, notwithstanding the great amount
of labour and research bestowed by the author, that the work
yet remained in a very fragmentary form. As a Catalogue,
EDITORS’ PREFACE. vi

and as regarding the detailed account of localities, the manu-
script was complete; but the hiatus of descriptions were very
numerous. Jn many cases, also, the divisions of families and
of the larger genera were indicated, but the characters of these
sectional divisions not expressed. The Editors were most
unwilling to mix up any original co-authorship with the work
of their deceased friend; and they have therefore filled up all
these blanks, to the best of their power, by quotations from
other published works which the author himself had been in
the habit of consulting. They have not bound themselves, in
this, to follow any one author; but they have in each indi-
vidual case selected that published work for quotation, which
it appeared, by the context or by the sectional divisions, the
author was in each instance most nearly following. All these
quotations are acknowledged by inverted commas in the usual
way; and in those very few instances where the words of others
would not suit them, or where new plants or localities had
been given them, the Editors have indicated the introduction
by inclosure within brackets. This plan has of course occa-
sioned, in some cases, a little want of uniformity in defini-
tions; yet it is thought that this will not occasion any real
inconvenience, and that the plan selected is, under all the
circumstances, the best which could be adopted.

It does not seem necessary to add a list of the works quoted
or the abbreviations made use of in citing them; the former
being such as are known, and the latter sufficiently explicit to
indicate the work intended. The Editors feel, however, that
one abbreviation requires a word of explanation: owing to
their not having been aware, at first, of the work intended, and
having themselves uniformly mistaken in the MS. one of the
letters used in quoting it, Mr. Drew Snooke’s ‘ Flora Vectiana ’
is referred to generally as B. T. W. instead of B. I. W.;—
which must have been intended for the initial letters of the
words ‘ Botany of the Isle of Wight.’ The edition of the ‘ Bri-
tish Flora’ always referred to, except otherwise stated, is the
sixth edition of that work, by Hooker and Arnott; and that of
Babington’s ‘ Manual,’ the second edition; these being respec-
tively the last published during Dr. Bromfield’s last residence
at home.

While the Editors themselves feel the value of Dr. Brom-
Viil EDITORS’ PREFACE.

field’s work, and confidently anticipate the like verdict from
other botanists, they cannot but be most painfully aware how
far, in its present form, it falls short of what it would have
been had it come in a finished form from the hands of its
accomplished and lamented author ; yet, with a fond hope that
it will be found very useful, they close their mournful yet plea-
surable task, and commit to the public the long looked-for
Fiora VECTENSIS.

Krw anp Rypg,

May, 1856.
THE AUTHOR’ PREFACE.

Or all the districts into which England is divided by boun-
daries, either natural or political, there is perhaps no one that
offers a more interesting or promising field for botanical
research than the Isle of Wight; yet, singular as it may ap-
pear, hardly any spot ‘of equal extent, within the same distance
from the metropolis, has received so small a share of attention,
despite the allurements of scenery, its now flourishing places of
public resort, and the facility of access, which the frequency of
steam communication with the opposite shores holds out as
inducements to visitors. Its situation, on the same parallel with
the most southerly counties of England, insures it as genial a
climate as the latitude will admit of; and, lying, as it does, con-
tiguous to, and at nearly equal distances from, the eastern and
western extremities of the mainland, its Flora participates in
the form peculiar to each of these two longitudinal sections.*

* Of species predominant in the East of England, we find Thesium lino-
phyllum, Melampyrum arvense, Galium tricorne, Myosurus minimus, Spartina
stricta, Calamagrostis Epigejos, Bryonia dioica, Cineraria campestris (?), Rham-
nus catharticus, Linaria minor, L. spuria, L. Elatine, Antirrhinum Orontium,
Euphorbia platyphylla, Althea officinalis, Asperula cynanchica, Ranunculus
Lingua, Specularia hybrida, Campanula Trachelium and C. glomerata, Bupleu-
rum rotundifolium and B. tenuissimum, Frankenia levis, Typha angustifolia,
Chenopodium glaucum, Trifolium subterraneum, Pulicaria vulgaris, &c. ; whilst,
on the other hand, of plants that chiefly affect the western side of the kingdom,
we meet with Rubia peregrina, Iris fetidissina, Corydalis claviculata, Gastri-
dium lendigerum, Briza minor, Scirpus Siwii, Androsemum officinale, Wahlen-
bergia hederacea, Coronopus didyma, Linaria repens, Euphorbia portlandica
and &. Peplis, Pinguicula lusitanica, Cyperus longus, Anthemis nobilis, Cotyle-
don Umbilicus, &c.

b
x PREFACE.

The natural (and politically adopted) division of the island
into the two great and very nearly equal hundreds or liberties
of East and West Medina, by the river of that name, suggested
the distribution of the localities or stations for the several spe-
cies under two sections, designated by those districts, as facili-
tating reference to the map at the head of this work. It will be
seen presently that these hundreds differ from each other almost
as much in their botanical as in their geological character, and
very widely in their more obvious external or physical aspect.
The two nearly insulated districts of the island, at its eastern
and western extremities, known in former times, and noted in
the older maps * as the Isles of Bembridge and Freshwater,
have, under these revived names, furnished minor divisions, of
no less convenience than the larger in the classification of the
above-mentioned stations or localities.

Of the pheenogamous plants and ferns described in our Flora,
amuch smaller number of doubtfully indigenous or certainly
introduced species will be found to swell the list than usually
occur in works of this description. Of these dubie cives, some
have obtained a right to insertion by prescription and immemo-
rial custom, but which would not on that account have saved
them from rejection here, had they not become so far com-
pletely or partially naturalized as almost to obliterate the
remembrance of their acknowledged foreign descent, as in the
case of Acer Pscudo-platanus, Datura Stramonium, Linaria
Cymbalaria, Papaver somniferum, Borago officinalis, &c.

Others, perhaps not less questionably native, haye been
retained from the difficulty of striking the balance between
their contending claims to admission on the score of naturaliza-
tion, and disqualification as suspected or convicted aliens. Of
this class are Vinca major, Centranthus ruber, Pyrethrum Par-
theniwm, all of which, though more or less abundant and even
spontaneous, can hardly be regarded but as escapes from culti-
vation, at periods not very far back. To this list we should
perhaps in strictness join, so far at least as concerns this island,
Cheiranthus Cheirt and Antirrhinum majus, which with us are
never found remote from habitations, though occasionally pre-

* Vide John Speed, ‘ A Prospect of the Most Famous Parts of the World.’
Lond. 1631, fo). (with maps).
PREFACE. xl

senting themselves elsewhere within the realm in situations less
open to suspicion. The line of demarcation cannot be so
exactly drawn as that, whilst it shall embrace none but plants
incontestably native to the soil, it shall not exclude others for
the rejection of which it would be difficult to assign a sufficient
reason. After all, we may perhaps with truth assert of this
island, in reference to the small amount of introduced or natu-
ralized species it contains, that which the philosophical
Wahlenberg reports of his own country (Sweden), “Vix enim
ulla alia existit terra, tam bene perseverata, in qua vegetabilia
spontanea tam prevaleant et ab adventitiis tam parum pre-
mantur.” *

One chief obstacle in the way of accurately distinguishing
the genuine plants of a country from those of extraneous ori-
gin arises from the very different ideas entertained of the term
“wild” amongst such as contribute to the general stock of
information on this head from local sources. With some, the
occurrence of a single specimen beyond the precincts of a gar-
den or other cultivated spot is a sufficient claim to citizenship;
and if gathered in greater abundance there can be, in their opi-
nion, no reason whatever for the exclusion of the species.
Happily, observers of this class are not numerous, and a little
experience soon teaches them more caution in their con-
clusions.

Others (and these constitute a majority) are so sceptical as
to look with an eye of suspicion upon, and even reject as aliens,
a large proportion of species that have been long recognized
and admitted by common consent into our indigenous cata-
logues; and to such it must be conceded that, however mis-
taken may be their opinions in many instances, they at least
err on the safe side. In accordance with my own views on this
head is the practice and opinion of Professor Fries.

“Bene novi aliis placuisse hance plantam exclusam, lam
additam, in his suo utantur judicio; equidem vero non aliorum
commentis, sed me experientie indulgere debui. Eas dico
plantas indigenas, que per longam annorum seriem sine omni
cultura intra provinciam copiose et definito loco propellarunt
et quotannis sunt multiplicate; exclusis igitur omnibus una

* FI, Suecica, vol. ii, p. vii.
Xl PREFACE,

alterave vice tantum obviis; parum vero curans utrum planta
ceterum auctorum vel primitus introducta videatur; ad hanc
classem ubique longe plures pertinent quam vulgo fingitur et ple-
rumque de hac re certum quoddam statuere impossibile est.”’—
Fries, Corpus Flor. Provin. Suec. i. Fl. Scan. p. xii.

In a local Flora like the present, the insertion of a few spe-
cies of confessedly extraneous origin, provided they are
honestly indicated as such to obviate the propagation of error,
can be productive of no detriment to botanical science. Such
subspontaneous species have bond fide earned a title to citizen-
ship, by taking possession of the soil; yet their claim as deni-
zens should be admitted with judgment, and only allowed after
a tenure of some duration. As a further precaution, it is
advisable to mark such interlopers with the brand of Italics,
the attachment of an asterisk or other sign of exception, or to
allot them a separate place in an appendix. The second of
these methods I have adopted, as being simple and most in
conformity with the general practice of other writers, and
because the amount of such certainly introduced species is too
inconsiderable to be worth while throwing them into a page by
themselves.

J am of opinion that the best and safest criterion for resoly-
ing doubtful claims to enrolment is to be sought for by refe-
rence to the geographical distribution of the species under con-
sideration. The more extended study of this important branch
of botanical science would, I am persuaded, go far in removing
many of those scruples that are raised against the admission of
no small number of our vegetable productions into the aborigi-
nal lists. Proceeding on this principle, I have briefly noticed
the geographical range of every plant on which such doubt has
been or may be cast, referring to those natural limits as pre-
sumptive though not absolute proof in favour of admission,
being quite aware that the exceptions to the apparent law of
distribution are too numerous to warrant our drawing more
than general conclusions therefrom.

In accordance with the sound principle adopted by the bota-
nists of this country in the preparation of general or local
Floras, and which our continental brethren would do well in
following, every tree, shrub or herb whose sole pretensions to
admission rest on the universality of its cultivation, or subser-
PREFACE. xu

viency to purposes of ornament or utility, has been carefully
excluded from these pages.* The custom of incorporating the
Cerealia, for instance, and the hardier, more common, but exo-
tic, fruit and forest trees with a work professing to treat of

* Almost the only national Flora, our own and that of Denmark excepted,
that is not more or less burdened with these conventional objects of mere culti-
vation, is the admirable ‘Flora Suecica’ of Wahlenberg, who judiciously
reserves for an appendix every species of disputable Scandinavian origin, and
so presents us with a faithful transcript of the vegetable geography of that vast
peninsula. The opposite practice is unfortunately sanctioned by the authority
of DeCandolle, which, it is to be feared, will long cuntinue to uphold the abuse.
The otherwise excellent general and local Floras of Lejeune, Host, Reichen-
bach, &c., and all the older ones, with scarcely an exception, are encumbered
with extraneous genera and species. The truly valuable and original trans-
Atlantic ‘ Flora Cestrica’ is disfigured by a number of economical garden plants.
Nor are our own local Floras free from this defect. The Edinburgh Catalogue
of British Plants, which, from being in general circulation as authority for
nomenclature, and professing to include a Flora of the district round that city,
will afford a fair instance of what has just been advanced. This latter part
of its avowed scope and intention gives anything but a faithful register of
the indigenous vegetation of the neighbourhood, for, though many species are
therein noted as certainly introduced, we are left in doubt whether or not they
maintain their ground by spontaneous propagation,—a condition indispensable
to their retention on the list with any degree of propriety. So long, however,
as we perceive such southern and even continental genera and species as Buus,
Castanea, Eranthis, Linaria purpurea, Staphylea, Trifolium incarnatum, Mal-
comia maritima, Reseda fruticulosa, and the like, occupying a place in that Ca-
talogue, we must hesitate to regard it as a correct indicator of the genuine
aboriginal or even naturalized vegetation of that part of Scotland, in the sense
to which that term should be restricted. Judging from the total absence of the
above species in a truly wild state in this southerly part of England, in which
they might with most reason be expected to occur, but where, in fact, one or
two only amongst them are even naturalized, and that but partially and incom-
pletely, no trifling number of the 970 species composing the Flora Edinensis
must he the mere outcasts of gardens, or have been purposely planted or dis-
seminated, as I am certain is the case with the Spanish Chestnut wherever it
occurs in Britain. Specimens of such worse than dubious natives it may suit
the Suciety to have at hand for distribution amongst its members; but, small
as is the value to the herbarium of such semi-domesticated examples, for any
purpose of scientific truth their indication in a district Catalogue is utterly
worthless. If the same lax rule is to be followed out, why not include the
ormamental trees of our parks and pleasure-grounds,—the Horse Chestnut, the
Spruce Fir, the Lilac, Laurel, and hundreds more? The transition would
thence be easy to the orchard and kitchen-garden, in adopting the productions
of which we should have the precedent of continental usage in our favour.
xiv PREFACE.

indigenous vegetables only, cannot be too strongly reprobated ;
since, independently of the necessary increase to the bulk and
cost of the book, the species so introduced are, from the effects
of culture alone, not legitimate objects of botanical description;
their original and specific characters being in a great measure
changed and obliterated by the operations of grafting, budding,
or cross impregnation, with a view to improve or augment their
produce.

Following the same rule, I have omitted such ligneous spe-
cies as, though of native growth within the realm, are found
upon this island only ina cultivated condition in parks and
plantations, contrary to the practice too often pursued of swell-
ing local Floras with species thus domesticated, simply because
they cannot be called foreign, though virtually so in reference
to the limits within which they cease to grow spontaneously.
Nothing is more easy than to make a great display of the vege-
table riches of a kingdom or province by pressing aliens like
these into the list, or by undue multiplication of species from
casual varieties or permanent races. Hence originate those
bulky tomes of French and German authors, teeming with the
laboriously acquired gifts of Ceres and Pomona, which, as they
have nothing to do with the spontaneous outpourings of the lap
of Nature, must be deducted, to form a correct estimate of the
vegetative force and features of the country and climate, under
the only relation in which these can be either interesting or
instructive to the botanical investigator.

These remarks will doubtless appear to some persons mis-
placed and uncalled for, inasmuch as it may be thought that
works of a similar kind in this country are not chargeable with
the practice animadverted upon. But if the objects introduced
be not exactly the same, the little selection shown in the draw-
ing up of too many of our local and provincial lists of plants
betrays a latent inclination to extend the catalogue to a greater
length than the actual range of many species would warrant.
Even in the more carefully expurgated of these productions,
how often do we see very exceptionably sounding habitats
assigned for certain ligneous species, such as “in plantations,”
or, for the various willows, “in osier-grounds,’’—stations which
carry condemnation in their very name. If much caution be
necessary in admitting the claim of certain herbaceous plants
PREFACE. XV

to a place in the indigenous catalogue, how greatly more cir-
cumspect should we be in allowing those of a tree or shrub,
when, from their perennial and enduring constitution, it is
always difficult and sometimes impossible to determine whether
the hand of Nature or that of man has been the instrument of
their dispersion.

For plates illustrative of the species, in addition to those of
‘English Botany,’ which are regularly quoted throughout this
work, others, in foreign publications, are occasionally referred
to when peculiarly expressive of the plants they represent.
The beautiful figures in the ‘ Flora Danica,’ * the later volumes
of which make ample amends in general for the great inequality
of the earlier, and too often, as regards engraving, colouring
and nomenclature, disgraceful execution of the intermediate
parts, have been consulted with advantage in several instances.
In the genus Carex the accurate plates of Schkuhr, with the
supplementary ones of Kunze, have been in most cases quoted
under each species.

The full-sized and admirable delineations in Curtis’s ‘Flora
Londinensis,’ and of its continuation by Graves and Hooker,
are seldom passed uncited; and I have gladly availed myself of
the small but expressive figures of my friend John Curtis, Esq.,
in his unrivalled ‘British Entomology, as far as they have
been drawn from specimens gathered in the Isle of Wight, of
which they are the elegant and all but living vouchers.

The descriptions of the species were in all instances, with
very few exceptions, drawn up from fresh specimens collected
in the island; and in those cases where, from the scarcity of
the plant, recourse was necessarily had to recent or dried ex-
amples from other parts of the kingdom; or, in default of these,
to the descriptions of other authors, such deviations from the
ordinary practice are invariably recorded, and the sources of
information faithfully pointed out, and acknowlegment made
when due. That no characters of importance might escape

* This celebrated work, one of the most sumptuous and complete of
national illustrated Floras, has, since its commencement in 1764, been con-
ducted by editors of very unequal merits, as is lamentably apparent in particu-
lar portions. Under the able superintendence of the present editor, Vahl, it
has more than regained its ancient reputation.
xvi PREFACE.

unobserved, the descriptions have been carefully compared with
those of the best British and foreign authors either at the mo-
ment of drawing them up or subsequent to their compilation,
always with the fresh specimens at hand for renewed compari-
sons in the minutest particular. In this way most of the de-
scriptions have been gone over twice, and in many instances
three times, often at very distant intervals, and with recent spe-
cimens from other stations in the island.

In all cases where the abundance of the species permitted it,
the account of each has been compiled from a series of indivi-
dual specimens, of different sizes, and, as far as possible, exhi-
biting every variety of colour and aspect incident to the plant
in its normal state. By thus proceeding we learn to distin-
guish what is permanent and essential from that which is but
occasional or fortuitous in character, and thus avoid the error
which, in minute detail and with scanty means of comparison,
we run great risk of committing,—the assumption of individual
peculiarity for absolute and specific difference.

The use of linear measure has been generally adopted in the
descriptive part, since size is often as discriminative of natural
objects as form or colour. Every one must have felt how
imperfect is the idea conveyed to the mind by the most laboured
description of a plant, whilst left in ignorance of its absolute or
relative proportions. Besides, the same species of vegetable
often varies so much in its dimensions under different condi-
tions, favourable or the reverse to its development, that com-
parative terms of admeasurement, as high or low, long or short,
broad or narrow, large or small, lose all their value and signi-
ficancy.

For all the species described in this Flora, excepting only
the very commonest, distinct or special localities are assigned,
with a view of saving the too-often hurried stranger, possible
loss of time in following up general indications to the object of
his search.

To the majority of stations for the rarer or more local
plants will be found added the date of discovery of the species
recorded, which to some may have the appearance of giving an
undue degree of importance to their detection, without impart-
ing information of practical use or interest to the collector.
But when it is considered how rapid are the changes which
PREFACE. XVil

the surface of this island is yearly, monthly and daily under-
going, from the progress of building and its invariable attend-
ant, increased cultivation ;—low lands, but lately waste, now
inclosed, and spots not long since free, and accessible to every
wanderer in search of health or recreation, at this time dot-
ted with tenements, their sites fenced from the intrusion of
stranger footsteps with the jealous exclusiveness of individual
appropriation ;—it will be evident that the first recorded station
for some rare or local plant may often be the last on record:
the onward course of improvement may have swept such species
from our soil, when it becomes a matter of interest, not merely
to learn the fact of its having once existed, but, by dates, to
ascertain the time up to which at least it was known to have
occurred amongst us. By the remoteness of these dates we
can in some measure calculate the probability of rediscovering
plants that have thus apparently become extinct; since, by how
much longer is the interval during which the search for such
lost species has been unsuccessfully renewed, by so much are
the chances diminished of again meeting with them in their
original places of growth. The botanist is thus spared a waste
of time and trouble, and his attention diverted from destroyed
or exhausted localities to others likely to reward him with the
same or even more valuable acquisitions.

The flowering time of each species in the climate of the Isle
of Wight has been carefully noted from personal observations
through a series of years, and will be found often to differ ma-
terially from that indicated for the same species in books, where
the season of blossoming is commonly made to appear much
shorter than it really is, to the manifest detriment of the inex-
perienced botanist, who, trusting to the correctness of such
indications, is led to look for a species in its perfection in June
or July which he might have gathered as fully in blossom in
May, or continued to find flowering on in August or Bep-
tember.

Our times and seasons cannot of course furnish a correct
Floral calendar for the more northern parts of the kingdom,
though practically applicable to all the southern, and perhaps
with tolerable exactness to many of the midland, counties of
England. My indications were, however, intended for the Isle

c
XVHi PREFACE.

of Wight alone, and beyond its limits I do not hold myself
accountable for their accuracy.

When the flowering period is expressed by an interval of
three or four months, the initial and terminal mouth, or at least
the greater part of each, is to be understood as included in that
space of time. So likewise with some of the early spring
flowerers: the naming of two successive months denotes that
such species may, in favourable seasons, be gathered with con-
siderable certainty during the first, and in all ordinary years
during the second, month in a perfect state of inflorescence.
Besides the flowering, the fruiting or seeding time has been
marked for each species, as far as could be accomplished by
observations, no less carefully made, although more recently
begun.* This adoption of the season of fructification is bor-
rowed from the excellent American ‘Flora Cestrica’ of Dr.
Darlington, + and though, I believe, nearly a novel feature ina
European Flora, { will, I think, be found useful to the carpolo-
gical inquirer, as also to the botanical cultivator, by pointing
out to them the proper time for collecting seeds in a state fit
for their respective purposes. But since the process of matu-
ration is in general slow and protracted, and, compared with
that of inflorescence (with which, in its later stages, it often
advances pari passu), marked by no well-defined period of
commencement or completion, the same accuracy of indication
is hardly attainable for the fruiting as for the flowering season,
depending, as the former does, still more than the latter, on
temperature for its advancement or retardation.

* [It is to be regretted that the author had, to a very limited extent only,
carried out this part of his intentions, although in his MS. a space had been uni-
formly reserved for the result of his observations on this head.—Edrs.]

+ ‘Flora Cestrica, an attempt to enumerate and describe the Flowering
and Filicoid Plants of Chester County, in the State of Pennsylvania,’ by Wil-
liam Darlington, M.D., 8vo, 1837.

¢ It was partially carried out by Pollich, in the ‘ Flora of the Palatinate.’
INTRODUCTION.

From the situation of the Isle of Wight on the southern
boundary line of the Agricultural Zone of Watson, we every-
where recognize the appropriate features of the latter in the
general aspect of vegetation, whether native or introduced.
We find the cultivation of wheat predominating over that of all
other grain, and producing as plentiful returns on the exposed
crests of the loftiest cliffs, or within a few yards of the sea-
beach, as in the sheltered valleys of the interior. The Vine
and the Fig are common even in the cottager’s garden, the lat-
ter always, as a standard, bearing abundant and luscious fruit;
whilst, in addition to the more ordinary orchard-trees, the
Quince, Walnut and Mulberry ripen perfectly, and produce
plentiful crops. Both the narrow- and broad-leaved varieties
of the Myrtle (AZyotus communis, L.) form stout bushes in the
open air, and mature their fruit in many places, even on the
North side of the island and in the cold soil of Ryde, suffering
in very severe winters only, and are then seldom more than
partially killed back in exposed situations, as many very old
and vigorous trunks attest in various places. The Sweet Bay
(Zaurus nobilis, L.) attains the dimensions of a tree, and ripens
its berries in abundance, resisting our severest frosts, as does
the Laurustinus (Viburnum Tinus, L.), which gives to our gar-
dens and shrubberies at mid-winter the verdure and bloom of
summer, though its fruit is more sparingly perfected. The
XxX INTRODUCTION.

Strawberry-tree (Arbutus Unedo, L.) is equally common and
hardy with the two last, fruits pretty freely, and grows to a tree
of respectable size, though inferior to the timber-like dimensions
it acquires on its native rocks in the South-west of Ireland, or
even in the South-western counties of England, where the
greater moisture of the atmosphere eminently favours the de-
velopment of this, as of most other evergreens. But if the
greater cold of our climate in winter and its greater dryness at
all seasons tend to check the luxuriant growth of these and
other sempervirent plants, the comparative absence of humi-
dity and a less clouded sky enables the increased heat of sum-
mer to ripen the wood, and so fit it to endure a degree of frost
it would else be unable to withstand. So happily balanced, in
the climate of the Isle of Wight, are the vicissitudes of heat
and cold to which it is occasionally subject, from its proximity
to the mainland and to the Continent of Europe in a degree
unusual to insular situations, that the former repairs, or rather
counteracts, the destructive agency of the latter on vegetation.

If we turn from the aspect of the exotic to that of the indi-
genous vegetation of the island, we recognize the abundant pre-
dominance of those trees, shrubs and herbaceous plants which
Mr. Watson considers as eminently characterizing the climate
of the inferior belt of the lower Agricultural Zone, together
with many other species scarcely less indicative of the finest
wheat region. We here find Acer campestre, Cornus sanguinea,
Piburnum Lantana, Ligustrum vulgare, Sambucus nigra, Euo-
nymus europeus, Ulmus suberosa, amongst the commonest pro-
ductions of our woods, thickets, and the luxuriant hedgerows
that bound our fields, and over which Tamus communis, Clema-
tis Vitalba, Humulus Lupulus, Rubia peregrina, Bryonia dioica,
Lonicera Periclymenum, Solanum Dulcamara and Convolvulus
sepium ramble in rich and often oppressive profusion.

From its close proximity to the mainland of England, the
Isle of Wight exhibits less insularity of character in its Flora
than any of the other islands forming part of the British group,
scarcely differing, except in the absence of some few genera and
species and the greater prevalence of certain others, from the
Botany of the opposite part of Hampshire. If we compare the
Flora of the Isle of Man, and even of Anglesey, still more that
of the Hebrides, Orkney and Shetland Islands, with those of
INTRODUCTION. XX1

the counties lying nearest to them on the mainland of Britain,
we still perceive a marked disparity in the number of species
produced on areas of equal extent in both, the balance being in
favour of the latter or continental districts. The same relative
paucity of species obtains in the Channel Islands of Guernsey
and Jersey as compared with the adjacent coast of France; and
this inequality of distribution becomes more obvious the greater
the interval betwixt the islands and the main, and the smaller
the area of the insulated territory. Even with the advantage
of climate which a more genial latitude affords, the Flora of
small islands, very remote from larger or from continents, is
poorer in species than that of other islands of greater extent
and less perfect isolation, though lying under a colder parallel.
Thus the whole group of the Azores, although pretty com-
pletely explored by the labours of Watson, Hochstetter and
others, produces little more than one-third the number of phe-
nogamous species afforded by the Isle of Wight, notwithstand-
ing their more southerly position, and the far greater variety of
elevation which the mountainous surface of some amongst them
presents for the extended multiplication of species. *

The Channel Islands, though not rich in species for their
size, have, in consequence of their less extent and greater dis-
tance from the mainland, a more completely insular or mari-
time Flora than the Isle of Wight, as the absence from that
group of the following rather inland or continental genera and
species, found in the latter island, will testify :—

Clematis Vitalba Specularia hybrida
Thalictrum flavum Rhawuus catharticus
Campanula (omnes) ——— Frangula

* Mr. H. C. Watson, in his ‘Catalogue of Azorian Plants’ (see Hooker’s
‘London Journal of Botany’ fur November, 1844), makes the total number of
flowering species amount to 319, and of ferns to 31, or 350 species in all. A
large proportion even of these are common to England and the Azores, and,
though some plants no duubt remain unrecorded inhabitants of those islands,
the above census cannot be very far short of the number actually existing
therein. Even in the tropical Island of Barbadoes, the catalogue of phenoga-
mous species and ferns, enumerated by Sir R. Schomburgh, amounts to but 896,
and of these not above one-half would seem to be indigenous, the rest being
chiefly plants cultivated for ornament or use, with a few that have become
naturalized.
XXli INTRODUCTION.

It is probably owing to its actual, but modified, insularity that
the following eminently mainland species, natives of Hants, are
wanting to the Isle of Wight, although abounding in localities
apparently well suited to their production :—

 

1. Convallaria majalis ll. Melampyrum cristatum
2 — multiflora 12. Daphne Mezereum

3. —— Polygonatum 13. Viscum album

4. Fritillaria Meleagris 14. Hordeum sylvaticum

5. Paris quadrifolia 15. Tillea muscosa

6. Acorus Calamus 16. Sagittaria sagittifulia

7. Actinocarpus Damasonium 17. Hydrocharis Morsus-rane
8. Campanula patula 18. Cephalanthera ensifulia
9. — Rapunculus 19. Dipsacus pilosus

10. Phyteuma orbiculare

It is not so easy to assign a cause for the apparently total
absence from the Vectic Flora of the subjoined plants, all of
which are natives of the county, where, as in other parts of the
kingdom, they seem either to evince no particular partiality for
an inland over a maritime locality, or, as in the case of some of
those now enumerated, decidedly abound most on or towards
the sea-coast. These last are, for distinction, printed in Italics.

 

Drosera longifolia Cicendia filiformis
anglica Bartsia viscosa
Matricaria Chamomilla Euphorbia paralia
Teesdalia nudicaulis Lycopodium inundatum
Diplotaxis tenuifolia Spiranthes estivalis
Isnardia palustris Hypericum dubium
Crambe maritima Polypogon monspeliensis
Petasites vulgaris Litorella lacustris
Centaurea Calcitrapa Cardamine amara

To these should perhaps be added Helleborus viridis, Taxus
baccata and Lysimachia Nummularia, all of which are confined,
in this island, to single and very suspicious stations; those for
the first and third have indeed been since destroyed.

It may be here observed, that the limitation of any plant to
a single locality, and its restriction in that locality to even a
single specimen, is, per se, no sufficient reason for its rejection
INTRODUCTION. : XXil

as adventitious, because it is well known that plants will, in
particular districts, where soil, climate or other causes are ad-
verse to their increase, continue so scarce as to be reduced to
a numerical minimum little short of absolute extinction, and
yet pertinaciously maintain their footing if undisturbed. Of
the former part of this proposition at least, Cephalanthera gran-
diflora and Euphorbia Peplis present, in this island, notable ex-
amples; a solitary specimen of each of these having alone been
picked, but in situations so exactly conformable to their natu-
ral places of growth in other parts of the country, as scarcely
to afford ground for their rejection on the score of their pau-
city, whilst no exception can be taken to the species them-
selves. It is indeed hardly credible that an orchideous plant
like the former could have been purposely introduced,* though
it is just possible that the latter may have been transported by
the waves from the coasts of Devon or Cornwall to the beach
at Sandown.

All of these, it may be remarked, are rare, or gradually dis-
appear in the farthest South-western counties of Devon and
Cornwall, and are totally wanting, with many others, in every
one of the smaller islands of the British group, excepting 16
and 17, that occur in Anglesey and Ireland, the Flora of which
last, its size considered, exhibits in an extreme degree the cha-
racter of a western and island vegetation, both in the paucity
and peculiarity of its indigenous species, and resembling in
these respects that of New Zealand, the Azores, and other
island groups lying remote from any large tracts of land or
continent.

It is observable that Rhamnus catharticus, Bryonia dioica and
Campanula Trachelium, three species characteristic of the east-
ern and interior rather than of the western and coast Flora of

* Every one knows the difficulty attending the cultivation and preservation
of the terrestrial Orchidacez, and how little gregarious is the greater number
of the tribe. This holds true of Habenaria viridis, which, seldom plentiful at
any time on a given station, is in this island so reduced in frequency that I have
seen but three, and those collected by others, in more than thrice as many years,
during which time I have not once fallen in with a specimen on any of my
innumerable herborizing walks within the limits of this Flora.
XXIV INTRODUCTION.

England, and which are extremely rare and local, if really indige-
nous to Scotland and Ireland, show a marked tendency to avoid
the coast line of the Isle of Wight in every part of its perl-
phery, and to retreat towards the central, and as it were more
continental, portion of it. All three are plants eminently
attached to calcareous soils,* and, though that condition for
their maintenance is afforded them by the extension of the
chalk and limestone to several points along the shore, in vain
should we look for a specimen of any one of them betwixt the
Foreland and the Needles, or from thence along the North side
of the island to the mouth of the Medina, within a distance, in
most cases, of several miles from the sea-beach. It is true
that on the mainland the Bryony at least grows in many places
near the sea-beach, but the indefinite extent of country at the
back gives such shore stations a comparatively continental
character.

The following species evince, in the Isle of Wight, a power
of occupancy not very greatly superior to that shown by the
plants just named, but which are as certainly indigenous as any
others of greater frequency and abundance :-—

Habenaria, viridis Cladium Mariscus
Ophrys aranifera Thalictrum flavum
Butomus umbellatus Asparagus officinalis

Whilst we may cite, as holding a very insignificant amount of
space in our island Flora, Botrychium Lunaria, Lastrea
Oreopteris, Asplenium marinum, Spirea Filipendula, Orobanche
caerulea, Listera Nidus-avis, Vacciniwm Oxycoccos, Dianthus
Armeria and D. prolifer, all equally indigenous with those
before enumerated, though concentrated in small quantity on
solitary points as it were of the country, or scattered individu-
ally over it at few and distant intervals.

The absence of a very large, and indeed the greater, propor-
tion of the genuine aquatic plants of Britain is a peculiarity in
the Isle-of-Wight Flora, the cause of which is manifestly the

* The Bryony is found on the green sand in several places S. and S.E. of
Newport, as at Sandway, Pagham, Perreton and Redway, as well as on the
chalk, to which the two remaining species in question are confined.
INTRODUCTION. XXKV

want of appropriate and congenial places for their growth and
dispersion, which extensive bodies of water afford; something
being doubtless due, as we have lately seen, to climate and
insularity of position. Omitting a few insignificant ponds,
pools and dams, of mostly recent and artificial construction,
the natural drainage of the island is effected chiefly by some
half-dozen or so of sluggish streamlets, fed by the numerous
fine springs with which the island abounds, that break out at
the base of the chalk ranges, and find their way, through
narrow devious channels, to the sea. The water of these
streams is mostly turbid, from the detritus of the rocks they
flow over; and their motion, though slow, combined with the
depth and narrowness of the channels they pass along, are all
unfavourable to the growth of such purely aquatic plants as
require the clear, broad, shallow and tranquil element for their
habitation. Moreover, the water of those streams that mean-
der through the boggy valleys of the Medina and Main River,
and of the drains and ditches communicating with them, is
contaminated with peroxide of iron from the ferruginous sand-
stone, or the decomposition of the pyritic nodules that abound
in the chalk and tertiary formations, and which impregnation
cannot but be injurious to some aquatic vegetables. From
all these causes united it doubtless happens that the following
genera and species of true water-plants are strangers on this
side of the Solent :—

Nympheea (introduced ?) Ceratophyllum ?
Nuphar Stratiotes (introduced)
Sagittaria Acorus

Hottonia Actinocarpus

Hydrocharis (introduced)

Whilst, of species belonging to genera of which representatives
occur in the island, we miss—

Sium latifolium Potamogeton perfoliatum
(nanthe Phellandrium Nasturtium amphibium
3 fluviatile Glyceria aquatica

Myriophyllum verticillatum
XXvVl INTRODUCTION.

The moderate difference observable in the temperature of the
seasons betwixt this island and the northern parts of Britain,
that of summer in particular, may well appear inadequate to
produce so striking a contrast as we find on comparing together
the Floras of Newport and Edinburgh. Other elements,
scarcely less potent than temperature, here come into opera-
tion, to determine the balance greatly in favour of the former.
If the heat of our summer be not very much above that of the
North at the same season, it is protracted into an autumn of
longer duration, dryness and serenity, better able to ripen the
vegetable tissues, and bring the seeds of plants to maturity.
From our proximity to the continent, and the greater breadth
of the mainland of England along its southern coast than else-
where, our atmosphere is less loaded with clouds and vapour
than is that over the narrow and deeply indented promontory of
North Britain, environed by a wide expanse of water on three
sides, without any adjacent surface to arrest the deposition of
moisture from the Atlantic, much of which is precipitated,
before it can reach this island, upon the peninsular counties of
Cornwall and Devon. Hence the amount of direct solar radia-
tion, so active an agent in developing a varied and vigorous
vegetation, is oftener and more continuously exerted here than
at the North, proving more equivalent in energy to the power
of a diffuse light, protracted through days considerably exceed-
ing our own in length at the season in question.

Another peculiarity in our island Flora is the relative
scarcity of certain plants characteristic of the chalk formation,
as compared with their abundance on the cretaceous deposits
of the mainland of Hampshire. We may instance Fagus syl-
vatica, Echium vulgare, Cichorium Intybus, and Verbascum
nigrum, which are there quite sporadic, and form no prominent
feature of the chalk-country vegetation. Our downs are not,
as there, crested with picturesque and venerable yews, of un-
known antiquity, their precipitous flanks clothed with woods of
umbrageous beech, or dotted with dark compact clumps of the
more humble but aromatic juniper. The same paucity of indi-
viduals is observable in many other plants common to both
parts of the county, which, very rare or local in the Isle of
Wight, are of general occurrence, or at least are more plentiful
where they do occur, on the mainland of Hants, such as Coro-
INTRODUCTION. XXVIL

nopus didyma, Linaria repens, Pyrus aucuparia, Cochlearia da-
nica, Frankenia levis, Chelidonium majus, Valeriana dioica,
Verbascum nigrum. Some, however, there are that abound
more in the island than on the main, as Ligustrwm vulgare
and Rubia peregrina.

It might be concluded, from the extent of coast-line which
our insularity commands, that the Flora of the Isle of Wight
would be particularly rich in marine or littoral plants; but,
though our sea-shores are not deficient in species interesting
from their beauty or rarity, the geological structure of the
greater part of the coast is unfavourable to their permanent
establishment. Along the whole southern shore from below
Sandown village to Rockin End, and from thence westward to
the Needles, the sea washes the feet of the cliffs or the banks
of slipped land at their base, on which alone it is possible for
any vegetation to fix itself. The cliffs, in most parts perpen-
dicular, can afford footing but to few plants, whose tenure, from
the crumbling nature of the rock, is very brief and precarious.
These therefore are mostly grasses, as Agrostis alba (which
fringes the cliffs at Shanklin), or such other small plants as can
cling longest to the treacherous soil, or find room to flourish
on the narrow water-worn ledges. The slipped banks beneath
the cliffs, composed of the débris of these last, and of the clays,
&c., of the lower greensand, are hardly more stable, being con-
stantly in a state of change from the undermining action of the
waves and the percolation of landsprings, often charged with
iron, that issue from the face and bottom of the rocks above,
which, made more friable by the infiltration of water and the
disintegrating action of frost, fall from time to time in vast
masses, burying the vegetation at their feet to a considerable
depth beneath the ruins. The generally wet and tenacious
character of the soil composing these slipped banks is ill suited
to plants that love a dry, loose, sandy or pebbly beach, and
which would therefore be sought for in vain along the line of
coast we have been speaking of. The vegetation (in many
places very scanty) that covers these accumulated disruptions
is mainly derived from the rock above, whatever that may be,
and consequently varies with its geological character in differ-
ent parts along the entire line of coast, modified also, in some
measure, by the nature of the softer substratum, forced out from
XXV1il INTRODUCTION.

beneath the superincumbent upper beds of chalk or sand-
stone.

We may here take a rapid view of the vegetation of the cliffs,
and of the slipped land at their base, before proceeding to give a
sketch of the maritime Flora of the island, properly so called,
from which the former is perfectly distinct.

It may be easily imagined that the cliffs themselves, from
their friable constitution and perpendicularity, are nearly bare
of vegetation, even of the humblest kind, and such is for the
most part the case. Some few plants, however, make a shift to
maintain their position, and even flourish vigorously, on the
bare face of the chalk and sandstone, as did, for instance, F'ran-
kenia levis, some years ago, on the naked wall of chalk forming
the magnificent arch or concavity of Scratchell’s Bay, till over-
whelmed by a fall of loosened fragments from the summit. <A
little further eastward, towards Freshwater Gate, in that part
of the majestic line of cliffs called the Main Bench and the
Nodes, broad flat ledges or terraces occasionally break the wall-
like uniformity of this stupendous barrier of chalk, and by the
shadows they create relieve the else unvarying whiteness of the
absolutely denuded precipices. These shelves or ledges, tech-
nically known as “ meads” and “ greens” amongst the cliffsmen
are visited, at stated times, by that hardy and adventurous race,
in their dangerous avocation of samphire-gathering, collecting
the eggs of sea-fowl, or robbing the peregrine falcon of her
half-fledged young.* Some of these “ greens” are of consider-
able extent; one of them, and I believe the largest, is called
Rosehall Green, and its area is estimated at about an acre.
Unlike most of the others, it is accessible by a tolerably easy
descent from above, and, in common with them, is covered with

* The eggs of different species of Larus, that resort in vast numbers to these
cliffs in the breeding season, when collected, are forwarded by the cliffimen to
persons in London.

These cliffs were, till within these few years, farmed by the collectors of eggs
and samphire, of the lord of the manor, atan annual rent. Since then, the
latter has waived his right to this source of revenue; and the withdrawal of all
restrictions on collecting, by encouraging general competition, has greatly
diminished the profits of those formerly engaged in the business.

A further account of the mode of collecting and preparing samphire for the
market, as practised in this island, is given, under the head of that plant, at p.
213 of the present work.
INTRODUCTION. XX1X

a dense growth of Atriplex patula, var. 8. (A. prostrata, Bouch.?
Bab. Man.?), Halimus portulacoides, Crithmum maritimum,
Beta maritima, and Parietaria officinalis, this last in its most
truly natural station. Pieris hieracioides, here abundant, offers
itself a congenial recipient for the parasitic attachment to its
roots of Orobanche minor.

Passing Freshwater Bay, and nearing that of Compton, the
same chalk-cliffs, continued eastward after their interruption at
the former, present us with the excessively rare and charmingly
fragrant Sea Stock (Matthiola incana), which grows abundantly
and indubitably native on their most exposed pinnacle, and,
springing from their bare and even perpendicular face, defies
the storms of winter and the grasp of all who covet its spicy
and richly coloured blossoms, save that of the bold and daunt-
less cliffsman, whose services a trifling remuneration will at any
time secure to weaker heads and less adventurous limbs, in
plucking this floral prize from its perilous and dizzy domicile.
Though most attached to the chalk, the Matthiola passes the
point of junction of that formation with the greensand, gradu-
ally diminishing in frequency as the wealden is approached, on
or near which it soon terminates, to reappear, for the last time,
at Steephill, a distance of at least twelve miles from its western
station.

Proceeding still South-east, the sandy cliffs are of too loose
and crumbling a nature to afford even a transient footing to
vegetation of any kind,* and the banks of débris at their base,
where they exist, afford few or no plants of interest. Hrodiwm
maritimum grows at the entrance of Brook Chine, and Plantago
Coronopus occurs in unusual plenty and luxuriance along the
top of the cliff from Compton Bay to Blackgang, where, just
before arriving at the Chine, Eriophorum vaginatum has been

* The deep fissures which run parallel with, and behind the edges of, these
cliffs, attest their constant destruction and recession inland, and by planting
the feet against them a slight effort will hurl down masses of many hundred
weight, already tottering to their fall, upon the beach beneath. The
footway along the fields from Sandown to Shanklin, as I remember it ten or
twelve years ago, has quite disappeared, the cliff having retrograded in that
time more than as many feet, I might even say yards; and the existing path
must soon cease, if it has not already done so, to direct the steps with safety
along the verge of this treacherous precipice after nightfall.
XXK INTRODUCTION.

found in the wet depressions of the sandy banks, along with the
far more common EL. polystachion or E. latifolium (E. pubescens,
Sm.) Rounding the southernmost point of the island, we find,
on the shore at Puckaster, Convolvulus sepium, var. incarnata,
and that remarkable form of the common Reed (Arundo Phrag-
mites), with prostrate or trailing stem, of extraordinary length.

The surface of the Isle of Wight is generally undulating,
being traversed centrally, from East to West, by a continuous
range of chalk downs, the spurs or branches of which reappear
on the South side of the ridge, in detached masses of consider-
able elevation. The highest of these, St. Catherine’s Down,
rises [712] feet above the sea; but, since vegetation is not mate-
vially changed at that altitude, most of the plants growing on
their rounded summits may be found in greater perfection and
with more certainty at or near their bases than higher up,
where the herbage is kept close-cropped by the numerous sheep
that pasture on their smooth and steeply sloping sides.

The hundreds of East and West Medina differ widely in the
relative proportion of wood, meadow and arable land they con-
tain. The former is well watered, and better fitted for pastu-
yage than the latter, which is a more open or champaigne
country, adapted for corn, that is here raised in great quantity ;
but very partially wooded, though including within its limits
the ancient chase or forest of Parkhurst, now a mere govern-
ment nursery for growing oak for the dockyards. That tract
of West Medina to the South of the central chalk range is
almost destitute of wood, and the soil light and sandy.

In former times the island was so thickly timbered that a
squirrel, itis said, might have traversed its entire length by
leaping from tree to tree; and, though this tradition bears
somewhat the impress of exaggeration, it is very certain that
the progress of agriculture and the requirements of the dock-
yard at Portsmouth have been, and are still, operative in rob-
bing the island of its sylvan honours. The only continuous
tract of natural woodland now existing is in East Medina, on
the North side of the chalk range, and marked by the course of
the stream which empties itself into the Solent below Wootton
Bridge, forming a labyrinth of coppice, interspersed with pas-
ture and arable, generally flat, and the timber of very moderate
INTRODUCTION. XXX1

scantling.* Other copses, various in extent, are scattered over
the North-eastern quarter of the island, the soil of which is in
general a stiff clay, excepting immediately at the foot of the
chalk downs and westward towards the Medina, where it
assumes more of a gravelly nature.

To the South of the downs in East Medina the lower green
sandstone predominates; the country undulates more remark-
ably, and rises into numerous often abrupt eminences, present-
ing a varied surface of corn and pasture land, heath, down,
craggy cliffs, with marshy valleys and deep boggy thickets.
Towards the South and South-eastern coast-line of this hun-
dred the chalk reappears, as a second, much interrupted and far
shorter range, in the steep round-topped escarpments of St.
Catherine’s (Niton), St. Boniface (Shanklin), and Rew Downs,
rising with an abruptness and to an elevation sufficient to give
almost the dignity of a moutainous background to the majes-
tic and picturesque terraces of Eastend and Undercliff, lying
immediately at their feet. The great longitudinal chalk ridge
terminates suddenly, at its eastern extremity, in the Culver
Cliff, which rises perpendicularly to about 400 feet, forming the
northernmost point of Sandown Bay and the South-eastern
boundary of the peninsula known by the name of Bembridge
Island. The same ridge, after its dislocation at the valley of
the Medina, is continued westward, with but little interruption,
to its termination in the bold and lofty headland whose talus
forms the magnificent cliffs of Freshwater and Alum Bay;
whilst the numerous spurs or escarpments, that diverge in all
directions from the principal longitudinal chain of summits,
form hollows or basin-like valleys and sinuosities between
them, whose steep declivities are mostly clothed with patches
of hanging copsewood.

The island is divided, nearly its entire length, ina due North
and South direction, by the river Medene or Medina, which,
winding from its source along the bottom of a boggy valley as
an insignificant stream, becomes navigable immediately below
Newport for vessels of small burden. It also serves as the

* In the early part of the late war, when oak commanded a high price for
the navy, the present Sir William Oglander cut down, on his estate at Nunwell,
timber of this description to the value, it is said, of £80,000 sterling.
XXX1L INTRODUCTION.

boundary mark of the two hundreds of East and West Medene
or Medina,—a division both politically and botanically conve-
nient, from the nearly exact equality of these districts in point
of size.* Four other streamlets of less note intersect the
country, two in each hundred, besides several other still
smaller rills. Of the former, there is, in East Medina, first,
the Wootton River, betwixt Ryde and Cowes, navigable as
high as Wootton Bridge, and winding its way between woods
from its source to the sea; secondly, the Main River or Yar, t
as long as or longer than the Medina itself, which, rising from
near the southernmost point of the island, flows, in a North-
easterly direction, through an extensive tract of boggy meadows
by Newchurch, and, gradually expanding into the broad delta of
Sandown Level, empties itself into Brading Harbour. In West
Medina, the Yar (properly so called) and Newtown Rivers are
rather estuaries of the sea, with salt-marshes along their banks,
partially overflowed at high water. On the latter arm of the
Solent are several salterns, where salt of excellent quality for
curing bacon is manufactured, by the evaporation of sea-water,
partly by the heat of the sun and partly by boiling. The edges
of the “pans” or shallow evaporating basins of these saltworks
are thickly fringed with various maritime plants, some of them
rare, and flourishing in contact with brine of a high degree of
concentration. Amongst these are Inula crithmoides, Bupleu-
rum tenuissimum, Frankenia levis, Salicornia radicans, &c.

Besides the five principal streams we have mentioned, and
the many still smaller brooks and rivulets, are innumerable
drains and ditches in the marshy valleys of the interior; yet,
from causes which will be adverted to hereafter, our Flora ex-
hibits aremarkable deficiency of genuine aquatic plants, most of
those which are common in other parts of the kingdom being
with us wholly wanting or very rarely met with.

The Isle of Wight is situated nearly midway betwixt the ex-
treme points of the southern coast of England, or a little to the
eastward of its central meridian, lying between 50° 34’ and

* From this central course the Medina derives its name.
+ This must be carefully distinguished from the other river so called, in
West Medina, at the mouth of which stands the town of Yarmouth.
INTRODUCTION. XXX

50° 47’ N. latitude, and 1° 4’ and 1° 36’ W. longitude, * its
mean distance from the opposite coast of Hampshire, by which
it is partly embayed, and from which it is separated by the So-
lent channel, is about three miles, in some places considerably
less. In form the island has been compared to that of a
lozenge or rhomboid, the two extreme diameters of which have
their axes corresponding, as nearly as possible, to the four car-
dinal points of the compass. Its greatest length from East to
West, or from the Foreland Point to the Needles inclusive, is
23 miles; that from North to South, or from W. Cowes Castle
or Egypt House to St. Catherine’s Point, [13 miles{]. The total
area is estimated at (upwards of 100,000 acres. f] The length of
the longest day at Newport (N. lat. 50° 42’ 1”) is 16h. 16m. 18s.;
of the shortest, 7h. 48m. 44s., or—uncorrected for atmospheric
refraction, which in this parallel increases the apparent length
of the day by about 9 minutes—16h. 25m. 14s., and 7h.
52m. 87s. respectively. Constant twilight prevails for 51 days,
commencing on the 27th of May and ending on the 17th of July,
but is so feeble, even at the solstice, in this latitude, towards
midnight, as probably to exert little or no influence over the
nocturnal repose of vegetation, which in higher latitudes must

* The following are the latitudes and longitudes of several points in the Isle
of Wight, as determined by the trigonometrical survey of England, and given
in Sir H. C. Englefield’s Description of the Island (London, 1816, 4to, Payne
and Foss, 88, Pall Mall, p. 4), and from other authentic sources :—

N. LAT. W. LONG.
Ashby Down sea-mark . ; : . 50°41" 6" 1° 10! 57".
Dunnose Head station . . ‘ 50° 37! 7" 1°11 36".
East Cowes sea-mark . : ‘ s . 50° 45'37". 1° 16115",
*West Cowes Castle . ‘ : : 50° 46’ 1" 19:17! 42!
St Catherine’s Lighthouse (Old) . . 50° 36/33" 19.17/50".
+St. Catherine’s Lighthouse en) : ‘ 50° 34’ 60". 1° 17' 51".
Carisbrook Castle é : . 60° 41917", 1° 181 25"
Needles Lighthouse A ‘ ; 50° 39’ 53" 1° 33! 55".
t Newport (St. Thomas's Chuteb) . é 50° 42’ 1”. 1917718".

 

* By corrected observations of Sir H. C. Englefield.
+ Communicated by the Trinity Board to the author of this work.
t Mr. D. Snooke.

e
XXXIV INTRODUCTION.

be in a great measure suspended under the stimulus of the
strong light emitted from the sky at that season.*

* It seems probable that amongst the complicated elements determining
the geographical distribution of plants may be the duration of their exposure to
direct or diffuse solar light, and the modified and diminished barometric pres-
sure resulting from altitude, with perhaps other scarcely subordinate conditions,
dependent on electricity and similar meteorological agencies, not hitherto taken
into account. It is alleged that many tropical plants in our stoves suffer from
the too long-continued action of light upon their leaves in summer, depriving
them of that sleep or repose from functional activity which the invariable alter-
nation of equal day and night ensures to them, in their native climate, for the
renewal of their exhausted irritability. Such plants, possessing in their peren-
nial foliage organs permanently excitable, would probably, irrespective of tem-
perature, be as unfit to exist for any length of time in regions exposed to long-
protracted daylight at one period of the year as to tolerate the deprivation of
its absence for the same space of time at another season. In northern latitudes
the cold of winter compensates for the continued stimulus of light through the
lung days of summer by the torpor and suspension of the circulation it induces
in plants, whose respiratory functions have been previously arrested by the natu-
ral decay of the leaves, from constant excitement during the season of vegetable
activity.

Even between the tropics, certain trees, having leaves analogous in their
thin transpirable texture to those of species inhabiting the temperate zone,
pass a short period of the year in repose, and are as truly deciduous as any of
colder countries; but, since the stimulus of light is withdrawn, in the former
case, for many hours out of the twenty-four, at all seasons alike, a shorter ces-
sation of the vegetable functions suffices to restore impaired irritability than in
the latter, where the excitement is kept up, with but partial or imperfect remis-
sions, for weeks or months together. In countries verging upon or within the
arctic circle this continuous action of light augments in an increasing ratio of
intensity and duration with the latitude attained, and so makes up, by its stimu-
lating power on vegetation, for the low mean temperature which (contrary to
popular belief), marks the short-lived summer of such high latitudes. For it is
certainly a great though very prevalent error to suppose that the summers of high
northern latitudes, though short, are hot: all meteorological tables prove the
contrary, it being a fact that the mean temperature of the year, and of each
month in it, diminishes from the equator to the pole (local causes of deviation
from the general law excepted) by a decrement capable of exact calculation,
but varying betwixt certain parallels, and greatest about the middle lati-
tudes.

It is true, as Humboldt long ago observed, that the mean temperature
of summer diminishes less rapidly than that of winter in receding from the
equator; but so far is the temperature of the former season from increasing
towards the arctic parallels, that the prolonged presence of the sun above the
horizon cannot compensate for his lower altitude and consequent obliquity of
his rays sufficiently to maintain a mean summer heat equal to, much less sur-
passing, that of any latitude farther from the pole than the one assumed to
INTRODUCTION. XXKV

prove the contrary position. No person in the least acquainted with meteoro-
logical science will assert that the summer of St. Petersburgh is hotter than that
of Paris, or even so warm ; or that the same season at Paris exceeds in heat, whilst
it lasts, that of Rome, Madrid, or other cities of Southern Europe, which, if the
before-mentioned theory were correct, it ought assuredly to do. Tam inclined
to attribute this popular fallacy respecting the summer of northern latitudes to
the effect upon the frame of a really moderate but occasionally high tempera-
ture, sustained through days.of almost wearisome length, alternating with nights
so short and lucid as to invite rather to active exertion from their comparative
coolness, than to that quiet and repose which we instinctively seek and are
most fitted to enjoy during the temporary absence of light that attends the
earth’s diurnal revolutions in regions nearer the equator. In these high paral-
lels the air has no time to cool considerably, or darkness to overspread the face
of Nature, before the sun again emerges above the horizon to dispel the faint
approaches of obscurity, and renew the little heat already lost by ter-
restrial radiation. The system is excited by the unremitting stimulus of two
powerful agents, whereby an impression is conveyed to the feelings, of a degree
of heat, which the thermometer, if consulted, would show they had greatly
exaggerated. The human body is here under circumstances of excitement,
from the continuous, rather than the intense, action of colour and light, the
effect of the joint agency of which on plants is to hasten their progress to ma-
turity, as soon as, or even sooner than, either could accomplish that end by an
augmented but less constantly sustained force.
FLORA VECTENSIS.

I. VASCULAR or PHANEROGAMOUS PLANTS.

Vegetables composed of cellular tissue, woody fibre, and spiral
vessels ; bearing distinct organs of reproduction (stamens and
pistils), and producing seeds having an embryo furnished with
one or more cotyledons.

Cuass I.
DICOTYLEDONOUS orn EXOGENOUS PLANTS.

Stems formed of bark, wood and pith, the wood traversed by
medullary rays, and increasing in perennial plants by annual
additions of concentric layers external to the older zones or
betwixt them and the bark. Leaves with anastomosing veins.
Cotyledons 2 or more, opposite or whorled.

Subclass I. ANGIOSPERMA.

Ovules produced within a closed ovary or pericarpial envelope.
Cotyledons 2, very rarely (in Cuscuta) 0, opposite.

Subdivision I. THALAMIFLORA, DC.

Stamens hypogynous or not adherent with either of the floral
envelopes, but springing, like them, from the receptacle or bed
(thalamus) bearing the ovaries, and close underneath the latter.

Order I. RANUNCULACEA, Juss.

Herbaceous or occasionally shrubby and climbing plants, mostly
with acrid watery juices and variously compound or divided sel-
dom entire leaves, whose petioles are dilated and sheathing at the
base and without (true) stipules. Perianth regular or irregular.
Sepals 83—5 or more, often coloured and petaloid, or frequently
unsymmetrical, mostly deciduous. Petals 5—10 or more, either
regular and often furnished with a pore or scale at the base, or

B
2 RANUNCULACE. (Clematis.

unsymmetrical (hooded, spurred or tubular), sometimes wanting,
minute or partly deficient by abortion. Stamens commonly
numerous and indefinite, rarely few and definite (5—10) ; authers
adnate mostly extrorse. Ovules anatropous. Fruit consisting
either of many dry indehiscent 1-seeded carpels arranged on a
receptacle, or of several (3—5 or more) few- or many-seeded
dehiscent capsules (follicles); more rarely united succulent or
baccate. Seeds erect or pendulous; embryo minute in the base
of the firm albumen.

Tribe I. Clematidee.

Zistivation valvate or induplicate. Petals 0 or imperfect and
stamen-like, (Gray). Carpels numerous, 1-seeded, tailed with the
feathery or silky persistent style. Secds pendulous. Leaves
opposite. Stems mostly shrubby and climbing.

I. Ciematis, Linn. Virgin’s Bower.

Sepals 4 (varely more), coloured. Petals 0. Carpels indehis-
cent, tailed.

Ornamental but acrid perennials, native to the warmer parts of the temperate
zone in all quarters of the globe, erect or climbing, more or less shrubby, rarely
herbaceous, with variously decompounded, ternate or pinnate, sometimes simple
leaves, and solitary or panicled, perfect or subdioicous, white, blue or purple
flowers, that are sometimes fragrant.

1. C. Vitalba, L. Common Virgin's Bower. Traveller's Joy.
Old Man's Beard. —Bedwine, Vect. Stem shrubby climbing,
leaves pinnate their petioles twining, leaflets 5—7 mostly cor-
dato-ovate incised serrate 3-lobed or entire, panicles forked
shorter than the leaves, flowers perfect. Br. Fl. p.4. E.B.
t. 612.

In woods, hedges and thickets, abundantly. Fl. July—September. Fr. Octo-
ber, November. h.

E. Med.— Frequent about Ryde, in Quarr copse, lane between Binstead
church and the Newport road; old stone-pits at Binstead, near Stonelands, &c.
In profusion all over East End, and throughout the Undercliff. Hedges on
Ashey Down and about Brading.

W. Med. — About Cowes, Yarmouth, Newport, Carisbrook, Westover, New-
bridge, and wherever the soil is calcareous, occurring in the greatest plenty.

Stem very woody, long and twisted, often exceeding the thickness of the wrist
at its origin, climbing over trees and bushes, or hanging from rocks and walls.
Leaves opposite, deciduous, imparipinnate. Leaflets large, bi- or more rarely tri-
jugate, distant, stalked, ovate or cordato-ovate, firm and coriaceous, glabrous,
except when young, more or less waved and twisted, submucronato-acuminate,
their points deflexed or revolute, reticulato-venose, with 5 strong nerves beneath.
Stipules none. Petioles angular, flexuose, both the common and partial ones
often acting as tendrils or clasping. Flowers greenish white or somewhat cream-
coloured, slightly scented, but scarcely deserving of being called fragrant, in axil-
lary and terminal, often leafy, trichotomously branched paniculate clusters,
shorter than the leaves, and of which the lateral ones are on Jong, naked, straight,
opposite, nearly erect peduncles, which are swollen at the base. Bracts in pairs
about the middle or towards the base of the pedicels, and subtending the forks of
the clusters, the former small, lanceolate, entire, the latter leafy, lobed or
Thalictrum.] RANUNCULACES, 8

pinnate. Sepals oblong, bluntish, obscurely 3-nerved, villous on both sides, most
so beneath, a little longer than the stamens, leathery, at length strongly deflexed
and revolute. Stamens numerous, at first erect then spreading, their filaments
flattened, greenish white, slightly dilated upwards, anthers of 2 linear oblong
decurrent lobes, whitish. Germens small, roundish, on a villous receptacle.
Styles numerous, the length of the stamens, greenish, hairy, erect with spreading
tips. Carpels ovoid elliptical, compressed, pubescent, reddish brown, with long
feathery mostly deflexed and incurved awns about an inch or an inch and a half
in length.

Called Old Man's Beard in many parts of England, from the hoary aspect of
the long feathery awns of the seed, which remain attached to the plant through-
out the winter, and contribute to enliven the leafless hedges at that dreary sea-
son. In the absence of trees to cling to, I have seen it running down the steep
sides of chalk-pits, like long ropes, which its twisted fibrous stems greatly resem-
ble. The slender flexile branches serve occasionally for binding faggots, and as
a substitute for the more costly pipe or cigar to our young rustic smokers.

The North-American C. Virginiana, sometimes seen in our gardens, and
greatly resembling this species, has ternate leaves, dicecious flowers, and a less
woody texture.

I found some years ago the sweet-scented Clematis of our gardens (C. Flam-
mula, Linn., var. maritima), with very narrow leaflets, on the loose sandy beach
at Norton, by Yarmouth, where it appeared quite naturalized, though sparingly,
in a situation analogous to that in which I have gathered the typical form in the
S. of France, where the plant is mostly a trailing, not a climbing, one.

C. cirrhosa, a Spanish species which Gerarde alleges to have been found by
himself in this island, is not likely ever to have occurred here.

Tribe II. Anemonee.

Aistwation imbricate. Petals 5—15 without a nettariferous
pore, more commonly 0 or abortive. Carpels several or nume-
rous, 1-seeded, indehiscent, either tailed or merely pointed or
mucronate. Seed pendulous. Herbaceous, never shrubby or
climbing. Leaves radical or alternate, cauline often opposite or
whorled and forming an involucre.

II. Tuaticrrum, Linn. Meadow Rue.

Calyx of 4—5 sepals. Petals 0. Carpels indehiscent, grooved
ribbed or inflated, sometimes stipitate. Seed pendulous. Name
of unknown or uncertain derivation.

Somewhat acrid and fcetid perennials with bi-triternately decompounded leaves,
the divisions and the mostly 3-lobed leaflets stalked. Flowers panicled or corym-
bose, white, greenish or yellowish, often dicecious or polygamous. Mostly native
to the colder parts of Europe, Asia and America. :

The Meadow Rues approach certain species of Clematis in their flowers (C.
erecta and C. integrifolia) and habit, whilst they resemble Aquilegia in their ter-
nately compounded leaves, and trifidly lobed leaflets.

1. T. flavum, L. Common Meadow Rue. “ Stem erect branch-
ed furrowed, leaves bipinnate, leaflets broadly obovate or wedge-
shaped trifid, panicle compact subcorymbose, flowers erect.”—
Br. Fl. p. 5. H. B. t. 867.

In wet meadows, along ditches and banks of rivers; extremely rare. FV. June,

July. 2. : i
i Med.—In wet pasture ground on the N. shore of the Wootton river at its
mouth ; very sparingly.
4 RANUNCULACE. {[Anemone.

“ Stem 2—3 ft. high. Flowers very numerous, yellow. Lobes of the leaves
varying in breadth.”— Brit. Fi.

TII. Anemone, Linn. Anemone.

Involucre of 2—8 divided leaves usually remote from the
flower. Sepals petaloid 5—15 seldom 20. Petals 0. Carpels
with or without tails, on a thickened hemispherical or conical
receptacle.

Early flowering herbaceous perennials with elegant white, red, yellow, blue or
purple blossoms, natives of temperate and cold, mostly inland countries, or on
high mountains of warmer regions over the greater part of the northern hemi-
sphere. Leaves mostly radical, those of the stem 2—3 together forming an invo-
lucre at the base of the peduncles. The genus is intimately allied to Clematis in
character, but in habit to Ranunculus, with the acrimony of both.

1. A. nemorosa, L. Wood Anemone. Leaves radical and
involucral similar ternate petiolate, leaflets stalked bi- and tri-
partite, the segments oblong acutely cut and lobed subtrifid,
stem single-flowered, leaflets of the perianth mostly 6 oblong or
elliptical obtuse, pericarps downy awnless. Br. Fl. p.6. H. B.
t. 355.

In thickets, groves, and moist shady pastures, abundantly. #7. March—May.

E. Med.—Common everywhere about Ryde, around St. John’s, in Apley wood,
Quarr copse, &c. Plentiful on sandy soil in Bordwvod or Borthwood forest.

Va r.. Flowers pinkish purple. About America.

Root creeping horizontally, about the thickness of a quill, fleshy and brittle.
Radical leaves one or two, sometimes wanting, on long, slightly hairy, grooved
petioles, ternate or subquinate, their leaflets stalked, the two lateral mostly bipar-
tite with trifid segments, the middle leaflet simply trifid, all the segments ovate or
wedge-shaped, acutely inciso-serrate, subtrifid, ciliated and slightly hairy on both
sides, Stem solitary, or sometimes two from the same root, taller than the leaves,
from about 8 to 12 inches high, erect, slightly angular, terminated by the triphyl-
lous involucre, the leaflets of which are similar tu the radical ones, but with seg-
ments in general narrower and more acutely cut, their petioles much dilated.
Flowers solitary, an inch or more in diameter, white or tinged with light purple
externally, often almost wholly of that colour or of a deep rose-red, sometimes it
is said blue, a little drooping. Pedunele springing from the axis of the stem,
suberect, downy, about as long as the involucre. Leaflets of the perianth 5 to 8,
rarely more, most commonly but 6, oblongo-elliptical, very obtuse, unequal, veiny,
thin and weak, glabrous, at first connivent, finally spreading. Stamens nume-
rous, much shorter than the perianth, spreading; anthers bright yellow, roundish
ovate, compressed. Ovaries crect, greenish, silky and striated. " Stigmas simple.
le ie in small roundish heads, very hairy, with nearly straight tapering beaks,
awnless.

The Wood Anemone is the most generally diffused of the very few species
found in Britain of this eminently continental genus, of which Sweden alone can
boast no less than seven (including Hepatica and Pulsatilla), whilst it is doubtful
whether more than two are really indigenous to this country. The present spe-
cies is found throughout Britain and in all parts of Europe from Italy to Lap-
land. It also inhabits Siberia, and a slight variety is common in the United
States and Canada. The plant being extremely gregarious, it is a great ornament
to our woods in early spring, when the but yet half-clothed soil is spangled with
the profusion of its starry blossoms. The variety with deep rose-red or purple
flowers is not very uncommon in our sandy districts.
Ranunculus.) RANUNCULACE&, 5

My. Henry Turner, of the Botanic Garden, Bury St. Edmund’s, has remarked
a high degree of fragrance in the flowers of the Wood Anemone, and my friend
{the late] E. J. Vernon, Esq., has proved to me that the blossoms emit a delicate
almond scent, as in some kinds of Clematis.

IV. Avonis, Linn. Pheasant’s-eye.

Sepals 5. Petals 5—15 without a nectary. Carpels without
tails, hooked or acuminate. The Flos Adonis or Adonidis of the
old herbalists, from an idea of its being the flower fabled to have
sprung from the blood of Adonis.

A small genus, the red or scarlet-flowered species of which are annual, the yel-
low perennial; the former inhabiting chiefly the cornfields of southern and cen-
tral Europe and North of Africa, the latter the hilly and colder tracts of Europe
and Asia. Though commonly placed in this tribe, Adonis is decidedly more
closely allied to Ranunculus than to Anemone, differing from the former mainly
in the want of nectaries on the petals, and from the latter by the absence of an
involucre.

1, A. autumnalis, L. Corn Pheasant’s-eye. ‘Petals concave
connivent scarcely longer than the glabrous calyx, achenes reti-
culated collected into an ovate head, stem branched.”—Br. F'l. p.
6. H. B.t. 308.

In cornfields, but rarely. £7, May—October. ©.

E. Med.—In cornfields above Steephill towards St. Lawrence, Dr. Martin,
where I gathered very fine and abundant specimens June 11th, 1839. I have
since found it at Bonchurch.

W. Med.—Cornfields on the late enclosures of Parkhurst forest at Hill Cross
farm. Not uncommon in various parts of the island, George Kirkpatrick, Esq.

Root tapering, whitish. Stem 6—12 inches high, round, furrowed, simple, or
in the larger plants branched, downy at the base and springing of the petioles,
otherwise glabrous. Leaves alternate, the lower ones on hairy footstalks, upper
ones sessile, tripinnatifid, the segments linear, acute, smooth. Flowers mostly
solitary, terminal, about the size of a sixpence, deep rich scarlet, very fugacious.
Petals obovate, deciduous, minutely notched, with dark purple claws. Sepals 5,
ovate, purplish, scarcely shorter than the petals. Anthers in 2 rows, broad and
flat, of two brownish lobes bursting along their outer edges. Ovaria greenish.
Stigmas violet. Carpels collected into an ovate head, 4-sided, ovate, tapering,
indehiscent, single-seeded.

The flowers when the plant has heen for some time dried for the herbarium
lose their fine scarlet colour, becoming white and diaphanous like goldbeater’s
skin.

Tribe III. Ranunculee.

Afstivation imbricate. Perianth double. Petals with a nec-
tariferous hollow or pore at their base. Carpels numerous,
l-seeded, indehiscent or partially bursting, without tails, often
tuberculate, mucronate or muricate. Seed erect, or in Myosurus
pendulous and inverted.

V. Ranuncuxus, Linn. Crowfoot.

Calyx of 5 (varely 8) sepals. Petals 5, seldom 10, 12 or more,
occasionally imperfect or obsolete, the pore or nectary at their
base within naked or covered with a scale. Stamens sometimes
6 RANUNCULACES. (Ranunculus.

few, mostly numerous. Carpels many, indefinite, indehiscent,
without tails, collected into a globular or elliptical head.

Annual or perennial herbs, never shrubs, with alternate, entire, toothed or mul-
tifid leaves, and yellow or white, usually conspicuous flowers on peduncles termi-
nal, axillary or opposite the leaves. Natives of cold temperate and alpine regions
throughout the globe. Most of the species are extremely acrid but scarcely poi-
sonous in the strict sense of the word.

* Carpels transversely wrinkled, Petals white.

1. R. aquatilis, L. Water Crowfoot. “ Stem submersed, leaves
capillaceo-multifid, floating ones tripartite their lobes cut, petals
obovate longer than the calyx, stamens 5—10, pericarps gla-
brous.”"—Br. Fl. p. 7. H. B.t. 101.

Var. . ‘* All the leaves capillaceo-multifid..—Br. Fl. R. pantothrix, DC.
Bertol. Fl. [tal. v. p. 575.

Var. y. “ Leaves all submersed flat roundish, capillaceo-multifid, their seg-
ments ail spreading in the same plane.’—Brit. Fl. R. circinatus, Sm. BE. Fl.
vol. iii, p. 55. R. circinatus, Sibth. E. B. Suppl. t. 2869; Fl. Dan. xiii. t.
2236, Fine-trimmed water Crowfvot, Pet. Fl. Brit. tab. xxxix. fig. 3 (bona).

In ditches and ponds, common. Fl. April. 2.

Ei. Mel.— About Sandown, and ditches in Sandown Level, which it covers with
a mantle of the purest white. Ditches about Brading.

6. Ina pool on the south side of Cothey Bottom copse between Westbridge and
Barnsley farm, 1848. This is exactly the R. pantothria of Bertoloni, FI. Ital. y.
p. 575. Pool near the Priory. Small pool ina field near Summerford farm,
1837. As the plant here grew in a very confined quantity of standing water, it is
clear that the finely divided form of the leaf could not have been occasioned by
any current to which it was exposed.

y. Ditches about Brading Harbour. Ju a ditch on Brading marshes, plenti-
fully. This var., ifsuch only it really be, constitutes a separate species with most of.
the German botanists, and is principally distinguished by having the leaves finely
divided in a ternary arrangement into capillary segments, spreading, with a flat-
tish circular outline, and with such a degree of rigidity as not to collapse into a
pencil of hairs when removed from the water, as does R. fluviatilis of Sibth. and
others. Whether the remaining distinctions given by continental authors are
conclusive of its right to rank as a species seems very doubtful, and in a local
Flora the discussion would be out of place where certainty could not be thereby
established. It is certainly a most remarkable variety ; the whole plant assumes
in the water the same circinate disposition as the leaves, whose capillary segments
have an unusual degree of stiffness, and seem to become coated with earthy parti-
cles in the same way as those of Chara, though less extensively.

2. R. hederaceus, L. Ivy Crowfoot. “Stem submersed and
throwing out roots or creeping, leaves roundish kidney-shaped
with 3—5 rounded entire lobes, petals (small) narrow scarcely
longer than the calyx or sometimes twice as long, stamens 5—12,
receptacle of fruit glabrous.’—Br. Fl. p. 8. E. B. t. 2003.

In similar places with the last, but less frequent. FU. April. 2,.

E. Med.—In a plashy spot not far from Fivens. In a ditch or drain between
Lee and Blackpan, very abundantly. Apse Heath pond. Close to Shambler’s
farm, E. Cowes. [Brook near the Ferry, Bembridge, Dr. Bell-Salter, Edrs.]

W. Afed.—In a drain or ditch on a moor near Blackwater mill. Very abun-
dantly along the road from W. Cowes to Newport in the little rill or drain at the
foot of the hedge a little beyoud Dallimore’s Gate (tumpike), for two or three
hundred yards at intervals. In a pond at Northwood park close by Little Egypt,
Miss G. &. Kilderbee. Near Place farm, W. Cowes, and in the driftway ‘from
Ranunculus.) RANUNCULACEA. v

Dothin’s farm to Limekiln Cliff; also in a pool at the east end of the driftway in
great abundance, Miss G. FE’. Kilderbee. Apparently frequent in plashes and
pools on the green (?) sand of the south-western part of the island, as at Hoxall,
Brook green, Chiltun green, &c.

** Carpels not transversely wrinkled. Nectary with a small svale. Flowers
yellow.

§ Leaves undivided.

3. R. Lingua, L. Great Spear-wort. ‘“ Leaves lanceolate sub-
serrated sessile semi-amplexicaul, stem erect glabrous, achenes
minutely pitted with a broad ensiform beak.”—Br. Fl. p. 9. E.
B. t. 100. =

In and about shallow pools, ditches and marshy places, but rarely. Fl. July,
August. 2.

EE. Med.—In the grounds at Fernhill, in a ditch or stream, Miss Sophia Sanders.

W. Med.—Tolerably frequent in several parts of the marsh at Easton.

Resembles the next species, but is much larger, with far more conspicuous

- flowers. Root a dense mass of matted fibres, and creeping with long, white,
jointed runners. Stem erect, 2—3 feet high, branching above, round, hollow,
leafy, and rooting from the short, bright-red joints of its submerged base. Leaves
linear-lanceolate, erect, clasping the stem, thick, smooth or sometimes slightly
hairy beneath, their edges with distant very shallow serratures, Peduncles single-
flowered, clothed with appressed hairs. Flvwers an inch or more across, hand-
some, bright yellow. Sepals vvate, concave, ribbed and hairy. Petals broad,
rounded, quite entire, varnished, with a wide fleshy scale just above the very
short claw, forming a sac or pouch, partly filled with a nectareous fluid. Sta-
mens very numerous ; anthers striated, bursting at the back. Germens numerous,
sessile; receptacle with a few stout bristles, not always present. Carpels collected
into small globular heads, ovate, punctato-striate, much compressed, suddenly
tapered into a short, thick, slightly curved beak.

The earlier, primordial, submerged leaves are very large, ovate-oblong, obtuse,
cordate at the base, slightly undulate-crenate along their margins, more or less
beset and most so beneath with short rigid pubescence, or nearly glabrous, on very
long, semiterete, somewhat hairy, sheathing petioles, obscurely and reticulately
veined, remaining green through the winter.

The petals of R. Lingua are subject to a species of distortion or imperfection
of development, shown in deep marginal notches and other irregularities, obvious
not only in the freshly expanded Llossoms, but even in the buds themselves.

4. R. Flammula, L. Lesser Spear-wort. “ Leaves linear-lanceo-
late nearly entire petiolate, the lower ones ovato-lanceolate, stem
decumbent at the base and rooting, achenes minutely pitted or
smooth with a short or sometimes subulate point.’”—Br. Fl. p. 9.
Ei. B. t. 887.

Common everywhere in wet marshy situations and in damp pastures. J.
July—September. 2.

5. R. Ficaria, L. Pilewort. Lesser Celandine. “ Leaves cor-
date petiolate angular or crenate, sepals 3, petals 9, achenes
smooth blunt.”—Br. Fl. p.9. HE. B. t. 584. Ficaria ranuncu-
loides, DC.

In woods, meadows and pastures, on hedge-banks and in wet places, abun-
dantly. £1, March—May. -2{.

A perfectly smooth and somewhat succulent herb, whose bright yellow flowers
ave amongst the earliest heralds of returning spring. Root a bundle of whitish
8 RANUNCULACEA. (Ranunculus.

branching fibres, interspersed with oblong-ovate, elliptical, or pear-shaped, fleshy
and juicy tubers, said by Smith to be annual, though the root itself is perennial.
Stems one or more, leafy, erect or decumbent and spreading, their extremities
upright, not much branched, from a few inches to a span long, weak, hollow and
succulent, sometimes it is said bearing similar tubers to those at the root, in the
axils of the leafstalks. Leaves resembling those of Caltha or some kinds of Cycla-
men, but smaller, 1 or 2 inches long, roundish heart-shaped or cordato-reniform,
obtuse, the lowermost obscurely angulato-crenate or waved, those higher up some-
times distinctly angular or even lubed, often with a row of distant, pale, glandular
dots along the margin, mostly variegated with paler spots, and frequently blotched
with purplish black in the centre, beneath without sputs, venoso-reticulate, shin-
ing. Radical leaves fascicled, on very long, hollow, grooved petioles, expanding
into broad, white, sheathing bases, those of the stem opposite or alternate, on
stalks becoming shorter as they ascend. Flowers solitary, on very long terminal
angular and furrowed peduncles, an inch or more in diameter, closing before night
and in rainy weather. Sepals 3, seldom 5, deciduous, roundish ovate, concave,
membrauaceous, many-ribhed, streaked or clouded, greenish, with a short fold-like
appendage at their base, their margins narrow, whitish or yellowish. Petals 8—
12, mostly 8 or 9, very much larger than the calyx, ovate-oblong or elliptical,
varying in breadth, obtuse, plane, and quite entire, bright golden yellow and
highly varnished, becoming bleached by age and light, their lower part with the
appearance of having been greased or wetted, from the absence of the opaque
colouring giving a degree of translucency to that portion of the petal, venoso-stri-
ate, more or less tinged with green or brown at the back, each witb a nectariferous
pore, just above its insertion guarded by an erect, concave, slightly notched,
brownish scale. Stamens numerous, bright yellow ; anthers erect, bursting along
their outer edges (extrorse), elliptical, flat. Styles obsolete ; stigmas sessile, ovate-
orbicular, bristly, 2-lobed.

§§ Leaves divided, lobed or cut.

6. R. auricomus, L. Wood Crowfoot. Sweet Crowfoot. Goldi-
locks. “Leaves glabrous, radical ones reniform 3-partite and
cut, stem-leaves divided to the base into linear subdentate seg-
ments, calyx pubescent shorter than the petals, head of fruit glo-
bose, achenes downy.”—Br. Fl. p.10. H. B. t. 624.

On moist shady banks, in groves and thickets, but not very commonly. Fi.
April, May. 2.

FE. Med.— About the grounds at St. John’s, sparingly, and in Apley wood.
Wood by Little Smallbrook farm. Inwards copse by Ashey farm. Wood
between Wootton church and Whippingham. In a copse called Steepworth, a
litle east of Kerne. Sparingly in Quarry copse. Grounds of Northfield House,
Ryde, and wood between Knighton House and Kerne, Dr. I’ Bell-Salter.
Marina wood by Apley, abundantly. Munwell warren, Dr. T. B. Salter.

W. Med.—In Lorden, Westridge and Sluccombe coppices near Shorwell, but
sparingly. New Barn Hummit, Calbourne, also Kingston copse, plentiful.

Root abrupt, emitting a tuft of copious, whitish, cylindrical fibres. Stems one
or more, a foot high at most, usually shorter, rounded, hollow, a little branched,
erect or somewhat spreading or reclining, glabrous or slightly downy on the
upper part. Radical leaves several, on loug, channelled, downy stalks, with white
sheathing bases, roundish or reniform, more or less hairy, variously and deeply
divided into 3 or 5, lobed and cut wedge-shaped segments. Stem-leaves quite
sessile, cleft to the very base, with about 5—7 linear pointed segments which on
the uppermost leaf are entire or nearly so, on the rest again forked, cleft or
toothed. Flowers solitary, terminal, on long downy pedicels, when perfect rich
golden yellow, but the petals in the earlier blossoms are commonly but partially
developed or altogether wanting, the calyx in such cases assuming in some degree
their form and colour on the edges, but in this imperfect state the sepals usually
Nanunculus. | RANUNCULACEA. 9

remain greenish at the back, otherwise when fully evolved nearly uniform, yellow,
concave, obtuse, ribbed and hairy, not reflexed, shorter than the roundish, entire,
veined, bright yeilow, and shining petals, the tubular pore at the base of which is
not closed by a scale. Stamens numerous ; anthers erect, elliptical, linear, bright
yellow. Stigmas recurved. Curpels in small round heads, ovate, slightly hairy,
keeled, with a tapering hooked beak.

This plant has nove of the acrimony of the other Crowfoots, heuce its name of
Sweet Crowfoot.

7. R. sceleratus,* L. Marsh Crowfoot. Celery-leaved Crow-
foot. “Leaves glabrous, radical ones petiolate tripartite, lobes
cut very obtuse, upper ones in 8 linear cut segments, calyx gla-
brous, achenes slightly wrinkled collected into an oblong head,
receptacle hairy.’—Br, Fl. p. 10. E. B. t. 681.

About pools and ditches, in wet meadows and other watery places ; not very
frequent. Fl. May—October. ©.

&. Med.—By the pond at Hardingshute farm, and on the Dover, sparingly.
By Thorley farm. Ditches in meadows at the bottom of Brading harbour, Wan,
Wilson Saunders, Esq. Plentiful in a wet meadow at Yarbridge. About San-
down. [Lane End, Bembridge, A. G. More, Esq., Edrs.]

W. Med.—Marsh ditches at Freshwater gate, and meadows between Yarmouth
and Thorley.

An acrid succulent herb, from a few inches to upwards of 2 feet in height.
Root a bundle of white fibres. Stem erect, stout, soft, hollow, furrowed and angu-
lar, copiously altervately and repeatedly branched, smooth and roundish below,
its upper part and the branches thickly clothed with fine downy hairs, often
T believe wanting. Root-leaves large, on very long stalks, roundish reniform,
8-lobed, the lobes trifid or variously cut and cleft with obtuse segments. Stem-
leaves on shorter stalks, the highest uf all sessile, deeply 3-cleft, with narrower
segments, those of the uppermost leaves almost linear, neatly entire, and a little
hairy. Petioles with short stipular sheaths. Flowers very small for so large a
plant, scarcely one-third of an inch in diameter, palish yellow, on solitary grooved
peduncles, either terminal, axillary or opposite to the leaves, much lengthened
out inseed. Sepals ovate, coloured, concave, very hairy without, strongly reflexed.
Petals obovate, glossy, flat, with a large, prominent, rather cupped than tubular
pore or nectary. Germens very numerous, on a hairy receptacle. Stigmas very
small, short, sessile. Carpels in an ovate or oblong bead.

Easily known by its erect, much-branched stem, very small pale flowers, and
conical heads of ovaria, in this last respect resembling Myosurus minimus.

8. R. acris, L. Upright Meadow Crowfoot. “Calyx spread-
ig, peduncles rounded (not furrowed), leaves tripartite their seg-
ments acute trifid and cut, upper ones linear, achenes and recep-
tacles glabrous.” —br, Fl. p. 10. EH. B. t. 652.

Very common in moist woods, meadows, pastures and by voadsides. Fl. June,
July. 2p.

9. R. repens, L. Creeping Crowfoot. “ Calyx spreading,
flower-stalks furrowed, scions creeping, leaves with 8 petiolated
leatlets wich are 3-lobed or 3-partite and cut, achenes collected
into a globose head glabrous, receptacle hairy.”—Br. Fl. p. 10.
i. B.t. 516,

Over the entire Isle of Wight. FU. May—Augnst. 2.

 

* The trivial name here denotes the mischievous properties of this very acrid

plant.
Cc
10 RANUNCULACE. (Ranunculus.

10. R. bulbosus, L. Bulbous Crowfoot. “ Calyx hairy reflexed,
peduncles furrowed, stem upright many-flowered, leaves cut into
3 petiolate leaflets which are 3-lobed or 3-partite and cut, root
bulbous, achenes smooth, receptacle hairy.”— Br. Fl. p. 10.
EB. t. 515.

In meadows, pastures and waste ground everywhere. Fl. May, June. 2.

“ Stem 1 ft. high, hairy. Lobes of the lower leaves subovate ; upper leaves
with linear segments.”—Br. Fl. :

One or both of this and the preceding species are known in the Isle of Wight
by the name of Yellow Cuul.

*%* Carpels rugose, tuberculate, or muricate. Root annual.

11. R. hirsutus, Curt. Pale hairy Crowfoot. “ Calyx reflexed,
stem erect many-flowered hairy, leaves 3-lobed or 3-partite, lobes
obtuse cut, root fibrous, achenes margined and tuberculated near
the margin.” —Br. Fl. p.10. H. B.t.1504. R. Philonotis, Ehrh,

In waste and cultivated ground, cornfields, &c. Fl. June—September. ©.
E, Med.—On the Dover, Ryde. Fields above E. Cowes, plentiful. [Tolerably
common near Bembridge, A. G. More, Esq., Edrs.]

12. R. parviflorus, L. Small- flowered Crowfoot. “Stem
spreading, leaves hairy 8-lobed and cut, peduncles opposite the
leaves, calyx as long as the petals, achenes muricated.’—Br. FI.
p. ll. E. B. t. 120.

On dry banks and in pastures, cornfields, and waste ground in various places.
Fl. April—August. ©.

£, Med.--Abundant on an earthen fence along the road to Brading from the
turning off castward by the finger-post on Ashey down to a considerable distance
on the road. Ina field above Shanklin Chine on its S. side, plentifully. Near
Apse farm. On the steps in the little orchard by the ‘ Crab and. Lobster’ at
Ventnor. Near Gorshill and Brading. At St. Helen’s by the descent t» the
Spit, abundantly. Near Osborne or Newbarn farm, E. Cowes, also plentifully.
The Rupe-walk, E. Cowes, Afiss Kilderbee. Near Wootton church, Miss 8. San-
ders. Frequent in fields about Steephill, A. Hamborouyh, Esq.

W, Med.—In great abundance on sandy hedgebauks by the way from Brixton
to Grange. Abundant on the chalk-marl at the south foot of Motteston down.
Frequent about Brixton, on the sand, and indeed over the whole of the south-
western part of the island on that formation. Tapnel farm, Mrs. Penfold. Fresh-
water by the cliffs, Mr. D. Turner, (My. Snooke).

Root aunual, whitish and fibrous. Stems numerous, branched and _ prostrate,
spreading in a circular form, from a few inches to a span long, round, hollow, and
clothed like the rest of the plant with a copious erect pubescence. Leaves on
long peduncles that are grooved above, those of the root round, deeply 5-lohed,
the lobes sharply cut and notched, uppermost leaves 3-lobed, with very acute and
more distant scyments. lowers sulitary, opposite the leaves, very small and
inconspicuous, their peduncles elongated after flowering. Sepals deciduous, as
are the petals, greenish, hairy. Petals as long as the calyx, narrow, ovate, pale
yellow, naturally 5 but 1 or 2 often wanting or imperfect even in the bud, each
with a prominent scale towards the claw; anthers 5—8. Pericarps ovate, strongly
keeled, with a short curved beak, their sides thickly covered with hooked prickles
pointing upwards.

This species of Ranunculus is chiefly confined to the temperate, maritime, and
western parts of Europe. It is common on the opposite coast at Southampton
and Lymington.
Myosurus.] RANUNCULACES. ll

13. R. arvensis, L. Corn Crowfoot. Vect. Devil's Claws.
“ Calyx spreading, stem erect many-flowered, leaves 3-cleft their
lobes generally again 8-cleft into linear entire or bi-tridentate
segments, achenes margined muricated.”—Br. Fl. p.10. EH. B.
t. 185.

In arable land, amongst corn, &c., far too prevalent. #7. May—July. Fr.
J uly, August. ©.

i. Med.—About Ryde, common. Fields above E. Cowes, and various parts of
that neighbourhood. Cornfield by Preston farm.

W. Med.—Cornfields between Yarmouth and Shalfleet. Common about New-
port, Gatcombe, Freshwater, and most other places.

Root consisting of many tapering, simple or somewhat branched fibres. Stem
solitary, or in luxuriant plants several, erect, from 8—10 or 20 inches high, terete
or obscurely angular, leafy, hollow in the centre, waved, paniculately dichotomous,
the branches more or less erect or patent, and together with the entire upper part
of the stem sparsely pubescent, the lower part of the stem glabrous or uearly so.
Leaves alternate, suberect, those at the base and inferior part of the stem on
moderately short footstalks, which rapidly shorten in the succeeding leaves into
their short clasping bases, or becoming nearly sessile; root-leaves one or two,
small, soon withering, the primary ones simple, cuneate, ovate or oblong, 3- or
5-cleft at summit or trifid, the segments entire or toothed ; the rest ternately pin-
natisected, the primary segments remote, stalked and again cut into oblong or
wedge-shaped, deeply cleft lobes, the terminal segment for the most part regu-
larly trifid, the lateral pair less so. Lobes unequal, attenuated downwards, con-
fluent but not stalked, bifid or trifid. Petioles semiterete, glabrous or a. little
hairy, chanuelled above, dilated and clasping at base, with membranous cili-
ated edges. Peduneles solitary, opposite the leaves, axillary or terminal, single-
flowered, lax and somewhat drooping in flower, firmer and widely spreading in
fruit, roughish with ascending pubescence, as long as or longer than the leaves.
Flowers small, about half an inch or less across. Calyx about two-thirds the
length of the petals, caducous. Sepals spreading, obovate-oblong, faintly 3-nerved,
with pale, flattish, dilated margins. Petals lemon-yellow, not much spreading,
obovate, very entire, venoso-striate, a little shining within, furnished almost at the
very point of the claw with a large and broad scale (nectary, Sm.) of a roundish
obcordate or fan-shaped figure, covering a glandular pore. Stamens not nume-
rous, a little incurved; anthers linear-elliptical, shorter than the filaments; pollen
large, spherical, pale yellow. Curpels few (about 8 or 9), collected into a loose
subglobose head, sessile, glabrous, semiorbicular, much compressed, muricated
laterally with conical tubercular aculei hooked at the apex, the marginal row
largest and longest, each carpel ending in a straight, conical, compressed beak.

The possession of the acrid and poisonous properties of its tribe in a high
degree, in conjunction with the large prickly pericarps, has doubtless obtained for
this plant the opprobrious name it bears amongst us of Devil’s Claws. It is a must
troublesome weed in our cornfields, which it often completely over-runs.

VI. Myosurus, Linn. Mouse-tail.

Calyx of 5 sepals produced or spurred at the base. Petals 5,
with long slender tubular claws. Carpels imperfectly dehiscent,
closely imbricated, on an elongated subulate receptacle. Seed
pendulous ; embryo inverted, with the radicle superior.

Little annual herbs, of which only two species are known; found in Europe,
Asia and America, having quite the habit of Ranunculus, but in the spurred

calyx, tubular petals and somewhat dehiscent carpels clearly betraying the affinity
of Myosurus with genera arranged under the succeeding tribe of Helleboree.
12 RANUNCULACEE. (Caltha.

1. M. minimus, L. Common Mouse-tail. Ovaries extremely
numerous on the conical finally linear-elongate receptacle, car-
pels closely imbricate, styles very short persistent erect. Br.
Fl. p. 6. HE. B. vii. t. 435.

In cultivated ground, cornfields, pastures and waste places, on a saudy, gra-
velly or chalky soil; not uncommon. Fv. April, May. Fr. June. ©.

E. Med.—tn several places about Ryde, as on the Dover occasionally. Corn-
fields about St. John’s, and especially abundant in one immediately at the back
of the frnit-garden, and near Preston farm between Ryde and the Priory. Plen-
tiful in a field by the footroad up the hill above I, Cowes, between the new
church and Osborne park. About Shanklin in several places, particularly in a field
above the Chine, at its upper or inland end. Cornfields about Week and Nettle-
combe farms, very frequent. About Godshill, Bridges, &c. Abundant at Bank
End near St. Lawrence, in a cornfield between the farm and the preventive-sta-
tion, Dr. Martin.

W. Med.—Sandy fields about Shorwell and Brixton occasionally. Atherfield,
Dr. Martin.

A humble annual, 2—4 inches high, closely allied to Ranunculus. Root small,
fibrous, emitting numerous simple, single-flowered scapes, mostly taller than the
leaves and thickened upwards. Stem none, Leaves numerous, nearly erect, 1—3
inches long, linear-spathulate, flat above with sheathing buses, entire, fleshy.
Flowers small, solitary, erect, greenish yellow. Sepals deciduous, linear, obtuse,
deflexed or spreading, with an acute whitish spur at the base of each beneath its
point of insertion. Petals ligulate, with very long tubular claws. Stamens
5—10; anthers erect, oblong, bursting at their outer edges. Styles obsclete.
Germens exceedingly numerous (several hundreds), imbricated, on a very conical
receptacie, which elongates as the seed ripens to 2 inches or more, and then hears
a striking resemblance to a mouse’s tail. Cuarpels closely imbricated, each with a
thick, pointed, dorsal keel. Seed solitary, ovate or elliptical, corapressed, quite
smooth and greenish.

This curious little plant is extremely rare in Scotland, and has not been as yet
detected in Ireland. In the S. and 8.E. of England it is by no means of uncom-
mon occurrence. It isa partial native also of America, where a second species
(M1. aristatus, Benth.) has been detected.

It isa singular feature in the geographical distribution of the Mouse-tail, that
though spread over the greater portion of Europe, part of Asia and Africa, it
yeappears in the heart of the western continent only, many hundred miles from
the Auantic and Pacilic coasts, but where it is perfectly indigenous.

Tribe IV. Helleborea.*

Afstivation imbricate. Fruit several (rarely but 1), dehiscent,
mostly many-seeded follicles. Sepals [mostly] 5, petaloid. Pe-
tals} 0, or 5—20, bilabiate, tubular, irregular, nectariferous.

VII. Carrnma, Linn. Marsh Marigold.

Sepals 5—9, petaloid. Petals 0. Follicles 5—10 or more,
many-seeded.
Glahbrous, succulent, perennial herbs, with bright yéllow, sometimes white

flowers, growing in wet places in the colder parts of Europe, Asia and America,
and in sonthern Patagonia.

 

* This tribe includes the most active plants of the order ; some genera, as Aco-
nitum, are virulent poisons, the rest dangerous or at best suspicious.
+ Nectaries of the earlier botanists.
Helleborus., RANUNCULACE-E. 18

1. C. palustris, L. Common Marsh Marigold. ‘“ Stem erect
rooting or creeping, leaves orbiculari-cordate or reniform crenate,
calyx-leaves 5—6 oval deciduous.” —Br. Fl.p.11. E. B. t. 2175.

In wet meadows, swampy thickets, and along boggy streams, but not very gene-
rally. #7. March—June. Fr. May? June. 2.

4H, Med.— Abundant in Horringford withy-bed. Common in moory meadows
and wet thickets near Blackpan common, and in a meadow to the westward of
Merry Garden farm. Meadow between Nettlestone green and Park farm. Abun-
dant in Centurion’s copse. In Brading marshes. Pan moor hy Newport. Lit-
tle boggy wood immediately at the back of the fruit-garden at St. John’s, sparingly.
In a wet hollow between the foot of Bembridge down and Bembridge farm, and
in a wet thicket near the latter. Common in wet meadows and thickets in most
parts of the vale of Newchurch. In Long Phillis copse. Near Appuldurcombe
park on the way to Sandford. Luccombe, H. C. Watson, Esq.

W. Med.—F¥requent in low meadows and thickets about Brixton and Shorwell.

Herb perfectly glabrous, extremely variable.

Stem erect, ascending or decumbent, from a foot or under to [8 inches high,
simple below, sparingly forked ahove, leafy at the bifurcations only, bluntly angu-
lar or subterete, often compressed, faintly furrowed, fistulose, very soft and succu-
lent. Leaves smooth, succulent, strongly veined, the radical ones on very long
hollow petioles which are flattened above, and dilated at the base into membra-
nous stipular appendages, with brownish ribbed, scariose summits soon withering,
those of the stem smaller, alternate, on similar but shorter stalks, clasping the bases
of the branches and flower-stalks, the ultimate or highest leaves nearly or quite
sessile ; all extremely various in size, the root-leaves often very large, mostly cordato-
rotundate, and very obtuse, more rarely somewhat pointed and even triangular, the
margin acutely, bluntly, or obsoletely crenate-serrate, often entire or slightly waved
only, except at the lobes, which are usually notched, the sinus itself entire. Pe-
duncles 2, 3 ov 4 together, single-flowered, various in length, deeply furrowed and
angular. Flowers erect, large and handsome, 1% or 2 inches in diameter, rich
golden yellow. Sepals about 5—8, obovate-rotundate, entire, unequal, rich golden
yellow, in an early state tinged or streaked greenish at the back, without distinct
claws or any pore at the base. Nectaries (nectarothece) none. Stamens very
pumerous, yellow ; filaments flattened, slightly dilated upwards; anthers adnate,
broadly elliptical, bursting laterally ; pollen yellow. Ovaries indeterminately nume-
rons (about 5—20 ?), oblong, greenish, with yellow, somewhat recurved, glandu-
lose and grooved, beak-like summits. *ollicles about three-fourths of an inch in
length, in shape like an inverted legume, sessile and spreading or recurved in a
stellately radiated head, glabrous, purplish and shining, veined, bursting before
mature along their thin upper edge. Seeds numerous, oblong, at first green, then
brown, the white, prominent raphe dilated at its lower end into the large cellular
chalyza.

Professor Bigelow (Florula Bost.) tells us that in America the garish blossoms
of this rank, acrid, but showy plant, are brought to market as a spring nosegay,
under the name of our far more elegant though less pretending Cowslip!

VIIT. Hettezorus, Linn. Hellebore.

Calyx of 5 roundish petaloid sepals. Petals 8—12, very small,
tubular, 2-lipped. Follicles coriaceous.

Perennial, bushy, faetid herbs, nearly peculiar to the more temperate parts of
Europe, with digitate or pedate leaves and broadly bracteated scapes and pedun-
cles. Flowers usually herbaceous or purplish. Qualities violently acrid, drastic
and dangerous.

1. H. viridis, L. Green Hellebore. ‘‘ Stem few-flowered leafy,
leaves digitate, calyx spreading.” —Br. Fl. p. 12. E. B. t. 200.
14 RANUNCULACEE. (Helleborus.

In woods and thickets, very rare and scarcely wild. ’. March, April. 2f.

EF. Med.—A single plant in St. John’s wood, near the entrance at Oakfield,
observed there for two or three successive years, in all probability the outcast of a
garden, though none could be found in cultivation near the spot.

Whole herb like the following perfectly smooth and glabrous, with a similar
though less powerfully strong smell, but devoid of rigidity, much more slender
and less branched,

Rhizome pale brown, short, slender, fleshy and wrinkled, emitting many long,
cylindrical, brownish fibres from 6—8 inches to 1 foot or more in length. Stems
one or more, erect, slender, solid, succulent and flexible, as is the entire plant,
subterete, faintly angular and furrowed, naked and simple below, but invested at
the base with several ovato-oblong, sheathing scales, the exterior of which are
white and membranous, the interior mostly greenish or purplish and sometimes
leafy at the summit. At the top the stem is sparingly branched in a forked mau-
ner, the divisions diverging, more evidently furrowed and angular, each hearing a
terminal flower or two, and a leaf at every bifurcation. Radical leaves appearing
with or partly after the flowering stems, very large, on extremely long petivles,
much resembling the stem, but with a deep narrow groove or channel on their
upper side, and sheathed at bottom with similar scales to those just described,
digitate or pedate, cleft into about 7—9 deep segments or divisions, of a deep
green, flexible, and slightly fleshy or succulent, netted with depressed veins above,
mostly lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, acutely, unequally and sometimes coarsely
serrate, the serratures mostly mucronato-apiculate, often incurved, the lower part
of each segment entire and attenuated to the point of union with the petiole,
where it is mostly purplish. These segments are extremely unequal in breadth,
the outermost usually confluent, 2- or 3-cleft, occasionally dentate or slightly
lobed, the rest or middlemost usually simple or cleft at the summit only. Stem-
leaves similar to those of the rout, but with fewer segments; the lowermost on
short, dilated, sheathing petioles, the highest of all quite sessile, in 2, 3 or 4 mostly
simple, serrated segments, always quite levf-like, not as in the next species
reduced ultimately to ovate, entire, pointed and uncoloured bracts. Flowers soli-
tary at the termination of and in the forks of the branches, hence few and remote,
more or less nodding or drooping. Peduneles from 1—2 inches in length, angu-
lar, wrinkled, and sometimes slightly pubescent at top. Sepals 5 or occasionally,
4, obovato-rotundate, nearly equal, pale green or herbaceous, strongly nerved,
often a little streaked or dashed with purplish brown at the base within, rounded
and obtuse or somewhat acute, often with a small point or apiculus, entire or a
litle crenulate or erose, at first converging, afterwards spreading pretty widely.
Petals (nectaries) pale green, numerous (9—12), substipitate, obconic or eya-
thiform, much compressed, convex at back, cencave in front, abruptly truncate,
the margins erose, folded together and closing the mouth or nearly so, much
shorter than the stamens, very caducous. Stamens deciduous, very pale buff yel-
low, as are the 2-celled laterally dehiscent anthers. Pollen globose, nearly white.
Ovaries 3—5 (mostly but 3), erect, sessile. Styles longer than the stamens,
oe or recurved at top, their point (stégma) globoso-capitate, papilloso-glan-

ulose.

2. H. fetidus, L. Stinking Hellebore. Setter-wort. “ Stem
many-flowered leafy, leaves pedate, calyx converging.” —Br. Fl. p.
12. HE. B. t. 618.

In woods, thickets and stony bushy placcs, along hedgebanks and on chalky
declivities, but rarely. F’. January—April. :

E. Med.—On a steep bank above the ‘ Crab and Lobster,’ Ventnor, but possibly
escaped originally from the garden of the inn. More certainly wild in rough ground
between St. Lawrence’s church and the old chapel at Wolverton, where it was
pointed out to me by Dr. Martin in 1839, as also on a high, steep and bushy
bank a few hundred yards west of the church. Under a stone fence a little to
the westward of Pan's farm, in some plenty, Albert Hamborough, Esq., 1845!!!
Near Hampstead, Bliss G. Wilderbee, litt. 1846.
A quilegia.| RANUNCULACES. 15

A smooth, bushy herb, with a strong ungrateful odour and acrid poisonous pro-
perties.

Root woody, covered with a thick, brownish black, wrinkled bark, and emitting
many stout wiry fibres. Stem or rather caudex 1—2 feet high, round, smooth,
naked and scarred beneath, very leafy above. Leaves scattered, evergreen, pedate,
on long, deeply channelled petioles suddenly widened into almost sheathing bases,
cleft to the centre into mostly 9 linear or linear-lanceolate, sharply serrated,
blackish green, rigid, coriaceous segments, perfectly glabrous on both sides, gra-
dually diminishing in size as they pass by a dilatation of their footstalks into
broad leafy bracts, which towards the summit of the panicle are 3-cleft at their
extremity, the uppermost ovate, quite entire and pointed. Flowers numerous,
globose, drooping, in a large, lax, pale green panicle, their compressed pedicels
and the upper branches of the panicle glanduloso-pubescent. Calya (petals, Sm.)
of 5 roundish or ovate, heart-shaped, concave leaves, pale green becoming edged
with purple in expansion, spreading only when in seed, otherwise connivent and
almost concealing the stamens, a little downy at the back. Petals (nectaries,
Sm.) mostly 5 or 6, minute, deciduous, greenish, tubular and truncate, ribbed,
notched on the margin, compressed, glandular and honey-bearing within at the
base, but destitute of a pore. Stamens numerous, the length of the calyx, placed
on a conical receptacle beneath the ovaries, falling away with the petals; anthers
ovate, pale yellow, extrorse. Ovaries 2— 5, must commonly 3, slightly glan-
duloso-pilose, united heneath, tapering into slightly curved styles the length of
the stamens. Follicles 3—5, ovate, leathery, brownish, strongly and transversely
veined, connate at their base. Seed rather large, ovato-oblong, smooth, somewhat
wrinkled, black and shining.

The broad deeply cleft leaves, with their rigid evergreen character, and long
petioles sheathing the short caudex, impart to H. fcetidus somewhat of the aspect
of a dwarf fan-palm or palmetto.

The early and complete separation of the stamens after impregnation, whilst
the less advanced flowers retain these organs, would lead us on a hasty view to
pronounce this species moneecious or rather polygamous.

The acrimonious root sliced is inserted into the ears of swine asa local or
counter-irritant by the cattle-leeches in Hampshire. The species is often seen in
cottage-gardens, being a rustic remedy for worms in children, but the employment
of so violent a medicine in unskilful bands has too often been followed by seri-
ous consequences, and its use is now abandoned in regular practice. It is from
the use of the root as an issue for horses and horned cattle, that the term Setter-
wort is derived; the word “ settering” being iu use with farriers to denote the
insertion of a seton or issue, and is probably a corruption of setoning. See
Churchill’s Med. Bot. and Bailey’s Dictionary, also Gerarde, Emend.

IX. Aquitzei1a, Linn. Columbine.

Calyx of 5 petaloid, deciduous sepals. Petals 5, funnel- or cor-
net-shaped, produced into a spur at base. Follicles 5, membra-
naceous, tipped with the persistent styles, many-seeded.

Handsome perennials, with purple or variegated nodding flowers and ternatel
compounded leaves, with stalked, rounded or wedge-shaped, usually 3-lobed leaf-
lets, native chiefly to Europe, Siberia and North America in cold shady or hilly
situations. The rather few species known, if not actually inert, possess but little
energy as poisons.

1. A. vulgaris, L. Common Columbine. “Spur of the petals
incurved, follicles hairy, stem leafy many-flowered, leaves nearly
glabrous, styles as long as the stamens.’—Br. Fl. p. 12. E. B.
t. 297.

B. Flowers white.
16 RANUNCULACES. [Aquilegia.

In moist, often elevated woods and thickets, along hedges, in open pastures and
on heathy, bushy commons and furze-brakes in several parts of the island ; not
frequent, through truly wild with us. Fl. May—July. 2{.

E. Med.—Sparingly though certainly wild in the high wood in Appuldurcombe
park. In Quarr copse, but very rarely. Abundant a year or two since amongst
furze near Ninham farm, Rydé, and found by me several years previously in a
wood between Ninham and Quart, but in the former station the plant had disap-
peared in 1840, being apparently overpowered by the furze itself. In an old
stone-pit at Binstead, Rev. W. Darwin For !!! Hedgebank of a field between
Wootton bridge and Wootton common, perhaps escaped from the Rev. W.
White’s garden. On Lake common with flowers of a bright purplish red, a good
many plants.

W. Med.—Very sparingly but truly wild in the elevated thicket along the crest
of the chalk-pit on Alvington manor, by Carisbrooke. A plant or two observed
near North Court, Shorwell, probably a stray from cultivation. Nearly at the
summit of High Wood, Swainston, in one place in great abundance, covering a
space of ground of many yards in radius and truly wild. (The spot is about 50
yards from a large spreading oak, standing alone in the centre of a wide glade or
road cut in the wood). Plentiful in a field near Colwell barracks, and still abun-
dant at the upper end of Colwell heath. Plentiful in a wood called the Tolt
copse, near Gatcombe. In Northwood park, Miss G. Kilderbee. Parkhurst forest
on the left hand within the gate near Mark’s Corner, Miss G. Kilderbee !

8. Ape’s down, plentifully, A/rs. Woodrow, according to Mrs. Penfold, who has
received specimens from thence.

Stem thick and fleshy, branching into several stout, nearly simple fibres, divided
at the crown into 2 or mure (sometimes numerous) heads wrapped by the sheath-
ing bases of the leafstalks of a former season. Stem one or more (?), slender,
erect, from 2 to 3 or even 4 feet high, hollow, wavy, subterete and simple below,
obscurely or distinctly angular above, where it divides into a few distant, upright
branches; clothed all over with fine, soft, spreading pubescence, sometimes it is
said glabrous. Radical leaves fasciculate, biternate, their common and partial
stalks downy like the stem, terete, a little flattened and grooved above, the former
a span or more in length, shortly sheathing at the base, with broadly scariose
entire margins; partial footstalks much shorter, about 2—4 inches in length.
Leaflets about 1 or 2 inches long, slightly glaucous, glabrous above, whitish and
finely downy beneath, cuneato-rotundate, cuneato-ovate or fan-shaped, entire at
the base, more or less deeply or even subpalmately incised ; the terminal leaflet
shortly stalked, trifidly cut or lobed at the summit, the lobes again bifidly or tri-
fidly incised, crenate, with usually rounded obtuse and shallow, sometimes deeper,
more acute and almost toothed segments. Lateral leaflets sessile, subsessile, or
also stalked, oblique at base and less regularly 3-lobed, otherwise like the termi-
nal. Occasionally all the leaflets are sessile, confluent or even entire (Bertoloni).
Stem-leaves few, distant, the lowermost like thuse at the root but on shorter stalks,
those higher up almost sessile on their broad clasping sheaths, with narrower and
less divided leaflets, the highest of all or those at the origin of the branches sim-
ply ternate and reduced to three elliptical, oblong, slightly cut and cleft or quite
entire sessile leaflets. Flowers solitary, terminal, large (2 inches across), nodding,
in the truly wild state mostly of a fine purplish or violet blue, sometimes, as in
gardens, inclined to a reddish or pink colour, rather fugacious. Sepals concolo-
rous with the petals, elliptical-oblong or ovate-oblong, with greenish thickened
tips and abrupt wrinkled claws, slightly downy externally, pointed or acuminate,
a little spreading only. Petals erect, normally 5 but sometimes double that num-
ber in the wild plant, uniformly coloured like the sepals, cornet-shaped, the limb
very round and obtuse, with the margins entire, more or less revolute or reflexed,
tapering into a shortish more or less strongly hooked spur, having its apex hol-
low, globose, and gland-like. Stamens numerous, the outermost shorter and
spreading or recurved at their tips, the inner and longer erect, about as long as
the petals; filaments ciliated and rugose at bottom, and mixed with lanceolate,
pellucid, paleaceous scales, which are no doubt abortive or imperfect stamens ;
Aconitum.]} RANUNCULACEA, 17

anthers pale yellow, broadly elliptical, very flat, bursting along their edges.
Ovaries very downy, tapering into the 5 long, simple, erect styles, which a very lit-
tle exceed the inner stamens in length. Capsules 5, erect, cylindrical, a little
downy, very clammy when green, strongly reticulated when ripe. Seeds nume-
rous, oblong, gibbous at the back, acutely keeled and margined, jet-black and
highly polished, attached in a double row along the dehiscent suture.

The Columbine is undoubtedly indigenous to our hilly woods and thickets,
more sparingly and sporadically dispersed in the low grounds, where the plant
is perhaps often an escape from cultivation.

The singularly close resemblance in the flowers of this plant to a group of birds
has given rise to the English name of Columbines, from Columba, a dove; and
the Latin generic one of Aquilegia may with as much probability have been
intended to designate a gathering together of eagles, from the same Dird-like con-
formation and grouping. There is however reason to suppose that the term Aqui-
legia may be simply the old Latin word Aquilegium slightly altered in termina-
tion, and which signifies a gathering or collecting of water (dew or rdin) ab agua
et lego, a purpose for which the hollow or tubular processes or spurs (nectaries)
of the petals seem well fitted, and in fact they are seldom found without a self-
secreted honied liquid, which in earlier times may have been mistaken for such
aqueous deposit. Rejecting these etymologies, it will be difficult tv account for
the length of the derivative from so simple a root, assuining the allusion to be
merely to the resemblance, as has been asserted, by no means obvious, of the blunt
nectaries to the sharp claws of a bird of prey. The word Aquilegia as altered and
applied to our plant is not of classical antiquity, though the species must have
been well known to the ancients by some other name, as it is a native of most
parts of Europe.

X. Detpuinium, Linn. Larkspur.

Calyx deciduous, of 5 irregular, coloured, petaloid sepals, the
uppermost sepal produced at base with aspur. Petals 4, the two
upper with spur-like appendages which are included in the spur
of the calyx; free or combined into one. ollicles 1, 3, or 5,
mostly many-seeded.

Showy annual, biennial or perennial plants, with bright blue, purple, pink or
white (never yellow) flowers. Geographical distribution the same as Aconitum,
which this genus closely approaches in character, habit and foliage, but its sen-
sible properties are far inferior in energy, few of the species possessing much acti-
vity as poisons.

1. D. Consolida, L. Field Larkspur. “ Stem erect branched,
flowers in lax racemes, petals combined, inner spur of one piece,
pedicels shorter than the bracteas, follicle one glabrous.”—Br.
Fl, p.12. H. B. t. 1839.

In sandy or chalky cornfields occasionally, but very rarely. Fl. June, July. ©.

Cornfields above the Undercliff, Mrs. Cope. In a cornfield at Westbrook,
Albert Hamborough, Esq.! Sandy cornfield between Blackgang and Chale, Miss
Kirkpatrick,

XI. Aconrrum, Linn. Aconite, Wolf’s-bane.

Sepals 5, petaloid, coloured, irregular, the upper one hooded or
helmet-shaped. Petals (nectaries, Sm.) 2 (the 3 lowermost want-
ing or rudimentary), stipitate, tubular, concealed in the galeate

upper segment of the calyx.
D
18 BERBERIDACES. (Berberis.

Perennial, never annual plants, indigenous to the colder or alpine regions of
Europe, Asia and America, with deeply palmate or multifid leaves like those of
some Ranuneuli, and dark blue sometimes pale yellow flowers in terminal
racemes. Many but not all of the species are acrid narcotic poisons of great
virulence, owing to the presence of aconitin, a vegetable alkaloid of tremendously
fatal energy.

*1, A. Napellus, L. Common Wolf’s-bane, or Monk’s-hood.
“Upper sepal arched at the back, spur of the nectary nearly
conical bent down, wings of the stamens cuspidate or none, lobes
of the leaves cuneate pinnatifid.’—Br. Fl. p.13. HE. B. t. 2730.

In wet thickets and by streams; very rare and not indigenous. Fl. May—
August. 2{. : .

In some plenty by the brook (Newtown river) between Newbridge and Mill Green
or Upper Galbourne mill, pointed out by my friend the Rev. James Penfold !!!
Sparingly in a wet thicket by the Medina just out of Newport, G. Kirkpatrick,
sq. 1!)

Germens commonly 3, rarely more (Gaudin says he never saw 5), the two infe-
rior calyx-segments extremely unequal, sometimes there are 3, and usually a few
coloured scales (abortive filaments) between the calyx and stamens. The species
is extremely variable according to soil, elevation, &c., and has been split into
several others by continental botanists. It has been cultivated amongst us from
time immemorial ; it is therefore not surprising that it should occur spontane-
ously in situations analogous to its native places of growth ; the wonder only is
that it should have escaped notice until within these few years in the many sta-
tions now recorded, as it cannot be imagined that its tendency to become natu-
ralized was less formerly than at present.

Order II. BERBERIDACEA, Vent.

A small order of shrubs or herbs, with compound, usually exsti-
pulate leaves and an imbricated estivation. Sepals 8—4—6,
mostly in a double row, often coloured, and subtended by petaloid
bracts. Petals hypogynous, equal or double in number to the
sepals, often with glands or hollow appendages below on their
inner side. Stamens as many as the petals, and opposite to them;
anthers 2-celled, each cell opening by a valve or lid from bottom
to top. Ovary 1-celled; ovules anatropous, attached laterally at
the base of the cell. Fruit baccate or capsular. Seeds few or
many; embryo straight in the axis of the firm albumen.

I. Berseris, Linn. Barberry.

Calyx of 6 deciduous, concave, coloured sepals, subtended by 2
or more petaloid scales or bracts. Petals 6, usually with a pair
of glands on the inner side of each, near the claw. Berry 1-celled,
2—38 seeded.

Prickly, rarely unarmed shrubs, with yellow bark and wood, the scattered, fas-
cicled or pinnate leaves mostly without stipules, and the primary ones reduced to
simple or triple acicular spines. Flowers yellow. Bark astringent ; leaves and
fruit acid and refrigerant.

The Barberries are natives of temperate and mountain regions in Europe, Asia
and North and South America.
Nymphea.]} NYMPH/EACEE.—PAPAVERACES. 19

tl. B. vulgaris, L. Common Barberry. Spines 8 - parted,
leaves oblong obovate ciliato-serrate, racemes many-flowered pen-
dulous, petals entire. Br. Fl. p.14. HEH. B.t. 49.

In woods, thickets and hedges ; a very doubtful native. F/.May;June. h.

W. Med.—In a field-hedge between Thorley and Shalcomb, abundantly for a
few yards, but contined to one spot, and perhaps not really indigenous there, Rev.
James Penfold and Mr. Barnabas Beere !!! My. Penfold finds on inquiry of the

labouring population, testimony to the existence of the Barberry in the station
just given sixty years ago.

Order ITI. NYMPH ACE, DC.

“ Those virgin lilies all the night
Bathing their beauties in the lake,
That they may rise more fresh and bright,
When their beloved Sun’s awake.”
Paradise and the Pert.

“ Sepals about 5, often gradually passing into the numerous
petals, and these again into stamens which arise from a fleshy disk
surrounding more or less entirely the many-celled and many-
seeded ovary. Stigma peltate, rayed. Seeds in a gelatinous aril.
Albumen farinaceous. Embryo enclosed in a membranous bag.
Cotyledons foliaceous. — Aquatic herbs, with peltate or cordate
leaves and magnificent flowers.” —Br. Fl.

I. Nymeuma, Linn.

“ Calyx of 4—5 sepals. Petals. inserted as well as the stamens
upon a fleshy disk or covering to the ovary (so as apparently to
arise from it). Berry many-celled, many-seeded.”—Br. Fi.

*1, N. alba; L. White Water-lily. Leaves cordate entire,
stigma of 16 ascending rays. Br. Fl. p.15. EH. B. t. 160.

Naturalized in ponds, clear still rivers and ditches. FV. July.

W. Med.—Ponds at Swaiuston, most probably planted.

E. Med.—Pond at Fernhill, but introduced, Mrs. Saunders !

My friend [the late] Edward Vernon, Esq., jun., was told it grows in a pond
near Blackwater.

I have observed Nymphza truly wild in the ditches at Gomer pond, near Gos-
port, and immediately opposite Ryde.

Order IV. PAPAVERACEA, Juss.

“ Calyx of 2 rarely 3 deciduous sepals. Corolla of 4 rarely 5
or 6 petals. Stamens indefinite. Ovary 1-celled. Stigma lobed
or rayed. Fruit dry, with 2 or more parietal usually projecting
placentas, forming complete or incomplete dissepiments, hence
1- or several-celled, many-seeded. Embryo in the base of a fleshy
albumen.—Herbaceous plants. Leaves alternate.’—Br. Fl.
20 PAPAVERACEE. (Papaver.

I. Paraver, Linn. Poppy.

“ Sepals 2 varely 8. Petals 4 rarely 6. Stigma sessile, radi-
ated. Capsules with the seeds on parietal placentas projecting
towards the centre of the single cell, and escaping by pores
beneath the permanent rayed sessile stigma.”’—Br. Fl

§ Capsules bristly.

1. P. Argemone, L. Long Prickly-headed Poppy. “Capsule
clavate hispid with erect bristles, filaments dilated upwards, stem
leafy, leaves bipinnatifid.”— Br. Fl. p.16. H. Bt. 643. Fl.
Dan. v. t. 867, (optima).

Very frequent in cultivated and waste ground, amongst corn, clover, &e., and
on dry banks, in light sandy or gravelly soil. Fl. May—July. ©.

E. Med. — Abundant in sandy fields about Newchurch. Cornfields by the
footway from Sandown to Shanklin, also ahout Cliff farm, Lee farm, and else-
where in that vicinity. Between Lake and Sandown, also in cornfields between
Yaverland and the sea, plentifully. Abundantly in cornfields near Wellow,
Newchurch. A variety with the petals deeply laciniated, in some specimens so
much so as almost to appear fringed, I found in a field nearly opposite Cliff farm
in some plenty, mixed with the common state of the plant. Fields between
Lake and the sea, Mr. Snooke. «

W. Med.—By Calbourne New Barn.

Root annual, whitish, long and tapering, simple or a little branched, rigid. Stem
in very small plants solitary and erect, in large and luxuriant ones numerous, pro-
cumbent and ascending below, from 5 or 6 inches to a foot or rather more in height,
round, solid, rigid, leafy, slightly milky, distantly and alternately branched, rough
with long, scattered, erect, subappressed or (particularly at the base of the stems)
partly spreading white hairs. Leaves very similar to those of the next species,
more or less hirsute with long, white, stiffish, simple hairs, deeply bi- or tripinnatifid,
the radical ones on rather long grooved petioles, those of the stem becoming by
degrees quite sessile, the primary segments opposite or alternate, in all usually re-
mote, especially the basal pair, which is mostly very distant, larger than the rest
and often tripiunatifid, frequently absent on the lower stem- and root-leaves ; se-
condary or ultimate segments various in size and shape, more or less lanceolate,
ovate or linear, entire or (often trifidly) cleft or toothed, each segment tipped with
a short straight bristle, their margins thickened and deflexed. Flowers solitary,
on long, terminal and axillary, flexuose peduncles covered with close-pressed hairs,
drooping in the bud, afterwards erect, very fugacious, smaller than any of the fol-
lowing, and expanding indifferently at all hours of the day. Bracts none. Calyx
more or less bristly with stiff hairs curved upwards and springing from tubercles.
Petals light brilliant scarlet, with a large obovate shining spot of purplish black
at their base, about 1 inch or 1} inch long, cuneate, obovate, rumpled, with a sa-
tiny gloss, their summits somewhat notched, from their more attenuated form not
contiguous or overlapping each other, but spreading widely asunder. Stamens erect,
the inner ones about as long as the germen ; filaments dark purple, shining, gradu-
ally dilated upwards to an oblong shape, and bearing on their mucronate tips the
pale whitish blue compressed nearly orbicular anthers. Germen clavato-ohconie, his-
pid with long erect or appressed slightly curved bristles. Stigma with from 3—6
violet-blue rays. Capsules pale greenish ash-colour, about 2 of an inch long, club-
shaped, with as many whitish slender ribs* as there are rays on the stigma, the

* These ribs upon the capsule mark the places of the insertion of the interior
placente to which the seeds are affixed, and of which the rays of the stigma are
but the superior extremities.
Papaver.] PAPAVERACE. 21

intermediate space wrinkled but not furrowed (as is usually the case in the next
species, where these ribs are far less conspicuous), beset as in that with similar
curved bristles but less copiously. Seeds numerous, kidney-shaped, leaden gray
or ash-coloured, sometimes pale red and apparently abortive, beautifully sculp-
tured with longitudinal ridges and deep intermediate depressions.

The smallest of our Poppies, and readily known by its four narrow bright scar-
let petals with dark purple claws, and the fine blue of its anthers.

2. P. hybridum, L. Round Prickly-headed Poppy. Mongrel
Poppy. “ Capsule subglobose hispid with spreading bristles, fila-
ments dilated upwards, stem leafy, leaves bipinnatifid.”— Br. Fl.
p. 16. H. B.t.43. (The figure in E. Bot. is a very indifferent
representation of our plant).

In dry sandy and especially chalky cornfields, frequent. #l. May—July. ©.

i, Med.—At the E. end of Brading. At Bonchurch, Ventnor, St. Lawrence,
and other parts of Undercliff. Cornfields above Sandown bay, occasionally.

W. Med.—Frequent about Yarmouth, and in cornfields near Wellow with P.
Argemone and Bupleurum rotundifolium in 1840. Abundantly in 1842 along
the edge of a cornfield just above Calbourn New Barn. Carisbrook common
field, George Kirkpatrick, E'sq.

Root whitish, tapering, nearly or quite simple. Stems several or in small spe-
cimens solitary, from 6 to 18 inches high, somewhat lax, erect, ascending or
spreading, irregularly branched, round, solid, rigid and leafy, harsh to the touch
from minute scabrous points, and covered with white hairs, which on the stem
itself are long, soft and spreading ; on the peduncles and higher branches shorter,
close-pressed and rigid. Leaves rough and almost hoary with pale hispid pubes-
cence; the radical ones and those towards the base of the stem on long chan-
nelled petioles; those higher up sessile; all doubly and deeply pinnato-pinnatifid,
the segments flat, lanceolate, linear-lanceolate or ovate, bluntish, tipped with a
bristle, their margins revolute and edged with distant setaceous hairs, which on
the midrib beneath are longer and close-pressed. The basal pair of primary seg-
ments iu the stem-leaves is usually remote from the rest and ocenpying the place
of stipules. Peduneles axillary and terminal, single-flowered, very long, covered
with stiff close-pressed hairs, lax and drooping in flower, afterwards rigid and
erect. Flowers small, intermediate in size between the last and the following spe-
cies, extremely fugacious, expanding early in the day, and falling long before
evening. Calyx very hispid, with long hairs curving upwards and seated on pale
warty tubercles. Petals obovato-rotundate, in colour between a pale scarlet and
rose-red, with a purple-black and shining spot on the claws, rumpled, much
notched along the margin, spreading horizontally. Stamens erect, their filaments
dilated upwards and flattened, dark purple; anthers pale blue; pollen white.
Stigma small, 6- or 7-rayed. Capsule mostly subglobose, more or less elongated,
and approaching that of P. Argemone in form, but the ribs are never so strongly
marked ; setoso-hispid like it, but the bristles are usually thicker set and more
curved, and the intercostal faces are obscurely furrowed. Seeds kidney-shaped,
shorter and rounder than in the last, blackish, yellowish or reddish brown ; far less
beautiful, covered only with a coarse sculpture of angular cells without longitudi-
nal ridges.

This species has by some been erroneously thought a hybrid between the fore-
going and following species, but the very slight resemblance it bears to the latter,
its exclusively matutinal hours of blossoming, the different colour of the flowers
from those of either of the other two, and its more limited geographical range in
comparison with theirs, are conclusive against the truth of such an opinion.
22 PAPAVERACES. (Papaver.

§§ Capsules smooth.

8. P. dubium, L. Long Smooth-headed Poppy. ‘‘ Capsule gla-
brous oblong, crenatures of stigma distinct, filaments subulate,
stem hairy, bristles of the flower-stalks appressed, leaves once or
twice pinnatifid sessile.”—Br. Fl. p.16. HE. B. t. 644.

In cornfields and other cultivated ground, on wall-tops, waste places and by
pes frequent, though less abundant with us than the following. Fl. May—

uly. ©.

Tn pastures in various parts of the Island.

£. Med.—Shanklin Chine. Cornfields above Sandown.

W., Med.—About Carisbrook castle.

Capsules whitish brown, quite glabrous, ovoid-oblong or subclavate, about 9 or
10 lines in length, strongly ribbed, especially near the base, the intercostal spaces
venosely rugose, the truncate summit rather narrower than the plane 7— 10
(mostly 8 or 9) rayed stigma. In small starved specimens the stigma is 6, 5 or
even 4-rayed ; in the latter case the germen and capsule are quadrangular. Seeds
numerous, subdiaphanous, in size, colour, shape and sculpture scarcely in the
least differing from those of P. Rheas.

4, P. Rheas, L. Common Red Poppy or Corn Rose. Veet.
Red-weed. ‘ Capsule glabrous nearly globose, crenatures of the
stigmas overlapping each other at the margin, filaments subulate,
stem bristly, leaves once or twice pinnatifid sessile.”—Br. Fl. p.
16. #. B.t. 645.

In cultivated land, amongst corn, clover, &c., abundantly. Fl. May—Octo-
ber. ©.

A single specimen with the flower pure white found in a cornfield above San-
down bay, July, 1842; (a beautiful variety).

B. intermedia. Stem more branched near the root, hairs fewer, those on the
peduncles appressed (except immediately beneath the flower) ; capsules rather less
globose, Dr. Bell-Salter. An P. intermedium, Beck, F). der Gegendum Frank-
fort am Main, i. p. 836, and Reichenb. Iconog. ?

A fleshy herb, of a pale glaucous green and slightly milky. Root whitish,
tapering, hard and woody in the centre, simple or a little branched. Stems
numerous, erect or ascending at the base, about 2 feet high, much branched,
round, solid, leafy, hispid with white or purplish, scattered, spreading, simple
and almost pungent hairs, seated on tubercular bases. Leaves alternate or partly
opposite, rough on both sides with erect bristly hairs like those on the stem ; root-
and lower stem-leaves on channelled petioles, oblong, pinnatifid, the superior pin-
ne often confluent, and then mostly forming a broadish ovate or oblong, variously
incised or inciso-serrate terminal lobe ; upper stem-leaves more or less completely
sessile, deeply and remotely pinnatifid, the segments mostly lanceolate, linear-lan-
ceolate or tooth-like, callous, obtuse, bristle-tipped, variously and acutely cut or
dentate, the rosreins a little reflexed, their terminal lohes narrow and often nearly
entire. Peduncles axillary and terminal, very long, single-flowered, more or less
flexuose, erect and rigid in blossom and seed, lax and drooping at the summit
when in bud, extremely rough and harsh with bristly and (except in var. 6.)
spreading purplish hairs. Bracts none. Flowers very large, from 23 to 4 inches
in diameter, remaining expanded throughout the day. Sepals deciduous, ovate,
concave, with narrow diaphanous margins, hispid with similar hairs to those on
the stem, but curved upwards and springing from much larger tubercles. Petals
bright scarlet of various shades of intensity, in dry sandy fields sometimes as pale
as in the foregoing, rather unequal, the two exterior and larger nearly semicircu-
lar, the two inner and swaller subcuneato-rotundate; all spreading, undulated
and rumpled, generally with a shining purplish black spot on their claws.
Papaver. | PAPAVERACES. 23

Stamens about as long as or rather longer than the germen, their filaments purplish,
angular, slender, not at all dilated upwards nor hollow within ; anthers purplish,
ovato -elliptical, flattened, 2-lobed, bursting by their lateral margins; pollen
greenish and globular. Germen truncately ovate or urceolate, crowned with the
9—12 rayed convex or flattish stigma, the rays dilated or clavate at their ends
and covered with a purple glandular pile or pubescence. Capsule pale whitish
brown, crowned with the equally broad or even slightly projecting persistent
stigma ; urceolate, with a more or less subglobose or ovate form, quite glabrous,
with many distinct but not prominent ribs, the intercostal spaces plane. Seeds
numerous, roundish kidney-shaped, reddish, grayish or blackish, subcompressed,
covered with a regular network of angular cells.

About Godshill, and perhaps elsewhere in the island, the Puppy is used to feed
pigs with, as I can myself testify, having seen it collected for that purpose; and
on inquiry J learn that this narcotic plant is considered very wholesome and nou-
rishing food for them, either alone or mixed with their wash.

It is remarkable that this and the other species of Poppy, the disposition of
which to wander obtained for them amongst the old writers the title of “ errati-
cum,” should have little or no tendency to establish themselves in the United
States or in Canada, where so many of our common European weeds have
obtained an extensive and in some cases injurious footing, favoured by the simi-
larity of soil and climate to the country from which they migrated.

5. P. somniferum, L. White or Opiwm Poppy. ‘“ Glaucous,
capsule globose glabrous, filaments dilated upwards, stem and
amplexicaul leaves usually glabrous.”—Br. Fl. p. 17. E. B. t.
2145.

Naturalized in waste and newly turned-up ground, on building-lots and rub-
bish-heaps ; more rarely in cornfields, on sand or chalk, and principally at the
back of the Island. Fl. July. ©.

£. Med.—Frequent at Ventnor, coming up wherever the soil is disturbed for
building or gardens. On rough ground near the sea between Steephill and St.
Lawrence. On waste ground nearly below the Pulpit rock, Bonchurch. Corn-
field near Yaverland, 1840.

Root annual, whitish, woody and tapering, 4 little branched. Stem stout, soli-
tary, erect, simple in the smaller, branched above in the larger plants, but always
less so than in any of our other species, rounded, slightly furrowed and angular,
spread over with glaucous bloom, very leafy, from about 2 to 3 or even 4 feet high.
Leaves large, somewhat fleshy, covered with the same glaucous bloom as the stem,
patent or suberect, undulated or quite sessile, those at the root oblong, a little nar-
rowing to the base, the rest gradually widening to a more ovate form, heart-shaped
at their base, their lobes amplexicaul, all copiously, acutely and unequally inciso-
serrate or crenate, sinuately lobed, the serratures thickened at their tips and often
armed with a bristle; the margins and disk of the leaves much waved or crisped
and deflexed. Peduncles single-flowered, glabrous or beset with scattered, rigid,
spreading hairs. Flowers at first drooping, then erect, very large, 3 or 4 inches across,
extremely variable in colour, from white to every shade of purple or crimson, often
even in spontaneously springing plants double or semidouble. Calyx smooth,
glabrous, green or purplish. Petals unequal, the exterior Jargest, roundish
wedge-shaped, the two interior narrower, striated with veins that are prominent
and rib-like at the back, the base of each petal marked with a large obovate spot
of dark purple. Stamens whitish, their flattened filaments a little enlarged or
clavate at the summit; anthers sublinear, oblong, pale. Germen goblet-shaped,
contracted above the insertion of the stamens into a kind of foot as in that uten-
sil. Stigma peltate, convex, its projecting margin deeply lobed, the lobes mem-
branaceous, free. 5 ek

The entire plant when broken or cut emits a milky, acrid and very bitter juice,
which turns brown by contact with the air, and when inspissated becomes the
well-known and valuable drug called opium.
24 PAPAVERACEA. (Glaucium.

I have seen the Opium Poppy so troublesome a weed in cornfields about Cob-
ham near Rochester, that women were employed to root it out. It had most
likely been cultivated there antecedently for the use of the druggists.

A native it is said of Asia, but now naturalized in most parts of Europe as far
North as St. Petersburgh, having escaped from gardens or fields, in which it is
generally cultivated, buth as an ornamental border annual, or on an extensive
scale for the oil afforded by its seeds, in great use in Flanders for culinary pur-
poses, as well as for the large globose capsules, called Poppy-heads, of well-known
efficacy in an anodyne decoction, and from which in the East opium is produced.

II. Giavcrum, Tourn. Horned Poppy.

“ Sepals 2. Petals 4. Stigma 2-lobed, sessile. Pod linear,
the two placentas at length connected by a spongy dissepiment,
hence 2-celled, 2-valved. Seeds dotted without a crest.” —Br. Fi.

1. G. luteum, Scop. Yellow Horned Poppy. Sea Poppy. Sea
Celandine. “Pod minutely tuberculated, cauline leaves amplexi-
caul sinuate, stem glabrous.’—Br. Fl. p.17. E. B.t. 8. Cheli-
donium Glaucium, L.

On the sandy or shingly sea-beach, cliffs and waste ground along the shore, not
unfrequent ; rarely somewhat inland. Fl. June—October. g. Sm. et alior.
©. sec. Hook. Huds, &c.*

E. Med.—On the Dovor, Ryde. Plentiful on St. Helen’s spit. Near Cowes,
Steephill, and Ventnor, and most other parts of the coast, Mr. Snooke. [Chalk-
pit at Ashey down, three miles from the sea, Dr. Bell-Salter, Edrs.]

W. Med.—At Freshwater gate. Abundant along the shore between Norton
and the preventive-station.

Herb extremely brittle, exuding from the fractured part an orange-coloured
juice, in small quantity and having the smell of opium.

Root long, tapering, but little branched, reddish and fleshy externally, with a
rough epidermis; tough, woody and fibrous in the centre, and running deeply
down in the loose sandy or shingly beach. Stems several, 2 or 3 feet high,
branched, diffuse or partly decumbent, round, solid, quite smooth, with a glaucous
bloom. Leaves whitish or sea-green coloured, veined, fleshy, densely clothed with
short, erect, rigid and jointed simple hairs, the radical ones and those of the first
year numerous, very long, spreading on the ground in a circular form, deeply pin-
natifid, their segments waved, angulato-dentate, cut and lobed, diminishing
towards the long, semicylindrical, slightly winged petiole, the terminal segments
roundish, 3- or 5-lobed; those on the stem sessile, the lowest much like those of the
root, the upper ones far shorter, broader and less deeply cut, clasping the stem
with their deflexed basal lobes, glabrous or very nearly so beneath. Flowers on
rather short stalks, lateral and terminal, solitary, very large (above 3 inches in dia-
meter), bright yellow verging on orange. Calyx of two large, ovate, concave
leaves, bristly, attached to a circular disk on which the stamens are placed, falling
off immediately on expansion. Petals 4, fugacious, crumpled, minutely notched
along the margin, without claws, the 2 exterior nearly orbicular, the 2 inner
wedge-shaped or cordato-cuneate. Stamens very numerous, in several rows; fila-
ments tubular, partly filled with cellular tissue; anthers erect, saffron-yellow,
2-celled, bursting along their outer margins. Germen linear, compressed, with a
deep lateral furrow, usually bent, covered with small vesicular points. Stigma
yellowish, sessile, of 2 oblong, decurrent or deflexed lobes with a central furrow. Cap-
sule pod-like, variously crooked and recurved, 8—10 inches to a foot or upwards in
length, linear, tapering, tipped with the stigma, compressed, with a strong groove
on each side, when green scabrous and subtuberculate, smooth and brownish
when ripe, 2-valved, splitting from the apex downwards (not from the base towards

 

* TJ have little doubt the root is mostly if not always biennial.
Chelidonium.] PAPAVERACE. 25

the puint as in Chelidonium), Seeds numerous, rotundato-reniform, blackish or
reddish brown or ash-gray, without a caruncle, beautifully ribbed longitudinally
with connecting coste dividing the interstices into shallow quadrangular cells,
more or less immersed in the corky mass connecting the narrow dissepiments that
are placed between the valves, which separate from them, as they do from one ano-
ther, by the falling out of the interposed spongy placente when the seeds are ripe.
_Dr. Rutty, in his ‘ Natural History of the County of Dublin,’ vol. i. p. 172,
gives a ludicrous account from the ‘ Philosophical Transactions’ of the effect pro-
duced upon some persons partaking of a pie made with the routs of this plant
through mistake for those of Eryngo.
The flowers, Mr. Pamplin observes, vary occasionally in colour, at times
approaching to that of the Greek G. fulvum.

III. Cuetsmwonrum, Linn. Celandine.

“ Sepals 2. Petals 4. Stigma 2-lobed. Pod superior, linear,

1-celled, 2-valved, valves separating from the base upwards.
Seeds crested.” —Br. Fl.

1. C. majus, L. Common Celandine. Swallow-wort—Br. Fl.
p.18. EH. B.t. 1581.

In waste ground, amongst rubbish, on old walls and shady hedgebanks, not
very commonly, and generally near habitations. Fl. May—August. Fr. July.

E. Med.—In the garden-hedge at the back of a cottage between Godshill and
Saynham. In a cottage-garden hedge close to Merry-Garden farm near Shank-
lin. In the lane between Nettleston green and Fairyhill. Common at New-
church. Sandown. Upper Bordwood. Near Ventnor.

W. Med.—Grounds at Northcourt, Shorwell. Hedge near Schoolhouse green,
and between Freshwater church and the bridge. Near Plash, at the turning off
from the road to Shorwell.

A variety with double or semidouble flowers is sometimes seen in gardens, and
is rather ornamental.

Root thick, fleshy, emitting several long, stout, reddish brown fibres, and when
cut exuding a deep saffron-coloured acrid and bitter juice smelling like that of pop-
pies or opium, and pervading the whole plant, but of a paler colour near the top of
the stem and in the leaves. Stems several, from 18 inches to 2 or 3 feet high,
erect, rounded or slightly angular, solid and brittle, tumid and glaucous at the
base and above the insertion of the irregular, spreading, mostly alternate or sub-
dichotomous branches, where, as well as occasionally on the internodial portion,
they are clothed with stiff, jointed, spreading and glaucous hairs. Leaves alternate,
opposite to or beneath the forks of the stem, thin, wrinkled and glabrous, gray
beneath, where are a few scattered hairs on the prominent reticulating veins ;
deeply pinnato-pinnatifid, of 3, 4 or 5 pairs (with an odd terminal one) of round-
ish or subovate, opposite or alternate leaflets (pinne), which are partly distinct and
as it were stalked, but as often confluent by the expansion of their bases into the
common, winged, nearly semicylindrical and somewhat hairy petiole ; all sinuato-
lobate, their extremities subtrifid, and often there is a distinct lobe at the base of
the pinne on its lower side: dobes cut into rounded unequal segments by nar-
row sinuous notches, the margins of the lobules inflexed : the radical leaves aré
petiolate, those of the stem and branches sessile. Clusters umbellate. Umdels
few- (about 4—7) flowered, terminal or opposite to the leaves, on long hairy or
smooth stalks of various length. Flowers on smooth or somewhat hairy pedicels
of very unequal length, their tumid bases half embraced by the small, glaucous,
sometimes rather leafy bracts, extremely fugacious. Calyw of 2 boat-shaped
valves of a delicate membranous texture, pale green and faintly reticulated, end-
ing in a subglobose point, more or less hairy. Petals 4, bright yellow, obovate or
subrotundate, thin and delicate, quite entire. Stamens about 20—25, erect;

E
26 FUMARIACEE. [Fumaria.

filaments bright yellow somewhat compressed, slightly dilated upwards, sud-
denly contracted at top into a short point or pedicel bearing the anther; anthers
pale yellow, broadly elliptical, much compressed, of 2 nariow somewhat, curved
lobes bursting along their thin margins, and approximate by a lamina-like con-
nectivum. Style short, thick; stigma of 2 short, decurrent, pale lobes, glandu-
loso-pilose, grooved. Germen about the length of the stamens, green, elongate-
elliptical, flattened. Pods (follicles) about 14 inch long, crooked linear, greenish
or yellowish brown, glabrous and beaded from the seeds within, of 2 flexible valves
opening longitudinally from the base to the point. Seeds numerous, oval, nearly
black, polished, beautifully reticulato-striate, atiached to a filiform receptacle
along the commissures by a large, white, carunculate appendage. :

From every part of the herb when broken exudes a gamboge-coloured juice
with the flavour of opium, the stain of which is not easily got rid of by washing.
The expressed juice or a decoction of the plant is in vogue with the country peo-
ple of the island as a remedy for infantine jaundice (Mr. R. Loe), aud in Ame-
rica is a popular application to warts, tetters, &c. (Darlington).

Order V. FUMARIACEA, DC.

* Sepals 2, deciduous. Petals 4, more or less united, one or
two of them gibbous or spurred at the base. Stamens 6, in two
bundles. Ovary 1, with two opposite parietal placentas. Style
filiform. Stigma lobed. Fruit dry, indehiscent, with one or two
seeds ; or a pod with two valves and many seeds. Seeds glossy,
with a fleshy albumen and embryo at the base.”—Br. Fl.

“ Herbs of temperate climates with brittle stems and watery juice, slightly bit-
ter_and diaphoretic.”—Br. Fl.

I. Fumaria, Linn. Fumitory.

Petals 4, one of them gibbous or spurred at the base. Ovary
4-ovuled. Fruit indehiscent, 1-seeded, the style deeiduous.
Seeds without a crest.

1. F. capreolata, L. Rampant Fumitory. ‘ Sepals broadly
oval scarcely acute toothed at the base entire above as broad as
the tube of the corolla and often half its length, fruit globose
obtuse, leaflets flat.’—Br. Fl. p.19. EH. B. t. 948.

In waste ground, gardens and cultivated fields, on hedgebanks and about
fences, not uncommon. Fl. May—November. ©.

F. Med.—On the shingly beach a little west of Ryde, in some abundance.
On the Dovor. Very common at Shanklin and Ventnor, as in a fence by the road
opposite St. Boniface cottage, and by the ‘ Crab and Lobster, &c. In and about
the garden of the Shanklin hotel. Entrance to Apse heath, in plenty, B. T. W.

W. Med.—Field near Gurnet bay, abundantly, Miss G. Kilderbee.

Herb of a tender, pale, more or less glaucous green, quite smooth. Root
yellowish, tough. Stems numerous, much branched, angular, furrowed, brittle
and pellucid, various in length, in open places diffuse ur procumbent, a foot or
two in length, amongst bushes rampant and much longer, often 3 or 4 feet.
Leaves alternate, bi-tripinnate, on long triquetrous petioles, by the aid of which,
being destitute of cirrhi or tendrils, the plant supports itself amongst bushes, &e.
Leaflets stalked, broad, roundish wedge-shaped, trifid, their segments unequally
bi-trilobate, more rarely entire, ovate, bluntish, with a minute deflexed point, glau-
cous beneath. Racemes erect, many-flowered, opposite to aud about as long as
Corydalis.] FUMARIACEE. 27

the leaves. Pedicels not twice the length of the ripe seed-vessel, round, swollen
upwards, erecto-patent when in fruit and slightly decurved, each subtended by a
lanceolate whitish or purplish bractea about equal to or one-third shorter than the
fructiferous pedicel itself. Flowers variable in size, larger than in the next
species. Sepals broadly ovate, apiculate, irregularly toothed on their posterior
half, mostly entire towards the point, as wide as or wider than the sublinear
corolla, and about half as long, excluding the gilbous base of the latter. Corolla
white or pale pink with dark purple tips, the upper and lower petals with a
prominent keel, greenish at the apex. Fruit subglobose, a little longer than
broad, with a minute apiculus, faintly 2-edged (from the indehiscent commissure
of the valves). Seed yellowish, orbicvlar, smoothish, with a rather sharp vertical
edge all round answering to the suture, and an indistinct or incomplete one at
right angles to the former, visible only at the base of the seeds, at the summit of
which is a double confluent depression on either side.

IT cannot discover more than three filaments in this plant, two above the style,
closely cohering, and one below it.

2. F. officinalis, L. Common Fumitory. “Sepals ovato-lan-
ceolate acute sharply toothed, fruit globose very abrupt or obcor-
date.”—Br. Fl. p. 19. EH. B. t. 589.

In waste and cultivated ground, fields and gardens, almost everywhere. FI.
through the summer. ©.

8. F. micrantha, Lag. Small-flowered Fumitory. “ Sepals pel-
tate orbicular somewhat cordate at the base inciso-dentate at the
margin concave at the back, about twice shorter than the corolla
and one and a half or twice broader, fruit globose subapiculate,
segments of the leaves narrow linear grooved.”—Br. Fl. p. 19.
Ic. Plant. t. 868. E. B. Suppl. t. 2876.

In cultivated ground. Fl, May—September. ©.
A single specimen found by Dr. Bell-Salter at Weeks’ Field, near Ryde, 1843.

II. Corypauis, DC. Corydalis.

“ Petals 4, one of them gibbous or spurred at the base. Ovary
many-ovuled. Pod 2-valved, compressed, many-seeded. Seeds
with a crest.”—Br. Fl.

1. C. claviculata, DC. Climbing Corydalis. “Stem much
branched climbing, leaves pinnate, pinne stalked ternate or
pedate, leaflets elliptical entire, petioles ending in tendrils, pedi-
cels very short scarcely so long as the minute bracteas, root
fibrous, style persistent.” —Br. Fl. p. 20. Fumaria, L.: E. B. t.
103.

In moist woods, thickets, hedges and damp shady pastures, but very local. Fi.
June, July. , ,

Ee Med Tn a fir-plantation in Bordwood copse. Jn several parts of Sandown
Level, and on the skirts of Lake common abundantly. Parsonage Lynch, New-
church. In a wood immediately below Queen Bower, sparingly.
28 CRUCIFERH. [Matthiola-

Order VI. CRUCIFERA, Juss.

“ Calyx of 4 sepals. Petals 4. Stamens usually 6 and tetra-
dynamous ; 2 solitary, alternate with the petals; 4 opposite to
them in 2 pairs; rarely only 4 and equal. Ovary and style 1;
hypogynous glands at the base of the solitary stamens. Pericarp
usually a pouch or pod, 2- rarely 1-celled, 2-valved, the valves
opposite the shorter stamens; sometimes valveless. Seeds on
marginal placentas (between the longer stamens) without albu-
men. Radicle curved. Cotyledons plane, parallel to the dissepi-
ment and with their edges applied to the radicle (accumbent o=) ;
or plane, with their back turned to the radicle (¢acumbent oll); or
folded and embracing the radicle (conduplicate o> > ).—Herbs.
Leaves alternate. Flowers generally in corymbs which at length
become racemes.” —Br. Fi.

Suborder I. SILIQUOSZ.
Fruit an elongated narrow pod 2-valved and dehiscent.

I. Marruroia, R. Br. Stock.

“ Pod (rounded or compressed) crowned with the connivent 2-
lobed stigma, the lobes either thickened at the back or with a horn
at the base. Calyx erect, 2 opposite sepals saccate at the base.
Longer filaments dilated.’—Br. Fl.

1. M. incana, R. Br. Hoary Shrubby Stock. Stock Gully-flower.
“Stem shrubby upright branched, leaves lanceolate entire hoary,
pods cylindrical without glands.”—Br. Fl. p. 23. Cheiranthus,
L.: EH. B. t. 1935.

On sea-cliffs, rare. FI. April—October. :

E. Med.—Ventuor Cove. Plentiful in almost inaccessible parts of the cliff at
Steephill, particularly a little E. of the flagstaff. A single specimen observed on
the cliff nearly opposite the house at Old Park, 1841.

W. Med.— Ledges of the cliff under Afton down, for which additional station
for this very rare plant I am indebted to my friend the Rev. James Penfold of
Thorley, who sent me superb specimens from thence in 1839.

Probably naturalized in the above stations from gardens, of which it has been
a denizen for centuries past. Be that as it may, the species is now found grow-
ing abundanuy in situations the least accessible and most remote from cultivation.
Truly native of the shores of the Mediterranean, but as a stranger elsewhere in
latitudes as high as our own, its ivdigenous origin may be fairly questioned.
aa to grow also at Hastings, but I never saw it during some years’ residence
there.

Root perennial, at least in the wild plant, long, stout, flexuose and branching,
white and fleshy externally, hard and woody within. Stem erect or nearly so,
rounded, in the older plants often an inch or an inch and a half in diameter, with
a grayish white wrinkled bark, very woody and lasting, mostly dividing at a few
inches above ground into numerous, irregular, crowded, almost whorled ascending
branches, the erect extremities of which are again proliferously ramified, forming
a bushy head a foot or two in height, the branches naked, scarred or leafless,
Cheiranthus.] CRUCIFER. 29

~

excepting at or near their summits, those of the year downy with short stellate
pubescence. Leaves mostly crowded into tufts at the ends of the branches, on the
young or flowering shoots alternate or two or three together, oblong-lanceolate,
quite entire, thick and fleshy, dull whitish green, flat, very obtuse and rounded at
their apex, more or less decurved, the lower leaves for the most part very strongly
arched, covered on both sides with fine stellate pubescence, but quite destitute of
those callous pedicellate glands which are found on M. sinuata, gradually taper-
into thick 2-edged petioles which are rounded beneath, nearly flat above, not
grooved. Corymbs terminal, racemose, naked and simple, loose. Bracts none.
Peduncles patent or spreading, tomentose, various in length, shorter, equal to or
longer than the calyx, nearly erect in seed. Flowers very large and handsome,
1—14 inch in diameter, delicately fragrant’ with the odour of cloves. Calyx
oblong, 6 or 7 lines in length, stellately tomentose, purplish. Sepals linear-
oblong, cohering into a tube, gibbous at the base, their tips thickened at the back,
obtuse, spreading, with purplish scariose margins. Petals of a fine purplish pink
varying to violet-blue or lilac on the same plant, widely spreading or a little
deflexed, obovato-rotundate or obcordate, slightly emarginate or nearly entire,
whitish where they begin tapering into their long, narrow, greenish, firm, fleshy
and upright claws, forming a pale eye in the centre of the flower. Stamens erect,
glabrous ; filaments of the 4 longer stamens curved or slightly ascending from the
base and again approximating at top, flattened or dilated and subulate at their
margins, a little concave on the inner side, tapering and slightly furrowed : shorter
filaments much compressed laterally, not tapering or dilated, shorter than their
anthers; anthers pale yellow, sagittate, lanceolate. Hypogynous glands,—a pair at
the base of the two shorter filaments which they enclose between them, green,
compressed, ascending and sonfewhat pointed, deciduous. Germen_ villous,
oblong, compressed and tapering, equalling the two shorter stamens. Stigma of
2 shortly decurrent lubes.

The delicious fragrance of the wild plant, more particularly of an evening,
surpasses that of the cultivated Stock or Gilliflower, of which it is the parent.

Though only of biennial growth in our gardens, the Sea Stock is certainly
perennial on its native cliffs, as is evident from the remains of the seed-pods of
the previous year continuing attached to the flowering branches of the current
season. Besides, Jackman, an intelligent clifflsman, whom I have repeatedly
employed to procure specimens from their otherwise inaccessible locality, speaks
with certainty of many bushes which he has remarked for five successive years,
and there are some of very large size which he believes must be at least above
seven years old. From their position on the face of nearly perpendicular cliffs
having a southern aspect, the plants are fully protected from North and North-
east winds, and enjoy the mitigating influence of the sea air, yet they are some-
times cut off by spring frosts in seasons like the present (1845) of unusual lateness
and severity.

Il. Cuerrantuus, Linn. Wall-flower.

“ Pod compressed or 2-edged. Calyx erect, 2 opposite sepals
saceate at the base. Stigma placed on a style 2-lobed, the lobes
patent or capitate. Hypogynous glands none between the longer
stamens.”—Br. Fi.

1. C. Cheiri, L. Common Wall-flower. ‘Leaves lanceolate
acute entire with bipartite appressed hairs, pods linear, lobes of
the stigma patent, stem shrubby at the base.”—Br. Fl. p. 24. C.
fruticulosus, Z.: HE. B. t. 1934.

On old walls and roofs, rocks and cliffs by the sea, common, but I think doubt-
fully indigenous. Fl. April—June. Fr. June. }.

E. Med.—Abundant on the walls and farm-buildings at Hasely [and Quarr,
Dr. Bell-Salter, Edvs.| Common on walls at Brading.
30 CRUCIFERA. (Nasturtium.

W. Med.—On the walls of Carisbrooke castle in plenty. Frequent on walls
and roofs at Yarmouth, as at the castle, &c. .

Root whitish, tapering, with several long, rigid, nearly simple, slender branches,
and having the hot pungent smell and taste of horseradish. Stem shrubby, erect
or ascending, from 6 to 18 inches high, with a rough, greenish ash-coloured bark,
round and in the older plants much branched from the base, forming tufts, the
flowering shoots angular and downy. Leaves numerous, scattered and crowded
on the young barren and flowering shoots, erect, narrow-lanceolate, very acute,
usually quite entire or at most with one or two small teeth (Mertens § Koch), firm
and persistent in our ordinary winters, tapering into short petioles, their tips a lit-
tle recurved, with the strong midrib of the leaf continued into a pale stifish point;
covered on both sides but most thickly on the under with five, close-pressed, cen-
trally affixed hairs precisely like those of Cornus. Flowers in terminal, corym-
bose, simple clusters, of a rich golden- verging upon orange-yellow, very fragrant,
on erect or patent quadrangular pedicels about their own length. Calya purplish
brown, the sepals erect, linear-oblong, obtuse, with yellow membranous edges, as
long as or longer than the claws of the petals, 2 alternately broader, gibbous at
the base and plane at the back, the remaining 2 narrower and strongly keeled, all
more or Jess sprinkled with medifixed hairs. Petals much exceeding the calyx,
vbovate, spreading, but not flaccid nor blotched with dark brownish red as in the
cultivated Wallflower, somewhat wavy and minutely notched along their margins,
with long, narrow, pale claws. Stamens equal in length or very nearly so, erect,
4 of them opposite the smaller sepals, closely approximated in pairs, unaccompa-
nied by hypogynous glands, the 2 solitary stamens surrounded by a dark green
4-lobed gland; filaments angular, not compressed nor dilated below; anthers
linear oblong, greenish yellow. Style very short; stigma bilobate, the lobes
roundish, at length spreading. Siliques linear, erect, 1}—2 inches long, acutely
2-edged and compressed, with a very short beak and tipped with the stigma, gray-
ish with close-pressed medifixed hairs, each valve with a narrow acute dorsal keel.
Seeds numerous in each cell, brownish yellow, rugose, in a single row from either
edge of the dissepiment, ovate or suborbicular, much compressed, with a broad
membranous margin most prominent at the lower end. Cotyledons accumbent,
flat, the radicle curved upwards towards the funiculus.

III. Nasturtium, R. Br. Cress.

“ Pod nearly cylindrical (sometimes short) ; valves concave, nei-
ther nerved nor keeled. Seeds ina double row. Calyx patent.”
—Br. Fi.

+ Petals white.

1. N. officinale, R. Br. Common Water-cress. ‘“ Leaves pin-
nate, leaflets ovate subcordate sinuato-dentate, petals (white) twice
as long as the calyx, pods linear.’—Br. Fl. p. 27. Sisymbrium
Nasturtium, D.: HE. B. t. 855.

In wet ditches, about spring-heads and on the plashy margin of brooks, ponds
and rivers, abundantly. £7. May—October, or even later. 2.

tt Petals yellow.

2. N. terrestre, R. Br. Marsh Cress. Annual Yellow Cress.
“Leaves lyrato-pinnatifid unequally toothed, root simply fibrous,
petals not longer than the calyx, pods oblong turgid and the sep-
tum 2—4 times longer than broad.”—Br, Fl. p. 28. N. palustre,
DC. Sisymbrium terrestre, HE. B. t. 1747.
Barbarea.] CRUCIFERE. 31

In wet meadows, on ditch-banks and the muddy margins of ponds, &c., rare.
Fl, June—October. ©.

E. Med.—In a moist spot by Whitefield farm but in very small quantity. In
considerable plenty on the half-dried-up margin of the pond at Hardingshoot
farm, along with Chenopodium rubrum. In the farmyard at the Grove, Adges-
ton. In several parts of Sandown Level but always sparingly. Close by the
bridge at Langbridge by Newchurch. On the swampy border of the pond at
Ninham by Ryde.

Root very white and fleshy, emitting numerous long, stout, flexible, simple or
branched fibres. Stem 1 or many, so as often to constitute a bushy herb, from a
few inches to about a foot and a half high, erect or procumbent, alternately
branched, the branches patent, hollow, green or purplish, deeply furrowed and
acutely angular, somewhat wavy, smooth, glabrous and shining. Leaves nume-
rous, alternate, glabrous, those at the root crowded and spreading in a circular
cxspitose tuft; deeply lyrato-pinnatifid or pinnatisect, of from 2 to 6 pair of oblong
or lanceolate, opposite, subopposite or alternate, rather wavy segments that are
coarsely, unequally and for the most part obtusely sinuato-dentate and serrate, the
serratures mucronate; diminishing in size as they descend, confluent by their
anterior basal margins, which are produced along the midrib into a narrow wing
continued downwards to the base of the leaf, forming the rather long, channelled,
semiterete petioles that are dilated at bottom into a pair of small, acute, clasping
auricles most evident on the superior leaves; terminal lobe of the lower leaves
roundish or ovate, of the higher oblong or lanceolate, sinuately toothed and serrate
like the rest and often somewhat lobed: the winged margins of the petioles have
frequently a few scattered bristly hairs towards the base of the stalk. Flowers
very minute, in small axillary and terminal corymbose and leafless clusters that
gradually elongate and become racemose in seed.  Pedicels terete, glabrous,
ebracteate. Calyx greenish {yellow ; sepals oblong, concave, faintly 3-ribbed.
Petals not exceeding the calyx in length or shorter, pale yellow, obovate, veined,
attenuated into narrow claws, entire or with a shallow emargination. Stamens
nearly equal. Hypogynous glands 6, green, 2 cluse on each side of the shorter
pair of stamens, oblong, compressed, directed upwards; and 1 between each com-
bined or longer pair, smaller. Style extremely short and thick; stigma broad,
peltate, a little convex, glanduloso-pilose, faintly 2-lobed. Siliques in long, erect,
racemose clusters on the now spreading or partly declinate pedicels, 3 or 4 lines
in length, glabrous, oblong-elliptical, turgid, a little compressed horizontally,
mostly somewhat incurved or nearly straight, very obtuse, tipped with the style.
Seeds very numerous and minute, pale reddish brown, roundish ovate, compressed,
notched and foveate by the bent form of the cotyledons within, thickly covered
with vesicular prominences under a high magnifier.

IV. Barsarea, R. Br. Winter-cress.

“ Pod 4-angled and somewhat 2-edged ; valves with a middle
nerve. Seeds in a single row. Calyx erect, equal at the base.
Glands between the shorter filaments and the germen, and a subu-
late one between each pair of the longer ones.”—Br, Fl.

1. B. vulgaris, R. Br. Common or Bitter Winter-cress. Yel-
low Rocket. French Cress. “ Lower leaves lyrate, the terminal
lobe rounded, the superior ones obovate toothed often pinnatifid
at the base, style about as long as the ovarium distinct straight,
pods linear tereti-angled acuminate.”—Br. Fl. p. 24. Erysimum
Barbarea, Z.: E. B. t. 448.

On moist hedge- and ditch-banks, by roadsides, the borders of fields, and along
streams, not uncommonly. Fl. May.
32 CRUCIFERA. (Barbarea.

E. Med.—About Ryde, occasionally. Ina field at the back of St. John’s fruit-
garden. Along the brook between Little Smallbrook and St. John’s turnpike.
Banks of the marsh-ditches in Sandown Level, frequent. Sandown village. By
the stream-side between French mill and Baverstone or Bobberstone. Alverstone
bridge and by the stream at Weeks’s, Dr. Bell-Salter.

W. Med.—Plentiful by the roadside between Wilmingham and Afton farms,
Freshwater. In a ditch of the marsh-meadows of Gurnet bay. In various places
about Brixton, near White-Court farm; moist hedgebanks and drains near the
Grange, &c.

Var. 8. Pods and their pedicels erect and in part appressed, somewhat oblique,
smaller than in the common state of the plant. An B. stricta Andrz.? Very
sparingly by the roadside between Newbridge and Calbourne (a few plants only).

Herb quite glabrous in every part. Root whitish, somewhat woody, tapering,
with several long stout fibres. Stems erect, pale green or sometimes purplish
below, from 18 inches to 2 feet or more in height, solid, stout, angular, deeply
furrowed, with sharp intermediate edges, simple or branched sometimes from the
base, the branches alternate, erecto-patent, long and slender. Leaves somewhat
fleshy, very smooth and shining, alternate, strongly veined and waved or blistered :
radical and lower stem-leaves large, 6 or 8 inches long, lyrato-pinnatifid; the
lobes ovate, roundish or oblong, distant and diminishing as they approach the base
of the leaf, with mostly several smaller intermediate lobules, entire, sinuate, waved
or slightly toothed, the terminal lohe very large, ovate, rounded or cordate at the
base, the petioles winged at their origin: upper stem-leaves shorter, less regularly
and deeply pinnatifid, the lobes fewer, narrower, the terminal one more deeply
sinuate, clasping by their almost sagittate bases ; the uppermost leaves obovate,
scarcely divided, deeply sinuato-dentate, clasping. Flowers numerous, bright yel-
low, in round-topped corymbose clusters, on 2-edged pedicels about as long as the
calyx, spreading or slightly decurved, when in fruit nearly erect, bracteate. Calyx
erect, the sepals nearly equal in height, tapering and somewhat pointed, greenish
yellow, caducous, with thickened concave tips, the two broader ones gibbous at
the base, the two narrower slightly keeled. Petals much longer than the calyx,
oblongo-obovate, entire, slightly emarginate or wavy at their extremity, tapering
into pale narrow claws, the limb spreading. Stamens upright, the longer pair
with an oblong, green, porrected gland, flattened below, gibbous on the upper
side between and exterior to them at their base, the shorter filaments each with a
much smaller, vertically compressed gland on either side of their ascending bases ;
anthers yellow. Style distinct, straight, a little thickened upwards, often inclining
to one side; stigma sessile, capitate, glandular. Siliques in long clusters, very
numerous, crowded, glabrous, erect and partly appressed, on short pedicels that
diverge at an angle of about 22° from the stem ; about an inch in length including
the distinct, slender, straight and permanent style, which is nearly an eighth of the
whole, compresso-quadrangular and 2-edged, the valves strongly keeled and veiny.
Seeds numerous, exactly like those of the next species but much smaller.

A handsome double-flowered variety is frequent in gardens, and it is sometimes
grown as an early spring salad, though much inferior to the next species for this
purpose, from its bitterness and comparative want of pungency.

2. B. precox, R. Br. Early Winter-cress. American or Belle-
isle Cress. Vect. Land Cress. ‘ Lower leaves lyrate, upper ones
pinnatifid, segments linear oblong entire, style much shorter than
the ovarium almost obsolete bent to one side, pods linear obtuse
compressed.”—Br. Fl. p. 24. Erysimum, E. B. t. 1129.

In cultivated fields, woods, waste places, and on hedgebanks, very frequent.
Fl. March—October.  ¢.

E. Med.—Fields about St. John’s, very common. Between Seagrove and the
Priory. Woody ground between Quarr abbey and Ninham. Woods about
Cowes, at which place it has over-run the ground on the site of the new buildings.
About Sandown, Field near Fern hill, on the left of the footway from thence to
Arabis.} CRUCIFERA. 33

Litle Town, in great plenty. At Fishbourne. In a field close to Uplands near
Ryde, in great abundance, Dr. Bell-Salter. Between Quarr abbey and Fish-
houses. About Landguard farm and elsewhere near Shanklin very commonly,
and where I have seen fields sometimes quite yellow with it.

W. Med.—Northwood park, plentiful, Miss G. Kilderbee.

The whole plant quite glabrous, 1—2 feet in height. Root white, tapering, in
the larger plants much branched, slightly pungent. Stem erect, sharply angular,
furrowed, branching from the base in old and luxuriant plants, with many erect
branches ; in the smaller often nearly simple, purplish below. Radical leuves
numerous, spreading in a circle, lyrato-pinnatifid, their lobes roundish, waved
fleshy and shining, the terminal one much the largest, roundish, bluntly notched
or lobed, the lower ones entire or nearly so: stem-leaves pinnatifid, their lobes
becoming narrower as they ascend, and on the uppermost leaves nearly linear ;
the lowermost lobe in all is clasping, and produced into an auricle fringed with a
few stiff hairs. Flowers erect, bright yellow, in constantly elongating corymbs
very like those of the last species. Sepals equal, oblong, obtuse, concave
and erect, at first greenish, afterwards yellow, broader and more rounded than in
the last. Hypogynous glands 6, namely, one on each side of the two shorter fila-
ments at their base, larger, paler and horizontal, and another on the outside of the
two pair of longer filaments, smaller, deep green and nearly erect. Style
extremely short, not 3 a line in length, always bent to one side: stigma flat
roundish and simple. Siliqgues very long (2—2% inches), far less crowded than
in B. vulgaris, erecto-patent, on short stalks that diverge at an angle of about
45°, slender, straight, ancipiti-quadrangular, the valves with a strong dorsal keel,
glabrous and wrinkled, tipped with the very short obtuse and oblique style. Seeds
numerous (often 20 or more in each cell), pendulous, in 2 rows, brownish or yel-
lowish, with darker edges, somewhat orbicular, plane on their outer side, gibbous
and bluntly avgular on that next the thin membranous dissepiment, covered with
depressed pellucid dots, and hence appearing reticulated, twice as large as the
seeds of B. vulgaris.

This species is generally thought to have been introduced to Europe from the
New World, whence the names of American or Belleisle Cress (from the Straits of
that name between Labrador and Newfoundland). Be that as it may, no plant
is more thoroughly naturalized amongst us than the present, and in no part of
Britain perhaps does it abound more than in this island. In America B. precox
extends beyond the Arctic Circle. It affords an excellent spring salad, very supe-
rior to the common Winter Cress, as was remarked to me by my friend the Rev.
Wm. Darwin Fox, who, having been accustomed to the use of the latter in Der-
byshire, on coming to reside in this island having unknowingly substituted the
former and more abundant species here, though puzzled to account for the diffe-
rence, was immediately sensible of having made an exchange for the better. The
taste is much more pungent and cress-like, and Mr. R. Loe of Newchurch: tells
me it is often substituted by the people of this island for the common Water
Cress, being known by the opposite cognomen of Land Cress.

V. Arasis, Linn. Rock-cress.

“ Pod linear, compressed, crowned with the nearly sessile stiy-
ma; valves nerved or coarsely veiny. Seeds in one row. Calyx
erect.”—Br. Fi.

1. A. hirsuta, R. By. Hairy Rock-cress. “ Leaves all hispid
dentate, cauline ones semi-amplexicaul, pods erect straight, their
valves l-nerved.”—Br. Fl. p. 25. Turritis, Z.: E. B. t. 587.

On dry banks, walls and rocks, rare. Fl. May—August. 2. (d'. Hook.)

W. Med.—Ayea of Carisbrooke castle. In the fosse of Carisbrooke castle on
the N. side, and elsewhere (within the walls), in some plenty. Carisbrooke-castle
hill, and High Down by Freshwater, Mr. Dawson Turner in B. T. W., in which

F
34 CRUCIFERE. [Cardamine.

last station I find it sparingly, 1841!!! In very great abundance and luxuriance
on a high sloping field or bank at the West end of Whitepit (chalk-pit), Newport.

Root whitish, tapering, very rigid, usually much branched, biennial, or accord-
ing to others perennial. It is certainly perennial with us, as the dried remains of
the last year’s flowering and still attached stems sufficiently testify. Stem 1 or 2,
seldom except where the main stalk is broken off more numerous, from about 12
to 18 inches or 2 feet in height, simple or more rarely slightly branched above,
the branches upright, round, slender, rigid, leafy, erect, often flexuose and recurved
at the summit, hispid beneath with copious spreading and deflexed, simple or
partly forked white hairs, above either quite glabrous or nearly so. Leaves nume-
rous, hispid like the stem and fringed with simple or forked hairs, radical ones
nodulate, oblong, elliptical-oblong or obovate-oblong, sometimes inclining to
oblong-lanceclate or spathulate, scabrous with the tubercular bases of the hairs,
entire or with a few distant, shallow, tvoth-like serratures ; stem-leaves numerous,
erect but not appressed, sessile, truncate or subsagittate at base, at other times
rounded or slightly cordate, their margins often a little deflexed, usually with a
rudimentary branch and abortive raceme in the axil of each; the inferior leaves
mostly as hairy as those at the root, and entire or more or less toothed about the
middle, never near the apex, gradually narrowing as they ascend and becoming
less hairy, the highest sometimes quite glabrous aud shining excepting the mar-
ginal fringe, very narrow, linear and acute. Flowers small, white, in constantly
elongating racemes; pedicels shorter the calyx, patent and glabrous. Sepals
erect, purplish green, their margins white, bluntish, the 2 alternate ones oblong,
a little gibbous at the base, the other 2 narrower. Petals linear-oblong ov. vbovate-
oblong, tapering into the claw, considerably exceeding the calyx, spreading, entire
or obsoletely emarginate. Stamens erect, longer than the germen. Hypogynous
glands green, 6, one surrounding each of the two shorter filaments and bilobate,
another much smaller and roundish, one behind each of the longer stamens.
Germen terete, subcompressed. Style obsolete ; stigma round, flat, glanduloso-
pilose. Siligues linear, very erect, 1—14 inch in length, by about 3 a line in
breadth, compressed, beaded by the projection of the seeds within, shining,
wrinkled and glabrous, with a more or less distinct ridge or keel along the centre
of each valve, crowned with the stigma. Seeds numerous, wniserial, oblong-ellip-
tical or subquadrangular, flattened mostly on the outer side, the inner a little con-
vex, reddish brown, with a darker narrow margin which is often a little expanded
at the lower extremity of the seed, punctate-scabrous, as broad as the dissepiment.

VI. Carpamine, Linn. Bitter-cress.

“ Pod linear, the valves flat, generally separating elastically,
nerveless. Seed-stalks slender.’—Br. FI.

1. C. pratensis, L. Common Bitter-cress. Ladies’ - smock.
Cuckoo-flower. ‘“ Leaves pinnate, radical leaflets roundish dentate,
cauline ones lanceolate nearly entire, style straight, stigma capi-
tate, petals obovate.’—Br. Fl. p. 26. E. B. t. 776.

In moist woods and meadows, abundantly. Fl. April—June. 2,.

“ Stem 1—2 feet high. Flowers large, blush-coloured.”— Br. Fl.

A variely with unusually large flowers I find in Howingford withy-bed at its
northern end, in very boggy ground.

I found, May 28, 1845, in a moory meadow by the Medina, below Rookley, a
solitary specimen of C. pratensis, affording a singular instance of abnormal deve-
lopment. On the lower part of the corymb were several seed-vessels on pedicels
changed from their usual linear to an ovate-elliptical figure, so as to resemble the
short fruit of plants belonging to the siliculose section of this order. These on
being opened were found to contain petals of the usual colour, which in the pods
above had burst from their confinement, and appeared as semidouble flowers, the
valves of the pod answering to the true calyx. At the summit of the stem the
Sisymbrium.] CRUCIFERAE. 35

flowers had the usual appearance, except that the stamens were changed into
petals ; and on opening the ovarium of the highest blossom no ovules were disco-
verable amongst the mass of petaloid lamine with which the cavity was filled.
The lowermost pedicellate pods had doubtless been at first surrounded by the
regular floral envelopes, but from some cause had not emitted them at the sutures
like the rest. From their verticillate arrangement it is evident that these petaloid
expansions were not transformed seeds, but simply a development of the common
axis within the ovary into an abortive whorl of floral organs, besides which there
were evident rudiments both of stamens and germen in the centre of the bundle.

2. C. hirsuta, L. Hairy Bitter-cress. “Leaves all pinnate
without auricles, radical leaflets roundish-angled or toothed petio-
late, stem-leaflets narrower nearly sessile, petals oblong, stigma
blunt, pods erect.’”—Br. Fl. p. 27.

On hedgebanks, walls, rocks, in woods and moist shady places, abundantly.
Fl. March—August. ©.

From 3 inches to a foot high, according to the wetness of the situation. The
whole plant, especially the root, has an extremely strong pungent smell of Horse-
radish, and might if cultivated furnish an excellent salad-herb and antiscorbutic.
Not uncommonly the plant is quite smooth except a fringe of hairs aluug the
edge of the leaves.

VII. Hesreris, Linn. Dame’s Violet.

“ Pod 4-sided or 2-edged. Stigma nearly sessile; the lobes
elliptical, connivent. Calyx erect.” —Br. Fl.

1. H. matronalis, L. Common Dame’s Violet. “ Stem erect,
leaves ovato-lanceolate toothed, limb of the petals obovate, pods
erect torulose, their margins not thickened.’”—Br. Fl. p. 33. H.
inodora, L.: H. B. t. 731.

In meadows and pastures, very rare and probably the outcast of gardens. Fi.
May—July. 2.

. Med. — Near Bonchurch, sparingly, Mr. D. Turner in B.T.W. I have
not succeeded in finding the plant at the above station, but my friend Mr. Curtis
has gathered specimens there within these few years, frum whence his drawing in
Br. Entom. was taken.

VIII. Sisymerium, Linn. Hedge Mustard.

“ Pod rounded or 6-angular ; valves convex or 3-angled 3-nerved
(rarely with the lateral nerves inconspicuous or wanting). Hypo-
gynous glands none between the longer filaments. Seeds smooth,
their stalks slender. Stigma entire. Calyx spreading, equal at
the base.’—Br. Fl.

1. S. officinale, Scop. Common Hedge Mustard. “ Pods subu-
late pubescent close-pressed to the main stalk, leaves runcinate
hairy, stem hispid.’—Br. Fl. p. 84. Erysimum, L.: EH. B. t. 735.

In waste places, by waysides and along hedges, very;common. /. June, July.

2. S. thalianwm, Gaud. Thale Cress. ‘“ Leaves somewhat
toothed downy, radical ones oblong subpetiolate, stem branched,
pods ascending terete with 4 angles.” —Br. Fl. p. 34. Arabis, L. :
EE. B.t. 901.
36 CRUCIFERA. [Alliaria.

In waste and cultivated ground, on wall-tops, and dry banks, abundantly. Fl.
Spring and autumn. ©.

Fields about Quarr abbey, on the abbey-walls, and elsewhere about Ryde. A
weed in cornfields about Cowes, and in most other parts of the island.

Root whitish, of several tapering and branched fibres. Stem from about 5 or 6
to 12 inches high, solitary or with several shorter and slightly spreading ones
springing in a circle around the main stalk, terete, wavy, glaucous or purplish,
hispid below with white, spreading, stiff hairs, above glabrous, and in the larger
plants with long, slender, patent branches, which like the secondary or outer stems
are quite simple or very nearly so. Leaves mostly crowded into a dense radical
tuft, from about 1 to 2 inches in length, oblong-lanceolate, oblong-elliptical or
subspathulate, obtuse or slightly pointed, attenuated into a petiole, more or less
unevenly sinuato-dentate or nearly entire, often reddish or purplish, in dry situa-
tions rough all over with rigid forked hairs from tubercular bases ; stem-leaves few,
distant, smaller, lanceolate or linear, sessile, nearly or quite entire. Flowers
small, in a constantly elongating corymb which is somewhat lax or drooping at
thesummit. Sepals erect, oblong-elliptical, concave, not keeled, glabrous, or with
a few hairs at the summit, the alternate ones somewhat pointed and narrowed, the
others very obtuse. Petals about twice as long as the calyx, obovate, attenuated
into greenish yellow slender claws, the limb white, entire, at length moderately
spreading. Hypogynous glands one at the base of each stamen, small, roundish
oblong, those under the 2 shorter filaments much larger and more prominent than
the rest. Siligues on the now widely diverging pedicels, about 8 or 9 lines in
length, a little curved inwards and upwards, or ascending, tipped with the styles,
pale yellowish, reddish or purplish, glabrous, hardly 4 of a line in breadth, ancipi-
tal, the valves with a filiform keel or ridge running their entire length. Seeds
numerous, very minute, like grains of red sand in size and colour, of an ovate-
oblong or roundish figure, somewhat compressed and lobed by the form of the
cotyledons, a little rough or uneven.

IX. Auuraria, Adans. Garlick Mustard.

“ Pod vounded; valves with one conspicuous nerve and two
slender branched nerves or veins. HZypogynous glunds between
the longer filaments. Seeds striated, their stalks flat and winged.
ee entire. Calyx slightly spreading, equal at the base.”—

re Fl,

1. A. officinalis, L. Common Garlick Mustard. Jack by the
Hedge. Sance-alone. Garlic Treacle Mustard. Br. Fl. p. 35.
Erysimum Alharia, Z.: EL. B. t. 796.

Cominon in moist shady places, along hedges, lanes and roadsides. Jl. April
—June. 3. Hook. ©. Sm., 2. Gaud.

Ols.—Erysimum cheiranthoides, Z., grows just within the lodge-gate leading
to Mrs. Goodwin's house at W. Cowes, but has the appearance of having been
sown there for an ornamental border-flower.

X. Brassica, Linn. Cabbage, &c.

“ Pod 2-valved (with a sterile, or one- or several-seeded beak).
Seeds in a single row. Calyx erect.”—Br. Fl.

1. B. oleracea, L. Common or Sea Cabbage. “ Root caules-
cent cylindrical fleshy, all the leaves glabrous glaucous waved and
lobed, upper ones oblong sessile."—Br, Fl. p. 39. 2. B. t. 687.
Fl. Dan. xi. t. 2056.
Sinapis.] CRUCIFERA. 37

Ou rocks and cliffs by the sea, rare. Fl. May, June. @.

4. Med.—Ventnor? at the foot of the cliff, a single specimen, perhaps escaped
from cultivation. Also in Sandown bay, a single specimen at the foot of the
cliffs. Sparingly on the tufa-rock just below Ventnor mill, close to where the
water discharges itself on the beach, as previously observed by the Rev. G. E.
ee eee on the crumbled chalk at the foot of Culver cliff, A. G. More,

sq., Edrs.

W, Med.—At Brook, near the Chine, a single specimen of what could only be
this species neither in fruit nor flower, therefore in its first year of growth, I found
on the steep sea-bank as above.

Root tapering, rising above the surface to the height of several inches as a
younded, woody, scarred stem, leafy at the summit and branching into several
erect, herbaceous, round and smooth stalks that are again more or less branched.
Leaves smooth, thick, fleshy, very glaucous, those of the root and first year’s shoots
large, lyrate or from the great development of the terminal lobe roundish, stalked,
waved and entire at the margin : stem-leaves alternate, undivided, erect, variable
in shape, oblong or oblong-lanceolate, cordate and semiamplexicaul, quite sessile,
serrato-dentate, bluntish, the uppermost ones sometimes nearly entire. Flowers
in elongating corymbs, large, erect, bright lemon- verging upon golden-yellow.
Sepals nearly erect, smooth, equal, closely joined below, concave and obtuse.
Petals roundish, much longer than the calyx, spreading, with long tapering claws.
Stamens erect, very unequal, the 4 longer ones as high as the style, the 2 shorter
about 4 less: anthers yellow. Hypogynous glands 4 green ones on the outside of
each combined pair of stamens, oblong and suberect, the other 2 within the soli-
tary stamens at their ascending bases, roundish. Style long, cylindrical, often a
little inclined to one side; st7gma round, flattened, with a transverse chink or
furrow, hence slightly lobed. Peds erect, linear, tapering, quite smooth, a little
compressed and incurved, crowned by the permanent style, but without any beak
properly so called. though the final enlargement of the style downwards gives it
the appearance of having one.

2. B. Napus, L. Wild Navew, Rape, or Coleseed. “ Leaves
glabrous somewhat glaucous especially on the under side, lower
ones lyrate toothed, upper cordato-lanceolate amplexicaul, pods
spreading. —Br. Fl. p. 39. E. B.t. 2146.

Common in cultivated land, amongst corn, clover, &c. and in waste ground.
Fl, May, June. 3. :

XI. Srvaprs, Linn. Mustard.

“ Pod 2-valved (with a sterile or one- or several-seeded beak).
Sceds in a single row. Calyx patent.” —Br. Fl.

1. S. nigra, L. Common or Black Mustard. Vect. Warlock.
“Pods appressed glabrous tetragonous, beak sterile short subu-
late, upper leaves linear-lanceolate entire glabrous.”—Br. Fl. p.
40. EH. B.t. 969. Brassica, Koch.

On ditch-banks, waste ground, along hedges and roadsides, not unfrequently.
Fl. May—September. Fr. October. ©. :

E. Med. —Abundant along the beach between Ryde and Binstead. In Bin-
stead stone-pits. Abundant on ditch-banks in the Dover marshes and on the
shore a little E. of Ryde. Plentiful at Carpenters near St. Helen’s. Abun-
dant at the foot of Shanklin chine. In Sandown bay with S. alba, sparingly.
Abundant on the Dover in 1841. [Bembridge, A. G. More, Esq., Edrs.]

W. Med.—About Yarmouth and Norton, B. T. W.

Taller and more spreagling than the next species, the herbage of a deeper
shining green, and floweis of a brighter yellow, with a slight delicate fragrance,
as remarked to me hy Dr. Bell-Salier.
38 CRUCIFERE. [Sinapis.

Stem 3—4 feet high, with copious smooth slender branches. Lower stem-leaves
very large, lyrate, the terminal lobe roundish, very rough on both sides, but occa-
sionally glabrous, dark green, those above more or less approaching to entire, the
uppermost mosuy quite so, stalked and pendant. Flowers smaller than in the two
following species, golden yellow. Sepals linear, coloured, widely spreading, their
edges involute, scarcely longer than the slender claws of the rounded entire petals.
Hypogynous glands greenish. Pods in long clusters, linear, erect, closely applied
to the stem or partly a little patent, from } an inch to an inch in length, brownish,
pedicellate, glabrous, tetragonous, the 2 dorsal angles more sharply keeled than
the sutural, and hence the siliques appear 2-edged, abruptly terminating in the
short, straight, narrow beak or rather style, tipped with the 2-lobed stigma. Sceds
mostly 4 in each cell, ovato-globose, clear brown, minutely punctate all over.

2. S. alba, L. White Mustard. ‘Pods hispid turgid shorter
and slightly narrower than the flat ensiform beak, leaves pinna-
tifid.’—Br. Fl. p. 41. Ej. B. t. 1677.

In cultivated ground, waste places, on banks and by roadsides, chiefly in the
East and South-east parts of the island, not unfrequent. Fl. May—July. ©.

E. Med—About Ryde. Plentiful all about Ventnor. In Sandown bay on
steep sea-banks, also between the bay and Yaverland. Shanklin chine.

W. Med.—Cowes. Freshwater, B. T. W.

Root hard, white, tapering, sometimes copiously branched, and with many
woolly fibres. Stem erect, from 1—3 feet high, much branched, hollow, angular
and deeply furrowed, purplish below, hispid with deflexed bristly hairs. Leaves
all lyrate or lyrato-pinnatifid, roughisb, various in size and in the shape of the
lobes, which are usually 5—7 cut or toothed, terminal one usually confluent with
the next pair beneath it, the lower ones much smaller and quite distinct. Flowers
numerous, rather large, bright yellow. Szdiques in long racemose clusters,
stalked, the lower ones spreading, those towards the summit somewhat erect or
patent, whitish brown, about 13 inch long; valves tumid or beaded, hispid with
short bristles pointing forward, and copious very minute reflexed ones, each valve
with 5 strong prominent ribs, and one or two less distinctly marked. Beak usu-
ally much longer than the valves, ensiform, curved upwards or sometimes nearly
straight, flat, with thin sharp edges, 3-ribbed on each side, rough but less so than
the valves, and tipped with the stigma. Seeds 2—4 in each cell (rarely more than
3) and very commonly one in the base of the beak, globular, scabroso-punctate,
various in colour, pale reddish, whitish or blackish brown and mottled.

3. 8. arvensis, L. Charlock. Wild Mustard. “Pods glabrous
with many angles turgid and knotty longer than the slightly com-
pressed beak, stem and leaves bristly.’—Br. Fl. p.41. E. B. t.
1748.

In waste and cultivated ground but too abundant; an odious weed in tillage-
land, #¢. May—August. ©.

“ Stem 1—2 ft. high rough. Flowers rather large yellow. Calyx very spread-
ing. Beak of the pod usually empty, sometimes with one seed.”— Br. Fi.

Suborder IT. SILICULOSZ.

Fruit a short broad pod or pouch (Silicule).
* Pouch 2-valved, dehiscent.

Division I. Latiseprx.

Pouch short, opening with two flattish oy convex valves ; dissepiment broad in
the major transverse axis of the fruit.
Tr. Alyssinee. Cotyledons o=.
Draba.] CRUCIFERAE. 39

XII. Koniea, Adans. Koniga.

“Pouch subovate; valves nearly plane; cells l-ovuled and
l-seeded ; seed-stalks with their base adnate to the dissepiment.
Calyx patent. Petals entire (white). Hypogynous glands 8!
Filaments simple.’— Br. Fl.

*1. K. maritima, R. Br. Sea-side Koniga. Sweet Alyssum,

Hort. Br. Fl. p.30. Alyssum, Willd.: E. B. t. 1729. Cly-
peola, ZL.

Naturalized occasionally on walls, cliffs, and waste ground near the sea, from
adjoining gardens. Fl. August, September. 2,.

£. Med.—-[Morton Shute, Dr. Bell-Salter, Edrs.]

W. Med.—In a lane at West Cowes.

XIU. Draza, Linn. Whitlow-grass.
“ Pouch or pod entire, oval or oblong ; valves plane or slightly

.

5°

convex, l-nerved& at the base, nerved or veiny upwards; cells
many-seeded. Seeds not margined. Filaments simple.” — Br.
Fi. :

1. D. verna, LZ. Common Whitlow-grass. Scapes leafless,
petals deeply cloven, leaves somewhat toothed hairy. Br. Fl. p.
30. HH. B. ix. t. 586.

Var. a. Leaves lanceolate, tapering into the petiole.

Var. 8. Leaves very broad. D. verna, var. Krockeri, Andrz., Reichb, Iconog.
xii. t. 12, fig. 4234,

On walls, banks, dry pastures and waste ground, abundantly. FJ. March,
April. ©.

i the Dover, Ryde. St. Helen’s spit, &c., abundantly.

a. The Dover, on an embankment, with B.

Herb extremely variable in size and luxuriance, often barely an inch high, with
a single flower-stalk, at other times 4 or 5 inches and with very numerous scapes.
Root very slender, whitish, with a few thready fibres. Leaves spreading in a radi-
cal tuft, very variable in breadth, from linear-laneeolate to very broadly ovate,
tapering, gradually or suddenly contracted into the petiole, with every intermedi-
ate gradation between these extremes, somewhat fleshy and shining, clothed with
a pretty copious forked or starry pubescence, especially: on the upper side and
along their edges, and mostly having a few shallow distant teeth towards their
points. Scapes round, simple, hairy below, smooth above, sometimes hairy or
smovth throughout, terminating in a corymbose cluster of small white flowers on
pedicels greatly lengtliened after the blossoms are past. Sepals roundish ovate,
concave, obtuse, purplish, with white membranous borders, sometimes a little
hairy. Petals much longer than the calyx, inversely heart-shaped, cloven half
way down, their claws greenish. Stamens enlarged at the base, with a cellular
gibbosity on their upper side. Mypogynous glands small, green, in pairs, one on
each side the two solitary filaments, which are all nearly equal in length, though
those just mentioned appear shorter, from curving outwards at their base. Ger-
men ovate, compressed. Style scarcely any; stigma broad, flat. Pouch elliptical
or ovate-oblong, smooth, much compressed (sometimes in alpine situations swollen,
Hook.), brownish when ripe, tipped with the permanent stigma. Seeds numerous,
oval, pale brown, warted.

I do not find any figure of the broad-leaved var. The very indifferent one of
Krocker, Sil. ii. tab. 28, referred to by Reichenbach in Fl. Germ. enum., is not at
all expressive of our 8. ;

One of the earliest plants that greet the eye in spring, with its small, white, but
40 CRUCIFERE. (Cochleari«.

at that season not inconspicuous blossoms, is the little vernal Whitlow-grass,
flowering even before Cardamine hirsuta and Barbarea pracox, specics that anti-
cipate most others of the order to which they belong in the period of inflorescence.

XIV. Cocuteary, Linn. Scurvy-grass.

“ Pouch oval or globose, many-seeded; the valves turgid, with
a prominent nerve in the middle. Filaments simple. Hypogy-
nous glands 4. Seeds not margined, tuberculate. Calyx patent.
—Br. Fi.

1. C. officinalis, L. Common Scurvy-grass. “‘ Pouch globose,
radical leaves petiolate cordato-reniform entire or sinuated, cau-
line ones sessile oblong sinuated.”— Br. Fl. p. 29. E. B. t. 551.

On muddy sea-shores, and about the mouths of tide-rivers. J*/. April—June.
© or 2.

W. Med.—Two or three plants found on the bank, with C. danica, by the
entrance-gate into Watcomhe bay on High down, Freshwater gate, a little above
Plumbley’s hotel.

2. C. grenlandica, L. Greenland Scurvy-grass. ‘“ Pouch glo-
bose, leaves kidney-shaped (or cordate) fleshy entire, uppermost
oblong.” —Br. Fl. p. 29. EH. B. t. 2403.  C. officinalis, 6. Hook.

Sea-shores. Fil. June, July. ©.
W. Med.—Edges of Freshwater down, Rev. G. E. Smith.

3. C. anglica, L. English Scurvy-grass. “ Pouch elliptical
(large) veiny, radical leaves petiolate ovate or oblong entire mostly
acute or tapering at the base sometimes subcordate, cauline leaves
mostly sessile oblong sinuated or with a few coarse teeth.”—Br.
Fl. p.29. E. B. t. 552.

In similar situations with C. officinalis. Fl. April, May. ©.

E. Med.—Along the embankment in Brading harbour, frequent.

W. Msd.—Yarmouth, Mr. Snooke.

A perfectly smooth herb like the last. Root whitish, tapering. Stems nume-
rous, 3 or 4 inches to about a foot or upwards in height, the outer often spread-
ing, ascending or decumbent at the base, the central ones erect and like the leaves
often purple, strongly angular and furrowed. Radical leaves on long footstalks,
soon decaying, either ovate, cordate at the base and quite entire as in E. B., or
as in the specimens before me attenuated into the petiole, and for the most part
distinctly waved, sinuate or bluntly toothed ; stem-leaves oblong, sessile, or in the
lowermost shortly petiolate, sinuato-dentate, those at and towards the summit
shorter, smaller, broader and somewhat amplexicaul.

4. C. danica, L. Danish Scurvy-grass. “ Pouch ovato-ellipti-

cal veiny, leaves all petiolate nearly deltoid.”—Br. Fl. p. 29. E.
B. t. 696.

On muddy and stony sea-shores, also on cliffs and banks by the sea, very rare.
Fil. April—June. Fr. May, June. ©.

W, Med.— Abundant for many yards on an earthen fence by the second stile
on the ascent of Freshwater down. Near the Needles. High Down, and Weston
dona by Freshwater, Mr. Dawson Turner, B. T. W., and the Rev. G. BE. Smith
in litt.

Herb pale green, brittle and succulent, quite glabrous. Root whitish, slender,
tapering, more or less branched and fibrous. Stems numerous, prostrate and
spreading in all directions, when growing amongst other plants somewhat erect or
Thlaspi.] CRUCIFERAE, 41

reclining, from 2 or 3 inches to a foot in length, acutely angular, deeply grooved,
twisted, sometimes bluish purple at base, more or less divaricately branched.
Leaves nearly all stalked, very small, thick and succulent, those at the root and
lowermost part of the stem simply cordate or roundish, entire or very slightly
lobed, obtuse, on very slender petioles; those higher up cordato-ovate, subdeltoid,
shallowly and bluntly 3—5 lobed and angled, on gradually tapering footstalks ;
the highest of all cordato-triangular, acutely 3-lobed and pointed, from very
shortly stalked to nearly or quite sessile ; sometimes ovato-oblong and undivided.
Racemes simple, terminal, naked, at first corymbose, afterwards elongated as the
flowering advances. Pedicels (in fruit) patent or divaricate, about a quarter of an
inch in length. Bracts none. Pouches small, greenish, smooth, in short clusters
on patent pedicels, ovato-elliptical when viewed from the back of either cell,
broader at the base when seen in the axis of the dissepiment, scarcely at all com-
pressed, and in my specimens very obscurely veined even when looked at against
the light, tipped with the very short style. Sceds 4—6 in each cell, reddish
brown, roundish or ovate, rough all over with coarse blunt granulations.

XV. Armoracia, Fl. Wett. Horse-radish.

“ Pouch elliptical or globose, many-seeded ; the valves turgid,
not nerved. Filaments simple. Hypogynous glands 6. Seeds
not margined. Calyx patent.’—Br. Fl.

*1, A. rusticana, Fl. W. Horse-radish. “ Radical leaves
oblong on long footstalks crenate, cauline ones elongato-lanceo-
late serrate or entire, root long cylindrical, petals (white) twice as
long as the calyx, pouch 2—8 times shorter than the pedicel,
stigma peltate.’—Br. Fl. p. 28. Cochlearia Armoracia, L.: E.
B. t. 2328.

In moist pastures, and (more commonly) in waste ground about towns and vil-
lages, especially on a stiff soil, occasionally ; not indigenous. Fv. May. 2.

E. Med.—On Ryde Dover, abundant; but seldom seen to flower. In the mea-
dow by the stream immediately above Horringford bridge.

W. Med.—In a meadow at Freshwater, just before coming to Schoolhouse
green, sparingly and probably ejected from some cottage-garden.

Dr. Martin found this plant on the Dover with the leaves variously cut, and
even deeply pinnatifid, which is not unusual.

Division IJ. AnGusTIsEPTs.

Pouch short, laterally compressed, opening with two boat-shaped valves
keeled and winged on the back; dissepiment narrow, linear or elliptical-lan-
ceolate.

Tribe Thlaspidee. Cotyledons 0=.
XVI. Tuuasri, Linn. Penny-cress.

“ Pouch laterally compressed, emarginate ; valves wingless at
the back ; cells 2—8 seeded.” —Br. Fl.

1. T.arvense, L. Penny Cress. Mithridate Mustard. “ Pouch
orbicular entirely surrounded with a broad longitudinal wing,
wing with a marginal nerve, cells about 6-seeded, seeds concen-
trically striated, leaves arrow-shaped toothed glabrous.’—Br. Fl.

p. 31. EH. B. t. 1659.
G
42 CRUCIFER#. [Lepidiwm.

In cultivated fields, waste ground and by roadsides, but very uncommon. Fi.
May—July. ©.

&. Med.—In the vicarage glebe at Newchurch, in considerable plenty.

W. Med.—In a field amongst turnips on the summit of St. George’s Down, near
Newport, plentiful. The plant persists in both these stations in spite of the
plough, but varies in quantity according as the land has been more or less
disturbed. Sie

Herb quite glabrous with an alliaceous odour when bruised, very similar in ap-
pearance to Capsella in its most common form, and excepting when in seed liable
to be overlooked on that account. Root annual, whitish, slender and_ tapering,
more or less branched and fibrous, or nearly simple, somewhat woody. Stem
erect, from a few inches to a foot or more in height, rounded, with several sharp
angles or ridges, alternately branched, chiefly in the upper half, or nearly simple.
Leaves alternate, slightly glaucous, a little thick and fleshy, radical ones crowded
into a sort of tuft, spreading, obovate, attenuated into pretty long petioles, faintly
waved or sinuate, or almost wholly entire on the margin, svon withering away for
the most part; cauline leaves quite sessile, more or less erect, oblong or oblong-
lanceolate and obtuse, the uppermost only somewhat pointed, almost clasping the
stem with their short subsagittate bases, the auricles of which are obtuse or
pointed, the highest of all entire, their margins sinuato-dentate and waved, the
teeth short, acute, with pale thickened tips. Stipules none. Flowers small, white,
in corymbs that are much lengthened out in seed, their pedicels slender patent or
spreading. Sepals nearly equal, concave, mostly a little spreading, ovate, very
obtuse, green with white edges, obscurely 3—5 ribbed. Petals about twice the
length of the calyx, obovate, very slightly emarginate, erecto-patent, with narrow
greenish claws. Stamens erect, shorter than the petals ; anthers greenish. Hy-
pogynous glands 4, one on each side of the shorter filaments which they partly sur-
round, small, somewhat triangular and pointed. Germen orbicular, flattened,
scarcely exceeded by the decurrent style; stigma flat, glanduloso-pilose. Si.i-
cules very large (4 an inch wide) whitish brown, erect on the now much elongated
pedicels, nearly orbicular, with a broad reflexed waved border or wing and a deep
narrow notch, at the bottom of which is the very minute persistent style. Seeds
about 5—7 (4—9 Curt.) in each cell, pendulous, reddish brown, roundish ovate,
‘compressed, deeply and concentrically rugoso-sulcate, very beautiful.

The figure of this plant in EK. B. exhibits the upper leaves as quite acute.

Tr. Lepidineew. Cotyledons ojj rarely (in Lepidium) o=.

XVII. Leprmrum, Linn. Pepperwort.

‘“‘ Pouch with the cells 1-seeded; the valves keeled or winged.
Petals equal. Cotyledons sometimes o=.’—Br. Fl.

1. L. campestre, R. Br. Field Pepperwort. Downy or (rarely)
glabrous, stems erect simple or corymbosely branched above,
root-leaves oblong petiolate, cauline sagittate lanceolate sessile
clasping toothed, pouch (silicle) broadly elliptical or suborbicular
squamose and vesicular scabrous at the back, style scarcely
longer than the emarginate summit, root annual.—Br. FI. p. 37.
E. B. t. 1835.

Var. 8. Leaves nearly glabrous, Curt. Br. Ent. xv. t. et fol. 677.

Extremely common in cultivated fields amongst corn, clover, &c., as well as in
waste places, by waysides, along hedges and even in woods occasionally. Fl.
May—August. ©. :

&. Med.—Frequent about Ryde in various places. Fields above E. Cowes,
abundant. Clover-field near Apse Heath. Hedges near Hardingshoot farm.
Lepidium.} CRUCIFERAE, 43

8. About Ryde and various other parts of the island, occasionally.

“« Stems solitary erect 10—12 inches high, corymbosely branched above, Lower
leaves almost spathulate, all slightly pubescent, as well as the racemes and pedicels,”
—Br. Fl. _Silicules about 2} or 3 lines long, brownish white, more or less erect
on the widely spreading or partly subdeflexed pedicels, and about equal to them
in length, broadly ovate elliptical or nearly orbicular, a little incurved, keeled,
rough with vesicular or blister-like risings and the depressions caused by their
bursting, convex and very gibbous at the back, less so in front, where the circum-
ference is produced into a thin concave border having a shallow emargination at
top about equal in depth to the very short minute and not tapering style. Seeds
one in each cell, large, brownish red or rust-colour, ovoid, somewhat pointed at
one end, thickly and minutely vesiculose scabrous and punctate, pendulous
from a falcate process near the summit of the cell at right angles to the
dissepiment.

2. L. Smith, Hook. Smooth Field Pepperwort. Downy,
stems diffuse simple or divaricately branching at top, lower
leaves oblong entire on long slender stalks, cauline lanceolate
sagittate sessile and clasping toothed, pouch (silicle) ovate ellip-
tical nearly smooth at the back, style about thrice as long as the
notch, root perennial. Br. Fl. p. 37. Lepidium hirtum, Hook.
Scot. Thlaspi hirtum, Sm. (not Z.): H. B. t. 1803.

On dry banks, under hedges and about the borders of fields, seldom in cul-
tivated ground, and far less common than the last. Fl. April—August.

E. Med.—Very frequent and luxuriant about Ryde in old clover-fields, &c.

W. Med. Fields by the Medina above W. Cowes, near a wood called, I believe,
Bottom Copse, rather plentifully. Near Barton farm and on hedge-banks along
the Debbourne walk by W. Cowes. By the roadside between Thorley and Wil-
mingham near the bridge, but sparingly. Water-gate near Newport, Dr. Bell-
Salter !! | Abundantly on both sides of the Newport road near the Debbourne
turnpike, W. Cowes, Miss G. Kilderbee. Close to the windmill near W. Cowes,
under the garden-fence of the miller’s house.

Root perenvial,* whitish, tapering and flexuose, very long tough and woody,
usually simple or nearly so, often produced at top into one or more woody
caudices. Stems in small specimens few or subsolitary, in the larger plants very nu-
merous, from a span to 18 or 20 inches in length, angular and downy like those of the
last, with somewhat longer and more copious pubescence, ascending inclining and
suberect, or spreading and decumbent, simple or branched only at the summit,
the branches fewer, shorter, curved upwards and spreading or divaricate, not as in
the foregoing erect and forming a regular corymbose panicle. Leaves broader and
shorter in proportion, less crowded and erect than in L. campestre, more deeply, dis-
tantly and sinuately toothed, otherwise similar, but the radical leaves are as Smith
remarks, more numerous, and persistent even in an advanced state of the plant’s
growth, elliptical or elliptical-oblong, on very lengthened extremely slender foot-
stalks, entire or slightly waved or toothed. Inflagescence as in the preceding spe-
cies, but the flowers are rather larger. Silicles very like those of L. campestre in
size, shape and colour, but slightly narrowed or attenuated upwards or more ovate,
less gibbous at the back which is much less scaly or blistered and nearly smooth,
tipped with the somewhat tapering style, which is very decidedly (about thrice)
longer than the emargination. Seeds scarcely above half as large as in L.

campestre.

 

* The remains of flower-stems of a former season, with seed-vessels attached,
which I have repeatedly found on this plant, clearly show the root to be really

perennial.
44 CRUCIFERE. (Capsella.

Lepidium sativum, L, (Common Cress) occurs occasionally in fields and along
hedges, but is scarcely naturalized, nor is its native country known I believe with
certainty, though stated to be indigenous to the Levant.

XVIII. Capsenia, De Cand. Shepherd’s Purse.

“ Pouch laterally compressed, obcordato-cuneate (or elliptical) ;
the valves navicular, without wings ; cells many-seeded.”—Br. Fl.

1. C. Bursa-Pastoris, DC. Common Shepherd’s Purse.
“ Pubescent or hairy, stem-leaves sessile lanceolato-sagittate,
pouch obcordato-cuneate.”— Br. Fl. p. 36. HE. B. t. 1845.

In waste and cultivated ground and in every soil and situation ; one of the com-
monest of weeds. FI. March—November. ©.

The root when newly pulled up emits an odour like the smoke of pit-coal,
whence this plant might with more propriety have been called Fumitory (Fumus

terre) than the herb to which the name has been from time immemorial assigned,
(Fumaria).*

** Pouch evalvate indehiscent.

XIX. Coronorvus, Haller. Wart-cress.

“ Fruit broader than long, 2-celled, without valves or wings ;
cells 1-seeded.” Cotyledons long, linear, curved.—Br. Fl.

1. C. Ruellti, Hall. Common Wart-cress.  Swine’s-eress.
“Fruit undivided crested with little sharp points, style promi-

nent.”"—E. B. t. 1660. Senebiera Coronopus, DC.: Br. Fl.
p. 38.

In waste places, at the foot of walls and by waysides in and about towns, also
on dry short pasture, very common in most parts of the island. &/. May—Sep-
tember. ©.

Very abundant in the Spencer road, on the Dover, and generally about
Ryde.

12. C. didyma, Sm. Lesser Wart-cress. “ Fruit emarginate of

2 wrinkled lobes, style very short.” Senebiera, Br. Fl. p. 38.
Lepidium, H. B. t. 248.

In dry waste places, on banks, &c. about towns, very rare and perhaps intro-
duced. Fl. July—October. ©.

E. Med.—At E. Cowes in several places. First found at the N. end of the Rope-
walk there,t by Miss G. Kilderbee, and near the Medina Hotel!!! I have since
found it, though sparingly, in a dry ditch by the shore nearly opposite Miss
Sheddon’s house at Statwood, as also on waste ground thereabouts.

 

* There are other plants possessed of odours analogous to those of sub-
stances quite foreign to their composition, as Psoralea bituminosa, which exhales
a strong smell of coal-tar.

+ The plant is now destroyed at this station by recent building.
Cakile.} CRUCIFERA. 45

A much more delicate plant than the last, with very minute flowers, and far more
finely divided leaves. Root annual, whitish. Stem spreading on the ground,
from a few inches to a foot or more in length, copiously branched. Leaves small,
flat, quite glabrous, rather fleshy, deeply pinnatifid, the segments lanceolate acute
with a small deflexed mucro, entire or notched. Flowers very minute, greenish
yellow, in lateral and terminal racemose clusters that are much elongated in seed.
Sepals broad, hollow, rather obtuse. Petals wanting in my Isle of Wight speci-
mens, as I remember having remarked in those gathered by me in Devonshire,
where Mr. Banks* told me he could not find them. “‘ Stamens 2. or 4, scarcely
ever more,” Sm. (whence the specific name of the plant), but I find the full com-
plement of 6 in the specimens before me from Cowes, though but two of the fila-
ments have anthers, viz., the two longer ones opposite the flat sides of the germen.
Filaments much dilated at the base, the 4 shorter ones stand out almost horizon-
tally between the sepals, looking like awl-shaped petals. Hypogynous glands 4,
oblong, greenish, one on each side at the base of the 2 larger filaments. Style
scarcely any; stigma large, peltate. Silicule very small, of 2 round lobes
covered with warty prominences, but not wrinkled.

This species has perhaps migrated to us from the W. of England, where it is
not uncommon. I have observed it at Plymouth growing abundantly in some of
the streets in the outskirts of the town, manifesting itself to the passer-by as he
treads it under foot through its strong smell of cresses. Though found in Sussex,
itis rare in all the South-eastern counties, and I believe never occurs very far in-
land or distant from the sea. I have gathered it at Lymington, and abundantly
in Treland, about Cork, Limerick, &c. Its geographical range is very extended,
being found in various and distant parts of the world, mostly near the coast. In
America I have myself seen it abundantly at Charleston, S. Carolina, in places
similar to those it affects with us.

Division III. Lomenracra.

Pouch or pod indehiscent jointed and dividing transversely into single-seeded or
(partly) barren cells.

XX. Caxme, Tourn. Sea-rocket.

“Fruit short, angular, of 2, 1-seeded indehiscent joints; the
upper joint deciduous, bearing an upright sessile seed, the lower
one with an abortive or pendulous seed.” —Br. Fl.

1. C. maritima, Willd. Purple Sea-rocket. “Joints of the
pouch 2-edged, the upper one with 2 teeth at the base, leaves
fleshy pinnatifid somewhat toothed.’—Br. Fl. p. 38. Bunias
Cakile, Z.: H. B. t. 231.

On the sandy sea-shore in several places, abundantly. 7. June—Sep-
tember. ©. is

E, Med.—At Sea-view. Between Ryde and Nettlestone near Old Fort. San-
down bay, in abundance, B. T. W.

W. Med.—Abundant on the spit at Norton by Yarmouth.

“ Bushy, branches crooked, and as well as the whole plant succulent. Flowers
purplish, rarely white.”—Br. Fl. Silicules shortly stalked, in long racemose
clusters, erect or spreading, about an inch in length, at first greenish yellow,
fleshy and terete, finally whitish brown, dry and corky, with 4 narrow thin ribs or

 

* Mr. George Banks, of Devonport, an excellent local botanist and author of a
beautifully illustrated work, ‘The Plymouth and Devonport Flora,’ the plates for
which were engraved by himself, but of which, unfortunately, the publication has
been long since discontinued.

*
46 CRUCIFERE. (Raphanus.

angles, and intermediate veins, and consisting of two unequal, indebiscent, single-
celled joints; superior articulation ovate-oblong, subglobose, ending in a short,
obscurely 2-edged, blunt beak, the lower end abrupt with a deep hollow or aceta-
bulum for receiving the convex extremity of the inferior, somewhat turbinate and
often abortive joint, which separates when ripe from the superior one at the slight-
est touch on the uneven commissure, the margin of which is produced into two
lateral obtuse projections, readily seen in the more ligneous state of maturity.
Seeds naturally 1 in each cell, but that in the lower joint often abortive, yellowish,
ovate-oblong or elliptical, subreniform, compressed, with 1 or 2 deep longitudinal
furrows; that in the upper joint erect, in the lower pendulous. The cotyledons
and embryo are beautifully and readily seen in the unripe seeds of this plant.
The inner Aypogynous ylands at the base of the two solitary stamens are rounded,
those on th outer side of the four combined and longer ones (united in 2 sets)
are elongate almost strap-shaped.*

XXI. Rarnanus, Linn. Radish.

“ Fruit without valves or a dissepiment, with a long style,
several-seeded. Calyx erect.”—Br. Fl.

1. R. Raphanistrwm, L. Wild Radish. Jointed Charlock.
“ Leaves simply lyrate, fruit jointed, style 2—8 times longer than
the last joint."—Br. Fl. p.43. EH. B. t. 856.

In cornfields and cultivated ground, not unfrequent. £7. Aprili—November. ©.

E. Med.—Plentiful amongst turnips at Nettlestone green, Field between Quarr
abbey and the Fish-houses, sparingly. Waste garden-ground at Ryde, varying
with very pale or white flowers and veined with purple. In turnip-fields at Niton,
where I have seen it so abundant as to look as if sown fora green crop. Fields
above E. Cowes, and Sandown bay.

W. Med.—Gurnet bay, Miss G. Kilderbee!

Root annual, slender, long and tapering, in taste very like the common radish.
Stem branched, diffuse or spreading, rounded and rough with bristly hairs directed
downwards. Lower leaves lyrate, the terminal lobe very large and rounded ; wp-
permost lanceolate, sinuato-dentate, all rough with stiff hairs or bristles. Flowers
in corymbs, about the size of those of Sinapis arvensis, but narrower, lemon-
yellow or sometimes nearly white, prettily veined with reddish or purple streaks,
which though not always conspicuous, may be easily seen against the light, and
which serve to distinguish this plant from all other British species of its tribe
likely to be confounded with it. Sepals narrow, coloured, erect, a little spread-
ing at the tips only, more or less bristly. Petals narrow, with long, very
slender claws. Hypogynous glands solitary at the base of the two shorter stamens,
quadrangular, with a depression on their summit, those of the longer filaments
also single but oblong. Siliqgues in elongated clusters, stalked, curved, striated,
with very irregular, often very tumid joints of 2 imperfect cells whose spongy
radiating dissepiment becomes obliterated when ripe, ending in a brownish taper-
ing beak. Seeds several, ovoid. Cotyledons conduplicate, embracing the radicle
at their lower extremities.

Mertens and Koch (Deutschl. Fl.), correctly observe that this plant is not really
one-celled, as commonly stated. The dissepiment is very clearly seen on cutting
the pod across between the seeds, but is often distinguishable with difficulty from
the spongy radiations that fill up the cavity. The seeds, which fill the entire area
of the pod, seem included in a fold of the septum. <A pod, when slit down longi-
tudinally, presents a series of cells in a single row connected by a septum down
the centre with a cavity on each side between it and the walls of the pod, either

 

* Perhaps these glands may afford good auxiliary generic or specific cha-
racters in this Order.

“*
Raphanus] CRUCIFER.E. 47

vacant or filled up with the cellular radiations just mentioned ; itis this structure
which on a transverse section between each seed gives the bilocular appearance.
The seeds seem attached to the middle of the septum between its two cuats or
layers which separate and infold the seeds constituting the cell itself, the inter-
mediate and united portions of the septum becoming wholly or partially obliterated
as the pod advances to maturity, leaving only a spongy mass between the now un-
connected cells.

2. R. maritimus, Sm. Sea Radish. ‘Leaves interruptedly
lyrate, fruit jointed striated, style scarcely longer than the last
joint.”— Br. Fl. p. 48. EH. B. t. 1648.

W. Med.—Chalky sea-cliffs between Freshwater Gate and the Needles, 1849,
Albert Hambrough, Esq. !!!

Root of several stout, tapering, nearly simple branches, white and fleshy ex-
ternally, with a tough woody centre, and possessing an extremely hot, acrid and
pungent taste and smell, like Horse-radish. Stems numerous, ‘erect or ascending,
pale green and somewhat glaucous, tereti-angular and furrowed, rough with de-
flexed rigid hairs or bristles very copiously clothing their base which is quite his-
pid, higher up becoming more and more scattered, and at length disappearing
towards their extremities which are quite glabrous, copiously and alternately
branched, the branches long, slender, spreading or divaricate, brittle, constituting
a large, very bushy plant 2 or 3 feet in height. Leaves somewhat fleshy, rough
with short, rigid, erect, scattered hairs, strongly veined. Lower stem-leaves like
the radical ones, the uppermost narrowly lanceolate, quite simple and entire or
slightly denticulate. lowers in constantly elongating corymbs. Sepals equal to
or rather shorter than the claws of the petals, greenish yellow, erect, nar-
rowly elongate-oblong, faintly nerved, bulging at the base, obtuse concave and
much thickened at their apex, at and near which are generally one or two bristle-
like hairs, otherwise quite glabrous. Petals bright yellow, deeper in colour than
in R. Raphanistrum, the limb obovate-rotundate, entire, wavy, obscurely reticu-
lated with anastomosing veins scarcely visible but by transmitted light, spreading
flat at right angles tothe long, narrow, colourless, tapering, fleshy claw, which has
a strong ridge or keel running anteriorly its whole length. Stamens glabrous;
filaments compressed, the 4 longer exceeding the shorter pair by about 3, without
glands at their base, the 2 shorter filaments with a green nectariferous gland of a
somewhat cubical figure between them and the ovary; anthers elliptical-oblong,
erect, at length recurved. Style about equal to the longer filaments, subancipital,
glabrous, tapering insensibly from the ovary, its summit (stigma) depressed, capi-
tate, 2-lobed, papilloso-pilose. Pods erect, either continued in the axis of their
patent, diverging, straight or ascending pedicels, or forming with them angles more
or less acute, moniliform, quite glabrous, |—4-celled, the divisions globose, aud
when green perfectly smooth and even, at maturity becoming pale brown or yel-
lowish, smaller than in R. Raphanistrum, the beak terminating in a much shorter
tapering point than in that, otherwise similar.* Seeds brownish red, large, glo-
bular, very finely and reticulately rugose, precisely like those of R. Raphanistrum,
in size and colour.

The garden radish (R. sativus, L.),, differs from both our wild species in being
smoother all over, of a more glaucous green, in the very smooth and tumid pod,
and flowers of a pale purple or white, and in its thick fleshy root.

 

* I do not perceive any material difference in the number or depth of the fur-
rows in the pod of these two species, my Isle of Wight specimens of R. maritimus
not having them more strongly marked than in R. Raphanistrum from Crux Eas-
ton in the North of Hampshire.
48 RESEDACES, [Crambe.

XXII. Crampe, Linn. Kale.

“ Fruit without valves, the upper joint globose, deciduous,
bearing one inverted sced upon a stalk arising from the bottom of
the cell; lower joint resembling a pedicel.” —Br. Fi.

1. C. maritima, L. Sea Kale. Sea Colewort.

On cliffs by the sea, and on the loose sandy beach; very rare. A single plant
on the shore at Norton (leaves only), 1837.

The Sea Kale abounds on the sandy beach at Calshot castle, where the young
shoots are blanched by covering them with sand, and are afterwards sent to South-
ampton market for sale.

Order VII. RESEDACEA, DC.

“ Calyx of several narrow sepals. Petals unequal, mostly laci-
niated. Stamens 10—24, inserted upon a glandular irregular
disk. Ovary sessile, 83—4-lobed, 1-celled, with 83—4 parietal pla-
centas bearing many seeds (or of 4—6 verticillate 1-celled carpels).
Stigmas sessile, one to each placenta and alternate with it. Lruit
opening in an early stage at the extremity along the line of the
placentas.” —Br. Fl.

I. Resepa, Linn. Rocket.

“ Calyx of 1 piece, many-parted. Petals more or less divided
and unequal. Capsile of 1 cell, opening at the top. Stigmas
3—4."— Br. Fl.

1. R. Lateola, L. Dyers Rocket. Yellow-weed or Weld.
“Leaves long lanceolate undivided, calyx 4-partite, stigmas 3.”
—Br. Fl. p. 48. H. B. t. 320.

In waste ground, old chalk-pits and woods, on walls, cliffs, banks, and by way-
sides, mostly un calcareous soils, abundant in many places. Fl. June—Septem-
ber. Fr. September, October. S or ©.?

FE. Med.— Abundant on denuded chalk banks in Ventnor Cove and elsewhere
about that town. In Binstead stone-pits and in other places about Ryde. Near
Carisbrooke, along the Undercliff, &c. On the chalk-cliffs at the south end of
Whitecliff bay, in plenty. Plentiful in the marl-pit by Upper Morton farm, and
in the chalky hollow on the left descending Morton Shoot. Woods at Apse
down, frequent.

W. Med.—At Freshwater Gate.

Herb totally glabrous. Root tapering, tough and woody, simple or more fre-
quently with several very long, cylindrical, slender branches, and having a power-
ful odour of Horse-radish. Stem straight, erect, pale green, from 1 to 4 or even 5
feet in height, densely clothed with leaves, rounded, hollow, subalately angular and
furrowed by the decurrent corners and midribs of the leaves, in very small plants
often quite simple, in larger more or less copiously branched generally towards
the summit only, at other times emitting numerous ascending virgate branches
from the very base, forming a thick bush, or sometimes ramified throughout, the
Reseda. | RESEDACEA, 49

main stem always greatly exceeding the branches in height. Leaves alternate or
scattered, crowded, those at the root mostly spreading and gradually attenuated
into petioles, soon withering in dry places to a dull orange, the rest sessile, spread-
ing or erect, linear-lanceolate, the inferior often 6 or 7 inches long and above
+ an inch wide, mostly furnished with a pair of minute tooth-like or rather horn-
shaped shining glands at their junction with the stem (stipules ?), smooth and
somewhat fleshy, plane, but more or less crisped or undulate along their edges
which are slightly wavy or subsinuately crenate, otherwise entire, obtuse or
rounded at apex, or in the higher leaves somewhat pointed, traversed by a con-
spicuous pale midrib which is very prominent’ underneath. Flowers small, ex-
tremely numerous, in slender, erect, tapering, cylindrical and spicate leafless
racemes which terminate the stem and branches, at first densely crowded and
imbricate, but at length by the gradual extension of their common stalk becom-
ing somewhat distant, on thick and spreading pedicels, which are scarcely above
a line in length, dilated and cartilaginous at their base, springing from a subu-
late bract that is at first shorter than, but finally as long as, the flower. Calyx
deeply 4-cleft, segments ovate-oblong, obtuse, the 2 upper larger and more dis-
tant. Petals greenish or yellowish white. Stamens rather longer than the calyx ;
anthers pale yellow. Germens deeply 3-cleft. Capsules small, very numerous,
crowded into long dense spikes, 1-celled, nearly hemispherical, truncate and
depressed at top, tricuspidate from the acute triangular summit of its 3 thickened,
plicately sulcate and strongly wrinkled corners, between which are as many
inflexed valvular segments that are oblong-concave, smooth and shining. Seeds
small, dark brown or nearly black, rotundate-subreniform, highly pvlished and
glabrous.

2. R. lutea, L. Base Rocket. Wild Mignonette. ‘“ Leaves
8-cleft or pinnatifid, calyx 6-partite, petals 6 very unequal, stigmas
3.°—Br, Fl. p. 48. HE. B. t. $21. Jacq. Fl. Aust. iv. 28, t. 353.

In similar situations with the last, here and there sporadically, also in corn-
fields, clover-lays, &c., but not commonly met with. Fl, July, August. ©., $.,
or 2f.

E, Med.—-Near Arveton, on St. George's Down. In _ the lane leading from
Carisbrooke to Buccombe down, but very sparingly, G. Kirkpatrick, Esq.

W. Med.—About Thorley in several places ; often amongst clover, but not in
any plenty. Field near Kingston, also in clover; and elsewhere occasionally.
Plentifully in a cultivated field near Ildecombe farm, above Bottom-ground
copse.

Root long, tapering, running deep down into the ground, and dividing below
the surface into several branches, fleshy externally, tough and woody in the cen-
tre, and with the pungent taste and smell of Horse-radish in a high degree. Stems
numerous, ascending or decumbent below, spreading in a circular form, more or
less branched, very leafy, solid, sharply angular and furrowed, roughish with
small cartilaginous points and prominences, especially near the base and on the
angles, otherwise glabrous. Leaves scattered, glaucous green, fleshy and glabrous,
very variable in form and mode of division, the lowermost tapering into long
channelled petioles are either spathulate and entire or trifid, the terminal lobe
oblong, the 2 lateral sublinear, remote ; upper leaves variously pinnatifid, the seg-
ments oblong or linear-oblong, decurrent, crisped, their margins and midrib
fringed with pellucid ruundish glands. Flowers greenish yellow, in terminal,
tapering, acute spikes that are greatly elongated in seed ; much like those of the
common Mignonette, but without scent, on angular, spreading or patent pedicels
rough with glands and erect in fruit. Calya in 6 narrow, linear, single-ribbed,
obtuse and slightly incurved segments, the 3 lowermost of which, and especially
the central one, are longer than the rest. Petals 6, very small, pale yellow, the 2
superior roundish, deeply cleft into two nearly semilunate segments with a buff-
coloured ligulate process between them, their bases expanded into a concave wing-
like appendage with crenulate and fimbriated edges, which is incumbent on and

H
50 CISTACER. [Helianthemum.

invests the back and upper margin of the fleshy ciliated nectary on which the sta-
mens are inserted ; 2 lateral petals semilunate, sometimes slightly divided, with
the same ligulate process at the base of their inferior margin, and a similar but
smaller winged appendage than that of the upper ones; 2 lowermost petals very
minute, reduced to the alate appendage crowned with the Jigulate one. Hooker
considers this latter as a lobe of the petal, according to which view the 2 superior
are trifid, the 2 lateral bifid, and the 2 inferior petals undivided. Stamens nume-
rous ; filuments white, fusiform, very acute; anthers greenish, afterwards buff-
coloured. Styles 3, subglobose, greenish. Capsules 1-celled, erect, oblong, about
5 or 6 lines in length, trigonous, the sides deeply depressed and furrowed, trun-
cate at the summit, with the margins of the triangular dehiscence inflexed, papil-
lose, scabrous, particularly at the angles, which are muricate with hyaline points,
often reddish. Seeds ovoid-reniform, olive-brown or finally nearly black, splen-
dent and glabrous.

Reseda fruticulosa, L., or alba, common in gardens, and known as the Upright
Mignonette, distinguished by its long tapering racemes of white flowers, is occa-
sionally found with us on garden-rubbish, or in loose sand near the sea, but
nowhere so plentiful or perfectly naturalized as to merit insertion here.

Order VIII. CISTACEA, Juss.

“ Sepals 3, with a twisted estivation, with usually 2 outer smaller
ones. Petals 5, deciduous, with a twisted and crumpled estiva-
tion. Stamens numerous. Ovary 1, 1- or many-celled. Style 1.
Stigma capitate, simple. Capsule of 3—5, rarely 10 valves. Seeds
numerous. Embryo spiral or curved, in a mealy albumen.—Shrubs
or herbaceous plants abounding in Southern Ewrope and Northern
Africa, with handsome, generally fugacious flowers.”—Br. Fl.

I. Hewiantruemum, Tourn. Rock-rose.

“ Sepals 5, of which 8 are equal and 2 outer ones smaller. Cap-
sule 3-valved.”—Br. Fl.

1. H. vulgare, Gertn. Common Rock-rose or Dwarf Cistus.
“Shrubby procumbent stipuled, leaves opposite ovate or oblong
nearly flat green above, racemes solitary terminal bracteated, pedi-
cels elongated deflexed in fruit, style bent at the base somewhat
clavate at the apex.’—Br. Fl. p. 45. Cistus Helianthemum, L. :
E. B. t. 1321. C. tomentosus, HE. B. t. 2208.

Var. 8. Base of the petals yellow.

Abundant on dry, sloping, sunny banks, pastures, heathy places and along the
margins of woods, in sandy, gravelly or chalky soil. Fl. June—September. 2f.

On Brading and Ashey downs, &c. It fringes the roadside descending from

Newport. Between Calboume and Brixton. Near Brading and Yaverland.
Downs near Freshwater, Mr. Snooke.

8. “ Chalk-pit near Carisbrooke castle,’ Mr. D. (Dawson ?) Turner, according
to Mr. Snooke, Could this have been H. guttatum ?

Capsules the size of small peas, brownish or whitish, thin and friable, ovato-
globose, subpedunculate, finely downy all over, trigonous, 1-celled, bursting along
the rather acute angles, the intermediate faces convex. Seeds about 10—20,
small, pale reddish brown (uot black in my perfectly ripe specimens), slightly
rough with minute furfuraceous scaliness, dimpled and angular.
Viola.) VIOLACEA. 51

Order IX. VIOLACEA, DC.

“ Sepals 5, persistent. Petals 5, unequal, and the lower one spur-
red at the base, or sometimes equal. Stamens 5. Anthers gene-
rally with a dilated appendage at their extremity ; 2 of them (in
the genera with irregular flowers) usually appendiculate at the base.
Ovary 1-celled, with 8 parietal placentas, bearing several seeds.
‘Style 1. Capsule 1-celled, 8-valved, bearing the seeds along the
middle of each valve. Embryo straight, about as long as the

as fleshy albumen.—Herbs or shrubs, with stipuled leaves.” —
r. Fl.

I. Vioxa, Linn. Violet.

“ Violet, dim,
But sweeter than the lids of Juno’s eyes
Or Cytherea’s breath.”
Winter's Tale.

“ Calyx of 5 sepals extended at the base. Petals 5, unequal,
the under one spurred at the base. 4nthers connate, 2 of them
spurred behind.”—Br. Fl.

* Stemless or nearly so.

1. V. hirta, L. Hairy Violet. Stemless, leaves oblongo-cor-
date acute and as well as their petioles mostly hairy, sepals
obtuse, flower-stalks with a pair of bracts at or below their mid-
dle, style dilated upwards, stigma deflexed, creeping scions none.
—Br. Fl. p. 46. HE. B. xiii. t. 894.

Pe woods, groves, pastures, and on hedgebanks, frequent. Fl. March—May.
r. June. ‘

E. Med.—In Whitefield wood. Very abundant at the foot of Ashey down.
About Ryde, commonly. Plentiful at Steephill, in the plantations, &c.

W. Med.—Abundant in the Tolt copse, by Gatcombe. Most abundantly in
the valley between Apes down and Rowledge, on the Calamintha sylvatica station ;
and in Calbourne New Bam Hummit. Abundant in the little copse above
Alriaion marl-pit. In and about Parkhurst forest, abundantly, Miss G. Kil-

erbee !!!

Closely allied to V. odorata, and often mistaken for a scentless variety of that
general favourite, as it begins to flower nearly as soon, but lasts much longer in
blossom.

Root whitish, knotty and somewhat woody, wore or less divided and tufted with
pale, copiously branched, downy fibres, and emitting occasionally short scions
with tufts of leaves and flower-stalks at the end, but which do not take root in
their turn as in V. odorata. Stem none. Leaves in fascicles from the crown of
the root and its scions, or alternate along the latter, during the flowering of the
the plant small, about 1—2 inches in length, enlarged afterwards or in fruit to 3
or 4 inches, varying in form from roundish ovate or heart-shaped to ovate-obloug,
more or less acute but not acuminate, usually obtuse or even rounded at the apex,
deeply cordate, the lobes when young inflexed or hooded as in others of the
52 VIOLACEE. (Viola.

geuus, more or less pubescent on both sides with short, erect, simple hairs, usu-
ally most so underneath, often nearly glabrous and somewhat shining, exhibiting
both states even on the same plant, broadly and very obtusely crenate, the serra-
tures naked or ciliated. Petioles varying in dimension according to age and posi-
tion, from an inch or two in the earlier to a span long in the full-grown state,
semiterete or subtriquetrous, broadly but not deeply grooved above, more or less
pubescent and even hirsute, often glabrous or nearly so as the leaf it belongs to
is hairy or smooth, and this on one and the same specimen. Stipules in pairs at
the very base of the petiole, lanceolate, very acute and acuminate, submembrana-
ceous, uncoloured, the points greenish, ciliato-dentate, the teeth gland-tipped.
Scapes single-flowered, numerous, springing from amongst the leaves of the root
or scions, various in length, as long as or longer than the leaves, or sometimes
shorter, erect, lax or reclining in fruit, slender, quadrangular, grooved and twisted,
glabrous or clothed with scattered, deflexed, rigid hairs, chiefly confined to that
part beneath the bracts, which are usually situated below but often about
the middle of the scape or even higher, and are lanceolate, opposite, alternate or
a little remote, erect or appressed, clasping and somewhat lobed, at base toothed
and serrate, acute and entire at their upper part, not coloured. Flowers greatly
like those of V. odorata in size, colour and structure, but usually paler and quite
scentless, the latter ones of the season often apetalous but fertile. Sepals much
smaller than the petals, ovate or elliptic-oblong, very obtuse and rounded at both
ends, faintly 3—5 nerved, more or less ciliated and pubescent, quite plane; the 2
interior smaller and narrower, with somewhat more distinctly membranous mar-
gins than the 3 outer, all spreading or recurved at the tips. Petals as in V. odo-
rata, but paler, with white claws, which in the lowermost petal is marked with a
few dark purple lines, less apparent on the 2 lateral petals and wanting on the
upper pair. The lateral petals bear a tuft (not a line) of pellucid somewhat cla-
vate hairs above the median line towards the claw, all either quite entire or more
or less emarginate; spur of the lowermost petal mottled purplish red, short,
thick and very obtuse, sometimes a little attenuated with a small but distinct
incurved process at the end. Stamens with orange-coloured, apiculate, scariose
appendages. Ovary conical, subglobose, ribbed, very downy. Style glabrous,
stouter than in V. odorata, appearing as if suddenly pinched or constricted behind
at the top of its short somewhat porrected base, then erect, compressed and much
dilated upwards, the apex rounded and sloping anteriorly into a short, triangular,
bluntish and slightly deflexed point or stigma.* Capsules drooping or reclining
on the ground, about the size of peas, globose, very obtusely and obsoletely
6-lobed, hoary with short erect pubescence, often purplish, not tipped with the
style when ripe, though the latter adheres for some tiine to the immature capsule.
Sceds large, exactly ovoid, brownish yellow, highly polished, attached by an
oblique, white, furrowed and fleshy crest or caruncle, of nearly their own size.

2. V. odorata, L. Common, Sweet or March Violet. Stemless,
leaves roundish heart-shaped bluntish and well as their petioles
nearly glabrous, sepals obtuse, flower-stalks with a pair of bracts
above the middle, styles scarcely enlarged upwards, stigma nearly
straight, scions creeping. Sm. H. Fl. i. p. 302. Br. Fl. p. 46.
Lind. Syn. p. 35. EH. B. ix. t.619. Curt. Fl. Lond. fase. i. t. 68.

Var. a. Flowers violet.

Var. 8. Flowers white, fragrant; lateral petals with or without a hairy line.
V. Martia alba, Ray, Syn. ed. 3tia, p. 364. Leighton, Shrops. Fl. p. 116, var. g.
alba, and var. y. imberbis.

In similar places with the foregoing, and nearly as common. Fl. March,
April. 2{.

 

* The style, as it appears attached to the downy germen, strongly reminds one
of the head and neck of an ostrich.
Viola.) VIOLACEA. 53

Var.a. Not common. About the ruins of Quarr abbey, sparingly, Miss Anne
Salter 11! Abundant at Steephill with var. 8., and in Pelham woods, sometimes
with lilac blossoms, A. Hambrough, Esq. Near Carisbrooke, Miss Wise. In the
Jul eeden near Hardingshute farm, and hedgebanks of the fields adjoining,
in plenty.

Var. &. The more frequent form in this island. Common about Ryde, at
Quarr abbey, &c., mostly without any tuft or line of hairs on the lateral petals.
Abundant at Steephill (also the beardless var.) About Newchurch. Abundant
on the N. side of Shorwell, about North Court, &c. In the thicket at the top of
Alvington-manor chalk-pit. Close to the Forest Barn between Skinner’s hill
and Queen Bower, also, according to report, with pink blossoms by the roadside
between Newchurch and Newport, E. Vernon, Esq.

Root or rather rhizome creeping, much branched and fibrous below, scaly above,
emitting long horizontal stolons that take root at intervals and shoot up into fresh
plants. eaves springing from the crown of the caudex, roundish heart-shaped,
obtuse or slightly pointed, somewhat shining, evenly and bluntly crenate, more or
less clothed with fine erect pubescence, most copious in the young state, when
older becoming for the most part nearly glabrous. Petioles very long, semicylin-
drical, grooved above, downy with short deflexed hairs, or like the leaves
themselves nearly glabrous, with a basal pair of large, pale, lanceolate,
acute, entire or somewhat toothed, free stipules fringed with distant glandular
points. Peduncles solitary, from the bosoms of the leaf-stalks, 3 or 4 inches
long, obsoletely quadrangular, channelled, smooth or slightly hairy, the hairs
patent or deflexed ; having a pair of. narrow, acute, erect, opposite or sometimes
rather distant bracts, usually situated a little above the middle of the peduncle,
never I believe in this species below the centre, and occasionally much higher up,
their edges slightly fringed, toothed or serrate. Flowers drooping from the
deflexion of their peduncles at top, similar in size and appearance to those of the
last species, but of a deeper more purplish blue, and giving their name to that
peculiar tint, often varying in £. to lilac or white ; in all the varieties for the most
part delicately fragrant, or occasionally (as in specimens before me from Steep-
hill) from local peculiarities nearly scentless. Sepals oblong, very obtuse,
obscurely 3-nerved, smooth, with narrow membranous borders, their tips mostly a
little recurved. Petals streaked in the purple var. towards the base with darker
lines, quite plain in the white, rounded, entire, the lower one only emarginate, in
both varieties either with, or (as in those of each kind before me) without any tuft
or line of pellucid hairs on the lateral petals towards the claw, though said to be
more frequently present than wanting ; spur (nectarium) short, very obtuse and
inflated. Anthers nearly sessile, converging but not united, with orange-coloured
scariose points, the two undermost with a broad, vertically compressed, fleshy
appendage from the back of each, with thickened diverging green tips, enclosed
by the spur. Ovarium conical, hispido-pilose, with several prominent ridges.
Style suddenly contracted a very little above the origin, then enlarging upwards
to a nearly uniform thickness, as far as the acute, beak-like, horizontal or some-
what deflexed stigma.

As in the last species, some of the later flowers seem more or less imperfect or
apetalous. Independent of the delightful perfume of this humble flower, that ere
the swallow comes

“takes the winds of March with beauty,”
discovering its name and retreat to the most unlettered admirer of Nature, before
our science
“ Ranged the wild rosy things in learned orders,
And fill'd with Greek the garden’s blushing borders.”

Other marks sufficiently distinguish it from the preceding.
3. V. palustris, L. Marsh Violet. Stemless, leaves roundish

or cordato-reniform crenato-serrate quite glabrous, sepals blunt-
ish, bracts placed about the middle of the peduncles, styles dilated
54 VIOLACES. Viola.

upwards, stigma flattened at top with a lateral beak, scions none,
root creeping. Sm. E. Fl.i. p. 303. Br. Fl. p. 47. Lind. Syn.
p. 85. #. B. vii. t. 444. Curt. Fl. Lond. fase. 3, t. 58.

Sir James Smith refers to a figure of this species in Abbot's Fl. Bedford., in
addition to that of E. B., not perceiving that both are impressions from the very
same plate.

In spongy bogs, wet pastures and swampy woods and thickets in East Medina,
abundant, though very local. Fl. April—June. Fr. June. 2{.

E. Med.—In Horringford withy-bed it quite covers the soil in many places.
In boggy ground where the Cranberry grows above the Wilderness, towards
Appleford. Parsonage Lynch, Newchurch, and I believe in most boggy thickets
about that village. Very plentifully in wet ground above Alverstone mill, with
Myrica, Menyanthes and Hydrocotyle, in various places. _ In a low meadow near
Merrygarden, but sparingly. Bog near Burnt House, Dr. Bell-Salter. Marsh
on Apse heath, Mr. Snooke.

Whole plant perfectly glabrous, excepting, it is said, the young leaves occa-
sionally. Root pale, nodosely articulated, creeping horizontally and emitting
numerous slender branching fibres, but no stolons. Leaves few, radical, perfectly
glabrous, somewhat succulent and often very shining underneath, roundish
renilorm, nearly circular, sometimes slightly pointed, deeply cordate, broadly,
evenly and shallowly crenate. Petioles variable in length, generally much, some-
times many times longer than the leaves, terete but flattened above and grooved
for some distance below the summit, not winged, brittle, with a tough medullary
cord in the centre. Stipules large, ovate or lanceolate, acute, membranous,
sheathing and persistent, entire or minutely glanduloso-denticulate. Scapes 1 or
more, simple, erect, about 2—5 inches high, single-flowered, as long as or longer
than the leaves, flattened on two opposite sides, with a slight furrow along each
face, most conspicuous towards the summit or above the pair of small, lanceolate,
acute, somewhat toothed bracts, placed opposite to or a little alternate with each
other about the middle of the scape. Flowers nodding, scentless, the size of the
common Sweet Violet. Calyx-segments equal in length, entire, with narrow white
edges, scarcely half the length of the petioles, rounded or obtuse, faintly nerved,
the 2 interior narrower, elliptical, the 3 outer ovate-oblong. Petals of a very
dilute grayish blue or purple, occcasionally white, the lowermost one obcordate,
more or less emarginate, beautifully pencilled with dark purple veins, terminating
posteriorly in a very short straight and obtuse spur; two lateral petals with a
small tuft of clavate pellucid bristles near their upper margin towards the claw,
where is a central purple streak and two faint lateral ones; upper petals plain.
Anthers sessile, with orange-coloured appendages, the 2 inferior with a short green
securiform process. Style ascending and greatly contracted just above the base,
thence much dilated upwards to its flat truncate summit (stegma), which is pro-
duced anteriorly into a short straight beak. Capsules whitish, drooping or pendu-
lous, for the most part so strongly deflexed as to be applied to the peduncle, some-
times erect, 5 or 6 lines long, oblongo-elliptical, very obtuse, bluntly trigonous,
with 3 deep furrows on each face, the valves at length hard and brittle. Seeds
ovoid, dark bottle-green, smooth and shining, attached by a minute caruncle at
their pointed extremity, the other end marked by a sinall flat scar.

The Marsh Violet is a plant of cold mountainous districts, hence it is seldom
seen in the S. of England, though common in the northern counties.

** With an evident stem.

4. V. canina, L. Dog Violet. “ Primary stem short and bear-
ing leaves only, lateral ones or flowering branches numerous
ascending simple, leaves broadly cordate more or less acute, sti-
pules ciliato-dentate, sepals acuminate.”—Br. Fl. p.47. E. B.
t. 620.
Drosera.) DROSERACE. 55

8. minor. Stem woody, leaves smooth and rigid, spur short obtuse and yellow-
ish. V. flavicornis, Sm. £. Fl. i. p. 305; #. B. xxxviii.; Suppl. t. 2736.

Everywhere in woods, thickets, pastures, on banks, heaths and bushy places.
Fl. April—August. 2.
8. Near Debbourne farm, Miss G. Kilderdee.

5. V.lactea,Sm. Cream-coloured Violet. “Stem dividing into
procumbent or suberect flowering branches, leaves ovate-lanceo-
late scarcely cordate at the base (H. W.), stipules ciliato-dentate
or entire, sepals acuminate.”—Br. Fl. p. 48. EH. B. t. 445.

On heathy and boggy ground, rare. Fl. May.

4.

FE. Med. — On Staplers heath, and at Mount Misery, both by Newport, G.
Kirkpatrick, Esq.! *

W. Med.—Inclosures about Parkhurst barracks, Mr. W. D. Snooke.

6. V. tricolor, L. Pansy. Heart’s-ease. Love in Idleness.
“ Root annual or fusiform, stem angled branched, leaves oblong
deeply crenate, stipules lyrate-pinnatifid, spur of the corolla about
as long as the produced base of the calyx.” —Br. Fl. p. 48.

8. minor. Petals shorter than the calyx. Br. Fl. p.48. Fl. Dan. x. t. 1748.
V. arvensis, Murray, Forster. E. B. xxxviii. t. 2712.

8. Common in cultivated fields and waste ground, also on dry banks, in open
cultivated fields and waste places, very common. F/. the whole summer. ©.,
&. or 2f. (perhaps only when cultivated), In this var. the flowers are pale yel-
low or whitish, and the germen nearly globular, with a dark spot on the style in
front immediately below the stigma.

It is remarkable that the only form of V. tricolor known in this island in the
wild state should be the var. 8. minor, The Rev. G. E. Smith has remarked that
the normal form with deeply coloured petals, much longer than the calyx, or the
true Pansy, becomes the more common of the two in the North of England,
where, as in Shropshire and Yorkshire, it decorates the fields in rich profusion ;
whilst in the South it is comparatively rare, and there mostly assumes the more
contracted habit we observe in the above variety.

Order X. DROSERACEA, DC.

“ Sepals usually 5, persistent, equal. Petals as many as the
sepals. Stamens free, equal in number with the petals or 2—4
times as many; anthers dehiscing longitudinally. Ovary 1. Styles
or sessile stigmas several. Capsule 1-celled, with 3—5 placentas
and 3—5 valves, loculicidal ; valves bearing the seeds along their
middle. Seeds never comose.—Herbs of marshy ground, with the
leaves all radical or stem-leaves alternate.”’—Br. Fl.

I. Droszra, Zinn. Sun-dew.

“ Styles 3—5, variously divided, usually bipartite and resem-
bling 6—10 distinct styles. Capsule 1-celled, many-seeded.”—
Br. Fl.

1. D.-rotundifolia, L. Rownd-leaved Sun-dew. “ Leaves radi-
cal obovato-orbicular spreading, petioles hairy, seeds chaffy.”—
Br. Fl. p. 50. E. B. t. 867.
56 DROSERACE&. [Drosera.

On spongy and peaty bogs, the wet sides of marsh-drains and ditches, frequent.
Fl. July—September. 24.

E. Med.—Pyofusely on Munsley peat-bed. In boggy spots at the western
extremity of St. Helen’s green. Abundant on the marshy skirts of Lake common
abutting on Sandown Level. The Wilderness, and on the northern declivity of
Bleak down, also abundantly. On the moors about Rookley and Godshill, plen-
tiful.

Root or rather rhizome* slender, filiform, emitting a few fibres, loosely attached
to the soft boggy svil or insinuating themselves amongst the moss. Leaves all
springing from the caudex or root-crown, alternate, more or less flatly spreading
in a circular form, not very numerous, from about 3 to 5 lines in length and about
the same breadth, obovate-orbicular, smooth and shining beneath, with very
obscure venation, their somewhat deflexed margins elegantly fringed with spread-
ing black or purple oblong glands, on very long tapering and pellucid crimson
stalks ;+ their entire upper surface beset with similar glands, but more shortly
pedicellate as they approach the centre, and erect; suddenly attenuated at base
into pale or bright crimson, subterete, 2-edged petioles varying in length from
about 1 to 2 inches, clothed with scattered pellucid hairs above, and furnished at
base with an acutely laciniated or jagged membrane, dilating and decurrent into
a winged border, and forming a sort of adnate stipules. Scapes 1, 2 or 3, simple,
erect, crimson, terete, slender and flexuose, quite glabrous, from 2 or 3 to 8 or 9
inches high, always when in flower much exceeding the leaf-stalks in length.
Flowers small, white, subsecund, alternate, in a simple or sometimes slightly
forked terminal raceme which is circinate in vernation, gradually unfolding as
the flowers expand, at last becoming upright and from about 1—2} inches in
length. Pedicels much shorter than the flowers, thickened upwards, nearly erect.
Bracts solitary, subulate, deciduous, placed on the main stalk of the raceme,
either above or below the pedicel, more rarely on the pedicel itself just below the
flower, or at its base. Calyx greenish, its segments elliptical-ohlong, rounded,
ribless, unequally notched, the serratures gland-tipped. Corolla white. Capsules
erect.

Drosera longifolia, L., was observed by Dr. Salter and myself rather plentifully
at Gomer pond by Gosport, growing amongst Cladium, 1842.

Order XI. POLYGALACE A, Juss.

“* Sepals 5, the two inner generally large and petaloid. Petals
3—5, more or less united with the filaments of the stamens, which
form two parcels, each with 4 anthers, opening by pores at the
apex. Ovary 1, usually 2-celled. Style and stigma 1. Fruita
capsule, or drupaceous, 2- or 1-celled ; dehiscence loculicidal.
Seeds solitary, pendulous, often with a caruncle at the base.—

 

* The root, which is thought by Decaisne to be parasitic on the moss or Sphag-
num upon which it grows, is given by DeCandolle as annual, which it must be
coufessed it has greatly the appearance of being; and the dried leaves always
seen below the crown may be merely the earliest ones of the current year, as
young leaves keep constantly arising during the flowering of the plant.

+ The glands of the leaves during warm days secrete a globule uf clear viscid
fluid, like dewdrops, whence their name, and with their stalks betray a degree of
irritability, curving eventually over the flies and other small insects which may
generally be found ensnared by their clammy exudation, but never, so far as I
could observe, assisting primarily in their capture by any sudden contraction as
in Dionea muscipula.
Polygala.] POLYGALACE. 57

Shrubs or herbs. Leaves without stipules. Flowers usually race-
mose.’—Br. Fl.

1. Potyeaua, Linn. Milk-wort.

“ Calyx with 2 sepals, wing-shaped and coloured. Petals com-
bined by their claws with the filaments, the lower one keeled.
Capsule compressed. Seeds downy, crested at the hilum.” —
Br. Fl.

1. P. vulgaris, L. Common Milkwort. “Perennial, keel
crested, flowers in a terminal raceme, wings of the calyx ovate or
oblong about as long as the corolla, capsule glabrous sessile,
stems herbaceous often branched at the base, branches simple
procumbent or ascending, leaves on the branches linear or
oblong.” —Br. Fl. p. 52. HE. B.t.76. P.amara, Don in HE. B.S.
t. 2764. P. calcarea, Schultz.

In heathy open places, pastures, on dry banks, and in woods, &c., very com-
mon. Fl. May—July. 2.

“ Stems 4—8 inches long. Corolla beautifully crested, blue, purple, pink or
white. Calyzx-leaves persistent, enclosing the fruit.”—Br. Fl. 5th ed.

2. P. depressa, Wend. Trailing Alilkwort. Stems depressed
filiform branched leafy, lower leaves mostly crowded oblong or
obovate - elliptical obtuse, upper leaves lanceolate scattered,
racemes short few-flowered, flowers crested, sepals (wings) oblong-
obovate their lateral nerves reticulate anastomosing with an
oblique branch of the central nerve. JVenderoth ex Koch in Réh-
ling’s Deutschland’s Fl. v. p. 72. Cosson et Germ. Flore des Env.
de Par.i. p. 56, and Atlas, tab. 8, fig. B. Lloyd, Fl. de la Loire
inf. p. 82. Godron, Fl. de Lorraine, i. p. 97 (opt. descr.) Lej. et
Court. Comp. Fl. Belg. iii. p. 29. Bromf. Phytologist, ii. p. 966.
P. serpyllacea, Reichenb. Fl. Germ. excurs. No, 2398. Polygala
myrtifolia palustris humilis et ramosior, Ray, Syn. p. 287 (edit.
8tia). Blackstone, Spec. Botan. p. 76.

Fl. May—September. 2.

On Bleak down, in bare gravelly spots, but sparingly.

Root more slender than that of P. vulgaris. Stems diffuse, prostrate, almost
filiform, lying flat upon the ground and spreading in every direction, with irregular
wiry branches, which, as well as the principal stems, are for the most part closely
beset with leaves at their base or about the middle of their length; the older
occasionally bare of leaves below, from the falling away of the latter through time.
Leaves (in my fresh specimens) yellowish green, leathery and shining, the lower
and middle oblong-elliptical or obovate-elliptical, obtuse or very slightly pointed,
crowded, opposite or alternate, mostly increasing in size as they ascend up to a
certain point, beyond which they again diminish, and finally become longer and
narrower, or elliptic-lanceolate, more remote, alternate or scattered. Racemes
terminal and lateral, comparatively with P. vulgaris few-flowered and short.
Flowers small, bluish white (rarely deep blue, Koch); lateral enlarged sepals
(wings) oblong - obovate, scarcely pointed, their lateral nervures considerably

5
58 FRANKENIACEE. (Frankenia.

ramified,* and confluent towards the margin, anastomosing with the central nerve
by an oblique branch or two of the latter, generally towards the apex.

This plant accords pretty exactly with the description given by Koch and others
of P. depressa, and from its peculiarity of habit challenges attention as a well-
marked form of the common Milkwort.

T am almost persuaded that P. amara, P. comosa, P. major, P. calcarea, and P.
depressa are so many states of one protean species, viz., P. vulgaris, the varieties
of which, even within the limit allowed to deviations from the normal type, are
sufficiently numerous to induce a belief that the above so-called species are but
further developments of similar changes in the common European plant; in proof
of which may be adduced the great discrepancy in the characters assigned to and
the accounts given of these assumed species by the authors treating of them.

Order XII. FRANKENIACEA, St. Hil.

“ Sepals 4—5, combined into a furrowed persistent tube.
Petals 4—5, clawed, crowned at the mouth. Stamens as many as
the petals and alternating with them, with usually 1—2 accessory
ones opposite to the petals. Ovary 1. Style filiform, 2—3 cleft.
Capsule 2—4 valved, l-celled. Seeds minute, attached to the
margins of the valves. Hmbryo straight in the albwmen.—Herba-
ceous or suffruticose, much branched. Leaves opposite, without
stipules, but with a membranous sheathing base.”—Br. Fl.

I. Frangzenra, Linn. Sea Heath.
“ Stigmas 3.”—Br. Fi.

1. F. levis, L. Smooth Sea Heath. “‘ Leaves linear revolute
at the margin glabrous ciliated at the base.’ — Br. Fi. p. 52.

Ei, B. t. 205.

On muddy salt-marsh flats, also on cliffs and banks by the sea; but rarely.
Fl, July—September. 2.

E. Med.—On a turf fence at the extremity of St. Helen’s spit near the ferry,
sparingly, and on the ground adjacent ; more plentiful on the flat sandy shore at
the upper end of the spit, a short distance from the causeway to the mill, and
covering a considerable space.

W. Med.— Edges of the brine-pans of Newtown Saltern. In considerable
abundance in 1837 at the base of the stupendous chalk-cliffs in Scratchell’s bay,
towards its eastern or Sun-Corner end, as indicated to me by the Rev, G. EB. Smith,
from whom I bad the first notice of this species as indigenous to the island. It
is now extinct in this locality, unless, as is probable, it grows on the higher and
inaccessible ledges of the cliff, the station at the foot being since overwhelmed by
the falling of the chalk from above !

A much-branched, procumbent, and almost shrubby plant, with heath-like foli-
age, but from its prostrate habit liable to be passed by, even when in flower, for
some Arenaria, or other fleshy-leaved maritime species, of more common occur-
rence.

 

* I am_ disposed to lay but little stress on the neuration of the wings or
enlarged lateral sepals, finding this character liable to considerable irregularity on
the same specimen.
Dianthus.] CARYOPHYLLACEA. 59

Root tough, woody and tapering, emitting numerous round, straggling, much-
branched, prostrate, procumbent or dependant stems, forming large tufts or
roundish patches, according to the situation; the younger branches reddish and
a little hairy. Zeaves in small, crowded, almost whorled fascicles on the main
stem and short lateral branches, much like those of some heath, dark glaucous
green, often bright red or yellow in part from age or decay, about } inch long,
bluntish, ovate, but from their strongly revolute or deflexed margins appearing as
if linear and semicylindrical ; fringed on their short, broad, sheathing bases with
a few stiff hairs. Flowers solitary and sessile, from the bosom of the lateral and
terminal leafy bundles, pale pinkish purple, rather small and inconspicuous.
Calyx tubular, somewhat fleshy, subcylindrical, with 5 prominent angles, and as
many deep, erect, acute segments. Petals obovate, a little crenate and wavy, with
long claws, at the foot of each of which is a lanceolate erect scale attached to the
claw for the greater part of its length. Stamens usually 6, sometimes more,
placed close under the germen, their filaments broad, flat, and dilated downwards ;
anthers yellow, 2-lobed, 2-celled. Germen conical, 3-lobed and 3-furrowed. Style
linear, 3-cornered ; s¢igmas 3, greenish, oblong, obtuse, spreading or recurved.

Order XIII. CARYOPHYLLACEA, Juss.

“ Sepals 5 or 4, persistent, distinct or united. Petals as many,
rarely wanting. Stamens as many as or double the number of the
petals, inserted upon a fleshy elevated disk, supporting the ovary,
or a ving. Anthers opening longitudinally. Ovary 1. Styles
2—5. Capsule 1-celled (sometimes only so at the summit, and
2—5 celled below), 2—5 valved or opening at the summit with
teeth, placenta central and free in the 1-celled capsules, in the
rest axile. Seeds generally numerous. Embryo generally curved
round a mealy albwmen.—Herbs, more or less tumid at the joints,
with opposite entire leaves, without stipules (by which alone our
Suborder Alsinee differs from Paronychiacee).’—Br. Fl.

Suborder I. Sirenez#.

Sepals united into a monophyllous calyx. Petals and stamens
hypogynous, inserted on the summit of a more or less conspicuous
stalk to the ovary.

1. Drantuus, Linn. Pink.

“ Calyx monophyllous, tubular, 5-toothed, with about 4 imbri-
cated opposite scales or bracteoles at the base. Petals 5, clawed.
Stamens 10. Styles 2. Capsule cylindrical, 1-celled. Seeds pel-
tate.’"—Br. Fl.

“ Sir, the year growing ancient,— :
Not yet on surmer’s death, nor on the birth
Of trembling winter,—the fairest flowers o’ the season
Are our carnations and streak’d gillyflowers.”
Winter's Tale.
60 CARYOPHYLLACEA. {[Dianthus.

1. D. Armeria, L. Deptford Pink. “Flowers clustered fas-
cicled, scales of the calyx lanceolate subulate herbaceous downy
as long as the tube.”"—Br. Fl. p. 55. EH. B. t. 317.

In dry gravelly or sandy pastures, along hedges and borders of fields here and
there, but very sparingly. Jl. July, August. ©. .

E. Med.—A specimen found by the Rev. G. E. Smith in a field near Binstead,
1839!!! Near the Grove by Brading, [the late] Lady Brenton.

A species of “ wild pink” grows, I am told, between the village of Sandrock
and the sea, which is probably either this species or D. deltoides. .

Root tapering, brownish or yellowish, flexuose, branched or nearly simple.
Stem solitary or two or three, erect, from 1 to 3 feet in height, firm, rigid, terete,
shining and glabrous below, downy above with short spreading hairs, oppositely
or alternately and as it were dichotomously branched, the branches divaricate,
straight and wiry. Leeves opposite, radical ones crowded or cespitose ; cauline
leaves nearly erect, linear, acute, connate, rather distant, the lower glabrous or
nearly so, the rest downy and slightly scabrous, prominently 3-, 5-, or 7-ribbed
beneath, with pale membranous maryins at their base. Flowers aggregate in
terminal heads or clusters, mostly 2 or 3 together, though appearing but as one,
scarcely 4 an inch in diameter. Calyx tubular, slightly inflated or ventricose,
about 7 lines in length, with numerous close dark-green strie, the summit in 5
erect, very acuminate, unequal teeth or segments, mostly with purplish margins,
and hairy like the whole upper portion of the calyx, of which they occupy nearly
% of the entire length. Petals spreading, very small, the limb oblong-obovate,
bright rose-colour spotted with white, and having a curved and dentate crimson
line near the beginning of the very long, linear, greenish claw, down the centre of
which run two prominent ridges with a sharp groove or furrow between them, and
at the tip of the claw are a very few white slender hairs; the limb of the petal
entire except at the summit, which is dentate-subtrifid; the 2 lateral and basal
teeth very distinct, triangular, pointing forwards, the intermediate and terminal
portion or lobe oblong, emarginate, unequally dentate and erose. Stamens une-
qual, shorter than the calyx, glabrous, the alternate and outer with a crenate
expansion of their bases; anthers elliptical-oblong, violet-coloured, erect ; pollen
blue, globular. Styles white, semicylindrical, tapering, glanduloso-pubescent on
the inuer side, about as long as the calyx, a little spreading at the summits, their
bases contiguous. Germen oblongo-cylindrical, smooth and glabrous. Seeds dull
black, shagreened, obovate, convex on the back, concave on their inner face, which
is divided lengthways by a ridge having a tubercle-like prominence in its centre,
and ending in a short obtuse beak.

The Deptford Pink is quite naturalized in some of the northern parts of the
United States. I have gathered fine and abundant specimens in dry stony fields
in the vicinity of Boston, Mass.

2. D. prolifer, L. Proliferous Pink. “ Flowers clustered capi-
tate, scales of the calyx ovate membranous about the length of
the tube, outer ones, acute inner ones blunt, leaves rough at the
edge.’—Br. Fl. p. 56. E. B. t. 956.

In dry sandy or gravelly pastures ; very rare. 7. June—September. ©.

i. Med.— Amongst low bushes on the Dover, Ryde, Charles Cardale Babington
os a Christy, Esqs. 1!1 Now very scarce in this, the only known station in the
island.*

Herb very attenuate, 3—16 incheshigh. Root slender, whitish, nearly simple.
Stem simple or branched (in gardens very much so) from the base, a little pubes-
cent, and like the leaves somewhat glaucous, though less so than in most other
species of the genus. Leaves very short, linear, opposite, sheathing the swollen
joints of the stem, acute, rough-edged with minute prickles pointing forwards.

 

* |This station is now (1854) destroyed by building, Edrs.]
Silene. } CARYOPHYLLACES. 61

Flowers from 3—8 or more in solitary, terminal, stalked heads not an inch long,
surrounded by 6 ovate, whitish, unequal, chaffy scales, and every blossom by 2
similar ones concealing it whilst in the bud. Calyx very long and narrow, with
5 coloured tapering ribs. Petals lilac, very small and inconspicuous, notched and
with a dark central line towards the claw, those of one flower only expanding at a
time on the same head. Capsule oblong, pale, the apex a little oblique, finally
tending the calyx by its increasing size, and giving each head a broader or more
expanded form. Seeds brownish black, curiously hollowed on the side of their
attachment, with incurved edges, their outer face convex with a kind of beak at
one end, covered with regular prominent points.

Tn this, as in some other species of Dianthus, only one or two flowers expand
at a time in the same head. The present plant is more remarkable for the
minuteness of its blossoms, the tenuity of its stem and leaves, and its rarity, than
for beauty, being in fact the least ornamental of the whole genus. The flowers
continue open from an early hour in the morning till the afternoon.

II. Saponarza, Linn. Soapwort.

“ Calyx monophyllous, cylindrical, 5-toothed, without bracteas
at the base. Petals 5, clawed. Stamens 10, alternate ones oppo-
site the petals but not adhering to their claws. Styles 2. Cap-
swle oblong, 1-celled, or 2-celled at the base, 4-toothed. Seeds
globose or reniform.”’—Br. Fl.

1. S. officinalis, L. Common Soapwort. ‘“ Leaves ovato-lan-
ceolate, calyx cylindrical glabrous, capsule 2-celled at the base.”
—Br, Fl. p. 57. EH. B. t. 1060.

B. Flowers double.

In moist meadows, by river-sides, along hedges and the borders of woods,
scarcely indigenous with us. Fl. July, August. 2{.

E. Med.—In a little plantation of shrubs nearly opposite the parsonage at
Yaverland ; very doubtfully wild.

The fact of our specimens bearing double flowers is not conclusive of their hav-
ing escaped from a garden, as this plant betrays a great tendency to become
double in places where it is indubitably wild. The suspicious nature of the loca-
lity alone makes me hesitate to regard it as indigenous.

Iii. Smenz, Linn. Catchfly. Bladder Campion.

“ Calyx monophyllous, tubular, often ventricose, 5-toothed.
Petals 5, clawed, mostly crowned at the mouth, and the limb gene-
rally notched or bifid. Stamens 10, alternate ones opposite to
the petals and adhering to the claws. Styles 3. Capsule 3-celled
to the middle or only at the base (rarely 1-celled), 6-toothed,
many-seeded.”—Br. Fl.

* Flowers panicled. Calyzx inflated, bladdery.

1. S. inflata, Sm. Bladder Campion. Spatling Poppy. Vect.
Bull-rattles. ‘“ Flowers numerous panicled, petals deeply cloven
with narrow segments scarcely crowned, calyx inflated reticulated,
stem erect, leaves ovato-lanceolate.’—Br. Fl. p. 58. Cucubalus
Behen, E. B. t. 164.

In dry pastures, on hedgebanks, by waysides and borders of fields, also amongst
corn, &e., very common. 7, June—August. 2f.
62 CARYOPHYLLACES. [Silene.

2. S. maritima, With. Sea-side Bladder Campion. “ Panicles
few-flowered, petals with a shallow cleft and broad segments
crowned, calyx inflated reticulated, stem spreading, leaves ovato-
lanceolate or spathulate.”—Br. Fl. p. 58. EH, B. t. 957.

G. Leaves spinulose on their edges.

On sandy or shingly sea-beach, and on cliffs and pastures near the sea, pot
common and perhaps not really distinct from the last. Fl. June—September. 2.

E. Med.—Brading harbour, W. Wilson Saunders, Esq. Dover Point, Ryde,
sparingly, Mr. Snook.

W. Med.—Shore between Cowes and Egypt, in some plenty.

&. On the cliff behind Mirables, in the part called the Upper Walks, G. Kirk-
patrick, Esq.

** Stems panicled, leafy. Calyx elongate, not bladdery.

3. S. nutans, L. Nottingham Catchfly. “ Pubescent, flowers
panicled secund cernuous, branches opposite, calyx cylindrical
ventricose the teeth acute, petals deeply cloven crowned their
segments linear, leaves (of the stem) lanceolate.”—Br. Fl. p. 59.
E. B. t. 465. §. paradoxa, Sm. Fl. Br. (not L.)

On sand, chalk or limestone rocks, cliffs, banks and pastures; rare. Fl. May,
June. Fr. June, July. 2f.

E. Med.—In very great plenty on banks of slipped land at the foot of the cliffs
in Sandown bay, at its upper end, near where the green sandstone passes into the
chalk. At the top of the cliff near St. Lawrence, John Curtis, Esq. (1. s. c.)!!!

Root large, thick, yellowish, tapering, branched and almost woody, emitting
ove or several flowering stems, and many decumbent leafy shoots constituting
dense tufts of herbage. Stems 18 or 20 inches high, simple, rigid, erect or more
usually ascending at the base, the lower joint geniculate and often tinged with
purple, round, solid, downy with deflexed pubescence, smoother from the lower-
most forks of the panicle to the summit, but covered with a clammy exudation
capable in this and others of the genus of retaining small flies, whence the Eng-
lish name. Leaves rough with copious, short, simple, jointed hairs ; those of the
stem few (2 or 3 pairs), distant, opposite, linear-lanceolate, erect, embracing the
tumid joints of the stem with their connate bases; radical leaves fascicled, on long
tapering footstalks, ovate or obovate-lanceolate, partly spathulate. Panicle ter-
minal, sometimes a foot long, of several distant pairs of opposite, suberect or
spreading, forked and downy branches, each bearing from 3 to 5 or 7 flowers, all
those of the same panicle leaning one way, and appearing to droop, from being
bent downwards at various angles to their rectilinear pedicels. Calyx 3 an inch
long, viscid and downy, narrow and ovate in flower, much enlarged above in fruit
with 10 coloured ribs. Petals twice as long as the calyx, white tinged with green-
ish yellow at the back, deeply cleft into 2 linear obtuse segments having a bifid,
acute, white scale at the base just above their very long claws, whose broad mem-
branous summits terminate in two points. Stamens very long, with pale greenish
anthers, Styles 3, erect, twisted, much shorter than the stamens; stigmas oblique,
decurved and purplish. Germen oblong-obtuse. Capsules erect, straw-yellow ,
ovate or conical, very hard and smooth, obscurely 3-lobed and 6-ribbed, gibbous
beneath at the base, partly covered with the dry withered calyx, and opening by
a small orifice with 6 (rarely 5) erect or spreading, very rigid teeth. Seeds nume-
rous, ash-coloured oy reddish, roundish kidney-shaped, flattened on the back and
sides, beautifully marked with close rows of raised points in parallel strie.

The flowers of S. nutans expand most perfectly during the evening and night,
emitting a peculiar though agreeable fragrance. On first opening, the petals are
flat and reflexed, but afterwards and in the day time incline forward and roll
inwards, which, together with the adhesion of dust, flies and other substances to
Stlene.] CARYOPHYLLACES. 63

Pe eh tous panicle, gives the plant a shabby diseased appearance in the flower-
order.

4. S. noctiflora, L. Night-flowering Catchfly. “ Panicle forked
or flowers terminal, petals bifid crowned, calyx with long subulate
teeth oblong in fruit with 10 connected hairy ribs, leaves lanceo-
late, lower ones spathulate, capsule ovate.”—Br. Fl. p. 60. E.B.
t. 291.

In sandy or gravelly fields, amongst corn, turnips, &c. FT. July, August. ©.
a Med.—In a turnip-field close to Yaverland farm-house, Albert Hambrough,
Sq.

*#* Stems simple or slightly branched. Flowers in leafy racemes, alternate.

5. 8. anglica, L. English Catchfly. “ Hairy and viscid, petals
(small) crowned slightly bifid or obovate entire, calyces with seta-
ceous teeth ovate in fruit.’—Br. Fl. p. 58. EH. B.t. 1178.

a. autumnalis, Stem diffuse or procumbent ; pedicels finally (in fruit) deflexed.

B. stricta. Stem erect; capsules on diverging, not deflexed pedicels.

In cultivated fields, particularly on light sandy soils; very frequent. Fl. June
—November. Fr. August—October. ©.

a, I find pretty constantly in fields.about Quarry Abbey and the Fish-houses,
which in certain years are quite over-run with it, and the next scarcely to be seen.
Amongst turnips at Nettlestone green, 1838. Turnip-field between Ninham and
Longland farms. Gurnet bay. Turnip-fields-about Piles and Athersfield.

8. In light sandy soil, amongst oats, at the upper end of Colwell heath, in great
plenty, 1838. Turnip-field on the farm at Kite hill by Wootton bridge, abun-
dantly, 1838.

Fields between Lake, Sandown and Shanklin. Near Princelaid, B. 7. W.
Near Newport, Curtis, B.G. Very common about Shanklin, Mr. J. Woods, jun.,
in ditto. Perhaps these stations include both varieties!!!

Flowers whitish, faint purple or bluish coloured towards the centre. Calyx
thickly clothed with long white hairs ; lowermost capsules moderately diverging,
but not deflexed. Petals with mostly a shaJlow notch, sometimes entire or slightly
crenate, oblong, rounded. Capsule small, about 4 of an inch long, hard, yellowish,
ovoid, somewhat pointed, faintly lobed or furrowed, glabrous, the surface glazed
and shining with minute, transverse, pellucid, wave-like wrinkles, about equal to
and stipitate within the closely encasing calyx, opening at the summit by 6 or
8 short slightly recurved teeth, imperfectly 3-celled. Seeds numerous, grayish
black, kidney-shaped, compressed and concentrically hollowed laterally, beauti-
fully covered with closely set rows of tubercular points.

The var. #., which from descriptions given by authors 1 have no hesitation in
referring to S. gallica, L., has the stem perfectly upright, simple in the smaller,
more or less branched in the larger plants, the branches erect or diverging, quite
different from the lax, spreading, decumbent growth of S. anglica as that species
usually presents itself. Mertens and Koch (RGAl. Deutschl. Fl. and Koch, Syn.
Fil. Germ. et Helv.) unite Silene gallica, anglica, and quinquevulnera, and appa-
rently with justice, for whoever will be at the trouble of comparing the descrip-
tions of the three as given by different authors, will perceive how conflicting are
the characters laid down for each. The very diffuse: procumbent stem of S.
anglica is the chief mark of that species, which is commonly found growing
amongst turnips, potatoes or clover. -The upright more rigid habit points out S.
gallica, from which S. guinguevulnera appears merely to differ in the red stains
on the petals, which can never enter into the specific character, and are to be
more or less traced in all three. The two last are rather corn-plants, and
probably owe their difference of appearance from our S. anglica to the joint
influence of soil and situation. I have seen S. anglica from various and widely
distant parts of the world.
64 CARYOPHYLLACEAE. [Lychnis.

TV. Lycunts, Linn. Campion. Lychnis.

“ Calyx monophyllous, tubular, 5-toothed. Petals 5, clawed.
Stamens 10, alternate ones opposite the petals and adhering to

their claws. Styles usually 5. Capsule opening by 5 or 10 teeth.”
—Br. Fi.

* Petals crowned, cut or bifid.

1. L. Flos-cuculi, L. Meadow Lychiis. Ragged Robin:
“Flowers loosely panicled, petals 4-cleft.”—Br. Fl. p. 60. HE. B.
t. 573.

In moist meadows and other wet marshy or boggy situations; common. Fl.
May, June. 2.

Capsule yellowish, ovoid, smovth, 4 or 5 lines in length, a little exceeding the
dry, closely investing, strongly 10-ribbed calyx, opening by 5 broad, equal, much-
recurved, slightly hairy teeth. Seeds numerous, blackish or reddish gray, reni-
form, beautifully muricated with raised points in close parallel rows.

2. L. diurna, Sibth. Red Campion. “ Flowers subdicecious,
calyx of the pistilliferous flowers with triangular teeth, capsule
nearly globose, the teeth recurved.”—Br. Fil. p. 61. Fl. Dan.
xiii, t. 2172. L. dioica, D.: H. B. t. 1579.

In woods, groves, on grassy hedgebanks and in moist or shaded situations,
common. Ll. April—September. 2.

E. Med.—About Ryde occasionally. Fields between Sandown and Shanklin,
and between Ashey wood and Munwell. Between Ventnor and Newport, Mrs.
Martin. I found a specimen or two of this species in Greatwood copse, with
white flowers, 1842.

IV, Med.—About Brixton, sometimes with flesh-coloured flowers.

Capsules ovato-subglobose, paler in colour and smaller than in L. vespertina
(5 or 6 lines in length), thin and brittle, dehiscing by 10 broadly ovato-triangular,
finally strongly revolute teeth, which are often united together in pairs either
wholly or partially, in the former case giving the capsule the appearance of being
5-valved. Seeds similar to those of the next species, but rather less, grayish black
or reddish, their papilla smaller, more distinct or distant, and much more pointed,
each surrounded as in that by a denticulated circle, by which their bases seem as
it were dove-tailed into one another.

8. L. vespertina, Sibth. White Campion. “ Flowers subdic-
cious, calyx of the pistilliferous flowers with linear-lanceolate
elongated teeth, capsule conical, the teeth erect.’—Br. Fl. p. 61.
L. dioica 8., Z.: E. B. t. 1580.

In dry open situations, cultivated and waste ground, the borders of fields, on
hedgebanks and amongst corn, &c.. very frequent. Fl. June—September. 2{.?

E. Med.—Between Sandown and Shanklin, in fields a little beyond the signal-
station near Apse heath. Fields by French Mill, near Godshill.

W. Med.—In fields near Afton farm, with white and flesh-coloured flowers.

Capsules yellowish or greenish, ovato-conical, 8—10 lines in length, very
smooth, obscurely angular below the middle, hard and firm in texture, opening at
the summit by 10 distinct, triangular, lanceolate, erect or spreading, but not
recurved, very rigid teeth. Seeds numerous, clay-coloured or sometimes reddish
gray (black according tv Gaudin !), reniform, covered with close rows of rounded
or pointed tubercles that are apparently fitted to each other by a toothed ring or
border surrounding the base of each.
Lychnis.] CARYOPHYLLACEA. 65

I am disposed to coincide with many botanists who have recently embraced the
opinion of these two plants being really distinct, as Sibthorp imagined. The dif-
ference of form in the capsule, and in the localities they affect, both in Britain
and on the continent, strongly corroborate the idea. The predilection of L. diurna
is for cool, moist, shady, alpine situations, of L. vespertina for dry, open, cham-
paign and level districts, and the geographical range of each accords with their
local distribution.

** Petals crownless, entire, shorter than the calyx-segments.

4. L. Githago, Lam. Corn Cockle. “ Calyx much longer than
the corolla, petals entire destitute of a crown.’— Agrostemma
Githago, LZ. Br. Fl. p. 61. EH. B. t. 741. Githago segetum,
Desf.

In cultivated fields, chiefly amongst corn; much too common. Fl. June—
August. Fr. September. ©. (or d.?)

Root annual? whitish, tapering, hard, brittle and rigid, usually branched in a
horizontal direction. Stem solitary, quite erect, straight, firm and rigid, from
about 1 to 3 or even 5 feet in height, obscurely quadrangular or nearly round,
faintly 4-channelled, fistulose, harsh with minute points and asperities, and clothed
with long, appressed, jointed pubescence; in the smaller plants simple or nearly
so, in the larger branched, often from the very base, in a corymbose paniculate
manner, the branches alternate, long, slender, erect, dichotomously forked. Leaves
opposite, erect, sessile and connate, sheathing, elongato-lanceolate, entire, acute,
somewhat folded and almost clasping in their under part, their tips brownish and
a little incurved, 3- or towards the base downwards 5-ribbed, the midrib very pro-
minent beneath, rough and hairy like the stem, but the hairs more sparse or scat-
tered, and near the base of the leaves on their upper side longer, silky and spread-
ing. Bracts none. Flowers large, solitary, terminal on the stem and branches,
erect, from 1 to 1} inch in diameter, on terete peduncles that are often elongated
to a foot or more at the time of flowering. Calyx firm, leathery, its tubular por-
tion when in flower ovate-oblong, becoming as the germen swells broader, and in
fruit subglobose, densely clothed, as is the incrassated top of the peduncle, with
white silky hairs, which are erect and longest on the 10 very thick prominent
green ribs or angles ; these latter are alternately continued at the summit into 5
linear acute segments, resembling the leaves but flatter and more silky, distantly
fringed at the margins, a little unequal, longer than the tube, erect after flowering.
Petals mostly much shorter than the calyx-segments, but sometimes as long or
even longer, cuneate-obcordate, the dimb varying in intensity of colour from full
to dilute purplish rose-red or pink, and marked with 3 or 5 interrupted or dotted
purplish or greenish streaks along the course of as many veins, which are very
conspicuously prominent on the shining exterior of the petals, that are shallowly
and obtusely emarginate; claws of the petals about as long as the tube of the
calyx, greenish, abrupt, fleshy, without a crown, but having a process running
from the base upwards for about half their length, with raised wing-like margins
that converge and disappear in the general tissue, forming below a groove for the
reception of the shorter filaments. Stamens very unequal, glabrous, inserted, as
well as the petals, on an annular base immediately under the germen, the five
opposite the petals usually much (about half) shorter than the rest, but sometimes
part of them are nearly as long; anthers slate-gray, oblong-sagittate. Styles 5,
erect, slender, shorter than the longer stamens, beset with bristly pellucid bairs
that are erect at the base, variously spreading on the upper part, which is often
purplish and sometimes recurved. Germen ovoid-conical, 5-10 angled, glabrous.
Capsules erect, very large, about an inch long, ovate-conical, pale greenish or
brownish yellow, smooth and shining, obscurely 5-angular, 10-ribbed, opening at
the summit with 5 rigid teeth, and closely embraced by the much enlarged and
hardened calyx, whose segments are then connivent or erect, and much exceeding
the capsule. Seeds numerous, very large, brownish black, on long erect funiculi,

I
66 CARYOPHYLLACEE. [Sagina.

roundish or triangulari-reniform, compressed on the sides and back, covered with
close longitudinal rows of very prominent points. Embryo in the circumference
of the snow-white farinaceous albumen. aac

Like many annuals, this plant is in some degree biennial, for though living but
one year, it approaches the true biennials by the growth of radical leaves in
autumn, and living through the winter which precedes its flowering, as remarked
by Dr. Darlington.

Suborder II. Arsinez.

Sepals distinct or nearly so. Petals and stamens inserted on an
hypogynous or perigynous ring. Capsule sessile, 1-celled.

V. Sacrna,* Linn. Pearlwort.

“ Calyx of 4 leaves. Petals 4 (shorter than the calyx). Cap-
sule 1-celled, 4-valved.”—Ar. Fl. 4th ed.

1. S. procumbens, L. Procumbent Pearlwort. ‘“ Perennial usu-
ally glabrous, stems procumbent, leaves mucronate, sepals 4 or
rarely 5 much longer than the petals spreading in fruit, styles
reflexed during flowering.” — Br, Fl. p. 62. E. B. t. 880. Fl.
Dan, xii. t. 2103,

In waste sandy or gravelly ground, dry pastures, on or under walls and between
the paving-stones in streets, courtyards, &c.; very frequent. J. April—Septem-

ber. 2.

2. 8. apetala, L. Annual Small-flowered Pearlwort. ‘“ Annual,
stems slightly hairy erect or ascending, leaves aristate fringed,
sepals 4 much longer than the petals very spreading in fruit
obtuse, or the two outer ones slightly mucronate.”—Br. Fl. p. 62.
E. B.t. 880. Fl. Dan. xii. t. 2102.

In dry corn-fields, on wall-tops and waste barren ground; frequent. 7. May,
June. Fr. June.

Capsules a little longer than the calyx, ovoid, bluntly quadrangular at top, very
obtuse, membranous, crowned with the styles. Seeds numerous, extremely minute,
grayish or purplish black, irregularly prismatic, pyramidate-trigonate, the angles
and apex rounded ; covered with blunt or sometimes pointed warty prominences,
and elevated on erect funiculi.

Well distinguished from S. procumbens by its ascending, not procumbent stems,
paler colour, more slender habit, and by the much longer points to the leaves,
which are fringed with a few stiff hairs towards the base. The flowers are smaller
than in the last, with narrower much less obtuse calyx-leaves, more broadly mem-
branous at their edges; the styles too are shorter, less spreading and conspicuous.
The parts of fructification vary greatly ; in numerous specimens collected at Ryde
the sepals are ordinarily 4, but often 5, the stamens even in the former case
amount to 5, 6, or even more. The petals, which are very minute and spathulate
or rather strap-shaped, are sometimes existing, as often wholly or partially want-
ing. I have occasionally noticed the capsules to he 5-valved.

 

* See Gibson on the British species and varieties of the genus Sagina, ‘ Phyto-
Jogist, No. 9, April, 1842, p. 177.
Spergula.] CARYOPHYLLACEA. 67

3. 8. maritima, Don. Sea Pearlwort. “Annual glabrous,
stems erect or procumbent only at the base, leaves fleshy obtuse
or with a short apiculus, ‘petals none,’ sepals 4 roundish ovate
about as long as the capsule erect in fruit.’— Br. Fl. p. 63.
E. B. t. 2195. Fl. Dan. xii. t. 2104. S. apetala 6, Wahl. Fl.
Suec. i. p. 109.

On the sea-shore and in salt-marshes; rare. Fl. May—August. ©.

£. Med.—On the Dover spit below St. Helen’s, in plenty.

W. Med.—Gurnet Bay, sparingly. First found by Dr. Martin, immediately
below the battery at W. Cowes, on the platform of masonry a foot or two from
high-water mark !!

Capsules in my specimens from St. Helen’s as long as the calyx or very little
exceeding it, being either just concealed by the converging segments of the latter,
or exposing its summit only.

Wabhlenherg makes our plant a variety of S. apetala ; but if not really distinct
it is surely rather a form of S. procumbens, to which all British botanists conceive
it to be more nearly related. It presents indeed characters common to both.

VI. Srercuna, Linn. Spurrey.

“Calyx 5-leaved. Petals 5, undivided. Capsule ovate, 5-
celled, 5-valved.”—Br. Fl. 4th ed.

1. S. subulata, Sw. Awil-leaved Spurrey. “Leaves subulate
subciliated aristate, peduncles solitary very long and the calyx
glandular-hairy, petals and capsule somewhat longer than the
calyx.” —Br. Fl. 4thed. £.B. t.1082. Sagina, Wimm.: Br. Fl.
6th ed. p. 63. Sagina procumbens @., L.

On elevated sandy, gravelly, or stony heaths, moors and pastures; rare? Fl.
May—August. Fr. July. i

4. Med.— Corn-field near Shanklin, Miss BE, Kirkpatrick. Gyavel-pit on St.
George’s Down, G. Kirkpatrick, Esq. Bare gravelly spot on Bleak Down, in
tolerable plenty.

W. Med.—On Headorn hill.

It is extremely doubtful whether this be anything more than a var. of S. sagi-
noides, which is common on mountains in the North. (See the remarks of Hook.
in Br. Fl. 1. s.c.) Linneus thought it a variety of Sagina procumbens.

2. S. nodosa, L. Knotted Spurrey. Sand Chickweed. Leaves
subulate opposite glabrous connate, the lower ones sheathing
much the longest, upper ones with axillary leafy clusters, petals
much longer than the calyx. Sm. E. Fl. ii. p. 338. EH. B. x. t.
694. Curt. Fl. Lond. ii. fase. 4, t. 84. Sagina, Br. Fl. p. 64.

In moist sandy, gravelly and turfy pastures, but not common. Fl. July,
August. ‘

EB Med On St. Helen’s spit, scattered sparingly amongst the furze.

W. Med.—By a small pool (salt-marsh) near the Yar, at the N.E. end of Wil-
mington heath, but confined to a very limited spot. Plentiful at Freshwater
Gate, near the entrance on the marsh, in wet ground on the left just before coming
tu the gate from the beach. Shore at Norton. Marsh near Compton, Mr. Snooke.

Root whitish, fibrous. Stems several, 3 or 4 inches high, either prostrate,
ascending or decumbent at the base, a little hairy above, glabrous below, simple
or branched. Leaves connate, awl-shaped, smooth, flattish or a little hollowed on
the upper, convex on the under surface, tipped with a minute callons point, but
not mucronate, lowest ones much the longest and spreading, gradually shortening
68 CARYOPHYLLACE. (Menchia.

as they ascend, and bearing branches or small clusters of leaves in their axils.
Flowers yvather large, white, few, solitary, terminal on the principal and lateral
branches. Sepals ovate, nerveless, very blunt, much shorter than the petals, with
whitish membranous edges. Petals rounded, quite entire, with short abrupt
claws, only fully expanded in bright weather. Stamens extremely short, with pale
anthers, ‘Styles spreading ; stigmus revolute, beautifully fringed. Capsules sel-
dom peifect (Sm.), ovate. “ Seeds brown, wrinkled,” (MZ. et K.)

3. S. arvensis, L. Corn Spurrey. “ Leaves whorled with
minute membranaceous stipules at their base, stalk of the fruit
reflexed, seeds more or less margined.” — Br. Fl. p. 145. EB.
t. 1535. §. pentandra, Sm. H. B. t. 15386.

In cornfields and other cultivated ground, on a light sandy soil; abundantly.
Fl. May—August. ©.

VII. Mancuta, Ehrh. Moenchia.

“ Calyx of 4 sepals. Petals 4, entire. Stamens 4 or 8. Styles
4. Capsule of 1 cell, many-seeded, opening with 8 teeth at the
extremity.”—Br. Fl.

1. M. ereeta, Sm. Upright Menchia. Br. Fl. p. 70. Sagina,
LL: EB. B. t. 609.

Tn dry sandy, gravelly and turfy pastures, on high heaths and downs; frequent.
Fl. April, May. Fr. May, June. ©.

EF. Med.--On Royal Heath, in many places. On the sea-bank at Sandown,
near the Fort. On Bleak Down in plenty, with Spergula subulata. On St.
Helen’s spit, abundantly. Shanklin down. St. George’s Down.

W. Med.—Abundant on all the sandy heaths and commons about Brixton,
Mottistone and Shorwell, as well as on the downs. Pleutiful on heaths between
Shorwell and Kingston (Haslett and Buck’s heath, &c.), where the ground is
whiteved by it in some places. Gurnet Bay, Miss G. Kildersce.

Root annual, of several very slender branched fibres. Stems several or solitary,
erect or ascending, the lateral ones sometimes decumbent at the base, round, 2—4
inches in height, simple or slightly branched, firm, quite smooth, as is the whole
plant, and sometimes tinged with purple. Leaves opposite and connate at their
base, linear-lanceolate, a little acute, very stiff and glaucous, single-ribbed, remote
on the stem, those at the root more crowded and cwspitose, tapering into a long
petiole soon withering. Flowers solitary, on terminal and axillary peduncles,
erect, not opening very widely. Sepals taper-pointed, very acute, with a white
membranous border and a stout central green nerve. Petals white, obtuse, about
% Shorter than the calyx, a little recurved at the tip. Stamens on a jointed base
as in Stellaria. Styles short; stigmas reflexed, covered with long crystalline
points, and hence appearing plumose. Capsule ohlongo-conical, variable in length,
usually about equal to the enclosing calyx, membranous, 8-ribbed and somewhat
octagonal, tipped with the styles, opening by 8 slightly recurved teeth, the dehis-
cence often partially continued to the base of the ribs or sutures. Seeds nume-
rous, pale reddish brown, subrenifurm, laterally compressed, covered with warty
granulations and attached to a free central receptacle which is much shorter than
the capsule.

VIII. Sretnartr, Linn. Stitchwort.

“ Sepals 5. Petals 5, deeply cloven. Stamens 10. Styles 3.
Capsule opening with 6 valves, many-seeded.”—Br. Fl.

1. S. media, With. Common Chickweed. ‘‘ Leaves ovate lower
ones petiolate upper ones sessile, stems with an alternate line of
| Stellaria. CARYOPHYLLACE. 69

hairs on one side, petals 2-partite, stamens 5—10.”— Br. Fl, p-
68. H. B.t. 537. Alsine, L.

8. Leaves fleshy.

y. apetala, Much smaller, calyx very hairy, seeds smoother, thinner and paler.
S. alsinoides ? Schleich., Br. FL. 5th ed. p. 37.

In waste and cultivated ground, fields, gardens, woods, and on hedgebanks
everywhere, one of the commonest of weeds. FJ. the whole year, but most copi-
ously in the spring and summer months. ©.

B. On waste ground by the sea, Sandown.

y. On sandy ground, Ryde Dover. Abundant on St. Helen’s spit. On walls
near Niton.

A most variable plant, affording ample scope to the founders of new species for
the exercise of ingenuity in detecting subtle and evanescent marks of distinction.

The var. y, exactly coincides with Mr. Drummond’s description in the ‘ British
Flora,’ and would seem from the citations of Gaudin and others to be the S. alsi-
noides uf Schleicher. The flowers ave quite destitute of petals and triandrous in
my specimens, the calyx, which appears always to be closed, is beset with copious,
long, white, soft hairs. Seeds very pale buff-yellow.

The common Chickweed is one of those cosmopolite plants that accommodate
themselves to almost any soil or climate. It is widely dispersed over the tempe-
rate zone of the northern and many parts of the southern hemisphere. I found it
in every part of the United States as abundantly as in Europe, though perhaps
more restricted there to cultivated and inhabited spots, it being supposed to have
accompanied the white race in their migration westward.

Perhaps the plant called 8. grandiflora by Mr. J. Woods in his ‘ Tour in Brit-
tany’ (Hooker's Comp. to the Bot. Mag. vol. ii. p. 264), and found I understand
in Sussex, is the S. neglecta of Weihe, Fl. Dan. 438, vide Reichenb. Fl. Germ.
excurs. No. 4905.

2. S. holostea,* L. Greater Stitchwort. “Stem nearly erect
with 4 rough sharp angles, leaves lanceolate much acuminated
minutely ciliated sessile, petals cloven to the middle twice as long
as the nerveless calyx.”—Br. Fl. p. 68. E. B. t. 511.

B. Petals scarcely equalling the calyx, deeply divided almost to the base into 3
segments, of which the middle one is linear-lanceolate, the 2 exterior ones with a
touth on the inner side.

In grassy woods, thickets, groves, along hedges and on shady banks, abun-
dantly. Fl. April—June. zi

¢. In Quarr copse. . : ;

Capsules depressed, membranous and globose, pellucid and tipped with the
styles ; the summits of the 6 valves are reflexed in the ripe capsule, appearing as
so many teeth, but the valves themselves separate nearly to the base.+ Seeds seve-
ral, roundish kidney-shaped, compressed, covered with mawillary points in close
parallel rows, some of them usually abortive. : . ;

Of the curious variety @. I found a good many specimens, and at first imagined
the laciniated appearance of the petals to have resulted from mutilation by insects,
until the regularity of the monstrosity in all which I traced in the bud proved it
to be the work of Nature herself. In this state the flowers bore some resemblance
to S.uliginosa, A very similar form of the petals, if not the very same, is recorded
in the ‘ Phytologist’ for July, 1842, as found near Pont-y-Pool.

3. S. graminea, L. Lesser Stitchwort. “Stem angled nearly
erect smooth, leaves linear-lanceolate acute entire glabrous

 

* The specific name ought rather perhaps to have been Holosteum. ;
+ In Silene the dehiscence is strictly confined to the top of the capsule, which
else appears of one piece.
70 CARYOPHYLLACES. (Stellarus.

ciliated, panicle much branched, petals bipartite scarcely longer
than the 3-nerved sepals.’—Br. Fl. p. 69. H. B. t. 808.

&., Gaud. Fl. Helv. iii. p. 185. Petals much longer than the calyx; leaves
more or less glaucous.

In dry gravelly, sandy or heathy pastures, hedgerows and bushy places; very
common. Fl. May—August. 2.

Capsule ovoid-oblong, smooth, shining and membranous, as long as or rather’
longer than the calyx, 6-angled at the summit. Seeds few, about 8 or 9, pale
rusty red, roundish and subreniform, compressed.

The petals are not rarely double the length of the calyx, as I find them in seve-
ral parts of the island, in which state the plant is likely to be gathered for /S.
glauca, as indeed happened to myself, and against which mistake Gaudin warns
his countrymen, S. glauca being extremely rare in Switzerland.

4. S. uliginosa, Murr. Bog Stitchwort. “ Leaves ovato-lanceo-
late entire with a callous tip, flowers in dichotomous panicles,
petals bipartite shorter than the sepals which are combined at the
base.”— Br. Fl. p. 69. EH. B.t. 1074. §. graminea 8, LZ. Lar-
brea, St. Hil.

In clear shallow ditches, rivulets and boggy or springy places; frequent. Fl.
May—July. Fr. July. ©.

E. Med.—Jn a patch of copsewood a little South of Upton House. Very com-
mon in moory meadows about Bridge Court, and in the willow-beds by Bagwich
in profusion. Rookley moors, and common in the valley of the Medina generally.
Boggy parts of Apse heath. Sandown level. Shanklin chine. Abundant on wet
slipped hanks in Whitecliffbay. In a very wet part of Marshcombe Copse, near
Yaverland farm. In a wet hollow on the skirts of Wootton common, in plenty.
Parsonage Lynch, Newchurch.

W. Med.—Under a wet hedgebank between Gurnet Bay and the Debbourne
turnpike, in very great plenty. Wet places about Shorwell, at Wolverton, Brix-
ton, &c., frequent.

Herb perfectly glabrous, except at the base of the leaves and occasionally on
the edge of the sepals. Root a tuft of pale, weak, slender fibres. Stems nume-
yous, variable in length, from about 6 to 12 or 18 inches, widely spreading,
decumbent and ascending at the extremities in the smaller plants, suberect or
reclining, weak, brittle and succulent, with a central medullary fibre, acutely
quadrangular, smooth and glabrous, rooting at the lower articulations, branched
alternately. Leaves numerous, opposite, sometimes 3 or 4 together at the forks of
the branches, somewhat erect, sessile, scarcely an inch in length at most, pale with
a glaucous cast, and as it were mottled with a network of anastomosing veins of
a deeper green; lower leaves mostly oblongo-elliptical, bluntish, those near the
summit oblong or elliptic-lanceolate and more acute, all with a brownish callous
tip, connate and slightly ciliated at base, paler beneath, with a sharp prominent
midrib, their margins often reflexed. Flowers very small, few together, in axil-
Jary, seldom terminal irregularly forked panicles, sometimes solitary. Peduncles
mostly Jonger than the leaves, often 2 or 3 together, one of them simple or bear-
ing only a single flower at its apex; pedicels very unequal. Bracts at the base
of the peduncles and partial flower-stalks, opposite, lanceolate, scariose and acute,
with a central green nerve. Calyx about 3 lines in diameter ; sepals lanceolate, very
acute, with 3 strong deep green ribs and white scariose entire margins, flat and
widely spreading in flower, now and then, it is said, ciliated, smooth in my speci-
mens, united below into an angular inverted cone or tube surrounding the germen
and looking like an enlargement of the pedicel. Petals white, delicate and pellu-
cid, veinless, inserted on a green glandular ring close behind the stamens, much
shorter the calyx (now and then wanting, Bertol.), obcordate, cleft nearly to the
base into two spathulate, diverging, entire segments which are ubtuse or slightly
pointed. Stamens 10, those alternating with the petals inserted on short, yellow-
Malachiwn.) CARYOPHYLLACE 2. 71

ish, flattened glands near but not close to the base of the germen, being in fact
above the latter and at the top of the conical enlargement of the calyx below the
sepals, hence truly perigynous, not hypogynous ; filuments white, tapering, not
winged or dilated; anthers pale yellow, roundish. Styles 3—5 (very often 4),
white, glanduloso-pilose above, spreading and recurved ; -germen ovato-globose, its
lower part embraced by the fleshy conical base of the calyx or summit of the
pedicel, but unconnected with the latter. Capsule pale yellowish brown, smooth
and shining, as long as or mostly rather longer than the calyx, oblong-ovoid, a little
attenuated at base where it is surrounded by the funnel-shaped part of the calyx,
6-angled above the middle, bursting by as many entire, pointed, finally recurved
valves for at least half its length.

IX. Mauacutium, Fries. Mouse-ear Chickweed.

“Sepals 5. Petals 5, deeply cloven. Stamens 10. Styles 5,
alternate with the sepals. Capsule opening with 5 valves oppo-
site to the sepals, each bifid at the apex, many-seeded.”—Br. Fi.

1. M. aquaticum, Fr. Water Chickweed. Br. Fl. p. 67. Ce-
rastium, Z.: EH. B. t. 538.

8. Stem somewhat scandent. Cerastium scandens, Lej. Fl. de Sp. pars i. p.
211.

In low marshy places, on ditch-banks, by river sides, in swampy thickets and
damp hedges, mostly in the centre of the island. J. July—October. 2f,

E, Med, —In the wet grounds W. of Yaverland farm. Common on the moors
close to Godshill, on the North side. Near Stickworth house. In many parts of
Sandown level, on the banks of the drains or ditches dividing the meadows, and
very abundant along the stream that intersects the level and empties itself into
Brading harbour, as above Alverston and between that and Horringford bridge,
above which it is again plentiful, also in wet thickets by the same stream oppo-
site Alverston and Hasely, &c. Little wood close to Deane farm, and at Whit-
well. Abundant along the mill-stream between Bridge and Bridge Court, near
Godshill. Moist ground at the foot of Furze Hill, near Wackland. Wet meadow
near Fullford.

W. Med.— Marshy meadows along the Medina above Newport in various
places, also a little below Shide, sparingly.

B. In wet hedgerows betwixt Alverston and Horringford bridge, the weak erect
stems reclining against those of other plants rather than climbing.

A succulent somewhat viscid plant, with the habit and appearance of Stellaria
media, and still more so of S. nemorum, for which it is sometimes mistaken.
Root very slender, fibrous, creeping. Stems numerous, trailing or decumbent,
purplish, geniculate and rooting below at the joints, their bases becoming at length:
covered with earth and rhizomatons, erect or ascending at the extremities, and
rising to L or 2 feet or even more in height when supported by herbage or bushes,
subterete, faintly angular or ancipital, composed of an exterior, very brittle and
succulent parenchyma surrounding a tough, striated, tubular chord ; considerably
branched and dichotomously forked at top, glabrous below, clothed above with
soft, spreading, gland-tipped pubescence extending over the bracts, peduncles and
calyx. Leaves opposite, pale green, thin, flaccid and moist to the touch, very
speedily withering ; those of the flowering stems larger, quite sessile, of the bar-
ren shoots smaller and on stalks of various length; all ovate, acuminate, very
acute, rounded or broadly cordate at base, wavy on their margins, paler and con-
spicuously veined beneath, the inferior leaves glabrous or nearly so, those near the
summit of the stem more or less pubescent on both sides and ciliated. Flowers
tather large and handsome, in a sort of dichotomous false panicle, if the uppermost
leaves be considered as bracts, produced in long succession, and quickly fading
when gathered. Peduneles single-flowered, lateral and terminal from the forks of
the stem at its upper part, terete, pubescent, finally spreading and deflexed in
72 CARYOPHYLLACEE. [Cerastium.

fruit, the apex a little enlarged and nodding. Culyw cleft neatly to the bottom,
hairy externally; sepals ovate-lanceolate, mostly unequal in breadth, 3- or 5-rib-
bed, slightly keeled, with concave, somewhat incurved, bluntish tips and more or
less narrowly membranous white margins. Petals a little longer than the calyx,
pure white, very profoundly cleft into 2 narrow, oblong, obovate, entire, strongly
and prominently nerved segments, the sinus between them obtuse at the top of
the small, green, fleshy, abrupt claw. Cupsule ovate-conical (sometimes described
as round), 4 or 5 lines in length, nodding, very thin and membranous, as long as
or mostly rather longer than the closely applied calyx, shining and glabrous,
bluntly pentagonal, opening at the summit by 5 broad, erect, often bifid, obtuse
teeth. Sceds numerous, reddish brown, rotundato-reniform, rough with close rows
of papille with stellate or radiating bases.

X. Crrastium, Linn. Mouse-ear Chickweed.

“ Calyx of 5 sepals. Petals 5, cloven. Stamens 10. Styles 5.
Capsule bursting at the top with ten equal teeth.’—Br. Fi.

1. C. glomeratum, Thuill. Broad-leaved Mouse-ear Chickweed.
“ Hairy nearly erect viscid above, leaves ovate, bracteas herba-
ceous, petals as long as the calyx about half the length of the
curved capsule, flowers mostly subcapitate, calyces oblong longer
than their pedicels.”—C. vulgatum, Z. Br. Ll. p. 70. #. B. t.
789.

In fields, pastures, waste and cultivated places, on walls, dry banks, and by
roadsides ; common. Jl. April—September. ©.

2. C. triviale, Link. Narrow-leaved Alouse-ear Chickweed.
“ Leaves oblong-lanceolate, stem hairy viscid spreading, lower
bracteas herbaceous upper ones with narrow membranous margins,
flowers at first almost fascicled afterwards in elongated dichotomous
cymes, calyx about as long as the pedicel and corolla about half
the length of the curved fruit.” —C. viscosum, Z. Br. Fl. p. 70.
EB. B. t. 790.

In exactly similar situations with the last, and equally common. Fl. Spring
and summer. 2{.? or rather ©.

I very seldom perceive any membranous border to the bracteas of C. triviale in
this neighbourhood (Ryde) ; the character therefore not being constant ought not
to enter into the specific description.

38. C. semidecandrum, L. Little Mouse-ear Chickweed. ‘‘ Leaves
ovate or oblong, stem hairy viscid suberect simple bearing a few-
flowered cyme, upper half of all the bracts and the sepals mem-
branous, calyx scarcely shorter than the pedicel about twice as
long as the petals shorter than the fruit."—Br. Fl. p. 71. E. B.
t. 1630.

B., Sm. Flowers larger, less numerous and scarcely panicled ; petals distinctly
bifid, but not deeply cleft, not a great deal shorter than the taper-pointed sepals.
C. pumilum, Curt, Fl. Lond. ii. fase. 6, t.33. C.glutinosum, Fries? Nov. Fl.
Suec. ed. alt. p. 132. Reichb. [conogr. Bot. ii. tab. 181, fig. 315 and 316?

y. Flowers smaller (at least in bloom) or conglomerate ; petals notched or jag-
ged, scarcely torn, much shorter than the very long acute and membranous sepals.
Bracts scariose, shining and membranous at the margins. #. B. xxiii. t. 1630?
Leight. Shrop. Fl. p. 198.
Cerastium.} CARYOPHYLLACEE. 73

In waste ground, on wall-tops and other dry sandy places. Fl. March—May.

Plentiful on the Dover, Ryde.

8. Abundant on the sandy fence of the garden behind the ferry-house, St.
Helen’s spit.

A smaller plant than C. triviale, if it be really distinct from that species, and
flowering earlier. Root annual, whitish, slender and fibrous. Stem very variable
in length, usually but a few inches high, branching from the base dichotomously
(or simple, Sm.) in all my specimens, spreading or procumbent, at length erect
(Leight.), purplish, clothed in different degrees with spreading, viscid, partly
gland-tipped hairs, the latter most numerous on the flower-stalks. Leaves of a
paler green than in C. triviale, otherwise similar, very hairy, the lower mostly
smoother and a little shining, spathulate, the upper ovate or oblong. Flowers in
small terminal panicles that are more or less branched (in the specimens I am
describing, which 1 take to be the C. pumilum of Curtis with larger flowers and
more deeply cloven petals, much less so than that figured in E. B.), partly pedun-
culate, partly sessile or nearly so, their peduncles very various in length, elongat-
ing during inflorescence. racts in all my specimens of 8. destitute of a scariose
border, in y., which I look upon as the C. semidecandrum of Smith and ‘ English
Botany,’ thinner, with broad very shining edges, of a silvery whiteness, very acute
and jagged. Sepals in @. but little exceeding the petals, sometimes about equal
to them; in y. much longer than these, with far more acuminate tips and broader,
somewhat jagged. Petals mostly 5, not unfrequently but 4, and in that case
either tétrandrous with 4 styles, or pentandrous with the same number of styles in
8., but little shorter than the calyx or equal to it, and deeply notched or cleft
about 4 of their entire length; in y. much shorter than the sepals, narrower,
ce white and simply notched, or irregularly jagged here and there, but not
cleft.

A most variable and perplexing plant, on the different forms of which bota-
nists have wasted much time and ingenuity by endeavouring to find permanent
marks of distinction where none exist. We need but peruse and compare the
descriptions and figures of those who have laboured the most to elucidate our
common Cerastia, to be convinced that not one has seized upon any absolutely
fixed mark of distinction between C. triviale, C. semidecandrum and C. tetran-
drum ; the very multiplicity of their synonyms and the elaborate commentary of
Fries (Nov. Fl. Suec.), who has augmented the difficulty of their study still fur-
ther by increasing the number of species, prove how little writers have advanced
in assigning to each its proper limits.

Sir J. Smith remarks that C. semidecandrum displays itself in early spring on
every wall-top, and withers away long before C. triveale begins to put forth its far
less conspicuous blossoms. At Ryde, however (at least in the extraordinary back-
ward season of 1837), these two species, with C. tetrandrum, were all in flower
together, when I remarked the little tetrandrous plant was earlier out of flower
than the larger semidecandrous one, and both considerably in advance of C. tri-
viale in respect to the time of seeding.

I find specimens possessing the characters of C. semidecandrum with 4-cleft
calyx and corolla, yet with 6 or 7 stamens in each flower.

4. C. tetrandrum, Curt. Fowr-cleft Mouse-ear Chickweed.
“ Leaves ovate or oblong, stem hairy and somewhat viscid dicho-
tomous with flowers in the forks, the whole a leafy cyme, lower
bracteas herbaceous some of the uppermost and the sepals with a
narrow membranaceous margin, calyx rather longer than the
petals 1}—4 times shorter than the pedicels, fruit usually the
length of the calyx rarely a little longer.’”—Br. Fl. p. 71. C.
atrovirens, Bab. C. pedunculatum, Bab. Sagina cerastoides,

E. B. t. 166.
L
74 CARYOPHYLLACEE. [Halianthus.

#. Wahlenb. Fl. Suec. ed. prim. i. p. 288, No. 519?

On dry banks, wall-tops, sandy heaths and pastures; very frequent. Fl.
March—May. ©. ;

E. Med.—Abundant on sandy ground of the Dover, Ryde, and on the spit
below St. Helen’s. On the embankment of the sea-wall at Sandown, opposite the
fort.

IW. Med.—Common on most of our high downs. Afton down, by the sea, Mfr.
Snooke. High downs at Freshwater, Dawson Turner, Esq. in Snooke’s Bot. of
the I. of Wight.

@. Scarcely an inch high. On the Dover, Ryde, and the spit below St. Helen’s,
abundant. On the sea-bank at Sandown fort, &c.

In my Ryde specimens the margins of the calyw-leaves vary extremely in breadth
even in the same plant, they are mostly broader on the alternate segments, at one
time this membranous border is very wide, at another nearly or quite obsolete.
Flowers fav most frequently 4-cleft with 4 stamens and. 4 styles, sometimes
5-cleft with 5 stamens and 4-cleft on the same plant, and not unfrequently I find
4-cleft flowers with 5 stamens and only 4 styles. The hairs on the calyx, &c.,
are not always glandular; the bracts are certainly not at all scarious in any of my
specimens ; this is also remarked by Mr. Jos. Woods in his ‘ Tour in Brittany.’ *
In dry open and turfy spots this plant scarcely rises above the surface, and is con-
spicuous only by its white petals disposed in the form of a cross.

My own impression, after much careful investigation, now more confirmed than
ever, is that C. tetrandrum, as I understand it, is a dwarf maritime state of C.
semidecandrum, which last Mr. W. Wilson suggests, I think with great probabi-
lity, may itself prove to be an early flowering form of C. triviale, as it is difficult
to assign a character to one that is not occasionally assumed by the other. Mr.
Wilson however retains C. tetrandrum as a good species. For my own part, I am
not without doubts whether C. glomeratum and C. triviale may not be the same
species under different forms.

XI. Haxiantuvus, Fries. Sea Chickweed.

“ Flowers polygamous. Sepals 5. Petals 5, conspicuous, undi-
_vided. Stamens 10, alternating with glands: anthers abortive in
the fertile flowers: ovary with 3—5 styles, abortive when the
anthers are perfect. Capsule opening with 8—4 entire valves, or
with 5 alternate with the sepals. Seeds 8—10, large.”+

1. H. peploides, Fries. Sea Chickweed. ‘“ Sepals ovate obtuse
with scarious margins, petals obovate, leaves ovate acute and
stems very fleshy.” —Honckenya (Zhrh.) Br. Fl. p. 65. Are-
naria, L.: #. B.t. 189. Alsine, Wahl.

On sandy and pebbly sea-shores, and on waste ground adjacent to the sea.
Fl. April—July. Fr. July, August. 2.

Whole herb very smooth and succulent, growing mostly in round tufts or
patches a few inches high only. Root long, slender, chordiform, whitish or red-
dish, running pretty far under the sand or pebbles, and emitting at intervals bun-
dles of flowering stems that are whitish or purplish, naked and decumbent at the
base, enlarged upwards, their extremities erect or inclining, shortly branched and
leafy, with a lateral groove or furrow on opposite sides, alternating with the posi-
tion of the leaves, beneath each pair of which the stem is a little swollen. Leaves
numerous, opposite, decussate, sessile, subconnate, ovate or ovate-elliptical, yel-
lowish green, thick, fleshy and shining, acute and mucronate, the tips a little
recurved, slightly keeled beneath and edged all round with a pellucid crenate

 

* Hooker’s Comp. to Bot. Mag. ii. p. 263.
+ (Gen. character of Honckenya in 5th ed. of Br. Fl., Edrs.]
Arenaria. ] CARYOPHYLLACE. 75

expansion of their substance. Stipules none. Flowers solitary, either in the
axils of the upper leaves opposite the short nascent shoots, and hence appearing
to be 2 or 3 together, or else in the forks of the upper brauches on short much-
compressed and furrowed pedicels. Sepals oblongo-elliptical, obtuse, concave,
gibbous at the back, obscurely 3-nerved when viewed with a glass against the
light, green, with white entire margins. Petals white, very small, not exceeding
the calyx, obovate, entire or occasionally bifid in the same flower, suddenly taper-
ing into the long narrow claw. Stamens 10, the alternate ones longer, more
spreading, and discharging their pollen earlier than the other five ; anthers nearly
white. Alternating with the stamens, and in a line with them, are as many yel-
low oblong glands, projecting from a fleshy ring surrounding the conical obtuse
germen. Styles 3, short, fleshy and tapering. Capsules large, coriaceous, green-
ish yellow, glabrous, much longer than the calyx, depresso - globose, obtusely
lobed, furrowed, subconical at the summit and a little pointed, tipped with the
styles, 3—5 valved. Seeds usually about 6 (sometimes only 2 or 3), rich chest-
nut-brown and very shining, ovate and pointed at one end, in shape, size and
colour extremely like the pips of apples, finely granulato-punctate.

XII. Arenarz, Linn. Sandwort.

_“ Flowers all perfect. Sepals 5. Petals 5, conspicuous, undi-
vided. Stamens 10, or occasionally 5. Styles 83—4. Capsule
1-celled, opening with 3—5 entire valves (alternating with the
sepals when as many); or with 6—10 valves (or teeth). Seeds
many, minute.”—Br. Fl.

* Stipules none.

1. A. trinervis, L. Three-ribbed Sandwort. ‘“ Leaves ovate
acute petiolate 3- (rarely 5-) nerved ciliated, flowers solitary,
sepals rough on the keel with 83 obscure ribs, hilum of the seeds
with an appendage.’—Br. Fl. p. 67. EH. B.t.1483. Mcchringia,
Clatre.

In damp woods, groves, and on moist or shady hedgebanks ; abundantly. FU.
April—June. ©.

2. A. serpyllifolia, L. Thyme-leaved Sandwort. ‘“ Leaves ovate
acute subscabrous sessile, calyx hairy its outer sepals 5-ribbed
about as long as the corolla.”—Br. Fl. p. 67. EH. B. t. 923.

In dry barren or sandy fields and waste ground, on walls, banks, &c., very
common. Fil. June—October. ©.

Root small, whitish, copiously branched and fibrous. Stems numerous, spread-
ing, ascending or procumbent, repeatedly and dichotomously branched from the
base, slender, and hoary with copious white hooked and deflexed hairs. Leaves
much like those of wild Thyme, } inch long, grayish green, stiffish, opposite, ses-
sile, very broadly ovate, acute, 5-nerved, occasionally sprinkled with pellucid dots,
their edges spinulvso-ciliate, otherwise glabrous or nearly so. Stipules none.
Flowers small, white, solitary, on straight, diverging, hairy peduncles, which are a
little longer than the leaves, and springing laterally at the forks of the stem, but
not in the axils of either. Sepads lanceolate, very acute, more or less hairy, with
white membranous edges that are broader on the 3 inner and 3-ribbed than on
the 2 exterior and 5-ribbed ones, (Smith describes the 2 innermost as 3-ribbed
only). Petals very small, obovate, quite entire, very variable in length, usually
much shorter than the calyx, not above } or sometimes + its length. Stamens
5—10, those alternating with the sepals placed on a projecting glandular base, 5
of them shorter and apparently carrying abortive anthers ; anthers white or pale
76 CARYOPHYLLACE.—LINACEX. [Arenaria.

red ; pollen of white pellucid globules. Styles 3, nearly erect ; ovarium subglo-
hose, with 6 greenish ribs. Capsule thin, conical, obtuse, opening with 6 teeth,
6-ribbed. Seeds several, brownish, reniform, covered with warty granulations.

** Leaves stipulate.

3. A. rubra, L. Purple Sandwort. Purple Spurrey. “ Stems
prostrate, leaves narrow linear acute plane scarcely fleshy tipped
with a short bristle, stipules ovate cloven, capsule as long as the
calyx, seeds compressed angular roughish.”—Br. Fl. E. B. t.
852. Spergularia, St. Hil.: Br. Fl. p. 144. Alsine, Wahl.

In dry gravelly or sandy fields and pastures, on walls, cliffs, ledges of rocks
and waste ground; common. £7. June—September. ©. or 2f.?

E. Med.—Abundant on Royal Heath. Profusely on rocky ledges behind Bon-
church, with Crithmum maritimum. About Sandown, pleutifully, Mr. Snooke.
Common on Bleak Down.

W. Med.—Chalk cliffs at Freshwater Gate. Near the Debbourn farm, Miss G.
Kilderbee !

The plant in maritime situations preserves its character as regards the shape
and roughness of the seeds, length of capsule and aristate leaves, but the latter
are semicylindrical beneath or nearly so, the herb very much branched, forming
dense tufts, the root thick (perennial ?), and as well as the base of the stems sub-
ligneous. This form accords with the description of A. macrorhiza, Reg. in Ber-
tol. Fl. Ital. iv. p. 687. A. rubra y. macrorhiza, Moris. F). Sard. i. p. 278. A.
media 8. macrorhiza, DC. in Duby, Syn. ii. p. 1025, and which Moris very judi-
ciously considers a mere variety, assigning very sufficient reasons for his opinion.

4. A. marina, Sm. Sea Spurrcy. “Stems prostrate, leaves
semicylindrical fleshy usually with a short point, stipules ovate
cloven, capsule longer than the calyx, seeds compressed.”—Br.
Fl. Spergularia, Camb.: Br. Fl. p.45. H. B.t.958. Avenaria
media, Z. Alsine, M. et K.

In salt-marshes and on waste ground near the sea; very common. Fi. June—
August. ©.

Order XIV. LINACEA, DC.

“ Sepals 4—5, imbricated in estivation, persistent. Petals
4—5, with a twisted estivation, very fugacious. Stamens 4—5,
united at the base into an hypogynous ring, with small teeth
(abortive stamens) between them. Ovary with 8—5 cells, and as
many styles. Stigmas capitate. Capsule globose, crowned with
the permanent base of the styles, 83—5 celled; each cell partially
divided into 2 by a spurious dissepiment, and opening with 2
valves at the apex. Seeds 1 in each spurious cell, inverted.
Embryo straight, large, thin, with little or no albwmen.—Mostly
herbs, with entire leaves and without stipules.”—Br. Fl.
Linum.) LINACEA, 77

I. Linum, Linn. Flax.

Sepals 5, persistent. Petals 5. Stamens 5. Styles 5. Seeds
ovate, compressed.

* Leaves alternate. Flowers blue.

*1. L. usitatissimum, L. Common Flax or Lint. Stem subso-
litary erect corymbosely branched above, leaves linear-lanceolate
the lowermost broader obtuse, sepals ovate pointed 3-nerved, cap-
sule nearly spherical subacuminate mucronate, root annual. Br.
Fl. p. 74. EH. B.t. 1357.

In cultivated and waste ground, amongst corn, &c., accidentally introduced, but
very rarely. Fl. July, August. Fr. August, September. ©.

#. Med.—In a sandy cornfield immediately facing Cliff farm, near Shanklin,
wa plenty. [In a field near Bembridge farm, A. G. More, Esq.,

Ts,

W. Med.—About Kennerley, Mr. W. D. Snooke.

Herb quite glabrous. Root annual, woody, whitish and tapering, with a few
lateral fibres or branches, sometimes nearly simple. Stem from about 1} to 2 feet
in height, mostly solitary, sometimes (as in nearly all my specimens) 2 or 3 from
the same root, round, leafy, straight, erect, filled with cellular tissue, branched
only towards the summit in a corymbose form, the branches nearly upright,
straight, simple or again slightly ramified at top. eaves pale grayish or glau-
cous-green, very numerous, scattered, erect or partly spreading or patent, sessile
and quite glabrous, entire, with rough, cartilaginous, subserrated margins, those
about the centre of the stem often about an inch and a half long, the lowermost
shorter, ovate or elliptic, more or less obtuse, deciduous, the rest linear-lanceolate,
very acute, with 3 mostly very distinct ribs, of which the 2 lateral disappear
before reaching the point. Peduncles single-flowered, terminal, axillary or oppo-
site, lax or drooping in bud, erect and variously elongated in flower and seed.
Flowers much larger and brighter coloured than in L. angustifolium. Sepals
broadly ovate (2 exterior shorter than the rest), concave, mucronate, acuminate,
3-nerved, the lateral nerves rather obscure, the median one forming a prominent
rough cartilaginous keel at the back; the margins of all broad, white and mem-
branous, and of the 3 interior especially fringed or jagged, but not glandular,
those of the 2 outer early or quite entire. Petals cuneate, obovate, about $ an
inch long and 24 or 3 times longer then the calyx, with whitish somewhat pointed
claws, palish blue but much brighter than in L, angustifolium, streaked with con-
verging cerulean lines towards the claw, crenate along their superior margin,
very fugacious. Stamens converging, their white flat filaments dilated, and com-
bined at base with 5 intermediate rudimentary ones ; anthers and their globular
pollen light blue. Styles erect, twisted together, rather shorter than the stamens,
bluish. Germen ovate, globose. Capsules pale brown, much larger than in L.
angustifolium, almost perfectly spherical, very shortly and suddenly acuminate,
mucronate, glabrous, about as long (twice as long, Bertolon?) as the calyx. Seeds
about twice as large as in L. angustifolium, similar in shape and colour, very

lossy.
: The present species is stouter, not so wiry and less branched than the follow-
ing; the relative length of the petals is alike in both, neither can I perceive any
constant or material difference of form in the sepals between the two species.

2. L. angustifolium, Huds. Narrow-leaved pale Flax. Stems
numerous mostly diffuse variously and unequally branched,
branches lax spreading or divaricate, sepals ovate elliptical sub-
ciliate acuminate about as long as the subglobose mucronate
78 LINACER, [ Linum.

acuminate capsule, leaves alternate all linear or linear-lanceolate
very acute 3-nerved, root perennial. Br. Fl. p.74. HE. B. t. 381.

In dry sandy, gravelly or chalky fields, pastures and waste places, on banks, by
roadsides and along hedges ; very frequent. 2. May—October. 2. ;

E. Med.—Plentiful in fields and pastures about Bembridge. About Ryde in
various places, as Binstead, near Westridge, and along the road to Ashey. Field
near the Ventnor hotel, Springfield. Between Sandown and Shanklin, along the
cliff. Field between Cliff and Hyde farms, abundantly.

W. Med.— About Colwell, Freshwater, and most other parts, Mr. W. D.
Snooke !!!

Root whitish, tapering, woody and very rigid, with mostly. a few slightly
branched fibres. Stems numerous, or more rarely subsolitary, from the crown of
the root, from a span to 1, 2, or even 3 feet in length, spreading in all directions,
ascending or decumbent, more rarely erect, rounded, leafy, smooth and rigid,
hollow in the centre, more or less alternately and unequally branched towards
their extremities, the branches lax, spreading or divaricate. Leaves very nume-
rous, grayish green, alternate, quite sessile, erect or patent, all linear or linear-
lanceolate, very acute, their margins cartilaginous and serrulate, 3-ribbed, the 2
lateral ribs obscure and evanescent near theapex. Flowers very fugacious, suc-
cessively expanding at the summits of the branches, drooping in bud, of a dilute
purplish blue or lilac streaked with darker lines or veins, smaller and paler than
in the cultivated Flax, sometimes almost white. Peduncles solitary, terminal and
almost opposite the leaves, single-flowered, distant, patent or nearly erect and
much lengthened after blossoming. Sepals ovato-elliptical, abruptly acuminate,
3-nerved, with thin white borders and a cartilaginous scabrous dorsal keel, the 2
interior and 1 exterior broader and longer than the 2 remaining outer ones, and
for the most part slightly ciliated on their upper scariose margin. Petals 4 of an
inch in length and abont twice as long as the calyx, cuneate obovate, entire or
slightly emarginate and crenulate, with short, abrupt, obtuse and pellucid claws.
Stamens 5, about the length of the calyx, with a trace of as many rudimentary
oves in the form of a tubercular prominence on the connecting expansion of the
5 perfect filaments and alternate with them, but placed a little above the gibbous
bases of these last ; anthers erect, pale blue, extrorse, with coarse globular pollen.
Styles 5, a little longer than the stamens, bluish ; stigmas white, linear-oblong,
glandulose. Capsules pale brown, subovatu-globose, mucronato-acuminate, gla-
brous or very slightly pubescent, a little longer than the calyx, the dissepiments
fringed along their inner margin. Seeds yellowish brown, ovate, thin, flat and
highly varnished, covered with a mucilaginous pellicle, from which they are dis-
engaged when ripe; some in each capsule mostly abortive.

The more numerous, mostly ascending, diffuse and variously branched stems,
the still narrower leaves, the lowermost of which preserve their linear form, the
much smaller and paler flowers, smaller more acuminate capsules, and the lax,
straggling, wiry habit of the whole plant, will suffice at a glance to distinguish
the present species from its valuable congener. The very blunt calyx-segments,
and larger bright blue flowers, mark L. perenne, which may possibly be found in
this island, from both the foregoing.

** Leaves opposite. Flowers white.

3. L. catharticum, L. Purging Flax. Mill-mowntain. “ Leaves
mostly opposite oblong, stem dichotomous above, petals somewhat
pointed.’—Br. Fl. p. 74. H. B. t. 881.

In dry hilly pastures, on heaths, downs and chalky banks ; very common. £1.
June—October. J’r, September—November. ©.

Herb perfectly glabrous and somewhat rigid. Root annual, whitish, slender
and tapering, more or less branched or nearly simple, flexuose. Stem 1 or more,
from 2 or 3 inches to a span high, slender and wiry, terete, mostly purplish below,
Radiola.] LINACE. 79

leafy, when solitary erect, if more numerous the lateral ones are ascending or even
procumbent at base, branching at top into a dichotomously but unequally forked
panicle, the branches lax and drooping in the bud, finally straight, rigid and
divaricate: in very small plants the stem is sometimes nearly simple, the pani-
cle being reduced to a single bifurcation at the top of the former. Leaves nume-
rous, sessile, erect or at bottom of the stem patent or spreading, the middle ones
largest, from about 4 to 5 lines in length, opposite or towards the top of the stem
and branches sometimes alternate, pale green and slightly glaucous, 3-ribbed at
base, entire, their cartilaginous edges minutely spinulose, the lower and middle
stem-leaves varying as they ascend from obovate to obovate-elliptical and obtuse
or slightly pointed, the rest oblong-elliptical or elliptic-lanceolate, acute, the mid-
rib prominent underneath. Flowers very small, open only in fine weather and
during the day, solitary and terminal on the forks of the panicle, drooping before
expansion, afterwards erect. Bracts none. Sepals ovato-lanceolate, very acute,
erect, gibbous at the back, with a very prominent cartilaginously keeled midrib
and a pair of faint lateral ones branching and evanescent below the apex; mar-
gins diaphanous, spinulose and edged with a few stalked pellucid glands. Petals
about twice the length of the calyx, obovate, white, with yellow claws, just above
which they are slightly cohering together, entire, with for the most part a central
rounded lobe or apiculus, but scarcely to be called pointed, 3—5 veined, wavy or
rumpled. Stamens erect, their filaments dilating and combined at base; anthers
large ; pollen yellow, globose. Ovarium ovate, furrowed. Styles the length of
the stamens, erect; stigmas capitate, greenish. Capsule scarcely larger than
hemp-seed, about as long as the calyx, globose, slightly acuminate, obtusely
5-lobed and furrowed.

II. Raprona, Dillen. Flax-seed.

Sepals 4, united up to their middle and mostly 8-cleft. Petals,
stamens and styles 4.

1. R. Millegrana, Sm. Thyme-leaved Flax-seed. All-seed.
Least Rupture-wort. Br. Fl. p. 74. EE. B. t. 893. Linum
Radiola, Z.

In moist places on sandy or gravelly heaths and commons, particularly in spots
from which the turf has been pared, or in wheel-ruts, as also near the shallow
margins of pools in such situations ; perhaps not unfrequent, but from its diminu-
tive size and herbaceous flowers as apt to be overlooked as Centunculus, with
which it is very frequently found growing. FU. July, August. ©. .

E. Med.—Moist spots at the foot of Bleak down, especially at the junction of
the roads to Chale, Niton and Godshill, with Centunculus minimus, and near
Lashmore pond. Between Newport and Godshill, near Bohemia, Mr. Snooke,
Fl. Vect.: I find the plant at the former station in some plenty but of small
growth, On Blackpan Common, between Burnt house and Lake, Dr. Bell-
Salter !

W. Med. —Heath at Colwell, in spots from which the turf has been removed,
Mr. W. D. Snooke !!!

A humble annual, 1 or 2 inches high, rarely more, so much branched as to
resemble a bush or tree in miniature, smooth, glabrous and succulent in every
part, often of a reddish colour, especially when in seed. Root very slender,
branched ‘and fibrous. Stem erect, in the larger specimens copiously branched
almost from the very base, the branches opposite or alternate, repeatedly and
dichotomously forked, slender and filiform. Leaves opposite, chiefly subtending
the forks of the branches, quite sessile, ovate, scarcely pointed (the uppermost
excepted), flat or somewhat thick or fleshy and succulent, when they appear rib-
less, though on desiccation showing several (3 or 5?) very strong netves, entire
and said to be dotted when viewed under a high magnifier. Flowers globose,
80 MALVACEA. (Malwa.

extremely minute, hardly the size of an ordinary pin’s head, axillary and termi-
nal, solitary, on erect peduncles that apparently elongate after flowering. Bracts
none. Culyx globose, 4-cleft, segments united to the middle, their summits
acutely tridentate. Petals alternate with and about as long as the calyx-seg-
ments, ovate or ovate-oblong, somewhat pointed, pellucid. Capsules enclosed in
the calyx, depresso-globose, 8-lobed.

Order XV. MALVACEA, Juss.

“Calyx 5-cleft, valvate in estivation. Corolla of 5 petals,
regular, twisted in estivation. Stamens indefinite, monadelphous,
often united with the petals at their bases. Anthers reniform, 1-cell-
ed. Ovary 1. Styles single or several combined. Stigmas seve-
ral. Fruit a capsule, with many cells and valves; or composed of
many carpels, which are dehiscent or indehiscent, collected into
a compact body, or placed in a whorl round the base of the style.
Albwinen none, or fleshy, but not abundant. Himbryo curved, with
twisted and doubled cotyledons. Herbs or shrubs, or trees.
Leaves alternate, with stipules. Flowers axillary.”—Br. Fl.

I. Manva, Zinn. Mallow.

Calyx with a 3-leaved involucre. Carpels numerous, circularly
arranged, 1-seeded.

1. M. sylvestris, L. Common Mallow. “Stem erect herba-
ceous, leaves with 5—7 rather acute deep lobes, peduncles and
petioles hairy, fruit glabrous reticulately wrinkled.’”—Br. FI. p.
75. EF. B.t. 671.

B. Stems prostrate.

y. micrantha,

6. Flowers pale blue.

e. Flowers pure white.

Common almost everywhere in waste ground, by roadsides, borders of fields and
woods, on hedge- and ditch-banks, amongst rubbish, &e. Fl. June—September.
2. or according to some ¢.

@. Sandy shore between Ryde and Sea View.

y. On a piece of waste ground at Ryde.

6. Upon chalky slopes on the southern face of Bembridge down, near the Cul-
ver cliffs, sparingly, W. Borrer, Esq.

e. On the shore at Norton, near Yarmouth.

The var. y. is a most singular one, differing from the ordinary form only in the
flowers, which are scarcely 4 the size of those of the ordinary plant, of a deeper
more uniform purple with fainter streaks, the petals narrower in proportion, more
acutely notched, and scarcely equal to the column of fructification which pro-
trudes in the yet not half-expanded flower-bud. Dr. Bell-Salter very justly
remarked that this var. stands in the same relation to MM. sylvestris as M. pusilla
does to M, rotundifolia.

2. M. rotundifolia, L. Round-leaved or Dwarf Mallow. “Stem
decumbent, leaves roundish cordate slightly and bluntly 5-lobed,
fruit-stalks bent down, petals 2—3 times longer than the calyx,
Malva.] MALVACE&. 81

fruit pubescent, carpels smooth rounded on the edge.” — Br. Fl.
p.76. E. B. t. 1092.

In dry waste or rnhbishy places, under walls, by roadsides and on hedgebanks,
mostly in or about towns and villages; frequent. Fl. June—October. 2f.

Common in farm-yards.

&. Med.—Amongst the ruins of Quarr Abbey. Apse heath. At Lake, by San-
down. By Hasely farm. By the gate of Shanklin farm, and abundant in a
walled space in the field facing the Well House at Niton. At Froghill farm, and
at French Mill, by the roadside. Abundant in Thorley farm yard. [By the fer-
ryhouse, St. Helen’s, Dr. Bell-Salter, Edrs.]

W. Med.—About Freshwater village.

3. M. moschata, L. Musk Mallow. Stem erect, radical leaves
reniform in 5—7 broad cut lobes, cauline leaves 5-partite pinnato-
multifid the segments linear, calyx hairy, leaflets of the outer one
linear, capsules hispid. Br. Fl. p.76. EH. B. t. 754.

Var. 8. Flowers white.

Not rare, but rather local, in woods, copses, along hedges, roadsides and bor-
ders of fields. Fl. June—October. 2.

E. Med.—Woods between Ryde and the Priory, occasionally, and in that on
the S. side of the Newport road facing Quarr Abbey. Between Shanklin and
Hide farm. In a wood under Arreton down, on the S. side, and in hedge-bottoms
of fields adjoining on the chalk, in considerable plenty. Moors about the Wilder-
ness sparingly. Field-hedge near Play-Street farm. Fields about Preston farm,
and in hedgerows along the road between Tromblefield and Westridge. Knigh-
ton west copse. Edge of a wood near Yaverland farm.

W, Med.—Very fine and abundant in woods on the Thorley side of the Yar-
mouth river. Frequent iu the woods at Swainston. Plentiful in a copse (Stop-
lers) between Yarmouth and Thorley. Common in Sluccombe coppice, a little
W. of Roughborough farm. Plentiful near Shorwell, with the upper leaves often
less divided than usual, and the middle stem-leaves like those at the root. Lime-
kiln cliff, W. Cowes, Miss G. Kilderbee. Between Carisbrook and Swainston,
B. T. W.

&. Road by Newtown (Parkhurst?) Forest, Rev. G. E. Smith, who observes
that this variety is cultivated in cottage-gardens, and emits a powerful odour of
musk. A specimen near Newport Mill. On the Dover, Ryde, occasionally, pro-
bably an escape from gardens. At Sandown.

Root large and tapering, tough and woody in the centre, fleshy externally, with
a brown wrinkled bark, branching at the crown. Stems numerous, erect or
ascending, 2 or 3 feet in height, somewhat woody at the base, terete, pale green,
often with a glaucous bloom, filled with a white pith, leafy and clothed with
copious spreading and deflexed, simple, rigid hairs, on tubercular bases, unmixed
with finer pubescence. caves alternate, the radical ones soon withering away ;
stem-leaves roundish, cleft to the very base into mostly 5 divisions, the lobes cut
and pinnatifid, their segments linear, pointed, incised, channelled and undulated,
more narrowly and deeply divided as they ascend, more or less pubescent, as are
their grooved petioles, with small hairs like those on the stem, but scarcely tuber-
cular at the base. Stipules linear-lanceolate, erect, entire or slightly notched,
fringed. Flowers aggregate, terminal on the stem and short branches, occasion-
ally solitary, handsome, rose-coloured or sometimes white, considerably larger than
those of the common Mallow, often 2 inches in diameter. Calyx clothed with
softer hairs than those on the stem, the exterior one of 3 lanceolate or linear-lan-
ceolate distinct segments, of which one is commonly inserted below the others at
some distance, evidently proving their relation to bracts, of which they occupy the
place: sometimes it is a fourth segment which is thus remote, which then appears
asa true bract, though by its situation it is evidently a part of the exterior calycine
whorl, and like the other leaflets is edged with white at the base ; interior or true

M
82 MALVACES. (Althea.

calyx much longer than the outer, cleft about half way into 5 (or 6) ovato-trian-
gular, acute, 3—5 nerved segments, bordered (and partially sprinkled at the back)
with setigerous glands ; eutire or slightly cleft or dentate. Petals mostly 3 times
the length of the calyx, striato-venose, shining, obcordato-cuneate, truncate, with
a broad, shallow, minutely notched emargination, their claws villous. Stamens
rose-coloured ; pollen white, globose. Capsules swall, blackish, orbicular- reni-
form, much compressed, densely hispid. Seeds gray, roundish kidney-shaped,
much flattened at the sides, quite glabrous. ;

This species derives its trivial name from the agreeable musky odour it exhales,
which is perceptible chiefly on opening a box in which the plant has been kept, or
in dry warm weather, or when made to flower in a room; at other times it is
inodorous or nearly so.* The stamens exhibit the same irritability I have noticed
in those of Althea officinalis.

Il. Anruma, Linn. Marsh Mallow.

Calyx with a 6—9 leaved involucre. Carpels numerous, circu-
larly arranged, 1-seeded.

1. A. officinalis, L. Common Marsh Mallow. “ Leaves soft
and downy on both sides cordate or ovate toothed entire or
3-lobed, peduncles axillary many-flowered much shorter than the
leaves."— Br. Fl. p. 77. HE. B. t. 147.

In salt-marsh pastures and on the banks of brackish ditches, rivers and pools;
not uncommonly. Fl. July—September. 2.

E. Med. — On the Dover, Ryde; and near Springfield. Along the Medina,
between Cowes and Newport, in many places abundantly. Near Cowes, Mr,
Marryat (in Baxt. Gen. of F). Pl.) [Tolerably abundant on the South shore of
Brading harbour, also on St. Helen’s spit, A. G. More, Esq., Edrs.]

W. Med.—Newtown salt-marshes, and about Yarmouth and Freshwater, fre-
quent. Abundant in the first marsh-meadow at Gummet Bay, immediately adjoin-
ing the bridge over the stream. Coast near W. Cowes. Abundant about Nor-
ton, Mr. Snooke !!!

Root very large and fleshy., Stems erect, 2—4 feet in height, simple or a little
branched, 1ound, downy like the rest of the plant. Leaves stalked, plaited, gray-
ish green, very soft with close hoary pubescence, obscurely 5-lobed, the lobes cut
and serrated, the middle one alone strongly marked, triangular and pointed, upper
lobes wedge-shaped at the base ; some of the lowermost leaves are often roundish
or broadly triangular. Peduneles solitary or several, axillary, l-, 2-, or many-
flowered, shorter than the leaves. Flowers as large as in Malva sylvestris, varying
from pale rose-colour to nearly white. Sepals in 2 rows, the outer and shorter of
8—10 unequal, linear-lanceolate, the inner of 5 ovate, pretty uniform, acute seg-
ments. Petals much longer than the calyx, inversely heart-shaped, crenate, their
claws fringed and joined with the base of the united stamens. Stamens rose-
coloured ; anthers violet; pollen made up of dark cohering globules, which as
well as the stamens evince great irritability on being pressed or rubhed, detaching
themselves from the anther with an elastic and twisting motion, but of scarcely
momentary continuance. Capsules numerous, in depressed orbicular heads partly
infolded by the inner calycine segments, brownish, nearly orbicular, quite flat at
the sides, villous on the back with thick yellowish pile. Seeds solitary, brown,
orbicular-renifurm, their sides depressed, perfectly smooth and even.

 

* Itis by no means, as some authors asseit, only when beginning to wither
that the musky smell becomes perceptible ; both the fresh leaves and opening
flowers emit it powerfully in a close confined or moist atmosphere, but the odour
is too subtle and diffusible to be much perceived in the open air or that of a
large apartment.
Tilia] TILIACEA. 83

Lavatera arborea, L.., escapes occasionally from cottage-gardens, where it is very
common, into waste ground, but I apprehend has no better title to insertion here.
A few seedling plants were observed on the Dover, Ryde, in 1836, but this is a
place where “many a garden flower grows wild.” About Sandown fort and cut-
lage, according to B. 7. W. The natural habitat of this plant is upon maritime
rocks and islets, where it grows to 3 or 4 feet in height, with a stem of an inch or
more in diameter. It is a very frequent ornament of rustic gardens in the Isle of
Wight and in various parts of England, rising in favourable situations to a height
of 8—10 feet and upwards, with a subligneous biennial or perennial stem, of 3 or
4 inches across, branching towards the top into a hemispherical head, garnished
with ample seven-lobed and plaited leaves as soft as velvet, which remain through
the winter in mild seasons. After once flowering, which it does the second or at
most the third year, the plant decays, and presents an unsightly picture of half-
dried naked twizs; thus, the shortness of its duration greatly lessons its value to
the horticulturist.

Order XVI. TILIACEA, Juss.

“ Sepals 4—5, deciduous, with valvular estivation. Petals 4—5,
often with a depression at the base, sometimes wanting. Stamens
distinct or polyadelphous at the base, generally indefinite. An-
thers 2-celled, opening longitudinally, introrse. Glands 4—5,
adnate with the petals to the stalk of the ovary. Ovary 1—10
celled. Style 1. Capsule with 1 or many seeds in each cell.
Albumen fleshy, including an erect embryo.”—Br. Fl.

I. Trura, Linn. Lime.*

“ Calyx 5-partite. Petals 5, with or without a nectary at the
base. Ovary 5-celled; cells with 2 ovules. Frwit 1-celled, 1—2
seeded.” —Br. Fi.

Of this beautiful genus, more remarkable for the stately growth than the value
ofits timber, and for the delicate fragrance of its blossoms and ample foliage, Bri-
tain possesses but one unquestionably indigenous species (7. parvifolia). The
broad-leaved limes, so common in plantations and avenues, appear to have been
introduced from mountainous woods on the continent, and though partly natural-
ized in hedgerows, to be nowhere indigenous in this country.

+?1. T. parvifolia, Ehrh. Smail-leaved Lime. “ Nectaries
none, leaves smooth above glaucous beneath with scattered as
well as hairy axillary blotches, branches and petioles glabrous,
fruit oblique with filiform ribs chartaceous brittle at length nearly
glabrous.”—Br. Fl. p. 77. E. B.t.1705. T. microphylla, Vent.

 

* Our English Lime, Linden, Lyme, or Lind, are from the Saxon Lind, Ger-
man Linde, a lime-tree, which is probably so named from the extreme softness
and lightness of the wood, linde being an obsolete or poetic word for gelind, soft
or yielding. The quotations from Dryden in Johnson’s Dictionary, art. “ Lin-
den,” are much in favour of this derivation.

“ Hard box and linden of a softer grain.”
“ Two neighb’ring trees, with walls encompass’d round,
One a hard oak, a softer linden one.”
84 HYPERICACES. [Androsemum.

Tn woods and hedges; very rare. Fl. July, August. hh. ,

In considerable plenty in a patch of thicket between Wilmingham and Tapne
farms, appearing to be perfectly wild there, but from having been cut as copse-
wood not permitted to attain a flowering size. The copse Tam told is called
Stark Net or E. Afion withy-bed, and the cottage nearly opposite it Tapnel cot-
tage.

T. Europea, L., is found here and there in hedges, but scarcely in any place
where it can be deemed wild. There are two or three small trees (kept lopped) in
a small thicket near Perreton apparently of this species or variety.

Order XVII. HYPERICACEA, Juss.

“ Sepals 4—5, distinct or cohering, persistent, frequently with
glandular dots. Petals 4—5, with a twisted estivation and often
black dots. Stamens numerous (15 or more), polyadelphous,
rarely monadelphous or quite distinct. Anthers small, versatile.
Ovary single. Styles 83—5, rarely combined. Stigmas simple.
Fruit a capsule of several valves, rarely baccate, several-celled (or
imperfectly so by the valves being curved inwards, and scarcely
meeting in the axis), or 1-celled: dehiscence septicidal. Seeds
minute, numerous, on a receptacle in the axis, or on the incurved
margins of the valves. Embryo straight. Albumen 0.— Herbs
or shrubs, with generally opposite leaves, mostly marked with pel-
lucid dots and commonly yellow flowers.” —Br. Fl.

J. AnpRos=mum, Allioni. Tutsan.

“Calyx 5-partite, the lobes unequal. Petals 5. Stamens
numerous, united at the base. Styles 3.” — Macreight’s Man. of
Brit. Bot.

1. A. officinale, All. Common Tutsan. Park-leaves. Stem
shrubby or (partly) suffruticose subcompressed and ancipital,
leaves cordato-ovate obtuse, cymes trichotomous few-flowered,
sepals unequal ovate about as long as the obtuse petals, ger-
men globose, styles 3 shorter than the stamens, capsules sub-
globose. Hypericum Androsemum, L. Br. Fl. p.79. E. B. t.
1225.

In woods, thickets, copses, moist shady groves, hedges and bushy places; very
frequent, though seldcm in any quantity together. Fl. June—August. Fr. Sep-
tember, October. hh.

E. Med.— Extremely common in woods by the shore on the West side of
Wootton river at its mouth, between that and King’s Quay, also in woods about
the Priory near Ryde, very Irequent. In the patches of copse-wood to the West
of and below Aldermovor farm, sparingly. In a field-hedge by Stroud wood, in
comparative plenty. Frequeut in thickets about Appuldurcombe, and in the high
wood in the Park. Plantations nearly at the back of the Griffin inn, Godshill.
In a sandy hollow way near Upper and Lower Rill farms, on a spot where three
roads meet. Quarr copse. Apse Castle, near Shanklin.

W. Med.—Thorness wood. Kingston copse. Frequent in Burnt wood.
Androsemum.] HYPERICACEA. 85

A very glabrous and somewhat shrabby plant. Root woody, of several very
long, stout, branched fibres, with a brownish cuticle. Stems several, suffrutescent,
or rather perhaps they may be called shrubby, seldom above 24 feet high, rounded,
with a narrow slightly elevated wing on opposite sides and alternating in position
with the leaves, not much branched, the branches opposite or alternate, covered
when old like the stem itself with a chestnut-coloured bark, which partly
detaches itself in shreds or strips.* Leaves deciduous, opposite, sessile, quite
entire, very large, but the lowermost usually smaller than those higher up,
ovate or vvato-oblong, obtuse or very slightly pointed, with a minute blunt
apiculus, sometimes a little emarginate, rounded or more or less cordate at the
base, somewhat glaucous, reticulated beneath with numerous transparent scarcely
prominent veius, the mzrgins sprinkled with pellucid dots more or less apparent
on the disk of the leaf, but always far less conspicuously than in the true species
of Hypericum, nor are the black marginal glands so usual in them found at all in
this. Flowers in terminal, cymose, nearly simple panicles, that are much shorter
than the leaves; occasiona!ly 1, 2, or 3 on opposite or solitary peduncles in the
axils of the leaves immediately below the highest pair, few, small for the size of
the plant, about 3 of an inch in diameter. Bracts small, opposite, ovato-lanceo-
late, appressed or erect. Sepals 5, unequal, quite entire, without glands, pellu-
cidly veined and punctate, mostly purplish at the base, the 3 exterior ones round-
ish ovate, usually very obtuse; the 2 interior smaller, narrower and somewhat
pointed ; all finally enlarged and more or less reflexed in seed. Petals palish
yellow, about as long as the sepals, obovate-oblong, concave, quite entire, without
dots or glands. Stamens numerous, in 5 sets that are opposite the petals, but
sometimes confluent or indistinctly parcelled, about as long as the petals; anthers
without interlobular glands ; pollen whitish. Styles 3, short, cylindrical, erect,
slightly spreading at summit; stigmas glanduloso- pilose, purplish. Germen
(ovary) nearly globose, glabrous and shining, neither wrinkled nor furrowed.
Capsules berry-like, about 4 an inch long, ovato-rotundate, black, often with a
slight bloom, smooth and shining, tipped with the styles or their bases,
and marked with 3 or 6 obscure furrows, pulpy when green but becoming
dry and dehiscent when ripe, semitrilocular, the inflexed and doubled margins of
the valves projecting a little within the cavity, and carrying each a transverse
ovate and fleshy placenta, bearing seed on both sides of its reflexed wings, and
unconnected with the walls of the capsule both at top and bottom. Seeds very
numerous, minute, brown, oblongo-cylindrical, finely and longitudinally reticu-
late, striate and wrinkled.

The bruised capsules emit a pleasant scent of lemon and turpentine mixed.

This plant is far more commonly distributed over the country than was formerly
imagined. Though never found in profusion, it is met with in almost every part
of Britain, even in the N. of Scotland, but is more frequent in the South and
especially the West of England. It is of common occurrence from Sussex to
Cornwall, increasing in frequency as we advance westward and the winters become
milder. On the continent, from its impatience of cold, the species is restricted to
the warmer parts of France, Spain, Italy, &c.

 

* T have every reason to believe that the flowering stems do not usually survive
to flower again, since the plant, though generally accounted shrubby, seems to
disappear suddenly in spots where it may have been observed in that state to be
pretty frequent the previous season. Such was the case in Appuldurcombe Park,
in a particular part of which J found it in some plenty in 1844, though in the fol-
lowing year there was but comparatively little remaining. I have since ascer-
tained that the lower part of the stem and even.of the branches lives through at
least two, and probably many more winters, and that the plant raised from seed
in a garden (St. Juhn’s) is perfectly fruticose below and endures for some years,
but the smaller branches and extremities of the larger ones seem to be annual, or
at least perish in severe winters.
86 HYPERICACEE. (Hypericum.

The Hypericum elatum of gardens bears a very strong resemblance to Androse-
mum officinale, and is often confounded with that species under its English name
of Tutsan. H. elatum is however a much taller plant, often 6 or 7 feet high, of a
more enduring nature, with larger flowers, having the petals longer than the
calyx-segments, the germen conical, and the styles of much greater length than
in our wild plant, and equalling the very long stamens. The native country of
H. elatum is not ascertained with absolute certainty ; though stated to be a native
of N. America, it appears to be unknown to the botanists of that country.

Il. Hyrrricum, Linn. St. John’s-wort.

“ Calyx 5-partite, or of 5 sepals, inferior. Petals 5. Filaments
united at the base into 3 or 5 sets (or sometimes almost distinct).”
—Br. Fi.

In America the species of this genus are extremely numerous.
* Styles 5. Stem shrubby.

*]. H. calycinwm, L. Large-flowered St. John’s-wort. Rose of
Sharon. “ Flowers solitary, segments of the calyx unequal obo-
vate obtuse, leaves oblong, stem shrubby branched square.’”—
Br. Fl. p. 79. H. B. t. 2017.

Naturalized here and there in groves and on shady banks, &c., where it has
been originally introduced for ornament. Fl. June—August.

Quite naturalized in the wood along the shore between Ryde and Binstead, and
amongst bushes on the wet clay-banks that skirt the beach. St. John’s, in the
wood between the lodge and the house, but evidently introduced. Naturalized (?)
abundantly on the bank by the roadside above the hotel at Bembridge.

** Styles 3. Sepals with few or no glandular serratures. Stems herbaceous,
+ Stems erect.

2. H. perforatum, L. Common or Perforated St. Jchn’s-wort.
“Stem 2-edged, leaves oblong obtuse with pellucid dots, sepals
erect lanceolate acute.” Br. Fl. p. 79. Fl. Dan. vi. t. 1048.
E. B. v. t. 295 (var. y. ut infra).

B. Leaves sublinear, elliptical. H. perforatum 6. angustifolium, Gaud. Fl. Helv.
iv. p.628? H. veronense, Schrank: Koch in Rohl. Deutsch. Fl. :

y. Leaves broadly ovato-oblong or ovato-elliptical. H. perforatum @. latifolium,
Gaud. Fl. Helv. iv. p. 627. Koch in Rohl. Deutschl. Fl. v. Band. s. 349.

In woods, thickets, hedges, pastures, the borders of fields, waste places, by road-
sides and on heaths ; universally. Fl. June—September. Fr. September, Octo-
ber. 2p.

¢. Common about Godshill and Newchurch. Common in many places about
Ryde. About the gravel-pits at the E. end of the Dover, Ryde. Abundant in
Tolt copse, near Gatcombe, with leaves remarkably narrow. Common about
Shorwell.

y. Frequent about Calbourne, Westover, &c. Bottom-ground copse, near
Tdlecombe. By Newchurch, on the way by the fields to Skinner’s hill and Bord-
wood. Near Kerne. Along the ascent from Shanklin towards Cook’s Castle,
above Cowpit cliff. Plentiful in Guildford lane, near Haven-Street. Near Ashey
farm.

Plant quite glabrous in every part. Root somewhat creeping, hard, rigid and
woody, more or less branched, reddish brown externally. Stem from 1 to 24 or
3 feet high, solitary or several, besides shorter barren shvots of the first year, a lit-
tle ascending at the base, then erect, firm, almost woody at bottom, hollow in the
Hypericum.] HYPERICACEA. 87

centre, with 2 or even 4 opposite, very narrow, membranous ridges or wings on
alternate sides between each pair of stem-leaves, usually naked below and simple,
greenish or purplish, with a few scattered black dots, much and corymbosely rami-
fied above, the branches opposite, axillary and decussate, the lower ones short and
barren, gradually elongating as they ascend and at length becoming floriferous.
Leaves numerous, opposite, sessile, decussate, dark (sometimes bright), elliptical,
oblong-elliptical or obovate-elliptical, in 8. very narrow and sublinear, those of the
main stem about 1 or 14 inch long, and above 3 an inch wide, of the branches
smaller, prominently 7-ribbed beneath, the midrib very acute, and all pellucid
when viewed against the light, usually very obtuse and rounded, sometimes a lit-
We pointed, quite entire, with a row of little black dots or glands along their
slightly deflexed margins, and a few occasionally sprinkled over the under sur-
face, in addition to the more or less numerous pellucid points, which are occasion-
ally nearly wanting as in H. dubium, a species not yet detected in the Isle of
Wight, but which, though much resembling the present, besides having the calyx-
segments obtuse, has the leaves covered with a network of anastomosing pellucid
veins, by which it may at once be distinguished from every variety of our common
plant.* Flowers very numerous, showy, of a bright golden almost orange-yellow,
in repeatedly forked clusters terminating the superior branches, constituting toge-
ther a large paniculate curymb. Pedicels unequal, mostly with a lanceolate, leafy,
toothed bract at the base of each. Calyx divided nearly throughout into 5 lan-
ceolate, somewhat unequal, acute or rarely rather obtuse segments, which are
3-ribbed, pellucidly striate, remotely serrato-dentate at top, mucronato-acuminate,
sprinkled here and there with a few black dots. Petals above twice the length of
the calyx, irregularly and obliquely oblong, sulcato-striate, bluntly crenulate
towards the apex on one side chiefly, with a black dot in the sinus of each notch,
and a few more marginal ones at the back and scattered at random over the sur-
face, occasionally, too, streaked with purplish black. Stamens numerous, in 3
usually distinct sets, which are alternate with the styles, shorter than the petals ;
anthers of 2 round lobes, with a purplish black dot between them. Styles 3,
straight, divergent, with simple crimson stigmas. Germen ovoid, somewhat fur-
rowed orrugose. Capsules about 4 of an inch long, ovoid-conical, reddish aud mem-
branous, 3-cleft or tricarpellary at the summit, 3-celled, furrowed and wrinkled when
fresh with translucent warts and ridges. Seeds numerous, deep chocolate-brown,
oblong-cylindrical, obtuse at both ends, reticulato-punctate, in close parallel rows,
the areola shallow and angular.

The var. 8. is, as Gaudin observes, remarkable for the more erect branches and
much narrower leaves, the pellucid dots on which are fewer but considerably larger
than in the common form. His other characters I do not observe in my speci-
mens, or they are at least liable to considerable variation, as indeed is the breadth
of the leaves, which approach those of the ordinary state of the species by sensible
gradations in different examples, and even on the same stem.

The var. y. approaches H, quadrangulum, L. (H. dubium of Leers and British
authors), and H. delphinense of Villars, in having the sepals comparatively broad
and obtuse, and I was at first inclined to suppose it might be that species, which
from the descriptions of authors seems to be a very variable if not a duubtful one,
as its name implies. But on comparing our variety with specimens of the true
quadrangulum, kindly communicated to me by Mr. Leighton from Shropshire, I
am convinced his plant and mine are not the same, the latter having neither the
4-angled stem, the imperforate mucronate leaves, nor the black streaks on the petals ;
even the breadth of the sepals is less considerable in ours than in the Shropshire
specimens, the upper leaves in which are however sparingly pellucido-punctate, a
character said to obtain in the true H. quadranyulum sometimes in as great a

 

* Such is the case in all the specimens I have received from various parts of
Britain, and others gathered by myself at Killarney. Ido not find any notice
taken of this character by any author I have consulted.
88 ITYPERICACE. (Hypericum.

degree as in H. perforatum ; * nor are the black dots and streaks on the petals of
H. quadrangulum less inconstant, being, it is stated, sometimes wholly wanting or
neatly so. Kocht+ says that in H. guadrangulum the sepals are oblongo-vvate,
faintly toothed at the tips (in my plant they are elliptic-lanceolate, toothed and
mucronate, as in that from Shropshire), the 3 exterior obtuse, the 2 inner some-
what pointed (spitzlich), usually as long as the germen (Fruchtknoten) in the
full-blown flowers or somewhat larger, and either sprinkled or not with few or
many black dots. In E. B. the sepals are drawn very blunt, with broad white
margins, of which I find no mention made by Smith or any other author, and
therefore conclude it to be an inaccuracy of the draughtsman. Beside the breadth
and bluntness of the calyx-segments, which are very variable in degree, there
remains no certain diagnostic of H. guadrangulum but the obscurely 4-angled
stem, which is evidently seen in Mr. Leighton’s specimens, where the alternate
and faintly projecting pair of wings} may be traced, though their presence scarcely
affect the rotundity of the stem, which on a transverse section appears nearly as
cylindrical as H. perforatum and our present variety, where the secondary ridges
are quite wanting. A certain mark of distinction however between H. perforatum
and H. dubium is to be found in the pellucid reticulations on the under side of
the leaves of the latter when held against the light, and which are far less nume-
rous and conspicuous in the former, or nearly obsolete.

This species is extremely common in Canada and throughout the U. States,
where it is generally supposed to have been introduced from Europe. I have
never in America fallen in with our broad-leaved form y., which so much resem-
bles H. dubium; nor do the botanists of that country appear to be acquainted
with any other than the narrower more elliptical-leaved variety represented in FI.
Danica and in FI. Londin., which, being that of most frequent occurrence in
Europe also, may be assumed as the typical state of the species. Our broad-
leaved form is said by Koch (Rohl. Deutsch]. F].) to be found only in southern
Switzerland and Upper Italy, and to be absent altogether from Germany. Dr.
Darlington (Florula Cest. p. 58) gives this vulnerary herb a very bad character
in America for producing troublesome sores on horses and horned cattle, especially
those which are white or have white feet and noses, by mere contact with it. As
such results are not observable in this country, the charge is most likely unjustly
brought against it for effects produced by very different causes. This remark
upon the “ balm of the warrior’s wound” reminds one of what used formerly tu be
said of the Dutch, that they were good subjects at home, but very bad masters
abroad.

8. H. quadrangulum, L. Square-stalked St. John’s-wort. St.
Peter’s-wort. ‘Stem herbaceous 4-angled somewhat branched,
leaves ovate with pellucid dots, sepals erect lanceolate acuminate.”
—Br, Fl. p. 80. E. B. t. 370. Bab. in Trans. of Bot. Soc.
Edinb. vol. i. p. 83.

In low wet meadows and thickets, moist woods, and along the sides of ditches,
rivers, &c.; very common. Fl. July—September. Fr. October. 2,.

E. Med.—In various places about Ryde.

W. Med.—Woods by Yarmouth and Thorley.

Herb perfectly glabrous, with a somewhat fetid odour, like that of H. hircinum,
when bruised, though Smith calls it a pleasant lemon scent. Root somewhat
creeping, of one or more stout, fusifurm, woody, and many slender, flexuose

 

* Rohling’s ‘ Deutschlands Flora’ fortgesetz von W. D. J. Koch, Ver. Band.
s. 351.

+ L.s.c.

{ The ridges or wings do not spring from the woody fibre, but are merely
formed by a duplication of the epidermis continued into the midrib of the leaf.
Hypericum.) HYPERICACE. 89

branched fibres. Stems several, from about 1 to 3% feet high, erect or slightly
ascending at their hard woody base, which is covered with a deep reddish brown
bark, tereti-quadrangular or nearly round in its firm, white, ligneous, perforated
interior, but appearing acutely 4-cornered by a reduplication of the reddish epi-
dermis into as many very prominent, thin, undulated wings or angles; simple and
leafless or nearly so below, copiously branched in its upper part, the branches
opposite, axillary, erecto-patent, simple, short, especially the lower ones, those
near the top of the stem only floriferous, very leafy. .Zeaves pale green, scarcely
more so beneath, opposite,* sessile, ovate or ovate-elliptical, quite entire, membra-
naceous, semiamplexicaul and almost joining at their deflexed bases, the largest
on the stem about 1—14 inch in length, and about 9 or 10 lines wide, obtuse and
submucronate, depresso-venose above, copiously and minutely pellucid-punctate,
with slender, branched, anastomosing veins forming a sort of pellucid network
between the principal verves or ribs, which are very prominent beneath, the mid-
dle one decurrent into one of the four wings of the stem, the alternate pair of
angles proceeding in like manner from the pair of leaves next above, and con-
nected with the pair next below by a short, curved, transverse ridge, after which
the same angles are continued down into the axils of the second pair of leaves,
below those from which they took their origin: on the somewhat reflexed mar-
gins of the leaves underneath is a row of minute black dots or glands not extend-
ing over the disk. Flowers very numerous, smaller than in any other British
species except H. humifusum, in terminal, close, suhcymose, repeatedly and
trichotomously forked clusters on the higher branches and stem, constituting alto-
gether an oblong leafy panicle. Bracts subulate-lanceolate, very acutely acumi-
nate. Sepals somewhat unequal in breadth, lanceolate or ovato-lanceolate,
very acutely acuminate, quite entire, pellucidly (83—-6 ?) ribbed and striate, but
neither punctate nor glandulose, erect or a little spreading (not reflexed) in fruit.
Petals much longer than the calyx, palish yellow, oblong-lanceolate, soon becom-
ing narrow by involution, unequal and somewhat oblique, quite entire, without
marginal glands, sometimes a little streaked or spotted with red, veined, but not
suleate-striate. Stamens in 3 very distinct sets or triadelphous, unequal, not
longer than the petals; anthers with a black dot between the lobes; pollen yellow,
elliptical. Styles 3, erect or divaricate, straight, about the length of the stamens ;
stigmas purplish. Ovary oblong, sulcate-striate. Capsules 3-celled, purplish red,
3 or 4 lines in length, ovoid-conical, scarcely 3-cleft (or tricarpellary) at the sum-
mit, undulately rugose and furrowed longitudinally, exceeding the very acute
erect sepals. Seeds numerous, light grayish brown, terete-oblong, rounded at
both ends, minutely and superficially reticulate, scabrous, smaller than in any
other British species except H. humifusum.

++ Stems prostrate.

1. H. humifusum, L. Trailing St. John’s-wort. “ Flowers ter-
minal subcymose, stem compressed prostrate, leaves oblong obtuse
glabrous.’—Br. Fl. p. 80. E. B. t. 1226.

In gravelly, sandy, chalky or heathy fields and pastures, fallows, and sometimes
on stone walls; not unfrequent. 2. June—August. Fr. July. 2.

E, Med. — On the Dover and many other places about Ryde. On the stone
walls about Appley. Fields near Cowes. On the common by Heath Farm, fre-
quent. Abundant in the barren sandy fields below the western side of Bleak
Down, by Lashmere pond, &c.

W. Med.— Northwood park, Miss G. Kilderbee. Colwell heath, near W.
Cowes, Parkhurst heath, &e., B. T. W.

 

* T have found them in threcs. ms
+ This network of anastomosing pellucid veins is much more complete and
conspicuous in H. dubium.
N
90 HYPERICACE &. [Hypericum.

Plant perfectly glabrous. Root brownish, wiry, usually much branched and
copiously beset with ramified capillary fibres at the top.  Sems numerous, slen-
der, prostrate or a little ascending at their extremities, spreading in all directions,
from a few inches toa foot or (when depending from a wall or bank) even more
in length, somewhat rigid, mostly purplish and scarred below with the remains of
the leaves of an earlier season, faintly 2-edged or nearly terete, more or less
copiously and irregularly branched, when old becoming somewhat woody and leaf-
less. Leaves very numerous, opposite, entire, subsessile, ovato-oblong or elliptical-
oblong, very obtuse, slightly retuse at the summit and submucrenate, with the
minute blunt and thickened extremity of the prominent midrib a little projecting
in the sinus, their margins more or less reflexed and even strongly revolute, and
having immediately behind them underneath a row of black glandular dots ; pel-
lucidly veined and usually thickly punctate, but not reticulated. Flowers partly
in small, terminal, irregular, subcymose panicles that are more or less leafy, tri-
chotomous, their secondary divisions mostly dichotomous and simple ; partly soli-
tary, or on short lateral shoots or branch-like peduncles, small. Sepals very une-
qual in breadth, 3 of them oblong-elliptical, obtuse, the 2 others elliptic-lanceolate,
somewhate acute; all entire or subserrate, the serratures with or without black
globular glands, pellucidly 3—5 ribbed and striate, the midrib mostly projecting
into an obtuse keel, and ending either in a minute apiculus, or a thickened point
to the sepal. Petals bright yellow, not much longer than the calyx, obovate or
obovate-oblong, somewhat oblique, sulcate-striate and often streaked with red at
the back, entire and fringed with black. Stamens in 3 sets (or triadelphous), of
about 5 in each set, partly at least persistent ; anthers plain (without purple dots).
Styles 3, persistent, rather short and thick, divaricate ; stégmas mostly purplish.
Germen suleate-striate, but not wrinkled, subtrilobate. Capsules longer than the
calyx, ovoid-conical, obtusely trigonous, 3-celled, tipped with the styles. Seeds
very numerous and minute, brownish or iron-gray, shortly cylindrical, rounded at
each end and subapiculate, reticulately punctato-striate, smaller than in any other
British species.

#** Styles 3, Sepals with glandular serratures. Stems herbaceous.

+ Stems erect.

5. H. hirsutum, L. Hairy St. John’s-wort. “Sepals lanceo-
late acute with (black) glandular serratures, stem erect rounded
pubescent, leaves ovate or oblong slightly stalked somewhat downy
beneath.’— Br. Fl. p. 80. H. B. t. 1156.

In woods, thickets, and along shady hedgerows, especially on chalk or limestone,
in various parts of the island. Fl. July, August. ry. September. 2.

E, Med.— Plentiful in the high wood in the park at Appuldurcombe. In Quarr
Copse. Woods about Ashey, common.

W. Med.—New Barn Hummit, Calbourne; abundant. In all or most of the
hill-side copses about Buccombe, Rowhorough, Gauson’s and Galleberry downs.
Plentiful in woods and in the park at Swainston, Yarmouth, Thorley, &e. About
Carisbrook aud the castle. Between Apes Hill and Swainston, in plenty, B.T.W.

Root creeping. Stem | or more, erect, slightly branched, about 2 feet in height,
round, leafy, finely hairy, often stained with purple. Leaves opposite, ovate,
obtuse, nearly sessile, quite entire, strongly nerved, hairy, deep green above, pale
or whitish and downy beneath, sprinkled with resinous dots. Each leaf supports
a short barren branch or a pair of small narrow leaflets at its origin. Panicle
large, tapering, its branches erect. Flowers numerous, golden-yellow, rather
swall, with narrow petals. Sepals linear-lanceolate, glabrous, with distant, black,
glandular serratures, 3-ribbed, acute. Petals entire at the margin, with an occa-
sional gland or two near the top. Stamens in 3 sets ; anthers ycllow, eglandu-
lose. Styles 3, long and spreading. Capsule longer than the calyx, rusty brown,
ovato-conical, many-ribbed and glabrous. Seeds numerous, pale rusty red, about
TIypericum.] HYPERICACES, 91

as large as those of H. montanum, obtuse at both ends, covered with minute
papille in close-set longitudinal rows.

6. H. montanum, L. Mountain St. John’s-wort. Stem simple
erect terete glabrous, leaves sessile distant ovate-oblong with
marginal dots a little hairy beneath glabrous above, the upper
pellucid punctate, panicle terminal dense subcapitate, sepals lan-
ceolate acute fringed with elliptical glands, petals oblong entire
without dots or glands. Br. Fl. p. 81. EH. B. +. 871.

In hilly woods and on dry bushy banks, rare, and seldom in any quantity toge-
ther. £1, July—September. Fr. September. 2.

E, Med.—At East End occasionally, but always in small quantity. Plentiful
on the right-hand bank before entering the gate leading into Pelham woods, F're-
derick Townsend, Esq. Pelham woods, but very scarce. In the grounds and
elsewhere about Steephill, Albert Hambrough, Esq.

Root strong, of several stout, reddish brown, woody and creeping fibres, and
emitting slender leafy suckers at the crown. Stems several, from 1 to 24 feet
high, erect, ascending or even decumbent and somewhat woody at base, round,
smooth, slender, rigid and slightly flexuose, simple or sometimes very slightly
branched, yellowish or purplish, scarred and naked below, quite glabrous, not at
all winged or angled. Leaves opposite, in pairs, distant, becoming remarkably so
towards the summit of the stem, the highest 3, 4, or 5 inches apart, the interval
between each pair diminishing towards the root, the lowermost not more than half
that distance asunder, sessile, thin, with a more or less erect tendency, those about
the centre of the stem the largest, ovato-oblong, ovato-elliptical or oblongo-ellipti-
cal, obtuse or a little pointed sometimes with a small apiculus, subcordate and
semiamplexicaul at base, glabrous above, minutely pubescent beneath with short,
erect, bristly hairs, sometimes glabrous on both sides, about 9- or 10-ribbed, pel-
lucidly reticulate with a line of minute black dots along the under side of their
often purplish brown margins; the upper leaves pretty thickly sprinkled with pel-
lucid points, of which the lowest are in part or wholly destitute. Panicle termi-
nal, with occasionally a pair or two of smaller lateral ones from the axils of the
uppermost leaves, leafless, very short, dense and compact, almost capitate, the
lowermost pair of its branches and sometimes the next pair above it usually sepa-
rated by a short interval from the rest, which are very closely crowded. Bracts,—
a pair under each fork of the panicle, clasping, lanceolate, dentato-serrate and
glandular like the sepals, which they closely resemble. Flowers like those of H.
hirsutum, few only expanding at a time in the same panicle. Sepals lanceolate,
acute, pellucidly striate, furrowed and shining, appearing beautifully fringed with
close, erect, stalk-like serratures, each bearing a purplish black, roundish, obconic
gland, depressed at top. Petals much longer than the calyx, obliquely oblong,
obtuse, pale yellow, pellucidly striate or veined, quite entire, without marginal
glands. Stamens in 3 somewhat indistinct sets, shorter than the petals; anthers
yellow, orbicular, with a dark gland at the summit between the lobes ; pollen yel-
low. Styles 3, straight, spreading ; stigmas purple. Germen 3-lobed, furrowed.
Capsules broadly ovoid, acutely triquetrous at tup, mostly about as long as the
sepals, sometimes a little longer or shorter, streaked or puckered with numerous
longitudinal folds or ridges, 3-celled. Seeds numerous, much smaller than in H.
hirsutum, and resembling rather those of H. quadrangulum in size and sculpture,
dark brown verging on iron-gray, oblong-cylindrical, minutely and longitudinally
ribbed or striate, and reticulated.

This species has many points in common with ZH. hirsutum, Wut is known with
facility from that and every other species of the genus by its short, terminal, com-
pact, corymbose or subcapitate panicle, its large, distant, more pvinted leaves,
and nearly simple stem. It is, as Sir James Smith remarks, a most elegant
though not ostentatious species, the glutinous dark friuges of its culyx and bracts
resembling, as he observes, the glands of a Moss Rose. Being ulways, however,
sparing in quantity even where it does occur, it contributes but little to the
92 HYPERICACEA. (Hypericum:

embellishment of our sloping banks, and its beauty is still further diminished by
the paucity of blossom exhibited by it at one time, and the unsightly remains of
the already faded flowers.

7. H. pulchrum, L. Small Upright St. John’s-wort. “ Sepals
broadly ovate obtuse with (black) glandular serratures, stem erect
glabrous, leaves cordate amplexicaul glabrous.’—Br. Fl. p. 80.
EE. B. t. 1227.

In dry woods and thickets, and on open sandy fields and heaths, plentifully.
Fil. July, August. Fr. September, October. 2{.

Root brownish, slender, woody, flexuose, much-branched and fibrous, occasion-
ally a little creeping in loose sandy soils, and frequently emitting short trailing
and barren shoots in a cxspitose manner at the crown. Stems several, often
extremely numerous, ascending or shortly decumbent at bottom, where they are
commonly of a fine blood-red, afterwards erect, from a fvot or less to 24 or 30
inches in height, terete, slender, rigid, smooth and glabrous like the rest of the
plant, filled with a loose pith, scarred and leafless at base, emitting from the axils
of each pair of leaves two upposite, short, erect and somewhat ascending, almost
filiform branches, which towards the summit of the stem are floriferous and nearly
naked, those lower down leafy and barren or occasionally bearing a flower or two.
Leaves opposite, in pairs, very small, quite entire, very obtuse, closely sessile, deep
green and slightly glaucous above, occasionally turning to a bright red, much
paler underneath, a little thick and fleshy, pellucido-punctate, but without margi-
nal glands, their edges a little deflexed; those of the main stem distant (3 inches or
moie), broadly ovato-cordate, mostly with a slight sweep or curve inwards in mar-
ginal contour, semiamplexicaul and overlapping by their lobes, somewhat deflexed
and vaulted or concave beneath, from 6 to 9 lines in length by 5 to 6 or 8 in
breadth, those of the branches mure numerous, smaller and narrower, oblong-
elliptical, cordate or rounded. Sracts in pairs a little below each flower, and at
the forks of the panicle, small, ovate or oblong, pellucidly dotted. Flowers about
8—10 lines iu diameter, in small, rather irregular, but mostly trichotomously
forked panicles terminating the stem and higher branches, forming together one
narrow, oblong, very loose, slightly leafy panicle. Calyx subcampanulate, pellu-
cidly veined, streaked and dotted, cleft about $ of its length into 5 rather unequal,
broad, ovate, flat segments, which are very obtuse and rounded or slightly pointed,
serrated, the scrratures tipped with a black sessile gland. Petals about twice the
length of the calyx, obovato-oblong, somewhat oblique, bright gamboge-yellow, stri-
ate, streaked and tipped with clear brownish red, particularly in the bud, their mar-
gins entire, but fringed with sessile glands like those on the calyx. Stamens pretty
numerous, in 3 sets or triadelphous, about as long as the petals, persistent ; fila-
ments bright yellow; anthers orange-scarlet, of 2 almost spherical lobes, destitute of
glands at the back. Styles 3, straight, divaricate, as long as the stamens, reflexed
in fruit; séégmas simple, glandulose, dark purple. Germen ovoid, whitish, finely
striated, smooth, 3-lobed by a furrow between the styles. Capsules reddish brown,
3-celled, ovoid-conical, 3-cleft at the summit (or tricarpellary), about 3 times the
length of the sepals, smooth, striated and membranous. Seeds numerous, light
yellowish or ashy brown, oblong-cylindrical, a little curved, rounded at each
extremity, furfuraceo-scabrous, not punctate nor striated.

In dry, open or sandy pastures the stems are wholly or partly red all over, the
plant shorter, more irregularly branched, flexuose and straggling than when
growing in woods and sheltered places.

tt Stems procumbent.

& H. elodes, L. Marsh St. John's-wort. “ Sepals with (red-
dish) glandular serratures glabrous, leaves roundish shaggy, stem
younded creeping, panicle of few flowers.”"—Br. £2. p. 81. E. B.
t. 109.
Acer.] HYPERICACE®.—ACERACES. 93

In spongy bogs, shallow ditches, drains and watery moory ground ; frequent
Fl. July, Agust. 2f. :

In ditches on the western skirts of Lake common, abundantly in several places.
In the moors near Godshill. Ditches in the boggy valley of the Medina, about
Cridmore, Rookley, &c.

Capsule unilocular, without any placenta, according to Aug. St. Hilaire. See
obs. on the genus Sarothrum in Hooker's Bot. Mise. vol. iii. p. 236.

III. Parnassta, Zinn. Grass of Parnassus.

“ Stamens with as many intermediate nectaries fringed with
globular-headed filaments.”— Br. FI.

1. P. palustris, L. Common Grass of Parnassus. “ Bristles of
the nectary 9—18, leaves cordate cauline one amplexicaul.”—Br.
Fl. p. 51. E. B. t. 82.

In bogs and marshy meadows; extremely rare. FU. August—October. 2{.

Found many years ago on a piece of boggy land known as the Moor or Wil-
liams’s Moor, at Oakfield, St. Jobn’s, by Mr. John Lawrence, gardener to [the
late] Sir R. Simeon, Bart. The meadow has since been drained, and the plant
is extinct. Arreton! Mr. G'. Kirkpatrick, who finds it is so marked in his copy
of B. T. W., but does not remember gathering it there.

A plant with flowers of great beauty and singularity of structure, the natural
affinities of which, from its anomaly in this respect, are not well ascertained.

Order XVIII. ACHRACEA, Juss.

“ Calyx 4—5—9 partite, imbricated in estivation. Petals of
the same number, with scarcely any claw, inserted into the mar-
gin of an hypogynous disk, or wanting. Stamens about 8, inserted
on the disk. Ovary 2-lobed, 2-celled. Style 1. Stigmas 2.
Fywit a double samara, each 1-celled, with 1 or 2 erect seeds.
Albumen 0. Embryo curved, with foliaceous wrinkled cotyledons,
and an inferior radicle.’—Br. Fl.

J. Acer, Linn. Maple.

Flowers polygamous. Calyx lobed or partite. Corolla of
several petals.

“Tn massy foliage of a sunny green
The splendid sycamore adorns the spring,
Adding rich beauties to the varied scene,
That Nature’s breathing arts alone can bring.
Hark! how the insects hum around, and sing,
Like happy Ariels hid from heedless view—
And merry bees, that feed, with eager wing,
On the broad leaves, glaz’d o’er with honey dew.
The fairy sunshine gently flickers through
Upon the grass, and butter-cups below ;
And in the foliage winds their sports renew,
Waving a shade romantic to and fro,
That o'er the mind in sweet disorder flings
A flitting dream of Beauty’s fading things.”
Clare, Rural Muse, p. 128.
94 ACERACEA. [Acer.

*1. A. Pseudo -platanus, L. Greater Maple. Sycamore.
Leayes broadly and palmately 5-lobed the sinuses acute, lobes
undivided coarsely and unequally dentate serrate plicato-rugose
acuminate the 3 anterior largest nearly equal, racemes pendulous
cylindrical many-flowered compound at the base, germen villous,
wings of the fruit deflexed converging. Br. Fl. p. 82. E.B. t
303.

Naturalized here and there in hedgerows and bushy places. FU. April, May.

E. Med.—Near Lessland farm, about the great withy-bed, apparently quile
naturalized. Abundantly on the slipped clay-bauks by the shore at the Priory.
I observe the sides of Ashey Down above Knighton to be covered with abundant
seedlings of this tree, although no full-grown plants are to be seen in its vicinity.
Dr. Bell-Salter has remarked the same thing.

W. Med.—Naturalized on the woody banks about Gatcombe. By the road-
side going into Chale from Blackgang.

A handsome tree, of broad ample foliage, sometimes of great height, in this
island seldom exceeding 40 or 50 feet, the branches in young trees lung, straight
and neatly upright, in old ones much and irregularly ramified, crooked and
spreading, covered like the trunk with a light-coloured smoothish bark, and form-
ing fcr the most part an umbrageous round-topped or spherical head. Leaves
opposite, broadly palmate, mostly large, but extremely unequal in size on diffe-
rent parts of the same tree, usually as wide or even rather wider than long, often
8 or 9 incbes broad and nearly as many deep, submembranaceous, plicately rugose
with depressed venation, somewhat glaucous beneath, with 5 ur 7 strong nearly
cylindrical ribs, mostly glabrous on both surfaces, except a few tufts of pubescence
in the axils of the ribs beneath, and along their sides near their point of union
with the petiole, more rarely downy all over, snbeordate, rounded or almost trun-
cate at the base, 5-lobed, the intermediate clefts or sinuses acute; lobes uvequally
and variously dentato-serrate, the serratures coarsely and sharply but not deeply
cut, the two basal lobes usually much smaller and shallower than the three nearly
equal anterior ones, and sometimes almost obsolete, all more or less acute or acu-
minate, undivided, or at most slightly 3-lobed. -Petioles various in length, from
about 2 to 5 or 6 inches, terete, those on the young shoots and suckers mostly of
a bright coral-red. Racemes terminal, from the axils of the ultimate pair of
leaves, and completely developed when the latter have attained their full size and
firmness, pendulous, somewhat compound at the base only, conico-cylindrical,
obtuse, from about 3 to 6 inches long, the common stalk or axis glabrous or hairy.
Flowers numerous, greenish, on patent slightly hairy pedicels of about 4 or 5 lines
in length and a little enlarged upwards, placed mostly 2,3, or 4 together. Bracts
solitary at the base of the pedicels, minute, linear-lanceolate or subulate. Calyx
smooth externally, hairy within near the base, the segments oblong or sublinear,
obtuse. Petals similar to the calyx-segments but narrower. Stamens 8—12
(mostly 8), as long as or longer than the calyx; filaments hairy in their lower
part ; anthers yellowish green. Style rather long ; stigmas flat, revolute, glandu-
loso-pilose, sometimes 3. Germen densely villous, often abortive, bicuspidate
and 2-lobed, sometimes trilobate and tricuspidate.

This tree is indigenous to Central and Southern Europe in mountain forests,
and I suspect in some upland districts of Britain (Mr. Winch considers it as truly
indigenous to the upland moors of Northumberland and Durham). A moist cool
atmosphere is most congenial to its growth, and it attains a very large size in the
Highlands and W. of Scotland, where the wood is much employed for bowls and
other articles of turnery. With us it se dom attains to great dimensions, but is
valuable from its power of withstanding the sea air, so detrimentul to most other
trees.
Acer.) ACERACE. 95

2. A. campestre, L. Common or Lesser Maple. ‘Leaves small
palmately 5-lobed the sinuses mostly acute, lobes without serra-
tures the basal pair small short usually undivided, the 3 anterior
sinuately subtrifid at the apex, the segments obtuse or slightly
pointed entire or subtrifidly sinuate or waved, middle lobe largest
narrowing behind to the base, ‘corymbs erect few-flowered downy,

wings of the glabrous (?) fruit widely diverging. Br. Fl. p. 82.
E. Bt. 804.

In woods and hedges, most abundantly in every part of the island. Fl. May,
June. Fr. August, September. _

A tree of considerable beauty, and when left to itself of usually rounded outline,
and though naturally of humble growth, sometimes attaining to a respectable size
and height. With us it is more frequently seen as a robust shrub, constituting a
pretty large proportion of the undergrowth of our woods. Branches opposite,
straight and spreading horizontally, the older ones often covered with rugged
corky wings or ridges. Leaves opposite, smaller than in any other species of the
genus except A. Monspessulanum, about as broad as or sometimes rather broader
than long, of a somewhat firm dry texture, flat, deep dark green above and gla-
brous, much paler and slightly downy beuveath with tufts of short hairs in the
axils of the muin nerves, deeply and palmately 5-lobed, the sinuses mostly acute,
at other times obtuse or even rounded, lobes entire (not serrated), the basal pair
much the smallest and shortest, divaricate, mostly rounded and undivided or sub-
sinuate, the 3 anterior pointing forward, the middle one largest, subtrifidly lobed
or sinuate at their apex, the segments usually very obtuse, sometimes a little
acute, occasionally again subtrifidly sinuate, at other times the lobes themselves
are undivided, the middle lobe (and often the two lateral anterior) is narrowed
behind to the base or wedge-shaped. —Petioles terete, downy, variable in length,
almost connate by their tumid bulb-like bases. Racemes corymbose, erect or
somewhat lax, terminal on the young branches and lateral shoots, and from the
same buds as the leaves, small, about 14 to 2 inches long, compound, on subcom-
pressed grooved peduncles of variable length, more or less downy. -Bracts at the
base of the pedicels and branches small, lanceolate, caducous, the upper ones very
minute, the lowermost of all occasionally leafy. Flowers rather few, appearing
just after the leaves, and before the latter have acquired their proper firmness and
colour, small (3 or 4 lines in diameter), herbaceous, on erect or spreading mostly
very downy pedicels, of very unequal length. Calyx hairy externally, the seg-
ments oblong, rounded, unequal. Petals as long as or rather longer than the
calyx, narrowly obovate or spathulate, attenuated downwards, obtuse. Stamens
8, often 9 or 10, standing in sinuses formed by the lobes of the fleshy melliferous
disk, sometimes imperfect, much shorter than the calyx and almost concealed by
the closing together of the latter and the petals on the germen, when fully deve-
loped mostly longer than the perianth and spreading ; filaments subulate, terete,
glabrous ; anthers greenish yellow, oblongo-elliptical, mostly a little hairy, some-
times glabrous. Germen nearly semiorbicular, emarginate, much com pressed,
with a thin sharp border, often abortive. Style tapering; stigmas 2, revolute.
Samare nodding or pendulous, greenish or reddish, slightly downy, mostly about
2 or 24 inches in width between the tips of the horizontally spreading, strongly
veined, glabrous wings, whose posterior margin is thickened and more or less
recurved, the anterior very thiv, rounded and dilated into an oblong, broad and
oblique lobe.

The leaves of the common Maple assume a rich orange-yellow or nearly scarlet
hue in decay, and impart a vivid tint to our autumnal woodland scenery. The
largest specimen T am acquainted with in the island grows at Nunwell, and when
measured in February, 1845, girded 10 feet at 5 feet from the ground, branching
into a rounded head of about 30 or 40 feet in height; there is also a particularly
fine specimen at the top of a hilly pasture between Knighton west wood and the
road. The finest examples however of the species I have ever seen are in the
96 GERANIACEZ. [Gerantum.

Prater at Vienna, where they rival the oaks of that most magnificent of parks in
magnitude.

Several varieties of this tree occur, distinguished by the more or less acute
lobing, smoothness or hairiness of the leaves and fruit, some of which have been
considered as separate species by the continental botanists. With us the Field
Maple does not vary much; as in other species, the flowers are occasionally
imperfect in some of their organs, or polygamous. :

This is one of the few European Maples that prefer low and warm situations
in the plains, to cool, moist and hilly or mountainous localities. : :

It is ‘under the canopy of a venerable Maple in the author's native parish of
Boldre, of which the town of Lymington is a part, that the pious and ingenious
Gilpin reposes, amidst scenes long blessed by his pastoral labours, and illustrated
by his pen and pencil.

Order XIX. GHRANIACESA, Juss.

“ Sepals 5, persistent, with an imbricated estivation. Petals 5,
with a claw. Stamens generally monadelphous and twice as many
as there are petals, some occasionally abortive. Ovary 5-lobed,
terminated by a long thick beak (torus or gynobase), and 5 stigmas.
Carpels 5, 1-celled, ultimately separating from the base of the
beak, together with a long elastic awn (the style). Seed solitary,
without albumen. Embryo curved. Cotyledons convolute and
plaited—Herbs or shrubs, with leaves opposite at the joints, or
alternate and then opposite the peduncles. No tendrils.” — Br. Fl.

I. Geranium, Linn. Crane’s-bill.

“ Petals regular. Stamens 10, slightly monadelphous ; 5 outer
ones opposite the petals, rarely sterile; the other 5 alternating,
larger, with a gland at their base. Capsules each with a long
glabrous recurved awn.” —Br. Fl.

1. G. Robertianum, L. Stinking Crane’s-bill. Herb Robert.
“ Leaves 2 with 3 or 5 deep lanceolate inciso-pinnatifid acumi-
nated segments, calyx angular hairy, claw of petals glabrous, cap-
sules transversely wrinkled, seeds without dots.” — Br. Fl. p. 84.
E. B. t. 1486.

B. purpureum, G. purpureum, Forst. £. B. Suppl. t. 2648.

y. Flowers pure white.

Common everywhere in moist shady situations, woods, groves, on rocks, old
walls, hedgebanks and rough stony places. Fl. April—Septembes. ©. or &.
(ex Koch).

8. On the shore near the Priory.

y- Wood near Norris Castle.

2. G. lucidum, L. Shining Crane’s Bill. ‘“ Leaves roundish
5-lobed, lobes trifid and notched obtuse with a short mucro, calyx
pyramidal angular dentato-tuberculate, claw of petals glabrous,

capsules transversely wrinkled, seeds without dots.”—Br. Fl. p.
84. H. B.t. 75.
boas cee
Geranium.] GERANIACEA, 97

On shady rocks, walls, banks, thatched roofs, and in rough stony woods and
thickets ; one of our rarer species. Fl. May—August. ©. 4

4. Med.—On stone fences about St. Lawrence, and along the path ascending
from thence to Pelham woods, in plenty. Between Niton and Blackgang, abun-
dantly, Dr. Martin. Walls about Sir Willoughby Gordon’s, near Niton, id. !/!

W, Med.—Abundantly along the roadside on the right-haud hedgebank just
out of Calbourne, going to Newport. In plenty by the Newport road, about half
a mile from Shorwell towards Cheverton, and still more abundantly on both sides
of the lane leading up to the down from the road on the right-hand before ascend-
ing the hill into Shorwell. All along the wall of West-cliff house, Niton. Be-
tween Newport and the barracks, Mr. Snooke, B. T. W.

An elegant though not showy species, known from the last by its round smooth
leaves and smaller flowers. oot whitish, small and slender, with a few long
fibres at the end. Stems numerous, spreading or erect, round, solid, shining,
smooth and succulent, much and oppositely branched, swollen at the joints, where
they are exceedingly brittle, and becoming by age or exposure to light blood-red
in their lower part, chiefly 14—2 feet in length. Leaves lucid green, shining,
opposite, stalked, the lower ones on very long petioles, a little hairy above, rotun-
dato-reniform, nearly orbicular, deeply 5-lobed, the lobes roundish wedge-shaped,
trifid, their segments rounded, slightly 3-cleft or notched and tipped with a minute
reddish and obtuse point. Szpules oblongo-lanceolate. Petioles a little downy.
Peduneles solitary, longer than the leaves, downy. Flowers on diverging pedicels,
much like those of G. Robertianum, but smaller, bright pink. racts at the
bifurcation of the pedicels, small, lanceolate, mostly coloured. Calyx ovato-pyra-
midal, acutely pentagonal, the angles winged, with an intermediate ridge or keel
and several (3 or 4) lateral transverse folds or puckers; the sepals aristate, very
unequal in breadth, 2 of them lanceolate, white and membranous, with a green
keel, but no lateral wings or angles like the rest. Peta/s longer than the calyx,
obovate, entire, with long slender claws. Stamens 10, all perfect, their filaments
flat, membranous and tapering, persistent after the falling away of the roundish
2-lobed yellow anthers ; pollen of several large yellow globules. Style tapering,
its 5 angles roughish on the upper part with bristly hairs pointing upwards ; steg-
mas 5, pale rose-coloured. Capsules brownish, compressed, a little bristly with 3
rough longitudinal crests or keels and prominent lateral reticulations, separating
elastically when ripe by the action of the long tapering awns. Seeds pale reddish
brown, ovate or oblong, quite smvoth.

The bruised herb possesses, though iu a much less degree, the unpleasant smell
of the last species.

3. G. rotundifolium, L. Round-leaved Crane’s-bill. Leaves
roundish or reniform palmately lobed and cut downy, petals entire
the length of the calyx, capsules even hairy, seeds dotted. Br. Fi.
p.- 84. H. B.t. 157. G. malvaceum, Burman: Wahlenb. Suec.
p. 484, n. 774.

In rough stony thickets and pastures, on waste ground, walls and banks, but
very local. Fl. May—July. ©.

E. Med.——Abundant at St. Lawrence, on hedgebanks near the church, and in
great profusion in a rough field between it and the Priory or Woolverton, Rev. G.
E. Smith and Dr. Martin!!! Abundant below the cliffs a little North-east of
St. Lawrence’s church.

Root with several stout fibres. Stems numerous, much branched, spreading or
partly prostrate, about a foot high, forming a bushy herb, round, brittle, reddish,
and downy all over with soft spreading hairs. Leaves opposite, on very long
round footstalks, nearly circular in their outline, more or less deeply 5-lobed, the
lobes themselves variously cut and serrated, very soft and downy, especially
beneath. Stipules reddish, lanceolate. Peduncles 2-flowered, axillary. Sepals
elliptical-lanceolate, with 3 strong nerves, ending in a straight short and obtuse

oO
98 GERANIACER. [Geranium

awn bristly at the summit. Pedals small, pink, entire or with a slight notch, and
very slender white claws. Capsulvs greenish gray, elliptical-oblong, scarcely
compressed, not wrinkled, hispid with white erect hairs, and with a thin dorsal
hardly prominent keel, ending at the base of the capsule in a short blunt apex,
which is bearded on the inner side chiefly with long white bristles, beak long,
clothed with short pubescence, intermixed towards the base with longer gland-
tipped and spreading hairs. Seeds broadly ovate or elliptical, brownish, covered
with a prominent often whitish net of mostly hexagonal cells.

4. G. molle, L. Dove’s-foot Crane’s-bill. ‘“ Leaves rounded or
reniform lobed and cut downy, their segments obtuse, petals
notched scarcely longer than the calyx, their claws bearded, cap-
sules transversely wrinkled, seeds without dots.’"—Br. Fl. p. 84.
Ei. B. t. 778.

8B. Flowers white.

y. Flowers smaller ; petals scarcely longer than the calyx ; leaves more deeply
incised.

In dry waste and cultivated ground, fields and pastures, on hedgebanks and by
waysides; very common. Fl. May—August. ©.

The variety with white flowers is common in the island.

y. By Quarr Abbey. Sandy banks of Alverstone farm, with G. pusillum.

The herbage has a perceptible musky fragrance on a warm day, in addition to
its usual rather strong odour, and which is retained for some time after the plant
is gathered.

This species has none of the brittleness of the last and some others of the
genus. Seeds roundish ovoid, pale brown.

The var. y. may be easily mistaken for G. pusillum, nor ave they easily distin-
guished without close examination of the stamens and capsules.

5. G. pusillum, L. Small -flowered Crane’s- bill.  “ Petals
notched, anther-bearing stamens 5, leaves rounded or reniform
palmate with 5—7 deep trifid lobes, capsules smooth carinated
downy with erect appressed hairs, seeds without dots.” — Br. Fl.
p. 84. H. B.t. 885. Fl. Dan. xii. t, 1994 (bona).

In similar places with the last, but much less frequently, and mostly on a sandy
soil. Fl. May—August. ©.

E. Med.—In considerable plenty and very large in a sandy field close to and
immediately in front of Bridge Court farm-house. Ona hedgebank just out ol
Shanklin towards Cliff farm. Clover-field by Lee farm, near Shanklin. Sandy
field near Alverstone in some plenty, and in the dry part of Alverstone Lynch.
Amongst clover in the vicarage glebe at Newchurch, iv great abundance, also
neat Alverstone farm. Apparently not unfrequent about Newchurch. Fields
above Sandown bay.

The present plant so very closely resembles the preceding as to be easily over-
looked for that species. The following characters will be found to distinguish G.
pusillum. Stems generally redder in colour, the pubescence far shorter, finer and
more or less deflexed. Leaves more deeply cleft. Flowers much smaller, except
in var. y. of G. molle, more inclining to blue or purplish, their pedicels I think
rather longer in proportion to the peduncles, and more suddenly bent or at a more
acute angle immediately beneath the flower than in G. molle, in which the cur-
vature is lower down on the pedicel and more considerable in amount of flexure.
Sepals somewhat less obtuse. Petals much narrower, wedge- rather than heart-
shaped, with longer more slender claws, simply 3-, not as in the last sub-5-nerved,
appearing from their greater narrowness to stand widely apart, usually about the
length of the calyx, rarely considerably (nearly twice) longer. Anthers 5, the
other stamens (always ?) abortive. Styles pale, erect, not as in G. molle, spreading,
scarcely so long as the stamens. Capsule very downy, not wrinkled, when unripe
Geranium.] GERANIACEA. 99

with a broad conspicuous green keel down the centre, not found in those of G.
molle. Seeds oblong, subreniform, slightly compressed, dull brown, smooth.

The herbage is destitute of the faint musky smell perceptible in that of G.
molle when fresh gathered.

6. G. dissectum, L. Cut-leaved Crane’s-bill. Peduncles 2-
flowered shorter than the leaves, root- and lower stem-leaves
reniform-orbicular deeply and palmately 5—7 partite, the lobes
cuneate trifid with 83—5 cleft bluntish segments, uppermost leaves
laciniate, the segments very narrow linear acute, pedicels, calyx
and styles glandulso - pubescent, sepals awned ovato - elliptical
much longer than broad, petals emarginate shorter than the
calyx-awns, carpels hispid not wrinkled, seeds conspicuously
areolate punctate. Br. Fl. p. 85. EH. B. t. 753.

In dry gravelly fields, pastures, waste and cultivated ground, on banks and
along hedges; very plentiful. £U. May—October. Fr. June. ©.

Root annul, long, slender, vot much branched or fibrous, pale brown. Stems
1 or more, from a foot or under to 2 or 3 feet long, weak and straggling, ascend-
ing at base and reclining, or widely spreading, decumbent and prostrate ; in the
smaller specimens or when growing amongst other herbage erect or nearly so, and
according to the size sparingly or considerably dichotomously branched, pale
green or here and there tinged with red, subcompressed and somewhat angular, a
little enlarged or tumid at each node on its upper side, copiously clothed with
white mostly deflexed pubescence, sumetimes so abundantly as to be quite hoary,
the hairs on the greater part of the stem simple, but at the extreme portion wholly
or partially gland-tipped and spreading, as they are on the peduncles, calyx and
fruit. Leaves all reniform-orbicular in outline, very deeply 5-parted, the lobes
wedge-shaped, mostly 3-cleft, the segments again bifidly or tritidly incised, une-
qual, entire, broad aud obtuse in the lower, narrower and acute in the upper
leaves, light green above, paler beneath, roughish pubescent on both sides with
white rigid hairs pointing forward, and with which the margins of the leaves are
likewise friuged, strongly ribbed on the under side, the rib setosely pubescent.
Petioles opposite the branches at the forks, very hairy, of the root-, lower and
even middle stem-leaves extremely long, those of the fist often a foot or more in
length, of the uppermost leaves very short or nearly obsolete. Stipules,—a pair
at the base of each petiole, purplish red or sometimes uncoloured, erect, lanceo-
late, with long tapering points ; entire, bifid, or slightly toothed or lobed, strongly
frmged. Peduneles 2- or occasionally 3-flowered, in the forks of the branches,
greatly lengthened out after flowering, mostly much shorter than the leaves, hairy
like the pedicels and calyx. Calyx and pedicels shortish, hairy, a little enlarged
upwards and somewhat unequal, each with a pair of subulate coloured bracts at
base, at length curved or ascending in fruit. lowers small, appearing as it were
nestled amongst the upper leaves, seldom much expanded except when exposed
to full sunshine. Calyx longer thau the petals by nearly the length of the awns,
villous with mostly gland-tipped hairs ; sepals persistent, enlarged after flowering,
entire, unequal in breadth, 2 of them narrower and elliptic-lanceolate, the 3 others
ovato-elliptical, plane or a little concave, and traversed by 83—5 prominent very
broad ribs, their margins very narrowly scarious or membranaceous, their obtuse
summits tipped with a production of the midrib into a cylindrical or flattewed
blunt awn, about $ of their own length. Petals very fugacious, bright purplish
pink or deep rose-colour, shorter than the calyx-awn, cuneato-vbcurdate, broadly
or retusely emarginate, with 3—5 very distinct pellucid nerves, suddenly con-
tracted into short, very pointed, colourless claws, just above which ave a few white
hairs or cilia. Stamens all perfect, about } as long as the petals, deciduous, the
5 exterior rather shorter than the rest; fidamenis greenish, much futtened and
ciliated, somewhat fringed ; anthers dilute violet-blue or white, the commissures
deep blue, suborbicular, very Mut at the back ; pollen globuse, bluish. Styles as

 

 
100 GERANIACE. [Geranium.

long as the 5 inner stamens, their free summits (stigmas) shortly spreading, yel-
lowish and glandulose, purplish behind, very obtuse, persistent, their cohering part
forming the beak, rough with erect finally spreading hairs, which are all gland-
tipped, but intermixed with shorter and simple pubescence, those on the finely
punctate ovaries at their base for the most part simple as on the stem and leaf-
stalks. Carpels blackish brown, ovoid or subglobose, not wrinkled, hispid all over
with shortish, pale, erect, mostly simple hairs, a few capitate ones descending from
the cohering styles being commonly intermixed, and together with the beak of the
cohering styles 6 or 7 lines in length. Seeds dull dark brown, ovoido-globose,
glabrous, very conspicuously and copiously reticulated with angular cells, of nearly
the form and regularity of a honeycomb.

There is the greatest affinity betwixt onr European plant and the G. carolinia-
num of N. America, so much indeed that the specific characters laid down in the
books will not avail to distinguish them. I have carefully examined the latter in
its native soil, where, in the southern and western parts ef the United States, it is
an abundant weed everywhere in waste and cultivated ground, with perfectly the
habit of its congener, G. dissectum. From the description I drew up at the time
from fresh specimens, and aided by a good series of dried ones collected by myself
in Louisiana in May, 1847, I am enabled to state the differences between them,
with, I trust, greater precision than has yet been accomplished. The leaves of G.
carolinianum are in general less deeply parted than in G. dissectum, the segments
usually shorter and broader, those of the uppermost leaves particularly are less laci-
niately divided, and more resemble the lower and radical leaves; the hairs on the
calyces, pedicels and beak of the carpels are simple, with scarcely any intermix-
ture of gland-tipped sete ; the sepals are decidedly broader and more truly ovate,
at least the 3 larger, which are nearly as broad as long, with more distant ribs,
their sides often bent backwards like wings, which is not the case in our plant;
the flowers are less conspicuous, the petals extremely pale or nearly colourless,
somewhat abrupt or truncate at top, with the emargination oblique or unequal, the
anthers white, the hairs on the mature carpels much (about twice) longer or more
shaggy, and blackish ; seeds larger than in G. dissectum, paler, much less dis-
tinctly and more superficially areolate, the meshes rather oblong and far less
equal in form and dimensions.

7. G. columbinum, L. Long-stalked Crane’s-bill. “ Peduncles
longer than the leaves which are 5-partite, the lobes divided into
many acute segments, petals entire as long as the much-awned
calyx, capsules even glabrous, seeds dotted.”—Br. Fl. p. 86.
EE. B. t. 259.

In woods, thickets, pastures, waste places and hy roadsides, on dry gravelly or
calcareous soils ; not very frequent. #/, June—Octuber. ©.

E. Med.—On a furzy spot on St. George’s Down. On Ninham hill (sandy
heath), near Shanklin. Field between Bloodstone and Eagle-head copses, very
sparingly. Abundantly in a sloping wood called Wearnhill copse, near Yarbridge,
on the right of the road from thence to Bembridge and Yaverland, and nearly
facing the town of Brading. On a chalky bank by the roadside close to Yar-
bridge, towards Yaverland. Fields near Bembridge Down, Wm. Wilson Saun-
ders, Esq.

IV, Med.—In Bottom-ground copse (where Vinca minor grows), near Idle-
combe. Apparently not unfrequent in chalky thickets under Buccombe Down,
&c. Woods in the valley at Apes Down and various places about Carisbrooke.
In Sluccomhe copse, a lite W. of Roughborough farm. Roadside near Afton
farm, Freshwater. Generally diffused over the whole chalk district of the South-
west of the island.

G. pyrenaicum ? Reichenb. (not of Sm. and Brit. authors).— About Steephill
and Bonehnurch, J. A. Hankey, Esq. Mr. H. finds a plant, not uncommonly, at
the back of the island closely resembling G. molle, but having the capsules neither
Erodium.] GERANIACE. 101

wrinkled as in that, nor hairy as in G. pusil/um, and which both himself and Mr.
W. Saunders conceive may be the G. pyrenaicum, Reich.

G. pratense. — Isle of Wight, Miss Twining in Watson’s ‘ Cybele Britannica,’
vol. i. p. 261.

II. Eroprum, L’Herit. Stork’s-bill.

“ Petals regular. Stamens 10, slightly monadelphous at the
base; 5 opposite the petals sterile; the other 5 alternating with
a gland at their base. Capsules each with a long spiral awn,
bearded on the inside.”—Br. Fl.

1. E. cicutariwum, Sm. Hemlock-leaved Stork’s-bill. “ Pedun-
cles many-flowered, leaves pinnate, leaflets sessile pinnatifid and

cut, petals longer than the calyx, stems prostrate hairy.” — Br.
Fl. p. 85. E. B. t. 1768.

8. Flowers white.

In waste places, by waysides, borders of fields, and on dry hedgebanks, parti-
cularly on a sandy soil; very common. Fl. June—September. ©.

B. Sandown, frequent.

“ Perfect stamens glabrous, dilated but not toothed at the base.”—Br. Fl.

2. HE. moschatum, 8m. Musky Stork’s-bill. “ Peduncles many-
flowered, leaves pinnate, leaflets nearly sessile ovate unequally
cut, perfect stamens toothed at the base, stems depressed hairy.”
—Br. Fl. p. 85. EE. B. t. 902.

In dry pastures, by roadsides, the borders of fields and waste places, rare. Fl.
June, July. ©.

W. Med.— Found a few years back near Yarmouth, by Mr. Butler, of the
Bugle Inn, but since looked for unsuccessfully on the station, which looked like a
wild one. I have it as gathered near the same town in a list of plants lately
received, but have never met with it wild myself.

‘“‘ Larger than the last, and with much less deeply cut leaflets, which yield a
powerful smell of musk.”— Br, Fl.

3. E. maritimum, Sm. WSea-side Stork’s-bill. “ Peduncles
1—2 flowered, leaves simple ovato-cordate stalked lobed and cre-
nate, stems depressed slightly hairy.” — Br. Fl. p. 86. H. B. t.
646.

On dry sandy banks, pastures, and waste ground by the sea; sometimes (though
rarely, and not with us) far inland ; very local. £/. May—September. ©.

Plentiful in the narrow gorge forming the descent into Alum Bay, especially
abundant and luxuriant at the mouths of the rabbit-burrows, where it was pointed
out to me by the Rev. Gerard E. Smith. At Brook, on a bank by the way to the
chine in some plenty. Cliffs near Freshwater, Mr. FE. Lees in Watson’s New
Bot. Guide, Suppl. On Headon Hill, at a considerable elevation.

Root slender, fleshy and tapering, reddish, neatly or quite simple. Stems
numerous, from 3 to 9 or 12 inches long, irregularly branched, leafy, quite pros-
trate, usually spreading in all directions, and forming depressed dense tufts,
rounded, jointed, stiff, brittle and succulent, smooth or slightly hairy.
102 OXALIDACES, [Oxalis.

Order XX. OXALIDACE, DC.

“ Flowers regular. Sepals 5, persistent. Petals 5, equal, often
cohering at the base and twisted in estivation. Stamens 10, the
5 inner ones opposite the petals and longer than the others ;
anthers distinct, 2-celled. Ovary 1, 5-celled. Styles 5. Stigmas
usually capitate or somewhat bifid. Fruit a capsule, with 5 or 10
valves, or indehiscent. Seeds attached to the axis, usually with
an elastic fleshy outer integument, which, on bursting open, pro-
jects the seed to a distance. Embryo in a cartilaginous albumen,
with its radicle towards the hilum.—aLostly herbs, with compound
acid leaves ; some of them highly sensitive.’—Br. I'l.

I. Oxauis, Zinn. Wood-sorrel.

“Calyx not bracteated at the base. Filaments slightly com-
bined below. Capsnle angular, 5-celled. Seeds with an elastic
integument.”—Br. Fl.

1. O. Acetosella, L. Common Wood-sorrel. Stemless, leaves
all radical ternate, leaflets inversely heart-shaped hairy, scapes
single-flowered longer than the leafstalks, root scaly creeping.
Br. Fl. p. 87. E. B. t. 768.

In moist woods, groves and damp shady places, about the roots and stumps of

moss-grown or decayed trees, and in alder-thickets; not very general. 7. April,
May. 2{.
Be Med.—In St. John’s Wood and elsewhere about Ryde, occasionally. By
Quarr Abbey, sparingly. Boggy thickets at the extremity of Apse Castle towards
Ninham, and at America. Abundant in the vale of Newchurch, in dark boggy
thickets.

W. Med. —Little Standen Wood, near Newport.

A tender succulent plant, the leaf- and flower-stalks subdiaphanous and usually
tinged with pale red or purple. Root consisting of tufts of thickly interwoven,
branched, capillary, pale brown fibres, emitted at intervals from the long, horizon-
tally creeping, filiform rhizoma, which enlarges at short distances into knotty por-
tions, consisting of imbricated, fleshy, bulb-like, conical protuberances flattened on
the upper side and o'ten truncated at top, and which are the enlarged persistent
bases of the leafstalks of furmer seasons. Leaves all radical, in fascicles from the
apex of a former year’s shvots or from fresh ones, ternate, orbicular in circum-
scription, of a beautiful tender bright green above, grayish or whitish underneath,
or suffused with violet-purple, various in size, from about 1 to 24 inches across ;
leaflets of a thin, flaccid and somewhat moist texture, roundish obcordate or wider
than long, subcuneate at base, shallowly emarginate, all but quite sessile, strongly
and almost elastically deflexed after gathering or at night, sprinkled on both sides
with scattered hairs, with which the margins are slightly ciliated. Petioles lax,
various (from 2 to 3 or 4 inches) in length, subterete, slightly channelled above,
appearing jointed on the enlarged, conical, somewhat hairy, fleshy and persistent
base, and retained on it by a strong white ceutral chord, flexuose, reddish or pur-
plish like the flower-stalks, and clothed as are those with scattcred silky hairs, most
numerously at the top and bottom, often nearly glabrous. Scape springing from
the concave enlarged bases of the leafstalks, but not itself enlarged below, 1, 2 or
Oxalis.] OXALIDACE. 103

3 from the same scaly tuft or knot, lax, as long as or longer than the leaves, sin-
gle-tlowered, wavy, terete, more or less clothed with fine silky hairs, especially at
the summit, furnished above the middle with a pair of small, appressed, purplish
bracts. Flowers very delicate and fugacious, nodding. Calya bell-shaped ;
sepals ovato-elliptical, very obtuse, nearly equal, a little fringed on their entire
margins, scarcely combined at base. Corolla bell-shaped ; petals very thin and
delicate, somewhat diaphanous, 2 or 3 times the length of the calyx, cuneato-obo-
vate, sumewhat waved or sinuate at top, cohering together just above their short
abrupt claws by a gland-like projection or thickening of their substance, com-
monly white faintly tinged with rose-colour, elegantly streaked with purple lines,
and having a spot of golden-yellow below the centre of each. Stamens 10, alter-
nately unequal in length, their filaments white, dilated and combined below into a
thickened glandular ring ; anthers white, innate, of 2 roundish lobes. Styles 5,
white, very slender, erect, straight, glabrous, a little thickened at top or subcapi-
tate.

A violet-flowered variety of this species grows in many parts of the kingdom,
which I have never seen, nor am I aware of its occurrence in this island.
Gerarde speaks of a variety with red flowers.

*2. O. corniculata, L. Yellow Procwmbent Wood-sorrel. “Stem
branched, branches procumbent, peduncles mostly 2-flowered
shorter than the ternate leaves, stipules united to the base of the
petioles."— Br. Fl. p. 87. E. B.t.1726. Fl. Dan. x. t. 1753.

On banks and waste shady cultivated places; very rare, aud certainly intro-
duced. Fl. May—October. ©.

About the grounds at Steephill, Albert Hambrough, Hisq.!!! A weed in the
garden at Alverstone mill, by Newchurch, ¢d. !!!

The whole plant clothed with soft hairs, except the leaves, which are nearly
glabrous. Stems numerous, copiously branched and downy, at first somewhat
erect or ascending ? (Dr. Bell-.Salter), but at the close of summer spreading on the
ground in all directions, from a few inches to a foot and upwards. Leaves various
in size, of 3 broad inversely heart-shaped leaflets, a little hairy at the edges and
principal veins only, upon rather long villous petioles, at the base of each and
united with it are a pair of small ciliated stipules. Hairs on the pedicels appressed,
those on the peduncles spreading. Flowers pedicellate, yellow, much smaller than
in the last, opening only in warm, dry, sunny weather, mostly in pairs, sometimes
3 or 4 together, on solitary, compressed, axillary and hairy peduncles that either
equal, exceed, or are shorter than the leafstalks. Sepals ovato-lanceolate. Cap-
sules prismatic, downy, with 5 prominent angles suddenly tapering at the end.
Seeds numerous, oval, flattened, reddish brown, with several transverse ridges,
invested with a white arillus that, bursting, discharges the seed elastically.

I observed this plant springing abundantly between the pitch-stones in the
steep streets of Funchal in Madeira.

O. stricta, distinguished by its stouter, upright habit and absence of stipules,
I found growing spontaneously as a weed (though sparingly) in the garden of the
Rev. James Penfold of Thorley, near Yarmouth. Both this and LZ. corniculata
appear to be more truly indigenous to America than to Europe, and were probably
both derived to us from the western hemisphere, as the formeris always thought
to have been. .
104 CELASTRACES. [Euonumus.

Subclass IJ. CaLyciFLor&.

“ Corolla (and usually the stamens) perigynous or inserted upon
the calyx. Ovary either free or adnate with the tube of the calyx.”
—Bbr. Fl.

Order XXI. CELASTRACEA, R. Brown.

* Calyx 5-cleft, its base covered with a large, flat, fleshy disk,
imbricated in estivation. Petals 4—5, alternate with the sepals,
arising from the edge of the disk. Stamens 4—5, alternate with
the petals. Ovary wholly or in part immersed in the disk, 2—5
celled. Cells with 1 or many seeds. Fruit a capsule with 3—5
cells, and 8—5 septiferous valves, or dry drupe with 1 or 2 cells.
Seeds erect, often arillate, never bony. Albumen copious, fleshy,
with a straight embryo, flat cotyledons, and an inferior radicle.—
Shrubs, with simple, mostly opposite leaves, and axillary cymes.”
—Br. Fi.

I. Evonymus, Linn. Spindle-tree.

Calyx flat, 4—5 (varely 6) cleft, inferior. Petals 4—5 (rarely
6), alternate, with as many stamens inserted on a fleshy perigynous
disk. Capsule 3—5 lobed, with as many valves and 1—8 seeded
cells, loculicidal. Seeds arilled.

Shrubs or low trees of the northern temperate zone, natives of Europe, Asia
and America, mostly in mountainous districts, with opposite deciduous leaves,
greenish, whitish or purplish, usually inconspicuous flowers, on forked axillary
peduncles, large, smooth or warted capsules, and seeds wholly or in part enveloped
in a coloured (orange or crimson) fleshy aril.

1. E. ewropeus, L. Common Spindle-tree. Prickwood. Vect.
Skewerwood, Skiverwood. Flowers mostly tetrandrous, petals
mostly 4 oblong pointed their edges revolute, peduncles com-
pressed few-flowered, branches smooth, leaves oblongo-lanceolate
finely serrulate glabrous, angles of the smooth capsule obtuse not
winged. Linn. Sp. Pl. 286. Sm. EB. Fl. i. 330. Br. Fl. 91.
Bab. Man. 69. EH. B. vi. t. 362. Loud. Arb. Brit. ii. 496, fig.
164. Guimp. und Hayne, Deutschl. Holtzart. i. 26, t. 16.

Very common in woods, hedges and bushy places. Fl. May, June. Fr. Sep-
tember, October. h.

B. atrovirens. Leaves smaller, dark green and shining.

E. Med.—F requent everywhere about Ryde, as in Apley wood, Quarr, Biddles-
ford, Chillingwood and Firestone copses. Abundant in Eagle-head and Blood-
stone copses, near Ashey. Plentiful in the Undercliff, and generally dispersed.
Euonymus.] CELASTRACEA. 105

W. Med.—Tolt Copse and elsewhere about Gatcombe, common. Very large
and abundant at Swainston, rising there to small trees, of great regularity iv growth
and outline. Plentiful about Shorwell, at Northcourt. Wouds about Rowledge.

B. Swainston Park &c. A common state of the shrub.

A shrub or low tree, from 5 to 10 feet high, or even more in the wild state, in
gardens often exceeding 30 feet, the smaller aud younger branches quadrangular
and covered with a greenish cuticle, the larger and lower rounded and clothed
like the trunk. Leaves opposite, occasionally subalternate or subfasciculate,
shortly stalked, ovate to ovato-lancevlate or oblongo-lanceolate, acute or acumi-
nate, rounded or attenuated at base, those near the foot of the minor branches
often partly obovate or elliptical, obtuse, smaller than the rest; finely and evenly
crenulato-serrulate, quite glabrous, of a full, deep, often as in @. shining, green,
when they bear some resemblance to those of the Chinese tea-tree. Stipules very
small, subulate, extremely fugacious. Peduncles axillary, solitary or opposite,
sometimes lateral, rigid, erect, patent or reflexed, compressed or divaricately forked
at summit into from 2—5 single-flowered pedicels, that are unequal, stiff, variously
spreading or deflexed, not elongated in fruit. Flowers greenish white, 3 of an
inch across, in this our only British species almost always tetrapetaluus and tetran-
drous, at least the later and more numerous, for the primordial blossoms are said
to be as constantly 5-cleft and pentandrous. Bracts solitary, subulate, minute
and deciduous at the base of the pedicels. Petals greenish white, broad at the
base, ovate and slightly pointed, but on full expansion appearing narrow or lan-
ceolate from reflexion of their margins, inserted beneath the fleshy perigynous
disk, much exceeding the very short, round, concave and reflexed sepals.  Sta-
mens short, erect, inserted alternately with the petals on the lobes of the perigy-
nous disk ; anthers reddish, 2-lobed, bursting outwardly along their edges. Style
short, furrowed and conical. Ovary quadrangular. Capsule smooth, coriaceous,
of a fine pink or rose-colour, sometimes waxy white, 4- or 5-lobed, the angles
obtuse, not at all winged, often unequal; 4- or 5-celled, the cells 1-, or more
rarely 2-seeded, often partly abortive, widely dehiscing at the corners, and disclos-
ing the white or purplish, ovoid and pointed seeds, completely invested with a
bright, orange-coloured, wrinkled arillus. Embryo green, in the centre of the
large fleshy albumen ; cotyledons orbicular, flat; radicle inferior, cylindrical,
exserted,

The capsules remain hanging on the tree long after the leaves have fallen. In
‘English Botany’ the capsule is drawn as if broadly winged, which I never saw
nor heard of its being in our British species, though decidedly the case in E. lat?-
folius. Has the fruit of this last been inadvertently substituted for &. europaeus
in the separate figure of the seed-vessel ?

This is the only one of the three species of Spindle-tree indigenous to the con-
tinent, that inhabits indifferently the plains of Eastern and Western Europe and
its islands. The remaining two, £. latifolius and B&. verrucosus, are wanting to
all its Atlantic or Oceanic Floras, and belong exclusively to the interior countries
of the South and East, where they are subalpine shrubs, though the latter descends
to the sea-level towards its North-eastern limit in Poland and Russia, whilst the
former is, I believe, essentially a mountain species, nowhere to be found sponta-
neous at inconsiderable altitudes. The &. atrvpurpureus, Burning Bush of N.
America, is the analogue in that country of the :uropean £. latifolius, which it
resembles in flowers, leaves and general habit, whilst the fruit is nearly that of
our present species, but more deeply lobed, and the arils of the seed are rather
crimson than orange. In like manner the E. verrucosus of Europe finds its
trans-Atlantic representative in &. americanus, which resembles the former in
many particulars of fruit, leaves and inflorescence.
106 RHAMNACER. {(Rhamnus.

Order XXII. RHAMNACEA, Juss.

“ Calyx 4—5 cleft, valvate in estivation. Petals 1—5, inserted
on the summit of the tube of the calyx, shorter than and alternate
with its lobes, sometimes wanting. Stamens 4—5, alternate with
the calycine lobes. Ovary inferior, wholly or in part superior,
2—4 celled; cells with 1 erect orwle. Fruit fleshy and indehis-
cent, or dry and dehiscent. Seeds erect. Albumen fleshy, rarely
wanting. Embryo straight; cotyledons large and flat, radicle
inferior. — Shrubs or small trees, with simple, usually alternate
leaves, minute stipules, and small greenish flowers.” —Br. Fl.

I. Raamnus, Linn. Buckthorn.

“ Calyx urceolate, 4—5 cleft. Petals nearly flat and notched,
often wanting. Stamens with ovate, 2-celled anthers. Disk thin,
covering the tube of the calyx. Ovary superior, 8—4 celled.
Berry with 2—4 cartilaginous nuts, each 1-seeded.’—Br. Fl.

The species of this genus affect inland places remote from the influence of the
sea air, for which reasov both our Buckthorns, and especially R. catharticus, are
very rare in the more maritime climates of Scotland and Ireland, and are quite
unknown in the Channel Islands, though common enough on the European con-
tinent farther North than any part of this kingdom.

1. R. catharticus, L. Purging Buckthorn. Stem erect, spines
terminal, flowers mostly dicecious densely fascicled 4-cleft tetran-
drous, leaves ovate or elliptical serrulate, berry t-seeded. Linn.
Sp. Pl. 279. Sm. HE, Fl. i. 828. Br. Fl. 91. Bab. Man. 69.
E. B. xxiii. t. 1629. Loud. Arb. Brit. ii. 531. fig. 198. Guimp.
und Hayne, Abbild. der Deutsch. Holtzart. i. 23, t. 18.

In woods, copses and hedgerows of the interior, seldom near the coast; rare,
and principally on the chalk in West Medina. Fl. May, June. J’r. September,
October. h.

E'. Med.—Copses on the northern slope of Arretou down, sparingly. In Eagle-
head Copse, near Ashey, very sparingly. In a field-bedge a little to the right of
the road descending upon Knighton from Ashey down, Mr. W. Jolliffe.

W. Med.—Amongst low brushwood by an arm of the Yar, a little to the right
of the road from Yarmouth to Freshwater, between Thorley and Wilmingham,
with leaves quite glabrous, excepting a few scattered hairs on the ribs beneath.
Near Calbourne, and Calbourne New Barn. Elm Copse, near Calbourne.
Wooded valley at Rowledge. Hedges and bushy banks in the neighbourhood of
Roughborough farm. Rather plentiful in Tolt copse in its N.W. extremity, and
sparingly in other chalky woods and thickets at the base of Gatcombe down.

A much-branched very rigid shrub or low tree, from about 5 or 6 to 10 or 12
feet high or upwards, with a trunk sometimes the thickness of the leg, usually
much more slender, the branches straight, spreading, terminated frequently when
old in a sharp thorn-like point, the extremity of the younger ones pilose ; covered
with a reddish brown, blackish or partly cinereous bark, which is rough on the
trunk and larger branches, smooth and even on the smaller, the entire plant har-
ing much the aspect of some of the smaller-leaved varieties of the common Crab
Rhamnus.} RHAMNACEZ. 107

or Wild Apple* tree. Leaves yellowish green, deciduous, inclosed together with
the flowers in conspicuous buds, with dark brown, ovate, fringed scales, scattered,
alternate or opposite, on the younger and flowering branches fascicled, from about
14 to 2 inches in length, ovate, roundish ovate, or bruadly elliptical, more or less
shortly acuminate, rounded, subcordate or slightly attenuated at the base, usually
somewhat downy on both sides, but most so beneath, sometimes glabrous, finely
and evenly crenulato-serrulate, with gland-tipped somewhat hooked serratures ;
7-nerved, the 3 lateral nerves on each side of the midrib converging towards the
apex of the leaf, by which this shrub may be known from every other of British
growth except Cornus sanguinea, but in that the leaves are larger and quite
entire. Petioles about half the length of the leaves or less, downy. Stipules
linear, deciduous. Flowers small, greenish yellow, digcious, or sometimes, it is
said, polygamous, aggregate at the base of the leafy fuscicles, the staminate mostly
very numerous and crowded into nearly globose clusters concealing the branch,
pistillate fewer and scattered. Pedicels solitary, single-fluwered, scattered or
aggregated, glabrous or downy. Calyx 4-cleft, the segments ovate, acute, 3-rib-
bed, in the staminate flowers spreading, in the pistillate nearly erect. Petals very
small, particularly in the pistillate blossoms, erect, linear and obtuse. Stamens
erect, inserted opposite to and a little below the petals, and about the length of
these last; filaments much enlarged downwards. Style cylindrical, deeply 3-,
4-, or'5-cleft, the segments reflexed, spreading. Ovary half inferior, round. Ber-
ries the size of peas, subdepresso-globuse, black and shining, 4- or sometimes
5-celled (Roth), with one seed in each cell, often partly abortive. Seeds brownish,
oblong, pointed at one end; subtrigonous, compressed on the inner side with a
sharp ridge, gibbous and obscurely grooved on the outer, the testa dehiscent by a
small foramen at the apex. Imperfect and rudimentary organs of each of the
two sexes exist in the flowers of staminate and pistillate plants alike.

The common Buckthorn is well adapted for live fences, and makes a thick,
durable and handsome hedgerow, though seldom employed in this country, from
the preference universally given to Whitethorn as a quickset. Linneus is reported
to have been very partial to this shrub, and had it planted in front of his country
residence at Hammerby, near Upsal. Two fine staminate bushes stand one on
either side of the gate before the venerable farm-house at Yaverland.

The juice of the berries made into a syrup was formerly much in vogue medi-
cinally, but from the violence of its action and the introduction of better remedies
is now seldom or never prescribed by regular practitioners. The berries, when
gathered quite ripe, in October, stain paper of a fine green (not purple, so far as
T have observed), and when prepared with alum furnish the sap-green of painters.
The inner bark is of an orange-colour, traversed longitudinally with copious, white,
medullary, thready fibres ; is said to dye a beautiful yellow, and to be both purga-
tive and emetic.

2. R. Frangula, L. Alder Buckthorn. Berry-bearing Alder.
Vect. Black Alder. Stem erect unarmed, flowers 5-cleft herma-
phrodite, leaves obovato- elliptical or roundish entire glabrous,
berry 2-seeded.+ Linn. Sp. Pl. 280. Sm. H. Fl. i. 329. Br.
Fl. 92. Bab. Man. 69. E. B. iv. t. 250. Loud, Arb. Brit. i.
587, fig. 209. Guimp. und Hayne, Abbild. der Deutsch. Holtzart.
i. 24, t. 14 (bona).

In moist woods and copses, swampy thickets, and damp heathy and bushy
places ; abundantly in the more interior and level districts. Fl. May—August.
Fr. August, September. bh.

E. Med.—Abundant in Stroud Wood, and in several parts of Firestone Copse.
In New Copse, between Ryde and Wootton Bridge, frequent. Woods between

 

* Hence probably is derived one of the Swedish names for this shrub, Getappel,

3. e. Goat-apple. ¢
+ Sometimes 3-seeded, according to M. and K.
108 RHAMNACEAL. (Rhamnus.

Whippingham and Palmer’s farm. Near Newchurch, in Bor@wood, abundantly.
Lake Common. Abundant in some parts of Youngwood’s Copse. Apse-heath
withy-bed. Alverston Lynch. About America, aud Apse Castle, common.
Copse called Beechwoud, on the left of the road a litle beyond Fernhill guing to
Newport from Ryde, plentifully. Between Fernhill and Woodhouse. Abun-
dantly in Fatting-Park copse. Briddlesford wood, in great abundance. In Cla-
vell’s Copse, by Whippingham street, abundant.

W. Med.—Nunswood or Nunningswood Copse, by Ningwood. Marvel Copse,
by Newport.

A slender shrub, from 4 or 5 to 10 or 12 feet high, rarely in cultivation a small
tree,* with a dark leaden-gray or purplish black bark, clonded with ash-gray and
sprinkled with white, oblong, warty spots; the epidermis of a blood-red internally,
the true bark of a bright greenish yellow within. Stems mostly numerous,
rounded, erect and virgate, sometimes solitary, and from a finger thick to the size
of the wrist and upwards; dividing into many irregular, spreading, twiggy, terete
branches that are naked below, and bearing leaves only on the young wood of the
lateral and terminal shoots, which are reddish and downy. Leaves scattered or
alternate, or partly opposite, stalked, plane, varying in shape, ovato- obovato- or
rotundato-elliptical, pointed or acuminate, a few here and there rounded and
obtuse, a little shining, quite entire, or, as remarked by Bertoloni, sometimes
minutely subserrulate towards their apex, glabrous, of a light somewhat glaucous
green above, paler beneath, with a very promivent midrib aud numerous parallel
sharp lateral coste, arcuately anastomosing with each other at the margin of the
leaf, depressed on the upper side of the disk, to which, from its peculiar flatness,
they impart an artificial appearance, as if cut out with a stamp. Petioles terete,
subcompressed, somewhat channelled above, finely downy, usually reddish. Sti-
pules linear-lanceolate, acuminate, glandulose on the margin, falling away for the
most part very early. Flowers all hermaphrodite, axillary, fascicled, from about
2—5 together, sometimes solitary, small and inconspicuous. Peduncles single-
flowered, glabrous, lax, nodding or decurved, shorter than the petioles or about
equal tothem. Calyx glabrous, about 2 lines in length, cleft about half its length
into 5 triangular, broad-pointed, nearly erect segments, that are whitish or freck-
Jed with brownish red, fleshy, concave behind, gibbous within, ciliate on the mar-
gins with a few short filamentous points, with a tuft of the same at their apex.
Petals very small, white, broadly ovate or ovato-rotundate, deeply emarginate,
cucullato-conduplicate, shorter than and inserled betwixt the calyx-segments,
opposite to and infulding the anthers as ina hood. Stamens very short, erect,
inserted on a narrow glandular rim, their filaments very broad at base, nearly tri-
angular; anthers large, dark vivlet; pollen white. Style shorter than the sta-
mens, thick and greenish like the sessile, 2-lobed, glanduloso-pilose stiyma. Ber-
ries the size of peas, black, subdepresso-globose, very juicy, 2- or sometimes, it is
said, 3-seeded. Seeds large, yellowish, smooth, nearly orbicular, subplano-convex,
the hilum very large.

The berries, which ripen in August and September, have merely a sweetish
aqueous flavour, and yield to water on expression a fine purple colour, which
seems confined in the subcutaneous pulpy matter, as the proper juice is only
slightly green or nearly colourless. The wood yields by distillation in close ves-
sels a very superior charcoal for making gunpowder, fur which purpose, the Rev.
G. E. Smith informs me, it is planted in some parts of Kent and Sussex. The
ngs droop perpendicularly, and take fine shades of yellow or reddish before they
all.

The caterpillar of the Brimstone Butterfly (Gonepteryx Rhamni) feeds indiffe-
rently on both our Buckthorns, but I bave usually found it on the present and
with us more abundant species. The occasional appearance of the perfect insect
clearly indicated to me the existence of the Buckthorn long before I was enabled
to add it to our island Flora.

 

* There is an unusually large tree-like specimen in the Glasnevin Botanic
Garden at Dublin.
Ulez.] LEGUMINOSAE. 109

Order XXITI. LEGUMINOSA, Juss.

“ Calyx of 4—5 sepals, more or less combined, the fifth segment
inferior. Petals various, generally 5 and papilionaceous. Sta-
mens various, generally 10, monadelphous or diadelphous. Ovary
l-celled, bearing the ovules along the upper margin, sometimes
stalked. Style and stigma 1. Legume 2-valved, dehiscent or
indehiscent. Seeds usually without albumen. Himbryo with the
radicle straight or recurved upon the cotyledons. —'Trees, herbs,
or shrubs. Leaves alternate, mostly compound and pinnated, with
or without tendrils, stipuled.”—Br. Fl.

Tribe I. Lorez.

_ Stamens monadelphous or diadelphous. Legume continuous (not

jointed), 1-celled, or by the introflexion of one of the sutures spuri-
ously 2-celled. Cotyledons rising above ground and becoming green
leaves.

Subtribe I. GenistEx.

Legume 1-celled. Stamens mostly monadelphous. Leaves simple or trifoliate,
rarely pinnate. Stems generally shrubby.

A. Stems woody.

I. Unex, Linn. Furze.

“ Calyx 2-lipped, with a small scale or bractea on each side at
the base; lips nearly entire or upper one 2 - toothed, lower
3-toothed. Legume turgid, few-seeded, scarcely longer than the
calyx. Leaves simple.’—Br. Fl.

1. U. ewropeus,* L. Common or Spring Furze. Whin or Gorse.
Calyx somewhat hirsute with slightly spreading hairs the teeth
nearly obsolete, bracteas large ovate lax, wings manifestly longer
than the keel and imbricated over it. Br. Fl. p. 94. H. B.t.
742. Guimp. und Hayne, Abbild. der. Deutsch. Holtzart. ii. 164,
t. 123.

Var. 8. Flowers pale yellow.

On heaths, commons and dry barren fields and pastures, also in woods, hedges
and waste places, by roadsides, &c.; everywhere most abundantly. Fv. April,
May, and partially throughout the year.t Fr. July. kh.

B. St. Helen’s Spit.

 

* Pliny (apud Hard) makes Ulex masculine, Ainsworth, feminine.
+ The almost endless succession of flowers on this well-known shrub gave occa-
sion to the proverb, ‘“‘ When furze is out of blossom, kissing’s out of season.” An
110 LEGUMINOS. [Sarothamnus.

Legume scarcely above half an inch long, and about 223 lines broad, straight, a
little inflated, shaggy with copious, long, hoary, silky pubescence. Seeds large, a
line or wore in length, roundish ovoid, slightly compressed, subcordate at the
upper end, which is tipped with a large, fleshy, two-lobed chalaza, their colour
olive-green, reddish brown or yellowish, very smooth and polished, a few only in
each pod usually perfected.

This species is, I understand, used by the cottagers in Wales as winter food for
their cows, which are found by its use at that season to yield as much milk and
butter as if fedin fresh pasture. The last year’s shoots are collected, and bruised
with a wooden mallet ina sort of trough to break the points of the spines, and
when so bruised are eaten by the cattle with avidity. A farmer near Haverford
West uses the furze for the same purpose, employing a mill turned by water for
bruising tbe fresh shoots.

2. U. nanus, T. F. Forst. Dwarf or Autumn Furze. Calyx
with the pubescence appressed the teeth lanceolate, bracteas
minute, wings about the length of the keel. Br. Fl. p.94.  E.
B. t. 743.

In similar places with the last and almost equally common. Fl. August—
October. Fr. April, May. h.

Legumes quite similar to those of U. europeus in form and hairiness, but only
about half as large, and about equal to the subtending persistent calyx. Seeds
rather smaller than in U. europeus, otherwise exactly similar, 1, 2, or 3 in each
pod usually perfected.

Dr. Bell-Salter has remarked to me that the lower sepal in the calyx of U.
nanus has almost constantly three minute teeth at the apex, the same part in U.
europ@us showing but two. Though far from being friendly to the excessive mul-
tiplication of species from loose, obscure or variable characters, the crying evil of
the present botanical age, we cannot help suspecting that the present may really
be a distinct species from U. europeus, though U. provincialis, another assumed
species, and stated to be common on the hills around Bristol, is said to be inter-
mediate between the two. The spreading calyx-teeth, minute close-pressed brac-
teas, smaller flowers with narrower and paler standard, the deflexed spines, hum-
bler growth, and different flowering season are differences that taken conjointly
tend greatly to strengthen the above conclusion.

The reference of Smith in ‘ English Flora’ to Gerarde for this plant is erro-
neous, the figure referred to (Ger. Em. 1321, fig. 6) representing I believe Genista
scorpius.

II. Saroruamnvus, Wimm. Broom.

Calyx 2-lipped, without bracteas at its base; upper lip with 2
small teeth, lower one 3-toothed. Standard large, broadly ovate.
Keel very blunt, including the stamens, at length deflexed. Tube
of the stamens split on the upper side. Style very long, thick-
ened upwards and spirally curved. Legume many-seeded, much
longer than the calyx.—Leaves simple or trifoliate.

1. 8S. scoparws, Wimm. Common Broom. “ Branches angled,
glabrous, leaves ternate stalked, upper ones simple, leaflets oblong,
flowers axillary shortly pedicellate, legumes hairy at the margin.”
—Br. Fl. p. 95. Spartium, L.: E. B. t. 1839. Cytisus, DC.

 

early, if not quite total suspension of flowering takes place however after Midsum-
mer till the seed-pods are matured, when a succession of blossoms commences
afresh, which in diminished numbers continue to deck the branches till the fol-
lowing spring again clothes them in their richest attire.
Genista.} LEGUMINOS&. 111

In dry, hilly, bushy places, woods, thickets, heathy pastures, and on steep
banks, mostly on a gravelly or sandy soil; very frequent. Fl. April—June. Fr.
July—September. 5

In Sandown Bay a solitary bush with the flowers nearly pure white was observed
amongst many others with blossoms of the usual colour.

A bushy shrub, from 3 or 4 to 10 or 12 feet high or even more, with copious,
alternate, erect, virgate, green, tough and flexible branches, which appear as if
deeply furrowed from the 5 short, salient, decurrent angles. Stem aud primary
branches streaked or furrowed and often of a bright red, the former sometimes as
thick as the leg. Leaves from the same buds as the flowers, and appearing with
the latter or very shortly afterwards, ternate or partly simple, nearly erect; leaf-
lets very small, scarcely half an inch long at most, obovate or obovato-elliptical,
acute, very nearly sessile, grayish green, and hoary with long silken appressed
hairs, most copious on their under side. -Petioles very flat, variable in length, as
long as or often much longer than the leaves, sericeo-tomentose like the latter.
Flowers solitary or in pairs, erect in bud, lax or drooping when open, 9 or 10 lines
in length, bright golden-yellow, usually shaded with orange on the wings and
standard, rarely white, mostly tipped in the bud with brownish red. Pedicels
shorter than the flowers, subcompressed, glabrous, with 2 or 3 minute scales about
their middle, lax or drooping, and springing from 3 or 4 small, roundish, obovate
or elliptical, simple leaflets, that surround the pedicel and precede the true leaves,
which almost immediately succeed the expanding blossoms, and are mostly ter-
nate on longer or shorter petioles, and chiefly produced on the young branches
and shouts. Calyx glabrous, bell-shaped, a little compressed, usually tinged with
reddish brown, about a quarter of an inch long, membranous, a little oblique at
the mouth, 2-lipped, the lips widely diverging, rounded, quickly becoming brown,
dry and marcescent; upper lip with 2, lower with 3 minute teeth, each lip bearded
within at its apex with fine white hairs. Standard orbicular, emarginate, semicon-
duplicate (not spreading or reflexed), of an uniform yellow colour, excepting a
faint spot of orange streaked with fulvous-brown a little above the very short,
abrupt, narrow claw; wings finally lax or drooping, oblong, with short linear
claws, as long as the keel ; keel very obtuse or rounded at its apex, paler yellow
than the rest of the flower, its 2 halves but slightly cohering, often a litle downy
along the suture, at length separated and pendulous, exposing the style and sta-
meus. Stamens all united at the base into a tube by cellular tissue, in 2 sets of 3 and
7, latter and inferior set much the longer; filament glabrous ; anthers elliptical,
orange-coloured, minutely apiculate. Style extremely long, circinately revolute,
semiterete, with a furrow along its flat upper side, slightly enlarged upward just
beneath its hooked, glandular, acute apex or stigma. Germen narrowly elliptical,
densely silky, much compressed laterally. Legume from about an inch to an inch
and a half in length, blackish brown, roughish or subtuberculate, oblong, very
flat, fringed with fine white hairs along the sutures; the lower one of which is
nearly straight, the upper more or less wavy, with a thickened margin, and termi-
nating in the short hard base of the style above the centre of the apex. Seeds
from 5 or 6, to 8, 10, or 12, pale olive-brown, roundish or subelliptical, a little
compressed, quite smooth, abrupt, notched and foveate at the summit to receive
the carunculoid villose funiculus: Ailum circular, depressed, downy, with a trans-
verse furrow.

IIL. Genistra, Linn. Green-weed.

“ Calyx 2-lipped; upper lip with two deep segments, entire,
lower one with 8 teeth. Standard oblong. Keel deflexed after
flowering. Legume flat or turgid, many-seeded.—Leaves simple
or trifoliate.”—Br. Fl.

1. G. tinctoria, L. Dyer’s Green-weed. Woad-waxen. “ Un-
armed, leaves lanceolate or elliptical nearly glabrous, stipules
112 LEGUMINOS&. [Genista.

minute subulate, branches rounded striated, flowers spicato-race-
mose, corolla and legumes glabrous.’—Br. Fl. p. 94. EH. B. t.
AA,

In rough pastures, and dry borders of fields and thickets, in very many places,
abundantly. Fl. July, August. £r. September. hh.

E. Med.—Abundant on Ashey common. Pastures between Wootton common
and Newport, frequent. In woods and pastures along the shore between Woctton
Creek and King’s Quay. On the slipped banks along the shore between Ryde
and Binstead in one spot plentifully. Field between Quarr Abbey and Ninham.
In a meadow on Brading marshes, abundantly.

W., Med.—Very plentiful in many places about Freshwater. Most abundantly
in pastures in the vicinity of Newport race-course. Rough clay pasture-ground
between W. Cowes and Gurnet Bay, about Egypt, &c., abundantly.

Root woody, very long, tortuous, much-branched, and creeping horizontally in
all directions, the bark deep brown, rough and wrinkled. Stems numerous, form-
ing a bushy tuft, woody, leafless and depressed at the base, soon emitting many
(annual ?) green, slender, angular and striated, leafy branches, which are ascend-
ing below, then erect, from about 12—18 inches high, glabrous and usually sim-
ple below, more or less alternately branched in the upper part, the branches axil-
lary, short, erect or diverging, and like the main stems quite destitute of spines,
more or less beset with fine, downy, scattered hairs. eaves alternate or scattered,
on very short almost obsolete flat petioles, a little remote, erect or diverging, flat,
dark green, smovth and shining, the lowermost 2—3 lines in breadth, mostly
lanceolate or elliptic-lanceolate, acule, glabrous excepting along the margins and
midrib beneath, which are fringed with silky hairs. S¢ipules extremely minute,
triangular-subulate. Flowers solitary, axillary, erect, crowded at the summits of
the yearly (?) shoots into lax oblong racemes. Peduneles hairy, shorter than the
calyx, bearing a pair of subulate bracts above the middle. Calyx yellowish
green, tubuluso-campanulate, about } inch long, slightly hairy, somewhat 2-lip-
ped, the segments about equal in length, ciliated, the 2 upper triangular-subu-
late, straight, the 3 lower smaller and narrower, mostly connivent, finally decurved,
(Leighton). Corolla bright yellow inclining to orange, about 3 times as long as
the calyx, glabrous; standard roundish, the margins more or less deflexed, ovate,
obtuse and emarginate, with a very short, abrupt, vaulted claw; wings elliptical-
oblong, very obtuse, nearly the length of the keel, their claws long and narrow ;
keel oblong, very obtuse, thin and flat anteriorly, a little hairy on its inferior edge,
its lamine at first cohering, at length separating, and together with the wings
deflexed or pendulous; as long as the standard, spurred above their slender claws.
Stamens ascending, all united (monadelphous) into a glanduloso-pubescent tube :
anthers large, oblong, yellowish, at length dark purple and linear. Style greenish,
ascending, glabrous, cylindrical, recurved at the apex; stigma flat. Legumes
spreading or suberect, from about 9 to 15 lines in length, straight or somewhat
faleate, strongly compressed, torulose, dark brown or nearly black, shining and
glabrous. Seeds roundish and subcompressed, usually about 6—9, sometimes
more or less, rarely all perfect, olive-brown or greenish, very smooth, shining and
glabrous ; hilum round, with an oblique, tumid, annular border.

2. G. anglica, L. Needle Green-weed. Petty Whin. “ Spi-
nous, spines simple none on the flowering branches, leaves ovato-
lanceolate, glabrous, stipules obsolete, flowers axillary somewhat
racemed, corolla and legumes glabrous.” —Br. Fl. p.95. E. B. t.
132. Guwimp. und Hayne, Abbild, der Deutsch. Holtzart. ii. 162,
t. 121.

On moist heaths, moors and pastures, also in spongy bogs, not unfrequent.
Fil. May, June. Fr. July.

#. Med.— Abundant on the moory parts of Munsley Hill, by Godshill. About
Rookley farm, and on the deepest and wettest bog near the Wilderness. Ona
Ononis.] LEGUMINOS#. 113

moory piece of land close to Pagham, called, I believe, Burton Hill. Between
Mount Misery and Smallgains Heath, plentiful, G. Kirkpatrick, Esq.! | Woot-
ton common? Mr. Lawrence.

W. Med.—On heathy ground on the N. side of Parkhurst forest. Field by
Albany barracks, Newport. Near Cowes. New White-house farm, Miss G.
Kilderbee. Near Colwell barracks, B. T. W.

A bumble prickly shrub, of straggling growth. Root extremely tough and
woody, pale brown externally, much branched and contorted, running far and
wide beneath the surface, and ending in numerous long, flexile, diffuse and
decumbent or prostrate, woody stems, which are rounded, bare and nearly simple
below, variously and irregularly branched towards their mostly ascending extre-
mities, the short ultimate divisions of»which are spreading, divaricate or curved
upwards, uneven and beset with slender, pungent, straight or slightly recurved
spines (abortive branches), from 4 to 4 an inch or more in length, wanting on the
annual or flowering shoots and on the lower parts of the stem and larger branches.
Leaves confined entirely to the short lateral and terminal shoots of the current and
foregoing year, alternate or scattered, often with a fascicle of smaller leaves in
their axils, surrounding a nascent spine, very shortly stalked or almost sessile, the
petiole with a few hairs; about } of an inch long, dull grayish green, glabrous
and somewhat fleshy, flat and spreading, elliptic-lanceolate, acute and apiculate,
becoming broader or more ovate as they approach the flowers, at length beneath
the latter broadly elliptical or obovate. Stipules none. Flowers solitary and axil-
lary, about 4 of an inch long. Pedicels lax, shorter than the leaves, having about
the middle a pair of minute, opposite or alternate, subulate, hairy bracts with
tumid gland-like bases. Calyx very short, 5-nerved, 2-lipped, fringed along the
margins, otherwise glabrous ; upper lip shorter than the lower, in 2 deep, ellip-
tic-oblong, diverging segments ; lower lip trifid, segments lanceolate, acute or
acuminate, slightly sinuate, the sinuses of both lips and their segments acute or
very slightly rounded only. Corolla of an uniform bright yellow without mark-
ings of any kind; standard obovato-elliptical, slightly pointed, minutely emargi-
nate, reflexed and revolute, with a very short claw. Style long, glabrous, com-
pressed, not channelled, ascending below, then wearly erect, curved. Legumes
scarcely above $ an inch in length, yellowish green or brownish, very hard and
smooth, oblong, cylindrical and obtuse, tipped with the pungent incurved base of
the style. Seeds about 10 or 12, pendulous from the superior commissure, sinall,
roundish and dimpled, very smooth, black and shining, seldom all perfected.*

This species possesses perhaps sufficient attractions in its flowers to make it
desirable for cultivation, were it not for its straggling unsightly mode of growth,
and long, bare, prickly branches, which look as if quite dried up. Indeed, the
duration of these is probably limited to three years at furthest, and the rvvt, it is
likely, does not survive much longer.

B. Stems herbaceous.
IV. Ownonts, Linn. Rest-harrow.

“ Calyx campanulate, 5-cleft, its segments linear. Standard
large, striated. Keelrostrate. Legume turgid, sessile, few-seeded.
—Leaves simple or trifoliolate.’—Br. Fl.

1. O. arvensis, L. Common Rest-harrow. Cammock. “ Shrub-
by, branches hairy often spinous, lower leaves ternate, the rest
simple oblong or oval serrated except at the base, flowers soli-
tary shortly stalked, calyx much shorter than the corolla, legume

 

* The seeds are frequently destroyed in the pod by a little beetle peculiar to
this species, the Apion Geniste.
Q
114 LEGUMINOSE. | Anthyllis.

erect obliquely rhomboid 2—3 seeded, seeds tuberculated.”— Br.
Fil. p. 96.

a. repens. Prostrate, spinous, and very shaggy and hoary. O. repens, Z.: E. B.
Suppl. t. 2659.

B. spinosa. “ Erect or ascending more glabrous.”— Br. Fl. p. 96. FE. B.
t. 682.

In barren pastures, by roadsides, the borders of fields and thickets, and on dry
sandy banks and cliffs by the sea; abundantly. #/. June—September. 2.

The Rest-harrow is called Cammock in this island, in Sussex, and in other
parts of England, where it is reputed to communicate its nauseous goat-like
odour to the milk and cheese of cows pastuygd where it abounds; cheese so tainted
is said in these counties to be cammocky.

V. Anruytus, Linn. Kidney-vetch.

Calyx inflated, 5-toothed. Petals nearly equal inlength. Keel
obtuse or shortly pointed. Legume oval, 1—3 seeded, enclosed
in the permanent calyx.—Leaves usually pinnate.

1. A. Vulneraria, L. Common Kidney-vetch or Lady's Fingers.
‘“* Herbaceous, leaves pinnate, leaflets unequal, heads of flowers
in pairs.’—Br. Fl. p. 96. HE. B. t. 104.

B. Leaves fleshy, nearly glabrous, flowers paler. A. maritima, Schweigg. Bluff
et Fingerh. Comp. Fl. Germ. ii. p. 187, No. 1976.

In dry, and especially chalky or limestone pastures, and on grassy slopes, but
not very common in this island. /°l. May, June. ‘

&. Med.—Plentiful by the pathside along the brow of Cowpit Cliff, between
Shanklin and Cook's Castle. About St. Catherine’s lighthouse, abundant. Vent-
nor. Chalky hollow between Niton and Whitwell.

W. Med.— White Pit, Newport; and Lenten Pit, Carisbrooke.

8. Abundant on the steep banks in Sandown bay. Cliffs near the Needles.
Between Foreland point and Whitecliff bay. Cliff near St. Catherine’s point.

Claws of the petals extremely long and slender; keel and wings cohering
strongly. Style very long, with a swollen joint at some distance below the stigma.
Legume very small, quite concealed in the white, chaffy, inflated calyx,’ stipitate
on a slender pedicel {rom the upper suture, blackish, reticulated, nearly semiorbi-

cular, the edges much compressed. Seed solitary, large, ovate, greenish, very
smooth.

Subtribe 2. TrrroLiez.

Legume 1-celled. Stamens diadelphous. Stems herbaceous, rarely shrubby.
Leaves 3—5-foliolate, rarely imparipinnate.

VI. Menpicaco, Linn. Medick.

Calyx with 5 nearly equal teeth. Keel obtuse. Legume fal-
cate or spirally twisted.— Leaves trifoliolute.

*1. M. satwa, L. Purple Medick. Lucerne. “ Stem usually
erect, leaflets obovate-oblong toothed, peduncles many-flowered
racemed, pedicels usually shorter than the bracteas, legumes
compressed downy twisted 2—3 times in a loose spire.”—Br. Fl.
p.97. E. B.t. 1749.

In meadows and pastures, on dry banks, horders of fields, and by waysides,
oceasionally ; naturalized. FU. June, July. 2f.
Medicago.] LEGUMINOS&. 115

EB, Med.— Abundant in a field close to Bonchurch farm, the remains probably
of cultivation ; also near the same place by the path leading frum thence to the
landslip.

W. Med.—Persistent (from cultivation) or naturalized in a grass-field close to
Gurnet farm, in great abundance.

2. M. lupulina, L. Black Medick. Nonsuch. “Leaves obo-
vate-cuneate, stipules nearly entire, peduncles many - flowered,

spikes dense oval, legumes compressed unarmed kidney-shaped.”
—Br. Fl. p. 97. E. B.t. 971.

In dry waste and cultivated ground, fields, meadows, pastures, and by waysides
&e.; abundantly. F/. May—August. ©.

3. M. maculata, Sibth. Spotted Medick. Heart Medick.
“ Leaflets obcordate, stipules toothed, peduncles few-flowered,
legumes compactly spiral compressed, the spires furrowed at the
edge and fringed with a double row of long spreading curved
prickles.’—Br. Fl. p. 97. M. polymorpha, EZ. B. t. 1616.

In meadows, pastures, waste ground, by waysides and on hedgebanks, and
sometimes in woods ; frequent, especially on a gravelly or calcareous soil. Fl.
May—August. ©.

EE, Med.—On the Dover, occasionally. Abundant on the shore between Spring-
field and Nettlestune point. On a piece of waste ground just out of Quarr-abbey
farm going up to the Fish-houses, in plenty. St Helen’s, on the way to the spit,
in great plenty. Just out of Shanklin towards Bonchurch. In vast profusion in
a meadow by Beauchamp, near Niton.

W. Med.— Abundant and very luxuriant on sandy banks about Mottiston
church. Frequent about Brixton, Mottiston, Brook, and elsewhere on the green
(?) sand. At W. Cowes. Parapet of Yarmouth castle, Norton, &c., B. T. W.

4. M. denticulata, Willd. Reticulated Medick. Nearly gla-
brous, leaflets obcordate, stipules laciniated, peduncles few-flower-
ed, legumes broad loosely spiral and flat with 2—3 spires deeply
reticulated the margin thin keeled with a double compact row of
prickles.

8. vulgaris, Benth. Spines about half the diameter of the pod, divergent,
hooked at the extremity. Benth. E. B. vol. xxxvii. t. 2634. G. E. Smith, Pls.
of S. Kent. Br. Fl. p. 98.

On sandy banks and cliffs by the sea; veryrare. Fl. May, June. Fr. June.

E. Med.— At the foot of the cliff in Sandown bay towards the Culvers, just at
the junction of the chalk with the green sandstone, plentifully, but, so far as T
have observed it, in one spot only, of a few feet in extent; in greater plenty on
the same cliff just below the summit. [On St. Helen’s spit, in some plenty, by
the old church ruins and along the road; also on the bank at Brading quay, and
along the road thence towards the village, sparingly, A. G. More, Esq.—Edrs.]

Root tapering, with many whitish fibres. Stems several, prostrate, from a few
inches to a foot and upwards in length, quadrangular, glabrous in my specimens.
Leaflets inversely heart-shaped, the 2 lateral nearly sessile, the middle one stalked,
toothed in their upper half, quite glabrous, the midrib continued into a small
point a little curved upwards at the notch. Stipules laciniato-dentate, their seg-
ments unequal, linear and acute. Flowers 2—5, on axillary peduncles, small, and
much paler than those of M. maculata. Sepals awl-shaped, nearly equal in
length. Legumes on the elongated peduncles, blackish when ripe, mostly in our
Isle-of-Wight specimens of 23 rather loose spiral convolutions, much compressed
Jaterally, their surface curiously and deeply rugoso-reticulate, crested along their
116 LEGUMINOSAE. { Melilotus.

edges with a double row of more or less spreading or divergent very rigid spines,
hooked at their extremities and about half the diameter of the pod in Jength, the
thin sutural margin of the legume running between the two rows. Seeds large,
yellowish, oblongo-reniform, very smvoth, shining and much compressed.

VII. Mexmorus, Journ. Melilot.

“ Calyx 5-toothed ; teeth nearly equal. Petals distinct, deci-
duous. Keel obtuse. Legume 1- or few-seeded, indehiscent,
longer than the calyx.—Flowers in long racemes. Leaves trifo-
hiolate.’—Br. Fi.

1. M. officinalis, L. Common Yellow Melilot. “Legumes 1—2
seeded ovate compressed pointed irregularly veined and rugose,
racemes lax, corolla more than twice as long as the calyx, petals
all of nearly equal length, stem erect.” — Br. Fl. p. 98. Trifo-
lium, Sm.: E. B. t. 1840.

In woods, thickets, hedges, borders of fields, and on banks by the sea, in many
places abundantly. £/. June—August. fr. August, September. ¢. or ©.
Sm. &ce.

E. Med.— Between Ryde and Sea View. Abuzdant on the shore near the
Priory, and in a wood below St. Helen’s. In Inwards Copse, near Ashey. Steep
banks facing the sea South of Luccombe chine, in plenty. In vast profusion in
Bloodstone Copse, 1845, actually covering the ground in some parts so as wholly
to conceal it from view, appearing to have sprung up in consequence of the recent
clearing of the copse, as I had not previously remarked it there, and of the vast
assemblage of plants scarcely one could be found in blossom, August 24th, a pretty
clear proof of its being biennial or perennial, not annual, as given by some authors.
Between Truckles and Hardingshoot. Woods between Luccombe and Shanklin,
in profusion, Dr. Martin !

W. Med.—Near Hampstead farm in various places. Abundantly on the banks
of slipped clay between W. Cowes and Gurnet bay, between Egypt House and
the old limekiln on the shore.

Legumes drooping or pendulous, about 2 to 3 lines in length, brownish or black,
attenuated or substipitate within the far shorter calyx, ovate more or less inclining
to ovate-orbicular or subrhomboidal, somewhat inflated, coarsely, prominently and
reticulately ruyose, sprinkled with fine appressed but sparsely scattered hairs,
margins thin and flat, partially dehiscent along the very compressed upper suture,
which terminates obliquely and anteriorly in the rather long straight or recurved
base of the style. Seeds 2 or often 1 by abortion, pale greenish, reddish or brown-
ish yellow, subcompressed, glabrous, truncate and obliqnely cordate at top by a
deep notch, in the centre of which is a circular depression surrounding the slightly
oval hilum.

I have remarked the blossoms of this plant to be very attractive to bees.

+2. M. vulgaris, Willd. White Melilot. ‘“ Legumes 1—2
seeded ovate obtuse mucronate reticulato-rugose, racemes lax,
corolla twice as long as the calyx, keel and wings shorter than the
standard, stem erect.”—Br. Fl. p.98. M.leucantha, Koch, E. B.
Suppl. t. 2689. Fl. Dan. x. t. 1705. Bab. Alan. of Brit. Bot. p.
75.

In waste ground and cultivated fields, amongst corn, clover or lucerne; also
(but not in this island) on banks by the sea; rave, and apparently introduced.
fl. July—September.  f.

E. Med.— A specimen or two amongst clover at the back of a wood called
Heath, facing Roughborough farm, between Ryde and Brading. A few specimens
Aporanthus.} LEGUMINOSA. 117

in a sandy cornfield by Tinker’s Hole and nearly opposite Cliff farm. At Vent-
nor, Dr. Martin. :

W. Med.—Clover-fallow near Kingston, and a specimen or two in the same
situation near Luccombe.

I confess this appears to me a very slight variety ouly of the common yellow
Melilot, differing merely in the colour and rather smaller size of the Howers.

VIII. Aporanruus, Nob.* Bird’s-foot Trefoil.

1. A. Trifoliastrum, Nob. Bird's - foot Trefoil. “ Peduncles
about 3-flowered, legumes compressed about 8 - seeded nearly
twice as long as the calyx, leaflets obcordate toothed at the
extremity; stems decumbent.” Trigonella ornithopodioides, DC.
Br. Fl. p. 99. Trifolium, Z.: EZ. B.t.1047. Curt. Fl. Lond. i.
fase. 2, t. 58.

On dry, short, gravelly or sandy pastures and banks; apparently rare, but pro-
bably only from escaping notice by its diminutive size. Fl. May, June. ©.

£. Med.—Oiu the spit below St. Helen’s. On the short-turf above the beach
between Sandown and the fort abundantly, as also by the descent to the King’s
Head Inn from the high road on the North side. On the Dover, Ryde, shown
me there by Mr. Wm, Jolliffe. [On the shore of the harbour at Bembridge, near
the bathing-house of Bembridge Lodge, A. G. More, E'sq., Edrs.]

A minute plant, very different in structure from the following genus, often grow-
ing in small cespitose patches, and liable where Trifolium subterraneum abounds
to be overlooked for a dwarf state of that plant. Root whitish, simple, tapering
and fibrous, beset, as is frequent in plants of this natural order, with little fleshy
excrescences. Stems a few inches long at most, numervus, prostrate, rounded,
simple or branched, scarred, hollow in the centre, leafy and glabrous, in all my
specimens sending out simple fleshy fibres beneath for some distance from the
root which strike into the earth. Leaves on long tootstalks that are flattened but
scarcely channelled above, of 3 very small, inversely heart-shaped or obovate,
shortly stalked leaflets, with sharp, distant, mucronate, denticulate serratures,
entire near the base, quite glabrous, with straight parallel veins and a very thick
prominent midrib at the back. Stipules at the base of the petioles, sheathing the
peduncles and amplexicaul, ovato-lancevlate, membranous, with long, taper, ribbed
and very acute points. Peduncles axillary, solitary, compressed, 1-, 2-, or
3-flowered, various in length, usually much shorter than the leaves. Pedicels
very short, a little hairy, with a minute, white, unequally toothed, sheath-like
bract at the base of each. Flowers small, flesh-coloured or nearly white. Calyx
slender, tubular, slightly hairy, 10-ribbed, the teeth long, linear-lanceolate, equi-
distant, with very slender acute points, dark green, with a single rib and pale
edges, the 4 superior equal in length, the lowermost a very little shorter; all a lit-
tle curved upwards. Corolla narrow, nearly double the length of the calyx, closely
conduplicate, striated, without a distinct claw ; wings and keel abruptly narrowed
into very long, extremely slender, uncombined claws. Legumes oblong, very
obtuse, a little compressed and curved, slightly hairy, tipped with the style, con-
siderably exceeding the closely investing permanent calyx, and widely dehiscing

 

* [It is much to be regretted that the lamented author had not drawn up a
description of his newly constituted genus Aporanthus. For convenience we
quote from the ‘ British Flora’ of Hooker and Arnott the characters of Trigonella,
to which genus the author's species is referred by them, as well as by DeCandolle.
—Edrs.

“6 Te aeee Linn, Calyx 5-toothed ; teeth nearly equal. Petals distinct ;
keel obtuse. Ovary many-seeded. Legume straight or slightly curved, many-
seeded, much longer than the calyx, 2-valved.—Flowers in few or many-flowered
heads, or short racemes. Leaves trifoliate.’—Br. Fl.
118 LEGUMINOSAE. [Trifolium.

for the greater part of their length. Seeds usually 8, pale yellowish green spotted
with black, roundish and angular by compression, very smooth and shining.

IX. Trrrourum, Linn. Trefoil.

“ Calyx 5-toothed; teeth unequal. Wings united by their
claws to the obtuse keel, persistent. Legume 1—4 seeded, inde-
hiscent, about as long as the calyx by which it is enclosed.—
Flowers capitate. Leaves trifoliolate.”—Br. Fl.

A. Flowers white or purple.

a. Heads many-flowered, compact, roundish or oblong. Calyx not inflated after
flowering.

* Legume more than 2-seeded.

1. T. repens, L. Creeping Trefoil. White or Dutch Clover.
“Heads umbellate globose, legumes with 4 seeds, calyx-teeth
unequal, leaflets obcordate serrulate, stems creeping.’—Br. Fl. p.
99. H.B.t. 1769.

In fields, meadows, pastures, waste places, and by roadsides, universally. Fl.
May—September. 2{.

** Legume 1- or 2-seeded.

2. T. pratense, L. Common Purple Trefoil. Red Clover.
Honeysuckle Trefoil. Vect. Broad Clover, Cow-grass. ‘“ Heads
dense ovate sessile, calyx hairy, its teeth setaceous ciliated, lower
one longer than the rest half longer than the tube of the corolla,
stipules ovate bristle-pointed, leaflets oval or obcordate, stems
ascending.”’—Br, Fl. p.100. H. B. t. 1770.

In similar places with the foregoing, and equally abundant. 57. May—Sep-
tember. 2f.or %.?

3. T. medium, L. Zigzag Trefoil. “ Heads lax subglobose
stalked solitary terminal, calyx glabrous, the teeth setaceous
hairy, lower one longer than the rest about equal to the tube of
the corolla, stipules lanceolate acuminate, leaflets elliptical, stems
branched zigzag.’— Br. Fl. p. 100. E. B.t.190. Fl. Dan. vii.
t. 1278 (bona).

In dry, elevated, billy pastures on a calcareous soil, or on gravelly ones with a
clay bottom ; rare? Fl. June—September. 2,.

E, Med.—Very fine and abundant in Firestone Copse at the junction of the
roads to Ninham and Haven-street, Dr. Bell-Salter. Pasture-field on Vinni-
combe hill, by Newchurch, Mr. Loe. [In the hedge on the North side of the
road leading from Ashey toll-gate near Ryde to Gatehouse, abundantly the whole
way ;—on the bank on the South side of the road between Guildford and Lynn,
sparingly,—also near Ashey down on the cross-road to Haven-steet, Dr. Bell-
Salter.—Edrs. |

W. Med.—On slipped land along the shore at the Limekiln Cliff, W. Cowes,
Miss G. Kilderbee !

4. T. arvense, L. Hare’s-foot Trefoil. “ Heads very hairy
soft cylindrical terminal stalked, calyx-teeth longer than the
Trifolium.] LEGUMINOSAE. 119

corolla permanently setaceous at length somewhat spreading, sti-
pules ovate-acuminate, leaflets lanceolate obtuse, stems erect
much branched.”—Br, Fl. p.101. EH. B. t. 944.

In dry, barren, sandy fields and pastures, on banks and waste ground by the
sea; frequent. Jl. June—August. ©.

E. Med.—On the Dover, Ryde. Plentiful and very luxuriant at the foot of
the cliffs in Sandown bay, on the débris of the green sandstone. On St. Helen’s
spit. .

Root tough, tapering, with several long slender fibres running far into the sandy
ground. Stems round, numerous, erect or ascending, sometimes procumbent,
clothed like the rest of the plant with copious gray pubescence. Leaves on short
stalks, of 3 narrow, obovato-lanceolate, sessile leaflets, abrupt or truncate at the
tip, with a minute point and a few obscure serratures. Stipules small, strongly
ribbed with green or purple, with long spreading points. Heads of flowers termi-
nal, cylindrical, very obtuse, grayish white with a bluish tinge, extremely soft,
scarcely an inch long. Calyx minute, the tube ovate, 10-ribbed, and like the
long, flexible, spreading, setaceous teeth covered with fine white hairs. Cvrolla
much shorter than the calyx-teeth, very small, cream-coloured, ovate, incumbent,
the sides deflexed, with a loug, broad, curved claw. Legumes very minute, yel-
lowish, membranous and wrinkled, nearly orbicular, tipped with the style. Seed
solitary, filling the pod, greenish yellow, nearly globular, smooth.

5. T. striatum, L. Soft Knotted Trefoil. Downy, heads of
flowers terminal and axillary ovate subsolitary sessile, calyx pro-
minently 10-ribbed in seed ventricose, its teeth subulate nearly
erect rigid, leaflets obcordate subdenticulate at the summit with
numerous close not prominent veins running straight to the mar-
gin. Br. Fl. p.101. EH. B. t. 1848.

In dry sandy or chalky fields, pastures and waste places, but not common. Fi.
May, June. ©.

£. Med.—On the Dover, Ryde. [On St. Helen’s spit and in Sandown bay,
A. G. More, Esq., Edrs.}

Whole herb downy with copious, long, simple, spreading hairs. Root tough,
whitish and tapering, scarcely branched but mostly emitting many slender tuber-
cular fibres. Stems numerous, much branched from the base or nearly simple,
round, solid, purplish above, a little rigid, 3 inches and upwards in length, usu-
ally procumbent or prostrate, rarely in a variety mentioned by Mr. Leighton (FI.
of Shrops. p. 363) erect or ascending, for the most part spreading in a circular
form. Leaves distant, alternate, inferiur on long, the superior on much shorter
half-rounded petioles grooved above, the uppermost leaf subtending the terminal
flower-heads, very shortly stalked; leaflets silky, grayish green, on very short
stalks, or very nearly sessile; those of the lower leaves obcordatu-obovate or even
rotundato-obovate ; of the upper obovate or obovate-elliptical, cuneate at the base
and pointed, at other times shaped like the inferior leaflets ; all, as Sir W. Hooker
remarks, nearly entire, being only obscurely sinuato-denticulate along their upper
margins, the veins, as Koch observes, of equal thickness throughout, very nume-
rous, close, not prominent, and running in nearly straight lines to their marginal
termination. Stipules large, membranaceous, ribbed, ovate or oblong, adnate to
the petiole and amplexicaul, with subulate sometimes leafy points, those beneath
the flower-heads very broad and concave. Heads many-flowered, axillary and
terminal, solitary or in pairs (the second smaller and placed laterally), sessile,
ovate or roundish ovate, often (at least in seed) subconical. Flowers small, erect,
quite sessile and ebracteate. Calyx tubular, somewhat elliptical, a little gibbous
in front, much swollen or ventricose in seed, prominently 10-ribbed, the ribs red
or greenish, when in fruit forming very broad convex ridges with deep intermedi-
ate furrows; teeth erect, lanceolato-triangular, scarcely half the length of the
tube, green or purplish, single-ribbed, rigid and unequal, the 3 lowermost rather
120 LEGUMINOS&. (Trifolium.

longer than the 2 upper, all subulato-acuminate, with spine-like tips, not at all
spreading or reflexed in seed, the mouth of the calyx contracted and thickened
internally into a sort of hairy ring. Corolla longer than the calyx, pale rose-
coloured without stria, sometimes nearly white, much narrowed and elongated
backwards ; wings and keel equal. Legume enclosed in the whitish ov brownish
ventricuse calyx, very thin and chaffy, subglobose, tipped with the deflexed not
straight style. Seed solitary, oval or ovato-rotundate, brownish yellow, slightly
rugose and quite glabrous.

The specific name refers to the strongly ribbed or striated calyx. The figure
of this speeies in ‘ English Botany’ has the leaflets drawn too distinctly serrated.

6. T. scabrum, L. Rough Rigid Trefoil. Heads of flowers
terminal and axillary sessile ovate, calyx tubuloso-campanulate in
seed, its teeth unequal triangular lanceolate very rigid 1-nerved
at length patent, leaflets obcordate serrulate their veins very pro-
minent upwards and curving towards their marginal termination
rather distant, stems procumbent. Br. Fl. p. 102. H. B. t.
903.

In similar places, and often in company with the last; perhaps rather more
frequently observable. #7. May—July. ©.

E, Med.—On the Dover, Ryde, in tolerable plenty. On dry pasture-ground at
E. Cowes, along the shore below Statwood. By the Rope-walk, E. Cowes, Miss
G, Kilderbee. On St. Helen’s spit,

W. Med.—Dowun by Freshwater, first noticed by Mr. D. Turner, Mr. D. Snooke.
In Thorness bay, Rev. W. H, Coleman. Abundantly at Norton, on the turf nearly
opposite Mrs. Mitchell’s and Sir Graham Hamond’s.

Legume extremely inute, shorter even than the tube of the very much hard-
ened calyx, and which consequently retains it more firmly than in T. striatum ;
very thin and membranous, tipped with the style, filled with the solitary, oblong,
somewhat compressed, bright yellow and very smooth seed, which is scarcely half
as broad or thick as in T. striatum.

Smitb and Curtis (Fl. Lond.) describe the calyx-teeth as recurved in seed, and
the latter quotes Vaillants excellent figure (Bot. Par. t. 33, fig. 1), but both that
and Curtis’s own plate represent them as little more than spreading or patent,
certainly not, as Koch declares, bent back like a bow (in einem Bogen absteheni).
In all my fine and numerous fresh specimens the calyx-teeth are mostly patent,
or at farthest somewhat spreading, never decidedly recurved, though the points
only of a few teeth here and there are slightly bent backwards.

This and the preceding species have a great general resemblance to each other,
and their characters, as laid down in our standard British works, scarcely enable the
young botanist to distinguish them with certainty. I have for this reason altered
the specific definition of Smith and Hooker, and inserted the excellent characters
of Koch (in Rohling’s ‘ Deutschland’s Flora’), taken chiefly from the mode of ner-
vation in the leaves. The following differences are observable in the two species:
—T. striatum and T. scabrum are both rigid, especially in seed, but the former is
always more stiff and wiry in its stems than the latter ; the heads of flowers and
the whole plant smaller and more slender. When in fruit the calyx is perhaps
equally rigid in both, but the much broader triangular-lanceolate teeth of 7. sca-
brum, whose tubular campanulate calyx is also coloured, will serve to distinguish
it in that state from the pale, bleached, ventricose calyx of J. striatum, the teeth
of which, though equally erect, are very narrow or subulate, with few finer and
more slender points. The character of Koch, taken from the size and direction
of the veins on the leaflets, is excellent, and will help to distinguish the two plants
at any period of growth.

7. 'T. glomeratum, L. Smooth Rouwnd-headed Trefoil. Heads
terminal and axillary sessile globose, calyx-teeth ovate very acute
Trifolium.) LEGUMINOS&. 121

leafy veiny at length reflexed, leaflets obcordate toothed, stipules
ovate much acuminated, stems procumbent. Br. Fl. p. 102. EH.
B. t. 1068.

In dry, short, gravelly, sandy or heathy pastures, and on waste sandy ground
by the sea; rare. Fl. May, June. ©.

FE. Med, — On the Dover, Ryde, sparingly. On an earthen bank in Sandown
bay, near the turning off to Brading and Ryde, 1848. A few small but perfect
specimens on a bank by the sea, between Sandown and the fort, Sandown bay,
Dr. Martin!!! (On St. Helen’s spit abundantly, Dr. Bell-Salter, Edrs.]

W. Med.—At Freshwater Gate.

Root annual, whitish, tapering and fibrous. Stems several, quite prostrate, irre-
gularly though not much branched, round, solid, smooth, whitish or purplish, usu-
ally spreading in a circular form, from 3 or 4 to 6 or 8 inches in length. Leaves
bright green with a pale spot in the centre of each leaflet, quite glabrous like the
whole plant; leaflets small, very shortly stalked, with numerous straight parallel
veins, roundly obovate, edged with purple, minutely sharply and unequally denti-
culato-serrulate, lowermost serratures larger and more distant, the base of the leaf-
lets entire. Petioles of variable length, semiterete, canaliculate above. Stipules
sheathing, coloured, ribbed, roundish or oblong, with subulate sometimes reflexed
points. Flowers minute, light pink or purplish, in small, dense, axillary and ter-
minal sessile heads or clusters, of a globular form and about the size of peas.
BGracts solitary under each flower, small, white, scariose and pointed. Calyx ses-
sile, campanulate, with 10 purplish prominent ribs, and 5 green, short, ovato-tri-
angular teeth, which are 3-nerved, very acutely pointed and spreading, though
finally reflexed and rigid. Corolla longer than the calyx, the standard very flatly
conduplicate, curved upwards and acute, without claws, not striated except when
beginning to wither, when it becomes very evidently streaked, neazly or quite con-
cealing the very minute whitish keel and wings. Legume about as long as the
tube of the calyx, roundish, compressed, very thin and membranous, tipped with
the long persistent style, bursting along its upper suture and rupturing irregularly
besides. Seeds 2, very often but 1 by abortion, very globular, pale yellow, often
greenish.

The perfect smoothness of the whole plant, with the smaller much rounder
heads of flowers, are all sufficient distinctions between this species and T° striatum.

8. T. suffocatun, L. Suffocated Trefoil. ‘ Heads sessile
roundish, petals shorter than the membranaceous faintly striated
calyx whose teeth are broadly subulate falcate recurved.”—Br.
Fl. p. 102. EH. B. t. 1049.

In loose sandy waste or pasture-ground along the sea-shore, but rarely. FU.
May—July. ©.

E. Med.—On the Dover, Ryde, Rev. G. E. Smith !!! and where I have since
picked it myself. Red Cliff, just the spot ov which the new lighthouse (St.
Catherine's) is erected, George Kirkpatrick, Esq. [In great abundance on St..
Helen’s spit, especially in the less worn parts of the road, A. G. More, Esq., Edrs.]

Root whitish, tapering, branched and fibrous, sometimes with a few granula-
tions. Stems numerous, prostrate, simple or slightly branched at the base, mostly
spreading in a circular form, and half buried in the sand, from about 1 to 3 or 4
inches in length, round, smooth, solid, leafy and glabrous, as is the whole plant.
Leaves bright green, alternate, on very long, slender, semiterete petioles that are
flattened or sery slightly grooved above, sometimes nearly 3 inches in length ;
leaflets very shortly stalked (the 2 lateral almost sessile), obcordate or obovate, dis-
tantly and sharply denticulato-serrate in their upper half, the serratures spinulose,
wedge-shaped and quite entire in their lower half, somewhat shining beneath, with
few, distant, filiform, not at all prominent ribs running direct to the marginal
points. Stipules broad, scariose, not coloured, with long, subulate, green points,
ribless except 3 strong green nerves beneath (the centre one continued into the

g
122 LEGUMINOS&. (Trifolium.

petiole, of which the stipules seem a mere expansion) and a single lateral rib run-
ning up into the points. Flowers crowded in small, roundish, axillary, sessile
heads that usually appear densely aggregated towards the base of the stems.
Calyx sessile, tubular, cylindrical, a little compressed and sometimes curved,
faintly ribbed or striate, clothed (at least in my specimens) with a few long scat-
tered hairs; the teeth very long and acute, lanceolate, somewhat falcate, green,
with a pale central rib and whitish almost winged margins from their sudden dila-
tion below the subulate points; nearly equal, the 2 upper teetb rather broadest,
more or less spreading and recurved, very much so in seed, when they become
considerably rigid and the calyx-ribs become very apparent. Corolla very minute,
scariose and nearly colourless, slightly greenish only, according to Smith rose-
coloured, a little longer than the calyx-tube but much shorter than its teeth ;
standard ovate, closely conduplicate, scarcely striate except when withered. Style
long, slender, tapering. Legume very minute, enclosed in the now ventricose and
gibbous calyx, short, broad, whitish and membranous, compressed, with thick
marginal sutures, glabrous, mostly with a deep notch between the seeds, beaked
with the ascending triangular base of the style about the middle of its very obtuse
anterior extremity. Seeds 2, greenish or brownish yellow, nearly globular, or by
the prominence of the radicle slightly renifurm, glabrous and somewhat uneven
with a few warty granulations.

I have observed the style changed occasionally into a small leaf, from excessive
humidity.

The very long petioles, lateral, dense, scarcely orbicular heads of flowers, more
distantly serrated leaflets, entire in their lower half, readily distinguish this spe-
cies from its congeners.

b. Heads few lowered, at length producing thick stellate fibres (abortive calyces)
from their centre, which ultimately fold over the fruit.

9. T. subterranewm, L. Subterraneous Trefoil. “ Heads late-
ral stalked hairy of few flowers, at length deflexed and throwing
out from their centre thick fibres palmated at the extremity (abor-
tive calyces) which are closely bent down over the reflexed fruit.”
—Br. Fl. p. 100. #. B. t. 1048. Rohling’s Deutschl. Fl. v.
band. s. 274.

On the short turf of sandy or gravelly pastures, heaths and commons; by no
means unfrequent. Fl. May, June. ©.

E. Med.— Sandy ground at Langbridge, by Newchurch. Profusely in the
chamomile pit at the turning off of the road to the fort from that to Brading, in
Sandown village. On the Dover, Ryde, near the ditches. Royal Heath and San-
down bay, plentifully. Between Ryde and Sea View. Near Steephill. Castle
Point, Puckaster. Luccombe Chine. [St. Helen’s spit, plentifully, Dr. Bell-
Salter, Edrs.]

W. Med.— Near W. Cowes.

Root small, annual, whitish and tapering, emitting long, slender, branched
fibres. Stems several or numerous, simple or alternately branched, stout, rigid,
lying quite flat on the ground and spreading in all directions, so as to form with the
leaves a close short turf, round, naked and scarred below with the marks of the
earlier leafstalks, very downy above with soft, white, spreading hairs, and usually
suffused with purplish red. Leaves alternate ; leaflets nearly sessile, rotundato-
obcordate, bright green above, sometimes marked with a black spot in the centre
and a whitish transverse band or cloud, from about 3 to 6 lines in length and
about the same width, clothed on both sides with copious, white, silky, diverging
hairs, minutely crenulate and denticulate along the superior margin, quite entire
on their lower edges, which are somewhat rounded rather than cuneate at base, the
apex with a broad shallow emargination, the disk traversed by numerous parallel
pellucid veins, branched and anastomosing towards their extremities, and running
Trifolium.) LEGUMINOSE. 128

straight into the edge of the leaflet without any marginal connecting vein. Peti-
oles spreading or diverging, very hairy, semiterete, slightly channelled above, the
lower ones usually much the longest (in the larger plants 2, 3 or 4 inches in
length) mostly flexuose or curved in various degrees and directions. Stipules very
large, erect, broadly ovate, acute or shortly acuminate, entire, submembranaceous,
more or less hairy without, glabrous within, strongly ribbed and stained with pur-
ple below, green at top, connate and clasping at base, and adnate with the petiole
for a considerable distance upwards. lowers of two kinds, terminating the
peduncles, the inner and central one abortive, assuming during the blossoming of
the perfect ones the appearance of a green, conical, bud-like protuberance, seated
on the axis of the peduncle and surrounded by the perfect flowers, which then
conceal it from view. As the perfect flowers advance to maturity and begin to go
off, the above bud-like protuberance enlarges, and expands into a head of several,
stellately spreading, partly deflexed, white, fleshy, tapering processes (abortive
calyces), by which the calyces of the perfect flowers are strongly bent towards the
earth. These fleshy processes finally emit from their apices 5 spreading points like
stars (rudimentary calyx-teeth). Perfect flowers in small, terminal, subumbellate
clusters, of fromm 2 to 5 in each, erect or parallel as regards their position with
each other, finally spreading, but appearing horizontal] or ascending, from the
decumbent direction of the curved and very hairy common peduncle, which is
usually about as long as the cluster it bears. Calyx nearly sessile, slender, about
3 lines in length, the limb whitish, tubular, cylindrical, scarcely inflated, glabrous,
without ribs, the summit very oblique, and terminating in 5 slender, subulate,
green, hairy teeth, of nearly equal length, the 3 lowermost scarcely exceeding the
2 uppermost, which are separated by a very deep broad aud rounded sinus from
each other ; all 5 at first erect, finally spreading or recurved, about equal in length
to the tube of the calyx. Corolla about twice the length of the calyx, narrow,
quite glabrous, white or cream-coloured with a tinge of green on the claws of the
petals, which are very long and narrow, and cohere together into a tube somewhat
exceeding the calyx-teeth ; standard strongly conduplicate and incumbent on the
keel and wings, slightly ascending, oblongo-obovate, entire or slightly emarginate,
striated with distant parallel purple lines,* sometimes suffused with a very faint
tinge of rose-red all over; wings shorter than the standard but longer than the
keel, parallel, oblonge-obovate, entire, concave, with an obtuse sac-like spur or pro-
jection above the very narrow and slender claw for the reception of the keel ; keel
shorter than the wings, greenish white, obovate, concave, slightly pointed and
cohering together, quite enclosing the stamens and style. Stamens in 2 sets, the
tube of the larger set open its whole length ; filaments flattened, somewhat dilated
into an oblong shape at summit, especially the lowermost one, and bearing the
anther on a minute apiculus. Style about the length of the longer stamens, gla-
brous, ascending at the end, subcapitate. ;

Conspicuous in the early part of the summer, from its long white flowers
covering the turf in patches.

c. Heads many-flowered, compact. Calyx remarkably inflated after flowering,
and arched above. ‘

10. T. fragiferum, L. Strawberry-headed Trefoil. “ Heads
with a multifid involucre as long as the calyx at the base globose
upon long axillary stalks, calyx after flowering inflated membra-
naceous reticulated downy with the 2 upper teeth bent down, stem
creeping, leaflets obcordate serrated.”—Br. Fl. p. 103. 4H. B. t.
1050.

 

* Koch in Robling’s Deutschl. Fl. says bright rose-red, but I have never seen
such a variety here. The corolla when fading assumes a red colour, which may
have given origin to the assertion.
124 LEGUMINOS&. (Trifolium.

In rather moist meadows and pastures; common. Fil. June—August. 2{.
Abundant about Ryde, Freshwater, &c.

B. Flowers yellow.

ll. T. procumbens, L. Hop Trefoil. Vect. Yellow Clover.
.“ Heads broadly oval many-flowered dense, pedicels much shorter
than the calyx, standard at length deflexed furrowed, leaves
stalked, leaflets obcordate, central one on a longer stalk.” — Br.
Fl. p. 103. E. B. t. 948.

In fields, meadows and pastures, and in dry waste sandy or gravelly places, by
roadsides, &c.; abundantly. #/. May—August. ©.

This plant is not unfrequently cultivated in this island as the Yellow Clover,
but being annual is not so valuable as the nore common white or purple kinds.

12. T. minus, Sm. Lesser Yellow Trefow. “ Heads of 8—15
close flowers on rigid peduncles, pedicels rarely half the length of
the tube of the calyx, upper calyx-teeth about 3 of the length of
the lower, standard truncate obscurely furrowed much broader than
and quite covering the mature legume, lower leaf-stalks much
longer than the stipules, leaflets obcordate central one on a longer
stalk, stems decumbent hairy.” — Br. Fl. p. 103. EH. B. t. 1256.
W. Wilson in Phytol. No. 15, p. 293.

In dry barren places, fields, pastures, waste ground, and by roadsides; frequent.
fl. June, July. ©.

13. T. filiforme, L. Slender Yellow Trefoil. ‘“ Heads on capil-
lary peduncles of 2—5 lax racemed flowers, pedicels longer than
the tube of the calyx, upper calycine teeth half the length of the
lower ones, standard even deeply notched as narrow as and not
covering the ripe legume, leaf-stalks scarcely the length of the
stipules, leaflets obcordate equally stalked, stem glabrous.”—Br.
Fl. p. 104. HE. B.t. 1257. T. micranthum, Viv.

In similar places with the last, from which it is perhaps not really distinct.
Fl. June, July. ©.

T. incarnatum (Scarlet Trefoil or Clover) occurs here and there, the remains of
previous cultivation.

X. Lorus, Zinn. Bird’s-foot Trefoil.

“ Calyx 5-toothed ; teeth nearly equal. Keel ascending, much
acuminated. Legume cylindricil, somewhat spongy within, and
imperfectly many-celled.— Flowers wmbellate : peduncles bearing
a leaf at their apex. Leaves trifoliolate.’—Br. Fl.

1. L. corniculatus, L. Cominon Bird’s-foot Trefoil. “ Heads
depressed umbellate 5—10 flowered, peduncles very long, calyx-
teeth of the flower-bud straight, the two upper ones always con-
verging, claw of the standard obovate and inflated above, stems
decumbent. — a. vulgaris; leavcs obovate nearly glabrous.” —
Br. Fl. L. corniculatus, Z.: EH. 22. +. 2090.

8. Clothed with fine spreading silky hairs. 8. villosus, Br. Fl. p. 104. L.
villosus, Thuill.
Astragalus.] LEGUMINOSA. 125

y: tenuis. “Leaflets narrow lanceolate, or linear-obovate.” sy. tenuifolius,
Br. Fl. UL. tenuis, Kit.. E. B. Suppl. t. 2615.

On open grassy places, pastures, heaths and borders of fields ; everywhere plen-
tiful, £1. June—Anugust. 2f.

8. Wood between Yarmouth and Thorley. Plentiful in Thorness Wood, Quarr
Copse, &c.

y- Gravel-pit near Great Thorness farm. About Cowes in several places, Miss
G. Kilderbee !!_ Between Ryde and Brading, on the road beyond Whitefield
Wood, W. Borrer, Esq. [Plentiful in all the clayey fallow-fields about Bem-
bridge, A. G. More, Esq. Near Wootton, on the new road from Wootton bridge
to Hill-side, covering a great part of the road, Dr. Bell-Salter.— Edys.}) A
state of this var. occurs by the roadside between Thorley and Wilmingham farm,
with the leaves extremely narrow and acute, somewhat rigid and of a glaucous
aspect, and covered on both sides with short, scattered, close-pressed hairs, the
peduncles mostly 2—4, rarely 5-flowered.

Mr. Borrer is much inclined to consider the var. y. as really distinct from L.
corniculatus, and tells me that in his garden it appears to be either annual or
biennial, as he could never preserve it for more than a year or two, after which
time the original plant disappeared to be succeeded by fresh ones from seed.

2. L. major, Scop. Narrow-leaved Bird’s-foot Trefoil. Heads
depressed umbellate 8—12 flowered, peduncles very long, calycine
teeth subulate from an angular base always spreading, the two
upper ones diverging, claw of the standard linear, leaflets obovate,
stems nearly erect tubular.”—Br. Fl. p. 104. #. Bt. 2091.

In low moist meadows and wet bushy places, on ditch-banks, and by the sides
of streams, xc.; very common. Fl. July, August. 2.

Subtribe III. AsvraGaLez.

“ Legume spuriously and longitudinally 1- or 2-celled by the introflexion of one
of the sutures. Stamens diadelphous (9 and 1), Stems herbaceous or somewhat
shrubby. Leaves pinnate.’—Br. Fl.

XI. Asrracauus, Linn. Milk Vetch.

“ Keel obtuse. Legume 2-celled (more or less perfectly) ; cells
formed by the inflexed margins of the lower suture.’—Br. Fl.

1. A. glycyphyllus, L. Sweet Milk Vetch. Wild Liquorice.
“Stem prostrate, spikes ovate, leaves longer than the peduncles,
leaflets oval, stipules ovate-lanceolate free, legumes somewhat tri-
angular linear curved sessile erect glabrous.” — Br. Fl. p. 106.
E. B. t. 203.

On dry bushy banks, in woods, thickets and open gravelly or chalky pastures
and border of fields, mostly in hilly situations ; rare. £U. June—September. 2{.

E. Med. — Abundantly on a bushy bank below Little Buddle, about midway
between St. Catherine’s and Old Castle points, G. Kirkpatrick, Esq. In great
profusion amongst furze and brake in a rough rocky close near the orchard (Sir
Willoughby Gordon’s) by Niton. Plentiful amongst the rocks and in pasture-
ground at Mount Cleve, by Niton, Aliss Kirkpatrick !!’ ({ find it all along the
bottom of the cliff from the back of the Sandrock Hotel to Westcliff House).

Root tough, woody. Stems scarcely branched, trailing or reclining amongst
brushwood often to the length of 3 or 4 feet or even more, roundish, zigzag,
smooth, with a white central pith. Leaves alternate, 3—7 inches long, im pari-
pinnate, of 5 or 6 pairs of large ovate or elliptical, entire, smooth, nearly sessile
126 LEGUMINOSAE. (Vicia.

leaflets, of a dull green in the older plants, grayish beneath, obtuse, with a minute
mucro, slightly hairy at the edges and on.their reticulated under surface. Sti-
pules ovato-lanceolate, pointed, with an occasional tooth or two. Peduneles axil-
lary, erect, shorter than the leaves, furrowed and glabrous. Flowers about 4 an
inch long, in short ovate or subcapitate racemes, erect, of a pale dingy greenish
yellow with sometimes a slight tinge of red, on very abbreviated hairy pedicels,
which have each a linear ciliated bract at its base, shorter than the calyx. Calyx
gibbous above at the back, its teeth subulate, the 2 upper ones short, distant, a
little converging, the 3 lower much longer, straight, slightly ciliated at the base
and along the very obtuse sinuses. Standard oblong, veined with green, closely
incumbent upon and almost concealing the very obtuse keel and wings. Stamens
united into a tube cleft its whole length above. Style smooth, compressed, taper-
ing from the somewhat hairy ovary without any visible articulation to a point, on
which is the small, glandular, oblique stigma. Legumes clustered, erect, brownish
and membranous, an inch or rather more in length, curved and tipped with the
style, reticulated, glabrous or at least only sprinkled over with extremely short,
minute, distant hairs, slightly villous on their inner surface, with a deep grouve
along their under side from the inflexion of their sutural margins. Seeds small,
reniform, pale greenish yellow, in 2 rows, one along each margin of the dehiscing
upper suture, and separated from the other row by the inflexed portion of the
lower and indehiscent suture, which reaches to the superior commissure but is
unattached to it, thus dividing the cavity into two imperfectly closed cells,

The foliage of this plant, which gives out a most unpleasant smell in drying,
and possesses a sweet taste like liquorice, followed by an unpleasant bitterness,
great resembles that of the Locust-tree (Robinia Pseud-acacta), commonly but
absurdly called Acacia in this country, and when growing in plantations, amongst
long grass, might be overlovked for young stems of that beautiful and valuable
native of America.

A. hypoglottis, I..—The following stations have been given for this species :—
Carisbrooke-castle hill, Mr, Grigith in Bot. Guide.* Dover spit, in plenty,
B.T. W.

Tribe II. Vicrez.

Stamens diadelphous. Legume continuous. Cotyledons thick,
farinaceous, not rising above ground. Leaves abruptly pinnate,
their common petiole ending in a tendril or bristle.

XII. Vicia, Linn. Vetch. Tare.

“ Style filiform, with its upper part hairy all round, or with a
tuft of hair beneath the stigma.—Leaves usually with tendrils.’—
Br. Fl.

* Peduncles elongated, many-flowered.

1. V. sylvatica, L. Wood Vetch. ‘ Peduncles many-flowered
longer than the leaves, leaflets elliptic-oblong mucronate, stipules
lunate deeply toothed at their base, tendrils branched.”—Br. Fl.
p-1ll. #. B.t. 79.

 

* [The following observation is published by our lamented author in the ‘ Phy-
tologist, vol. iii. p. 280 :—‘ Astragalus hypoglottis, recorded in ‘ Botanist’s Guide’
as found on Carisbrook-castle hill, by Mr. Griffiths, p. 469, certainly does not
grow there at present, and I question if it ever did. Mr. Griffiths seems to have
been a most inaccurate observer, as I shall have occasion to show subsequently,
and to have committed strange mistakes in his reports of species.”—Edrs. |
Vicia.) LEGUMINOSA. 127

In elevated woods and thickets; very rare. Fil. June—September. Fr. Sep-
tember, October. ,

4, Med.—Plentiful in a copse (Luccombe copse) on the road between Shank-
lin and Bonchurch, about midway between the two places, where it has been
known for many years to certain persons in the island, though I am ignorant
who discovered it there. Mr, Curtis’s specimens were gathered by him in the
late Mr. Vine’s grounds at Puckaster, but where the old gardener, Stephen White,
assured me it had been introduced from the neighbourhood of Luccombe, the only
plant of it he showed me being trained to a wooden prop or pillar in the garden.
Mr. Curtis tells me it was abundant some years ago overhanging the road at
the entrance of Bonchurch, but the recent unhappy improvements on the natural
beauties of the Undercliff have quite effected its extirpation. Northlands
Copse, by Yaverland ?

Stems numerous, several feet in length, branched, deeply furrowed and quite
glabrous, climbing amongst the brushwood by means of its long, slender, com-
pound tendrils. Leaves of many opposite or alternate, ovate, obtuse, slightly
stalked, smooth, bright green leaflets, sometimes notched at the extremity, where
the midrib terminates in a minute point or mucro directed downwards ; tendrils
much branched. “Racemes pedunculated, longer than the leaves from the base of
which they originate, many-flowered. Flowers very elegant. Calyx campanu-
late, with slender subulate teeth, the lowermost or middle one much the longest,
the 2 upper ones with erect or slightly recurved tips. Corolla white, the standard
exquisitely pencilled with blue or purple reticulations, the obtuse deel tipped with
a mixture of the same colour with umber; sometimes the purple tint is suffused
over the entire standard, as in part of my Isle-of-Wight specimens, in which the
pencilling is rather a rich lilac than the pale blue colouring given to the plant
in E. B. Style cylindrical, not at all dilated upwards, clothed all round below
the stigma with spreading hairs, to nearly } its length. Legume not above an
inch long by about 24 lines wide, glabrous, blackish brown, wrinkled and rough-
ish with raised points, tipped with the permanent style. Seeds 4, globose, some-
times with a dimple or depression on each side, olive-coloured, smooth, one or two
abortive; hilum very large, embracing more than half the circumference of the
seed, from which when ripe the placenta separates like a hoop.

2. V. Cracea, L. Tufted Vetch. “ Peduncles many-flowered
longer than the leaves, flowers imbricated, leaflets lanceolate
slightly hairy with tendrils, stipules half arrow-shaped nearly
entire.’"—Br. Fl. p.110. EH. B. t. 1168.

Extremely common in woods, thickets, hedges and moist bushy places, some-
times in meadows and the dry borders of fields. Fl. July. Fr. August, Septem-
ber. ;

Weowia drooping, 9—12 lines in length, pale fawn-coloured, dappled, streaked
and clouded with brownish black, oblong, subcompressed, glabrous or very slightly
pubescent. Seeds few, 4 or 5 (mostly 1 or 2 by abortion), globose, mottled dull
black and greenish yellow; hilum lincay, alove 4 the circumference of the seed.

** Peduncles short, few-flowered.

3. V. sepium, L. Bush Vetch. ‘“ Racemes 4—6 flowered
nearly sessile, calyx-teeth unequal, legumes upright glabrous,
leaflets 4—8 pairs ovate obtuse gradually smaller upwards upon
the petiole.’—Br. Fl. p. 109. EH. B. t. 1515.

In woods, groves, thickets, hedges and moist bushy places; very commonly.
Fl. April—June. Fr. July, August. 2f.
128 LEGUMINOS&. Ticid.

*** Flowers axillary, solitary or in pairs, nearly sessile.

4. V. sativa, L. Common or cultivated Vetch. Flowers 1—2
axillary nearly sessile, leaflets 6—10 lower ones retuse or obcor-
date upper ones often narrower or linear, stipules toothed with a
more or less evident spot, calyx-teeth lanceolate-subulate, stan-
dard glabrous, legumes linear pubescent or rarely glabrous, seeds
globose smooth. a. sativa ; upper leaflets elliptic-oblong, flowers
usually in pairs, pods erect. EH. B. t. 334. 8. angustifolia ;
upper leaflets narrower, flowers usually solitary, pods spreading.
V. angustifolia, Roth: H. B. Suppl. t. 2614. V. Bobartii, Forst. :
E. B. Suppl. t. 2708. Br. Fl. p. 109.

In dry gravelly or sandy pastures, waste and cultivated ground, on banks, along
hedges, roadsides, and in woods and bushy places. FF’. May, June. ©. (or g.
Hook.)

E. Med.— Abundant in Sandown bay, on the débris at the foot of the cliffs,
which it adorns with its rich purple flowers, varying occasionally to bluish or
white. Of very diminutive size on the dry sandy turf of St. Helen’s spit, Xc.,
where it is likely to be mistaken for V. lathyroides, a species apparently of great
rarity with us. Along the Brading road from Ryde beyond Whitefield Wood.

8. Ona bank at Ventnor. On the short pasture-ground at St. Heleu’s spit,
sparingly.

Legumes a little silky or (when old) nearly glabrous, reticulated, more or less
erect or spreading, brownish black, linear, subcyliudrical, with narrow keel-like
sutures, slightly bent like the long f, curved upwards at the extremity into a sharp
hard and reflexed point. Seeds from about 8 to 10 or 12, globose or obsoletely
angular, mottled or clouded grayish and brown with blackish spots, quite smooth
and glabrous; hilum linear, about } the circumference of the seed in length.

Our Ventnor specimens are certainly the V. angustifolia of Hooker's Br. Flora,
who very properly unites the plant figured by him in ‘ English Botany,’ t. 2614,
with the V. Bobartii of Forster, represented at t. 2708 of the same work, under
one denomination, and considers them with equal justice merely as varieties of V.
sativa. Our examples agree well with Smith’s description of V. angustifolia in
the last ed. of his Engl. Flora, and with Sir W. Hooker's figure just referred to,
excepting that the leaflets of our specimens are more obtuse. We fiud the upper-
most flowers occasionally in pairs, as there represented, all the rest solitary; we
cannot therefore understand the propriety of Mr. Forster’s correction of the spe-
cific character of V. angustifolia, when, referving to the very plate which shows
the flowers solitary, he adds, “ Flowers in pairs, nearly sessile.’ Mr. Forster
expresses a doubt of his own V. Bobartit being a good species in Lin. Trans.
xvi, and we have just seen that the only mark to distinguish it from V. angusti-
folia is very variable.

I have found about Ryde a Vicia having solitary flowers, yet with a dark impres-
sed spot on the stipules, and all the other characters of V. sativa.

5. V. lathyrowdes, L. Spring Vetch. “ Flowers sessile solitary,
leaflets 2—6 lower ones retuse, stipules entire not impressed with
a spot, calyx-teeth subulate, standard glabrous, legumes linear
glabrous, seeds nearly cubical tubercled.”—Br. Fl. p.108. EF. B.
t. 30.

On dry sandy or gravelly banks and pastures, perhaps not rare, though appear-
ing so from its small size and resemblance to the last. Fl. April—June. ©.

E. Med.—Banks in Sandown bay, Dr. Martin, 1839!!!

Root annual, branched, whitish, small, slender and fibrous, having usually
Vicia.] LEGUMINOSA. 129

attached to it a few fleshy tubercles. Stems several, branched, straggling,
ascending or procumbent, from about 2 or 3 to 8 or 10 inches long, slightly hairy,
acutely quadrangular, with the 2 opposite angles very prominent or almost winged.
Lower leaves mostly with 1, upper with 2 or 3 ene 5, Koch) pairs of leaflets,
their common petioles ending in a simple tendril, which in the lowermost leaves
is reduced to a straight point, in the higher moderately long and curling ; leaflets
nearly sessile, finely downy on both sides, those of the lowermost leaves cuneate,
obovate or obcordate, retuse, apiculate; of the superior leaves elliptical, obtuse or
truncate, mucronulate (sometimes linear and pointed, Koch). Stipules small,
semisagittate, acute. lowers axillary (always I believe) solitary, though Koch
states they are sometimes in pairs, very shortly stalked so as to appear sessile, far
smaller even in the most luxuriant state of the plant than in V. sativa (about 7 of
an inch long), bluish purple. Calyx not at all gibbous at the base, hairy, the
segments nearly equal, subulate, fringed. Standard ovato-orbicular, purplish
pink or lilac, veined, emarginate, with a small apiculus, sharply keeled at the
back, with a deep corresponding fold in front; wings coloured like the standard,
converging, nearly obovate, with an acute curved spur and pale slender claws ;
keel minute, almost helmet-shaped from the extremely rounded, obtuse and gib-
bous or inflated, violet-coloured apex of its two 2 petals, which cohere closely to
the end of their long pale claws. Stamens subdiadelphous, the 10th or uppermost
free about half its length ; filaments very short, thick, pellucid ; anthers roundish.
Style very thick, obliquely truncate in front, where it is bearded with a marginal
row of stiff erect hairs, otherwise glabrous; stigma flat, peltate, fringed with
glands. Legume brownish black, sublinear, 8 to 10 lines in length, compressed,
glabrous without, silky pubescent within, acuminate, the apex recurved. Seeds
about 7 to 10, greenish or yellowish, thickly dotted with flat, warty, blackish
points; nearly cubical, with rounded angles, must conspicuously so when ripe ;
hilum at one of the corners, small, oval.

My specimens from Royal Heath, in this island, are extremely hairy, and agree
in this respect with beautiful specimens from Bungay, given me by Mr. D. Stock.
Others collected by me at Weybridge, Surrey, are comparatively smooth. The
very small flowers will distinguish this plant from starved forms of V. sativa when
not in seed, though the present may approach that species in size of leaf and length
of stem.

¥#** Peduncles elongated, few-flowered, Style equally pubescent all round.
Calyx equal at the base, Annual plants. Ervum.

6. V. hirsuta, Koch. Hairy Tare. “Leaflets 6—8 pairs
linear-oblong truncated, peduncles 1—6 flowered, legumes oblong
2-seeded hairy.” — Br. Fl. p. 111. Ervum, L.: #. B. t. 970.
Vicia Mitchellii, Raf. HU. Sh. ii. p. 224.

B. Peduncles 1—2 flowered, legumes glabrous.
In woods, hedges and waste places ; frequent ; a still more common and often
troublesome weed in cornfields and other cultivated ground. #7, May—August.

©.
B. Amongst the rocks at East End, sparingly, 1843. Isle of Wight, W. Bor-
rer, Esq., in Bab. Man. of Br. Bot. p. 78.

7. V. tetrasperma, Mench. Smooth Tare. ‘“ Peduncles 2-
flowered, legumes glabrous 4-seeded, leaflets linear-oblong obtuse.”
—Br. Fl.p.111. Ervum, L.: E. B. t. 1228.

In woods, thickets, hedges, borders of fields, and in waste and cultivated places,
cornfields, &c.; very commonly. £7. June—August. ©. .

Herb of a pale grayish green. Root whitish, slender, of a few branching often
tuberculate fibres. Stems 1 or more, slender, weak, and leaning on neighbouring
plants for support, and clasping with its tendrils but not twining ; from about 1

s
130 LEGUMINOSA. (Vicia.

to 2 or 3 feet in length, more or less copiously branched or nearly simple, acutely
and ancipitally quadrangular rather than winged, hairy, at other times nearly or
quite glabrous. Leaves short, of from 3 to 5 pairs of opposite or partly alternate
leaflets, the common petiole produced into a tendril, which is most commonly
branched, but sometimes even on the same individual simple ; leaflets nearly ses-
sile, hairy or glabrous, spreading in various degrees, often in the superior leaves
either wholly or partially erect, most usually linear-elliptical and obtuse but not
truncate, their summits rounded with a short mucronate acumination, at other
times the leaflets are acute, at least of the upper leaves, the lower retaining their
obtuseness of termination. Stipules small, narrow, semisagiltate or lanceolate,
very acute. Peduneles solitary, axillary, very slender or filiform, erect, 1—2
flowered, mostly shorter than the leaves (including their terminal tendril) or about
as long, ending in a very small inconspicuous point, sometimes wanting. Flowers
very small, about 3 lines in length, on still shorter, slightly drooping or decurved
pedicels. Calya not half the length of the corolla, tubuloso-campanulate, scarcely
if at all gibbous on the upper side of its basal extremity, obscurely 9-ribbed, une-
qually 5-toothed, the 2 superior teeth very obtuse, with a deep rounded sinus
between them, broader and shorter than the rest, with ascending points; the 3
lowermost teeth equal, triangular-lanceolate, straight. Standard pale blue or
purplish streaked with blue, bluntly emarginate, not much spreading ; heel com-
pressed, white tipped with blue, the apex obtuse; wings whitish. Style long,
straight, erect, hairy all round for some distance beneath the simple obsoletely
capitate stigma. Legume brown or yellowish, about 4 an inch in length, subellip-
tical oblong, obtuse or abrupt, a little compressed and torulose, quite smooth and
glabrous, tipped with the style, which appears to originate from a point somewhat
nearer the middle of the extremity of the pod than in E. gravile, from the greater
degree of flexure of the upper suture than in that species, though its real point of
insertion is the same iu both; bursting along the lower suture. Seeds 4 or 5
(sometimes but 1 or 2 or even entirely wanting, as I find mostly the case in spe-
cimens from Quarr Copse), spherical, dull brown, sometimes greenish, plain or
mottled, smooth and glabrous (slightly rough, Bad.) Hilum long, extending
nearly ¢ the circumference of the seed.

This species, which is so frequent and injurious in cornfields and cultivated
land in England, is extremely rare in Scotland and Ireland, and very uncommon
in Switzerland.

8. V. gracilis, Lois. Slender Tare. “ Peduncles 1—4 flowered
aristate at length twice as long as the leaf, upper leaflets 3—4
pairs linear acute, stipules semi-hastate, teeth of the calyx longer
than the tube, legumes linear glabrous 6-seeded.’— Koch. E. B.
Suppl. t. 2904. Lois. Fl. Gall. ii. p. 148, t. 12 (opt.) Ervum
longifolium, Ten. Lej. Fl. de Spa, ii. 108. Vicia laxiflora, Brot.
Phytogr. Lusit. Select. tab. 52, p. 125. Ervum varium, Brot. Fl.
Lusit. EH. polyspermum, Smith in herb. ejus; Koch in Rohl.
Deutschl. Fl. v. ler Th. s. 161. E. gracile, Sebast. et Mau. Fl.
Rom. Prod. p. 248, No. 881. V. tetrasperma 8., Br. Fl. p. 111.

In waste and cultivated ground, on lay or fallow fields, and amongst corn,
more rarely in woods, thickets and hedgerows; frequent, though less so than
either of the two last species. FU. June—August. ©.

E. Med.—First observed by me in 1838, in great abundance, amongst corn in
a field near Coppid Hall, and since in cornfields about Cowes. Very abundantly
in and about the borders of fields near Howgate farm, and between Foreland point
and the Culvers, for the most part with unusually large flowers, 3 or 4 times the
size of those of E. tetraspermum. I have also seen specimens from the Rev. G.
Li. Smith gathered in Binstead stone-pits, and it seems indeed to be not uncom-
mon ahout Ryde aud elsewhere, as Thorley &c.
Lathyrus.] LEGUMINOS#, 131

W. Med.—Cornfields near W. Cowes. [Near Brighstone, A. G. More, Esq.,
Edrs.]

V. gracilis is distinguished from the preceding species (V. tetrasperma) by its
larger size and somewhat glaucous hue; by its flowers, twice the size of the for-
mer, and of which the standard is an uniform lilac or rose-colour, scarcely streaked
with darker lines as in that ; by the much longer, sharply acuminate and narrower
leaflets, which seldom exceed 3 pair, and stand erect on the petiole ; by the much
longer peduncles, especially the upper ones, which considerably exceed the leaves
in length, and are from 1- to 6- or 7-flowered ; and by the legume, which has
rarely fewer than 6 seeds. It differs moreover in always having simple tendrils,
whilst those of V. tetrasperma are commonly though not invariably branched, and
by the frequent termination of the peduncle in a straight awn-like point (abortive
flower ?), also observed occasionally in V. tetrasperma. The most marked of these
distinctions are the greater size of the plant and its flowers, the singularly erect
leaflets, more numerous seeds, and very long peduncles, and these are so con-
stantly united as to justify its re-establishment as a species, although the opinions
of very able botanists are opposed tothis. The remaining characters are certainly
more variable, and are exhibited in gradation by either plant ; but I would ask,
may not the intermediate forms be hybrid productions, as the two plants are very
commonly found together? But our V. gracilis is more a plant of cornfields and
waste ground than of woods and hedgerows, and where we first observed it did
not stray from the corn, amongst which it was growing abundantly, to mix with
the ordinary V. tetrasperma, which occupied in as great profusion the grassy bor-
ders of the same field.

Brotero says of our V. gracilis, “ semina in germine 5 ad 7, fertilia 3, 4, 5, raris-
sime 6,” but his plate shows only 4 seeds in the pod; in this island they are usu-
ally 6, less frequently only 5, smaller than those of V. tetrasperma, globular, dark
reddish brown obscurely mottled with black, the hilum very short, scarcely longer
than broad, on which rather sleuder character Koch lays great stress, retaining it
as a species in his new edition of Réhling’s ‘ Deutschland’s Flora.’ In V. tetra-
sperma the hilum is always much elongated compared with its breadth. Speci-
mens perfectly agreeing with ours are in the Smithian herbarium from Gibraltar
and Tangier, which the possessor at that time appears from a pencil note to have
thought a new species, and called E. polyspermum. In the same herbarium is a
specimen intermediate between our V. gracilis and the ordinary V. tetrasperma
gathered by Mr. Woodward many years ago in Cambridgeshire, and noticed in
Ei. B.; but this I have given reasons for supposing may be a hybrid, and am
strongly disposed to consider our V. gracilis to be a good species, an opinion in
which I am glad to find my friend the Rev. G. E. Smith coincide, who on first
seeing the plant was forcibly struck by its aspect and characters.* It appears to
be not uncommon in the 8. and middle of Europe, about Paris, on the Rhine, in
the Netherlands and Portugal, where Brotero says it affords a grateful food to cat-
tle, and hence might perhaps be advantageously grown as a green crop in our own
country.

XIII. Laruyrus, Linn.

“Calyx with its mouth oblique, its upper segments shortest.
Style plane, broader upwards, downy on the upper side.—Leaves
with tendrils, or the petiole without leaflets.’—Br. Fl.

 

* [In the ‘ Phytologist’ (iii. 281) we find from Dr. Bromfield’s pen the follow-
ing remark :—“ 1 am still more than half inclined to regard it (V. gracilis) asa
mere variety of the last (V. tetrasperma), finding most of its characters prone to
variation, but in deference tu the opinions of others J here keep it distinct.” It
is believed that this latter remark was penned at a later date than the text above,
—E drs.)
132 LEGUMINOS. (Lathyrus.

* Peduncles 2- or more flowered. Petioles furnished with perfect leaflets.
Root perennial.

1. L. pratensis, L. Meadow Vetchling. ‘“ Peduncles 2—8
flowered, tendrils with 2 lanceolate 3-nerved leafiets, stipules
arrow-shaped as large as the leaflets, calyx-teeth subulate, stem
acutely angled without wings.’—Br. Fl. p. 112. H. B. t. 670.

In moist meadows and pastures, damp thickets, hedges and bushy places; very
common. Fi. July, August. Fr. August, September. 2.

Legumes suberect, dark brown or nearly black, rather more than an inch long
by about 3 lines in breadth, straight, much compressed, prominently veined and
glabrous, the valves silky within, undulately torulose or puckered beneath the
upper suture. Seeds,—seldom more than 2 or 3 perfected, rather large, subovato-
rotundate, yellowish gray mottled with purple, smooth and shining. Hilum
linear-elliptical, about 4 the circumference of the seed.

2. L. sylvestris, L. Narrow-leaved Everlasting Pea. Pedun-
cles 4—5 flowered, tendrils with a pair of sword-shaped leaflets,
calyx-teeth triangular-subulate, stem winged. Br. Fl. p. 112.
E. B. t. 805.

In woods, groves, thickets, hedges, and on broken, rocky, bushy ground ; not
general, and principally along the East and South-east coast of the island. Fi.
July—September. 2.

#. Med.— Iu Luccombe chine, and in great profusion all over the landslip at
East End, covering the rocks in many places. Edge of the cliff a little before
descending by the pathway from Sandown into Shanklin chine, with leaflets so
broad that I took it for L. latifolius, the introduction of which into our island
Flora has, J fear, originated in a similar mistake on the part of others. Amongst
willows near the late Mr. Vine’s cottage at Puckaster copse, near Yaverland farm.
Knighton East copse. About Puckaster, mostly with very narrow leaflets. In
great quantity under the cliff at Shanklin and Luccombe, Mr. J. Woods, jun., in
Bot. Guide!!! A plant or two observed in the high wood in Appuldurcombe park,
1845.

Herb quite glabrous. Stems climbing over bushes and rocks to the length of
many feet, hollow, branched, acutely quadrangular, broadly winged along the
same two opposite angles throughout. Tendvils stout, 3-branched, bearing each
a single pair of erect, sessile, entire, bright green leaflets, 3 or 4 inches long,
swollen and jointed on the common petiole, and laving 3 principal and very pro-
minent ribs ; the upper leaflets usually narrow, linear-lanceolate or sword-shaped,
those lower on the stem often ovato-lanceolate, and so broad as often to cause our
plant to be mistaken for L. latifolius. Peduncles solitary, axillary, erect and
angular, several inches long, 4—12 flowered. Stipules semisagittate, their seg-
ments linear, very acute. Flowers on short pedicels, 3 of an inch broad, rather
showy. Bracts subulate, the length of the pedicels. Standard pale purplish pink,
with darker reticulations ; wings violet or purplish blue ; keel whitish, with green
ribs, and slightly tinged above with bli.c andred. Legume pale brown, 24 inches
long, glabrous, covered with a promincnt network of veins, and tipped with the
persistent style. Seeds blackish, with grayish sinuous markings, more or less
globular, flattened and dimpled, from 1 to 6 perfect, the rest abortive. Hilum
very narrow, not at all depressed, embracing 4 of the circumference of the seed.

_ £, latifolius, L.—A plant said to be this species has been found in the follow-
ing places :—Sandown Beach, Pulteney in Bot.Guide. Near Carisbrooke Castle,
1830, Dr. Bell-Salter! but I should fear scarcely wild. Specimens gathered
here appeared to me identical with those of Mr. Smith, but the flowers of the for-
mer seem much inferior in size to those of the common state of the plant, so
Lathyrus.] LEGUMINOSA:, 133

called, in gardens. In a wild spot by Cove cottage, Ventnor, Rev. G. E. Smith,
who sent me specimens in 1839, but from which both flowers and pods had fallen
away ; some doubt therefore attaches to the specific identity of the plant, which I
confess is one I do not properly understand, and am inclined to consider it a
variety of the preceding.

3. L. maritimus, Big. Sea-side Everlasting Pea. “ Peduncles
many-flowered shorter than the leaves, tendrils with 8—4 pairs of
oval leaflets, stipules as large as the leaflets unequally cordato-
hastate with the angles acute, stem angled without wings.”—Br.
Fi. p. 118. Pisum, L.: EH. B. t. 1046.

On the pebbly sea-beach; very rare, and now, I fear, quite extinct in the
island. Fl. July, August. 24.

E. Med. — Sandown beach, I. W., Pulteney in Bot. Guide, and Miss Lucas.
“ On the sands near Lord Seymour’s (Norris Castle), near Cowes,” Marryatt,
£sq., in Baxter's Gen. of Flowering Pls., and in litt.

I have hitherto failed in finding this plant, but my friend Miss Lucas has spe-
cimens gathered by her at the Sandown station some years ago; it was then
rather plentiful, but has probably been overwhelmed by some subsequent landslip,

or washed away by the encroaching waves,—casualties to which botanical rarities
are but too liable on all parts of our island coasts.*

4. L. harsutus, L. Rough-podded Vetchling. ‘ Peduncles
2-flowered, each tendril with a pair of linear-lanceolate leaflets,
legumes hairy, seeds tubercular, stem and petiole winged.”—Br.
Fl. p. 112. “E. B. t. 1285.

In cultivated fields; very rare. #7. June, July. ? ©.

A single specimen in the herbarium of Miss Lovell, who picked it ina field

near Brighstone, but could not succeed in finding a second. Perhaps introduced
accidentally !

 

** Peduncles 1- or 2-flowered. Petioles leafless, either forming tendrils or dilated
into a leaf-like expansion of its substance (phyllodium), and without tendrils.
Root annual.

5. L. Missolia, L. Crimson Vetchling. Grass Vetch. “ Leaf-
lets wanting but in place of them a simple linear-lanceolate sessile
leaf-like petiole without tendrils, stipules minute subulate.”—Br.
Fl. p. 112. E. B. t. 112.

In grassy thickets and bushy places, along the banks and borders of fields, on
lay and fallow ground; by no means rare, but very uncertain in its time and
places of appearing. F/. May—July, and sometimes in September. Fr. August.

E. Med.—Roadside between Ryde and Brading, at the foot of the hill beyond
the third milestone. Shore between St. Helen’s mill and Carpenters. Borders
of fields by Howgate farm near Bembridge, and in great abundance and very fine
in several fields and hedges near the sea between Foreland point and the Culvers.
Top of the cliff above Sandown bay, abundant, and on the banks below. Between
Nettleston green and St. Helen’s church, Lady Hooker. Between Niton and
Blackgang, by the lower road, Dr. Martin. At Bembridge, near the windmill,
Dr. Beil-Salter. At Springfield, opposite Vernon Villa. Priory landslips, near
St. Helen’s old church, 1850, Dr. Bell-Salter. Puckaster cove, J. Curtis, Esq.,
Brit. Entom. x. t. 445.

 

* A specimen of what appeared to them to be the leaves of this plant was found
in June, 1843, by Dr. Martin and J. A. Hankey, Esq., in Sandown bay.
134 LEGUMINOSAE. [Orobus.

W. Med.— About Thorley, as by the roadside going to Freshwater, and in
hedges by Bouldner, Rev. J. Penfold and Mr. Rob. Gibbs. Meadow between
Woodhouse and Little Town, near Briddlesford, Miss S. Sanders! Between
Debborn turnpike and Gurnet farm, near a brook, Miss G. Kilderbee ! Near Sea
View and W. Cowes, AZiss Lucas.

Root annual, small, whitish, with a few long fibres bearing small, roundish,
fleshy tubercles. Stems erect, branching from the base, simple above, from 12 or
18 inches to 2 feet high or even more, hollow, angular, leafy, quite glabrous.
Leaves alternate, erect, linear, very much like those of some grass in shape and
colour, 4 or 5 inches long, hardly } inch wide, about 7-ribbed, smooth and quite
entire, with a pair of very minute awl-shaped stipules at their base. Peduncles
solitary, axillary, 1- or 2-flowered, long, smooth, slender, erect, shorter than the
leaf. Flowers on very short slightly hairy pedicels, with or without a mivute bract
at their jointed insertion on the peduncle, about the size of those of the common
Vetch (Vicia sativa), wings and standard bright crimson fading at last into dull
blue, the keel whitish. Calyx shining, nearly glabrous, the teeth only clothed
and fringed with a few scattered white hairs, strongly 5-ribbed, the lower seg-
ments nearly equal in length, the 2 upper somewhat shorter, all lanceolate and
very acute. Standard orbicular, erect. Style much flattened, transversely obtuse,
pilose on its inner side ahout half way down, faintly keeled in front. Legumes
pale nut-brown, pendulous, very narrow, from about 2} to 2} inches long, and
about 3 inch wide, subcylindrical, nearly straight, prominently veined or wrinkled
lengthwise, glabrous, obliquely mucronato-acuminate, the point recurved. Seeds
from 10 or 12 to 16 or 17, globose or slightly cylindrical, gray or reddish mottled
with black, bluntly tuberculate, glabrous ; hilum oblong or ovate, short.

This plant is impatient of cultivation, and does not always succeed in the gar-
den. The flowers, which are of short duration, lose much of their native brilliancy,
as they soon do altogether after being gathered. I have remarked them of a
brick-red in Kew Botanic Gardens. Dr. Bell-Salter observes that this species is not
strictly annual, as the root often survives the winter, and is furnished with hyber-
nacula. He further remarks that the perfect seed-pods are formed in buds which
do not open, and thinks that the plant is more common than is usually supposed,
but for want of favourable circumstances for its perfect development is often
passed by, from its resemblance to the grass amongst which it grows. A moist
or even wet season Dr. Bell-Salter thinks best suits it.

XIV. Ornozus, Linn. Bitter-vetch.

“ Calyx obtuse at the base, oblique at the mouth, its upper
segments deeper and shorter. Style linear, downy above.— Leaves
pinnate, without tendrils.’—Br. Fl.

A small genus, with the habit of the two preceding genera, but of more humble
growth, not climbing, and destitute of tendrils; flowers mostly purplish, appear-
ing early ; root usually bearing tubers. With the exception of the following, the
species are very rare in Britain.

1. O. tuberosus, L. Tuberous-rooted Bitter-vetch. Leaflets
2—4 pairs glaucous beneath, stipules half arrow-shaped toothed
at the base, stem simple erect winged. F. B. t. 1153.

8. Leaflets linear. O.tenuifolius, Roth. Hook. Br. Fl. p.114. Vide Sibbald,
Scot. Ilust.

In woods, thickets, groves, and on bushy heaths and commons; very frequent.
Fl. April—June. Fr. July, August. 24.

E. Med.—In Quarr copse, Apley wood, and other places about Ryde, com-
monly. Abundant in woods between Wootton and Whippingham. In Brid-
dlesford copse, plentiful, where I have found it with extremely narrow (linear-
lanceolate) leaflets, and with all gradations between that and the broadest form.
Plentiful in Bordwood copse.
Ornithopus.] LEGUMINOS&. 135

W. Med. —In Mrs. Goodwin's grounds at W. Cowes.

8. A specimen found in Bordwood copse, April, 1843.

Root consisting of one or more irregular knots or fleshy tubers, of a blackish
brown externally, from the size of a pea to that of a hazel-nut or larger, emitting
long creeping fibres that bear at intervals other smaller tubers. Stems several,
their lowermost part creeping under ground or rhizomatous, white, round and
fleshy ; that above ground rising from about 6 to 12 or 15 inches high, weak,
inclining or suberect, simple or slightly branched, acutely quadrangular, 2 of the
angles sharply winged and twisted or oblique, glabrous or slightly pubescent, pale
green with a glaucous bloom. Leaves mostly about 3 or 4 on the superior half of
the stem, alternate, with 2, 3, or 4 pairs of mucronate sessile leaflets that stand
more or less erect and often fulded, quite glabrous, of a dull grayish green above,
whitish or glaucous beneath, with 3—5 slender parallel ribs, about 1 or 2 inches
in length, very variable in breadth, mostly lanceolate and acute, sometimes ellip-
tical and obtuse, occasionally very narrow and even linear, their common petiole
broad, concave above, and terminating in a weak straight and flat awn-like pro-
cess, not } an inch in length, instead of a tendril. Stipules large, semisagittate,
acute, usually more or less toothed or crenate about the middle and base, varying
in breadth, with the leaflets from ovate-lancevlate to linear-lanceolate. Pedunceles
axillary and terminal, longer than the leaves, winged and angled like the stem,
erect, from 3- or 4- to 6- or 7-flowered. Flowers on lax pedicels, which are
shorter than the calyx, about 4 an inch long, of a pretty uniform rose-red on first
expanding, but subsequently assuming variously intermixed shades and pencilling
of purple, bright pink, blue and green, fading at length into a dingy white or
brown colour. Calyx short, very obtuse or truncate behind, a little flattened
above, nearly cylindrical, deep purple; the 3 lower segments much the longest,
broad and pointed, often slightly ciliated, the 2 upper extremely short and broad,
with converging points, and a deep semicircular sinus between them. Standard
roundish heart-shaped, erect and somewhat reflexed, pencilled, with a very broad
vaulted claw; wings ascending, converging over and concealing the keel, to which
they firmly adhere by a hollow gibbosity just above each of their long narrow
claws ; keel a little inflated, pale greenish or yellowish. Style ascending, com-
pressed, quite flat and erect in its upper half, bearing on its inner side the bearded
decumbent stigma, the apex slightly thickened and bent backwards, truncate.
Stamens united for % of their length into a continuous tube to the base, the tenth
filament free, with a dilated borger the length of the tube; anthers oblong-ellip-
tical, flattish, pale yellow. Legume from about 14 to 2 inches long, brownish
black, glabrous, subcylindrical, straight and acuminate, with a recurved point.
Seeds greenish or yellowish, mostly mottled with purplish brown, globose, quite
smooth and glabrous ; hilum linear-oblong, about 4 the circumference of the seed.

In Aberdeenshire, as I learn from Mr. Lawrence, the tubers of the root are well
known as Gnapparts. In Sweden, O. niger is called Wipp-arter or Vipp-arter,
the root having a similar sweet taste.

For a detailed account of the uses of this plant see Curt. F]. Lond. i. t. 53.

Tribe ITI. Hepyssrez.

Stamens diadelphous. Legume lomentaceous, of one or more
single-seeded indehiscent joints or cells separating transversely.

* Loment many-celled, rounded or compressed.

XV. OrnitHopus, Linn. Bird’s-foot.

“ Calyx elongated tubular. Keel very small, obtuse. Legume
compressed, curved, of many close single-seeded joints, whose
136 LEGUMINOSE. [ Hippocrepis.

sides are equal.—Flowers capitate; peduncles bearing a leaf at
their apex.” —Br. Fl.

1. O. perpusillus, L. Common Bird’s-foot. “ Leaves pinnate
with 6—9 pairs of leaflets and a terminal one, peduncles longer
than the leaves, flowers nearly sessile, legumes curved upwards
with a beak scarcely longer than the upper joint.” — Br. FI. p.
107. #. B. t. 369.

On dry sandy, chalky or gravelly banks, pastures and waste ground ; not at all
uncommon. Fl. May—July. fr. June. ©.

Root white, tapering, sending out in the larger specimens innumerable pro-
cumbent, rounded and slightly hairy stems, spreading on the ground in all direc-
tions, from a few inches to upwards of a foot inlength. Leaves impari-pinnate, of
numerous ovato-obtuse hairy leaflets, ‘about } of an inch long, and so shortly
stalked as to appear sessile. lowers in little beads or clusters, of about 5 or 6
together, small, whitish, the standard beautifully pencilled with purple striz.
Calyx hairy, tubular, with a slight articulation near the base, the 3 lower seg-
ments linear, nearly equal, the 2 upper broader. eel small, greenish yellow,
obtuse. Legumes clustered, erect, whitish brown or purplish, about an inch in
length by 1 line in breadth, more or less arcuate, and covered with fine spreading
pubescence, 2-edged and much compressed, reticulated with prominent longitudi-
nal anastomosing veins, and composed of elliptical joints, of which the terminal
one is prolonged into a beak tipped with an incurved mucro. Seeds,—one in
each joint, yellowish or greenish, ovato-oblong or somewhat orbicular, compressed
and glabrous, the surface a little uneven.

The legumes taken in the aggregate bear a striking resemblance to the claws
of a small bird; separately regarded, their likeness is still more remarkable to the
tail of a scorpion armed with its aculeus or sting.

XVI. Hrerocreris, Linn. Horse-shoe Vetch.

Calyx campanulate. Keel about as long as the wings, acumi-
nate. Legume compressed, submembranaceous, of numerous
joints, which are curved like a horse-shoe, so that each legume
has many notches on one side.—Flowers umbellate, axillary and
nearly sessile.

1. H. comosa, L. Common Horse-shoe Vetch. ‘ Crespitose,
perennial, peduncles longer than the leaves, flowers 5—8 umbel-
late, legumes curved scabrous with scabrous joints and semicircu-
lar notches.” — Br. Fl. p. 108. H. B. t. 31. Jacq. Fl. Aust. v.
14, t. 431.

On dry chalky banks, downs, cliffs and short pasture-ground; abundant in most
of the hilly calcareous districts of the island. #2. May—July. Fr. July,
August. 2.

E. Med.—Abundant on all the chalky declivities facing the sea at Ventnor and
other parts of the Undercliff, which it enlivens during summer with its bright yel-
low blossoms. In most luxuriant tufts half way up the cliff between Sandown
fort and Culver, marking pretty nearly the spot where Medicago denticulata grows
at the foot. Plentiful on sloping banks on Bembridge down.

W. Med.—On the down above Plumbley’s (new) hotel, Freshwater Gate. In
the planted hollow below the temple at Swainston. About Carisbrooke Castle,
and on all the chalky downs, B. T. W.

This and the other species of the genus have much the habit of Coronilla, a
genus not yet with certainty detected in Britain.
Onobrychis.] LEGUMINOS@.—ROSACE&. 137

** Loment single-celled.
XVII. Onoprycuis, Tourn. Saintfoin.

Keel truncate, longer than the wings. Legume sessile, of one
indehiscent joint, compressed, coriaceous, prickly, crested or
winged.—F lowers racemose.

1. O. sativa, Lam. Common Saintfoin. Cock’s-head. ‘Leaves
pinnate nearly glabrous, legumes toothed on the lower margin
with elevated wrinkles on the sides, wings of the corolla as short
as the calyx, the keel as long as the standard, stem elongated.””—
Br. Fl. p. 108. Hedysarum Onobrychis, L.: #. B. t.96. Jacq.
Fl. Aust. iv. 27, t. 352.

On dry chalky banks and slopes, borders of fields and thickets, where the soil

is calcareous ; not uncommon, but difficult to determine whether wild or the relic
of cultivation, of which it isso much the object. Fl. June, July. Fr. August.

E. Med. — On a steep declivity facing the sea by the ‘ Crab and Lobster’ at
Ventnor. Between Shanklin and Bonchurch. On a bank of chalk-marl near
Ashey down, between it and Nunwell. Abundant on a steep bank above the bri-
dle road to Lower Knighton from Ashey down, near the end of Knighton E.
copse.

W. Med.— Near Westover, apparently indigenous, Very common about the
borders of fields on and at the foot of Freshwater down.

Order XXTV. ROSACEA.

“ Calyx 4—5 lobed, free or adherent with the ovary. Petals 5,
perigynous, equal. Stamens perigynous, definite or indefinite,
with an incurved estivation ; anthers 2-celled, bursting longitudi-
nally. Carpels many, rarely solitary, and then situated between
two of the lobes of the calyx (when these are 5), 1-celled, 1, 2, or
more seeded, free, or combined with each other and with the
calyx. Styles simple, often lateral, distinct or combined. Seeds
ascending or suspended, nearly without albumen : embryo straight,
with fleshy or foliaceous cotyledons—Herbs, or shrubs, or trees.
Leaves alternate, with stipules one on each side the base of the
petiole.’— Br. Fl.

Tribe I. AmycpaLez.

Calyx inferior, deciduous. Ovary solitary, superior. Style 1,
terminal. Fruit a solitary drupe, with 1 or 2 seeds suspended from
the top of their cell. Trees or shrubs with simple leaves and stipules
free from the petiole. All the parts abound in prussic acid.

T
138 ROSACEA. (Prunus.

I. Prunus, Linn. Plum. Cherry.

“ Calyx 5-cleft. Petals 5. Nut of the drupe smooth, or fur-
rowed at the margin.” —Br. Fl.

* Young leaves convolute. Peduncles solitary or in pairs. Fruit pruinose. Plum.

1. P. domestica, L. Common Wild Plwm-tree. “ Peduncles
solitary or two together, leaves ovato-lanceolate somewhat downy
beneath, branches with or without spines.” —H. B. t. 1783. P.
communis, Huds., y. domestica, Br. Fl. p. 116.

In hedgerows, the borders of fields, and on banks in the more enclosed coun-
try ; not common, and often with difficulty distinguishable from some states of the
following species, of which it is probably but a still larger variety. Fi’. April,
May. Fr. August, September. hb.

#. Med. — Plentiful on each side of the road and in fields adjacent at Bank-
end, between Steephill and St. Lawrence, and about the latter place, apparently
quite wild, but appearing so ambiguous in its character that I scarcely know
whether or not to consider it as belonging rather to P. insititia than to the P.
domestica of authors. The large obovate leaves and dark blue fruit, both equal-
ling in size those of the figure in Eng. Bot., with the very sparingly produced
flowers, incline me to refer our plant to P. domestica ; whilst its thorny aspect
and general habit accord with the more robust forms of P. insititia. The leaves in
my specimens are quite smooth heneath, and the bark of a light ash-gray.

W. Med.— Abundantly in the lane between Froglands and Frosthills, and
Mountjoy by Carisbrooke, appearing from the size of the leaves to be this rather
than P. insititia. Very abundantly in a field-hedge nearly under the Tolt copse,
near Gatcombe. The leaves of the trees at this station are remarkably firm and
shining, villous along the midrib and axils of the nerves, the branches somewhat
thorny. The fruit is similar to that produced at St. Lawrence, globular, dark
bluish purple or damson-colour, with a strong bloom, quite eatable when fully
ripe, measuring from 10 to 12 lines in diameter. In the same hedge grow several
large trees producing fruit in no respect different except in being % smaller, and
which I suppose would be pronounced to be P. insititia, between which and P.
domestica this smaller kind is intermediate.

2. P. insititia, L. Wild Bullace-tree-—Fyr. Sloe, Vect. ‘ Pe-
duncles in pairs, leaves ovato-lanceolate downy beneath, branches
ending in a spine.” —#. Bt. 841. P. communis, Huds., 8. insi-
titia, Br. Fl. p. 116.

8. Fruit yellowish or reddish. White Bullace.

In similar, but often wilder or more sequestered places than the last, and far
from uncommon in most parts of the island. Fl. et Fr. cum preced. h.

E. Med.—Hedges in the lane and fields adjacent between Binstead and Nin-
ham, also in other places about Ryde. Hedge near Long-down farm, in plenty.
Hedges near Kerne, also fruiting abundantly. Hedges about Messly, or Mersley,
farm, and frequent about Newchurch in various places.

WW, Med.—Plentiful in the hedges of a field immediately opposite Whitewall farm,
at Thorley, producing abundance of blue plums, as large as nutmegs and with a fine
bloom. By the roadside from Yarmouth to Shalfleet, a little before coming to Bould-
ner, in plenty. Hedges near Hill farm, Princelade, and several other places, Mr.
Snooke. At North Court, Mrs. Penfold!!! Pleutiful in hedges near Dodpits and
Eades’s, along, I believe, with P. domestica, as far as can be judged from the size of
the leaf. Very abundant in hedges about Brixton, as near Marsh Green and by
White Court, where, in the road leading from thence to Marsh Green, are some
very large bushes. In this neighbourhood P. insititia may be seen in all its
Prunus.) ROSACE. 139

varieties, from the Bullace upwards to what may perhaps be considered as the
Wild Plum (P. domestica), or in a descending series to the common Sloe (P.
spinosa).

B. In the field opposite Whitewalls farm, growing intermixed with the com-
mon form, Mrs. Penfold, 1842!!! At Hill farm. Freshwater ?

Flowers mostly but not always in pairs, frequently solitary, or even in fascicles
of 4 or 5 together. Drupes globular, bluish black, with a glaucous bloom, 9 or
10 lines in diameter, tolerably eatable when fully ripe, which they are earlier than
the common Sloe; nucleus ovato-globose, strongly rugose, with a deep groove
along one-half of the commissure, and 4 or 5 converging furrows on the opposite
side, the 2 outer or lateral ones largest; all often interrupted and ending in deep
cavities or perforations.

A very perplexing species, by no means constant to the characters assigned to
it. Bark usually of a lighter colour than in P. spinosa, gray, reddish, or partly
light ash, slightly downy. The flowers are seldom produced until the leaves are
ready to expand, often not till the expansion is far advanced ; in P. spinosa the
blossoms usually cover the leafless spray, and are for the most part withered whilst
those of P. insititéa are in perfection. The flowers of the common Sloe are usu-
ally not more than half the size of those of the wild Bullace-tree, generally soli-
tary, with longer narrower petals; the leaves too are much smaller and narrower
in comparison with their length. In my specimens of P. insititéa gathered near
Ryde the leaves are nearly quite glabrous, and equally so on the upper and under
surfaces ; nor are the flowering branches always terminated by a thorn. The
flower-stalks in my Ryde specimens are pubescent, an assigned marked of the spe-
cies amongst continental authors; in P. spinosa and the intermediate form, P. coe-
tanea, I find the peduncles perfectly glabrous. In P. insititia, however, from Mers-
ley, near Newchurch, the peduncles are smovth and the styles more or less curved,
as in all our wild plums and cherries. Another intermediate form between P.
insititia and P. spinosa grows in the trench on the E. side of Carisbrooke Castle,
differing from the former in its smooth peduncles and rather smaller flowers, and
uniting the reddish bark of the Bullace with the very rigid and thorny habit of
the Sloe. So various indeed are the gradations between these two supposed spe-
cies and P. domestica, that it is often difficult to assign a name to many of them.
I have found the blossoms of P. spinosa in a few instances with two or three dis-
tinct styles at Hastings, where a large-flowered variety occurs uniting the aspect
of P. spinosa with the leaves and blossoms of P. insttitia, and of which I have
specimens in my herbarium, but I have never seen fruit produced on it. Indeed
the flowers of P. spinosa itself are not always solitary, but often in pairs and even
occasionally fascicled, and all on the same branch. The petals are in P. spinosa
often as much rounded, the bark nearly as pale, and the leaves as ovate as in P.
insitittia. From the above considerations it appears more than probable that the
idea of P. spinosa and P. insititia being mere varieties of the same species is a
well-founded one. Nor is this view of the subject weakened by the fact of P. spi-
nosa inhabiting countries where P. insi#itia is unknown, as in most parts of the
N. of Europe, or by their often growing side by side in similar circumstances of
soil and situation, for we find both these conditions fulfilled in the three perma-
nent forms or races of Primula vulgaris, of whose absolute identity there seems
now no room to doubt. Koeh (Syn. Fl. Germ. et Helv.) says P. insititia has
drooping fruit ({ruct. globosis nutantibus) ; in P. spinosa the fruit is erect, accord-
ing to the same author.* An inspection of the figures of P. spinosa aud P. insi-
titta in Eng. Bot. affords a convincing proof of the difficulty of expressing by any
delineation the distinctions between the two, and I heartily concur with Mr. Wil-
sou in believing both these and P. domestica to be simple modifications of the
same species, of which P. spinosa is the typical form. The figure of this last in

 

* My observations have confirmed this, but may not the greater weight of the
larger fruit of P. insititia be sufficient to account for its pusition ?
140 ROSACEE. (Prunus.

E. B. is of an intermediate variety, with larger more rounded petals, like P. insi-
litia, and producing its leaves, like the Bullace, simultaneously with the blos-
soms.

B. The few trees producing this variety, and which grow intermixed with the
common blue Bullace, are distinguished by the larger size of the leaves, which
equal those of P. domestica. The fruit is a handsome plum, globose, the size of
the common blue form of the species, of a waxy translucent aspect, and of a yel-
low verging upon orange colour, with a considerable and unequal tint of red,
chiefly on one side, agreeably tasted, a little acid and slightly bitter, but without
any austerity, and covered with a bloom. This var. is well known in many places
as the white Bullace, and is very commonly brought to market for tarts and pud-
dings. The yellow Bullace is said to grow about Freshwater, at Hill farm, but
whether wild or cultivated I have not yet ascertained.

3. P. spinosa, L. Sloe-tree. Blackthorn.—Fr. Winter Keck-
sies, Vect. “ Peduncles (mostly) solitary, leaves elliptico-lanceo-
late somewhat downy beneath, branches very spinous.” —E. B. t.
842. P. communis, Huds., «. spinosa, Br. Fl. p. 116.

a. Flowers and leaves small, the former usually produced first, branches slen-
der, bark purplish black or cinereous, petals mostly elliptical or obovate, peduncles
mostly solitary.

B. Flowers and leaves produced together. P. spin. coetanea, Wimm. et Grab.
Fi. Siles. ii. p. 10.

y. intermedia, Flowers large, subcoetaneous, petals obovato-rotundate.

6. Flowers large, produced before the leaves.

In woods, thickets, hedges, pastures, borders of fields, and by roadsides ; most
abundantly everywhere. I. March, April, May. Fr. September, October. h.

8. With the former in many places. Whitefield Wood, &c.

y. America, close to the wild pear-tree, in plenty.

6. Frequent about Newchurch, on the road to Winford, &c., also near Ryde,
Nettleston, &c.

An extremely rigid bush, from 3 or 4 to 8 or 10 feet high, rising usually in
several slender stems from the stools or suckers, hy which it increases much; more
rarely a small tree, with a trunk of some considerable diameter ; branching copi-
ously and most irregularly from near the base, the branches divaricating and
spreading in every direction, and beset with short, straight, lateral spurs, on which
the leaves and flowers are chiefly borne, and which when old are produced into a
long, sharp, terminal spine. Bark smooth, reddish, blackish or purplish brown,
partly cinereous or banded with ash-gray, sometimes greenish. In 6. the plant
has the bark and general aspect of a., but with flowers approaching the last spe-
cies in size, though produced before the leaves, or at least when the latter are
only just unfolding; this form is also very frequent. Leaves usually unfolding
when the blossoms are nearly past, sometimes, as in @., both are produced toge-
ther, as also in the intermediate form y., which unites P. spinosa with P. insititia.
Flowers white, scattered, either solitary, in pairs, or 3 or 4 together, in y. usually
single and about 3 an inch broad, sometimes greenish in the bud, on short gla-
brous peduncles. Calyx smooth, its seements broad, obtuse, single-nerved, with
white slightly dentato-serrated or entire margins. Petals obovate or ovato-ellip-
tical (in y: and 8. more roundish ovate), much (2 or 3 times) longer than the calyx,
with minute claws. Stamens about 15 or 20, erect; filaments white ; anthers yel-
low or reddish. Styles 1, 2, or even occasionally 3, curved; stigma peltate.
Drupes roundish ovuid, 5 or 6 lines in diameter, bluish black, with a glaucous
bloom, sometimes globular and purplish, with hardly any bloom, intensely astrin-
gent and austere, remaining through the earlier part of winter on the tree; nucleus
subglobose, rugose, with an adhering pulp as in all our species or varieties of wild
plums, strongly grooved along the margin.
Prunus.) ROSACES, 141

_ A period of cold weather, which happens commonly whilst the Sloe is blossom-
ing, is called by the country people here the “ Blackthorn winter.”

** Young leaves conduplicate. Peduncles in racemose or umbellate clusters.
Fruit without bloom. Cherry.

+ Inflorescence racemose ; racemes lateral. Padus.

+4. P. Padus, L. Bird Cherry. Arborescent; leaves deci-
duous obovate-oblong cuspidato-acuminate serrated wrinkled gla-
brous not shining, petioles with two glands at their summit,
racemes elongated erect at length drooping. Linn. Sp. Pl. 677.
Sm. H. Fl. ii. 354. Br. Fl. 116. Bab. Man. 90. Loud. Arb.
Brit. i. 709, and vi. 99, t. 30, F. E. B. xx. t. 1383. Hoppe,
Lict. Plant. Ratisb. cent. 4, t. 809. Gwimp. und Hayne, Abbild.
der Deutsch. Holtzart. i. 77, t. 59.

r In woods and thickets ; very rare, and doubtless introduced. Fl. May. Fr.
ugust.

8. Leaves evenly and finely serrate, racemes more upright. P. Pad. 6. rubra,
Willd. Sp. Pl. 985. P. rubra, Idem, Berlin. Baumz. 237, t. iv. fig. 2 (folium).

£. Med. —In a thicket below the Cowleaze, St. John’s, sparingly, as a slender
shrub, of a few feet in height, probably conveyed thither by birds from gardens at
Ryde, in which it is frequeut. On the wooded steep below Cook's Castle, in con-
siderable plenty, both as a bush and tree, but I suspect not truly wild there.

A handsome lew tree or large straggling shrub, seldom exceeding 10 or 20
feet in the wild state, but sometimes attaining to double that height in gardens
and plantations. Branches alternate, long, slender, tough and flexile, partly pen-
dulous, covered with a dark, reddish brown, smooth, bitter-tasting bark. Leaves
deciduous, scattered, or 2 or 3 together, when fully grown, or after the flowers are
past, from about 23 to 4 inches long, and from about 1 to 24 inches wide, obovato-
oblong or obovato-elliptical, acute or more commonly cuspidato-acuminate, more
or less cuneately attenuated below, rounded, or subcordate and mostly unequal at
base, sharply, unequally and doubly (or as in our variety 8. finely, evenly and
simply) serrate, the serratures pointing forward, incurved, glanduloso-mucronu-
late ; bright green but not shining above, wrinkled, and, with the exception of a
slight hairiness in the axils of the veins beneath, glabrous. Petioles about 6—9
lines in length, usually with a pair of small glands just at their junction with the
leaf, one or both of which are occasionally though rarely wanting. Stipules pale,
linear, deciduous. lowers numerous, small, white, soon falling, in simple, naked,
or slightly leafy lateral racemes, of 3 or 4 inches in length, from the wood of the
second year, and which are, as Gaudin remarks, more or less erect, afterwards
drooping. Pedicels nearly erect, scarcely half an inch long, glabrous, at length
patent, each from the axil of an oblong-lanceolate, obtuse, elongated, concavo-
canaliculate, membranaceous and pubescent, very early caducous bract (Bertolini).
Calyx shallow, hairy and glandular within. Sepals broad, rounded and obtuse,
fringed with white pellucid hairs or glands. Petals twice or thrice the length of
the calyx, irregularly jagged or erose along their margin, obovato-orbicular, with
scarcely any claws. Stamens in two rows, the inner series placed irregularly.
Style straight ; stigma large, flat, lobed and roundish. Drupes the size of peas,
globose, black and shining (sometimes, it is reported, red), juicy, bitter and
austere; nucleus subglobose, a little pointed at each end, rough with broad, fur-
rowed, tubercular ridges ; the kernel white and bitter.

The Bird Cherry tree, though common in hedges and high rocky woods in
many of the northern and midland counties of England, is very rare in the south-
ern, and can scarcely be regarded asa native of the Isle of Wight, where how-
ever it is now quite naturalised in the few stations above recorded. It is very fre-
quently seen in the gardens at Ryde, to which it is a great though transitory
142 ROSACEA. (Prunus.

ornament, making a beautiful appearance when in blossom in the early part of
May, and whilst the foliage is still fresh and tender. The flowers, which have a
faint but not unpleasant odour, resembling that of black currants, are extremely
short-lived, and when these are past, the now full-grown leaves assume a coarse
wrinkled appearance, and are generally much eaten and disfigured by insects,
especially the larve of Lepidoptera, to whose attacks this tree is most peculiarly
obnoxious. Hence the Bird Cherry makes but a shabby figure in plantations and
shrubberies during a great part of the summer and autumn months. This and
the Mountain Ash (Pyrus Aucuparia) are perhaps the hardiest of European trees,
ranging to the extremest northern parts of that continent (lat. 70°, 71°). The
bark is stated, and probably with reason, to contain hydrocyanic acid, as when
just stripped off it exhales a strong smell of bitter almonds. ‘The fruit, called
Hag-berries in the North of England and Scotland, is eagerly devoured by birds,
though unpalatable if not hurtful to mankind, in flavour partaking somewhat of
black currants.

In the species, as we find it in this island, the leaves are very finely and sharply
serrated, and the racemes extremely upright, not at all lax or disposed to droop in
that state, hence I presume it to be the variety @. of Willdenow’s Sp. Pl., and
which seems to come very near to the P. virginiana and P. serotina of North
America, two species whose synonymes, if they be really distinct, which Sir Wm.
Hooker doubts, are almost inextricably commingled. A good impression of this
variely, differing merely in baving the racemes a little lax, is given in Hoppe’s
‘Ectypa Plantarum Ratisbonensium,’ referred to above, a work valuable for the
correctness of its nomenclature and the unerring fidelity of the plates, transcripts
as they are of Nature herself, however obscured in some of the minuter details,
from the difficulties inseparable from the process of transmitting a perfect image
of a dried specimen to paper. The authors of the ‘ Flora of North America’ con-
sider P. serotina as quite distinct from P. virginiana, the former being a timber-
tree of the largest size, which neither the latter nor our European P. Padus ever
become. The fruit of P. Padus would appear to be occasionally red, as in P.
serotina, but we know that in the Wild Cherry (P. avium) this difference of colour
affords no specific distinction, and we can bear witness to the truth of Hooker's
remark (Fl. Bor. Amer. i. p. 170), “ how little dependence is to be placed upon
the foliage of our own Cerasus Padus, a species so nearly allied to this (C. sero-
lina, P. virginiana, Torrey and Gray) that M. Seringe (in DeCandolle) seems to
doubt if it be really distinct.”

The common Cherry Laure] and Portugal Laurel of our gardens (P. Lauroce-
rasus and P. lusitanica) belong to this section with deciduous leaf-buds, and are
in fact evergreen Bird Cherries, as is the beautiful P. Caroliniana of N. America,
of which there is a fine specimen in the grounds of the Priory, formerly the seat
of the late Grose Smith, Esq.

tt Inflorescence umbellate.

5. P. avium, L. Common or Wild Cherry-tree. Vect. Merry-
tree. Fr. Merries. Scot. Gean-tree. Fr. Geans.* Arborescent,
leaves ovate ovate-oblong or oblongo-elliptical cuspidate acumi-
nate coarsely serrate downy beneath drooping, umbels sessile lax
ageregate around the leaf-buds, sepals somewhat pointed, petals
thin flaccid a little connivent, root scarcely stoloniferous. Linn.
Sp. Pl. 680; Fl. Suec. 165. P. Cerasus, Sm. #. Fl. ii. 854 (ex
parte). Br. Fl. 116. Bab. Man. EH. B. x. t. 706 (P. Cer.) Fi.

 

* Fyom the French, Guignier, Guigne. Merise is thought to be a contraction
of amére cerise, from the bitterness of the Wild Cherry.— Loud. Arb. Brit., article
Cerasus.
Prunus.) ROSACEE. 148

Dan. x. t. 1647 (cum priore var. fructé nigro). Loud. Arb. Brit.
i. 693 (Cer. sylvestris).

a. Fruit red.

8. Fruit black.

Extremely common and often very abundant in woods, thickets, hedges and
copses over the greater part of the island. Fl. April, May. Fr. July.

E. Med.—In Quarr copse, about St. Jobn’s, and elsewhere near Ryde, frequent,
but seldom very large. Common in woods about Cowes. Abundant at Bord-
wood. In the Parsonage Lynch and elsewhere about Newchurcb, Kerne and
Apse. Near Pidford, plentifully. Many trees of large size are found in Knigh-
ton West copse, near Shanklin church, Barton farm, near Landguard, &c., mostly
if not always with a small, red, acid, and very bitter scarcely eatable fruit. Apse
Castle. About America. In Park copse and elsewhere about Cliff farm, 'com-
mon. Under Cook’s Castle, in plenty. In Cheverton copse, a little S.S.W. of
Lee farm. Abundant in thickets about Park farm, Appuldurcombe. Most abun-
dantly in a copse near to Hilliard’s, between Lake and Shanklin.

W. Med.—Tolt Copse, and about Hill farm, Gatcombe, in coppices. About
Marvel Wood. Snowdrop Lane, near Gateombe. Swainston park.

8. A tree or two of the Black Merry grows in Bordwood copse, producing a
small tolerably well tasting fruit, slightly bitter, but without acidity. At Fox-
holes, near Lower Knighton, a single tree, Mr. Williams. ‘

A tree, often of a timber-like size, from 20 to 40 feet or even double that height,
rising, when allowed to acquire its natural dimensions, with a single clean trunk,
from 1 to 3 feet in diameter, straight, and covered with a smooth bark, the epider-
mis of which is of a reddish gray striped or mottled with whitish ash, and from the
transverse direction of its fibres, which lie at right angles to those of the true bark,
appearing annulated or ring-streaked; in very old trees becoming rough and
fissured. Branches spreading or divaricate, long, straight and flexile, in the
younger trees somewhat verticillate, the whole forming a rounded, fastigiate or
conical head. Root creeping, scarcely if at all sending up suckers at the crown,*
as is so notably the case in the next species. Leaves beginning to expand just
before the blossoms, and like them growing in sessile clusters, partly on the main
branch, partly on short lateral spurs or abortive twigs, 6 to 8 or more in a cluster,
from the bosom of the deciduous leaf-buds, the inner scales of which are subfoli-
aceous, greenish, often 3-cleft, spreading and partly reflexed, hairy within and
very glutinous ; the outer short, brownish, concave, imbricated, smooth and chaffy:
when young the leaves are folded together, of a tender lucid green more or less
tinged with reddish brown, drooping or pendulous, a position they retain ever
after in various degrees; when fully grown from about 33 to 6 inches long, and
from 2 to 3 inches wide, varying in shape from ovate to obovato-oblong or
oblongo-elliptical, cuspidato-acuminate, rounded, cuneately attenuate or subtrun-
cate at base, coarsely, deeply and unequally doubly inciso-serrate ; serratures
rounded or obtuse, obliquely tipped with a small pale red pellucid gland, termi-
nating the median nerve, of which glands there is also a trace in the form of red-
dish points in the angles of the serratures on the under side of the leaf, which in
all stages of growth is beset, principally about the midrib and lateral nervures,

 

* Mr. Borrer has shown me that the root is certainly creeping, and that the
tree is propagated partly by that means, but there is unquestionably not the same
disposition to throw up copious suckers close around the primary stem asin the Morello
Cherry. In such young trees as I have caused to be dug up, I find the root to be
composed of numerous long, stout, branched fibres, spreading nearly horizontally
from the bottom of a single stem, or descending more or less obliquely, scarcely
one having a vertical direction; and in no instance have I yet seen any disposi-
tion to throw out suckers, either at the root, crown, or at any distance betwixt
that and the extremity of the fibres, from whence alone I presume fresh plants to
be in general produced.
144 ROSACEA. [Prunus.

with lax scattered hairs: sometimes though rarely the leaves are nearly glabrous
beneath. Petioles from an inch to an inch and a half in length, reddish and
slightly downy, grooved above, with a pair of large, roundish or oval, depressed,
crimson glands, situated sometimes at the very base of the leaf, more commonly
at a short distance below it, either opposite each other or a little apart, now and
then solitary or absent. Stipules,—a pair at the foot of each leafstalk, glandu-
loso-ciliate with long subulate points; viscid and deciduous. Flowers coeta-
neous with the expansion of the young leaves, in sessile umbels that are partly
scattered, parily aggregate, mostly clustered around a leaf-bud, and that so copi-
ously on adult trees as.almost to conceal the branches with the profusion of blos-
som, which commonly happens with us about the middle of April. Peduncles
from 3 to 5 in each umbel, about 2 inches long, round, glabrons, springing from
buds similar to those of the leaves, but of which the inner scales never become
wholly or in part truly foliaceous, as in the next species ; lax or drooping, slightly
enlarged upwards beneath the calyx, each peduncle with a small, oblong, pale
and gland-fringed bract, for the most part at ils insertion. Calyx campanulate,
glabrous, veined or ribbed, hence somewhat angular, and, as noticed by Mr.
Leighton, suddeuly contracted beneath the 5 ovato-oblong, somewhat pointed,*
3-nerved, entire and strongly reflexed segments. Petals white, obovato-rotundate,
more or less emarginate, veiny, thin, weak and flaccid, scarcely spreading, quickly
fading, with a slight pleasant scent. Stamens partly about the length of the style,
partly much shorter, the innermost very short and connivent ; anthers bright yel-
low. Germen ovate, glabrous, with a line or furrow on oue side, continued spi-
rally up the cylindrical somewhat curved style, that gradually enlarges to the flat
disciform stigma in a lateral notch, on which the spiral groove along the style ter-
minates. Fruit subcordato-globose, in a. small, bright red, very bitter and acid,
not eatable ; in 8. somewhat larger, black, tolerably well tasting, juicy, with some
bitterness and but little acidity ; both kinds ripening in July; nucleus subglobose,
a little compressed, quite smooth and even, not bordered.

6. P. Cerasus, L. Sour Cherry-tree. Morello Cherry. Gall.
Cerisier, Fr. Cerises. Fruticose, leaves broadly oblongo-obo-
vate or obovato-elliptical cuspidato - acuminate crenato- serrate
firm glabrous not drooping, umbels few-flowered mostly scattered,
peduncles erect or patent (not lax), inner scales of the flower-buds
leafy, sepals obtuse, petals firm widely spreading, root stolonife-
rous. Linn. Sp. Pl. 679. Br. Fl. p. 116. Bab. Man. 90. E.
B. Suppl. iv. t. 2863. Cerasus vulgaris, Mill. Loud. Arb. Brit.
ii. p. 693. Cer. austera, Leight. Fl. of Shrops. add. 524. P.
Cerasus, Hoppe, Ect. Plant. cent. 8, t. 748. Mert. und Koch in
Rohl. Deutschl. Fl. iii. 408. Koch, Syn. Fl. Germ.  Pollich,
Palat. ii. 27. Leers, Fl. Herborn. (ed. 2) 116. Wahklenb. Fl.
Upsal. 164. P. acida vel austera, Ehrh. teste Wahlenb. et fide
spec. Upsahensis ab Ehrharto ipso in herb. amiciss. Bentham cum
nostrat. vectianis comparati. P. caproniana, Gaud. Fl. Helv. iii.
807. Hall. Hist. Stirp. Helv. N. 1083. P. Cer., Lejeune, Rev.
de la Fl. de Spa, 92. Cer. collina, Lej. et Court. Compend. Fl.
Belg. ui. 130. Beenningh. Fl. Monast. 141.

Tn hedgerows, thickets, the borders of woods, on steep broken banks and bushy
slopes; in many places. Fl. April, May. Fr. July, August? .

 

* The calyx-segments are often quite obtuse and rounded, but scarcely ever so
broadly as in P. Cerasus, having always a certain degree of taper, or disposition
to pointedness.
Prunus.) ROSACEA. 145

E. Med. —First found by me in a wood between Whippingham street and
Wootton church, but nearer to the former, and close to a place called Blankets,
growing pleutifully within the wood at its western angle, and apparently indige-
nous. In rather inaccessible parts of Shanklin chine, but I think originating from
Morello Cherry trees in a garden above, lately occupied by General Vining.
Abundant on an overhanging bank between Chine cottage and Rose Cliff, the
bushes very stout and old. Bank by the roadside from Newport to Godshill,
before coming to Pidford, certainly wild. Near Old Park, but perhaps planted.
Abundantly along the crest of a steep bank, surrounded by cornfields, about half
a mile W..Niton church, seeming perfectly wild. A single stout tree, 8 or 9 feet
high, in a very elevated and sequestered part of Appuldurcombe park, in the great
wood fenced sn as a preserve for game. At Godshill, on the West side, below
the church. Abundant in a narrow lane leading up to Frogwell near Godshill,
also on a high bank close to French Mill, by the roadside.

W. Med.—Field-hedge in Gurnet bay. At Chale. About Carisbrooke, in the
lane leading up from thence to Buccombe down. Between Froglands and Mount-
joy. In this last station it grows abundantly along the field side or crest of the
steep side or bank of the road on the right hand going from Froglands to Frost-
hills towards Mountjoy, and a short distance only from the former places. Copse
by Gottens. Thicket between Yafford House and Combtonfield, in some plenty.
Hedge on the South side of Brixton. Near Ramsdown farm.” On Buccombe
down, the Miss Hardfields.

That the elegant shrub now before us is what Linneus and most, if not all, the
continental authors understood by his P. Cerasus, and that the synonymes of this
and P. avium of the same authors have been misunderstood, and applied by Bri-
tish authors to slight varieties (in the fruit) of our common Wild Cherry
(undoubtedly the P. avium of Linn. and others), will, I think, be obvious to any
one who compares our present plant with the descriptions given of both by the
writers above quoted. There seems no reason for supposing that any of the
varieties of the Wild Cherry mentioned by Smith bear reference to the species
now under consideration, which I believe has hitherto been overlooked, or at least
unrecorded as a native of Britain.

A much and irregularly branched shrub or very small tree, from 5 or 6 to 8 or
10 feet in height, sending up numerous suckers from the root, rising usually with
several erect slender stems, from about the thickness of the middle finger to that
of the wrist, rarely with one or two pretty stout trunks ; covered with a reddish
brown or dark gray very smooth bark, transversely streaked or mottled with ashy
white, the extremities of the slender virgate branches cinereous. Leaves partly
scattered or alternate, partly fasciculate, appearing with the blossoms towards the
close of April, much smaller than in the last species, when fully grown from about
1} to 34 to 4 inches in Jength, broadly oblongo-obovate, or obovato-elliptical, the
smaller and lower frequently more or less approaching to a roundish obovate
figure ; shortly and abruptly cuspidato-acuminate, less coarsely and unequally,
almost doubly crenato-serrato, the serratures rounder or more obtuse than in the
last, tipped as in that with a similar point or gland, the base of the leaves, espe-
cially of the superior and larger, more constantly cuneato-attenuated, seldom
much rounded, and never truncate, as is sometimes the case in P. avium. When
young the leaves are smaller and rounder than subsequently, folded together, var-
nished as it were with a gummy exudation ; of an extremely vivid bright green,
with little if any of the red tinge so conspicuous in those of the foregoing, unless
in the very earliest stage of their development, and then but occasionally ; more
or less hairy beneath along the midrib and natural nervures, which hairiness soon
disappears, and long before the leaves are full-grown they become perfectly gla-
brous on both sides: in this latter stage they have increased in size, and acquired
a more oblong shape, with larger, more cuspidate points, a dark green colour and
an opaque, firm, subcoriaceous texture, which the leaves of P. avium possess in a
very inferior degree, nor, as in that, are the leaves of our present species at all
drooping or pendulous, but in every period of their growth erect or horizontal.
Petioles from half an inch to an inch long, channelled, usually without glands at

U
146 ROSACEA. [Prunus.

the summit, these being more commonly placed on the leaf itself at the base, or
not unfrequently wanting, smaller and rounder than in P. avium, sometimes only
one is present. Stipules,—a pair at the base of each leafstalk, deciduous, linear,
glanduloso-serrate, much shorter than the petiole, with broad, dilated (not as in P.
avium long and subulate), green points. Scales of the leaf- and flower-buds simi-
lar to each other and to those of P. avium, but upright, not spreading open dur-
ing inflorescence, and the innermost of both assume more or less completely the
form of true but very diminutive leaves. Umbels lateral, but not produced on
short spurs, sessile or nearly so, mostly scattered, solitary or two together, seldom
in the really wild plant crowded or aggregated as in the foregoing, few- (2—4,
rarely 5 or 6-) flowered, with an occasional single-flowered bud interspersed,
Peduneles from about 9 to 16 lines in length, round, simple, glabrous, erect,
spreading or deflexed, not drooping from their laxity as in P. avium, gradually
thickened upwards below the calyx, with one or two small, pale green, oblong,
deeply glanduloso-incised bracts at the base of each. Blossoms large (above an
inch across), white, faintly but agreeably scented, very strikingly contrasting with
the light vivid green of the young leaves ; always produced considerably later (10
or 14 days) in the season than those of the common Wild Cherry. Calyx as in
P. avium, but far less suddenly contracted below the broader, much more obtuse
and rounded, strongly deflexed segments, which are scarcely 4 the length of the
petals, and furnished for the most part with a few distant crenate serratures, quite
wanting in the other. Petals cordato-rotundate, firm, concave, waved, veiny,
slightly emarginate, spreading widely (not flaccid as in P. avium), with very short
minute claws. Ovary oblong, glabrous. Stamens, style and stigma exactly as in
the last. Fruit (drupe) small, subdepresso-globose, scarcely cordate, red, juicy
and acid, ripening very late, and sparingly produced in the wild state, at least in
this island.

Prunus Cerasus, the Cerisier and Griothier of the French, the Saverkirschen or
Weichselbaum of the Germans, is the parent stock of the various kinds of late
acid Cherries, the Kentish and Flemish Cherries, the Morello and May Dukes
(the last said to be a corruption of Medoc, a famous wine district near Bordeaux),
and numerous minor varieties. A very ornamental double-flowered sort is fre-
quent iv gardens.

Some of the continental botanists subdivide our P. Cerasus into two species,
distinguished by the colour of the fruit and the upright or drooping branches, but
the alleged differences are so slight, and the synonymes so confused and recipro-
cally applied to each hy different authors, as to evince the indetermintate charac-
ters on which they are founded. That taken from the presence or absence of
glands on the leaves cannot be relied upon.

Mr. Borrer considers the root of P. avium to be creeping, but if so it is certainly
in a different way from this. I find my observations on the roots of these two
cherries were long since anticipated by Fries, who says, speaking of P. avium,
“ Radice palari, nunquam repente a prioris formis eximie repentibus et stolonife-
ris certissime dignuscitur,” (fries, Corpus Flor. Provin.Suec. i.—Scanica, p. 110).*

‘

 

* The strange confusion and misapprehension which till very lately prevailed
amongst nearly all British, and even some foreign botanists, with respect to this
and the foregoing most palpably distinct species of Cherry, have been remarked
upon by me in the additions and corrections to Leighton’s ‘ Flora of Shropshire,’
and in the ‘Supplement to English Botany,’ as quoted above. Those observa-
tions it is unnecessary here to repeat; a few words however on the same subject
may not be deemed superfluous, when we see so accurate and laborious a writer
as Bertolini still regarding these trees as mere varieties of each other, and perceive
a reluctance to admit them as distinct in more than one of our leading botanists
in this country.

Much of the confusion attendant on the discrimination of P. avium and P.
Cerasus has, I think, arisen from two principal causes: Ist, the partial distribu-
tion of the latter in the wild state; aud 2ndly, the habit which has prevailed with
Spirea.] ROSACEE, 147

Tribe II. Sperrezx.

“ Fruit formed of several follicles. Seeds 1—6, suspended from
the inner edges of the follicles. Calyx persistent.’—Bab. Man.

II. Sriraa, Linn. Dropwort.

Calyzx inferior, equally 5-cleft, persistent. Petals 5, roundish.
Follicles 8—12, usually distinct, 1-celled, 2-valved, with few seeds.

1. S. Filipendula, L. Common Dropwort. “ Herbaceous,
leaves interruptedly pinnated, all the leaflets uniform deeply cut

 

too many of regarding all the cultivated cherries as originating from one species,
since in that state it has been found difficult to draw an exact line of demarca-
tion between the best-marked varieties ; as also the bad practice, so prevalent on
the continent, of introducing cultivated fruit-trees into general and local Floras,
and of endeavouring to establish specific characters on horticultural races or per-
manent varieties.

_ There seems good reason for supposing P. Cerasus to be as truly indigenous to
Europe as P. avium, but being much more limited in its range than the latter,
and far more local in its habitats, it is rarely brought under the notice of observers
in its genuine native state ; the majority know it only in its multitudinous phases
as the Morello Cherry of the garden and orchard, in which condition it is com-
monly forced to amalgamate with its congener by the operations of budding or
grafting. From this cause, and from the changes which cultivation induces in
all vegetables long submitted to its influence, numerous varieties of the Cherry
have arisen which it is difficult to refer to their primitive types, intermediate, as
many of them are, between the two original stocks, whilst the features of the rest
are obscured or obliterated by centuries of domestication.

Though Prunus Cerasus appears to be distributed over a considerable part of
central and southern Europe, it would seem not to be of general occurrence
within these limits, and it is perhaps often passed by for a dwarf variety of P.
avium, which on a hasty view it certainly pretty closely resembles. Guided in all
likelihood by the name, and the traditional introduction of the Cherry (in its
improved cultivated forms) into Europe by Lucullus, authors have in general
agreed in assigning to this tree an Asiatic origin, and the writer of the article
““Cerasus” in Loudon’s ‘ Arboretum Britannicum’ says that it is never found in a
truly wild state in Europe, and that the aboriginal form is unknown, a direct con-
tradiction of the view just before taken by the same writer, seeing that he holds
both P. Cerasus and P. avium to be only varied forms of one species, but allows
the latter to be indigenous to our quarter of the globe, and very distinct in its
native habitats; it must therefore be that primitive form or type from which the
first is a derivative.

The fact is, that in this island and elsewhere, both in our own country and on
the continent, Prunus Cerasus grows in places remote enough from habitations,
though we do not deny it is occasionally found escaped from cultivation, as indeed
a truly indigenous plant would be peculiarly prone to do. As it naturally affects
free, open, sunny situations, it has less perhaps the appearance of an aboriginal
than P. avium, being seldom found, like that, in the interior of woods, where there
is not a free circulation of air.

The figures referred to in ‘ English Botany’ well express the characters and
difference of colouring which distinguish our two native Cherries. The separa-
tion of Prunus and-Cerasus as genera is unnatural, because certain species, as P.
Mahaleb for example, unite the habit and structure of these sectional divisions.
148 ROSACEA. [Spirea.

and serrated, flowers paniculato-cymose, follicles hairy.”—Br. Fl.
p. 117. #. B. t. 284.

In dry gravelly or chalky and hilly pastures, also in open groves and thickets 3
very rare. Fl. June, July. 2.

£. Med.—On the downs above Steephill, Dr. Martin.

W. Med. —In the great plantation of fir, beech, &c., on the slope of the down
(Westover Down ?) near Westover, in one or two spots abundantly. A single spe-
cimen found in Northwood park, 1845, Miss G. Kilderbee.

Root woody, tapering, reddish brown externally, with a few thickish fibres, and
most commonly a few roundish or oblong? fleshy tubers, of a reddish colour
within,* attached to the root by a slender filament, whence the specific name.
Stem erect, pale green, from about 1 to 2 or even 3 feet high, according to situa-
tion, rounded or bluntly angular, solid, simple and smovthish below, mostly spa-
ingly branched and more deeply furrowed above. Leaves interruptedly pinnate
or pinnatisect ; of the stem few, distant, somewhat erect, the uppermost extremely
short; of the root numerous, spreading; the common stalk or rachis semiterete,
compressed, with a deep channel or groove above, and in the radica] leaves naked
for some distance from the base upwards; leaflets numerous, partly opposite,
partly alternate, deep green, beneath paler and netted with irregularly anasto-
mosing veins, somewhat shining and rigid, primary ones of the stem-leaves sub-
linear, deeply and lobately incised, dentate, serrate or subpinnatifid, with 2 or 3
far smaller and shorter, toothed or cut, intermediate leaflets between each pair ;
those of the radical leaves broader or oblong, rather less remote and more com-
pound or distinctly lobed, otherwise similar: of all the leaves the leaflets are
quite sessile, a little clasping, not at all decurrent, their segments acute, spread-
ing or slightly recurved, with a few scattered bristly hairs along their margin, and
a terminal seta, otherwise quite glabrous, the primary ones dwindling gradually
towards .the base to the size and shape of the smaller intermediate or secondary
leaflets. Stipules of the root-leaves “ linear, acute, entire” (Bab.), soon wither-
ing, of the stem-leaves oblong-ovate or rotundate, clasping, sharply cut, toothed
and serrate but not lobed like the leaflets. Cyme terminal, panicled, large,
repeatedly compound, the branches very unequal, erect. F'lowers numerous,
much larger than in S. Ulmaria, cream-coloured, often but not always tipped with
rose-red, faintly but pleasantly scented.  Pedicels slender, unequal. Bracts
none. Calyx very small, greenish ; sepals oblong, rounded, a little hairy on the
inside at their base. Petals obovato-oblong, greatly exceeding the calyx in
length, entire, attenuated into long very slender claws, mostly 6 or 7, rarely but
5, at least in my specimens.t Stamens numerous, unequal; filaments slender ;
anthers yellowish, orbicular. Germens numerous, very small, conical, setosely
hispid. Styles short, thick, recurved ; stigmas very large, roundish oblong, curved
and 2-lobed, with a central furrow.

2. S. Ulnaria, L. Meadow Sweet. Queen of the Meadows.
“Herbaceous, leaves interruptedly pinnated serrated downy
beneath, lateral leaflets undivided terminal one largest and lobed,
flowers in compound (and as it were proliferous) cymes, follicles
glabrous.”— Br. Fl. p. 117. E. B. t. 960.

Everywhere abundant in moist meadows, wet woods, thickets and osier-beds,
by the sides of rivers, streams and ditches. Fl. June—August. 2{.

 

* These tubers have a nutty but bitterish taste, and are rather tough.
+ I find the same number of petals in garden specimens.
Poterium.] ROSACEA, 149

Tribe III. Dryapez.

“Fruit formed of small dry (in Rubus succulent) nuts, few, or
numerous and then inserted on a fleshy or succulent receptacle.
Calyx persistent.” —Bab. Man.

III. Geum, Linn. Avens.

Calyx 10-cleft, alternate segments minute. Petals 5. Peri-
carps with long geniculated awns. Receptacle elongated.

1. G. urbanum, L. Common Avens. Herb Bennet. “ Flowers
erect, heads of fruit sessile, upper joint of the awn glabrous and
much shorter than the lower one, cauline leaves ternate, radical
ones interruptedly pinnate and lyrate.” — Br. Fl. p. 118. E. B.
t. 1400.

In woods, groves, thickets, on hedgebanks, and in damp shady places; com-
mon. #l. May—August. 2.

The Water Avens (G. rivale, L.), not hitherto found in the island, abounds in
wet meadows in various parts of the county.

IV. Porrrium, Linn. Salad Burnet.

“ Flowers collected into a head, monecious or polygamous ;
upper ones fertile. Calyx with 3 or 4 bracteas at the base.
Petals 0. Barren flowers :—Calyx of 4 deep segments. Stamens
30—40, with very long flaccid filaments. Fertile flowers :—Calyx
tubular, contracted at the mouth, with 4 deciduous teeth. Stig-
mas tufted. Achenes 1—2, invested with the hardened 4-angled
tube of the calyx.”—Br. Fl.

1. P. Sanguisorba, L. Common Salad Burnet. Lesser Burnet.
“ Calyx of fruit sessile glabrous unarmed reticulate-rugulose not
pitted, the angles margined, styles 2, stem somewhat angular.”—
Br. Fl. p.127. EH. B. t. 860.

On dry mostly calcareous pastures and banks; abundant on most of the high
chalk downs throughout the island. Fl. May—August. 2.

£. Med.—In old stone-pits and elesewhere at Binstead, but not common. In
profusion at Ventnor on the chalky slopes, and in most parts along the Under-
cliff. Sandown bay.

W. Med.—Very abundant in the great plantation of fir, beech, &c., near West-
over,

Root thick and creeping, with a brownish epidermis, fleshy and often of a blood-
red within, hard, tough and woody in the centre, very astringent. Stems erect,
about a foot high, wavy, solid, deeply furrowed and angular, bright purple and
glabrous above, green and downy with soft, spreading, simple hairs towards the
base, the branches few, distant and alternate, mostly simple and nearly leafless.
Leaves chiefly radical and near the bottom of the stem, erect or spreading, impari-
pinnate, of 6—9 pairs of roundish or ovate, very shortly stalked leaflets, of a gray-
ish green above, paler and more glaucous beneath, deeply and evenly inciso-ser-
rate, the terminal serratures much the smallest, the leaflets themselves diminishing
150 ROSACEA. [Agrimonia.

towards the base of the common hairy petiole, and alternate, the rest opposite or
nearly so, all nearly or quite glabrous above, mostly a little hairy beneath, and
chiefly along the midrib, with shining appressed pubescence. Flowers sessile, in
dense, globose, solitary, terminal heads, with occasional sessile and lateral ones,
from the size of a pea to that of a musket-ball, the fertile and barren (and not
unfrequently, as I find, hermaphrodite) flowers intermixed on some heads, whilst
others consist wholly of one or other, those containing the former being generally
smaller. Bracts 3 or 4 beneath each flower, ovate, brownish white, concave,
membranous and very hairy, sometimes coloured like the perianth, and unequal.
Perianth in flowers of both sexes in 4 deep, broadly ovate, bluntish 3-ribbed seg-
ments, green, with broad white margins more or less tinged with purple, and tip-
ped with a minute fascicle of white pellucid hairs, the tube very short, minute,
hairy, contracted at the mouth into an annular shape, and with 4 prominent angles,
most conspicuous in the fertile flower: the perianth of the fertile flowers is
smaller and more deeply coloured with green and purple than the barren. Sta-
mens inserted on the contracted summit of the tube, very numerous, longer than
the perianth, with slender white flaccid and pendant filaments ; anthers of 2 reni-
form lobes, pale yellow or reddish, bursting laterally. Styles 1 or 2 (in the speci-
mens before me as often 1 as 2), passing through an annular contractiun at the
mouth of the tube, greenish ; s/igmas a tuft of radiating, pellucid, bright crimson
filaments, covered with glandular points, very beautiful.

I find the barren flowers very commonly furnished with an evident pistil, but
the stigma is smaller, less tufted, and probably incapable of performing its func-
tions,

[2. P. muricatum, Spach. Muricated Salad Burnet. ‘“ Calyx
of the fruit sessile glabrous wrinkled with pits whose margins are
muricated, angles crested, stem somewhat angular.” — Br. Fl. p.
127.

“Dry calcareous soil. Fl. July. 2£.”—Br. Fl.

Above the Culver cliffs, in several places, on both sides of a hedge which runs
East and West along the top of the hill; not however in the ancient turf of the
down, but in land that had formerly been under the plough, though some of it,
especially North of the hedge, not recently: W. Borrer, Esq., in litt.

“Very similar to the last, of which it was formerly considered a variety, and
from which it is chiefly distinguishable by the fructiferous calyx, and by the
much larger fruit.” —Br. Fl.—Edrs.]

VY. Acrimonia, Linn. Agrimony.

“ Calyx turbinate, at length hardened, covered with hooked
bristles, 5-cleft. Petals 5, inserted upon the calyx. Stamens 7—
20. Achenes 2.°—Br. Fl.

1. A. Eupatoria, L. Common Agrimony. “ Cauline leaves
interruptedly pinnate softly villous underneath, leaflets 7—9
rounded at the base with 6—8 coarse serratures on each side, ter-
minal one stalked, spikes elongated interrupted, calyx-tube obco-
nical deeply furrowed to the base, the teeth with a straight point,
exterior spines spreading.” —Br. Fl. p. 127. EH. B. t. 1885.

In dry woods, thickets, pastures and waste places, by roadsides, along hedges
and borders of fields; very common. Fl. June, July. 2.

Seeds 2 (or often solitary), sometimes 3, yellowish, smooth, ovato-rotundate,
erect, firmly enclosed in the hard woody and now strongly deflexed calyx, which
is crowned with the connivent segments and several rows of reddish hooked
prickles, of which the outer are spreading, the inner ones erect, adhering, like
those of the Burdock, to every object with which they come in contact.
Alchemilla.] ROSACE, 151

VI. Aucuemitia, Linn. Lady's-mantle.

Calyx 8-cleft, the 4 alternate and outer segments the smallest.
Petals 0. Stamens 1—4. Achenes 1—2.

1. A. arvensis, Sm. Field Lady’s-mantle. Parsley Piert.
“ Leaves trifid pubescent, lobes cuneate deeply cut, flowers sessile
axillary.”—Br. Fl. p. 126. EH. B.t.1011. Aphanes, L.

Common everywhere in dry, barren, sandy or gravelly pastures, cornfields, fal-
lows, waste ground, and on wall-tops. Fl. May—Octuber. ©.

VII. Potentinya, Linn. Cinquefoil.

Calyx 8—10 cleft, segments alternately smaller. Petals 4—5.
Achenes numerous, minute, tipped with a minute style, placed
upon a small dry flat receptacle.

A. Petals yellow.

* Leaves pinnate.

1. P. anserina, L. Silver Weed. Wild Tansy. “ Leaves
interruptedly pinnate serrated silky especially beneath, peduncles
axillary single-flowered, stem creeping.”— Br. Fl. p. 122. E. B.
t. 861.

In moist meadows and pastures, wet thickets, on ditchbanks, also in dry waste
places, by roadsides, borders of fields, &c.; very common. Fil. May—July. 2.

The flowers have been remarked by Dr. Bell-Salter and Mr. G. Kirkpatritk to
be powerfully fragrant.

** Leaves digitate.

2. P. Tormentilla, With. Tormentil. ‘“ Stem-leaves ternate
those at the base of the peduncles sessile, leaflets lanceolate or
obovate-cuneiform inciso-serrate, stem procumbent or ascending
dichotomous upwards, achenes wrinkled.

a. “ Leaves all sessile acute except those of the root, stem ascending.” Tor-
mentilla officinalis, Z.: KH. B. t. 863.

B. “ Lower stem-leaves stalked obtuse, stem prostrate sometimes rooting,
flowers larger.” Tormentilla reptans, L.: £. B. t. 864. Br. Fl. p. 124.

In (mostly dry) woods, thickets, pastures, and on heathy, moory ground ; every-
where. Fl. June—August. 2.

B. On hedgebanks between Alder moor and Coppid Hall. Parkhurst forest, on
the right hand of the brow of the hill, Miss G. Kilderbee !

8. P. reptans, L. Creeping Cinquefoil. Vect. Five-fingered
Grass. “Stem filiform prostrate creeping, leaves long-stalked,
leaflets 5 obovate-cuneiform serrated, peduncles axillary solitary
single-flowered longer than the leaf, achenes granulated scabrous.”
—Br. Fl. p. 124. E. B. t. 862.
152 ROSACEA. (Potentilla.

In woods, groves, meadows, pastures, on ditch- and hedgebanks, waste ground,
and by waysides; abundantly. #7. June—September. 2.

B. Petals white.
*** Teaves ternate.

4. P. Fragariastrum, Ehrh.  Strawbery -leaved Cinquefoil.
Barren Strawberry. Leaves ternate, leaflets obovate deeply ser-
rated silky on both sides, petals obcordate as long as the calyx,
seeds wrinkled hairy at the scar, stems procumbent. Sm. E. FI.
ii. p. 425. Br. Fl. p. 124. HE. B. xxv. t.1785. Curt. Fl. Lond.
i. fase. 3, t. 80.

In dry woods, pastures, groves, and on hedgebanks ; abundantly. Fl. March
—May. :

Rot thick, woody, nearly simple, flexuose, creeping, with a dark reddish brown
wrinkled bark, clothed at top with the withered footstalks of former leaves. Stems
several, from the crown of the root, from a few inches to about a span long, round,
leafy, decumbent but not rooting,* somewhat ascending, and usually emitting
tufts of leaves and flower-scapes at their extremities ; covered, like every part of
the plant except the root, with fine, spreading, silky hairs, often becoming quite
woody. Leaves ternate, on very long channelled petioles, the radical ones form-
ing a tuft at the crown of the root, the rest mostly crowded at the extremity of the
shoots or decumbent branches ; leaflets scarcely above an inch Jong at most, dull
green, very soft and hairy, especially along the nerves and midrib underneath,
the terminal one cuneato-obovate, very shortly stalked, wedge-shaped and entire
at base ; the 2 lateral leaflets roundish ovate, nearly sessile, entire below on their
inner side only, all strongly but evenly crenato-serrate, the terminal serrature of
each leaflet much smaller and shorter than the rest. Stipules large, pale and
membranaceous, closely combined and sheathing below, cleft above into 2 ovate
or ovato-lanceolate, acuminate and diverging lobes, glabrous on their upper sur-
face. Scapes lax, mostly longer than the leaves, from the base of which they
spring, usually about 2- or 3-flowered, with a small stalked leaf at the base of the
filiform variously lengthened pedicels. Flowers much like those of the Wood
Strawberry (Fragaria vesca) in size and appearance, erect. Calyx subcampanu-
late, the 5 interior segments broadly ovato-triangular, acute; the 5 exterior
(bracts ?) much smaller, ovato-lanceolate or elliptical, somewhat keeled, erect.
Petals pure white (sometimes reddish or flesh-coloured, Bertoloni), inversely
heart-shaped, opposite the smaller and about as long as the larger sepals, slightly
emarginate. Stamens converging, not very numerous; anthers bright yellow.
Styles numerous, erect, simple. Receptacle very hairy, bright orange and glan-
dular betwixt the styles. Carpels numerous, covered by the converging inner
calyx-segments.

Often mistaken for the Wood Strawberry (Fragaria vesca), of which it has all
a characters except the fruit (hence the English name), but it is a true Poten-
tilla!

VITI. Comarum, Linn. Marsh Cinquefoil.

Calyx 10- (or more) cleft, segments alternately smaller. Petals
5 (or more), shorter than the calyx. Achenes many, minute

 

* Mertens and Koch say they finally take root, and emit fresh procumbent
stems, like the original ones, which from their cxspitose mode of terminating
seems highly probable.
Fragaria.) ROSACER. 153

tipped with a minute style, inserted on a large spongy permanent
receptacle.

1. C. palustre, L. Purple Marsh Cinquefoil. Br. Fl. p. 122.
E.. B. t. 172. + Potentilla Comarum, Nestl.

In spongy turfy or peaty bogs and swampy meadows, in marsh-ditches and
drains ; not uncommon, but rather local. FV. May, June. Fr. July. 2f.

E, Med.—In the boggy moors or meadows between Rookley and Northground
farms, in several places abundantly. Boggy pasture between Saynham and Dews
Place. Plentiful in various parts of Sandown level, and on the adjacent marshy
skirts of Lake common.

W, Med.— Abundant in boggy meadows in the valley of the Medina, about
Cridmore &c. Marsh near Easton, in plenty, Mr. Snooke !!!

A beautiful plant, by some authors referred to Potentilla, from which, indeed,
as well as from Fragaria, it scarcely differs, except in the spongy, not dry or fleshy
receptacle, and is as it were an intermediate genus. Root reddish brown, very
long, creeping and extremely tough. Stem a foot or two in length, round, hairy,
procumbent, creeping and rooting at the joints, at length ascending, branched,
reddish, and like the root very tough. Lower leaves on sheathing petioles, of 6 or
7 ovate or lanceolate, deeply and sharply serrated leaflets, smooth above, pale
and downy beneath ; upper leaves sessile, ternate or quinate, with a pair of ovate
stipules. Flowers solitary or 2—5 together, purplish brown, handsome but with-
out scent. Sepals very unequal, the smaller alternate outer ones strongly
deflexed. Petals small, much shorter than the calyx, ovate, with a reflexed
point. Anthers oval, erect, flat, dark purple, like the fidaments, bursting along their
thin outer edges, deciduous. Receptacle conical, hairy. Styles purple, inserted
laterally on the small oval nuts or seeds, which are quite smooth, purplish,
slightly attached to, not imbedded in, the spongy very dry receptacle. Fruit
erect, much like a moderate-sized strawberry in appearance, but not eatable, more
or less completely covered by the dry, persistent, connivent sepals. Seeds (nuts)
very numerous and crowded, dark red above, yellowish white below, compresso-
globose, with an oblique obtuse apex, slightly attached to, but not at all imbed-
ded in the substance of the roundish ovate or oblong, dry, spongy and tomentose
receptacle.

IX. Fraagaria, Linn. Strawberry.

“ Calyx 10-cleft, segments alternately smaller. Petals 5. Sta-
mens many. Achenes many, minute, tipped with a short style,
placed upon a large fleshy deciduous receptacle.”—Br. Fl.

1. F. vesca, L. Common Wood Strawberry. ‘“ Calyx of the
fruit spreading or reflexed, hairs of the peduncles widely spread-
ing, those of the pedicels erect or close-pressed silky.” — Br. Fl.
p. 121. EH. B. t. 1524, and Suppl. t. 2742.

In woods, groves, on shady banks, pastures, and along hedgerows; common.
Fl. May—July. Fr. June. 2{.

Fruit drooping, small, round, bright scarlet, subtended by the spreading or
partly reflexed calyx. Seeds (achenia) numerous, deep red, smooth and shining,
very prominent on the shallow pitted receptacle.
154 ROSACEE. [Rubus.

X. Rusus,* Linn. Bramble. Raspberry.

Calyx 5-cleft. Petals 5. Fruit superior, of several single-
seeded juicy drupes, placed upon a protuberant spongy receptacle.

* Stem erect, biennial.

Group i. Suprrecti, Lindl. Stem upright, biennial ; leaves pin-
nate or digitate (fruit variable in colour).

1. R. deus, L. Common Raspberry. Stem prickly-setose,
leaves pinnate, leaflets tomentose beneath, flowers drooping, petals
erect. H. B. t. 2442. Br. Fl. pp. 119 and 584.

A. trifoliatus. Stem shining, leaves ternate.

Thickets and moist heaths, frequent. $8. Less common. Fl. May, June. Fr.
July, August. :

Ei, Med. —In a marshy wood near the Medina, above Blackwater, in conside-
rable plenty; in the Parsonage Lynch, Newchurch ; Bordwood Lynch ; abun-
dantly in a boggy thicket about a quarter of a mile West of Walklands, also in
Horvingford withy-bed, W. A.B. In Appuldurcombe park, A. Hambrough, Esq.
St. George’s Down, G. Kirkpatrick, Esq. On the cliff between Foreland farm
and Lane-end, Bembridge. In sandy hollows in Moreton-lane, Brading. With
pale or amber-coloured fruit, in a withy-bed by Shide Mill, as I learn from
a servant of Dr. Bell-Salter, W. A. B. Also with pale fruit, on Apse heath.

8. In Moreton-lane, by Brading.

Leaflets 3—7, white beneath. Fruit very pulpy, usually scarlet, rarely amber-
coloured. Prickly sete usually dark red, pale in the plants bearing amber-coloured
fruit. Plant spreading by suckers.

As Mr. Borrer finds the Wild Raspberry abundantly in the Sussex forests, there
is no reason fur supposing it to be otherwise than indigenous to the Isle of Wight,
though, like the Red and Black Currant, most plentiful in the colder parts of
Britain and the continent. Honest Gerarde’ tells us the fruit is “ in taste not
very pleasant,” an opinion rather at variance with the prevailing one of the pre-
sent day, and we suspect of his own age also. W. A.B.

2. R. suberectus, And. Red-fruited Bramble. Stem without
hairs or sete round, prickles straight small few or many, leaves
pinnate or digitate, leaflets cordate acuminate, flowers erect, petals
spreading slightly exceeding the calyx. EH. B.t. 2572. Br. Fl.
p. 584. Fl Dan. xu. t. 1992? W.A. B.

8B. trifoliatus. Prickles few, leaves ternate.
Boggy heaths and wet places, not frequent. £l. June, July. hb.

 

* [It had long been an understanding between our lamented author and his
friend Dr.'Bell-Salter, that the latter gentleman should supply, when required for
publication, the genus Rubus for the ‘ Flora Vectensis.’ As subsequently to this
promise Dr. Bell-Salter has contributed an abridged synopsis of the genus, pub-
lished as an appendix to the last edition of the ‘ British Flora,’ the Editors, by
quoting from this supplement, and adding the localities he has supplied them
with, have been able to carry out the understanding of the author without depart-
ing from the uniformity of their plan in the publication of his work. The Editors
prefer making this general statement, rather than that the whole genus should be
enclosed in brackets or marked as quotations, and the very few remarks or localities
recorded by the author they have authenticated with his iuitials.— Hdrs.]
Rubus.) ROSACEA. 155

£, Med.—In the dell at Apse Castle, 1840, W. A.B. Also about Ninham
farm, and Apse heath.

2 8. With the above, being in this island by far more frequent than the typical
‘orm.

Panicle mostly branched. Petals white. Fruit red, soon drying. Leaflets
3—9, glabrous on both sides, pale green.
This species and the following increase abundantly by seed.

3. R. plicatus, W.& N. Upright Blackberry. Stem angular
without hairs or set, prickles few curved, leaves quinate, leaflets
mostly ovate plicate, flowers erect, petals spreading, twice as long
as the calyx. W.d N.t.i. H. B.S. t. 2714. Br. Fl. p. 584.

B. carinatus. Leaflets lanceolate, carinated.

Moist heaths and boggy places, not rare. 6. Rare. Fl. May, June. bh.

&. Med.—Apse-Castle wood. On Apse heath. Ina boggy wood near Woot-
ton, on the road to Cowes,

W. Med.—Near Debourne Gate, W. Cowes, Aliss G. Kilderbee.

B. On Blackpan common.

Panicle usually simple, racemose, with long pedicels. Petals white or pale
pink. Fruit scarcely black. Leaftets dark green above, pale beneath.

*#* Stem arched or procumbent, perennial, rooting at the end.
+ Stem destitute of sete.

Group ii. CoryiiroLyu, Lindl. Stem polished, glabrous or slightly
hairy ; hairs patent, translucent; leaves digitate-quinate ;
leaflets pubescent on both sides, pliant. (Fruit black in this
and the four following groups).

w. Calyx reflected from the fruit.

4, R. rhamnifolius, W. & N.? Buckthorn-leaved Blackberry
or Bramble. Stem angled, prickles equal, lower pair of leaflets
small directed backwards, panicle branched. Borr. Br. Fl. p.
585.

a. cordifolius. Stems decumbent, leaves cordate. R. cordifolius, W. § N. t. v.
R. rhamnifolius, W. & N. t. vi.

B. nitidus. Stem suberect, panicle leafy spreading. R. nitidus, W. § N. t. iv.

y. sylvaticus. Stem villous, prickles numerous. R. sylvaticus, W. § N. t. xv.
R. villicaulis, W. §- N. t. xvii.

Hedges and thickets, frequent. Fl.May,June. h.

E. Med.—1n hedges near Ryde. In sunny thickets on the open parts of San-
down and Apse heaths, abundantly.

W. Med.— Hedges near Cowes. ;

B. In Quarr copse and Whitefield wood, abundantly. Very frequent in hedges
about Cowes.

y. Ina hedge at Week’s-field, near Ryde.

Stem green. Petals white or pale pink. .

A variable plant. 8. has much the habit of R. plicatus ; itis however dis-
tinctly osculant with a. and y.

5. R. macrophyllus, W.& N.?  Large-leaved Bramble or Black-
berry. Stem furrowed slightly hairy, prickles equal few mostly

small, leaflets elliptic-acuminate very pliant. W. dN. t. xi?
E. B.S. t. 2625. Br. Fl. p. 585.
156 ROSACE. [Rubus.

B. Schlechtendalii. Prickles somewhat stronger, Bab. R. Schlechtendalii,
W. S N. t. xi.?

Woods and thickets, frequent. Fi. June, July.

E. Med.— Shore copse, near Fishbourne, abundantly. In Whitefield wood.
. hedges between Adgestone and Alverstone. Bohemia, Albert Hambrough,

sq.

B. At Adgestone and in Morton lane, by Brading.

Whole plant pale, closely allied to the preceding. Petals usually small and
white ; in B. larger and somewhat pink.

6. R. corylifolius, Sm. Hazel-leaved Bramble or Blackberry.
Stem glabrous often glaucous, prickles unequal, leaflets cordate
mostly rugose, lower pair sessile overlapping.

B. fastigiatus. Leaflets flat. R. fastigiatus, Bab.

y. Smithii. Panicle cymose prickly and glandular, Leighton. R. corylifolius,
E. B. t. 827.

Hedges and thickets, common. §. Unfrequent. J. May, June. hk.

E. Med.—In hedges about Ryde, Brading and Bembridge.

W. Med.—In hedges about Cowes and Newport.

8. In a hedge by the path from the Ryde and Ashey road to Whitefield farm.

y- In hedges at Ryde and Bembridge. Near Gurnet farm, on the road towards
Cowes.

Stem decumbent, green or tinted purplish. Leaflets often crisped. Petals
small, mostly white.

b. Calyx embracing the fruit.

7. R. Salteri, Bab. Bell-Salter’s Bramble or Blackberry. Stem
angled slightly hairy, prickles small, leaflets elliptic-acute, pani-
cle compound. Bab. Br. Fl. p. 585.

Woods, rare. Fil. June.

E. Med.—In Apse-Castle wood, near America cottages, pretty abundantly, and
elsewhere in the same wood sparingly.

Whole plant pale green, spreading abundantly by creeping stolons, as well as
rooting at the end of the stems. Petals small, white.

Group iii. Carpiniroto. Stem clothed with patent translucent
hairs, and numerous unecinate prickles ; leaves pedate-qui-
nate or ternate; leaflets carinated, their surfaces nearly
glabrous and concolorate, strongly veined beneath ; panicle
subtomentose.

8. R. carpinifolius, W. & N. Hornbeam-leaved Bramble or
Blackberry. Stem arched angular, prickles with broad bases,
mostly confined to the angles of the stem, panicle branched, calyx
reflexed. W.d N.t. xiii, EH. B.S. t. 2664. Br. Bl. p. 586.

B. roseus. Stem but little hairy, panicle with a few sete, W. & N. t. xiii.

y. corymbosus. Panicle corymbose prickly, terminal flower subsessile.

Thickets in a sandy soil. 8. In woods. Fl. June—September. hb.

E. Med.— In Quarr copse, and woods about Haven Street; very abundant
throughout the greensand districts in the S.E. of the island. Pagham common.
Bleak Down and Alverstone Copse, Albert Hambrough, Esq.

&. In Quarr copse. In Apse-Castle wood and about Ninham farm, abun-
dantly.

y. In hedges about Shanklin and Languard.
Rubus.) ROSACEA, 157

Plant bright green. Petals mostly light pink, in @. bright rose-coloured.
After the first panicles pass out of flowers, lateral ones continue to form till the
close of autumn.

9. R. Sprengelii, W. Sprengel’s Bramble or Blackberry. Stem
prostrate round prickly on all sides with slender hooked prickles,
panicle corymbose, calyx embracing the fruit. Br. Fl. p. 586.
R. Borreri, Bell-Salter, olim.

Heaths and open places, not frequent. Fl. June, July. bh.
£. Med.—On Pagham common. On Apse heath and by Ninham farm, in
some plenty.

Stem prostrate, often concealed. Panicles upright, often appearing to spring
from the ground. Flowers pale.

Group iv. Tomenrost. Stem angled, more or less silky with diva-
ricating opaque hairs; prickles silky at the base, mostly
confined to the angles of the stem, often in pairs ; leaves
digitate ; leaflets polished above, hoary beneath; panicle
tomentose.

10. R. discolor, W. & N. Common Bramble or Blackberry.
Stem arched furrowed subglaucous with minute silky hairs,
prickles mostly uncinate, leaves quinate, leaflets elliptic crenato-
serrate usually decurved at the margin. Lindl. Br. Fl. p. 586.
R. fruticosus, E. B. t. 715.

B. thyrsoideus. Silky pubescence obsolete, tomentum of the panicle short. R.
thyrsoideus, Wimm.?  R. fruticosus, W. § N. t. vii. ?

y. macroacanthus. Prickles very large, tomentum of the panicle loose. R. dis-
color, W. & N. t. xx.

Hedges, woods and heaths, common. F'l, June—August.

B. At Bembridge and St. Helens.

y: In Quarr wood, abundant.

Stem dark. The petals vary from pure white to a full deep red. Leaflets gene-
rally 5, less decurved in plants growing in the shade.

1l. R. argenteus, W. & N. Silvery Bramble or Blackberry.
Stem pubescent-tomentose, prickles numerous uncinate slender,
leaves quinate, leaflets obovate cuspidate doubly serrated pubes-
cent-tomentose beneath. W.d N.t. xix. Br. Fl. p. 586.

B. macroacanthus. Prickles large, pungent. R. macroacanthus, W. & N. t.
xviii.

y. tenuis. Stem slender, panicle with lower branches attenuated. R. discolor,
var. argenteus, Bell-Salter, olim.

Thickets and hedges, not frequent. Fil. July, August. é

FE. Med. —In a hedge near Whitefield farm, by the bridle-road towards Ryde.

8. Near Whitefield farm, with specimens of normal form.

y. In a boggy thicket on Black-pan common, near Burnt-house.

Nearly allied to the preceding and following species. Silky pubescence more
abundant and less close than in the preceding, and glittering white. Petals pink.

12. R. leucostachys, Sm. Downy-spiked Bramble or Black-
berry. Stem tomentose, prickles straight, leaves quinate, leaflets
acuminate unequally and doubly serrated.
158 ROSACEA. (Rubus.

a. Leaves elliptic coriaceous, serratures acute. Br. Fl. p. 386. R. leu-
costachys, Sm.: H. B.S. t. 2631.

B. vestitus. Prickles weak; leaflets orbicular, flaccid, scarcely hairy beneath,
tomentose clothing loose. R. vestitus, W. § NV. t. xxxiii.? BR. vulgaris, W.§- N.
t. iv.

y. argenteus. Tomentose clothing very close, otherwise like a.

Common, a. and y. in hedges, and B. in woods. Fl. July, August. bh.

A variable plant, 6. being so altered by the effect of shade as to be often taken
for a different species. Stem dark purple in a. and y., green in 6B. Leaflets
coriaceous in a. and y., flaccid in 8. Petals white or piuk.

tt Stem setose.

Group v. Raputa. Stem armed with prickles, aciculi, hairs and
sete on all sides ; leaves quinate ; leaflets obovate cuspidate
acuminate, all stalked ; calyx reflexed from the fruit ; fruit
of many drupes, shining.

18. R. Radula, W. File-stenmed Bramble or Blackberry.
Stem striated, prickles unequal passing by gradation into aciculi
and sets, leaflets finely serrated pubescent and strongly nerved
beneath, panicle pubescent-tomentose sparingly prickly, sepals
ovate-tomentose. W.d N.t.xxxix. Br. Fl. p. 587.

B. Hystriz. Glands and sete fewer, leaves less nerved beneath. R. Hystrix,
W.& N. t. xii.

Hedges and thickets, on a sandy soil, not frequent. Fl. July, August. h.

EE. Med. — In the fence dividing the kitchen-garden at St. John’s, near Ryde,
from the neighbouring wood, but somewhat approaching the variety 8.

8. More frequent in this island than the normal form. In thickets about St.
John’s, near Ryde. In Quarr copse, plentiful.

Whole plant pale green. Sepals very tomentose, without seta or leaf-point.
Petals pink.

14. R. rudis, W. Rough-stemmed Bramble or Blackberry.
Stem angular, prickles mostly confined to the angles of the stem,
hairs, setz and aciculi equal, leaflets doubly and coarsely serrated
prickly beneath, panicle hairy with long prickles and sete, sepals
lanceolate leaf-pointed prickly and setose. W.d N.t. xl Br.
Fl. p. 587.

8. Leightoni. Prickles of the panicle uncinate. R. Leightoni, Lees : Leight.
Fil. Shrop. p. 233.

y. foliosus. Plant smaller, panicle leafy to the top.

8. Reichenbachit. Aciculi and sete few. R. Reichenbachii, W. § N. t.
XXXVIl.

Margins of copses, in a stiff soil, frequent. Fl. June, July. hb.

£. Med.— In hedges at Haven-street and Ninham farm. In Morton Lane,
near Brading. Shore Copse.

W. Med.— Near Cowes, and between Cowes and Newport.

8. Cockleton bog, near Cowes.

y. Specimens approaching this form, but not fully developed, growing with
6B. at Cockleton bog.

6. At Spring Vale, near Vernon Villa. In Morton Lane, near Brading.

Stem dark fuscous, in f. inclining to green. Prickles long, not passing by
gradation into aciculi and sete. Leaflets jagged, dark green. Panicle large and
long. Petals small, white.
Rubus.) ROSACEA. 159

Group vi. Kauterrani. Stem armed with numerous prickles,
aciculi and sete on all sides ; leaves ternate or quinate, if
quinate the lower pair of leaflets sessile ; fruit of many
drupes, shining.

15. R. Kehleri, W. Kehler’s Bramble or Blackberry. Stem
hairy setose with numerous broad-based prickles and aciculi,
leaves pedate quinate, leaflets ovate-acuminate pubescent and
prickly beneath, sepals lanceolate setose and prickly reflected
from the fruit. H. B.S. t. 2605. Br. Fl. p. 588.

B. apiculatus. Stem procumbent, hairs and seta not numerous. R. apicula-
tus, W. & N. t. xxiv.

y. foliosus. Plant very prickly, panicle leafy to the top. R. Kebleri,
W. & Nit. xxv.

6. fusco-ater. Leaflets rotund, ovate, finely serrated, lower pair overlapping,
Borr. RB. fusco-ater, W. & N. t. xxvi.

e. fuscus. Prickles mostly confined to the angles of the stem. R.fuscus, W.g N.
t. xxvil.

Woods and thickets. Fl. July, August. bh.

HE. Med.—In Quarr copse, near Ryde. About Ninham, near Ryde. Near
Wootton-bridge,

W. Med.— Along the road between Cowes and Newport. In thickets about
Apes down.

B. In a bug by Ninham farm, near Shanklin.

y. In thickets on Ninham farm, near Ryde, opposite Quarr wood, are speci-
mens referrible to this variety, though not typical of its full development.

6. In hedges near Ryde. Near Cockleton bog, Miss G. Kilderbee.

:. On the heathy common about Lynn farm. In Bohemia, A. Hambrough,

Esq.
Siem very prickly, purplish green. Leaves glossy, soft beneath. Panicle
variable, often much branched. Petals white or pale pink.

16. R. glandulosus, Bellardi. Glandulose or Bellardi’s Bram-
ble or Blackberry. Stem hairy setose, prickles unequal, leaves
mostly ternate, leaflets oval cuspidate strongly veined beneath,
panicle, bracts and sepals very setose, calyx patent after flower-
ing. Br. Fl. p. 588. LE. B. 8. t. 2883. R. Bellardi, W. & N. t.
xliy. ;

B. Lejeunti. Leaves unequally serrated. R. Lejeunii, W. § N. t. xxxi.

Woods and thickets, not frequent. Fl. July—September. bh.

8. This form only yet observed in the island, growing in considerable abun-
dance on a wooded bank between Guildford and Lynn, on the road from Ryde
to Arreton.

Stem reddish green. Leaflets pale green above, tawny-pale with pink veins
beneath. Inflorescence with a mossy covering of red glands and sete. Sepals
often leaf-pointed. Petals rose-coloured.

Group vii. Cas, Lindl. Stems glaucous, with few hairs and
sete ; fruit of few drupes, glaucous. (Fruit blue or bluish).

17. R. Wahlbergit, Arrh. Wahlberg’s Dewberry or Bramble.
Stem with a few hairs and glands and numerous thick-based
prickles, leaves pedate-quinate, leaflets overlapping pubescent
160 ROSACEA. (Rubus.

rugose, panicle leafy tomentose with numerous falcate prickles,
sepals patent ovate tomentose and glandular. Br. Fl. p. 588.

8. glabratus. Plant nearly without sete. R. Grabowskii, Weihe : Bab. Man.
. 98.
¥ Hedges, rare. Fl. June, July. h.

Tn the hedges on the Ryde and Newport road at Binstead. In the hedges by
the toll-gate and windmill at Haylands, near Ryde. In the hedges by the road-
side at St. Helens, near the Green and thence towards the shore. In hedges
throughout the village of Bembridge.

B. Near Bembridge and Yaverland farms.

Stem very prickly, pinkish green. Leaflets thick and soft, light green above,
pubescent and pale beneath. Panicle large. Petals bright rose-coloured. Fruit
often-aburtive.

18. R. nemorosus, Hayne. Larger Dewberry. Stem procum-
bent, leaves quinate, leaflets ovate-cordate acuminate pubescent
overlapping, calyx setose, sepals ovate acute. Br. Fl. p.589. BR.
dumetorum, W. é N.t. xlv. BR. cesius 6., Borr.

Thickets, rare. £1, June, July. :

In a hedge at Grove, between it and Brading.

Petals rose-coloured. Fruit glaucous, black.

Intermediate between R. Wahlbergit and R. casius, from the latter of which,
though scarcely distinct, it is distinguished by the quinate leaves,

19. R. cesius, L. Dewberry. Stem weak, prickles unequal
passing by gradation into hairs and sete, leaves ternate, leaflets
oval acuminate, lateral pair lobed externally, calyx setose, sepals
ovate-lanceolate cuspidate. H.B.t. 826. W. dN. t. xlvi. Br.
Fil. pp. 120 and 589.

B. Pseudo-cesius. Leaflets all lobed, fruit mostly abortive. W. & N. loc. cit.

y. tenuis. Nearly destitute of hairs and sete.

6. ferox. Prickles strong, uncinate.

Hedges and sides of streams, not frequent. Fl. June—September. h.

E. Med. — Hedges about St. Clare, near Ryde. In Quarr copse. Hedges
about Brading. Hedges at Ventnor.

WW. Med.—In the copses at Apes-down farm, plentifully. In the great planta-
tion at Westover. In Swainston park the ground is in some places covered with a
mat of dewberries, W. A. B.

8. In Morton Lane and in the wet hedges about Adgestone, both near
Brading.

y. In Quarr wood. Jn a hedge at Ventnor.

6. On the road from Newport to Swainston, in a hedge nearly opposite Apes
farm.

Stem purplish green. Leaflets light green and soft. Sepals often leaf-pointed.
Petals white or pale pink. Fruit glaucous, often blue.

Tribe IV. Rosez.

“ Fruit formed of numerous small dry nuts inclosed in the fleshy
tube of the calyx.”—Bab. Man.

XI. Rosa, Linn. Rose. Briar.

Calyx urn-shaped, fleshy, contracted at the orifice, terminating
in 5 segments. Petals 5. Stamens many. Achenes numerous,
hairy, fixed to the inside of the calyx.
~

Rosa.] ROSACEA. 161

* Shoots setigerous ; prickles scarcely curved.

1. R. spinosissima, L. 2? Burnet-leaved Rose. “ Prickles
crowded unequal mostly straight intermixed with sete, leaflets
small simply serrated their disk eglandulose, calyx simple, fruit

nearly globular.” — Br. Fl. p. 128. HE. B. t. 187. RB. pimpinelli-
folia, L.

On dry sandy heaths, moors and pastures, chalky or sandy banks, by roadsides,
and in loose sand by the sea, in many places abundantly. Fi. May—July. Pr.
September. $

FE. Med.—On and about Staplers Heath, in plenty, and along the road between
oe and Newport. By Fatting farm, and about the race-course. On Yar-

urv hill.

W. Med. — Woods and banks by the shore between Yarmouth and Newtown.
Tn and about Parkhurst forest. Common in various places in Freshwater parish,
as about Colwell, near Alum Bay, &c. Heathy ground about Kingston, not
uncommon, On the heathy slope of Buccombe down, towards Apes down and
Rowledge.

Fruit varying from the size of black currants to that of a cherry, purplish black
when ripe, as are their clavate peduncles, subglobose or subovoid, “in some varie-
ties obovate, in others urceolate” (Leighton) ; firm and mealy rather than pulpy
when mature, with a deep purple Juice, quite smooth or glabrous, crowned with
the spreading or deflexed and persistent calyx, the fleshy base of which forms a
shallow ring or neck to the fruit. Seeds bloud-red.

There is a rose apparently of this species, but much taller, abundant in a hedge
by a cottage facing Apse heath, by the road from Newchurch to Shanklin and
Sandown, 1839.

** Shoots mostly without seta.

+ Leaves glandulose.

a. Prickles uniform or nearly so. Sete few or none.

2. R. tomentosa, Sm. Downy-leaved Rose. “ Prickles mostly
uniform straight or curved, leaflets doubly serrated downy glan-
dulose, calyx-segments copiously pinnate.” — Br. Fl. p. 130. E.
B. +t. 990. BR. scabriuscula, Winch.: E. B. t. 1896 (fig. only ?).

In hedges, thickets, and amongst bushes in various places. Fl. June, July. bh.

E. Med. — About Kennerley heath, and Bohemia. Field-hedge E. of Bud-
bridge farm. In Whitefield wood.

A small, upright, rigid bush, 4—6 feet high, with round, smooth, olive-green
or brownish irregular branches. Prickles nearly uniform, but little curved, often,
as Sir J. Smith remarks, two together at the base of the leaves, the rest scattered.
Leaves of 5—7 ovate leaflets, of which one of the lowermost pair is sometimes
wanting, ovate, acute, doubly serrate, the serratures glandular, of a dull grayish or
whitish green, very soft and downy, with a resinous smell when bruised. Stipules
linear, fringed with shortly stalked glands. Flowers solitary (as in my specimens),
usually 2 or 3, seldom 4 (Sm.), rather small, bright red, fragrant. Peduneles
hairy, with a few small prickles. Calyx (receptacle of Woods) ovate or elliptical,
densely bristly, its sepals villous within, thickly beset with glands on the outside,
with long spreading points, and generally described as copiously pinnate, which
is by no means the case in my specimens, in which the pinne rarely exceed a
single pair, with an odd one, or two pair at the most. Petals small, bright ied,
white towards the claw. Styles numerous, quite distinct, very short, spreading
hemispherically. Stigmas broad, flat. Fruit ovate or somewhat globular, more

X
162 ROSACKA. (Load:

or less bristly, bright scarlet, with a dry pulp and numerous large bony seeds,
crowned with the persistent sepals.

8. R. micrantha, Sm. Small-flowered Sweet Briar. “ Prickles
uniform uncinate, leaves doubly serrated hairy glandulose beneath,
calyx-segments and pinne elongated deciduous, fruit small ellip-
tical and ovate, ramuli sparingly setigerous.” — Br. Fl. p. 130.
E. B. t. 2490.

In hedges, thickets, horders of woods and bushy pastures; not uncommon.
Fl. June, July. kh. .

E. Med. —Between Ryde and Newport, Rev. G. E. Smith.

W. Med. — Abundant in the great fir and beech plantation on: the downs near
Westover. Near Shorwell, Rev. G. EB. Smith.

Fruit (pome) scarlet or orange-red, about 3 of an inch in length, elliptical-
obloug, more or less contracted above into a sort of neck, (mostly ?) smooth (with-
out sete) at the base.

6. Prickles various, intermixed with sete.

4. R. rubiginosa, L. Sweet Briar. Eglantine. “ Prickles
numerous, larger uncinate, smaller subulate, leaflets doubly ser-
rated hairy glandulose beneath mostly rounded at the base, calyx-
segments and pinne elongated persistent, primordial fruit pear-
shaped.”—Br. Fl. p.1380. E.B.t. 991. Jacq. Fl. Aust. i. 31, t.
50.

In thickets, hedges, borders of woods and fields, and in open bushy pastures ;
occasionally, Fl. June, July. hb.

£E. Med. — (Border of a copse on Bembridge-lodge property at Bembridze, A.
G. More, Esq.—Edrs.]

W. Med.— In a pasture-field at the foot of the great plantation of fir-beech,
&c., on the slope of the down at Westover, in considerable plenty. Ina field
near the Yar, and almost facing Freshwater farm, a single bush only.

Fruit (pome) bright orange or scarlet, about as long as the last but much
broader, the primordial or central one of each cluster more or less pear-shaped, the
rest ovate or subglobose, more or less setigerous or quite smooth. Seeds large.

tt Leaves eglandulose.
au. Styles distinct, included or nearly so.

5. R. canina, L.. Dog Rose. Hip or Hep. “Prickles uni-
form hooked, leaves naked or slightly hairy, their disk eglandu-
lose, calyx-segments fully pinnate deciduous, styles not united,
shoots assurgent.” Br. Fl. p.131. E. B. t. 992.

Everywhere in woods and copses, on hedyebanks, by roadsides and borders of
fields, &. Fl. Juve, July. hb.

b. Styles united in a column, mostly exserted.

6. R. systyla, Bast. ? Close-styled Dog Rose. “ Prickles uni-
form uncinate, leaves simply serrated, their disk eglandulose,
calyx-segments sparingly pinnate deciduous, styles united hairless,
shoots assurgent.” — Br. Fl. p. 181. RB. collina, E. B. t. 1895
(excl. syn.)

In hedges, thickets and borders of woods. Fl. June, July. hb.
Crategus.] ROSACEA. 163

E. Med.— In Whitefield wood, along the road to Brading ; plentiful in Steyn
wood, near Bembridge ; near Haven-street, Dr. Bell-Salter !!

7. R. arvensis, Huds. Trailing Dog Rose. Corn Rose, accord-
ing to Huds.) “Prickles uncinate, those of the ramuli feeble,
leaves simply serrated deciduous (glaucescent beneath) their disk
eglandulose, calyx-segments sparingly pinnate deciduous, styles
united hairless, shoots trailing.” — Br. Fl. p. 181. E. B. t. 188.

In hedges, thickets, cupses and the bushy borders of fields; in many parts of
the island, abundantly. 7. June, July. hb.

E. Med.—In Whitefield wood, along the road to Brading. Plentiful in Steyn
wood, near Bembridge.

W. Med. — Plentiful at Brixton, between the village and the Chine. Hedges

about Farringford House, and at the foot of Freshwater down, as indeed in most
parts of that vicinity, abundantly.

Tribe V. Pomex.
“ Fruit a 1—5 celled pome.’”—Bab. Man.

XII. Crataeus, Linn. Hawthorn.

“ Calyxz-segments short, acute. Petals large, roundish. Styles
1—5. Fruit oval or round, concealing the upper end of the cells,
which are bony.’—Br. Fl.

“ Gives not the hawthorn bush a sweeter shade
To shepherds, luoking on their silly sheep,
Than doth a rich embroider’d canopy
To kings that fear their subjects’ treachery ?”
Third Part of King Henry V1., act 2, sc. 5.

1. C. Oxyacantha, L. Common Hawthorn. _Whitethorn or
May.—F¥r. Hogiles or Hogails, Vect. ‘“ Spiny, leaves glabrous
cut into 3 or 5 deeply serrated segments cuneate at the base,
flowers corymbose, calyx not glandular, styles 1—3."— Br. £1. p.
132. HH. B. t. 2504.

B. Style solitary. C. monogyna, Jacq. x)

y. Fruit larger, elliptical-ovoid. C. Oxyacantha, Jacq. Fl. Aust, iii. t. 292, 2?
Mespilus Apii folio sylvestris, folio et fructu majore, Dillw. in Ray’s Syn. p. 454.

8. Fruit and peduncles tomentuse. . eriocarpa, Lindl. Woolly - fruited
Thorn.

Everywhere planted for fencing, but abundantly wild in woods, thickets, bushy
pastures, fields, &c. Fl. May, June. Fr. September, Octuber. .

8. Woods and thickets everywhere ; the most frequent, and I believe the only
form with us, as regards the number of the styles.

y. In hedges, not uncommon. —Plentiful between Yarmouth and Thorley, on
the right hand side of the road just beyond the little bridge. Near Coppid Hall.

6. Pelham woods, between Steephill and St. Lawrence, frequent, W. Wilson
Saunders, Esq. !!! In Luccombe landslip, Idem. Near Bembridge. More
frequent than the glabrous-fruited kind. . ; .

A tree, when left to itself, from 20—30 feet or even more iv height, with a fas-
tigiate or pyramidal mode of growth, sometimes a rigid thorny shrub of 6—10
feet, the bark of the smaller branches and on the stem of young trees very smooth,
the former in the wild state mustly armed with sharp spines, termimating the late-
ral shoots, but these, in old trees at least, are sometimes waullbg. Leaves in
164 ROSACEA. [Pyrus.

fascicles of 3, 5, or 6 together, broadly ovato-elliptical or nearly orbicular, finely,
unevenly and sharply serrated, bright shining green above, turning black in dry-
ing, very downy when young, afterwards a little bairy only on the margins
and along the principal ribs beneath, as ulso on the upper side of the
yather long-grooved petioles, at the base of which are a pair of long, fili-
form, caducous stipules. Flowers in corymbuse downy clusters, terminal or on
short, leafy, lateral spurs, white, rather unpleasantly scented, about an inch in
diameter. Calyx tomentose, the segments lanceolate, acute and spreading, much
shorter than the obovate or roundish entire petals, with short abrupt claws. Sta-
mens about 20; anthers bright purplish pink, 2-lubed, attached to the filaments by
a five point on the latter. Styles 5, erect, greenish, contorted : stigmas flat (not
acute, as Smith describes) glandular. Fruit 4 or 5 lines in diameter, deep scar-
let or purplish red (coccineus) depressed, glubose or subovoid, umbilicate and
crowned with the flat persistent calyx, smooth, shining, glabrous or downy, mostly
l-celled. Sced large, rugose, nearly globular, in the midst of a mealy insipid
pulp.

The var. y. differs in no respect from the common form, except in having fruit
of nearly twice the usual size, and of a more oblong figure, but even in these
respects, as well as in the lobing of the leaves, there exists no well-drawn line of
demarcation,

The var. 6., which is no doubt the C. erivcarpa of Lindley, was pointed out to
me by Mr. W. Wilson, in Pelham Wood, where it varies extremely in the degree
of wuolliness of its berries and their stalks, even in one and the same bunch. The
leaves, which are nearly smooth, are inclined to be simply trifid rather than
5-lobed, but they often assume the ordinary form of the species ; they are also
generally inclined to be more deeply incised.

XIII. Pyrus, Linn. Pear. Service. Apple.

Calyx of 5 small segments. Petals 5, large, roundish. Styles
2—5. Fruit fleshy, with 5 cartilaginous or coriaceous, 2-seeded.

* Leaves simple, undivided.

1. P. communis, L. Wild Pear-tree. Iron Pear-tree. ‘ Leaves
simple ovate serrated, peduncles corymbose, fruit turbinate, styles
distinct."—Br. Fl. p. 188. E. B.t. 1784. Fil. Dan, xii. t. 2118.

B. Leaves ovate, very distinctly acuminate. P. commun. var, P. Achras,
Garin. ?

In woods, thickets and bushy places, here and there sporadically, but appa-
rently indigenous ; more frequent in hedges from seeds of the cultivated varieties
conveyed by accident. Fl. April, May. bh.

£E. Med.—In one or two places close to Ryde, in hedges, but from being kept
trimmed the plants are not easily seen in them. Hedge by Little Smallbrook
farm, only one specimen, now destroyed. A solitary very thorny bush on the top
of the hill by America. A solitary bush in the hedge on the left a little beyond
the Oakfield inn, by Ryde; also anvther, as a very low stunted bush, on the
Dover. Two or three trees in a hedge between Preston farm and Westridge.
Near Queen Bower, Mr. Loe, 1843. A very large and old tree in the wood
inmediately opposite St. John’s House, at least 40 feet high, but as it is destitute
of thorns it may well be questioned whether the tree may not have originated from
seeds of some cultivated pear; the large size of the leaves tvo supports this opi-
nion. Between Ryde and Brading, near Whitefield wood, Dr. Bell-Salter.

W. Med.— A small-leaved thorny bush near Eades’s. A tree of 16 or 18 feet
high grows in a hedge by a little farm between Medham brickfield and the Half-
way house. In Symington copse, a tolerably large flowering tree, as also a young
one of the same species.

B. A siugle tree by the roadside from Ryde to Ashey, not ceen in flower or
fruit. In the grounds at St. John’s, a small pyramidal tree, and very thorny.
Pyrus.) ROSACEA, 165

A tree, in some places of 30—50 feet in height, of a fastigiate or pyramidal
form, the branches at first erect, afterwards drouping. Here it commonly forms
a bushy very rigid shrub, of 6—8 feet high, brauched from the base, the burk of a
dark reddish brown, the branches and lateral leafy shoots ending im a sharp spine,
which disappears by cultivation. Zeaves much smaller than in the garden varie-
ties, either scattered or 3 or 4 together, on short lateral shoots, broadly ovate,
elliptical or nearly orbicular, finely, evenly and sharply serrated, when young
downy beneath and fringed with soft white hairs, afterwards glabrous, bright
shining green, turning black in drying, on rather long grooved petioles ; sume-
times the leaves are quite entire, and otherwise variable in form. Stipules linear
filiform, in pairs, deciduous.

2. P. Malus, L. Wild Apple- or Crab-tree. ‘‘ Leaves ovate
acute serrated, flowers in a sessile umbel, styles combined below,
fruit globose.” —Br. Fl. p.183. EH. B. t.179.

B. Leaves, petioles, calyx-tube and corolla very large; petals broad, white
within, red outside; fruit and fruit-stalks downy. P. M. sativa, Leighton, Shrop.
Fl. 527. Reichenb. Fl. Exc. 4067. Huds. Fl. Angl. B. p. 217?

Extremely common and truly wild over most parts of the island, in wouds,
thickets, copses, hedgerows, and rough bushy places.

8. By the roadside between Aldermovur and Coppid Hall. (Vide Leighton,
Shrops. Flora, loco cit.)

‘« Spring comes anew and brings each little pledge
That still, as wont, my childish heart deceives ;
I stoop again for violets in the hedge,
Among the ivy and old withered leaves ;
And often mark, amid the clumps of sedge,
The pooty shells I gathered when a boy :
But cares have claimed me many an evil day,
And chilled the relish which L had for joy.
Yet when Crab blossoms blush among the May,
As erst in years gone by, I scramble now
Up ’mid the brambles fur my old esteems,
Filling my hands with many a blooming bough ;
Till the heart-stirring past as present seems,
Save the bright sunshine of these fairy dreams.”
Clare, Rural Muse, p. 129.

A small tree or often a bushy shrub, from 6 or 8 to 10 or 15 feet high, much
and irregularly branched, the branches short, spreading, the older ones ‘ery rug-
ged and uneven, forming a roundish head. Leaves in fascicles at the ends of the
branches and of the numerous short lateral spurs, bright pale green and glabrous
or nearly so above, paler and finely downy beneath, sometimes tinged with brown-
ish red, variable in form and size, ovate, elliptical or roundish, obtuse, pointed or
acuminate on the same branch, not at all lobed or divided, often a litle shining,
finely and eveuly crenulato-serrulate, the serratures often tipped with a small
gland or mucro. Flowers in simple, erect, terminal and lateral, sessile umbels,
leafy at the base, large, white more or less tinged with a blush-red, pleasantly but
slightly scented, bright purple in the bud. Peduncles somewhat compressed,
about an inch long, purplish, downy (or glabrous, Koch) iu my specimens, mostly
beset with two or three wart-like glands. /ruit in the specimens before me
nearly globular, clustered, on short downy stalks, yellowish green, with a tinge of
red, umbilicate, downy at each end, but like the cultivated apple subject doubtless
to great variation in shape, colour and flavour.
166 ROSACEE. [Pyrus.

** Leaves simple, lobed or cut.

3. P. torminalis, Sm. Wild Service-tree.* Leaves nearly gla-
brous incised somewhat wedge-shaped rounded at the base une-
qually 5—7 lobed, lobes serrated acute the two basal ones divari-
cate, panicle corymbose its branches together with the calyx and
claws of the petals tomentose, fruit oval dotted. Sm. H. Fl. ii. p.
363. Br. Fl. p. 183. EH. B.v.t. 298. Jacq. Fl. Aust. v. t. 443,

In woods and copses, yarely in hedges; frequent in various parts of the plain
country North of the central chalk range, scarcely found on its South side or
much above the sea-level. F/. May, June. Fr. October, November? és

E. Med.—Most abundantly in the wood at the West side of the mouth of the
Wootton river, forming in some parts no inconsiderable portion of the underwood,
In Quarr copse, not unfrequent. Common along the sea side of Shore copse.
Stroud wood. Hedge near Coppid Hall. A single rather fine tree in a field
near Knighton farm. Wovds at the back of Norris castle. Wood (Huntwithy
copse ?) by the Medina, just above the Rope-walk at E. Cowes. Firestone copse,
and near Haven-street. A tree or two in Bordwood forest. Plentiful in Brock’s
copse, near Whippingham. All over Briddlesford wood in great abundance,
prevailing almost as much in the form of a tree as that of underwood. At Fern-
hill, and between that and Woodhouse, frequent.

W. Med.—Plentiful in Nun’s wood, by Ningwood.

A handsome tree, of considerable stature and rounded or pyramidal outline, the
principal branches with an erect tendency, the young leaves hoary with silky
hairs, the scales of their buds yellowish, glutinous and fringed with glands.
Leaves 3 or 4 inches long and nearly as many wide, on rather long rounded and
downy petioles, firm, deep shining green above, slightly downy on both sides,
most so when young and on the under surface, deeply cut into 5 or 7 acute,
sharply serrated, unequal lobes, the 3 terminal ones more or less confluent or
indistinct, and as well as the middle pair pointing forwards, the 2 basal lobes
largest, widely spreading or divaricate, rounded vr sometimes slightly cordate
behind at the base. Petioles downy, rounded. Stipules none. Flowers in loose,
panicled, erect corymbs, not very numerous, cream-coloured, unpleasantly scented,
their pedicels and branches of the corymb very woolly. Calyx tomentose, sepals
small, acute, with a few brownish glands on their margin. Petals villous within
near their claws. Amnthers cream-coloured. Styles 2 in my specimens (3, 4, or 5
in the same panicle, Sm.), hairy at the base. Fruit 6 or 8 lines in length,
roundish pear-shaped, depresso-umbilicate, a little downy at both ends, at first of
a russet-colour, very hard and austere, but when ripe chocolate-brown spotted
with pale dots, soft, mealy and agreeably acid, much resembling medlars in taste
(or with much of the flavour of tamarinds): cells 2—5, closed at top, each with
a solitary, ovate, uneven seed ; (in all my specimens the pome is 2-celled, with une
of the cells abortive).

The fruit is well known in Sussex by the name of Checquers, from its speckled
appearance, and sold both there and in this island, in the shops and public mar-
kets, tied up in bunches, principally to children. At Ryde they go under the
name of Sorbus berries, but are not in much request, a fact by no meaus surprising

 

* The name Service, applied to the tree and its fruit, is, T suspect, derived
from Cerevisia or Cervisia, a liquor prepared from grain (Cerealia) by the ancient
Gauls, and analogous to our beer, of which beverage a kind has been brewed time
out of mind from the berries of some tree of the present genus, called Sorbus by
the ancients, “ quod ejus succum sorbere solent.’. The Welsh prepare a similar
drink at this day from the fruit of the Mountain Ash, called Sorbus sylvestris by
many of the older writers on plants.
Pyrus.) LOSACEA, 167

when we consider the twofold interpretation implied in the specific name, by some
alleged to bear reference to the efficiency of these berries in cases of dysentery ;
by others, with whom, like Withering, we are from experience compelled to coin-
cide, pronounced highly befitting a fruit qualified to cause rather than cure the
oe question. The leaves fade into the richest tints of red or purple before
hey fall.

_ The largest Wild Service-tree in the island with which I am acquainted stands
in Quarr copse, about 20 yards from the Binstead entrance, on the left hand, and
perhaps a dozen yards from the main path, overhanging a deep hollow. The girth
of this tree at about 2 feet from the eround I found to be 6 ft. 11 in. ; at 3 feet
it measured 5 ft. 6 in.; and at5 feet, 5 ft.2 in.: its height I estimate at little under
40 ft.; the large, rounded, oak-like head, spreading limbs and leaning trunk ren-
der ita very picturesque object, and especially so when clothed in the gorgeous
covering of autumn. The specimen is probably of great age, and, though flower-
ing freely, fruits but sparingly. Trees sufficiently large or old for bearing are
indeed seldom to be met with in our woods, from its being cut periodically with
the copse-wood.

This specics has long been and still is strangely confounded with the true Ser-
vice-tree (P, domestica), a very different kind, with much larger, pear-shaped fruit,
and pinnated leaves like those of the Mountain Ash, but which there is no reason
to belicve was ever found wild in Britain, and certainly is not so with us, though
described as common in the Isle of Wight, our P. torminalis having been uni-
formly mistaken for it, and the error perpetuated by the similarity of names, and
unscrutinizing habits of compilers,

The Wild Service-tree is not a native of either Scotland or Ireland.

4. P. Aria, Sm. White Beam-tree. Vect. Whipcrop, White
Rice.* “ Leaves ovate serrated cut or pinnatifid or partly pin-
nate white and downy beneath, flowers corymbose, fruit globose.”
Br. Fl. p. 134. E. B. t. 1858.

In high, rocky, precipitous woods and elevated chalky thickets ; not unfrequent
in East Medina; very rare in West Medina and in the flatter parts of the island
generally. Fl. May, June. i

E. Med.— Woods near the Priory, sparingly. In Luccombe copse and other
high woods along the road from Shanklin to Bonchureb, Eagle-head and
Bloodstone copses. On the rocks overhanging East end at its entrance near
Rosecliff cottage, and plentiful along the brow of the wooded steep called Hatchet
Close or Cowpit Cliff, between Shanklin and Couk’s Castle, in both stations as a
tree, truly wild and springing frou the crevices of the rock, with the trunk and
roots singularly contorted. Wood by America. Youngwood’s copse, near Alver-
stone, and where there is one tree with a regular rounded head and of cunsider-
able size. Common in a copse on the northern side of Wroxall down, about
Wroxall farm. Near Brading, Afr. S. Woods in Bot. Guide. A solitary tree in
the hedge on the right hand side of the road a short distance from the ‘ Star’ inn
at Rookley, towards Bleak Down.

A large shrub or small tree,t with a smooth reddish brown bark, and straight

 

* The White Rice of our country people, from the silvery colour of the leaves
beneath, and its usually low stature, Rice being a Hampshire term for brushwood
or undergrowth, doubtless from the German or Teutonic Reis ; the same ortho-
graphy should perhaps be adopted in the English. The long, straight and very
tough shoots are cut fur whip-handles by waggoners.

When in the S. of Ireland in 1842, this species was shown to me as the Ser-
vice-tree by the boatmen on the Lakes of Killarney, where neither the true Ser-
vice (P. domestica) nor the Wild Service (P. torminalis) of this island are
indigenous, ;

+ A tree of P. Aria in Youngwood’s copse measured, in 1846, at 3} feet from the
168 ROSACES. [Pyrus.

upright branches, the extremities of which, as well as the short flowering shoots,
are extremely brittle, though the older wood is tough and pliant; for this reason
the adventurous explorer of the craggy and precipitous localities in which it most
luxuriates must cautiously avail himself of its assistance in climbing the steep
ascent. Leaves mostly fascicled, 3, 4, 5, or more together, on short lateral spurs, a
few at the extreme downy tips of the young branches alternate ; ovate, ohovato-
elliptical or oblong, cu eate at the base or a little rounded, never cordate, coarsely,
sharply and unequally serrate, often doubly so, with a tendency to become lobed,
or in one variety (P. pinnatifida, Bhrh.) even pinnatifid ; from 3 to 6 inches long
and from 14 to 33 inches wide; above bright green, soft and somewhat hoary
with fine, close, cottony pubescence, which easily rubs off ; beneath silvery, white
and tomentose, with the same but far more copious pubescence as on the upper
surface, not removable by friction ; the mid-rib and the many straight parallel
ones very prominent and rounded. —Petioles very short, tomentose, nearly cylin-
drical. “Stipules lanceolate, deciduous (Sm. !) Panicles terminal on the branches
and lateral spurs, corymbose, convex, leafy at the base, much compounded, the
branches tomentose, erect and unequal, the lowermost remote. Flowers nume-
rous, white or cream-coloured, above 4 an inch in diameter, not unpleasantly
scented. Pedicels very unequal, woolly, and furnished at their base and about
their middle with one or two long, subulate, deciduous bracts. Calyx densely
cottony, with distant, triangular, acuminate, green segments, much shorter than
the 5 roundish, obovate, very concave, entire petals, which are furnished with a tuft
of long woolly hairs just above their very short abrupt claws. Stamens erect, very
unequal, their white filaments and cream-coloured anthers glabrous. Styles 2 in
all my specimens, a little spreading at their sammits, much shorter than the outer
stamens, thick, angular and glabrous; stigmas greenish, depresso-orbicular. Ger-
men shagey. Fruit (pomes) $ an inch long, subglobose, flattened at top, of a
yellowish, orange or scarlet-coluur, sprinkled with a few whitish dots, more or
jess lanuginose at each end, as are their peduncles, with mouldy-looking pubes-
cence; 2, 3, or 4-celled, the cells cartilaginous, closed at the summit. Seeds
(pyrena) mostly 2 in each cell, dark brown, erect, oblong-angular and hollowed
on the inner side. Pulp yellowish, mealy, acid aud astringent.

**%* Leaves pinnate.

5. P. aucuparia, Gert. Mountain Ash. Quicken-tree. ‘“ Leaves
pinnated usually glabrous when old, leaflets serrated, flowers
corymbose, fruit small globose.”’— Br. Fl. p. 183. Sorbus, £. B.
t. 337.

In mostly hilly or rocky woods ; very rare and perhaps not really indigenous.*
Fl. May, June. Fr. August, September. bh.

E. Med.--—In a wood called Stile-close copse, between Wootton bridge and
Newport on the left a little beyond Fernhill, very sparingly, 1839. Hide copse
or Great Hill copse, by America, rather more frequently, and a solitary sapling
tree by the brook in the dell at Apse Castle (called, I believe, Tinker’s Hole),
where it certainly was never purposely planted. Several trees at Apse Castle,
1846. Amongst the rocks in Luccombe landslip, but very sparingly.

 

ground, 3 feet 83 inches. The tree is not above 17 or 18 feet in height, with a
rounded spreading head, the trunk dividing, at 3 feet from the ground, into seve-
ral stout arms.

* T have observed the Mountain Ash in the copses about Bishop’s-Waltham,
where it is certainly indigenous, though, as in this island, it is not allowed to
escape the periodical cutting of the wood, and hence none but very small stocks
are to be met with wild. I have also found it plentifully at Shidfield, near Wick-
ham, in the copse where Convallaria majalis grows, thus proving it to be a genu-
ine native of the county, and probably also of this island, of which I had pre-
Niously some doubt.
Hpilobiwm.] ONAGRACER. 169

A very handsome small tree of regular outline when allowed to take its natural
form, with a light gray smooth bark, and round, glabrous, reddish brown branches.
Leaves alternate, imparipinnate, of about 7 pairs of oblongo-lanceolate sessile leaf.
lets, bright green above, whitish or grayish and finely downy beneath when young,
but at last becoming smooth on both sides, deeply and sharply mucronato-serrate,
entire and unequal at the base. Stipules roundish or semicircular, serrato-den-
tate, caducous, sometimes with long points. Panicles lateral and terminal, corym-
bose, flattish or slightly convex, the branches downy, leafy beneath the principal
ramifications. Bracts subulate, coloured, deciduous. Flowers very numerous,
the size of those of Spirea Ulmaria, white or cream-coloured, with a strong sweet-
ish but unpleasant scent. Calyx much shorter than the petals, in 5 erect green-
ish segments, margined with a few reddish brown glands, the tube villous. Petals
roundish or obovate, entire, concave, with a short claw. Stamens about as long

as the petals; filaments and anthers white. Styles 3, erect, very woolly at the
base ; stigmas yellowish.

Order XXV. ONAGRACEA, Juss.

“ Calyx-tube adnate with the ovary entirely or in part ; limb 2-
or generally 4-lobed, the lobes valvate in estivation. Petals 2,
generally 4, twisted in estivation, arising from the mouth of the
calyx. Stamens inserted into the calyx, and twice as many as its
lobes, or fewer. Ovary of 2—4 cells, often crowned by a disk.
Style filiform ; stigma capitate or lobed. Frwit a berry, or dry
and usually dehiscent. Seeds without aloumen.—Herbs or shrubs.
Leaves frequently opposite.” —Br. Fl.

I. Ermozium, Linn. Willow Herb.

Calyx superior, 4-parted, deciduous ; the sepals not cohering
nor reflexed. Petals 4. Capsule linear, prismatic, quadrangular,
4-celled, 4-valved, many-seeded. Seeds crowned with a tuft of
hairs.

The species of this genus are very widely dispersed, being found in all quarters
of the globe, but most numerous in the colder climates or in alpine regions.
Flowers almost always pink or purple, very rarely (as in EB. luteum) yellow.

* Flowers irregular, stamens and style declined. Chawenerion, Tourn.

1. E. angustifolium, L. Rose-bay Willow-herb. French Wil-
low. Persian Willow. Tame Withy,* Vect. Leaves scattered
linear-lanceolate veined glabrous, flowers irregular subspicate,
style and stamens declined.

a. Pods short, leaves flat and spreading, flowers larger.
B. Pods long.

In moist or swampy woods and thickets, on damp shady banks and pastures,
but not commonly met with. Fl. July—October. Fr. September, October. 2}.

E. Med.— Ona high bank by the pathside between Luccombe and East End,
towards Rose-cliff Cottage, sparingly and almost choked by tall weeds and bushes.
Plentiful in a willow-bed on Sandown marshes, just at the edge of Lake common.

 

* Tame Withy—tame, i. e. cultivated or domesticated ; the plant being one of
the commonest ornaments of cottage-gardens.
Z
170 ONAGRACEE. (Epilobium.

A few specimens in Alverstone lynch. In considerable abundance under trees in
a plantation at the foot of Hatchet-close Cliff, but does not flower there. Ina
boggy pasture between Fullford and Perreton farms, in great plenty, 1840. On
a moist bank near the church at Bonchurch, probably an escape from the grounds
close by. In profusion on the Wilderness. In several parts of Bordwood lynch,
1841. In the wood near Cook’s Castle, very near the Castle, on the left hand of
the road winding up the hill from the side facing Appuldurcombe, H.C. Watson,
Esq, in litt., 1840. Between Ryde and Sandown, in woods? Rev. G. E. Smith.
Between Ryde and Brading, but the spot not noted, V. B. Ward, Esq., probably
the same station as the last.

8. Abundant amongst the furze on the S.W. slope of Yarbury Hill, near Niton,
but does not always flower there. Ina small wet thicket by a moory meadow a
litle W. from Blackwater mill, in plenty (probably this form).

Root creeping extensively, white, cylindrical and soft. Stem erect, 3—6 feet
high or even more, rounded, smooth, leafy, red or purple. Leaves alternate or
scattered, various in size and breadth, lower ones lanceolate, 6 or 7 inches long
and 2 inches wide, those higher up narrower and smaller ; all sessile, glabrous,
dark green above, glaucous beneath, entire or with a few obscure glandular serra-
tures, their surface waved or undulated, with the{margins a little deflexed, veined
at right angles to the very prominent often reddish midrib. Flowers in a long,
leafless, almost spiked raceme, stalked, bright purplish pink, smaller and deeper-
coloured in my wild specimens than is usual in gardens, sometimes white, pro-
duced in succession throughout the latter part of summer and autumn. Sepals
linear-lanceolate, acute, coloured, forming a cross, the 3 upper ones equal, approxi-
mate, nearly straight, the points of the 2 lateral curving a little upwards, the lower
segment longer than the rest and bent backwards, like the spur of some Orchis.
Petals broadly obovate, about as long as the calyx, slightly emarginate, veined
and wavy, suddenly contracted into the very narrow claw. Stamens spreading,
bent downwards; their filaments enlarged and furrowed at the base; anthers
oblong, bursting along the front of each cell; the pollen of copious pale bluish or
greenish angular granules. Style strongly deflexed, placed on a green nectarife-
rous gland, glabrous, excepting just beneath the de@lexion, where it is surrounded
by a belt of white hairs ; stigma 4-cleft, bright purple, the segments obtuse and
twisted together. Capsules about 2—3 inches long, erect, linear, furrowed and
truncate, reddish, a little canescent with close-pressed down, sometimes warty
along the angles. Seeds,—2 ranked in each cell, yellowish, oblong, wrinkled,
glabrous, crowned with the very fine, white, simple, sessile pappus.

The Yarbury-hill plant T have determined to be our var. 8., the smaller form
with long capsule, or EB. macrocarpum of Stephens.* On this station the plant is
very dwarf, the soil being extremely dry, aud the situation much exposed. The
leaves are very glaucous beneath, and dark above, but more spreading and flatter
than usual in this form, though on some of the specimens they are as much curled
and corrugated as they everare. The flowers are rather paler in colour, approach-
ing in this respect though not in size the larger garden form, the E. angustifolium
B. brachycarpum of Babington. The form and colour of the anthers are those of
the normal wild type. It is evident that the two forms of E. angustifolium do
not depend on soil or situation, since our long-fruited plant occurs in the driest
and most exposed situations, as well as in swampy thickets.

 

* Mr. H.O. Stephens, in vol. viii. of the ‘ Annals and Magazine of Natural His-
tory,’ p. 170, endeavours to establish a new species of Epilobium, allied to the
present, which he calls E. macrocarpum, distinguishing the latter by its very long
linear capsules, paler leaves and less deeply coloured flowers, from what he consi-
ders to be the true B. angustifolium, the capsules of which he describes as short
and turgid, the flowers and leaves darker in colour, I think I have remarked a
short-fruited var. of EZ. angustifolium in gardens, but the co-existence of the linear
form in the seed-vessels, with a deep colour in the leaves and inflorescence, is
proved in the description of the species given above, and is, I apprehend, purely
accidental. The figures in Engl. Bot., Fl. Lon. and Fl. Dan. do indeed all
Epilobium.] ONAGRACER. 171

Since the above was written, I am convinced that two very distinct forms, if
not species, exist, under the name of EF. angustifolium, one of which, the E.
angust. 8. brachycarpum of Bab. Man., is only found in this island as a garden
plant; the second, which is the EH. macrocarpum of Stephens, is abundant and
truly wild with us, and I fancy is the prevailing if not the only genuine wild state
of the species throughout England, being that which I have uniformly met with
in the Sussex forest and elsewhere. It is distinguished from that so common in
cottage-gardens, and which I am inclined to believe is either an exotic species or
a permanent variety produced by long cultivation, by its narrower or more con-
tracted spike of flowers, which are much smaller, of a deeper purple, more inclining
to violet, with bluish anthers ; by its leaves, which are less spreading, smaller and
narrower, of a yellower, duller and darker green above and very glaucous beneath,
remarkably crisped, twisted and transversely plicate-rugose, with the lateral veins
more exactly at right angles to the midrib ; altogether a far less handsome plant.
The capsules are long, linear and erect, the flower-buds suddenly contracted to a
point.

The second or garden form, and which is certainly that of Curtis, Fl. Lond. i.
fasc. 2, differs in its much larger and broader leaves, spikes and flowers, the
former more spreading, brighter green, scarcely crisped and waved, flatter and
less rugose, the lateral veins at a rather more oblique angle to the midrib ; flowers
much larger, paler and brighter, pink rather than purple; the anthers brick-red
and rather oblong than elliptical ; pods much shorter and broader.

The indifferent figure in Fl. Danica, ii. fase. 5, t. 289, is probably intended for
our common wild long-podded plant, as also that in E. B. xxviii. t. 1947, which
is good for its size, but unfortunately does not give the seed-vessels.

Though met with in many parts of the S. of England,* this handsome plant
is more common in the northern counties, as a cold and even frigid climate is
most congenial to its nature. Wahlenberg tells us that in no part of Sweden
does it display such stateliness and profusion as in Lapland, ranging even to the
North Cape (lat. 71° 10’); aud Linneus, in his usual florid but seductive style,
describes the humble hut of the sylvan Laplander, encircled in the flowering sea-
son with tall flowers of Epilobium, as emulating the palaces of the gods.t The
Swedes call it Himmelgras or herb of heaven. It is very widely dispersed over
the northern parts of Europe, Asia and America.

The present species, though a true Epilobium in its fructification, approaches
the American genus Gaura in habit and inflorescence.

** Flowers regular. Stamens erect.
+ Stigma 4-cleft.

2. E. hirsutum, L. Great Hairy Willow-herb. Codlings and
Cream. Stem much branched, lower leaves semiamplexicaul a
little decurrent dentato-serrate, petals rounded notched much
longer than the calyx, stigma 4-cleft, root creeping. Sm. EH. Fl.
ii. p. 213. Br. Fl. p. 185. Lindl. Syn. p. 108. HE. B. xii. t.
838. Curt. Fl. Lond. fase. 2, t. 21.

On ditchbanks, the margins of ponds, rivers and streams, in wet thickets, hedges

 

represent the capsules both short and somewhat turgid, but they depict the upper-
most ones only, and such therefore as have not attained their full dimensions. In
No. 51 of the Annals and Mag. of Nat. Hist. for December, 1851, are some fur-
ther observations on these two presumed species by Mr. Leighton.

* In St. Leonard’s forest, quite commonly ; also about Arundel, and between
Poole and Christchurch. I have seen it growing in large natural beds on the
domain of Col. Wyndham at Singleton, six miles from Chichester, where it was
pointed out to me by the Hon. Mrs. Vernon Harcourt.

+ ‘ Flora Lapponica,’ p. 113.
172 ONAGRACE. (Epilobium.

a pastures; extremely common. Fl. June? —September. Fr. September,
ctober. 2.

Root creeping, horizontal, with several short, thick, fleshy tubercles. Stem
bushy, erect, 4—6 feet high,* round, solid, much branched, covered like the rest
of the plant with a copious, very soft, white, viscid down. Leaves lanceolate or
ovato-lanceolate ; lower ones opposite, a little decurrent ; upper ones partly alter-
nate, all sessile, denticulato-serrate, suft and downy. Flowers in leafy corymbose
clusters, nearly an inch across, bright purplish pink netted with bluish veins.
Sepals ovato-lanceolate, mucronato-acuminate. Petals regular, roundish heart-
shaped, with a deep notch, greatly exceeding the calyx in length. Stamens erect,
unequal, having a row of white connivent hairs between them and the germen ;
anthers pale yellow. Style erect, glabrous; stigma 4-cleft, rough, the segments
revolute and obtuse. Capsules 2—3 inches in length, furrowed, clothed either
with short erect pubescence, or shaggy with long, silky, spreading hairs. Seeds
grayish brown, obovoid-oblung, semiterete, flatti h on one side with 2 fovee and
an intermediate ridge, the apex with a minute apiculus; thickly covered with short
bristle-like points ; pappus closely sessile.

The whole herb has a peculiar subacid smell, residing, I believe, in the glandu-
lar pubescence of the stem and leaves, which has been compared to that of scalded
codlings and cream, or of gooseberry fool.

3. E. parviflorum, Schreb. Small-fowered Hairy Willow-herb.
“Leaves lanceolate sessile slightly toothed downy on both sides,
stem nearly simple very downy or nearly glabrous, root fibrous,
stigma 4-cleft.”—Br. Fl. p. 135. HE. B. t. 795.

By rivers, brooks and ditches, in moist places along hedges, lanes and roadsides,
in damp woods and thickets; frequent, but less abundant than the last. FJ. June
—September. Fr. September, October. 2,.

E. Med.—By Quarry Abbey. Woods near the Priory, &e. Plentiful along the
wae emees the Brading road and Smallbrook farm. Abundant in Whitefield
wood.

W. Med.— At Freshwater, with white and often both white and red flowers on
the same stem. :

Root of several rigid, pale, branched fibres, but not creeping or sending out
suckers. Stem erect, firm, leafy, a little oblique at the very base, green and pur-
plish on opposite sides, from about 1 to 3 feet in height, rounded, downy with
copious, very soft, white and spreading pubescence, which on the higher part and
on the branches becomes shorter, less soft and abundant, and glandulose, secreting
globules of a viscid fluid; nearly simple or branching only towards its summit,
the branches few, alternate, erecto-patent, scarcely again divided. Leaves in the
Jarger plants often 3 or 4 inches long, dull somewhat hvary green, very soft and
downy, more or less erect or spreading, lanceclate or rather oblong-lanceolate,
subpetiolate, towards the base of the stem opposite, higher up and on the branches
mostly alternate; acute, finely and rather closely denticulato-serrate, the serra-
tures purplish and glandular; subcordate at base but not clasping. Flowers in
elongating leafy clusters, terminating the stem and branches, about 3 an inch in
dismeter, on very short but distinct pedicels; seldom widely expanded, erect.
Calyx shorter than the corolla, « little downy ; sepals elliptical or oblong-ellipti-
cal, with short, thick, glandular points. Pedals ohovato-elliptical, pale pink or
purplish, sometimes white or nearly so, ‘eeply emarginate, strongly veined.
Stamens with white converging hairs between them; anthers roundish ovate ;
£. hirsutum they are elliptical-ollong). Siy/e erect, glabrous, not exceeding the
stamens ; (in E. hirsutum it is a little longer than the stamens) ; stigmas at length
spreading but not revolute. Capsules erect or patent, straight or curved, 34 inches
or less in length and scarcely a line in widtb, with 4 prominent blunt angles, pu-
bescent, greenish or reddish. Seeds brownish, obovoid-oblong, slighuly incurved,

 

* Ihave scen them 7 or 8 feet in the Swan Pool, near Ryde.
Gnothera.J ONAGRACEA, 173

flat and somewhat hollowed on their inner side, minutely papillose, scabrous, very
many times shorter than the snow-white, simple, perfectly sessile pappus.

: 4. EK. montanum, L. Broad Smoocth-leaved Willow-herbd.
Leaves shortly stalked ovate-oblong acute rounded at the base
glabrous all toothed, stem rounded pubescent as well as the fruit,

oo. 4-cleft, root fibrous, scions none.” —Br. Fl. p.315. E. B.
~ 1177.

Tn similar places with the two preceding species, but often in drier situations,

as on rocks, walls and reefs, hedgebanks, in gardens, and waste arid places; com-
mon. Fl, June—August. 2.

tt Stigma undivided.

5. E. palustre, L. Narrow-leaved Marsh Willow-herb. Leaves
narrow-lanceolate sessile nearly entire and as well as the rounded
erect stem subglabrous, stigma undivided, root with filiform
scions, flower-buds drooping, seeds fusiform. Br. Fl. p. 136.
E. B. t. 346.

In wet ditches and other swampy or boggy situations (never in dry places), far
less frequent than the three last or the following species. FU. July, August. J'r.
October. 2.

E. Med.—In dykes or ditches about Blackpan, and about Apse farm, in plenty,
Dr, Bell-Salter !!!|_ Amongst rushes by the pond on Barritt’s Common, in consi-
fae abundance. [Boggy slope behind St. Helen’s Green, A. G. More, Esg.,

Is.

W. Med.—Low meadows near Mottiston mill, by Brixton.

Capsules very slender. Seeds greenish brown, narrow-oblong, tapering and
somewhat pointed, flattish and grooved on one side, quite glabrous, many times
shorter than the pappus, which is seated on the short contracted summit of the
seed, hence appearing almost stipitate.

6. E. tetragonwm, L. Square-stalked Willow-herb. ‘“ Leaves
lanceolate sessile denticulate, stem with 2—4 angles, stigma
undivided, root with scions, flower-buds erect, seeds oblong-obo-
vate.’—Br. Fl. p. 136. H. B.t. 1948. E. virgatum, Fries.

In precisely similar places with thesfour preceding species, also on dripping
yocks, under moist walls, and in damp woods and hedges; common. Fl. July—
September. Fr. September, October. 2,.

£. Med.—1n Whitefield Wood. Ina field at Shanklin, by the road to the
Chine. By the roadside from Ryde to Brading, about 100 yards beyond the 2nd
milestone on the right hand hedge.

W. Med.— Abundantly along the upper Newport road, out of W. Cowes, at
the foot of Northwood-Park wall.

Capsules very slender and erect, from about 2} to 34 inches long, and scarcely
the sixteenth of an inch wide, glabrous to the naked eye, but beset with scattered
appressed bristles, beaded from the seeds within. Seeds grayish or greenish brown,
oblongo-obovate, semiterete, obtuse, or rather very slightly pointed, rounded (not
contracted) at top, scabrous with close-set crystalline papilla. Pappus closely
sessile.

II. Giyoruera, Linn. Evening Primrose.

“ Calyz-limb deciduous, tubular at the base, deeply 4-cleft
upwards ; the segments reflexed, more or less combined. Petals 4.
174 ONAGRACE,—HALORAGACEE. (Hippuris.

Stamens 8. Capsule 4-valved, with many naked seeds.” — Br.
Fi.

An extensive genus of an annual or biennial plants, with handsome, yellow,
white or purple, and very fugacious blossoms; natives of every part of America
from the Straits of Magellan to Hudson’s Bay, but most numerous towards the
warmer parts of that vast continent.

*1. Ch. biennis, L. Common Evening Primrose. “ Leaves
ovate-lanceolate toothed, stem somewhat hairy, flowers sessile
subspicate, stamens about as long as the corolla, capsules nearly
cylindrical 4-toothed.”—Br. Fl. p. 186. EH. B. t. 1534.

In waste ground by roadsides, and in moist or sandy places; but not indige-
nous, and scarcely even naturalized. FI. July—October. 2.

About Ryde, Cowes, Newport, &c., occasionally. On Apse heath, amongst
potatoes, 1840.

III. Crrcza, Linn. Enchanter’s Nightshade.

“ Calyx-limb deciduous, shortly tubular at the base, deeply
2-cleft upwards. Corolla of 2 petals. Stamens 2. Ovary 1—2
celled; ovules solitary in each cell, erect. Stigma 2-lobed. Cap-
sule hispid with hooked hairs, scarcely dehiscent, 1—2 celled ;
cells 1-seeded.”— Br. Fl.

1. C. Lutetiana, L. Common Enchanter’s Nightshade. “Stem
erect pubescent, leaves ovate-acuminate slightly repand toothed
usually longer than the petiole, bracts none, ovary globose
2-celled at length broadly obovate.’ — Br. Fl. p.137. E. B. t.
1056.

Tn moist shady woods, groves, copses, and under hedges in lanes; very com-
mon. £2. June—August. 2.

Order XXVI. HALORAGACEA, R. Br.

“ Calyx-tube adnate with the ovary ; limb of fertile flowers mi-
nute, 3-4 partite or wanting. Pejals present or wanting. Stamens
equal in number to the lobes of the calyx, or double as many,
rarely fewer. Ovary with 1—4 cells; ovules solitary, pendulous.
Stigmas as many as there are cells, papillose or pencilliform.
Fruit dry, indehiscent, 1—4 celled, or composed of 4 indehiscent
carpels slightly cohering by their inner angles and eventually
separating. Seeds solitary, pendulous. Albumen fleshy, some-
times very thin. Embryo straight. Radicle superior.—Mostly
herbs (the British ones especially), aquatics. Leaves rarious as to
insertion. The stamens and pistils often separated ; the former
are then inserted with the petals into the base of the calyx.”—Br. Fl.

I. Hiepuris, Linn. Mare’s-tail.

_ “ Perianth single, superior, forming a very indistinct rim to the
germen. Stamen 1. Style 1. Fruit 1-celled, 1-seeded.” — Br.
Fl.
Myriophyllum.} HALORAGACES. 175

Aquatic plants, with whorled leaves and the aspect of some Equisetum, thouga
not in the remotest degree related to that cryptogamic genus. The species are
very few, and confined to the colder parts of the globe.

1. H. vulgaris, L. Common Mare’s-tail. Leaves many (6—
12) in a whorl, linear. Sm. E. Fl. i.p.4. Br. Fl. p. 188. E.
B. t. 768. Curt. Fl. Lond. ii. fase. 4, t. 1.

In ponds, ditches and slow streams; very rare. Fl. May—July. Fr. July,
August. 2{.

E. Med. — Marsh-ditches between Brading and St. Helen's, plentifully, Ed.
Hart Vinen, Esq., and Mr. W. Turner !!!

Herb quite smooth in every part. Stem simple orslightly branched, jointed, filled
with a beautiful network of large angular cells, arranged in circles around a cen-
tral medullary chord; procumbent and rooting at each division, with bundles of
long white fibres ; afterwards erect, and rising above the water as the flowering
advances to a foot or higher. Leaves in whorls of 6—12, sessile, linear, fleshy,
single-ribbed, quite entire (except a lateral curved tooth on a few here and there
occasionally), glabrous, ending in a small hard point; the submerged leaves
remaining all the winter are thin, pale green, membranous and deflexed, greatly
like the subaqueous ones of Callitriche : those above the surface are bright green,
thick and curving upwards. Flowers solitary at the insertion of each leaf. An-
ther large, 2-celled, reddish; filament inserted on the ovarium in front of the style,
at first very short but afterwards elongating considerably. Ovarium turbinate,
bearing on its upper and back part a very short conical style, and long, white,
tapering stigma, much like that of some Carex.

The French call this herb Pesse d’eau, from its resemblance to a pine-tree in
miniature.

II. Myriopnyiium, Linn. Water Milfoil.

“ Monecious. Barren flowers :—Calyx inferior, of 4 leaves.
Petals 4. Stamens 4—8. Fertile flowers :—Calyx 4-lobed. Pe-
tals 4. Stamens 4—8, or wanting. Stigmas 4, sessile. Fruit of
4 sessile, subglobose, 1-seeded carpels, at length separating.” —
Br. Fl.

1. M. spicatum, L. Spiked Water Milfoil. Leaves mostly in
whorls of 4 together, the segments setaceous mostly opposite or
subalternate. Br. Fl. p. 139. H. B.t. 83. Fl. Dan. iv. t. 681
bona).

In ditches, pools and clear slow streams: frequent. Fl. May—September.

E. Med. —Very abundantly in ditches on Sandown marshes, as in those about
the fort, and by the road before coming to the village from Brading. Ditches at
the foot of Alverston lynch. Ditches on Brading marshes, abundantly. Ditch
by Yarbridge.

W. Med.—Near Colwell.

Root a tuft of long, slender, brittle fibres, running deep into the soft mud.
Stems branched, various in length, round, reddish, succulent, the interior beauti-
fully filled up with radiating septa forming large oblong cells, rooting here and
there occasionally at the joints, and often exceeding a crow-quill in thickness.
Leaves in whorls of 4 together at each joint of the stem, finely pectinated, the seg-
ments setaceous, a few of the lower usually truly opposite, the rest imperfectly so
or somewhat alternate, a little swollen at the base from a glandular prominence in
the axil of each segment, scarcely if at all observable in the next species, in which
the segments of the leaves are not only more decidedly alternate, but less nume-
rous and farther apart. Spikes 3 to 5 inches long, erect or reclining on the sur-
176 HALORAGACES. [Callitriche.

face of the water, of several remote, leafless, 4- (or even 6-, Gaudin) flowered
whorls round a bluntly quadrangular common stalk oraxis. Male (barren) flowers
sessile, occupying the 2, 3, or 4 superior whorls, conspicuous before expansion by
their bright red colour, each subtended by 3 entire, roundish, cuncave bracts, of
which that in the centre is by far the largest ; calya half-inferior, in 4 erect, une-
qual, roundish or oblong, green segments. Petals 4, alternate with the calyx-seg-
ments and several times longer, quickly falling, roundish, deeply hollowed or con-
cave, each during estivation enclosing 2 of the anthers, and forming together a
cubic form, bright purplish red, with pale scariose edges. Stamens 8, the length
of the petals, inserted around the 4 rudiments of germens; anthers large, oblong-
quadrangular, greenish yellow. Fertile (female) flowers in about as many whorls
as the barren, and beneath the latter. Carpels brownish gray, subglobose, obtusely
quadrangular, with 4 deep furrows, the intermediate faces rounded, forming as
many lobes.

2. M. alterniflorum, DC. Alternate-flowered Water Milfoil.
Leaves whorled mostly in threes sometimes opposite pectinato-
pinnate, segments capillary distant mostly alternate. Br. Fl. p.
139. M.spic. &, Sm. Engl. iv. p. 1438. HH. B. Suppl. t. 2854.
Van Hall. Fl. Belg. Sept. i. p. 856. No. 1068a. Bénning. FI.
Monast. p. 291. No. 1146. Petw. Engl. Herb. t. vi. fig. 6.

8. Leaves with linear segments; bracts under the sterile flowers linear-lan-
ceolate, quite entire. An. Moris. iii. 622, sect. 15, t. 4, ig. 7, in Sm. Engl. Fl.
iv. p. 143, cit.? et Rati, Syn. ed. 3tia, cura Dillen. p. 151.

Tn similar places and sometimes mixed with the last, and about equally if not
more common than that. Fl. May—July. 2{.

£. Med.—In vast abundance in some of the ditches on Sandown Level, where,
as between the fort and the Brading rvad, it often fills them entirely. Also in
ditches on the western skirts of Lake and Blackpan (?) commons, in plenty. In
Lashmere pond, at the foot of Bleak Down.

W. Med. — Along with Typha angustifolia in a pool between Great Thorness
and Elmsworth farms. In two small elevated pools amongst the fields about half
a mile E.S.E. of Rowledge, nearly in the angle formed by Buccombe and Galle-
berry Downs, in great plenty.

Herb floating or creeping on the wet mud about the margins of pools and
ditches, much more slender than the last and of a brighter green. Root as in
that a bundle of long, filiform, whitish, nearly simple fibres. Stems several,
chordiform, jointed, striated, hollow, with several radiating septa and a central
medullary core, oppositely and alternately branched. Leaves bright green, mostly
whorled, ternate or quaternate, a few occasionally opposite (in this island usually
in threes), their segments far finer, fewer and more distant than in M. spicatum,
alternate rather than opposite in their arrangement, soon fading and collapsing
from their greater tenuity, the lower ones decaying and falling away, leaving that
part of the stem bare as in M. spicatum. Spikes terminal, very small, reclining
on the surface of the water, their tips at first druoping, afterwards erect.

ITI. Cauuirricur, Linn. Water Starwort.

“Moneecious. [Barren flowers :— Perianth single, of 2 leaves
(they are, rather, 2 bracteas) or none. Anther of I cell. Fertile
flowers :—Germen 4-lobed ; lobes laterally compressed, indehis-
cent with four 1-seeded cells.”—Br. £1.

1. C. verna, L. Common or Vernal Water Starwort. “ Fruit
nearly sessile, lobes parallel in pairs bluntly keeled on the back,
styles constantly erect, bracts falcate.”— Bab. Man. p. 118. E.
B.t. 722. Br. Fl. p. 370.
Callitriche.] | HALORAGACE.E.—CERATOPHYLLACE®. 177

i Tn ditches, pools, slow streams and rivers ; abundantly. #l. April—Septem-
er, F

_ The bracts are convoluted in opposite directions around the single anther, which
is al the first nearly sessile and closely embraced by them, the filament elongating
greatly afterwards.

2. C. platycarpa, Kitz. Wide-fruited Water Starwort. “Fruit
nearly sessile, lobes parallel in pairs slightly winged at the back,
styles erect in the flower reflexed closely over the fruit, bracts
faleate.”—Bab. Man. p. 118. E. B. S.t. 2864. C. verna 6., Br.
Fil. p. 370.

Pe aaah on the wet margins of pools, &c. “ Fi. May—Sept. ©. or 2f.”"—
ao,

Its distinctive characters seem to me very questionable, and just such as diffe-
rence of locality might be supposed capable of creating.

3. C. pedunculata, DC. Pedunculated Water Starwort. ‘“ Fruit
stalked or nearly sessile, lobes parallel in pairs obtusely keeled at
the back, styles divaricate in the flower reflexed over the fruit,
bracts 0,”—Bab. Man. p.118. EH. B.S. t. 2606. Br. Fl. p. 370.

son deep still waters; not very commonly. Fl. “June—Sept. ©. or 2f.”—
ao.

A plant which I have supposed to be this, but which I have not yet minutely
examined, grows in several places, chiefly in deep still waters of ditches and
drains, but not very commonly.*

Order XXVIT. CERATOPHYLLACES, Gray.

“ Flowers imperfect, monecious. Perianth (involucre ?) sim-
ple, free, 10—12 cleft. Barren fl.:—Anthers 12—20 sessile,
2-celled, 2—8 cuspidate. Iertile fl. :— Ovary superior, solitary,
bicuspidate above the base, 1-celled with 1 pendulous ovule. Style
oblique, filiform, at length hardened persistent. Stigma simple.
Fruit an achene, 1-seeded. Albwmen 0. Embryo straight; with
2 cotyledons and a many-leaved plumule ; radicle inferior. — An
aquatic order comprising one genus of doubtful affinity. Leaves
whorled, rigid, dichotomous, with narrow serrated segments.’—Br.
Fi.

* [A detailed list of localities occurs in the author's MSS., but as it is prefaced
with marks of doubt respecting the specific identity, we have thought it move
prudent to throw it into a foot-note. It is as fullows.—Edrs.]

C. autumnalis ? aut pedunculata ?— In a little pond at Rew Street. Ditch at
the foot of Bleak Down, near the branching off of the road to Chale, Godshill,
&c., but not flowering. Little pool in Northwood park, Miss Kilderbee! By
Lower Knighton mill, Abundantly in the mill-pool between Newport and Caris-
brooke, and which Mr. Borrer, who was with me, thought might be C. peduncu-
lata, but we could not find fruit or flower on it. In the mill-stream at Bridge
Court, but not observed to fructify. On these stations the leaves were constantly
linear and all submerged.

2A
178 CERATOPHYLLACEE.—LYTHRACER. [Lythrum.

I. Ceraropuyitium, Linn. Hornwort.
“ Character the same as of the order.” —Br. Fl. p. 371.

1. C. ?

In a ditch on Sandown level, nearly at the back of Lower Morton farm, not in
flower and the species not determined, 1838.

 

Order XXVIII. LYTHRACEA, Juss.

“ Calyx of 1 piece, free, persistent, the lobes varying in num-
ber, valvate or distant in estivation, often with intermediate teeth.
Petals inserted upon the calyx between its lobes, caducous, some-
times 0. Stamens inserted within the tube of the calyx, equal to,
or double or triple the number of petals. Ovary 1, superior.
Style 1; stigma usually capitate. Capsule membranous, 2—4
celled, opening longitudinally or irregularly. Seeds numerous,
without albumen, on an axile placenta.—Herbs, with usually oppo-
site leaves, without stipules. Flowers axillary or racemose or
spiked.” —Br, Fl.

J. Lyrurum, Linn. Purple-Loosestrife.

“ Calyx inferior, tubular, with 8—12 teeth, the alternate ones
subulate. Petals 4—6. Stamens as many as, or twice as many
as the petals. Style filiform. Capsule 2-celled.”—Br. Fl.

1. L. Salicaria, L. Common or Spiked Purple-Loosestrife.
“* Leaves opposite lanceolate cordate at the base, flowers in whorled
leafy spikes with 12 stamens, bracteas none.” — Br. Fl. p. 140.
E. B.t. 1061.

About the margins of ponds and rivers, on ditch-banks, in low wet meadows and
thickets, osier-beds, &c., in various places. Fl. July—Septembcr. 2.

E. Med. — Wet thickets in Sandown level, towards Bordwood. ‘The Wilder-
ness, sparingly. A little S. of Budbridge farm, very sparingly. Wet willow-
thicket by Stone farm, in some abundance. Ditch-banks on the moors near
Rookley farm, not unfrequent.

W. Med.—In a, large withy-bed between Compton and Dursbury farms, a little
N.E. of Compton Grange. Pan moor, by Newport. Plentiful in the marsh at
Easton, and near Thorley in a meadow towards Wilmingham, most abundantly.
Near Colwell.

Root tough, woody, much branched and creeping, blackish without, white
witbin, and emitting many long slender fibres. Stem 1 or more, simple or
copiously branched, solid, erect or ascending at the base, 2—5 feet high, with 4
or 6 acute slightly winged angles, according as the leaves are opposite or ternate,
downy and often purplish, especially towards the top. Leaves sessile, opposite or
in whorls of 3 or even 4 together, cordato-lanceolate, acute, quite entire, dark
green, shining and nearly glabrous above, paler and more downy beneath, with
several prominent nearly parallel nerves, their edges a little deflexed, very vari-
able in size and in the degree of smoothtiess or pubescence. Inflorescence in
densely crowded or sometimes rather remote whorls, constituting a long tapering
spike of handsome, purple, almost sessile flowers, that terminates the stem and
branches, producing blossoms in long succession. The number of flowers in each
whorl is extremely variable, in general they are much more than 6, as mentioned
Peplis.) LYTHRACER. 179

by Smith, very commonly 4 or 5 times that number, their colour too varying from
a rich crimson to pale rose-red or even white, the whorls being also often dimidi-
ate, and the flowers few or subsolitary in the axils of the lowest bracts or rather
floral leaves. Calya cylindrical, very hairy, 12-ribbed and 12-toothed (sometimes
in the same spike 10-toothed and decandrous) ; 6 of the teeth long, subulate and
exterior to the short, broadly ovato-triangular, intermediate ones, that are conni-
vent in the bud, the longer always erect. Petals 6, inserted on the tube of the
calyx, opposite to aud nearly at the base of its longer segments (or accessory pro-
cesses) where the texture is a little glandulose, oblungo-elliptical, entire, with pur-
ple veins, thin, weak andrumpled. Stamens 12 (sometimes but 10 in other flowers
of the same whorl), inserted at the base of the calyx in a single row, alternately
unequal in length, often bright red, the longer ones much exserted; anthers either
green or yellow, their pollen similarly coloured, those on the long filaments more
commonly :green, as are ie those of the shorter, at other times all the
anthers are bright yellow. varium conical, with a deep lateral furrow. Style
cylindrical, often purple, bent to one side, sometimes included, at other times con-
siderably exserted ; stigma peltate, rough with glandular points, greenish yellow.
Capsules brown, small, ovate or oblong, thin and membranous, quite included
in the calyx, 2-valved, the valves often cloven. Seeds nnmerous, brownish white,
pyziform, bluntly angular, somewhat shining and wrinkled.

II. Peruis, Linn. Water Purslane.

“ Calyx campanulate, with 6 large and 6 alternating small teeth.
Petals 6, often wanting. Stamens 6. Style very short. Capsule
2-celled.”—Br. Fi.

Small, prostrate, smooth and somewhat succulent plants, closely resembling
Lythrum in structure, but very different in appearance, inhabiting watery places.

1. P. Portula, L. Water Purslane.* “ Flowers axillary soli-
tary, leaves obovate."—Br. Fl. p. 140. EH. B. t. 1211.

Common in wet boggy situations, watery ditches, and on the half-dried-up
margins of pools and plashes, Fl. July, August. ©.

E. Med. — By the pond at Ninham farm, near Ryde. At the Dripping well
on St. George’s Down. Abundant in ditches on the moors to the North of Gods-
hill, Moist spots on Bleak Down, plentiful. Boggy ground at Lake common,
near Sandown. On Stapler’s heath, by Newport.

W. Med. — Ditches at Freshwater gate. Abundant in some ditches by the
Medina, between Rookley and North-Ground farms, and in the black peat-bog
about Cridmore, &c. :

Root a bundle of pale slender fibres. Stems matted, a few inches in length,
floating or prostrate and creeping on the half-dried soil, mostly reddish, brittle,
alternately branched, very bluntly quadrapgular, inwardly divided into 4 tubular
cavities by a central medullary chord, connected with the circumference by as
many partitions of cellular tissue, interrupted ouly at each pair of leaves by a node
or joint, from which fresh fibres are mostly emitted and {again take root. Leaves
opposite, a few here and there sémewhat alternate, scarcely ahove % an inch in
length, roundly obovate, attenuated into the flat petiole, bright green or reddish,
very smooth and shining, entire or slightly emarginate, the higher ones mostly
recurved, Stipulesnone. Flowers minute, solitary and axillary, nearly sessile at
first, when in seed very shortly pedunculate, with a pair of subulate bracts from
near the middle of each flowerstalk almost as long as the calyx. Calyx pinkish,
subcampanulate, broad and shallow, oblengo-quadrangular, plaited, with 12 pur-
plish ribs and as many alternately larger aud smaller terminal teeth-like processes,

 

* This genus must be carefully distinguished from the true Purslane—Portu-
laca, which is not of British origin, a distinction which has not been attended to
either by Smith or Hooker.
180 LYTHRACE.E.—CUCURBITACER. [Bryonia.

of which the 6 greater ones are triangular and erect or spreading, the remaining
6 short, blunt, or frequently produced into a sort of horn, which is mostly a little
recurved. Petals 6, each inserted ov a glandular depression a little below the
margin of the calyx and opposite to the smaller calycine processes ; very minute
and often in part fallen away (sometimes, it is said, wholly wanting), obovato-
rotundate, entire, pale pink, the midrib purplish. Stamens 6—8 (or 12?), inserted
on the calyx near its base, and equal in length to the calyx-tube ; filaments rose-
red ; anthers greenish or blackish, round, incumbent, of 2 large distinct lobes
bursting along their outer edges. Germen rose-coloured, ovate, compressed, with
a deep lateral furrow ; style short, capitato-orbicular, glanduloso-pilose. Cupsule
scarcely so large as hemp-seed, at first reddish, then brownish and membranous,
subglobose, a little compressed and somewhat 2-lobed by a lateral furrow, tipped
with the style, about as long as the calyx, bursting irregularly. Seeds numerous,
whitish or yellowish, trigonous, gibbous at the back and somewhat pointed at one
end, finely and rugosely punctato-striate ; very similar to those of Lythrum Salicaria.

(Order XXVIIL* TAMARISCACES, Desv.J

Tamarix Gallica, L., is found at Freshwater gate, according to Pulteney, but
is only growing there now in a cultivated state, and I suspect was never seen in
any more wild condition. I notice it here to draw the attention of botanists to the
genuine discovery of a species that has been assumed on very loose grounds as
indigenous to this country. I have seen most of the recorded stations quoted in
books, viz. St. Michael’s Mount, Hurst Castle, Hastings, and at Landguard Fort,
as well as on the banks about the Land’s Eud and Lizard, and can safely assert
that in none of these places has the Tamarix the semblance of an indigenous pro-
duction. Iam of opinion the wisest course would be to expunge Tamaria, with
pe Staphylea and one or two more genera, from the British Flora alto-
gether.

Order XXIX. CUCURBITACEA, Juss.

“Frequently monecious or diecious. Calyx 5-toothed, the tube
adnate with the ovary. Corolla 5-cleft, often scarcely distinguish-
able from the calyx, frequently reticulated. Stamens 5, often
more or less cohering. Ovary 1-celled, inferior, with 8 parietal
receptacles. Style short. Stigmas lobed. Fruit fleshy. Seeds
flat, in a juicy aril. Embryo flat. Albumen 0. Cotyledons folia-
ceous, nerved. — Succulent climbing plants, with extra-axillary
tendrils («2 the place of a stipule), frequently scabrous.” —Br. Fl.

I. Bryonia, Linn. Bryony.

“ Corolla 5-cleft. Filaments 3-adelphous, inserted at the base
of the corolla. Amnthers 1-celled, 3-adelphous, applied to the edge
or back of the connectivum, and forming a sinuous line. Style
trifid ; stigmas Somewhat reniform or bifid. Frwit ovoid or glo-
bose, baccate, few-seeded.”— Br. FI.

1. B. diotea, Jacq. Red-berried Bryony. Vect. Mandrake.
Leaves palmate 5-lobed calloso-scabrous on both sides, flowers
dicecious, pistillate blossoms subumbellate, their common peduncle
shorter than the leaves, their calyx about half the length of the
corolla, fruit globose (red). Jacq. Fl. Aust. ii. tab. 199. EH. B.
vil. 439. FU. Dan. xi. t. 1830. Br. Fl. p. 141.
Bryonia.] CUCURBITACE®. 181

_ In woods, thickets, hedges and fences, sometimes in open pastures, in the inte-
rior of the island, never along the coast. Fl. May—September. Jr. July—
October, 2.

E, Med. — Very local. On St. George’s Down, above West Standen farm.
Near Pagham in several places. Arreton. Not uncommon on the (green ?) sand
about Perreton farm. Near Long-Down farm. Knighton and Ashey, [the late]
Lady Brenton. Shanklin, Undercliff, Cowes, Sheridan's Guide, but I have never seen
it in any of these maritime localities, and suspect the Black Bryony (Tamus com-
munis) has been the plant intended, which from the similarity obits English name
is being constantly confounded with this very different genus.

W. Med.—Frequcut in thickets, copses and busby places in the tract of downs
between Newport and Shorwell. Near Idlecombe, by the roadside. Plentiful
about Roughborough farm. Marvel copse. Lane by Alvington. Hedges about
White Croft. Frequent about CaJbourne on the road to Shalfleet, and abundant
between Calbourne and Brixton, also about Westover. Frequent in woods at
Swainston. Rowledge. Garden-hedge at Redway. Woolverton, by Shorwell.
New Barn and at Gatcombe. Northcourt. A few plants at the eastern end of
Westover plantation. A pistillate plant or two in a wood near Afton House, the
only instance where I have seen the species within some miles of Yarmouth. On
the sand not far from Buck’s Heath. AtChillerton, frequent. Foot of Mottistun
Down, on the S. side.

Root very large, fusiform, either of one, or more commonly of two, often equal
and divaricate, slightly branched, fleshy tubers, bearing a grotesque resemblance
to the legs of a man, brownish or yellowish white externally, and uneven with
close parallel wrinkles ; within white, succulent and spongy, with the foetid odour
of the herbage, in taste highly bitter, acrid and nauseous. Stem one or more,
annual, alternately though not much branched excepting at its origin, scandent
but not twining, supporting itself for many feet in length on hedges and bushes
by long, simple, axillary tendrils, the direction of whose spiral is invariably
reversed at some one or more points of the helix ;* sometimes trailing, blunuly
5-angled, furrowed, scabrous with short bristly hairs, almost downy at its base.
Leaves.of a dull grayish, sometimes bright green, thinnish or membranaceous,
greatly exceeding their short, stout, rounded, very rough petioles, various in size;
heart-shaped in circumscription, palmately 5-lobed, 5—7 ribbed at base ; lobes
various in breadth and depth, of the smaller and upper leaves often very deeply
cleft and narrow, of the larger and lower sometimes quite shallow, and bluntly
angular-dentate only; in all more or less pointed or obtuse, of the uppermost
leaves acute or acuminate, tipped with a soft mucro, middle lohe longest, and as
well as the rest more or less obscurely subtrifid at the apex ; very rough or sca-
brous on both sides and on their margins with numberless short, erect or curved,
simple bristles with tubercular bases, longer and more copious on the under side
of the leaf, jointed internally. Staminate flowers in corymboso-subumbellate
clusters, of about 4 to 7 or 8 in each cluster, their common peduncle axillary, usu-
ally about as long as the leaves. Calya greatly shorter than the corolla, its segments
small, triangular-lanceolate, acute and reflexed. Corolla greenish white. Fila-
ments 3, extremely short and thick, inserted un the short nectariferous tube of the
corolla, two of them bearing each a pair of anthers, the third a solitary anther and
closing the cavity below them ; anthers 5, anfractuose, thick, their margins waved
somewhat in the form of the letter N, and beautifully fringed on each side along
the line of dehiscence with a row of bristle-tipped pellucid globules ; pollen yel-
low, globular. Pistillate flowers much (about one-hal!) smaller than the stami-
nate, in fewer- (2-, 3-, or 5-) flowered, hence ecarcely umbellate clusters, that are
much shorter than the leaves, from the axils of which they spring. Calyx shortly
pedunculate on the globose ovary, deciduous, its segments narrower and subulate,
scarcely half the length of the corolla, spreading and recurved. Corolla with
narrower, less copiously reticulated segments, very hispid within at their base.

 

* This interruption in the direction of the spiral T have remarked in the ten-
drils of Sicyos angulata ; does it occur in those of other Cucurbitaceex ?
182 CUCURBITACEA&.—PORTULACE. [Montia.

Style dilated upwards, 3- or 5-cleft and angled, with as many greenish, wedge- or
fan-shaped, deeply channelled, papillosely hispid, wavy stigmas. Ovary globose,
green and glabrous. Fruit (berry) globular, as large as moderately sized peas,
dull scarlet when ripe, smooth and succulent, with an abominably nauseous and
feetid viscid juice, 3-celled. Seeds in form and colour somewhat like those of
hemp but smaller, roundish ovoid, smvoth, subcompressed, with a shallow border
all around, mottled brown and gray, their number uncertain, commonly 6 or 7,
sometimes but 2 or 3.

This is the sole British representative amongst the very few European plants of
the order Cucurbitacee. Another species (B. alba) indigenous to the North and
East of Europe, as our dioica to the South and West, differs in being almost con-
stantly monecious, in having black bervies, the pistillate flowers racemose on a
much elongated common peduncle, and their calyx scarcely shorter than the
corolla.

The leaves of Bryony exhale a transient musky odour in warm damp weather,
on dewy evenings or after a shower, as I have repeatedly experienced. The plant
is called Mandrake in this island, probably in consequence of the roots having
been formerly sold to the ignorant, by quacks, under that name, as endowed with
virtues similar to the mandrakes mentioned in Scripture, of which nothing is
known but by conjecture. Farriers are said to give the root to horses, for the pur-
pose of inducing a sleek coat, and mixed with their food it is alleged to promote
the fattening of pigs,—effects precisely those resulting from the administration of
crude sulpburet of antimony to both those animals. On the human subject it acts
as a drastic hydragogue purgative, the use of which is now discontinued in regu-
lar medical practice. Though the present species is an exception tu the mone-
cious character of the genus, it is stated to assume occasionally with age the epi-
cene structure appropriate to the rest of its kind. The red-berried Bryony is
found wild in most parts of England, becoming rare in the North, and particu-
larly in the extreme western and maritime counties, as Devon and Cornwall. It
is scarcely indigenous to Scotland, and quite unknown as a native of Ireland.

The Rev. Charles Hardy, of South Hayling, informed me that in 1848 a root
of Bryony was dug up in Hayling Tsland which weighed 47 Ibs., by a person who
made use of a decoction of it with success against the scab in sheep.

*

Order XXX. PORTULACEA, Juss.

“ Sepals 2. Petals inserted into the base of the calyx (some-
what hypogynous), mostly 5, usually distinct, sometimes wanting.
Stamens of uncertain number, opposite the petals when of the
same number. Ovary superior, l-celled. Style 1 or 0. Stigmas
several. Capsule opening transversely or by 3 valves. Seeds
numerous on a central receptacle. Allwmen farinaceons, sur-

rounded by the curved embryo. — Succulent herbs or shrubs.” —
Br, Fl.

I. Mowtta, Linn. Blinks.

“ Corolla of 5 irregular petals, somewhat hypogynous, united at
the base into one split up in front. Stamens 3, inserted upon the
corolla and opposite to its smaller segments. Stigmas 3, almost
sessile. Capsule 3-valved, 3-seeded.”—Br. Fl.

1. M. fontana, L. Water Blinks. Water Chickweed. Br. Fl.
p. 142. ‘E. B. t. 1206.
Scleranthus.] | PARONYCHIACEA.—CRASSULACEA. 183

In wet springy places, along the margins of rills, drains and ditches, also on
damp sandy ground, moist fallows, &c.; common. Fi. Spring to autumn. ©.

E. Med.— Arable fields above E. Cowes. By Lashmere pond, in plenty.
Marshy skirts of Lake common and other parts of Sandown level. Sandown, on
wet ground near the cottage, Miss Lucas.

W. Med.—Near Yarmouth, Rev. G. E. Smith.

Order XXXI. PARONYCHIACEA, St. Hil.

“Sepals 5 (rarely 3 or 4), more or less cohering at the base.
Petals minute, alternating with the lobes of the calyx, or 0. Sta-
mens inserted into the base of the calyx (somewhat hypogynous),
and opposite to its lobes when as many. Ovary superior. Styles
2—5. Fruit small, dry, 1-celled, 1—5 valved or indehiscent.
Seeds numerous on a free central receptacle, or solitary and sus-
pended from a long stalk arising from the base of the cell—
Small branching herbaceous or suffruticose plants, with sessile
entire leaves and membranaceous stipules.”—Br. Fl.

I. Scuerantuvus, Linn. Knawel.*

“ Perianth 5-cleft. Stamens 10; 5, or more, frequently abor-
tive or wanting. Styles 2.”—Br. Fl.

1. S. annuus, L. Annual Knawel. ‘ Calyx of the fruit with
erect or erect-patent rather acute segments edged with a narrow
white membrane, stems spreading, root annual.’—Br. Fl. p. 353.
£. B. t. 351.

In dry barren or sandy fields and pastures, waste and cultivated ground, fal-
lows, &c.; very common. Fl. July—September. ©.

Order XXXIT. CRASSULACEA, DeCand.

“ Sepals 83-20, more or less cohering at the base. Petals as
many as the sepals, sometimes cohering, inserted (as well as the
stamens) at the base of the calyx (subhypogynous). Stamens as
many as the petals, or twice that number. Ovaries verticillated,
as many as the petals, each usually with asmall fat scale or gland
at its base, 1-celled, tapering into a stigma. Follicles with seve-
ral seeds fixed in a double row to the ventral suture. <Albwmen
fleshy, thin.—Herbs or shrubs, with fleshy leaves and no stipules.”
—Br. Fil.

 

* Knawel, from the German name of the plant, Knauel. Kniuel or Knauel
signifies a knot or aggregate in roundish masses of any small bodies; in the pre-
sent genus the flowers are in small knots or bundles (geknaulte Blumen) ; hence
its other German appellation of Ackerknoterich, from Knoten, a knot.
184 CRASSULACER. (Sedum.

I. Sepum, Linn. Orpine. Stonecrop.

“Calyx in 4—6 deep segments, often resembling the leaves.
Petals 4—6, distinct, patent. Stamens 8—12.  Follicles many-
seeded, each with an entire or emarginate scale at its base.’’—
Br. Fil.

* Root thick. Leaves flat.

1. S. Telephium, LL. Orpine Liwelong. Leaves ovate-oblong
coarsely serrate plane, corymbs leafy, stem erect. Sm. EH. Fil. ii.
p. 313. Br. Fl. p. 147. Lindl. Syn. p. 64. HE. B. xix. t. 1319.
Curt. Fl. Lond. i. fase. 3, t. 25.

In woods, thickets, borders of fields, along hedges, and rough, stony, bushy
places; rare. Fl. July—September. 2.

E. Med.—Near Ashey, very sparingly.

W. Med.—Plentifully ina moist field and the surrounding hedges close by
Pound Green, between it and Sheepwash farm, Freshwater.

Herb quite smvoth and extremely succulent, drying with the greatest difficulty.
Root of numerous, clustered, suft, white, fleshy, ovate and pointed tubers, ending
in long fibres. Stems 1—2 feet high, erect, ascending or procumbent below,
round, solid, shining, green and purple on opposite sides, simple and leafy.
Leaves scattered, plane or a little concave, sessile, spreading below, often nearly
erect above, 1 or 2 inches in length,*oblongo-ovate, sharply but unequally dentato-
serrate, bright green or often purplish on the upper side, glaucous beneath with a
strongly keeled rib, very smooth, thick and shining ; entire and somewhat wedge-
shaped towards the base. Flowers crowded, dark rose-red, not expanding until
long after the buds appear fully formed, which is perhaps one reason for its popu-
lar name of Livelong ; in dense, compound, hemispherical, terminal and axillary
tufts, the latter on long naked stalks, altogether forming an oblong leafy corymb
bracteated under some of the principal subdivisions. Sepals lanceolate-acute, not
coloured. Petals ovato-lanceolate, slightly keeled, much longer than the calyx,
acute. Stamens with red anthers, 5 of the filaments adnate in their lower part
with the petals, those opposite the sepals free. Germen oblong. Styles short,
nearly erect. At the base of each germen and that of the petals, but between the
two, are as many flat, yellow, striated glands, of a long square shape, nectariferous
at their summits. The plant varies in its leaves and blossoms, the latter being
sometimes white (Fl. Dan.), and the former opposite and nearly entire. The
herbage is quite devoid of acrimony.

** Root small. Leaves terete, semicylindrical or gibbous.
+ Flowers white or reddish.

12. S. album, L. White Stonecrop. “ Leaves scattered oblong-
cylindrical obtuse spreading, cyme much branched glabrous,
petals lanceolate.”—Br. Fl. p. 148. H. B. t. 1578.

In rocky stony places, on walls and roofs of houses ; a very rare and doubt-
fully native species in this island. Fl. July, August. 2.

W. Med.— On the thatch and tiling of two cottages at Yarmouth, plentiful
in 1838, but the thatch has been since removed and the plant partially de-
stroyed. [Abundantly on the tiled roof of a cottage at Carisbrooke, on the road
to and very near Newport, 1854, Dr. Bell-Salter.— Edrs. |

Herb 6 or 8 inches high, growing in dense tufts, Stems branching at the
Sedum } CRASSULACER. 185

base, round, reddish, bvittle, smooth and succulent. Leaves scattered on the
flowering stems, on the barren shvots somewhat crowded, chiefly on the upper
part in both, linear-oblong, very obtuse, compressed, spreading and spurless,
smooth and succulent. Flowers in dense cymose panicles, of 3 principal branches
numerously subdivided at their summits. Calyx-segments ovate, very blunt,
dashed with reddish brown. Petals white, three times the length of the calyx, lan-
ceolate, rather obtuse, each with a streak of light purple at the back towards the
base, often suffused with a faint tinge of the same colour all over. Stamens 10;
ea white: anthers red. Germens with tapering styles, hypogynous glands
yellow.

3. 8S. anglicum, Huds. White English Stonecrop. “ Leaves
mostly alternate ovate gibbous fleshy produced at the base, cymes
glabrous few-flowered, petals very sharp at the point ’—Br. Fl.
p. 148. EB. B.t. 171.

On dry sandy ground, barren pastures, rocks, banks and cliffs near the sea; in
several places abundantly. Fl. June, July. 3
: E. Med.—On the Dover, Ryde. Abundant on St. Helen’s spit. Sandown

ay.

W. Med. — Between St. Catherine’s Point and Blackgang chine. S. side of
Brixton down, Dr. Pulteney in ‘ Hampshire Repository,’ i. p. 120.

Root small, annual, fibrous, sending forth many weak filiform stems, which are
procumbent at the base, round, smooth and usually reddish, 2 or 3 inches high,
bare of leaves below. Leaves alternate or partly opposite, sessile, ovate, fleshy,
very convex on the back and plane above, with a very small point or angle at the
base below the point of insertion with the stalk, scarcely to be called a spur.
Cyme terminal, very simple, of two branches, each bearing from 2—4 flowers,
with another nearly in the fork of the branches. Flowers reddish white, star-like,
very ornamental to our dry sandy shores. Sepals ovate, bluntish, quite smooth,
not half the length of the petals. Petals lanceolate, acute and keeled beneath.
Filaments white ; anthers brownish purple. Germens tapering, their points erect,
spreading, or a little recurved, tinged with rose-colour, with a brown somewhat
heart-shaped scale at the base of each.

+24. S. dasyphyllum, L. Thick -leaved White Stonecrop.
Leaves ovato-globose mostly opposite, stems reclining below,
panicle few-flowered viscid. Sm. E. Fl. ii. p. 316. Br. Fl. p.
148. Lindl. Syn. p. 64. EH. B. t. 656. Curt. Fl. Lond. fase. 3,
t. 25.

On rocks, walls and roofs; rare, and possibly only naturalized. FV. June,
July. 2.

E, Med.—On the rvof of the South porch of Brading church, and walls adjoin-
ing ; plentifully in 1838, but since diminished by repairs. On the tiled coping of
a wall at the S. end of Brading, by the house of a baker of the name of Riddick,
Miss Lucas, who first pointed out this species to me as an Isle-of-Wight plant,
On the wall before the dwelling-house at Alverston mill, and on the roofs and sheds
of the outhouses adjuining, in very great abundance in 1841.

An elegant species, known at once by its very thick, egg-shaped, almost globular
leaves, which are extremely juicy, and attached to the stem by a point barely visi-
ble to the naked eye, hence falling away upon a slight touch, which, with the
extreme brittleness of every part of the plant, makes it difficult to collect large
and perfect specimens.

Flowers white. Petals elegantly streaked on the back with rose-colour, extend-
ing along the keeled centre, where there is a row of red and stalked glands like

* those clothing the calyx and pedicels. Scale at the base of each germen heart-
shaped, yellow. :

I find many flowers with 6 stamens and 12 petals in my wild specimens.

2B
186 CRASSULACEA, [Sempervivum.

tt Flowers yellow.

5. 8. acre, L. Biting Stonecrop. Wall-pepper. “ Leaves
erect alternate ovate gibbous fleshy produced at the base, cymes
trifid glabrous leafy, sepals obtuse gibbous at the base, petals
acute.” —Br, Fl. p. 148. EH. B. t. 839.

On dry sandy ground, hedgebanks, walls, rocks, and roofs of buildings ; very
common. Fi. June, July. 2.

FE. Med.—Salterns Dover (betwixt Springvale and Salterns), in plenty, Dr. Bell-
Salter.

W. Med. —Abundant on dry sandy banks at the 8. end of Shorwell.

6. S, reflexum, L. Crooked-leaved Yellow Stonecrop. “eaves
terete awl-shaped scattered spurred at the base, flowers cymose,
segments of the calyx lanceolate slightly acute.” — EH. B. t. 695.
8. glaucum, Donn.: HE. B. t. 2477. Br. Fl. p. 149.

On walls, ruins and (especially thatched) roofs of houses ; frequent; rarely on
dry sandy banks, rocks and cliffs. Fl. July, August. ‘

E. Med.—Until lately it grew rather plentifully on part of the ruins of Quarr
Abbey, but is now nearly if not quite lost by the pulling down of the portion of
wall on which it flourished, for building material. Roof of a wooden house by the
roadside hetween Nettlestone and St. Helen’s, a little before coming to the church.
Depending from the rocky bank on the left hand descending Morton Shoot, by
Brading. Roof ofa cottage between Niton and Whitwell, and also at Shanklin by
the turnpike-gate. On a low wall at Lower Stenbury, but said to have been pur-
posely planted there. Wall below the church at Newchureh, Dr. Bell-Salter. At
Godshill, Miss G. Kilderbee! Sandown fort, Mr. Snooke,

W. Med.— Walls of Carisbrooke castle. AtCalbourne. Old walls at Wolver-
ton, by Shorwell. Roof of a cottage at Easton, Mr. Snooke.

Il. Sempervivum, Linn. House-leek.

“ Calyx 6—20 cleft. Petals distinct or slightly united at the
base. Stamens twice as many as the petals, or as many and oppo-
site to them.  Follicles many-seeded ; hypogynous scales lacini-
ated, toothed or none.”’—Br. Fl.

*1. S. tectorum, I. House-leek. Sen-green. “ Leaves cili-
ated, offsets spreading, petals about 12 entire and hairy at the
margins.” —Br. Fl. p. 147. EH. B. t. 1820.

On walls and rocks, frequent, but always introduced. Fil. July. 2,.

III. Coryntepon, Linn. Navelwort.

* Calyx 5-partite. Petals united into a tubular or campanulate
corolla. Stamens 10, inserted upon the tube of the corolla. Fol-
licles many-seeded, each with a scale at its base.’—Br. FI.

1. GC. Umbilicus, L. Wall Pennywort. Navelwort. “ Leaves
peltate crenate depressed in the centre, stem with a (usually)
simple raceme of pendulous flowers, upper bracteas minute entire, ,
corolla scarcely cleft to the middle, lobes ovate acute erect, root
tuberous.”— Br. Fl. p. 146. FE. B. t. 825.
Cotyledon.] CRASSULACEA. 187

On moist shaded walls, rocks, fences and stony hedgebanks; very rare. F'l.
June—August. .

£. Med.—Found in 1839 by my friend G. Kirkpatrick, Esq., covering about a
foot square of a low stone fence at Bohemia, growing in light friable soil, and
scarcely 3 inches high!!! In April, 1843, the same gentleman and myself
observed it in great abundance about the same spot, and particularly on hedge-
banks along the cross-road from Bohemia to Bleak Down and the Star Inn, scat-
tered over the fences for a considerable distance from the former place. Near
Lake, Miss Lucas. [On both sides of the road near Kennerly, in great abun-
dance, Dr. Bell-Salter, Edrs.]

W. Med.— [Near Kingstone, on the heathy ground both sides of the road
towards Bleak Down, Dr. Bell. Salter, Edrs.]

A very smooth, glabrous, pale and succulent plant. Root a roundish, white and
fleshy tuber, hirsute with innumerable brownish, woolly and slender fibres. Stem
from 2 or 3 inches to 1 or 2 feet or even mote in height,* erect or ascending, soli-
tary or several, simple or branched alternately, round, solid, a little leafy, often
dashed or streaked with purple or wholly of that colour below. Leaves alternate,
bright green or sometimes reddish, fleshy and somewhat shining, a little glaucous
underneath, obscurely veined, on round very brittle-stalks, of considerable though
variable length ; the radical ones numerous, crowded, orbicular and peltate,
deeply cupped or cuncave, with an umbilical depression in the centre correspond-
ing to the axis of the petiole, unequally and mostly obtusely crenate, notched and
sublobate. Flowers very numerous, in long, erect, terminal and axillary, simple
and leafless, spicate racemes, secund, lax or drooping. Pedicels terete, shorter
than the flowers, each subtended by a linear-lanceolate fleshy bract longer than
the pedicel, and of which those at the lower part of the raceme gradually become
broader, more or less toothed and finally leafy. Calyw about ¢ the length of the
corolla ; sepals lanceolate, acute, close-pressed against the latter. Corolla pale
greenish or sometimes reddish, tubuloso-campanulate, subcylindrical, obscurely 5-
angled, scarcely 4 an ivch in length; the mouth greener, in 5 short, broadly ovate
or roundish, overlapping, suddenly acuminate segments, their tips a little spread-
ing. Stamens really inserted at the base of the corolla, their filaments adnate and
incorporated with its cellular tissue for the greater part of their length, the free
portion of each emerging a short distance below the segments, the 5 opposite to
the latter rather longer than the rest ; + anthers yellowish, nearly orbicular. MHy-
pogynous scales 5, erect, brownish yellow, oblong, a little contracted and emar-
ginately 2-lobed at the summit, thin, flat and nectariferous. Germens linear,
erect, obliquely tapering into their short obtuse styles, that are slightly flattened
and glandulose just below their somewhat recurved summits. Seeds very minute
and numerous, elliptical-oblong, pale brown, appearing as if covered with a thin
wrinkled pellicle.

The expressed juice of the Wall Pennywort, administered in the quantity of
two tablespoonfuls twice or thrice a day, or in the form of an extract, has been
brought into notice as a remedy for epilepsy by my friend Thos. Salter, Esq., of
Poole, in the ‘ London Medical Gazette’ for March 2nd, 1849. None of the
old authors whom I have consulted ascribe any efficacy in this complaint to the
Cotyledon, the use of which was first communicated to the public in an old num-
ber of a magazine, and said to be the contribution of the celebrated John Wesley.

 

* In the comparatively dry climate of the Isle of Wight the plant is of much
humbler growth in general than in the more humid western counties of England,
and in Scotland or Ireland ; some of my specimens however, collected in the pre-
sent very moist season of 1843, equal in luxuriance any I have seen elsewhere.

+ The adnate part of their filaments, more prominent than that of the other
five, showing I suppose that they belong to an interior series ur verticil.
188 GROSSULACER. [Ribes.

Order XXXIII. GROSSULACE, DeCand.

“ Calyx 4—5 cleft, the tube entirely or in part adnate with the
ovary. Petals 4—5, small, placed at the mouth of the tube alter-
nately with the 4—5 short stamens. Ovary 1-celled, with 2 oppo-
site parietal placentas which are sometimes projected into the
interior and resemble dissepiments. Ovules many. Style 2—4
cleft. Berry crowned with the remains of the calyx. Seeds sus-
pended by long stalks among the pulp. Albumen horny.—Shrubs,
often spiny, of temperate climates, with alternate lobed leaves.” —
Br. Fil.

I. Rises, Linn. Currant. Gooseberry.

“‘ Petals small, scale-like. Stamens included or nearly so.
(Style erect, and ovary with nerve-like placentas in all the British
species).”—Br, Fl,

* Without spines. Flowers racemose.

1. R. rubrum, L. Common Red Currant. Flowers perfect,
leaves bluntly 5-lobed, bracteas very small, calyx nearly plane
and ovary glabrous, petals obtuse.

a. Racemes glabrous, pendulous. FE. B.t. 1289. Br. Fl. p. 150.

B. sylvestre, Mert. et Koch in Rohl. Deutschl. Fl. ii. p. 249. Wimm. et Grab.
Fil. Siles. i. p. 209. Fl. Dan. vi. t. 967 (from a dried specimen probably).

. “ Racemes slightly downy, erect in flower, pendulous in fruit.” R. rubrum
B., Br. Fl. p. 150. R. petreum, Sm.

In moist woods, thickets, hedges, and by stream-sides; very frequent. Fi.
April, May. Fr. July. b.*

E. Med.—Not rare about Ryde, in Marina wood by Apley, and in a thicket by
the new road from the Dever to St. John’s. About Quarr Abbey, between il aud
Fishlourne. Lane near Sandown. Bordwood lynch, Parsonage lynch, and other
wet thickets about Newcburch, with R. nigrum. Plentiful in Knighton West
copse. Abundant in Horringford withy-bed. Abundant in a boggy thicket and
withy-bed on the western skirt of Blackpan common. Cleveland vopse, Appul-
durcombe.

W. Med. —Very frequent about Newport, on the road to Gatcombe. Little
Standen wood. In profusion in the deep hollow way by the road from Newport
to Shorwell, in front of Idlecombe farm ; also in a lane (Plash lane?) a little S.W.
of Carisbrooke castle. In a retired lane leading up to Buccombe down (called, I
helieve, Cow lane) fiom nearly opposite Buccombe farm, and in almost every
thicket, copse and hedge about Buccomhe, Shorwell and Calbourne. Swainston
woods. Frequent in woods near Yarmouth, and especially abundant in a copse
on the East bank of the Yar, called Beckett’s copse, a little below Freshwater
mill, Symington copse, near W. Cowes, with R. nigrum and R. Grossularia.
‘Yolt copse, near Gatcombe. Very abundant in Lorden cupse. Common about
Chillerton. Common in New Barn Hummet, Calbourne, and abundant in a

 

* [The localitics, diagnostic characters and subsequent remarks refer to the
form $.—the wild state of the plant—Edrs.}
Ribes.] GROSSULACER. 189

small cupse or patch of wood between Stonewell or Stoneover and Churchills
farms, about due S. from Ningwood green. Plentifully in the first wood along
the shore at Yarmouth, immediately under Bouldner. Becomes rarer in the very
open and level south-western quarter of the island.

y. In the High wood at Swainston, abundantly, 1846.

Root mostly much branched, sometimes nearly simple, blackish brown, and
often creeping considerably and throwing up fresh stems at some distance from
the original plant. Stem about 2 or 3 feet high, the centre filled with a spongy
pith, seldom much branched in the wild state, often quite simple, sometimes how-
ever appearing as an irregular straggling bush, ramified usually from the base, and
dividing into a few distant, unequal, straight and upright branches, the older
covered with a dark, reddish brown, very smooth cuticle, that on the younger
wood cinereous. Leaves much like those of the vine in shape and texture, but
smaller, roundish, 3- or 5-lobed and angled, the basal lubes mostly obscure, the
middle lobe shorter and less acute than in R. nigrum; cordate at base, light green
above, paler and when young mostly very downy beneath, plicatu-rugose, acutely
and unequally incised, serrate, the serratures tipped with a gland, destitute of
scent from the want of resinous glands, as in the black Currant. Petioles semi-
terete, channelled above, pubescent, membranously winged and often fringed with
a few remote hairs and stalked glands below. Racemes lax or nodding (some-
times erect in flower, the R. petreum of Smith), finally drooping or pendulous,
solitary from the bosom of the leafy fascicles, about 14 or 2 inches long, many-
flowered, glabrous or a little downy, with here and there an extremely minute
reddish and stalked gland. Flowers about 3 Jines in diameter, whitish green, but
in the wild variety we are now describing always more or less dotted, streaked or
suffused with a purplish brown colour observable on every part, but most con-
stantly on the disk, from which it is seldom absent. Pedicels patent, 2 or 3 times
as long as the broadly ovate, concave, loosely clasping bract at its base, besides
which there is an occasional pair of bracts nearer the flower. Calya basin-shaped,
glabrous, with a wide limb, cleft into 5 segments of an obcordate or somewhat
fan-shaped form, much broader than long, finally revolute at the apex. Petals
very minute, springing from the margin of the fleshy disk between the calyx-seg-
ments, cuneato-vbcordate, erect or spreading, entire or slightly emarginate. Sta-
mens opposite to the calycine segments, in form like the top of a crutch, extremely
short (about equalling the petals), erect, glabrous : filaments terete, slightly
tapered ; anthers whitish, incumbent, broader than the length of the filaments,
formed somewhat like the head or handle of a crutch, their lobes roundish,
merging into the compressed subapiculate connectivum, and bursting along a cen-
tral line of dehiscence. Style very short, seated ina depression of the fleshy disk,
which fills the tube of the calyx, and surrounded by a tumid glandular fillet,
deeply cleft into 2 cylindrical spreading or somewhat recurved segments, with
simple, subglobose, glandular tips or stigmas. Fruit smaller than in the garden
plant, of a rather paler red, extremely acid, generally very sparingly produced or
quickly devoured by birds.

The red Currant is indigenous to most of the colder parts of Europe, and is
found both in Asia and America beyond the arctic circle. It has been usually
regarded as a native of the porthern counties only in England, and merely natu-
ralized in the South ; but in the Isle of Wight, in Sussex and Dorsetshire (Dr.
Bell-Salter), its abundance in the most sequestered situations plainly marks it as
an aboriginal with us. In the wild state the stem is generally simple or with very
few branches, and, although flowering freely, produces fruit but sparingly. The
Currant thrives best in a climate neither too warm uor too cold; it resists both
heat and drought much better than the Gooseberry, producing fine fruit where the
latter fails from these causes. I have eaten very good currants at Montpellier,
where the summers are intensely hot and dry, and the gooseberry is never seen.

It is to be remarked that the flowers of the wild 1ed Currant are, in this island
at Icast, always more or less tinged with reddish brown, whilst those of the culti-
vated variety are mostly if not constantly destitute of colour.
190 GROSSULACER. [Ribes.

2. R. nigrum, L. Black Currant. Without thorns, racemes
few-flowered lax drooping downy with a separate flower-stalk at
their base, flowers globoso-campanulate, bracts much shorter than
the pedicels, leaves acutely lobed resinoso-punctate beneath.
Sm. E. Fl.i. p. 333. Br. Fl. p. 150. LH. B. t. 1291.

In low swampy or boggy woods and thickets, and along the margins of streams ;
rare, but like the last undoubtedly indigenous. Jv. April, May. 3

E. Med. —1n Horringford withy-bed, sparingly but certainly wild. Ina wet
willow-thicket half way between Newchurch and Wipford, sparingly. Sparingly
in the plantation just out of Appuldurcombe park, at the Godshill or Noxth-
entrance lodge, possibly an escape from the lodge-garden. Very sparingly in the
wood at the fvot of the cliff near Cook’s Castle, but apparently wild.

W. Med.—In the wet willow-ground by the stream close to Sheat farm, in con-
siderable plenty, but perhaps naturalized at some former time from the garden
there. In several parts of Bordwood lynch, sparingly, but indisputably wild.
In Symington copse, between Medham and Somerford, W. Cowes, with R. rubrum
and R. Grossularia. A few small bushes in a wood a little to the East of Rew-
street farm. Ina wet thicket by the pond just out of Kingston on the way to
Shorwell, rather plentifully.

A sbrub of stouter habit than the last, preferring wetter situations. Stem
unarmed, erect, from about 2 to 4 feet high, and like the last species not much
branched in the wild state, bark on the younger branches reddish ash-gray and
smooth, on the trunk and older branches rough, brownish or blackish. Leaves
alternate, ur on the short flowering shoots subfasciculate, their under side sprinkled
with yellow, resinous, imbedded globules, in which the peculiar strong odour of
the plant resides, and which has been compared to that of Savine (??), larger and
of a paler grcev than in the last species, and more deeply and acutely lobed,
slightly hairy along the hedges and veins of the under surface, subquinquelobate,
the posterior lobes small and often nearly or quite vbsolete, the 3 anterior lobes
triangular-acute, all unequally inciso-serrate, the serratures bluntish and tipped
with a gland. Petioles mostly about as long as the leaves, pubescent, channelled
and slightly decurrent at their dilated bases, near which they are usually {ringed
with a few distant downy cilia. Racemes simple, few-flowered, lax or drooping,
downy, 2 or 3 inches long, aggregate in the midst of the leaves, with for the most
part a solitary distinct flower-stalk at the base of each cluster. Pedicels drooping,
very unequal, as long as or much longer than the flowers, seldom shorter, the
inferior remote. Bracts solitary at the base of each pedicel, and far shorter than
the latter, minute, loosely clasping, more or less pointed or acuminate. Flowers
more like those of the following species in appearance, strongly scented. Calyx
downy, sprinkled with resinous globules, sulgloboso-campanulate, obsvuletely 5-
lobed, the summit in 5 obtuse finally reflexed or revolute segments, tinged with
reddish brown. Petals roundish ovate, entire, greenish or reddish, a little conni-
vent. Stamens erect, the length of the petals; filaments broad, flattish ; anthers
pale buff, roundish elliptical, their lobes united. Style the length of the stamens,
entire or slightly cleft at the summit, seated on a glandular base; stigma a round-
ish, 2-lobed, viscid gland.

** Armed with spines. Peduncles 1—3 flowered.

8. R. Grossularia, L. Common Gooseberry.* Leaves rounded
and lobed, peduncles short hairy 1—8 flowered with a pair of

 

* The name which this well-known and wholesome fruit bears with us is pro-
bably corrupted from its denomination in various languages of Teutonic origin or
admixture ; Aruisberic, Dutch; AKrusber, Swedish ; Krauselbeerc, German ; all
alluding to the crisped or plaited look of the leaves, and hence the Latin Ulva
crispa.
Saxifraga.) GROSSULACE.B.—SAXIFRAGACEA. 191

minute bracteas. Br. Fl. p. 151. E. B. t. 1292. R. Uva-
crispa, L.: H. B. t. 2057.

Frequent and truly wild in woods and thickets, with the first species, but always
more sparingly ; less certainly indigenous in hedgerows in the open country. Fl.
April, May. hh.

E. Med. —In a hedge exactly opposite the second milestone from Ryde on the
road to Brading, and in a few other spots thereabouts, but perhaps brought with
quicks when making the hedge. Certainly wild in Hungerberry wood near
Shanklin, and in Knighton West wood near Newchurch. Northland copse by
Yaverland, and amongst the thickest brushwood at East End. Between Shank-
lin and Cook’s Castle, under the cliff, where, as in many of the above stations, it
grows very remote from human habitations, but in all of them sparingly scattered.
In several woody places in the Undercliff, certainly wild. In wet thickets about
Wackland. In the shore at the Priory. Cleveland copse, Appuldurcombe. Very
common in various places about Knighton mill, Hartsash, &c. Frequent in
hedges between Shanklin and Newchurch, Merston, &c.

W. Med.—Tolt copse, Gatcomhe. About Buccombe, Idlecomhbe, Shorwell,
&e., with R. rubrum. ,

A bushy shrub with blackish bark, and many straight, irregularly spreading,
cinereous branches, armed under each leaf-bud with sharp spines, usually in threes.
Leaves in fascicles of about 4 together, roundish, 5-lobed, the lobes cut into seve-
ral blunt shallow segments, the 2 upper ones obscurely marked, bright green, soft
and pliant, smoothish or more or less hairy, a little shining beneath, their petioles
downy with a few long gland-tipped hairs. Flowers solitary or in pairs from the
centre of each bundle of leaves, drooping, finally downy like the peduncles. Calyx
bell-shaped, its segments reflexed, ovate, rounded, tinged with brownish red.
Petals minute, whitish, erect, cuneato-cordate, entire. Stamens erect, much longer
than in the Currant ; their filaments whitish ; anthers buff-coloured. Styles about
as long as the stamens, often deeply cloven almost to their bases, very hairy below.
Bracts extremely variable in size.and situation, solitary, in pairs, 3 together,’ or
none. I find one or two coloured scales sometimes, on the lower part of the calyx-
tube, in my specimens, in which the peduncles are mostly 2-flowered, with a usu-
ally solitary sheathing bract just below the point of divarication. Fruit rarely
seen with us on the wild bush; in one instance in which I found berries produced
they were of a light amber-colour, slightly downy but not hairy, and scarcely
exceeding the largest white currants in size.

Restricted to much more temperate latitudes than the red or black Currant, yet
itrequires less warmth to bring the fruit to perfection. It is generally thought to
be naturalized in this country, and not an aboriginal native ; an opinion that has
perhaps arisen from the silence of the older botanists or herbalists respecting it ;
neither Gerarde, Parkinson nor Ray mention it as found wild in their time, yet it
can hardly be imagined that a shrub universally cultivated then, as at present,
should only of late years have evinced a tendency to escape from the garden to
the woods. The finest gooseberries are growu in the North of England and
Scotland, where the summers are cool and moist: with us here this fruit has sen-
sibly degenerated ; the bushes look stunted, unhealthy, and overgrown with moss,
whilst the currant attains in these parts a superior size and flavour.

Order XXXIV. SAXIFRAGACEA, Juss.

“ Calyx of 4—5 sepals, or united into a tube which is wholly
or in part adnate with the ovary. Petals 4—5, or 0. Stamens
5—10, distinct, perigynous or somewhat hypogynous. Ovary
with usually 2 diverging persistent styles, 2-celled with an axile
placenta, or 1-celled with parietal placentas. Capsule 2-valved.
192 SAXIFRAGACES. [Saxifraga.

Seeds numerous. Albumen fleshy. — Small, mostly herbaceous
plants, frequent in northern and alpine regions.” —Br. Fl.

I. Saxirraca, Linn. Saxifrage.

“Calyx superior, or inferior, or half-inferior, in 5 segments.
Petals 5. Stamens 10, or sometimes 5. Ovary 2-celled. Capsule
with 2 beaks, 2-celled, many-seeded.”—Br. £1.

1. 8. tridactylites, L. Rue-leaved Saxifrage. Viscid and glan-
dular, leaves wedge-shaped 3-cleft, uppermost bracteas undivided,
stem erect panicled, pedicels single-flowered, petals scarcely longer
than the sepals very small, germen inferior. Sm. H. Fl. ii. p.
271. Br. Fl. p. 154. E. B. +.501. Curt. Fl. Lond. 1. fase. 2,
t. 28.

On dry, barren, sandy or stony ground, wall-tops, rocks and roofs, but not com-
mon. Fl. April, May. Fr. June. ©.

E. Med.—On the old walls of Quarr Abbey, in some plenty.

W. Med.—On the porch of Gatcombe church, in plenty. Gurnet common,
abundant, Miss G. Kilderbee! Carisbrooke castle, Dr. Martin.

Herb brittle and succulent, growing for the most part in dense cespitose mas-
ses, often of considerable extent. Root a bundle of pale slender fibres. Stems
procumbent or prostrate below, frum 3 or 4 to 8 or 10 incbes in length, oppositely
branched at the base and rooting near the joints, the barren and flowering shoots
erect or ascending ; pale and pellucid, more or less obtusely quadrangular, and as
it were somewhat winged from a groove on each side and opposite to the leaves,
smooth or in part slightly hairy, twice or thrice dichotomously forked at the sum-
mit, the lowermost or principal forking, almost always leafless, and bearing no
blossom in its axil like the superior divisions. Leaves on the main stem and bar-
ren branches opposite ; those beneath the ultimate, penultimate and secondary
forkings at the corymbose extremities of the former, sulitary; all, except the larger
and paler leaves, near the base bright green, shining, a little fleshy, obscurely
veined, not an inch long and broad at furthest, for the most part quite glabrous,
but those towards the base, and sometimes the uppermost leaves themselves, more
or less rough with short, scattered, setose hairs, semiorbicular, sometimes wider
than long or subreniform, at other times inclining to ovato-rutundate, always very
obtuse, abrupt, truncate or cuneate at the base or somewhat rounded, broadly and
shallowly sinuato-crenate, on broad, flattish, grooved petioles, mostly shorter than
themselves and subconnate. Stipules none. Flowers small, about 3 lines in dia-
meter, greenish yellow, constituting a little leafy corymb at the summit of each of
the two main forks of the stem, the uppermost of all approximate, 3 together, ses-
sile, those in the forks of the secondary divisions solitary, often pedicellate. Pe-
rianth 4-cleft, its segments broadly ovate, subacute, nerveless. Stamens 8, their
short erect filaments inserted in so wany marginal notches around the fleshy peri-
gynous disk; anthers bright yellow, at length reddish, rotundato-ovate, bursting
laterally. Germen deeply cleft or didymous, encircled by a flat, glandular, necta-
tiferous and crenate disk ; styles 2, about the length of the stamens, erect, taper-
ing, divaricate above; stigmas simple. Capsule small, green, glabrous and
shining, about as long as the calyx and adnate with it in its lower half, 1-celled,
2-valved, opening hetween the 2 conical style-tipped lobes or beaks. Seeds nume-
rous, minute, parietal, ovato-globose, with a blunt keel-like border along one-half
of their greater circumference, reddish brown, hispid with short pellucid points or
bristles.
Firyngium.) SAXIFRAGACE.—UMBELLIFERA. 193

II. Curysosrrenium, Linn. Golden Saxifrage.

“Calyx superior, 4—5 cleft, somewhat coloured. Corolla 0.
Stamens 8—10. Ovary 1-celled. Capsule 1-celled, with 2 beaks,
many-seeded.”—Br. Fl.

1. C. oppositifolium, L. Opposite -leaved Golden Saxifrage.
“ Leaves opposite cordate-rotundate.” — Br. Fl. p. 156. HE. B. t.
490.

Frequent in wet shady places, bogyy thickets, alder-swamps, hy springs and
rivulets, on moist hedgcbanks, dripping rocks, &c. Fl. March—May.  2{.

E, Med.— Abundant in Shauklin chine, also by the brovk-side below the
church, and elsewhere in that vicinity. Moist places near Appuldurcombe, &c.,
common. Wet alder-thickets by Alverston. In the dell below Apse castle. In
Hungerberry copse. In the Parsonage lynch, Newchurch, abundantly. Willow-
bed by Mersley or Messley farm.

W. Med. — [By the side of the stream at Moortown bog, Brighstone, in great
plenty, Dr. Bell-Salter, Edrs.]

Order XXXIV. UMBELLIFER, Juss.

“ Calyx adherent with the ovary, 5-toothed ; teeth minute, often
obsolete. Corolla of 5 petals, sometimes very unequal, the outer
ones the largest. Stamens 5, alternate with the petals, inserted
on the under side of a thick fleshy disk, at the base of the styles.
Styles 2. Achenes or carpels 2, combined, attached near the apex
to a central axis, usually separating when ripe. Seed solitary,
pendulous. mbryo minute, at the base of a horny albumen.—
Herbs. Leaves alternate, generally compound and embracing the
stem with their sheathing bases. Flowers in umbels.”’—Br. Fl.

T. Flowers capitate, on a scaly receptacle.

I. Erynerum, Linn. Eryngo.

“ Fruit ovate, clothed with chaffy scales or bristles. Calyax-
teeth leafy. Petals erect, oblong, with long inflected points.
(Involucre of many leaves. Flowers in a compact head upon a
scaly receptacle).”—Br. Fl.

The genus Eryngium recedes greatly in its characters from the other British
genera of the natural order Umbellifere, by the capitate flowers, inserted on a
fleshy receptacle and intermixed with pale ; in the distinct and subulate calyx-
segments; oblong, not rounded, anthers; erect, not spreading, corolla; and,
lastly, in the fruit, which is clothed with brisdes very unequal in size and posi-
tion, a prolongation apparently of the recepticle, in which the corky carpels are
as it were imbedded. In these respects, as well as in general habit, Eryngium
seems to approach the Dipsacee. The candied roots, considered restorative, and
within the author's memory sold by confectioners, though now fallen into disuse,
made a very agreeable sweetmeat, greatly superior to the stems of Angelica, also
obsolete, but at that time familiar to juvenile palates with elecampane, candied
horehound, and similar preparations, not less relished for the admirable medicinal
virtues they were once held to possess.

2
194 UMBELLIFERE. [Sanicula.

1. E. maritimum, L. Sea-side Eryngo. Sea Holly. ‘ Radi-
cal leaves roundish plaited spinous stalked, upper ones lobed pal-
mate amplexicaul rigid, involucral leaves 3-lobed longer than the
heads, scales of the receptacle 3-cleft.”—Br. Fl. p.160. E. B.
t. 718.

8. Flowers, stem and leaves pale rose-colonr.

On sandy or shingly sea-beach. FU. July, August. Fr. October. 2{.

EF. Med.—On the Dover, Ryde, very sparingly, nor have I seen it there at all
of late. Most abundant and luxuriant amongst the hills of loose sand on St.
Seer spit. Sandown bay (towards Shanklin). Shore near E. Cowes, Mr.

‘nooke.

W. Med.—West side of the mouth of the Newtown river, plentifully. Spit at
Norton, by Yarmouth, also in plenty.

B. St. Helen’s spit, rare.

Root pale brown, whitish within, woody in the centre, brittle and cylindrical,
running straight down in the sand to a great depth, and branching below the sur-
face into a kind of underground stem or rhizoma. Stems very stout, rounded,
solid, brittle, much branched, furrowed and leafy, whitish and tinged or shaded
with purplish blue or rose-red, erect, ascending or partly decumbent, forming a
large bushy plant 1 or 2 feet high and 3 or 4 in diameter, formidably armed with
extremely acute spines or-prickles. Radical leaves or those of the first year sub-
reniform, on long rounded footstalks with sheathing bases, pale glaucous green,
3-lobed, the lobes waved and plaited, those on the stem sessile, semiamplexicaul,
roundish, 3—5 lobed, the lower alternate, those at the forks, from whence the
peduncles spring, three together, strongly reticulated on both sides with white
veins, and more or less suffused with the red or blue colour of the stem, all of them,
like those of the root, extremely stiff and rigid, waved or plaited, their white car-
tilaginous edges sinuato-dentate, with very sharp pungeut spines. Heads of
flowers roundish ovate or shortly conical, on long, stout, deeply furrowed peduu-
cles in the upper forks of the branches or terminal, each head with an involucre
of 5—7 large, unequal, somewhat ovate, and spinous leaves, which are longer than
the flower-heads and 3- or 5-toothed. Flowers numerous, purplish blue, sessile, on
an oblong fleshy torus or receptacle, with a tricuspidate bract or palea under each
and about their own length. Calyax-segments ovato-lanceolate, erect, with a sin-
gle stout white rib ending in a spine, and pale membranous edges. Petals oblong,
erect, with very long inflexed points. Stamens much exserted, their filaments
blue, inflexed in their upper part, after the discharge of the pollen erect ; anthers
oblong. Styles upright, a little compressed and channelled beneath, purplish,
placed in a depression on their circular bases (stylopodia), which are covered with
minute papille, and notched round their margins to receive the claws of the petals
and hbase of the stamens. Carpels rather large, tawny brown, ovate, tapering
below ; mericarps coky, much compressed, crowned with the rigid very pungent
calyx-teeth, bristly on their outer face, quite smooth and plane on their inner ;
carpophore obsolete. Seed ovate, brownish and flattened, with a slight hollow or
groove on its inner face and covered with a thin pellicle.

The var. 8. is an elegant one, with flowers of a delicate pink or rose-coluur, suf-
fused over the involucres and the nerves and edges of the leaves, the upper part
of both stem and branches being tinged and speckled with the same colour.

II. Flowers umbellate.
A. Umbels simple or imperfectly compound.
II. Sanicuna, Linn. Sanicle.

“ Fruit ovate, densely clothed with hooked prickles. Calya-
teeth leafy. Petals erect, obovate, with long inflected points.
(Some flowers abortive).”—Br. Fl.
Hydrocotyle.) UMBELLIFERAE. 195

1. 8. europea, L. Wood Sanicle. ‘ Lower leaves palmate
with the lobes trifid incise-serrate, fertile flowers all sessile.” —
Br. Fl. p. 160. E. B. t. 98.

In moist shady places, woods, thickets and groves; abundant. FZ. May, June.

III. Hyprocoryzz, Linn. White-rot.

_ Fruit of 2 flat orbicular carpels, each with 5 more or less dis-
tinct filiform ribs. Calyx-teeth obsolete. Petals ovate. (Leaves
simple).”—Br. Fl.

1. H. vulgaris, L. White-rot. Marsh Pennywort. “ Leaves
peltate orbicular somewhat lobed and crenate, heads of about 5
flowers.” —Br. Fl. p. 159. E. B. t. 751.

In damp marshy, boggy or peaty meadows, wet rushy pastures, on spongy
heaths, sides of drains, ditches and clear rills ; very frequent. £7. May—August.

£. Med.—Abundantly in Sandown level, on the marshy skirts of Lake common.
Colwell heath. Very abundant on Apse heath, in loose moist sand.
W. Med.—[Moortown bog, Brighstone, plentifully, Dr. Bell-Salter, Edrs.]

B. Umbels compound or perfect.
a. Fruit neither prickly, beaked nor winged.
* Syndicarpt more or less laterally compressed but not flattened.

IV. Conrum, Linn. Hemlock.

“ Fruit broadly ovate. Carpels with 5 prominent waved or cre-
nated ribs, without vitte. Albumen furrowed. Calya-teeth obso-
lete. Petals obcordate. (Involucre of few leaves; partial of 3
leaves on one side).”—Br. Fl.

1. C. maculatum, L. Common Hemlock. “Stem glabrous
spotted, leaves tripinnate, leaflets lanceolate pinnatifid with acute
and often cut segments.”—Br. Fl. p.175. EH. B.t. 1191. Jacq.
£1. Aust. 1. 36, t. 156.

In moist woods, meadows and pastures, on hedgebanks, waste ground, and
amongst ruins; not of very general occurrence. Fl, June—August. Fr. August,
September. 2.

£. Med.— About Ryde, rare. I have found a plant or two in the Dover
marshes and about the ruins of Quarr abbey. Just out of Brading, towards San-
down. Very common at Ventnor, Bonchurch and other parts of the Undencliff.
Abundantly along the tup of a field-fence at the foot of Yaverland down and oppo-
site Newlands copse. About Newchurch and Mersley or Messley. [At Brading
quay, A. G. More, Esq. Near Carpenters, on the road to Brading; also at St.
Helen’s, opposite the gate of E. Daws, Esq.: Dr. Bell-Salter—Eadrs.]

W. Med.— Swainston park, in plenty. In the high wood at Swainston, spa-
tingly. Abundant in hedges just out of Yarmouth, towards Shalfleet. [Ina
hedge at Mottistone, Dr. Bell-Salter, Edrs.]

+ Syndicarp (from guy, dig and uapmos, implying the the union or consolida-
tion of a double or twofold fruit), the entire fruit of an umbelliferous or umbellate
plant, composed of two united Aemicarps, carpels or mericarps of authors,
196 UMBELLIFERA. [Smyrnium.

Fruit* (cremocarps, syndicarps) subglobusely gibbous, compressed laterally,
their truncate summit crowned with the small depressed stylopode, very short
spreading styles, and thick calycine margin. Mericarps with 5 prominent and
(when ripe) whitish, narrow, acute, nearly equidistant, undulately crenate ridges,
the 2 margival ones with a deep fissure between them and their opposite fellows,
EInierstices and faces of the commissure flat, in the ripe fruit purplish and rugosely
striate.

V. Suyrvium, Linn. Alexanders.

“ Fruit of 2 nearly globose lobes or carpels, each with 3 dorsal,
prominent, sharp ribs, the two lateral ones obsolete ; interstices
in the several vitte. Albwmen involute. Petals lanceolate or
elliptical, with an inflected point. ’—Br. F7.

1. S. Olusatrum, L. Common Alexanders.+ ‘ Cauline leaves
ternate petiolate serrate.”—Br. Fl. p.175. EE. B. t. 230.

In waste ground, amongst ruins, on hedgebanks, sea-cliffs, and in damp pas-
tures; not unfrequent. FU May, June. #7. August, September. ¢.

E. Med.—Very rave about Ryde; it grew rather plentifully in 1833 at the Bin-
stead entrauce of Quarr copse, but is now almost eradicated. Close by the old
church, now a sea-mark, on the shore between St. Heleu’s and the Priory. Very
abundant and truly wild on banks facing Steephill, far from human habitations ;
also at Ventnor, near the mill and elsewhere, pleutifully. By Puckaster. By
Roughborough farm, in plenty; near Yaverland, and between Brading and San-
down by the roadside, also in Sandown vilage. In several places along the shore
between Bembridge and Culver cliff. Most abundantly on hedgebanks in several
places a little I. of Bembridve, particularly in a lane just beyond, and which is
quite filled with it. Sparingly on a bank by the roadside near Osborne. Lanes
pear Foreland form.

W. Med.—Abundant in an old churchyard just out of Yarmouth, and at Thor-
ley turnpike-gate. In hedgebanks about Norton and Thorley. Abundant amongst
the ruins of Carisbrooke castie, probably the remains of ancient cultivation.
Abundant at Shorwell, on hilly ground at the entrance of the village from New-
port, on the side of the road opposite North Court, possibly cultivated there for-
merly. Abundant in a field by Sutton. At the mouth of Brixton chine, with
Apium graveolens, and occasionally about that village.

Plant for the most pait perfectly glabrous, firm but succulent. Root fleshy,
fusiform, slightly branched, brownish or blackish and wrinkled externally, yellow-
ish white, very soft and spongy within, with an agreeable aromatic smell and a
mild bitterish but not unpleasant taste. Stem erect, about 2, 3, or 4 feet high,
stout (in the larger plants an inch or perhaps more in diamcter at the base), tereti-
angular, smooth and shining, hard, firm and fistulose, pale green with darker
strie, alternately branched, the branches suberect or divarivate. Radical leaves
very large, often 18—24 inches lung exclusive of the petioles, triternate, the pri-
mary and secondary divisions remote, the tertiary sometimes pinnate, their paitial
petioles (petiolets) compressed, flattened but sharply grooved and almost winged
above, sluping to an acute keel beneath, the common petiole extremely long,

 

* For an account of the poisonous properties of the seeds (or carpels) of Hem-
lock see ‘ Phytologist’ for February, 1843.

+ From the black seeds and dark green herbage is derived its specific name,—
Olus, a potherb, and ater, dark or black; the word Smyrnium, Luupvioy, is said
to be synonymous with Myrrha, Myrrh. For its English name Alexanders I
am quite at a loss to account, unless so called in honour of the son of Philip of
Macedon, the plant being styled by the old writers Petroselinum Macedonicum
or Petroselinum Alexandrinum.
Apium.) UMBELLIFERZ. 197

terete, hollow and nearly like the stem itself; leaflets opposite or partly alternate,
large, about 2, 3, or 4 inches in length’, variable in shape, roundish, roundish
ovate or ovate-oblong, coarsely and unequally serrate, the serratures rounded and
apiculate, eutire or variously (often trifidly) and unequally incised, lubed, ublique,
even oy subcordate at base, the lateral leaflets shorUy stalked or sessile, the termi-
nal one usually a little remote and wore rounded or ovate than the rest, and often
deeply 3-lobed or ternately incised like those of a vine or mulberry; all deep dark
green, smooth, fleshy; more or Jess shining and strongly veined : stem-leaves like
those of the root but smaller, biternate, tlhe uppermost simply ternate, their com-
mon petioles shorter than the leaves, and converted through their entire length
into very large, broad, pale green, partly clasping sheaths, with numerous strong
purplish ribs, their murgins membranaceous and often a little woolly at their
summits, which are now and then auricled. Umbels terminal and apparently
though not really lateral from the ternate disposition of the branches, nearly sphe-
tical in an early state and on first expanding, finally spreading and flattish ; rays
pumerous, stout, deeply furrowed and angled, often a little downy vr woolly at
their cartilaginous bases; wmbellets small, closely crowded in flower, the rays
extremely short, a few times the length of the flowers at most. Involucral bracts,
both general and partial, extremely inconspicuous, colourless, membranaceous
and scale-like, of the umbellets more numerous and very minute, often somewhat
downy. Flowers small, partly imperfect (?), at least the styles are apparently want-
ing in many, though their bases or stylopodes are developed as usual. Petals
yellowish green, roundish, incurved, keeled, with short but distinct claws, and
acute but not acuminate inflexed points. Stamens much longer than the petals,
ascending ; anthers greenish ; pollen white. Styles simple, erect or a little
diverging, not spreading or recurved, short, stout and colourless ; stylopodes yel-
low, very large, subdepressed and projecting. Syndicarps (diacheues) large,
glabrous, brownish black when ripe, broadly orbicular or rather wider than long,
crowned with the small convex stylopodes and short mostly reflexed styles, strongly
contracted laterally or didymous ; hemicarps subreniform, their lateral faces con-
verging into the very narrow commissural face, rounded at the buck with 3 sharp
prominent primary ridges, the marginal pair and secondary ridges obsolete. In-
tercostal spaces wrinkled with several slender filiform vitte, visible chiefly in the
green or on a transverse section of the ripe fruit. Seed large, the albumen invo-
lute, oppusite the commissure (campylospermous). Carpophore bipartite.

Umbels globular and petals green in the early stage of inflorescence, the former
becoming flattened and spreading, the latter white, as they expand. This change
from an herbaceous to a white colour is common to some other plants, as the
Guelder Rose, Hydrangea, &c.

The herb was formerly much esteemed for the table, boiled and eaten like
greens, even in the time of Dioscorides. Gerarde says, “ The root here of is in
our age served to the table raw for a sallade herhe,” but its use is now superseded
by Celery.

From its occurring so frequently about the ruins of monastcries and churches,
many have supposed it to be not indigenous, but I am of opinion that it is
an aboriginal in Britain and most of the western and maritime parts of Europe
below 56°, beyond which it is scarcely found wild.

This plant bas long survived the memory of its cultivation here asa garden
vegetable, notwithstanding its continual occurrence about inhabited places proves
that it must once have been in general use in this island.

VI. Aprum, Linn. Celery.

“ Flowers perfect. Fruit roundish-ovate, didymous; carpels
with 5 slender ribs, with single vitte between them and two on
the suture. Carpophore entire. Calyz-teeth obsolete. Petals
roundish, entire, with a small involute or inflexed point. (Invo-
lucres none).’—Br. Fl.
198 UMBELLIFERE. [Petroselinum.

1. A. graveolens, L. Wild Celery. Smatlage. “ Point of
petals involute.”—Br. Fl. p. 161. E. B. t. 1210.

In wet marshy places, sides of ditches, pools and streams, in various parts of
the island, plentiful; most commonly near salt water. Fl. July—September.
Fr. September, October. ¢.

£', Med.—Ditches on the Dover, Ryde. Near Quarr abbey, also at the mouth
of the little brook between Ryde and Binstead. At Bembridge, at Lane end.

W. Med.—Salt-ditches in Yarmouth and Freshwater marshes, abundant. In
great plenty along the stream called the Newtown river, above Shalfleet, where
the water is, I believe, quite fresh. Common at Brixton. By the Medina, a lit-
tle below Newport, in several places ; and at Coppings bridge. Common on wet
slipped land below the road from Niton to Blackgang. Cliffs between the new
Lighthouse and Blackgang, Dr. Martin. By mill-ponds and mill-streams at
Carisbrooke and Newport.

Herb smooth and shining, usually of a pale green, especially in salt-marshes.
Root tapering. Stems 2—3 feet high, erect, deeply furrowed and angular,
branched. Lower leaves biternate, on lung footstalks, with wedge-shaped, 3-lobed,
obtusely cut and notched leaflets ; upper ones simply ternate, their leaflets nar-
rower, acutely incised and lobed. Umbels lateral and terminal, of about 10 or 12
long general rays, and more numerous very short partial ones, both destitute of
involucres (sometimes, it is said, a single involucral leaf is present under the gene-
ral umbel). Flowers very small, white with a tinge of green, all perfect. Fruit
(syndicarps) extremely small for the size of the plant, not a line in length, very
broadly ovate or nearly orbicular, dark purplish brown when ripe; hemicarps
rounded at back, contracted a little in front, with 5 pale, equidistant, filiform,
wavy ridges, the lateral pair marginal, interstices with single? or more? very
indistinct vitte. Stylopodes small, conical. Carpophore entire.

VII. Perrosetinum, Hoffm. Parsley.

“ Fruit ovate. Carpels with 5 slender ribs, and vitte in the
interstices ; carpophore bipartite. Calyx-teeth obsolete. Petals
roundish, with a narrow incurved point. (Involucre of few, par-
tial of many, leaves).”—Br. Fl.

*1. P. sativum, Hoffm. Common or Garden Parsley. ‘ Leaves
tripinnate shining, lower leaflets ovate-cuneate trifid and toothed,
upper ones ternate lanceolate nearly entire, partial involucres
filiform.” — Br. Fl. p. 162. EH. B.S. t. 2793. Apium Petroseli-
num, L.

Naturalized here and there on walls, rocks, banks and waste ground, but quite
persistent where once established. #/. July, August. Fr. September. 3.

E. Med.— On a wall by the roadside from Niton towards Blackgang, just
beyond Buddle. Hedgebank on Apse heath. On the stone facing of the steep
bank below the church at Newchurch, abundant, Dr. Bell-Salter !!!/ In Lue-
combe chine, Miss G. Kilderbee !!!

W. Med. —Walls of Carisbrooke castle, W. Wilson Saunders, Esq.

Herb perfectly glabrous. Root long, white, simple and tapering. Stem erect,
about 2 feet high, round, striated, branched. Leaves daik green, those at and
near the root paler or yellowish, on long footstalks, triternate, the leaflets ovate or
somewhat heart-shaped, deeply aud acutely cut and lobed: upper ones biternate,
on short petioles, their segments lancevlate, simple or lobed, the terminal ones
mostly trifid. Umbels lateral and terminal, flattish, on long stalks, many-rayed,
with a general involucre of very few, often solitary, linear leaflets : wmbedlules of
numerous short spreading rays, and with an involucre of many linear-lanceolate,
unequal, mucronate leaflets. Flowers small, greenish yellow, all perfect. Petals
Petroselinum.] UMBELLIFER. 199

with long inflexed points. Styles at first erect and very short, after flowering
rather long, spreading and recurved. Mericarps subcompressed and contracted
inwards, with 5 equidistant, filiform, pale ridges on each, the lateral pair margi-
nal, separated by an elliptical cleft or cavity from their opposite fellows, but meet-
ing at each end ; interstices univittate, with a pair of vilte at the back or face of
the hemicarp ; stylopodes short, conical, crowned with the closely reflexed styles.
The common garden Parsley is indigenous to various countries of the S. of
Europe, but now quite naturalized in some parts of England. On the shingly
beach at Hurst castle, about a mile froin our shores, it is abundant and perfectly
spontaneous, and I have remarked it gathered as from a garden for domestic use.

2. P. segetum, Koch. Corn Parsley. ‘‘ Radical leaves pin-
nated, leaflets nearly sessile ovate lobed cut and serrated, upper
leaves with 1—3 linear leaflets, rays of the umbels few and une-

qual.” — Br. Fl. p. 162. Sison, L.: H. B. t. 228. Curt. Br.
Entom. xv. t. et fol. 691.

Tn cultivated fields, on waste ground and hedgebanks; very frequent on chalk
or clay in various parts of the island, though seldom to be found for any length
of time in the same places. J. July. Fr. October, November. %. or ©.

A singularly wiry and slender plant, with much the habit of Bupleurum tenu-
issimum, and remarkable for the very small few-rayed umbels.

Entire plant extremely smooth and glabrous, dull glaucous-green, very weakly
aromatic. Root long, whitish, tapering, woody, more or less sparingly branched
or nearly simple. Stems 1 or more, terete, finely striated, filled with pith, often
very numerous, the central one mostly erect or nearly so, the lateral usually widely
spreading on all sides, and ascending or decumbent at base; 1, 2, or 3 feet in
height, lax, wavy and rigid, repeatedly alternately and irregularly divided in a
dichotomous manner, the branches extremely unequal, divaricate, spreading and
wiry. Leaves chiefly radical, remaining green through the winter, and withering
away for the most part when the plant is about to flower, spreading flat upon the
ground in rosulate tufts; stem-leaves subtending the forks of the branches, the
lower ones similar to those of the root but narrower and smaller, on lax slightly
clasping petioles, whose margins are involute above, the higher ones gradually
diminishing till reduced at the summit to a few very narrow cleft or forked seg-
ments, or finally to a simple undisided petiole. Umbels terminal, at first some-
what lax, exceedingly unequal in size and in the length and number (from about
3 or 4 to 8 or 10) of their rays, which last differ as much amongst themselves in
their relative length in each umbel; those in the interior of the latter often
extremely contracted, the outer rays often an inch and a half in length after
flowering ; all usually erecto-patent in fruit; wmbellets equally irregular in the
length and number of their rays, but with these last much shorter, more crowded,
one or more of the inner rays commonly obsolete, the fruit being quite sessile.
General involucral bracts few, subappressed, extremely unequal in leugth amongst
themselves and with respect to the rays, fleshy, subulate, ribbed, mucronulate, the
tips purplish, their margins near the base very narrowly scariose, partial ones
equally variable in length, but smaller, broader and lanceolate, otherwise similar.
Flowers very minute, about a line in diameter, hermaphrodite. Calyx of 5 minute,
blunt, spreading, fleshy points crowning the ovary. Petals ovate, white or more
commonly pale purple, very broad at base, with very strongly involute, scarcely
channelled, broad and truncate points. Filaments white, ascending or incurved ;
anthers large, full purple ; pollen white. Styles extremely short, obtuse and coni-
cal, white or purple; stylopodes much depressed. Syndicarps of a whitish brown
colour when ripe, broadly ovato-elliptical, 14 line in length and nearly as wide ;
hemicarps slightly compressed and contracted laterally, with 5 very prominent,
equidistant, filiform ridges (the 2 lateral marginal), and as many linear vitte
betwixt them, with a pair on the face of the commissure, all running the whole
length of the fruit (not abbreviated), attenuated at each extremity (not dilated) ;
200 UMBELLIFER.£. [Helosciadium.

secondary (primary, Koch) ridges obsolete. Carpophore divided, but the divisions
usually closing together after the fruit drops, appearing at first sight entire.

This species appears to be mostly biewnial with us, the seeds coming up in
autumn, and producing bunches of radical leaves, lying flat and spreading in a
circular form on the ground, which remain through the winter. The spring fol-
lowing, the flowering stem is produced and the plant dies off entirely, the root-
leaves decaying lons before the seed ripens.

The plant would probably be found well worthy of cultivation as a winter salad,
as it remains ereen and tender throughout the severest season of the year, and the
leaves are without acrimony.

VIII. Hexoscrapium, Koch. Marshwort.

“ Fruit broadly ovate or oblong. Carpels with 5, slender, pro-
minent ribs, with single vitte between them; carpophore entire.
Calyx-tecth small or obsolete. Petals ovate, obtuse with an api-
culus.’—Br. Fl.

1. H. nodiflorum, K. Procumbent Marshwort. “Stem pro-
cumbent creeping, leaves pinnate, leaflets ovate or ovate-lanceo-
late unequally serrate, umbels opposite to the leaves.

“a. Larger, leaflets bluntly serrate, umbels longer than the peduncles or nearly
sessile. Sium, £.: £. B. t. 639,

“ 8. Smaller, leaflets acutely serrate, umbels shorter than the peduncles. Sium
repens, L.: E. B. t. 1431.2°— Br. Fl. p. 162. Fl. Dan. ix. t.1514. Jacq. Fl.
Aust. iti. 34, t. 260.

Abundant in shallow ditches and pools, clear rills, brooks and plashy spring-
heads. Fl. July—October. 2.

B. In wet spongy places and by shallow brooks. Colwell heath. Wet places
about Ryde, W. Wilson Saunders, Esq. On St. Helen’s green ?

A very troublesome plant in our marsh-drains and ditches, which it soon fills
completely if not cleared out at stated times. The smaller leaves look like those
of Watercress, and are liable to be gathered for it by ignorant persons, but I do
not know that they are deleterious in their nature. Like GEnanthe crocata this
is quite a western species, and nearly unkuown to the inland Floras of the Con-
tinent. It however occurs very abundantly in wet places in and about Charles-
ton, 8.C., though T suspect originally imported ; the leaves of the American spe-
cimens, as [ have seen them, are smaller than is usual in the European plant.

2. H. inwndatuin, Koch. Least Marshwort. “Stems creep-
ing, lower leaves capillaceo-multipartite, upper ones pinnatifid,
umbels generally of 2 rays.’ — Br. Fl. p. 163. Sison, E. B. t.
227.

Floating in pools, ditches and plashes, or creeping on their partially exsiccated
margins; rare. Fl’, June, July. 2.

£. Med. —Pond at the foot of Bleak Down, near the branching off of the roads
to Chale, Niton and Godshill, iv great plenty.

W. Med.—In a little pool surrounded by willow-bushes at the back of Thorness
wood, and not far from Great-Thorness farm, very abundant. Ina pool on a
common called Goldens, in the parish of Freshwater. In a pool with Sparga-
nium simplex, by a cottage on the skirts of a fir-plantation adjoining Burnet
wood, Ina little pit near the sea between Newtown and East Hampstead ?
Afgopodium.) UMBELLIFERAE. 201

IX. Sison, Linn. Bastard Stone Parsley.

“ Fruit ovate. Carpels with 5 ribs, and single clavate vitte
between them. Calyx-teeth obsolete. Petals broadly obcordate,
deeply notched and curved, with an inflected point. (Involucres
of few leaves; partial subdimidiate.’—Br. Fl.

1. S. Amomum, L. Hedge Bastard.* Stone Parsley. Br. Fl.
p. 163. E. B. t. 954.

In hedges, on banks, by roadsides, and about the borders of fields, pastures and
woods ; abundant over a great part of the island, on chalk or clay. Fl. August,
September. Fr. September, October. 3.

£. Med. — Extremely common about Ryde, often nearly 5 feet high, as by the
roadside about a mile from Brading (where I have gathered it nearly 7 feet high).
Common about Brading and Sandown.

W. Med. —About W. Cowes. Common about Yarmouth and Thorley.

Plant perfectly smooth and glabrous, pale or often of a dark green colour.
Root whitish, long, slender and tapering, straight or flexuose, hard, woody and
rigid, simple or slightly branched. Stem solitary, erect, wavy and rigid, filled
entirely with a white pith, from 1 or 2 to 4 or 5 feet high, round, slender, finely
grooved or striate, much and repeatedly branched, the branches alternate, erecto-
patent, wiry and flexuose. Leaves radical, or confined on the stem to the forks of
the branches, imparipinnate, the earlier root-leaves and those of the first year
withering before the plant comes into flower ; leaflets about 4 pairs, remote, sessile
or subsessile, of a somewhat firm dry texture, ovate-oblong or sublanceolate, point-
ed or obtuse, unevenly incised, the serratures rounded, the cartilaginous margins
produced into a small mucronate point directed forwards ; lower stem-leaves simi-
Jar to those at the root, on very long, deeply channelled, semicvlindrical petioles,
which are strongly ribbed, dilated and clasping at base but not inflated, those
higher up on continually shortening footstalks, the leaflets smaller, narrower, more
deeply incised and lobed, at length at the summit of the stem pinnately pinnatifid,
with very narrow linear segments. Umbels small, terminal and lateral, on long,
slender, wiry, naked peduncles, at first drooping, afterwards erect ; primary rays
mostly 4 or 5,‘rarely 3 or 6, unequal, the central very often but not always the
shortest ; of the umbellets extremely short, the inner flowers being almost sessile.
Bracts of the general involucre 2—5 (mostly 3), very much shorter than the rays,
lanceolate or linear-lanceolate, mucronate, scariosely margined below, the edges
erect or inflexed ; of the partial involucres 4 or 5 and broader, otherwise similar.
Calyx obsolete. Petals small, white and equal, broadly vbcordate, with a large
strongly inflexed point. Stamens short, white, incurved. Styles (in flower) very
short, almost obsolete ; stigmas hemispherical ; stylopodes large, whitish, depressed,
semiorbicular.

The smell of the herbage is strong and unpleasant, and the flavour of the seeds
bitter and aromatic.

Scarcely known as a native of Scotland, and not yet found in Ireland.

X. Aicoropium, Linn. Goutweed.

“ Fruit oblong, crowned with the conical bases of the deflexed
styles. Carpels with 5 slender ridges, without vitte. Calyx-teeth
obsolete. Petals obcordate, with an inflexed point. (Involucre
0).”—Br. Fl.

 

* Called Spikenard by the country people of Hants, at least about Peterstield,
as I learn from Miss E. Sibley.
2D
202 UMBELLIFERA. [Pimpinella.

1. A. Podagraria, L. Goutweed. Herb Gerard. Veet.
Ground or Dwarf Elder.* Br. Fl. p. 163. E. B. t. 940.

In damp shady waste or cultivated places, gardens, orchards, groves, and on
moist hedgebanks : not very common. Fl. June—August. 2.

E. Med.—At Newchurch. Just out of Shanklin on the road to Bonchurch, and
at Montpellier House, Ventnor. At Alverstov, on a bank by the roadside going
towards Bordwood. At French mill. In extremely small quantity on the former
site of Little Hardingsbute farm, cluse to the entrance-gate of the meadow, where
Tulipa sylvestris grows. Sparingly at Lake, on a garden hedgebank facing the
Stag inn. Ina shady part of the 8.E. corner of Appuldurcombe park, by Wrox-
all. Sandford. Very common at Godshill. In an orchard at Hartsash, near
Newchurch. About Knighton Manor House. In Mrs. Vine’s grounds at Puck-
aster. Orchard at Apse farm, At Old Park, in plenty, Albert Hambrough, Esq.

W. Med.— Avea of Carisbrooke castle, in plenty. Ina lane called Clerken,
under Carisbrooke castle. In the singular hollow way by the roadside at Idle-
combe. All over the grounds at North Court, Shorwell, in profusion. Just out
of Calbourne towards Brixton. Between Buccombe and Shorwell. Norton.
Freshwater. About Gatcomb in various places. At Swainston, sparingly.

This plant is by no means generally distributed in the South of England, but
in the North it abounds, and at Glasgow is the prevailing Umbelliferous plant
about the outskirts of the town. Mr. J.T. Mackay has the same remark on its
distribution in Ireland.

XI. Bunrum, Linn. Earthnut.

“ Fruit oblong, crowned with the bases of the diverging or
nearly straight styles. Carpels with 5 slender, obtuse ribs, and
2—3 elongated linear vitte between them, and none upon the
suture. Calyx-teeth obsolete. Petals obcordate, with an inflected
point.”—Br. Fi.

1. B. flexuosum, With. Common or Lesser Earthnut. Kip-
per. Pignut. “ Stem-leaves few nearly sessile with linear seg-
ments, general involucre 0 or 1—2 leaved, styles erect with a
conical base.”—Br. Fl. p. 164. E. B.t. 988.

Abundant throughout the-island in meadows, pastures, groves and grassy
thickets. Fl. May, June. Fr. July. 2.

Though the tubers of this plant are a delicacy that “boyish appetite disdains
not,” there is an acrimony, an “aliquid amati,” with their sweetness, better fitted
to the digestion of the respectable quadrupeds whose name they share, than for
Christian bipeds of tender years. Dr. Johnston, in his ‘ Flora of Berwick-on-
Tweed,’ tells us these roots are an article of commerce in Sweden, but they are
probably those of the Great Earthnut (B. Bulbo-castanum), much prized in Italy,
and perhaps exported to Sweden, where neither that nor the present species is indi-
genous. The former however is a native of Norway (FI. Dan.), and has lately
been discovered at Cherry Hinton, near Cambridge.

XII. Pimrrneiia, Linn. Burnet Saxifrage.

“ Fruit ovate, crowned with the swollen base of the reflexed
styles. Carpels with 5 slender ribs, the interstices furrowed, with
2—3 long linear vitte ; suture with vitte. Calyx-teeth obsolete.
Petals obcordate, with an inflexed point. (Involucres 0).” — Br.
Fi.

 

* The common name throughout Hants, and I believe in other counties.
Bupleurum.) UMBELLIFERZE. 203

1. P. Sazifraga, L. Common Burnet Saxifrage. ‘“ Radical
leaves pinnate, their leaflets roundish sharply serrate or cut, those
of the stem bipinnate with linear segments, stems terete, fruit

glabrous.” — Br, Fl. p. 165. E. B. t. 407. Jacq. Fl. Aust. iv.
50, t. 395.

Tn dry fields and pastures; abundaut everywhere. J. July—September. 2,.

XIII. Srum, Linn. Water Parsnep.

“Fruit ovate or globose, subdidymous, crowned with the
depressed base of the reflexed styles. Carpels with 5 rather
obtuse ribs, and 2 or more vitte between them: suture with vit-
te. Calyx-teeth small or obsolete. Petals obcordate with an
inflected point. (Partial involucre of many leaves).”—Br. Fl.

1. S. angustifolium, L. Narrow-leaved Water Parsnep. ‘‘ Stem
erect, leaflets unequally lobed and serrated, umbels pedunculate
opposite to the leaves.” —Br. Fl. p. 165. E. B. t. 189.

In ditches, pools and other watery places; rare. Fl. July, August. 2{.

E. Med.—In a pool surrounded by trees on the landslip between St. Catherine’s
point and Blackgang, in great plenty; also in the meadow in which Cyperus grows
near Old Castle point. By a little stream near the church at Ventnor, Miss
Hadfields!'| In a plashy spot by the roadside between Old Park and St. Law-
rence, a single plant, 1838.

_ W. Med.—Ditches in the marsh at Freshwater, in several places, but of small
size.

XIV. Burievrum, Linn. Hare’s-ear.

“ Fruit ovate-oblong, crowned with the depressed base of the
styles. Carpels with 5 more or less prominent ribs, with or
without vitte. Calyx-teeth obsolete. Petals roundish, entire

with an involute retuse broad point. (Leaves undivided).” —
Br. Fl.

1. B. rotundifolium, L. Common Hare’s-ear. Thorrow-wazx.
“Stem branched above, universal involucre wanting, partial invo-
lucres mucronate, leaves perfoliate roundish-oval.” — Br. Fl. p.
166. H. B.t. 99.

In chalky cornfields, but extremely local. Fl. June, July. ©.

E. Med.—In a cornfield above Sandown bay, at its North-eastern end and
loftiest elevation, of several hundred feet.

W. Med.—In a wheatfield opposite Eades’s farm, near Calbourne, in great
plenty, 1845. Amongst wheat in various places about Thorley, Rev. James Pen-
fold and Mr. Robert Gibbs !!! Plentifully in 1840 in cornfields near Wellow,
towards Tapuel and Stonewell farms. Colwell, 1838. Near Yarmouth, Rev. W.
T. Bree (in litt.).

Herb perfectly glabrous. Root annual, rigid, tapering, with few fibres. Stem
erect, from 3 or 4 inches to 2 feet in height, round, smooth, purplish and shining,
branched chiefly unilaterally. Leaves truly but eccentrically perfoliate, roundish
oval, the lowermost somewhat oblong or obovate, nearly erect, glaucous-green,
often edged with purple, many-ribbed, quite smooth and entire, with a small point
or mucro. General involucre none. Umbels terminal, flat, of few very short rays.
Umbellules about 8—12 flowered, much shorter than the 4 or 5 broadly ovate, very
unequal mucronate and purple-edged leaves of their involucres, which when the
204 UMBELLIFER. (Genanthe.

fruit ripens become erect and partially enclose the carpels. Flowers very small.
Petals golden yellow, inflexed. Styles very short and minute, deciduous ; stylo-
podium plane. Stamens incurved, mostly falling away ; anthers yellow. Fruit
ovate, much narrower than in the next species, purplish ; mericarps with 3 thin,
sharp, not very prominent ridges, and 2 less distinct marginal ones, the interstices
with a deep furrow, and wrinkled but not granulated.

The aspect of this singular but handsome annual reminds one of an Euphorbia
rather than of an umbellate plant. In America, where it is rare and probably
introduced, it is called Modesty (Torrey and Gray, Fl. of N. Amer., and Darling-
ton, F1. Cest.)

2. B. tenuissimum, L. Slender Hare’s-ear. “Stem very much
branched, leaves linear acute, umbels very minute few-flowered,
partial ones usually shorter than the setaceous involucres.” —Br.
Fl. p. 166. E. B. t. 478.

In dry maritime pastures, on banks, and along ditches in salt-marshes, but not
very common. Fl. July—September. Fr. October. ©.

£. Med, —Shore at E. Cowes, opposite E. Cowes castle. Salt-marsh near
Quarr, Mr. Thos. Meehan!!! Abundant on the inner face of the sea-bank in Bra-
ding harbour, W. Wilson Saunders, Esq. !!!

W. Med. — Near Gurnet bay. Common along the edges of the brine-pits of
the salterns by Newtown. By the Medina, between W. Cowes and Medham.
In salt-marsh pastures at Barnfield, near Yarmouth, in considerable plenty.

A slender quite smooth plant, very inconspicuous amongst the herbage of salt-
marshes, variable in size, from 4 to 18 inches high, nearly simple or much
branched from the base. Roof slender and tapering. Stem one vr more, very
slender, wiry, zigzag, striated and somewhat angular, a little glaucous, with
ascending and widely spreading branches. Leaves au inch or two in length, a
little stiff and rigid, linear-laucevlate, subfalcate, acute, 3-ribbed, sessile and
almost clasping, but not decurrent. Unbels lateral and terminal, very minute, of
3 or 4 flowers, surrounded by an involucre of 5 linear acute leaves, with incurved
tips, and (mostly) longer than the flowers. Petals yellow, inflexed. Styles very
short. Fruit covered with rough granulations, broadly ovate, compressed and a
little contracted laterally ; mericarps each with 3 distant prominent ridges, and 2
stoaller marginal ones, their interstices without vite. Carpophore divided.

The reported acrid and unpleasant taste aud smell of this plant my own expe-
rience does not confirm. Of scent it has little or none, aud when chewed gives a
very slight impression only of warmth and bitterness. Of the four species of
Bupleurum found wild in England, not one has yet been discovered in Scotland
or Ireland; even the present and most northerly of the European species, which
ranges in Sweden to 57°, does not in Britain extend higher than Durham. It
is rot essentially a-maritime species, though less commonly found far iuland. I
have seen specimens gathered in Worcestershire, near Malvern, by my friend
Albert Hambrough, Esq.

** Syndicarps ovate or elliptical, rounded, on a transverse section.

XV. CGinanrue, Linn. Water-dropwort.

“ Fruit ovate-cylindrical, crowned with the long nearly straight
styles. Carpels more or less corky, with 5 blunt, convex ribs,
and single vitte in the interstices. Calyx-teeth lanceolate. Petals
obcordate, with an inflected point, radiant. (Partial involucre of
many rays). Flowers of the circumference on long stalks and ste-
vile: those of the centre sessile, or nearly so, and fertile.’”—
Br. Fl.
Gnanthe.] UMBELLIFERZ. 205

1. Gi. fistulosa, I. Common Water-dropwort. ‘“ Root stoloni-
ferous, Stem-leaves pinnated, their main stalk as well as the stem
cylindrical fistulose, umbels of very few rays, fruit turbinate.”—
Br. Fl. p. 167. E. B. t. 363.

In ditches, drains, the margins of pools, and in wet meadows, but far from com-
mon. Fl. June—September. 24.

4. Med. — Sparingly in some ditches on the northern boundary of Lake com-
mon. In several parts of Sandown level. Brading marshes. Ditches around
Sandown fort, Miss Hadfield 11!

W. Med.—Marsh-ditches near Freshwater gate.

_ Plant of a pale subglaucous green, very fragile, weak and flexile, soon collaps-
ing on being gathered, remarkably tubular and fistulose. Stem erect or prucum-
bent below, sometimes altogether reclining. Fruit crowded into small globose
heads, quite sessile, nearly as large as in CE. crocata, whitish, mostly purplish
brown at top, corky ; syndicarps turbinate or obconic, obtusely and unequally 4-
or 5-angled, the faces furrowed and striate ; their summit flat, crowned with the
very long spreading or recurved styles and subulate calyx-segments ; hemicarps
closely adhering by their inner faces, which are quite plane and smooth, not sepa-
rating when ripe as in our other species, their lower end a little sloped away just
at the point of insertion on the thickened summit of the ray or common pedicel,
exterior to which last, surrounding it, are several abortive fruits on long peduncles
(outer rays of the umbellets) ; carpophore obsolete.

2. Ci. pimpinelloides, L. Parsley Water-dropwort. “ Leaflets
and segments very acute or mucronate, those of the radical leaves
much broader and shorter, fruit cylindrical with an enlarged cal-
lous base.”— Br. Fl. p. 167. Jacq. Fl. Aust. Icon. iv. t. 394
(certe). Fl. Dan. ix. t. 1454.

B. Leaves all linear, universal involucte none (or imperfect), root often with
sessile elliptical tubers. CE. peucedanifolia, Pollich, Fl. Pal.

In dry or moist but not marshy pastures, on banks, along hedges and roadsides;
a very general and often most abundant species. Fl. June—September. Fr.
September, October. 2.

E. Med. — Plentiful about Ryde, as in Monckton mead, about St. John’s, &e.
Churchyard of St. Thomas’s church, Ryde. About Cowes.

W. Med. — Frequent in various places about Brixton. In profusion this sea-
son (1846) about Yarmouth, Thorley, Calbourne, and most other parts, even grow-
ing plentifully in some places amongst the wheat-crops, as at Calbourne, &c.
Yarmouth. Freshwater.

B. In similar places with a. and also in salt-marshes, but much more rarely.
In a wet thicket by the Wootton river. In a meadow near Thorley, and a single
large plant growing in the water at Freshwater Gate, only a few plauts observed
in either locality. Between Yarmouth and Alum bay, Rev. G. Smith. The ave-
nue to Freshwater House produces an Ginanthe which appears to be this variety.
Very plentiful, and completely the plant of Pollich, in a meadow under St. John’s
wood at its upper end, between it and the brook.

Plant perfectly smooth and glabrous throughout. Root a bunch of dark brown,
rigid, mostly simple fibres, which descend nearly vertically, and usually swell out
at various parts of their length, but generally at or near their extremity, into
small, ovate, oblong, globose or fusiform, sometimes compressed, whitish and
fleshy knots or tubers, beyond which the fibre is continued to a finely tapering
point: these tubers are produced on seedlings of the first year, and whilst still
very young and small, as I have ascertained by cultivation, and are mere enlarge-
ments of the amylaceous tissue of the root. Stem 1 or more, erect, from 6 or 8
inches to 2 or 3 feet high, slender, wavy, firm, cylindrical, mostly purplish at bot-
tom, in my specimens distinctly fistulose ; in the upper part completely tubular,
206 UMBELLIFER. [Ginanthe.

in the lower with a central perforation only through the white cellular tissue; pale
glaucous-green, very deeply and sharply angular and sulcate, sparingly distantly
and alternately branched, the branches erect, patent or somewhat ascending, often
remarkably curved or tortuous in the nascent state or before flowering. Leaves
mostly at the base of the stem, those higher up confined to the forkings of the lat-
ter; radical leaves produced lite in the year and growing through the winter,
spreading or prostrate, crowded and imbricated by their broad, sheathing, white or
greenish, ribbed bases, svon decaying after the plant comes into flower or even
earlier, deep dull green above, much paler beneath, succulent, their stout terete
petioles suddenly dilated into a broad membranaceous wing at each side, which
at the point of their divergence furms an elevated, abrupt, rounded apex, bi- or tri-
pinnatisected, extremely variable in size and shape, and in the degree and
mode of division of the leaflets; in outline the leaves are of an oblong-triangular
form, those nearest the root plane, usually lying flat upon the ground and soonest
decaying; the next above merely spreading, and with more or less erect divisions,
like those on the stem, lasting Ul the flowering time; all, including their petioles,
about a span long at most, usually much shorter ; leaflets extremely liable to vary
in the degree and mode of division, even on the same leaf, so as tu make it almost
impossible to define them with precision or to describe their multifarious modifi-
cations : on the very lowest of the rovt-leaves they are generally pretty constantly
of a roundish or ovate figure, entire and wedge-shaped at base, and in their less
deeply incised state very closely resemble on a reduced scale the leaflets of Cb.
crucata; they are however quite as often more minutely and profoundly pinnati-
sected than in that plant, and even sometimes finely pinnatifid, with very narrow,
linear-lanceolate, acute segments ; superior stem-leaves few, distant, erect, longer
and narrower than those at the bottom, and much more uniform in their mode of
division and form of the leaflets. Pettoles very variable in length. Umbels flat-
tish or convex only, never hemispherical, solitary and terminal, on very long leaf-
less peduncles, from about 14 to 2 inches in diameter, compact, but lobed or
uneven in their circumscription, their primary rays rather numerous, short, much
thickened and more erect in fruit, deeply furrowed and angular; wmbelleis pretty
numerous, dense-flowered and crowded. Genera! involucre of several linear, very
narrow and tapering leaflets, unequal and variable in length, but usually much
shorter than the rays; partial ones many-leaved, their leaflets like those of the
general involucre, but longer in proportion to the rays, which they often equal in
length. Flowers small, inodorous. Calym distinct, of 5 tooth-like segments, of
which the 2 exterior are much the largest, acute and somewhat acuminate.
Petals white,* very unequal. Stamens rather long, and, including the round
anthers, white, the latter at length cream-coloured ; jfiluments wavy. Styles
whitish, tapering, erect, on tumid puuctate stylopodes. Fruit crowded into a flat
level-topped or slightly convex umbel.t Syndicarps crowded, the exterior on short
incrassaled pedicels, the inner sessile or nearly so, subteretely pentangular and
prismatic, of uniform breadth throughout or subcylindrical, very flat or truncate
at top, crowned with the fleshy calyx, and long, subulate, erect or diverging styles
and their conical bases (stylopodes) ; abrupt at their lower end, which is more or
less enlarged into a whitish tumid callosity ; when ripe of a nut-brown colour;
hemicarps closely united by their flat commissural faces, nut contracted inwards,
hence presenting on their inner side a truly rectangular figure. Carpophore (none
according to some authors), bipartite, deciduous, falling away with the fruit, its
two lamine remaining firmly attached along a groove to their respective hemi-
carps.

The primordial leaves, or those immediately succeediug the cotyledonous leaf-
lets, are in this species distinctly cuneate and incised or subpinnatifid, whereas in

 

* The petals of a., when placed beside those of 6., as I find it at the mouth of
Wootton river, have a faint cast of yellowish green, only observable by contrast.
+ In &. Lachenalii the fruit of each umbellet forms a convex or hemispherical

head,
Ginanthe.] UMBELLIFERAE. 207

Gi. Lachenalit the primordial leaves have the leaflets 3-cleft, the segments obo-
vate or oblong and for the most part quiteentire. The fresh radical tubers have a
nutty flavour, with a slight impression of heat and acrimony, but are neither
unpalatable nor, I believe, deleterious when eaten, and might perhaps by cultiva-
tion be improved and rendered an agreeable esculent. Lloyd (‘ Flore des Envi-
rons de Nantes’) says that the tubers of CY. peucedanifolia are eaten by children
in Brittany as those of Buniwm fleauosum are in our own country.

8. The general involucre in this plant is, I believe, seldom absolutely wanting,
but is usually reduced to one or two linear leaflets, often so small as to be over-
looked ; hence DeCandolle very properly says “ involucro subnullo.” The root is
very variable in appearance, sometimes with, much oftener without tubers, and
when growing in muddy ditches, as I have found it at Freshwater, becomes a
bundle of innumerable fibres. The leaflets of my Isle-of-Wight specimens are in
general much longer than they are represented in E. B. or by Pollich; and I find
examples by the Yar, below the bridge at Freshwater, in the strongest and wet-
test salt-marsh, passing into a. and always wanting the tubers said to be essential
to GY. peucedanifolia. One or more of the radical leaves have elongated or linear
leaflets, whilst those on the remaining root-leaves are short, ovate-lanceolate, or
even approaching to wedge-shaped, as in the common state of GZ. pimpinelloides.
I am quite convinced that neither the tubers on the root, nor the presence or
absence of the general involucre, are of any value; and the only remaining dis-
tinction, derived from the form of the radical leaves, is as little to be relied upon.
I have gathered it at Bulwerhithe, near Hastings, and so far from being confined
to the vicinity of fresh water, my own experience would lead me to pronounce it
to be-a mere salt-marsh variety of G. pimpinelloides, since it is in such situations
I find it displaying most perfectly the characters assigned to it by Pollich, the
original author of the species Gi. peucedanifolta.*

8. Ci. Lachenalit, Gmel.t Parsley Water-dropwort. “ Leaf-
lets of the lower leaves linear obovate or cuneate-trifid obtuse
mucronate, of the upper ones acute, fruit turbinate or oblong nar-
rowest and without a callosity at the base.”— Br. Fl. p. 167. E.
B. v. t. 347 (sub GH. pimpinelloides). FU. Dan. ix. t. 1454. Lej.
et Court. Comp. FI. i. p. 285.

In low wet and especially salt-marsh meadows and pastures; a far less common
plant in this island than the one last described. #7. June—September. F'r,
October, November. 2{. ,

E. Med.— Abundant on the flat grassy shore on the W. side of the Wootton
river, at its mouth. ([St. Helen’s spit; South side of Brading harbour: A. G.
More, Esqg.—Edrs.]

W. Med.— On the salt-marsh and pastures adjoining along the East side of the
Yar, in considerable plenty, and precisely the same plant as that at the Wootton
river, noticed. All over that part of Wilmingham heath which borders the salt-
marsh shores of the Yar, growing amongst the furze &c., in comparatively dry
soil. All over the marsh-meadows at Easton, Freshwater Gate.

Root a bundle of whitish or brownish simple fibres, partly cylindrical and partly
incrassated by very gradual enlargement into an oblong or fusiform shape towards
their extremities Stem as in C&. pimpinelloides, but somewhat less deeply

 

* [From the notes published in the ‘ Phytologist,’ vol. iii. p.405, by our autbor,
and which we believe were penned subsequently to the text above, it appears that
he afterwards came to the conclusion that Pollich’s plant is not so likely to be a
variety of Gi. pimpinelloides as of the following, @. Lachenalii, or even a distinct
species.—Edrs.] : : . :

+ For excellent descriptive characters of this species and CE. pimpinelloides, see
M. J. Lloyd’s ‘ Flore de la Loire Inférieure,’ 12mo, Nantes, 1844, pp. 113 and 114.

t This enlargement of the radical fibres T suspect does not take place till the
208 UMBELLIFER&. [Gnanthe.

though still very strongly and acutely angulato-sulcate and striate, at least in the
lower part, terete and purplish at the very bottom, completely filled with pith to
about as high up as the second or third node, from whence it becomes fistulose,
and higher still tubular.* Leaves scarcely differing from those exhibited in some
varieties of C&. pimpinelloides. Umbels with much longer primary rays than in
GE. pimpinelloides, hence broader and flatter; sometimes the rays are so long as
to separate the umbellets very widely asunder: these last are similar to those of
CE. pimpinelloides, but the flowers are whiter,t the petals a little tinged with
pink, and the anthers purplish, as are the entire umbellets themselves not unfre-
quently ; the length of the primary rays vary extremely, from about 1 to 2 inches
or even more, sometimes rendering the umbellets approximate, but I have not yet
seen them so close as to present the compact tufted umbel of the other species ;
they are also, I think, in general Jess numerous than in that; the outermost or
radiant flowers are upon longer stalks than in the other, and are mostly if not
always destitute of stamens, and do not perfect fruit; their petals are, as remarked
by Babington, roundish obcordate, witb a very short narrow claw, and cleft for
about half their length from the top. Bracts of the general involucre similar to
and equally variable in size and number with the last, sometimes wanting altoge-
ther on individual umbels of the same plant, though numerous on the rest; of the
partial or umbelle involucres always present and numerous. Fruit about the
size of the last, crowded in the umbellets into convex or subhemispherical heads
(not dense-topped as in CE. pimpinelloides), on short thick pedicels, the inner ses-
sile or very nearly so; palish or bright red before maturity, when ripe brown as in
that. Syndicarps subterete, oblong-obovoid or subturbinate, being rounded at
top, and from thence attenuated downwards to the base, which is not enlarged
and callous; tipped with the styles, which are shorter than in QE. pimpinelloides,
and the small very erect calyx-segments.

@. Lachenalii unites to the general structure and habit of GQ. pimnpinelloides
the fructification of CG. crocata, of which it presents, on a much reduced scale,
an almost exact counterpart. Itisa later plant than either of these last, and
does not ripen seed until October and November.

4. C&. crocata, L. Hemlock Water-dropwort. Vect. Belder-
root. “ Leaves tri-quadri-pinnate, leaflets stalked cuneate-ovate
or roundish cut and serrated, those of the upper leaves narrower,
fruit cylindrical oblong without a callous base.” — Br. Fl. p. 168.
E. B. t. 2318.

In deep swampy or boggy woods and thickets, in low wet meadows, shallow
pools, and along ditches, drains and brooks; almost everywhere. FU. June, July.
Fr. August, September. 2.

A large rank-growing and very poisonous plant, often filling up entirely our
shallow streams and drains, and overshadowing with its dark lurid foliage the
dank rotten soil of our deep gloomy thickets.

The geographical distribution of G!. crocata embraces the western parts of

 

second or perhaps the third year, as many large plants do not exhibit these cla-
vate dilatations at all, and, it may be, never acquire them at any period of their
duration.

* T suspect, as I shall have occasion to show in the case of the common Fen-
nel, that little or no dependence is to be placed on the solidity of the cellular tis-
sue or pith in the stems of Umbellifera. I use the word fistulose to imply a cen-
el perforation ; when the hollow occupies the entire interior of the stem I call it
hollow.

+ At least in these, my first-described specimens from Wootton river, and so 1
find them in the second station, near Yarmouth, where the plant agrees in every
particular with that at the former place. It is remarkable that Pollich, in the
description of his Gi. peucedanifolia, uses the words “ flores albissimi.” ;
Aathusa.| UMBELLIFERE. 209

Europe from Portugal to Scotland, but it is unknown in the interior of the Euro-
pean continent, as Germany, &c. The roots, as I learn from the peasants of this
island, prove speedily fatal to swine, that are tempted, perhaps by some sweetness
of flavour they possess, to grub them out of the soft soil; and one man related an in-
stance, coming under his own knowledge, of several of these animals being thus lost
through having been driven into the marsh-meadows, where the plant abounded.
The same person remarked to me that cows eat the herbage with impunity, and
this seems correct, as I remarked all the plants of this species in a meadow near
Easton to be quite stripped of their leaves, and with nothing but the bare stems
remaining,—I suppose by the cattle that were grazing in the field at the time.

The specitic name was given to this species from the deep yellow (crocatus)
juice stated by many authors to exude from the rovt and stem when cut across,
but the existence of which is denied by others. Dr. Bell-Salter assures me that
about Poole it emits, both from the stem and root, a very deep yellow, thick and
strongly scented juice ; and that he has remarked the same juice, though paler
in colour, in plants growing at Bembridge, in this island. The roots resemble
those of the Dahlia, and instances have been related to me of their having been
sold to credulous persons for that handsome plant.

Gnanthe Phellandrium (in pools and ditches), thought to have been found in
the Isle of Wight by the Rev. G. E. Smith and Mr. Curtis, both at the back of
the island. See Curt. Br. Entom. xi. fol. 506. It grows abundantly in marsh-
ditches at Gomer Pond, near Gosport.

XVI. Arnusa, Linn. Fool's Parsley.

“ Fruit ovate-globose. Carpels with 5 acute ribs; interstices
deeply acutangular with single vitte. Calyx-teeth minute. Petals
obcordate, with an inflected point. (Partial involucre of 1—3
unilateral drooping or spreading leaves.)”’—Br. Fi.

1. A. Cynapium, L. Common Fools Parsley. Lesser Hem-
lock. “ Leaflets wedge-shaped decurrent with lanceolate bluntish
segments, rays of the umbel nearly equal, involucre none, partial
one longer than the umbel.’—Br. Fl. p. 169. EH. B. t. 1192.

In waste and cultivated ground, cornfields, neglected weedy gardens, and about
fences &c. Fl. June?—September. ©.

Root whitish, fusiform, in the larger plants more or less branched and woody,
in the smaller and younger simple and succulent. Stem erect, rather slender,
from 5 or 6 inches to 1 or 2 or even 3 feet in height, terete, finely angulate-stri-
ate, hollow, more or less branched, the branches erect; pale green, with a slightly
glaucous bloom removable by friction, often spotted or suffused with purple, espe-
cially below. Leaves dark or sometimes light green, much paler and mostly
shining beneath, bipinnate or subtripinnate, the lower leaves on longish, semite-
rete, caniculate petioles, with ribbed, sheathing, not inflated bases, with white
membranous borders, the superior sessile but with similar sheaths; primary pinne
stalked, the basal pair remote; secondary pinne or leaflets shortly petiolate or
attenuated and confluent below, flat, mostly ovate or ovate-lanceolate, cuneate at
base, deeply and for the most part trifidly pinnatisect, the terminal lobe in gene-
ral again once or even twice trifidly incised or pinnatifid, the ultimate segments
in all more or less ovate-elliptical or sublanceolate, acute or obtuse, tipped with a
small bristly point, their margins thickened, spinulose, cartilaginous. Umbels
lateral and terminal opposite the leaves, flat or a little convex, rather small, from
about 14 to 2 or 24 inches across, on long, naked, deeply furrowed stalks; general
umbel of 5 or more rays, longer than the other more numerous and interior ones,
roughly setose, pubescent on their grooved upper side, those of the partial umbels
(umbellets) subterete and glabrous or nearly so. Bracts of the general involucre

25
210 UMBELLIFERE. (Feniculum.

none (occasionally one, Bertol.) ; of the partial ones 3—5, linear, unilateral, pen-
dant or deflexed, mucronate-acuminate, longer than the umbellules, or in starved
specimens about equal to the latter, shortly margined and membranous at base.
Flowers white, all perfect. Calyx very minute. Petals profoundly and unequally
obcordate, their points involute, the exterior larger and tadiant ; anthers white or
pinkish. Styles at first white, erect or spreading, at length reflexed and purplish,
their bases (stylopodes) tumid, lobed, and dotted with depressed points. Fruit
(syndicarps) about 2 lines in length, ovato-globose, glabrous, crowned with the
yeflexed styles; mericarps with 5 stout, very prominent, acutely keeled, corky
ridges, of which the 2 lateral or marginal are thicker, dimidiate and narrowly
winged at the commissure ; vitte solitary between each ridge and only apparent
on a transverse section, the posterior flat face of each mericarp with a very distinct
pair towards the centre, of a pellucid yellow and linear not clavate form, converg-
ing but not meeting below, approximate above and separated only by the bipar-
tile carpophore.

XVII. Faenicutum, Hoffm. Fennel.

“ Fruit oblong. Carpels with 5 prominent, obtuse ribs, with
single vitte in the interstices. Styles short. Calyx-teeth obso-
lete. Petals roundish, entire, the involute segment obtuse. (In-
volucres 0).”—Br. Fl.

“ Above the lowly plants it towers,
The Fennel with its yellow flowers,
And in an earlier age than ours
Was gifted with the wondrous powers
Lost vision to restore ;
It gave new strength and fearless mood,
And gladiators, fierce and rude,
Mingled it in their daily food ;
And he who battled and subdued
The wreath of Fennel wore.’

+?1. F. vulgare, Gertn. Common Fennel. “ Leaves biternate,
leaflets pinnatifid, segments awl-shaped or filiform.” — Br. Fl. p.
169. Anethum Feeniculum, L.: E. B. t. 1208.

On dry banks, waste ground, and cliffs by the sea, but not common. Fi. July
—September. J’r. October. 2.

E. Med.—In Binstead stone-pits, pretty plentiful in one spot, but I suspect not
truly wild there. Naturalized on waste ground near the Infant School, Ryde.
Common and possibly indigenous on steep banks facing the sea at Ventnor. On
a chalky bank by Upper-Morton farm, near Brading, 1849, in some plenty ;
naturalized no doubt from the farm-yarden, as I do not remember to have
seen it there previously. Between Chine cottage and Rose cliff, under a steep
bank on which Prunus Cerasus grows abundantly, 1840.

W. Med. — Naturalized abundantly in Northwood park, on the side of an old
garden. Hedgebank near Gurnet bay. [Apparently wild in many places at
Brighstone, growing wherever the soft sand-roek is exposed, Dr. Bell-Salter—
Edrs.]

Syndicarps ovato-oblong, glaucous, crowned with the very short reflexed styles ;
hemicarps with 5 equidistant, prominent, thick ridges, of which the 2 lateral are
quite marginal, and more obtuse than the 3 dorsal ridges ; vitée linear, very dis-
tinct, single between each ridge, and a pair on the inner face of each hemicarp,
one on either side of the carpophore, which Sir W. Hooker's figure does not repre-
sent, but which I find constant in all my specimens.

In consequence of some remarks by Mr. Babington in Man. of Brit. Bot., I
Silaus.] UMBELLIFERA. 211

examined the stems of numerous individual plants of Fennel in several wild loca-
lities, and find the stem usually with a perforation in the centre, mostly of small
diameter, sometimes in the upper, sometimes in the lower part of the stem, the
rest and sometimes the entire stem being completely filled with pith throughout.

One of the finest and most aromatic of our Umbellifere, growing in a chalky
ses 6 or 7 feet high, with a diameter of an inch or more at the base of the

Very abundant and truly wild in many places along the S. coast of England,
bat not indigenous to Scotland, nor at a distance from the coast, either with us or
on the Continent.*

Marschall von Bieberstein (Fl. Taur.) relates that in November, 1796, when a
Russian army lay in the plain of Schirvan, before the town of Schamakia, on the
Caspian, they found this plant so abundantly that for eight days they scarcely
used any firewood but the dried stems. The Sweet or Italian Fennel is a mere
variety of the common species, with its aroma a little heightened perhaps by cul-
tivation ; yet the wild plant can hardly be excelled in the delicacy of its smell
and flavour, more grateful than in any other British species of this natural order.

XVIII. Siravs, Besser. Pepper Saxifrage.

“Fruit oval. Carpels with 5 sharp, somewhat winged ribs,
with many vitte in the interstices. Calyx obsolete. Petals obo-
vate, subemarginate with an inflected point, appendaged; or sessile

oon aa at the base. (Partial involucre of many leaves).”—
r. EU.

1. S. pratensis, Bess. Meadow Pepper Saxifrage. ‘ Leaves
tripinnate, leaflets linear-lanceolate opposite, general involucre of
1 or 2 leaves.” —Br. Fl. p. 170. Peucedanum Silaus, Z.: HE. B.
t. 2142. Jacq. Fl. Aust. i. 12, t. 15.

In rather moist meadows and pastures, open grassy places in woods, and along
roadsides, hedgebanks, &c.; frequent in very many parts of theisland. Jl. June
—September. 2.

E. Med. — About Ryde in a little patch of wood by the lodge-gate of Ryde
house, and between Quarr abbey and the Fish-houses. Common in woods about
Cowes, between Cowes and Wootton bridge.

W. Med.— Frequent about Yarmouth, towards Ningwood, &c. Northwood
park, Miss G. Kilderbee !

Herb glabrous in every part. Root stout, long, tapering and cylindrical, black-
ish brown, and transversely wrinkled and furrowed externally, very white, soft and
spongy within, dividing at the summit in the larger plants into several crowns,
bristly with the filamentous remains of former root-leaves. Stem 1 or more, erect,
from 1 to 2 or 3 feet high, occasiunally twice as tall, slightly zigzag or waved,
rounded and snbterete below, angular-sulcate above, often purplish at base and
along the angles, with several distant, alternate, erect branches, and completely
filled with the large white pith. Radical leaves often very large, of a triangular

 

* Fennel is a favourite food of the larve of the great swallow-tail butterfly
(Papilio Machaon), which is occasionally seen in this island. I have never
remarked it on the wing here myself, but have seen a specimen taken off the
forest-land (Parkhurst) many years since, and am told it was not then uncommon.
In a letter from the Rev. W. T. Bree that gentleman tells me he captured six or
seven specimens of this fine insect near Yarmouth, and saw a few more in diffe-
rent parts. Whether the insect breeds with us, or flies over from the opposite
coast of Hampshire, I do not know ; if the former, the larva ought probably to be
sought for on Daucus Carota.
212 UMBELLIFERE. [Crithmum.

outline, bi-tripinnate, on extremely long, rounded, subangular petioles, that expand
into short flat-ribbed and sheathing bases, with membranous margins ; leaflets
deep grass-green above, paler and often somewhat shining beneath, a little folded
or channelled along the course of the midrib above, sessile, narrow-lancevlate or
sublinear, attenuated at both ends, simple or deeply bi- or tripartite, the terminal
one almost always 3-cleft, very acute and mucronate, the apex purplish, entire
but cartilaginous-spinulose along the somewhat deflexed edges and keel-like mid-
rib underneath ; stem-leaves distant, subtending the forks of the branches, the
inferior like those of the root, but rapidly becoming smaller, less compound and
more petiolate as they ascend, the uppermost often reduced to a simple leaflet.
Umbels rather small, loose, of about from 5 to 10 unequal primary rays, which,
like those of the umbellets, are furrowed and more or less cartilaginous-scabrous
‘on the angles ; wmbellets flattish or slightly convex, many-rayed. Bracts of the
general involucre either wanting or of from 1 to 3 unequal, linear, acute, membra-
nous-edged leaflets, much shorter than the primary rays; of the umbellets numerous,
broader and somewhat concave, acuminate, with dark tips. Flowers all perfect
and equal. Calyx extremely minute, hardly visible. Petals yellowish or greenish
white, sometimes dashed with purplish red, suborbicular, traversed longitudinally
above hy a sharp ridge with a depression on each side, their puints broad, inflexed,
caniculate, and mostly somewhat 3-lobed or subtrifid at apex. Styles at first very
small, short, greenish and erect, afterwards somewhat larger, spreading and pur-
plish ; stylopodes very large and projecting in the flower, greenish yellow, plano-
convex, crenate-lobed, at length purplish red and narrower than the ripe fruit.
Syndicarps ovate, a little compressed, crowned with the retuse styles and their red
bases (stylopodia) ; mericarps separated by a deep fissure, each with 5 sharp, pro-
minent, equidistant, almost wing-like ridges, the two lateral ones marginal and
rather less prominent; vitte described as numerous by Koch and others, of which
4 are commissural (Leighton), but they are so indistinct, in the fruit at least, as
to be nearly invisible, nor does Mr. Leighton’s excellent transverse section show
apy. Carpophore bipartite.

A handsome plant, possessing a powerful aromatic odour like the rind of the
bitter orange.

XIX. Crirumum, Linn. Samphire.

“Fruit elliptical. Carpels spongy, with 5 elevated, sharp,
somewhat winged ribs, and, as well as the loose seed, abundantly
marked with vitte. Calyx -teeth obsolete. Petals elliptical,
entire, involute. (Involucre of many leaves).”—Br. Fl.

1. C. maritimum, L. Sea Samphire. Br. Fl.p.17l. #. Bt.

819.

On rocks and cliffs by the sea; very abundant, but chiefly along the South and
South-western coasts of the island. #1. June—September. Fr. August—Octo-
ber. :

BE. Med. — At Ventnor. Very common on most parts of the cliffs between
Ventnor, as near Steephill cove, at Old Park, &c. In Sandown bay. In clefis
of the rock behind Bonchurch, at a considerable distance from the sea, in several
places plentifully. Bembridge cliffs, B. 7. W.

W. Med,.—On the cliffs at Freshwater Gate and Scratchell’s bay. Chalky cliffs
from Compton westward. Abundant on the cliffs at Freshwater, Mr. E. Lees
(in Baxter’s Gen. of FI. Pls.)

Fruit (syndicarys) ovate-elliptical, convex, purplish, about 24 lines in length,
crowned with the small conical stylopodes, and short mostly recurved styles,
glabrous ; hemicarps with 5 thin, elevated, slightly winged, equidistant ridges, of
which the lateral pair are quite marginal, the interstices and back plane, with
pumerous vite. Seeds brown, narrow-oblong, wrinkled, with many vitte, when
mature free by the shrinking (?) of the now corky interior substance of the fruit.
Pastinaca.] UMBELLIFERE. 218

The warm aromatic pickle prepared with this plant is greatly esteemed and
commonly seen at table in this island. The herb minced is also served up with
melted butter in lieu of caper-sauce. For the purpose of pickling it is annually
collected in large quantity from the cliffs at Freshwater, and sent up to some
wholesale houses in London, by the cliffsmen, who make samphire-gathering a
part of their summer occupation, and for which, when cleaned and sorted, they
receive 4s. per bushel. It is put up in casks with sea-water, for its better preser-
vation on the journey, and probably also to extract any bitterness it may contain.
For smaller quantities the charge for collecting is 1s. per gallon. ‘The samphire
is considered in perfection when just about to flower or towards the end of May.

(b. Fruit more or less prickly, beaked or winged.]

* Syndicarps much and dorsally compressed, broadly elliptical or nearly orbicular,
from the wing-like dilatation of the marginal ridges.

XX. Aneeica, Linn. Angelica.

“ Fruit flat, with 2 wings on eachside. Carpels with 8 elevated
dorsal ribs, the lateral ones spreading into broad wings. Calyz-
teeth small or obsolete. Petals elliptical-lanceolate, entire and
inflected at the point.”—Br. Fl.

1. A. sylvestris, L. Wild Angelica. “ Leaflets equal ovate
serrated at the base somewhat lobed, calyx-teeth obsolete, fruit
with the interstices of the ridges having single vitte, seed adher-
ing without vitte.”’—Br. Fl. p. 172. H. B. t. 1128.

In damp, swampy or boggy woods and thickets, osier-beds, alder-cars, by river-
sides, in wet hedges and other watery places; very common. 1. August, Sep-
tember. Fr. September, October. 2,.

Carpels nearly orbicular from the broadly winged lateral ridges; mericarps flat-
tish, the 3 dorsal ridges bluntish, keeled, close together, the 2 lateral ones margi-
nal, very thick, attenuated to a membranous very broad wing ; vitte single between
the ridges, with 2 often confluent commissural ones.

XXI. Pastinaca, Linn. Parsnip.

“ Fruit flat, with a broad border. Carpels with 3 dorsal and 2
distant marginal ribs on the border, with single filiform vitte, the
length of the fruit, in the interstices. Calyx-teeth nearly obso-
lete. Petals roundish, entire, involute, with a sharp point. (In-
volucres 0, or of few leaves). Differs from Heracleum in the
entire involute petals, and filiform, not clubbed, vitte.”— Br. Fl.

1. P. sativum, L. Common Parsnip. “ Stem furrowed, leaves
pinnate downy beneath, leaflets ovate cut and serrated, ultimate
one 3-lobed, involucres none, fruit oval."—Br. Fl. p.173. EH. B.
t. 556.

Tn pastures and waste places, by roadsides, the borders of fields, on hedgebanks,
and in woods; abundantly in most of the chalky districts. Fl. July August. Fr.
September. ¢.

E. Med.— About Binstead stone-pits. Abundant between Luccombe and
Bonchurch. Sandown bay.

W. Med.— Abundantly around the cornfields about Yarmouth, Freshwater,
Calbourne, Thorley, &c.
214 UMBELLIFERE. [Heracleum.

Fruit (syndicarps) broadly elliptical or suborbicular, much compressed, nearly
plane, slightly pubescent.

Our farmers would probably find it worth their while to grow the Parsnip on a
large scale as a root-crop instead of Mangold Wurzel, since the soil and climate
of this island are so propitious to its spontaneous production.

XXII. Heractevum, Linn. Cow-parsnip.

“ Fruit flat, with a broad border. Carpels with 3 dorsal ribs
and 2 distant marginal ones, and rather short club-shaped vitte
in the interstices. Petals obcordate, point inflected ; outer ones
radiant. (Involucre deciduous ; partial of many leaves). —Br. Fl.

1. H. Sphondylium, L. Common Cow-parsnip. Hogweed.
“Leaves pinnated rough hairy, leaflets pinnatifid cut sinuated,
ultimate one somewhat palmated, petals unequal, fruit glabrous
nearly orbicular.”—Br, Fl. p.173. EH. B. t. 939.

8. Leaves more deeply cut, with narrower lobes. H. angustifolium, Sm.

y- Flowers white.

On moist hedgebanks, in damp pastures, woods, borders of fields and waste
bushy places; common. Fil. June. Fr. August.

B. Near Ryde.

y. Marvel copse, near Newport.

Fruit (syndicarps) large, about 5 lines in length, glabrous, pale whitish brown
when ripe, ovate-orbicular, very thin and flat, their emarginate summit crowned
with the styles and the stylopodes ; mericarps with 5 filiform ridges on their outer
face, of which 3 traverse the centre from end to end, the outer pair forming an
ellipse, the middle one straight; two lateral ridges remote, placed near to and fol-
lowing the outline of the dilated margin, and uniting below with the rest; face of
the commissure with 3 ridges, that correspond with the central one, and lateral
pair on the exterior surface ; interstices plane; vitte single between the ridges, 4
on the outer, 2 on the dorsal face, on the upper part of each, dimidiate, inversely
clavate or sublinear, obtuse or pointed, subarcuate, the dorsal pair shorter, broader
and blunter, uot reaching the summit. Carpophore bipartite. Seed broadly
elliptical, flat.

** Syndicarps armed with rows of straight, hooked or incurved prickles, and
shorter intermediate bristles ; not beaked.

XXIII. Daucus, Linn. Carrot.

“ Fruit dorsally compressed, elliptic-oblong. Carpels with 3
dorsal ribs and 2 in the inner face, bristly, the 4 interstices very
prominent, and crowned with a single row of long flat prickles.
Albumen solid. Petals radiant, those of the ray deeply bifid.
(Involucres often pinnatifid)."—Br. Fl.

1. D. Carota,* L. Common Carrot. Bird’s-nest. Leaves tri-
pinnate, leaflets pinnatisect the segments lanceolate-acute, umbels

 

* Car is a Celtic word for red, and appears in several compounds expressing
objects of that colour, as carmine, carvation, from caro, carnis, flesh ; cornelian,
carbo, a burning coal, from its redness ; also, it is said, the French word Garance,
madder, the root of which dyes a finered. Heuce, too, Carrot means literally red
root.
Daucus.) UMBELLIFER £. 215

flat or convex in flower concave in fruit, general involucres shorter
than the flowering umbels simply pinnatifid the segments subu-
late, flowers partly imperfect, petals of the exterior flowers une-
qual, bristles of the fruit* with 1 or 2 simple spreading points.
Br. Fl. p.178. HE. B. t. 1174.

Jn pastures, by roadsides and borders of fields; one of the most common spe-
cies of its order. FV. June—August. Fr. September, October. 3.

The root of the wild Carrot is long, white, tapering, simple or a little branched,
of a tough woody texture, and, except in its sweetish odour, quite unlike the
esteemed succulent it becomes under cultivation. Stem about 2 feet high, erect,
round, furrowed, with many upright branches, rough and hoary all over with
harsh bristly hairs, Leaves alternate, on broad, sheathing, ribbed petioles, bi- or
subtripinnate, hairy, their segments lanceolate or linear-lanceolate, acute, cut,
bristle-pointed. _Umbels at the end of the long leafless branches, 2 or 3 inches
broad, flat or a little convex before the fruit forms, after which the rather nume-
rous rays of the umbels and their umbellules approximate, and curving inwards
form with the bristly fruit a hollow inverted cone, aptly compared to a bird’s-nest,
whence its popular name. General involucre shorter than the fully flowering um-
bel, simple, of several pinnatifid mostly 3-cleft leaves, their segments very acute ;
partial of similar but smaller, mostly entire leaflets, with membranous edges, one
or two sometimes divided. Flowers small, white, sometimes reddish. Petals
rather unequal, especially in the exterior flowers of the umbel, deeply notched and
inflexed. Stamens wanting or partly deficient, except in the interior flowers of
the umbellules, which are perfect. Styles erect, straight, spreading and reflexed
in fruit ; stigmas roundish. Exactly in the centre of each umbel there is usually
a ray, bearing a few involucral leaves under a dark red solitary flower, with styles
of the same colour, but only the rudiments of stamens, and not perfecting the
seed. Carpels (syndicarps) ovate ; hemicarps each with 4 rows of long spines
occupying the primaryt+ ridges, one pair lateral or marginal, the other 2 rows on
the face of the hemicarp, all in a single series, their puints either minutely toothed
or bifurcate ; the 3 secondary} or intermediate coste armed with a double row of
small slender spines, spreading in opposite directions, and like the larger aculei
quite distinct to their base.

That the present species is the origin of the garden Carrot has been disputed
by some, on the ground that by cultivation the root acquires neither the colour
nor flavour of that esteemed vegetable, not considering that the qualities for which
the Carrot is prized have been developed, by the skill and care of the horticultu-
rist, through successive ages, until the limits of perfection were attained, and per-
manency of improvement insured by propagation from seed of the stock so ame-
liorated.

Mr. Bentham told me that a French botanist, whose name has escaped my
recollection, obtained a very good eatable Carrot after a few years’ cultivation and
raising from seed of the wild plant. The culture of this valuable esculent as a
root-crop, and winter food for cows and horses, is not much attended to in this
island, Turnips being very generally used in their place.

Very closely related to this (D. Carota) is D. pusillus, Mx., of N. America,
which I have gathered abundantly in dry places at Charleston and Savannah.
That species differs, however, materially, in its more erect branches, more finely
and deeply divided leaflets; in its very compound, doubly or triply pinnatifid
involucres, which are about equal to the flowering umbel ; in its smaller umbels,
which are cupped or concave, both in blossom and seed ; in its minute flowers,
all of which, even to the central blossom, are perfect and isopetalous ; and, lastly,

 

* For figures of the fruit, see Hook. Br. Fl. t. iv. fig. 12.; Leighton, Shropsh.
FI. p. 126; Gaudin, Helv. ii. t. 3.

+ Secondary ridges, Koch,

t Primary ridges, Koch.
216 UMBELLIFERZ. (Torilis.

in having the bristles of the fruit glochidiate or stellately barbed, with several
(about 5) minute, deflexed, simple points. The plant has the aroma of the com-
mon Carrot, and might by cultivation afford an agreeable variety for the table.

2. D. maritimus, With.  Sea-side Carrot. “Prickles of the
fruit usually flattened contiguous and united at the base, leaves
tripinnate, leaflets pinnatifid lanceolate fleshy, segments rounded,
umbels convex or flat when in seed.

“aq, Petals entire white or fringed with red. FE. B. t. 2560.

“8. Petals fringed greenish yellow.”-—Br. Fl. p. 178.

On cliffs, banks, and dry waste ground by the sea, not uncommon. Fl. June—
August. ¢%.

E. Med.—In the Undercliff, between Ventnor and St. Lawrence. At Bon-
church, in plenty. Abundantly on the steep banks at the upper end of San-
down bay, and in all the chalky fields and banks at the back of it and behind the
Culvers.

W. Med.— On the ledge of the cliffs to the westward of Freshwater Gate,
called Rose Hall Green, in great profusion; apparently the plant intended in
Babington’s ‘ Manual,’ 2nd ed. p. 145, as probably the D. gingidium of Linn.
(or perhaps the D. hispidus of Desfontaines), growing here to an extremely large
size, the umbels often forming perfect globes, the leaflets varying very much in
breadth.

This plant, which I suppose to be nuthing more than a variety of D. Carota,
and which is probably commonly mistaken* for the true D. maritimus, is chiefly
distinguished from the former by its very stout and densely hispid stem, the very
hairy leaves, with broader segments; the umbels also are usually much larger
than in D. Carota, sometimes 44 inches wide, flat or almost perfectly hemisphe-
rical, with or without a coloured abortive flower in the centre, concave in fruit,
but less deeply than in the common form of D. Carota; the unexpanded flowers
are mostly of a rose-red colour, but becoming subsequently white. The Rev. G.
E. Smith tells me he has observed various gradations between the two forms in
this island.

XXIV. Torus, Adans. Hedge Parsley.

“ Fruit slightly laterally compressed. Carpels with 3 dorsal
inconspicuous bristly ribs, and 2 in the inner face of the carpels,
the interstices scarcely prominent, clothed with prickles, each
with a single vitta. Albwmen furrowed. Petals obcordate, outer
ones radiant. (Partial involucre of many leaves).’—Br. Fl.

1. T. Anthriscus, Gertn. Upright Hedge Parsley. “Stem erect
branched, leaves bipinnate, leaflets lanceolate incise-serrate at-
tenuate, umbels stalked terminal, involucres of many small subu-
late leaves.’—Br. Fl. p. 180. Caucalis, EH. B. t. 987. Jacq. Fl.
Aust. ili. 34, t. 261.

 

* (This remark is at variance with the entry of the above stations, under the name
of D.maritimus, With. Such discrepancies would of course have been corrected had
the lamented author himself finally revised his MSS. for the press. From some
critical remarks from his pen, in the ‘ Phytologist’ (Phytol. iii. p. 410), we believe
his mature opinion to bave been that tbe various Isle-of-Wight maritime forms of
Daucus are not the D. maritimus of Withering, but D. gingidium, Linn., as
understood by Babington, and D. hispidus, Desf. Both these two latter forms
however, as also Withering’s plant, he believed to be only varieties of D. Curota,
Linn.— Edrs.]
Torilis.] UMBELLIFERZ. Q17

On banks, in waste places, along hedges and borders of fields, woods, &c.; very
common. Fl. July—September. Fr. September, October. 2, }

Root slender, tapering, rigid, usually more branched and crvoked than in T.in festa,
whitish and woody as in that. Stem erect, from 1 or 2 to 4 or 5 feet high, filled
with pith like the following, terete below, somewhat angular above, finely striate,
the strie purplish, more or less rough, especially upwards, with retrurse, appressed,
rigid hairs from the very root,* considerably but far less copiously branched, the
branches long, slender, wavy, erecto-patent, rough and angular, sparingly forked.
Leaves comparatively few and distant, from the great length of the internodes,
mostly confined to and subtending the forks of the branches, in form nearly
exactly the same as in the following hut larger, the lowermost a span long, some-
what less rough and of a brighter green, the segments of the leaflets rather broader
and less deeply and acutely incised, at least in-those of the inferior stem- and
root-leaves, for the superior leaves are precisely similar in both species. General
involucres of about as many leaves as rays to the umbel or fewer, and not half
their length, unequal, hispid, subappressed, and shaped with long taper points ;
the partial involucres about equal in length and number to the outer rays of the
umbellets, similar to the general ones. Umbels solitary, terminal, on very long
slender peduncles or naked branches, much larger than those of the following, 14
to 2 inches or more wide, lax and open, about 8—10 rayed, the rays slender,
hispid with appressed bristles directed upwards; umbellets flat, many-rayed, the
outer rays longer than the fruit (in T. infesta they are much shorter), hispid,
spreading in flower, erect in fruit. Flowers somewhat larger than in T. infesta,
the exterior ones in each umbellet hermaphrodite, but often, as it seems to me,
wanting the stamens, unless it be that these latter are early deciduous, the inte-
rior flowers staminate only, and differing less from the outer in size than in T.
infesta. Calyx-teeth triangular, acuminate, often purplish at the tips. Petals
white or commonly tinged with rose-red, a little bristly at the back; those of the
exterior flowers flat and radiant, lobed and shaped as in the following, but less
unequal in size; of the interior or staminate blossoms somewhat smaller than
of the outer, and less flattened, otherwise very similar. Stamens about as long
as the corolla; filaments white ; anthers purplish; pollen white. Styles
exactly asin T. infesta, and, as in that, elongated and recurved over the fruit ;
stylopodes often purplish like the anthers. Syndicarps quite similar in form to
those of T. infesta but smaller, the 3 dorsal or primary (secondary, Koch) ridges
obsolete ; these latter beset with only a double row of scabrous prickles, that are
shorter and more distant than in T. infesta, and terminate in a simple straight or
erect, nol spreading or deflexed point: the interposed rows of white appressed
spinules in T. infesta are quite wanting to this species. Carpophore deeply
bipartite.

The fruit, as Curtis remarks, has a stronger aroma than that of TJ. infesta.

2. T. infesta, Spr. Spreading Hedge Parsley. ‘“ Leaves bipin-
nate, leaflets ovate incise-pinnatifid serrated, umbels stalked ter-
minal, involucre wanting or of one, partial of few subulate leaves.”
—Br. Fl. p. 180. Caucalis, H. B. t. 1814. Jacq. Fl. Aust. i. 28,
t. 46.

In waste and cultivated ground, by waysides, and especially amongst corn ;
abundantly. Fl. June—Septemher. Fr. September, October. ©.

Much too plentiful in our stiff wheat-lands about Ryde.

Root annual, whitish, long, slender, tapering, rigid and woody. Stem erect,
very hard and rigid, from a foot or much under that to 18 or 20 inches high,

 

* The base of the stem is often subglabrous, but wanting the smoothness and

polish observable in T. infesta. .
+ The rays are much slenderer and less rigid than in T. infesta, and hence the

umbels droop sometimes after gathering.
2F
218 UMBELLIFERE. [Torilis.

round, striated, quite smooth, glabrous and often purplish at base, filled with a
tissue of fine white pentagonal or hexagonal cells; gradually becoming roughish
upwards with appressed retrorse bristles, mostly very copiously and divaricately
branched, often from the very base, at other times simple for some distance from
the root, branches repeatedly forked, patent or widely spreading, diffuse or even
decumbent, somewhat angular, scabrous with retrorse bristles, those from the very
base of the stem long, straight and erect. Leaves pale grayish green or often
finally purplish, roughish and ciliated on both sides with white appressed bristles
pointing forwards, the lowermost withering early, of a lighter and brighter green
than those nearer the summit of the stem, and like those of the centre ovate or ob-
long in circumscription, from about 3 to 6 inches in length, doubly pinnato-pinna-
tifid, on rather long lax or drooping and sheathing petioles, with narrow inflexed or
involute membranous margins ; leaflets from 5 to 7 or even 9, opposite, in pairs
with a terminal one, the pairs remote, the lowermost pair on longish, the rest on
shorter stalks, ovate or ovato-lanceolate, pinnato-pinnatifid, the lobes deeply cut
and serrate, the serratares lanceolate, very acute, mucronulate, the terminal leaf-
let usually ternately lobed or decompouud: uppermost leaves smaller and nar-
rower, the leaflets usually 5, of the highest of all 3, the terminal leaflet much pro-
duced, simply and sharply serrate, entire or slightly compounded only, their points
in general more or less recurved. General involucres either quite wanting or
reduced to 1 or 2 appressed very small scales, or to a single subulate leaf; partial
involucres of several very unequal subulate leaves, one usually subtending each
fruit-bearing pedicel, as long or Jonger than the latter, and pretty closely applied
toit. Umbels opposite the leaves, on longish scabrous peduncles or naked branches,
few- (2 to 6 or 7) rayed, the rays unequal, much shorter than the peduncles, sca-
brous like the stem and branches, but in a reversed direction, the bristles pointing
upwards; umbellets many-rayed, the rays shorter than the mature fruit, the inner
one bearing staminate flowers only, and hence concealed as the fruit enlarges.
Flowers small, the exterior above (4 to 8 or 9) hermaphrodite, the rest staminate.
Calyx of 5 minute, triangular, diaphanous, acute teeth, often purple at their tips,
scabrous. Petals white, or as compared with those of T. Anthriscus cream-co-
loured, sometimes slightly tinged with red, a little bristly at the back, the 3 exterior
ones of the outermost flowers much the largest, roundish obovate, deeply and une-
gually emarginate, flat and with shorter incurved points, the remaining two and
all those of the interior flowers broadly obcordate, with broad, ligulate, channelled,
inflexed summits, rather enlarged than tapering at the end, which is very abrupt,
truncate, apiculate or even emarginate. Stamens and pollen white. Styles short,
erect or diverging, colourless, globoso-capitate, obsolete in the inner figwers ; a
little elongated, widely spreading and even reflexed in fruit; stylopodes greenish,
not coloured. (In T. Authriscus the styles and stylopode are usually, though not
always, purplish like the anthers.) Syndicarps about 2 or 3 lines in length,
broadly ovate-elliptical, laterally compressed, at first mostly purplish from the
colour of the immature prickles, when quite ripe reddish gray or ash-colour,
crowned with the reflexed styles; hemicarps densely beset on the secondary ridges
and interstices with spreading, ascending or recurved, retrorsely scabrous prickles,
which are mostly minutely glochidiate, with a simple spreading or deflexed point,
quadriserial, each serics 3- or 4-rowed, the 2 lateral series marginal; primary
ridges filiform, beset with straight erect or subappressed white spinules, the lateral
pair on the face of the commissure; albumen grooved in fiont (campylospermous).
Carpophore bipartite.

The plant has a sweetish but faint unpleasant odour, and the root a warm and
somewhat pungent smell.

3. T. nodosa, Gertn. Knotted Hedge Parsley. ‘“ Stem pros-
trate, umbels lateral simple subsessile, fruit sometimes warted.”
—Br. Fl. p. 180. Caucalis, H. B. t.199. Jacq. Fl. Aust. v. 40;
App. t. 24 (prest.) Fl. Dan. xii. t. 1990 (opt.)
Torilis.] UMBELLIFER. 219

Tn dry waste places, on banks, under walls, by waysides, borders of fields, and
amongst corn; pretty frequent, and most so on chalky or gravelly soils. F'.
May—July. Fr. August—November. ©.

#. Med. — Banks at Ventnor and Bonchurch, in great plenty. Ditch-bank
between Seafield and Nettlestone. In the lane between Pound farm and An-
or common, near Ryde. Profusely in cornfields and on banks above Sandown

ay.

W. Med, — Extremely common in the parish of Freshwater; about Yarmouth,
Thorley, &c. Abundantly ona fence-bank near the Albion hotel. Freshwater
gate.

Root long, whitish, slender and tapering, but little branched or fibrous. Stem
one or many, sometimes cespitose, diffuse, spreading, ascending, decumbent or
prostrate, the upper part in the larger plants erect or reclining, from a few inches
to 1 or 2 feet in length, simple or spreading, distantly and dichotomously branched,
more or less flexuose, round, solid, striate, wiry, rough with scattered, rigid, nearly
appressed hairs pointing downwards. Leaves sub-bipinnate; leaflets gray-green,
mostly 2 or 3 pairs, remote, ovate or ovate-lanceolate, pointed, deeply pinnatifid,
the segments narrow-lanceolate, entire or cleft, very acute, pointing forwards, his-
pid on both sides with white subappressed sete. Umbels lateral and terminal,
simple, very small, not half an inch wide, opposite the base of the leaves, nearly
sessile when in flower, their thick peduncles a very little lengthened out in fruit,
2- or 3-rayed, the rays so extremely short, thick and unequal as to be made evi-
dent with difficulty, giving tu the entire umbel the aspect of a knot or bunch, of
an irregularly roundish figure, and somewhat convex or hemispherical in fruit.
Involucral bracts several, linear, subulate or setaceous, of very unequal length, as
long or longer than the fruit or shorter, setose or hispid like the rays and pedun-
cles, with white scarious margins. Flowers all perfect, extremely minute, not
larger than a moderately sized pin’s-head, closely aggregated and sessile on the
rays and in the forking between them. Petals white, equal, roundish ovate, with
strongly inflexed or involute but not acuminate points. Anthers very large, white
or purplish : pollen white. Styles erect, conical, extremely short, thick and blunt,
colourless and pellucid, not elongated and reflexed in fruit. Syndicarps of a
whitish brown or gray colour, forming small, roundish or subhemispherical, dense
clusters, broadly ovoid, much contracted and with a deep furrow at the commis-
sure, crowned with the very minute and still erect styles; hemicarps not much
more than a line in length, the exterior ones of the ontermost fruit armed with
several rows (apparently 6—8) of straight, spreading, scabrous prickles, the inte-
rior or lateral series of which are marginal and pointing backwards, simple or
somewhat glochidiate, with a single, spreading or deflexed, very minute point ;
these prickles are about equal in length to the greatest transverse diameter of the
hemicarp, and the interstices betwixt the rows and face of the commissure show a
very few erect or appressed spinules: inner hemicarp (and usually both of those
belonging to the exterior fruit of the umbellets) thickly granulato-muricate, with
very rough crystalline or scabrous papille in lieu of prickles, interspersed here
and there with a few white spines or bristles; these tuberculated hemicarps are
marked with 3 equidistant distinct furrows, formed by interruptions of the tuber-
cles (probably the vitte), along the course of which are several erect or subap-
pressed bristles or sete. Carpophore bipartite, separating only for a short distance
from the summit.

The plant has the weak aromatic smell of others of the genus. I have never
met with the variety having the exterior hemicarps of all the fruit aculeated. Our
form is, according to Cosson and Germain, that most frequent in the ensirons of
Paris.
220 UMBELLIFER2. [Scundiz.

*** Syndicarps smooth, more or less attenuated upwards or beaked.

+ Beak much attenuated, several times longer than the seeds.

XXV. Scanprx, Linn.

“ Fruit laterally compressed, with a long beak. Carpels with
5 obtuse ribs and no vitte. Calyz-teeth obsolete. Petals obo-
vate, with an inflected point. (Universal involucre wanting, or of
1 leaf ; partial one of 5—7 leaves).”—Br. Fl.

1. S. Peeten, L. Venus’ Comb. Shepherd’s Needle. Needle
Chervil. Vect. Crow Needles. ‘“ Beak 3—4 times longer than the
roughish fruit dorsally compressed ciliated with bristles, leaflets
cut into many linear or lanceolate short segments.” — Br. Fl. p.
176. EH. B. t. 1397.

Abundant in cultivated land, amongst corn, turnips and other crops. Fl. May
—October. ©.

A pale green, bushy, slightly aromatic herb. Root whitish, tapering, with seve-
ral stout simple fibres. Stems 1 or more, about a fout high, erect or ascending,
branched, round, solid, striated, often purplish below, clothed with short spreading
hairs. Leaves light green, oblong, the lower ones on long channelled petioles, with
sheathing bases, which are membranous at the margin and downy, the upper ses-
sile on their sti]l more inflated and downy sheaths, subtripinnate, the lowermost
pair of primary pinne remote, the secondary pinne often alternate, bi- or tri-pin-
nato-pinnatifid, the segments linear-acute, mucronulate and spinulose on the mar-
gins and midrib underneath. Umbels terminal and opposite, small, 1—3, rarely
4-rayed, when with move than 2 rays generally subtended bya leaf. Flowers
small, white, some of them wanting styles, and consequently abortive. Petals
unequal, the exterior ones largest, obovate, with inflexed points. Styles per-
sistent, simple, erect, cylindrical and contiguous, on the flat, thick, 2-lobed stylo-
pode. Syndicarps spreading or suberect, nearly sessile, dull reddish brown when
ripe, elliptical-oblong, 4 or 5 times shorter than their straight, tapering, dorsally
compressed beak, which is from about 1} to 24 inches in length, beset along the
sides or edges with close, erect, simple spines, and crowned with the straight
upright styles; Aemicarps laterally compressed, a little diverging at their base,
which is rounded and tipped with a shining gland or callosity, hence the entire
fruit appears as though pendulous or suspended on the carpophore, not standing
on the pedicel ; primary ridges scarcely prominent, equal, unculoured, the lateral
pair marginal, with spinulose edges; secondary ridges obsolete, interstices black-
ish brown, furrowed, and as well as the primary ridges rough with callous points ;

vitte obscure or obsolete; albumen furrowed in front. Carpophore entire, fili-
form.

tt Beak shorter than the seeds.
XXVI. Cua#roppytiuum, Linn. Chervil.

“ Fruit laterally compressed or constricted, with a very short
beak. Carpels with 5 obtuse ribs, with a deep furrow on the
inner face of the carpels. Jnterstices with single vitte. Calyz-
teeth obsolete. Petals obcordate, with an inflected point. (Par-
tial involucre of many leaves).”—Br. Fl.

1. C. temulentum, I. Rough Chervil. “Fruit glabrous with
Anthriscus.] UMBELLIFER&. 221

obtuse ribs, stem rough (spotted) swelling below each joint, leaf-
lets ovate-oblong cut, partial involucres reflexed.” — Br. Fl. p.
177. E.B. t. 1521.

In woods, hedges and waste places ; very common. Fl. June—July. %.*
[**** Syndicarp bristly, beaked.]
XXVII. Anruriscus, Pers. Beaked Parsley.

bs Fruit constricted at the suture, with a short beak. Carpels
without ribs or vitte. Calyx-teeth obsolete. Petals obcordate.
(Partial involucre of many leaves).’—Br. Fl.

1. A. sylvestris, Koch. Wild Chervil. Cow Parsley. “ Um-
bels terminal stalked, stem hairy at the base glabrous upwards, a
little swelling below each joint.” — Br. Fl. p. 176. Cherophyl-
lum, L.: £. B.t. 752. Jacq. Fl. Aust. ii. 31, t. 149.

In moist shady grassy places, meadows, orchards, groves, on damp hedgebanks,
borders of fields, &c.; everywhere. FU. April—June. Fr. June, July. 2.

This plant is a favourite green-meat for rabbits, and is collected for that pur-
pose in the spring.

2. A. vulgaris, Pers. Common Beaked Parsley. ‘“ Umbels
stalked opposite the leaves, stem glabrous, leaves ternately de-
compound, the segments obtuse, fruit ovately conical hispid about
twice as long as the glabrous beak.” — Br. Fl. p.177. Scandix
Anthriscus, Hi. B. xii. t. 818. Curt. Fl. Lond. i. fasc. 1, t. 19.
Jacq. Fl. Aust. ii. t. 154,

On hedgebanks, amongst bushes, by waysides, and in waste places, under
walls, &c., mostly about towns and villages, but far from common in the island.
Fl. May, June. Fr. June. ©.

£. Med.—On the Dover, Ryde; on the low sandy bank near its W. end, rather
sparingly,t Dr. Bell-Salter !!!| Ona ditch-bank between Springtield and Nettle-
stone, in very small quantity, 1846. Rather abundantly on the summit of the
cliff between Whitwell Shoot and Niton, in several places. Profusely on hedge-
banks along the old or upper road between Ventnor and Bonchurch, also abun-
dant in several places in that neighbourhood. Along the cliff E. of Ventnor,
towards Bonchurch, Rev. G. E. Smith.

W. Med.— Abundantly on sandy banks and hedgerows at Sand Bank and
Sandy Way, Shorwell. Freshwater down.

Whole plant of a delicate pale green, especially in the leaves, by which it is at
once distinguishable from all our other species of this natural order. Root long,
whitish, tapering, more or less branched and comosely fibrous, with a warm pun-
gent smell, Stem solitary or in the larger plants several, erect or ascending, from
1 to 3 feet in height, often much branched, terete, slightly furrowed, hollow, suc-
culent and fragile, a little tumid at the joints, often tinged or streaked with pur-
ple at the base, glabrous. Leaves triangular in circumscription, remotely tripin-
nate, the tertiary divisions or ultimate leaflets small, contiguous, ovate or oblong,
deeply lobato-pinnatifid, with ovate, blunt, apiculate, incised segments, smooth
above, fringed and hispid underneath with long, white, simple, setose hairs,
extending over the partial and common petioles; of a remarkably tender light
green, still paler beneath, soft and flaccid, soon collapsing when gathered. Peti-

 

* Pronounced biennial by Curtis, Host, Wablenberg, Gaudin, Koch.
+ [This station is now (1854) built over, Edrs.]
222 ARALIACE. [Hedera.

oles hollow, terete, flattish and slightly grooved above, of the radical and lower stem-
leaves mostly very long, of the upper gradually shorter, all clasping by their broad
but not inflated ribbed bases, which are membranously edged and bordered with
close woolly hairs, or lannginose. Umbels small, from about 1 to 2 inches in dia-
meter, solitary, terminal and lateral or opposite to the leaves, on slender, straight,
spreading, glabrous peduncles, sometimes sessile ur nearly so, few- (from about 3-
to 6- or 7-) rayed, the rays about as long as or longer than the peduncle, rather
unequal, filiform, glabrous ; wmbellets widely remote, quite simple, 3—6 rayed, the
rays (pedicels) scarcely exceeding the ripe fruit in length. General involucral
bracts mostly wanting or of a single leaf, partial ones about as many as the pedi-
cels, unequal, lanceolate or ovate, fringed, with long slender points. Flowers all
perfect, very small and inconspicuous. Petals extremely minute, equal, widely
spreading, white or sometimes pinkish ? obcordate, with an inflexed simple point.
Stamens shorter than the petals, spreading ; anthers greenish, finally brownish or
reddish. Styles nearly obsolete; stylopodes broad, depressed. Ovaria setoso-
hispid. Syndicarps small, about 13 line in length, including the beak, dull
brown or blackish, ovoido-conical ; hemicarps ‘‘ semiovoid,” their inner face con-
tracted, with a deep furrow down the centre, rounded at the back, which is covered
in no regular order with grayish bristles curved upwards, having simple toothed
tips ; tapering into the paler, smooth, furrowed and angular beak (persistent sty-
lopode), which is about 4 the length of the entire fruit, and crowned with the
remains of the style.

The whole herb has a pungent, aromatic and sweetish smell, like Parsley or
Chervil, and might perhaps, if cultivated, supply the place of both, were not its
duration too brief to be available beyond the earlier months of summer.

Order XXXVI. ARALIACEA, Juss.

“ Calyx-tube adnate in whole or in part with the ovary, entire
or cleft. Petals 4—10, rarely cohering, or none; estivation val-
vular. Stamens equal in number to the petals or twice as many,
from the margin of an epigynous disk. Ovary 2- or more celled:
ovules solitary, pendulous. Styles as many as cells. Stigmas
simple. Fruit fleshy or dry, of several 1-seeded cells. Seed with a
fleshy albumen, and a minute embryo. — Trees, shrubs, or herbs ;
nearly allied to Umbellifere.”—Br. Fl.

I. Hepera,* Linn. Ivy.

“Calyx of 5 teeth. Petals 5, distinct, broadest at the base.
Stamens 5—10. Style simple, or 5—0 more or less combined.
Berry with 3—10 seeds, crowned by the calyx.” — Br. Fi.

The umbellate inflorescence, which in the preceding natural order is often glo-
bular as in our Ivy ; the fleshy depressed disk (stylopudium) on the germen; the
insertion of the stamens ; the short conical style, cleft in some species of Hedera;
the almost imperceptible stigma ; pinnate calyx and resinous aroma; are points
betraying a closer affinity in this genus to the order just mentioned, than is
evinced by most others of its own, of which it was made the type by Linneus.
Sir James Smith, I know not why, considers the berry of Hedera as one-celled ;
to me it appears as truly plurilocular as in any genus whatever, discovering on a

 

* Derivation doubtful; it has been thought from hedra, a cord in Cellic, which
the twisted and clasping stems of our Ivy much resemble.
Hedera.]} ARALIACER. 223

transverse section before maturity 5, or by partial abortion 3 cells, their parietes
membranous and double.

1. H. Helix, L. Common Ivy. Leaves angulato-cordate 3—5
lobed, those of the flowering shoots ovate- acuminate, umbels
erect. Sm. EH. Fl.i. p. 335. Br. Fl. p.181. Lindl. Syn. p. 138.

- B. xvii. t. 1267. Curt. Fl. Lond. fase. i. t.16. Loud. Arbor.
rot.

On old walls, rocks and trees, in woods, thickets, and on hedgebanks; every-
where most abundantly. Fl. October, November. Fr. April. h.

A resinous evergreen shrub, with a stout tortuous stem, ramifying over walls,
rocks* and trees, often to a vast extent, and adhering strongly to these objects by
numerous routing fibres emitted from the bark, or creeping along the ground in
woods and on hedgebanks without flowering, whence it was called by the older
authors “ barren Ivy,” and by them esteemed a different species (see Gerarde “ of
Juy” and “the kindes.”) In. this state the leaves are deeply cleft into 3 acute
lobes, of a dark green veined with white. In the more luxuriant shape, under
which we see it on thie “ivy-mantled tower,” the stems constitute large bushy
heads of many ascending self-supported branches, flowering copiously at their
extremities. Leaves scattered, various in form and in the length of their smooth
petioles, broadly 3- or 5-lobed, often deltoid like those of the Black Poplar, some-
times obscurely angular and heart-shaped, of a rich shining green more or less
veined with white, most so on the extreme and smaller and creeping ramifications,
which are similar to the barren variety just mentioned: the change from the
lobed to the simple leaf becomes gradually more marked towards the termination
of the branches in the flowering shoots, when they are all more or less ovate
and quite entire. Stipules none. Flowers in spherical heads or umbels, that are
either solitary or disposed in a corymbose panicle, pale yellowish green, on downy
pedicels that have each a minute brownish bractea at the base. Sepals very
minute, brownish, acute. Petals inserted at the base of the germen, very broad
at ther origin, with a prominent central rib, strongly deflexed after full expansion.
Stamens inserted between the petals, widely spreading after discharging the pol-
len ; anthers yellow or partly purple, 2-celled, bursting laterally. | Germen very
broad, depressed, lobed or furrowed : style extremely short, conical; stigma very
minute, obtuse. Ovarium half-inferior, the ovules partly below the plane of inser-
tion of the petals. Berries black, the size of peas, obscurely quadrangular, crowned
with the perigynous disk, persistent style and minute calyx, 5-celled. Seeds 3—5
(rarely more, Sm.), oblong, plano-convex, vertical ; albumen large, in many ver-
micular folds.

The glandular disk on the ovarium secretes a copious saccharine fluid, that
crystallises as a mealy efflorescence on its surface, and is probably a sugar sui
generis, less sweet than common sugar, but extremely soluble in water. Attracted
by this exudation, we may still perceive, in the faint beams of a November moon,
a few enfeebled insects, languishing rather than reposing on these honied blos-
soms, now the instrument of their destruction, from which they are unable to
escape. The mealy berries continue to grow through the winter, are ripe in April
or May, and are eaten by birds.

The Ivy has been introduced into America as an ornamental creeper for.cover-
ing the walls of houses, where I have seen it as far North as Boston. It thrives
well in the city of Philadelphia, but should be planted in that county only in a
North exposure, being liable in a southern aspect to have the shvots cut off by
the spring frosts at night, alternating with strong sun during the day, and this,
Professor Gray informs me, even as far South as Georgia. ;

As a decorative evergreen, its heavy black foliage harmonises only with the old

 

* Most profusely and luxuriantly clothing the precipitous faces of the rocks
along the Undercliff, and at. East end, where stems may be seen of a great age
and size.
224 ARALIACES. [Adoxa.

English or painted style of architecture ; the castellated and Elizabethan’ man-
sion, and the Gothic church-tower of even the eighteenth century, look venerable
in a mantle of Ivy, almost as the fabrics of the real olden time. The rock and the
ruin, vestiges and relics alike of by-gone times, claim the Ivy indeed as their
peculiar covering; with its hard stiff leaves and rugged stems, like cords of iron,
it seems as if coeval with and enduring as themselves.

The variety called Irish Ivy has a lighter and more cheerful effect than the
common form, and is better adapted for concealing bare brick walls and other
unsightly objects, by the greater breadth of its leaves. In this country we some-
times see houses completely embowered in Ivy, which is said to keep the walls
dry. To myself, I own this plant has something gloomy and repulsive when
clinging artificially to habitable buildings, though beautiful and appropriate as
the spontaneous vestiture of the ruined wall, craggy steep or hollow tree. To live
like an ow! in an Ivy-bush is a way of passing existence I should beg to decline
sharing with those respectable birds, or with the admirers of the sort of domicile
they are said to prefer to all others,

II. Apoxa, Linn. Moschatell.

“ Calyx half-inferior, 3-cleft. Corolla superior, rotate, 4—5
cleft. Stamens 8—10, inserted by pairs, each bearing a 1-celled
anther. Berry 4—5 seeded. (The side flowers have the corolla
5-cleft, the terminal one 4-cleft).’—Br. Fl.

1. A. Moschatellina, L. Tuberous-rooted Moschatell. Sm. E.
Fl. ii. p. 242. Br. Fl. p. 181. EH. B. vii. t. 4538. Curt. Fl.
Lond. i. fase. 2, t. 26.

In moist shady places, woods, groves, on hedgebanks, and about the roots of
trees; very frequent. 1, March—May. .

A smooth, succulent, fragile plant, from 4 to 6 inches high, of a tender lucid
green colour. Rhizoma creeping, of a few white, fleshy, swollen scales, and emit-
ting from between them several slender often somewhat downy fibres, and from
the crown a solitary fleshy runner. Radical leaves* 1—3, on long, weak, channel-
led footstalks, biternate; leaflets roundish, 3-lobed, the lobes cut, ovate and obtuse,
obscurely veined, bright green, smooth and shining as if varnished beneath, each
lobe tipped with a minute point or wucro. Scapes one or two, taller than the
leaves, angular, furrowed, each bearing a little above its middle a pair of oppo-
site simply ternate leaves, on petioles broadly dilated or winged at the base, almust
connate. Flowers 5, in a close, solitary, terminal head, of a cubic form, pale
green, sessile, the 4 lateral ones vertical, mostly 5-cleft and decandrous, the ter-
minal one horizontal, 4- (rarely 5-) cleft and octandrous. Calyx half-inferior,
much shorter than the corolla, in the lateral flowers of 3, in the terminal of 2 ovate
blunt segments ; in this last there is occasionally a rudimentary third lobe, and
the segments are sometimes minutely pointed. Corolla rotate, in 4 or 5 (rarely in
3) roundish entire segments. Stamens in the lateral flowers usually 10, in the
terminal one 8, standing in pairs on a glandular ring towards the base of the
corolla, having the divisions of the segments opposite to or pointing between each
pair ; filaments very short, erect, and bearing a pale yellow, oval, incumbent, sin-
gle-celled anther, which bursts along its entire length by a longitudinal furrow :
occasionally one or mure 2-celled anthers may be seen, borne on a single filament,
—a fact which strengthens the view taken by Sir W. Hooker, that the stamens

 

* Tn a withy-bed adjoining Bridge-Court farm I found, May, 1845, abundance
of Adoxa having leaves of an unusually dark and dull green colour, somewhat
glaucous and marbled with whitish veins ; altogether looking so like the leaves of
Thalictrum flavum, as at first to deceive me into the belief that I had discovered
a second locality for that plant, so excessively rare in this island.
Cornus. | CORNACER. 225

may be looked upon as naturally 4 or 5, having their filaments forked, each fork
terminating in the single cell of an anther. Styles as many as the segments of
the corolla, erect, united below; stigmas simple, greenish. Berry globose, ob-
scurely lobed, pale green ani shining, very juicy, half enclosed by the enlarged,
fleshy, adnate calyx, and crowned with the styles, 4- (sometimes, it is said, 5-)
celled.* Seed one in each cell, ovate, whitish and flattened, with a thin narrow
border, pendant at the summit of the cell from the very thick medial placenta,
and covered with gelatinous pulp.

The herbage of Adoxa has a perceptible musky scent in moist weather, or when
wetted with dew or rain; that of the flowers is less transient, more penetrating,
with some pungency, reminding one a little of nitric acid. Notwithstanding the
rule laid down by Linnzus, that the central or terminal flower gives the class and
order when differing in the number of its parts of fructification from the rest of
the inflorescence, the lateral flowers of Adoxa being the most numerous and usu-
ally decandrous, this plant should be referred to the tenth class in the artificial
system, for which alteration, if natural affinity be allowed any weight in such
arrangement (as I think it ought whenever practicable, and not in palpable vio-
lation of the Linnzan fundamental principle of numbers), its relationship to Chry-
sosplenium and Suxifraga would be an additional sanction. The description of
the fruit, which is not commonly produced, was drawn up from fine specimens
gathered at St. John’s, by Ryde.

Order XXXVII. CORNACEA, DeCand.

“ Calyx-tube adnate with the ovary; limb 4—5 toothed and
minute, or 4—5 lobed and valvate in estivation. Petals 4, broad
at the base; estivation valvular. Stamens 4, inserted with the
petals. Style filiform. Stigma simple. Ovary 2-celled; ovules
solitary, pendulous. Drupe with a 1—2 celled nucleus. Seeds
with a fleshy albwmen, and an embryo nearly its length —Trees or
shrubs, rarely herbs. Leaves (except in one species) opposite, and
as well as the fruit beset with appressed hairs attached by the mid-
dle.”—Br. Fl.

I. Cornus, Linn. Cornel. Dogwood.

“ Calyx of 4 teeth. Petals 4, superior. Stamens 4. Nut of
the drupe with 2 cells and 2 seeds.’ —Br. Fl.

1. C. sanguinea, L. Wild Cornel-tree. Dogwood. Dogberry-
bush. Arboreous, branches straight erect, leaves opposite ovate
or roundish ovate green on both sides downy beneath mucronate
acuminate about 9-nerved, cymes small flattish without an invo-
lucre, drupes globose (black). Sm. E. Fl. i. 221. Br. Fi. p. 182.
Bab. Man. 139. E. B. iv. t. 249. Loud. Arb. Br. ii. 1011, fig.
761. Guimp. und Hayne, Deutsch. Holtz. 1. 12, t. 3.

* Sir James Smith, who appears never to have seen the fruit of Adoxa, de-
scribes it, with Gartner, whose figures are but indifferent, as one-celled. Other
authors consider it very justly as 4-celled, the 4 angles of the placenta being very
evidently prolonged into complete though very narrow dissepiments. The square
mass occupying the centre, and to the top of which the seeds are attached, : quite
distinct from their pulpy envelope, and as much entitled to be called a placenta

as in any dry or capsular fruit whatever. ase
226 CORNACES. [Cornus.

In woods, thickets, hedges and bushy places ; abundant throughout the island.
Fl. June. Fr. September. :

A slender shrub, from 4 to 8 or 10 feet in height, sometimes a small tree, the
trunk and older branches covered with a light gray streaked or mottled bark, the
younger leafy shoots round, straight, erect, dark blood-red in autumn and winter,
a little downy towards their extremities. Leaves opposite, on short channelled
petioles, ovate or roundish ovate, a few occasionally broadly elliptical or nearly
orbicular, 2 or 3 inches long, with 9 or 11 depressed converging ribs (the basal
pair short and obscurely marked), waved and quite entire on the margin, briefly
mucronato-acuminate, their points deflexed ; bright green above, sometimes edged
with purplish brown, somewhat paler beneath, but downy with fine, scattered,
erect hairs; roughish on their upper surface with very minute close-pressed pubes-
cence, scarcely visible without a glass, each hair attached by its centre and bicus-
pidate, the points spreading flat in opposite directions: these centrally affixed
hairs, common, it is said, to the whole genus and several others,* occur, though
much more sparingly, on the under side of the leaf, mixed with the erect ones, as
well as on the fruit and at the back of the petals. Cymes terminal, solitary,
stalked, flattish or a little convex, 14 or 2 inches in diameter, without an invo-
lucre, their branches erect and slightly hairy. Flowers white, disagreeabl
scented, especially when just beginning to go off. Calyx very minute. Petals
subelliptic-lanceolate, scarcely narrowing at the base, their tips slightly incurved.
Stamens long, nearly erect, with pale buff-yellow oblong anthers. Style erect, as
long as the stamens, suddenly enlarged into a globular form at top, bearing the
small, sessile, nectariferous stegyma. Drupes globose, the size of small peas, black
and hoary, or as it were powdered with medifixt hairs, perforated at the summit
where the style was inserted. Seed (nut) large, very hard, depresso-globose, 2-
celled, with white tasteless kernels.

The white blossoms of the Dogwood are very conspicuous in our hedges through-
out the month of June, and whilst its blood-red twigs relieve the monotonous
colouring of the winter landscape, the deep purple brown of the fading leaves adds
to the rich tinting of our autumnal scenery. The berries, which ripen in Septem-
ber, have a bitter nauseous taste and a greenish pulp, said to yield by expression
an oil fit for burning in lamps. The only other shrubby European species, C.
mascula, has red eatable fruit, now neglected, but formerly known in our gardens
as Cornelian Cherries, and still cultivated with us occasionally, for ornament.

The cymes and leaves are often so covered with a white parasite as to look as
if dusted over with lime.

 

 

* Torrey and Gray, Fl. of N. Amer. i. p. 649.
Viscum. ] LORANTHACEM.

w
ew
~

Subdivision III. COROLLIFLORA, DC.

“ Petals united, bearing the stameus.”—Bab. Man.

Order XXXVIII. LORANTHACE, Juss.

“Stamens and pistils often separated. Calyx-tube adnate with
the ovary, bracteated at the base; its limb entire or lobed. Co-
rolla of 4—8 petals, or monopetalous, with a valvate «stivation.
Stamens as many as divisions of the corolla and opposite to them.
Ovary 1-celled; ovule solitary, pendulous. Style 1 or none.
Stigma simple. Fruit inferior, succulent. Albumen fleshy.—
Parasitical, mostly tropical shrubs. Leaves entire, generally oppo-
site, thick and fleshy, without stipules. The seed sometimes con-
tains 2 or even 3 embryos.” —Br. Fl.

I. Viscum, Linn. Mistletoe.

“ Barren flowers :—Calyx obsolete. Petals 4, ovate, fleshy,
united at the base and bearing each a single anther adnate with
the upper surface. Fertile flowers :--Calyx an obscure margin,

superior. Petals 4, erect, ovate, very minute. Stigma sessile.”—
Br. Fl.

1. V. album, L. Common Mistletoe. ‘Leaves obovate lanceo-
late obtuse, obscurely 3—7 nerved, branches dichotomous or ver-
ticillate, heads of flowers in the axils of an upper pair of leaves.”
—Br. Fl. p. 183. E. B. t. 1470.

Parasitic on_various kinds of trees in woods and orchards; extremely rare in
this island. #l. March—May, Hook.; December—April, Leiyhton. .

E. Med.—Gathered 8 or 10 years ago by Mrs. T. Harington in a wood very
near Apse farm, as I was assured by herself, 1841. A solitary specimen on an
apple-tree in the kitchen-garden of Osborne House, and said to be of spontaneous
growth, 1844, Mr. Thomas Meehan, jun.

W. Med.—Calbourne, Mr. Taylor. Introduced into the garden of George
Kirkpatrick, Esq., of Mount Pleasant, Newport. —

A small evergreen shrub, about 2 feet high, with many round, pliable yet brit-
tle, repeatedly dichotomous and partly depending branches, covered with a yel-
lowish or blackish green smooth bark, and jointed at the bifurcations. Leaves 14
—2 inches long, terminating the uppermost forks, usually in pairs (occasionally
3 together, asin my specimens, in which case the central flower is 6-cleft and
hexandrous), opposite, sessile, obovato-lanceolate, mostly curved upwards, deep
shining green, thick, coriaceous, quite entire, with several] (about 5) obscure,
parallel, branching ribs, and bearing on the upper side of their tapering base an
erect, fleshy, concave scale. Flowers in small sessile heads, of 3—5 together, in
the axils of each pair of leaves and in the upper forks of the branches, yellowish
or greenish ; barren flowers seated on a 2-lobed fleshy receptacle, the lobes serving
as bracts to the outermost flowers. Perianth usually in 4 (sometimes in 5, 6, or
even 8, Leighton), ovate, erect, fleshy segments, almost covered within by the
adnate sessile anther, whose surface is a network of angular cells, filled with a

2 G*
228 CAPRIFOLIACER. (Sambucus.

pale yellow pollen made up of cohering globules; fertile flowers in solitary clus-
ters of three in my specimens (Mr. Leighton describes his as in 4-clustered
whorls), on a receptacle similar in form to that on which the staminate flowers
are placed, but much enlarged and swollen at the base, the lobes slightly fringed.
Calyx a thickened rim nearly covering the germen, and becoming a berry. Co-
rolla of 4 (sometimes 3) triangular erect petals, broadest at the base. Germen
adnate with the calyx; ovwle sulitary, erect. Style none; stigma square, brown-
ish. Berries globular, pellucidly veined, not unlike white currants in size and
general appearance, but more opaque, slightly marked with the scar of the four
petals and stigma, and filled with a very viscid pulp enveluping a solitary, erect,
flattened, green seed. Embryo 1, 2, or 3 in the centre of the green fleshy albu-
mien, the radical superior.

Mr. Leighton justly observes that the male plant is of a paler yellower green,
with shorter and less rigid branches than the female, whose leaves are usually
broader and longer, and the whole plant firmer and more luxuriant.

Order XXXIX. CAPRIFOLIACEA, Juss.

“ Calyx-tube adnate with the ovary, usually bracteated at the
base. Corolla regular or irregular; the segments imbricated in
estivation. Stamens 4—5, alternate with the lobes of the corolla.
Stigmas 3, nearly sessile or subcapitate at the extremity of a fili-
form style. Ovary 3—6 celled. Fruit generally a berry 1- or
many-celled, 1- or many-seeded, crowned with the persistent lobes
of the calyx. Albumen fleshy.—Shrubs or herbs, with opposite
leaves; no stipules.”—Br. Fl.

I. Sambucus, Linn. Elder.

“ Calyx-limb 5-cleft. Corolla rotate, 5-lobed. Stamens 5.
Stigmas 3, sessile. Berry 8- or 4-seeded. (Leaves pinnated).”—
Br. Fl.

A genus of hardy shrubs or small trees, rarely herbaceous plants, closely allied
to Viburnum, but with piynated foliage. The species, which are not numerous,
inhabit the colder parts of both hemispheres, and are rather ornamental.

1. S. nigra, L. Common Elder. Arborescent, stipules obso-
lete, cymes flat compact with 5 principal branches, leaflets 5—7
ovate-lanceolate serrate, stipules obsolete. Son. 2. FU. ii. p. 109.
Br. Fl. p. 184. Lind. Syn. p. 132. E. B. vii. t. 476. ~~ Loud.
Arbor. Brit. Guimp. und Hayne, Abbild der Deutsch. Holtzart.
1. 44, t. 34.

B. Leaflets ternate, orbicular. S. nigra e. rotundifolia, DC., Prod. Purs, iv.
323.

y. Fruit pale, nearly colourless.

Very common everywhere in woods, thickets, copses and hedgerows. FU.
June, July. Fr. August—October. h.

B. By the roadside between St. Lawrence and Niton, W. Wilson Saunders, Esq.

y. A single tree in a field-hedge below Mouse-hole, Newchurch; noticed there
by the occupant of the cottave, named Russell !!!

A shrub or small tree, seldom rising in the wild state to more than 20 feet, but
in cultivation often attaining to nearly twice that height, much and irregularly
Sambucus.) CAPRIFOLIACES. 229

branched, the branches terete or somewhat angular, nearly filled with soft, white,
elastic pith. Stem 1 or more, erect, when old usually crooked or twisted, covered,
as are the larger branches, with a very rough, deeply chapped, brownish or grayish
bark, which ov the smaller branches is smoother, and beset for the most part with
warty points, Leaves opposite, imparipinnate, the larger about a span long, their
common petioles semiterete, strongly grooved above, roughish with short scat-
tered, bristly hairs, somewhat winged and angled, with a close sheathing epider-
mis; leaflets mostly 2, sometimes 3—7 pairs, with an odd one, of a dull palish,
sometimes dark, on very short petiolets, remote, from about 2—4 inches in length,
ovate or ovato-lanceolate, sometimes roundish ovate or even orbicular, acute, acu-
minate or cuspidate, sometimes obtuse, rounded, subcordate or cuneate, equal or
ublique and (always?) entire at base, simply, evenly and sharply serrate, the ser-
Tatures curved forwards; glabrous or slightly setose-pubescent, the lowermost
pair occasionally compound, or furnished with a small supplementary leaflet
behind. Stipules obsolete, or in place thereof a pair of small, erect, subulate pro-
cesses are sometimes but by no means constantly present, seated at the base of the
common petiole and that of the petiolets on their upper sides, like what are
observed in Viburnum Opulus. Cymes on long stalks terminating the young
green and succulent shoots, erect, flat or a little depressed, from 4 or 5 to 6, 8, or
10 inches broad, roundish and irregularly lobed in outline, compact or often a lit-
tle lax and open, the primary divisions or rays usually 5, diverging, subterete and
glabrous, the ultimate divisions flat and spreading, all coloured dark red or pur-
ple when in fruit. Flowers very numerous, crowded. Calyx minute, urn-shaped,
the limb in 5 (or occasionally 4) unequal, triangular, greenish, spreading seg-
ments that are acute, obtuse, rounded or erose. Corolla rotate, 2} or 3 lines in
diameter, milk-white with a tinge of green or yellow when newly blown, deeply
5-cleft, the segments ovato-orbicular, entire, more or less convex from the some-
times very strong deflexion of their margins, the tube wholly wanting. Stamens
about as long as the limb of the corolla, spreading, alternating with the segments;
filaments white; anthers straw-yellow, extrorse. Styles 3 sessile greenish glands
(stigmas) on the short, white and conical ovary. Berries round, shining, purplish
black, staining the fingers of a rose-red, not blue like those of S. Ebulus, nor is
the stain nearly so difficult to wash off. Seeds brownish white or buff-colour,
from about 2 to 3 lines in length, mostly oblong and more or less elliptical or
ovate, various in breadth, flattish, slightly pointed at one end, where there is a
small chink or cavity containing the hilum, copiously, transversely and undu-
lately rugose.

The var. 8. is a very singular form,* and which, if not the same, is very similar
to a tree I observed, under the name of S. rotundifolia, in the College Botanic
Garden, Dublin, in 1842. Mr. Borrer has it in cultivation, received from Mr.
Forster.

The flowers and leaves of this tree have a scent which is unpleasant to many,
and which has much analogy to that of the black currant. It is thought to be
narcotic,

Loudon (Arhor. Brit. article Sambucus) speaks of the Elder as if not really
indigenous to Britain, and only found near houses. That it may be so in the
more northern parts of the kingdom [ do not pretend to dispute, but in the south~
ern counties and in this island no shrub can be more commun in the most seques-
tered woods than the Elder, where it grows as wild and freely as its frequent
associates, the Guelder Ruse and Wayfaring-tree.

The common Elder of America (S. canadensis, L.) appears to me to differ from
the European by no one certain or constant character, though usually recorded as
distinct, and considered so still by Dr. Gray, in his recently published ‘ Flora of
the Northern United States.’ I have carefully observed each kind in its native
region, and compared numerous specimens of both, and can only come to the

 

* [A shrub of Elder, intermediate between this well-marked variety and the
common form, is observed by Dr. Bell-Salter within the precincts of Carisbrouke
castle, near the steps leading to the keep.—Edrs.]
230 CAPRIFOLIACER. [Sambucus.

conclusion, with Michana, that they are essetitially one and the same. The
Aimerivan Elder it is true does not usually attain to so great a thickness of stem as
the European, nor does it ordinarily rise above a shrub of moderate height, but
our own is often seen of as humble a growth; and the smaller diameter of the
trunk may proceed from the greater disposition of S. canadensis to propagate itself
hy suckers, whence the nourishment which would else go to feed a single stem is
diverted to the supply of several, as we see in S. nigra when growing in such low
moist places as the other principally affects. The American Elder is thought to
be less woody than the European (Gray says “stems scarcely woody ”), but I have
billets of Elder, which T cut from old trunks in swampy ground at Savannah, the
heart-wood of which is as close-grained and firm as in specimens of much greater
diameter felled in this island, and in no way distinguishable from the latter. The
leaflets in S. canadensis are stated to be usually 7 to 11 (I find 7 in my New-York
specimens, and from 7 to 9 in those from Georgia), whilst with us the leaflets of
S. nigra varely exceed 5 or at most’7, which is sometimes the number in the Ame-
rican variety, as I consider it to be. In the Savannah specimens the leaflets are
unusually narrow or quite lauceolate, but on some the transition is obvious to the
broader form of the more northern examples from New York. Tt has heen traly
observed that in S. canadensis the leaflets of the lowermost pair are often com-
pound, either double or ternate, which some of my specimens well show; this I
find to hold good in the European tree, though rarely, and therefore, being a
purely casual distinction, is wholly inconclusive against the question of identity.
Neither in the leaves, flowers, fruit, seed, nor general habit, can I detect any dif-
ference whence to frame a specific character that shall distinguish the cis- and
trans-Atlantic forms of the Elder from one another on paper, since even the eye
fails in finding distinctions which are not at once vain and evanescent.* The
difference in stature I have, I think, satisfactorily shown to be explicable by the
more stoloniferous habit of the American form, itself a mere climatic attribute,
dependent probably on the swampy soil which the hotter summers of that conti-
nent make more suitable for a plant belonging toa shade- and water-loving natu-
ral order like the present.t

Many other American plants formerly regarded as species have of late been
very judiciously referred to European originals, from which they scarccly deviate
even as varieties. Sume of these are noticed, under Viburnum, Scrophularia,
Castanea, &c., in this work.

2. 8. Lbulus, L. Dwarf Elder. Danewort. Vect. Ground
Elder. Stem herbaceous, stipules leafy, filaments much thickened
and uneven. Br. Fl. p. 184. E. B.t. 475. Curt. Fl. Lond.

In waste ground, about hedges, ruins, by roadsides, and in pastures, but rarely.
#l, July, August. &r. September. 2.

E. Med.—In a field called West close, on Ford farm, near Redhill, A/r. W.
Jolliffe. Between Luccombe and Bonchurch, Mr. S. Woods, Bot. Guide!!!
I found a plant or two almost choked with bushes between Chine cottage and
Rose cliff. Near Housborn (Osburne?), Mr. E. Forster, jun., Bot. Guide. — It
grows, as I learn from a labouring man at Newcburch, in plenty in an arable
field under Ashey down, a little above Kerne, where it proves extremely trouble-
some, from its tough creeping roots obstructing the plough in its progress over
the soil!!! It also grows, Iam informed by the same person, in one or two other
spots near Kerne, but more sparinyly,

WW’, Med.—It formerly grew in the orchard of Crook’s cottage, at Middleton

 

* (Mr. Borrer observes that the Sambucus canadensis is destitute of the pecu-
liar odour of the English S. nigra.-—Edrs.]

+ I was surprised to see a species of Sambucus, very nearly allied to our com-
mon Elder (S. canadensis ?), flourishing and flowering freely in the sultry climate
of Barbadves and Trinidad, where it is cultivated in gardens for medical pur-
poses.
Viburnum.) CAPRIFOLIACEA. 231

green, but has not been seen there for many years. Near Carisbrooke castle.
Between Newport and Carisbrooke castle, Mr. W. D. Snooke.

A stout bushy plant, 3 or 4 feet high, looking much like seedling trees of the
common Elder. Root fleshy and creeping, Sin. Stem rounded, deeply furrowed,
filled with a white pith, oppositely branched. Leaves impari-pinnate, with from
4 to6 pairs of lanceolate acute leaflets, sharply and unequally serrated, deep
green, a little hairy beneath, very like those of the last, but usually narrower.
Stipules leafy, ovate, of one or more pairs of leaflets, various in form, toothed or
lobed. Cyme terminal, as broad as the hand, of 3—5 principal branches (in my
specimens from St. Catherine’s uniformly 5, 4 lateral and 1 central), blood-red in
fruit. Flowers larger than in the common Elder, white tipped with dark rose-red
or purple, of a strong peculiar odour, resembling bruised bitter almonds, mixed
with something less agreeable, and to many persons very unpleasant, but to others
quite the reverse. Segments of the corolla with an inflexed puint. Filaments
white, singularly thickened, uneven on their surface ; anthers purple. Styles 3
very short obtuse cones, with a slight depression or furrow on each. Berries
sparingly produced in general, like those of the common Elder in size and colour,
of a bitter mawkish taste, filled with a juice which stains the hands of a deep
indigo-blue, and is with difficulty removed by washing. Seeds small, angular.

Like its congener, S. nigra, the Dwarf Elder seems truly indigenous to the Isle
of Wight, the station near Niton being far from any garden or other situation
from whence it might have escaped ; its more usual habitats are hy roadsides at
the entrance to villages and towns, as Mr. Gerard Smith remarked to me.

The plant is, I understand, sought after by farriers and horse-doctors as a sti-
mulant and to improve the coats of horses, which may account for its present
scarcity in some localities, as between Chine cottage and Rose cliff, where a
countryman informed me he had formerly seen it in abundance.

II. Visurnum,* Linn.

“ Calyx-limb 5-cleft. Corolla campanulate or funnel-shaped,
5-lobed. Stamens 5. Stigmas 8, sessile. Berry inferior, usually
1-seeded.”—(Leaves simple).”—Br. Fl.

An extensive genus of hardy ornamental shrubs, chiefly American, of which
Europe possesses but three species, one of which is the well-known Laurustinus (V.

Tinus, L.) of our gardens. The leaves of the deciduous kinds turn red or purple
in autumn, and the fruit of some is eatable.

1. V. Opulus,t L. Guelder Rose. Water Elder. Vect. Stink-
tree. Leaves 3-lobed rounded or subcordate at base downy
beneath, the lobes acuminate coarsely sharply and angularly
toothed and serrate, petioles glandular with slender stipuliform
appendages, cymes pedunculate flat radiant, fruit globose (red).
Sm. E. Fl. a. p. 107. Br. Fl 184. Bab. Man. 141. EH. B. v. t.

 

* The name Viburnum is of doubtful signification, some deriving it from Viere,
‘to bind with twigs,’ ‘to wattle,’ and for which purpose the tough flexible shoots of
our second species are well adapted ; but I am inclined to think it a compound
word, synonymous with Viorna, applied by the ancients, it is supposed, to some
kind of Clematis, quasi vias ornans, both plants possessing the qualities of flexi-
bility, and of ornamenting the highways by which they grow. The coincidence
between the French Viorne and the English Wayfaring-tree, to designate the
same shrub, hints at a common origin for the two Latin names, almost conclusive
of the truth of this etymology.

+ Opulus (Opier, Fr.), perhaps from Opulentus, on account of its fine appear-
ance when in flower.
232 CAPRIFOLIACEE. [Fiburnum.

332. Loud. Arb. Brit. ii. 1089. Guimp. und Hayne, Abhild der
Deutsch. Holtzart. i. 42, t. 82. Opulus glandulosus, Meanch.
V. Oxycoccos. V. edule. ,

f. Lobes of the leaves very long and acuminate.

y. Cymes greenish.

In low moist woods, copses, thickets, hedges, and banks of rivers, streams, Xc. ;
very frequent. Fl. May, June. Fr. September, October. bh.

E. Med. — Extremely common about Ryde, as in Quarr copse, Apley woods,
&c. Whitefield wood, and in a wood between Roughborough and Rickhouse
farms. Abundant in New copse, between Ryde and Wootton. Plentiful in
copses by the Medina, above E. Cowes. Tolt copse. Most abundantly in the
copse bounding the North side of Ashey common. Frequent in Cothey-Botiom
copse, by Westridge. Common in Eayle-head copse. Woods about King’s quay.
In most copses about Fern hill, Little-town, Briddlesford, &c.

W. Med.— Elm copse, near Calbourne, abundant. In moist places about
Westover, and elsewhere near Calbourne, frequent. Symington copse, near Med-
ham. Nunswood or Nunningswood copse. In the wet thicket by the stream
between Newbridge and Calbourne mill, abundantly.

8. Copse near Hardhill farm, W. Cowes.

y. A tree or two at the N. end of Whitefield wood. In Elm copse, several
bushes.

A shrub, rarely, except in gardens, a small tree, from 3 or 4 to 6 or 10 feet
nigh, rising with one or more slender stems seldom above a finger thick, with
rather few, opposite, straight, angular and flexible branches, filled with pith and
having a smooth grayish bark, which on the trunk is a little rough and furrowed.
Leaves opposite, stalked, bright green and glabrous above, paler and finely downy
beneath, various in size, sometimes as broad as the hand, usually from about 3 to
4 inches in length and about as wide as long, but often much smaller, broadly
and deeply 3- or often somewhat 5-lobed, when they resemble those of the Syca-
more (Acer Pseudo-platanus) but smaller, the lobes acuminate, coaisely, acutely
and unequally toothed and serrated, the lateral pair diverging, with broad mostly
obtuse sinuses; rounded or somewhat cordate ani entire at base, near which there
is frequently a pair of small shallow lobes, in addition to the three principal ones.
Petioles an inch long or less, deeply grooved, with one or more pairs of greenish
or reddish oblong glands towards their summits, and about as many filiform, sti-
pular, erect appendages in their axils, which seem to be merely the above glandu-
lar bodies elongated, and are perhaps rudimentary leaflets of an occult pinnated
arrangement, as in Sambucus, to which this and some other lobed-leaved species
of Viburnum approach very closely in habit, connecting the two genera.* Cymes
terminal, pedunculate, 2, 3, or 4 inches broad, flat, of about 7 principal branches,
and bearing numerous yellowish white perfect flowers, like those of the Elder,
rather unpleasantly scented, surrounded by a circle of large, pure white, abortive
blossoms, consisting of an unequally 5-lobed, flat, petaloid disk, with or without
tudimentary organs of reproduction. Corolla sometimes slightly tinged with red,
the limb in 6 roundish somewhat recurved segments, hairy within, the tube very
short. Stamens much exserted ; anthers pale. Styles conical. Fruit in some-
what lax or drooping clusters, the size of red currants, globose or very slightly
elliptical, bright clear red, at length purplish and semitransparent, full of a clam-
my, acid, bitter, and when dead ripe nauseously smelling juice; nucleus solitary,
orbicular heart-shaped, much flattened, with a ridge down one of its faces.

The variety y. is distinguished only by having all the florets, including the
outer radiant oues, of an herbaceous colour, the petals of the central blossoms
small and rather imperfectly developed, those of the marginal ones traversed with
white veins and partly suffused with purple, the change more or less complete on

 

* If this view of the matter be correct, the lobes of the leaves exhibit the
uppermost pair of leaflets with the odd or terminal leaflet united.
Viburnum.) CAPRIFOLIACER. 233

different cymes, some even on the same bush remaining wholly unaltered. In
this state the flowers bear a considerable resemblance to those of some N. Ameri-
can species of Hydrangea.

When cultivated, all the central flowers of the cyme, like those of the circum-
ference, lose the organs of fructification, each becoming a flat expansion of the
5-lobed corolla around a minute point, whilst the entire cyme assumes a globular
form*. In this state it is familiar to most persons as the Snowball-tree of our
gardens and shrubberies, to which it isa great but transitory ornament. The
tendency to run into this double or rather sterile condition is so great that it is
scarcely possible to preserve it single under cultivation, even when raised from
cuttings brought from the woods, such cuttings themselves producing flowers with
a partially altered structure. The single wild shrub is scarcely inferior in beauty
to the garden variety, though less showy; the broad flat cymes, bordered with a
coronet of the purest white, decorate our moist woods in summer, and enliven them
in autumn with the bright scarlet of the ripe berries and the vivid purple of the
fading leaves. The flowers are greenish on first opening, and the abortive mar-
ginal ones expand before the rest. The fruit of two species closely resembling
the present, V. edule and V. Oxycoccos,t is agreeably acid, and used as a substitute
for cranberries in N. America. That of the European kind, offensive and nau-
seous as it is to our more civilized and refined taste, yields an acceptable treat to
the natives of a ruder soil. The berries, Pallas tells us, are eaten in Russia either
boiled into a paste? (in pastam coctiwe) with flour and honey, or baked with the
flour of fermented barley into small cakes.t Gmelin§ relates a strange story, from
Steller, of the property these berries ure said to possess of depriving corn-brandy
of both taste and smell, and reducing it apparently to so much water, yet retain-
ing its intoxicating power, which is rather increased than diminished by the addi-
tion, but the histury is too long for insertion in this place.

The American Guelder Rose, as I have gathered it in Canada, differs in no
respect from the European shrub, as far as I can discover; and the ripe fruit has
precisely the same intense acidity and bitterness. In that country and in the
United States many wild berries and fruits are sold in the public markets which
we should not deem worth the trouble of gathering. Thus I have seen Acorns, Beech-
mast, the berries of various species of Thorn, Viburnum, &c., exposed ov the stalls,
with other and more palatable wild fruit, as Hickory and Hazel-nuts, Walnuts,
Persimnons, Chestnuts, and many other kinds. A stroll amongst the stalls on a
market-day, at Philadelphia in particular, is at the proper season not the least
interesting and profitable of the rambles of a travelling uataralist, where he mav
make large additions to his carpological collection, and gratify his appetite with
many carpological novelties not to be despised in the pride of his philosophy.

The N. American V. acerifolium, which the author of the ‘ Arboretum Britan-
nicum’ thinks may he a variety of our Guelder Rose, is manifestly distinct, and
finds its analogue in the V. orientale of Asia, from which it is possibly not really
different, but this last I have no knowledge of except from plates aud descrip-
tions.

2. V. Lantana, L. Wayfaring-tree. Pliant Mealy-tree. Vect.
Whip-crop. Leaves roundish ovate or ovato-elliptical plicato-
rugose simply and evenly denticulate-serrate strongly veined and
tomentose beneath, petioles simple eglandulose and as well as the

 

* A precisely similar change of structure is seen in the common Hydrangea
(A. hortensis, Sm.), so common in the gardens of this island.

+ Torry and Gray reduce the N. American V. edule and V. Oxycoccos to vars.
of our European V. Opulus, yet it seems hardly credible that the same species
should produce in one country an agreeably flavoured, and in another a nause-
ously tasting fruit.

{ Fi. Ross. i. pars 2, p. 31.

§ FI. Sibir. iii. p. 146.
234 CAPRIFOLIACE. (Viburnum.

flowering shoots and branches of the cymes mealy, cymes pedun-
culate dense convex or hemispherical, flowers all equal and per-
fect, fruit ovoid (black). Sm. E. Fl. p. 107. Br. Fl. p. 184.
Bab. Man. 141. E. B.v. t. 331. Loud. Arb. Br. ii. 1036, fig.
785. Jacq. Fl. Aust. Icon. iv. t. 341. Guimp. und Hayne, Ab-
bild der Deutsch. Holtzart. i. 41, t. 31 (optima).

In dry elevated or rocky woods and thickets, on bushy hills, banks, and in
hedges, also on old walls; abundant wherever the soil is at all calcareous. FU.
May, June. Fr. August, September. bh.

£. Med. — Frequent about Ryde, as in Quarr copse, about Ashey down, &c.
In great abundance amongst the rocks at East-end, and from thence all along the
Undercliff. In elevated woods between Shanklin and Bonchurch. Common in
Bembridge Island.

W. Med.—About Newport, Carisbrooke, Gatcombe, Shorwell, Calbourne, Yar-
mouth, &c., in plenty.

A shrub or small tree, from 4 to 12 feet high or more, rising with several slen-
der stems or a single stuut one, usually in the wild state of somewhat straggling
growth, at other times of more regular and compact form, when old much and
irregularly branched, the branches opposite, tough and pliant, straight, at least in
young trees and those from the root-suckers, rounded or near the top very
obscurely quadrangular, the lowermost occasionally procumbent at the base and
ascending ; filled with a white spongy pith, clothed towards the summitand at
the extremities of the flowering shoots with dense, grayish, mealy, stellate pubes-
cence intermixed with chaffy scaliness, and covered with a sracoth reddish or ash-
coloured bark, which on the trunk is rough and brownish. Leaves opposite,
various in size and shape, sometimes 4 or 5 inches long, mostly from 2 to 3 inches
in length and about 13 or 2 inches wide, firm and thickish, deep yellowish green,
russet-coloured when young, ovate, roundish ovate or ovato-elliptical, obtuse or
rounded, pointed or slightly acuminate, subcordate and often a little unequal at
the base, finely, evenly and simply denticulate-serrate, the serratures mucronate,
not incurved ; glabrous above or roughish only with a few scattered, very short,
stiff, simple or stellate hairs, and often considerably shining, plicato - rugose ;
beneath paler, with very prominent ribs more or less densely clothed with stellate
tomentum extending over the entire surface of the leaf. Petioles semiterete,
slightly grooved above, but not margined or glandular, about half an inch long,
very downy. Stipules none. Cymes terminal or occasionally in the forks of the
uppermost branches, convex or nearly hemispherical, never flat, from 2 or 3 inches
to a hand’s breadth across, sometimes subtended by a pair of leaves, much com-
pounded, of about 6 stout, principal, horizontal, and one central erect division,
densely tomentose with short stellate pubescence, and furnished at the bifurcations
with linear-lancevlate, deciduous, woolly bracts, that are occasionally leafy at the
apex. lowers numerous, crowded, rather small, white or cream-coloured, in
gardens sometimes tinged red externally, somewhat unpleasantly scented, all
equal and perfect. Calyx minute, greenish, with very obtuse segments. Corolla
glabrous, deeply 5-cleft, with oblung rounded segments, the tube very short.
Anthers and their globular pollen pale yellow. Styles extremely short, nearly
obsolete. Fruit densely clustered, roundish or ovoid, slightly compressed, 3 or 4
lines in length, at first bright scarlet and shining, bluish black and juicy when
quite ripe. Nucleus grayish, broadly elliptical, nearly orbicular, much flattened,
with mostly 2 longitudinal furrows on one side and 3 on the other.

This shrub is much cultivated in gardens at Ryde; when, as Loudon remarks,
in good free soil, it forms a handsome, durable, small tree, 18 or 20 feet in height,
commending itself by its large broad leaves and ample hemispheres of white
flowers, succeeded by a no less brilliant display in the glowing and polished clus-
ters of its half-ripened fruit. These, when fully mature, have a bitterish sweet
taste, not unpleasant, and, though somewhat mawkish and scarcely worth eating,
Lonicera.] CAPRIFOLIACER. 2385

are very grateful to small birds. The leaves fade into a deep purplish red in
autumn.

Pallas informs us that the slender stems are used in Russia for whip-handles,
a purpose to which they are sometimes applied in this island, as might be inferred
from the vernacular name of Whip-crop.

I have seen the fruit of the black Haw-tree (V. prunifolium), which has
exactly the flavour of that of V. Lantana, exposed for sale in the market at Mon-
treal, under the name of Alizes, being plainly confounded with and reputed a
kind of Thorn.

Some species of Viburnum from Nepal, as V. cordifolium and cotinifolium,
are closely allied to our Lantana, as is also the Hobble-bush of N. America, V.
lantanoides, Michx., which by some has been thought to be a variety of the Eu-
ropean Wayfaring-tree. The former is however truly distinct in its partly pro-
cumbent habit; far larger, rounder, coarsely and doubly serrated leaves, which are
strongly reticulated beneath ; in its sessile fewer-flowered cymes, the outer blos-
soms of which are large, sterile and radiant, like those of V. Opulus, A similar
relationship exists between this last, the V. acerifolium of America, and the V.
orientale of Asia, showing clearly that the retention of Opulus, as a section by
DeCandolle or as a genus by Tournefort and others, is wholly unnatural, because
some species of Viburnum, belonging properly to the section Zentago of the for-
mer, have radiant cymes, whilst others, with lobed leaves and the habit of the
Opulus division, are destitute either of abortive flowers, or stipuliform appendages
to the petivles, or both.

III. Lonicera, Linn. Honeysuckle.

“ Calyz-limbd small, 5-toothed. Corolla tubular or somewhat
funnel-shaped; the limb irregular, 5-cleft. Stamens 5. Style
filiform. Stigma capitate. Berry 1—3 celled, few-seeded.” —
Br. Fl.

1. L. Periclymenum, L. Common Honeysuckle. Woodbine.
“ Heads stalked, flowers ringent capitate terminal, leaves all dis-
tinct deciduous oval.” — Br. Fl. p. 185. EE. B. t. 800. Guimp.
und Hayne, Abbild der Deutsch. Holtzart, i. 17, t. 7.

B. Leaves sinuate. Ouk-leaved Honeysuckle.

In woods, thickets and hedges; abundant.* Fl. June—October. Fr. August
—October. bh.

A state with the leaves and stems perfectly glabrous occurs at Bembridge down,
banks in Sandown bay, and in hedges between Hardinshoot and Whitefield farms.
This condition is perhaps not at all uncommon, but the plant is, I think, far
more usually hairy, and with the leaves downy beneath.

B. Ina wood by Elm farm, near Calbourne. Wood between Wootton and
Whippingham.

 

* The Honeysuckle nourishes the larva of the beautiful and rather rare butter-
fly, Limenitis Camilla, whose graceful evolutions on the wing I had first the
pleasure of observing in Quarr copse, where it is frequent.
256 RUBIACE.E. [Rubia.

Order XL. RUBIACEA, Juss.

“ Calyx adherent with the ovary, entire or toothed at the mar-
gin. Corolla regular. Stamens inserted upon the corolla and
between its divisions. Style 1. Ovary 1, with 2 or more cells.
Embryo straight, surrounded by a horny albumen. Radicle infe-
rior. —~ Leaves opposite, with interpetiolar stipules or whorled. —
A most important natural family. All the species found in Eu-
rope belong to the group called Stellate or Rubiacee proper, and
have, besides the above characters, a 4—5 lobed corolla valvular
in estivation, 4—5 stamens, a bipartite or trifid style, 2 capitate
stigmas, a 2-celled 2-seeded pericarp, and slender herbaceous
square stems with whorled leaves.”—Br. Fl.

I. Rusia, Linn. Madder.

“ Corolla rotate or campanulate or funnel-shaped, 4—5 cleft.
Stamens 4—5.  Frwit a 2-lobed berry.”—Br. Fl.

This genus scarcely differs from Galium, except in certain technical characters
given above, of which that of having the flowers pentamerous is perhaps the only
tolerably natural distinction. The true Madders, as so restricted, are for the most
part of larger size and more robust habit than the Bed-straws, with scandent some-
times woody stems, and rigid, prickly, often persistent leaves, that are usually in
whorls of 4 or sometimes 5, rarely 6. But certain American species now referred
to Galium are intermediate betwixt it and Rubia in their succulent culuured fruit
and tetramerous flowers, as well as in general habit, and hence have been allotted
by preceding authors sometimes to the one, sometimes to the other of these penera,
as, for instance, the G. hispidulum of Michaux (R. Brownei of the same author,
and R. Walteri of DeCandolle), G. uniflorum of Mx., &c. These connecting spe-
cies however form but a small group (Relburniun of Endl.), leaning rather to
Rubia than to Galium, and are further distinguished from the true Galiums by
their involucrate or bracteated peduncles,

1. R. peregrina, L. Wild Madder. Veet. Evergreen Cliver.
Leaves mostly 4 in a whorl persistent sinooth and shining above
margins and midrib beneath prickly. stems scabrous woody below,
peduncles paniculately forked, corclla 5-cleft rotate. Br. Fl. p.
186. H. B. t. 851. Fl. Ital. i. p. 145. BR. sylvestris, Brot.
Phyt. Lusit. select. ii. t. 169.

Climbing over bushes or rough rocky ground in woods, thickets and hedges in
many paits of both East and West Medina; abundantly. Fl. June, July. Fr.
September? October. 2{.

EL, Med.—Frequent about Ryde, in Quarr copsc, Shore copse, Whitefield wood,
and most abundantly in a lane (Church lane, I believe it is called) skirting Quarr
copse, between Binstead and the Newport road, and where it produces berries.
Along the shores of the harbour between Bembridge and Brading, very plenti-
fully. Profusely all along the Undercliff, and very luxuriant at St. Lawrence,
Steephill and Bonchurch. In wouds along the coast betweeu Ryde and St.
Helens.

W. Med. —In various places along the upper road from Yarmouth to Newport,
betwixt Hebbards and Watchingwell farms, in plenty. About Newport and
Rubia | RUBIACEE. 237

Cowes, where my friend Mrs. Goodwin tells me it is called Evergreen Cliver by
the country people. Like a thick matting on the hedges along the rvad about a
mile from Yarmouth towards Shalfleet.

A beautiful evergreen plant. Root slender. Stem solitary, perennial and
woody, terete, chordiform, and according to situation short, reclining and procum-
bent, or scandent over bushes and trees to the length of several feet, * about the
thickness of a quill at base, quite or nearly simple below, leafless, very tough and
flexile, covered with an ash-coloured cuticle, which when old peels off in fine
paper-like lamine ; alternately branched above, the branches green, acutely quad-
raugular, with a tough medullary chord in the centre, probably biennial or perish-
ing after having once flowered, certainly more than annual, their very salient
angles rough with short cartilaginous points or prickles directed downwards.
Leaves in whorls of 4, 5, or 6 (commonly 4 or 5), mostly reduced to a pair or 3
beneath and amongst the flowering ends of the branches, sessile, deep green and
persistent, the young shoo!s reddish bruwn and lucid, extremely firm and rigid,
quite glabrous, their slightly deflexed margins aud prominent midrib beneath
beset with short, curved, cartilaginous prickles pointing downwards aud a little
backwards, those on the midrib fewer or even wanting: in shape and size the
leaves vary infinitely, from lanceolate or elliptic-lanceolate to broadly elliptical,
ovato-elliptical, ovate or even obovate, the smaller usually the broadest, rounded
or obtuse, with a small mucro, the larger acute or pointed but not acuminate.
Flowers in axillary and terminal di-trichotomously forked clusters, forming a
compound leafy panicle. Pedicels unequal, scabrous, divaricate, spreading or
deflexed, usually with one or two small lanceolate bracts at their base. Calyx
obsolete. Corolla about 23 lines in diameter, yellowish green, rotate, without
any tube, very deeply 5-cleft (with a 6-cleft flower occasionally interspersed), the
segments spreading, a little unequal, ovate or ovato-elliptical, their margins
deflexed, abruptly taper-pointed, besprinkled above with pale papillose points or
granulations. Stamens veyy short, erect, inserted about midway betwixt the
throat of the corolla and the base of its segments ; anthers innate, pale yellow, of
a somewhat rectangular, oblong, square figure, a little decurved or arcuate, plane
underneath, convex above; pollen yellow. Styles 2, short, erect, greenish, sub-
globosu-capitate, surrounded by a tumid ring or border filling the orifice of the
corolla. Ovary subglobose, compressed. Fruit not much larger than a pepper-
corn, purplish black, smooth and shining, roundish or (when both seeds are per-
fected) subdidymous, Seeds two, or as often only one by abortion, large, subglo-
bose, flattened on the inner side, surrounded with a mealy and juicy nearly tasteless
pulp, of a purple colour.

The lower part of the stem partakes of the colouring matter so copious in the
root. Might it not be successfully cultivated, and yield as good madder as R,
tinctorum ?

The Madders are less hardy than the Bed-straws, and cease far sooner than these
latter towards the North. Our native species ranges to somewhat above 53° in
the W. of England, ‘which is doubtless the extreme polar limit of the geuus in
Europe. Though found sparingly in Kent and Sussex, this island appears to be
the most eastern limit of its occurrence in abundance even on the S. coast, becom-
ing more frequent as we advance towards the West. The stems are certainly
perennial, not dying after flowering, but emitting fresh shoots, though it is pro-
bable they do not survive beyond the third year. The fruit is comparatively but
sparingly matured, by far the greater number of the flowers falling away and
leaving only the bare pedicels.

 

* I measured a stem from the Priory woods, near Ryde, which had ascended
the trunk of a tree to the extent of ten feet, and, though the intermediate part
appeared quite dead and withered, the summit shot out into a bundle of green
and vigorous leafy branches.
238 RUBIACER. (Galium.

II. Gaxrum, Linn. Bed-straw.

Corolla rotate, 4-cleft. Stamens 4. Fruit a dry, 2-lobed, inde-
hiscent pericarp, without any distinct margin to the calyx.

* Fruit glabrous. Flowers yellow.

1. G. eruciatwum, With. Crosswort. Mugweed Bed-straw.
“Leaves 4 in a whorl ovate 8-nerved hairy, flowers polygamous
in small axillary corymbs, peduncles 2-leaved.” — Br. Fl. p. 187.
E. B. t. 148.

In dry woods, groves and thickets, along sunny hedges, the borders of woods
and fields, and on dry banks under walls and rocks; very frequent. FU. April—
Juve. 2.

2. G. verum, L. Yellow Bed-straw. “Leaves about 8 in a
whorl linear with revolute margins grooved above downy beneath,
flowers in dense panicles.’—Br. Fl. p. 187. EH. B. t. 660.

In dry fields and pastures, by roadsides, on banks, and in loose sand of the sea-
shore; abundantly.* Fl. June—September. 2.

** Fruit glabrous. Flowers white.

8. G. Mollugo, L. Great Hedge Bed-straw. “Leaves 6—8 in
a whorl oblong-lanceolate or obovate mucronate rough at the
margin with prickles pointing forward and lower branches of the
panicles spreading horizontally, stem flaccid, segments of the
corolla taper-pointed, fruit-stalks divaricated.

“a. Stem glabrous, leaves oblong-lanceolate, floral ones small. &. B. t. 1673.”
—Br. Fl. p. 188.

B. ochroleuca. Flowers yellowish green.

In hedges, the borders of woods and thickets, and in bushy places ; abundant
throughout the island. /v. June?—August. 2{.

8. Between Ventnor and Bonchurch, not uncommonly, W. Wilson Saunders,
Esq. In a hedge of a common field near Plumbley’s (new) hotel, Freshwater
gate; confined to one spot, but in considerable plenty, growing with the ordinary
white kind, and strikingly contrasted with it. By the footway between Shanklin
and Cook’s castle.

The copious milk-white flowers of the great Hedge Bed-straw very conspicu-
ously adorn our hedgerows in the latter months of summer.

4. G. palustre, LL. White Water Bed-straw. Marsh Bed-straw.
“Leaves 4—6 in a whorl oblong-lanceolate obtuse tapering at the
base and as well as the lax spreading branched stem more or less
rough, panicles diffuse, fruit-stalks divaricated.

“@, Stem and leaves smoothish."—Br. Fl. p.188. G. palustre, £. B. t. 1857.

8. Nerves at the back and margins of the leaves and angles of the stem rough

with mostly reflexed prickles. G. Witheringii, Sm.: E£. B. t. 2206. G. monta-
num, With.

 

* The larva of the beautiful, scarce, spotted elephant hawk-moth, Deilephila
(Sphinx, L.) Galii, feeds on this species, G. Mollugo, and probably on Rubia
peregrina, ‘The insect has been taken in this island.
Galium.] RUBIACE, 239

In moist woods, meadows, ditches, the weedy margins of ponds, rivers and
other low, wet, marshy places ; extremely common. FU. June, July. 2f.

8. Abundant in a wet wood near the western side of Blackpan common. Un-
dere Regs near Coppid Hall. Freshwater village and Alum Bay, Rev.

. E. Smith.

_ 5. G.uliginosum, L. Rough Marsh Bed-straw. “ Leaves 6—8
in a whorl linear-lanceolate bristle-pointed, their margins and the
stem rough with reflexed prickles.” — Br. Fl. p. 187. E. B. t.
1972.

In damp marshy or boggy places like the last, but much less frequent. F’l.
July, August. 2,.

E. Med.—Between Ryde and Ashey common. Willow-thicket near Lang-
bridge, by Newchurch. Wet spot on Briddlesford heath. Plentiful on a moor
close to Stone farm. Willow-bed near Budbridge farm, in plenty. Wood near
St. John’s turnpike, Ryde, Rev. G. BE. Smith. ([Stapler’s heath, near Newport, A.
G. More, Esq., Edrs.]

W. Med.— Willow-thicket by Bagwick. In the marsh at Freshwater gate,
In a bog close to Cockleton farm, near Cowes.

Root slender. Stems a foot or 18 inches high, weak, brittle, quadrangular, the
corners very prominent, and rough with short prickles pointing downwards. Leaves
in whorls of 6 or 8 (the uppermost with never less than 5), linear-lanceolate, quite
glabrous, bright green, armed beneath along their slightly inflexed edges with a
single row of prickles puinting downwards and backwards, and tipped with a fine
very distinct bristle or mucro. Flowers white, in small 3-forked panicles at the
end of the stem and branches ; occasionally some of them are cleft, their pedun-
cles and the ultimate divisions of the panicle smooth. Segments of the corolla
scarcely pointed. Anthers at first yellow, then brownish, of 2 round lobes. Stig-
ma 2-lobed. ’ruit small, minutely granulated or dotted.

The whole plant is more slender than G. palustre, and does not, like it, turn
black in drying.

6. G. saxatile, L. Smooth Heath Bed-straw. ‘ Leaves about
6 in a whorl obovate mucronate, stem much branched smooth
usually prostrate, panicles corymbose small, pedicels erecto-
patent, petals slightly acute, fruit granulated.” — Br. Fl. p. 187.
E. B.t. 815. Fl. Dan. x. t. 1638.

On dry, barren, sandy heaths and commons; abundantly. 4. June—August.
4.

7. G. tricorne, With. Rough-fruited Corn Bed-straw. Three-
horned Corn Goose-grass. ‘‘ Leaves 6—8 in a whorl linear-lan-
ceolate their margins midrib and angles of the stem rough with
reflexed prickles, peduncles axillary 3-flowered, fruit reflexed
granulated.”—Br. Fl. p. 190. HE. B. t. 1641.

In dry and especially chalky cornfields and other cultivated ground ; not unfre-
quent. Fl. J une—October. Fr. September, October. ©.

E. Med. — Cornfields above St. Lawrence, and above Sandown bay. At Bon-
church. Once found by me near Ryde, between Binstead and Ninham. Amongst
turnips in a field between Kerne and Ashey down. .

W. Med.—In a field near Street Place. Very widely dispersed, and sometimes
profusely, in cornfields about Thorley and Wellow. Very plentifully in a field
near Westover. Not unfrequent amongst corn near W. Cowes, as at Broadfield
farm, &c. Fields near Carisbrooke, Mr. D. Turner, Fl. Vect., and Mr. Borrer
in litt. [Brighstone, near Moortown, Dr. Bell-Salter, Edrs.]_

The whole herb of a pale yellowish green, strongly resembling the much more
240 RUBIACEE. [Asperula.

common G. Aparine, and like it tenaciously adhering to every object with which
it comes in contact, by means of its small but strong prickles. Root simple, slen-
der and annual, mostly reddish, indicating the presence of a portion of the colour-
ing principle* common to so many plants of this section of the Rubiacew. Stems
often very numerous, at first ascending, afterwards quite prostrate or clinging to
the stalks of corn for support, from a few inches to 2 feet in length, brittle, quad-
rangular, the angles winged, and very rough with small prickles pointing down-
wards. Whorls rather distant, of 8 linear-lanceolate mucronate leaves, their mid-
rib beneath and slightly reflexed margins rough with prickles like those on the
stem. Peduncles about as long as the leaves, mostly 3- (sometimes 1- or 2-)
flowered ; pedicels curved downwards in fruit, one or more of them often abortive,
mostly simple, now and then forked and bearing a second flower. Flowers small,
white, 4-cleft; segments of the corolla broadly ovate, with a short inflexed but not
acuminate apex, which is thickened on the back at the point of inflexion. Sta-
mens erect. Stigma capitato-convex. I find many of the flowers with two dis-
tinct styles, and occasionally 5-cleft and pentandrous, or trifid and with three
stamens. Fruit large, the size of peppercorns, brownish when ripe, scabrous,
punctate and cellular, covered with minute tubercles, naturally 2-seeded and with
the form of a double globe, but one of the seeds often remains imperfectly deve-
loped, reducing the fruit to a simple sphere, with the rudiments of a second lobe
attached to it at the base of the pedicel. Seeds round, hard. When ripe, the
globular fruit, suspended from the triple downward-curved pedicels, exactly repre-
sents the three balls as they are often hung out over a pawnbroker’s shop.

*** Fruit hispid.

8. G. Aparine, L. Goose-grass. Cleavers or Cliver. Catch-
weed. ‘ Leaves 6—8 in a whorl linear-lanceolate hispid their
margins midrib and angles of the stem very rough with reflexed
prickles, peduncles axillary about 3-flowered, the stalks divari-
cating straight, fruit hispid.”’—Br. Fl. p. 190. H. B. t. 816.

About hedges and fences, in woods, thickets, cornfields and waste ground;
abundant everywhere. Fl. May—September. ©.

This species is very widely diffused over the earth’s surface. It is common in
America, where by some it is judged to have been imported from the old world.
T have however found it in woods and other sequestered spots as far South as
New Orleans, where it had quite the appearance of an indigenous plant.

The herb, chopped small, is given to goslings in this island.

III. Asreruna, Linn. Woodruff.

“ Corolla funnel-shaped. Stamens 4. Fruit without any dis-
tinct margin to the calyx.” —Br. F1.

1. A. odorata, L. Sweet Woodruff. ‘ Leaves 6—8 in a whorl

lanceolate, flowers panicled on long stalks, fruit hispid.’”— Br. Fl.
191. E.B.t. 795.

In woods, groves, thickets, and on shady hedgebanks; abundant in various
places. Fl. April—June.

E. Med. —Plentiful in Quarr copse, &c.

W. Med. —Woods about Cowes.

Root pale red, rhizomatous, very slender, creeping far and wide, and emitting
from the joints bundles of hair-like branched fibres, and an occasional stem at
distant intervals. Stem erect or a little ascending at base, from 6 inches or less

 

* For a farther account of this colouring matter see Rubia peregrina.
Sherardia.] RUBIACE.E. Q41

to a foot or a foot aud a half high, pale green, brittle, shining and glabrous, quad-
rangular, with a deep groove along each face, usually simple, but in the larger
and more luxuriant specimens often slightly branched, swollen and sometimes
purplish above the inferior whorls of leaves, Zeaves in remote whorls, sessile,
bright grass-green, firm and lucid, quite glabrous excepting at their point of junc-
tion with the stem, where are a line of short bristles pointing downwards, forming
a ring or fillet below each whorl, rough along the margins and single prominent
midrib with close-set spinules, which are very acute and pointing forward ; leaves
of the lowermost whorl or two very small, usually 6, obovate, widely spreading ; of
the succeeding verticils 8 or 9, much larger, oblanceolate, patent or suberect,
Mucronato-apiculate. Flowers snow-white, with a sweet honied fragrance, in
small few-flowered, di-trichotomously forked panicles, that stand mostly 3 toge-
ther at the summit of elongated grooved peduncles, which spring in an umbellate
manner from the centre of the uppermost whorl of leaves, but are sometimes late-
ral and solitary. Branches of the panicles short, divaricate, the primary and often
the secondary divisions furnished with one, two or more lanceolate bracts (reduced
whorl) beneath the forkings ; pedicels very short and unequal. Corolla funnel-
shaped, somewhat fleshy, cleft for about } of its leugth into 4 ovate or subellipti-
cal, somewhat pointed, spreading segments, the apices of which are thickened at
the back and slightly incurved. Stamens erect, a little longer than the obsoletely
quadrangular tube, their filaments adnate with the corolla the greater part of their
length ; anthers white, elliptical or sublinear. Style much shorter than the sta-
mens, cleft at summit or rather appearing as 2 styles united at top, surrounded at
base by an elevated, dimidiate, tumid ring or gland on the summit of the ovary,
which is nectariferous, and would be called a nectary by the older authors ; stig-
mas very large, white, pellucid, globose.

2. A. Cynanchica, L. Small Woodruff.  Squinancy - wort.
“ Leaves linear 4 in a whorl very irregular in the uppermost
whorls, fruit granular scabrous.’—Br. Fl. p.191. E. B. t. 33.

On dry, open, hilly pastures, heaths and banks; abundant on the downs, &e.,
throughout the chalk districts. £7. June—August. 2.

E. Med.—Very fine on banks at Ventnor. (On Ashey, Brading and Bem-
bridge downs, abundant, Dr. Bell-Salter, Edrs.]

W. Med. — Everywhere about Carisbrooke. On Freshwater, Afton and other
downs, plentiful but mostly very diminutive. Between Calbourne and Brixton.
On the turf and banks along the shore from Norton westward.

IV. Surrarpia, Linn. Sherardia.

“ Corolla funnel-shaped. Stamens 4. Fruit crowned with the
calyx.’—Br. Fl.

1. S. arvensis, L. Little Field-madder. “Leaves about 6 in
a whorl, flowers terminal sessile capitate.”—Br. F7. p.190. EH.
B. t. 891.

In cornfields and other cultivated ground, fallows, waste places, and in woods,

mostly on a light gravelly or sandy soil; very common. J. April— Octo-
ber. ©.
adn VALERIANACES:. [Centranthus.

Order XLI. VALERIANACES, Juss.

“ Calyx -tube adnate with the ovary, the limb toothed, or a
thickened margin at the top of the ovary, at length unfolding
into a feathery pappus. Corolla with 3—6 lobes. Ovary with 1
perfect cell and often 2 or 8 abortive ones. Fruit dry, indehis-

cent, I-seeded. Seed pendulous. — Leaves opposite, without sti-
pules.”—Br. Fl.

I. Cenrranruus,* DeCand. Spur Valerian.

“ Corolla 5-cleft, spurred atthe base. Stamen 1. Fruit
crowned with a feathery pappus.”—Br. Fl.

A genus instituted by DeCandolle, for the reception of such of the Valerians as
are monandrous and have the perianth distinctly spurred,—characters somewhat
artificial, but authorized by the expediency of dividing so large a genus as Vale-
riana was left by Linneus, and from which the present recedes considerably in
habit. The few species composing it are natives of the S. of Europe, and are
merely naturalized with us. They affect very dry warm situations, on old walls,
rocks, &c., not moist, cool or alpine ones, like the true Valerians.

*1. C.ruber, DC. Red Spur-flower. Red Valerian. “ Leaves
ovate-lanceolate, spur much shorter than the ovary.’ — Br. Fl. p.
192. Valeriana, L.: #. B. t. 1531.

On old walls and rocks, sometimes also (but not in this island) in chalk-pits ;
rare, and not indigenous. Fl, June—September. 2.

EE. Med.—On the garden wall of Morton house. Old walls at Brading.

W. Med. — On Yarmouth castle, abundantly, with the blossoms of every shade
between white and deep red. Carisbrooke castle, W. Wilson Saunders, Esq.

A general favourite in gardens, from whence it easily disseminates itself by its
volatile seeds on walls, rocks, ruins and chalky cliffs. Sir James Smith says it is
certainly wild in the chalk-pits of Kent, and I have seen it growing abundantly
on rocks at Plymouth, Dawlish, and other places in the W. of England, where,
though perfectly naturalized, there are no grounds for pronouncing it indigenous.

II. Vateriana, Linn. Valerian.

“ Corolla 5-cleft, gibbous at the base. Stamens 3. Fruit
crowned with a feathery pappus.’—Br. Fl.

1. V. officinalis, L. Common or Great Wild Valerian. “‘ Stem
sulcate stoloniferous, leaves all pinnatifid, leaflets lanceolate nearly
uniform.” —Br. Fl. p. 192. HE. B. t. 698.

In wet woods and thickets, by river- and ditch-banks, and in other marshy
situations, in various places abundantly. 7. May—August. .

By Yarbridge, and in various parts of Sandown level. Abundant about Alver-
ston, near the mill, &c. Great Birchmore farm. Common in swampy thickets
along the course of the Medina above Newport, as at Blackwater. Plentiful in
Horringford withy-bed. Abundant in willow-beds and other moist places about
Budbridge. Moor-farm withy-bed.

 

 

* Name from xevtpov, a spur, and avSos, a flower, in reference to the spur or
gibbosity at the base of the corolla.
Fedia.} VALERIANACESE. 243

ane of the corolla hairy within. Flowers white, with a faint tinge of rose-
colour.

2 V. dioica, L. Small Marsh Valerian.“ Flowers imperfectly
dicecious, root-leaves ovate-spathulate stalked, those of the stem
lyrate-pinnatifid, fruit glabrous.’— Br. Fl. p. 192. E. B. t. 628.

In marshy or boggy meadows, but rarely. Fi’. May, June. .

E. Med. —By a small stream at the West end of Briddlesford heath.

W. Med.— At Freshwater gate, with Aspidium Thelypteris, in a very deep bog,
apparently composed chiefly of comminuted shells ; rather plentifully. In some
wet meadows near Thorley, Rev. James Penfold !!!

III. Frepra, Vahl. Corn-salad.

“Corolla gibbous at the base; the limb 5-cleft. Stamens 2—3.
Capsule crowned with unequal teeth, indehiscent, 3-celled, 1-
seeded; 2 cells abortive or empty, rarely confluent. (Limb of
corolla equal, and stamens 8 in all the British species).’— Br. Fl.

1. F. olttoria, Vahl. Common Corn-salad. Lamb’s Lettuce.
“ Fruit laterally compressed oblique crowned with the 8 obscure
inflexed teeth of the calyx, fertile cell corky at the back, sterile
ones usually confluent, flowers capitate, bracteas leafy ciliato-den-
tate.’"— Br. Fl. p. 193. Valeriana Locusta, Z.: EH. B. t. 811.

8. Flowers white.

In light cultivated ground, cornfields, waste places, pastures, and on banks ;
common, £1, April—June. ©.

On the Dover; in Turner's nursery, &c., Ryde.
B. In a field near Shanklin.

Obs. — F. carinata, Lois., which is abundant in Normandy and in the Channe!
Islands, will probably be found here also, but its great resemblance to F. olitoria,
from which it is scarcely distinguishable but by its fruit, renders its detection less
easy. M. de St. Amans, in his ‘ Flore d’ Agen,’ makes them varieties, and says
he has found the fruit of both on the same plant. I incline to the belief that F.
carinata holds the same relation to F. olitoria as F. Auricula does to F. dentata,
and that the value of each as distinct species is, to say the least, very problema-
tical.

2. F. Auricula, DC. Sharp-fruited Corn-salad. “ Capsule
ovate acuminated with a narrow groove in front glabrous crowned
with the single entire or 3-limbed tooth of the calyx, empty cells
rounded at the back larger than the fertile one, cymes lax.’—Br.
Fl. p.193. EH. B. Suppl. t. 2809. M. et K. Rohl. Deutschl. Fl.
Gaud. Fl. Helv. i. p. 84, t. 1 (bene). Curt. Br. Entom. xiv. t. and
folio 668.

In cultivated fields, amongst corn, in various places, but rather less frequent
than the next species, of which I more than suspect it to be merely a variety. Fl.
June, July. ©.

E. Med. — Cornfield by Anthony’s common, near Ryde, abundantly. Corn-
ie about Haven-street. [Very frequent at Bembridge, A. G. More, Esq.,

rs.

. W. Med.—Cornfields about Freshwater, Yarmouth, &c. Not unfrequent about
owes.
244 VALERIANACER. (Fedia.

_ Root slender, tapering. Stem erect, 6—12 inches high, rounded, with project-
ing striz, rough with minute scattered hairs, repeatedly and dichotomously
branched, the branches widely spreading. Leaves linear, the lowermost pair or
two spathulate, mostly quite entire, upper ones tapering to a bluntish point, with
one or more pairs of teeth at their base; all clasping and generally slightly hairy.
Flowers sessile in the terminal forks of the panicle, pinkish white, very small, a
solitary one generally in the axils of the first and second bifurcations from the
summit. Capsule subglobose, gibbous in front, finely granulated, about 5-ribbed,
of 2 inflated empty or abortive cells before, with an evident furrow between them,
and one fertile cell at the back, much smaller than the others and filled with the
solitary seed. Calyx of 2 unequal lobes forming a crown to the fruit, that at the
back over the perfect cell much the longer and more prominent, entire or obscurely
tridentate, obtuse or pointed ; the lower lobe over the two front or abortive cells
3- or 5-toothed.

I apprehend DeCandolle’s suspicion that the present species is only a variety
of F. dentata will be ultimately admitted. In this genus the capsule is naturally
3-celled and hy abortion single-seeded ; the two empty cells are either contracted
to points, or inflated and turgid, in some instances merged into one by the obli-
teration of the septum, and by their greater or less prominence moulding the
exterior shape of the seed-vessel. If we only conceive the two shrunken exterior
cells in F, dentatu to be moderately distended, we have the ampullaceous form of
the capsule which distinguishes F. Auricuda, between which and F. dentata T
cannot find a single other permanent diagnostic. I think I may almost venture
to predict a similar fate to F. carinata, which, it appears to me, stands in much
the same relation to F. oliteria as F. Auricula and F. dentata do to each other, a
less degree of turgidity in the two anterior or abortive cells sufficiently accounting
for the difference of configuration in its capsule and that of F. olitorta.

3. F. dentata, Vahl. Narrow-fruited Corn-salad. “ Capsule
ovate flattish and 2-ribbed in front acuminate crowned with the
prominent oblique unequally toothed calyx.

“a. Capsule glabrous, cup of the calyx small very oblique. Valeriana, E. B.
t. 1370. Valerianella Morisonii, DC.

“ 8. Capsule clothed with spreading incurved rigid hairs, cup of the calyx
small oblique.” — Br. Fl. p. 193. F. mixta, Vahl. Valerianella mixta, Bertol.
Fil. Ital. i. p. 188.

In cultivated fields, principally amongst corn; very common. Fl. June—
August. ©.

B. Ina cornfield, with F. Auricula, by a creek of the Medina adjoining Med-
ham brickfield, in great plenty, 1839. On these specimens the hairs are but
sparingly found, and not easily seen without a glass.

Root annual, whitish, slender and taperine. Stem erect, slender, hollow, pale
green or purplish, rounded, but traversed by 6 thin prominent iidges, arising from
the decurrent margins of the leaves and their midrib or keel beneath ; rough and
scabrous, setosely hispid along the angles at its base, sometimes branching from
the bottom, but more usually simple fora few inches above the rvot, where it
forks into two main branches that are again 1epeatedly forked or sometimes tri-
chotomously ramified, the branches widely divaricate, lax, spreading, wiry and
flexuose, leafy ovly at the bifurcations, forming a straggling herb often of greater
breadth than height, which is from about a few inches to a foot usually. Leaves
opposite, sessile, semiamplexicaul and alinost connate, pale yellowish green, mi-
nutely scabrous, thin and membranaceous, traversed by parallel anastomosing
veins that are depressed xbove, and by a thin, sharp, scabrous keel underneath,
their margins spinulose, and, as well as the keel, continued down the stem to the
next pair below, forming so many sharp angles; root- and lower stem-leaves
mostly entire, elongate-oblong or spathulate, very obtuse ; those at the forks of
the branches narrower, linear-elongate and somewhat pointed. Flowers extremely
minute, in small, close, 2—3 forked, levcl-topped, corymbose clusters at the sum-
Knautia.] DIPSACER. 245

mit of the ultimate divisions of the stem. Corolla not a line in diameter, white,
the segments tinged with pale pink, roundish entire.

Order XLII. DIPSACEA, Juss.

“ Calyx-tube adnate with the ovary, surrounded by a scariose
involucel closely investing the ovary and ripe fruit. Corolla with
the limb oblique, with an imbricated estivation. Stamens 4—5;
anthers distinct. Ovary 1-celled. Style 1, filiform. Fruit dry,
indehiscent, 1-celled, with 1 pendulous seed, crowned with the
pappus-like calyx. Albwmen fleshy. — Mostly herbaceous plants,
with opposite or whorled leaves. Flowers pedicellate, collected into
a dense head, which is surrounded by a many-leaved involucre.
Nearly allied to the Compasite.”—Br. Fl.

I. Diesacus, Linn. Teasel.

“ Receptacle with spinous scales. Involucel with a thickened
limb, forming a crown to the ovary. Calyx cup-shaped. Stamens
distinct, about equal. Fruit 4-angled, with 8 pores or depressions.
(Leaves opposite).”—Br. Fl. :

1, D. sylvestris, L. Wild Teasel. ‘ Leaves sessile undivided,
upper ones connate, scales of the receptacle straight at the extre-
mity, involucres curved upward.’—Br. Fl. p. 195. FE. B. t 1032.

B. Flowers white.

By roadsides, along moist hedges, on ditchbanks, and in wet woods and
thickets ; extremely common. Fi. July, August. ¢.

8B. A few plants by the roadside between Calbvumme and Shalfleet, with the
common blue kind, 1844.

Seeds (achenia) brownish, sessile, finely downy with erect or appressed pubes-
cence, oblong-truncate, quadrangular, with 8 prominent ridges and as many deep
furrows, the summit with radiating fissures, bordered by the shallow persistent
outer calyx, and crowned by the more deciduous, substipitate and very hairy inner
one, each seed attached to the spongy receptacle at the base of a scale which
enfolds it on two of its faces.

The water found collected within the cavity of the connate leaves must, I ima-
gine, be secreted or eliminated by the plant itself, since I observed it to be abun-
dautly furnished, during the present unusually dry and hot season, June, 1846,
when no rain has fallen for some weeks, and very little dcw has been depusited at
night, yet the water remains unevaporated ly the intense heat of the sun’s direct
rays. I have remarked, besides, that, on the same plant, whilst some of the leaves
held water in considerable quantity, others contained either very little or none at
all, which seems to point at a great inequality of the secreting activity of different
leaves or other parts of the individual plant.

One of our tallest herbaceous plants ; I have seen it about Ryde nearly 7 feet
high. The flowers expand in successive rings or zones on the large oval heads,
commencing about the middle of each.

II. Kyavtia, Linn. Knautia.

“ Receptacles hairy, without scales. Involucels with a 4-toothed
minute limb. Calyx cup-shaped, with radiating teeth. Stamens
246 DIPSACE. [Scabiosa.

distinct nearly equal. Fruit upon a short stalk, 4-angled, with 4
pores or depressions.’ —Br. Fl.

1. K. arvensis, Coult. Field Knautia. Vect. Gipsy or Egyp-
tian Rose. “ Heads of many flowers, fruit crowned with very
minute teeth, calyx with 8—16 somewhat awned cilia.” — Br. Fl.
p. 196. Scabiosa, L.: H. B. t. 659.

B. Flowers white.

y- Smooth, all the leaves undivided.

6. Florets of the centre equal to those of the circumference.

In dry meadows, pastures, cornfields, waste ground, and by waysides; very
common. Fil. June—August. 2.

8. Cornfield near Wellow.

y. Isle of Wight, #. K., Loud. Mag. Nat. Hist. i. p. 83.

6. Banks at Ventnor, and corntields near St. Lawrence, W. Wilson Saunders,
Esq. 1!

III. Scaproga, Linn. Scabious.

“ Receptacle scaly. Involucel membranaceous or minute.
Calyx of about 5 bristles. Stamens distinct, nearly equal. Fruit
with 8 depressions.”"— Br. Fl.

1. S. succisa, L. Devil’s-bit Scabious. “Segments of corolla
4 nearly equal, fruit angled with the depressions reaching nearly
to the base and a very short crown, calyx-bristles conniving, cau-
line leaves dentate, heads of flowers nearly globose, leaves of the
involucre in 2—3 rows.’—Br. Fl. p. 195. E. B. t. 878.

In rather moist meadows, pastures, heathy places and open grassy woods;
abundantly. Fl. August—October. 2.

Plentiful in Quarr copse, and most other woods near Ryde.

The first appearance of this plant in flower is the earliest hut surest token that,
whilst Nature wears yet an aspect green and fair, the noontide prime of the year
has departed, and that ere long the ‘“‘ sere and yellow leaf” will give true but
timely warning of the “ dim declining days” that must succeed its fall. Faithful
to the advent of this silent monitor, the great green locust (Acrida viridissima)
begins to herald the approach of autumn with his shrill note of preparation, feebly
at first and solitary ; till, later, every hedge is resonant the livelong night with the
ceaseless responsive chirp of these invisible choristers.

2. S. Columbaria, L. Small Scabious. “ Corollas usually 5-
cleft radiating, fruit subcylindrical with the depressions reaching
to the base, limb of the involucel membranaceous entire patent
about 20-nerved half the length of the fruit, stem hairy, radical
leaves ovate-crenate or lyrate, those of the stem pinnatifid with
linear segments.’— Br. Fl. p. 195. H. B.t. 1311.

On dry calcareous or gravelly banks and pastures, also on the chalky downs in
several places. Fl. June—August. 2{.

E. Med.—F¥requent on the chalk about Ventnor, Bonchurch, Appuldurcombe,
&e. On sloping banks above the Culver cliff, Sandown bay. Chalk-pit amongst
the cornfields above Sandown bay. [On Ashey down, in plenty, Dr. Bell-Salter,
Edrs.}

W. Med.—On chalky slopes of the valley just beyond Apes-down farm, towards
Rowledge, which are quite blue with this species and 8. succisa. About Caris-
Eupatorium.] COMPOSITA. 247

brooke. Everywhere in dry slopes about Swainston, Rowledge, &c.; also about
Westover, in the great plantation, &c., often with lilac flowers.

Root thick, woody and creeping. Stem 6—18 inches high, round, clothed above
with close-pressed deflexed hairs, smooth and naked for the most part towards the
base, simple or branched in an opposite manner. adical leaves partly ovate,
blunt, on short petioles, variously cut, inciso-serrate, sometimes simply ovate or
lanceolate, hairy ; those above them pinnatifid, with lanceolate and cut segments,
the uppermost deeply divided into linear-acute and nearly smooth segmeuts. In-
volucre of many linear-acute leaves. Florets on a common receptacle, each
accompanied by a lanceolate, concave, hairy scale.

This species does not appear to be a native of Ireland, and is by no means com-
mon in Scotland.

Order XLITI. COMPOSITA, Juss.

“ Calyx adnate with the ovary; the limb entire or toothed or
mostly expanded into a pappus which crowns the fruit. Corolla
regular or irregular, filiform or tubular or ligulate, very rarely
wanting. Stamens 5: anthers syngenesious in the perfect florets,
furnished at the apex with a more or less evident appendage, and
at the base with two bristles or spurs, or without any (ecaudate).
Ovary 1. Style 1, sheathed in the perfect florets by the tube of
the anthers, bifid at the apex when fertile. Stigmas forming 2
longitudinal rows along the inner surface of each branch of the
style. Frwit an achene tapering to a beak, or without one, with a
small or large epigynous disk. Seed erect, without albumen.
Embryo straight. Radicle opposite the hilum—Stems, in the
British genera, herbaceous. Leaves opposite or alternate. Flowers
or florets collected into a head (compound flower, L.), inserted
upon a broad receptacle (which is either furnished with chaffy scales
or naked) and surrounded by an involucre (calyx, L.)’—Br. Fl.

Suborder I. CorymBirrerzZ.

“ Heads either discoid; with the florets of each uniform and
usually tubular, or those of the circumference filiform or tubular
and pistillate only :—or rayed when furnished with a ray consist-
ing of ligulate pistillate or neuter spreading florets. Style of the
perfect florets not swollen beneath its branches.’ —Br. Fl.

* Pappus pilose.

J. Evpatorium, Linn. Hemp-agrimony.

“ Achenes angled or striated. Pappus pilose and rough. Re-
ceptacle naked. Involucre imbricated. Styles much exserted,
with long blunt papillose branches. Florets all perfect (never
yellow). —Br. Fl.

1. E. cannabinum, L. Hemp-agrimony. Vect Raspberries and
248 COMPOSITE. [Tussilago.

Cream. “Leaves downy opposite subpetiolate 3—5 partite, their
segments lanceolate deeply serrated, the middle one the longest,
heads 5—6 flowered, scales of the involucre about 10, 5 outer
ones short obtuse.”—Br. Fl. p. 230. EH. B. t. 428.

By rivers, streams, and ditches, in moist woods, hedges and other damp or
marshy situations; extremely common. J. July—September. Fr. Octuber,
November.

Stem erect, from 3 to 5 feet high, rounded, angular and striated, the centre
filled with a delicate tissue vf mostly hexagonal cells of various sizes, reddish,
downy with fine, short, spreading and curved pubescence, more or less copiously
and oppositely branched in a corymbose manner, the branches axillary, straight,
sometimes a little alternate, erecto-patent. Leaves opposite, dull green, very
shortly petiolate or subsessile, 3- or (more rarely) 5-partite, their leaflets unequal,
the middle one the longest, lanceolate taper-pointed, sometimes ovate or obtuse,
or the uppermost entire, strongly, sharply and unequally serrated, entire at the
tips, venoso-rugose and pubescent above, paler and very downy beneath and on
the prominent midrib with jointed hairs, and sprinkled, besides, with imbedded
resinous globules and granular points. Flowers in dense, much-branched corym-
bose tufts, terminating the stem and branches and leafy in their lower part, pale
pinkish purple or flesh-coloured, rather agreeably scented, their pedicels and
branches of the corymbs with a minute bract at or near the base of each. Invo-
lucre almost always 5-flowered, oblong, downy, much shorter than the florets, of
about 8 imbricated, ovate or elliptical, erect, concave, obtuse and very unequal
bracts, the exterior of which are shorter, smaller and greenish; the interior larger,
broader, and coloured like the florets, with broad, blunt, green keels. Receptacle
minute, naked. #lorets tubular, sprinkled with resinous globules, the limb gra-
dually dilating upwards, its margin in 5 broad, pointed, nearly erect segments.
Anthers brownish, with oblong pale and membranous tips. Styles white, much
protruded, crimson and bristly at the base just above their insertion, cleft about
half-way down, the lobes linear, spreading or slightly recurved, papilloso-glandu-
lose, flat on the inner side. Achentum blackish brown or pale, glabrous or some-
what hairy, linear-oblong, strongly 5-ribbed or angled, the intercostal faces
minutely striated, sprinkled with yellowish, resinous, pedicellate globules; shorter
than the dirty-white, sessile, spinuloso-serrated, single-rowed pappus, which about
equals the florets in length, and is very caducous.

Our British species of Eupatorium is the only European representative of an
extensive American genus, though not itself a native of that continent, and is one
of the handsomest of its tribe.

II. Tussuaco, Linn. Coltsfoot.

“ Heads moneecious, all alike. Achenes terete. Pappus pilose.
Florets of the ray long, narrow, numerous, in many rows; of the
disk few, sterile (both yellow). Anthers without bristles at the
base. Receptacle naked. Involucre formed of a single row of

equal, linear scales. (Scapes single-flowered, appearing before the
leaves).”—Br. Fl.

1. T. Farfara, L. Coltsfoot. “ Scape single-flowered imbri-
cated with scales, leaves cordate-angular toothed downy beneath.”
—Br. Fl. p. 235. E. B. t. 429.

In moist fields, pastures, waste aud arable ground; extremely troublesome in
cornfields on our stiff clay soils on the North side of the island. £. March, April.
Fr. May. x

Root whitish, scarcely branched, extremely rough and woody, with a central
Aster.] COMPOSITE. 249

medullary chord, running far in a horizontal direction aud very difficult of extir-
pation. Scapes few or many, from the crown of the root, about a span high,
simple, rounded and furrowed, hollow, covered with a loose cottony web inter-
mixed with short glandular pubescence, and imbricated with alternate, erect, ovate
or lanceolate, somewhat sheathing scales (bracts), of a brownish or purplish colour.
Flowers terminal, solitary, at first drooping, afterwards erect, bright yellow,
appearing before and during the development of the leaves. Involucre of
numerous uniserial, unequal, blunt, 1- or 2-ribbed, linear, coloured scales (bracts)
rather shorter than the rays of the florets, glanduloso-pilose, their tips glabrous.
Florets of the circumference pistilliferous only, very numerous and slender, with
long extremely narrow rays, rounded and entire at the apex. Styles much exsert-
ed, striated, shortly cleft into 2 small, erect, cylindrical lobes, covered with
granular points. Florets of the disk comparatively few, the limb deeply divided
into 5 lanceolate-acute segments, suddenly contracted beneath into the narrow
cylindrical tube. Anthers without basal appendages, but with pale, glandular,
acute tips, connivent over and concealing the style, which is not cloven, the trun-
cate summit of its thick abruptly clavate extremity marked only by a transverse
fissure. Receptacle quite naked. Leaves acquiring their full dimensions long
after the flowers are past. Achenium linear, pale brown, bluntly angular, without
ribs, glabrous. Pappus sessile, pilose, pure white, shining, single-rowed, spinu-
loso-dentate, striated, about three times the length of the seed.

Torrey and Gray, Fl. N. Am. ii. p. 94, affirm the styles and achenia of the disk
to be abortive, and the pappus of the ligulate florets to be pluriserial.

The trivial name is probably an abbreviation of faeere fure, or perhaps more
directly from the Italian far fare, from its demulcent virtue in coughs and hoarse-
ness, for which it is stiJl an approved remedy. The bruised flowers have a weak
aromatic smell like those of the garden Angelica.

My friend Mr. Gillson, of Stonepits, near Ryde, in whose garden this plant
proved very troublesome, found that the creeping root was effectually destroyed
by cutting off the plant just beneath the surface as often as it appeared, by a con-
tinual repetition of which he has completely succeeded in eradicating it.

The sweet-scented Butter-bur (Petasites fragrans), a native, I believe, of south-
ern Ttaly in Calabria, upon mountains, is now quite naturalized on moist ditch-
banks, under hedges near gardens, and in orchards, in very many parts of the
island, it being a general favourite, from the delicate fragrance of its early flowers,
which are produced in mild seasons as early as January or February. It is found
all over the grounds at Swainston, where, Sir Richard Simeon assures me, it
makes excellent shelter for pheasants; also at the foot of walls at Bembridge, and
in the orchard and hedges adjoining, at E. Cowes Castle.

III. Aster, Linn. Starwort.

““ Achenes compressed. Pappus pilose, in many rows. Jtecep-
tacle naked. Involucre imbricated, sometimes with a few scales
on the peduncle. Anthers without bristles at the base. Ilorets
of the disk yellow; of the ray purple or white, and in 1 or very
rarely 2 rows.”—Br. Fl.

The genus Aster, like that of Eupatorium, is pre-eminently American, Britain
possessing but one and Europe but two or three species. The American Asters
are almost innumerable, being probably greatly over-multiplied, from the diffi-
culty attending their discrimination.

1. A. Tripolium, L. Sea Starwort. “Stem glabrous corym-
bose, leaves linear-lanceolate fleshy obscurely 3-nerved, scales of
the involucre lanceolate membranous obtuse all erect and imbri-
cated.” — Br. Fl. p. 236. EH. B. t.87.  Tripolium vulgare, Nees.

B. Ray partly or entirely wanting.

2K
250 COMPOSITE. [Soladago.

On muddy sea-shores, in salt-marshes, on the banks of tide-rivers, ditches and
creeks ; not uncommon. Fil. August—Q(ctober. 2.

E. Med. — Ditches by the Dover, Ryde, and between Springfield and Sea
View. At Wootton bridge.

W. Med.—Common in the marshes about Newtown and Yarmouth. Shorwell,
Rev. G. BE. Smith.

8. Brading harbour; about Yarmouth; in Newtown marshes and elsewhere
occasionally.

Receptacle naked, alveolate, the fovee with deeply laciniated membranous bor-
ders. Achenia brownish, linear-oblong, much compressed, glabrous or with a few
scattered hairs and a small tuft at the base, scarcely angular, without strie.
Pappus dirty white, much longer than the seed, in several rows, simple, rough and
striated. :

This plant is very sweet or honey-scented in its blossoms, a circumstance, I
believe, very unusual in this genus, as in most autumnal-flowering genera.

IV. Soxrmpaco, Linn. Golden-rod.

“* Achenes terete. Pappus pilose, rough, ina single row. Re-
ceptacle naked. Involucre closely imbricated. Anthers without
bristles at the base. Florets of the ray few, in one row, and, as
well as those of the disk, yellow.”—Br. FI.

1. 8. Virgaurea, L. Common Golden-rod. Stem erect pubes-
cent, radical leaves petiolate mostly elliptical, cauline ones lan-
ceolate acute deflexed entire or serrate nearly sessile, racemes
panicled erect crowded.” —Br. Fl. p. 236. HE. B. t. 801.

In woods, groves and thickets, on ee heaths, and dry, hilly, bushy
places; abundant. Fi. July—October. October, November. 2{.

A very variable plant, 1—3 feet high. Pa thick, woody, with long simple
fibres. Stems several, erect, roundish or angular, simple, reddish or greenish,
leafy, more or less downy, zigzag or nearly straight. Root-leayes fascicled, on
long channelled footstalks, elliptical or elliptical-lanceolate, acute, sometimes
partly obovate and obtuse, crenate or even sharply serrated, and ciliated on their
margins ; stem-leaves scattered, lanceolate-acute, serrated or nearly entire, wavy,
curled or twisted and deflexed, dark green, more or less hairy, covered with a
close reticulation of veins beneath, nearly sessile, with a bundle of smaller leaves
in the axil of each (the rudiments of flower-clusters). Raceme terminal, pa-
nicled, of many crowded erect clusters of bright golden-yellow flowers, on downy
bracteated pedicels. Scales of the involucre green, linear, keeled, erect and
appressed, acute, with membranous edges, torn or subciliate at the tips. Florets
of the ray few, 5—10, the ray itself elliptical-oblong, 4-nerved, spreading, with 3
minute teeth at the apex, tube hairy without ; florets of the disk tubular, deeply
5-cleft, segments acute. Receptacle cellular, deeply foveated, naked. Achenes
pale brown, about 2 lines in length, slender, subfusiform, a little compressed,
many- and prominently ribbed, truncate at top, sprinkled with short, white, erect,
bristly hairs. Pappus simple, ‘sessile, dirty white, single-rowed, very rough with
erect spinules, rather longer than the fruit.

This, like Lupatorium cannabinum, is the only British or indeed European
representative of a vast American genus, and is itself found on that continent,
while the other is not. The botanical’character of Solidago approaches very
nearly that of Aster.

V. Ericeron, Linn. Fleabane.

“ Achenes compressed. Pappus pilose, rough. Florets of the
disk fertile; of the ray numerous, in several rows, very narrow
Senecio.} COMPOSIT2. 251

(of a different colour from the disk). Receptacle naked. Invo-
lwere imbricated with linear scales. Anthers without bristles at
the base.”—Br. Fl.

1. KE. acris, L. Blue Fleabane. “ Peduncles 1-headed alter-
nate somewhat corymbose, ray erect scarcely longer than the
disk, inner pistillate florets filiform, pappus as long as the florets
of the ray, leaves lanceolate obtuse.” — Br. Fl. p. 235. E. B. t.
1158.

_ On dry gravelly, chalky or sandy fields, pastures and banks, by roadsides, and
in waste barren places; not unfrequent. Fl. July—October. 2f.

E. Med.—Fields about Niuham farm, Beanacre farm, and Haven-street. Near
Shanklin. In the plantation on Apse heath. Frequent in fields between Woot-
ton creck and King’s quay. Fields between Lynn and Stapler’s farms. [Abun-
dantly in the field on the right-hand side of the road ascending from Ryde Dover
to St. John’s toll-gate, Dr. Bell-Sulter, Edrs.]

W. Med. — Roadside near Chessel farm, towards Calbourne. _Calbourne vil-
lage. Swainston. In the young plantations going up the hill to Mrs. Nash’s, at
Hampstead, in plenty. Fields near Pallance, abundantly. In a field near the
Yar at Norton. About Colwell barracks, in plenty.

VI. SEenzcio, Linn. Groundsel. Ragwort.

“ Involucre cylindrical, its scales linear, equal, with several
smaller ones at the base, their tips often brown. Receptacle
naked. Flowers discoid or radiant. Pappus simple, sessile.”—
Br. Fi,

t+ Ray of the ligulate florets small and revolute, or obsolete. Groundsel.

1. 8. vulgaris, L. Common Groundsel. ‘Ray revolute or
usually wanting, leaves semiamplexicaul pinnatifid toothed, heads
in clustered corymbs, involucre conical glabrous, outer scales
very short, achenes silky.”’—Br. Fl. p. 237. E. B. t. 747.

A universal and most abundant weed in cultivated and waste ground, on old
walls, roofs, hedgebanks, and amongst rubbish. YU. all seasons. ©.

2. S. sylvaticus, L. Mountain Growndsel. “ Ray revolute
sometimes wanting, leaves sessile pinnatifid lobed and toothed
often eared at the base, involucre downy, outer scales very short
glabrous, stem erect straight, heads corymbose, achenes silky.”—
Br. Fl. p. 237. H. B. t. 748.

On dry sandy or gravelly banks, pastures, and in heathy bushy places, woods
and waste ground, but not very common. Fl. July—September. ©.

E. Med.— On the Dover, Ryde, sparingly. About Sandown, not uncommon.
Plentiful by the roadside from Upper Bordwood to Alverstone, near the latter
place. Ditch-banks on the moors N.of Godshill, in several places. Sandy fields
and banks under Bleak down.

W, Med.—Near Newport, along the road to Yarmouth.

++ Ray of the ligulate florets conspicuous, spreading, not rolled back. Ragwort.

3. S. erucifolius, L. Hoary Ragwort. Ray spreading, leaves
pinnatifid somewhat revolute paler and spreading beneath, stem
252 COMPOSITE. (Cineraria.

erect loosely cottony, all the fruithairy. S. tenuifolius, Jacq. Fl.
Aust. iii. 42, t. 278. Br. Fl. p. 238.

In woods, on hedgebanks, by roadsides and borders of fields ; a prevailing spe-
cies in the island, especially in the chalky parts. Fl. July—September. £r.
October. 2L.

Root somewhat creeping, abrupt (premorsa), with long vertical fibres. Stem erect,
subsimple or branched above, naked below, 2—4 feet high, roundish, filled with
white pith, covered with loose cottuny down. Leaves numerous, sessile, alternate,
deeply pinnatifid, the segments variously toothed and lobed, dark green and
almost glabrous above, more or less pale and hoary beneath, sometimes ovate and
deeply incised, but not pinnatifid. Flowers numerous, in a corymbose panicle,
bright yellow, paler than those of either S. Jacobea or S. aquaticus, on rather
slender peduncles, furnished with several minute awl-sbaped bracts. ays linear-
oblong, spreading, revolute only when beginning to fade, or after having been
some time gathered, their extremities with a small notch and an intermediate
tvoth. Scales of the involucre erect, equal, pointed with darkish tips, outer and
lowermost linear-lanceolate, lax, all a little cottony. Achenia angular, deeply
furrowed, densely covered with erect whitish hairs. Pappus simple, rough, about
as long as the florets of the disk.

4. S. Jacobea, Lu. Common Ragwort. “ Ray spreading, leaves
lyrate bipinnatifid, segments divaricated toothed glabrous, stem
erect, achenes of the disk hairy, those of the ray glabrous, invo-
lucre hemispherical.”—Br. Fl. p. 238. HE. B. t. 1130.

In moist or dry meadows and pastures, on ditchbanks, waste ground, and by
roadsides ; very common.* Fl. Suly—September.  2,.

5. S. aquaticus, Huds. Marsh Ragwort. “Ray spreading,
leaves lyrate serrated glabrous the lowermost obovate and undi-
vided, involucre hemispherical, achenes all glabrous.’—Br. Fl. p.
238. H. B.t. 1181.

In wet meadows and pastures, on ditchhanks, sides of rivers, and in other
marshy situations; common, £7. July—September. 2.

VII. Crvzraria, Linn. Fleawort.

“ Panpus pilose. Receptacle naked. Involucre cylindrical, of
many equal, erect scales. (Flowers yellow).”—Br. Fl.

?1. C. campestris, Retz. Field Fleawort. ‘“ Woolly, stem sim-
ple, root-leaves elliptical narrowed below nearly entire, those of
the stem (small) lanceolate, flowers umbellate, achenes downy.”—
Br. Fl. p 239. Senecio, DC.  C. integrifolia, With.: E. B. t.
152.

On chalky downs and hilly limestone pastures; extremely rare, if ever found at
all in the island. Jl. May, June. 2?

Belhan, Isle of Wight! Pulteney, Bot. Guide. A place quite unknown to me
and to every one else of whom I have made inquiry.

Cin. alpina (campestris), Belhan, pl. 1. W., Dr. Pulteney in Hamps. Reposi-
tory, i. p. 121 (copied verbatim).

 

* The larva of the ragwort moth (Callimorpha Jacobea), elegantly marked
with external bands of black and yellow, is often to be scen with us feeding on
the leaves of this and other species of Scnecio.
Inula.) COMPOSIT&. 258

VIII. Invuxa, Linn. Elecampane.

“ Achenes terete or angled. Pappus pilose, in 1 row. Recep-
tacle naked. JInvolucre imbricated. Anthers with bristles at
their base, (Flowers yellow).”—Br. FI.

1. I. Helenium, L. Elecampane. Vect. Velvet Dock. Wild
Sun - flower. “Leaves amplexicaul somewhat toothed ovate
wrinkled downy beneath, outer scales of the involucre ovate
downy reflexed leafy, inner ones obovate, ray twice as long as the
disk, achenes 4-angled glabrous.” — Br. Fl. p. 240. LE. B. t.
1546. Curtis, Br. Entom. xv.

In moist meadows, pastures and thickets, on hedgebanks, about the borders of
fields and amongst bushes; not. very common, though truly wild with us. Fl.
July—September. ;

E. Med. — Tn the first field within the walls of Quarr abbey after passing the
copse, plentifully. Edge of the little brook by Binstead stune-pits. Stream-side
in a wood near Haven-street, and close by Blackbridge. Near Beanacre farm.
Near Rowlands, Mr. Thos. Meehan. Luccombe landslip, at the end near Bon-
church, W. Wilson Saunders, Esq. !!! Near Ashey, Mr. J. Woods, jun., B. G.

W. Med. — Border of a field about half a mile from Calbourne, near the road
to Yarmouth, in some plenty. Field not far from Thorley church, and elsewhere
in that parish. Plentiful in some fields between Wellow and Ningwood farm,
Head of the marsh-land between Gurnet bay and Hardhill farm, by the brook.
Waste places about Freshwater. About Weston farm, B. 7. W. Ina field by
the Medina, a little above W. Cowes, in plenty, Mr. S. Hailstone !!!_ Near Wil-
ee farm, Rev. J. Penfold!!! By Hebbard’s farm, Rev. W. Darwin

Mow I!

The short, thick, tuberous and fleshy crown of the root emits several stout,
tapering, branched fibres. Stem 3—5 feet high, stout, erect, solid and leafy,
rounded below, bluntly angular and furrowed above, stained with purplish brown,
branched only towards the summit, downy all over with simple jointed hairs.
Leaves very like those of some Verbascum, ovate-acute, rugosely veined, those on
the stem finely but unequally denticulato-serrate, yellowish green above with a
short rough pubescence, whitish or hoary beneath with thick, close and very soft
down, and reticulated with numerous prominent veins springing from the stout
projecting midrib, which is often reddish on the upper side of the leaf; radical
leaves very large, sometimes, including the winged petiole, upwards of 2 feet in
length and 1 footin breadth, their margins decurrent the whole length of the flat-
tened upper side of the nearly cylindrical very long petioles, more coarsely and
unequally serrated than the perfectly sessile, alternate, amplexicaul stem-leaves,
which are only slightly decurrent on one side of their rounded auricular bases by
an oblique attachment to the stem. Flowers terminal, solitary, very large, 23 to
3 inches in diameter, golden yellow, with long, very narrow, linear, variously
spreading rays. Involucre hemispherical, its scales (bracts) in several alternate
rows, the more exterior leafy, broadly ovate, undulated, patent and downy with
brownish tips, the innermost series paleaceous, erect, linear, smooth and shining,
with pale-brown, scariose, fringed or subserrated extremities. Receptacle plane,
solid, quite naked, fovee circular, with roughish but scarcely raised margins.
Florets of the disk numerous, the tube a little bent in the middle, their segments
thickened at the tips. Anthers with long awns at their base. Styles a little
exserted ; stigmas two flattened, spathulate, spreading lobes slightly channelled
above. Florets of the circumference with long, linear, very narrow, unequally
3-toothed rays, and linear stigmas. Pappus simple, rough, in a single row, nearly
as long as the florets.

The fresh root has a hot, bitterish, slightly aromatic taste.
254 COMPOSITE. (Inula.

2. I. Conyza, DC. Ploughman’s Spikenard. ‘“ Leaves pu-
bescent ovate-lanceolate serrated, the upper ones entire, stem
herbaceous corymbose, scales of the involucre all linear recurved
leafy, ray scarcely longer than the disk, achenes terete slightly
hairy.”"—Br. Fl. p. 240. Conyza squarrosa, L.: H. B. t. 1195.

In dry rocky or bushy pastures, hedges and thickets, on sunny banks and hilly
slopes ; frequent on the chalk and clay of the eocene deposits. Fl. August—
October. Fr. October. ¢.

E. Med. — Plentiful at Bonchurch, Ventnor, St. Lawrence, and along the Un-
dercliff. Frequent about Arreton. Plentiful near Brading, under the down
towards Adgeton, &c. Plentiful on steep declivities above the road to Niton, just
beyond St. Lawrence. Abundantly in the lane leading from the Ryde and New-
port road to Quarr abbey, some of the plants 5 feet in height. Near Brading,
Yaverland and Ryde, B. 7. W.

W. Med.—In the valley between Apes down and Rowledge, near the latter
place. About Northcourt. About Carisbrooke and the castle, B. T. W.

A large bushy plant. Roo¢ thick, with many long creeping fibres. Stem erect,
1—3 feet in height, stout, roundish or obscurely angular, dark red or purple, very
downy, much branched. Leaves dark green, petiolate, ovato-lanceolate, upper-
most sessile, downy, especially beneath, coarsely and unequally serrated, the
uppermost nearly entire. lowers in axillary and terminal corymbose clusters.
Achenia brownish black, linear-oblong, a little curved and compressed, strongly
ribbed with deep intermediate furrows, glabrous excepting a few scattered, erect,
bristly hairs chiefly near their summit; inserted by their white, oblique and car-
tilaginous bases on the nearly plane and perfectly naked receptacle, which is
covered with raised points for their attachment instead of alveoli. Pappus dirty
white, single-rowed, about three or four times as long as the seed, simple, rough
and striate.

3. I. crithmoides, L. Golden Samphire. ‘‘ Leaves linear fleshy
generally 3-toothed at the extremity, scales of the involucre
appressed linear acuminated, ray nearly twice the length of the
disk, achenes terete villous."—Br. Fl. p.240. H#.B. t. 68. Curt.
Brit. Entom. vi. p. 248.

On sea-side rocks and banks, in muddy salt-marshes, and about the mouths of
tide-rivers and creeks, but very local. Fl. July—October. 2.

E. Med.—In a creck of the Medina, about half a mile above E. Cowes, near a
wood, but very sparingly, Mr. Hailstone !!

W. Med. — In Newtown marshes, fringing the edges of the salt-pans, in very
great abundance, 1838.

Root thick, fleshy. Stems numerous, 1—2 feet high, simple or branched,
rounded, slightly angular, very leafy. Leaves sessile, fleshy, linear or strap-
shaped, grooved, of a pale yellow or ratber glaucous-green, not ribbed, ending in
3 points, the smaller oves in fascicles from the base of the larger, single-pointed.
Flowers at the extremity of the stem and branches, on scaly peduncles, few toge-
ther, $ of an inch in diameter, rather handsome, the ray bright yellow, disk
orange. Involucre of several rows of linear-acute, green, imbricated scales closely
applied to one another, not at all lax or spreading below. Florets on a naked
fleshy receptacle, inserted in very distinct fuvee, those of the circumference with
a narrow, spreading, finely reflexed ray. Achene rough with simple erect bristles.
Pappus rough.

The whole plant has an aromatic not ungrateful smell, and a warm, pungent,
saline taste, approaching in both respects to the true Samphire (Crithmum mari-
timum), for which perhaps it would be a good and certainly more accessible sub-
stitute.
Pulicaria.] COMPOSITR. 255

IX. Puuicaria, Gertn. Fleabane.

“ Achenes somewhat terete. Pappus double: outer row short,
membranous ; inner pilose, rough. Receptacle naked. Involucre
hemispherical, closely imbricated with numerous scales. Anthers
with bristles at their base. (Flowers yellow.’—Br. Fl.

1. P. dysenterica, Gertn. Common Fleabane. Leaves oblong
cordate or sagittate amplexicaul crenato-denticulate wrinkled and
downy, stem woolly corymbose, bracts of the involucre subulate
shorter than the rays, inner pappus as long as the florets, achenia
ribbed angular. Br. Fl. p. 241. Inula, L.: E. B. t. 1115.

Tn moist situations along roadsides, lanes, and open grassy places in woods, on
ditch-banks, and in damp pastures; abundantly in most parts of the island. Fl.
Julv—September. Fr. October, November. 2.

Root perennial, whitish and woody, branched, and creeping horizontally, with
several long stout fibres and fleshy scaly runners. Stems erect, from ] to 2} feet
in height, very leafy, solid, rounded, slightly angular, nearly simple in small spe-
cimens, copiously and alternately branched in a corymbose manner above, or often
nearly from the base in larger plants, covered with a copious cottony down. Leaves
numerous, alternate, 1 or 2 inches long, those of the stem broader and mostly
spreading, of the branches narrower and more erect; oblongo-lanceolate, dull
green, venoso-rugose, soft and downy, somewhat cottony beneath, cordate or sagit-
tato-amplexicaul and dilated at their base, with rounded or acute auricles, that,
like the crenato-denticulate and undulated margins of the leaf, are mostly deflexed.
Flowers about an inch in diameter, bright golden yellow, solitary or subpaniculate
at the extremity of the stem and branches, their peduncles thickened upwards,
hollow, and covered with a cottony web. Involucre subhemispherical, its bracts
very numerous, imbricated, linear-subulate, plane and membranous, pale with a
green centre, hairy, somewhat jagged and ciliated on their margins, glabrous and
shining on their inner side, the outer ones densely woolly, lax, with recurved tips.
Florets of the circumference very numerous, in several rows, with moderately long,
spreading, ligulate, 3-toothed rays, the tube slender and glabrous. Receptacle
nearly plane, rough with the sharp jagged edges of the deep alveoli. Achenium
brownish, oblong, angular, straight, strongly ribbed, the ridges rough in their
upper part with short erect bristles. Pappus double, the outer one membranous,
cup-shaped, very short, its margin laciniato-dentate ; inner pilose, rough, about
as long as the floret, tawny-brown when ripe.

The odour of the bruised herbage is justly compared by Sir James Smith to
that of peaches, and is quite different from the bitter smell of the flowers and the
hot pungent flavour of the root.

2. P. vulgaris, Gertn. Small Fleabane. Leaves lanceolate
nearly entire waved and hairy somewhat clasping, stem much
branched downy, florets: of the circumference with extremely
short rays scarcely longer than the subulate involucral bracts,
inner pappus much shorter than the florets, achenium terete.
Br. Fl. p. 241. Inula Pulicaria, £.: H. B. t. 1196.

In moist spots where water has stood during winter, on village-greens, and
about farm-houses in places trodden by cattle ; not very frequent. Fl. July—
September. ©.

E, Med.—Pientiful on St. Helen’s green.

W, Med. —Walpen farm.

Six inches to a foot or more in height. Root annual, very long and tapering,
with scarcely any fibres. Stem erect, copiously and repeatedly branched, rounded,
256 COMPOSITE. [Gnaphalium.

purplish and downy, very leafy. Leaves sessile, scattered, very small, the largest
searcely above an inch long, dull grayish green, waved and twisted, their edges
uneven but not serrated, pointed and hairy; at the forks of the branches more
or less clasping. Flowers solitary, at the end of each ramification, very small
(not $ an inch across), dark yellow, with a pleasant odour when bruised, somewhat
resembling that of ginger or the leaves of the Sweet Gale (Myrica Gale), other-
wise nearly scentless. Znvoluecre truly hemispherical, very hairy, with several
rows of unequal, linear-lanceolate, erect bracts, which are green, with pale edges,
the tips of the lower ones often a little spreading but not recurved. Florets of the
circumference with suberect, concave, 3-toothed and very short rays, scarcely
exceeding the involucral bracts ; those of the disk very numerous, 5-cleft, the seg-
ments acute, sprinkled with glandular points, tube nearly cylindrical throughout
(not suddenly enlarged at the top as in most plants of this order). Anthers mem-
branaceous, with a pair of short bristles at the base of each. Styles exserted,
bifid, the segments obtuse, spreading. Achenium brownish oblong, without ribs
or striw, covered with erect bristles. Pappus double, outer cup-shaped, deeply
cleft into acute, bristle-like and jagged teeth ; inner of a few bairs about half as
long as the florets. Receptacle plane, quite naked, the margins of the shallow
alveoli smooth.

This species is readily distinguished from the much commoner P. dysenterica
by its humbler, more branched and diffuse habit, much smaller, less hoary leaves
and stem; by its paler, much less conspicuous flowers, not half the size of that
species;.by the truly hemispherical calyx; extremely short ray; and, lastly, by
the pappus, which in P. vulgaris is scarcely half the length of the florets. This
species has a much more limited range than the last, being mostly restricted to
the 8.E. counties of England, and is as yet unrecorded as a native of either Scot-
Jand or Ireland. On the Continent it does not extend so far North as Scandi-
navia.

X. GnarHauium, Linn. Cudweed.

“ Fleads heterogamous, with one or numerous rows of filiform
pistillate florets in the circumference. Pappus pilose. Recep-
tacle flat and quite naked. Involucre imbricated, the scales sca-
riose towards the extremity. Anthers with bristles at the base.
Style of the perfect florets with short truncated branches ciliated
at the apex.”—Br. Fi.

1. G. uliginosum, L. Marsh Cudweed. “Stem very much
branched diffuse woolly, leaves linear-lanceolate downy, heads in
terminal crowded tufts which are shorter than the leaves.” — Br.
Fl. p. 232. EH. B.t. 1194.

In sandy, gravelly and muddy spots where water has stood, in half-dried-up
ditches, pools and pits, and in bare damp places by roadsides, &c.; common.
Fil. Suly—September. ©.

The stems of this plant are often close-pressed to the ground, and not at all
erect or even ascending, as I find it at Sandown and elsewhere.

22. G. sylvaticum, L. Highland Cudweed. “Stem simple
nearly erect downy, heads axillary forming an interrupted leafy
spike, leaves linear-lanceolate downy.”—Br. Fl. p. 282. G. erec-

tum, Huds.: E. B. t. 124.

In dry sandy woods, thickets, pastures and heathy places ; said to inhabit the
Isle of Wight, but I have never met with it myself, or seen indigenous specimens
from others. £7. July—September. 2.

For a notice of the periodical appearance and disappearance of this species in
Bellis.) COMPOSITE. Q57

localities where it once abounded, see a paper by Mr. E. Lees, in Phytol. No. 95,
for May, 1849.

XI. Finaco, Linn. Filago.

“ Heads heterogamous, with one or more rows of filiform
pistillate florets in the circumference. Pappus pilose, of the
outermost row of pistillate florets very caducous or wanting. Te-
ceptacle conical, with 1—5 rows of scales within or among the fili-
form florets. Involucre imbricated, conical, of a few acuminated
scariose scales. Anthers with bristles at the base. Style of the
ee lee with short truncated branches ciliated at the apex.”
—Dr. .

1. F. germanica, L. Common Filago. “Stem erect usually
proliferous at the summit, leaves downy, heads globose-capitate
in the axils of the branches and terminal, scales of the involucre
cottony with the points cuspidate and glabrous.”—Br. Fl. p. 233.
Gnaphalium, Huds.: FE. B. t. 946.

[8. “ Heads sharply pentagonal, scales yellowish white, leaves of a leaden gray
colour, spathulate. I. spathulata, Presl.’”—Br. F'l.—Eadrs.]

In dry pastures, fields, waste and fullow-ground, on hedgebanks, by roadsides,
&c.; very universally. #/. June—September. ©.

[6. From Hulverstone to Kingstone, in many places; rather common near
Brighstone, on the green-sand, A. G. More, Esq.—Eurs.]

Achenes very minute, pale brown or grayish, obovate-oblong, somewhat angular
and compressed, sprinkled with extremely short pellucid points, like bristles,
directed downwards, Pappus white, pilose, single-rowed, several (4 or 5) times
longer than the seed, roughish, spreading and recurved, deciduous.

2. EF. minima, Pers. Least Filago. “Stem erect dichoto-
mously branched, leaves linear -lanceolate acute cottony flat
appressed, heads conical few in lateral and axillary tufts which
are longer than the leaves.”—Br. Fl. p. 238. Gnaphalium, Sm. :
EE. B.t. 1157. F. montana, DC. (not Linn.)

On barren sandy or gravelly heaths, banks and pastures, but apparently not
very common. £1, June—September. ©.,

EL. Med.—By Sibbeck’s farm, near Niton. Sandy field at the foot of Queen
Bower. On Bleak down, in several places. Gravel-pit on St. George’s down.
Sandy field on the descent from St. George’s down to Arreton, in plenty.

W. Med.—On Buck’s heath, between Kingston and Shorwell, in plenty.

** Pappus none, membranous, or of 2 or 3 bristles.
+ Receptacle without membranous scules (palez).

XII. Beruis, Linn. Daisy.

“ Achenes compressed, with a minute epigynous disk. Pappus
none. Receptacle naked, conical. Involucre hemispherical, its
scales obtuse, equal, in a single row. (Florets of the disk yellow,
those of the ray white tinged with red).”—Br. Fl.

Qs
258 COMPOSITE. (Bellis.

“ Star of the mead! sweet daughter of the day,
Whose opening flower invites the morning ray,
From thy moist cheek and bosom’s chilly fold,

To kiss the tears of eve, the dew drops cold!
Sweet Daisy, flower of Love! when birds are pair’d,
"Tis sweet to see thee with thy bosom bared,
Smiling in virgin innocence serene,
Thy pearly crown about thy vest of green.
The lark, with sparkling eye and rustling wing,
Rejoins his widow'd mate in early spring,
And, as he prunes his plumes of russet hue,
Swears on thy maiden blossom to be true.”
Leyden, Scenes of Infancy, Part IT.

“ Daisies, ye flowers of lowly birth,
Embroiderers of the carpet earth,
That stud the velvet. sod ;
Open to spring’s refreshing air,
In sweetest smiling bloom declare
Your Maker, and my God.”
Clare, Song of Praise.

* * * * * “Trampled under foot

The Daisy lives, and strikes its little root

Into the lap of time: centuries may come

And pass away into the silent tomb,

And still the child, hid in the womb of time,
Shall smile and pluck them, when this simple rhyme
Shall be forgotten, like a churchyard stone,

Or lingering lie unnoticed and alone.

When eighteen hundred years, our common date,
Grow many thousands in their marching state,
Aye, still the child with pleasure in his eye

Shall cry—the Daisy! a familiar cry—

And run to pluck it, in the self-same state,

As when Time found it in his infant date;

And like a child himself when all was new
Might smile with wonder, and take notice too,
Its little golden busom, filled with snow,

Might win e’en Eve to stoop adown, and show
Her partner Adam, in the silky grass,

This little gem, that smiled where pleasure was,
And loving Eve, from Eden followed ill,

And bloomed with sorrow, and lives smiling still.
As once in Eden under heaven’s breath,

So now on earth, and on the lap of death

It smiles for ever.”

Clare, Rural Muse-—The Eternity of Nature.

1. B. perennis, L. Common Daisy. ‘ Perennial, scape single-
headed, leaves spathulate obovate, crenate 1-nerved.”—Br. F1. p.
241. EF. B.t. 424.

8. Proliferous.

In meadows, pastures, on grassy banks and short turf by roadsides and borders
of fields, paths, &c.; profusely everywhere. £. April—June (less copiously the
year round). :

B. A wild specimen of this not uncommon garden monstrosity, known by the
name of Hen and Chickens Daisy, was found by Mr. G. Kirkpatrick in a field
by Newport, 1839.
Chrysanthemum.] COMPOSITA. 259

In meadows, pastures, and un grassy slopes the “ wee modest crimson tippet
flower,” made classical by the genius of Burns and the early associations of us all,
greets the eye; uor is it unwelcome or obtrusive anywhere but on the smooth
shaven lawn or trim grass-plat, which, in spite of the conventional disapprobation
its usurpation receives, we cannot but think rather adorned than defaced by its
presence. And who is there that in childhood’s hour, the brief but joyous inter-
in betwixt helpless infancy and sportive youth, bath not joined the prattling rosy

rong

“To gather Kingeups in the yellow mead,
And prink their hair with Daisies”?

XITI. Curysantaemum, Linn. Ox-eye.

“ Achenes of the disk somewhat terete: epigynous disk large.
Pappus 0. Receptacle naked. Involwcre hemispherical or nearly

flat; the scales imbricated, membranaceous at their margins.” —
Br. Fi.

1. C. Leucanthemum, L. Great White Ox-eye. Ox-eye Daisy.
Moon Daisy. Vect. Bozzom. “Leaves oblong obtuse cut and
pinnatifid at the base, radical ones obovate petiolate, stem erect
branched (vay white). Br. Fl. p. 241. E. B. t. 601.

Far too abundant and injurious in meadows, pastures and mowing lands; less
frequent and hurtful in cornfields, waste and cultivated ground, woods and by
waysides, though everywhere distributed. Fl. May—July. 2.

This species has hecome a troublesome intruder in pasture- and meadow-land
in America, where I have traced it as far S. as Savannah (lat. 32°).

2. C. segetum, L. Yellow Ox-eye. Corn Marigold. Veect.
Yellow Bozzwm. Hants, Bothen. ‘ Leaves amplexicaul glaucous
inciso-serrate above toothed at the base (ray yellow).”—Br. Fl. p.
242. H. B.t. 5438.

In cultivated fields, amongst corn (mostly barley), turnips, potatoes and other
crops, especially where the soil is sandy ; not uncommon, and sometimes much
too plentiful in particular districts of the island. #%. June—October. Fr. Oc-
tober. ©.

E. Med. — Abundantly in fields near Rooklev. Cornfields between Lake and
Sandown. Abundantly in some fields near Appleford farm. About Budbridge
and Bagwick farms, and elsewhere about Godshill. Fields about Shanklin.
Yarbury hill, Niton, A/tss Kirkpatrick. [On St. Helen’s spit, by the ferryhouse,
Dr. Bell. Salter, Edys.)

W, Med.—Cornfield near Werrer farm. Common about Kingston and Corve.
Colwell.

Root whitish, of one or more principal and innumerable capillary fibres. Stem
erect, 1—14 feet high, much branched, rounded, solid, quite glabrous, with green-
ish or reddish strie, very leafy. Leaves pale glaucous green, rather fleshy, alter-
nate, lower ones tapering into footstalks, cauline ones sessile, semiamplexicaul,
glabrous except a few scattered bristles, like hairs, near the base of each on the
upper side; all inciso-serrate, toothed at the base, more or less deeply cut above
the middle in a 3-lobed manner, the segments acute and again cut or lobed, with
a small point ; the uppermost leaves (especially in much-branched specimens)
are sometimes entire or very nearly so. Flowers terminal, solitary, very showy,
of a rich golden yellow, often above 2 inches in diameter, on hollow peduncles
deeply furrowed and enlarged upwards. Scales of the involucre glaucous green,
ovate, obtuse, with brownish chaffy tips. Receptacle plane, formed beneath of
loose, spongy, cellular tissue, quite naked. Florets all fertile; ray extremely
broad, ovate, truncate, unequally bifid or trifid at the summit ; /imd of the central
260 COMPOSITA. [Pyrethrum.

florets in 5 acute reflexed segments, covered with conical glands or papilla. Style
included, cleft ; stigmas flat, glandular. Achenia whitish brown, a line or more
in length, oblong, a little tapering and curved, cylindrical or angular, truncate at
both ends, deeply grooved or fluted, glabrous, those of the ray subcompressed, and
dilated laterally into a thin, often very broad, alate margin. Receptacle naked,
slightly convex, blackish, and thickly dotted with the very shallow circular alveoli,
that are surrounded by a minute scariose border.

XIV. Prreturum, Haller. Feverfew.

“ Fruit crowned with a membranaceous border. Receptacle
naked. Involucre hemispherical or nearly flat, the scales imbri-
cated, membranaceous at their margins.”—Br. Fl.

+?1. P. Parthenium, Sm. Common Feverfew. Vect. White-
wort. “ Leaves petiolate flat bipinnate the segments ovate cut,
peduncles branched corymbose, stem erect, involucre hemisphe-
rical downy.”—Br. Fl. p. 242. H. B.t. 1231. Matricaria, L.

In waste rubbishy places, on banks, wall-tops, by waysides and about hedges,
chiefly in the neighbourhvod of habitations ; not unfrequent, but scarcely appear-
ing as if truly indigenous. Fl. July, August. 2{ or g (Sm.)?

£. Med.—On the Dover by Ryde castle, and at Binstead. Wall at E. Cowes.
Quart abbey. Abundant on the high bank by the entrance-gate at Steephill.
Luccombe, Shanklin chine, &c., B. T. W. Bembridge, on waste ground near the
sea, Miss Theodora Price !!!

W. Med.—At Paradise, near Newport.

Root (thizoma) creeping horizontally and sending out abundant pale slender
fibres. Stems about 14 or 2 feet high, erect, rounded, solid and furrowed, leafy, more
or less downy, usually simple near the base, much and alternately branched above,
the branches almost erect. Leaves alternate, petiolate, pale green, somewhat gray
or hoary with fine short pubescence, pitted all over beneath with minute depres-
sions, deeply pinnato-pinnatifid, of 3 or 4 pairs of ovate or ovate-oblong, flat,
variously cut lobes, whose segments are mostly obtuse, broad, rounded and entire,
each tipped with a minute pellucid point. Petioles flat above or semiterete,
slighty winged. Head of flowers (anthoidia) corymbose, rather small, about
3 inch in diameter, solitary, on long, deeply grooved, angular, simple or slightly
branched peduncles, that are gradually enlarged upwards, and mostly furnished
at no determinate distance from their summit with one or sometimes two minute
subulate bracts, Involucre depresso-hemispherical, its bracts closely imbricated,
unequal, linear-oblong, obtuse, a little downy, with a thick, prominent, dark green
keel, and broad, transparent, ciliato-laciniated margins. Receptacle nearly hemi-
spherical, quite naked, with circular, very shallow, scarcely at all depressed
alveoli, their edges quite smooth and even. Jlorets of the disk very small and
numerous, yellow, segments of the limb short, triangular, thickened, and sprinkled
with a few resinous globules ; florets of the circumference rather few (about LO or
12), distantly inserted, very short, green, glabrous, segments of the style straight,
as long as the tube ; ray short and broad, ovato-elliptical, 2- or 3-toothed at the
summit. Achenium glabrous, quadrangular, slightly curved, strongly and longi-
tudinally ribbed, the coste with a row of crystalline points.

A common herb in rustic gardens, from whence it readily escapes. The Eng-
lish name, significant of its antipyretic reputation, is either a corruption of febri-
fuge, or more likely of fieore feu, from the ardour of the hot fit it was supposed to
have the power of allaying in intermittents; or it may be from the heating qua-
lity attributed to the plant itself by the older writers, who prescribed its employ-
ment in diseases the most opposite in their nature. The whole sccret of its
efficacy lies in its powerfully bitter and tonic properties.
Anthemis.} COMPOSITE. 261

2. P. inodorum, Sm. Corn Feverfew. Scentless Muyweed.
“ Leaves sessile bipinnatifid the segments capillary, stem branched
spreading, border of the fruit entire.’ — Br. Fl. p. 242. EH. B. t.
676. Matricaria, L.

In waste and cultivated ground, fields, pastures, and by roadsides; abundant
everywhere. fl. May—November. ©.

3. P. maritimum, Sm. Sea-side Feverfew. “ Leaves sessile
doubly pinnate, segments fleshy linear entire bluntish convex
above, principal ribs keeled beneath, stem branched, diffuse,
heads solitary, involucral scales lanceolate obtuse, fruit slightly
rugose and with two elongated glandular spots on the external
face just below the lobed elevated border.” — Bab. E. B, t. 971.
Matricaria inodora, L., 8. maritima, Br. Fl. p. 242.

On banks and waste ground by the sea-shure, in many places, but I fear not
really distinct from P. inodorum. 7. June—November. 2 ? (ex Sm.)

EE. Med. — At Sandown. Ventnor. [The shore at Bembridge, under Tyme
house, A. G. More, E'sq., Edrs.]

W. Med.—Egypt. Near Cowes, and most parts of the coast, B. 7. W.

Matricaria Chamomilla, L., was observed, in small quantity, growing at the
Vicarage, Newchurch, but there is reason to believe that it was introduced from
the opposite coast of Hampshire, where it is not uncommon. Mr. Loe, jun.,
remarked that the plant smells of apples, an observation confirming the propriety
of the name Chamomile, probably applied to this species.

tt Receptacle paleaceous. Pappus none.

XV. AntHemis, Linn. Chamomile.

“ Achenes terete or obscurely 4-angled. Pappus a membrana-
ceous border or 0. Receptacle convex, chaffy. Involucre hemi-
spherical or nearly plane, the scales imbricated, membranaceous
at their margins. Jlorets of the disk terete, of the ray oblong-
linear.” — Br. Fl.

1. A. nobilis, L. Common or True Chamomile. Sweet Chamo-
mile. Roman Chamonule. ‘ Leaves bipinnate, segments linear-
subulate a little downy, receptacle conical its scales scarcely
longer than the disk.”—Br. Fl. p. 248. H. B. t. 980.

On dry pastures, banks, heaths and commons ; abundant in various parts of
the island. Fl. June—September. 2.

In a pasture-field close by the Vernon hotel at Springfield, near Ryde, and on
St. Helen’s green, in plenty. At Sandown. Abundant on Lake common, &c.
A var. with full or double flowers occurs sparingly on the moor near the Wilder-
ness.

Involucre hemispherical. Scales of the receptacle delicately membranous, con-
cave, much broader than in A. Cotula. Receptacle acutely conical when ripe.
Achenium small, brownish, ovato-oblong, rounded and obtuse at the summit,
somewhat pointed at the lower end, terete or obscurely angular, longitudinally
rugoso-striate, quite glabrous. :

The extremely short, fleshy and somewhat hoary segments of the leaves, with
the procumbent habit and pungently aromatic oduur of the bruised flowers, will
enable any one readily to distinguish this valuable medicinal plant from several
other British species of the same genus which greatly resemble it. The true
262 COMPOSITA. [Anthemus.

Chamomile is quite a western and maritime species; a stranger to the inland
countries of the Continent, where its place is often supplied by the Wild Chamo-
mile (Matricaria Chamomilla), which possesses in a less degree the tonic and
aromatic qualities of the genuine plant.

2. A. arvensis, L. Corn Chamomile. “ Leaves bipinnatifid,
segments linear-lanceolate pubescent, receptacle conical its scales

lanceolate, fruit crowned with an entire pappus.”—Br. Fl. p. 244.
E. B. t. 602.

In sandy or chalky fields, amongst grass, clover, turnips, &c. (I have never
seen it here in comm) ; more rarely on hedgebanks and waste grouud, but by no
means common with us or persistent where found, having perhaps been introduced
with grass-seeds from the mainland of England or the Contineut. Fl. May—
July. ©Oor g?

E. Med.—In several places about Sandown and Shanklin, as in fields near
Lee farm and between Cliff and Hide. Arreton. Field below Ashey down. In
grass-fields at Vinnicombe barn, by Newchurch. Clover-field between Weeks’s
and Little Smallbrook. Sparingly in the glebe at Newchurch. Plentifully in a
field of clover near Little Duxmore. In a grass-field near the St. Boniface hotel,
Bonchurch, sparingly. In a lay-field at Sandford, near Godshill. Near East-
Standen farm.

W. Med.—In a field’ near Idlecombe. About Swainston. Plentiful about
Colwell and most parts of the island, B. 7. W.

Root annual, fibrous. Stems several, procumbent at the base, diffuse and
spreading, much branched, and like the rest of the plant more or less clothed with
gray hoary pubescence. Leaves short, a little fleshy, doubly pinnatifid, the seg-
ments linear-lanceolate, cut and pointed. Flowers solitary, on long peduncles at
the end of the branches, large, white and handsome, approaching those of Chry-~
santhemum leucanthemum in size. Involucre hemispherical, cottony, its scales
ovate, very obtuse, with a broad, membranous, pellucid border.  Palee linear-
lancevlate, concave, tapering at each end, very acute, about as long as the florets.
Ray broad, white, deflexed at night ; florets of the disk bright yellow, all perfect
(hermaphrodite) ; those of the ray without stamens (female). Achenes pale brown
or nearly white, glabrous, oblong-obconic, somewhat vbsoletely quadrangular, the
faces deeply furrowed longitudinally, but not transversely wrinkled, their truncate
summits crowned in the inner central or uppermost florets with a very thin, shal-
low, erect border, which in the inferior florets becomes flat, spreading or discvid,
and plicately rugose.

This species bears much resemblance to some of the more hairy forms of A.
Cotula, which in pubescence and breadth of the segments of its leaves approaches
the former pretty closely ; but A. arvensis may be always distinguished from it by
its lax procumbent habit, generally larger and fewer flowers, that are on very long
hairy peduncles a little enlarged upwards, and not disposed in the same panicled
or corymbose manner as in that species.

The bruised flower-heads have a weak smell of Chamomile, of which the her-
bage is quite destitute.

The Rev. G. E. Smith remarked to me that this species is the earliest in flower
of the tribe, beginning to blossom at least iu May, if not earlier, when it is con-
spicuous in clover-fields, but later in the season is not so readily detected, in con-
sequence probably of being confounded and overlooked amidst the predominance
of its more abundant allies, Pyrethrum and Chrysanthemum.

I remarked in June, 1848, that in a field of Vetches at Newchurch, upon which
sheep were penned for the purpose of eating it down, the Anthemis arvensis was
cropped close to the root by those animals, and, though excessively abundant, not
a plant was spared by them. The plant ought perhaps rather to be encouraged
than otherwise in our clover- avd grass-fields, as its sweet aromatic qualities are
probably salutary to stock of most kinds.
Anthemis.} COMPOSIT&. 263

3. A. Cotula, LL. Stinking Chamomile. Stink Mayweed. Veet.
Morgin or Mavin. “ Leaves bipinnatifid glabrous their segments
subulate, receptacle conical its scales linear setaceous, pappus

none, tube of the corolla 2-winged.” — Br. Fl. p. 244. EH. B.t.
1772.

B. Leaves fleshy, dotted ; stem procumbent.

In waste, pasture, cultivated and fallow-ground, on dunghills, by roadsides,
&c.; far too abundant amongst corn for the credit of our agriculture. Fv. June
~—September. ©.

B. In loose sand on the beech at Norton.

Root annual, whitish and tapering. Stem about a foot high, much branched,
erect or ascending, solid, roundish, furrowed, smooth or sometimes a little hairy.
Leaves sessile, alternate, pale green, bipinnatifid, their segments short, linear,
various in breadth, rather fleshy, cut and bristle-pointed, smooth or slightly downy.
Flowers solitary at the naked extremities of the stein and branches, rather hand-
some from the bright yellow of the disk and the pure white of the broad rays.
Involucre hemispherical, cottony, its scales ovate or lanceolate, with a narrow
membranous edge and green central rib, closely imbricated in two or three rows.
Receptacle cylindrico-couical. Palee greenish, setaceous, curved, wanting to the
florets of the circumference and to those of the exterior portion of the disk,
extremely narrow. Florets of the disk golden yellow, very numerous, the tube
short, divided into 5 acute, short, fleshy and glandular segments. Styles broad,
flattened and grooved longitudinally, spreading ; stigmas two flat brushes of gland-
tipped hairs or sete. Florets of the circumference neuter (without stamens or pis-
tils), their rays broadly ovate or elliptical, toothed, deflexed at night or soon after
the plant is gathered. Achenia very rough.

8. In this variety, which I at first thought to be Pyrethrum maritimum, besides
the fleshy leaves and procumbent stem, the palee of the receptacle appear to be
broader or less setaceous than in the usual inland condition of the species. Plants
of very different orders and genera evince this tendency in the leaves to become
thickened or fleshy when growing near the sea. I have remarked it to be strikingly
the case with Solanum Dulcamara on the beach at Gosport and elsewhere, and
very conspicuously so in the common Box-thorn (Lyctum Barbarum) in the gar-
den of the ‘ George’ hotel, Yarmouth.

This plant is well known to reapers by the name of Morgin,* and unanimously
accused of blistering the feet, hands and open bosoms of those employed in
making up the corn into shocks. That the imputation is well founded, the con-
current testimony of every labourer in the harvest-field leaves no cause to doubt ;
the general opinion, gleaned on numerousand minute inquiries, I find to be that
the irritating effects of the plant are caused by the seed when ripe, and are mostly
manifested in the lower extremities, from the close adhesion of the seed to that
part by their rough surface, aided by the friction of the shoe causing first abrasion,
afterwards active inflammation and even ulceration. I have been repeatedly
assured by the peasantry that they have known men incapacitated for work and
laid up from the injurious operation of this noxious weed for days together in
harvest time; not one whom [ have addressed but spoke feelingly on the subject,
often from his own experience. To myself the odour of the bruised flowers is not
unpleasant, nor am I sensible of any acrimonious property on continued handling
the fresh plant, and, though others have experienced the opposite effect in a short
time, I apprehend that long-continued contact with a moist heated surface is

 

* Of the etymology of the name Morgin I am quite ignorant, but there is a
story current of a Snssex farmer, belonging to the old slovenly school of agricul-
turists, coming before the revising barrister to register himself as a voter for the
county, who, on being questioned by that legal officer as to whether there existed
any mortgage on his farm, unhesitatingly replied, “ Why, noa, sir, no great deal
of Margin much, but a precious sight of Charlock !”
264 COMPOSITE. (Achillea.

required to produce such a result with the generality of people. The flowers when
chewed have a biting acrimony, which is of very short duration.

The total want of a border to the seed, the absence of palee towards the circum-
ference of the disk or base of the elongated receptacle, and the sterile florets of
the ray, constitute the genus Maruta of Cassini a very artificial one; and were
the principle carried out of making new genera upon every slight deviation in
structure we should soon have as many genera as species.

This is a common and introduced weed in most parts of N. America to which
colonization has extended, where, however, it is by no means so troublesome and
hurtful an intruder as with us. 1 have seen it growing as far South and West as
Natchez and New Orleans.

XVI. Acuiu#a, Linn. Yarrow.

“ Pappus 0. Receptacle flat, chaffy. Involucre ovate, imbri-
cated. lorets of the ray 5—10, roundish or obcordate.”’—Br. Fl.

1. A. Afillefolium, L. Common Yarrow or Millfoil. “ Leaves
deeply bipinnatifid, lobes incise, segments linear-acute, stems
furrowed, scales of the involucre nearly glabrous.” — Br. Fl. p.
245. EB. Bt. 758.

8. Flowers rose-colour or deep red.

In meadows, pastures, on bedgebanks, by roadsides and borders of fields ;
everywhere. £7. June—September. Fr. September, October. 2{.

B. Shore near E. Cowes Castle. This var., which is not unfrequent, is often to
be seen in gardens.

Receptacle conical. Palee brownish, lanceolate, concave, torn at the summit
and margins, glabrous. Achenia ash-gray, obovato-oblong, subtetragonous, much
compressed, with a narrow flat margin, striato-rugose and glabrous.

2. A. Ptarmica, L. Sneezewort Yarrow. Goose - tongue.
“ Leaves shining glabrous linear-lanceolate acuminate uniformly
and sharply serrate, serratures appressed scabrous at the margin,
ray 8—12 flowered.”—-Br. Fl. p. 244. HE. B. t. 758.

In damp meadows, pastures, heathy bushy places, moist margins of fields and
ditches, &c., but not common. Fi. July—September. fr. September, Octuber.

FE. Med.—Smallgain’s heath.

W. Med.—In and along the edge of Parkhurst forest, by the roadside from
Newport to Yarmouth, very plentifully, as well as in the plantations on the enclo-
sures. Field by the roadside from Yarmouth to Shalfleet, nearly opposite to
Cranmore farm. Borders of fields between Cranmore farm and the road to Ning-
wood. In the bog at Cockleton, sparingly. Ona heath or common (Wilming-
ham heath) on the East side of the Yar. By the roadside between Wootton and
Newport, a litle beyond the bridge across the road. Alvington manor-land, G.
Kirkpatrick, Esq. About the Depot hospital, B. T. W.

Root jointed, creeping horizontally. Stem erect, slender, roundish, stiff, a foot
or 18 inches high, a little downy towards the summit. Leaves sessile, linear,
rigid, acute, sharply and evenly serrated, glabrous. Panicle termival, corymbose,
its branches downy. Flowers larger and fewer than in A. Millefolium, the
disk grayish yellow, the ray white and broad. Scales of the involucre close-
pressed, lanceolate, cottony, with a brown border. Palee broadly lanceolate,
hairy at the tips. Florets all perfect; those of the ray with styles only.

The bruised flowers have a pungent aromatic scent, though the rest of the herb
is nearly inodorous. The ray is deflexed, at night or when the plant is gathered,
as in Anthemis.
Tanacetum.} COMPOSITE.

~
om
or

ttt Receptacle naked or hairy. Synanthera discoid.
XVII. Tanacetum, Linn. Tansy.

“ Achenes angled, crowned with a large epigynous disk and a
membranous margin. Ieceptacle naked. Involucre hemispheri-
cal, imbricated. Liyulate florets short and trifid, or wanting.
(Heads homochromous).’—Br. Fl.

_ 1. Ty vulgare, L. Common Tansy. “ Leaves bipinnatifid
inciso-serrate.’"— Br. Fl. p. 229. HE. B. t. 1229.

In dry hilly pastures, on hedgebanks, by roadsides and borders of fields; not
very common. Fl. July?—September. Fr. September, October. 2f.

E, Med.— At St. John’s Ryde, sparingly. Near Lake farm, by Sandown.
Hedge between Lake and Blackpan. By Bembridye, in the walk under the
shore. Plentiful in the lane from Whitecross to Hilliard’s. In a pasture-field
close to Newchurch, at the S. end of the village, in great plenty. In sume mea-
dows at Newchurch,’a little S.E. of the church, in great abundance. Ina field
about a quarter of a mile S.W. of Godshill church. Field opposite Holmwood,
near Ryde, Miss Ferguson,

W. Med.—Plentiful by the roadside from Chale to Blackgang, and abundantly
on a high bank by the roadside between Mottiston and Brixton. At Moor Town,
Brixton. At Kingston near the church, and by Beckfield barn, commonly. Bank
above the road between Calbourne and Newbridge, near the latter.

Root long, tough, stringy, creeping horizontally, with many lateral fibres.
Stem erect, 1—3 feet high, solid, leafy, round, furrowed, brownish purple, branch-
ing at the top, usually bare below from the decaying of the lowermost leaves.
Leaves alternate, bright green, sessile, bipinnatifid, the segments acutely inciso-
serrate, glabrous, sprinkled thickly with resinous dots, in which the strong odour
of the plant resides. Corymds terminal, cymose, of many erect leafy branches,
and bearing golden yellow flowers as bruad as a silver penny. Involucre hemi-
spherical, its scales unequal, ovate-obtuse, close-pressed, with a brownish keel and
torn membranous edges. Receptacle hemispherical, quite smooth and naked.
Florets very numerous, those of the circumference ofteu 3 clelt and unisexual ;
sometimes all the florets 5-cleft aud androgynous like those of the disk. Segments
of the corolla thickened at the tips. Style cleft, with grooved reflexed segments.
Achenium greenish, oblong, truncate, with 4 or 5 prominent rib-like angles, the
faces plane or with an intermediate costa, often sprinkled with a few resinous
grains, glabrous. Pappus none, but a short, membranous, uneven border at the
truncate summit of the seed. eceptacle (in seed) broadly conical, solid, covered
with raised points of attachment for the seeds, not alveolate.

 

Diotis, Desfont. Cotton-weed.

?1. D. maritima, Cass. Sea-side Cotton-weed. Br. Fl. p. 228.
Santolina, Z.: EH. B. t. 141.

On sandy sea-shores ; now at least extinct. Fl. August, September. 2{.

W. Med.—Shore at Sconce Tower, Mr. W. D. Snooke.

I insert this curious plant solely on the authority of the compiler of the ‘ Botany
of the Isle of Wight, having never met with it here or elsewhere in the island
myself, or heard of any one besides who had. Though inclined to suspect an
error in this instance, I have so repeatedly confirmed the accuracy of Mr. Snooke’s
stations, that T retain the species under a line, with a few other doubtful and
extinct plants, merely observing that the assigned habitat, as it now exists, is not

2M
266 COMPOSITE. (Artemisia.

XVIII. Artemista, Linn. Wormwood. Mugwort.

“* Achenes obovate, with a minute epigynous disk. Pappus 0.
Receptacle without scales. Involucre ovate or rounded, imbri-
cated. Ligulate florets, if any, in a single row, short or slender
and awl-shaped. (Heads homochromous).’—Br. Fl.

* Receptacle hairy.

1. A. Absinthiwum, L. Common Wormwood. “ Leaves bipin-
natifid clothed with short silky down, segments lanceolate, heads
hemispherical drooping many-flowered, outer scales of the invo-
lucre linear silky, inner ones roundish scarious.”—Br. Fl. p. 229.
E. B. t. 1230.

On hedgebanks, by roadsides, and in dry waste places about villages, farmyards,
&e.; frequent. £1. August, September. 2.

Whole herb conspicuous for its silvery gray or hoary aspect, proceeding from
the copious, adpressed, centrally affixed pubescence. Root perennial, of several
long, stout, flexuose, pale and branching fibres, fleshy externally, hard, woody
and white in the centre. Stem 1 or more, erect or slizhtly ascending, from about
2 to 4 feet high, terete, in the larger and older plants of a ligneous texture below,
and covered with a brownish and roughish bark, whitish, furrowed, angulato-stri-
ate, zigzag and more herbaceous above, where it is filled with a beautiful cellular
tissue, copiously and virgately branched ; the branches very long, leafy, erect or
patent, and like the main stem hoary with fine, close, adpressed, silky hairs fixed
by their centres. Leaves alternate, sericeo-tomentuse, very hoary beneath with the
same matted and medifixt pubescence as the stem, less so and often considerably
green above, the lowermost and those of the first year’s shouts on long channelled
petioles, bipinnato-pinnatifid or pinuatisect, roundish or ovate in outline, their
primary segments deeply, unequally and for the most part trifidly pinnatisect ; the
ulterior segments mostly oblong or elliptical, pointed or obtuse, quite entire, flat ;
stem-leaves on shorter stalks, their segments Jonger, narrower and more acute,
becoming gradually less compound as they ascend, the superior ones at length
trifid, the highest of all linear-elliptical and undivided. Heads of flowers small,
hemispherical, nodding or unilateral, mostly solitary or in pairs from the bosom
of the upper leaves, or of a linear-oblong bract, in erect, leafy, alternate, simple or
somewhat compounded racemes along the stem and branches, constituting in the
aggregate a large, virgate, bushy panicle. Peduncles unequal, that of the outer-
most head in each pair extremely short, of the inner twice or thrice that length
and often bracteate near its summit. Involucral bracts closely imbricated ; the
outer few sublinear-obtuse, very downy; inuer roundish, gibbous and greenish at
the back, with broad, scariose, pale biown, fringed margins. F’/orets numerous in
each head, yellow or reddish. Achenes minute, grayish brown, oblong-obovate or
obconic, sulidiaphanous, strongly wrinkled. Receptacle convex, covered with pel-
lucid, white, setaceous and membranous pales.

 

exactly one in which I should expect to meet with a plant delighting in loose
sand or pebbles, ut that the continual alteration which the shores of the island
are undergoing, from landslips and the encroachments of the sea, may adequately
account for the disappearance of the Sea Cotton-weed with the changes wrought
in the locality.

 
Artemisia.] COMPOSITAE. 267

** Receptacle naked.

2. A. vulgaris, L. Mugwort. ‘Leaves pinnatifid white and
woolly beneath, heads somewhat racemed ovate, scales of the
involucre woolly.’—Br. Fl. p. 229. E. B. t. 1230.

Very common almost everywhere on dry hedgebanks, in waste ground and bor-
ders of fields. Fl. August, September. 2,.

3. A. maritima, L. Sea Wormwood. “ Leaves downy, radical
and lower cauline ones bipinnate, upper often pinnate or pinnatifid,
segments linear, heads racemed oblong 3—5 flowered.” — Br. Fi.
p. 229. H. B. xxiv. t. 1706.

“a, Racemes drooping.”—Br. Fl. p. 229. E. B. xxiv. t. 1706.

“8. Racemes erect.”— Br. Fl. p. 229. A. gallica, L.: E. B. xiv. t. 1001.
Fl. Dan, xii. t. 2119 (bona).

In muddy places and on ditchhanks by the sea-shore, and in salt-marshes, bor-
ders of tide-rivers and creeks ; here and there abundantly. Fl. August, Septem-
ber. ‘

FE, Med.— Abundant near the sluice at the bottom of Brading harbour. Shores
of Brading harbour here and there, as about St. Helens, Carpenters, &c. On the
shore near Quarr, sparingly. King’s quay. Salt-marshes by the Yar, near E.
Cowes, B. T. W.

W. Med. —Abundant in salt-marshes around Newtown, especially on the point
by the preventive station at Elmsworth Saltern, with var. 8. Thorness bay, and
in salt-marshes near Yarmouth.

Root tough, woody and flexuose, usually but little branched, running deeply
and mostly obliquely, covered with a blackish brown wrinkled bark, dividing at
the crown into several stems, which are tortuous, recumbent, spreading and some-
what ligneous below, then erect or ascending, slender, sharply angular, copiously
branched and leafy, seldom much above a foot in height, clothed, as well as the
leaves, with an abundant, close, cottony web less plentiful at the base of the stem,
which is usually beset with the withered leaves of the previous year, or naked and
of a greenish or yellowish brown colour, and glabrous or nearly so. Leaves nume-
rous, alternate, very white or hoary, especially those of the barren shoots, which
are crowded into dense tufts; on moderately lung grooved petioles, small and of
a roundish or oblong shape, deeply pinnatifid or pinnatisect, the secondary seg-
meuts linear-oblong, entire, rounded or obtuse, either spreading or erect and
folded together, flat above and somewhat keeled beneath, rather thick and succu-
lent, those of the stem-leaves becoming for the most part less numerous as they
approach the summit. Heads mostly 5-flowered, oblong, small, secund, nodding
or drooping, sometimes erect (A. gallica, Z.), mostly solitary and distant, in more
or less unilateral, axillary, leafy, simple or slightly compound racemes, of which
the inferior are long, spreading or patent, drooping at the tips, the superior short
and strongly recurved, with closer-placed heads. J*lorets all perfect, yellowish or
reddish, glabrous, resinous, the limb cleft at the summit into 5 short, erect, trian-
gular segments; tube greenish. Anthers apiculate. Styles exserted, very thick,
cleft into 2 rectangular, slightly diverging, yellow lobes with deflexed margins ;
stigmas disciform, semicircular, fringed with pellucid bristles. Receptacle minute,
prominent and naked.

The smallest and latest in flowering of our British species, as well as the most
aromatic, the odour of the fresh herb being equally pungent and agreeable with
that of Southernwood (A. Abrotanum).
268 COMPOSITE, (Bidens.

24, A. cerulescens, L. Bluish- or Lavender-leaved Mugwort.
“ Leaves hoary most of them lanceolate undivided tapering at the
base, lower ones variously lobed, heads 3-flowered oblong-cylin-
drical spicate, scales of the involucre hoary subcarinate.’—Br. fl.
p. 230. EH. B.t. 2426. Gerarde, Em. p. 1104, fig. 8. A. marina,
Huds.: Fl. Angl. ed. 2da, p. 359.

On the sea-coast ; a very doubtful native. Fi. August, September. 2.

On the coast of Brading harbour, near Bradstone, B. T. W., but where I have
sought it without success.

This species has been introduced into the British Flora on the authority of
Gerarde and of Tofield, but, although the old herbalist mentions it as a native of
the opposite coast of Hampshire (Portsmouth), he does not, as Sir J. Smith would
lead us to suppose, tell us of its actually growing in the Isle of Wight, an error
which seems to have originated with Smith, and from him to have been copied into our
late British Floras. Yet in Mr. Snooke’s little work above quoted a specific loca-
lity is assigned to A. cerulescens within the island, for the origin of which I am
unable to account, not finding it recorded in any other book, nor is any authority
subjoined for its insertion. It is not therefore unfair to presume, that supposing
Gerarde and Tofield to have really found this now apparently extinct species, yet,
as careful search has been instituted by succeeding botanists for its re-discovery,
without success, in our own time, the probability is that the station I now give is
erroneous, some form of A. maritima, possibly the var. gallica, having been mis-
taken for it.

Tttt Receptacle paleaceous. Pappus of 2—5 stiff bristles.

XIX. Bivens, Linn. Bur Marigold.

“ Pappus of 2—5 persistent awns, which are rough with minute
deflexed prickles. Receptacle chaffy. Involucre of many scales ;
the outer ones or bracteas often leafy. (Heads sometimes with a
neuter ray).’—Br. Fl.

The species of this genus are very widely dispersed over the globe.*

1. B. cernua, L. Nodding Bur Marigold. “Flowers droop-
ing, bracteas lanceolate entire (longer than the involucre), leaves
lanceolate serrated undivided, bristles of the fruit about 3 erect.”
— Br. Fl. p. 228. H. B. t. 1114.

8. Much smaller, stem simple. B. minima, Z.: Fl. Dan. ii. t.312; Dill. in
Ray's Syn.

In and about shallow ditches, drains, ponds and other watery places. Fl. July
—September. fr. October, November. ©.

E. Med. — Plentiful in ditches on Sandown level, especially about the skirts of
Lake common. Abundant in a ditch behind Merry Garden, near Shanklin.
Alverston, iv the wet ditches below the lynch. Plentiful in the drains of the wet
meadow by the West side of Langbridge. In the stream by Budbridge, and else-
where to the N. and N.E. of Godshill.

W. Med.—Wet places about Brixton, as at White-Court farm, &c. Common

 

* I observed a discoid Bidens very common in moist pastures and by roadsides
in the lowlands of Trinidad and other West-India islands. B. chrysantha, with
white radiate flowers, is a troublesome weed in the cane-pieces of Jamaica, the
foreign species of the genus appearing less aquatic than our own,
Carlina.) COMPOSITE. 269

along the Medina in several parts of its course, as about Cridmore, Rookley, &c.,
and iv ditches and drains adjoining. In the farmyard at Sheat, near Gatcombe.

B. In a wet bog on the moors a litle N.E. of Godshill and nearly opposite
Moor farm. In my specimens the flowers are both erect and slightly nodding.

Achenia of a deep wood-brown colour or somewhat greenish, cuneate-oblong,
truncate at the summit and at the much attenuated lower extremity, tetragonous,
much compressed, with raised retrorsely aculeate angles (sometimes smooth, Sm.),
the intermediate faces wrinkled and finely striate longitudinally. Pappus of
4 straight, nearly erect, bristle-like awns, one from each angle, and armed like
them with very sharp, scarcely curved, retrorse prickles, about half as long as the
fruit, the two middle awns rather shorter than the exterior pair, one of them often
wanting.

The leases, as well as the stems, are of a paler green than in the next.

2. B. tripartita, L. Trifid-leaved Bur Marigold. “ Leaves
tripartite, leaflets lanceolate deeply serrated, bristles of the fruit
2—3.”—Br. Fl. p. 228. E. B. t. 1118.

In similar places with the preceding, but I think rather less frequent. F'.
July—September. Fr. October. ©.

EE, Med.—In various parts of Sandown level. Ditch by Merry Garden. Mar-
gin of the pond at Hardingshoot farm. Abundant in drains and ditches about
Blackpan and Ninham.

Achenia the size of the last and very similar, but darker brown and still flatter,
sublinear-oblong or obovate-oblong, truncate at both ends, with smoother faces,
the outer angles fringed with closer and somewhat larger deflexed prickles. Pap-
pus of 2 or oftener 3 bristly awns, in length and direction like those of the last,
but rather more closely aculeate, with more slender prickles, the middle awn, as
in that, shortest.

Suborder IT. CynarocerHaLz®.

All the corollas tubular, 5-cleft, and generally inflated below the
mouth, uniform in the same head (perfect or rarely dicecious), or, as
in Centaurea, with those of the circumference irregular, tubular
and neuter. Style swollen below its branches.

* “ Pappus in 1—2 rows, not surrounded by an elevated margin.”—Bab. Man.

XX. Caruina, Linn. Carline Thistle.

“ Achenes oblong, cylindrical, silky. Pappus feathery, sessile,
hairs unequally united at the base. Receptacle chafty, scales
irregularly cleft. Involucre imbricated, tumid; the outer scales
lax, with numerous spines; the inner coloured, spreading, resem-
bling aray. Anthers with ciliated bristles at the base, and long
appendages at the apex.’—Br. Fl.

1. C. vulgaris, L. Common Carline Thistle. Stem mostly
corymbose many-flowered (or simple and single-flowered) cottony,
leaves unequally spinous and sinuate tomentose beneath. Br. Fl.
p. 224. E. B. t. 1144.

On dry, hilly, sandy or heathy pastures, fields and rough rocky waste places ;
very common. /l. June—August. ¢.
270 COMPOSITE. [Arctium.

E. Med.— Abundant in Luccombe landslip, and in many parts of the Under-
cliff. [On Bembridge down and St. Helen’s spit, Dr. Bell-Salter, Edrs.]

W. Med.—About Blackgang, and on St. Catherine’s down, plentiful.

Root very long, tapering, with few fibres, tough, woody, and covered with a
thick soft bark. Svtem solitary erect, 10—20 inches high, roundish, furrowed,
leafy, purplish, and covered with a loose cottony web, either simple and having a
solitary flower, or branched in a corymbose manner and bearing three or many
more flowers, one at the end of each branch. Leaves alternate, sessile, slightly
decurrent and recurved, lanceolate or linear-lanceolate, folded, irregularly waved
and sinuate, covered, but mostly so on the under side, with the same cottony
plexus as the stem itself, sometimes, it is said, smooth, gradually diminishing in
length towards the summit of the stem, where they are very short, their margins
armed with pungent but rather weak, partly spreading and partly erect spines.
Flowers terminal. Involucre subylobose, cottony, its outermost scales or leaflets
like the leaves, and spreading; then follow several rows of purplish brown, slen-
der, compound, yellow-tipped spines, which are succeeded by a row or two of
linear, acute and shining, chaffy scales, of a straw-yellow colour, spreading like
rays when the flowers open. Receptacle spongy, beset with white, concave,
chaffy pale, torn or cleft into several bristle-like lacinie.

**& “ Panpus in many rows, not surrounded by a prominent margin.”— Bab. Man.

XXI. Arcrium, Linn. Burdock.

Fruit 4-sided. Pappus short, pilose. Receptacle chaffy. In-
volucre globose, the scales with an incurved hook at the point.

1. A. Lappa, L. Common Burdock. ‘“ Leaves cordate stalked.”
—Br. Fl. p. 219. E. B. t. 1228.

B. Involucre with a cobweb-like down. A. Bardana, Willd.: E. B. t. 2478.
In dry pastures, borders of fields, on waste ground, by waysides, along hedges,

ditchbanks, and amongst rubbish, &c.; very common. fi. July, August. ¢.
B. Much the more frequent var. of the two.

XXII. Carpuvs, Linn. Thistle.

“ Involucre imbricated, with simple, spinous, pointed scales.
Receptacle with fimbriated scales. Achenes compressed, oblong,
with a somewhat fleshy terminal areola. Pappus long, pilose or
plumose, united into a ring at the base and deciduous.”— Br. Fl.

* Pappus rough.

1. C. nutans, L. Musk Thistle. “ Leaves decurrent sinuate
spinous, heads hemispherical solitary drooping, scales of the invo-
lucre lanceolate, outer ones spreading.” — Br. Fl. p. 220. EH. B.
t. 1112.

In dry waste ground, rough barren fields, pastures aga fallows ; plentiful in
calcareous soils; abundant on the sides of our high downs and in chalk-pits.
Fil. May—October. @. or (ex Sm.) ©.

2. C. acanthoides, L. Welted Thistle. “eaves decurrent
lanceolate sinuate pinnatifid spinous, heads globose nearly ses-
sile solitary or aggregated, involucral scales linear-subulate erect
or spreading.” — Br. Fl. p. 220. E. B.t. 978. Fl. Dan. viii. t.
1341. Jacq Fl. Aust. ii. 28, t. 249. C. crispus, L.
Cardwus.} COMPOSITA. Q71

In woods, thickets and on hedgebanks, also (though more rarely with us) in dry
open waste places, fields and pastures, but not very generally dispersed over the
island. Jl, June—October. ©. ex Sm. &c. more probably ¢.

E. Med.—Near Ashey farm, by the fvotruad from thence to Nanwell and Bra-
ding, in plenty. Arreton street. On a high wooded bank above the road between
Shanklin and Bonchurch, in abundance. Near Lower Knighton. Near Cowes.
In Knighton East copse. Abundantly on a sloping bank under the S. side of
Arreton down, adjoining a copse.

W. Med. — Plentiful in the park at Swainston, in and skirting the high wood,
&c.; also by the roadside between Swainston and Apes down.

Achenia wood-brown or palish, oblong, compressed, shining and glabrous,
with a few filiform strie. Puppus dirty white.

The name of this species has no doubt been given it from the strong resem-
blance of the first year’s root-leaves to those of the Acanthus.

3. C. tenuiflorus, Curt. Slender-flowered Thistle. ‘ Leaves
decurrent lanceolate sinuate spinous somewhat cottony beneath,
heads nearly cylindrical aggregated sessile, involucral scales ovate-
lanceolate attenuate erect.” — Br. Fl. p. 221. E. B. t. 412. Fl
Dan. xii. t. 2058.

On hedge- and ditch-banks, in dry waste places, and on the high chalk-downs ;
abundantly in various parts of the island. £7. May—August. ©. (or d. Hook).

FE. Med.—At St. Helens. Most abundantly below the rocks near Mirables,
&c. [On Ashey down, by the roadside, Dr. Bell-Sulter. At Bembrilge, on the
shore near the ferry, and on the down over the Culvers, A. G. More, E'sq., Edrs.]

W. Med.—On Afton down. At Blackgang. On the chalky downs in West
Medina, in plenty, B. 7. W. “ Everywhere about Freshwater,” Dawson Turner,
Esq., in ditto.

Well distinguished from C. acanthoides by the cylindrical, not globose, invo-
lucres, and by the scales of that part being dilated into an oval form at the base.

** Pappus feathery. Cnicus, Linn. Sm. Cirsium.

4. C. lanceolatus, L. Spear Thistle. ‘‘ Leaves decurrent his-
pid pinnatifid their segments generally 2-lobed spreading spinous,
involucres ovate tomentose their scales lanceolate spreading.” —
E. B.t.107. Cnicus, Willd.: Br. £1. p. 221.

A common and troublesome species everywhere in pastures, waste places, by
roadsides, on ditch-banks, &c. Fl. June—November. ¢.

To none of the genus is the motto, “ Nemo me impune lacessit,” more appli-
cable than to this species, from the extreme pungency of its long and formidable
prickles.

5. C. ertophorus, L. Woolly-headed Thistle. ‘‘ Leaves semi-
amplexicaul not decurrent white and cottony beneath spinous-
hairy above pinnatifid, lobes bifid alternate segments pointing
upwards and downwards, involucres spherical woolly, the scales
with a long refiexed spinous point.’— H. B. t. 386. Jacq. Fl.
Aust. ii. 45, t. 171. Cnicus, Willd.: Br. Fl. p. 222.

In dry, hilly, chalky or limestone pastures, but very local. FU. July, August.

E. Med.—Between Luccombe and Bonchurch, as originally remarked by Mr,
J. Woods, jun., in Bot. Guide, and where, on the rough ground over which the
path goes from Shanklin to Luccombe chine, as also on the steep banks towards
the Bonchurch extremity of the landslip at East-end, it still grows in tolerable
abundance. About Bouchurch and Ventnor here and there.
272 COMPOSITE. [Carduus.

W. Med. — Plentiful on sloping copse-land at the upper part of the valley at
Apes down. Fields under Buccombe down, on the E. side, nearly above Idle-
combe, in some plenty.

The handsomest perhaps of all the British thistles. Hoot biennial. Stem stout,
wh branched, leafy, solid, angular, deeply furrowed, very woolly, about 3 feet
high. Leaves alternate, very large, spreading, the lowermost often 2 feet long,
dark’ green, sessile and semiamplexicaul, deeply pinnatifid, the segments remote,
in pairs, the lowermost in each pair and the larger of the two pvinting upwards,
the other and smaller directed downwards and forwards, all elliptic-lanceolate,
with inflexed edges and a single, strong, white midrib, very cottony beneath, and
armed with a few slender marginal spines, and a very stout sharp terminal one,
in addition to which the smaller deflexed segments have a basal pair of strong
spines, productions like the rest of the central verve or midrib of the leaf, of which
the terminal segment is very Jong and pointed. Flowers solitary or two together
at the end of the branches, bright purple, very handsume, guarded by the long
erect tips of the highest leaves, which supply the place of bracts. Involucre
nearly spherical, as large as a middling-sized orauge, flattened at the base, of
many rows of linear twice-curved scales, that are smovth and shining in their
broader and lower, but covered with a dense cottony connecting web in their
upper and contracted part, which is purplish, reflexed, and tipped with a pale
spine. Receptacle thick, fleshy, a litle villous, with very shallow alveoli. Florets
very long, slender, curved, the tube white, limb purple, its segments linear, erect,
with thick ylandular tips. | Fidaments hairy in their upper part ; anthers purple,
awned at the base. Style long, white; stigmas simple, undivided. Achenia
large, ovate, compressed, dark brown or grayish and mottled, obscurely ribbed,
smooth and highly polished, crowned with an oblique circular rim and depression,
surrounding a short cylindrical point. Pappus long, white, beautifully feathery,
planted in the groove around the above point, which is closely embraced by the
deep annular base of the pappus, that falls away from the ripe seed on the
slightest touch.

6. C. arvensis, Curt. Creeping-rooted Thistle. Way Thistle.
“Leaves spinous, heads dicecious by abortion, involucre ovate
nearly glabrous its scales broadly lanceolate appressed termi-
nating in a short spreading spine, root creeping.” — HE. B. t. 975.
Cnicus, Hoffm.: Br. Fl. p. 222.

By roadsides, in rongh waste places, fields, pastures and neglected gardens, far
too abundantly ; an execrable pest in damp cornfields and cultivated ground. Fl.
July. 2.

7. C. palustris, L. Alarsh Thistle. ‘“ Leaves decurrent sca-
brous pinnatifid spinous, involucres ovate clustered, their scales
ovate-lanceolate mucronate appressed.” — EH. B. t. 974. Cuicus,
Willd.: Br. Fl. p. 221.

8. Flowers white.

In moist meadows, pastures, woods and thickets, on ditch-banks, and in other
damp or wet situations ; plentifully. £U. July. ‘

8. Plentiful along the descent from Groves's hotel to Alum bay.

8. C. Forsteri, Ed. Cat. Branching Bog Thistle. “ Leaves
slightly decurrent pinnatifid spinous downy beneath, stem pani-
cled hollow, involucre ovate rather cotony, outer scales spinous.’”*
EE. Fi, iii. p. 390.

 

* (Br. Fl. 4th ed. sb. nom. Cnicus F.—£drs.]
Onopordum.] COMPOSITA. 273

In damp pastures and in boggy woods; extremely rare, and now pretty
generally considered as a casual mule production betwixt C. palustris and C.
arvensis. FU, July, August. 2.

A single plant found by the Rev. G. E. Smith between the Needles hotel
(Groves’s) and Alum bay, with a dried portion of which he has siuce kindly pre-
sented me. The specimen, which I presume to be identical with the plant
first noticed at Frant, near Tunbridge Wells, Mr. Smith considers, with rea-
son, as a casual hybrid between C. palustris and C. arvensis.

9. C. pratensis, Huds. Meadow Thistle. ‘“ Leaves soft mostly
radical, cauline ones sessile lanceolate waved at the edge or pilose
above cottony beneath fringed with minute prickles, heads mostly
solitary terminal globose slightly cobwebbed, scales lanceolate
closely imbricated mucronate, root creeping.’ — £. B. t. 177.
Cnicus, Willd. Br. Fl. p. 223. Cirsium Anglicum, Lam.

In low damp or boggy meadows, pastures, and in wet marshy woods and thickets,
at or near the sea-level; never, I believe, at any elevation. #7. May—July. Fr.

July. 2.

EE. Med. — Tu a field near Quarr abbey. In a field on the right hand of the
way from the Fish-houses to the Ryde and Newport road, in some plenty. On
Ashey common, amongst the furze. Boggy meadow not far from Stapler’s farm,
and abundant on and about Briddlesford heath. Movry ground by Pagham
farm. Pasture near Little-town.

W, Med, —In the marsh at Freshwater gate, sparingly. Jn great abundance
on a heath or common (Wilmingham heath) on the eastern bank of the Yar,
opposite Freshwater house. Plentiful in a large pasture-field between Freshwater
mill and Beckett’s copse. Bog at Cockleton, sparingly. Wood (Symington
copse ?) hy Northwood church, in considerable abundance. Roadside between
Tapnel and the finger-post at the meeting of the Freshwater and Yarmouth
roads, B. T. W. :

One of the handsomest of our native thistles, from 12 to 18 inches high, clothed
all over with a cobweb-like down, thickest on the under side of the leaves. Leaves
edged with weak innocuous prickles. Flowers solitary or two together, light pur-
ple and agreeably scented.

10. C. acaulis, L. Dwarf Thistle. Stem almost none or short,
leaves nearly all radical glabrous lanceolate-oblong pinnatifid,
lobes somewhat trifid spinous toothed, heads mostly solitary,
involucre obovate-cylindrical glabrous, scales appressed acute
scarcely mucronate, outer ones ovate, inner gradually longer.
FE. B.t. 161. Cnicus, Willd. Br. Fl. p. 223.

An abundant and rather troublesome plant in dry upland meadows and pas-
tures ; extremely common on the highest chalk downs. Fl. June—September.

In pastures at Swainston I have found it with a stem several inches high.

XXIII. Onorvorptm, Linn. Cotton Thistle.

Achenes 4-ribbed, glabrous. Pappus pilose, rough, sessile,
united into a ring at the base and deciduous. Receptacle honey-
combed. Involucre tumid, imbricated, the scales spreading and
spinose. Anthers with subulate appendages at the apex, shortly
caudate at the base.

21. O. Acanthium, L. Common Cotton Thistle. Scales of

the involucre spreading subulate, leaves ovate-oblong sinuate and
2N
274 COMPOSITE. [Silybune.

spinous decurrent woolly on both sides. Br. Fl. p. 224. HE. B.
t. 977.

In dry waste places, by roadsides, on hedgebanks, rubbish and about houses ;
an extremely rare, if not now extinct, plant in this island, where it was peibaps
not indigenous. Fil. July—September. ¢.

E. Med.— On Ryde Dover, sparingly, prior to 1842; since then completely
extirpated by building.

W. Med.—A solitary plant in the middle of a clover-lay at Thorley, Sept. 1842,
most likely brought there with the seed. .

Stems 5 ox 6 feet high (or in gardens, where both it and O. illyricum are cul-
tivated, still taller), broadly winged with the decurrent edges of the very spinous
leaves, which are downy on both sides, but most so beneath. Flowers large, soli-
tary at the end of the branches. Involuere globose, of numerous lanceolate very
pungent scales, green with yellowish tips, the upper ones nearly erect, the middle
ones patent, lowermost reflexed, all connected hy a cottony web. Florets purple,
with very long and slender tubes, segments of the limb very deep and narrow.
Receptacle fleshy, with very deep fovee, the margins of which are membranous,
jagged and prominent. Achenia obtusely 4- or 5-angled, their faces perfectly
smooth and shining, without points or striz, Pappus scarcely half the length of
the florets, jointed, compressed, rough with bristly hairs pointing forwards.

A most formidably armed and gigantic thistle, said to be the true Scotch This-
tle, though that honour is bestowed by others upon the scarcely less redoubtable,
but more elegant Silybum Marianum.

*#* “ Panpus in many rows. Filaments monadelphous.”— Bab. Man.

XXIV. Siryvaum, Gertner. Silybum.

“ Involucre imbricated; scales leaf-like at the base, narrowed
into a long spreading spinous point. Receptacle scaly. Fruit
compressed, its terminal areola. surrounded by a papillose ring.
Pappus pilose, united into a ring at the base, deciduous.’— Bab.

1. S. marianum, Gertn. Milk Thistle. ‘“ Leaves sessile am-
plexicaul waved spinous the radical ones pinnatifid, scales of the
involucre subfoliaceous recurved spinous at the margin.” —E. B.
t. 976. Carduus, Sm. Br. Fl. p. 221.

On dry hedge- and ditch-banks, by rvadsides, amongst rubbish, and in waste
ground at the outskirts of towns; more truly wild in woods, thickets and on our
elevated downs; here and there abundant, though not very general. Fl. May
—July. Fr. July. ©.

E, Med.—Truly wild in several places along the Undercliff. Very luxuriant in
the wooded dell -hetween Ventnor and Bonchurch, not far from the pulpit-rock.
Under the cliffs above the road near Mirables. Roadside near the Sandrock Dis-
pensatory. At the edge of the downs at the summit of the cliff above Wolver-
stone, near St. Lawrence, in considerable plenty. Rough ground at Niton. A
single specimen observed at Bembridge in 1841. On the Dover, Ryde, a few
plants occasionally; also in John street; now, I believe, extinct in the latter
place.

Receptacle spongy, densely tufted with very long, white, setaceous, ribbed palez.
Achenia mottled gray and brown, elliptical-oblong, compressed, glabrous, crowned
with a yellow oblique border and a short truncate point, and having an obscure
ridge or angle marked by a pale line down the centre of each face. Pappus deci-

duous, oblique, several times the length of the seed, white, rough and finely stri-
ated.
Centaurea.) COMPOSITA. 275

¥*%* “ Panpus in many rows of different lengths, inner row longest, surrounded by
@ maryin.”—Bab. Man.

XXV. Serratuna, Linn. Saw-wort.

“ Achenes obovate, compressed, glabrous. Pappus persistent,
pilose, hairs filiform in several rows, of which the interior is the
longest. Receptacle chaffy, the scales split into linear bristles.
Involucre oblong, imbricated with straight unarmed scales. Fila-
ments papillose ; anthers with a short blunt appendage, ecaudate
at the base.’—Br. Fi.

1. §. tinetoria, L. Common Saw-wort. ‘ Dicecious, leaves
entire or pinnatifid, involucral scales glabrous or slightly con-
nected with a cobweb-like down, outer ones ovate appressed,
inner linea coloured.’—Br. Fl. p. 220. H. B. t. 38.

B. Flowers white, scales of the involucre not culoured.

In woods, thickets and dry, heathy, bushy places; common. i. July, August.
Fr, September, October. 2f.

E. Med.— In Quarr copse, Shore copse, Stroud wood, Firestone copse, and
elsewhere about Ryde, in plenty. Woods at Wootton and Cowes.

W. Med.— Common in woods about Yarmouth, Newtown, Swainston, Row-
ledge, &c.

B. On a bank close to Whitwell.

Achenia brown, linear-oblong, slightly curved, compressed and angular, with
several very slender ribs, glabrous. _ Paypus brownish white, sessile, rough with
sharp erect denticulations, shorter than the florets, in several rows, the inner of
which are longest, ;

The flowers and general aspect of the Saw-wort remind one of some species of
Centaurea, for which it is sometimes mistaken by young botanists.

*kERX “ Panpus in many rows of different lengths: second row longest, placed
within the margin which surrounds the epigynous disk, rarely U.’—Bab.
Man.

XXVI. Crenraurga, Linn. Knapweed.

“ Achenes compressed. Pappus pilose or scaly or none, rarely
exceeding the achene in length. Receptacle bristly. Involucre
imbricated. Florets of the disk perfect; of the circumference
narrow, funnel-shaped, irregular, without stamens or pistil (neu-
ter), longer those of the disk, and resembling a ray (sometimes
wanting).”—Br. Fl.

+ Scales of the involucre withhout spines.

1. C. nigra, L. Black Knapweed. “ Involucral appendages
ovate closely and deeply fringed with spreading capillary teeth,
lower leaves angulato-dentate sublyrate, upper ones lanceolate,
pappus of short linear unequal scales.

“aq. Heads discoid. :
“ 8. Heads rayed.” — Br. Fl. 225. C. nigrescens, Willd. Curt. Br, Entom.
v. t. 241.
276 COMPOSITE. (Centaurea.

Everywhere abundant in woods, thickets, pastures, hedges, waste ground and
by roadsides. Fl. June—September. 2.

8. With a., and equally common in some parts of the chalk district. Very
frequent in Undercliff, as about Ventnor and between Shanklin and Bonchurch.
A single specimen with white flowers near Niton.

2. C. Scabiosa, L. Greater Knapweed. “Scales of the invo-
lucre appressed with a black pectinate margin, leaves roughish
pinnatifid, segments lanceolate acute, pappus pilose about the
length of the achene.”—Br. Fl. p. 226. E. B. t. 56.

On dry pastures, banks, by roadsides, hedges and grassy borders of cornfields,
and amongst the corn itself; very common, particularly on the chalk. Fl. July
—September. 2,.

Chalky fields above Sanduwn bay, with the heads of flowers flesh-coloured and
the ray white, also in a field near Yarmouth. Near Westover, with white flowers.
A very handsome variety, having the florets of the disk lilac and those of the ray
white, was found by the Rev. Wm. Thickers close to St. Lawrence's church, in
August, 1842!!!

Receptacle copiously beset with long, ribbed, very acute, white and narrow,
chaffy palee. Achenium oblong, compressed and truncate, smooth and shining,
the colour of horn, thinly beset with long, soft, white hairs. Pappus about the
length of the seed, tawny or purplish, beautifully pectinato-plumose, the hairs
very unequal.

8. C. Cyanus, L. Corn Knapweed. Blue-botile. “ Scales of
the involucre appressed with a brown toothed margin, leaves
linear-lanceolate entire, the lowermost toothed or pinnatifid, pap-
pus pilose rather shorter than the achene.”— Br. Fl. p. 226. £.
B.t. 277.

In cultivated fields, amongst corn, clover, &c.; common. Fl. June—August.
©.

tt Scales of the involucre spinous.

*1. C. solstitialis, L. Yellow Star Thistle. St. Barnaby’s This-
tle. ‘ Scales of the involucre woolly palmato-spinose ending ina
long slender spine, stem winged from the decurrent bases of the
lanceolate unarmed entire leaves, radical ones lyrato-pinnatifid,
heads terminal solitary.”—Br. Fl. p. 226. EH. B. t. 243.

In and about cultivated fields, hedges, roadsides and waste ground ; very rare
and probably accidental. J’. July—September. ©.

#. Med. — By the roadside in a newly broken-up field above Bonchurch, Rev.
G. E. Smith!

I have specimens, kindly given me by Mr, Smith, from the above locality, but
was unsuccessful in finding it there myself in 1837, where, according to my excel-
lent friend, it grew, to all appearance wild, amongst Artemisia and other Com-
posite. Usually considered as an imported species, but, being rarely abundant,
and, like many other annuals, seldom continuing long in one spot, shifts its sta-
tion within certain limits, or disappears entirely. The late Lady Blake informed
me it was to be found most years about Barton and Rougham, in Suffolk, but
scarcely in the same field for many successive seasons.

5. ©. Caleitrapa, L. Common Star Thistle. “Scales of the
involucre glabrous ending in a long broad strong canaliculate
spine spinulose at its base, stem divaricated, leaves unequally
pinnatifid spinuloso-dentate, heads lateral solitary sessile, pappus
Cichorium.] COMPOSITA. Q77

none.” — Br. Fl. p. 226. H. B. t. 125. Fl. Dan. xii. t. 1998
(bona).
In dry sandy, gravelly or chalky pastures, waste places and by roadsides, espe-

cially near the sea ; extremely rare, and perhaps now extinct in the island. Fl.
July—Septemher. ©.

£. Med. — With white blossoms, by the roadside between Niton and St. Law-
rence, Sept. 1833, Mrs. Dixon.

I have seen no specimen from this station, which, as Mrs. D. has suggested,
may have been destroyed by the improvement of the still very narrow road.

This species is not at all uncommon in the South-eastern counties of England,
along the coast as well as inland, but does not extend into the W. of England.
It is abundant on Portsdown near Nelson’s monument, and in Jersey, where I
have gathered it in plenty, but on the mainland of Britain I am not aware of any
station further to the westward than the above Hampshire one. I have seen it
most abundantly naturalized about Norfolk, in Virginia.

Suborder III. Crenoracez.

All the florets ligulate and perfect. Styles not articulated.

* “ Receptacle without scales. Pappus 0.”—Bah, Man.

XXVII. Lapsana, Linn. Nipplewort.

“ Achene compressed, striated. Pappus none, or a mere bor-
der. Receptacle naked. Involucre in a single row of erect scales,
with small ones at the base."—Br. Fl.

1. L. communis, L. Common Nipplewort. “ Involucre of the
fruit angular, stem panicled, peduncles slender, leaves ovate or
cordate petiolate angulate-dentate, pappus none.” — Br. Fl. p.
218. HH. B.t. 844.

Tn waste and cultivated ground, hedges, woods, &e., very common. Fl. June
November. ©.

Dr. Bell-Salter found a specimen of this plant between Norton and Adgeton,
with a very close, erect, corymbose panicle, the flowers very numerous, with the
rays imperfectly developed.

Achenia pale brownish or straw-yellow, about 2 lines in length, glabrous, elon-
gate-ohovate, slightly curved, finely, clusely and evenly costate-sulcate, subcom-
compressed and angled, with a ridge down the inner face. Pappus none.
Receptacle naked, smooth, with very shallow circular areole.

%* “ Receptacle without scales. Pappus like a crown of many entire broad
scales.” —Bab. Man.

XXVIII. Crcnorrum, Linn. Succory. Endive.

“ Achene turbinate, striated. Pappus sessile, scaly, shorter
than the fruit. Receptacle naked or slightly hairy. Involucre of
8 scales, surrounded by 5 smaller ones at the base. (Flowers
blue).” —Br. FI.

1. C. Intybus, L. Wild Succory or Cichory. _ Wid Endive.
“ Heads sessile axillary in pairs, lower leaves runcinate hispid on
278 COMPOSIT-®. [Hypocheris.

the keel, upper ones amplexicaul oblong or lanceolate entire.’—
Br. Fl. p. 218. EH. B. t. 589.

By roadsides, in waste places and cultivated ground, amongst corn, and on
chalky or gravelly banks and pastures, but rather uncommon in this island. Fl.
July—October. 2f.

Ei, Med.— Fields near St. Lawrence, G. 8. Gibson, Esq., in Phytol. for Nov. 1843.

W. Med.—About the ascent of the hill leading up to Hampstead farm, in some
plenty. By the roadside between Idlecombe and Roughborough farms, for nearly
100 yards. In a chalky hollow in a field behind, and nearly between Plash and
Buccomhe, many very large plants.

Achenium pale, short and truncate at the summit, deeply furrowed and angu-
lar. Pappus a single row of very short unequally broad and jayyed scales.

Completely naturalized in the northern part of the United States and in
Canada. I remarked it abundantly near Montreal and Quebec, as also in New
England, particularly at Boston.

##* “ Receptacle scaly. Pappus feathery.”—Bab. Man.

XXIX. Hypocuznris, Linn. Cat’s-ear.

“ Achenes striated, often beaked. Pappus feathery. Receptacle
chaffy. Involucre oblong, imbricated.’—Br. Fl.

1. H. radicata, L. Long-rooted Cat’s-ear. “ Stem branched
leafless glabrous, peduncles with small scales, involucres shorter
than the florets, leaves runcinate obtuse scabrous.” — Br. Fl. p.
203. EH. B. t. 831.

8. Leaves glabrous and shining, somewhat fleshy.

In meadows, pastures and waste places, on banks and along hedges, &c.; very
common ; a troublesome weed on lawns and grass-plats. J. June—October. 2.

8. Common on the banks of débris in Sandown bay, between that village and
Shanklin.

Involucre sometimes quite smooth, bul most frequently bispid with erect whitish
hairs or bristles. Achenia forming globose heads, which are scarcely larger than
in H. glabra, exactly similar to those of that species in form, size, colour and
sculpture, but all stipitate, on usually rather long stalks. Pappus dirty white, in
several rows, smooth, or very slightly scabrous towards the top only. Pulee and
receptacle as in H. glabra.

From Hypocheris radicata both Thrincia hirta and Apargia hispida may be at
once known by the simple flower-stalks of the two latter, not branched as in Hy-
pocheris, and which are destitute of scales; by the absence of palee or chaff on
the receptacle; and by having a sessile pappus, not stipitate or elevated on a
slender stalk, as is the case with our present plant. The glabrous, deeply lobed
and often pinnatifid leaves will enable the young botanist to distinguish Apargia
autumnalis from the present plant, to which it bears a strong resemblance in its
branched flower-stalks, scaly, like the latter, beneath the glabrous involucre, but
upon close examination will be found to differ materially in the absence of palee
to the receptacle, and in the sessile pappus. The presence of the little conical
tuft of cotton within the fistulose stem, near the receptacle, in Apargia autumnalis,
is perhaps the most decisive character.

2. H. glabra, L. Smooth Cat’s-ear. Nearly glabrous, invo-
lucre oblong regularly imbricated equalling the florets, achenes of
the central florets beaked, stem branched somewhat leafy, radical
leaves dentate-sinuate. Br. Fl. p.208. HE. B. viii. t.575. FL
Dan. iii. t, 424.
Thrincia.] COMPOSITA. 279

On dry sandy or gravelly heaths and pastures, also in cultivated fields (amongst
turnips, &c.), on a similar soil; rare? Fl. June—October. ©.
ue a sandy turnip-field near Cliff farm, by the footpath to Apse and America,

Root annual, long, whitish, tapering, simple or with a few lateral fibres, full of
a bitter milky juice, as is the whole plant. Stems several, in the larger and more
luxuriant plants sometimes very numerous, from about 4 or 6 to 12 or 15 inches
high, the central erect, the rest spreading, ascending or decumbent at base, some-
what glaucous, subterete, a little compressed arfd sulcate, angular, hollow in the
centre, rigid, quite glabrous, flexuose, simple or most usually more or less branched
from about the middle upwards, often in very gross specimens in a proliferous or
subumbellate manner, the branches much waved, elongate, bearing each a solitary
flower on their slightly and very gradually enlarged summits. Leaves bright
green, almost wholly radical, numerous, spreading, the outermost lying flat on the
ground, oblong-ligulate, obtuse and rounded at the end, variable in the mode and
degree of division, mostly sinuate-runcinate or sinuate-dentate, with acute shallow
teeth or lobes tipped with a minute callosity, occasionally more deeply cleft ; mar-
gin of the leaves ciliated with short, distant, bristly hairs, of which a few are
occasionally observable on the upper side of the leaves and along the midrib
underneath, otherwise they are quite glabrous. Flowers (anthodia) erect, very
small, scarcely half an inch in diameter, bright yellow verging upon orange.
Involucre oblong and cylindrical in bud, enlarged, conical and dilated at base in
and after flowering ; involucral bracts regularly imbricated, the inferior and outer
not numerous, elliptical-oblong or ovate-elliptical, unequal, obtuse, much shorter
than the narrow elongate-lanceolate inner ones, which are very little spreading at
the tips; all erect in flower, much enlarged, becoming more acute and finally
reflexed in seed, their margins (especially of the outer oncs) coloured, ciliate-
pubescent at their tips, otherwise glabrous, keeled. Forets pretty numerous, very
little exceeding the inner involucral bracts in length, minute, glabrous, the ray
very broad, 5-toothed, tube very long, slender and membranaceous, scarcely at all
cupped at the top as in most of this order, but preserving an almost cylindrical
form, with an almost imperceptible enlargement upwards to the ray, at which part
it is surrounded by a few long, yellow, jointed hairs. Style exserted, yellow and
2-cleft at summit, the lobes spreading or recurved. Palee as long as the pappus
and involucral bracts, membranaceous and diaphanous, linear-lanceolate, acumi-
nate, with a very long, slender, green or purplish poiut, single-ribbed. Achenes
forming a globular head about an inch in diameter, purplish brown, linear-ellip-
tical, the point of insertion on the receptacle oblique, with a lateral tumid and
shining gland or callosity, a little compressed, strongly many-ribbed and furrowed
lengthwise, the ridges closely beset with minute, erect, spine-like denticulations
increasing in size at the summit. Exterior row of seeds truncate or (rarely)
beaked, those of the centre attenuated intu a very slender scabrous beak about
their own length. Pappus plumose, dirty white, few- (2- or 3-) rowed, scabrous,
twice or thrice the length of the seeds, persistent : — in H. radicata the pappus is
smovth, or very slightly rough towards the tip only, and many-rowed.

*#%* “ Receptacle without scales. Pappus feathery or on the exterior fruits
scaly.”’—Bab. Man.

XXX. Turincia, Roth. Thrincia.

* Achenes tapering into a beak, the outer ones enveloped by the
leaves of the involucre. Pappus of the marginal florets forming
a short scaly cup, of the rest long, feathery. Receptacle naked.
Involucre imbricated.”—Br. Fi.

1. T. hirta, Roth. Hairy Thrincia. “ Leaves lanceolate sub-
sinuate-dentate somewhat hispid with frequently forked hairs,
280 COMPOSITS. [Leontodon.

scapes single-flowered ascending glabrous below.” —Br. Fl. p. 203.
Hedypnois, HE. B. t. 555.

8. Leaves glabrous, shining.

On pastures, beaths and gravelly banks, fallows, &c.; common. Fl. July,
August. 2

FE. Med.— About Ryde, at Ninham. About Quarr abbey. Meadows near
Apley, St. John’s, &c.

B. On the short turf of Freshwater down, above Alum bay, Xc., frequent.
[On St. Helens spit, A. G. More, Esg., Edvs.] A mere variety, of which the
leaves are almost perfectly glabrous, shining, and firmer in texture than usual.

Root premorse, emitting a bundle of strong yellowish fibres. Leaves radical,
spreading all round, shorter than the scapes, linear or linear-lanceolate, sinuato-
dentate, tapering at the base into a narrow wiuged petiole, rough on both sides
with whitish hairs, forked at their summits and arising from small tubercles.
Scapes several, single-flowered, ascending, rounded and leafless, enlarged upwards
beneath the flowers, mostly though not always glabrous in their upper part,
clothed on their lower with hairs like those on the leaves. Flowers golden yellow.
Scales of the involucre much shorter than the rays, in a twofold series, the outer
at the base of the inner and much shorter than them, close-pressed, unequal,
placed alternately higher and lower; inner scales in a single row, numerous, lan-
ceolate, acute, equal and greenish, both series either quite glabrous or hairy on
their keels. Rays, especially of the outer florets, very broad, flat and 5-toothed,
greenish at the back, where the teeth have a thickened, often notched projection,
like that of Apargia hispida. Receptacle flat, naked, alveoli with ragged edges.
Achenia oblong, tapering at both ends, those of the circumference smooth or
faintly wrinkled, crowned with a deep, membranous, jagged cup or border, and
mostly abortive ; the inner beautifully ribbed and transversely striated with raised
points. Pappus rough, feathery, sessile.

XXXI. Leontopon, Linn. Hawkbit.

“‘Tnvolucre subimbricated, exterior scales much smaller, in
1—3 rows. Receptacle punctured. Fruit uniform, slightly beaked.
Pappus of all the fruit in two rows ; outer setaceous, persistent ;
inner longer, feathery, dilated at the base.” —Bab. Man.

1. L. hispidum, L. Rough Hawkbit. “ Scape single-flowered,
thickened upwards slightly hispid naked or with 1—2 minute
scales, leaves runcinate hispid with forked hairs, flowers drooping
in bud, involucre hairy.”—Br. Fl. p. 202. E.B.t. 554. Apargia
Hedypnois, Huds.

In dry meadows, pastures, and on gravelly heaths, &c.; frequent. FF. June—
September. 2{.

Root thick, fleshy, blackish and creeping, sending down many stout fibres hay-
ing a tough central chord. Leaves all radical, pale green, long, narrow, somewhat
pointed, rough all over with white forked hairs, deeply runcinate, the lobes trian-
gular, lower ones pointiug backwards, those near the summit of the leaf broader
and shallower, variously cut or toothed in a waving manner. Scapes several,
sometimes solitary, single-flowered, about a foot high, leafless, furrowed and angu-
lar, a little enlarging upwards below the flowers, and rvugh with spreading hairs
like those on the leaves. Involucral bracts densely hispid, linear, blackish green,
outer ones in a single row, much shorter than the inner, which are nearly equal
and almost smooth at their tips with a slight downiness merely. Flowers rather
large, above an inch across, golden yellow; florets all perfect, their rays much
longer than the involucre, ribbed and truncate, the 5 teeth at their extremities
thickened or glandular at the back. Receptacle somewhat hairy, flat, the alveoli
Tragopogon.] COMPOSITA. 281

with raised jagged margins. Pappus a little longer than the tube, rough, fea-
thery, co and sessile. Achenium angular, beautifully furrowed or wrinkled
transversely.

-

XXXII. Oporrnia, Don. Hawkbit.

“ Involuere subimbricated, exterior scales much smaller, in
several rows. Receptacle punctured. Fruit attenuated, uniform.
Pappus of all the fruit in 1 row, feathery, dilated at the base.”—
Bab. Man.

1. O. autumnalis, Don. 4utwmnal Hawkbit. “Scape scaly
upwards, leaves lanceolate toothed or pinnatifid nearly glabrous,
peduncles swollen beneath the involucres.” — Br. Fl. Fl. Dan.
xu. t. 1996 (var. with deeply pinnatifid leaves). Apargia, Br. Fl.
p. 202. Hedypnois, H. B. t. 830. Oporinia, Don.

B. Leaves hispid; calyx hairy; stems spreading, prostrate or ascending.
In meadows, pastures, and on dry banks, &c.; frequent. FU. August. 2f.
8. Ina chalky cornfield above Sandown bay, near the Culver cliff.

XXXIII. Tracorocon, Linn. Goat’s-beard.

“ Achenes longitudinally striated, beaked. Pappus feathery.
Receptacle naked. Involucre simple, of 8—10 scales united at the
base.” —Br. Fl.

1. T. pratensis, L. Yellow Goat’s-beard. Go-to-bed-at-noon.
“ Glabrous, involucre about as long or twice as long as the corol-
las, leaves undivided acuminated from a dilated base channelled,
ae slightly thickened at the very summit.”—Br. Fl. p. 201.
. B.t. 434.

B. minor, Leight. ‘Involucre twice as long as the corollas.’—Br. Fl. T.
minor, Fries.

The var. 8. only. In meadows, pastures, by waysides, borders of fields, woods,
and along hedges; not uncommon. Fil. June, July. fr. July, August. ¢.

E, Med. — By the footway over the fields from Shanklin to Couk’s castle, and
not uncommon in pastures between Shanklin and Appuldurcombe. [In hedges
near Ryde, in several places, Dr. Bell-Salter, Edrs.]

W. Med.—In the Lenten Pit, Carisbrooke. A troublesome weed on the grass-
plats at Thorley vicarage.

B. minor.* Plant quite smooth and glabrous in every part excepting the involucre
and florets. Root whitish, brown externally, long, simple, tapering and flexile,
fleshy and abounding in a viscid milky juice,t biennial ? Stem 1 or several, firm,
erect, wavy, usually about 2 or 24 feet in height, the lateral ones ascending or
sometimes even decumbent at base, rounded, leafy, striated, fistnlose, pale green
or partly streaked or clouded with purple, often forked, branched from or near the
base; the branches erect or more or less forked, branched and flexuose like the
stem itself. Leaves numerous, alternate, pale green and somewhat glaucous, ses-
sile, those at the root and lower part of the stem marcescent, the larger a foot or
upwards in length, those on the higher part of the stem and branches shorter, all

 

* [The author has described var. 8. this form only being found in the island.
—Edrs.]
+ This juice, as well as the substance of the root itself, is without any bitter-
ness of flavour in the wild plant.
20
282 COMPOSITE. [Picris.

very parrow-linear, quite entire, gradually tapering from an erect, short, clasping,
ovate, many-ribbed base, into long finely acuminate points, which are deeply
folded or complicate and acutely keeled, with a pale silvery midrib, flaccid, waved
and twisted, erect, drooping or recurved, their dilated bases often edged with pur-
ple. Bracts none, or occasionally a solitary one a short distance below the invo-
lucres. Heads (synanthera) small, solitary and terminal on the stem and branches,
on long, naked, cylindrical peduncles, which are thickened upwards rather sud-
denly for a short distance ouly below the involucre, the dilated portion somewhat
furrowed and angular. Jnvolucres ovate, much enlarged after flowering, strongly
deflexed in seed; involucral bracts few, always? 8 (8—9, Leight.), lanceolate.
acuminate, nearly flat, entire, in two rows united at base; outer row mostly gla-
brous, purple-edged, keeled at the back ; inner row as long as the outer, partially
covered behind with a blackish woolly pubescence and more strongly keeled,
otherwise similar, in the variety now described nearly one-half Jonger than the
florets. Florets rather numerous, with bright yellow oblong rays, which are
slightly hairy at the back, truncate and 5-toothed, the points somewhat thickened
and glandulose-pilose, inner florets gradually shorter as they approach the centre ;
tube white, cylindrical, very slender, yellowish and villous at top, embraced by the
erect unequal pappus, which by the intermingling of its hairs is formed into a sort
of tube below. Anthers dark purplish brown in the upper, deep yellow in the
lower part, closely cohering. Styles finally much exserted, yellow, simple, at
length revolute. Receptacle naked, plane. Pappus hairy, in the flower greenish,
matted and unequal, having a few of its rays produced into long simple awns or
bristles much longer than the tube of the floret, the rest about equal to the latter.
Achenes $ an inch in length, yellowish or greenish brown, those of the marginal
florets darker, slightly curved, scabrous along the angles with scale-like, and on
the interstices with blunt tubercular or verrucose pruminences, those of the inle-
rior florets paler, smoothish and nearly straight; all narrow-oblong, 5-angled
grooved and striate, with a deep, oblique, mouthed, basal areola, tapering at top
into a slender beak about the length of the achene; bearing on its slightly
enlarged apex a minute, circular, hairy disk, from which diverge the long, slen-
der, brown and numerous rays of the widely spreading pappus, which is beauti-
fully feathered with white, silky, implexed and simple hairs, forming in the aggre-
gate a spherical head between 3 and 4 inches in diameter. A few of the rays of
the pappus (usually 4 or 5) exceed the rest in length, with rough naked points, as
may best be seen in the unripe state or before they spread.

The flowers, as Smith remarks, are expanded about sunrise and close again
befure noon, hence one of its familiar names, except in dark cloudy weather, when
they remain open for a much longer time.

$22. T. porrifolius, L. Purple Goat’s-beard. “ Involuere longer
than the corollas, leaves undivided straight acuminated slightly
dilated above the base, peduncles much thickened upwards.” —Br.
Fl. p. 201. #. B. t. 688. Curt. Br. Entom. ix. t. 483.

Tn meadows and pastures, on hedgebanks and waste ground, occasionally, but
rare, and probably not indigenous, Fl. May,June. 3.

E. Med.—At Sea-view, Miss Theodore Price !!' Near Sandown, Miss Lovell !!!
Amongst grass, Niton, J. Curtis, Esg.

XXXIV. Picris, Linn. Picris.

“ Achenes transversely striated, with scarcely any beak. Pap-
pus with the inner hairs feathery. Receptacle naked. ‘Involucre

of many compact, upright, equal scales, with several external
small linear ones.”—Br. Fl.

_ 1. P.hieracioides,L. Hawkweed. Picris. ‘Stem rough with
hooked bristles, leaves lanceolate rough toothed, flowers corym-
Helminthia.] COMPOSIT&. 283

bose, peduncles with many bracteas, outer scales of the involucre
linear-oblong lax bristly on the keel.” — Br. Fl. p. 202. E. B. t.
196.

On banks, by roadsides, in waste ground, along hedges, borders of fields and
woods ; very common in various places, though not generally diffused over the
island. J. June—October. :

£. Med.— Plentiful along the road from Shanklin to Bonchureh, and in Luc-
combe chine and East-end. Common in the Undercliff, about Ventnor, Steep-
hill, St. Lawrence, &c. Frequent at Arreton, Chalk-pit between Brading and
Yaverland. Under Ashey down, and at the S. end of Brading. Frequent in
fields and hedges under the S. side of Brading down, between Morton and Adge-
ton; and on Morton shoot, Osborne wood, in plenty, Miss G. Kilderbee.

W. Med.—Near Weston farm, Freshwater. Shore near Egypt. Abundant on
a ledge of the Freshwater cliffs, of about an acre in extent, called by the cliffsmen
Roseball Green. Plentiful at the entrance of Shorwell (from Newport), and else-
where occasivnally in that neighbourhood. In the valley between Apes down and
Rowledge. Long Bench, Rev. G. E. Smith.

XXXV. Heumintura, Juss. Ox-tongue.

“ Achenes transversely striated, beaked. Pappus feathery.
Receptacle naked. Involucre double ; inner of 8—10 close scales;
outer of 3—5 shorter, lax, leafy ones.”—Br. Fl.

1. H. echioides, Gertn. Bristly Ox-tongue. “‘ Outer scales of
the involucre 5 cordate crenate, stem erect hispid.” — Br. Fl. p.
201. Picris, L.: H. B. t. 972.

A far more general plant than the last, occurring abundantly and often pro-
fusely on chalk and clay, over the greater part of the island, in woods and waste
places, by roadsides, on hedge- and ditch-banks, the borders of fields, &c. Fl.
June—October. 2.

£. Med. — About Ryde, almost everywhere, as at Binstead, &c. Most abun-
dantly in the large copse at the West side of the mouth of the Wootton river,
growing even in very wet parts.

W. Med.—Abundant in woods (on chalk) at Swainston, and in the Tolt copse,
near Gatcombe. About Yarmouth, plentifully.

A handsome plant, ofa full green colour. Root tapering, milky. Stem 2—5
feet high, erect, rounded, striated, branched, very rough with stiff hairs or bristles
springing from tubercles, and which are found copiously cluthing the leaves and
other parts. Leaves lanceolate, the lower ones on long petioles, those of the stem
semiamplexicaul, partly decurrent, with very broad, rounded, often unequal bases,
their surface covered with very prominent bristle-bearing papillz, hollow beneath.
Flowers solitary, or in clusters of 3 or 4 together at the end of the very irregularly
forked branches, about an inch broad, of a golden yellow, fully expanding in
bright weather only, and closing early in the afternoon. Involucral scales in two
rows, the inner 8, close, lanceolate-acute, shorter than the florets, each with an
awl-shaped fringed appendage a little below the summit, and reaching beyond it
to the tips of the florets ; the outer of about 12 very short, unequal, linear and
close-pressed scales at the base of the inner ; both surrounded by an involucre of
5 broad, heart-shaped, concave and nearly equal leaves. Florets all perfect, tube
of the corolla very hairy at the top. Receptacle downy. Seed reddish, a little
gibbous on one side and compressed, covered with transverse raised lines or ridges
running irregularly in a serpentine or vermiform manner; beak very long and
slender.

The resemblance of the rough hispid leaves and stem in our present plant to
the same parts in the common Viper’s Bugloss (Echium vulgare) has suggested
the specific name. Though abundant in the S. of England, itis by no means
284 COMPOSITE. (Taraxacum.

general either in Britain or on the Continent. It constitutes an excellent genns
apart from Picris, from whence it was removed by Vaillant, but imperfectly
reunited to it by Linneus, and again separated by Jacquin. Pieris differs less
from Hieracium than it does from Helminthia.

I am informed by Mr. Rawkins, late of Hardingshute farm, that sheep are very
partial to the early radical herbage of this very rough plant, which in that neigh-
bourhood at least is known under the very incorrect name of Borage.

EEE & Receptacle generally without scales. Pappus filiform, very soft, deciduous,
never feathery nor dilated at the base, silvery.,—Bab. Man.

XXXVI. Taraxacum, Haller. Dandelion.

“ Heads many-flowered. Involucre double, inner of one row,
erect; outer of few short lax or adpressed imbricated scales.
Fruit subcompressed, muricated and suddenly contracted above,
produced into a filiform beak.”—Bab. Man.

1. T. officinale, Wigg. Common Dandelion. “ Leaves runci-
nated toothed.

“a. Outer scales of the involucre reflexed.”—Br. Fl. p. 208. Leontodon Ta-
raxacun, Z. #. B. t. 510.

B. Scales of the involucre appressed, erect. LL. palustre, Sm. Br. Fl. iii. p.
350. £. B. t. 558.

y. Leaves finely and deeply pinnatifid, scales of the involucre close-pressed,
plant very diminutive. L. levigatum? DC.

In meadows, pastures, waste and cultivated ground, on hedgebanks, grass-plats,
&c.; abundantly. #2. Spring and summer, and mure partially the year through.

8. Marshy places near Ryde, Dr. Bell-Salter !!!

y. On dry chalky downs. Ashey down, frequent, Dr. Bell-Salter.

The var. 8., thought by Sir James Smith to be a distinct species, differs in hav-
ing the leaves less deeply runcinate, narrower, with more distant, less regular and
rather sinuate lobes, and by the scales of the involucre being erect or close-pressed,
though in the fresh specimens before me these scales are both patent and deflexed
on the same flower, proving the inconstancy of this character.

XXXVII. Crepis, Linn. Hawk’s-beard.

“ Heads many-flowered. Involucre double ; inner of one row;
outer of short lax scales. Fruit terete, narrowed upwards or
beaked.”—Bab. Man.

1. C. virens, LL. Smooth Hawk’s-beard. ‘“ Leaves glabrous
runcinate or pinnatifid, the upper ones linear sagittate amplexi-
caul, the margins plane remotely toothed, stem glabrous, panicle
subcorymbose, outer involucral scales appressed linear, inner ones
glabrous within, fruit oblong slightly attenuated upwards with
smooth ribs shorter than the pappus.” — Br. Fl. p. 206. C. tec-
torum, H#. B. t. 1111.

In dry pastures, fields, waste and cultivated ground, on walls, roofs and banks,
&e.; everywhere abundantly. Fl. June—September. ©.

*2. C, setosa, Hall. “ Leaves runcinate dentate or lyrate-run-
cinate, stem-leaves sagittate entire or inciso-dentate below, heads
erect, involucre about covering the pappus, margin of the outer
Sonchus.] COMPOSITA. 285

lanceolate acute scales and the bracts of the inner scales and the
peduncle hispid with rigid simple bristles."—Bab. Man.

In cultivated fields, chiefly with clover or lucerne ; rare, and certainly intro-
duced. ©.

E. Med.—Tn a clover-field at Wootton, between the Newport road and the new
cut to Cowes, in abundance, 1846, Dr. Bell-Salter,
_ Ww. Med. —In a clover-field near Gurnet farm, sparingly, 1845; no doubt
introduced with clover-seed from the Continent, in the southern and eastern (Si-
lesia) parts of which only it appears to be truly native, Dr. Bell-Salter !!!

XXXVIII. Soncuus, Linn. Sow Thistle.

“ Achenes much compressed, without a beak. Pappus pilose.
Receptacle naked. Inwolucre imbricated, with 2—8 rows of une-

ace at ee connivent scales, tumid at the base, few-flowered.”
—Br. FI.

1. 8. oleraceus, L. Common Sow Thistle. ‘“ Heads subumbel-
late, involucre glabrous, leaves undivided or pinnatifid toothed,
lower ones stalked, upper ones lanceolate clasping the stem with
spreading sagittate auricles, fruit longitudinally ribbed and trans-
versely rugose.”—Br. Fl. p. 205. E. B. t. 843.

In waste and cultivated places, garden-ground, about hedges, roadsides, in
woods, fields, &e.; everywhere. Fl. June—October. ©.

2. S. asper, Hoftm. Sharp -fringed Annual Sow Thistle.
“Heads subumbellate, involucre glabrous, leaves undivided or
pinnatifid deeply toothed all lanceolate clasping the stem with
rounded auricles, stem branched, fruit longitudinally ribbed with-
out transverse wrinkles.”—Br. Fl. p. 206. EH. B. Suppl. tt. 2765
and 2766.

In similar places with the last, and nearly as common. Fl. June—September-

Notwithstanding the opinion of many botanists of the first rank, we cannot help
believing, with Mr. Borrer and numerous continental authors, that S. asper is
truly distinct from S. oleraceus ; our opinion being founded on the permanency of
character in a part less liable to accidental variation, viz. the seed ; nor would we
reject the scarcely less immutable marks derived frum the peculiarly curled or
rounded auricles of the leaves, like the volutes on the chapter of a Corinthian or
Ionic column, very different from the acute arrow-shaped bases of the leaves in S.
oleraceus ; nor the fact of the root-leaves of S. asper being winged to their junc-
tion with the stem.

3. S. arvensis, L. Corn Sow Thistle. ‘ Heads corymbose,
peduncles and involucre glandulose-hispid, leaves denticulate
clasping the stem with short obtuse auricles, lower ones sinuate-
runcinate, uppewones oblong-lanceolate entire, stem simple, root
with creeping scions.”—Br. Fl. p. 205. EH. B. t. 674.

In cultivated fields, amongst corn, &c., especially on a dampish svil. FV. June
—September. 2.
286 COMPOSITE. (Lactuca.

XXXIX. Lactruca, Linn. Lettuce.

“ Achenes much compressed, with a long beak. Pappus pilose.
Receptacle naked. Involucre imbricated, cylindrical, few-flowered.
its scales with a membranous margin.”—Br. Fl.

1. L. muralis, DC. Ivy-leaved Lettuce. Wall Lettuce. “ Flo-
rets 5, leaves lyrate-pinnatifid and toothed, the terminal lobe
angled, panicle with divaricated branches, beak much shorter
than the (black) achene.” — Br. Fl. p. 205. Prenanthes, L.: E.
B. t. 457.

On old walls, rocks, moist shady banks, woods and thickets, but not common.
Fl. June—Aucgust. :

E. Med.—On the walls of Quarr abbey, but sparingly. In Church lane, Bin-
stead, several plants. Rather plentiful under the garden-wall at Knighton house.
Frequent under the rocks at Hatchet close and Cowpit-cliff woods, near Shanklin.
In Bloodstone copse, in several places. [Side of a path leading from Brading to
the down, A. G. More, E'sq., Edrs.]

W. Med. — Woods about Rowledge, and in Westover plantation, occasionally.
On a bank by the roadside near Apes down, in some plenty. Copse near Buc-
combe down. Sluccombe copse, a little W. of Roughborough. In some plenty
in the little copse above Alvington marl-pit.

A slender, smooth, latescent herb. Root short and fleshy, emitting several long
slender fibres. Stem about 1—3 feet in height, mostly solitary, more rarely 2 or
3 from the same root, erect, leafy, round, smooth, slightly flexuose, simple, hollow
or filled with white cellular tissue, green or purplish. Leaves alternate, rather
remote, thin and membranous, flat, bright pale green, whitish or glaucous beneath,
and often tinged with violet, strongly veined, lyrato-runcinate, lower ones on long
winged petioles, those higher up broader, dilated, rounded and clasping at the
base, the auricles toothed, acute and in the superior leaves almost sagittate, their
points often deflexed ; uppermost leaves sometimes oblong and nearly entire, the
rest with acutely angular, sinuate and toothed lobes, the terminal one of which is
very large, more or less distinctly trilobate and resembling an ivy-leaf in shape,
its central division much produced, aud like the lateral sharply angulato-dentate,
mucronato-acuminate. Panicle terminal, of several alternate, patent or spreading,
divaricately ramifying branches. Flowers small, erect, bright yellow, their pedi-
cels with one or two small clasping bracts. Jnvolucre slender, cylindrical, its
outer scales very small, unequal, mostly 3, shaped like those on the pedicels and
at the forks of the panicle; inner 5, nearly equal, linear-oblong, obtuse and cili-
ated at the summit, with pale membranous edges, scarcely keeled, blackish or
purplish, green at the back, strongly reflexed in seed. #lorets 5, the tube very
slender, and hairy near the top; ray broad, ovate-truncate, 5-toothed and striate.
Styles rough in their upper part, 2-cleft, the segments linear, revolute. Achenium
obovato-oblong, much compressed, dark brown, roughish with very short minute
pubescence, each face with several (5 or 6) obtuse ridges. Pappus single-rowed,?
snow-white, roughish, placed on a circular disk, which is downy on the margin
and stipitate on the very short beak, which is scarcely $th the length of the seed.

2. L. virosa, L. Strong-scented Lettuce. “ Leaves patent ob-
long toothed or sinuated two-eared and amplexigaul at the base,
flowers panicled, beak as long as the (black) achene.”— Br. FI. p.
204. EH. B.t. 1957.

On hedgebanks, old walls, cliffs, and borders of fields, mostly on a chalky soil ;
very rare. Fl. July?—September. ¢.

E. Med.—On a hedgebank between Wroxall and Newchurch, 1844, Miss
Hadfield!
Hieracium.) COMPOSITE. 287

FREKEK & Pannus rigid, brittle, at length brownish or yellowish. Otherwise like
the preceding section.” —Bab. Man.

a

XL. Hreracium, Linn. Hawkweed.

“ Achenes angular, furrowed, with an entire or toothed margin
at the top without a beak. Pappus pilose, in one row, frequently
brownish, persistent and brittle. Receptacle nearly naked, dotted.
Involucre imbricated.”—Br. Fi.

* Stem resembling a scape or leafless.

1. H. Pilosella, L. Mouse-ear Hawkweed. ‘“ Leaves entire
elliptic-lanceolate or lanceolate hairy with dense stellate down
beneath, primary stem 1-headed leafless, involucre ovate at the
base, inner scales acute and narrower than the outer ones.”— Br.
Fl. p. 209. HE. B. t. 1098.

8. Scions short, leaves narrow-lanceolate, very white beneath with dense woolly
tomentum, and shaggy on both sides with long silky hairs; involucre very villous;
flowers large. H. peleterianum, Merat, Nouv. Fl.des Env. de Paris, p. 305?

On dry short pastures, heaths, banks, walls, rocks and waste barren places ; very
common. Fl. May—August. 2.

8. On the chalky cliffs near Freshwater gate, Albert Hambrough, Esq., 1849 !!

** Stem more or less leafy.

2. H. vulgatum, Fr. Common Hawkweed. “ Stem usually
with several leaves branched upwards and subcorymbose or forked
slightly hairy, leaves ovate-lanceolate toothed with the teeth
pointing upwards somewhat hairy, radical ones stalked usually
tapering into the petiole, cauline ones stalked or sessile, pedun-
cles at the apex and the involucre with more or less stellate down
mixed sometimes with black hairs or sete, ‘inner scales bluntish
in bud incumbent upon and not longer than the florets,’ ligules
glabrous at the apex.”—Br. Fl. p. 212. E. B. t. 2031.

Tn dry woods and thickets, on walls, banks and sandy, gravelly or chalky pas-
tures; rather rare. Fl, June, July. 2.

E. Med.—In a sandy lane between Morton farm and the grove. In the road
between Little Briddlesford and Woodhouse farm. Roadside just before coming
to New copse, near Wootton bridge, Dr. Bell-Salter !!!_ J find it also in the gra-
vel-pits nearly opposite the last station, in the angle of the road leading to Fish-
bourne. On Bordwood heath, and on a bank by the roadside going from thence
towards Winston. Amongst the rocks at East-end. Plentiful in East-Standen
copse, near Newport, mostly by the pathside through the wood. On Blackpan
common, between Burnt-house and Lake.

W. Med.—In a copse (Symington copse) near Northwood church.

Herb slightly milky, and varying greatly in its aspect according to soil and situa-
tion. Root tapering, with numerous long, stout, pale fibres, according to Smith
slightly creeping. Stems 1 or more, erect, 1—2 feet high (or in moist shady
places even twice that height, with far larger leaves), round, solid, simple, striated,
greenish or purplish, more or less leafy, rough with scattered, white, toothed hairs
intermixed with fewer very sbort, blackish, almost aculeate ones, both most copious
near the base. Leaves alternate, extremely inconstant in size, shape, number and
degree of toothing, ovato-lanceolate, firm, pale green on the upper side, often
288 COMPOSITA. [Hieracwumn.

tinged with purple on the under, and in some varieties spotted and clouded with
that colour above: the very lowest leaf or two in my specimens are angulato-den-
tate, very rough on the upper side with short, erect, tubercular hairs, and on
sheathing petioles, those immediately succeeding more distinctly toothed, the rest
or upper and middle stem-leaves strongly and sharply toothed, chiefly in their
lower part, narrow-lanceolate, acute, waved, folded and nearly glabrous above,
hairy beneath, their margins and tips of the teeth dark-coloured: the form, size and
direction of the teeth are extremely variable, being sometimes remote, at other times
approximate, mostly pointing forwards, a few only directed horizuntally. Flowers
large, bright almost golden yellow, 2, 3, or more together, terminating the long,
erect, somewhat angular branches of the corymbose panicle, which, like the pedun-
cles, are somewhat hoary with appressed starry pubescence. Bracis solitary at the
forks of the branches, small, linear and puinted, the lowermost leafy and toothed.
Involucral scales blackish green, erect, the innermost long linear palee ; those
exterior to them shorter, broader and darker, the outermost of all a little diverg-
ing from the erect position of the rest, and beneath these latter, on the enlarged
summit of the peduncle, are a few scattered scales, like the others, but swollen or
gibbous at the base; all alike beset with short, black, gland-tipped hairs and
stellate pubescence intermixed. Rays of the florets deeply 5-toothed, very hairy
at the back towards the base. Style and stigmas rough. Receptacle plane, fover
numerous, with sharp jagged borders.

8. H. murorum, L. Wall Hawkweed. “Stem with about 1
leaf corymbose or forked, radical leaves numerous persistent
stalked usually rounded or cordate at the base and there with
radiating or reflexed teeth somewhat hairy, cauline ones sessile or
stalked, peduncles and the involucres with white stellate down
and usually black hairs or sete, ‘inner scales of the involucre
cuspidate in bud straight and much longer than the florets,’ ligules
glabrous at the apex.”—Br. Fl. p. 212. HE. B. t. 2082.

Fl, June—Anugust. 2.

I found, July, 1837, in a wood near Yarmouth, a specimen or two of a plant
which appeared to me identical with H. molle of Host. Fl. Aust.

Root woody, brownish, knotty and creeping horizontally to the distance of a few
inches, emitting many long pale fibres, simple or slightly branched. Stem 1 or 2
from the same root, from 12 or 18 inches to 3 feet high, slender, round, wavy, sim-
ple or very slightly branched, more or less rougb with black gland-tipped sete
intermixed with stellate pubescence, particularly in the upper part, the base being
nearly glabrous and having only a few, long, white, silky hairs scattered over it;
leafless or most commonly with a solitary leaf (seldom more) at some indetermi-
nate point of its length. Leaves mostly radical, few, persistent during inflores-
cence, soft and thin, pale green above, paler still beneath and often clouded with
purple in my specimens, clothed on both sides, but thickest on the under side, with
long, erect, woolly hairs, as are the nearly cylindrical deeply channelled petioles ;
various and unequal in shape and size, mostly ovate or ovate-oblong, rounded or
subcordate at base, acute, obtuse or rounded and mostly entire at the point, une-
qually repandentate, the teeth more or less distinct, the lowermost often pointing
backwards ; stem-leaves, when present, like the radical ones, but on a shorter foot-
stalk, usually more deeply toothed, more pointed or even acuminate. Heads of
flowers few, forming an irregular corymbose panicle. Involucral bracts lanceo-
late, very acute, thickly beset externally with black gland-tipped spreading sete inter-
mixed with long white hairs and stellate pubescence, as are likewise the very
unequal straight or ascending peduncles, and the small lanceolate bracts that
often subtend the latter or are found at various parts of their length. Florets
numerous, bright yellow ; ray broad, truncate, deeply and acutely 5-toothed, the
teeth not thickened at the back; tube hairy attop. Styles very long, slender and
filiform throughout, their long summits (st_gmas) at length strongly revolute.
HHieracium.) COMPOSIT.®. 289

4. H. boreale, Fries. Northern Hawkweed. “Stem erect leafy
rough or hairy, branches subcorymbose, leaves ovate-lanceolate
or lanceolate toothed, the lower ones tapering into a petiole, upper
ones subsessile with an ovate rounded or cordate base, involucres
blackish, scales appressed, ligules glabrous at the apex, achenes
(blackish brown or red) slightly scabrous.” — Br. Fl. p. 216. H.
inuloides, Bab.? H. Sabaudum, Sm. Engl. Fl. iii. p.3867. EH. B.
t. 349. HH. sylvestre, Tausch. secund Hooker in Br. FI. 4th ed.
p. 295; Hook. in Comp. to Bot. Mag. i. p. 807.

B. Leaves thick, dark green, very rigid.

i In woods, thickets and on hedgebanks, but not common. Fl. July—Septem-
ee. 2p.

E. Med.—In Firestone copse, Guildford lane, Alverstone lynch. By the road-
side from Ryde to Newport, about a quarter of a mile before reaching Staplers
heath, but rather sparingly.

Root of several long, smooth, cylindrical, simple and fleshy fibres, with a tough
central chord or medulla, and running horizontally near the surface. Stem erect,
1—4 feet high, or even more in the stouter var. now described, a little milky,
round and simple in the lower, branched, furrowed and angular in its upper part,
purplish towards the base, roughish with callous points aud hispid with white,
sliffish, partly spreading and partly appressed hairs, mixed here and there with a
longer, softer, almost downy shagginess. Leaves very numerous, most so towards
the middle of the stem, in @. stiff and leathery, in the common form paler and
more flexible, in 6. dark green and nearly glabrous above, paler and rough with
short hairs and bristly points on the under side, which in the lower leaves is often
tinged with purple. Root-leaves attenuated into very short petioles, gradually
contracting in those above, so that the upper stem-leaves and those of the branches
are quite sessile but not at all clasping; all the leaves more or less ovato-lan-
ceolate, distinctly toothed, the teeth rather small, few, distant, straight or slightly
curved, and pointing forward ; the margins of the leaves are inflexed in a trifling
degree. Flowers on branching peduncles, forming a sort of corymbose panicle,
an inch or rather more in diameter, of a full lemon, almost golden, yellow. Sca/es
of the involucre blackish green, not pale-edged, erect, hispid with scattered stiff
hairs from black tubercular bases, cluse-pressed, the tips of a few of the lowermost
shorter ones alone occasionally diverging from the appressed position, Rays of
the florets broad, deeply 5-toothed, and as well as the very short tube hairy on the
outer side. Styles very long, and as well as the very long reflexed lobes of the
stigma greenish. Achenia linear, a little curved at the apex, dark purple brown,
almost black, with 5 or sometimes 6 prominent ribbed angles, and as many finer
intermediate ones that terminate in a point just short of the principal ridges :
the faces of the seed appear scarcely wrinkled, but under a high magnifier pre-
sent innumerable longitudinal striz and minute rough points. Pappus brownish
white, rough and jointed.

Our Isle-of-Wight plant is certainly the A. Sabaudum of Smith, whatever the
Linnean species so called may be, and, though rather rare, is common enough in
other parts of England, as in Devonshire, Sussex, the New Forest, &c.

5. H. wnbellatum, L. Umbelled Hawkweed. “Stem erect
simple corymbose or subumbellate at the apex rigid very leafy,
leaves oblong-lanceolate or linear toothed or entire, lower ones
attenuated at the base, upper sessile acute or rounded at the base,
peduncles and sometimes the involucres with stellate down not
hairy, scales obtuse with recurved points.'—Dr. Fl. p. 217. E.
B.t. 1771.

B. Leaves broader, with large and sharp tecth pointing forwards.

2P
290 CAMPANULACE®. (Campanula.

On gravelly or sandy heaths and commons, hedgebanks, in groves, thickets and
bushy places; in many parts of the island abundanily. l. August, September.

£, Med.—Plentiful on Lake common and Royal heath. Heathy ground about
Niton and Whitwell heath, near Smallgains, abundantly. Plentiful on Yarbury
hill, by Niton. Common between Rookley and Bohemia. In the sandy lane
between Morton farm and Grove. Anthony's common, near Ryde.

W. Med.—Near Kingston.

B. In the hollow on the road between Blackwater and Rookley. On Apse
heath, frequent.

Root with many long, round, simple fibres. Stem 1—2 feet high, rounded,
solid, rough with minute hairs or bristles. Zeaves scattered above, more crowded
below, alternate, linear-lanceolate, acute, slightly hairy, dark green, of a firm tex-
ture, their margins incurved with many or few teeth pointing forwards, sometimes
with only a single tooth towards the base, the rest of the leaf quite entire. Flowers
large, bright yellow, the central one expanding first, on long erect pedicels, spring-
ing from a emonmon point, and thus constituting an imperfect umbel or cyme, with
mostly several scattered peduncles below. Involucre blackish green, its outer
scales recurved at the tips, inner ones erect, all acute, with a dark keel. Florets
all perfect, hairy at the top of the tube, the ligule long, with 5 equal teeth. Re-
ceptacle slightly hairy; alveoli deep and close together. Achenia angular, stri-
ated.

The var. 8. differs only in the greater breadth of the leaves, which have several
large teeth curved and pointing forwards.

Order XLIV. CAMPANULACEA, Juss.

“ Calyx-tube adnate with the ovary, mostly 5-lobed, lobes per-
sistent. Corolla regular or irregular, mostly 5-lobed, marcescent,
estivation valvular. Stamens tree from the corolla and equal in
number with its segments, free or more or less combined. An-
thers 2-celled, free or more or less cohering, opening longitudi-
nally. Ovary with 2 or more polyspermous cells. Style 1,
pubescent on the upper half. Stigma simple or lobed, naked (not
surrounded by a circle of hairs). Fruit dry, opening between the
dissepiments. Seeds fixed to the axis. Albwmen fleshy. Embryo
straight. — Herbaceous or suffruticose. Leaves mostly alternate,
without stipules. Flowers generally blue or white. Lactescent and
bitter.

I. Campanuua,* Linn. Bell-flower.

“ Calyx 5-parted. Corolla mostly bell-shaped, with 5 broad
and shallow segments. Anthers free; filaments dilated at the
base. Stigma 3—5 fid. Capsules not elongated, 8—5 celled,
opening by lateral pores outside the segments of the calyx.” —
Bab. Man.

 

* Name, a diminutive of Campana, itself a Latin word of the Lower Empire to
signify a bell, which instrument was first used in churches by Paulinus, Bishop of
Nola, in Campania.
Campanula.) CAMPANULACESS. 291

The species of Campanula diminish extremely in insular climates and towards
heir western shores, apparently avoiding the sea air as injurious. Hence they
are found to increase in proportion as we advance eastward on the Continent,
where, as in Germany, Switzerland, Hungary, Russia and Siberia, they abound
in great variety. Even amongst the comparatively few that inhabit Britain, the
same distribution is observable, the midland and eastern counties of England pro-
ducing them in the greatest number and frequency, whilst in Scotland, Wales,
Treland and the western counties of England there is a sensible deficiency of the
species. In the Chaunel Islands not a single true Campanula is known to grow
wild: even the commun Harebell is banished from their Flora.

1. C. glomerata, L. Clustered Bell-flower. Little Throatwort.
“Stem angular simple nearly smooth, leaves scabrous crenate
oblong-lanceolate, root-leaves petiolate, those of the stem semi-
amplexicaul, flowers sessile mostly in a terminal cluster, capsule
erect with the clefts at the base.’—Br. Fl. p. 248. EH. B. t. 90.

On dry hilly pastures, chalk downs and banks, sometimes in woods; not unfre-
quent. Jl. May—October. 2.

£. Med.—Very abundant on the summit and North-eastern slope of Bembridge
down, with flowers much aggregated. Bembridge, Dr. Bostock in Withering !!

W. Med.— On Freshwater down in various places, as near the Needles hotel
and lighthouse, but scarcely an inch high, being browsed down by the sheep. Most
abundantly (dwarf var.) on the down (Calbourne down ?) between Calbourne and
Brixton, nearly at the back of the great plantation at Westover, some specimens
with white and others with pale blue flowers. Afton and Freshwater down, in
plenty, Mr. W. D. Snooke !!!

Root of several long, whitish, cylindrical, simple or branched fibres, often a lit-
tle creeping. Stem 1 or more, erect, simple or a little and very shortly branched
above, solid and leafy, milky, from one or two inches high on opeu exposed downs,*
to as many feet in woods and on sheltered banks, rounded and somewhbut angular
from the slightly decurrent leaves, often purplish above, and downy all over with
white, simple, deflexed or partly spreading hairs. Leaves a good deal like those
of Sage, dull gray-green, rugose, strongly and copiously veined and reticulated
beneath, waved, their margins more or less evenly crenato-serrate, somewhat harsh
with fine, short, close, erect pubescence. Radical and some of the lower stem-
leaves on long, semiterete, channelled and slightly winged petioles, oblongo-lan-
ceolate, cordate at the base or attenuated into the fvotstalk on the same plant,
undulated or nearly plane; upper stem-leaves almost sessile, the hiyhest of all
quite so, short, ovate and a little clasping, usually much waved and twisted, their
points deflexed. Flowers sessile, erect, mostly conglomerate in a dense, terminal,
bracteated head or cluster on the main stem, with several lateral smaller clusters
in the axils of the upper leaves, deep purple or violet-blue, sometimes white,
nearly an inch in length. Bracts usually 3 beneath each cluster, broadly ovate.
Calyx much shorter than the corolla, pubescent, its segments triangular-lanceo-
late, erect and acute. Corolla hairy within and without, subcylindrical, 5-ribbed,
cleft nearly half-way down, the segments ovato-oblong, acute, reflexed or spread-
ing. Stamens with very short, flat, pellucid filaments ; anthers greenish yellow,
linear, curved and twisted. Style shorter than the corolla, cylindrical, more or
less pubescent ; stigma downy, trifid, the lobes at first coarctate, at length revo-
lute. Capsule small. Seeds rather few and large, ovate or elliptical, pale brown,
flattish, with a compressed border, apparently covered with a close finely striated
cuticle.

 

* On the bleak and lofty downs at the western extremity of the island this
species scarcely attains an inch in height, and specimens from thence were actu-
ally described and figured by Withering (Arrangem. of Br. Pls. 3 ed. ii. p. 282,
and pl. xi. fig. 8) as a new species of Gentian, and named by him G., collina.
292 CAMPANULACEE. (Campanula.

This species is frequent in gardens under some of its numerous forms, which by
the continental botanists are held to be distinct species.

2. C. Trucheliwn, L. Nettle-leaved Bell-fower. Great Throat-
wort. “ Hispid, stem angular, leaves coarsely double-serrate,
lower ones cordate long-stalked, upper nearly sessile lanceolate
acuminate, peduncles axillary few-flowered, calyx-segments lan-
ceolate erect, capsule drooping with the clefts at the base.” — Br.
Fl. p. 248. H. B.t. 12.

B. Flowers white. /

In dry chalky and hilly woods, thickets, hedges and on bushy declivities in the
interior of the island; abundantly in West Medina, scarcely found in the eastern
hundred. Jl. July—September. Fr. September, October. 2{.

E. Med. —Undercliff, Sheridan’s Guide.

W. Med.— Frequent in the woods at Swainston and Rowledge, where it was
noticed by my friend G. Kirkpatrick, Esq. Abundant in Tolt wood, and common
elsewhere about Gatcombe in fields and hedges. In Lorden copse, between Che-
verton and Shorwell. Chalky banks by Shorwell, sparingly. Near Chillertou.
Plentiful in Sluccombe coppice, near Roughborough. Westridge cop-e, com-
mon. Hedge between Idlecombe and Shorwell, Mr. W. D. Snooke, and every-
where avoiding the coast and flat country.

8. A specimen or two with the common blue-flowered kind in Lorden copse.

Root whitish, tapering, with several strong lateral branches. Stems 1 or more,
2—4 feet high, erect, angular, leafy, hollow in the centre, simple or branched
(sometimes quite bushy), rough with scattered bristly hairs. Leaves alternate, very
various in breadth, lanceolate, ovato-lanceolate or even triangular, subcordate at
the base, on very short petioles ; much resembling those of the common Nettle in
size, shape and colour, rough and hairy all over, coarsely and irregularly inciso-
serrate. Flowers solitary or in clusters of 2 vr 3 together in the axils of the
leaves, chiefly towards the termination of the stem and branches, on rather short
simple or divided pedicels, erect or nodding, bright purplish blue, sometimes
white, large and handsome. Calyz scarcely half the length of the corolla, bristly ;
sepals lanceolate, acute, single-ribbed, scarcely spreading. Corolla bell-shaped,
above an inch long, 5-ribbed, the segments a little spreading or reflexed, some-
what bristly without, villous within. Svyle densely pilose, the hairs erect. Cap-
sule brownish, membranous, nodding, nearly hemispherical, hispid and angular,
with three stout branching ribs, dehiscent by as many oblong transverse pores in
the angles formed by the union of the ribs at the base. Seeds very numerous,
reddish gray or ash-colour, broadly ovate or elliptical, flat and sometimes with a
slight compressed margin ; appearing undera high magnifier as if covered with
a thin aud exquisitely fincly striated pellicle.

3. C. rotundifolia, L. Round-leaved Bell-lower.  Heath-bell.
“ Glabrous, root-leaves subrotundo-cordate crenate (very soon
withering), lower cauline ones lanceolate, upper linear entire,
flowers solitary or racemose drooping, calyx-segments subulate,
capsule drooping with the clefts at the base.” — Br. Fl. p. 248.
EH. B. t. 866.

8. Flowers white.

In dry sandy fields and pastures, on heaths, walls, banks and chalky downs ;
abundantly, and most so in elevated situations. J’. June—September. 2{.

@. A few specimens by the roadside over Bleak down. [On Ashey duwn, Dr.
Bell-Salter, Edrs.]

Capsules stronyly deflexed or nodding, snbhemispherical, truncate, with several

short prominent ribs, Seeds elliptical, pale brown, minutely aud longitudinally
reticulato-striate
Specularia.] CAMPANULACER. 293

C. Rapunculus is said to have been found in the Undereliff by Lieut. Ibbotson,
late of this island; and C. patulu in a hedge above Shanklin chine, by Albert
Hambrough, Esq.; but I have not yet seen specimens of either.

The true Canterbury Bells of our gardens (C. medium, L.) I have twice found
growing spontaneously on bushy banks at Brading and Boncbureh.

Il. Specunarra, Heister. Venus’s Looking-glass.

“Corolla rotate. Capsule linear-oblong, prismatic, opening by
lateral pores between the calycine segments. Otherwise like
Campanula.”—Bab. Man.

1. S. hybrida, Alph. DC. Corn Bell-flower. Lesser Venus’s
Looking-glass. “Stem simple or often branched from the base,
leaves oblong-crenate waved, corolla widely spreading shorter
than the calyx-segments, capsule triangular.” — Br. Fl. p. 249.
Campanula, L. EH. B. t. 375.

In sandy or chalky cornfields and other tillage-land ; pretty general and often
very abundant. £1, May—August. Fr. July, August. ©.

i. Med.—Between Sandown and Shanklin, in fields by the cliff a little beyond
the signal-station on Royal heath. Frequent in cornfields throughout the Under-
cliff, and in those above Steephill and St. Lawrence. About Cowes, not uncom-
mon, also near Ashey.

W. Med. — Sandy fields at Brixton and Shorwell. Frequent on the (green?)
sand of the Suuth-west, generally in upland fields. Cornfields at Rowledge.
Cornfields nearly opposite Yarmouth mill. Cornfield by the Needles hotel, Alum
bay. About Thorley, Wellow and Westover.

Plant pale grayish green, hispid, lactescent. Root annual, whitish, slender,
branched or uearly simple. Stem solitary or several (when more than one the
central stem is upright, the lateral ascending), erect or decumbent at the base,
mostly a little flexuose, simple or usually in the larger and older plants more or
less alternately branched, often purplish below, hollow in the centre, acutely pen-
tagonal and grooved from the winged and twisted angles formed by the decurrent
inner corners of the leaves, hispid with short, white, spreading or partly deflexed
bristles. Leaves small, from about 6 to 12 lines in length, alternate, pale
yellowish green, those at the base of the stem obovate, obovate-oblong or
spathulate, soon withering away ; the rest oblong or ovate-oblong, obtuse, sessile
and almost amplexicaul, their decurrent bases forming long winged angles on the
stem, setose-hispid, strongly undulate and crisped on their mostly deflexed mar-
gin, faintly nerved. lowers solitary, terminal, small, expanding ouly in clear
weather. Sepals resembling the leaves, lanceolate, ovate-lanceolate or even ovate,
often unequal, acute, longer than the corolla, with reflexed wavy margins. Co-
rolla very small, rotate, deep violet or purple, whitish externally, a little hispid at
the back and summit of the nearly orbicular apiculate segments along the strong
dorsal ridge down the centre of each. Stigma clavate, entire, hispid and whitish.
Germen linear, angular, furrowed and hispid, mostly with an adnate leaf or two
at its base. Capsules pale whitish or purplish, 3-celled, erect, crowned with the
leaf-like calyx, about an inch in length, setose-scabrous, very narrowly elongate-
oblong or elliptical, mostly a little curved and twisted, deeply 3-lobed and trisul-
cate, the lobes rounded, opening between the cells by 3 salvate pores a little below
the apex, hence quite beneath and exterior to the calyx-segments, to which they
are either opposite or alternate, mostly the latter. Seeds numerous, exactly oval
or elliptical, pale brown, exquisitely polished* and pellucida like a speculum.

 

* Whoever has considered the form, brilliant lustre and transparency of the
seeds of this species will find a ready solution of the otherwise obscure reason for
294 CAMPANULACE. [Wahlenbergia.

S. Speculum, the Venus’s Looking-glass of the gardens, is by many botanists
thought to be merely a variety of P. hybrida with a larger corolla,—an opivion
which seems to receive confirmation from the fact of the seed of the former, when
sown, being said to produce both kinds.

S. Speculum is persistent in some chalky cornfields in the Undercliff, where it
has been purposely disseminated. It is truly indigenous to most parts of Europe
as high as 53° or 54°.

III. Wantensereta, Schrader. Wahlenbergia.

“ Capsule half-superior, 3-celled, opening by 3—5 valves within
the calycine segments. Otherwise like Campanula.”—Bab. Man.

1. W. hederucea, Rehb. Ivy-leaved Wahlenbergia. “Stem
weak filiform, leaves all stalked cordate angulate-dentate, gla-
brous.”—Br. Fl. p. 249. Campanula, Z. EH. B. t. 73.

In damp turfy or heathy pastures, on sphagnous bog, moist banks, and bare
humid spots on commons, &c.; rare? Fl. July, August. 2f.

E. Med.—On moory ground not above 400 yards about W. from Rookley farm,
in great plenty, as also on other parts of the same pasture-field, abundantly. On
Bleak down in various places, especially on a boggy tract along the northern
declivity above the road leading to Godshill, in some abundance ; also at the edge
of Lashmere pond, at the foot of the down, first found there by Dr. Martin, 1841.
“In a marshy place called the Wilderness (ur Appleford Wilderness), to the right
of Bleak down, on the Niton road from Newport,” Miss Evelegh. From this lady
I had the first notice of the spevies as growing in the Isle of Wight.

A delicate, mostly pale green, very smooth herb, with interlacing, filiform,
branched stems. Rhizoma long, slender, creeping, with small bundles of pale
thready fibres. Stem filiform, angular, somewhat zigzag, branched alternately,
various in length (usually but a few inches), when growing in open situations
quite prostrate and rooting, somewhat erect when creeping amongst and supported
by other herbage. Leaves of a pale, tender, rarely dark green, a little shining and
succulent, alternate, the lower ones on very loug petivles which are flattened above,
angulato-cordate or roundish and sometimes nearly entire ; upper leaves much
like those of Ivy in miniature, acutely 5-lobed and angular, the augles tipped with
a small, pale, triangular point. Peduneles solitary, opposite and terminal, mostly
with a leaf or two on their lower part or just above their insertion, long, slender,
single-flowered. Calyx scarcely th the length of the corolla, its segments erect,
linear-lanceolate, acute and distant, quite free (not adnate with the ovary). Co-
rolla dilute purplish blue, with deeper-coloured ribs, about 4rd of an inch long,
subcylindrical, cleft about $rd of its length into 5 roundish ovate spreading seg-
ments, quickly fading after being gathered. Stamens inserted opposite to the
calyx-segments ; filaments enlarged downwards, and rough below with stiff hairs.
Style linear, white, enlarged at the hase, glanduloso-pilose towards the summit,
shorter than the corolla; stigma 3-cleft, glanduloso-pilose, its shurt segments at
length reflexed.

 

the popular name bestowed on another and nearly allied species of Specularia,
that of Venus’s Looking-glass, so common in gardens, and by sume supposed to
be a variety of the present, though I think most erroneously. Our English plant
is of far rarer occurrence on the Continent than 8. Speculum, and is confined
exclusively to the southern parts of Europe, as Ttaly, the S. of France, &c.;
whereas, though not yet detected in Britain, S. Speculum is spread over the whole
of central Europe, as Germany, Holland, Belgium, Xc.
Jasione.] CAMPANULACE. 295

IV. Jastonz, Linn. Sheep’s-bit.

“ Corolla rotate, in 5 deep narrow segments. Anthers united
at their base. Stigma club-shaped. Capsule 2-celled, opening at
the top by minute teeth. (Flowers collected into a head, within a
many-leaved involucre).”—Br. Fl.

1. J. montana, L. Common Sheep's - scabious. Sheep’s- bit.
“ Leaves linear waved hispid, peduncles solitary elongated, root
annual or biennial.” —Br. Fl. p. 250. H. B. t. 882.

In sandy or gravelly fields and pastures, on dry banks and heathy hilly places ;
not unfrequent. Fl. June—September. © (or &, Hook.)

&. Med.— Common in and about Shanklin chine, and on the banks of slipped
land beneath the cliff immediately to the northward of it. Common on Royal
heath and along the road from Newport to Niton, about Bleak down, &c. On

‘Lake and Blackpan commons. Apse heath, and under the cliff at Shanklin, Mr.
Snooke !!!

W. Med.—Frequent in and about Blackgang chine.

Plant about a fvot high, often much less, sometimes more, acrid and milky.
Root long, white and tapering, simple or a little branched, tough and woody in
the middle, emitting a central, erect, often much-branched stem, and several
ascending or reclining and spreading lateral ones, which are angular, very leafy,
and mostly hispid with long, stiff, white hairs or bristles, in some varieties smooth.
Leaves numerous, grayish green, sessile, linear-oblong, blunt, the lowermost about
an inch in length, entire but twisted and undulated, their margins mostly deflexed,
usually very rough like the stem with bristly hairs, single-ribbed and somewhat
fleshy. Flowers light blue, pedicellate, in dense hemispherical heads, on very
long, terminal, smooth and furrowed peduncles, strikingly like those of the N.
American Gilia capitata, so common in gardens, both in form and colour, though
very different in their more intimate structure. Pedicels smooth, inserted on a gla-
brous, flattish, lactescent receptacle or torus, which is surrounded by a plane invo-
lucre of 5 exterior and about as many interior ovate, entire or toothed bracts.
Calyx subcampanulate, persistent, its lower tubular portion 5-ribbed and 5-angled,
adnate with the ovary, the summit in as many erect, awl-shaped, distant, very
acute segments. Corolla inserted on the top of the calyx-tube, deciduous, finally
cleft to the very base into 5 linear or ligulate, equal, nearly erect segments, which
are much longer than the calyx, but are often previously partially combined below
intoatube. Stamens inserted into the tube of the calyx opposite the segments ;
filaments erect; anthers oblong, 2-celled, bursting before the expansion of the
flower along their inner face, combined at their bases but not forming a tube;
pollen globular, purplish. Style roundish, blue, at first included, its club-shaped
extremity at that time beset with stiff spreading hairs for arresting the pollen
which copiously covers and almost conceals it; afterwards the style elongates and
becomes much exserted, and its extremity glabrous and slightly cloven. Seeds
numerous, very small, brown, elliptical-oblong, compressed, heautifully smooth,
appearing finely and longitudinally wrinkled under a very high power of the
microscope, polished and pellucid.

The plant has a hot acrid taste and scent.

Dr. Macreight, in his ‘ Manual of British Botany,’ p. 146, mentions a variety
of this plant (the 8. maritima of DC.) as growing on the shore near Portsmouth,
which is very hairy, with prostrate stems, short cauline leaves, hirsute calyx, and
obtuse outer leaves of the involucre.
296 ERICACEE. (Erica.

Order XLV. ERICACH i.

“ Calyx 4—5 parted, persistent. Corolla monopetalous, 4—5
parted, usually regular and marcescent. Stamens 8—10. An-
thers 2-celled, opening by pores and often appendaged. Ovary
surrounded by a disk or scales, free or adherimg to the corolla.

Fruit capsular or baccate, with several cells, many-seeded.”"—Bab.
Man.

Tribe I. Ericez.

“ Fynit capsular, dry. Anthers 2-celled. Disk hypogynous.
Testa close.’—Bab. Man.

I. Erica, Linn. Heath.

“ Calyx of 4 leaves. Corolla campanulate or ovate, often ven-
tricose, marcescent. Capsule 4-celled, 4-valved, loculicidal, dis-
sepiments adhering to the middle of the valves.”—Br. Fl.

1. E. cinerea, L. Fine-leaved Heath. ‘ Anthers with 2 ser-
rated appendages at the base included, style a little exserted,
corolla ovate, leaves ternate linear keeled acute glabrous shining,
flowers in dense whorled racemes, ovary glabrous.” — Br. Fi. p.
256. EH. B.t. 1015.

B. Flowers white.

On heaths, commons and moors, also in dry barren woods and sterile gravelly
or sandy pastures; most abundantly. #. June—Septemher. :

B. Here and there by accident. Heath near Yarmouth, Isle of Wight, Pulte-
ney in Bot. Guide.

Capsules very small, purple and glabrous, subglobose and obscurely quadran-
gular, with 4 or 8 furrows, flattened at top. Seeds several, of an irregularly
oblong or ovate figure, more or less terete, angular or pointed, for the most part
purple, but often reddish or yellowish (abortive?), punctate or reticulate all over.*

9. E. Tetraliz, L. Cross-leaved Heath. “ Anthers with 2
acute awns at the base included, corolla ovate as long as the style,
leaves 4 in a whorl linear revolute at the margin ciliated, flowers
umbellate-capitate, pedicels hoary, ovary pubescent.” — Br. Fl. p.
255. E. B.t. 1014.

B. Flowers pure white.
On damp heaths, wet moory ground, and in bogs; frequent. FU. June—Au-
ust. :

. On Bleak down, in plenty. Abundant in the wettest bog on the moors around
the Wilderness. Briddlesford heath.

B. Occasionally. I have gathered it on Bleak down, at Blackgang, and about
the Wilderness. Not uncommon at Briddlesford heath, Isle of Wight, Pulteney
in Bot. Guide.

 

* The meshes appear under a moderate magnifier as simple depressions, but
under lenses of a higher power are secn to form a real network.
Vaccinium.] ERICACER. 297

TT. Catnuna, Salisbury. Ling.

a Calyx of 4 coloured leaves, concealing the corolla, accompa-
nied by 4 bracteas resembling an outer calyx. Corolla campanu-
late, marcescent. Stamens 8. Capsule 4-celled, 4-valved, septi-
cidal and septifragal (valves opening at the dissepiments which
separate from them and adhere to the axis of the fruit).”—Br. Fl.

1. C. vulgaris, Salish. Common Ling. Br. Fl. p.257. Erica,
L.: E. B. t. 1018,

B. tomentose.

On barren moors, heaths, and in dry, sterile, sandy woods, thickets and pas-
tures; abundant. Fl. June—August.

B. Youngwood copse, and on Bleak Down, commonly.

Tribe II. Vaccinez.

“ Fruit baccate, fleshy. Anthers 2-celled. Disk epigynous.” —
Bab. Man.

III. Vaccinium, Linn. Whortleberry.

“Corolla ovate, campanulate or rotate, 4—5 fid. Berry glo-
bose, 4-celled, many-seeded.”—Br. Fl.

1. V. Myrtillus, L. Common Bilberry. ‘“ Peduncles 1-flowered,
leaves ovate-serrate glabrous deciduous, stem angular.” — Br. Fl.
p- 251. E. B. t. 456.

In dry woods, on downs and elevated heathy places; not unfrequent. Fl.
April, May. Fr. July. :

£. Med.—On Shanklin down. Abundant on the dry heathy part of Apse castle,
pueut America. On Blackpan common. Head Down, near Niton. On Yarbury

ill.

W. Med.— [Near Kingstone, on the heathy roadside towards Godshill, Dr.
Bell-Salter, Edrs.]

A humble shrub, scarcely above a foot high, and of no great beauty. Root
long, tough, creeping horizontally. Stem upright or ascending at the base, where
it is covered with a rough brownish bark, much branched above in a twiggy irre-
gular manner, the branches green, with sharp, ridgy, almost winged angles, gla-
brous, and of no long duration, probably biennial only, some on every plant being
always dried up and leafless. Leaves alternate, on very short stalks, deciduous, of
a bright pale green, thin and lucid, ovate-acuminate, glabrous, with fine glandu-
lar serratures, pale and reticulated beneath. Flowers already appearing early in
April with the opening leaves, solitary, axillary, drooping, shortly stalked, green-
ish tinged with or almost wholly red. Calyx a plain, circular, waved, entire or
slightly crenate rim without teeth, a mere prolongation of the outer coat of the
ovary, greenish or purplish and glaucous. Corolla deciduous, globose, much con-
tracted at the month, and there parted into 5 minute reflexed segments. Sta-
mens 8—10 (sometimes, it is said, 12), inserted around a broad fleshy disk at the
base of the style ; filaments short, broad and bent forward ; anthers dull orange,
connivent, tapering, 2-celled, each cell with a slender, erect, curved horn at the
back about the middle, dehiscing by a terminal orifice. Style straight, somewhat
compressed and angular, a little exserted ; stigma simple. Berry about the size
of a small pea, globose, purplish black, with a glaucous bloom and a roundish

2 Q
298 ERICACE.E.—MONOTROPACES. [Monotropa.

shallow depression at top; filled with a purplish juicy pulp of a watery acid
flavour. Seeds numerous, reddish, very small, subrenifurm and angular, reticu-
lated with sharp slender ridges like filigree.

2. V. Oxycoccos, L. Common Cranberry. Peduncles terminal
single-flowered, leaves ovate evergreen glaucous beneath their
margins revolute and entire, corolla 4-partite revolute, stem fili-
form. Br. Fl. p. 252. E.B.t.319. Oxycoceus palustris, Rich.

In spongy turfy bogs, amongst sphagnum and other mosses; very rare. Fil.
May, June. : ;

E. Med. —In a sphagnous boggy meadow by the Medina, hetween Cridmore
and Appleford farms, forming part of a peat-bog called the Wilderness or Apple-
ford Wilderness, in considerable abundance.

I had not succeeded in finding this plant in fruit, and scarcely even in flower ;
but in 1848 Dr. Bell-Salter gathered a handful of the ripe berries, which he
observed to be in a great measure concealed amongst the Sphagnum on which the
plant delights to flourish.

Order XLVI. MONOTROPACEA, Nutt.

“Calyx 5-partite or 5-sepaled, persistent. Corolla regular,
gamopetalous, ovate or campanulate, or wanting. Stamens 8—10,
sometimes alternating with as many recurved glands; anthers
sometimes opening transversely, sometimes parallel-celled with
bristles at the base, never opening by pores at the base or apex.
Ovary without a conspicuous entire hypogynous disk, 4—5 celled,
many-seeded. Style single. Stigma discoid, somewhat margined,
Capsule 5-celled, 5-valved, loculicidal. Seeds numerous, chafty
or winged at one end. Embryo minute, in the apex of the fleshy
albuinen.—Herbaceous, growing among the roots of Pines and other
trees; stems brown or almost colourless, leafless, but covered with
scales.’—Br. Fl,

I. Monorropa, Linn. Bird’s-nest.

“ Perianth (corolla, DC.) of 4—5 leaves, cucullate at the base,
with or without as many external alternate scales or bracteas
(calyx, DC.) Anthers 1-celled, 2-lipped. Seeds chaffy.”-——Br. Fl.

1. M. Hypopitis, L. Yellow Bird’s-nest. Stem glabrous many-
flowered, flowers racemose, lateral ones with 8, terminal with 10
stamens. BF. Fl. p. 262. EH. B. t. 69.

In woods, groves and plantations, principally in those of fir or beech; but
rarely with us. Fi’. July. Fr. August, September. 2,.

E. Med.—By the footway through the Undercliff from Luccombe to Bonchurch,
Mr, J. Woods, jun., in Bot. Guide.

W. Med.—In a large plantation of fir and beech adjoining Calbourne New
Barn. In the great plantation of fir, beech, &c., on the slope of the down at
Westover, gathered sparingly in one spot only, 1843.

Root a bundle of numerous, biownish, filiform, much-branched, somewhat
knotty fibres, creeping amongst the soil, which they so consolidate as to render
their separation from it for the purpose of examination or preserving extremely
Monotropa.] MONOTROPACES. 299

difficult to accomplish. Stems solitary or clustered,* from about 4 or 6 to 12 or
15 inches high, simple, or, it is said, sometimes slightly branched, erect or incli-
ning, straight or flexuose, solid, rounded, obscurely angular and furrowed, brittle
and glabrous, tapering at base to a rather narrow point of attachment at the root,
pale and culourless in their lower under-ground portion, which is closely covered
with pale or blackish, imbricating, diaphanous and membranaceous scales, that
are unequal, ovate, ovato-lanceolate or oblong, pointed or obtuse, more distant on
the superior emerged part of the stem, which, together with the entire flowers, is
of a dilute brownish yellow or tan-colour, varying to straw-yellow or waxy white.
Raceme terminal, being simply a continuation of the stem, and with the summit
of the latter at length more oy less strongly decurved so as to appear drooping,
convolute or almost circinnate, at length erect ; short and dense, but as the
flowering advances elongating and becoming laxer or more open. Flowers nume-
rous, crowded, erect and appressed, concolorous with the stem, between bell- and
pitcher-shaped, ventricose at base, 5 or 6 lines in length, on very short pedicels or
nearly sessile. Bracts one or several, similar to the cauline scales, but attenuated
at base, often eroso-dentate, concave, embracing the flower. Perianth-segments in
the terminal flower 10, in the lateral blossom 8, caducous, the 4 ot 5 exterior}
(calycine) very similar to the bracts, oblong or narrowly wedge-shaped, a little
hairy within, gibbous or almost spurred at base, which is formed into a small nec-
tariferous sac or hood and thickened ; their tips erose, obtuse, a little spreading ;
inner (coralline) segments like the outer but more attenuated downwards, not
hooded, strongly erose, often overlapping the others. Stamens in the terminal
and lateral flowers respectively 10 and 8, about as long as the gynecium, inserted
close at the base of the ovary in two whorls, with a yellowish oblong-obtuse and
reflexed gland-like process between each stamen; filaments whitish, slightly
setoso-pilose or glabrous, a little flattened, curved over the germen, those of the
inner verticil somewhat the longest; anthers of 1 cell, bursting transversely by
two lip-like valves, the lower lip much the largest, round and spreading horizon-
tally ; pollen white, globose, angular? sometimes enveloped in woolly filaments.
Style very short and stout, columnar ; stigma large, fleshy, peltate-orbicular, 5—10
lobed, with a funnel-shaped radiately grooved cavity; quite glabrous. Ovary
glabrous, elliptico-globose, faintly lubed and furrowed. Capsules the size of peas,
quite erect, deep rusty brown, globose or slightly elliptical, 4 or 5 lobed by a cen-
tral furrow along each valve at the back of the dissepiment, puckered and
sprinkled with a few warty points, crowned with the style. Valves 4 or 5 (the ter-
minal capsule 5-valved), separating at their inflexed summits, the dissepiments
contrary to the sutures, fitting between the folds of the placente and united toa
common axis below the latter, thereby, as Dr. Darlington remarks of the Ame-
rican species, preventing the valves from expanding. Sceds very numerous and
niinute, scobiform (seldom perfect, Hook.), appearing as a pellucid yellow globule
in the centre of a collapsed, membranous, reticulated arilla, which is tubular and
open at both ends, and fixed tv both surfaces of the double placenta, which at
length separate by curving outwards in the middle, remaining attached at top and
bottom.

The entire plant has a strong earthy smell, which has been compared to various
and very dissimilar substances, as primroses, bees’-wax and vanilla. To myself
the odour is far from agreeable, reminding me more of moistened rhubarb than
of anything else.

Our Isle-of-Wight plant is quite glabrous, and appears to be the M/. Hypophegea
of Wallroth, adopted as a distinct species by some writers.

 

* The root seems always to form several stems, though these are not constantly
emitted from their under-ground hybernacula simultaneously.

+ The 8 or 10 perianth-segments seem to be inserted nearly, if not quite, in the
same plane; hence the distinction betwixt calyx and corolla, as made by some
authors, is more imaginary than real; besides, the fact of the so-called petals
actually overlapping the supposed sepals is adverse to the idea of a double floral
envelope.
300 ILICACE.R. (Llex.

Order XLVII. ILICACEA.

“ Calyx of 4—6 imbricated lobes. Corolla 4—6 lobed, imbri-
cated in estivation. Stamens 4—6, alternate with the segments
of the corolla. Ovary with from 2—6 or more cells. Ovules
solitary, pendulous from a cup-shaped seed-stalk. Stigmas seve-
ral or lobed, nearly sessile. Fruit fleshy, with from 2—6 or more
strong 1-seeded nuts. Albumen fleshy.—Trees or shrubs. Leaves
coriaceous. Flowers small, axillary.’—Br. Fl.

I. Inzex, Linn. Holly.

“ Calyx 4—5 toothed. Corolla rotate, 4—5 cleft. Stigmas 4,
sessile. Berry spherical, including 4 nuts. (Some flowers desti-
tute of pistil).”—Br. Fl.

1. I. Aquifotium, L. Common Holly. Holm. Vect. Christmas.
Leaves persistent ovate or ovate-elliptical acute shining lucid and
glabrous, of the lower branches waved repando-sinuate spinoso-
dentate, of the upper often entire or nearly so flat, peduncles
axillary short many-flowered, flowers subumbellate, ends of the

branches elongate straight somewhat succulent. Br. Fl. p. 262.
E. B. t. 496.

Tn woods, thickets, hedges, and on dry bushy or heathy banks and hill-sides ;
frequent. Fl. May, June.* Fr. October. bh.

A large shrub or small tree, sometimes of very considerable size, from 20 to 70
feet high, often of a pyramidal outline, at other times of very irregular growth, the
bark on the trunk and main branches ash-gray, on the younger and flowering
somewhat angular ones green, and at their extremities clothed with an extremely
short pile or knap. Leaves persistent, about 24 or 3 inches long, on shortish
semiterete petioles, alternate or scattered, coriaceous, very rigid, ovate-lanceolate
or oblongo-elliptical, very acute, quite glabrous, dark glossy green above, pale and
scarcely shining beneath, obscurely veined, their thickened cartilaginous and some-
whut deflexed margins for the most part abruptly waved, sinuate and produced
into irregular teeth, each tipped, as is the point of the leaf, with a very stiff pun-
gent spine, and which in some cultivated varieties are numerously scattered over
the whole upper surface: on the higher branches, at least in old trees, the leaves
ave for the most part either partially or entirely flat and destitute of spines, at
other times all the leaves are plane and unarmed, or some of the branches bear
prickly, the rest entire, leaves promiscuously. Stipules none. Flowers in axillary,
often crowded, compound or subumbellate, almost sessile clusters,t sometimes
solitary or few together, greenish white tipped with brownish red at the back, $ths
of an inch across, on short, round, slightly downy, erect pedicels, about the length

 

* In January, 1848, during severely cold weather, which had already lasted
several days, a holly-bush in a garden in Nelson street, Ryde, had numbers of its
fully developed flower-buds actually opened, and many more ready to expand,
thus anticipating the usual flowering time of the species fully four months, and
that under most unfavourable circumstances.

+ These fascicles consist of several 2- (or more usually 3-) forked peduncles
springing from a common centre, the middle flower-stalk being destitute of bracts.
Llex.] ILICACES. 301

of the flower-buds, and having mostly a pair of minute pointed bracts below the
middle of each, in addition to others at the base of their common peduncle and
that of the entire cluster. Calyx persistent, small, downy, with broad, blunt,
shallow, fringed segments. Corulla in 4 (sometimes 5) deep obovate segments,
minutely fringed at their concave tips, otherwise glabrous, at length reflexed.
Stamens erect, rather longer than the corolla, inserted between the sezments ;
Jilaments white, glabrous ; anthers and their globular pollen pale yellow, introrse.
roundish ovate. Germen 4-cleft at the summit; style obsolete ; stigmas greenish.
Berries persistent through the autumn and winter, bright scarlet, rarely yellow,
globose or sometimes a little ovoid, the size of peas, scarred with the 4 blackish
points of the stigmas, filled with a dryish, mealy, slightly bitter pulp. Seeds 4,
erect, bony, oblong, trigonous, rounded at the back, deeply furrowed and rugose.

The earlier flowers are said to be generally imperfect, and such as are 4-cleft
often to want the germen, which accounts for the small quantity of berries pro-
duced by some trees that flower abundantly.

My [late] friend E. J. Vernon, Esq., has remarked a sensible fragrance in the
flowers of the Holly, from which tree it is not unlikely the hamlet of Hulverstone,
in this island, may have derived its name, Hulver being an obsolete word for
Holly: Hulse, Germ.; Houx, Fr.

The European Holly is represented in America by a species so closely allied to
it (I. opaca) that the compiler of the ‘ Arboretum Britannicum’ is inclined to
regard it as a variety of the former. Few however who have seen J. opaca in its
native places of growth will, I think, be disposed to coincide in that author's opi-
nion. I have studied this species with great attention over an extensive range of
country and climate, from New Jersey to the southern confines of Georgia, and
westward to the Mississippi; and, although so similar to the common Holly of
Europe in most particulars, it everywhere preserves its few peculiarities of charac-
ter unaltered by geographical position. Itis a far less handsome tree than the
European Holly, of a looser, less compact or bushy mode of growth, rugged and
torulose, arising from the extremities of the branches, being much more twiggy,
shorter and slenderer, quite woody, and covered, like the older wood lower down,
with a rough brownish bark, not, as in I. Aquifolium, long, straight, green and
almost succulent ; hence it is that, though very flexible, the branches of I. opaca
have but little of that toughness which distinguishes the less ligneous shoots of
the European Holly, and may be broken without difficulty. The leaves of J.
opaca are of a dull yellowish green and scarcely shining, of an opaque aspect, as
the specific name denotes, and in this respect much resemble those of Quercus
coccifera, usually less waved or flatter than in J. Aquifolium, and with far less
tendency in those of the higher branches to become unarmed or entire, those of
the oldest trees generally bearing leaves of the same form throughout, which,
excepting in the above particulars, exactly resemble those of the Europeau spe-
cies. The branches of the common American Holly have, moreover, but litule of
the upward tendency of those of the European tree, which on that account so
often assumes the pyramidal shape, but spread horizontally and ramify irregu-
larly. The berries are always smaller and usually of a duller red than in our
own, but like the leaves vary in size on different trees; the latter sometimes
assume a considerable degree of lustre, but their duller hue, comparative flatness
and opacity, together with the short, slender, ligneous character of the extreme
twigs, afford unerring diagnostics for distinguishing I. opaca from its cis-Atlantic
congener. Lastly, the American Holly is far more hardy than the European,
which is incapable of resisting the winters of the northern states, where the other
is indigenous.
302 JASMINACER. [Ligustrum.

Order XLVIII. JASMINACE A.

“ Calyx divided, toothed, persistent, sometimes 0. Corolla
4-cleft, valvate in estivation, occasionally 0. Stamens 2. Ovary
without any hypogynous disk, 2-celled, cells 2-seeded: ovules
collateral, pendulous. Style 1 or 0: stigmas 1 or 2. Fruit a
berry, drupe, or capsule, separable in two. Seeds with or without
albumen. — Trees or shrubs. Leaves opposite, without stipules,
simple or compound.’—Br. Fl.*

I. Licustrum, Linn. Privet.

“ Calyx 4-cleft. Corolla 4-cleft. Berry 2-celled, with the cells
1—2 seeded.” —Br. Fl.

Small, hardy, deciduous or subevergreen trees or large shrubs. The few spe-
cies known are mostly natives of Asia. Ligustrum is closely allied to and par-
takes in character of all the following genera,—Phillyrea, Olea, Chionanthus and
Syringa,— resembling the three former in its leaves and pulpy fruit, and the
Lilac in its tubular corolla and close, terminal, panicled inflorescence.

1. L. vulgare, L. Common Privet.t Prim or Print. Leaves
elliptical-lanceolate, panicle 4-sided compact. Sm. EH. Fl. i. p.
13. Br. Fl. p. 263. EH. B. xi. t. 764. Curt. Fl. Lond. ii. fase.
5,t.1. Loud. Arb. Brit.

In woods, thickets, hedges, bushy places and on banks, throughout the island;
abundantly. FU. June—July. Fr. October.

Profusely about Ryde, as along the road to Brading, &c.

A shrub, from 4 to 8 feet high in the wild state ; much branched, the branches
straight, opposite, covered with a smooth, ash-coloured, greenish or reddish bark.
Leaves shortly stalked, opposite, or occasionally subfasciculate, elliptic-lanceolate,
pointed or partly obtuse, quite entire and glabrous, about 2 inches long, obscurely
veined, dark shining green above, paler beneath, more or less persistent through
the winter. Stipules none. Flowers milk-white, in dense, terminal, thyrsoid
panicles, which are 4-sided pyramids from the crossing at right angles of their
short, slightly compound and downy branches. Calyx tubular, much shorter than
the corolla, with minute, unequal, distant teeth. Corolla funnel-shaped, the limb in
4 (rarely in 5) ovate segments, a little thickened and hollowed at their tips. Sta-
mens inserted on the tube of the corolla between the segments; anthers large,
erect, yellowish white. Style very short, enlarged upwards ; stigma oblong, cleft
and somewhat recurved at the summit, embracing the style with its 2 decurrent
lobes. Berries in dense 4-sided clusters, roundish, deep purple-black and shining,
filled with a mealy pulp of a bitterish taste, ripening in October. Seeds 4, one or

 

* [The characters quoted above, from the ‘ British Flora,’ are those of Oleacee
in that work. The natural family Jasminacee of Lindley, as distinct from Ole-
acee, does not comprise the genera Ligustrum and Fraxinus; it is therefore used
by our author, not as distinguished from the order Oleacez, but as synonymous
with it. The above characters are therefore perfectly ap plicable— Edrs.]

+ The leaves of the Privet are the favourite food of the fine privet hawk-moth
(Sphinx Ligustri, L.), the beautiful caterpillar of which is very common on this
shrub and on Lilac-bushes in gardens at Ryde towards the close of the summer.
Frazinus.) JASMINACER. 803

two usually abortive, smooth, convex at the back, the two inner faces plane.
Embryo very large, its broad flat cotyledons lying a little obliquely in the axis of
the acrid fleshy albumen.

The wood of the Privet is very hard, compact and heavy; and the berries, like
those of the Olive, yield an oil by expression; their juice is also employed for
staining playing cards of a vilet colour. The flowers are perfectly honey-scented,
and very attractive to bees.

This plant appears to prefer the neighbourhood of the sea to more inland situ-
ations, as I remark it to abound far more in this island than in the mainland of
Hants at a distance from the coast. It occurs plentifully near Petersfield, which
is quite in the interior of the county.

he Privet is much in use for garden-hedges, as it grows thick, bears clipping
remarkably well, and flourishes even in the smoky atmosphere of London. From
its abundance in the wild state with us, it is sometimes used in field-fencing, for
which purpose it is however greatly inferior to the Whitethorn, and is now, I
believe, but little employed. The long straight shoots are used in this island,
from their toughness and pliability, in tying small bundles or faggots for firing by
the country people.

A variety with entirely persistent leaves is commonly known as the Italian Pri-
vet, but is assuredly nothing but Z. vulgare rendered evergreen by cultivation in
a good soil, a state to which the wild plant often approaches with us very closely.

II. Fraxinus, Linn. Ash.

“ Calyx 0, or 4-cleft. Corolla 0, or of 4 petals. Fruit dry,
indehiscent, 2-celled, 2-seeded, compressed and foliaceous at the
extremity (a samara). Seeds solitary. (Flowers sometimes with-
out stamens).”—Br. Fl.

1. F. excelsior, L. Common Ash.* Leaves pinnated, leaflets
ovato-lanceolate acuminate serrated, flowers without either calyx
or corolla, #. Fl.i. p. 14. HE. B. t. 1692. Br. Fl. p. 264.
Gump. und Hayne, Abbild. der Deutsch. Holtzart, ii. 285, t. 214.

In woods, copses, hedgerows and hilly pastures; very common. Fl. April,
May. Fr. October. h.

Between Shanklin and Luccombe are many fine trees. A very fine but much
decayed and injured tree by Apse farm strikingly picturesque in its outline.

A tree, of from 40 or 50 to 80 or 100 feet in height, with spreading branches,
the smaller mostly opposite, very brittle, and usually uneven with knobby protu-
berances (scars of the old buds) at their extremities, the lower boughs more or less
pendulous with incurved or ascending somewhat compressed extremities, and
covered with a greenish gray very smooth bark, which on the trunk is in young
trees cinereous and even, on old ones chapped and rugged. Leaves imparipin-
nate, from large blackish buds like the flowers, crowded on the young wood of the
current year, on semiterete pale green petioles, tumid at their base and carrying
a greenish black flower-bud in the axil of each. Leaflets mostly 6 or 7 pairs with
an odd one, often 4 or 5 pairs, opposite, sessile or very slightly stalked, light yel-
lowish or sometimes dark green above, glabrous and usually somewhat shining,
paler beneath, and more or less woolly along the very prominent midrib, variable
in shape, lancevlate or ovate-lanceolate to oblong or elongate-lanceolate or oblong-
elliptical, acute or mostly acuminate, more or less attenuated at base, especially

 

* The leaves of the Ash nourish that valuable as well as brilliant beetle, the
blistering or Spanish fly, which made its appearance in countless multitudes near
Colchester in 1837: during that and the following season many were captured at
Southampton and elsewhere, besides numerous specimens taken by myself at
Ryde, and by others at Yarmouth, in this island.
804 APOCYNACER. (Vinea.

the terminal one, which is either sessile like the rest, or on a stalk often of consi-
derable length ; all serrated, the serratures shallow, more or less distant and acute,
pointing forward, often uncinate, the base of the leaflets entire. Flowers in much-
branched, paniculate, glabrous clusters, produced before the leaves at the extre-
mnities of the previous year’s wood, from large buds with concave deciduous scales,
of which the outer ones are greenish black, the inner of an olive-brown colour ;
sprinkled with rusty or gland-like or woolly hairs; quite destitute, in our only Bri-
tish species, of either calyx or corolla; some trees bear staminate blossoms above,
others hermaphrodite flowers, or both intermixed. Staminate clusters dense,
roundish, shorter than the hermaphrodite, thickly crowded, repeatedly forked, the
ultimate forkings or pedicels bearing each 2 dark purplish, cordato- elliptical,
deeply 2-lobed, nearly sessile anthers bursting laterally ; podlen yellowish white,
globular. Bracts solitary at the base of the pedicels, linear, minute, deciduous,
the lower ones often broader and woolly. Hermaphrodite flowers on much longer,
glabrous, erect pedicels. Stamens one on each side of the ovate, compressed,
purplish germen, opposite to and immediately beneath its flattened faces, deci-
duous; anthers on long flattish filaments, appearing to me abortive, being
smaller, scarcely lobed and indehiscent, having no lateral suture nor elaborating
pollen.* Style tapering ; stigma oblong, purplish, with 2 fleshy decurrent lobes.
Samare in pendent clusters, reddish brown, often with a tinge of green, glabrous,
elliptical-oblong or obovate, from about 1} to 1} inch in length and 3, 4, ord
lines in breadth, tapering or slightly rounded at base, compressed, sulcate-striate,
produced anteriorly into a flat, leaf-like, striated, coriaceous, mostly twisted wing,
rounded at the end, which is entire, obtuse or even bifid, sometimes acute, with
or without a small point or mucro. Seed (by abortiont) solitary, anatropous,
pendulous from the summit of the cell by a long funiculus, 6 or 7 lines in length,
elliptical, flat and wrinkled, in shape and colour much like small shrivelled
almonds, and appearing under a high magnifier to be covered with pellucid bris-
tle-like points: their taste, as Smith remarks, is bitter, hot and nauseous.

The “ fraxinus in sylvis pulcherrima” is, next to the Elm, the tree which
attains to the greatest magnitude as timber of any indigenous to the island, and
is second to none but the Oak in value.

This tree inhabits every part of Europe as high as 61° in the interior regions,
and 633° on the western shores of Norway.

Order XLIX. APOCYNACEA.

“Calyx of 4 persistent divisions. Corolla regular, 5-lobed,
deciduous; estivation twisted. Stamens 5. Anthers 2-celled.
Ovaries 2, 1—2 celled, many-seeded. Styles 2—1. Stigma 1,
capitate, contracted in the middle (like an hour-glass). Fruit a
follicle, capsule, drupe, or berry. Seed albuminose. — Trees or
shrubs, often milky ; leaves opposite, without stipules.’—Br. FI.

I. Vinca, Linn. Periwinkle. t

Calyx 5-partite. Corolla salver-shaped, the limb in 5 broad,
oblique, truncate segments. Filaments jointed at the base,

 

* In some specimens gathered at Bonchurch, and chiefly staminate clusters,
I observed that many of the stamens were placed in pairs between an elongated
reddish pedicel like an abortive style, and carrying an abortive stigma at the
summit.

+ Occasionally F find both seeds perfected.

{ Periwinkle: Pervinca, Ital.; Pervenche, Fr. Its ancient name was Vinca
Vinea.] APOCYNACE. 305

dilated at their summits into 5 concave connivent scales, bearing
the anthers. Germen and style binary, closely united together
with 2 glands at their base. Stigma a tuft of hairs on the peltate
summit of the style. Follicles 2, erect. Seeds naked (destitute
of pappus).

A small genus of suffrutescent, rarely herbaceous or truly shrubby plants, with
trailing or reclining, seldom erect* stems, opposite, entire, mostly persistent leaves,
and blue or rose-coloured flowers. Natives chiefly of the extra-tropical parts of
the Old World. Four species are found in Europe.

The genus Vinca is interesting to the British botanist, as being, like some
others, the only indigenous representative of its natural order. Though closely
allied to the beautiful Oleander of our conservatories, if not possessing the splen-
dour of that favourite exotic, it at least does not share the poisonous qualities
common to that shrub, with most other Apocynacez.

*1. V. major, L. Greater Periwinkle. Stems ascending, leaves
subcordato-ovate fringed, flowers stalked, sepals as long as the
tube of the corolla subulate ciliated, stigma with 5 angles. Sm.
E. Fl.i. p. 840. Br. Fl. p.265. Lindl. Syn. p.176. HE. B. viii.
t. 514.. Curt. Fl. Lond. fase. 4, t. 19.

Half wild on hedgebanks and garden-fences, under walls, palings, and about
shrubberies, seldom at any great distance from habitations, and certainly not indi-
genous. Fl. March. Fr. July, August. j

FE. Med.—Plentifully along a hedge in the bye-road from Nettlestune green to
Sea-view ; doubtless escaped from the shrubbery at Fairy Hill. In a hedge by
Pound farm, and in wet clay on a high bank of slipped land amongst brushwood
at Watch-house point, appearing at first as if wild; but the spot was formerly a
signal-station. Along a stone fence at St. Lawrence, near the well, in plenty, but
evidently introduced. Ina lane at Norton. About Godshill, on banks and gar-
den-fences, in several places, but always near houses ; abundant on a bank below
the church, on the S. side. Under a wall at one end of a field called the Eastern
Acres, at the Steephill estate, apparently wild, Albert Hambrough, Esq.

W. Med.— Between Cowes and Newport. Norton. Between Colwell and
Weston, and many other parts of the island. 8. of Yarmouth, plentifully, dr.
W. D. Snooke.

Root creeping extensively, somewhat knotty, and emitting bundles of whitish
fibres, stouter and less tufted than in V. minor. Stems stouter, less hard, tough
and rigid than in V. minor, scarcely shrubby, though long-enduring, the younger
and flowering shoots erect, the older and barren ones reclining, ascending or
arched, the rest trailing or sarmentaceous and rooting at the extremities; terete,
pale green and shining, a little succnlent, more or less but not much branched,
usually reddish and mottled with purplish brown in their inferior part. Leaves far
larger than in V. minor, the middle ones about 3 or 34 inches in length and from
14 to 24 inches wide, persistent, much less rigid, of a deep, rich, lucid green and
a somewhat greasy lustre, as if oiled, slightly fleshy, and becoming membranaceous

 

pervinca, possibly from pervincere, to overcome, in allusion to its power of over-
coming disease; or perhaps as an occasional substitute for the laurel or myrtle
crown of the victor iu the field or the circus. Gerarde speaks of it as a never-
failing remedy in dysentery and hemoptysis. Or it may derive its appellation
from its long trailing shoots usurping the soil in which it grows, and so choking
or overcoming all other plants in its vicinity, but not by clasping or twining
round them, which is contrary to its nature.

* The V. rosea of Madagascar, so common in our stoves, and now abundantly
naturalized in the W. India Islands, recedes considerably in structure from the
typical species of the genus.

2k
306 APOCYNACE. (Vinca.

in drying, which is not the case with the other; their margins, as in that, minutely
deflexed, but fringed with fine, white, rather rigid hairs, otherwise perfectly
smooth and glabrous, truly ovate, the upper leaves ovate-lancevlate ; rounded or
sometimes very slightly cordate at base, very pointed and acute but not acumi-
nate. Petioles fringed, like the edge of the leaves, with fine white and spreading
hairs, sometimes bearing in their axils a rudimentary branch like an oblong gland,
for which it has been mistaken, besides which there is a pair of small, curved,
greenish glands, pointing forward, about the centre of the leafstalk or sometimes
towards its summit, usually not opposite each other, and often there is another
smaller and compressed pair in the axil of the petiole. Peduncles glabrous
terete, as Jong (longer, Curt.) as or mostly shorter than the leaves, solitary,
single-flowered, axillary or rarely opposite, erect in flower, afterwards decurved.
Calyx deeply cleft into 5 subulate, acute, single-nerved segments, that are fringed
with white patent hairs along the edges, and have for the most part a pair of
small tooth-like points near their base ; variable in length, half’ or three-fourths
as long as the tube of the corolla. Corolla similar to that of V. minor, but much
larger, from ahout 14 to 2 or 2} inches across, of a rather paler blue in general,
the segments of the limb witb one of the corners sometimes acute or even pointed,
the crown at the summit of the lobe deeper or more prominent between the seg-
ments and slightly emarginate, not lobed, the greater part of its margin free, not
adnate to the segments as in the other. Stamens exactly as in V. minor, but the
summit of the anthers (connectivum) is thicker than in that, slightly gibbous or
convex underneath, hollow or pouched, the hairs on the back yellowish ; pollen-
globules diaphanous, cohering or agglutinated, roundish and subangular. Ovary
and its two accompanying glands as in the other species.* Style as in V. minor,
but more slender, and, as well as the lower half of the disk on its top, dull orange-
coloured ; stigma, as in that, a tuft of white hairs, but arranged in 5 plait-like lobes
and angles pointed underneath, and having a stellate appearance above. rol-
licles precisely like those of V. minor, but larger, from about 14 to 2 inches long.
Seedst 2 or 3, exactly as in V. minor.

2. V. minor, L. Lesser Periwinkle.t Vect. Sengreen.§ Suffru-
tescent, stems procumbent, flowering shoots erect, leaves ever-
green elliptic-lanceolate quite glabrous, flowers stalked, calyx-seg-
ments much shorter than the tube of the corolla lanceolate entire
glabrous, stigma rounded. Sm. HE. Fl. p.399. Br. Fl. p. 264.
Lindl. Syn. p.176. EH. B. xii. t. 917. 9 Curt. Fl. Lond. fase. 8,
t. 16.

In woods, copses, groves, and on hedgebauks in lanes ; very rare in a perfectly
native state with us, less so in a naturalized condition. Fl. March—October.
Fr. August, September. 2.

E. Med.—At St. Jolin’s, in the narrow slip of wood between the house and the

 

* Smith and others consider the germen as double, in other words that there
are two, because the seed is contained in two separate or distinct follicles. The
style, too, has a longitudinal furrow, and the stigma a transveise slit or chink,
indicating a double set of organs united throughout.

+ I find the seeds of this species, like those of the other, attacked by some
insect, which enters the follicles when still unripe.

+ The leaves supply nourishment to the larva of the beautiful Oleander hawk-
moth (Sphine Neri, L.), of which four instances of the capture in England have
happened within these last few years; once of the caterpillar, at Teignmouth, and
subsequently of three of the perfect insects, at Dover, Southampton and the Isle of
Wight, all of which I have myself seen. The Isle-of-Wight specimen was found
by a boy at Sandown, and is now in excellent preservation, in the possession of
my friend Miss Lucas, of Ryde. .

§ Sinugrun is the German name for Periwinkle.
Vinea.] APOCYNACEE. 307

lodge, but no doubt originally planted. In a remote part of Centurion’s copse,
near Bembridge, Miss More.

W. Med.—Tvuly wild and profusely abundant in a copse called Bottomground,
a little W. of Tollecombe farm, between Carisbrouke and Shorwell, and ripening
pleuty of seed. In a little wood near W. Cowes, Miss G. Kilderbee! also at
Nunwell, in the “ Ladies Walk,” but perhaps not wild there.

Root (thizoma) knotty, emitting copious long, slender, brownish white, much-
branched and creeping fibres. Stems numerous, prostrate and trailing, often here
and there rooting, the sterile shoots from about 1 to 3 feet in length, simple or
slightly branched, leafy, hard, tough, rigid and somewhat woody below, smooth,
glabrous and shining, terete, with a slight alternating furrow on each side, naked
below. Leaves opposite, evergreen, truly elliptical or elliptical-lanceolate, about
2 inches or less in length and 1 inch wide, those towards the bottom and sunmit of
the stems smaller than the leaves of the centre, of a very firm dry texture, deep dark
green above, especially when old and in shady situations, brighter aud paler when
young, and in more open places somewhat yellowish green, occasionally, as in
gardens, variegated with white; much paler beneath, quite glabrous along their
minutely deflexed margins, more or less acutely pointed but not acuminate, taper-
ing below into the extremely short semiterete petioles, which do not exceed 2 or 3
lines in length and are very minute and slightly ciliated, the midrib and lateral
veins sharp, filiform and prominent above. Stzpules none. Flowers few, scent-
less, on the span-long erect or reclining shoots of the current year about 1 to 14
inch in diameter, of a somewhat pale or dilute purplish blue varying to a reddish
or violet culour, sometimes, especially in gardens, white, where also 2 variety with
full or double blossoms is not uncommon. Peduneles solitary, axillary or some-
times opposite, erect in blossom, mostly shorter than the leaves, terete, single-
flowered. Calyx small, hardly 4rd the length of the tube, deeply cleft into 5
oblong-lanceolate, perfectly glabrous (not ciliated) segments, that are single-
ribbed, erect and somewhat fleshy, scarcely pointed, nearly equal. The limb of
the corolla deeply cut into 5 or sometimes 4 oblique, flatly spreading, cuneato-rhom
boidal, truncate, membranous segments, with rounded corners that are much
longer than the funnel-shaped, slightly furrowed and fleshy tube, which is densely
villous in the centre just above the stamens with a ring of white connivent hairs
that close over the stamens as these last do over the stigma, the mouth pentago-
nal, with a shallow, 2-lobed, crested, whitish process between each segment ana-
logous to the crown in Nerium &c., combined downwards into as many pale plaits
or angles of the tube. Stamens inserted below the middle of the tube ; filaments
short, greenish, curiously jointed or geniculate at a very acute angle on their
small columnar or bracket-like hairy base, beyond which they soon dilate into an
obovate nectariferous concavity, bearing the erect 2-celled anther, the cells oblong,
distant on the under and exterior margins of the broad, membranaceous, rounded
connnectivum, which is villous at the back and converges into the stigma, the
entire set nearly closing the tube of the corolla ; pollen of many pellucid globules,
cohering in masses, deposited from the incumbent anther-cells on the peltate disk
beneath the stigma, which is not orange-coloured asin V. major. Style terete,
enlarged gradually upwards and bearing a thin, circular, discoid gland grooved
like a pulley, ciliated and nectariferous, the upper side of which is continued into
a very short, stout, tapering column carrying the peltate séigma, that consists of
beautifully white radiating hairs forming a dense circular tuft, not 5-angled or
plaited as in the other species. Ovary partly embraced by the base of the calyx,
compressed, 2-lobed by a lateral furrow, against which is applied on either side an
oblong, greenish yellow, nectariferous gland as long as the ovary. Frllicles sel-
dom produced either in this country or on the Continent, glabrous, geminate,
occasionally connate, mostly unequal in size, one of the pair either much reduced
or abortive, parallel or diverging, from about half an inch to an inch in length,
oblong or sublanceolate, sulcate-striate and tereti-angular, more or less beaked,
the apex straight or a little curved ; bursting along their inner side. Seeds one
or two, elliptical-oblong, subcylindrical, with a deep channel along one side,
formed by the inflexion of the pale cartilaginous albumen upon the line of
308 GENTIANACER. [Chlora.

placentation, which is parallel to and close upon the sutural margins; dull rusty
brown, rugose, scabrous-punctate and cellular. Embryo in the axis of the seed,
linear, straight or a little curved.

This species, which I believe tu be the only truly British Vinca, is very com-
mon in the Hampshire woods, preferring a chalky soil and the sunvy borders of
the copses ; it is also generally dispersed over the country, as well as a great part
of Europe. It is indigenous throughout ceutral Europe, and in Russia as far N.
as Moscow.

A third species of Vinca, V. herbacea, a native of Austria, Hungary and Russia,
is sometimes seen in gardens.

Order L. GENTIANACEA, Juss.

“ Calyx divided, persistent. Corolla usually regular and per-
sistent, the limb generally with an imbricated and twisted, rarely
with an induplicate estivation, 4-, mostly 5-, 6-, 8-, or 10-lobed.
Stamens as many as the lobes of the corolla. Ovary 1—2 celled,
many-seeded. Styles 1 or 2. Stigmas 1—2. Capsule (or berry)
generally 2-valved ; the margins of the valves turned inwards and
bearing the seeds, where there is one cell; in the 2-celled genera
the margins meet in the axis. Albumen fleshy. — Mostly herba-
ceous, generally glabrous plants, with opposite (rarely alternate)
leaves and no stipules, eminently bitter and stomachic.’—Br. Fl.

I. Cunora, Linn.

“ Calyx of 8 deep segments. Corolla nearly rotate. Stamens
8. Style 1, deciduous. Stigmas 2, bifid. Capsule 1- celled,
2-valved, many-seeded.”—Br. Fl.

1. C. perfoliata, L. Perfoliate Yellow-wort. Yellow Centaury.

“Leaves connate-perfoliate ovate glaucous.’ — Br. Fl. p. 268.
£. B. t. 60.

In woods, pastures, on banks and cliffs by the sea; very frequent, growing on
the wettest clay or the driest chalk. 7. June—September. ©.

E. Med.—Frequent on the slipped land along the shore on either side of Ryde,
and amongst brushwood on the sea edge of Quarr copse. In Sandown bay, Luc-
combe chine and East-end, frequent. Banks near Cowes. Shanklin, in plenty.
Ventnor cove, Mr. Snooke. Roadside between St. Lawrence and Shanklin, Mr.
E. Forster, jun. Jn the field below Uplands on the West side, very abundantly,
Dr. Bell-Salter.

W. Med. — Hedgebank near Tapnell farm. Plentiful on the slipped land of
the shore below Burnet wood, &c. Plentiful in many places about Freshwater,
and along the cliffs above Alum Bay. Plentiful in Thorness wood, and all over
young plantations ascending the hill to Mrs. Nash’s at Hampstead. Colwell.
Carisbrooke castle.

A glaucous herb, quite smooth and glabrous throughout. Root annual, whitish,
brittle, rigid and tapering, more or less branched with long, slender, flexuose
fibres. Stem in the smaller plants usually solitary and simple or nearly so below,
in the larger often two or more and branching sometimes from the base, erect,
from about 4, 6, or 8 to 18 or 20 inches high, terete, filled with a loose cellular
tissue, firm, rigid, and a little waved, of a pale green and shining, but dulled by
a glaucous bloom easily rubbed off. eaves firm, smooth, fleshy, radical ones
Erythrea.) GENTIANACE®. 309

crowded into a cespitose tuft (rosulate), and wholly or in part decaying before the
plaut comes into flower, smaller than those on the stem and of a paler yellowish
green, ovate, ovate-elliptical or elliptical-oblong, obtuse or pointed, attenuated
intoa short petiole; cauline leaves distant, opposite, sometimes, according to Bertolini
(FL Ital. iv. p. 311), ternate and verticillate, completely connato-perfoliate, * very
broadly ovate, acute or somewhat acuminate, mostly curving upwards, with their
points erect, the central leaves the largest, duil yellowish green, with a glaucous
bloom, 3- or obscurely 5-ribbed. Stipules none. Flowers in a terminal repeatedly
di-trichotomously forked panicle at the summit of the stem and branches; divi-
sions of the panicle erect, with a pair of leaves at each bifurcation. Peduneles
erect, ebracteate, single-flowered. Calyz cleft either quite or nearly to the bot-
tom into 8 subulate, very acute or somewhat awned segments, which are rounded
or convex at the back, with a single prominent keel-like rib, concave in front, with
thin, narrow, membranous edges. Corolla longer than the calyx, sometimes an
inch or rather more in diameter, usually about the size of a shilling, the limb
rotate, cleft into 8 ovate or ovate-elliptical, obtuse or subacute, spreading seg-
ments, of a bright golden (or sometimes palish) yellow, greatly exceeding the
short, obscurely quadrangular, membranous tube, entire or not unfrequently
notched at the apex, persistent and spirally conduplicate on the top of the ovary
after flowering, which last is covered with the now much-distended delicately
transparent tube, like a fine pellicle. Stamens inserted on the top of the tube and
between the segments of the limb, shorter than the latter ; filaments equal, flattish
and tapering, bright yellow; anthers erect, not spirally twisted after flowering,
glabrous, but at length becoming invested with woolly filaments.t Germen
(ovary) as long as the tube of the corolla, elliptical-oblong, obtusely quadrangular,
with a deep furrow along two opposite faces (sutures), full of a greenish yellow
very glutinous but scarcely bitter juice. Styde short, quadrangular, more or less
deeply bifid, each division emarginate and bearing on their outer face the heart-
shaped, glaudulose, pilose, yellow stigma. Seeds numerous, very minute, yellow-
ish brown, irregular, ovate or oblong, covered with large, deep, angular
excavations.

This is one of our most beautiful native plants, not rare in England and Tre-
land, though unknown in Scotland in the wild state. The golden yellow flowers
expand only in sunshine or a strong light, closing early in the afternoon (about
2 clock) for the rest of the day, and not unfolding again until the following
morning. When a handful of the plant is gathered and placed in water, its beau-
tiful blossoms will continue to open and close at the accustomed hour for several
successive days ; when once shut, exposure to the sun’s rays proves insufficient
to stimulate them to expand a second time, till the usual period of repose has
elapsed.

II. Eryrurma, Renealm. Centaury.

“ Calyx 5-cleft. Corolla funnel- shaped, withering, its limb
short. Anthers at length spirally twisted. Style 1, deciduous.
Stigmas 2. Capsule linear, 2-celled.’—Br. Fl.

1. E. Centaurium, Pers. Common Centaury. s Stem nearly
simple, leaves ovate-oblong, flowers nearly sessile fasciculate-pani-

* In a small specimen I have seen from Cheshire the leaves are quite distinct
and cordate at base, being probably the var. 8. minor of DC. and var. 8. pusilla -
of Gaudin.

+ These woolly filaments seem rather to belong to the style, and to adhere
casually only to the anthers. They appear to proceed from the splitting of the
exterior (vascular?) coat of the style and stigmas into a multitude of capillary
fibres, varying in amount according to the advanced state of the ovary.
310 GENTIANACEE. (Gentiana.

culate, calyx half as long as the tube of the opening corolla.” —
Br, Fl. p. 266. Gentiana, E. B. t. 417.

B. Flowers white.

In dry pastures, woods and bushy heathy places; verycommon. Jv. June—
August. ©.

8. Found occasionally in various places. Near Thorley, &c. Pastures on the
S. of Newport, B. T. W.

Capsule pale yellowish brown, about 4 lines in length, narrow-oblong or sub-
linear, obtuse, apiculate with the base of the style and bluntly prismatic, with a
deep furrow alung the marginal suture of the much-inflexed valves, greatly
(nearly twice) longer than the calyx, closely slieathed in the dry persistent corolla,
which prevents the separation of the valves tu their base. Seeds very numerous
and minute, pale brown and pellucid (in the aggregate coffee-coloured), of a
roundish more or less angular shape, covered with sharp wrinkle-like ridges form.
ing a coarse kind of network, the interstices appearing finely dotted under a high
magnifier.

2. HE. pulchella, Hook. Dwarf Centaury. Stem forked va-
viously branched or (more rarely) simple winged, leaves ovato-
oblong 5-nerved, flowers pedicellate, calyx nearly as long as the
tube of the corolla. Br. Fl. p. 266. Chironia, EH. B. t. 458.
Fil. Dan. x. t. 1637.

Tn dry sandy or gravelly fields, pastures and waste places ; not unfrequent, but
I think probably a variety of the preceding. Fl. July—Octoler. ©.

E. Med.—At Ryde, Isle of Wight, Mr. S. Woods in Bot.Guide. [St. Helens
spit; above White-cliff bay ; very frequent about Bembridge: A. G. More, Esq.
—Edrs.]

W. Med.—Above the shore to the W. of Yarmouth. Freshwater village, Rev.
G. E. Smith.

It is very doubtful whether this be really distinct from EZ. Centaurium ; I find
the relative length of the calyx and corolla to vary on the same plant, and I fear
the other characters have no greater permanency.

3. E. littoralis, Hook. Dwarf Tufted Centawry. ‘Stem sim-
ple or branched, radical leaves crowded spathulate, cauline ones
oblong linear obtuse, flowers sessile capitato-paniculate, calyx as
long as the tube of the opening corolla deeply cleft.” — Br. Fl. p.
267. E. linarifolia, Pers. Chironia littoralis, E. B. t. 2305.

On sandy shores and banks by the sea; perhaps not unfrequent, but very doubt-
fully distinct from the two foregoing species. Fl. June—August. ©.

W. Med,— Alum bay, between Groves’s hotel and the sea, Dr. Martin!!!
Headen hill, within 20 yards of Mr. Ward’s cottage, Miss G. Kilderbee !/!—I am
not certain that the specimens from this station were not a broad-leaved variety of
E. pulchella. Sea-banks near Compton, B. 7. JV.

TIT. Gentrana, Linn. Gentian.

“ Calyx 4—5 cleft. Corolla subcampanulate, funnel- or galver-
shaped, tubular at the base, destitute of nectariferous glands.
Stamens 5, Styles persistent, often combined. Capsule of 1 cell,
2-valved.’—Br. Fi.

Flowers usually blue or purple, more rarely white or yellow ; handsome. The
far greater number of the species inhabit lofty mountain regions ; a smaller pro-
portion are limited to hilly situations, whilst a few are found in low and even
marshy places at the sea-level in colder latitudes.
Gentiana.] GENTIANACEE. 311

1. G. Amarella, L. Autumnal Gentian. “Stem much-branched,
root-leaves oval spathulate, upper ones ovate-lanceolate sessile,
calyx-lobes lanceolate nearly equal shorter than the tube of the
corolla which is cylindrical or obconical, its limb 5-cleft, germen
linear-oblong and as well as the capsule sessile or shortly stipi-

tate.” — Br. Fl. p. 268. Sm. E. Fl. p. 30. Lindl. Syn. p. 179.
If. B. iv. t. 236.

B. Calyx-segments very unequal.

On dry hilly and chalky pastures and downs in many places. Fl. July—No-
vember, sumetimes in early summer (May, &c.). ©.

£. Med.—Binstead, sparingly. Near Arreton. East-end. Landslip at Bon-
church, Samuel Hailstone, Esq., jun.

W. Med. — White Pit, by Newport, abundantly. Plentiful all round Caris-
brooke castle, on the turf of the moat, glacis, &c., where it was pointed out to me
by Mr. Snooke, jun. In and about the chalk-pit opposite Alvington farm, by the
yoad from Carisbrooke to Calbourne, plentifully. In the park at Swainston.
Abundant on the down above Alum Bay. Near Westover. Banks between Nor-
ton and Totland. Shide chalk-pit, and on all the chalky downs throughout the
island, Mr. W. D. Snooke.

8. On the dry chalky down above Sandown bay.

Root yellowish white, very stiff and contorted. Stem purple, much branched,
from a few inches to a foot high, roundish, with two prominent ribs or wings on
its opposite sides, continued alternately to the summit, giving it the appearance
of being quadrangular. Leaves dark somewhat purplish green, opposite, sessile,
ovato-lanceolate, acute, quite entire, 3-ribbed, the lowermost obtuse and attenuated
into short footstalks, lowers axillary and terminal, usually 2 or 3 together,
nearly an inch long, stalked, erect, purplish or violet, elegant though not showy.
Sepals nearly equal, linear-lanceolate, acute, their edges revolute, shorter than the
tube of the corolla and erect. Corolla somewhat campanulate, the limb in 5, or
occasionally in the same specimen in 4 (or even 3, Sm.), ovate, acute, spreading seg-
ments, the mouth of the tube beautifully fringed with long, erect, purplish hairs.
Stamens inserted at the very base of tbe cvrolla, but adnate with it for nearly half
their length; fi/aments dilated in the middle; anthers 2-celled, purple, free. Ger-
men linear. Styles very short ; stigmas 2 upright flattened lobes. Capsule linear,
cylindrical, yellowish, enclosed in the permanent withered perianth, opening to a
short distance only frum its apex. Seeds numerous, very small, roundish oval,
pale brown and shining, finely punctate all over, attached in a single row on either
side of each valve near the commissure.

A variety with the calyx-segments very unequal, two of them considerably
larger and longer than the three others, but neither ovate nor concealing the lat-
ter as in G. campestris, I found on the dry chalk down above Sandown bay.
Some of the lower flowers had the calyx 4-cleft ; in these the difference of size in
each alternate segment was very conspicuous, the smaller, shorter and inner being
linear, the outer and longer ovate-lanceolate. Are these two species really dis-
tinct? — the descriptions of authors point at intermediate forms that militate
against the opinion that they are so.

 

2G. campestris, L. Field Gentian. ‘ Stem very much branched
many-flowered, leaves ovate-lanceolate, 2 outer segments of the
calyx very large ovate, corolla 4-cleft.”—Br. Fl. p. 268. HE. B. t.
237.

On dry elevated gravelly or chalky pastures and limestone hills; probably never
found at all in this island. Fl. August—October. ©.

Heathy pasture between Colwell and Weston, plentifully, Mr. W. D. Snooke.

I have not succeeded in finding the plant in the above station, nor have I ever
seen Isle-of-Wight specimens from that or any other locality. I fear the last spe-
cies has been mistaken for it ;—possibly the variety just described..
312 GENTIANACE.—CONVOLVULACEm.  [Menyanthes.

IV. Mewyvantues, Linn. Buckbean.

“ Calyx 5-partite. Corolla funnel-shaped, fleshy, the segments
hairy within. Stamens 5. Stigma 2-lobed. Capsule 1-celled,
2-valved; valves bearing the seeds along their middle; seeds
parietal.”—Br. Fl.

1. M. trifoliata, L. Buckbean or Bogbean. Marsh Trefoil.
Br. Fl. p. 269. H. B. t. 495.

In spongy peaty bogs, drains, ditches, watery meadows and swampy thickets ;
not uncommon. Fl. May—August. Fr. June, &c. i

£. Med.—On Sandown level, but sparingly. Wet pasture a few hundred yards
above Alverstone mill, plentifully; aud in Alverstone lynch. [The bog by Burnt-
house, Dr. Bell-Salter, Edvs.]

W. Med.— In the wet thicket by the stream-side between Newbridge and Cal-
bourne, sparingly. Abundantly on moory meadows between West Court and
Sandy Way, Shorwell. About Freshwater, on Schoolhouse farm and near Thor-
ley. On the boggy part of Colwell heath. Wet pasture on Kingston moors.
In the marsh near Compton, and marsh near Easton in great abundance, B. T. W.
Boggy meadows by the Medina near its source.

Villarsia nymphaoides, Vent., grows in a pool on Barrett's common, 24 miles
from Ryde, — Collins, E'sq., July, 1846. Certainly introduced, Dr. Bell-Salter
thinks probably by himself, though he has no recollection of having done so with
this particular species,

Order LI. CONVOLVULACEA, Juss.

“ Calyx of 4—5 sepals, permanent, imbricated, often very une-
qual. Corolla regular, deciduous; the limb plaited, 4—5 lobed.
Stamens 4—-5 from the base of the corolla. Ovary with 2—4
cells, seldom 1, sometimes in 2 or 4 divisions, few-ovuled, ovules
solitary in each cell or collateral. Style 1, often divided, rarely 2.
Disk annular, hypogynous or wanting. Capsule 1—4 celled, the
valves fitting at their edges to the angles of a loose dissepiment,
bearing the seeds at the base, or bursting transversely. Albwmen
in small quantity, mucilaginous. Embryo curved. Cotyledons
plaited. — Herbs or shrubs, generally climbing, milky and purga-
tive.”—Br. Fl.

I. Convotvuuvus, Linn. Bindweed.

Calyx 5-sepaled. Corolla campanulate, plicate. Stigmas 2.
Capsule of 1—3—4 cells, with as many valyes. Cells 1—2
seeded.’”—Br. Fl.

* Bracts small, remote from the flower.

1. C. arvensis, L. Small Bindweed. “ Stem prostrate twining
or scandent, leaves usually oblong or hastate sagittate pointed or
obtuse, the lobes mostly acute, peduncles 1- or 2-flowered, bracts
small distant from the flowers.’—Br. Fl. p. 271. E. B. t. 812.
Convolvulus.} CONVOLVULACE. 313

8. Corolla with a dentate ring of rich purple within towards the base.

In waste and cultivated ground, cornfields, gardens, on hedgebanks, by way-
sides and under walls, &c.; far too abundantly. Fl, June—September. Fr.
October. 2.

B. Along a hedge in Monckton street, Ryde (flowers the usual rose-colour).
Cornfield between Newchnrch and Lower Knighton, in plenty (with the corolla
pure white). I find this var. between Quarry abbey and Fishbourne, and it is pro-
bably frequent in other places. Sometimes the ring is very faintly marked.

Root long, extensively creeping (descendiug remarkably deep, Bab.), pale
brown, fleshy. Stems numerous, either trailing on the ground, twining about the
stalks of corn, or scandent in hedgerows, &c., usually about 2 or 3 feet long, when
climbing over bushes considerably exceeding those dimensions, twisted, with 4
slightly winged angles, branched chiefly at the base, very leafy, a little milky,
smooth. Leaves alternate, dull grayish green, scarcely paler beneath, the margins
slightly deflexed, somewhat fleshy, more or less downy or quite glabrous,
extremely variable in size and shape, mostly oblong-hastate or sagittate, pointed
or very obtuse and rounded, the lower leaves usually truncate at the base; lobes
shortish, more or less acute, sometimes obtuse, very small and even obsolete,
diverging at right angles for the most part or nearly so. Petioles much shorter
than the leaves, rounded or semiterete, deeply caniculate above. Flowers deli-
cately fragrant, closing in the afternoon or in rainy weather. Peduncles axillary,
mostly single, often 2- or sometimes even 3-flowered, occasionally a little branched,
slightly enlarged upwards, acutely quadrangular, their summits deflexed in fruit.
Calyx very small, as long as the tube of the corolla; sepals imbricated, broadly
oblong-obovate, very obtuse, with a minute brown point, obscurely nerved, the 2
exterior shortest, with narrow scariose borders, the 3 interior membranous at the
summit and emarginate. Corolla broadly and flatly funnel-shaped, from 1 to 13
inch wide, somewhat pentagonal, the margins crenulate, extremely variable in
colour, of every shade from vivid rose or peach-blossom red to nearly pure white,
with 5 tapering plaits or angles of a reddish fawn-colour at the back, the narrower
part of the limb white, with 5 or 10 more or less distinct bands or spaces radiating
towards the border, often with a zigzag or dentate ring of deep crimson internally
a little above the very short yellowish tube. Stamens erect ; filaments tapering,
glandulose-pilose beluw ; anthers sagittate, white, the sutures purplish. Germen
conical, bluntly lobed, surrounded by a thick, fleshy and lobed fillet, of an orange-
yellow colour. Style long, white, glabrous ; stigmas white, papillose, cylindrical
or subclavate, mostly curved upwards, spreading or divaricate. Capsule pale
whitish brown, glabrous, roundish ovoid, somewhat acute or even acuminate, mu-
cronate, faintly 2-, 3-, or 4-lobed, with as many rounded angles, almost perfectly
2-celled, the dissepiment stretching quite across and reaching to within a very lit-
tle distance from the top. Seeds 2, 3, or 4 (commonly 4), ovoid or subtrigonous,
gibbous at the back, deep rust-colour, scabrous* and covered with prominent points.

The very grateful but somewhat transient fragrance of the flowers, resembling
that of almonds, is rarely possessed by other species of this beautiful genus. But
not this attraction, superadded to their elegant and often vivid colouring, can
reconcile the plant to the eye of the farmer, or cause him to regard it in any other
light than as a worthless intruder, mocking his efforts for its extirpation, or derid-
ing his sloth negligence or bad management by its specious but profitless luxu-
riance. No weed obnoxious to the husbandman maintains its ground more
obstinately than this, or requires greater exertion to keep it under, which deep
ploughing perhaps alone can effect: to subdue it entirely is almost hopeless, since
every inch of the perennial root left in the soil will vegetate afresh ; and even
when eradicated from a field an abundant supply is always at hand to creep in,
from the adjacent banks or hedgerows, to overrun it anew. In N. Britain its
comparative infrequency renders it harmless; with us its natural prevalence

 

* Glabrous, according to Bertoloni, whose description of the capsule is incor-
rect in many points. :
258
314 CONVOLVULACES. [Convolvulus.

becomes oppressive exuberance when not kept within bounds by such agricultural
improvements as are yet but very partially to be seen in operation on this side of
the Solent. It has gained footing in the more northern States of America, but
not as yet to any injurious extent; I observed it frequently about Boston, where
the native plats have mostly given way before intruders from a foreign soil, the
land from whence migrated the adventurous dispossessors of her ancient warrior
tribes.

** Bracts foliaceous, enclosing the calyx. Calystegia, Br.

2. C. sepium, L. Great Bindweed.* Bearbind. Vect. Hedge
Lily. “Stem climbing, leaves sagittate, their lobes truncate,
peduncles 4-sided single-flowered, bracteas heart-shaped, stigmas
short and obtuse.” — Br. Fl. EH. B. t. 313. Calystegia, Br. :
Br. Fl. p. 271.

8. Flowers pale rose or blush-colour.

y- Corolla deeply 5-cleft almost to the hase.

Everywhere extremely common in moist thickets, hedges and amongst bushes,
in osier-beds, damp gardens and shrubberies. F7. June—October. Fr. Septem-
ber? October. 2.

B. A few plants by the roadside a little before coming to Shanklin from San-
down. On wet slipped land amongst bushes above the shore a little to the east-
ward of Old Castle Point, in some abundance; also between Dean farm and
Whitwell, in a willow-plot ; and near Roude. With leaves a little fleshy, by the
shore to the N. of Shanklin chine. At Lower Knighton, E. Vernon, Esq. Near
Newchurch, Dr. Bell-Salter !!! On the sea-shore at the North-western extre-
mity of the Priory grounds, idem. In a large willow-bed between Compton and
Duusbury farms, a little N.E. of Compton grange, in considerable plenty. East
bank of the Yar, along the edge of Beckett's copse.

y. A siugle plant in the hedge by the gardener’s cottage at St. John’s. Smith
in E. B. mentions a similar var. of C. arvensis, noticed by Ray and by himself at
Norwich.

Root long, white, slender, fleshy and cylindrical, branched and creeping hori-
zontally to a great extent, throwing out occasional bundles of thready fibres and
fresh stems. Stems climbing and twining over hedges, &c., to the length of many
feet, slightly branched, a little dow1.y and angular and partly twisted, green or
reddish, milky. Leaves alternate, bright green, petiolate. Capsule pale brown,
tipped with the hard and pointed remnant-of the style, roundish, obscurely 3- or
4-augled, with as many indistinct lobes, 1-celled, equally divided its entire depth
by an imperfect dissepiment not closing up the centre, Seeds either 3 or 4,
blackish brown, large and angular, smooth, placed round a short central recep-
tacle at the bottom of the capsule.

Both Smith and Wahlenberg profess never to have seen the capsules, which
indeed are not very commonly produced. I have however met with them abun-
dantly in Whitefield wood, as also about Hastings, and at Hampstead, near
London.

This common and conspicuous ornament of our hedges may vie with many
exotic species in the amplitude and graceful structure of its fine white flowers,
which continue to adorn the rural districts, and even the outskirts of our towns,
almost to the end of autumn. Though occasionally straying into the damp corm-
field, its trespasses are too insignificant to attract the notice or incur the proscrip-
tion of the agriculturist ; it is however apt to prove a troublesome inmate of moist

 

* The leaves of the Greater and Lesser Bindweed afford nourishment, in its
larva state, to the Convolvulus bhawk-moth (Sphina Convolvuli, L.), the imago of
which fine insect occurred in unusual numbers over a great part of England in
the autumn of 1846, when many specimens were captured at Ryde, Ventnor,
Brixton, Niton and elsewhere in this island.
Convolvulus.] CONVOLVULACER. 815

gardens and shrubberies, where its presence is usually regarded as less ornamen-
tal than obtrusive.

Of the var. 8. the flowers are in this island rarely more than suffused with a
faint blush of red, but in some parts of England they are found deep rose-coloured,
and T have myself gathered them so in Guernsey. A similar variety appears to
be the commoner American form of this widely diffused species, which under the
foregoing or following states is indigenous over a great part of both hemispheres.
In America the lobes of the leaves are often rounded or angular, but not decidedly
truncate; the leaves, petioles and stems either wholly or partially hairy, and the
bracts, I think, rather shorter in proportion to the tube of the corolla than in the
European plant. In this state it is the C. repens of Linmeus, &c., and which I
have guthered abundantly on the banks of the Savannah river, a little below the
city, with both white and_blush-coloured flowers, but excepting in the above par-
ticulars I find nothing to distinguish it from the ordinary European form of C.
sepium.

3. ©. Soldanella, L. Sea-side Bindweed. Scottish Scurvy-
grass. Sea Colewort. Vect. Scurvy-grass. Leaves kidney-
shaped somewhat angular fleshy, peduncles single-flowered square
slightly winged at the corners and thickening upwards, bracts
close beneath the flower large ovate, seeds glabrous. J. B. t.
314. Calystegia, Br.: Br. Fl. p. 271.

On the sandy or shingly sea-beach, but not commonly. FU. July, August.
Fr. September. 2.

i. Med. — Spit at St. Helens, in some abundance. Lower end of Sandown
bay, towards Shanklin, sparingly. On the Dover spit at Bembrilge the plant has
more of the trailing habit of C. arvensis, the stems being sometimes above 2 feet
in length, but the flowers are produced more sparingly.

W, Med.—Plentifully in the loose sand on Norton spit.

Root (or rather rhizoma) white, fleshy, slender, cylindrical, scarcely branched,
running pretty far into the loose sand or shingle. Stem one or two, simple or a
little branched, seldom above a span long, often only 2 or 3 inches, quite prostrate
or trailing, leafy, purplish, with several slightly winged angles and full of a milky
juice. Leaves alternate, yellowish green, strongly veined, very smooth and shin-
ing, fleshy, sprinkled on both sides with depressed dots, on round channelled fvot-
stalks twice or thrice their own length, cordato-reniform or orbicular-reniform,
very obtuse, with a minute point, more or less bluntly angular, and very like the
leaves of the common Scurvy-grass (Cochlearia officinalis), for a species of which
it is taken by the ignorant here and in other parts of the country. Flowers soli-
tary, on square axillary peduncles that are longer than the leaves and with their
angles slightly winged, the size of those of C. sepium, pale purplish rose-colour
with 5 yellowish plaits, very handsome but fragile, and quickly fading when
gathered. Bracts 2, closely embracing the calyx, broadly ovate, keeled, edged
with a narrow scarious border, very obtuse, emarginate, the inner one as long as
the calyx, the outer a little shorter and auricled at the base. Sepals very unequal
in breadth, ovato-elliptical, apiculate, very blunt, the 2 outer much larger and
roundish, Stamens whitish, their filaments much dilated and glanduloso-pilose in
their lower part; anthers pale, erect. Style rather longer than the stamens,
cylindrical, enlarged beneath into the conical 2- or 4-lobed germen, which is
seated on and partly enclosed in a yellow lobed and fleshy gland; stigmas
2 oblong, very rough, nearly erect lobes. Capsule enclosed in the calyx and bracts,
large, brownish, subglobose, splitting very irregularly, obtusely 3- or 4-lobed and
angled, mucronate, 2-, 3-, or 4-seeded. Seeds large, bluntly triquetrous, smooth
and black, one or two often abortive. Sometimes the capsule is monospermous.

The long, creeping and tenacious roots assist, with otber plants of more homely
aspect but greater efficiency, in binding the loose and drifting sand, the barren
monotony of whose level surface is softened, if uot concealed, by the abundance
and delicate cvlouring of its reclining bells.
316 CUSCUTACER. [Cuscuta.

The observation of Smith, that the flowers of this species expand only in fine
weather and in the early part of the day, does not accord with my own. I find,
on the contrary, that neither wet, nor total deprivation of light in close tin vessels,
has any tendency to produce collapse in the blussoms, which in their native soil
continue expanded all day, and, if not during the night, as they certainly do when
taken up, at least until a very late hour.

The stigmas are most erroneously described in ‘ English Botany’ and in the
‘English Flora’ as short, awl-shaped and acute, the description having been
obviously drawn up from specimens in which the lobes had fallen away, leaving
only their points of attachment remaining. The large plaited cotyledons, with
the curved embryo lying between them, the radical directed towards and attached
to the hilum, and both enclosed in a bag of thin tough albumen, are beautifully
displayed in the unripe seed on removing the testa, which peals off as readily as
the shell from a hard-boiled egg. Sir W. Hooker has remarked the flowers to be
fragrant in Jersey.

In collecting a considerable quantity of the fully ripe seeds at Norton, in Sep-
tember, 1842, I remarked that the greater part of those gathered in the capsule
were more or less villous, and some quite tomentose, as they are said to be in a
closely allied Neapolitan species, C. Imperati. Such as had fallen frum the cap-
sules, and were lying on the sand, were for the most part glabrous, and from the
others the tomentum was easily detached by slight friction. Whether this appear-
ance was natural, or the result of mouldiness contracted through a want of free
circulation of air in the capsules, Iam unable to say: both the soil and the sea-
son were unusually dry and warm. T state the fact to draw the attention of
others to the subject.

Order LIT. CUSCUTACEA,

“ Calyx inferior, persistent, 4—5 parted, with an imbricate
eestivation. Corolla persistent, cut round at the base; the hmb
regular, 4—5 cleft, imbricated in estivation. Seules alternating
with the segments of the corolla, and adhering to them. Stamens
equal to the segments of the corolla and alternate with them ;
anthers 2-celled, opening longitudinally. Ovary 2-celled, ovules
twin, collateral, erect. Styles 2 or 0, sometimes connate; stigmas
2. Frwit capsular or baccate, 2-celled; cells 1—2 seeded. Seeds
with a fleshy albumen, and spiral, filiform, acotyledonous embryo ;
radicle inferior.—Leafless, climbing, colourless parasites, with the
flowers in dense clusters.”—Lindl. Veg. Kingd.

I. Cuscuta, Linn. Dodder.

“ Calyx 4—-5 cleft. Corolla campanulate, 4—5 lobed, the tube
usually furnished with scales on the inside. Styles 2 (varely
united). Orary 2-celled, 4-ovuled. Capsule bursting all round
transversely at the base, 2-celled.,—Br. Fl.

Parasitical leafless and succulent herbs, with twining filiform stems, found in
all quarters of the glube, of which Europe possesses at least four and Britain three
species, remarkable rather for singularity than beauty. The Indian or Chinese
Dodder is sometimes seen in conservatories.*

 

* One European species of Dodder, C. lupuliformis (C. monogyna) is parasitic
on Willows, and several tropical species infest trees to which they are very inju-

rious. I remarked them to be extremely common in the W, Indian Islands, and
Cuscuta.] CUSCUTACES. 317

1. C. europea, Iu. Greater Dodder. Stem branched, heads
sessile many-flowered bracteated, tube of the corolla very short
about equal to the erect bluntish calyx-teeth, scales at the base of
the stamens very small erect or appressed not closing the tube,
stigmas simple. Sm. HE. Fl. ii. p. 24. Br. Fl. p. 271. Lindl.
Syn. p. 168. HE. B. vi. t. 378.  Babing. Linn. Trans. xviii. p.
213. fig. 1.

Parasitic on tbe stems of various herbaceous plants; extremely rare in this
island. FV. July—September. ©.

£. Med.—On wild Hop, Nettles and Thistles (Cnicus arvensis) in a hedge
between Kerne and Alverstone mill, Dr. Bell-Salter, Sept. 1840 !!!—very abundant
there in 1841. Near Lake, Isle of Wight, Mr. J. Woods, jun., in Bot. Guide.

W. Med.—On vetches in a field at Boulduer, Mr. R. Gibbs, 1848 !!!

A larger and more robust plant than the next species, the stems usually of a less
lively red (though, as in that, very variable in colour and sometimes pale); often
as thick as packthread, angular, succulent, much branched, matted and twining
inextricably around the adjacent plants, from which it derives nourishment and
support, to the height of 2 ur 3 feet, adhering to them at each circumvolution by
small fleshy tentacula or suckers protruded from orifices in the stem, which is
itself firmly applied by the membranous and tubercular expansion of its angles at
the points of contact. Flowers white, honey-scented, about the size of the next,
quite sessile, in small, globular, lateral clusters, that are at first scarcely larger
than peas, but in fruit are the size of musket-bullets, each cluster having a small
ovate bract beneath it, and whence the branches of the stem originate. Calyx
fuunel-shaped, scarcely shorter than the tube of the corolla, cleft about 3rd down-
wards into 4 or 5 broadly ovate, erect, bluntish segments, more or less tinged
with rose-red. Corolla tubular or subcampanulate, of delicate, pellucid, cellular
tissue, 4- or 5-cleft in the same head or cluster (mostly the latter), the segments
ovato-triangular, bluntish and spreading, about as long as the short, inflated and
finally globose tube. Stamens 4 or 5, inserted between the segments of the
corolla at theiv base, on short, connivent, flattened filaments, which are much
dilated downwards, each with a small, narrow, jagged or forked crystalline scale
at its base, but which is far less conspicuous than in the next species, not, as in
that, closing the throat of the corolla, but shorter and somewhat erect or even
appressed, * and hence very liable to be overlooked even in the fresh plant; an-
thers brownish, roundish cordate, 2-lobed, bursting laterally. Germen globose.
Styles 2, greenish, erect, much shorter and thicker than in the following species,
variable in length, but seldom equalling, and mostly much shorter than, the sta-
mens ; stigmas blunt, fleshy and yellowish. Capsules the size of hemp-seed, mem-
branous, subglobose or obscurely quadrangular, invested with the tunic-like per-
sistent and enlarged corolla, bursting all round near the base. Seeds 4, brownish
or reddish, roundish or somewhat ovate, finely scabroso-punctate, with a sort of
slight chaffy scaliness, attached two on each side of a transverse dissepiment, fixed
on the base of the capsule, but unconnected with it above, and emarginate at the
summit, dividing the cavity into a pair of imperfect cells. Lmbryo monocotyle-
donous, cylindrical, in a loose spiral about the albumen.

 

particularly in Grenada, where I observed one species to attach itself indiscrimi-
nately to almost every kind of tree and shrub, investing them with a dense mass
of tangled fibres, like hanks of yellow yarn, and giving them a very singular but
unsightly appearance.

* The existence of these scales in C. europea has been a subject of controversy,
some authors admitting and others denying their presence. ‘The truth is, these
scales in the present species are not easily seen, from their small size and great
transparency, but are always visible on cluse examinativn under a high magnifier,
and in a favourable light.
818 CUSCUTACES. (Cuscuta.

2. C. Hpithymum, L. Lesser Dodder. Vect. Maidenhair.
“ Styles exserted, heads of many small flowers bracteated sessile,
corolla with a cylindrical tube longer than the campanulate calyx,
‘scales converging as long as the tube of the corolla fimbriated
and rounded, at the end approximate below with narrow acute
spaces.” — Br. Fl. p. 272. HE. B.t. 55.  Babing. in Ann. and
Mag. of Nat. Hist. for July, 1845, p. 1, tab. 1, fig. 2 (dissection
of fl.)

On Furze, Thyme, Ling, Heath and other small mostly shrubby plants, espe-
cially the first of these species, on commons and open exposed pastures; often
abundantly. Fl. July—October. ©.

E. Med.—By the beach at Sandown. On Head Down, near Niton. On Ga-
lium saxatile and Erica cinerea by the roadside over Bleak Down to Newport.
The profusion with which it invests the furze on Stapler’s heath, near Newport, as
with entangled skeins of silver thread, cannot fail to arrest the attention of the
most incurious. On St. George's down, G. Kirkpatrick, Esq. In Blackgang
chine, abundantly, — Gray, Esq., of the Brit. Museum, 1844.

W. Med. —On Colwell heath. Plentiful and very fine on Ningwood common,
between Yarmouth and Shalfleet. Near Bouldner and on Mottestone down, Rev.
James Penfold. ‘“ Matted densely upon mingled Calluna and Lichenes on Hea-
den hill,” Rev. G. &. Smith in litt. Abundantly on Buccombe down.

Stems filiform, inextricably entangling themselves with the plants upon which
they grow, of every shade of red, crimson or purple. Flowers in dense sessile
clusters, delicate white or rose-coloured, exquisitely diaphanous under a lens, very
clammy and sweet-scented, from the quantity of honey they secrete, nearly all
5-cleft and pentandrous in my specimens from Ningwood, with an occasional

-4-cleft one interspersed. Throat of the corolla closed at bottom with beautiful,
connivent, jagged and crystalline scales, admitting between them the purplish
upper half of the styles to pass.

$3. C. Trifolit, Bab. Clover Dodder. “ Styles exserted, heads
of small flowers bracteated sessile, ‘tube of the corolla cylindri-
cal, the scales converging half as long as the tube of the corolla
fimbriated and rounded at the end distant below with rounded
spaces, calyx narrowed below as long as the tube of the corolla.’”
—Br. Fl. p. 272. H. B.S. t. 2898.

In clover- fields, appearing to have been recently introduced, and as yet rare in
this island. /l. July—September. ©.

IV. Med. — Abundantly in a clover-field by Thorley farm, Mr. Robert Gibbs,
1842!!! Also in another field not far farm Yarmouth mill, but on the opposite
side of the river, very sparingly, 1843, Mr. George Gibbs !!!

Specimens of this plant collected in a clover-field near Thorley, Sept. 1844,
approach more nearly to C. Epithymum than others from a neighbouring field,
gathered the year before, in having the calyx for the most part much shorter than
the tube of the corolla: but I find the relative proportion between them liable to
great variation, the calyx in some flowers being scarcely more than half, in others
almost quite, equal to the tube; the breadth and degree of acumination in the
segments of the corolla differs likewise considerably : sometimes they are simply
acute and as broad as in C. Epithymum, at other times finely pointed and com-
paratively parrow. In the form of the calyx and its segments I can perceive no
material difference, ifany, but it is white like the corolla, or at most but very
faintly tinged, in the clover plant.

All the differences I have elsewhere detailed seemed to have disappeared in the
specimens of this year, which, excepting in having a colourless calyx, I am quite
unable to distinguish from the ordinary C. Epithymum.

The Clover Dodder, if a distinct species from C. Epithymum, is of no such
Cynoglossum.] BORAGINACE. 319

recent introduction as is generally supposed, for Mr. Borrer tells me he has
noticed it upwards of forty years ago. Bertoloni and others certainly mention Clo-
ver has a plant to which C. Epithymum is attached, without allusion to any vari-
ation of structure. The question thus arises, Does C. Epithymum sometimes
grow on Clover with us, and is there a second species more peculiarly allotted to
the plant, or is this latter a mere variety or modification of the former, sometimes
searcely deviating from the typical form of our heaths and commons ?

The agreeable honey-like smell of C. Epithymum gives place, when the flowers
are going off, to a rank disagreeable odour, as Mr. Borrer remarked to me of the
Clover Dodder.

A fourth species, C. Epilinum, very injurious to flax-fields on the Continent,
has latterly found a place in the ‘ British Flora’ H.C. Watson, Esq., has sent
me a specimen found by him near London. May it not also occur on our nearly
allied L. angustifolium ?

Order LIT]. BORAGINACE A, DeCand.

* Calyx 5-, rarely 4-cleft, persistent. Corolla hypogynous, mo-
nopetalous, most frequently regular, 5-cleft, sometimes 4-cleft,
with imbricated estivation. Stamens 5, inserted into the corolla,
alternate with its segments and equal to them in number, rarely
more. Ovary 4-partite, 4-seeded. Ovules definite, pendulous.
Style from near the base between the lobes of the ovary. Achenes
4, apart or united at the base. Seeds without or nearly without
albumen. Radicle superior.—Herbs or shrubs. Leaves alternate,
without stipules, usually scabrous. Flowers generally in more or
less compound unilateral and circinate cymes (presenting the
appearance of spikes or racemes.’ —Br. Fl.

I. Cynociossum, Linn. Hound’s-tongue.

“ Calyx 5-cleft. Corolla (short) funnel-shaped, its mouth closed
with prominent, convex, connivent scales. Stamens included
within the corolla. Achenes roundish ovate, depressed, muri-
cated, fixed by the edge to the persistent base of the style.” —
Br. Fl.

1. C. officinale, L. Common Hound’s-tongue. “ Lower leaves
elliptical stalked softly downy, upper ones lanceolate narrowed
below subcordate and semiamplexicaul, racemes without bracteas.”
—Br. Fl. p. 281. H. B. t. 921.

B. Leaves subglabrous, more or less shining, nearly scentless. Merat, Nouv.
Fil. des Env. de Par. vay. C. p.'73. C. Henckii, R. et Sch. Syst. iv. p. 74?

On dry waste ground, banks and pastures, along hedges, walls, amongst ruins,
rubbish and by roadsides; frequent. Fl. May—July. Fr. August. 33 occa-
sionally 2, M. & K. ;

On the Dover, Ryde, occasionally ; and on the shore beyond Sea-view. Very
common in some parts of Undercliff, as at Ventnor, Bonchurch, St. Lawrence.
Near Dog Kennel.

8. On the right-hand bank of the steep descent into Bonchurch from Shanklin.
At St. Lawrence, and especially at Bank-end, by the roadside. At Dodpits.
320 BORAGINACER. | Borago.

Western extremity of East-end, near Bonchurch farm. Puckaster, and in Berry
lane, leading from Niton to Chale, G. Kirkpatrick, Esq.

The var. @. differs in no respect, except in the somewhat greener colour and
shining appearance of the léaves, from the less degree of pubescence which
imparts hairiness and opacity to the plant in its ordinary form. To this want of
downiness may possibly be owing the weak smell of the bruised leaves, as com-
pared with the more hoary state of the species, between which and the present
variety every intermediate gradation may be found; nor indeed do J think that
C. officinale is ever seen with us here so copiously clothed with pubescence as I
believe to have remarked it in other places. Our variety must not be confounded
with the other British species, C. sylvaticum, Henke (C. montanum, Lam.), a very
different plant, having leaves of a lively grass-green, of a very different shape, and
rough with callous points, besides other marks of distinction.

Hound’s-tongue is extensively naturalized in N. America. I remarked it grow-
ing abundantly about Hamilton and elsewhere in Canada.

II. Boraco, Linn. Borage.*

“ Calyx deeply 5-cleft. Corolla rotate, having its throat closed
with 5 erect obtuse and emarginate teeth. Stamens exserted ;
filaments bifid, the inner branch bearing the anther; anthers
linear-lanceolate, connivent. Achenes with an excavated base,
seated on an hypogynous disk, free from the style.’—Br. Fl.

+1. B. officinalis, L. Common Borage. “ Lower leaves obo-
vate attenuated at the base, segments of the corolla ovate acute
spreading.’—Br. Fl. p 280. EH. B. t. 36.

In dry, rough, waste places, cultivated ground, amongst rubbish, by roadsides
and along fences and hedges, also in pastures occasionally, but always near houses,
and certainly not truly indigenous, though pretty frequent, in such situations.
Fl. May—September. ©.

E. Med. — In a lane leading from Sandown village to the marshes. In 1837
I saw part of a clover-field at Bonchurch quite blue with it. At Arreton. By
Rans farm, near St. Lawrence. In pasture-ground below Little Buddle farm,
Niton. At Godshill, and near Brading, Mr. W. D. Snooke.

W. Med. —Plentifully in a field on the S. side of Yarmouth. At Norton.

III. Ancuusa, Linn. Alkanet.

“ Calyz 5-cleft or 5-partite. Corolla funnel-shaped, tube straight,
its mouth closed with convex connivent scales, the segments im-
bricated (not twisted). Stamens included. Achenes depressed.
Nuts concave at the base, seated on an hypogynous disk, free
from the style.’— Br. Fi.

+1. A. sempervirens, L. Evergreen Alkanet. “ Leaves ovate,
lower ones upon long stalks, peduncles axillary, flowers subcapi-

 

* Name said to be derived from cor, the heart, and ago, I bring about ; hence
the proverb,
“ Ego Borago gaudia semper ago”
I Borage bring good courage,
or good spirits and joyous hilarity, as the Latin gaudia imports, a sense which our

English word courage will also bear, whose root is the same as that of the herb
reputed to inspire it.
Echium.) BORAGINACE. 321

tate accompanied by two leaves.” — Br. Fl. p. 279. E. B.t. 45.
Curt. Br. Entom. x. t. et fol. 452.

In waste places, amongst ruins, by roadsides, and on shady hedgebanks in
lanes ; a very dubious native ofthis island. F/. May—August. 2f.

Niton, Mr. Curtis, who thought it wild there, and has figured the plant in his
superb work on ‘ British Entomology,’ from a specimen gathered at that place.
I have never seen it here in any satisfactory station, but have gathered it truly

wild both in Devonshire and the Channel Islands. Naturalized in the garden at
Montpellier House, Ventnor.

IV. Lycoprsis, Linn. Bugloss.

“ Calyx deeply 5-cleft. Corolla funnel-shaped, with a curved
tube, the mouth closed with convex connivent scales : limb oblique.
Stamens included. Achenes depressed, concave at the base, seated
on an hypogynous disk, free from the style.”"—Br Ft.

1. L. arvensis, L. Small Bugloss. ‘ Leaves lanceolate repand-
denticulate very hispid, calyx erect while in flower.” — Br. Fl. p.
279. EH. B. t. 988.

On dry sandy banks, fields and pastures, in waste and cultivated ground, by
roadsides, &c.; common. Fl. May. ©.

V. Symppytum, Linn. Comfrey.

“Calyx 5-cleft or 5-partite. Corolla enlarged upwards, its
throat closed with connivent lanceolate subulate scales. Achenes
ovate, excavated at the base, seated on an hypogynous disk, free
from the style.’—Br. Fl.

1. 8. officinale, L. Common Comfrey. “ Stem winged above,
leaves ovate-lanceolate attenuated at the base and very decurrent.”
—Br. Fl. p. 280. E. B. t. 817.

B. Flowers rose-coloured. S. patens, Sibth.

By weedy river- and ditch-sides, in swampy thickets, along moist hedges and
watery lanes, &c.; in many places abundantly. #. May—August. 2{.

E. Med. — Common along the stream between Ronde and Bridge Court, and
occasionally all the way to Budbridge. Abundant along the marsh-ditches in
Sandown level. By Bowbridge.

W. Med.—Common about Brixton. Banks of the Medina, near Newport ;
Freshwater and Afton, rather common: Mr. W. D. Snooke.

8. About Brixton. Sandown marshes, Mr. Curtis, who observed it there also
with flowers of the richest purple, and with others entirely green.

VI. Ecutum,* Linn. Viper’s Bugloss.

Calyx 5-cleft. Corolla irregular, the limb 5-lobed, oblique,
dilated upwards, open or naked; tube short. Nuts obliquely
pointed, rough.

 

* Name from £XIs, a viper, the head of which reptile the seeds are thought to
resemble ; hence, according to the old doctrine of signatures, the plant was deemed
a remedy for the bite of venomous serpents, and obtained its English name of
Viper’s Grass, &c.

2T
322 BORAGINACL&E. [Pulmonaria.

Very handsome and showy plants, chiefly natives of the S. of Europe and of
Africa. One of the most splendid species, E. candicans, bears the ordinary win-
ters of this island in the open ground, and ripens seed abundantly.

1. E. vulgare, L. Common Viper’s Bugloss. Vect. Viper-grass.
Snake-flower. “Stem herbaceous simple hispid with tubercles,
leaves linear-lanceolate hispid, flowers in lateral short spikes, sta-
mens longer than the corolla.” — Br. Fl. p. 274. HE. B.t. 181.
E. Italicum, E. B. t. 2081 (not L.)

Tn dry waste or cultivated ground, amongst corn, on old walls, rubbish, borders
of fields, banks and by roadsides, in a sandy, gravelly, and especially chalky soil ;
also un the shingly sea-beach, but very far from general or abundant in this part
of the country. #7. June—September. ¢.

E. Med.—Scarcely seen about Ryde. Plentifully on Ninham hill, a heath or
common near Nisham farm, by Shanklin. South-east angle of Youngwood’s
copse, alsu in fields between Alverstone and Bordwvod, and about Queen Bower,
frequent. Shore near E. Cowes.

W. Med.—Walls of Carisbrooke castle. Field by the road from Freshwater to
Alum Bay. In fields behind the heath at Colwell, where I have gathered a
variety with the blossoms of a beautiful and permanent rose-colour. Near
Kingston.

Root tapering. Stems 1—3 feet in height, usually solitary, simple or branch-
ing only from the very base, erect, sometimes spreading or diffuse, covered with
white stiff hairs interspersed with long, pungent, simple bristles, each seated on a
brownish tubercle. Leaves all lanceolate, various in breadth, entire or obscurely
serrated, grayish green, very hairy, those of the root flat and tapering into short
petioles, of the stem linear, erect, waved, with deflexed margins, occasionally
broader, and soft and downy rather than hispid. lowers in lateral, axillary,
secund, recurved spikes forming a long leafy raceme, at first pinkish, afterwards
bright blue (sometimes white, rose-coloured, purple or violet), very handsome.
Sepals linear-lanceolate, as long as the tube of, but much shorter than, the entire
corolla, nearly equal, acute. Corolla oblique, 5-lobed, with 2 principal nerves
along the back, and one on each side from the lateral lobes; twbe very short.
Stamens (with us) much exserted, but they are liable to great variation as to
length ; filaments reddish ; anthers blue: upper stamen attached to a projecting
crest within the tube. Style long, white and hairy ; stigma small, cloven.

This species occurs with white flowers in several parts of England, and I have
gathered a variety in Sussex with blossoms of a violet-colour, in this respect, and
in its diffuse mode of growth and broadly elliptical stem-leaves, making an
approach to £. violaceum, but that species has the radical leaves ovate or oblong,
the stem branched and destitute of tubercles.

T understand the Viper’s Bugloss is a formidable nuisance on tillage-lands in
Virginia, Conf. Darling. Fl. Cest. p. 119.

VII. Poetmonsria, Linn. Lungwort.

“ Calyx with 5 angles, 5-cleft. Corolla regular, funnel-shaped,
its throat naked. Stamens included: filaments very short. Style
simple. Achenes with a flat base, seated on an hypogynous disk,
free from the style.’—Br. Fl.

1. P. angustifolia, L. Narrow-leaved Lungwort.  Cowslips of
Jerusalem. Vect. Blue Cowslip. ‘‘ Leaves scabrous, radical ones
petiolate, upper ones sessile all lanceolate.”—Br. Fl. p. 274. E.
B. xxiii. t. 1628. Curt. Br. Entom. xiii. t. et fol. 610. Reichend.
Icon. vi. t. DIT. fig. 695. Pulmonaria, V. Pannonica, Clus. Hist.
Pulmonaria.} BORAGINACES. 323

Ton var. lib. v. p. 170. Ger. Em. p. 808, fig. 1. BP. maculosa,
idem.

B. Leaves linear-lanceolate. P. azurea, Bess, Enum. Plant. vol. &c. p. 9, No.
205. Clusius, Hist. Pl. ray. lib. v. p. 169. Pulm. 3tia Austriaca, Ger. Em. p.
808, fig. 3 (the same block). Reich. Icon. vi. t. DT. fig. 694. P. mollis, Wolf. :
Reich. Icon, vi. t. 503, fig. 696. Curt. Bot. Mag. L. t. 2242. P. media, Host.
Fl. Aust.i. p. 235. Reich. Icon. vi. t. DIV. fig. 694.

y. Flowers white.

In woods, thickets, copses, on hedgebanks and borders of fields; abundantly
but exclusively on the stiff clay of the eocene, tertiary or freshwater deposits
North of the great central chalk range, and particularly in East Medina. Fl.
March—June. 2.

£. Med — About Ryde, plentifully. In Quarr copse, Shore copse, and in the
open green by Mr. Smith's new house between Quarr abbey and Fishbourne.
Wood between Ninham farm and the Newport road, also along the road itself,
sparingly. All over Firestone copse, Combley woods,* Briddlesford and Chilling-
wood copses. Common in Whitefield wood and in those adjacent, as about
Roughborough, Rickhouse and Hardingshoot farms. Between E. Cowes and
Wootton bridge, in Brock's copse near Palmer’s farm, plentifully, also about
Shambler’s farm. Steyn wood, near Bembridge. Abundant in copses on the E.
bank of the Medina, a little above E. Cowes.

W. Med.—Rare in this division, and only, I believe, about Newport and Cowes.
In a wood between Somerton farm and the Medina. Sparingly in Gurnet copse.
Plentiful in and about Parkhurst forest, Miss G. Kilderbee !!!

6. Not uncommon with the typical form.

y. In a little copse near the Medina, by N. Fairlee, near Newport, G. Kirk-
patrick, Esq. !!! In this white-flowered variety the leaves are extremely narrow.

Herb from 6 to 12 inches high, or even more. Rvot thick, fleshy, knotty,
blackish or brownish, with several stout fibres, running deep in the ground, and
having a tough medullary chord in the centre of each. Stems simple, leafy, suc-
culent and brittle, obtusely angular, slightly winged by the decurrent bases of the
cauline leaves, hispid with white, simple, spreading and deflexed hairs. Radical
leaves fascicled, much enlarged after flowering, tapering into broad, membranous,
winged petioles, very variable in breadth, commonly lanceolate or elliptic-lanceo-
late, at other times linear-lanceolate and often very narrow; not unfrequently they
are ovato-lanceolate and somewhat rounded at the base,.never decidedly cordate

 

* P. viryinica, L.—“ In a wood through which the road passes about two miles
and a half from Newport, I. of W., to Ryde, as common as Scilla nutans in our
woods,” Mr. Griffith in Bot. Guide.

Notwithstanding the assertion here made of the frequency of an American spe-
cies of Pulmonaria in the locality above mentioned, I have not succeeded in find-
ing any other than P. angustifolia in woods between Newport and Ryde, and
apprehend the introduction of the former into our Flora must have originated ip
error. P. virginica has also been found, by another authority (Rev. Norton
Nicholls), apparently wild near Netley abbey, as mentioned in the ‘ Botanist’s
Guide, and from which station I have seen specimens in the Banksian herbaiium,
now in the British Museum.

The wood in question, given in the Isle-of-Wight station, I imagine to be Comb-
ley Great Wood, as, through that and Firestone copse, the old road between New-
port and Ryde appears not many years since to have passed. On the present line
there is no wood through which it can run within the alleged distance of 24 miles
from Newport. I am nevertheless all but persuaded that the account of the dis-
covery of P. virginica is erroneous, and that it may be easily traced to the authors
of the Bot. Guide inadvertently subjoining the then quite recent detection of P.
angustifolia in this island, by Mr. Griffith, in 1804, to their announcement of the
American species as being found near Southampton.
324 BORAGINACES. [ Lithospermum.

as in P. officinalis, with a stuut prominent midrib beneath, at length 6—10 inches
long, their margins mostly a little thickened and inflexed, bright grayish green,
soft and flexile, hispid but not harsh with copious erect, pale, simple hairs spring-
ing from minute tubercles, usually nebulously spotted with greenish white, more
rarely quite plain; sometimes these spots are very large and confluent, occupying
the greater portion of the leaf: stem-leaves hairy and spotted like the rest, the
lower ones more or less and very broadly petiolate, similar in form to those at the
root, but becoming sessile as they ascend; the uppermost quite so, rounded or
cordate at the base and semiamplexicaul, running far down upon the stem into
narrow winged angles. mostly broadly ovate, with long points, at other times
oblongo-ellipticul, or even in the narrow-leaved state of the plant linear-lancev-
late. lowers shortly pedicellate, in a terminal leafy cluster of about 3 primary
divisions; in an early stage the inflorescence appears capitate, but becomes
spreading in more advanced growth and subpaniculate, the clusters a little
recurved. Calyx very hispid, ventricose, cleft about $rd down into 5 equal, trian-
gular, acute segments, each traversed by one of the five prominent ribs or angles.
Bracts at the base of the pedicels, ovate-lanceolate, leafy, or wanting. Corolla
reddish in the bnd, then violet, and lastly fine ultramarine blue fading into dull
blue or purple, the limb funnel-shaped, with 5 rounded equal segments ; tube
about the length of the calyx, a little contracted in the middle, white. Stamens
very variable in their length and insertion; alternating with them are 5 small
tufts of erect pellucid hairs placed at the top of the tube. Anthers oblongo-ellip-
tical, blackish or brownish ; pollen white. Style slightly angular, very variable
in length ; sftyma capitato- globose, 2-lobed, papilloso-glandulose. Nuts enclosed
in the now much inflated calyx, the segmeuts of which converge and completely
conceal then, as iu a 5-valved capsule ; one or two often abortive, ovoid, with an
acute vertical edge all around, more or less pubescent, very smooth and shining,
inserted a little vbliquely on a tumid annular gland fitting into a cup-shaped
cavity, with a projecting border at the base of the style; when ripe jet-black, but
mostly falling away before attaining maturity.

The flowers soon lose the brilliancy they at first display, becoming dall purple
and wrinkled, and, though produced in long succession, are not individually of
loug duration, and the later blossoms, opening but few at a time, give, with the
half-withered remains of the former ones, a want of neatuess which greatly dimi-
nishes the clegance of the plant.

VIII. Lirnosrermum, Linn. Gromwell.

“ Calyx in 5 deep segments. Corolla funnel-shaped, its mouth
naked (or with very minute scales). Stamens included: filaments
very short. Style simple. Achenes stony, with a truncated base,
seated on an hypogynous disk, free from the style.’—Br. Fl.

1. L. officinale, L. Common Gromwell. Gray Mill or Gray
Mullet. “ Stem erect very much branched, leaves broadly lan-
ceolate acute nerved rough above hairy beneath, tube of the

corolla as long as the calyx, achenes smooth.” — Br. Fl. p. 275.
E. B.t. 134.

In dry thickets, hedges and pastures, rough waste places, cornfields, amongst
rubbish, ruins, and by waysides; most frequent perhaps on chalky soiis, but
scarcely a very common plant in this island. Fl. May, June. Fr. July, Au-

ust. 2f.
- £. Med.—Common in the pits or hollows (old stone workings) in Quarr copse.
Nettlestone Point, and between it and the Priory, along the shore. Frequent in
Bloodstone copse. In Eagle-head copse, in considerable plenty.

W. Med.— In Bottomground rew (copse), near Idlecombe. On chalky slopes
amongst brushwood between Rock and Comb farm. Brixton.
Myosotis.] BORAGINACES. 325

Nuts about a line and a half in length, ovoid, pointed at the apex, bluish or
grayish white or partially brownish yellow, the testa extremely bard, smooth and
polished, resembling porcelain, enclosing a jet-black, wrinkled and shining
nucleus and often bursting spontanevusly.

The seeds, which resemble miniature eggs of porcelain, would, from the stony
hardness of the shell or testa, be long in vegetating were not the latter endued
with the faculty of spontaneously falling to pieces, and so exposing the embryo
to the action of air and moisture.

2. L arvense, L. Corn Gromwell. Bastard Alkanet. “Stem
erect branched, leaves lanceolate acute hairy, calyx a little shorter
than the corolla, its segments patent when containing the ripe
wrinkled nuts.”—Br. Fl. p. 275. H. B. t. 1238.

In dry waste and cultivated ground, cornfields, &c.; more common here than
the last. Fl. April—July. ©.

IX. Myosortis, Linn. Scorpion-grass.

“Calyx 5-cleft. Corolla salver-shaped, the lobes obtuse,
twisted in estivation, the mouth half-closed with short rounded
valves. Stamens included. Style simple. Achenes smooth,
attached to the bottom of the calyx by a minute flat spot (not
perforated at the base.’—Br. Fl.

The twisted estivation in Myosotis, though restricted to this genus of Boragi-

nace, is one of the strongest points of analogy between that order and Convolvu-
lacex.

1. M. palustris, With. Great Water Scorpion-grass. Forget-
me-not. ‘ Calyx with straight appressed bristles cleft to about
one-third of its length when in fruit campanulate open shorter
than the divergent pedicels, teeth short triangular, limb of the
corolla flat longer than the tube, style as long as the calyx,
pubescence of the stem spreading (or wanting).” — Br. Fl. p. 276.
E. B. t. 1978. M. scorpioides palustris, Z.: Sm. Fl. Brit. i. p.
212.

By clear ditches, rills, pools, rivers and in wet marshy places, but rarely, Fl.
May—August. 2.

EE. Med.—Margin of a small pool in the Brick-kiln Butt facing Wackland
farm-house, Mr. Loe !!!

W. Med.—In a boggy meadow by the stream-side a little above Calbourne
village.

2. M. repens, Don. Creeping-rooted Scorpion-grass. “‘ Calyx
with straight appressed bristles cleft to about the middle when
in fruit open or connivent shorter than the divergent pedicel, teeth
narrow-lanceolate acute, limb of the corolla flat longer than the
tube, lobes somewhat emarginate style as long as the calyx,
pubescence of the stem spreading.” — Br. Fl. p. 276. Borr. in
E. B.S. t. 2708.

In similar situations with the last, but much more frequent ; sometimes found
in moist woods. #7. June—August. 2.

E. Med. —1n the marsh-ditches about the Wilderness, abundantly. New
copse.
826 BORAGINACESE. [Myosotis.

W. Med. — Plentiful in a drain along the road between the Debborn turnpike
and Gurnet farm.

8. M. cespitosa, Schultz. Tufted Water Scorpion - grass.
“ Calyx with straight appressed bristles when in fruit campanu-
late open shorter than the divergent pedicels, teeth narrow-lan-
ceolate bluntish, limb of the corolla concave (or flat when fully
expanded) equalling the tube, style very short, pubescence of the
stem appressed.” —Br. Fl. p. 277. Borr. in E. B.S. t. 2661.

In shallow drains, ditches, pools and plashy places; not uncommon. Fl. May
—August. 2, Gaud.; YL or 3, Sm.; ©, Met K.

EF, Med.—In Sandown marshes, not uncommonly. In a little pool in a field
near Coppid Hall. Ditches in the meadows at the bottom of Brading marshes,
Mr. W. Wilson Saunders.

W. Med.—Plentiful in a little cut or drain across the little plot of planted
ground at the entrance of the marsh at Easton (Freshwater Gate).

The whole ‘plant is pale green, with a smooth, shining, translucent aspect.
Root fibrous, annual, biennial, or even perennial according to different authors.
Stem erect or reclining, and rooting from the lowermost joints, about a foot high,
much branched, roundish, succulent, thinly clothed with fine, white, close-pressed
hairs. Root-leaves somewhat spathulate, those of the stem elliptical or obovato-
lanceolate, obtuse, a little thickened at the tip but not mucronate, entire, and
clothed like the stem with the same white close-pressed pubescence, smoother
beneath, their margins a little inflexed. Flowers in long, leafless, spreading
racemes, like those of M. palustris but much smaller, bright blue with a yellow
eye, the base of each segment of the corolla whitish. Pedicels (in fruit) secund,
oblique, divergent, the uppermost suberect, all finally elongating and at length
deflexed. Calyx hell-shaped, cleft nearly half way into 5 ovate bluntish segments,
and covered like the pedicels with appressed hairs. Limb of the corolla a little
exceeding the calyx, its segments rounded, entire, not much longer than the tube;
scales bright golden yellow. Nuts ovate, gibbous on the side next the style, very
smooth and shining, with a thin sharp edge all around their vertical circumfe-
rence.

4. M. arvensis, Hofim. Field Scorpion-grass. “ Calyx with
spreading uncinate bristles half-5-cleft when in fruit ovate closed
shorter than the divergent pedicels, limb of the corolla concave
equalling the tube, style very short, raceme stalked.” — Br. Fl. p.
277. E. B.S. t. 2629. M. intermedia, Link.

Tn open cultivated fields and waste places, also in woods, groves, thickets and
on shady hedgebanks ; very common. Fl. June—August. ©.

5. M. collina, Hotfm. LHarly Field Scorpion-grass. ‘ Calyx
with spreading uncinate bristles when in fruit ventricose open
equalling the divergent pedicels, limb of the corolla concave
shorter than the tube, style about equal to the tube of the calyx,
raceme stalked usually with one distant flower at the base.’—Br.
Fl, p. 278. E. B.S. sub. fol. 2629. M. arvensis, #. B. t. 2558.
M. hispida, Schlecht.

On banks, wall-tops, pastures and waste ground, in dry sandy soil; abundant.
Fl. Aprii—June. ©.

E. Med. — Amongst low bushes on the Dover, Ryde, plentiful. Dover spit,
St. Helens, abundant. (On the churchyard-wall in Newchurch shoot, abundantly,
Dr. Bell-Salter, Edrs.]

W. Med. — On Carisbrooke-castle walls, and on the dry turf beneath them, G.
Kirkpatrick, Esq.
Solanum.] BORAGINACE,.—SOLANACES. 827

6. M. versicolor, Lehm. Yellow and Blue Scorpion-grass.
“Calyx with spreading uncinate bristles when in fruit oblong
closed longer than the almost erect pedicels, limb of the corolla
concave shorter than the exserted tube, style as long as the calyx,
raceme stalked.”’—Br. Fl. p. 278. E. B. t. 2558 (ad calcem) and
t. 480 (left-hand figure).

On waste or cultivated ground, dry sandy fields, pastures, walls and banks,
sometimes in moist places, meadows, &c.; verycommon. Fl. April—June. ©.

In a specimen from Ryde I find the hairs of the calyx mostly appressed or sub-
erect and straight or scarcely uncinate. It agrees well with the figure in E. Bot.,
and is perhaps the M. pusilla alluded to in Hook. Br. Fl. 3rd ed. p. 104. The
calyx however in E. Bot. is drawn quite devoid of hairs, which is obviously an
omission‘of the engraver. The species of this genus, like those of Rubus, Rosa,
Saliz and some others, seem involved in inextricable perplexity, and are pro-
bably inordinately multiplied from varieties of a few well-defined ones.

Order LIV. SOLANACEA, Juss.

“ Calyx 5-, rarely 4-partite, persistent. Corolla monopetalous,
hypogynous, its limb 5-cleft, equal or somewhat unequal, decidu-
ous, with a plicate estivation. Stamens inserted into the corolla,
alternate with its segments and equalling them in number. Ovary
1-, 2-, or 4-celled, many-seeded. Style 1. Stigma obtuse, rarely
lobed. Pericarp 1-, 2-, or 4-celled; either a capsule with a paral-
lel double dissepiment, or a berry, with the receptacles united to
the dissepiments. Seeds numerous. Hmbryo included in a fleshy
albumen more or less curved, often out of the axis. Radicle
opposite the hilwm.—Herbs or shrubs. Leaves alternate, without
stipules, floral ones sometimes opposite. Inflorescence usually
extra-axillary (lateral with respect to the petiole).’—Br. Fl.

I. Sonanum,* Linn. Nightshade.

Calyx 5—10 parted. Corolla rotate. Anthers clustered round
the style, their cells opening by 2 terminal pores. Berry 2- or
more celled, many-seeded.

1. 8. Dulecamara, LL. Woody Nightshade. Bittersweet. Stem
shrubby climbing without thorns flexuose, lower leaves ovate,
upper ones hastate auriculate, corymbs cymose drooping opposite
the leaves, berries ovate. Sm. H. Fl.i.p. 311. Br. Fl. p. 288.
Lind. Syn. p. 182. EH. B, viii. t. 565. Curt. Fl. Lond. fase. 1.
t. 14.

B. Stem and leaves downy. S. Dule. var. 8. tomentosum, Koch, Syn. Fl.
Germ. et Helv. p. 508.

 

* Derivation very uncertain. It has perhaps been altered from solamen, from
its quieting or solacing effects as a medicine.
+ Frequently but most erroneously called Deadly Nightshade. See Atropa.
828 SOLANACL.E. (Solanum.

y. Stems much branched, diffuse or prostrate, not scandent, and, as well as the
somewhat fleshy leaves and very angular branches, downy and almost hispid with
spreading or partly curved hairs. S. lignusum seu Duleamaya marina, Ray, Syn.
ed. Dillen. p. 265?

6. Flowers white.

In mostly damp or wet hedges, woods, groves, thickets and bushy pastures,
abont old walls, fences and ruins, on river- and ditch-banks and in moist shady
places generally; very common. Fi, June—Angust. h.

8. On the Dover, Ryde. Barton copse, near E. Cowes. By the gate leading
into the Newport road from Quarr abbey, and elsewhere between Ryde and
Wootton. Almost as common a form in the island as a., but variable in the
degree of pubescence.

y. On the sea-beach.

6. 1 think I have seen this var. on the wet banks of slipped land in Whitecliff
hay. Ina street at Ryde, Dawson Turner, E'sq., in Suooke’s Fl. Vect. Sandown
bay, and between Calbourne and Brixton, G. Kirkpatrick, Esq. Iu my speci-
mens the leaves are all auricled, and the plant scarcely differs from 6. except in
not being climbing.

2. S. nigrum, L. Black or Garden Nightshade. Stem herba-
ceous angular without thorns, leaves ovate bluntly sinuato-dentate
or wavy, umbels lateral drooping remote from the leaves, berries
globular. Sm. H. Fl.i. p. 319. Br. Fl p. 283. Lind. Syn. p.
182. HE. B. vii. t. 566. Curt. Fl. Lond. fase. 2, t. 14.

On waste ground, about houses and farmyards, on dunghills, amongst rubbish
and in neglected gardens; very common. Fl. June—October. Fr. September,
October. ©, or sometimes 2{, Sm.

A rank bushy weed, of a dark or blackish green colour. Root annual or some-
times perennial. Stem with many spreading angular branches, beset with rough
tubercles, which appear to be the rudiments of those thorns or prickles that arm
so many foreign species of Solanum. Leaves ovate, stalked, dentato-sinuate,
entire at the base and towards the point, slightly hairy in my specimens. Flowers
white, in pedunculated drooping umbels, from the upper part of the interramifica-
tions of the stem, each flower on a tapering downy pedicel. Calyx-segments
ovate-obtuse, those of the corol/a lanceolate, downy, as are the filaments and style.
Anthers yellow, surrounding the germen like a tube, bursting on the inner face
just below their truncate summit. Berries the size of large peas, purplish black,
of a sweet mawkish taste, very juicy, 2-celled, with a large fleshy placenta in the
middle of the septum, and to which are attached numerous smal], whitish, com-
pressed seeds, pointed at one end.

Varieties of this plant with yellow and red berries are found on the Continent,
and are considered by some as distinct species. A var. with green berries grows
truly wild at Henfield, in Sussex, where it was shown me by Mr. Borrer, who has
likewise observed it in Essex.

The flowers of S. nigrum, gathered in warm close weather, ovcasionally exhale
an odour of musk as powerfully as those of Mimulus moschatus, which I have
myself remarked ; the smell is however very transient, ceasing to be perceptible
almost immediately.

This species in some of its forms is very widely dispersed over the globe, and,
notwithstanding its acknowledged poisonous properties, is cultivated in the Mau-
ritius and elsewhere as an esculent vegetable (Bojer, Hort. Maurit.), surely not
for want of more palatable and wholesome aliment.*

 

* See a confirmation of this statement in Lesson’s ‘ Flore Rochfortine,’ 8vo, p.
353 ; also Sloane, Nat. Hist. of Jamaica, i. p. 235. May not the narcotic prin-
ciple be destroyed by boiling, though ils activity is not impaired by infusion ?
Atropa.] SOLANACER, 329

Il. Arropa, Linn. Dwale*

“ Calyx 5-partite. Corolla campanulate, with a short tube, the
lobes equal. Stamens distant above. Berry of 2 cells.’—Br. Fl.

1. A. Belladonna, L. Deadly Nightshade. Dwale. Stem
herbaceous, leaves ovate quite entire, flowers axillary stalked
mostly solitary. Sm. H. Fl.i.p. 317. Br. Fl. p. 283. Lind.

Syn. p. 182. HH. B. ix. t. 592. Curt. Fl. Lond. fase. 5, t. 16.
Jac. Fl. Aust. iv. 5, t. 809 (opt.)

In woods, hedges and bushy places, on waste ground, amongst ruins, under
park-palings, and sometimes on the pebbly beach; very rare, if not now extinct.
Fl. June—August. Fr. August, September. 2.

Under the palings near the gardener’s cottage at Knighton Manvr-house, in
considerable plenty, Lady Brenton,

T have sought earefully and repeatedly for this plant at Knighton, but bitherto
without success. A coloured sketch taken of the living plant, by Lady Brenton,
leaves no room to doubt the correctness of the observation, and she believes
some alteratious made on the premises may have caused its disappearance.

Root perennial, thick, whitish and fleshy, creeping by offsets from the crown.
Stem | or several, from 2 feet or under to 3, 4, or even 5 feet in height, herba-
ceous, erect, pale green or purplish, firm, solid, simple, subterete, slightly angular
and furrowed below, dividing above into usually 3, sometimes 4 main divaricate
branches, often with a smaller and shorter supplementary one, which are dicho-
tomousiy forked, leafy, and covered like the rest of the stem, but more copiously,
with short, spreading, glandulose pubescence. eaves quite entire, dull green,
nearly glabrous above, paler and a little hairy benzath, as on the stem, especially
along the prominent ribs, of a weak flaccid texture and somewhat fat, fleshy or
succulent, hence quickly drooping when gathered ; the lower and middle stem-
leaves alternate or scattered, often 9 or 10 inches long and 5 to 6 inches wide,
ovate-elliptical, acute, tapering into short, semiterete, slighUy winged petioles ;
upper stem-leaves apparently opposite, + in pairs, one of each pair much the
smaller of the two; less than those below, more truly ovate, rounded or subcordate
at base. Stipules none. Peduncles single-flowered, solitary, much shorter than
the leaves, terete, lax, drooping or decurved, very downy. Flowers nodding or
drooping, scentless. Calyx persistent, downy within and without, not half the
length of the corolla; sepals ovate, acuminate, entire or with an occasional tooth
or lobe, 3-ribbed, unequal in length and 2 of them much broader than the rest,
widely spreading and enlarged in fruit. Corolla about 1 or 1} inch in length,
campanulate, downy, the tube very short, uncoloured, 5-lobed and 5-furrowed ;
limb somewhat ventricose, many-ribbed, dull muddy green externally, within gla-
brous, yellowish green at base checquered with bottle-green, the border in
5 broadly ovate, scarcely pointed, rather unequal, finally spreading segments, with
reflexed margins, of a lurid dingy purple, with which the whole anterior portion
of the limb is tinged and pencilled. Stamens included, inseited at the bottom of
the tube and adnate with the latter its whole length, where they are very hairy;
filaments glabrous in their free part, filiform, terete, their summits bent down-
wards ; anthers large, white, inverted by the prone curvature of the tup of the fila-
ment, cordate by the separation of their lohés below, betwixt which the filament
is inserted, 2-celled, bursting laterally, glabrous ; pollen white, globose. Style

 

* Dwale: Timagine from the Dutch, dwalen, to err, to go astray; or more
immediately from the obsolete verb to dwaule, to be delirious ; the loss of sense
and reason being the most prominent symptom induced by this poison.

+ I say here apparently, because they spring unilaterally from the stem and
not from its opposite sides.

20
330 SOLANACER. (Hyoscyamus.

deciduous, filiform, about as long as the limb of the corolla, its summit (stigma)
transverse, capitate, oblong, curved backwards into a semicircle, green and bristly.
Ovary glabrous, semiovoid, surrounded at base by a white or dull orange, annu-
lar and tumid nectariferous gland. Berry perfectly 2-celled, globose, much
depressed, obscurely lobed or often somewhat quadrangular, from about 6 to 9
lines in diameter, deep purplish black, very soft, shining and succulent when ripe,
closely sessile on the widely spreading and enlarged calyx. Seeds very numerous,
attached to a large fleshy placenta projecting into each cell at right angles to the
dissepiment, irregular in shape, roundish, subreniform or subtriangular, when
freed from the tinging juice and dried up of a deep iron-gray, with a somewhat
metallic lustre like black-lead, beautifully reticulate-punctate, with angular cells
or depressions having very sharp edges. .

The flavour of the ripe berries is decidedly sweet and agreeable, wholly devoid
of any bitter or nauseous aftertaste, and, in conjunction with their glossy and rich
purple aspect, resembling black-heart cherries, hold out a tempting but fatal lure
to the ignorant or unwary.

Micandra physaloides, Gaertn. (Atropa physaloides, L.) originally from
Peru, and known by its sinuately dentate leaves, large pale blue flowers, and
5-angled, winged, inflated calyx enclosing the fruit, is partly naturalized in waste
and cultivated ground at Ryde, Shanklin and other parts of the island, flowering
from July to October. I have gathered it at Hastings, and believe that, like
Datura Stramonium, it is gradually spreading itself over this and other countries
of Europe.

III. Hyoscyamus,* Linn. Henbane.t

Calyx 5-cleft, tubular, ventricose below the contracted middle.
Corolla fannel-shaped, obliquely 5-lobed. Stigma capitate. Cap-
sule at the bottom of the rigid persistent calyx, 2-celled, many-
seeded, opening transversely at its truncate summit, with a move-
able operculum.

1. H. niger, L. Common Henbane. Stem-leaves oblong
amplexicaul deeply sinuato-dentate, flowers unilateral axillary
nearly sessile. Sm. H. Fl.i. p.316. Br. Fl. p. 282. EH. B. ix.
t. 591.

On dry waste ground, pastures, village-greens, rubbish and by roadsides, espe-
cially near towns and on calcareous soils, also along the sea-beach and on the
nan downs; frequent. Fl. May—August. Fr. August, September. ¢, or ©,

‘m.

i, Med.—On the Dover and elsewhere about Ryde, occasionally. Shore near
E. Cowes, abundantly. Bonchurch, just at the entrance of the rough ground
they have lately begun building upon, plentiful. Very frequently at Ventnor,
especially on excavation-heaps at ils western end, near the junction of the upper
and lower branches of the road from Newport descending to the town. At St.
Lawrence and Bank-end. By Little Buddle farm, Niton. At Binstead, Rev.
Wim. Darwin Fox, who told me it came up invariably with Datura Stramonium
in his garden there, wherever the ground was disturbed for making fresh borders,

 

* Name from US, 05, a hog, and "vais, a bean, which the seed-vessel (?) was
thought to resemble.

+ It is difficult to account for the origin of the English name Henbane, except
by supposing it to be a corrupt translation of the Greek, and properly Hogbean,
as the French word Jusquiame and the Italian Giusguiamo are more immediately
derived from the same classical root. I can find no allusion by any author,
ancient or modern, to any injurious effect on poultry which might justify the
appellation.
ITyoseyamus.} SOLANACER. 331

Old quarry by Morton house, near Brading. Morton farmyard, very abundantly,
Dr. Bell-Salter, Near the hotel (Fisher’s ?) at Ventnor; aud at St. Lawrence, in
plenty, Mr. W. D. Snooke. Ona waste spot of ground by the roadside between
Bembridge and Yaverland, W. Wilson Saunders, E'sq. [At the foot of Bembridge
down, near Yaverland farm, Dr. Bell-Salter, Edrs.]

W. Med.— On the shingle at Freshwater Gate, and very large and abundant
on the shore a little W. of Norton, and on the flagstaff-mound at the preventive-
station. Along the beach in Thorness bay, frequent, far from any houses. At
Brook, also frequent. Near the Blackgang hotel. Plentiful about Compton
farm. On Buccombe down. Field between Bakerwood and Dewcombe cop-
pices. At the fuot of Mottiston down, on the §, side.

A stout bushy plant, 2—4 feet high, thickly clothed with soft clammy hairs,
exhaling a strong, heavy, narcotic odour much like that of the black Currant, dis-
agreeable to most persons, and extremely oppressive and injurious to some consti-
tutions. * Root thick, white and fleshy, fusiform, with us, as it mostly but
not always is, biennial, though Smith and Hooker make it annual. Stem erect,
rounded, much branched, almost woody. Leaves soft and pliant, unctuous to the
touch, dull green, strongly veined, radical ones on semicylindrical petioles, trian-
gulari-ovate, spreading on the ground; stem-leaves alternate, sessile, semiamplexi-
caul; both deeply sinuato-dentate or subbipinnatifid, with sharp, spreading, lobe-
like teeth. Flowers nearly sessile, secund, produced in succession at the end of
the recurved leafy clusters of ripening capsules, which elongate with the growth
of the branches to 18 inches or upwards, bearing buds, blossoms and seeds in
all states of maturity until nearly the close of summer. Calyx pitcher-shaped,
downy, closely embracing the seed-vessel, strongly ribbed with a connecting net-
work of prominent veins, contracted beneath the funnel-shaped limb, whose mar-
gin is 5-cleft, the segments broadly triangular, erect, with a sharp hard point.
Corolla funnel-shaped, hairy, large and handsome, the limb in 5 unequal rounded
lobes, pale whitish or straw-yellow, beautifully pencilled with dark reticulations
and a veining of rich purple in the throat. Stamens inserted on the tube, une-
qual and a little declined, hairy a great part of their length; anthers violet, burst-
ing laterally, ovate, compressed, 2-celled. Style round, smooth, purplish ; stigma
youndish, flat and hairy, with a depression in the centre. Capsules suberect, in
long, unilateral, alternately 2-ranked clusters, closely protected by the excessively
rigid almost prickly calyx, ovate, thin and membranous, veined, truncate at top
where the capsule is curiously fitted with an oval lid or valve of a strong elastic
texture, somewhat 2-lobed and crowned with the remains of the stigma : this lid
separates when the seed is ripe, and no doubt serves to defend them from the rain
or dew which may lodge in the erect and cup-like calyx-limb ; placenta triangu-
lar, not reaching to the bottom of the capsule, formed by a reduplication of the
dissepiments, to which they are at rightangles. Seeds numerous, kidney-shaped,
grayish, much compressed, beautifully covered with angular reticulatious, the
interstices forming deep cellular excavations sparkling here and there with bril-
liant metallic and prismatic colours.

When growing on the plant and nearly ripe, I have been struck by the general
resemblance of the capsules to clusters of filberts in their leafy involucres, a
remark which has been made by others on first seeing them ; and when divested
of their calycine covering these seed-vessels, with their lids, still more exactly
represent a now somewhat old-fashioned form of cast-iron pot or boiler, the bow
handle and three short legs being alone wanting to make the imitation perfect.

‘Phe seeds of the Henbane, like those of the Poppy, are replete witb a fixed oil,
said to be devoid of the narcotic quality of the rest of the plant.

Henbane is occasionally found naturalized in America, but is rare in that

 

* The Rev. R. W. Sibthorp related to me that himself and a friend, on gather-
ing this plant neay Tattersall, in Lincolnshire, were both affected with nausea and
tremor,’ from which the former soon recovered, but his friend remained seriously
indisposed until the following day, from the narcotic eflluvium.
q

D2 SOLANACER, [Datura.

ceo

country except in some of the northern parts; I noticed it frequently at Montreal
and around Quebec in 1846.

IV. Darura,* Linn. Thornapple.

“ Calyx tubular, deciduous. Corolla funnel-shaped, angular.
plaited. Anthers opening by longitudinal slits. Stigma 2-lobed,
Capsule half-4-celled, 4-valved.”—Br. Fi.

+1. D. Stramonium, L. Common Thornapple. “ Herbaceous,
leaves ovate angulate-sinuate glabrous, fruit ovate erect clothed
with numerous nearly equal spines.” — Br. Fl. p. 282. E. B. t.
1288.

By roadsides, in waste and cultivated ground, about towns, on dungbills and
in newly tummed-up soil of fields, gardens or building-lots ; here and there spora-
dically, and scarcely persistent long together in any one station. 7. July, Au-
gust. £r. September, October. ©.

E. Med.—On the Dover, Ryde, a plant or two occasionally. In Turner’s nur-
sery-ground, and in the garden of Williams’s hotel, Shanklin, where it has been
growing fur many years, but was most likely sown originally in both for medici-
nal purposes. Garden-ground at Niton, A weed in the garden of the Rev. —
Girard, at Godshill. In a lane at the N.E. end of Gdshill, Atv. W. D. Snooke.
On the sea-wall under the grounds at Apley, Miss T. Price! In the garden of
the Rev. Wm. Darwin Fox, at Binstead. At Ryde, I. of W., Mfr. S. Woods in
Bot. Guide.

W. Med. —In Northwood park, near the circular reservoir, on ground formerly
a garden.

Root whilisb, tapering, with lateral simple or branched fibres. Stem herba-
ceous, erect, from about 1 to 3 feet high, pale yellowish green, roundish or
obscurely angular, stout, firm, smooth and succulent, fistulose in the centre, gla-
brous or nearly so below, dichotomously and divaricately branched, subcompressed
aud laterally grooved above, with a short pubescence on the upper side of the
branches chiefly. Leaves unequal in size, the lowermost very large, dull green,
somewhat fleshy or succulent, glabrous or slightly pubescent, on slightly chan-
nelled terete petioles shorter than themselves ; alternate, those at the top appearing
to be opposite, but always with a rudimentary or nascent branch in the axil of
each, showiny the real mode of arrangement; ovate, often unequal at base,
coarsely and unequally sinuate-dentate and angular, almost lobed, the teeth very
acute, straight or a little uncinate, mucronate-apiculate, the sinuses shallow or
rounded ; beneath paler, with about 8 or 9 very prominent terete ribs. Flowers
solitary, in the forks of the branches or between the highest and opposite leaves,
very sweet-scented, like primroses, and most so towards evening, on very short,
stout and downy peduncles. Calya pale yellowish green, membranous, slightly
pubescent, 14 inch in length, ercct, smooth, ovate-oblong, with 5 acutely plicate
angle-like ribs terminating in as many unequal triangular teeth or segments, with
marcescent points; slightly contracted below the summit. Corolla white, mem-
branous, yellowish or cream-colowcd before expansion, twice the length of the
calyx, funnel-shaped, the tube yellowish green and a little contracted in the mid-
dle, the limb plicately 5-ribbed and augled, each angle terminating in one of the
5 subulate oblique points of the corolla. Stamens inserted at the top of the tube,
much shorter than the corolla, the inferior half of their terete filaments dilated,

 

* Dhétoora, Hindostanee; Khala D'hatoora, Bengalee; Arishna Dhaturra,
Sanscrit : Thomsvun’s ‘ London Dispensatory,’ who says these oriental synonyms
belong to D. fastuosa, but are probably applied as well to D. Metel, D. Tatula
and our common Stramonium, all natives of the Kast. Tuitbrah, Arabic, according
to Forskél.
Datura.) SOLANACE. 333

flattened, adnate to the tube and pubescent, their upper free half quite glabrous ;
anthers erect, slightly hairy, cream-coloured, narrowly elliptical, flat, bursting all
along their thin lateral margins; pollen white, globular. Style terete, glabrous,
compressed and clavate at summit ; stigma papillose-glandulose, decurrent, nec-
tariferous. Ovary conical, faintly 2—4 lobed, echinate with the uascent spines of
the fruit. Cupsule ovoid, echinate with strong, tapering, sharp and very unequal
spines, pubescent when green, subtended by the large, persistent and deflexed
base of the calyx.

A plant or two of Stramonium is commonly seen in the cottager’s garden, as
being much in request for asthma. Smoked like tobacco, it often gives imme-
diate relief, but must be used with circumspection.

D. Stramonium is usually stated in books to be of American origin, and natu-
ralized in Europe, but there is every reason for believing this to be a mistake, and
that the plant, if not indigenous to our quarter of the globe, came to us from the
East, where both it and some other species are well known. In America it is
common, but only in the same situations as in Europe; the idea therefore of its
importation from the New World is a gratuitous assumption unsupported by evi-
dence, and contrary to probability when we consider the oriental derivation of its
generic name in so many Arabic dialects, and are aware how much the species
increase in number and frequency as we advance eastward. The same opinion is
expressed by Prof. Bigelow in his ‘ Medical Botany of the United States.’ It is
also mentioned as of eastern origin by Tabernemontanus (see Tabern. Krauterb.
edit. C. Bauhin. Frankfort, 16—). Gerarde tells us that he received seed of the
Thornapple, which was a scarce plant in England in his time, from Constantino-
ple, an additional presumption that the species is of eastern, not western, origin.
In Hungary it is a pestilent weed, choking the soil as Mercurialis annua does in
Puglia: I have seen it lining the roadside for miles between Vienna and

uda. :

I have reason to believe D. Stramonium to be the Jamestown weed mentioned
by Abbot in that elegant but not always, as regards nomenclature, correct work,
the ‘ Insects of Georgia,’ the blessoms of which are so attractive tu Sphinx Caro-
lina. In August, 1796, a pair of these fine insects were taken by a Mr. Thom-
son at W. Cowes, anda fig. of one of them given by Mr. Curtis in his splendid work,
the * British Entomology.’ Datura is closely allied to the Tobacco, on which this
Sphinx is said principally to feed.

The American botanists themselves do not consider the Thornapple as origi-
nally native to their soil, and indeed its popular name of Jamestown weed (cor-
rupted into Jimson) furnishes pretty conclusive evidence of its migration to the
nortbern section of the Union from one of the oldest colonial settlements in Vir-
ginia. It and the purple-stemmed var. (D. Tatula* of authors) quite cover the
vacant lots and waste places of New York and Philadelphia, as if purposely sown
for medical use ; farther North than these cities I observed it to become gradually
scarcer, and hardly to be seen in any part of Lower Canada that I visited.

I found at St. Thomas (Virgin Islands), in April, 1844, a species of Datura
with pale stems and flowers, and the general appearance of D. Stramonium, but
essentially differing in its much larger and I think more densely muricated cap-
sules, which were not ovate but hemispherical, or having their greatest diameter
at the base itself. Besides the seed, these capsules contained abundance of a
watery juice, and, although on being gathered, with a view of raising plants on
my return to England, they were kept perfectly dry on board the vessel, the seeds

 

* In September, 1845, I remarked a single plant of D. Tatula in a cottager’s gar-
den at Newbridge, but whether spontaneous there, or purposely introduced, I am
unable to say. It is a much larger plant, suffused with purple in its stems and
flowers, common in the South-east of Europe and the United States, and is con-
sidered by many as a mere variety of the present species, but, as the point is not
settled, and that variety, if such it be, is unknown in England, I have not mixed
up its description with that of the commoner plant, as constituting but one
genuine species.
334. SCROPHULARIACE. (Verbascum.

became quite mouldy from the superabundant moisture, which was unable to
escape through the thick walls of the capsule.

Order LV. SCROPHULARIACEA, Juss.

“ Calyx 4—5 lobed, persistent. Corolla monopetalous, gene-
rally irregular, deciduous, with an imbricated zstivation. Stamens
4, didynamous, rarely equal, sometimes 2 or 5. Style 1. Stigma
2-lobed, rarely undivided. Capsule (very seldom a berry) 2-celled,
2—4 valved, or opening by pores; the valves entire or bifid, with
a dissepiment either double from the inflexed margins of the
valves, or simple, parallel and entire, or opposite and bipartite.
Receptacle of the seeds central, united to the dissepiment, or
eventually separating. Seeds few or numerous. Embryo straight,
enclosed in the axis of a fleshy albumen. — Herbs, sometimes
shrubs, usually with opposite leaves.”—Br. Fl.

* Corolla rotate, 4—65 lobed.
+ Stamens 5, unequal ; filaments shaggy.

I. Verzpascum, Linn. Mullein.*

Calyx 5-cleft. Corolla rotate, unequally 5-lobed, with a very
short tube. Style and stamens declined ; filaments bearded with
coloured hairs. Capsules ovate or globose, 2-celled and 2-valved,
many-seeded.

A genus of handsome plants, with yellow, whitish or purple flowers, chiefly
natives of Europe, the West of Asia, and North of Africa.

§ Leaves decurrent, woolly. Flowers in a dense oblung spike.

1. V. Thapsus, L. Great Mullein. High Taper. Bullock's
Lungwort. Vect. Shepherd's Club. Flannel Plant. “ Stem sim-
ple, leaves all decurrent woolly on both sides, spike of flowers
very dense, pedicels shorter than the calyx, corolla concave in the
throat about twice as long as the calyx, 2 stamens longer glabrous
their anthers very shortly decurrent.” — Br. Fl. p. 308. EE. B.t.
549.

B. Leaves less downy, bracts longer than the calyx. V. thapsiforme, Schrad. ?

On dry banks, walls and waste places, along hedges, roadsides, in woods and
rough stony pastures, in a sandy, gravelly, and above all chalky soil; common.
Fl. June—August. ¢.

E. Med. — About Quart abbey and at Binstead, in many places, as on a steep
bank by the brook at Stonelands, and on rubbish-heaps near the brick-kiln. Wood
between Yarbridge and Yaverland. LEast-end, by Luccombe, abundantly, and
of gigantic growth, often 6 or 7 feet high. Between Cowes and Newport ; com-
mon in most parts of the island, B. 7. W.

 

* Mullein, in French Moléne, doubtless from mollis, soft or downy, though the
classical Gerarde seems rather to think it is a corruption of woollen ! a truly
homespun conceit.
Verbascum.| SCROPHULARIACE. 885

W. Med.—Very common about Carisbrooke, on banks by the road going to
Buccombe. :

B. In a little lane hetween Brading down and the lane leading from Adgeston
to Morton, Dr. Bell-Salter 1!

Capsules large, densely imbricated, canescent, with yellowish gray stellate
pubescence easily removed by friction, broadly ovoid and subcompressed, dehis-
cing by a lateral furrow and partially at the summit of each valve. Seeds nume-
rous, dull brown, very unequal in size and shape, mostly prismatic or angular or
abruptly truncate, others oblong, tapering, obtuse vr somewhat pointed, rough
with rows of deep depressions and intermediate tubercular pvints. ;

This species abounds, both in the United States and in Canada, in neglected
fields, old pastures, &c., where, like many of the supposed foreign weeds of that
country, it is even more prevalent than in its native Europe.

§§ Leaves not decurrent, more or less woolly beneath, nearly glabrous above.
Flowers fascicled, in a long spike or raceme.

2. V. nigrum, L. Dark Mullein. Leaves ovato-lanceolate
pubescent on short footstalks, flowers in a long simple or
branched spike, calyx-segments linear acute. Br. Fl. p. 304.
EB. B. i,t. 52. Fl. Lond. iti. Fl. Dan. vii. t. 1088. Schrab.
Mon. Verb. sect. ii. p. 25.

In dry gravelly, sandy or chalky pastures, on hedgebanks, by roadsides and
borders of fields, but very local. F/. June—October. 2f ex M.et K. o.

E, Med. —In several places about Arreton, and abundantly along the hedge-
banks of ‘two fields on either side of the road from thence to Merston, near the
foot of St. George’s down. On a bank by Alverstone farm, at the entrance of the
lynch.* Near Ryde, Miss Roberts! Near Arreton and Merston, Mr. W. D.
Snooke !!!

Root perennial. Stem erect, usually from 1 to 3 or 4, sometimes 5 or 6 feet in
height, straight, mostly simple but often paniculately branched, solid and filled
with a beautiful tissue of pentagonal cells, acutely angular and channelled, mostly
purplish and somewhat terete below, clothed with a more or less dense woolly
pubescence, composed of curiously branched hairs jointed internally. Leaves all
(excepting the uppermost on the stem) stalked, very variable in size and shape,
mostly ovate or ovate-lanceolate, rounded or cordate at the base, mostly acute,
sometimes obtuse, deep dull grayish or blackish green, strongly veined and
wrinkled, downy or sometimes nearly glabrous above, paler and more or less
woolly beneath, especially along the principal nerves, undivided or somewhat
lobed, and even, it is said, with the base of the lowermost sometimes lyrate-pinna-
tifid (Bertol. 1. c.), more or less equally crenato-serrate ; radical and lowermost
stem-leaves often very large, 16 or 18 inches long, excluding the petiole, by 8 or
10 inches wide, on deeply caniculate semiterete footstalks, of very variable length,
and mostly, like the midrib of the leaf, purplish ; superior stem-leaves very shortly
stalked, often lanceolate and obscurely crenate, the uppermost of al] usually quite
sessile and slightly clasping, very broadly ovate, with long points and quite
entire. Flowers very numerous, in clusters of about from 4 to 6 or 10 together,
crowded into a leafless, gradually elongating cylindrical and spicate raceme
either simple or branched below, the branches upright and much shorter than the
centre spike or proliferous continuation of the stem, which is often 18 inches or
more in length. Each fascicle is subtended by a common bract, of which the
lowermost are linear or ovate at base, with long taper points, and mostly longer than

 

* Lynch is a name applied to several woods in the Isle of Wight, but I do not
know the precise limitation of the term. The British word for a grove is said to
be Ulwyn ; perhaps both that and the modern provincialism may have the same
origin.
336 SCROPHULARIACES. [Verbascum.

the pedicels, those higher up subulate and shorter than the expanded flowers ; all
with incurved and ascending points. Pedicels when in flower and fruit elon-
gated, very unequal, mostly 2 or 3 times as long as the calyx, cylivdrical, stellate-
pubescent, with or without one or more subulate bracts at their base. Calyx very
deeply cleft, not half as long as the corolla, downy outside; sepals linear, subu-
late, acute, single-ribbed. Corolla bright yellow, sometimes, it is said, white,
about 9 or 10 lines in diameter, deeply 5-cleft, the segments obovate-oblong, a lit-
tle unequal and downy externally, commonly marked around the orifice of the
very short funnel-shaped throat in a stellate form, with 5 purplish brown some-
what lunate spots intersected by a narrow streak, and within these a row of
smaller more irregularly shaped spots of the same colour. Stamens nearly equal,
the 3 superior ones rather the shortest, ascending ; filaments stout, thickening
upwards, densely bearded in their middle part with long, spreading, simple hairs
of a palish violet, their tips slightly enlarged or glandular; anthers nearly semi-
circular, strongly compressed, 1-celled? bursting along their npper margin ; pol-
len bright orange verging on scarlet. Germen globose, densely clothed with
snow-white rigid hairs; séyle long, ascending, slightly dilated upwards, glabrous
or sometimes hairy below ; stigma capitate, globose, glandulose- pilose, greenish.
Capsules small, about as long as the calyx, ovato-globose, brownish and tomen-
tose-pubescent, very obtuse, tipped with the style. Seeds numerous, dull brown,
less abruptly truncate than those of V. Thapsus, otherwise scarcely differing from
them in size, shape or sculpture.

Our Vectian plant is the variety figured in the continuation of the FI. Londi-
uvensis, and differs from that of E. B. in having larger and perhaps rather paler
flowers. The Jatter, which I have observed in Suffolk, is, 1 think, of more slender
habit and still deeper green.

This species obtained the name of nigrum either from the comparatively dark
lurid green of the leaves, or, as Wablenberg suggests, from its turning black in
drying.

§§§ Leaves all decurrent, glabrous on both sides or nearly so. Flowers solitary, in
pairs or few together, in a long, racemose, lax spike.

3. V. Blattaria, L. Aloth Mullein. “Leaves crenate oblong
glabrous, radical ones sinuate, upper ones acuminate, flowers soli-
tary stalked remote collected into an elongated branched glandu-
lar-hairy raceme, pedicels much longer than the calyx.’—Br. FI.
p. 3038. HE. B. t. 393.

B. Flowers white.

On chalky, gravelly or clayey banks, pastures and by waysides ; very rare in a
truly wild state: less unfrequent with white flowers in stations usually more or
less suspicious. £7. June—October. ©, Sm. fook.; 3, DC. &c.

E. Med. — Under the wall of Binstead churchyard, but evidently the outcast
of the adjoining garden.

W. Med.—In a retired lane called Gallants leading from Ganson’s or Guskiu’s
Barn towards Carisbrooke, certainly wild, and with the usual yellow flowers of
the species, 1839.

8. The more common var. in this island, but too often, I fear, escaped from
gardens. On the Dover, occasionally, near Ryde Castle. In Binstead chureh-
yard, but in both places ihe outcast of gardens. At Swainston, Mr. James Ham-
mond. By Fern hill, Mr. J. Tayler, who thought it indigenous, but being the
white-flowered var. it was probably only an escape, as I have [not ?] since observed
it there !!

Capsule the size of a peppercorn, nearly globular, brownish, glabrous and
wrinkled. Seeds numerous, blackish brown, covered with deep longitudinal and
transverse furrows and prominent intermediate points, attached to a round central
receptacle connected with the inflexed margin of the valves.
Veronica.] SCROPHULARIACEE. 337

V. Blattaria is very plentiful in the middle States of the Union, in fields and
by roadsides, both with white and yellow flowers.

tt Stamens 2; filaments glabrous.

II. Veronica, Linn. Speedwell.

“ Corolla 4-cleft, rotate, lower segment narrower. Stamens 2.
Capsule 2-celled.”—-Br. Fl.

_A very numerous genus, indigenous to cold or temperate climates, but widely
dispersed over the globe. Europe possesses a large proportion of those species
known to botanists, which are for the most part herbaceous plants of humble
growth, except a few which are shrubby, aud even small trees in S. America and
New Zealand.

§ Racemes axillary. Root perennial.

1. V. Anagallis, L. Water Speedwell. ‘“ Racemes opposite,
leaves sessile lanceolate serrated, capsule elliptical slightly emar-
ginate, stem erect.” —Br. Fl. p. 290. HE. B. t. 781.

In ponds, ditches, slow streams and muddy watery spots, but not very frequent.
Fl. June—August. 2, oftener © ex Walilenb.

E.. Med. — By the great pond near St. Lawrence. About Newchurch. Wet
places near Ryde, and at Brading, W. Wilson Saunders, Esq.

W. Med. — In marsh-ditches at Freshwater Gate, sparingly. On Schoolhouse
green, Freshwater. Common in watery places at Brixton. In the moat at Wool-
verton, by Shorwell, in plenty. By the mill at Lower Knighton. Pond at
Carisbrooke upper mill, 1845.

2. V. Beccabunga, L. Brooklime. ‘ Racemes opposite, leaves
stalked elliptical obtuse subserrated glabrous, stem procumbent
at the base and rooting.”—Br. Fl. p. 290. EH. B. t. 655.

In and on the margins of clear shallow brooks, ditches, pools, springheads and
muddy plashes; abundantly. Fl. May to end of summer. 2{.

The trivial name of this plant is a barbarous corruption of the German appel-
lation, Bachbunge.

3. V. Chamedrys, L. Germander Speedwell. Vect. Bird’s-
eyes. “‘ Racemes elongated many-flowered, leaves cordate-ovate
nearly sessile inciso-serrate, stem bifariously hairy, capsule flat
obcordate deeply notched ciliated shorter than the calyx.” — Br.
Fl. p. 291. EH. B. t. 628.

B. Leaves all shortly stalked, upper ones ovate-oblong, acute.

y. Flowers very pale, nearly white. aN,

In woods, groves, meadows, pastures, hedges and grassy shady situations, as
orchards, &c.; everywhere common. i. April—June. 2.

B. In the lane or road leading to Haven-street through Firestone copse, on
the hedgebank a little beyond the farm at Kite Hill, Mr. Thos. Meehan !

y. Ina lane betwixt Kerne and Alverstone, with the ordinary blue-flowered
kind, in some abundance. In Steephill grounds.

4. V. montana, L. Mountain Speedwell. Mountain Madwort.
Racemes lax few-flowered, leaves cordato-ovate stalked inciso-
serrate, stem hairy all round, capsule orbicular 2-lobed flat much
larger than the calyx. Sm. H. Fl.i. p. 23. Br. Fl. p. 291. E.
B. xi. t. 766. Curt. Br. Entom. xv. t. 678. Curt. F/. Lond. fase.

iv. t. 2. Jacq. Fl. Aust. ii. 6, t. 199.
2x
338 SCROPHULARIACER. [Veronica.

In damp shady groves, woods, copses, and on moist hedgebanks, in many parts
of the island, but especially of East Medina; abundantly. Fl. April—July. 2p.

E. Med.—Abundant about Ryde, as in Quair copse, and on the hedgebank of
the garden at Binstead. Plentiful in the wooded ground between Quarr abbey aud
Ninham farm. Marina wood, by Apley. Woods about the Priory. New copse,
near Wootton bridge. Woods about Shanklin. In Great Wood, Hungerberry
and other copses, occasionally. Woods at Appuldurcombe. Wood between New-
port and Ryde, and at Shanklin, D. Turner, Esq., Fl. Vect. ;

W. Med. — Frequent in woods at W. Cowes, as in that by 'Mrs. Goodwin's
house, and about the new church in her grounds. Swainston. Common in New
Barn Hummet, Calbourne. Lorden copse.

Root very small, slender, emitting one or more trailing or procumbent stems a
foot or two in length, which again take root at intervals, with bundles of slender,
brownish, branched fibres, and send up erect or ascending flowering branches, which
like itself are round, solid, copiously clothed all over with soft, white, spreading,
gland-tipped and jointed hairs, the fowering extremities upright. Leaves oppo-
site, stalked, bright pale green, broadly ovate, not cordate at the base, distantly
and sharply inciso-serrate, the terminal serrature very large, roundish or pointed ;
strongly but not rugosely veined, clothed on both sides with acute (not glandular),
jointed, erect pubescence, shorter and less copious than in V. Chamedrys. Pe-
tioles semiterete, about half the length of the leaves or rather more, very hairy,
without stipules. Racemes axillary, alternate or occasionally opposite, erect,
much longer than the leaves, few- (about 4—7) flowered. Flowers smaller than
in V. Chamedrys, but not less elegant, pale purple or lilac, beautifully pencilled
with darker lines. Pedicels hairy, erect, much longer than the narrow linear-lan-
ceolate bract at their base. Calyx hairy, segments ovate, acute, 3-nerved, fringed
with gland-tipped hairs. Corolla exceeding the calyx, but proportionably much
shorter than in V. Chamedrys, scarcely at all hairy, as in that, about the mouth of
the very short tube. Stamens and style as in V. Chamedtys, but faintly tinged
with purple. Capsules much larger than the calyx, veined, pale whitish brown,
orbicular, disciform, 2-lobed, emarginate at the summit and tipped with the long
slender style, appearing denticulated from the glandular bases of the jointed hairs
that fringe the margin of each valve, every hair being also tipped with a minute
gland. Seeds about 3 or 4 in each cell, pale yellow, nearly orbicular, flat, smooth
and shining, marked on one side near the centre with a brown spot surrounded by
a tawny areola and another dark spot at the base.

Very nearly allied tu the last, but essentially distinguished by its pale green,
sharply serrated, much longer stalked leaves; by its stem, which is hairy all
round ; by the fewer, smaller, and very differently coloured flowers, and the singu-
larly rounded capsule.

This species, from the notice taken in ‘English Botany’ of its discovery by
Sherard in Charlton wood, seems to have been constantly confounded with V.
Chamedrys, and therefore esteemed rare. It is now ascertained to be by no
means uncommon, though perhaps local. Yet it appears strange that a species
so widely distributed over Britain as the present should have been so little known
as to render its discovery by Sherard a matter worthy of record, and still stranger,
as Sir W. Hooker remarks, that it should have been confounded with the more
common V. Chamedrys, from which its long trailing stems, hairy all round,
stalked leaves, singularly compressed capsule, and its much smaller and paler
flowers, afford ample means of discrimination. That the talented and scrutinizing
Scopoli did not seize the essential characters of our V. montana we have his own
evidence to prove (FI. Carn. i. p. 14). Coiurna’s figure, so much praised by Sir
J. Smith, correctly depicts the stem, leaves and general habit, but represents the
flowers with 4 stamens, and in other respects greatly unlike the original. The
trivial name montana is not so applicable to this as to many species of the genus,
the plant affecting low as well as elevated situations in Britain and on the Conti-
nent. The singular resemblance of the orbicular compressed capsule to the pod
of Biscutella might have suggested the name of that genus as a more appropri-
ate specific name for this species of Veronica. The whole herb, in commun with
a few of its allies, turns black in drying or shortly afterwards.
Veronica.] SCROPHULARIACE. ' 389

A variety with the flowers of a delicate rose-colonr streaked with purple lines is
not uncommon about Ryde.

5. V. scutellata, L. Marsh Speedwell. Racemes alternate
axillary, pedicels divaricate reflexed in fruit, leaves linear some-
what toothed, stem reclining. H. B. xi. t. 782. Sm. EH. Fl.i. p.
21. Br. Fl. p. 290.

In spongy turfy bogs, wet meadows, and by the sides of pools and ditches ; rare.
Fl, June—August. 2f.

E. Med.—In boggy meadows near the Wilderness.

_ W. Med.—In boggy meadows between Stroud farm and Cridmore. In a
swampy pool amongst long grass near Hampstead farm, in tolerable plenty.
Edges of a pool, on a common called Goldens, in the parish of Freshwater. By
the stream a little above the mill at Lower Knighton, W. Wilson Saunders, Esq. !!!

Herb smooth when growing in wet places, “ becoming hairy or even hoary in
dry or barren ground” (Sm.) Root very long, fibrous and creeping. Stem simple
or branched, decumbent, rooting at the joints, at last ascending, from a few inches
to a foot or upwards in length, slender and brittle. Leaves opposite, sessile,
smooth and shining, linear-lanceolate, acute, their edges a little incurved, with
very distant glandular and shallow tooth-like serratures, so small that the leaves
seem at first sightentire. Stipulesnone. Flowers small, flesh-coloured in darker
lines, in axillary, alternate, panicled racemes longer than the leaves. Pedicels
divaricating, reflexed in fruit, each with a linear bractea at the base. Sepals
ovate-lanceolate, much shorter than the corolla. Capsule pale brown, of 2 round-
ish shield-like lobes (scutellata), much compressed, many-seeded. Seeds in a
double row, “ orbicular, rugged or minutely dotted” (Leighton).

6. V. officinalis, L. Common or Male Speedwell. “ More or
less pubescent, racemes spicate, leaves shortly stalked ovate-ser-
rated, stem procumbent creeping, capsule obovate triangular trun-
cated or with a wide shallow notch.” — Br. Fl. p. 291. E. B. t.
765.

On sandy banks and pastures, in dry sterile woods and heathy ground ; not
unfrequent. Fl. May—August. 2{.

§ Raceme terminal, subspicate. Root perennial.

7. V. serpyllifolia, L. Thyme-leaved Speedwell. Pauls Be-
tony. ‘ Raceme somewhat spiked many-flowered, leaves broadly
ovate or elliptical very obtuse slightly crenate, capsules inversely
reniform as long as the style.”—Br. Fl. p. 289. H. B.t. 1075,

In open sandy fields and waste places, in moist pastures, woods, and damp
spots by roadsides, ditches, &c.; everywhere. FU. May, June. 2.

§§§ Raceme terminal, subspicate. Root annual.

8. V. arvensis, L. Wall Speedwell. ‘Leaves cordate-ovate
serrated, the lower ones petiolate, the upper or bracteas sessile
lanceolate quite entire longer than the flowers, pedicels shorter
than the calyx, capsules broadly obcordate compressed emarginate
with roundish ciliated lobes, seeds 12—14 compressed flat on the
one side, stem ascending.”—Br. Fl. p. 292. EH. B. t. 734.

In dry barren or sandy pastures, on walls, hedgebanks and amongst corn ;
pretty frequent. J’. March—June. ©.

E. Med. —N ot uncommon about Ryde; in a field between Quarr abbey and
Fishbourne. Abundant on walls and’in cornfields about Sandown, Luccombe
and Shanklin. Above Sandown bay.
340 SCROPHULARIACE®. (Veronica.

W. Med. — Cornfields, &c., at Freshwater. Walls of Carisbrooke castle, Dr.
Bell-Salter 11

This species resembles at first sight V. agrestis or V. polita, differing however
in the following particulars. Herb bright green. Stems hairy, a little ascend-
ing, or in the smaller plants quite upright. Leaves hairy, the lower ones cordato-
ovate, with a few coarse tooth-like serratures, very shortly petiolate, those higher
up quite sessile, gradually becoming narrower, more pointed and entire; the
uppermost bractescent, quite entire, or with a single tooth at the base. Flowers
solitary, very small, bright blue, nearly sessile amongst the upper leaves. Sepals
lanceolate, very unequal, the 2 lower oues largest, all widely spreading in fruit.
Capsules pale brown, shorter than the calyx, compressed, inversely heart-shaped,
deeply 2-lobed, ciliated on the margin, vtherwise quite glabrous. Seeds several
in each cell, yellowish and pellucid, ovate, compressed and slightly wrinkled.

§8§§ Flowers axillary, solitary. Stems procumbent.

9. V. hederefolia, L. Ivy-leaved Speedwell. “Leaves all
petiolate cordate with 5—7 large teeth or lobes, segments of the
calyx cordate ciliate, capsule of 2 turgid lobes, seeds 2—4, stem
procumbent.”—Br, Fl. p. 291. H. B. t. 784.

dn waste and cultivated ground, fields, gardens, and on hedgebanks; most
abundantly. Fl. March—July. ©.

Root annual, slender, with a few pale thready fibres. Stems much branched
from the very base, the branches prostrate or a little ascending at their extremi-
ties, round, leafy, brittle, with a tough central medullary fibre, from a span to a
foot or 18 inches in length, slightly tinged with purple near the base, clothed
pretty copiously with long, white, soft spreading hairs, disposed, as Dr. Darling- _
ton remarks, in lines usually 3 in number, but irregular and unequal in their
length and direction, the intermediate spaces partially beset with the same
pubescence. Leaves numerous, pale dull green, somewhat fleshy, hispid with
short, scattered, erect, simple hairs, a few of the lowermost usually opposite, the
rest alternate, about half an inch in length exclusive of the mostly shorter flattish
petioles, roundish or roundish-ovate in circumscription, cordate at the base, often
rather broader than long, the lowermost and earliest frequently nearly or quite
entire and heart-shaped, with a single, depressed, very straight median nerve; the
rest 3—5 lobed, the lobes obtuse, entire at the margins, the basal pair smallest,
sometimes bifid and often obsolete, the central lobe much the largest, very broad
and blunt, each leaf with 3 or 5 strong depressed nerves on the upper surface, of
which the lateral] ones are directed to the sinuses, the middle nerve running
straight to the apex of the central lobe. Flowers axillary, solitary, small, on
peduncles downy like the stem, considerably lengthened and spreading or
recurved in fruit. Calyw much enlarged after flowering ; sepals ovato-cordate,
subequal, entire, acute, obscurely 3—5 nerved, conjoined at their reflexed bases,
the margins fringed with long white hairs, otherwise glabrous. Corolla shorter
than the calyx, pale blue or purplish (sometimes nearly white), with purple
streaks, the throat villous. Anthers bluish, Style thick, angular, not tapering ;
stigma glanduloso-pilose, flat. Capsule didymous, subgloboso-quadrangular and
almost 4-lobed, depressed at top and crowned with the style, quite glabrous,
rather shorter than the calyx. Seeds 1 or 2 (mostly 2) in each cell.

The leaves resemble less those of the Ivy than of the pretty Linaria Cymbalaria,
The flowers are widely expanded only in very fine dry weather. This is quite a
spring plant, and seldom to be found after the month of June.

Our lay- and tillage-lands are often covered with the Ivy-leaved Speedwell in
the spring and earlier summer months.

10. V. agrestis, L. Green Procumbent Speedwell. ‘‘ Leaves
all petiolate cordate-ovate inciso-serrate about as long as the
flower-stalks, segments of the calyx oblong obtuse, stem procum-
Veronica.) SCROPHULARIACER. 841

bent, capsule of 2 turgid keeled lobes, cells about 6-seeded.” —
Br. Fl. p. 292. EH. B.S. t. 2603.

Common in waste and cultivated ground, fallows, on and under walls, banks,
&c. Fl. March—December. ©.

Whole plant somewhat hispid with white bristly hairs. Pedicels rather vari-
ae in length, but never greatly exceeding the leaves ; usually they are much
shorter.

A singular variety of this species has been observed for some years growing
amongst long grass in the gronnds at Steephill, with an upright stem, and a soli-
tary terminal flower, of a fine blue, on a lung pedicel, and nearly as large as those
of V. Chamedrys.

1l. V. polita, Fries. Gray Procumbent Speedwell. Procum-
bent, leaves all petiolate cordato-ovate inciso-serrate, calyx-seg-
ments broadly ovate acute scarcely longer than the two turgid
keelless lobes of the capsule whose cells are many - seeded.
V. agrestis, H. B. xi. t. 783. Borrer in E. B. Suppl. t. 26038.
Fl. Dan. t. 449. V. agrestis @., Br. Fl. p. 292.

In the same places as the last, and scarcely less common. Fil. March—De-
cember. ©.

Very closely allied to the preceding species, from which it is readily known at
a distance by its bright blue flowers and grayish herbage, and on a nearer exa-
mination by the more deeply cut or serrated leaves; the broadly ovate and pointed
sepals, which are almost equal to, or but little exceeding, the ripe capsule in
length ; in the very turgid subglobose lobes of the capsule, which are quite
rounded or obtuse along their suture, without any visible marginal attenuation or
keel ; and, lastly, by having many more seeds in the cells (mostly from 10 to 12
in each), and smaller.

*12. V. Buxbaumii, Ten. Buabawm’s Speedwell. “ Leaves all
petiolate cordate-ovate inciso-serrate shorter than the flower-
stalks, segments of the calyx lanceolate acute when in fruit much
divaricated, stem procumbent, capsule obcordate-triangular of two
turgid divaricated lobes which are compressed upwards and
sharply keeled, cells 8—12 seeded.’—Br. Fl. p. 292. E. B.
Suppl. xxxviii. t. 2769. Bert. Fl. Ital. i. p. 102. Fl. Danica, t.
1982. Johnson's Fl. of Berw.-on-Tweed, p. 225, cum icone.

In cultivated fields, gardens, on hedgebanks and waste ground about towns ;
rare, and certainly introduced. Fl. March. ©.

E. Med.—A weed in the garden of a shoemaker, named Herbert, on Royal
heath, at the S. end of the heath, near the Coast-guard Station ; also in an adja-
cent field and hedgebanks. Sparingly about the Sandown barrack-buildings. In
considerable abundance amongst the new plantation at E. Cowes park. In very
great profusion on the waste lots at E. Cowes park. Tn the grounds at Binstead,
A, Hambrough, Esq.! {At St. John’s, near Ryde, in a field at the back of St.
John’s kitchen-garden, and in cultivated ground by the gardeners cottages on
the property of G. Young, Esq.; also at Bembridge, by the footpath opposite
Tyne Hall, Dr. Bell-Salter, Edrs.]

Root slender, branched and fibrous. Stem one or more, procumbent, with
ascending tips, oppositely branched immediately above the root and for a short
distance upwards, afterwards simple, from a few inches to 1 or 2 feet in length,
according to its age, often rooting from the lower joints, stout, terete, greenish or
purplish, clothed with copious long, white, spreading hairs, partly straight and
partly curved upwards, somewhat disposed in two opposite lines, and intermixed
842 SCROPHULARIACES. [Scrophularia.

with a shorter more close pubescence. ‘Leaves bright pale green (not at all glau-
cous), a few of the lowermost only usually opposite, all the rest alternate, very
shortly stalked, broadly ovate, cordate at base, rounded or subacute, coarsely and
for the most part deeply incised-serrate. Peduncles solitary, axillary, single-
flowered, downy, mostly but not always longer than the leaves ; in the specimens
before me they are sometimes only equal to and even shorter than the latter,
spreading or patent when in fruit and a little recurved at the apex. Sepals ovate-
lanceolate, enlarged in fruit and then divaricating in pairs, rather acute and une-
qual, two opposite ones of the four being somewhat less thau their fellows, pellu-
cidly 3-nerved, the lateral nerves indistinct and evanescent below the summit ;
margins of the sepals flat, not reflexed, and ciliated with white hairs, like those
which clothe their base, but much shorter. Corolla large (the size of V. Chame-
drys), bright sky-blue streaked with dark purple, variable in size, the flowers pro-
duced in spring and early summer being considerably larger than the later blos-
soms, as remarked to me by Dr. Bell-Salter, which is an observation I have found
to be correct. Segments of the corolla slightly pointed, the 3 superior ones
broadly cordato-ovate, the lowermost smaller and narrower, usually paler or even
white; tube closed by connivent pellucid hairs. Stamens with white much
dilated filaments ; anthers deep blue at first, finally black ; pollen whitish, irregu-
lar in shape, the granules mostly oblong or elliptical and truncate, with a central
furrow. Style persistent, slender, reddish, a little dilated upwards, as long as the
stamens ; stigma whitish, capitate, glanduloso-pilose. Capsule obcordate, much
broader than Jong, subcompressed, very hairy at top, the disk glabrous ; of 2 tur-
gid, divaricating, ovato-orbicular, often obscurely pointed lobes, with thin, acute,
ciliated margins, brownish white and reticulate-rugose when ripe, shorter than
the enlarged and now widely spreading or divaricate sepals. Seeds about 7 or 8
(or even 12, Benth.) in each ce!l, whitish and subpellucid, ovoid, hollowed on the
inner side, convex and subtuberculato-rugose ov the outer.

This species, which is of Asiatic and South-eastern European origin, and has now
become naturalized in many parts of Britain, is easily recognized by the much
larger size of its bright blue flowers and pale green leaves, by the long, slender
and nearly straight pedicels, the ovate-lanceolate acumivate sepals, and the com-
pressed sharp-edged lobes of the broadly cordate capsules, with about 8 seeds in
each cell.

** [Corolla ringent.—Edrs.]

III. Scroryvunartra, Linn. Figwort.

“ Calyx 5-lobed (or in S. vernalis deeply 5-cleft). Corolla sub-
globose, its limb contracted with two short lips; the upper with
2 straight lobes and frequently a small scale or abortive stamen
within it; the lower 3-lobed, the two lateral lobes straight, middle
one decurved. Capsule 2-celled, 2-valved, septicidal, the margins
of the valves turned inwards.’—Br. Fl.

1. 8. nodosa, L. Knotty-rooted Figwort. Great Figwort.
“ Leaves cordate-triangular acute glabrous doubly and acutely
serrate, lower serratures largest, stem with 4 acute angles, cymes
lax, bracteas small lanceolate acute, sepals with a narrow mem-
branous margin, scale of upper lip transversely oblong slightly
notched, root tuberous."-— Br. Fl. p. 297. HE. B. t. 1544.

In damp shady places, woods, thickets, hedges, moist pastures, banks of
streams, &c.; very frequent. J, June—August. Fr. August, September. 2,.

Capsules pale brown, ovato-globose, mucronato-acuminate, veined and gla-
brous. Seeds numerous, blackish, oblong or roundish, obtuse, deeply and longi-
tudinally furrowed, punctato-rugose.
Digitalis. SCROPHULARIACEE. 343

2. S. aquatica, L. Water Figwort. Water Betony. “ Gla-
brous, leaves crenate- serrate cordate- oblong obtuse, petioles
winged, stem 4-winged, cymes dense corymbose 8—15 flowered,
bracteas linear obtuse, sepals with a broad membranous margin,
scale of upper lip roundish uniform entire, capsule pointed, root
fibrous.”—Br. Fl. p. 298. E. B. t. 854.

By the sides of ditches, ponds and rivers, in wet hedges, thickets and other
watery places ; extremely common. Fl. June—August. 2{.

Capsules like those of the preceding, but rather larger, of a deeper brown, more
globose and less acutely mucronato-acuminate. Seeds also rather larger and
darker, otherwise exactly similar to S. nodosa.

IV. Dierrauis, Linn. Foxglove.

“ Calyx in 5 deep segments. Corolla campanulate, inflated
beneath ; limb obliquely 4—5 lobed, unequal. Capsule ovate,
2-celled, many-seeded, 2-valved, septicidal.’—Br. FI.

1. D. purpurea, L. Purple Foxglove. Poppy. “ Sepals ovate-
oblong acute 3-nerved downy, corolla obtuse scabrous externally,
upper lip scarcely divided, lower one with ovate rounded seg-
ments, leaves ovate-lanceolate crenate or serrate downy.” — Br.
Fl. p. 299. H.B.t.1297. Curt. Fl. Lond. i. fase. 1.

B. Flowers white.

In dry hilly or heathy pastures, woods, hedges, and on banks by roadsides ;
common in many places* on gravel or sand. Fl. May—August. ¢.

£. Med. — Not unfrequent in the immediate vicinity of Ryde. Hedgebanks
along the high road between St. John’s and the turning off to Westridge, and
along the road to Smallbrook.

W. Med.— Common about Newport, on St. George’s down, and profusely
below Marvel copse. Woods near Norris castle, abundant. Rowledge.

8. About Steephill, A. Hambrough, Esq. A solitary specimen on the Wilder-
ness, June, 1842.

Root a bundle of yellowish, woody, copiously branched fibres, small for the size
of the plant, and creeping horizontally just below the surface. Stem erect, simple
or occasionally with a few short branches below, from about 3 or 4 to 6 or 7 feet
high or even higher, and from a finger thick to an inch in diameter at base, firm,
hollow below, bluntly angular by the decurrence of the leaves and flower-stalks,
greenish or purplish gray, and covered with an extremely short close pile or
pubescence, consisting of erect gland-tipped hairs. Leaves alternate, ovate or
oblong-lanceolate, soft, dull green, wrinkled and very finely pubescent above with
erect simple hairs, much paler and almost hoary underneath with longer more
copious pubescence, especially on the prominent network of veins, scarcely acute,
evenly crenate, the serratures very obtuse and rounded, with a small callosity ;
lower stem- and root-leaves large, on stout, decurrent, winged, semiterete petioles
deeply channelled above, about as long as the leaf, woolly; upper stem-leaves
smaller, on shorter stalks, at length becoming sessile and bractiform. Flowers
very large and numerous, gracefully drooping and imbricated in a crowded uni-
lateral and terminal raceme or spike often several feet in length. Pedunele sin-
gle-flowered, nodding, cylindrical, decurrent, suberect in fruit, mostly about as

 

* Mr. Thomson of Manchester, in an essay on the “ Relations between Geolo-
gical Strata and the Plants growing on their superincumbent Soils” (Loudon’s
Mag. of Nat. Hist. vol. iii. p. 418), asserts that, of this beautiful, but, as he calls
it, noxious flower, the Isle of Wight scarcely boasts a single specimen !
844 SCROPHULARIACES. [Antirrhinum.

long as the calyx, villous, solitary in the axil of a lanceolate-acuminate spread-
ing or reflexed bract, usually about as long or half as long again as itself.
Calyx campanulate, rather longer than the tube of the corolla, deeply 5-partite,
the sepals very unequal in size, the 2 lowermost very broadly ovato-elliptical, the
2 above these elliptic-lanceolate, the fifth and superior much narrower, lanceo-
late ; all acute or somewhat acuminate, about 5-nerved, spreading and enlarged
in fruit. Corolla very large, drooping, from 2 to 24 inches long, and about an
inch wide across the mouth, the limb tubuloso-campanulate, compressed horizon-
tally, the upper side flattish, with a prominent ridge or keel (fold of the corolla)
along its centre not extending to the margin of the upper lip, ventricose or inflated
beneath, strongly contracted at base into the very short, white, firm and shining,
5-lobed tube, from which the limb is deflexed at an obtuse angle; quite glabrous
externally, of a fine purplish pink and shining, paler and nebulously mottled
white and purple underneath, with several purple rather indistinct rib-like streaks
running longitudinally; obliquely 2-lipped or rather 4-lobed, the upper lobe
extremely short, truncate and almost obsolete, slightly and obtusely emarginate
or nearly entire, ascending, the two lateral lobes as long as the upper one and
similar in shape, but smaller and quite entire; lowermost lobe the longest,
spreading or reflexed, entire, rounded or occasionally slightly pointed, within
rugose, sparsely beset with lung, white, erect, jointed hairs, and beautifully
speckled with ocellated spots, consisting of deep purple dots in white nebulous
rings, extending backwards to the top of the tube, where they coalesce for the
most part into a pale-coloured field, thickly dotted with brownish purple, occupy-
ing the whole of the ower and inner side of the corolla. Stamens 4, without the
least rudiment of a fifth, ascending and converging in pairs close beneath the
style, and applied with it to the opposite side of the corolla tu about half the length
of the limb: filaments white, broad, flat and glabrous, of the longer or outer sta-
mens much curved inwards at their origin, those of the shorter pair but slightly
bent ; anthers very large, bright yellow, slightly hairy, mostly with a few purple
dots, lubes ovoid-oblong, united only at base, somewhat pointed, bursting ante-
riorly. Ovary oblong-conical, very hairy, sessile, surrounded at base with a yel-
lowish, lobed, angular gland, obliquely tapering at top into the style. Style as
long as the outer stamens, cylindrical, somewhat arcuate, slightly hairy in its
lower half, glabrous and purplish above, horizontally cleft at apex into two equal,
subacute, appressed or diverging lobes, resembling the mouth of a serpent. Cap-
sules large, ovate, downy, tipped with the long withered style. Seeds very nume-
rous, dull reddish brown, small, oblong and truncate, with a lateral furrow,
covered with a network of deep angular cells like a honeycomb.

In our species, and probably in all the rest of this genus, the capsule is imper-
fectly 4-valved; of these valves, the lateral pair of sutures, which by their inflexed
margins form through their junction with the placenta the 2 cells, split widely
open, whilst of the 2 remaining sutures, whose edges do not project into dissepi-
ments, the upper dehisces in the centre above, the lower continuing closed asa
simple commissure. The same structure is seen in Collinsia bicolor, and pro-
bably in many other genera of this natural order.

I found, June 14th, 1849, in a hedge betwixt Stokes bay and the Grange farm,
near Gosport, a specimen of D. purpurea having near the centre of each flower a
pair of small subacute spurs hollow within and pointing backwards, inshape, &c.,
exactly as in Linavia.

V. Antirnruinum, Linn. Snapdragon.

“ Calyx 5-partite. Corolla personate, gibbous at the base (no
evident spur) ; its mouth closed by a projecting palate. Capsule
2-celled, oblique, opening by 2—3 pores at the extremity.” — Br.
Fi.

*1. A.majus, L. Great Snapdragon. Calve’s-snout. “ Leaves
lanceolate alternate, those of the branches opposite, flowers
Antirrhinum.] SCROPHULARIACE. 845

spiked, segments of the calyx ovate obtuse much shorter than
the corolla, upper lip of corolla bifid.”—Br. Fl. p. 299. E. B. t.
129.

Naturalized on walls and old buildings; escaped from adjacent gardens; not
unfrequent. Fi. June—August. 2,.

E. Med. —Ou the garden-wall of Morton house, by Brading. Abundantly on
old walls at E. Cowes.

W. Med. — On several garden-walls at Newport, Yarmouth, &c. Yarmouth
castle and many other buildings in various parts of the island, Mr. W. D.
Snooke !!!

Root of several long, stout, branched fibres, very hard, stiff and woody. Stems
numerous, slightly ascending at base, afterwards erect, from 1 to 2 feet or more
in height, round, leafy, glabrous below, hairy above with brownish gland-tipped
pubescence, emitting short barren shvots from the axils of the leaves, otherwise
mostly simple. Leaves numerous, scattered, alternate, opposite or partly whorled,
dull green, more or less deflexed and recurved, somewhat fleshy, obscurely veined,
narrow-lanceolate, the larger and lower about 2 or 3 inches long and 4rd to $ an
inch wide, attenuated below or subpetiolate, acute, with a short somewhat sudden
or abrupt point. Flowers subimbricated, close, in a terminal, spike-like, con-
stantly elongating raceme, on short, thick, erect, glandulosely pilose peduncles.
Bract solitary, boat-shaped, acute and incurved, about as long as the flower-stalks
they subtend, very bairy. Calya 5 or 6 times shorter than the corolla, oblique ;
sepals broadly ovate, obtuse, concave, bluntly keeled, scarcely nerved, hairy exter-
nally. Corolla 14 inch long, in the truly wild state of a pale purple or flesh-red
or even white, but in the naturalized condition now described partaking in some
measure of the rich and varied hues of the cultivated plant from which they ori-
ginated. Stamens inserted at the very base of the corolla, their filaments nearly
glabrous, geniculate at bottom, and villose at the flexure with pellucid stalked
glands; anthers bright yellow, of 2 oblong, separate, diverging lobes. Ovary
hairy, greenish, glabrous and tumid at base, but not seated on an annular gland.
Style terete, pubescent, rather exceeding the shorter and posterior stamens, which
embrace the ovary by their geniculate lower ends, a little thickened upwards to its
obliquely truncate, yellowish and glandulose summit (stigma), which curves a
little forward. Capsules pale brown, hard and stiff, ovato-conical, obtuse and a
little curved at the apex, very gibbous at the base, glanduloso- pubescent, with a
deep furrow on each side like the Italic long /, opening by 3 valvate terminal
splits or pores surrounding the persistent base of the style, the anterior cell dehis-
cing by 2 openings, the posterior by a single one. Seeds numerous, sooty black,
very irregular in size and shape, truncate and angular like grains of coarse gun-
powder, and sculptured all over with a rough prominent reticulation, forming
angular cells.

Few plants present a more notable example of the triumph of Art over Nature
in the production of varied and vivid colouring than this. In its truly wild state,
as I have seen it on the stony hills near Montpellier and in the limestone quarries
of Devonshire,* where it is scarcely less at home, its colours, as before remarked,
are by no means striking or brilliant; whilst in cultivation it is one of the most
stately and gorgeous flowers of the parterre, outvieing the richest velvets in the soft-
ness and intensity of its crimson pile, relieved by the most glowing shades of orange
and gold, at other times sporting in an endless combination of gaudy colours,—
red, white, yellow and purple,—and striped, chequered, blotched or veined in as
infinite diversity of patterns. Of the easiest culture, it graces alike the garden of
the peasant and the peer, and, finding in this part of Europe a congenial climate,
quickly establishes itself npon any wall or old building adjacent to itsplace of growth,

 

* At Catdown quarries, near Plymouth, it has perfectly established itself on
the rock, and has there assumed the unostentatious tint of the primitive type, a
pale flesh-red or almost white.

2Y¥
346 SCROPHULARIACEE. [Antirrhinum.

keeping its hold so pertinaciously, and multiplying so fast by seed, as fairly to
earn a right to denizenship by this power of occupancy and antiquity of tenure.

2. A. Orontium, L. Lesser Snapdragon or Calf’s - snout.
“Leaves mostly alternate linear- lanceolate, spikes very few-
flowered lax, segments of the calyx leaf-like longer than the
corolla.”—Br. Fl. p. 299. HE. B. t. 1155.

In cultivated fields, amongst corn, turnips, &c., in garden-ground and dry
waste places, on sandy, gravelly or chalky soils. F/.July—November. ©.

E. Med. — Fields between Lake and Sandown. Garden-ground at Shanklin
and Newchurch. A few specimens in a cornfield near Bridge, by Godshill.
Near Steephill, Albert Hambrough, Esq.! Turnip-field at Nettlestone green.
Field by the Wootton river, a little above Kite hill. Fields between Week farm
and St. Lawrence, Mr. W. D. Snooke. Waste ground just out of Sandown enter-
ing on Royal heath, and in fields between Lake and Sandown. [A frequent weed
in the garden of Thatched cottage, Bembridge, Dr. Bell-Salter, Edrs.]

W. Med.—Field by Sheepwash farm, Freshwater. Turnip-fields about Gurnet
farm. By Cockleton, near W. Cowes. [Between Shorwell and Kingstone,
A. G. More, F'sq., Edrs.]

Root annual, whitish, tapering and rigid, branching, with a few flexuose fibres.
Stem solitary (rarely more), from a span to a foot or 15 inches high, sometimes in
rich soil 2 feet and upwards, erect or ascending, sometimes decumbent below,
slightly flexuose, simple or more or less branched below the middle, but never so
copiously as in A. majus, the branches opposite or alternate; terete, shining,
roughish and sumewhat viscid with short, spreading, glandulose hairs ahove, gla-
brous or nearly so below, or clothed with long, fine, simple, spreading pubescence.
Leaves on the lower part of the stem mostly opposite, on the higher alternate, a
little fleshy and hairy above and along their slightly deflexed or thickened mar-
gin, spreading, the floral ones often deflexed, lanceolate or elliptical-lanceolate,
sublinear, the lowermost usually broader, obtuse and shortly stalked, the rest more
or less pointed and minutely apiculate. Flowers axillary, on very short, stout,
erect peduncles, remote, few, forming a lax leafy spike. Calyx foliaceous, its seg-
ments exactly resembling the leaves, the 3 superior sepals approximate, the cen-
tral one largest ; the two inferior remote from each other, all mostly ascending, at
first about equalling the corolla, but soon becoming greatly enlarged, and exceed-
ing both that and the capsule in length. Corolla about 6 to 9 lines in length, pur-
plish pink or rose-coloured, sometimes white, in both cases streaked with darker
veins on the throat and upper lip, the very prominent palate striped or reticu-
lated with similar markings; throat very short, slightly hairy, compressed to a
narrow ridge along its upper side, produced beneath posteriorly into a rounded
keel-like gibbosity instead of a spur; upper lip nearly obcordate, deeply emargi-
nate, the sinus acute, lobes flattish, ascending, somewhat reflexed, hairy at the
back, slightly undulate-crenate; dower lip rather shorter than the upper, vaulted
or inflated into the semiglobose palate closing the mouth completely, the gibbous
summit often tinged with yellow, its inner and posterior surface, which is covered
by the upper lip, whitish and villous with long curled hairs, inferior margin
deflexed, trifid, the segments entire, the middle one small and narrow-oblong or
ligulate, all equal in length. Stamens nearly equal ; filaments purplish, flattened,
glabrous or very nearly so; anthers cohering, glabrous; pollen bright yellow.
Style whitish, terete and tapering, covered with glandular hairs, inserted obliquely
on the very hispid ovary, its apex slightly decurved, subbilobate. Capsule his-
pido-pubescent, ovoid-conical, oblique at base and summit, faintly 2-lobed, the
lateral furrow nearly straight, debiscing as in the last by 3 gibbous pores surround-
ing the persistent style. Seeds numerous, brownish black or somewhat bronzed
under a high magnifier, of a roughly rectangular figure, convex and scutiform at
the back and finely punctate, with a narrow dorsal ridge and a thin projecting
lateral margin all around; excavated on the opposite side into a deep cavity tra-
versed by a hollow uneven septum at bottom, and having rugged, slightly inflexed,
granulato-tubercular edges.
Linaria.] SCROPHULARIACE. 347

VI. Linaria, Tourn. Toadflax.

t Stems erect. Leaves linear-lanceolate, mostly scattered, sessile.
§ Inflorescence racemose or subspicate.

* Calyx 5-partite. Corolla personate, spurred at the base ; its
mouth closed by a projecting palate. Capsule ventricose, 2-celled,
opening by valves or teeth.”— Br. Fi.

1. L. vulgaris, Meench. Common Yellow Toadflax. “ Gla-
brous, leaves linear-lanceolate scattered crowded, flowers race-
mose imbricated, sepals ovate acute glabrous shorter than the
capsule or spur, seeds tubercular-scabrous surrounded by a smooth
wing, stems erect.” — Br. Fl. p. 300. Antirrhinum Linaria, L. :
EE. B. t. 658.

8. Corolla milk-white, with the palate deep orange.

y. Palate very pale yellow, almost white.

a Corolla with 5 or 6 spurs at the base. Peloria, Curt. Fl. Lond. £. B.t.

0.

Var.? «. Leaves broader; flowers larger, and as well as the pedicels smooth.
An L. speciosa, Ten. ?

Tn hedges, borders of fields, waste ground and by roadsides; everywhere com-
mon. Fl. July—September. 2.

8. Ina field-hedge between Werror farm and the high road from Newport to
Cowes. Between Cockleton and Gurnet bay.

y- About Royal heath, &c.; not uncommon in the island generally.

6. A single specimen in the marshy meadows between Newchurch and Alver-
stone, facing a cottage called Burnt house, Oct. 1842. Some of the flowers with
5, others with 6 spurs. I found some plants between Morton house and Alver-
stone bearing a few flowers with cleft spurs; in one flower there were 2 spurs each
so divided, but no multiplication of any other part of the corolla.

e. Under the wooded shore a little W. of Ryde towards Binstead.

Root whitish, tapering, flexuose, simple or branched, often creeping, subligneous,
Stem from about 1 to 2 feet in height, solitary or several, erect, sometimes
decumbent or ascending at base, glaucous or purplish, glabrous or beset with a
few short glandulose hairs, terete, obscurely furrowed, simple or branched above,
sometimes copiously so, the branches erect or ascending, usually overtopped by
the main stem and its spike of flowers. Leaves sessile, quite glabrous, scattered,
crowded, from 1 to 24 inches long and about 1 to 2 or 3 lines broad, deflexed or
recurved on the inferior part of the stem, more distant and spreading above, with
short leafy shoots in their axils; all linear or linear-lanceolate, acute, subglaucous
or sometimes purplish, a little fleshy and oblique, their margins somewhat thick-
ened and deflexed, 3-ribbed, the midrib very prominent beneath and marked above
by a sharp groove or furrow, the lateral pair obscure and vanishing long before
reaching the point of the leaf. Flowers numerous, crowded or imbricated in a con-
stantly elongating spicate raceme terminating the stem and branches; on erect,
glandulose-pilose, stout pedicels, about as long as the calyx, and springing from
the axil of a lanceolate glabrous bract. Calyx glabrous, much shorter than the
spur, its segments ovate-lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, acute and entire, 3-rib-
bed, the 2 inferior ones a little remote, all equal in length, spreading at the points.
Corolla from about 12 to 16 lines in length including the spur, finely ribbed or
striate, sulphur-coloured, the lower lip citron-yellow, the very tumid bilobed
palate of a rich orange, sometimes quite pale and concolorous, densely villous and
bearded within, quite closing the throat; upper lip deeply bifid, porrected, the
segments rounded, ascending, vaulted and reflexed ; lower ep trifid, about as long
as the upper, its segments roundish-obovate, the two lateral plane, somewhat
848 SCROPHULARIACER. (Linaria.

deflexed, the middle lobe much smaller, sometimes slightly emarginate ; spur
subulate, 6 or 7 lines in length, slightly curving backwards, often nearly straight,
rounded at the point, terete, slightly keeled beneath. Stamens very unequal,
their filaments stout, white, glabrous, except the longer pair, which are a little
glanduluse-pilose at base in front; anthers cream-coloured, distinct or slightly
cohering in pairs. Style mostly about the length of the longer stamens, terete, a
little enlarged below the greenish, oblique, glandulose stigma, quite glabrous,
Ovary conoidal, glabrous, seated on a green tumid gland, which entirely sur-
rounds it. Capsules pale straw-yellow, veined and glabrous, tipped with the style,
much longer than the calyx, subgloboso-elliptical, very obtuse, with a lateral fur-
row, dehiscing at the summit by several irregular teeth or valves. Seeds grayish
black, orbicular, thin and flat, shagreened and partly muricato-tuberculate, edged
with a broad flat membrane.

The var. 8. is a very handsome one, from the shining milky or pearly whiteness
of the corolla, and deep orange of the palate. The spur appears to be a little
longer and more attenuated than in the ordinary state of the plant, but the bril-
liant white of the flowers cannot be prevented from changing to the usual yellow
colour in the process of drying. Mr. Borrer tells me has remarked this var. I
think in Sussex.

e. A very remarkable variety, if not a distinct species, though I can find no
good character to separate it from L. vulgaris, except proportion of parts. Leaves
much broader, narrowly lanceolate, the floral ones often quite lanceolate, more
Tigid and spreading than in P. vulgaris and very glaucous. Flowers nearly twice
the size, approaching those of L. dalmatica, and like them of a citron- rather
than sulphur-yellow, very handsome, forming a few-flowered, lax or distant
raceme, not crowded and imbricate as in L. vulgaris, on longer less erect pedicels,
the spur longer, straighter, more attenuate and very acute, directed perpendicu-
larly downward. Capsules not much above half the size of those of L. vulgaris,
mostly shorter than the calyx, sometimes as long or a very little longer. Seeds
smaller, very similar to those of L. vulgaris, but the tubercles in the centre larger,
more prominent and irregular.

Barton, in the ‘ Compendium Flore Philadelphica,’ ascribes a foetid phospho-
retted odour to the flowers of this plant, and states that they are said to contain
phosphorus, I suppose therefure in a free or uncombined state.

2. L. repens, Act. Creeping- rooted Pale - blue Toadflax.
Blueish Sweet Toadflax. Glabrous, leaves linear whorled or
scattered, flowers racemose, sepals lanceolate glabrous the length
of the spur but shorter than the capsule, seeds angular trans-
versely wrinkled, stems erect. Br. Fl. p.300. Antirrhinum, L.:
E. B. t. 1253. Lin. striata, DC.

B. hybrida. Flowers larger; spur longer, acute, somewhat curved ; upper lip
striated, lower lip whitish, plain (or obsoletely striate); palate orange. (See H.
C. Watson in Hook. Lond. Journal of Bot. vol. i. L. Bauhini sed male). L.
italica, Trev.? Br. Fl. Sthed. Bab. Man. p. 218. L. stricta, Hornemann.
Reich. Icon. cent. 5, p. 14, tab. 423? LL. stricta 8. grandiflora, Godron, Fl. de
Lorraine, ii. p. 146.

In hedges, on banks and dry barren ground; rare. FU. June—September. 2.

E. Med. — By the roadside about a quarter of a mile beyond Stapler’s heath
going from Newport to Ryde, sparingly. Between Quarr and Binstead? Rev.
Win. Darwin Fox, but who does not feel sure that this station is correct, nor have
I ever seen it near Ryde myself.

W. Med. — In several places about W. Cowes, rather plentiful, as along the
road to Newport on the left hand, some distance beyond the turnpike-gate, at
intervals, where also the var. 6. occurs, but in extremely small quantity. Hedges
about Broadfield farm, in various places, pretty abundantly. On the field side of
the right-hand hedge of a bye-road leading out of the Newport and Cowes road
to the windmill. A few plants by the roadside between Bouldner and Luckets.
Linaria.] SCROPHULARIACER, 349

Debborn turnpike, Miss G. Kilderbee. Lane between Thorley-street and Bould-
ner, and I_ believe eleswhere in that parish, Mrs. Penfold!!! Near Yarmouth,
Rev. W. T. Bree in litt. Hedges near W. Cowes, in abundance, Mr. W. D.
Snooke !!!

Root or rather rhizoma long, whitish, flexuose, woody, creeping considerably,
and often much branched under ground in a very singular mauner. Stem 1 or
More, sometimes very numerous, erect or ascending and even procumbent below,
from a foot or under to 2 or even 3 feet in height, quite glabrous, rounded and usu-
ally purplish at base, pale green and subangular above, fistulose, in the larger
plauts mostly simple below, variously and often copiously branched towards the
tup mostly in asubcorymbose manner, very leafy, branches slender, straight, wiry,
and much more sparingly beset with leaves than the stem, so as to present rather
a naked aspect compared with the latter. Leaves very numerous and crowded at
the base of the stem, subverticillate and mostly disappearing early, those higher
up scattered or alternate, attenuated, more or less erect, the lower ones ening
or diverging, larger and broader than the rest (2 inches or more in length), all
very narrowly elongate-lanceolate, attenuated at both ends, extremely acute, of a
pale mostly very glaucous green, quite glabrous, slightly fleshy, with a single pro-
minent midrib beneath, and bearing each a short sterile or abortive branch in its
axil; on the flowering branches the leaves are extremely narrow, much fewer and
more distant, irregularly scattered. Peduncles shorter than the flowers, stout,
purplish, erect, spreading or a little decurved, each subtended by a linear upright
bract similarly coloured, as long as or rather longer than itself, or sometimes
shorter. Flowers in racemose clusters of no great length, terminating the stem
and branches, giving in the aggregate the appearance of a panicle or corymb.
Calyx purplish, somewhat fleshy, much shorter than the corolla; sepals oblong or
elliptic-lanceolate, acute, equal, erect, not spreading, obsoletely single-nerved, the
midrib coloured at the back, sprinkled, chiefly on the inner surface, with white
pedicellate glands, their margins minutely cartilaginous and subserrate. Corolla
small, but varying a good deal in size, about 4 or 5 lines in length exclusive of the
spur, white suffused with purplish blue or lilac, beautifully striped with deeper
lines of the same colour but of variable intensity, usually most conspicuous in the
lobes of the upper lip in front, sumetimes faintly marked or even obsolete, and
either straight or forming a network of anastomosing veins ; mouth closed by the
incumbent, deeply striated upper lip and very prominent whitish palate, which has
a spot, sometimes faint or obsolete, of golden yellow in the centre, the ridge vil-
lous with white or purplish subclavate bristles, enclosing a double line of fulvous
ones running backwards to the spur; lower lip trifid, its segments equal, very
obtuse and rounded, reticulated with purple veins; upper lip incumbent, its seg-
ments erect, ascending, very much rounded, diverging and vaulted at apex, the
tips mostly a little incurved ; spur flattened horizontally, straight, very variable in
length but always shorter than the corolla, sometimes extremely short, almost tri-
angular, rounded and even subtruncate at the end, at other times more tapering
and almost acute, traversed like the limb of the corolla with dark blue simple
lines. Stamens beset at their base with stiff pellucid bristles: filaments purplish.
Style cylindrical, glabrous, slightly enlarged upwards into the subglobular, papil-
loso-glandulose, yellowish or greenish stigma, which is somewhat curved forward.
Capsules very small, 2—2+ lines long, globose, splitting deeply and irregularly.
Seeds several, dull black and angular, deeply excavato-rugose.

B. This curious form, which T find occasionally on hedgebanks about W. Cowes,
where L. repens abounds, is unquestionably a hybrid between that species and L.
vulgaris, and not distinct in itself, being seen only where the two parents are
growing together, always very sparingly, and, though very different in aspect from
either taken apart, presenting no character that is not found in one or the other
progenitor. In general habit this mule Linaria is mostly allied to L. repens, of
which it possesses the scattered leaves and panicled inflorescence, together with the
striated upper lip, but the flowers are much larger, and both the spur and lower
lip are decidedly those of L. vulgaris; the first, as in that plant, being length-
ened out, slightly curved and acute, not as in L. repens extremely short and
350 SCROPHULARIACES. [Linaria.

obtuse ; the lower lip, as in Z. vulgaris, is pale yellow or whitish, without purple
striz, or at best but a few fuint traces of such towards the spur; palate with a
broad orange disk; in Z. repens theve is little more than a speck of that colour
in the centre, almost concealed by the incumbent upper limb of the corolla.
Again, though the inflorescence is decidedly the paniculate one of ZL. repens, the
flowers on the extreme branches evince a tendency towards a spicate form, and
the leaves are somewhat less dispersed or closer set, as we find them in L. vulga-
ris. Capsules are formed on this hybrid plant, but I have not yet ascertained
whether the ripe seed will reproduce the mule variety, an experiment I intend
trying, if possible. In reply to a communication in which I expressed my con-
viction of this being a hybrid, Mr. H. C. Watson says, “ Your hybrid Linaria is
in all likelihood the same as my L. Bauhini, and if hybrid we should expect some
differences, us in fact do exist in the Cornish, Hants, Cork and Swiss specimens.”
It ought surely to excite suspicion that this Linaria has been hitherto remarked
only in stations known to produce the rarer of the two parents, viz. L. repens, at
Shirley, Penrhyn, Cowes and Cork.

The fact of the flowers possessing a sweet odour, affirmed of this species by the
old botanists, though I could never perceive it, was accidentally remarked to me
by Mr. Butler, of the Bugle Inn, Yarmouth.

§§ Flowers solitary, axillary.

8. L. minor, Desf. Least Toadflax. “‘ Leaves linear-lanceo-
late obtuse mostly alternate glandular pubescent, flowers solitary
axillary, pedicels three times as long as the calyx which is longer
than the spur, segments of the upper lip of the corolla diverging,
seeds oblong furrowed, stem erect much branched.” — Br. Fl. p.
801. H. Bt. 2014.

In dry gravelly or sandy cornfields and other tillage-lands, in waste and gar-
den-ground, chalk-pits, on old walls and rubbish here and there, often abundantly.
Fil, June—October. Fr. July. &e ©.

E. Med.—On the Dover occasionally. Very plentifully in a field between
Whitefield wood and Barnsley farm. Near Adgestone. Rather abundantly on
the steep banks of débris of the chalk-marl in Whitecliff bay. Most abundantly
in the third field below Gatehouse farm, along which the pathway to Newchurch
goes, alsoin a field adjoining, and occupying the space between Inwards and
Long Phillis copses, a little due 8. of Beanacre farm. In a field near Ryde, by
the road to Ashey and Newchurch. Wheat-field between Prestwood and Small-
brook farm, in some plenty. Field near Nunwell. Very abundantly in the gar-
den of Red Cross, at Salterns, Dr. Bell-Salter, Quarry at Ventnor, Dr. Martin.
Shide chalk. pit, in plenty, Mr. Snooke !!!

W. Med. — In a high field or sloping bank at the West end of White Pit
(chalk-pit), Newport, 1845. About W. Cowes, near Pallance, &c., not unfre-
quent. Wear Thorness bay, Ningwood and Rowledge. Cornfields between Wel-
low and Shalcombe farm. Near Westover. By Calbourne New Barn. Fields
near Tapnel, Mr. Snooke.

’ Herb clothed all over with spreading, simple, glandular pubescence, which is a
little viscid, readily retaining particles of dust conveyed by the wind. Root
annual, whitish, slender, tapering and flexuose, not much branched, often nearly
simple. Stem erect or often reclining at base, oblique or ascending, round, solid,
wavy, often in part purplish, in small specimens nearly simple, in the larger more
or Jess copiously branched from the base and bushy, the lowermost branches
mostly opposite, the higher alternate, simple or slightly compound, more or less
erect or ascending, usually overtopped by the main stem. Leaves scattered or
alternate, a few of the lowermost chiefly opposite, rather distant, not much above
an inch long at most, dull grayish green, often purplish, especially underneath,
somewhat fleshy, with a strong depressed midrib, very narrowly lanceolate or
elliptic-lanceolate, more or less obtuse, attenuated downwards rather than petio-
Linaria.) SCROPHULARIACES. 351

late, mostly deflexed or recurved; a few of the lower stem-leaves occasionally
varying to obovate-oblong or spathulate. Peduneles axillary, solitary, single-
flowered, when in fruit much (twice or thrice) longer than the calyx, erecto-patent
or diverging. Bracts none. Flowers small and inconspicuous, remote, forming
a sort of loose spike. Calyx somewhat enlarged after flowering, its segments
leaf-like, linear-spathulate, subacute, single-ribbed, the 3 superior ones nearly
equal, ascending, with erect or recurved tips; the 2 inferior rather shorter than
the rest, very wide asunder, the tips spreading. Corolla not much exceeding the
calyx, scarcely 3 lines in length, glandulosely hairy except the spur, pale purple.
or violet; upper lip flat, bifid, with a wide, shallow, acute notch between its
rounded perfectly horizontal lobes, its posterior margin produced laterally into 2
corners or angles, giving the entire lip a square figure ; lower dip yellowish white,
longer than the upper, deeply cleft anteriorly into 3 oblong, very obtuse and entire
segments separated by obtuse sinuses ; palate downy, yellowish or white, some-
times faintly spotted with purple, narrow, and hence scarcely closing the mouth,
behind which are two large spots of brownish purple ; spur very short and blunt,
but variable in length, usually not half that of the corolla, subcylindrical or subco-
nical, slightly curved, purplish and glabrous, deflexed ; throat villous within, the
hairs tawny. Stamens not cohering ; filaments white, slightly bearded at the base
only with a few glandulose hairs; anthers black ; pollen white. Style subcylin-
drical, straight, purplish and glabrous above, white and slightly glandulose-pilose
below, the apex a little dilated; stigma a glandulose viscid disk, formed by the
obliquely truncate point of the style. Ovarium ovoid, very hispido-glandulose,
oblique, with a tumid green annular gland at its base. Capsules rather shorter
than the sepals, hairy, whitish, rugose, ovoid-oblong, very oblique at the base,
gibbous in front, opening at the very obtuse summit by 2 large nearly semicircu-
lar apertures, mostly split at the margin into several unequal valvate segments.
Seeds very numerous, deep brown, ovoid-oblong, rounded at both ends, neither
compressed nor margined, traversed longitudinally by their prominent undulate
and somewhat crenate ridges, that anastomose occasionally.

tt Stems filiform, trailing or prostrate. Leaves broad-stalked. Flowers solitary,
axillary, on long peduncles.

#4, L. Cymbalaria, Mill. Ivy-leaved Toadflax. Vect. Roving
Jenny. Roving Sailor. ‘“ Leaves cordate 5-lobed palmate-nerved
alternate glabrous, stems trailing.’—Br. Fl. p. 300. E. B. vii. t.
502. Benth. in DC. Prod. x. p. 266. Curt. Fl. Lond. i. fase. 1.

Pretty frequent on walls, ruins, stone fences and hedgebanks near houses ; com-
pletely naturalized. Fl. April—November. 2{.

E. Med. — On the old walls of Quarr abbey, but very sparingly. Old walls
about Knighton manor, abundantly, On a low wall at Binstead parsonage.
Abundant on the stone walls at Ventnor. Stone fences at St. Lawrence, and
about Sir Willoughby Gordon’s, by Old park, plentifully. It has established itself
on a stony declivity at Bank-end, just beyond the farm, from which it is no doubt
an escape, though the situation be an apparently natural one.

W. Med.—On walls at Shorwell.

Entire plant perfectly smooth and glabrous. Root slender, whitish and fibrous.
Stems numerous, slender, terete, very brittle and succulent, with a tough central
chord, pale green or purplish, alternately branched, the branches prostrate, and
clinging by occasional rooting fibres to the surface of old walls, which the plant
often covers, in the manner of Ivy, with a dense tapestry of entangled herbage ;
various in lengtb, from a span or under to 2 or 3 feet when pendulous. Leaves
distant, alternate or partly opposite, various in size, deep rich green above,

 

Linaria purpurea, an Italian species, is partially naturalized on walls and about
gardens at Bonchurch, being a plant very common in cultivation here.
352 SCROPHULARIACEE. [Linaria.

whitish and often tinged with purple beneath, somewhat fleshy and shining,
obscurely and palmately 5-ribbed, the lower and larger cordato-rotundate or sub-
reniform, being mostly a little wider than long, 5- or obscurely 7-lobed, the lobes
shallow, rounded, entire and obtuse, tipped with a minute point, the middle lobe
broadest ; upper and smaller leaves similar in form, but in general more deeply
and acutely (sometimes but 3) lobed, much like those of Ivy in miniature. Pe-
tioles variable in length. Peduneles solitary, axillary, single-flowered, longer than
the leaves and partly lengthened out in fruit. Calyx extremely small, about a
line in length, purplish green, the segments elliptic-lancevlate, concave, pointed
and fleshy. Corolla scarcely half an inch long including the spur, dilute pur-
plish blue or violet; upper lip ascending, recurved, deeply bifid, the lobes oblong,
rounded, entire or retuse, flat, with 2 or 3 purple streaks ; lower lip paler, not stri-
ated, deeply 3-cleft, the lobes roundish oblong, entire, plane, spreading, the mid-
dle one rather the longest and narrowest; palate very prominent, deeply 2-lobed,
closing the mouth, lobes with a yellow spot anteriorly, which is sometimes obso-
lete; throat darker violet striated with deep purple, clothed inside at bottom with
a double broad line of fulvous hairs running backwards from each lobe of the
palate almost to the base of the very short, conical, nearly straight and obtuse
spur. Stamens 4, with a distinct rudimentary fifth filament and anther; filaments
with a few hairs at the base only; anthers cream-coloured ; pollen white. Style
cylindrical, a little thickened upwards to its round, obtuse, faintly 2-lobed and
somewhat recurved apex.

An idea seems generally to prevail that the present species of Linaria is of
comparatively recent introduction into Britain from Italy, where it is said to be
truly indigenous. It certainly has increased in frequency during the last half-
century, which may be accounted for by the more diffused taste for gardening
amongst all ranks, and the facility with which the species disseminates itself
where it is once planted. The author of these remarks remembers to have often
heard that a near relative of his own, who had a great love for botanical pursuits,
received as a present worth accepting in those days a quantity of Cymbalaria from
the late Sir Joseph Banks, who was in the habit of occasionally sending her what-
ever was curious or uncommon in the vegetable tribe.

Gerarde gives a good figure of the Cymbalaria italica, as he calls it, and states
that it “ grows wilde upon walls in Italie, but in gardens with us,” and does not
speak of it as rare in his time. Parkinson, a contemporary of Gerarde, mentions
it as ‘‘ growing naturally in divers places of our land, although formerly it hath
not beere knowne to bee but in gardens and other places that are shadie upon the

round.”

This pretty species has doubtless obtained its Isle-of-Wight denomination from
its creeping abroad and extending itself far and wide with such facility. It has
acquired in America the name of Kenilworth Ivy, as I learn from my esteemed
friend, Dr. Darlington, of West Chester.

5. L. Elatine, Desf. Sharp-pointed Fluellen or Toadflax.
Stems procumbent hairy, leaves broadly hastate acute mostly
alternate, the lowermost ovate opposite angulato-dentate, pedun-
cles glabrous, spur of the corolla subulate nearly straight. Sm.
E. Fl. iit. p. 182. Br. Fl. p. 300. Antirrhinum, Z.: E. B. t.

692.

In waste and cultivated ground, gardens, tillage-fields, on hedge- and ditch-
banks, sometimes in wet boggy places and woods; abundant almost everywhere.
Fl. June—November. ©.

Root whitish, slender and tapering, simple or branched at the bottom. Stem
much branched from the very base, or the branches themselves may be considered
as so many stems which are very slender, somewhat angular, solid, leafy, with
several straight, simple, short, distant and alternate ramifications, that diverge
from the main stem at nearly right angles, and are, like them, beset with copious
long, white, pellucid and jointed hairs intermixed with similar but shorter gland-
tipped ones: in an early stage of the plant the central stem is erect, but after-
Linaria.] SCROPHULARIACE.F. 853

wards droops at the summit, and finally becomes prostrate like the lateral ones,
which spread in all directions, and together with the main stem elongate as the
autumn advances often to 2 or 3 feet. Leaves numerous, on short hairy stalks,
the earliest and lowermost pair or two mostly opposite, roundish ovate, angulato-
dentate or repando-dentate, those above them broadly hastate or ovato-hastate,
acute, with horizontally diverging acute auricles; gradually becoming smaller
and mostly narrower, the extreme leaves and those on the lateral branches very
small, and either similar in shape to the rest or ovate and rounded at the base ;
all hairy like the stem, of a grayer or more glaucous green, and somewhat less
flexible than in the next species, with a far less soft and less copious pubescence,
their veins few, distant and prominent beneath. Pedicels solitary, axillary, sin-
gle- flowered, very slender, scarcely thicker than a thread, perfectly glabrous except
near both extremities, which are slightly hairy ; patent, and when in fruit diverg-
ing nearly at right angles from the stem, or even partly deflexed, in which they
differ matevially from the following species, the pedicels in which are seldom more
than simply divaricate. Flowers smaller, paler and less conspicuous than in the
next species, otherwise very similar. Sepals scarcely if at all enlarged after
flowering, ovato-lanceolate, very acute, hairy on the sharp prominent keel and
edges, which last are expanded at the base into membranous, reflexed, pellucid
margins, which are wanting in L. spuria. Corolla hairy, a little longer than the
calyx, the middle segment of the lower lip rather longer than the 2 lateral (in L.
spuria the 3 segments are of equal length or nearly so, and the palate less promi-
nent); the colour of the lower lip is more of an uniform yellow than in L. spuria,
with a dash only of violet at its exterior basal edges; upper lip plane, less deeply
bifid with broader segments than in L. spuria, deep violet, not purplish brown as
in that; spur very slender, straight or scarcely at all incurved, nearly glabrous.
Stamens fringed near the base with a few coarse hairs; a fifth abortive one on the
centre of the upper lip behind the others; anthers cohering, dark purple, bluntly
cordate, granulated, their lobes bearded with a tult of stiff hairs. Style glandu-
loso-piluse in its lower half, glabrous and enlarged upwards ; stigma oblique, on
the enlarged summit of the style, ending in a flat pointed lobe; germen globose,
covered with gland-tipped hairs and seated on a tumid base. Capsules small, whitish
and pubescent, mostly a little shorter than the scarcely enlarged calyx, subglobose,
slightly compressed laterally and flattened at the summit, rather faintly 2-lobed,
opening by 2 oblique circular valves that nearly meet at its apex. Seeds about
sarees dull brown, subrotundo-ovate, without a border, deeply sinuato-rugose or
cellular.

This and the following plant, like our periwinkles, afford a beautiful example of
two closely allied yet unquestionably distinct species. Nearly as they approach
in character, and often as they are found growing intermixed, I have never
observed any disposition to hybridize. Their geographical distribution is also
very different: L. spuria is the more southern plant, neither ranging to Ireland in
the West nor to Sweden in the North, in both which countries Z. Elatine is found,
though rarely. Neither of them has yet occurred in Scotland, aud beyond the
midland counties of England L. spuria is already scarce. The flowers of both are
occasionally regular or peloriated (see L. vulgaris), in which condition T have
found them in chalky fields at Twyford, near Winchester. The fifth additional
or abortive stamen (staminodium), analogous to the scale in Scrophuluria, &c.,
exists in both these species (and in L. Cymbalaria ?) as a minute skinny appen-
dage in a fold at the base of the upper lip, above and behind the four perfect
stamens.

I find L. Elatine repeatedly in situations very remote from cultivation, in wet,
spongy and boggy places on heaths, and on moist or dry ditchbanks, as also in
woods, where L. spuria never occurs, that being to all appearance exclusively a
plant of tillage-land, or at most of waste ground in the vicinity of the former.

6. L. spuria, Mill. Round -leaved Fluellen or Toadflaz.

Leaves ovate downy mostly alternate and entire, stem prostrate
22
354 SCROPHULARIACEZR. [Melampyrum.

downy, peduncles hairy, spur of the corolla subulate incurved.
Br. Fl. p. 300. Antirrhinum, L.: EF. B. t. 691.

In similar situations with the last, but of rather less frequent occurrence in
general, being more, though not exclusively, attached to calcareous soils, and sel-
dom straying heyond the limits of cullivation. Fi’. June—November. ©.

E. Med.— About Ryde in several piaces. On waste ground at Springfield.
Field at Westbrook, between Ryde and Nettlestone. Very large and abundant in
a field between Brading and Nunwell, also in stubble-fields about Carpenters, in
plenty. Near Beaper farm, and fields in the angle of Whitefield wood due S.
of it, abundant. E. end of Brading. Very common in cornfields along the Un-
dercliff, at Ventnor, St. Lawrence, &c. About Haven-street. Above Sandown
bay. Near Adgeton.

W. Med. —Abundant in very many places about Yarmouth, Thorley, Wellow,
Ningwood, Shalcombe, &c. At Rowledge. Near Mottistone, in a field along
the edge of a copse called Bush Row, quite overgrown with it, 1840.

Root whitish and tapering. Stem much branched from the base, the branches
lying flat on the ground, at the end of autumn often 3 or 4 feet in length, the central
one at first erect or inclining, the lateral branches always procumbent, simple or
again a little ramified, covered with fine, soft, spreading hairs. Leaves mostly
alternate, a few of the lower ones only being opposite, shortly stalked, viscid, very
broadly ovate or roundish, cordate at the base, quite entire, excepting a few dis-
tant toothed or angular serratures on a few of those nearest the root, upper ones
distinctly pointed, all dull grayish, rather glaucous green, very soft and downy.
Flowers solitary, larger than in the last species, on simple, axillary, hairy and less
slender peduncles, that diverge from the stem in various degrees, but are seldom
at right angles to it, or reflexed in seed, as is the case usually in E. Elatine.
Sepals more or less enlarged after flowering, their margins reflexed but not mem-
branous, equal, ovato-lanceolate, 3-ribbed at the base. Corolla hairy ; lower lip
tich yellow, in 3 rounded lobes, with a yellow pulate, and a purplish stain on each
side of its outer margin at the base; upper lip plane, 2-lobed, rich purplish brown,
with which colour the throat is prettily speckled and streaked within; spur slen-
der, much incurved and hairy. Stamens fringed on their lower half, with a fifth
abortive one on the upper lip above and behind the four others ; anthers cohering,
dark purple, bearded ; pollen white. Style oblique, hairy ; stigma an oblique lobe,
flat above, pointed anteriorly; germen globose, hairy, surrounded by a tumid ring
or gland. Capsules in every respect like those of the last, but about twice the
size, shorter than the now considerably enlarged calyx. Seeds as in L, Elatine,
perhaps rather more finely and less deeply rugose and cellular, later and more
sparingly ripened with us.

Beside the difference of shape in the leaves, L. spuria is well distinguished from
L. Elatine by its stouter habit and larger flowers, whose stalks are shorter,
thicker, and hairy like the stems, and diverge from the latter at a moderate angle
only, whereas in L. Elatine, besides that the peduncles are smooth and much
more slender than in L. spuria, they stand out from the stem nearly at right
angles when in flower, and are for the most part finally reflexed as the seed-ves-
sels approach maturity.

VII. Mexampyroum, Linn. Cow-wheat.

“ Calyx tubular, 4-toothed. Upper lip of the corolla laterally
compressed, turned back at the margin; lower lip trifid. Ovary
with 2 superposed ovules in each cell. Capsule oblong, 2-celled,
obliquely acuminated, opening on one side. Cells 1—2 seeded.
Seeds oblong, even, gibbous at the base.” —Br. Fl.

1. M. pratense, L. Common Yellow Cow-wheat. ‘ Flowers
axillary secund, leaves in distant pairs, corolla 4 times as long as
Melampyrum.] SCROPHULARIACER. 855

the calyx closed, the lower lip straight.” — Br. Fl. p. 296. E. B.
t. 113.

B. Leaves ovate or ovato-lanceolate.

In dry woods and thickets ; very common. Fl. May—July? ©.

In St. John’s wood, Quarr copse, and other places about Ryde, &c.

B. Plentifully in New copse, near Wootton bridge. A specimen found at Apse
castle, 1843. Mr. Borrer finds it on the Wye with very broad ovate and cordate
leaves, and I gathered it plentifully with leaves nearly as broad in Ross Island,
Killarney, in 1842.

Root of several rigid, whitish, branched fibres. Stem erect, from about 8—12
inches high, obtusely quadrangular, alternately fnrrowed on the two opposite sides,
greenish or purplish, often marked with dark spots or blotches, glabrous or
slightly pubescent with short rigid hairs, copiously and for the most part brachi-
ately branched from the bottom, the branches axillary, long, lax, spreading or
ascending, readily broken off at their swollen junction with the stem, mostly oppo-
site, here and there alternate, or sometimes two together one below the other,
waved or flexuose. Leaves opposite, entire, distant, very shortly stalked or sub-
sessile, dark green, somewhat firm and leathery, roughish above and minutely sca-
brous on their somewhat inflexed margins, finely reticulated and paler beneath,
very variable in breadth, from linear-lanceolate to ovato-lanceolate or even ovate,
subcordate at the base, acuminate, the apex somewhat obtuse, mostly recurved.
Floral bracts similar in form and colour to the leaves, but smaller and more acute,
with from about 1—3 basal pairs of long, straight or incurved teeth ; the lower-
most pair of bracts usually entire or nearly so; all furnished with a few depressed.
glands, which, as in the next species, are found but very sparingly sprinkled over
the surface, chiefly at their lower extremities. Flowers solitary aud axillary,
secund and approximating in pairs, forming a short leafy spike or raceme termi-
nating the stem and branches, on extremely short thick peduncles, patent or
ascending. Calyx tubuloso-campanulate, a little compressed, tinged with purple,
its segments nearly equal, ascending, lanceolato-acuminate, ciliatu-scabrous, the
upper pair decussate, with a rounded sinus between them, the lower curved
upwards, the sinus between them more acute. Corolla 6 or 8 lines in length, or
above thrice that of the calyx, straight, the tube extremely short, greenish, the
throat usually pale yellow or ochraceous, often nearly white, minutely downy, lips
yellow verging upon orange, at other times rose-coloured, closed or nearly so, the
upper one greenish at the sides, its short, turned-up, purplish border emarginate ;
shaggy inside, the beard whitish ; lower lip equal in length to the upper (in all my
specimens now before me the upper lip is by no means the protruding one, as
stated by Mr. Babington) or slightly exceeding the latter, purplish, the apex of
its inflexed margin minutely 3-cleft, downy but not bearded within; the palate
yellow, vaulted and traversed by a deep furrow, and hence 2-lobed, with a pur-
plish spot at the posterior part of each lobe, of a curved figure. Anthers cobering
in one mass by their anterior faces, bearded with white hairs at their lower end.
Germen small, ovate, much flattened, obliquely pointed, with a tumid, finely
punctate, striated gland in front, which is produced anteriorly into a short obtuse
process, of a cylindrical shape, that is sometimes erected, at other times doubled
down upon the basal lobe; style included, deciduous, white, nearly glabrous,
incurved and gradually dilated below its subcapitate glanduloso-piluse apex.
Capsules pale green, nearly 4 an inch in length, ovoid, much compressed and sub-
acuminate, a little oblique at the base and very acute apex, at length blackish and
trugosely reticulated. Seeds 2—4, wax- or horn-coloured, ovate or elliptical-
oblong, truncate at the end and attached to the white spongy caruncle.

+22. M. arvense, L. Purple Cow-wheat. Vect. Poverty-weed.
Leaves linear-lanceolate, the uppermost toothed at the base,
spikes oblong lax 4-sided, bracts ovato-lanceolate pectinato-pin-
natifid with awl-shaped segments dotted at the back with a few
356 SCROPHULARIACEE. (Melampyrum.

depressed glands, calyx with very long setaceous points, corolla
rather longer than the calyx, the lips closed. Br. Fl. p. 296.
EH. B.t. 53. Curt. Br. Entom. vi. t. 273.

Tn cornfields and on dry banks adjacent to them on the chalk at the back of the
island; most abundantly. £1. June—August. ©.

EF. Med.—A splendid but pernicious plant, originally, there is no doubt, intro-
duced with seed-wheat ; now but too common in some parts of the S. of the
island, where it proves a grievous nuisance, and apparently becoming more widely
dispersed every year. First noticed on the Deane and Ash farms, near St. Law-
rence, where the wheat and barley are completely overrun by it, and the crops
greatly deteriorated thereby. Common about Whitwell. Cornfields at the W.
end of Ventnor, plentifully in 1838. Tn fields, upon banks and bushy slopes above
Lord Yarborough’s marine villa at St. Lawrence, and I have traced it as far as
Bonchurch, but where it occurs more spar‘ngly as yet. It behoves the farmers of
W. Medina to be on their guard against its introduction into their chalky soils.
A specimen with white flowers was found by Miss Hadfield uear Ventnor !

A bushy herb, conspicuous from the rich purple-coloured bracts of its flower-
spikes. Root annual, whitish, tapering, flexuose, branched and rigid, said to be
parasitic. Stem erect, from 10—18 ivches high, rather obtusely quadrangular
above, nearly round just above the root, its central cavity filled with loose cellular
tissue; much branched, sometimes from the very base, the branches opposite or
suhalternate, erect or spreading, often like the stem partly purplish and rough
with copious short, curved, deflexed pubescence. Leaves pale dull green, subses-
sile, mos'ly opposite, a few here and there somewhat alternate, linear-lanceolate,
their edges slightly deflexed, a little obtuse at the apex, obscurely veined above,
reticulated beneath, the midrib often purplish ; harsh with short, scattered, bristly
hairs, the lower leaves mostly quite entire, those at or near the bottom of the
flower-spikes with one or more basal pair of linear-lanceolate or subulate entire
teeth, mostly pointing forwards, incurved and very acute. Flowers sessile, in
ovate or oblong, 4-sided, obtuse, lax spikes, terminating the stem and branches,
and lengthening out to 4 or 5 inches as the summer advances, each flower sub-
tended by an erect ovate bract, which is at first of a fine purple rose-colour, after-
wards as the seed forms changing to green like the leaves, pectinato-pinnatifid,
with long, subulate, spreading, acute teeth; 5-nerved and tapering at the base,
the lower bracts with longer points, their margins and those of the teeth finely
spinuloso-ciliate ; sprinkled at the back with several round, depressed, dark brown
and shining dots or glands, that are placed irregularly or as it were by chance,
and imbedded in the substance of the bract ; the use of these glands is unknown,
though they are always present. Calyx tubuloso-campanulate, very loosely
investing the corolla, angular and downy, greenish or purplish, about 3ths or 3rds
the length of the corolla, its segments triangular, the two lower ones smallest, all
with very long, waved, setaceous, spinuloso-ciliated points, into which are conti-
nued the 4 stout hairy calyx-ribs. Corolla exceeding the calyx in length, finely
downy, the tube long, slender, rose-coloured, bent nearly in the middle; throat
bright yellow verging on orange, hairy within ; dips closed, dark rose-red, thickly
sprinkled with pellucid very minute globules; the upper lip bordered with a pur-
ple beard, and shaggy inside with long white hairs; lower lip beardless, trifid at
the apex, the edges much incurved, with a stout blunt keel on its concave under
side, Stamens cohering ; filaments yellow, with a few glandular points, the lower
pair enlarged in the middle; anthers liuear-oblong, purplish, with green backs,
bearded at the base and apex, coadnate by their flat anterior faces; pollen of
roundish, white, pellucid, angular grains. Sty/e white, very long and filiform,
slightly hairy in its upper half, the summit deflexed, slightly thickened at its apex
into a simple glandular stigma; germen obliquely conical, glabrous, with a large,
green, tumid and slightly lobed gland in front at its base. Capsule greenish,
membranous, obovato-rotundate, compressed, with a minute, oblique, recurved
point, strongly reticulated, glabrous, and sprinkled with a few warty protube-
rances. Seeds much like grains of wheat in size and colour, always partly abor-
Pedicularis.] SCROPHULARIACEA. 357

tive, 1, 2, or 3 (mostly 2) in each capsule; about 3 lines in length, pale brownish
yellow, ovato-oblong, terete, very smooth and shining, their lower end formed into
a large, white, nearly hemispherical, faintly striated appendage, tipped with the
dark prominent hilum ; their taste hot, bitter and disagreeable.

When the seeds of this plant begin to germinate, the radicle, elongating, ele-
vates the yet entire seed considerably above the surface of the soil, after which the
testa bursts by the expansion of the plumula, and the young plant thus appears as
it were to vegetate in the air.

From Mr. Borrer I learn that this gaudy pest of the farmer is reported to have
been introduced from Jersey, which is very improbable, seeing that it is not men-
tioned as a native of that island in Babington’s ‘ Primitie Flore Sarnice,’ nor
have I remarked it there myself. From Mr. George Kirkpatrick, of Newport, I
understand it is rumoured to have been conveyed hither from Norfolk, whilst
according to others it was imported from Spain. As the species abounds in a few
of the middle and eastern parts of England, and especially in Norfolk, I am most
inclined to believe we are indebted to that county for the unwelcome present ; nor
am I acquainted with any other stations for MM. arvense 8. and W. of London,
except in this island. The name of Poverty-weed, inapplicable as it may appear
to so showy a plant, bears reference, I presume, to an opinion that it exhausts or
impoverishes the soil, or indirectly perhaps alluding toa similar effect upon the
pocket of the farmer, the produce of whose fields is rendered less marketable, from
the blue colour imparted to the wheat-flour, contaminated by an admixture with
the seeds, from which it is scarcely possible to free the grain by winnowing, as the
specific gravity of both is pretty much alike. Withering remarked, that though
the seeds of M. arvense give a bitterness and discoloration to the bread, they do
not make it unwholesome, but the contrary opinion prevails amongst the country

_ people here, who attribute decidedly injurious effects to bread so adulterated, and
which a poor woman described to.me as “ tasting sharp in the mouth.”

A respectable shoemaker, named Rabbett, who resided for many years at Whit-
well, and has only recently left it, told me that when he was employed in harvest
on Week farm they used to pull up the Purple Cow-wheat or Poverty-weed with
the greatest care, and carry it off the field to burn it, picking up the very seeds
from the ground wherever they could be perceived lying. Of late years, he
thinks, the bread from the wheat on the Deane and Week farms is not so dark-
coloured and “ hot” as it used to be, and that the plant is less plentiful than for-
merly. He remarked that it often makes its appearance in clover-fields and grass,
and appears plentiful when the land is left in lay, at which time it might be era-
dicated without injury to any crop. He gives the same account of its introduc-
tion into the island with seed-wheat as others do, but does not know from whence
this “ droll” weed is supposed to have come to us, which was before his recollec-
tion.

I understand from Captain Love, R.N., who had the information from Mr. Jol-
liffe, of the Deane farm, which is much infested with this plant, that sheep are
pattial to the Melampyrum arvense ; and, as the seeds are not matured in any
quantity till the crop is off the ground, by thus eating it off after harvest the land
might perhaps in a great measure be freed from this pernicious annual, if weed-
ing out in spring be thought too troublesome or expensive.

VIIL. Pepicunaris, Linn. Louse-wort.

“ Calyx inflated, 5-cleft, or unequally 2—3 lobed, jagged, some-
what leafy. Upper lip of the corolla laterally compressed, arched ;
lower one plane, 3-lobed. Ovary with many ovules. Capsule
oblique, acute, compressed, 2-celled. Seeds angular.” —Br, Fl.

Natives for the most part of elevated and alpine regions; our two are perhaps
the only European species which descend into the plains, or that even prefer a
low situation.
338 SCROPHULARIACEE. (Pedicularis.

1. P. palustris, L. Marsh Lousewort. Tall Redrattle. “Stem
solitary branched upwards erect, calyx broadly ovate hairy ribbed
with crenated nearly equal lobes.”—Br. Fl. p.297. EH. B.t. 399.

In low boggy places, wet meadows, pastures and thickets, in ditches, pools and
field-drains, in many parts of the island, but not very general. Fl. May—Sep-
tember. © or 2f?

E. Med.—Rookley moor, in the deep bogs about the Wilderness, &c. In San- He
down level. Apse heath, where I have found it with white flowers.

W. Med.— Abundant in the hoggy meadows at Freshwater Gate. On School-
house farm, and by Sheepwash farm, Freshwater. By the stream between Caris-
brooke and Plash farm, near the latter. In wet swampy meadows above Newbridge,
and in the wet thicket by the stream between that place and Calbourne mill, 1844,
Moory ground between West Court and Sandy Way, 1846. Withy-bed at West
mill, between Newport and Carisbrooke, Mr. C. D. Snooke in litt., 1842.

A bushy plant, with a pyramidal mode of growth, and, like P. sylvatica, with
leaves resembling some fern. Root whitish, tapering, often considerably branched,
filamentous at the crown, by some thought to be annual, by others (as Wahlen-
berg) pronounced perennial. Subtending the bases of the radical leaves and
mixed with the filaments, may be found a few ovate, concave, pointed scales, as
remarked by Mr. Babington, perhaps abortive branches or leaves. Stem solitary,
erect, from under a foot to a yard in height, in small plants often simple, in larger
specimens copiously and alternately or oppositely branched from the base, subte-
retely angular, greenish at bottom, purplish and furrowed above, very leafy, solid,
glabrous (or a little downy, Sm.) Leaves scattered, alternate or subopposite,
oblong-lanceolate, the inferior ones on short, semiterete, flattish petioles, pale
green or more commonly purplish, deeply pinnatisect or pinnatifid, the segments
nearly opposite, oblong, blunt, crenately iuvcised or sinuate, subpinnatifid, fleshy,
their thickened margins strongly deflexed, covered beneath with raised cellular
spots, their midribs with a few scattered hairs occasionally. Flowers in short
leafy clusters terminating the stem and branches, solitary in the axil of each pair
of leaf-like bracts, on very short pedicels or nearly sessile. Calys at first oblong,
subcylindrical, then ovate and ventricose, hispid, many and prominently ribbed,
often dotted and stained with purple, laterally 2-lobed at the mouth, the lobes
shallow, their margins dull purple, crenately and unequally lobed, the lobes
rounded, minute, spreading and recurved. Corolla about twice as long as the
calyx, glabrous, the tube whitish, subcylindrical, with many transparent ribs;
upper lip small, dark purple, much compressed, veined and striate, with a pair of
minute subulate teeth just below its oblique apex, and a similar blunter pair a
little lower down of a dark purple colour ; lower lip very large, of a fine rose-red,
minutely ciliate, cordato-orbicular, trifid, the central lobe smaller, circular, partly
concealed by the 2 lateral rather shorter ones, that are veined with purple towards
the throat, spreading and vaulted. Stamens nearly equal, 2 of the filaments a lit-
tle downy below their summit and at the base, the 2 upper a little hairy at the
base only ; anthers yellow, not bearded nor cohering in pairs. Style included,
filiform, glabrous; stigma greenish, simple ; germen obliquely conical, glabrous,
seated on a green glandular base which is very tumid and projecting in front.
Capsule brownish, its oblique mucronate apex projecting a little beyond the calyx,
quite glabrous, veined. Sah ovato-obloug, dull reddish brown, rugoso-reticulate,
with a longitudinal chink on one side like those of coffee.

The upper lip I find occasionally (at Easton and elsewhere) abbreviated into a
lanceolate process, leaving the stamens quite exposed.

2. P. sylvatica, Iu. Pasture Lousewort. Dwarf Redrattle.
“Stem branched from the base and spreading, calyx oblong angu-
lar glabrous in 5 unequal crenate and almost leafy segments.” —
Br. Fl. p.297. E.B.t.400. Steven. Monog. Pedicul. p. 45, No.
35, t. 1, fig. 1.

dt
Pedicularis.] SCROPHULARIACEE. 359

B. Flowers white.

In boggy, wet or damp pastures, on moist heaths and commons, in marsby
thickets and spongy turfy meadows; much more frequent and general than the
last. Fl. April—July. © or 2{.

E. Med. —Meadows near Alverston mill. Plentiful all over Munsley hill, and
in wet meadows below Bridge. On Bleak-down. On Rookley moors, about the
Wilderness, Rookley farm, and common in mvory pastures along the valley of the
Medina generally. Between Ninham and Quarr. About Ninham, near Ryde;
and on Wootton common.

W. Med.— Abundantly in wet meadows about Woolverton, by Shorwell. In
the large pasture-fields by the Yar, between Freshwater mill and Beckett's copse.

8. Between Shanklin and Sandown, under the cliffs. About Bridge, Rookley,
&c., not uncommon.

Root large, white and spongy, with a tongh woody centre, more or less forked,
chiefly below, into several long, tapering, nearly simple branches, and having at
the crown a whorl of ovate or oblong leaves, with crenate deflexed margins, and
often subtended by a few brown filamentary scales. Stems mostly numerous,
leafy, simple or slightly branched at the very base, subtereti-angular ; the pri-
mary one erect, from about 2 to 4 inches high, the lateral for the most part bar-
ren and spreading, ascending or prostrate around the central one ina circular
more or less cespitose tuft, nearly glabrous, with a few scattered hairs chiefly on
their upper part. Leaves very small, about 1 to 14 inch in length and }th of an
inch wide, linear-oblong, not tapering to the apex as in P. palustris, glabrous,
dull olive-green, often, like the stem and calyx, tinged with purple, glabrous,
those of the stem opposite or alternate, faintly decurrent, pinnatifid, the segments
roundish or ovate, deeply incised-serrate or lobed, with thickened deflexed mar-
gins, areolated beneath as in P. palustris. Flowers crowded into a terminal, ob-
tuse, leafy spike, axillary, solitary, erect, on short, triangular, glabrous peduncles,
that are locsely surrounded by a prolongation of the outer calycine membrane,
which encloses them like a sack, and tapers down to the base of the pedicel, where
il unites with the latter. Bracis resembliny the leaves, but broader at the base
and often tripartite. Calyx 4 an inch in length, membranous, ovatu-oblong,
inflated, especially after flowering, often tinged purplish, venosely reticulated
with 5 or 6 plait-like ribs or angles, usually glabrous except about the margins
and inner side of the segments, which are clothed with beautiful crystalline hairs,
sometimes a little downy, the mouth in 5 unequal irregular lobes, of which the
superior one is smallest, narrow and often undivided, the 4 lateral lobes with short
reflexed summits, which are mostly 3-cleft or crenate, and resemble the ultimate
divisions of the leaves themselves. Corolla quite glabrous, bright rose-red, some-
times flesh-coloured or white, twice as long as the calyx; upper lip narrow, sub-
faleate, ascending, strongly compressed, rugosely striate, sharply keeled at top,
and having a shallow notch below its very rounded and obtuse apex, produced
backwards into a triangular tooth on each side; lower lip nearly semicircular or
fan-shaped, deeply divided into 3 pretty equal rotundato-obovate lobes, which are
flat, entire or slightly emarginate and crenulate, often deflected, sometimes cili-
ated, uniting behind at 2 crimson-stained prominences running back into the
throat, with a deep channel between them; tube much shorter than the calyx,
cylindrical, white, membranous, hardly at all bent, or forming an angle with the
white, tubular, scarcely dilated throat, which is much exserted and hairy within
behind the palate. Stamens included, nearly equal; filaments white, slender,
slightly hairy at bottom, the inferior pair bearded for some distance below the
anthers with white pellucid hairs ; anthers yellow, slightly cohering in pairs, obo-
vate, their lobes acute below but uot awned, bursting along the centre of their flat
inver faces ; pollen yellow. Style very long, weak and slender, a little exserted,
glabrous, purplish, slightly enlarged upwards, hooked or bent downwards at some
distance from the yellowish, capitate, globose stigma, which appears beautifully
striate with rows of short glandulose points ; germen glabrous, seated on and sur-
rounded anteriorly by a green, tumid, somewhat, pointed gland. Capsule from
3 to G6 lines in length, about as long as the now ventricose calyx, pale brown,
360 SCROPHULARIACEE. (Rhinanthus-

reticulately veined and glabrous, broadly and obliquely ovate and pointed, its
anterior margin nearly straight, gibbous below, attenuated to a thin edge at top,
sublobate by a deep external furrow. Seeds numerous, pale yellowish brown,
elliptic-oblong, very obtuse, terete, quite smooth and glabrous, but coated with a
fine reticulated pellicle.

IX. Ruryanruvs, Linn. Yellow-rattle.

“ Calyx inflated, 4-toothed. Upper lip of the corolla com-
pressed laterally, entire, furnished on both sides below the apex
with a straight tooth-like appendage or lobe; lower one plane, 3-
lobed. Ovary with many ovules. Capsule of 2 cells, obtuse, com-
pressed. Seeds imbricated, flat and usually margined.” —Br. Fl.

1. R. Crista-galli, L. Common Yellow-rattle. Vect. Fiddle-
cases. “ Leaves oblong-lanceolate serrated, flowers in lax spikes,
calyx glabrous, appendages of the upper lip of the corolla short
roundish, bracteas ovate.” — Br. Fl. p. 294. H. B.t. 657. BR.
glaber, Zam. R. minor, Ehrh.

In mostly damp but often dry meadows and pastures; larger and more branched
pn boggy ground, wet spongy heaths and commons: very frequent. #/. May—

uly. ©.

Root whitish, of several wiry branched fibres. Stem erect, rigid, quadrangular,
the angles slightly winged * from the somewhat decurrent leaves, simple or more
usnally branched, in the larger plants often copiously so, the branches opposite,
erect or ascending, forming a bushy herb a fuot or two in height, and together
with the stem thickly spotted longitudinally with purplish brown in short lines or
streaks, more sparingly so or not at all in their lower part. Leaves opposite, quite
sessile, dull, sometimes pale, olive-green, firm, a little rigid, smooth and shining,
oblong-lanceolate or sublinear, often strongly recurved and deflexed, almost clasp-
ing, subincisedly serrate, the serratures rather distant, pointing forwards, obtuse,
the sinuses acute, and receiving the deeply depressed, nearly straight and simple
veins of the leaf, which at first sight appears for this reason pinnatifid ; the mar-
gins of the leaves are slightly spinuloso-ciliate, thickened underneath, and the
intercostal areas sprinkled with numerous grayish sinuate spots, which with the
intermediate green portion give a reticulated appearance to the whole under side
of the leaf. Flowers in rather crowded terminal spikes, arranged in pairs or oppo-
site, sometimes pointing one way or secund, more usually alternating in their
direction or decussate, the lower ones very shortly stalked, the upper almost ses-
sile, each with a solitary bract beneath it, of which the lowermost pair or two are
scarcely different from the upper leaves and much larger than the calyx, those
above them gradually becoming shorter, paler, broadly ovate, acuminate, more
deeply and acutely incised-serrate, the highest of all scarcely longer than the
calyx and roundish in their outline. Calyx membranous, pale yellowish green,
roundish ovate, ventricose, much compressed laterally, quite glabrous excepting
along its thin, narrow, vertical border, which is more or less downy, much enlarged
and inflated after flowering, inconspicuously 10-ribbed, with transverse reticula-
tions, two of the ribs on each side nearly marginal, one central from the base to
the acute sinus of the two ovate, nearly equal, minutely ciliated and submucro-
nate teeth or segments, the remaining pair running straight to the point of these
latter, and parallel with the central rib and at no great distance from it; some-
times there is another pair between the marginal and three centre ribs. Corolla
a little exserted, ringent, about half an inch in length or rather more, bright yel-
low, the tube wide, straight, many-ribbed, colourless and membranaceous; upper

 

* Two of the faces, or those directly beneath each pair of leaves, are slightly
rounded or convex.

-
Euphrasia.] SCROPHULARIACER, 361

lip vaulted or helmet-shaped, compressed, downy chiefly along the back, faintly
ribbed, its anterior margin in 2 short, bluish, lobe-like appendages rounded in
front ; lower lip 3-lobed, about as long as the upper, the lobes nearly equal, round-
ish, the 2 lateral lobes waved, entire, vertical and parallel to each other, the mid-
dle lobe folded. Stamens short, included ; filaments broad, membranous, twisted
below, yellowish and glabrous; anthers 2-celled, densely bearded along the sutures
with white hairs. Mectary a small, green, fleshy, incurved scale or gland at the
base of the anterior acute margin of the ovato-rotundate germen, obtuse and deci-
duous. Style long, filiform, a little hairy, incurved, deep violet just beneath the
thick, greenish, capitate stigma. Capsule enclosed in the much longer and now
husky, brownish, inflated and conspicuously ribbed calyx, almost exactly orbicu-
lar, nearly plane, strongly veined, mucronate with the persistent base of the style,
quite glabrous, whitish brown, bursting throughout its thin lateral margins.
Seeds several in each cell, rather large, pale brown, somewhat resembling the
human ear in shape, flat, orbicular-renifurm, minutely punctato-rugose, with a
broad, membranous, finely striated border, which is a little cupped or concave.

X. Evrnrasia,* Linn. Eyebright.

“Calyx tubular or bell-shaped, 4-fid or 4-toothed. Corolla
tubular, 2-lipped. Capsule obtuse or emarginate, cells many-
seeded. Seeds rather angular, longitudinally ribbed ; hilum sub-
apical.”—Bab. Man.

1. E. officinalis, LL. Common Eyebright. “ Leaves ovate deeply
toothed, corolla glabrous, lobes of the lower lip emarginate.”—Br.
Fl. p. 294. E. B. t. 1416.

In moist as well as in dry pastures and heathy places; abundantly. FU. May
—September. ©.

Herb extremely variable in luxuriance, from 2 or 3 inches in dry barren pas-
tures to nearly a foot in moist shady woods. Root tapering, flexuose, with a few
terminal fibres. Stem either nearly simple or copiously and oppositely branched
from the base, erect or reclining, obsoletely quadrangular, purplish and shining,
downy with fine decurved pubescence, the branches erect, decussate, the lowermost
ascending and often wavy or flexuose. Leaves small, mostly opposite, a few of
those towards the summit alternate or subalternate, quite sessile, ovate, of a deep
shining olive-green above, paler beneath, glabrous or slightly hairy, plicate with
depressed nervation, deeply and sharply inciso-serrate, with 5 or 6 very acute teeth
on each side of the central and terminal one, each tipped with a fine bristle-like
point except on the lowermost leaves. Flowers axillary, solitary, nearly sessile,
very beautiful on a close inspection. Calyx tubular, 2-lobed, the lobes lateral,
bidentate, the teeth equal, lanceolate, acute, single-ribbed, the rib running back
to the base of the calyx, and as well as the margins of the latter often spinulose
and purplish. Corolla villous externally, the tube cylindrical, slender, as long as
the calyx ; upper lip concave, white or pale purplish streaked internally with dark
purple, its margin erect, slightly bifid or 2-lobed, the lobes emarginate ; lower lip
white, in 3 plane, nearly equal, deeply emarginate segments, of which the ante-
rior one is rather the longest, with 3 faint purplish streaks, and a spot of bright
yellow at its origin and between the two lateral lobes, which are each marked at
the base with three diverging bright purple lines. Stamens smooth ; anthers red-
dish brown, cohering, bearded along the commissures of the cells, which are
awned at their lower extremities, the awns of the inner lobes of the upper and

 

* “Name from Euphrosyne, expressive of joy and pleasure, in allusion to its
properties,” Hook., but I imagine more directly derived from £¥, bene, and Peatw,
dico, a plant of good report, to be well spoken of, and commended for its virtues.

34
362 SCROPHULARIACEZ.—OROBANCHACEE. [Orobanche.

back pair much longer than all the rest and very slender. Style long, white,
incurved, its superior half sprinkled with stiff suberect hairs ; stigma white, pel-
late, glanduloso-pilose. Germen (ovarium) hairy on the top. Capsule brownish,
a little shorter than the calyx, oblong, vertically compressed, attenuated to a thin
edge, and hispid at the summit, which is obtuse or alittle emarginate, and tipped
with the base of the style. Seeds several in each cell, oblong, pointed at both
ends, covered with a loose skin, longitudinally ribbed with fine transverse stria.

2. K. Odontites, LL. Red Eyebright. ‘Leaves linear-lanceolate
remotely serrated, upper ones (or bracteas) alternate, flowers in
unilateral racemes, anthers nearly glabrous, stem branched erect
scabrous pubescent.’—Br. Fl. p. 294. EH. B. t. 1415.

B. With white flowers.

Abundant everywhere, whether moist or dry, in pastures, woods, waste places,

borders of fields, by waysides, amongst corn, &c. Fl. June—August. ©.
ait Near Ryde, W. Wilson Saunders, Esq. Near Cowes? Captain Beckford,

Rvot parasitic, according to Decaisne.

Bartsia viscosa, or what is supposed by Dillenius, in Ray’s Syn. (ed. 3tia Ind.
Plant. Dub.) to be that plant, is obscurely mentioned as growing in the Isle of
Wight, on the authority of Mr. Cole, under the name of Crateogonum cubitalis,
altitudinis, flore luteo. It is not unfrequent so near this island as Poole in Dor-
setshire, and is still less so in the Channel Islands. It may therefore well be
expected to occur here.

Order LVI. OROBANCHACEA, Vent.

“ Calyx variously divided, persistent. Corolla irregular, per-
sistent, with an imbricated estivation. Stamens 4, didynamous.
Anthers 2-celled, the cells distinct, parallel, often mucronate.
Ovary in a fleshy disk, 1-celled, with 2—4 parietal many-seeded
receptacles. Style 1. Stigma2-lobed. Capsule 2-valved. Seeds
very minute. Hmbryo at the apex of a fleshy albumen.—Herba-
ceous, dingy-colouwred, somewhat succulent, leafless plants, glandu-
lar and scaly, generally parasitical on the roots of other plants.’—
Br, Fi.

I. OrnopancHe, Linn.

“ Calyx of 2 lateral, often combined and bifid segments, brac-
teated. Corolla ringent, 4—5 cleft. A gland is at the base of the
germen beneath—Leafless, brown or purplish, herbaceous, scaly
plants, often attached to the roots of other plants.’—Br. Fl.

* Bracts solitary under each flower.

1. O. rapum, Thuill. Greater Broom-rape. Stem simple,
corolla tubular campanulate nearly straight, its upper lip undi-
vided, lower lip in 8 nearly equal segments of which the 2 lateral
ones are subacute the central one larger and more obtuse, sta-
mens glabrous, style downy, germen surrounded at the base by a
Orobanche.]} OROBANCHACER. 368

tumid glandular ring. O. Rapum Geniste, Thuill. Fl. Par. 2nd
ed. p. 817? O. major, L.: Reich. Icon. Bot. viii. fig. 900? Br.
Fi. p. 284. EH. B. vi. t. 421. Sutton in Linn. Trans. iv. p. 175.
Leighton, Fl. Shrop.

On heaths, commons, and bushy pastures where furze and broom abound, on
the roots of which it is parasitic; rare. Fl. June, July. 2.

£. Med.—On Briddlesford heath and parts adjacent, on the roots of furze, not
unfrequent ; noticed by Mr. Borrer in an excursion I made with him in 1840.
A specimen or two on a bank by the roadside not far from Lynn farm, 1843. On
the roots of broom and furze between Ninham and Quarr abbey, 1845. Very
abundantly in the last station in 1846.

The largest of our Isle-of-Wight species. Rot of a few fibres partly attached
to the plant, from which it derives a portion of its nourishment. Stem usually
solitary, sometimes 2 or even more, very stout, often as thick as the finger, 12—18
inches or 2 feet high, erect, solid or sometimes fistulose, bluntly angular, furrowed,
downy all over with white, gland-tipped, pellucid hairs, pale or usually purplish
brown, very tumid at the base, where it is sheathed with close-set, erect, smooth, pur-
plisb or yellowish and fleshy scales, of a broadly ovate shape, becoming narrower,
thinner, hairy and more distant as they ascend, the uppermost linear-lanceolate,
spreading or recurved, and in all respects like the floral bracts. Flowers nume-
rous, erect, sessile, placed alternately in a gradually elongating, cylindrical, rather
dense spike, soon withering to a dull rusty brown ; those near the summit before
expansion of a pale purplish yellow, each with a single, lanceolate, taper-pointed,
finally recurved bract, about equal to or rather longer than the flower it subtends.
Calyx variable in length, in 2 broad, concave, villous lobes, each lobe cleft into
2 lanceolato-acuminate single-ribbed segments. Corolla about 9 or 10 lines long,
very hairy, bell-shaped, the tube short, wide and nearly straight, ventricose or a
little inflated; upper lip large, galeate, arched, irregularly waved, plaited or
notched, but not lobed or divided, the sides spreading or a little reflexed ; lower
lip in 3 pretty equal, subacute, undulate, plicate segments, of which the central
one is usually rather larger and longer (often considerably so) than the others
and more obtuse, sometimes indeed, as are the lateral segments, occasionally
rounded or at least cordate, the edges of all and of the upper lip minutely erose
and crenulate. Stamens inserted on the tube quite at the bottom, implexed in
pairs at their summit, their filaments curved, flattened and dilated downwards,
plane or channelled on their inner side, quite smooth for 3rds of their length,
their upper third glanduloso-pilose, though very sparingly so; anthers of 2 distinct,
oblong, awned lobes, each lobe appearing 2-celled, having a longitudinal septum
running throughout; pollen white. Style included or exserted, cylindrical, in-
curved, hairy its entire length, suddenly dilated into the two yellow, very distinct,
globose, diverging lobes of the stigma. Germen oblong, hairy, with a bright
yellow lobed and tumid gland encircling its base, especially in front, which
secretes a honied fluid in great quantity. Capsules oblongo-elliptical. Seeds
numerous, minute and unequal in size, of a roundish not at all elongated figure,
shining and nearly jet-black, covered with a prominent network of large angular
cells, very beautiful under a microscope.

The flowers are not only much larger but more erect than in our other species,
more enlarged, widened or bell-shaped upwards, and more ringent.

2. O. minor, Sm. Lesser Broom-rape. Vect. Shepherd’s Pouches.
Stem simple, corolla subcylindrical, lower lip in 3 equal crisped
and plaited obtuse lobes, stamens hairy on the inner side of their
lower dilated part, style smooth or nearly so, germen quite gla-
brous. Br. Fl. p. 286. E. B. t. 422.

8. Flowers pure white or nearly so.
y. Herb pale yellow or amber-coloured.
364 OROBANCHACEE. (Orobanche.

Very common thronghout the island, attached to the roots of various plants,
but by far the most frequently on clover,* the crops of which it often completely
overruns. Fl, June—October. ©.

EE. Med.—In a field adjoining Sandown barracks, in great profusion, 1841.
About Lee farm, Shanklin. Clover-fields near Godshill church overrun with it,
1837. In every clover-field about Arreton, Perreton, Redway, &c., in the greatest
profusion, 1839. At Binstead, in a field by the Rev. Aug. Hewitt’s. At Black-
bridge. Field at Southford, by Whitwell; and near Deane farm. On Plantago
Coronopus on the cliffs above Sandown bay, J. A. Hankey, Esq., 1843!!! On
Apargia autumnalis on a bank close to Morton farm.

W. Med.—Clover-field by the hotel at Freshwater Gate completely overrun
with it, 1841.

B. In a field near Garretts, in plenty, 1846. In many of the specimens here
gathered the flowers were milk-white, more commonly however tinciured with the
ordinary purplish colour.

y. Clover-field by Lee farm, near Shanklin.

A very variable plant in size and colour, often not more than 4 or 5 inches, at
other times more than a foot and a half in height, usually of a dingy purplish
brown or bluish colour, occasionally whitish or pale amber, downy all over with
jointed pellucid hairs, which are tipped with yellow glands. The scaly tuberous
caudex is attached by short filaments to the rvots of the clover, from which it
derives probably a part of its nourishment only, the earth supplying the remain-
der. Stem simple, solitaty (or several emitted laterally from the base of the
caudex), roundish, obtusely angular, downy, with several scattered lauceolate
scales like those beneath the flowers, filled internally with a white pith. Flowers
sessile, or in the larger full-grown plants a few of the lowermost are not uncom-
monly on compressed footstalks, often of considerable length, leaving the calyx at
the base of the peduncle ; each with a brown, linear, deflexed scale or bractea at
its base, of about its own length, and either entire or with a slight tooth near its
origin. Sepals ovate, concave, with about 6 faintly marked nerves, cloven about
half-way down into 2 subulate fringed segments. Cvurolla $ths of an inch long,
a little curved, more cylindrical than funnel-shaped, tinged with violet in its upper
part, downy, with several strong purple ribs; upper lip roundish, but appearing
arched from its two halves folding a little together at the central rather shallow
notch, waved and crenate, veined with purple; lower lip in 3 nearly equal obtuse
lobes, curled or rather crisped and plaited irregularly like the upper, notched and
veined in the same manner: J have never seen the middle lobe so lengthened out
as the fig. in E. Bot. represents it, which in other respects is rather an indifferent
plate. Stamens thickly clothed with white hairs on the inner side of the lower
dilated portion of the filaments, quite glabrous on their upper contracted part and
all along their outer side. Style quite smooth except a few scattered hairs near
the summit ; stigma of 2 very distinct, diverging, purplish lobes. Ovariwm per-
fectly glabrous, with a small, bright yellow, glandular, scarcely enlarged spot at
the base in front, but not encircling it with a tumid ring as in O. major. Capsule
oblong or elliptical, rusty brown, tipped with a part of thestyle. Seeds extremely
minute, scarcely more than half as large as those of O. major, brownish and
scarcely shining, ovato-oblong, attenuated at one end, covered with a network of
far less regular and more elongated cells.

J understand from Mr. Loe, jun., of Newchurch, that pigs eat this plant with
avidity, and that a person in that village is in the habit of feeding those animals
with it. Itis probably highly nutritious, being extremely succulent, and pos-
sessing a sweetish, succeeded hy a slightly bitter, flavour.

I have found this species at the foot of the Pelham woods with the flowers
densely crowded into interrupted spirals along the stem, and in one specimen the

 

* Mr. G. E. Smith bas found this species on Angelica Archangelica (O. Picri-
dis, Schultz) in a garden, as well as on Pelargonium in pots, of which I have
seen examples.

eee
Orobanche.) OROBANCHACEE. 865

Sieg furmed several complete whorls near the top, of 7 or 8 flowers in each
whorl.

8. O. Hedera, Duby. Ivy Broom-rape. “ Stem simple, sepals
l-nerved ovate below suddenly contracted into 1—2 subulate
points nearly as long as or longer than the tube of the corolla,
corolla tubular curved, limb denticulate wavy, upper lip 2-lobed
its sides straight, lower of 3 roundish nearly equal lobes, middle
lobe rather the longest, stamens inserted above the base of the
corolla glabrous with a few scattered hairs on the lower half, style
glabrous downy or with a few hairs on the upper part, lobes of
the stigma (yellow) cohering to near the middle.” —Br. Fl. p. 286.
O. barbata, Pair. EH. B. Suppl. Bab. Prim. Fl. Sarn. p. 66.

At the roots of Ivy, in moist shady woods, on damp rocks, walls and banks,
chiefly at the back of the island, but probably only a variety of the last species.
Fl. July—October. ©?

E. Med, — At East-end. Common at Bonchurch, and on banks at Ventnor.
Abundant about Steephill, in Pelham woods, and in general throughout the
Undercliff.

Stem 1 or frequently 2, 3, or more from the same swollen base, beneath which
area few short, stout, yellow fibres, attaching the plant to some creeping filament
of the root of Ivy at a few points only, the rest striking into the earth in the usual
way; erect, from a few inches to nearly 2 feet in height, simple, and mostly slen-
derer than in O. minor, bluntly angular, purple and very downy with gland-tipped
hairs. Scales most numerous about the base of the stem, pale, fleshy, ovate and
imbricated, those higher up lanceolate, scattered, withering to a dark brown colour.
Flowers in an elongating spike, usually more distant and less numerous than in
O. minor, occasionally very few and remote, sessile, alternate, pale cream-coloured,
afterwards purplish, finally brown, the corolla strongly veined with purple.
Bracts solitary, ovato-lanceolate, purple, with slender often deflexed points as long
as or longer than the corolla. Sepals ovate, fringed, each terminating above in
one or two long subulate points, the lower, when two are present, shorter than its
fellow, and continued downwards into a less prominent nerve; where there is but
one point the rudiment of a second usually exists as a more or less distinct tooth
or angle, which is rarely quite obsolete ; the upper or longer point of the sepal is
about equal to the tube, and is continued to the base of the calyx as a strong rib
or nerve keeled anteriorly. Corolla cylindrical or tubular, scarcely at all enlarged
or dilated upwards, arched or curved, very hairy, and having mostly 6 strong pur-
plish ribs with a few obscurer intermediate ones; of these ribs the three most
conspicuous occupy the under side of the tube, one running up into the centre of
each division of the trifid lower lip; upper lip of the corolla slightly 2-lobed, the
lobes deflexed, crisped, notched or toothed on the margin; wnder ip in 3 very
distinct segments, of which the ceutre one is the largest and longest, fan wedge-
shaped, the 2 lateral more or less lobed, rounded, all variously plaited, cut or
notched on their edges. Stamens in all the very numerous specimens before me
inserted much higher on the tube than described by Mr. Babington, quite
as much so indeed above the base as in the equally numerous examples of O.
minor also before me for comparison (the point of insertion of these organs is per-
haps variable, as in some Primulacee and Boraginacee); filaments compressed,
dilated at the base as in O. minor, but far less hairy beneath at the inner side
than in that;* anthers with very prominent awns. Style incurved at the apex,
minutely downy in the upper part or very nearly quite glabrous ; stigma 2-lobed,

 

* Posterior filaments, according to Lloyd (‘Flore de la Loire Inférieure,)
widely separated at the base; in O. minor the posterior filaments are approximate
and parallel, as the same author remarks 1. ». c. pp. 191, 192.
366 OROBANCHACER. [Orobanche.

the lobes approximate, almost coalescing, yellowish (in O. minor the lobes are
very distinct and remote on the bifid almost forked apex of the style, and are of
a purplish colour), Germen purplish. Seeds perhaps slightly larger and less
oblong than in O. minor, a difference which may belong rather to the individuals
than to the species.

Notwithstanding the detailed description T have here given, I freely confess my-
self unable to derive any character from the plant before me of sufficient prominence
to mark it as a good species apart from O. minor, excepting the differently formed
and coloured stigma, but which taken alone is too insignificant a character to
place much reliance upon. The slender habit and purple colour of O. barbata
may well be supposed the effect of a more shaded situation and humid soil, such
as in fact it is constantly found to affect.

That the various species of Orobanche may grow equally on plants belonging
to different and even widely separated natural orders, it is reasonable to infer from
analogy with other and still more completely parasitic vegetables, Cuscuta for
example, of which one species (C. Epithymum) flourishes on Furze, Heath and
Thyme in equal luxuriance, though there is no botanical relation between any of
these plants. So we find another Isle-of-Wight Dodder (C. europea) attaching
itself within the compass of a few yards to the wild Hop, Nettle and Thistles
(Cnicus arvensis), the two former nearly allied genera, the latter very remote in
the circle of affinities. See Sir W. Hooker’s judicious remarks on this species in
Br. FI. 5th ed. p. 233.

4. O. Picridis, F. W. Schultz. Picris Broom-rape. Stem
simple, sepals 1-nerved entire or in part 2—3 nerved gradually
attenuated into as many subulate points longer than the tube of
the corolla, corolla tubular ventricose at the base curved at the
apex nearly straight at the back, leaves denticulate wavy, upper
nearly undivided its sides straight, lower of 3 roundish rather
unequal lobes middle one the largest, stamens inserted below the
middle of the tube hairy on the lower leaf within, style glandular-
hairy below in front and on its upper half, lobes of the stigma
(purple) nearly distinct. H. B. Suppl. iii. t. 2956 (optima). Bertol.
Fil. Ital. vi. p. 489. Godron, Fl. de Lorr. ii. p. 181.

Rosehall Green, Freshwater cliffs, on Picris hieracioides, 1849.

Stem from a few (6 or 8) to 18 inches or 2 feet in height, pale purplish, whitish
or yellowish, tereti-angular, simple, often somewhat flexuose, slender or occasion-
ally of considerable thickness, very downy, particularly in its upper part and axis
of the spike, with spreading, pellucid, gland-tipped hairs. Flowers, as in O.

 

O. elatior. — Amongst my early notes I find the following entry :—* Orobanche
elatior? I found aclover-field at the end of Dark lane, near Carisbrooke, quite overrun
with it, Aug. 6th, 1837.” Unfortunately, and at this distance of time unaccount-
ably, I neglected examining the species further, which leaves it doubtful whether
the plants after all might not have been merely tall individuals of O. minor; but
that species was then quite familiar to me, and is noted as gathered abundantly at
Godshill the day previous.

Since writing the above, and on examining a bundle of plants collected in the
island about the date of the above note, I found a single specimen of Orobanche
having the characters of O. elatior, namely, the stamens glabrous above, but
glandular-hairy in their lower and dilated part; yet without any label attached
recording the date, or place where collected. I have little doubt however of the
specimen having been gathered in the above locality, and after being dried laid
aside and forgotten. It is certainly not O. minor, and it possesess neither the
character nor aspect of O. major.

_____
Orobanche.) OROBANCHACEE. 867

minor, in a dense spike sometimes of a foot in length, very numerous, in all my
Specimens from the above locality of a very pale colour, when quite fresh of a
cream-colour or nearly milk-white * with more or less suffusion of dilute bluish
purple, and pale purple or bluish veins, in the topmost unopened part of the spike,
showing in the aggregate of a sulphur-yellow. Bracts solitary beneath each
flower, lanceolate, taper-pointed, many-ribbed, glabrous above, hairy beneath, and
fringed with brown, tapering, mostly recurved points about as long as or rather
longer than the flowers (in O. minor considerably shorter than the flower?).
Calyx about as long as the corolla, whitish, hairy without, glabrous within ; sepals
ovate, sometimes entire and undivided, or with a tooth or two at the sides and
single-nerved ; often one or both sepals bifid, with several (usually very indistinct)
nerves; in either case each sepal is gradually attenuated into.a long, tapering,
brownish, very slender point, and is quite distinct or separate from its fellow to
the very base, not soldered or united for any part of their length. Corolla about
ths of an inch in length, tubular, laterally compressed so as to form an obtuse
angled triangle in section, of which the back is the apex slightly arched or curved
at both ends, certainly less so than in the fresh specimens of O. minor before me,
as Mr. Babington observes, and the flowers appear to be decidedly and consider-
ably larger; glanduloso-pubescent all over externally, within glabrous, yellowish
white or cream-colour, or often nearly milk-white, mostly with a faint suffusion of
dilute purplish blue, more conspicuous along the ribs on the anterior part of the
tube, the limb 2-lipped, the lips minutely eroso-denticulate, wavy, crisped and
Plaited ; upper lip porrected, nearly semicircular, entire, but folded anteriorly in
the centre so as to give the appearance of being 2-lobed, with a notch or sinus
‘between the lobes, and which does often really exist, as it appears to myself;
lower lip in 3 roundish spreading lobes, of which the middle one is somewhat
elongated and occasionally exceeding the 2 lateral, that are short and nearly orbi-
cular, all 3 strongly crisped, wavy and erose, deeply plaited in the middle at their
base, the central lobe especially, which terminates behind in two palatal protube-
rances, as in the personate genera of Scrophulariacee, &c. Stamens adnate with
the tube of the corolla for some considerable part of its length, very villous in
front in the united portion, and from thence to some distance upwards on the free
part; their superior half and the whole of their exterior side glabrous, certainly
not in the British plant scabrous above, as represented by Koch and Godron ;
anthers dilute purple in the bud, afterwards fuscous, the lobes strongly apiculate.
Ovary oblong, conical, slightly hairy at its summit in front, with a bright yellow,
tumid and glandulose spot anteriorly at base. Style about as long as the ovary,
stout, cyliudrical, purplish, hairy mostly in front along its whole length into the
top of the ovary, and all around towards the much decurved summit (quite gla-
brous according to Bertolonit), which is deeply cleft into 2 diverging, globose,
scabrous lobes (stigma), of a brownish red or sometimes violet-colour.

** Bracts 3 under each flower.

5. O. cerulea, Vills. Purple Broom-rape. “Stem simple,
calyx with 5 lanceolate acute teeth shorter than the tube of the
corolla, corolla tubular curved in front, middle of the tube com-
pressed, upper lip of the corolla cloven, lobes of the lip acute with
reflexed margins, anthers glabrous, style glandular downy.” —Br.
Fil. p. 287. EH. B. t. 428. Sutton in Trans. of Linn. Soe. iv. p.
182.

 

* The flowers of O. minor are occasionally white, as well as in this supposed
species.
. “ Stylus quoque glaberrimus,” Fl. Ital. vi. p. 439.
368 OROBANCHACEE. [Orobanche.

Parasitic on common yarrow in sandy pastures and heathy ground in East Me-
dina; rare. Fl. June—August. 2,.

E. Med.—In a pasture-field adjoining the rectory at Yaverland, sparingly,
1843. Near the cliff opposite the barracks on Royal heath, J. E. Winterbottom,
Esq.. 1841! Ina sandy field just beyond Royal heath, on the footway to Shank-
lin, Miss Phillips, 1845"! At Bordwood, Dr. Bell-Salter, 1845. This specimen
is the largest I have yet seen, being upwards of 16 inches high, with 3 or 4 stont
branches from the bottom of the stem. On the grassy edge of the cliff at the N.
end of Sandown bay, J. A. Hankey, E'sq., 1843! A specimen found between
Lake and Shanklin, Dr. Bell-Salter, 1843.

Root a few short flexuose fibres. Stem 1 or more, from 3 or 4 to 12 or 15
inches high, erect, slender, simple, or, as in one or two of my specimens (from
injury ?) branched* at the base, rounded and obscurely angular, finely downy all
over with erect pedicellate glands, of a dull bluish purple verging upon leaden
gray, partly intermixed with rusty red, the lower subterranean portion or caudex
whitish brown, and less swollen at the base than in most other species, often elon-
gated and flexuose, of uniform thickness or most communly enlarged at the sum-
mit and abruptly contracted immediately beneath, forming a sort of scaly bulb or
tuberous crown at the origin of the emerged coloured portion of the stem, which
is beset throughout with distant acute scales, which on its upper part are erect,
narrow, dark brown or blackish. Bracts 3 below each flower, the central and
outer one ovato-lanceolate, acute or taper-pointed, the two lateral and inner
inserted rather higher and on the calyx itself, linear-lanceolate, all clothed with
glands like the stem, and about equalling the calyx or a little shorter. Flowers
in a short obtuse spike at the top of the stem, not very numerous even in the
larger specimens, sessile or according to Koch (Deutschl. Fl. iv. Band. s. 466)
somewhat stalked, which they certainly are not in my specimens. Calyx much
shorter than (scarcely above half the length of) the corolla, tubuloso-campanu-
late, cleft about half way into 4 (rarely 5, Sutton) triangular-lanceolate, taper-
pointed (3- or 5-nerved?) erect segments, with often a rudimentary fifth one at
the back, the 2 anterior sepals broader than the 2 posterior, which are separated
behind by a wide space and a deep emargination, all glandulose and coloured
like the stem and bracts, the rest of the calyx pale yellowish or brownish. Co-
rolla extremely glanduloso-pilose, about $ths of an inch in length, of a dilute
purplish amethyst-blue or violet (in my specimens deeper, and more inclined to
the latter colour than the figure in E. B.), strongly marked with (about 16) deep
violet ribs, funnel-shaped, considerably curved, a little compressed laterally, with
a rather acute dorsal ridge, beneath flattened with 2 deep furrows, forming thus
a somewhat triangular circumference, the tube short, whitish and ventricose, the
throat rouch dilated, about equally 2-lipped ; upper lip bifid, ascending, with short,
divaricate, 3-ribbed, reflexed segments, that are more or less obtuse and rounded
or sometimes a little acute, slightly notched and waved; lower lip broader, in
3 deep, deflexed and somewhat recurved subacute segments, that are entire,
3-ribbed, the 2 lateral ones ovate, shorter than the middle lobe, which is usually
rather narrower and more oblong; all, like those of the upper lip, clothed with
white simple (not glanduliferous) hairs or bristles, extending backwards over the
palate and upper part of the throat of the corolla, which is otherwise quite gla-
brous inside. Stamens nearly equal, inserted just beneath the white tubular part
of the corolla, and therefore very near its base: filaments white, quite glabrous
excepting a few hair-like glands on their yellowish enlarged bases; anthers

 

* Sutton says that perfect specimens are occasionally branched, and T have a
very fine one in that state quite uninjured ; the branches however arise from the
top of the underground portion of the istem as they would from a root-crown,
though in another example, apparently somewhat mutilated, a few of the branches
spring from the higher part of the stem. [In the list of stations given above, the
branching of a very large specimen is described somewhat differently —Edrs.]

eee,
Lathrea.) OROBANCHACES. 369

yellowish, in my specimens quite glabrous (sometimes a little hairy, Koch and
Bab.), the cells mucronate at the base. Style slightly incurved, compressed late-
rally, white or bluish, glanduloso-pilose its entire length, deciduous; stigma waxy
white, deeply 2-lubed, the lobes divavicate, subglobose or sometimes flattened,
minutely glanduluse. Germen ovato-oblong, waxy white, shining and glabrous
except at the summit, 2- or faintly 4-lobed, without any tumid ring or gland at
the base. Capsules brown, ovate or elliptical-oblong, mostly with 4 deep furrows
(hence 4-lobed), the 2 lateral furrows sometimes obsolete; a little shining, some-
times downy, opening at the apex chiefly in the line of the anterior suture. Seeds
numerous, very slightly pellucid, blackish, the size of those of O. major, to which
they ae precisely similar, except in being somewhat pointed for the most part at
one end.

Tu one of my specimens I find the terminal flower reduced to a simple, angu-
lar, straight and coloured tube, terminating in a flat, fleshy, 5-lobed limb, of a
yellowish colour and resembling a stigma.

Sutton’s description of this species in the ‘ Linnean Transactions’ is excellent,
as is that by Koch in the ‘ Deutschlands Flora.’

I do not see how this plant can be the O. cerulea of Villars, in which that
author expressly tells us the bracts are solitary, unless perhaps he overlooked the
two lateral and inner ones, which are very narrow and much smaller than the mid-
dle and outer one.

Il. Larurzxa, Linn. Toothwort.

“ Oalyx campanulate, equally 4-cleft. Corolla tubular, 2-lipped :
the upper lip concave, entire; lower 3-cleft. A depressed gland
is at the base of the germen.—Plants leafless, coloured.” —Br. FI.

The genus Lathrea closely borders on Orobanche, and an American genus of
this order, Conopholis (Orobanche) americana, has greatly the habit and aspect
of Lathrea, having, like it, large and pale seeds, not very minute and black ones.

1. L. Squamaria, L. Greater Toothwort. “Stem simple,
flowers pendulous in 1-sided racemes, lower lip of the corolla
3-cleft.’—Br. Fl. p. 288. E. B. t. 50.

In damp shady places, woods, groves and shrubberies, amongst dead leaves and
vegetable mould about the roots of the trees; rather rare. #7. April, May. 2.

E. Med.—Scattered, though rather sparingly, in Bloodstone copse, near Ashey,
at the roots of hazle, 1846. Very abundant in the adjoining Eagle-head copse,
revealed by the clearing of the wood, 1846.

W. Med. — A single specimen gathered in Tolt copse, Gateombe, 1845. In
the Great and High Woods at Swainston, also in another wood near the house of
Miss Jane Simeon. In Long copse (the wood beyond the Calamintha station),
Apes Down, Miss Dennett (v. icon. color. prestantiss.) I have since heard from
Mrs. Dennett that it was in very great abundance in Long copse, from whence [
saw a fresh specimen, 1848!! Abundantly under the shrubs about the terraces at
North Court, Shorwell, Rev. James Penfold !! Little Standen wood ; not uncom-
mon in the island: G. Kirkpatrick, Esq. A single specimen in the wood between
Apes Down and Rowledge, Dr. Bell-Salter, 1845.

‘A singular parasitic plant, the stem of which is partly subterraneous and fur-
nished with closely imbricated leaves of a fleshy texture. Root small, fibrous,
attached to the roots of hazle and other trees, as also to the underground stems of
ivy, amongst which and decaying leaves it delights to grow. Stem branched,
creeping under ground, in which part it is clothed with close-set, imbricated,
fleshy and scaly leaves, having a great resemblance to the canine or eye-tooth in
the human subject, whence the English name. Flowering branches erect, from
4 or 5 inches to a foot or upwards in height, pale rose-coloured and finely downy
above, whitish and naked towards the base. lowers in a long unilateral spike,
flesh-coloured or bluish, nodding, on stalks of about their own length, each with

3 3B
370 LABIATAE. (Mentha.

a broadly ovate or subcordate, pale and shining bractea set closely but obliquely
under it, Calyx 2-lipped, downy, a little inflated or ventricose, faintly nerved,
each lip cleft into 2 broad acute segments closing on the corolla, which projects
but little beyond their tips. Corolla smooth, tubular, 2-lipped ; wpper lip con-
cave, rounded, either entire or slightly notched ; lower lip in 3 shallow crisped or
plaited lobes, stained and streaked with purple or dark rose-ved. Filaments a lit-
tle downy, dilated upwards ; anthers 2-celled, cohering, fringed along their edges
with white hairs; pollen white, granular. Style glabrous, curved, purplish, aud
in my specimens, as seems most usually the case, exserted; stigma capitate,
2-lobed, glandulose, with a transverse furrow. Ovarium nearly glabrous, half
surrounded at the base by a yellowish, tumid, somewhat lobed gland. Capsule
ovate, tipped with the permanent style, at first white and polished, afterwards
blackish brown, thin and membranous, of one cell bursting by a longitudinal
suture. Seeds numerous, roundish, brownish, deeply wrinkled, on 2 large fleshy
placente, each filling up nearly the half of the cell, and meeting by their flat
inner faces.

This plant, like Melampyrum, turns quite black in drying or on exposure to
the air soon after being gathered. Tt is a very variable plant in several respects.
My plants agree with the figure in E. Bot. in their broad ovate bracteas, and with
that of the Rev. G. E. Smith (Pls. of S. Kent) in the exserted style and colour of
the flowers, but differ from both in having these last much more crowded, though
not so much so as in the coarse plant of Fl. Danica, in which they are drawn
apparently with the upper lip of the corolla quite entire and with included styles.

For a most interesting memoir on the structure and economy of this singular
vegetable, by Mr. Bowman, see Linn. Trans. vol. xvi.

Order LVII. LABIATA, Juss.

« And thou hast fragrant herbs and seed,
Which only garden’s culture need:

Thy horehound tufts I love them well,
ee RR OR *

Thy thyme, strong-scented ’neath one’s feet,
Thy marjoram beds, so doubly sweet,
And penny-royals creeping twine:
These, each succeeding each, are thine.”
: Clare.

“ Calyx tubular. Corolla monopetalous, hypogynous, mostly
irregular. Stamens 4, mostly didynamous, 2 sometimes sterile or
wanting. Ovary 1, deeply 4-lobed; style arising from between
the lobes, near their base. Stigma 2-lobed. Achenes 4, enclosed
in the calyx. Seed solitary, erect. Embryo erect. Albwmen 0.
Leaves opposite. Stems square.”—Br. Fl.

Tribe Il. Menrnorvez, Benth.

“ Corolla bell-shaped, nearly regular. Stamens distant, straight.”
—Bab. Man.
Mentha.) LABIATS. 371

* Stamens 4.
I. Menrua, Linn. Mint.

“Calyx equal, 5-toothed; its mouth naked or rarely villous.
Corolla nearly regular, 4-cleft; its tube very short. Stamens
diverging, exserted or included. Anther-cells parallel.’—Br. Fl.

1. M. rotundifolia, L. Round-leaved Mint. Vect. Horse Mint.
Leaves sessile elliptical obtuse crenato-serrate (upper ones round-
ish elliptical with sharper serratures) wrinkled and downy above
densely shaggy and venoso-reticulate beneath, spikes linear or
subconico-cylindrical densely whorled the lowermost whorl a lit-
tle remote or interrupted, bracts ovate or lanceolate, calyx and
pedicels hairy, stems woolly with spreading hairs. Sm. E. FI. iii.
p. 74. Br. Fl. p. 308. Benth. Lab. p. 1738. EH. B. iv. t. 446.
Sole, Menth. Brit. p. 7. t. 8.

In damp pastures, hedges, wet thickets, and moist places by roadsides, and on
the margins of ponds, ditches and streams; chiefly in East Medina, and espe-
cially at the back of the island; abundantly. F/. August, September. 2{.

E. Med, — Rare about Ryde. At Binstead, near the Rev. Philip Hewitt’s,
sparingly. Observed in small quantity close to Briddlesford farm. Hedges near
Adgeton, and by the pond in the farm-yard at the Grove. Moist valley between
Horringford and Perreton,* in some plenty. Abundant in the Undercliff, as at
St. Lawrence, in the spot by the road adjoining the Well House, and immediately
behind Lord Yarborough’s marine villa. Near Newchurch, and abundantly in
meadows near Lower Knighton mill, especially in that immediately below the
mill-dam, 1843. By the stream-side at Budbridge, and at Bridge, 1843. San-
down marshes in one spot, sparingly, 1849. By the roadside between Alverston
and Adgeton, and abundant in a little meadow to the eastward of Alverston lynch,
nearly opposite a small cottage. Langbridge, Mr. Wm. Jolliffe!! [Salterns
marsh, not far from the roadside near Pondwell, Mr. Wm. Dimmick.—Eadrs.]

W. Med.— Brixton village, by a small pool a little N. of the church. Near
Atherfield, 1845. By the roadside from Sandrock to Blackgang, in plenty, Rev.
G. E. Smith!!! :

Rhizoma creeping extensively in a horizontal direction, branching at right
angles, and emitting bundles of rooting fibres from the joints. Stem erect, 1—3
feet high, solid, quadrangular, oppositely branched, clothed with copious soft,
spreading, forked, jointed, woolly hairs, which on the upper part of the stem and
branches are partially deflexed. Leaves opposite, nearly quite sessile, like those of
Sage (Salvia officinalis) in colour, lower and middle ones broadly elliptical, very
obtuse, unevenly crenato-serrate, the serratures mostly blunt or rounded, their
margins a little deflexed ; upper leaves more acutely serrate, and like those of the
whole plant, particularly in its first year, more or less round or rotundato-ellipti-
cal; all subcordate at their base, grayish green above, strongly wrinkled and
downy with erect, simple, jointed hairs, densely woolly and hoary beneath with
longer and forked hairs like those on the stem, and covered with a network of pro-
minent veins. Spzkes axillary and terminal, disposed in a subpaniculate manner
at the summit of the stem and its ultimate branches, linear-cylindrical, tapering _
or at length obtuse, of numerous densely crowded many-flowered whorls, one or two
of the lowermost of which are commonly separated from those above them by an
evident though short interval, each whorl subtended by one or more ovate or lan-
ceolate, acute, entire or toothed bracts, hairy chiefly on their under side. Flowers

 

* Pronounced Purton by the country people.
372 LABIATA. [Mentha.

small, pale purplish, often nearly white, on short pedicels that are partially beset
with a few deflexed or recurved hairs. Calya campanulate, clothed with stiff
hairs, those at its base recurved as on the pedicels, the rest spreading, its teeth
broadly lanceolate, erect, oftev purplish, fringed with rigid erect hairs. Corolla
much exserted, the throat and segments villous. Stamens either included (and
sterile, Benth.) or a little exserted (and fertile, Benth.) ; anthers brownish white,
purple or violet. Style occasionally protruded, mostly curved upwards.

Ihave remarked this species to be abundantly naturalized in the pastures of
the mountainous districts of Jamaica, at several of the pens or grazing-farms in
that island.

22. M. sylvestris, L. Horse Mint. “ Leaves subsessile ovato-
elliptical or lanceolate sometimes subcordate at the base serrate
downy hoary beneath, spikes almost cylindrical scarcely inter-
rupted, bracteas subulate, calyx very hairy, its teeth acuminated.”
Br. Fl. p. 308. E. B. t. 686.

Tn similar situations with the foregoing, but very rare. Fl. August, Septem-
ber. 2.
Stated in the ‘ Botanists’ Guide’ to have been found in the Isle of Wight by
Mr. S. Woods, but no locality is given.

+?3. M. viridis, L. Spear Mint. “ Leaves lanceolate acute
glabrous serrated sessile, spikes cylindrical interrupted, bracteas
subulate, calyx-teeth linear-setaceous.”—Br. Fl. p. 308. H. B.t.
2424.

B. Leaves curled. M. crispa, Roth non Linn. secund Cl. Benth.

In watery places, by the margins of brooks, ponds, ditches, &c.; very rare, and
perhaps not truly wild. 7. August, September. 2,.

£. Med.— Naturalized along the little brook passing by Lord Yarborough’s
marine villa at St. Lawrence, all the way to the beach, being doubtless cunveyed
thither from the kitchen-garden, through which the stream runs, Rev. G. £.
Smith 1

8. Naturalized with a. at the foot of a stone-faced bank below the cliff at Vent-
nor, near Fisher’s hotel.

?4. M. piperita, L. ex parte sec. Benth. quod negat Sm. Pep-
per-Mint. ‘ Leaves ovato-lanceolate or oblong strongly serrated
acute slightly hairy stalked, upper ones smaller, spikes lax short
obtuse interrupted below, bracteas lanceolate, calyx tubular with
lanceolate subulate teeth quite glabrous at the base.”— Br. Fl. p.
308. HH. B. t. 687.

In wet places like the last; a doubtful native. Fl. August, September. 2.

Near Ryde. By the side of the Medina below Shide, J. Woods, jun., Esgq.,
B.T. W.

5. M. aquatica, L. Water Capitate Mint. ‘“ Leaves ovate
serrated stalked rounded or slightly cordate at the base, upper-
most ones bracteiform and shorter than the flowers, flowers dense
in terminal obtuse heads or spikes and sometimes also in remote
axillary whorls, calyx tubular, its teeth triangular-subulate.’—
Br. Fl. p. 309. M. hirsuta, L.: H. B. t. 447.

In wet thickets and hedges, on the banks of streams, ditches, ponds, and in
other low watery places; most abundantly, Fl. July—Septembey. 24.
Mentha.) LABIAT. 873

? 6. M. sativa, L. Marsh Whorled Mint. ‘Leaves stalked
elliptical ovate or ovato-lanceolate serrate, upper ones similar but
smaller, all longer than the distant dense whorls, calyx with lan-
ceolate acuminate teeth.’—Br. Fl. p. 809. Sole, Menth. Brit. p.
47,t. 21? M. arvensis »., Benth. Lab. p.179. M. gentilis, L.:
Leight. Fl. Shrops. p. 275.

In wet hedges and thickets, by river-sides, ditchbauks and other watery places ;
very rare, and scarcely wild. £/. August, September. 2,. .

W. Med. — On a hedgebank by the rvadside between Calbourne and Brixton,
probably not really indigenous, 1841.

Root creeping. Stem erect, leafy, from 18 inches to 2 feet in height, solid,
quadrangular, furrowed and purple, with many opposite and (in my specimens)
short, flexuose, somewhat. erect branches, clothed like the stem itself with not very
numerous, partly spreading, partly recurved, stiffish hairs. Leaves opposite, on
very short, broad, channelled and slightly winged petioles, ovate or ovato-elliptical,
coarsely, unequally and sharply serrate, strongly depresso-venose, those un the
stem (at least the lowermost) scarcely pointed, those of the branches more acute,
palish green, most so beneath, where they are sprinkled with numerous round
brownish dots, depressed in the centre and interspersed with detached, yellow,
resinous particles: the upper surface of the leaves is beset with short, scattered,
erect hairs, which are longer and more copivus on the under side, particularly
along the very prominent ribs. Flowers in my specimens rather large, pale bluish
purple with some nearly white ones interspersed, in small, dense, axillary, distant
and shortly stalked whorls. Bracts linear or partly subulate, the two underimost
opposite, lanceolato-acuminate, larger than the rest, all hairy beneath and at the
edges, flat and glabrous. Calyx campanulate, strongly ribbed, sprinkled with
yellow resinous particles, the ribs and margins of the erect triangular-lanceolate
teeth beset with stiff, whitish, suberect hairs, which in my examples extend par-
tially down to the base of the calyx, and are even seen here and there on the
rouud, shining and otherwise glabrous pedicels, which are about equal in length
to the tube of the calyx. Corolla a little hairy on the back of the upper lip,
otherwise glabrous, the tube about as long as the calyx. Stamens included or
partly much exserted, as in other species of Mint; anthers yellowish, orbicular,
flattened.

The herb possesses the agreeable odour of Spear Mint, without much pungency,
and like it is cultivated in gardens.

Amidst the utter confusion which still prevails in our knowledge of this most
perplexing genus, I cannot quote any figure nor even description with certainty,
and indeed is it scarcely possible to do so where the differences that mark the spe-
cies or varieties shade off so imperceptibly as to defy the limited powers of lan-
guage to define such nice and evanescent peculiarities. Plates 18 and 21 of Sole,
—his M. rubra and sativa, particularly the latter,—come nearest to our plant, but
the leaves in each are more acute, yet I have but little doubt of their being both
varieties of the same plant, of which our own is another, with more obtuse leaves
than is perhaps usual. Sole’s short and imperfect characters do not assist much,
nor are the more detailed descriptions that follow very discriminative. The
figures in E. B., t. 2118 and 1413, are still more unsatisfactory ; the latter, though
bad, has much more resemblance to our plant than the former, which is not like
apy mint I ever met with, and certainly most unlike Sole’s pl. 18, AL. rubra, to
which it is referred. Judging from the descriptions, which coineide almost
exactly, our Isle-of-Wight plant is the M. gentilis of Smith, and of Leighton’s FI,
of Shropshire.

7. M. arvensis, L. Corn Mint. “Leaves stalked ovate or
elliptical sometimes cordate at the base serrate, upper ones simi-
lar and equally large, all longer than the distant whorls, calyx
874 LABIATA. [Lycopus.

campanulate, its teeth triangular acute about as broad as long.” —
Br. Fl. p. 310. H. B. t. 2119.

In moist waste and cultivated ground, damp cornfields, fallows, on ditchbanks
aud by streams, ponds, &c.; abundant. Fl. August, September. 2.

Rhizoma much branched in all directions, emitting long, white, downy and
swollen suckers intermixed with brownish fibres, and occasionally a few leafy
scious from the crown. Stem 1,or more, scarcely exceeding a foot in height,
mostly much less, procumbent or even prostrate, simple or more commonly
copiously branched, the branches widely spreading or divaricate, and as well as
the stem hispid with long, white, mostly decurved hairs. Leaves opposite, dull
grayish green, all stalked, ovate or ovato-elliptical, rounded, subcordate, tapering
or cuneate and entire at base, somewhat obtusely pointed, more rarely acute, with
several distant, shallow, crenate serratures, strongly depresso-venose, rough on both
sides with erect or curved hairs, and dotted, as seen under a glass, with extremely
minute pellucid points. Petioles not jth the length of their leaves, very hairy.
Verticillusters axillary, distant, many-flowered, depresso-globose, dimidiate, each
semiwborl with a pair of narrow, hairy, recurved bracts at the point of union of
the pedicels. Pedicels smooth, slender, mostly glabrous or very nearly so, some-
times considerably hairy, longer than the common peduncle, which, in the supe-
rior whorls at least, is so short as to make the latter appear sessile. Calya very
hairy without, glabrous within except at the mouth, tubular-campanulate, ventri-
cose after flowering (10-ribbed ?), resinoso-glandulose; its teeth erect, short, equi-
laterally triangular, acute but not at allacuminate. Corolla pale bluish purple or
nearly white, twice as long as the calyx, hairy without and at the throat within.
Stamens either much exserted and fertile, or included and sterile, often both in
the same flower, or wanting. Style shorter or longer than the stamens.

The peculiar odour of this species has been justly compared to that of mouldy
cheese.

8. M. Pulegium, L. Pennyroyal. “Flowers whorled, leaves
ovate downy obtuse subcrenate, stem prostrate, flower - stalks
slightly and calyx very pubescent, teeth of the latter fringed.”—
Br. Fl. p. 310. H. B. t. 1026.

On moist watery heaths and commons, village-greens, and the shallow grassy
edges of pools and plashes in such situations, but rarely. FU. July, September.

E. Med.—On St. Helen’s green, very sparingly, 1838—1839, but where, I am
told by the villagers, it is in certain seasons abundant.

W. Med. —“ TI think in the plantation on the left hand approaching the castle
(Carisbrouke) from Newport,” G. Kirkpatrick, Esq.

** Stamens 2.
IJ. Lycopus,* Linn. Gipsywort.

Calyx tubular, 5-cleft. Corolla tubular, limb nearly equal,
4-cleft, upper segments emarginate. Stamens distant, simple.
Achenia truncate, their summits sprinkled with glandular dots.

1. L. ewropeus, L. Common Gipsywort. Water Horehound.
“ Leaves deeply and irregularly pinnatifid-serrate, rudiments of

 

* Name from Avxos, a wolf, and 70us, « foot, from a supposed resemblance in
the cut leaves to a wolf’s paw; in German, Der Wolfsfuss. Gipsies are said to
dye their skins darker with this plant, whence the English name of Gipsywort.
Salvia.] LABIATE, 375

the sterile stamens minute, achenes about as long as the calyx-
tube.” —Br. Fl. p. 806. Sm. E. Fl.i. p. 34. EH. B. xvi. t. 1105.
Benth. Lab. p. 186.

In and on the margins of ponds, ditches, rivers and brooks, in wet meadows,
oe and woods; frequent. Fl. June—September. Jr. September? Octo-

er. :

E. Med. — About Ryde, frequent, as at Ninham, by the pond and elsewhere.
Ditches on Sandown level. By the stream at Bridge near Godshill, and in
various places on the moors between Godshill and Budbridge, 1848. About the
-margins of what was formerly a pool, called Swan pond, in a wood near Whitefield
farm, 1844. Ditches on the moors near Rookley. Pond near Hardingshoot
farm, abundantly.

W. Med.—In the boggy part of Beckett’s copse, Freshwater, 1845. West
bank of the Yar, just below Freshwater mill. Very common about Kingston.
Gurnet bay.

Root creeping, fibrous. Stem erect, 2 or 3 feet high, solid, downy, quadrangu-
lar, with a deep furrow on each face, and bearing many opposite, erect, leafy
branches. Leaves opposite, nearly sessile, ovato-lanceolate, very acute, deeply and
sharply inciso-serrate in the upper, almost pinnatifid in the lower half of the supe-
rior leaves, those nearest the root quite so towards the base, dull green, rather soft
and downy, with inflexed edges. Flowers minute, sessile, in small, dense, rather
oblong whorls, embracing the stem at each pair of leaves, and subtended by nu-
merous linear bracts. Calyx very short, hairy, its teeth subulate, nearly equal.
Corolla scarcely longer than the calyx, shaggy, especially within, white, the lower
Lip with a few purple spots; upper fp broader and shorter, its margin erect with
a central notch, the lateral lobes entire, spreading. Stamens 2, sometimes, it is
said, 4, exserted, very distant, placed about half way up the tube ; anthers lunate,
their lobes united at the summit only; the filaments inserted beneath the centre of
junction: this union of the cells appears to be effected by an expansion of the
filament into a broad membranous back (connectivum), to which the cells are
attached, and as it were incorporated with it. Style but little exserted; stigma
bifid. Seeds 4, 3-cornered, their outer face concave, the two inner flat, their sum-
mits plane or truncate, covered with pellucid resinous granules, and edged with
a raised thickened border: the seeds have a moist feel, and adhere to any object
they come in contact with, from the oily or resinous matter which covers them,
and imparts a faint but not very pleasant aroma.

Tribe II. Mowarpez, Benth.

“ Corolla 2-lipped. Stamens 2, fertile, parallel under the lip of
the corolla.” —Bab. Man.

ITI. Sanvra, Linn. Sage or Clary.

“ Calyx 2-lipped, tubular. Corolla labiate; the tube dilated
upwards and compressed. Stamens 2. Filaments with 2 divari-

cating branches, 1 only having a perfect single cell of an anther.”
—Br. Fl.

+121. S. pratensis, L. Meadow Clary. Lower leaves mostly
subcordato-oblong irregularly serrato-crenate stalked, upper stem-
leaves semiamplexicaul, bracteas small shorter than the calyx,
corolla twice as long as the calyx viscid and glandular on its
much arched upper lip. Sm. E. Fl. i.p. 84. Br. Fl. p. 307.
376 LABIATE. [Salvia.

E. B. iii. t. 158. Benth. Lab. p. 238. Wahlenb. Fl. Suec. i. p.
16; Fl. Upsat. p. 10.

In dry (and especially) chalky pastures and borders of fields; very rare, and
doubtfully indigenous. Fl. June, July. 2p.

E. Med.—In an old chalk-pit in Appuldurcombe park, Miss Georgiana Kilder-
bee. In Mis. Vine’s grounds at Puckaster? (In a pasture-field at Niton, 1854,
G. Kirkpatrick, Esq., Edrs.]

T have seen but a single though indubitable specimen of this very rare British
native in the herbarium of the lady on whose authority I insert it here, sent to her,
with some other wild plants, in a fresh state, from Appuldurcombe, and which on
inquiry was ascertained to have been gathered by a groom of Lord Yarborough’s,
in the locality above mentioned, July, 1838, but where I have since sought for it
in vain.

2. S. verbenaca, L. Wild English Clary. Leaves sinuate and
serrated, corolla narrower and scarcely longer than the calyx.
Sm. E. Fl.i. p. 35. Br. Fl. p.807. EH. Bit. t. 154. Curt. Fl.
Lond. fase. vi. t.1. Benth. Lab. p. 239.

8. Flowers larger, corolla more exserted.

In dry and especially chalky meadows and pastures, on hanks, waste ground
and by roadsides; not unfrequent. Fl. May—October. Fr. June, &c. 2f.

FE. Med.—Scarcely found about Ryde. Binstead, sparingly. Common at
Bonchureh, and plentifully at Ventnor on banks facing the sea, in the Cove, &c.
Along the Undercliff in various places.

W. Med.—By Freshwater church, and elsewhere in that parish, frequent.

6B. By the Old Church sea-mark, St. Helens.

Root woody, tapering. Stems 1 or more, herbaceous, a foot or two in height,
erect or a little ascending and purplish at the base, obtusely quadrangular, hol-
low in the centre, rough with short spreading or deflexed pubescence, mixed near
the summit with glandulose and somewhat glutinous hairs, simple or branched,
the branches opposite, simple, erect, the inferior more or less leafy, the superior
reduced to mere (and excepting the bracts) leafless racemes. Leaves of a rather
pale grayish green, wrinkled, slightly rough or scabrous only with minute bristly
hairs and asperities, paler beneath, with stout prominent ribs, and dotted with
close-set vesicular glands ; the radical and lowermost stem-leaves on very long,
flattened and slightly winged petioles, oblong or ovato-oblong, from about 3 to 5
inches in length hy 2 or 3 inches in breadth, more or less cordate and unequal at
the base, usually obtuse and rounded, at other times a little pointed, coarsely and
unequally crenate and serrate, more or less profoundly sinuate and incised-lobed,
sometimes even lyrate or pinnatifid, those at the root often nearly undivided ;
superior stem-leaves broadly ovate or ovato-rotundate, acute or shortly acuminate,
usually more sharply notched or cut than the others, quite sessile, clasping and
sometimes even connate hy their broad cordate bases. Flowers in simple, erect,
terminal and axillary, constantly elongating racemes, of which that at the summit
is but a continuation of the stem, and with the two shorter ones at its base con-
stitutes a sort of ternate, leafless and virgate panicle. Whorls almost always
6-flowered, dimidiate, remote, when in seed from about an inch to an inch and a
half asunder. -Pedicels very short and hispid. Bracts sessile, very broadly cor-
date or rotundato-cordate, acuminate, deflexed, shorter than the whorls, mostly
entire, the lowermost sometimes a little notched, their points blackish. Calyx
a little deflexed in seed, about 3 or 4 lines in length, grayish green and purplish,
somewhat glutinous, hispid with simple and gland-tipped hairs, 2-lipped, with 14
prominent purple ribs; the lips fringed with long white hairs; upper lip rather
shorter than the under, curved upwards, when viewed from above obovate and
deeply depressed anteriorly, with a sharp keel ending in the middle tooth of its
tridentate apex, the 2 lateral teeth connivent, minute; dower lip a little ascending,
deeply bifid, the segments ovato-lanceolate, aristato-acuminate, 3-ribbed. Corolla
Thymus. ] LABIATA, 377

small, usually but little longer than the calyx, deep yviolet-blue; upper lip hairy.
Anthers linear. Style much exserted, filiform, violet and little hairy in its upper
part, deeply bifid, with acute divaricate segments. Achenia roundish ovate, very
bluntly trigonous, dull black and wrinkled or covered with depressed dots.

Many real and more imaginary virtues have been attributed to Sage in all
times, even to the power of conferring immortality, if we may credit the classical
muse of the Schola Salmitana,

“Cur moriatur homo, cui Salvia crescit in horto?”

Tribe III. Sarvremve, Benth.

“ Corolla 2-lipped. Stamens 4, distant; cells of anthers sepa-
rate, diwergent; connective dilated.’—Bab. Man.

IV. Onicganum, Linn. Marjoram.

“ Spikes (or heads) of flowers somewhat 4-sided, resembling a
catkin, imbricated with bracteas. Calyx equally 5-toothed (or
2-lipped). Corolla with the upper lip erect, nearly plane; lower
one patent, trifid. Stamens diverging, connectivum subtriangular.”
—Br. Fi.

1. QO. vulgare, L. Common Marjoram. “ Heads of flowers
roundish panicled crowded, bracteas ovate longer than the calyx,
calyx equally 5-toothed hairy in the throat, leaves stalked broadly
ovate obtuse entire or toothed.”—Br. Fl. p. 311. EH. B.t. 1143.

On dry hilly pastures, banks, in rough stony woods and steep bushy places ;
abundant on the chalk. Fl. July—September. 2.

E. Med. —Brading and Yaverland, in abundance. Steephill, B. 7. W.

W. Med. — Profusely and very fine on chalky slopes in the woody valley near
Rowledge, 1843. Carisbrooke and the castle, B. 7. W.

Nuts minute, purplish brown, roundish ovoid, more or less triquetrously com-
pressed, pointed at the base, smooth and glabrous, not shining.

This plant, if not originally native, is completely naturalized in some parts of
the United States. I have seen it plentifully in the woods at Hoboken, New Jer-
sey, near Philadelphia, and elsewhere.

V. Tuymus, Linn. Thyme.

“ Flowers whorled or capitate. Calyx with 10—18 ribs, tubu-
lar, 2-lipped; upper lip 3-toothed, lower one bifid; the throat
hairy. Corolla with the upper lip erect, nearly plane; lower
patent and trifid. Stamens diverging. Anther-cells at first
nearly parallel, afterwards diverging ; connectivum subtriangular.”
—Br. Fl

1. T. Serpyllum, L. Wild Thyme. Mother of Thyme.
“ Flowers capitate, stems branched decumbent, leaves plane ovate
obtuse entire petiolate more or less ciliated at the base, floral
leaves similar, teeth of the upper lip of the calyx ovato-lanceolate
of the lower subulate ciliated, upper lip of the corolla notched

ovato-quadrangular.”—Br. Fl. p. $11. HE. B. t. 1514.
3.¢
378 LABIATAE. ([Culamintha.

B. cttriodora. Lemon-scented Thyme.

y. Stem and leaves very hairy.

On dry turfy banks and heathy pastures, and heathy hilly places; abundantly.
Fl. July—September. 2f.

8. Roadside near the Sandrock spring.

y. Not uncommon about Ryde, &c.

Dr. Darlington tells us that within his recollection it was a prevalent vulgar
notion in America that wild Thyme sprung up spontaneously in spots where
human blood had been spilt by any casualty or violence, Fl. Cest. p. 347. The
idea, though revolting, is not without ils poetry, but how widely different from the
images of peace and repose which the thyme-covered bank suggests to the rustic
muse in Europe.

Common or garden Thyme (Thymus vulgaris) is naturalized on the wall of a
garden at Niton.

Tribe IV. Mexrssinzz, Benth.

“Corolla 2-lipped. Stamens distant. Anther-cells connected
above.’—Bab. Man.

VI. CauamintHa, Moench. Calamint.

Verticillasters axillary, stalked, cymosely dichotomous, with
minute subulate bracts, few- or many-flowered and forming lax
secund racemes. Calyx tubular or subcampanulate, many-ribbed,
distinctly 2-lipped, scarcely gibbous at base, the mouth hairy
within. Corolla with the upper lip straight, nearly flat, lower lip
8-lobed, patent.

* “© Calyx gibbous at the base below. Middle lobe of the lower lip of corolla nearly

entire. Whorls of about 6 simple 1-flowered pedicels, with almost no bracteas.
Acinos.”—Br. Fl.

1. C. Acinos, Clairv. Basil Thyme. Stem ascending branched,
leaves oblong on short stalks acute serrated more or less ciliated

at the base. Br. Fl. p. 3821. Thymus, Z.: #. B.t. 411. Aci-
nos vulgaris, Pers.

B. Flowers pure white.

In dry, open, chalky, gravelly or sandy fields, fallows and stony hilly pastures ;
not uncommon. Fil, June—August. ©.

E. Med. — Field in the angle formed by Eagle-head and Bloodstone copses,
near Ashey, plentifully, 1838. On Kennerley heath, and in sandy fields about
Newchurch, Bordwood, Queen Bower, &c., frequent. Abundant in high chalky
fields above Sandown bay, near the Culvers, 1848. Fields near Bembridge down,
W. Wilson Saunders, Esq. Near Princelade, Mr. D. Snooke.

W. Med.— Between Thorley and Shalcombe. Near Alum bay. About Caris-
brooke castle, Mr. D. Snooke.

f. Sandy ground below Queen Bower, in some plenty, 1843.

Leaves ovate, with distant serratures. lowers mostly 6 in a whorl, violet, cen-
tre of the lower lip white, the middle lobe with a dark purple spot. Calyx gib-
pous beneath at the base, its mouth guarded by dense white hairs directed
outwards, the rest of the tube very smooth and shining. Style a single incurved
point, not cleft as in most of this natural order. Seeds very small, brown, obo-
vate and pointed at the base, where there are two depressions, covered with minute
gray meal which easily rubs off, otherwise quite glabrous.
Calamintha.] LABIATA. 379

The var. 8. isa very pretty one, from the pure whiteness of the flowers, un-
mixed with any trace of the usual coloured spots.

** “ Corolla neurly equal at the base. Middle lobe of the lower lip of corolla emar-

ginate. ; Whorls of 2 lux peduncled cymes. Bracteas minute. Calamintha”
—Br. Fi.

2. C. officinalis, Meench. Common Calamint. “Stem herba-
ceous with loose ascending branches, leaves stalked broadly ovate
obtuse crenato-serrate green on both sides, cymes stalked few-
flowered shortly dichotomous or umbellate, calyx distinctly
2-lipped, teeth with long cilis, those of the upper lip triangular
straight or ascending, of the lower subulate and longer, hairs in
the mouth not prominent, lobes of the lower lip of the corolla
distant, middle one the longest.”—Br. Fl. p. 822. Mench.
Method. p. 409? Blackwell, Herb, tab. 166 (certe nostra, sed
flores malé color). Gaud. Fl. Helv. iv. p.88. 8. parviflora? con-
Jer obs. ad calcem. descript. p. 89. Matth. Volg. ii. p. 716, fig. ?
Melissa Calamintha, Z. Thymus Calam., Sm. HE. Fl. iii. p. 109.
E. B. xxiv. t. 1676, flores nimis magni.

In dry, open, sunny situations, on banks, by roadsides, borders of fields and
fea. rocks, chiefly on a gravelly or calcareous soil; rare. £l. July—Septem-

er. :

£. Med.—Plentiful in the rocky ground above Bonchurch, now (1843) probably
in a great measure extirpated by building. By the roadside above Apse heath.
Ruins of Quarr abbey, Mr. Thos. Meehan, jun.!! Near the Parsonage, Yaver-
land, but sparingly, Dr. Bell-Salter. Sparingly between Quarr abbey and Fish-
bourne, near Quarr house, 1837. :

W. Med.—Frequent on hedgebanks by the roadside between Thorley and Wel-
low. A few plants in the park at Swainston, 1843. Along the road from Caris-
brooke to Buccombe. About Carisbrooke village and castle, and near some
cottages at Thorley, in plenty, Mr. D. Snooke !!!

Root stout, hard, woody and tortuous, covered with a dark brown wrinkled
bark, knotty at the crown, composed of several thick flexuose fibres that are much
branched, though far less copious than in the next species, mostly inclined to a
horizontal direction, and emitting similar but far less abundant and less slender
filaments: the root, though running pretty far, has nothing of the nature of a
rhizema, and cannot therefore be properly called creeping, being neither jointed
nor stuloniferous, the nascent stem proceeding from the crown alone above-ground
or just beneath the surface. Stems several, a foot or 18 inches high, mostly
ascending or even decumbent beneath, lax and spreading, their upper part erect;
tetragonous, downy all over with long, white, spreading hairs, copiously and oppo-
sitely ramified with variously spreading lax branches, filled like the stem itself
with a fine, white, cellular tissue. Leaves opposite, on flattish hairy petioles of
nearly half their length, very broadly ovate, roundish ovate, almost deltoid or
rhomboidal, subcordate, bluntish or subacute, the uppermost often distinctly
pointed, pale green, ciliated and downy on both sides with jointed hairs curved
forwards, resinoso-punctate beneath with prominent very hairy ribs, the margins
with few distant, very shallow, crenate serratures, and entire at the base. Flowers
in opposite, axillary, secund, stalked and imperfectly whorled clusters of from 4 to
6 or 8 in each, on a common peduncle more or less elongated, but sometimes so
short that the clusters appear sessile, pale purple or pinkish, with violet spots in
the throat and on the lower lip. Pedicels round, hairy, variable in leugth, as long
as or longer than the calyx, each with one or several linear or subulate fringed
bracts at its base or at the forks of the common stalk. Calyx tubular, a little
ventricose or inflated below near the base, with 13 very prominent purplish ribs,
rough with curved hairs pointing forwards, the intercostal spaces sprinkled with
380 LABIATE. [Calamintha.

pale yellow resinous globules; upper lip in 3 equal, acute, triangular, almost
recurved segments ; lower lip much longer than the upper, in 2 subulate slightly
incurved segments, all of which are fringed with long, stiff, pectinate hairs ex-
tending into and across the mouth of the calyx when in seed, but not in general
projecting beyond the cavity. Corolla twice as long as the calyx, hairy exter-
nally and sprinkled with resinous particles, with a narrow slender tube which is
villous within ; upper lip ovate, erect, emarginate, the edges a little reflexed, pur-
plish ; lower lip nearly plane, trifid, the 2 lateral lobes rounded, entire, tinged with
purple, the middle lobe longer, broader, roundish heart-shaped, entire or very
slightly emarginate, with a spot of bright purple in the centre, and several streaks
and blotches of the same colour between it and the throat of the corolla. Anthers
pinkish, the lobes very remote and united by a fleshy connectivum, not cohering
in pairs. Style glabrous; lower lobe of the stigma plane, grooved, much longer
than the upper. Seeds (nuts) minute, palish brown or partly whitish, roundish
ovoid, with one obtuse (inner) angle, roughish and thickly dotted with depressed
points.

This plant, from its scent and general appearance, might more properly be
called Wild Basil than Chiropodium vulgare, which has much the aspect and
odour of that exotic herb.

3. C. sylvatica, Nob. Wood Calamint. Stems somewhat
ascending lax with a few distant elongate nearly erect branches,
leaves ovate mostly acute sharply serrate, cymes many-flowered
stalked, lower lip of corolla with contiguous segments, middle
lobe scarcely longer than the two lateral broad and shallow, upper
calyx teeth erect or recurved, root partly creeping. Br. Fl. p.
822. C. officinalis, Reichenb. Fl. Germ. Excur. No. 2244? God-
son, Fl. de Lorr. ii. p. 208, descr. bona. M. Calamintha, Benth.
Lab. p. 388 (fide cl. auctore ipso) (sed non Linn.) Hoppe, Het.
Plant. tab. 613 (nec. Linn.). Thymus Calamintha, Bertol. Fl.
Ital. vi. p. 228.

In sheltered shady places, woods, thickets, and on bushy declivities ; very rare.
Fil. August—October. 2,.

Profusely in woods on the western sides of a small valley between Apes down
and Rowledge farms, rather less than three miles W.S.W. of Newport: first dis-
covered by me as a species new to Britain, Aug. 29, 1843. :

Root much slenderer than in the last, woody, brownish, very copiously branched
and comosely fibrous, emitting, chiefly from the top, long, jointed and finally
woody suckers or rhizoms, that creep horizontally under ground, and, again
branching at various angles, give off anew flowering stems and rooting fibres as
in C. Clinopodium, to which species the present clusely approaches in habit and
structure. Stems several, from about 1 to 2 feet or more in height, erect, ascend-
ing or reclining, wavy, lax and slender, filled with pith, bluntly quadrangular,
not winged, more or less branched, but far less ramified than in C. officinalis, the
branches opposite, erect, and, as well as the main stem, hispid with long, white,
spreading or partly decurved, rigid and simple hairs, but less copiously than in C.
officinalis. Leaves opposite,* light green, paler beneath, but brighter or less gray
than in C. officinalis and considerably larger, 2 or 3 inches (excluding the petiole)
in length, more closely, acutely and deeply serrated, pointed or often somewhat
obtuse, slightly attenuated rather than rounded at base, though a few of the lower
leaves occasionally assume the ovato-rotundate form, with the shallow serratures

 

* My friend N. B. Ward, Esq., gathered a specimen having all the leaves in
threes, a very unusual deviation from the normal structure in plants of this natu-
yal order. (Ward in litt.)
Calamintha.} LABIATAE. 381

of C. officinalis, otherwise similar, those accompanying the whorls rapidly dimi-
nishing in size. Flowers large, handsome, in secund, subcymose or subpanicu-
late clusters or false verticils, arranged in pairs or one from the axil of each oppo-
site leaf, on a more or less elongated common stalk or peduncle (in the lowermost
pair or two often an inch or more long), curved upwards or ascending, parallel to
each other or widely diverging, the clusters themselves spreading, simply subdi-
or tri-chotomously forked, or, as in C. officinalis, somewhat umbellate, but less
completely, each division with several linear-lanceolate or subulate, unequal and
ciliated bracts at its base. Pedicels very unequal, terete, hispid. Calyx distinctly
2-lipped, not much larger than in C. officinalis, the teeth brownish purple, the
3 upper ones erect or (especially after flowering) considerably recurved, the
2 inferior, as in that species, longer than the upper, slender, curved upwards and
pectinato-ciliate; the tube, as Mr. Bentham remarks, naked or nearly so within,
or clothed with similar converging hairs to those of C. officinalis, but outwardly
with much fewer and shorter hairs than in that, sprinkled with similar resinous
glands. Corolla pale:purplish, rose- or peach-blossom-red, downy all over exter-
nally, variable in size, but always larger, broader and differently coloured from C.
officinalis, those of the lower verticils about $ths of an inch long (1—1} inch,
Benth.), nearly three times the length of the calyx, smaller and deeper coloured ;
upper lip nearly as in C. officinalis but rounder, with a similar emargination ;
lower lip with the lobes much broader and more rounded than in that, slighuly
waved and crenulate, the middle lobe but little exceeding the 2 lateral in length,
very broad and shallow, its posterior and lateral margins rounded and overlap-
ping, or overlapped by the lateral lobes and concealing the sinus between them ;
(in C. officinalis the lobes are very distinct and widely separated from each other,
the middle one greatly longer than the rest and wedge-shaped at the base); pa-
late with 2 bristly prominences, and, as well as the throat and disk of the middle
lobe, beautifully variegated with white, and spotted deep rose-colour or rich crim-
son. Nuts somewhat larger and darker coloured than in C. officinalis, and, in my
specimens at least, less thickly and deeply punctate or nearly smooth, otherwise
exactly similar.

Our plant is exceedingly well described (root excepted) by Bertoloni in FI.
Ital.

In the form of the corolla the present species approaches very closely that of
C. Clinopodium.

The scent of the herbage is more agreeable than in (. officinalis, and either
fresh or dried partakes strongly of the odour of peppermint, but milder.

This beautiful species grows readily from slips, and when treated as a green-
honse plant, or kept entirely within doors, becomes extremely showy; the flowers
are produced in much greater number, and, though somewhat paler than in the
wild state, are increased in size, and crowded unilaterally on long leafy branches,
appearing almost one mass of blossoms.

Pollini notices the resemblance in the odour of Melissa grandiflora to that of
peppermint, as in our C. sylvatica.

##% “< Calyx nearly equal at the base. Middle lobe of lower lip of corolla notched.
Whorls sessile, dense, many-flowered, with numerous linear bracteas, forming
w sort of involucre. Clinopodium.”—Br. Fl.

4. C. Clinopodium, Benth. Wild Basil. “ Leaves ovate

 

Melissa officinalis (Common Balsam) has been found growing in Sandy lane,
between Whitecroft and Blackwater; and I find it on a bank not a hundred
yards from the church, where it is naturalized under a garden wall. It is said to
be found apparently indigenous in Somersetshire and other parts of the W. of
England, but is with us here certainly but the outcast of gardens.
382 LABIATAE. (Prunella.

obscurely serrated, whorls hairy, bracteas setaceous, pedicels
branched.”—Br. Fl. p. 322. Clinopodium vulgare, Z.: EH. B. t.
1401.

In woods, thickets and bushy hilly places, on banks, about hedges and borders
of fields, on a dry gravelly or calcarevus soil; frequent. FU. July—August. 2.

E. Med. —Common about Ryde.

W. Med.— Common everywhere in woods about Swainston and Rowledge.
Plentiful about Thorley, Yarmouth, Calbourne, Apes Down, &c.

Seeds very small, roundish triquetrous, quite smooth, chestnut brown, the scar
white, marked on the back with about 3 very slender scarcely prominent ribs.

Tribe V. Scorerrarie®, Benth.

“ Stamens approximating, parallel under the wpper lip of the
corolla. Calyx 2-lipped, closed in fruit.”—Bab. Man.

VII. Prunewua, Linn. Selfheal.

“Calyx ovate; upper lip plane, more or less distinctly
8-toothed; lower one bifid. Corolla with the upper lip nearly
entire, arched; lower one 3-lobed. Filaments with two teeth at
the extremity, one bearing the 2-celled anther. Style bifid.” —
Br. Fi.

1. P. vulgaris, L. Common Selfheal. ‘ Leaves stalked oblong-
ovate, upper lip of the calyx truncated, its teeth usually obsolete,
the teeth of the lower lip ovato-lanceolate mucronate, corolla
scarcely twice the length of the calyx.”’—Br. Fl. p. 323. H. B.t.
961.

In meadows, pastures, fields and hedges; by roadsides, in heathy ground,
woods, thickets and waste places; everywhere. VU. July, August. 2.

VIII. Scurerraria, Linn. Skull-cap.

“ Calyx broadly ovate, having a conspicuous concave tooth or
scale on the upper side; its 2 nearly equal entire lips closed after
flowering. Corolla with the tube much exserted; upper lip
straight arched; lower one trifid. Filaments simple; anthers of
the 2 lower stamens l-celled. Style bifid, upper lobe very short.”
—Br. Fl.

In the structure of the flowers, and in general hubit, this genus betrays the
strong affinity of the natural orders Labiate and Scrophulariacee.

1. 8. galericulata, L. Common Skull-cap. ‘Stem branched
divaricated, leaves crenato-oblong or ovato-lanceolate rounded or
cordate at the base, flowers axillary solitary opposite secund,
calyx downy without glands.”’—Br. Fl. p. 824. HE. B. t. 523.

On the banks of rivers, streams and ditches, the shallow margins of ponds and
swampy ground, and in wet woods and thickets; not very frequent. JV. July,
August. 2{.

#, Med.— Near Ninham farm. Marsh-ditches at Yarbridge, frequent; and
in many parts of Sandown level; especially plentiful a little below Homingford

|
Scutellaria.) LABIAT&. 383

bridge. Near Blackwater mill. In a large willow-thicket by Budbridge farm.
Marsh-ditch in a meadow nearly under Marshcombe copse. In a wet copse near
Whitefield farm, about what was formerly a pool called the Swan Pond, in some
plenty. Near Rookley farm, sparingly, 1844. Wood near the sea-shore between
Ryde and Binstead, Wm. Wilson Saunders, Esq.

W. Med.— At West mill, between Newport and Carisbrooke, in plenty, Miss
Dennett! By the Medina, between Newport and Shide, sparingly, Mr. Snooke.

Root or rather rhizoma whitish, creeping horizontally, fibrous at the joints.
Stem from about 1 to 2 feet in height, erect, or in damp shady places weak and
reclining, subsimple or oppositely branched in the upper part mostly, the branches
slender, simple and erect; hollow, brittle, acutely quadrangular, the angles subu-
late, the faces flat, with a raised moulding on two of the sides alternately; nearly
glabrous below, roughish above with short, recurved, strigose pubescence along the
angles chiefly, often purplish. Leaves opposite, more or less erect, sometimes
widely spreading, and in the procumbent form with their surfaces in the plane of
the stem and at right angles to it, from about 1 to 23 or 3 inches long, pale green,
thin and membranous, oblung-lanceolate, more or less acutely pointed, cordate at
base, their somewhat revolute edges unequally, distantly and shallowly crenato-
serrate; wrinkled and slightly pubescent or nearly glabrous above, more downy,
pale whitish green and prominently veined beneath. Petioles very short, from
less than a line in length in the higher and smaller to 4 or 5 lines in the lower
and larger leaves, semiterete, channelled above and downy. Flowers solitary,
opposite, axillary and secund, approximated in pairs chiefly on the higher part of
the stem and branches. Pedicels scarcely a line in length, subcompressed and
downy, with a pair of extremely minute subulate bracts at their base. Calyx
about 2 lines in length, finely downy with recurved pubescence, sometimes gla-
brous, (Leight.), tubular-campanulate, truncate, very shallowly almost obsoletely
2-lipped, the lips equal, entire; indistinctly ribbed, and bearing towards the base
of its superior half an upright, transverse, flat scale-like process or pouch, formed
by a duplicature of the calyx, of a rectangular figure, rounded at the corners and
slightly emarginate, concave at the back: after fowering the anterior portion of
the calyx changes its former cylindrical shape; its 2 lips or inferior and superior
surfaces become plane and pressed together, closing the mouth entirely; the
calyx then splits throughout its whole length along its two lateral rib-like sutures,
the dehiscence extending across the saccate process, whence the entire upper half
of the calyx is thrown off, leaving the under half persistent. Corolla from about
6 to 9 lines in length, downy with still finer, softer and more erect pubescence
than the calyx, ascending, 2-lipped, the throat dilated, purplish blue with about
12? deeper-coloured ribs; tube cylindrical, many-ribbed, scarcely the length of
the calyx, greenish white, glabrous, forming a moderately abrupt bend with the
ascending funnel-shaped limb of the corolla, and a gibbosity at the inferior angle
of flexure with the latter; upper lip deep purplish blue, galeate, slanting forward
over the lower, and nearly closing the orifice between them, its middle lobe
vaulted, obliquely ascending, emarginate in front, its roundish narrow border
turned back; lateral lobes obliquely ascending and approximate above under the
central lobe, their margins strongly revolute; Jower lip rather longer and much
broader than the upper, nearly semicircular, in 3 rather shallow sometimes indis-
tinct lobes, blue, the centre white and spotted with purple, sometimes with
3 grooved lines of the same colour, entire or slightly waved or crenulate, the mid-
die lobe emarginate. Stamens as well as the style included, and lodged with it
in the oblong inflated convexity or crown of the upper lip; filaments dilated and
downy in the middle; anthers densely villous, scarcely cohering, the lobes dark
purple; those of the longer pair of stamens united by a very prominent or crest-
like and hairy connectivum. Style whitish, cylindrical, glabrous, tapering from
its simple, acute, slightly decurved apex.

Bentham ascribes to the common European plant glabrous stems and leaves,
his var. 6. Lab. p. 437.
384 LABIATE. (Nepeta.

2. S. minor, L. Lesser Skull-cap. “‘ Glabrous, leaves shortly
stalked obtuse mostly quite entire, lowest ones broadly ovate,
intermediate ones ovato-lanceolate cordate and somewhat hastate
at the base, upper and floral ones lanceolate rounded at the base,
flowers (small) solitary axillary opposite unilateral, corolla nearly
glabrous with the throat dilated, calyx downy without glands.”—
Br. Fl. p. 324. EH. Bt. 524.

In low, moist, heathy, boggy or muddy places, wet woods, sides of meadow-
drains, ditches, and on damp tillage-land ; not uncommon. Fl. July—October.

EE. Med.—In Whitefield wood. Extremely abundant on Apse heath, growing
even amongst potatoes on newly turned-up land. In various parts of Sandown
level. Frequent on many parts of Lake common. Common about the foot of
Bleak down, around Lashmere pond, &c., 1843. [Boggy slope behind St.
Helens green,—also at Lane-end, Bembridge, A. G. More, Esq.—Edrs.]

W. Med.—[Moortown bog, Brighstone,—and the bog at Freshwater Gate, Dr.
Bell-Salter.— Edrs.]

Much smaller than the last in all its parts, seldom above 4—10 inches high,
except when drawn up amongst herbage to almost twice that height. Root slen-
der, pale straw-yellow, running far and wide with many long creeping branches
that spread in all directions. Stem erect, with 4 winged angles, more or less
branched, often copiously so from the very base, so as to be quite bushy, the
branches opposite, ramified, purplish at the base, roughish with short stiff hairs.
Leaves numerous, opposite, dark green, ovato-oblong, cordate at the base, the
lowermost on extremely short petioles, the uppermost all but sessile, their margins
slightly revolute and deflexed, roughish above with short bristly hairs, entire, the
lowermost only subhastate from an occasional blunt dentate sinuation or two near
the base. Flowers solitary in the axil of each leaf, on rather short, horizontal,
hairy pedicels at right angles to the leaves, hence secund and approximating in
pairs, 4rd of an inch long, of a dilute pink or purplish colour, the lip prettily
speckled with rose-red. Bracts in pairs at the base of each pedicel, very minute,
setaceous. Calyx about a line in length, almost bell-shaped, bristly. Corolla
much longer than the calyx, downy, the throat hairy ; upper lip in 3 very distinct
nearly equal lobes, the middle one arched and enclosing the style and stamens;
lower lip in one broad, scarcely lobed, waved and crenate segment. Filaments
and anthers villous. Style glabrous. Seeds rounded, granulated, seated on a red-
dish or orange-coloured gland.

Tribe VI. Neperzex, Benth.

“ Stamens approximating, parallel under the wpper lip of the
corolla, 2 inferior shortest. Calyx tubular.’—Bab. Man.

IX. Nepveta, Linn. Cat-mint.

“ Calyx tubular, many- (15-) ribbed, its mouth usually a little
oblique, 5-toothed. Corolla with the tube exserted; upper lip
straight, emarginate or bifid; lower 3-fid. The two anterior sta-
mens the shortest. Anthers before bursting approaching in pairs;
cells diverging.”—Br, Fl.

1. N. Cataria,L. Cat-mint. “ Stems erect, flowers in spiked
subpeduncled dense many-flowered whorls, leaves stalked cordate
inciso-serrate whitish pubescent beneath.”— Br. Fl. p. 320. Sm.
E. Fl.iii. p. 70. EH. B. ii. t. 187.
Lamium.) LABIATAE. 385

_ On gravelly and chalky banks, in waste places, along fences, hedges and road-
sides, but rarely. Fl. July—September. 2,.

£. Med.—On the rough slope of the down above, and amongst the brushwood
on the rocky ground behind, Bonchurch, in several places, 1840. At Ventnor, by
the ‘Crab and Lobster, very sparingly, Dr. Martin!!! On a heap of stone rub-
bish a little to the E. below the road near Flint cottage, Ventnor, Rev. G. E.
Smith. Near Little Duxmore farm, Mr. Thos. Meehan, jun., 1845!! Hedge at
Truckles, sparingly, Dr.Bell-Salter, 1845!!| A plant or two by the roadside
between Old Park and Mirables, 1844.

_ W. Med.— Gravel-pit near Calbourne bottom. Weston farm (a plant or two
just within the fence by the roadside!!!), Sconce tower, Mr. Snooke.

Root very large, of several thick, fleshy, horizontal fibres. Stem 2—4 feet
high, hollow, quadrangular, branched and downy like the whole plant. Leaves
ovato-cordate, on short petioles, dull green above, whitish beneath, very soft to the
touch, with large, equal, bluntish, tooth-like serratures. Flowers white, prettily
speckled with pink, in dense shortly stalked clusters from the base of the upper
leaves, so closely set as to appear whorled in a spicate form, but the clusters
are in pairs only, and not ranged round the stem as inatrue whorl. Calyx tubu-
lar, a little oblique, hairy, with about 15 strong green ribs, its teeth nearly equal.
Corolla hairy, longer than the calyx, its throat suddenly dilated above the very
slender contracted tube, its upper lip in 2 rounded nearly erect lobes, lower lip with
the 2 smaller or lateral lobes spreading or reflexed, the middle lobe broad, round-
ish, dotted with purple, its turned-up edges deeply and irregularly notched, hairy
within about the throat. Anthers rose-coloured. Style scarcely as long as the
stamens ; stigma short, nutched. Nuts rather large, dark brown, roundish oblong
or elliptical, subcompressed, flatly and very obtusely triquetrous, minutely roughish
or subltubercular, the hilum marked by two snow-white mealy depressions, gla-
brous except a slight mealiness here and there, chiefly at the base.

The herb has a strong not very pleasant smell, excepting to the feline race,
which are said to delight in rubbing themselves against and rolling upon it, to its
destruction, in gardens.

2. N. Glechoma, Benth. Grownd-iry. Gill Alehoof. ‘‘ Pro-
cumbent, leaves reniform crenate, whorls axillary stalked unilate-
ral 8—4 flowered, teeth of the calyx ovate mucronate.”—Br. Fl.
p. 820. Glechoma hederacea, L.: HE. B. t. 8538.

fB. All the stamens reduced to staminodia.

Abundant on hedge- and ditch-banks, in damp gardens, orchards, woods,
groves, and other moist shady places. /’. March—May. 2.

8. In moderate abundance in Cow- or Primrose-lane, between Play-street farm
and Stone-pits toll-gate, near Ryde, Dr. Bell-Salter !!

Tribe VII. Stacuype#, Benth.

“ Stamens approximating, parallel under the upper lip of the
corolla, 2 inferior longest. Calyx tubular or bell-shaped, spreadiny
in fruit.’—Bab. Man.

* Stamens longer than the tube of the corolla.

X. Lamium, Linn. Dead-nettle.

“ Anthers approximating in pairs; cells diverging, bursting lon -
gitudinally. Upper lip of the corolla arched.” — “ Calyx bell-

shaped, 5-toothed, teeth nearly equal.”—Bab. Man.
3D
386 LABIATE. (Laniiwm.

1. L. amplezicaule, L. Great Henbit. Henhit Dead-nettle.
* Leaves orbicular wrinkled inciso-crenate, the floral ones sessile
becoming distant by the lengthening of the stem, teeth of the
calyx lanceolato-subulate about as long as the tube erect after
flowering, tube of the corolla straight naked within, tooth of the
lateral lobes of the lower lip obsolete.”—Br. Fl. p. 318. EH. B. t.
770,

In waste and cultivated ground, gardens, fallows, about dung-hills, &c.; not
uncommon, especially on a sandy soil. 7. whole year, but most perfectly in
spring and summer. ©.

2. L. purpurewm, L. Red Dead-nettle. Red Archangel. “ Leaves
cordate crenate all stalked, upper ones crowded, teeth of the calyx
as long as the tube always spreading, tube of the corolla straight
within having a hairy ring, the throat much dilated, lateral lobes
of the lower lip with two short teeth."—Br. Fl. p. 317. Sm. E.
Fl.iu.p. 91. #H. B. xi. t.769. Curt. Fl. Lond. i. fase. 1, t. 42.
Benth. Lab. p. 112.

B. Flowers white or nearly so.

In cultivated and waste ground, gardens, fallows, ditch- and hedge-banks,
walls, and in grassy places; everywhere abundant. Fl. spring—autumn, and
partially the year through. ©.

8. Hedgebank at Fishbourne.

Root of numerous slender pale fibres. Stem 6—10 inches high, reclining and
usually branched at the base, where it is more slender than towards the summit,
and is sometimes procumbent and rooting, hollow, curved, partly purplish, weak
and succulent, square, roughish and slightly winged or bordered at the angles,
leafless in the middle, with a pair or two of opposite roundish Jeaves on long hairy
footstalks above or below the centre; uppermost leaves crowded, deflexed, broadly
cordate, bluntish, unequally crenate (rarely entire), strougly veined and wrinkled,
soft and hairy, more or less tinged with purple, the terminal ones very small and
pointed. Flowers in axillary, many-flowered, sessile whorls, the upper ones
closely crowded, the lowermost whorl sometimes a little remote. Calyz a little
curved, the teeth subulate, fringed, spreading, purplish black along the angles, as
are also the corners of the stem between the whorls. Corol/a rose-coloured, much
smaller than in L. albumin ; upper lip oval, entire or slightly notched, shaggy, deeply
coloured, lateral lobes inflated, forming with the throat a sac or pouch, their supe-
rior margin reflexed, stained with purple within anteriorly, where they terminate
each in a single, sharp, recurved, tooth-like appendage, having another and
smaller bluntish one beneath it; dower lip in 2 roundish, deeply divided, deflexed
or spreading lobes stained with purple in the centre, their margins slightly notched
in front; ¢ube nearly straight, streaked with purple, as is the throat, and having
within a ring of stiff white hairs, pointing a little forwards, inserted between the
coloured portion of the tube and its pale annular base. Stamens hairy; anthers
with several tufts of stiff hairs or bristles on the face of each cell, and according
to Mr. Leighton accompanied by 6—8 small, white, oval, tuberculate bodies at
their base, but of which I can find no trace in my specimens, and presume there-
fore they are not constantly present; pollen bright scarlet, of many oval or ellip-
tical grains.

3. L. inciswum, Willd. Cut-leaved Deud-nettle.  “ Leaves
broadly cordate or deltoid- cuneate deeply inciso-crenate all
stalked, the uppermost crowded, teeth of the calyx subulate about
as long as the tube always spreading, tube of the corolla straight

|
Lamium.} LABIATS. 387

naked within, lateral lobes of the lower lip with a short tooth.’—
Br. Fl. p. 817. E. B. +. 19838.

In waste and cultivated ground occasionally, but not common, though probably
only a variety of the species last described. FU. with L. purpur. ©.

£. Med.—Amongst turnips in a field at Nettleston green, 1838. About Shank-
lin in several places, 1843. Fields near Shanklin, Mr. Wm. Wilson Saunders !!!
[St. ee spit, A.G. More, Esq. Garden-ground at Bembrilge, Dr. Bell-Sal-
ter.—Edis.

W. Med, — Hedgebanks in the lane leading from Marvel wood to White croft,
in some plenty, 1845, {Near Kingstone, A. G. More, Esq., Edrs.]

I am almost persuaded this is simply a form of L. purpureum, as Wallenberg
makes it (Fl. Suec.), but in deference to the opinion of such eminent authorities as
Smith, Hooker and Bentham, who believe these two species to be really distinct,
I have refrained from reuniting them.

4. L. album, L. White Dead-nettle. White Archangel. “Leaves
cordato-acuminate deeply serrated stalked, calycine teeth long
subulate always spreading, tube of the corolla curved upwards
within having a hairy ring, the throat dilated, upper lip oblong,
_ lateral lobes of the lower one with 1—3 long subulate teeth.” —

Br, Fl. p. 317. E. B. t. 768. L. vulgatum, Benth. Lab. p. 514.

On hedgebanks and walls, in waste ground, the grassy borders of fields, and
amongst rubbish; not rare, but less frequent and general than the second of our
species. Fl. April, &c., and partially into autumn. ©.

E, Med, —At Binstead and elsewhere about Ryde, occasionally. Extremely
common about Newchurch, in waste ground and hedgerows. At E. Cowes, at the
top of the new plantations.

W. Med. —Plentilul along the hedgebank of the raised causeway betwixt New-
port and Carisbrooke, and along the road from Carisbrooke to Shorwell, where I
have gathered it with the flowers faintly tinged with red on the back of the upper
lip of the corolla. Frequent at Thorley.

Root fibrous, emitting rhizomata in all directions, which again take root at the
joints, and send up fresh stems annually. Stems from about 6—12 inches high
or taller when drawn up in hedges, ascending or even decumbent at the base,
afterwards erect, pale green or purplish, quandrangular, the angles slightly bor-
dered, simple or in the larger with a pair or two of opposite branches near the
base, harsh with spreading or deflexed hairs, hollow, weak and succulent. Leaves
pale green, soft and flexile, very like those of the common Nettle in shape, in
pairs, opposite, mostly ovato-cordate, but often rounded, truncate or subattenuated
at the-base, acute or acuminate, strongly and rugosely veined above, paler and
prominently netted beneath, roughish on both sides with short, erect, simple and
jointed hairs, deeply and unequally incised-dentato-serrate, the serratures rounded,
acute or even incurved ; lower leaves distant, on long, channelled, hairy petioles,
smaller than the upper leaves or those accompanying the whorls, and which are
on much shorter, more dilated, fringed petioles; the highest leaves again dimi-
nishing in size, almost subsessile. Verticillusters of several closely sessile flowers,
the exterior blossoms of each semiwhorl with 2 or 3 small bracts at their base,
that are shorter than the calyx. Calyx tubular, campanulate, prominently 10-
ribbed, a litle compressed laterally, pale green dotted and blotched with brownish
purple, that extends to the adjacent portion of the stem and petioles; the limb in
5 triangular segments, acuminated into as many long, weak, subulate, oblique
points of nearly equal length; superior segment suberect, very widely separated
from the 2 exterior, which approximate to and project parallel with the inferior
pair. Corolla nearly an inch long, curved somewhat like a long /, milk-white
with a faint tinge of yellow and some dots and streaks of pale vlive-green on the
central lobe of the lower lip and at the base of the latter just within the throat ;
upper lip of corolla large, obovate, vaulted, much narrowed behind, traversed by
388 LABIATAE. [Lamiwm.

a bifid or trifid prominent ridge or keel, the forks of which terminate in the irre-
gularly crenate anterior margin, very downy with long white hairs externally,
glabrous within; lower lip glabrous, the lateral lobes minute, almost merged in
the inflexed throat, their superior horizontal margins a little folded down or
reflexed, and terminating anteriorly in a blunt angle, below which is a subulate
tooth or process, the margin continuing downwards in a vertical direction to the
base of the anterior lobe, obscurely dentato-crenate; central or anterior lobe
roundish obcordate or nearly circular, deeply emarginate, strongly and irregularly
crenate in front; all the lobes more or less reflexed, and suddenly contracted
behind into a short neck or claw; tube scarcely a line in length, its mouth closed
with a ring of white hairs; throat dilated, with a membranaceous sac-like gibbo-
sity underneath, running back to the orifice of the tube, and rounded at the apex
or somewhat spurred. Stamens unequal ; filaments white, downy, partly with soft
and weak, partly with stiff glandular hairs; anthers not cohering in pairs, black,
strongly bearded at the back with long white hairs ; pollen greenish yellow, grains
oval: Ido not tind the small tubercular bodies at the base of the anthers men-
tioned by Leighton. Style as long as the stamens, very slender, slightly enlarged
upwards, bifid at the summit, the forks equal, divaricate.

With a wide distribution, L. album is yet a somewhat local species, nor is it by
any means universally diffused over the Isle of Wight. At Great Yarmouth, as I
learn from Mr. Dawson Turner, it is amongst the rarest plants.

5. L. Galeobdolon, *“Crantz. Yellow Archangel. Yellow Wea-
sel-snout. “Lateral lobes of the lower lip of the corolla oblong
acute.’—Br. Fl. p. 316. Benth. Lab. p. 516. Galeobdolon
luteum, Huds.: EH. B. t. 787,

In moist shady places, woods, groves and under hedges; plentifully in various
parts of the island. Jl. April—June. 2f.

£&. Med. — Abundant in Great wood, Luccombe copse, and other woods near
Shanklin, aiso in the chine. At Apse castle, and about Appuldurcombe, frequent.
Steephill and other parts of the Undercliff. About Cowes, in Shambler’s copse,
in Barton copse, between Norris castle and King’s quay. Near Mirables, Mr.
Fred. Russell in With.

W. Med.—Bottomground copse, near Newport.

Root fleshy or somewhat tuberous at the crown, often a little creeping, with
copious long, pale, branched fibres, emitting barren shoots procumbent and root-
ing at the joints. Stems several, from about 12 to 20 inches high, flexuose or
ascending at the base, then erect, simple, qaadrangular, hollow in the centre,
purplish and hispid in their lowest part with white, stiff, mostly deflexed hairs,
greenish and comparatively glabrous for $rds of their length, the barren shoots
hairy throughout. Leaves opposite, stalked, bright green, sometimes spotted with
white or purplish beneath, the lower pair or two smaller and more distant,
as well as on longer stalks and without flowers in their axils; ovate or as they
ascend becoming ovato-lanceolate, acute, strongly depresso-venose, rounded or
subcordate at the base, coarsely, deeply and unequally inciso-serrate, the serra-
tures rounded ov acute, with glandular tips, flexible and soft with erect scattered
pubescence, more copious on the under surface, which is reticulated with promi-
nent veins. Petioles hairy, caniculate and dilated downwards, gradually shorten-
ing and widening as they ascend, the uppermost scarcely a line in length, of the
lowermost leaves often an inch or more. Wahorls axillary, of about 6 to 10 sessile
flowers the size of those of Lamium album, the exterior ones with a linear, cili-
ated, mucronulate bract at the base of each, shorter than the calyx, of which those
behind them are destitute. Calya green, tubuloso-campanulate, pubescent, with
about 5 principal and as many secondary ribs; teeth 5, triangular, with fine subu-
late points, the 4 ivferior ones nearly equal, spreading or even a little recurved,
the inferior one larger, erect and remote. Corolla 2-lipped ; upper lip very large,
obovate, vaulted, downy, minutely and unevenly waved or crenulate along the
edges but not emarginate, finely fringed, pale yellow ; lower lip tvifid, golden yel-
Stachys.] LABIAT. 389

low, variegated with tawny or fulvous streaks and dots, with which the margin of
the upper lip is sometimes besprinkled within, 2 lateral lobes roundish ovate, acu-
minate in front but without lateral teeth, middle lobe linear-oblong, tipped with a
small point, entire, much longer than the lateral lobes; tube very short, reddish
and glabrous, closed at its junction with the throat of the corolla by an oblique
ring of white hairs. Filaments white, downy ; anthers with purplish edges. Style
reddish, filiform, slightly enlarged upwards, bifid at the summit, the segments
spreading, acute, the lower one longest.

XI. Gazteoprsis, Linn. Hemp-nettle.

“ Calyx campanulate, equal, 5-toothed, teeth mucronate. Co-
rolla with the tube exserted, the throat inflated: upper lip arched;
lower one with 3 unequal lobes, having two teeth on its upper
side. The two anterior stamens the longest. Anther-cells oppo-

site, bursting transversely, 2-valved. Achenes rounded at the
end.” —Br. Fil.

1. G. Ladanum, L. Red Hemp-nettle. “ Stem softly pubescent
with deflexed hairs or glabrous not swollen below the joints,
leaves lanceolate subserrate downy on both sides, calyx having
sometimes a few glands, upper lip of the corolla slightly notched.”
—Br. Fl. p. 315. E. B. t. 884.

Abundant in dry gravelly or chalky cornfields, fallows, waste ground, and on
chalk or limestone rubble, in various parts of the island; also ov ditchhanks, dry
stony hills and grassy borders of fields, thickets, &c.; occasionally. £1. July—
October. ©.

E. Med.—Abundant in many places along the Undercliff, as in the cornfields
above Bonchurch, St. Lawrence, &v. About Ashey, in fields above Eagle-head
copse. New Fairlee farm. At Beaper farm, near Brading, 1848. Fields near
Bembridge down, Mr. Saunders.

W. Med. —Corntields about Yarmouth and the Needles hotel. Ningwood and
elsewhere betweeu Yarmouth and Newport. Rowledge. Field above North
Court, abundantly, 1842. Between Apes Down and Rowledge, 1843.

Achenia grayish brown, obovate, rounded at the back and summit, subtrique-
trous, shining and glabrous.

2. G. Tetrahit, L. Common Hemp-nettle. “Stem hispid
swollen below the joints, leaves oblong-ovate acuminate hispid
serrated, calyx-teeth twice as long as the tube, corolla with the
tube as long as the calyx, upper lip erect ovate.”"—Br. Fl. p. 316.
EL. B. t. 207.

B. Flowers white.

In cultivated ground, amongst corn, &c., in waste places, moist woods, thickets,

hedges and about ditches; abundantly. Jl. July—September. ©.
B. Lower Knighton, near the mill.

XII. Sracuys, Linn. Woundwort.

“ Calyx tubular, bell-shaped, with 5 equal teeth.” “ Upper lip
of the corolla concave, lower of 3 unequal lobes.”  “ Anthers
approaching in pairs; cells diverging, bursting longitudinally.”
“ Nuts obtuse, and convex at the end.”—Bab. Man.
390 LABIATAE. [Stachys.

1. S. Betonica, Benth. Betony. ‘“ Hairy, spike interrupted
short, leaves cordato-oblong crenate, corolla twice as long as the
calyx, stem naked, middle lobe of the lower lip somewhat notched.”
—Br. Fl. p. 318. Betonica officinalis, H. B. t. 1142.

In woods, groves, thickets, and in dry open sandy or heathy pastures; very
common. Fl. June—August. 2f.

2. S. sylvatica, L. Hedge Woundwort. ‘ Whorls of 6—8
flowers distant, bracteas minute, calyx-teeth very minute, leaves
cordato-ovate acute serrate long-stalked, upper floral ones linear
entire."-—Br. Fl. p. 319. EH. B. t. 416.

In damp shady situations, wovds, thickets and hedges, on ditchbanks, by
stream-sides and in waste weedy places; abundantly. £7. July, August. 2.

Achenia roundish ovate, bluntly triquetrous, black and shining, pale at the base,
shagreened and subtuberculate, inserted on a concave receptacle, with a lobed or
notched basin-like rim or border.

3. 8. palustris, L. Marsh Woundwort. ‘ Whorls of 6—10
flowers, bracteas minute, calyx-teeth very acute, leaves linear-lan-

ceolate or ovato-lanceolate rounded or cordate at the base sessile
or stalked.

‘a. Lower leaves shortly stalked, upper sessile and semiamplexicaul. £. B.
t. 1675.

“ 8. ambigua. Leaves distinctly stalked, stalks not above half the length of the
leaf. S. ambigua, Sm.: £. B. t. 2089.-—Br. Fl. p. 319.

y. Leaves shortly stalked.

In wet marshy places, boggy thickets, by river- and ditch-banks, also in moist
arable land; very common. J. July, August. ‘

B. By the side of a new road betweeu Sea View and Ryde, Albert Hambrough,
Esq.

: Fields at Lower Morton, by Sandown. Near Shanklin, Miss FE. Airk-
patrick. [On Gallibury down, by the side of the cross-road towards Roughborough,
Dr. Bell-Salter, Edrs.}

The roots of S. palustris are said to become edible by cultivation. See Curtis,
Brit. Entom. vi.

4. S. arvensis, L. Corn Woundwort. ‘ Annual, whorls of 4—6
flowers, stem decumbent or ascending, leaves cordato-ovate obtuse
crenate slightly hairy stalked, floral ones ovato-oblong sessile
acute, teeth of the calyx lanceolate aristate, corolla scarcely longer
than the calyx.”—Br. fl. p. 319. H. B. t. 1154.

In waste and cultivated ground, fallows and dry open fields; not unfrequent.
Fl. April—November. ©.

E. Med. —Between Quarr abbey and Fishhourne. Nettlestone green. Abun-
dantly on the waste building-lots at E. Cowes park, 1846. [Extremely common
in gardens and ploughed fields at Bembridge, especially near the cliff, Dr. Bell-
Salter.—Ears.]

W. Med. — Common in fields about Gurnet farm, amongst tarnips, potatoes,
&c. About Pallance.
Marrubium.) LABIATA. 891

XIII. Batnora, Linn,

“ Calyx salver-shaped, equal, with 10 ribs and 5 broad mucro-
nated teeth, naked within. Corolla with the tube included: upper
lip erect, concave; lower one trifid, middle lobe the largest, emar-
ginate. The two anterior stamens the longest. Cells of the
anthers diverging, opening longitudinally. Achenes rounded at
the end.”—Br. FI.

1. B. nigra, L. Black Horehound. Stinking Horehound.
“ Leaves ovate crenato-serrate, bracteas linear-subulate, teeth of
the calyx shortly acuminate patent longer than the tube of the
corolla:’—Br. Fl. p. 814. EH. B. t. 46.

B. Flowers white.

In dry waste places, borders of woods and fields, amongst rubbish and on
hedgebanks, everywhere; most plentiful in general on approaching towns and
villages. Fl. June—October. 2,.

B. At St. Lawrence. By the roadside immediately opposite Rew farm, near
Ventnor. Lane near Merston. Between Freshwater gate and Farringford hill,
Mr. Snooke. [n a field between Idlecombe farm and Bottomground, Rew, in
moderate quantity, and growing with the common purple form.

The plant at Rew is B. fetida, Lam., having very broad, shortly acuminate
and recurved calyx-teeth. That at St. Lawrence is B. ruderalis, Fries, with
longer, narrower calyx “ gracefully dilated upwards,” the teeth ovato-lanceolate,
tapering into long points and erecto-patent. But, as Mr. Bentham observes,
“the form of the calyx is so uncertain within the above-mentioned limits, that I
cannot distinguish between the three plants figured as species by Reichenbach,”
a remark to the correctness of which my own repeated observations on our native
species enable me to bear testimony.

The barren stems of Ballota remain green through the winter.

** Stamens included in the tube of the corolla.

XIV. Marrvupium, Linn. Horehound.

“ Calyx with 10 ribs and 5 or 10 spreading teeth, the throat
hairy. Corolla with the tube exserted: upper lip erect; lower
one 3-lobed, middle lobe the largest, emarginate. ‘The two ante-

rior stamens the longest. Achenes flatly truncated at the end.” —
Br. Fl.

1. M. vulgare, L. Common or White Horehound. “ Every-
where hoary with a white thick pubescence or woolliness, stem
erect, leaves roundish ovate toothed or crenate wrinkled, calyx
with 10 setaceous hooked teeth, upper lip of the corolla oblong
bifid.”—Br. Fl. p. 321. #. B. t. 410.

In dry waste places, pastures, by roadsides and about villages, but rare in the
lower and more level parts; far more abundant on the high chalk-downs, and
usually along the earthen or stone fences that traverse them. Fl. June—Sep-
tember. 2{.

E. Med.— At Bonchurch. Compton farm, Sandown, Mr. Snooke. [Bem-
bridge down, A. G. More, E'sq., Edrs.]

W. Med.—Frequent on many parts of Afton down and other places about Fresh-
water. On the slope of the down a little above Brook church, in plenty, 1845.
392 LABIAT. (Teucrium.

About Brixton, Brooke, &e. Abundant on all the downs west of Calbourne ;
Colwell: Mr. Snooke.

Achenia small, blackish brown, obovato-oblong, rounded at the back, cuneate in
front, scabrous avd tubercular.

Tribe VIII. Avucorpesz, Benth.

“ Corolla with the upper lip very short, or split, deeply bifid and
appearing as if wanting.”—Bab. Man.

XV. Trvcrium, Linn. Wood Sage.

“ Calyx tubular, 5-toothed, nearly equal or 2-lipped. Corolla
with the upper lip bipartite; lower one patent, trifid. Stamens

much exserted. Cells of the anthers confluent, spreading.’—
Br. Fl.

1. T. Seorodonia, L. Wood Sage. “ Leaves oblong-ovate cor-
date at the base petiolate downy crenate green on both sides, flo-
ral ones small about the length of the pedicels, flowers in lateral
and terminal 1-sided racemes, calyx sub-bilabiate, upper lip ovate
entire, lower 4-toothed, tube of the corolla exserted, stem erect.”
—Br. Fl. p. 312. E. B. t. 1543.

In dry woods, thickets, hedges and rough, stony, bushy or heathy places; plen-
tiful in most parts of the island. FU. July, August. 2.

Achenia small, blackish brown, ovato-rotund, scarcely triquetrous, scabroso-
punctate, glabrous,

22. T. Chamedrys, L. Wall Germander. “Leaves ovate
inciso-serrate wedge-shaped and entire at the base green on both
sides, floral leaves smaller nearly entire, whorls of 2—6 flowers,
upper ones racemose, calyces declinate campantlate, their teeth
lanceolato-acuminate nearly equal, flowers axillary, stem ascend-
ing.”—-Br. Fl. p. 318. EH. B. t. 680.

On old walls, rocks and ruins, the borders of fields, and in rough, stony, hilly
places; very rare, and now apparently extinct in its only recorded station in this
island. #%. July—September. 2.

Carisbrooke castle (Pulteney), Bot. Guide. In the area of Carisbrooke castle,
Dr, Stokes in With.

I have repeatedly searched for this plant in vain at Carisbrooke castle, and my
friend N. B. Ward, Esq., the ingenious inventor of the now well-known method
of growing plants in almost air-tight cases, was equally unsuccessful in his endea-
vours at finding it many years ago.

XVI. Asvea, Linn. Bugle.

“Calyx ovate, nearly equal, 5-cleft. Corolla with the tube
exserted: upper lip short, erect, entire or emarginate ; lower one
larger, patent, trifid. Stamens 4, ascending, protruded above the
upper lip; cells of the anthers diverging or divaricate, at length
confluent.”—Br. Fl.

1. A.reptans, L. Common Bugle. ‘ Glabrous or downy, stem
Verbena.] VERBENACES. 393
solitary with creeping scions, leaves ovate or obovate sinuate or
quite entire.’—Br. Fl. p. 318. E. B. t. 489.

8. Flowers pure white.

y. Flowers light purple or pink.

In moist woods, thickets, pastures and shady places; abundantly.

8. In the wood adjoining Calbourne New Barn, not unfrequent. Near Ryde.
“ Abounds in the Isle of Wight,” Smith.

y- In Quarr copse. Apley wood.

Order LVIII. VERBENACEA, Juss.

“ Calyx tubular or campanulate, persistent. Corolla monopeta-
lous; tube elongated; limb irregular, 4—5 lobed. Stamens 4,
didynamous, or 2; unthers 2-celled. Ovary 2—4 celled, 2—4
seeded. Style 1, terminal. Stigina bifid or entire. Capsule
separating at length into 4 achenes, or indehiscent, or a berry
with 1—4 nucules. Albwmen none. Radicle inferior. — Trees or

shrubs, or herbaceous plants. Leaves generally opposite.” —
Br. F.

I. Vrerzsena, Linn. Vervain.

“ Calyx tubular, with 5 teeth, one of them usually shorter than
the rest. Corolla tubular, with the limb rather unequal, 5-cleft.
Stamens included (very rarely only 2). Ovary 4-celled; cells
l-seeded. Capsule dividing into four 1-seeded achenes.’—Br. FI.

1. V. officinalis, L. Common Vervain. Simpler’s Joy. “ Sta-
mens 4, stem 4-angled erect somewhat hispid, leaves rough espe-
cially beneath shining above lanceolate inciso-serrate or trifid with
the segments cut, spikes filiform somewhat panicled, flowers rather
remote, bracteas ovate acuminated about half the length of the
calyx.”—Br. Fl. p. 825. EH. B. t. 767.

On dry banks, in churchyards, along hedges, roadsides and waste ground ;
common, and chiefly near inhabited places; more rarely in woods and pastures
remote from habitations. F/. July—September. F'r. September? October. 2.

E. Med. — In Binstead stone-pits, and elsewhere about Ryde occasionally.
Very common at Bonchurch, Ventnor, St. Lawrence, and along the Undercliff
generally. Farm-yard at the Priory. Nunwell farm. Common at the W. end
of Shepherd’s lane, by Hasely farm, and about the farm itself, 1844.

W. Med. —In very sequestered copsewood at the upper end of the valley at
Apes Down, 1845. Woods at Swainston. Extremely frequent about Yarmouth,
Thorley and Calbourne. Abundant about Freshwater, in the direction of Alum
bay, as on Pound green. Brixton churchyard.

 

22. Ajuga Chamepitys.

In dry, sandy, gravelly fields overc halk. .

A dubious inhabitant of the Isle of Wight, reported to me as growing in fields
about Week farm, near Niton, along with Melampyrum arvense, but, though a
very likely station to produce it, this species has never occurred to my observation
there or elsewhere in the island. ‘ 5

3 E
394 LENTIBULARIACEE. [Pinguicula.

Sceds 4, reddish brown, oblong and slightly conical, truncate, convex at the
back, with several very prominent ridges that unite into coarse reticulations at the
summit, the two inner faces plane and thickly covered with white oblong granu-
lations.

Order LIX. LENTIBULARIACES, Rich.

“ Calyx divided. Corolla irregular, 2-lipped, with a spur. Sta-
mens 2, from the base of the corolla. Anthers 1-celled. Ovary
l-celled. Style usually wanting or very short (rarely filiform).
Stigma of 2 plates, upper one smaller, sometimes obsolete. Cap-
sule with a large central placenta, bearmg many seeds, which are
very minute, without albwmen.—Small, herbaceous, marsh plants,
with leaves all radical and undivided; or aquatic plants with com-
pound root-like leaves bearing bladders.’—Br. Fl.

I. Pinevicuna, Linn. Butterwort.

“ Calyx 2-lipped, upper lip of 3, lower lip of 1, bifid segments.

Corolla vingent. Stigma sessile. Capsule with 2 lateral valves.”
—Br. Fil.

1. P. lusitanica, L. Pale Butterwort. “ Spur cylindrical obtuse
decurved shorter than the almost equal limb of the corolla, leaves
membranous veined and as well as the scape hairy, capsule glo-
bose.” —Br. Fl. p. 826. Sm. E. Fl. i. p. 28. HE. B. iii. t. 145
(optima!) Brot. Lusit. i. p. 15.

In spongy bogs and moist heathy places in W. Medina; rare; probably attain-
ing here its eastern limit. /. June—October. 2{ or ©?

Plentiful on a piece of boggy ground called Little Moor, just below Cockleton
farm, near W. Cowes, Miss G. Kilderbee, July, 1839!!! who was the first to dis-
cover it in this island. On the heath at Colwell, sparingly.

The least conspicuous for size and beauty of all the British species, quite con-
fined to the most westerly and maritime coasts of Eurupe, from Portugal to the
extreme N. of Scotland.

From 2—4 inches high. Root of a few vertical fibres, and I suspect annual, as
Brotero makes it. Leaves all radical, spreading in a circular tuft, broadly ovate,
obtuse, slightly notched at their extremity, much rolled inwards at the edges, of
a pale faded green with dark veins, their texture thin, membranous and easily torn
(not thick and succulent as in P. vulgaris, though having the same greasy look
and feel), a little hairy towards the base. Scapes solitary or several, erect,
rounded and hairy. Flower solitary and terminal, very pale blue or lilac; the
throat yellowish, veined and dashed with reddish brown; lobes of the calyx
obtuse, nearly equal. Limb of the corolla in 5 nearly equal, rounded, emarginate
lobes, clothed on the inner surface with gland-tipped hairs; spur short, deflexed,
obtuse and thickened at the end. Stamens curved, their 2 single-celled anthers
standing close beneath the bilobate stigma, and discharging the pollen on its
under surface. Ovarium (germen) globose. Capsule membranous, truly globu-
lar, a little hairy, crowned with the persistent stigma. Seeds numerous, extremely
minute, brown and pellucid, of an oblong figure, mostly truncate at one end, and,
as it appears to me, invested with a loose beautifully reticulated tunic.

The leaves of this and other species of Pinguicula curve backwards very soon
after being gathered, quite concealing the root, and much injuring the natural
appearance of the plant in the herbarium.
Primula.) LENTIBULARIACEZ—PRIMULACER. 395 °

II... Urrrcunaria, Linn. Bladderwort.

“ Calyx bipartite, upper lobe entire, lower often notched or
2-toothed. Corolla personate. Style 0 (or filiform and persistent).
Stigma 2-lipped.’—Br. Fl.

1. U. vulgaris, IL. Common or Greater Bladderwort. Hooded
Milfoil. “Spur conical straight obtuse about half the length of
the corolla, the upper lip of which is as long as the projecting
palate, sides of the lower lip recurved, leaves pinnato-multifid

remotely spinulose, vesicles attached to the leaves.” — Br. Fl. p.
827. H. B. t. 258..

In ponds, ditches and drains; rare. Fl. June, July. ‘
W. Med.—In several of the drains and ditches in the marsh at Freshwater

Gate, but never seen by mein flower. Ditches in the marsh at Easton, plenti-
fully, #l. Veet. !/!

T have observed that the stems float about in the water unconnected by any
root or visible means of communication with the soil, a fact since confirmed by
the Rev. W. H. Coleman, who supposes that the extremities of the branches
detach themselves in early spring, and continue increasing in length through the
summer, as they are at first not above an inch or two in length and without
bladders.

2. U. minor, L. Lesser Bladderwort. “Spur obtuse keeled
deflexed much shorter than the corolla, the upper lip of which is
notched and as long as the palate, lower lip obovate nearly flat, leaves
subtripartite, the segments linear dichotomous glabrous, vesicles
attached chiefly to the leaves.”"—Br. Fl. p. 827. EH. B. t. 254.

In boggy or marshy pools, ditches,and drains; very rare. Fl. July—Septem-
ber. _
E. Med, — Abundantly in a ditch in the meadows immediately below the farm
at Langbridge, by Newchurch, but flowering very sparingly, Mr. Jacobs, 1842.

Order LX. PRIMULACEZA, Vent.

“ Calyx 4—7 cleft (half superior in Samolus). Corolla regular,
4—7 lobed, inferior (wanting in Glaux). Stamens as many as
and alternate with the sepals, opposite to the lobes of the corolla.
Ovary 1-celled, with the ovules upon a large free central placenta.
Style 1. Stigma capitate. Fruita capsule. Seeds usually pel-
tate. Embryo usually transverse (parallel to the hilwm); very
rarely (in Hottonia) erect, with the radicle close to the hilwm. —
Herbaceous plants, chiefly of the colder and temperate regions.

I. Primuna, Linn. Primrose.

“ Calyx tubular or campanulate, 5-toothed. Corolla salver-
shaped, its tube cylindrical, its mouth open. Capsule opening
with 10 teeth.”—Br. Fi.
396 PRIMULACES. (Primula.

“Welcome, pale Primrose! starting up between
Dead matted leaves of Ash and Oak, that strew
The every lawn, the wood, and spinney through,

’Mid creeping moss and Ivy’s darker green;
How much thy presence beautifies the ground ;
How sweet thy modest, unaffected pride
Glows on the sunny bank and wood’s warm side.
And where thy fairy flowers in groups are found
The schoolboy roams enchantedly along,
Plucking the fairest with a rude delight:
While the meek shepherd stops his simple song,
To gaze a moment on the pleasing sight ;
O'erjoy’d to see the flowers that truly bring
The welcome news of swect returning spring.”
Clare.
“ Pale Primroses
That dic unmarried, ere they can behold
Bright Phebus in his strength.”
Winters Tale.

1. P. vulgaris, Huds. Common Primrose. ‘‘ Leaves oblong-
ovate crenate toothed wrinkled, scape umbellate usually sessile
sometimes on a common stalk, flowers erect, calyx tubular some-
what inflated, teeth linear-lanccolate attenuated very acute, limb
of the corolla flat, tube with a circle of scale-like folds at the
slightly contracted mouth.”—Br, I'l. p. 329. EH. B.t. 4.

8. Flowers pure white, with a yellow eye.

y. Flowers bright purplish red.

6. eaulescens. Scape umbellate, flowers dceper yellow.

e. Flowers double.

Tn woods, thickets and groves, on banks, under hedges and about the borders of
ote also in open meadows and pastures; most abundantly. Fl. March—

uue. 2.

B. About Ryde, occasionally, as solitary specimens. Whitefield wood, and I
think alsu in Quart copse. Symington copse, between Sowerford and Medham
farms, in one spot abundantly. Near Landguard farm, the Aliss Herons !! Very
ie and plentiful in a copse near the Mcdina, by N. Faivlee, G. Kirkpatrick,

sq.

a Wood between Stcephill and St. Lawrence, Albert Humbrough, Esq. !!!
Abundant on banks in the grounds at Montpellier house (now an hotel), Vent-
nor, but probably disseminated from roots originally planted, the variety being
frequent in gardens. In the former station this beautiful varicty is truly wild,
and growing iu a clump of considerable extent. Field by Morton house, Dr.
Bell. Salter (wild?). _ [Banks in several places in St. Helens parish, truly wild,
Dr. Bell-Salter, Edys.]

6. In copses occasionally. In a copse betwixt Shanklin and Bonchurch I
found, April, 1849, two roots of this variety. The copse was full of Primyuses,
but not a single Cowslip was to he found in or near the spot; the leaves were
truly those of tle Primrose, and, excepting in the umbcllate flowers and_their
somewhat deeper colour, the plants differed in nothing from tie ordinary Prim-
roses which grew around them. In March, 1842, I found a varicty of the Prim-
ruse, in a wood between St. Lawrence und Nitov, with the usiial stemless flowers,
but the latter were slightly concave and more deeply coloured than usual, betray-
ing the first approach to the Oxlip or intermediate state between the Primrose and
Cowslip. (Field under Bembridge down, A. G. More, Evg., Vdvs.]

{In a wet wood by Lane-end, Bembridge, truly wild, Miss Caroline Bomford.
—Edrs.

Root very thick and fleshy, knotty, soomewhat creeping, emitting numerous

|
Primula.) PRIMULACE. 397

long, stout, pale, nearly simple fibres. Stem none, or rarely produced as in 8.
Leaves all radical, tufted, the outermost spreading or lying flat, obovate or obo-
vato-oblong, from 5 or 6 to 10 or 12 inches long including the petiole, and from
2 to 34 inches broad, pale dull grecn, slightly glaucous, very obtuse, strongly and
Tugosely veined above and glabrous or very slightly pubescent only, their mar-
gins waved aud more or less reflexed, coarsely, unequally and erosely denticu-
late, and subsinuately notched or serrated and crisped; beneath paler, rugose,
finely downy and almost woolly along the copious prominent anastomosing
branches, from the very stout, brittle, acute midrib, which is dilated downwards,
purplish and membranously winged at the base forming the petiole, in which the
leaf tapers without any contraction as in the Cowslip. Stipules none. Stcapes
numerous, cylindrical, lax, prostrate in seed, purplish and woolly, about as long
as the leaves, single-floweved and mostly quite radical, but springing from a com-
mon cenvee of the crown or caudex, from which they are occasionally raised on a
single peduncle in an umbellate form, as in var. 6, and the Polyanthus of the gar-
dens, which is a cultivated variety of the common Primrose. Bracts solitary at
the base of each scape, linear-subulate or linear-lanceolate, keeled, green, pale.
Calyx erect, pale green, very hairy, ovato-elliptical, scarcely ventricose, narrowed
above, with 5 deep, acute, angle-like plaits, terminating in as many narrow, lan-
ceolate, very acute segments, into which the calyx is cleft for above 4rd of its
length, and which equal or even a little exceed the tube of the corolla in length.
Corolla large, fiom 1 to 1}ths inch in diameter, slightly downy, pale sulphur-yel-
low, sometimes white or purplish red, the limb plane, clefi almust to the nearly
eylindyical somewhat angularly ribbed tube into 5 roundish obcordate, deeply
emarginate, sometimes almost bifid segments, each with a dull orange ovate spot
at the base, which is traversed along the line of the median nerve by a fulvous
and often obsolete streak; tube thin and membranaceous in its lower part,
enlarged, funnel-shaped and thickened at top, where it is slightly downy and
transversely wrinkled inside, contracted within or at the mouth by a degree of
puckering which puts on more or less the appearance of a slight crown or border
often indistinct or wholly wanting. Stamens inscrted either a little below the
summit of the tube on short filaments and connivent, or placed about the middle
of the tube sessile and erect; anthers narrow-oblong, yellow. Germen globusely
obconic, many-ribbed, pellucid and glabrous. Style slender, cylindrical, some-
times enlarged in the lower half, glabrous, much shorter than the tube when the
stameus have their higher insertion concealed by them; about equal to the tube
when the stamens are placed lower, and then visible above the latter; stigua
capitato-glubose, piloso-glandulose. Capsule shorter than the closely investing
calyx, ovoid-oblong, conical at top, whitc and membranous like tissue paper, gla-
brous, faintly many- (usually about 10-) ribbed, tipped with the style, opening by
several (10 or more) revolute or recurved teeth. Seeds numerous, rather large,
yellowish ov reddish brown, somewhat hemispherical, bluntly angular, furfura-
ceous, scabrous, at length darker and dimpled.

Under cultivation, and occusionally in the wild state, the Primrose sends up a
single erect stem, various in height, bearing an umbel of reddish- or brown-edged
often richly coloured flowers, the well-known Polyanthus of our borders, with all
its beautiful but endless varictics. The blossoms of the wild Polvanthus Primrose
are usually liver-coloured, as we sce they become in poor or neglected garden soil ;
I have gathered this form near Hastings, but have never met with it in the Isle
of Wight myself, though it has occurred to Mr. Albert Hambrough. The
flowers of this, as well as of the next, often turn wholly or partially green in
drying.

2. P.veris, L. Cowslip Paigle. ‘Leaves ovate crenate toothed
wrinkled contracted below the middle, scape umbellate, flowers
drooping, ealyx tubular campanulate, teeth short ovate, limb of
the corolla concave, tube with a circle of scale-like folds at the

slightly contracted mouth.”—Br. Fl. p. 380. E. B. t. 5.
398 PRIMULACER. [Primula.

* * * * “ Cowslips of gold bloom,
That in the pasture and the meadow come,
Shall come when kings and empires fade and die ;
And in the closes, as Time’s partners, lie
As fresh two thousand years to come as now,
With those five crimson spots upon their brow.”
Clare’s Rural Muse.—The Eternity of Nature.

8. elatior, Linn. P. elatior,* With. (not Jacq.) Limb of the corolla flat.

 

* The true P. elatior, Jacq. (and Linn.?), first formally brought before the
notice of British botanists in 1842, by Mr. H. Doubleday, who discovered it in
wet meadows at Bardfield, Essex, and published it in the ‘ Phytologist’ (vol. i. p.
204) as probably the genuine plant of that name of the German botanists, has
certainly much the air of a distinct species ; yet do the observations of Mr. H.C.
Watson (Phytol. i. p. 1001) tend to throw doubt on the fact of its distinctness, he
having “seen exceptional instances to all the characters (taken singly) by which
this plant is distinguished from the other two species in Babington’s Manual; the
specific characters drawn out by that author being quite accurate but not invariably
applicable.” Mr. Watson has however added a character which he thinks of
apparently greater permanency, namely, the absence of any “scale-like gland” at
the orifice of the tube of the corolla, though anything deserving of that name I
am unable to perceive in either the Primrose or Cowslip, beyond a degree of
puckering at the margin of the tube, which puts on more or less the appearance
of a slight crown or border, often very indistiuet or wholly wanting.

The Bardfield O. elatior is admirably represented in E. B. vol, xiii. t. 513,
doubtless from Essex or at least eastern-county specimens, as they were commu-
nicated to Sowerby by the Rev. Mr. Hempstead, who I believe resided in Essex.
The leaves of the Bardfield Oxlip exactly resemble in general those of the Cows-
lip, but in many of the fresh specimeus before me they are as much like those of
the Primrose, and taper as they do gradually into the footstalk without any con-
traction or abruptness whatever, which is sometimes seen in the Cowslip. The
calyx in most of my specimens is close, narrow und nearly cylindrical or tubular,
being but slightly ventricose or inflated, a little shorter than the tube of the
corolla, acutely 5-ril:bed and angled, the teeth shortish and mostly acuminate,
broader in proportion than those of the Primrose, but in some of the specimens the
calyx makes w cousiderable approach to that of the Primrose in becoming ovoid
and somewhat ventricose. The throat of the corolla is remarkably open, and free
from those plaits or puckers usually so conspicuous in the Primrose, being in fact
funnel-shaped both within and without. The limb of the corolla is sometimes
flat, more usually cup- or funnel-shaped (another point of resemblance to the
Cowslip), but in colour is intermediate betwixt that and the Primrose, as we usu-
ally see it in our commonly so-called oxlips. The flowers are pleasantly but not
powerfully scented, and are drooping (at Jeast the outer ones) as in the Cowslip ;
the corolla has much more the form of the Primrose than of the Cowslip, but is
hardly more than half the size of the former, and the segments are less rounded
or more abrupt, and do not overlie each other, but are separated by an evident
space their entire length in most instances, an appearance which the umbellate
var. of P. vulgaris also puts on. The scapes vary much in hairiness, but in gene-
ral are very densely clotled with woolly pubescence. In the length of the style
and position of the stamens it varies like the rest of the genus. Gaudin (FI. Helv.
ii. p. 84) remarks of our P. elatior, “ Priori (P. vulgaris) utraque nimis affinis, ut
in speciminibus quibusdam characteres diagnostici fere omnino evanescent.” He
might have added that it comes as near to P. veris as to P. vulgaris, and is nearly
as exactly intermediate betwixt them as are many of our false oxlips. The same
acute botanist notices the extremely acute calyx-segments of P. elatior, “ calyce
acutissimo,” as part of his specific character. The only tolerably certain figure of
P. elatior J can find in the works of the older botanists is that of Clusius, Rar.
Primula.] PRIMULACE.E. 399

Less general than the last, and in usually drier more expused places, as mea-
fone, pastures, open groves, on chalky slopes, high downs, heaths, &c. FJ. April,

ay. é

E. Med.—Rarely seen about Ryde, in fields near Quarr abbey and the Spencer
road, sparingly. Frequent about Brading and Yaverland. Common along Un-
dercliff, at East-end, Bonchurch, Steephill, &c. Newchurch. Fields about Nun-
well, in plenty. At the foot of Messley down, by Knighton West copse, &c.
Bloodstone copse, near Ashey, 1849.

W. Med.—Carisbrooke-castle walls, and on the glacis, &c. Plentiful between
Newport and Shorwell, in copses and open fields, as about Idlecombe, Buccombe,
&c. Everywhere about Thorley, with @. Plentiful on the slope of Gatcombe
and Chillerton downs, at the back of Tolt copse; about New Barn, in the long
and short coppices; &c.—1845. In Lorden cupse, and generally dispersed on
and at the base of the central chalk range. Swainston, in profusion, Lady Simeon.

8. Not uncommon intermixed with a., into which it may be seen so insensibly
passing, that many individuals appear exactly intermediate between both varie-
ties. Near Brading, and in various places between Newport and Shorwell.
Steephill, not unfrequent. Very common in meadows about Thorley. Meadow
betwixt Nunwell new farm and the down, frequent, Dr. Bell-Salter : on visiting
the place with Dr. S., May 14th, 1849, not a single Oxlip could be found amongst
thousands of Cowslips. At Swainston, Lady Simeon. Occasionally found in
copses and meadows, with the common Primrose, where a Cowslip does not grow
within miles of the place.

Root as in the Primrose, but smaller and scarcely at all inclined to extend
horizontally, emitting a sweet anisate odour, as remarked by Linneus. Leaves
also similar, but not much above half the size or even less than that, firmer, more
waved and wrinkled, and of a grayer green, with more strongly deflexed and invo-

 

ae Hist. p. 301 (left-hand fig.); that of Fl. Danica, tab. 434, may admit of
oubt.

The Oxlip has been thought by many a hybrid between the Cowslip and the
Primrose, but, conceding the point to those who still insist on keeping these two
latter separate, from what we know of the modifications to which both are subject,
and by which they as it were anastomose in the Polyanthus, it is reasonable to
conclude that the Oxlip is the primary deviation from the Cowslip to the Primrose
form, and an advance half-way from the Cowslip to the Polyanthus, which last is
itself pretty exactly at the point of structural equidistance between P. veris and P.
vulgaris. "The specific identity however of the Cowslip and Primrose being once
admitted, the notion of the Oxlip being a mule production falls to the ground
immediately.

The Cowslip may be regarded as a contracted and as it were concentrated form of
the Primrose, with smaller leaves and flowers, which last are more highly coloured
and more powerfully scented, the peduncles shorter, the limb of the corolla con-
tracted and hence cupped or concave, and the leaves constricted in the middle;
each of these differences denoting a concentration or abridgment of the organs in
the entire plant.

Mr. H. C. Watson says :—‘“ Even those botanists who refuse faith in the care-
fulness or exactness of the experiments on record may see with their own eyes
that the intermediate links (between the genuine Primrose and Cowslip) do exist.
Indeed they may be raised by anybody, may be seen in many gardens, or may be
found wild by diligent search. Nevertheless, while I see no escape from the
necessity of doing so, I am still somewhat reluctant to place Cowslip and Prim-
rose as a single species. The fact once fairly admitted of such extensive varia-
tions of a single species, must throw doubt upon thousands of supposed species as
they now stand recorded and described in books.” — Phytologist, 11. p. 44.

The fact is, these forms of Primula are at once a stumbling-block and a warn-
ing to the contenders for minute specific characters, which they must find very
difficult to gainsay.
400 PRIMULACER. { Lysimachia.

lute margins, spreading nearly or quite flat in a circle, at least the outermost, the
inner more or less erect; suddenly contracted in various degrees about their wid-
dle by the abrupt attenuation of the green portion or disk of the leaf towards the
petiole, giving to the upper half an oblong or ovate, not obovate, figure: in all
my specimens the upper side of the leaves is clothed with a fine very short
pubescence. Scape solitary or terminal, from 5 or 6 to 8, 10, or 12 inches high,
rounded or obscurely angular, finely downy and (especially towards the base)
mostly purplish, quite naked or leafless. lowers in a terminal globose or sub-
globose umbel, or often inclining unilaterally, with a delicious fragrance having
much affinity to that of ripe oranges, thoush not exactly the same, and quite dif-
ferent from the scent of the Primrose, mostly lax, nudding or drooping, often par-
tially or entirely erect, on downy peduncles from $ an inch tv 1 or 2 inches in
length, having a small, ovate or lanceolato-acuminate and keeled bract under each.
Calyx about 7 or 8 lines in length, pale yellowish or greenish, scarcely contracted
at the mouth, nearly ovate or somewhat campanulate, much inflated or ventricose.
shorter than the tube of the cvrolla and sitting very loosely around it, finely
pubescent all over, but not woolly as in the Primrose, much less deeply and pli-
cately angular, cleft scarcely above 4th of its length into 5 broad, ovate or round-
ish, obtuse, mucronate segments, often a litle acute and occasionally 2- or
3-toothed at the summit. Corolla variable in size, but in the normal form we are
describing mostly smaller than in the Primrose, the /imb glabrous, cupped or con-
cave, rich golden-yellow, with a bright orange or fulvous spot at the base of each
segment, these last short, cordato-rotundate, not overlapping one another, the
emargination rather obtuse, the tube slightly downy at top, with a thickened
glandular crown or rim at the mouth, more conspicuous than in the Primrose.
Stamens with the two modes of insertion observable in the Primrose. Style
slightly hairy, stouter, sometimes thickened in the lower half. Germen much
larger and broader, more depressed or less conical. Capsule much shorter than
the loosely investing persistent calyx, broadly elliptical, thin and brittle, many-
ribbed, opening at the summit by about 10 (often more or less) strongly recurved
unequal teeth. Seeds angular, very unequal and irregular in size and shape,
yellowish gray thickly sprinkled with black depressed points, becoming at length
deep rusty brown, rough, cellular and furfuraceous on the surface.

The smell of the flowers of the Cowslip have much affinity with odour of the
fresh rind of ripe oranges, though not exactly the same. Linnzus observes that
the roots have an anisate flavour; they certainly possess a sweet and somewhat
aromatic odour. The flowers, as well as those of the Primrose, are sometimes
made an ingredient of puddings, and those of the former enter into the composi-
tion of a well-known home-made wine.

The Primrose and the Cowslip are objects dear alike to the heart of childhood
and to maturer years, but when transplanted into the garden it is hardly possible
tu preserve either in the native elegance and simplicity so captivating in their
wild condition, Richness of soil soon converts the modest Primrose and the fra-
grant golden-eyed Cowslip into the flaunting and gaudy Polyanthus, where depth
and variety of colouring but ill supply the grace and simplicity for which they
have been exchanged.

II. Lysmmacnta, Linn. Loose-strife.

“ Calyx 5-partite. Corolla rotate. Stigmas 5—6, not distinctly
hairy, sometimes with alternating sterile filaments. Capsule
1-celled, 5—10 valved.”’—Br. Fl.

* Flowers panicled. Stem erect.

1. L. vulgaris, L. Great Yellow Loose-strife. ‘‘ Leaves oppo-
site or whorled 3 or 4 together nearly sessile ovate or ovato-
Lysimachia.} PRIMULACER. 401

lanceolate, the lower ones narrower, flowers in a terminal leafy
panicle, stem erect.”—Br. Fl. p. 332. E. B. t. 761.

In wet meadows, thickets and osier-beds, on ditchbanks and edges of ponds and
ao in many places abundantly. Fl. July, August. Fr. September, Octo-

er. .

‘ i. Med.— In various parts of Sandown level, as in the marsh-ditches between
Yarbridge and Yaverland, and on the skirts of Lake common. Abundant in
swampy thickets higher up towards Newchurch, in Alverston lynch, Borthwood
lynch, and all that neighbourhood. Abundantly in Horringford withy-bed. By
the roadside (the new cut) between Wootton parsonage and Palmers Brook. By
the stream-side near Bow bridge, Godshill. Very fine and profusely in a willow
copse a little E.S.E. of Bagwich farm, by the brook between that place and Gods-
hill. Abundant in a willow thicket near Stone (the var. with fulvous base to the
corolla). Willow thickets by Budbridge farm, in plenty (the unspotted var.) In
the centre of the pool in Marshcombe copse. Willow thicket. between Messley
a, aud Langbridge. Pan moor, G. Kirkpatrick, Esq. Marsh near Easton,

W. Med. —In Kingston copse, plentifully.

Root creeping, and throwing out white runners to the length of many feet or
even yards in ponds and ditches, whereby it increases fast. Stem erect, 2—4 feet
high, simple or much and oppositely branched, bluntly angular, furrowed and
downy with fine soft pubescence, excepting near the base, where it is glabrous,
with usually a reddish tinge, and bare of leaves to a considerable distance
upwards. Leaves opposite or in whorls of 3, 4, or even 5 around the stem, very
shortly petiolate, extremely variable in size and shape, lanceolate or ovato-lanceolate,
the lowermost narrower and even linear, dull green, veiny, more or less downy on
both sides, subtomentose beneath, their edges waved and obscurely undulato-cre-
nate, often bordered with a row of reddish pellucid dots that are sometimes found
scattered over the whole leaf, but, like the marginal ones, are at other times very
few or wanting, though common, I believe, to most species of the genus. Flowers
in leafy corymbose clusters terminating the stem and branches, forming a mostly
pyramidal panicle, large, golden yellow, very handsome, on long, erect, hairy
pedicels, having a linear suberect bract at the base of each. Sepals ovato-lan-
ceolate, acute, with several (about 5) pellucid nerves and an orange-red border,
their margins ciliato-glandulose. Corolla sprinkled with mealy glands, glabrous
at the back, its segments ovate, bluntish, quite entire, neither notched nor fringed,
becoming revolute soon after the plant is gathered, often fulvous within at the
base. Stamens 5, all equal, short, erect, densely glanduloso-pilose, their broad,
dilated, often bright red filaments perfectly united for balf their length into a
short wide tube without intermediate teeth (abortive stamens); anthers erect,
triangulari-sagittate, with a minute point, pale yellow, sometimes streaked with
orange. Style longer than the stamens, slightly hairy and angular; stigma sim-
ple, greenish. Germen conical, with 5 lines or furrows, quite smooth, Capsule
smooth, globose, tipped with the style, reddish or yellowish, glabrous or slightly
pubescent at the summit, 5—10 valved? not always perfected. Seeds rather
numerous, white, cream-coloured or reddish, of an earthy porous aspect, gibbous
and angular, the angles bordered.

In very shady wet thickets the leaves are sometimes deep green, shining and
glabrous above, and the whole plant extremely luxuriant; in this state I have
gathered it between Apse and Ninham above 6 feet in height. The beautiful
variety with the base of the corolla fulvous, and red or orange-coloured stamens,
is frequent on the Wilderness, where seeds are ripened by this species in abun-
dance. ;

The seeds have a thick mealy covering (testa?), of a white or reddish colour,
like chalk or clay in appearance, and friable as those substances.

3 F
402 PRIMULACE®. [Lysimachia.

** Flowers solitary, axillary. Stem procumbent.

t?2. L. Nummularia, L. Creeping Loose-strife. Moneywort.
Herb Twopence.* “Leaves opposite subcordate or ovate obtuse
shortly stalked, stem prostrate creeping, peduncles 1-flowered
axillary solitary shorter than the leaves, calycine segments ovate
acute, filaments glandular connected at the base.”— Br. Fl. p.
833. EH. B. t. 528.

On wet ditchbanks, in low moist meadows and wet clayey pastures; very rare,
and doubtfully wild. Fl. June, July. 2.

E. Med.—In a field exactly opposite Lord Spencer’s house, Ryde, in a hole
formerly dug for planting a tree, William Jolliffe 1!

W. Med. — Above the shore near W. Cowes, the Rev. W. H. Coleman, who is
not certain of the correctness of the observation.

A less elegant though more showy plant than the following. Root slender,
creeping with many lateral fibres. Stems several, quite trailing or prostrate, often
rooting below, scarcely branched, 1—2 feet in length, glabrous, quadrangular,
compressed alternately or between each pair of leaves in a different direction,—
that is to say, now laterally, now vertically,—the angles winged. Leaves oppo-
site, on very short channelled footstalks, orbiculari-cordate, with a minute point,
bright green, wavy, smooth and shining. Stipules none. Peduneles solitary in
the axil of each leaf, single-flowered, more or less erect or recurved, smooth and
angular like the stem, mostly shorter than, or about as long as, the leaves.
Flowers much larger and more showy than those of L. nemorum, though of a
paler yellow, and more resembling the blossoms of L. vulgaris or rather of L.
punctata. Sepals cordato-triangular, acute, equal, their bases deflexed. Petals
ovate, obtuse, fringed with minute, yellow, stalked glands that are scattered over
the whole surface. Stamens 5, erect, thickly beset with stalked glands, combined
at their dilated bases ; anthers erect, pale yellow, apiculate. Style long, straight
and angular; stigma flat, glandular.

The leaves, calyx and corolla in my specimens are sprinkled all over with mi-
nute red dots, as observed by Mr. Leighton in his admirable ‘ Flora of Shropshire,’
though they had been previously remarked by Mertens and Koch ; they are indeed
common to most if not all the species of Lystmachia.

Naturalized occasionally in shrubberies and on banks near gardens, in which
with us this handsome creeper is universally cultivated. In London it is com-
monly grown in pots, for decking window-sills and balconies.

3. L. nemorum, L. Wood Loose-strife. Yellow Pimpernel.
“Leaves ovate acute opposite shortly stalked, stem prostrate,
peduncles 1-flowered axillary solitary longer than the leaves,
calycine segments linear-subulate, stamens smooth distinct.” —
Br. Fl. p. 338. #.B. +t. 527. Leronxia nemorum, Merat. Nouv.
Fil. de Par. ed. 2da, p. 77.

On moist shady hedgebanks and in woods; common. Fl. May—August. 2.
Herb quite glabrous in every part. Root or rather rhizoma creeping, and send-
ing off numerous brownish white much-branched fibres. Stem one or several,
from a few inches to a foot or a foot and a half long, simple or very slightly
branched below, leafy, procumbent, the extremities only erect or ascending, wavy,
rounded, but grooved on opposite sides in an alternate direction between the

 

* The Latin name was anglicized into Herb Twopence by Turner from a fanci-
ful resemblance in the small round leaves to (silver) pennies “by coples one
against another.”
 

Anagallis.} PRIMULACEE. 403

leaves, smooth, solid, succulent and shining, green or reddish, rooting for the most
part at the lower joints. Leaves opposite, never, I believe, in threes or fours, bright
green above, paler, somewhat glaucous and shining beneath, mostly sprinkled with
a few minute black dots, ovate or roundish ovate, subcordate, acute, with a small
callous point, the margins roughish with minute cartilaginous serratures, suddenly
contracted into their very short, broad, channelled petioles, that are curved jup-
wards and forwards, and have a narrow marginal dilatation or auricle on each
side of their somewhat gibbous and clasping bases. Peduncles axillary and oppo-
site or solitary, when in flower as long as or longer than the leaves, filiform,
single-flowered, more or less erect and wavy, in fruit strongly and even spirally
recurved. Flowers in size, colour and appearance much resembling the blossoms
of the exotic Dysandra repens, though very different in their structure, which ap-
proaches that of Anagallis arvensis, the present species connecting that genus
with the genuine Lysimachiee. Calya cleft for about 3ths of its entire depth,
the segments equal, linear-lanceolate, subulato-acuminate, faintly 3-ribbed, spread-
ing horizontally, somewhat keeled at the back, their edges slightly membranous
and glandulosely subserrate. Corolla nearly flat or salver-shaped, longer than
the calyx, from 5 to 7 lines in diameter, bright yellow, cleft down to the very
short tube into 5 ovate, obovate or ovato-oblong segments, attenuated into claw-
like bases of a darker colour and shining, their superior margins somewhat jagged,
minutely crenulate or nearly entire, fringed with minute, very shortly stalked, pel-
lucid glands. Stamens 5, yellow, perfectly free or unconnected below, filiform,
slightly thickened upwards, quite glabrous, shorter than the corolla; anthers
linear-oblong, attached to the filament by one extremity, and at length recurved:
between, and in the same plane with, the stamens, are short glandular processes
(abortive stamens ?), forming a ring at the mouth of the almost obsolete tube of
the corolla. Style long, slender, greenish, a little thickened upwards. Capsules
small, globose, membranous and pellucid, tipped with the long slender style,
much shorter than the calyx, 5-valved, according to Babington (Man. of Br. Bot.)
usually dividing Jongitudinally (transversely, as in Anagallis?) into two parts,
sometimes indehiscent, rarely with 4 or 5 valves.

A very ornamental plant on rockwork or in pots, for apartments, its long slen-
der stems gracefully depending from the vessel on all sides, and exceeding the
more showy L. Nummularia in the elegance of its leaves and flowers.

III. Anacauxiis, Linn. Pimpernel.

“ Calyx 5-partite. Corolla nearly rotate. Stamens 5, hairy.
Capsule bursting all round transversely.”—Br. Fi.

1. A. arvensis, L. Common Pimpernel. Poor Man's Weather-
glass. “Stems ascending or subprocumbent branched, leaves
opposite or ternate ovate sessile dotted beneath, peduncles longer
than the leaves, calyx nearly as long as the rotate corolla.” — Br.
Fl. p. 833. EH. B. t. 529.

B. Flowers blue. A. cerulea, Schreb.: Sm. E. Fl.i. p. 281. #. B. xxvi.t.
1823. Fl. Dan. ix. t. 1570.

y. Flowers pale pink or rose-coloured, with a purple eye.

(6. Flowers white.— Edrs.]

Universal and abundant in cultivated and waste ground, by waysides, under
walls, &c., also in woods and pastures, but less copiously. . May—November.

B. In cornfields, rare. Field between Westridge and St. John’s, 1839. Field
at St. Clare, near the sea, 1844, the Lady Catherine Hareourt. Sandown, ona
piece of waste ground near the sea, Miss Lovell, At Bonchurch, Dr. Martin.
Quarr copse, a single specimen, Lady Knowles !

y. Border of a field between Weeks’s and Little Smallbrook, rather plentifully,
1837, Miss Theodore Price ; but I could not find it the year following! Field at
404 PRIMULACE. [Anagallis.

the top of Dover street, Ryde, Miss Lucas!!! In a field by Shanklin, on the
footroad from thence to Luccombe, Miss Kirkpatrick!!! Near Barnsley farm,
Dr. Bell-Salter 1! Under the cliff a little way from the chine, Shanklin, 1842.

(3. Tyne hall, Bembridge, Miss More—Ears.]

Herb quite glabrous and somewhat succulent. Root pale reddish, with copious
tufted fibres. Stems numerous, spreading and procumbent, frum a span to up-
wards of 2 feet in length at the close of summer, quadrangular, the angles slightly
winged and often twisted, partially streaked with brownish red, solid and brittle.
Leaves opposite or 3 together, quite sessile, dark green and somewhat fleshy, ovate
or vvato-lancevlate. Peduneles solitary, axillary, single-flowered, as long as or
longer than the leaves, subcylindrical, strongly recurved in seed. Flowers vather
pale scarlet, with a purple eye, fully expanding only in dry sunny weather, and
closing entirely before rain. Capsules thin, pale brown, the size of peppercorns,
perfectly spherical and glabrous, marked with several slender longitudinal ribs
and the single transverse line of dehiscence, tipped with the permanent style.
Seeds numerous, brown, almost hemispherical, covered with a membranous tissue
of cells ;* their convex part immersed in the deeply alveolate globose receptacle.

In my Isle-of-Wight specimens of 6. the stems are equally procumbent, and
the whole plant, with the exception of its rather smaller and differently coloured
flowers, in all points exactly similar tothe common scarlet form amongst which it
was growing. In both, the edges of the petals are finely fringed and minutely
notched, and that in an equal degree. The leaves of the blue Pimpernel are
often lanceolate, as I have gathered it near Cobham in Kent, but this character is
inconstant, the leaves in the specimens from near Ryde being as broadly ovate as
in the usual or normal state of the plant. My. Leighton has remarked the same of
this variety in Shropshire. In the white or pale-rose variety, y., the corolla is
also smaller than usual, and about the same size asin @.; in other respects it
does not differ from a.

The absolute specific identity of the forms of A. arvensis just described
has been established beyond all controversy by Professor Henslow (see Loudon’s
Mag. Nat. Hist. iii. p. 5387). I have myself seen the cultivated Anagallis in the
garden of the Rev. — Sherson, of Yaverland, bearing flowers of a bright blue on
the same stem with the flesh-coloured variety, of which there was an entire bed.

The flowers of this plant often undergo, at the close of autumn or in wet sea-
sons, from deficiency of light and heat, a remarkable transformation, the corolla
becoming cleft to the very base or pentapetalous; the segments rounded, much
shorter than the calyx, and wholly green or partially coloured; the stamens
smooth. Sometimes the calyx is converted into a leafy whorl; the capsule be-
comes 5-angled, or is itself turned into a bundle of leaves. All these changes I
have remarked in the wet autumn of 1841, on specimens from fields above San-
down bay. ‘They are also noticed by Gaudin, in his Fl. Helv. ii. p. 67 (ad cal-
cem.), who observes that the seeds of the common scarlet Anagallis are fatal to
small birds, which eat those of the blue variety (kept by him distinct) with impu-
nity.

2. A. tenella, L. Bog Pimpernel. “Stem creeping filiform,
leaves opposite ovate or roundish stalked, peduncles longer than
the leaves, calyx 4 times shorter than the broadly and widely
funnel-shaped corolla.” —Br. Fl. p. 833. E. B. t. 530.

In boggy, springy, spongy ground, in peat-holes, on slipped land, and in wet
woods; very frequent. Fl. July—August. 2.

E. Med.—Near Ninham farm, and in a field near Weeks’s, Ryde. Abundant
near Niton, especially between Knowle and the Sandrock spring, fringing the

 

* In the green state the seeds are covered with roundish vesicular prominences,
that on ripening burst, leaving a membranous or chaffy pellicle, in the form of an
irregular network.
Centunculus.] PRIMULACEZ. 405

margin of a little stream descending to the shore from the cliffs, and where Mr.
George Kirkpatrick and myself found a variety with pure white flowers, 1839.
Bog at Cockleton, near Cowes. On Lake common. Damp and boggy spots on
Blackpan common, in plenty, 1848. Most abundantly on a moory meadow close
to Stone farm, 1844. In Luccombe chine, a very little way from the path on the
left going down to the sea, in great plenty, Miss G. Kilderbce! Apse heath, Mr.
W. D. Snooke

W. Med.— Boggy ground near the shore between Norton and the preventive-
Station, in plenty. Heath at Colwell (where I find it), and many other places in
the parish of Freshwater, in plenty, Mr. W. D. Snooke.

A delicate and elegant plant, its short but tangled stems forming, with the
grass amongst which it grows, a dense flowery turt, at other times creeping by
itself in patches on the denuded soil, the herbage quite smooth and glabrous.
Stem prostrate and creeping, filiform, simple or branched, bluntly quadrangular,
a few inches long at most, and emitting at intervals a few routing fibres. Leaves
Opposite or somewhat alternate, very small, not above a quarter of an inch in
length, ovato-rotundate, bright pale green, somewhat fleshy and succulent, and
from their vascular structure appearing covered on both sides with minute de-
pressed dots; slightly pointed, the apex thickened, quite entire, obscurely nerved,
suddenly tapered into extremely short, erect or oblique, ascending petioles.
Flowers large for the size of the plant, about 3rd of an inch long. Peduncles
axillary, solitary, single-flowered, several times the length of the leaves, spreading
or reclining. Calyx cleft nearly to the base into 5 lanceolate, somewhat concave,
very acutely pointed segments, with pellucid subserrated margins, and no appa-
rent ribs. Corolla above twice the length of the calyx, rotato-campanulate,
divided almost to the bottom into 5 ovato-oblong, equal, scarcely (except in seed)
spreading segments, of a pale rose-red, sometimes nearly white, with darker veins,
their margins very entire and eglandulose. Stamens erect, inserted at the orifice
of the very short almost obsolete tube of the corolla, their flat pellucid filaments
perfectly united below into a short tube, which on its upper part and on the lower
free portion of the filaments is thickly clothed externally with long, transparent,
moniliformly, jointed hairs; anthers greenish yellow. Style very long, cylindri-
cal; stigma a few bristle-like glands. Capsule minute, globose, obscurely
5-angled, the two hemispheres marked by a rather abrupt transverse line of
dehiscence, thin, netted and papery, tipped with the long persistent style; rather
sparingly matured. Seeds rather few (about 8 or 9, often less), deep rusty brown,
scabrous-punctate, similar in shape to those of the last species.

IV. Centruncuuvs, Linn. Chatfweed.

“ Calyx 4-partite. Corolla with a globose inflated tube; limb
spreading, 4-partite. Stamens 4, short, beardless. Capsule
bursting all round transversely. (Leaves alternate. Flowers
sessile),”—Br. Fl.

1. C. minimus, L. Small Chaffweed. Bastard Pimpernel.
“Flowers sessile, corolla without glands at the base.” —Br. Fl. p.
334. Sm. HE. Flip. 217. EH. B. viii. t. 581. Curt. Fl. Lond.
fasc. 3, t. 11. Curt. Br. Entom. xvi. t. et fol. 768.

On moist sandy heaths and commons; rare, but probably, by eluding observa-
tion from its minuteness, only apparently scarce. £7. June, July. ©.

E. Med. —At the foot of Bleak down, by the junction of the Chale, Niton and
Godshill roads. :

W. Med.—Near Heath farm, by Newport. Heath at Colwell, plentifully, AZr.
W. D. Snooke, FI. Vect. !!!
406 PRIMULACER. (Glaux,

V. Guavx,* Linn. Sea Milkwort.t

“ Perianth single, inferior, campanulate, coloured, 5- lobed.
Capsule globose, 1-celled, 5-valved, 5-seeded. Seeds on a glo-
bose, central, free placenta.”—Br. Fl.

1. G. maritima, L. Sea Milkwort. Black Saltwort. Sm. E.
Fl.i. p. 337. Br. Fl. p. 881. Lind. Syn. p. 1838. EH. B.i. t. 18.

In muddy salt-marshes, and on the grassy margins of creeks and tide-rivers ;
frequent. FJ. June, July.

E. Med. — Most abundantly in the marsh-meadows behind the Dover, Ryde,
especially along the cuts, drains and ditches that intersect them. At the mouth
of the Wootton river, in plenty.

W. Med. — Abundant by the Medina above W. Cowes. Marshy sides of the
Yar, under Beckett's copse, &c. In Gurnet bay, Miss G. Kilderbee.

Whole plant perfectly smooth, glabrous and succulent. Root perennial, of
several reddish white, tapering, branched fibres. Stem solitary (or several ?), the
lower part often creeping or rhizomatous and emitting runners, in smaller plants
often erect, more usually, asin the larger, decumbent or ascending, and some-
times rooting below, from 2 or 3 to 6, 8 or 12 inches long, pale green, solid and
rounded, but scored by a decurrent groove from the basal corners of the leaves to
the axils of those next below, more or less copiously branched, often from the very
bottom, branches erect or ascending, very leafy. Leaves from 2 or 3 to 8 or 10
lines in length, the lower ones mostly opposite, the rest alternate or scattered,
quite entire, elliptical, ovato-elliptical or elliptic-lanceolate, obtuse or pointed, ses-
sile, crowded, suberect and imbricate on the shorter branches, more distant and
spreading on the larger, flat, bright shining green, a little fleshy and succulent,
sprinkled on both sides, but most so on the upper side, with minute pits or punc-
ture-like depressions, their margins cartilaginous under a magnifier. Stipules
none. Flowers axillary, solitary, mostly about the middle of the stem, on
extremely short, almost obsolete, terete peduncles, or quite sessile, sometimes
appearing crowded into leafy clusters, about 3 lines in diameter. Pertanth sin-
gle, petaloid, white, suffused, streaked and dotted with rose-red, most deeply near
the base externally, sometimes nearly colourless, shortly campanulate, cleft above
half-way into 5 obovate or obovato-oblong, nearly equal, very entire segments,
which are spreading at summit. Stamens erect, inserted at the very base of the
germen, on the bottom of the perianth and alternate with the segments, which
they about equal in length ; filaments deep rose-colour, simple; anthers at length
deciduous, roundish; pollen yellowish green. Germen ovato-globose, greenish,
plain or streaked with purple, tapered into the conico-cylindrical simple style,
which is greenish or purplish and about as long as the stamens. Capsules small,
sessile, ovoido-globose, mucronato-acuminate, at first succulent, finally dry and
whitish, 5-valved. Seeds from 2 or 3 to 8 or 9 (usually 5 or 6).

This plant has much of the habit of a Lythrum. The seeds much resemble
those of Primula and Anagallis, whilst the capsule is nearly that of Lysimachia.
Fries says it is reported to bear a rotate infundibuliform corolla in the S. of
Europe, but no such increase of the floral envelope is noticed by Bertoloni.

By a strange misquotation in the ‘ English Flora,’ poor Hudson is represented
as making our Glaux a variety of Herniaria glabra !—a blunder the latter is
wholly guiltless of, having fully described that plant in its proper place. The
synonyms and references to Ray and Petiver relate to H. ciliata of Babington.

 

* Name: the Paavé of Dioscorides, from yaauxos, sea-green or glaucous (glau-
cus, Lat.); such being the colour of the leaves beneath. See Glaucium, p. 24.

+ The English name for this plant was derived from an opinion entertained by
the ancients of its efficacy in augmenting the secretion of milk.
Samolus.] PRIMULACES. 407

VI. Samouus, Linn. Brookweed.

“ Calyx 5-cleft. Corolla salver-shaped, its tube short, with 5
scales (imperfect stamens) at its mouth, alternating with the lobes.
Capsule half-inferior, opening with 5 valves.’”—Br. Fl.

1. 8. Valerandi, L. Common Brookweed. Water Pimpernel.
“Stem simple or sparingly branched leafy, leaves obovato-oblong
or spathulate very obtuse, racemes many-flowered straight simple
erect leafless finally much elongated, pedicels bracteate patent,
corolla twice the length of the calyx.’— Br. Fl. p. 334. Sm. E.
Fl. i. p. 324. Lind. Syn. p.185. E. B. x. t. 703. Curt. Fl. Lond.
fasc. 4, t. 20. Curt. Br. Entom. iv. t. 154.

Tn wet marshy places, along brooks, the sides of drains, ditches and pools, often
Sl salt water ; not unfrequent. FV. June—September. Fr. September, Octo-

er. :

. Med.—In the marsh-ditches behind the Dover, here and there. Plentifully
in the boggy part of the wood on the West shore of the Wootton river ut its
mouth, 1845. On the beach at Woolverton, by St. Lawrence, near a spring,
Samuel Hailstone, jun., Esq. !

W. Med. —Salt-marshes along the Yar, and about a little pool in a meadow
not far from Yarmouth mill. Pretty plentiful in the marsh at Freshwater gate.
In salt-marsh land by the Yar, opposite Freshwater farm, plentifully, 1844.
Pretty abundant on the boggy part of Colwell heath. Banks in Colwell bay, Mr.
ee lt Near Blackgang, Miss G. Kilderbee! Blackgang chine, J. Curtis,

Sq

Herb pale subglaucous green, remarkably glabrous in every part. Root a dense
tuft of whitish slender fibres. Stem solitary, or one principal and several smaller
ones, from an inch or two to upwards of 18 inches in height, erect, solid, roundish
or obscurely 2-edged, simple or branched, leafy. Leaves alternate, quite entire,
with a small point, narrowed below into short petioles, their surface with a waved
or blistered appearance, their edges more or less inflexed ; those of the root form-
ing q rosette, on longer footstalks and somewhat spathulate. lowers erect, in
gradually elongating, axillary and terminal, upright racemes, their pedicels erect
or patent, with a sudden bend or joint about 3rd of their length beneath the calyx,
and at which joint there is a small leafy bract. Calyx in 5 (sometimes 6) erect,
triangular, pointed and persistent segments, sprinkled with small dots or depres-
sions (glands). Corolla in 5 (rarely 6) deep, roundish, somewhat wedge-shaped
divisions, the tube very short and wide, at the summit of which, and between
each segment, is a narrow, white, scale-like process, pointing inwards and up-
wards, supposed to be abortive stamens, as the 5 perfect ones are inserted below and
alternate with them near the base of the tube, and, like the barren ones, conni-
vent; filaments short, broad at the base ; anthers broadly triangular, bursting along
their lateral edges. Style very short, thick and angular; stigma flat. Capsule
globose, adnate with the calyx, tipped with the style, bursting by 5 equal,
recurved, triangular valves opposite to the erect and much longer calyx-segments,
that form a crown to the seed-vessel. Seeds numerous, brown, roughish and sub-
pellucid, in shape resembling those of Anagallis, but more angular, and, like them,
attached to a large, round, free and central receptacle.

In May, 1847, I remarked a form of this plant growing plentifully at Carroll-
ton and elsewhere about New Orleans, having the stem much branched, leaves
oblong, obovate or obovato-elliptical, of a bright green, very shining and mem-
branaceous, all, even the radical, leaves acute, those on the stem most pointed.
It is probably only a variety, resulting from a rich soil and shaded situation, but
I have not seen anything like it in Europe.

This plant is generally stated to occur in nearly all quarters of the globe, and
408 PLUMBAGINACER. [ Statice.

it was long supposed that the present was the only species of the genus. A few
others are pow enumerated by systematic writers, one of which, a native of North
America and long confounded with our European plant, is the S. floribundus of
Kunth. This, which I gathered plentifully about New Orleans in 1847, differs
widely in its much- diffusely-branched stem; shorter, less erect and subpaniculate
racemes; in its very slender, filiform, more spreading and generally straighter
pedicels; and in its much smaller flowers and capsules, the former very minute,
scarcely half the size of S. Valerandi, the corolla but little exceeding the calyx in
length.

The leaves are described as obtuse, and so they often are, but in the plant as I
find it at Carrollton, near the city just mentioned, all the leaves, even the very
lowest, are more or less acute, the middle aud upper obovato-lanceolate and very
distinctly pointed, of a thin and membranaceous texture, and bright, lucid and
somewhar shining green.

The S. Valerandi of * Flora Cestrica’ evidently belongs to S. floribundus, and
the specific characters of the former must be amended.

Order LXI. PLUMBAGINACEA, Juss.

“Calyx tubular. Corolla regular, of 5 united or distinct petals.
Stamens hypogynous or inserted upon the corolla. Ovary single,
1-celled, with 1 ovule suspended from the apex of a stalk arising
from the base of the cell. Styles 5, sometimes united to the mid-
dle or to the summit. Stigmas 5. Capsule indehiscent, or open-
ing irregularly, l-seeded. Embryo straight, in the axis of farina-
ceous albwmen. — Herbaceous or somewhat shrubby plants.
Flowers often capitate or spiked.’—Br. Fl.

I. Sraricz, Linn. Sea Lavender.

“ Calyx funnel-shaped, plaited, dry and membranaceous. Pe-
tals united at the base, bearing the stamens. Styles distinct, gla-
brous: stigmas filiform, glandular. (/ lowers in unilateral spikes
on a panicled scape).”—Br. Fi. ;

1. S. Limonium, L. Sea Lavender. “ Leaves elliptic-lanceo-
late stalked mucronate single-ribbed, scape with a much-branched
spreading corymb at the top, branches curved outwards,” “ calyx-
segments acute with intermediate teeth.”—Br. Fl. p. 336. E. B.
t. 102.

B. rariflora. Flowers distant on the branches. Ray, Syn. ed. 3tia, p. 202. 8,
rariflora, Dreij.: FE. B. Suppl. 2917.

Tn muddy salt-marshes, and along the shores of tide-rivers and creeks; fre-
quent. Fl. July—September. 2{.

E. Med.—Shores of the Yar and Wootton rivers. Plentiful along the Medina
above Cowes. Brading harbour, in abundance, Mr. Snooke.

W. Med.— Newtown marshes, in the greatest profusion. Yarmouth, Mr.
Snooke. On the rocks at Scratchell’s bay, near the Needles, Mr. £. Lees in New
Bot. Guide Suppl. May not this station belong to S. spathulata, as 8. Limo-
nium does not usually grow upon rocks or cliffs, which the former invariably does?

8. In muddy places about Wootton creek, intermixed with the ordinary S.
Armeria.] PLUMBAGINACE. 409

Limonium, and growing to a large size (2 feet or upwards), Rev. G. E. Smith.
Shores of the Wootton river, in great plenty, with the common form, from which
T can really find no distinguishing mark beyond that of habit, — Hudson, Esq.,
1848!!! Side of the Yar, near Freshwater mill, sparingly.

_ This species greatly resembles the next in appearance, but is much larger, and
is never, I believe, found growing, like that, on rocks or cliffs, but only in low
muddy places within reach of the tide. The very large, thick, blackish, spongy
and almost woody root sends up tufts of flowering stems from a few inches to a
foot and a half in height.

Leaves all radical, about half as high as the scapes, glaucous-green, leathery,
elliptic-lanceolate, quite entire, tapering into thick channelled footstalks formed
by the enlargement downwards of the single strong midrib, and which terminates
in a long and straight or small aud deflexed mucro at the apex of the leaf.
Scape erect, branching chiefly towards the summit, either roundish or more or
less angular and compressed, or somewhat 2-edged, its branches erecto-patent,
forming a level-topped corymbose panicle. Flowers bluish purple, in small, im-
bricated, erect or reclining clusters, in a. usually much crowded, in 8. more dis-
tant or scattered. Calyx tubular, funnel-shaped, with 5 strong, prominent, pur-
plish ribs, its summit in as many white, chaffy or membranous, plaited, acute and
rather deep segments, irregularly toothed or jagged, chiefly about their bases; the
lower part hairy along the ribs or angles. Petals obovato-lanceolate, combined
only at the extremity of their narrow tapering limb. Stamens inserted on the
petals at their point of union; anthers oblong, reddish or pale yellow, with a
bright red spot on the back, where the filament is inserted, 2-celled, bursting
laterally ; pollen of a few coarse roundish grains, pale yellow. Germen obconical,
Striated, tapering greatly downwards, the summit flat; winged as it were with 5
very prominent rounded angles or ridges. Styles 5, long, white, spreading, seated
on the flat top of the germen oppusite the ridges; stigma none. Capsule mem-
branous, I-celled, shorter than the persistent calyx, obloug-obtuse, with 5 blunt
plait-like angles or lobes, dilated upwards and tipped with the base of the styles.
Seeds brown, narrowly oblongo-elliptical, glabrous, a little compressed, with a
slight ridge down the centre on one side (raphe?); affixed to the bottom of the
cell by the very long funiculus from the apex of the seed.

2. S. spathulata, Desf. Dwarf Sea Lavender. Rock Sea La-
vender. ‘‘ Leaves spathulate narrowed into a winged stalk more
or less mucronate somewhat 8-nerved at the base, scape branched
from below the middle, panicle elongated, branches distichous,
spikes erect, calyx with plane blunt segments without interme-
diate teeth.”—-Br. Fl. S. Limonium ¢, Sm. HE. Fl. i. p. 116.
Lind. Syn. Suppl. p. 827. 8. binervosa, G. H. Smith. FE. B.
XXKvii. t. 2663. Br. Fl. p. 336. S. cordata, G. E. Sm. Pls. of S.
Kent, p. 18, cum fig. Ger. Em. p. 4111, fig. 2. Ray, Syn. p. 202,
No. 2.

On sea-cliffs; very rare. Fl, July—September. 2.

Isle of Wight, Rev. G. E. Smith, Watson’s New Bot. Guide. In a subse-

quent communication Mr. Smith told me he believed it was collected on the cliffs
near Freshwater, either by the Rev. Mr. Wood or the Rev. R. Price.

II. Armenia, Willd. Thrift.

“ Calyx funnel-shaped, plaited, dry and membranous. Petals
united at the base, bearing the stamens. Styles distinct, hairy:
stigmas filiform, glandular. (Flowers collected into a bracteated
rounded head, with an inverted cylindrical sheath).’—Br. Fl.

34
410 PLUMBAGINACEE!.— PLANTAGINACES, [Plantago.

1. A. maritima, Willd. Common Thrift. Sea Pink. Sea Gil-
liflower. “ Leaves linear 1-nerved, awns of the calyx short.” —
Br. Fl. p. 3385. Statice Armeria, L.: H. B. t. 226.

8. Heads of flowers beautiful shining crimson in the bud.
On rocks, cliffs and pastures by the sea, as well as on the shore itself; abun-
dantly. Fl. April—September.

On St. Helens spit, abundantly. : By the Medina above Cowes. By the Yar
at Yarmouth.

B. St. Helens spit.
Capsules less deeply and more broadly 5-lobed than in Statice Limonium, the

lobes smooth. Seeds smaller and shorter, oblongo-elliptical, obscurely ribbed,
brownish, darker at each end.

Order LXIT. PLANTAGINACES, Juss.

“Sometimes monecious. Calyx (of the perfect and staminate
flowers) 4-partite. Corolla scariose, 4-lobed. Stamens 4, or
rarely 1, alternate with the segments of the corolla. Filaments ex-
serted. Ovary 1-celled with 1 ovule, or 2-celled with 4 or many
ovules. Style and stigma simple, the latter rarely divided. Cap-
sule opening transversely, 2- or 4-celled, with 2—4 or many seeds;
or hard and indehiscent, 1-celled, 1-seeded. Seeds peltate,
inserted on the dissepimens or at the base of the cell, rarely erect.
Embryo in a fleshy or horny albumen. Slightly bitter and astrin-
gent. Seeds mucilaginous.’—Br. Fl.

I. Prantaco, Linn. Plantain.

“ Flowers perfect. Corolla with an ovate tube; limb 4-partite,
reflexed. Stamens 4, inserted upon the tube of the corolla.
Capsule opening transversely, of 2—4 cells, 2—4 or many-seeded.”
—Br. FA.

The species of this genus are found in all parts of the world, but are most

numerous in the S. of Europe and N. of Africa. Britain possesses only the five
following, which are common to it and the rest of Europe.

* Leaves entire or simply toothed. Root perennial.

1. P. major, L. Greater Plantain. Way-bread. “ Leaves
broadly ovate mostly on longish grooved footstalks, scape rounded,
spikes long cylindrical, sepals with a prominent dorsal nerve, cap-
sule 2-celled with the dissepiment plane, each cell many-seeded.”
—Br. Fl.p. 338. H.B. t. 1558.

In meadows, pastures, waste places and by waysides; frequent. Fl. June—
August. 2.

2. P. media, L. Hoary Plantain. “ Leaves elliptical pubes-
cent sessile or tapering into short and broad footstalks, scape
rounded, spike cylindrical, sepals not keeled, capsule 2-celled
with the dissepiment plane, cells 1-seeded.”—Br. Fl. p. 338. E.
B. t. 1559.
Plantago.| PLANTAGINACER, 411

In dry, mostly calcareous pastures; abundant on the chalk formation. Fl.
May—October. 2/.

About Ventnor and other parts of the Uudercliff, the prevailing species.
Abundant everywhere on the chalk about Carisbrooke, Newport, Thorley, Cal-
bourne, Buecombe, &c.

Capsules similar to those of the last, but somewhat shorter and more obtusely
conical. Seeds 1 or 2 in each cell (1, Sm.; 2, Koch). I tind very commonly the
capsule 3-seeded, in the specimens before me, by abortion of one of the seeds,
elliptical-oblong, plano-convex or concave on the inner side, dark brown, some-
what paler on the back in the centre, smooth.

Sir James Smith recommends the pouring a drop of sulphuric acid on the crown
of the root for destroying this plantain on grass-plats, a valuable hint to such gar-
deners as have time to undertake and patience to go through with the operation.

3. P. lanceolata, L. Ribwort. Plantain Ribgrass. “ Leaves
lanceolate tapering at both ends, scape angular, spike ovate or
cylindrical, bracteas ovato-acute or cuspidate, two of the sepals
keeled, tube of the corolla glabrous, dissepiment of the capsule
plane, cells 1-seeded.” —Br. FI. p. 3388. EH. B.t. 507.

In meadows, pastures, waste ground and by roadsides; everywhere. Fl. June,

July. 2h.

4. P. maritima, L. Sea-side Plantain. “Leaves linear grooved
fleshy convex below, scape rounded, spike cylindrical, bracteas
ovato-acuminate, sepals not winged, tube of the corolla pubescent,
capsule 2-celled with the dissepiment plane, cells 1-seeded.’”—
Br. Fl. p. 338. E. B.t.175. Sibth. Fl. Gree. ii. t. 148.

In muddy salt-marshes, and pastures about the mouths of tide-rivers and creeks.
Fl. June—September. 2,.

&, Med. — Marshy meadows behind the Dover, Ryde, in great plenty, 1844.
{St. Helens spit, by the ferry, Dr. Bell-Salter, Edrs.]

W. Med.— Salt-marshes about Yarmouth, frequent, 1844. By the Medina
above Cowes, plentiful.

Root or rather rhizoma brownish, woody, with short stout fibres, sending up
erect or oblique branches or ligneous suckers crowned with leafy tufts, forming
dense clumps in salt-marshes. Leaves all radical, numerous, spreading, from the
summit of the short woody crowns or suckers of the root, dull pale green, fleshy,
brittle, excessively variable in size, smoothness, &c., as is the whole plant, accord-
ing to altitude or as the situation is maritime or inland; mostly narrowly linear-
lanceolate, often curved or sickle-shaped, from an inch or two to a foot or upwards
in length, acute or acuminate, flattish or concave above towards the point, deeply
channelled and semicylindrical towards the dilated, membranously winged, often
purplish, sheathing base, into which the leaf tapers insensibly by no evident pe-
tiole; strongly but bluntly keeled on the back, quite entire or distantly and obso-
letely denticulate, sometimes distinctly toothed, 5- or 7-nerved, marking the posi-
tion of as many medullary fibres which traverse the thick parenchymatous
substance of the leaf.* The base of each leaf, and more particularly of the
innermost ones, is more or less copiously overspread with a loose cottony floccu-
lence like that which connects the florets of several species of Poa. Scapes 1 or
more from each bunch of leaves, which when in flower they usually much exceed
in height, naked, erect, ascending or decumbent (Bertol.), wavy, terete, not stri-
ated, tubular but filled with loose cellular tissue within, slightly angulato-com-
pressed, attenuated and glabrous near the base, higher up roughish with erect or

 

* These fibres are extremely strong; three of them only reach the apex of
the leaf.
412 PLANTAGINACES. (Plantago.

appressed white pubescence. Spikes solitary, simple, slender, terminal and cylin-
drical or ovato-oblong, drouping before flowering, then erect, and finally considerably
elongated in seed. Flowers very numerous, densely imbricated, expanding in
successive rings or belts from below upwards, sessile, each subtended by an ovate
concave bract, of a green colour edged with white, about as long as the flower.
Calyx as long as the tube of the corolla, deeply cleft into 4 broadly ovate, ribless,
concave, very obtuse or rounded, scarivse segments, with green strongly keeled
backs and somewhat fringed tips. Corodla pale green or yellowish, the tube
urceolate, faintly ribbed, very hispid below, the limb in 4 broadly ovate, scariose,
pointed segments, purplish in the centre. Stamens much exserted ; filaments gla-
brous; anthers bright yellow, oblong-sagittate, apiculate, their points purplish.
Germen ovoid, glabrous, tapering into the style. Style long, tapering, quadran-
gular, rough chiefly in its superior part. Capsule much longer than the calyx,
covered with the dry persistent corolla, brownish yellow, glabrous, rather acutely
conical. Seeds 2, dark brown, plano-convex, oblong or elliptical, smooth, usually
bordered unilaterally or at one end with a narrow white membrane or caruncle;
hilum oval, depressed,

A much smaller and very narrow-leaved variety is mentioned by Withering as
having been found by him in this island.

** Leaves pinnatifid. Root annual.

5. P. Coronopus,* Li. Buck’s-horn Plantain. Star of the
Earth. “Leaves linear pinnatifid or toothed, scape rounded,
bracteas ovato-subulate, lateral sepals with a ciliated membrana-
ceous wing at the back, dissepiment of the capsule with 4 angles
(thus forming 4 cells), cells 1-seeded.”—Br. Fl. p. 889. E. B. t.
892.

In waste ground, and under walls about towns and villages, principally near
the sea; common. Fl. June, July. ©.

£. Med.— Abundant on Royal heath, and above Sandown bay, between San-
down and Shanklin, &c., 1844. Plentiful on the Dover at Ryde.

W. Med.—Most abundant and of luxuriant growth everywhere on the (green?)
sand of the entire line of coast betwixt Blackgang and Comptun bay, 1846.

Capsule very small, brownish or yellowish, slightly hairy, ovoid, mucronato-
acuminate by the persistent base of the style, bursting by a central angular line
of dehiscence ; placenta 4-winged, forming 4 cells, but unconnected with the walls
of the capsule, which hence is truly unilocular. Seeds one in each cell, but one
or more often abortive, of an oblong or subelliptical shape, subcompressed, pale
purplish brown, with a gray furfuraceous scaliness, and a narrow white wing or
border at one extremity chiefly, often nearly obsolete; hilum round, depressed,
central and lateral.

A few specimens of P. Cynops, L., were found on the Dover at Ryde, by T.
Brown, Esq., in May, 1843, one of which he kindly presented me with.

 

* The linear segments of the pinnatifid leaves are thought to resemble a crow’s
foot as well as a deer’s horns, hence the name of Coronopus.
Salsola.] CHENOPODIACER. 418

Subdivision IV. MONOCHLAMYDE.

“Flowers incomplete. Perianth single; in other words, the
calyx and corolla forming but one floral covering, or altogether
wanting.’—Br. Fl.

Order LXIII. CHENOPODIACEA,

“Sometimes moneecious or polygamous.  Perianth free, gene-
rally deeply cleft and without bracteas at its base. Stamens
mostly 5 (in Salsola 2 or 1). Stamens from the base of the peri-
anth and opposite to the segments: anthers 2-celled. Ovary 1,
1-celled, with a single ovule. Style divided, rarely simple. Fruit
indehiscent (usually a wtricle, sometimes a berry). Seed 1, at the
base of the cell. Embryo spiral and without albumen, or curved
round a farinaceous albumen. Herbs, rarely shrubs, without sti-
pules. Flowers small, inelegant.’—Br. Fl.

Tribe I. Sarsorem.

“ Seed with a simple integument. Embryo in a conical spiral.
Stems continuous or jomted.”—SopEx.—Bry. FI.

I. Satsoua,* Linn. Saltwort.

“Flowers perfect, bracteated at the base. Perianth simple,
inferior, 5-partite, persistent, enveloping the wtricle with its base
and crowning it with its limb, which has a broad scariose dorsal
wing. Stamens 5. Styles 2. Seeds horizontal ; integument sim-
ple, membranaceous’—Br. Fl.

Very closely related to Chenopodium, to which one of our two former British
species is now referred; the present differs from that genus chiefly in the shape
of the fruit, the dilated perianth and spiral cotyledon.

1. S. Kali, L. Prickly Saltwort. “Stems herbaceous pros-
trate, leaves subulate spinous scabrous, flowers axillary solitary,
segments of the enlarged perianth cartilaginous as long as their
spreading roundish wings.” —Br. Fil. p. 352. EH. B. t. 634.

On sandy sea-shores; frequent. Fl. July, August. ©.
Plentiful on the spit below St. Helens, and on that at Norton. Sandown bay,
Mr. E. Lees in New Bot. Guide Suppl.

 

* Name from sal, salt, and solum, soil, from the saline impregnation of the
ground in which the species grow.
414 CHENOPODIACER. (Schoberia.

Herb very prickly and bushy, of a pale pellucid rather glaucous-green, brittle
and succulent. Root, though annual, very hard, tough and woody, with fibres
ruuning far and wide in the loose sand. Stems numerous, in the small plants
prostrate, much branched from the base, from a few inches to a foot or more,
spreading in all directions, the central ones in large plants upright, the rest
ascending or decumbent, rounded, bluntly angular and furrowed, striped with red
and green or white and green, rough with short pellucid bristles, and filled inter-
nally with very loose white cellular tissue of great delicacy. Leaves numerous,
awl-shaped, very succulent, scabroso-punclate, nearly cylindrical, obtuse, tipped
with a short spine, their bases 3-nerved, compressed and dilated into a white
membranous border, beset with small spines running to some distance along the
leaf towards its point: as they ascend, the leaves become shorter, broader, with
wider scariose edges, the uppermost nearly triangular. Flowers solitary and ses-
sile in the axils of almost every leaf and at the foot of the short lateral shoots
springing from them, and also floriferous, each seated between two bracts like the
leaves themselves, but smaller. Segments of the perianth at first erect, ovato-lan-
ceolate, scariose and acute, whitish or pale rose-colour; after flowering they
become cartilaginous and enlarged, lying over and closely investing the seed.
Stamens erect, inserted at the base of the germen and opposite to the segments of
the perianth, with a greenish gland between each filament ; anthers ovato-oblong,
pale yellow. Styles combined for some distance upwards, 2 or 3, or rather there
is but 1 style with 2 or 3 stigmas,* which, from their exceeding in length the un-
divided portion, have been counted as so many styles, though nothing like a coa-
lition of separate parts can be perceived ; stigmas roughish, spreading or recurved ;
germen subglobose, finely wrinkled or furrowed. Seed horizontal, depresso-turbinate,
quite concealed by the connivent calyx-sepals, the points of which meet around
and enclose the persistent style, and are at this period in many, though not in all,
of the flowers furnished with membranous, flat and spreading prolongations of
their substance at the margin formed by the inflexion of their apices, various in
form and size, and have been justly observed as often wanting as present on the
same plant, or but partially developed.

Tribe II. Suzpvez.

“ Seed with a double integument. Embryo in a flat spiral. Stem
continuous.’ —Br. Fl.

Il. Scuoperia, C. A. Meyer. Sea Blite.

“ Flowers usually perfect, bibracteated at the base. Perianth
5-partite, at length inflated and often fleshy (without appendages
or a wing at the back). Stamens 5. Style 0.  Stigmas usually 3.
Utricle covered by the perianth. Seed lenticular; integument
double, outer one crustaceous. (Leaves semicylindrical).” —
Suapa.—Br. Fi.

1. S. maritima, Mey. Sea Blite. “Leaves usually acute,
styles 2, seeds reticulato-striated horizontal, stem herbaceous
diffuse.” — Sueda.— Br. Fl. p. 852. Chenopodium, Z.: EH. B.
t. 633. Chenopodina, Mog.

 

* This is the view taken of our own and of the German species by Mertens
and Koch.
Chenopodium} CHENOPODIACE. 415

8. Stems spreading, procumbent, almost woody; root biennial? Wahl. Fl.
Suec. i. p. 160.

On muddy sea-shores, in salt-marshes and about the mouths of tide-rivers ; very
commonly. Fi. August, September. © and g ?

Brading harbour, and Newtown salt-marshes, abundant. Plentiful along the
Medina between Cowes and Newport. Profusely in a salt-marsh meadow at
Springfield, which is covered with this species exclusively, 1842.

8. In loose sand at Springfield, plentifully. Newtown marshes, as about New-
town Saltern, &c., abundantly. é

Herb very smooth and succulent, of a pale subglaucous-green, changing in
seed to a lurid purple or violet-red, from 6 to 18 inches high. Root whitish,
tapering, flexuose, with a few branching fibres, tough and composed of several
concentric layers of woody fibre. Stem 1 or more, roundish, striated, usually
ascending at the base and somewhat woody, afterwards erect, at other times dif-
fuse or prostrate, much branched, the branches alternate, erecto-patent, slender
and nodding at the tips. Leaves numerous, alternate, sessile, linear, very soft,
fleshy and succulent, ribless, flat on the upper side or slightly channelled, rounded
and nearly semicylindrical below, pointing upwards and mostly a little incurved,
rather bluntly pointed but not mucronate, scarcely attenuated at the base, the
largest about an inch or an inch anda half in length. Flowers green, in little
axillary clusters of about 3—5 together (sometimes solitary), small, ses-
sile, the central flower with 2, the lateral with 3, minute scariose torn bracts, of
an oblong or obovate shape and much shorter than themselves, to which they are
closely applied. Perianth in 5 deep, concave, gibbous segments, with a broad,
pale, membranous and rounded or very slightly pointed, erect border, depresso-
connivent in fruit, furnished, according to Bertoloni, at the base externally with
a thick fleshy scale or callosity, representing the foliaceous appendage to the same
part in Salsola, but of which in the plant before us I can perceive no trace what-
ever, nor is any such appendage noted by the authors of the new edition of
Robling’s ‘ Deutschland’s Flora.’ Stamens opposite to and a little longer than
the segments of the perianth ; anthers large, yellowish, of 2 distinct roundish lobes.
Styles 2, conical and united at the base, erect, much shorter than the stamens.

The whole plant turns dark red, purple or violet in decaying, and black in
drying.

Both this species and S. fruticosa approach very nearly in character to Sal-
sola, to which genus Smith has removed the latter but not the former, thus very
unnaturally separating two plants having the most intimate relationship.

' Tribe IT]. Caenopovez.

“ Embryo annular.” “ Flowers uniform, mostly perfect. Stem
continuous.” —Br. FI.

III. Cuenopopium, Linn. Goosefoot.

“ Flowers usually all perfect. Pertanth nearly uniform, usu-
ally 5- (sometimes 2—4) cleft, persistent and unaltered, or at
length fleshy, closing upon the fruit. Ovary and fruit free from
the perianth. Seed lenticular. (Leaves flat. Bracteas under
each flower none.’—Br. Fl.

1. C. olidwm, Curt. Stinking Goosefoot. Leaves ovato-rhom-
boidal quite entire, spikes very short leafless, stems diffuse’ or
prostrate. Sm. HE. Fl.ii.p.14. Br. Fl. p. 344. Lynd. Syn. p.
216. E. B. xv. t.1084. Curt. Fl. Lond. fase. 5, t.20. C. Vul-
varia, LD.
416 CHENOPODIACEE, (Chenopodium.

Under walls, in waste and cultivated ground and rubbishy places, chiefly in
suburban situations; very rare. Fl. July, August. ©.

E. Med. — At the foot of a long wall at E. Cowes, rather abundantly. In the
garden of “la Solitude,’ Ryde, but in very small quantity, Dr. Bell-Salter, 1845.
Shown me by my friend the Rev. Wm. Darwin Fox, growing in his garden at
Binstead, but very sparingly, and he suspected introduced by accident from seed
brought by him out of Derbyshire.

Herb weak and slender, dull grayish green, covered with a granular mealiness.
Root small, whitish, tapering, with a few slender fibres. Stems much branched
from the very base, from a few inches to a foot or upwards in length, prostrate or
ascending at the extremity. Leaves stalked, scarcely an inch long, ovato-rhom-
boidal, mostly bluntish, quite entire, 3 ribbed at the base, a little eshy, covered,
like the rest of the plant, with an unctuous mealiness of a most offensive odour,
justly compared to that of stale salt fish, and permanently communicable by con-
tact. Flowers very small, green, in little roundish crowded clusters, forming
short, leafless, axillary and terminal, very mealy spikes. Seeds quite covered by
the perianth, round, flattened, dark brown, shining and minutely dotted.

2. C. polyspermum, L.  Allseed Goosefoot. “Leaves ovato-
elliptical sessile, spikes axillary elongated subcymose.” — Br. Fl.
p. 845. E.B. t. 1480,

B. acutifolium. Stems partly erect or ascending; leaves ovate; spikes erect,
leafy, scarcely branched. C. polyspermum, Curt. C. acutifolium, £. B. t. 1481.
‘Leight. Fl. Shrops. p. 121, cum ic.

A frequent weed in kitchen- and other garden-ground, potato-fields, waste
places, on ditchbanks, dung-hills, and in mvist woods, &c. Fl. July, September.
Fr. September. ‘

E. Med. —Cultivated fields near Ryde, Binstead, and, I understand, a weed in
the garden at Pondwell. Common on old manure heaps at Sandown. In gar-
dens at Godshill, 1844. Abundant in 1844 at several places, as Godshill, New-
church, Shanklin, America. Merston, plentifully, 1843. E. bank of the
Medina, below Copping’s bridge, B. 7. W. [Very common at Hillway, Bem-
bridge, Dr. Bell-Salter, Edrs.]

W. Med.—Wovd near W. Cowes (Shambler’s copse). Waste ground between
Yarmouth and Shalfleet. Garden of the Shanklin (Williams’s) hotel. By tbe
lower farm at Ningwood. In Northwood park, sparingly, 1844.

B. “The var. acutifolium is the prevailing if not the only form of the plant
with us in Hants.”* ;

Herb quite glabrous in every part. Root annual, tapering, whitish or reddish,
branched, with copious slender fibres. Stem erect, solid, various in height, from
a few inches to 1 or 2 feet, green or purple, 4-cornered below, sharply angled,
grooved and ridged above, mostly branching from the very base, the branches
opposite, subopposite or alternate, simple or again ramified, ascending, spreading
or divaricate, the lowermost becoming much elongated and quite prostrate or with
their extremities ascending; on dung-hills and in rich ground very widely
spreading and luxuriant. Leaves light, sometimes bluish or yellowish green,
often edged with purple or suffused with that colour, on the disk and ribs under-
neath, somewhat lucidt but not shining, a little fleshy, pale and whitish beneath,
strongly depresso-venose and wavy, with a minute mucronate point; extremely
variable in size and shape on the same plant, with us for the most part ovate or
from that to ovato-lanceolate, rounded, attenuated or rhomboidal at base; for the

 

* [ Bromf. in Phytol. iii. p. 749. It is evident therefore that the stations in
the text above must refer mainly if not exclusively to this form.—£drs.]

+ By lucid is here meant a certain transparency or brightness of appearance in
the leaves by the partial transmission of light through them.
Chenopodium.) CHENOPODIACE. 417

most part quite entire, but occasionally there is a tooth-like angle or two near the
base, most commonly solitary or confined to one side, acute or very obtuse, with
all gradations between the two extremes; in the latter case the apex of the leaf
is rounded and retuse: in general however the more acute termination greatly
predominates. Petioles variable in length, always much shorter than the leaves,
rounded and caniculate by the decurrent erect margins of the former. Stipules
none. Flowers numerous, in axillary, leafless, cymose clusters, minute and green-
ish, sessile, the form of inflorescence scarcely less variable in appearance than the
leaves, and well described by Leighton in his admirable ‘ Flora of Shropshire.’ I
gladly avail myself of his own words in a great measure. Rucemes cymose, axil-
lary, nearly sessile, shorter than the leaves, simply or repeatedly dichotomous, each
divarication having a sessile or pedicellate flower in the axil of the fork, leafless,
but crowded on the branches in such a manner as to present the appearance of an
elongated leafy spike. Segments of the perianth roundish or roundish ovate, con-
cave, gibbous at the back, either very obtuse or slightly pointed; when in fruit
either erect or converging over the seed, but not perfectly covering it. Stamens
rather longer than the perianth; filaments flattish, broad, striate and pellucid;
anthers pale yellow, large, of 2 globose lobes. Styles 2 or sometimes 3, short,
recurved. Seeds horizontal, partially embraced by the perianth-segments,* orbi-
cular-reniform, much depressed, purplish black, shining and minutely punctulato-
striate, the circumference very obtuse or rounded (without a border). Pericarp
close, wrinkled, greenish or purplish.

Our Isle-of-Wight plant is always the C. acutifolium of E. B., which, though
considered on high authority as not distinct from C. polyspermum, L., is never-
theless accounted a good species by many continental writers. For excellent
observations on this species see Leighton’s ‘ Flora of Shropshire, p. 121, whose
remarks are in perfect accordance with my own made in this island.

8. C. album, L. White Goosefoot. Vect. Lamb’s Quarters.
“Leaves ovate inclining to rhomboid sinuato-toothed entire at
the base, upper ones oblong perfectly entire, spikes branched
somewhat leafy, seeds smooth shining somewhat keeled at the
edge."—Br. Fl. p. 346. H. B. t. 1723.

In cultivated and waste ground, fields, gardens, by roadsides and on dung-
hills; everywhere the most common and abundant species of the genus. £1.
July, August. Fr. September. ©.

4. C. glaucum, L. Oak-leaved Goosefoot. “Leaves all oblong
toothed and sinuated at the margin glaucous and mealy beneath,
spikes erect nearly simple leafless, stigmas short, seed minutely
reticulato-rugose.”—Br. Fl. p. 346. H. B. xxi. t. 1454.

Tn low, rich, waste ground, about farm-yardsand on dung-hills, but very rarely,
Fl. August. Fr. September, October. ©.

W. Med. — Abundantly on a piece of waste ground at Thorley, just outside of
the farm-yard near the church, between that and the high road, 1837. Quite pro-
cumbent on an old manure-heap at Swainston, 1839.

Amongst the most uncommon of the English species, occurring in but few
places, chiefly, it is said, about London. Root fusiform, with copious fibres
at the crown. Stem erect or quite prostrate, scarcely a foot high, often much
less, obscurely angular, pale green, often beautifully striped with red, very smooth,
shining and succulent, simple or slightly branched towards the base, the
branches ascending. eaves oblong, on rather short stalks attenuate at the base,
deeply sinuate or erose, obtuse, or in the upper ones somewhat acuminate, dark

 

* Or according to some authors quite uncovered, the segments of the perianth
spreading. In my specimens the segments are certainly connivent and close upon
the seed, which however they are far from large enough to cover or conceal.

3H
418 CHENOPODIACEE. [Chenopedium.

green above, beneath glaucous and covered with copious greasy mealiness.
Spikes rather short, slightly branched and compound below. Flowers small,
green, in numerous distant sessile clusters, in each of which the central flower is
elevated ona very short and thick pedicel, the rest aggregated around its base.
Perianth 3- oy 4-cleft. Seeds small, blackish, flat or compressed, finely dotted, or,
according to the excellent description of this species in Mertens and Koch's
‘ Deutschland’s Flora,’ wrinkled under a high magnifier, closely enwrapped by
the thin pellicular perisperm and the mostly 3-clefi perianth. A few seeds in
each cluster are often vertical, but the greater part are horizontal. The figures
in ‘English Botany’ and ‘Flora Danica’ have the leaves much more acutely
sinuate than in my very numerous specimens, in all of which the sinuosities leave
blunt intermediate lobes, suggesting the idea of oak-leaves, to which indeed they
bear a strong general resemblance.*

5. C. murale, L. Nettle-leaved Goosefoot. ‘‘ Leaves shining
ovate approaching to rhomboid acute sharply toothed entire at
the base, spikes divaricately branched cymose leafless, seeds
opaque dotted, their edge obtuse and not keeled.” — Br. Fl. p.
345. HEH. B.t. 1722. Fl. Dan. xii. t. 2048.

In waste places about towns, under walls, on rubbish, dung-hills, and in neg-
a gardens, but not general. Fl. July, October. Fr. September—Novem-

er, ©.

£, Med. —At E. Cowes in several places, sparingly. Frequent at Newchurch,
at the vicarage and elsewhere, 1841. Sandown, Mfr. W. D. Snooke. Under the
rocky cliff on the right-hand side of the road from St. Lawrence to Niton, a little
beyond the turnivg off to Whitwell, in plenty, growing with Beta maritima, Miss
Hadfield !

W. Med.—In Northwood park, very sparingly, 1844. At Yarmouth and Ning-
wood. Newport, Freshwater, &c., in plenty, Mr. W. D. Snooke in Fi. Vect.
Probably C. urbicum, var. intermedium, has been gathered for C. murale at the
two last-mentioned places.

Root tapering, long and slender. Stem 1—2 feet high, much branched,
obscurely angular, striated, green or reddish, erect or reddish. Leaves dark or
often bright green, smooth, thick and more or less shining, ovate or ovato-lanceo-
late, somewhat rhomboidal, acute, variously but deeply and sharply toothed, the
teeth pointing forwards, attenuated at the base into moderately long petioles;
scarcely if at all mealy: the lower leaves, which are largest and broadest, have
somewhat the look of those of the nettle. Sikes axillary and terminal, leafless
or very nearly so, spreading, much branched in a paniculate or cymose manner.
Flowers rather large, in small, roundish, sessile clusters, greenish, and covered
with a mealy or rather crystalline efflorescence, though this is almost wanting on
the stem and leaves. Perianth cleft, the segments obtuse, with a blunt prominent
keel. Seed tunicated, dull black, orbicular, much compressed, with a narrow rim
or border, minutely rugoso-punctate, almost wholly covered by the closely invest-
ing perianth, rather larger than in C. urbicum, horizontal.

The smell of this plant is slight but unpleasant; the stem and leaves are often
a fine red.

Native or naturalized in America. I have gathered it at Philadelphia, and
observed it extremely common at Norfolk in Virginia, beyond which to the north-
ward I have not remarked it.

6. C. urbicum, L. Upright Slender-spiked Goosefoot.

B. intermedium. C. intermedium, M. et K. Leaves triangular, tvothed ;
spikes long, erect, approaching the stem, subsimple, nearly leafless, their clusters
remote or scattered; seeds horizontal, rough, tightly coated. Sm. &. Fl. ii. p.
10. Br. Fl. p.345. £. B.x.t.717. Lind. Syn. p. 215.

 

* Called Rand’s Oak Blite on this account by Petiver, &c.
Chenopodium.] CHENOPODIACER. 419

y. Spikes cymosely branched.

On rich waste ground, dung-hills, village-greens, and especially in or about
ns frequent and general throughout the island. Fl, August, Septem-

er. ©).

£. Med.— 8. Abundant at Troublefields and at Ninham farms, near Ryde.
Farm-yard at Palmer's near Wootton. Common on St. Helens green, and at
Sandown, about the cottages and farms. At Ventnor and Niton. Moist ground
by Little Whitefield farm, 1844. Plentiful in the farm-yard of Upper Morton,
by Brading, 1849. In a farm-yard at Adgeton, in plenty, and very luxuriant,
1849, At Arreton, Hasely, Lower Rill, and other places, in plenty.

W. Med.—B. By Yafford mill. Grange, by Brixton, At Chillerton. Compton
farm, and Brook-house farm-yards.

y- Near Yaverland farm, in the road leading down to the marshes. In the
farm-yard at Sweepwash, Appuldurcombe. At Yafford mill, near Shorwell.

Stem 1—3 feet high, erect or ascending, obtusely angular, green or reddish,
smooth, shining and flexuose, sometimes a little branched at the base, more usually
simple: the main stem terminates in a very compound pyramidal spike, the branches
of which are panicled, more or less diverging and quite leafless. Leaves triangu-
lar, sinuato-dentate, with sharp teeth a little pointing forwards or hooked, wedge-
shaped at the base, with 3 principal very prominent ribs, of a rather dark green
above, a little shining, somewhat thick and fleshy, mostly with some degree of
mealiness beneath: the leaves become less toothed or nearly entire as they
approach the summit. Spikes upright, at first short and thick, much lengthened
out as the seed ripens, compound chiefly towards the base, with a few leaves inter-
spersed for about 4rd the length of the lowermost spikes, and which gradually
diminish in frequency on those above them, wholly disappearing on the upper-
most spikes, which are subtended by the single leaf only, from the axil of which
they spring. Flowers green, in small, )obular, rather remote clusters, all 5-cleft, and,
as far as I can find, perfect.* Seed dark brown, nearly black, horizontal, covered
by the connivent perianth, 4 or 5 times as large as in the next species, orbicular,
compressed, but less so than in C. rubrum, hence rather lenticular, the periphery
rounded, minutely rugoso-punctulate and highly polished when freed from the
very close, rough, friable pericarp.

The var. y. I have never seen in fruit. It has the aspect of small specimens of
C. urbicum, except that the leaves are much less regularly toothed, the teeth
fewer and mostly confined to the lower half of the leaf, where there is for the
most part one very large; the uppermost leaves are nearly entire; flowers in axil-
lary and terminal racemes, quite leafless, branched in various degrees, almost as
much cymose in one specimen asin C. murale. My. G. E. Smith has observed
the same variety in Sussex, but I suspect it to arise from a discased state of the
plant, having never seen this form of inflorescence in large vigorous plants, but
only on small, discoloured, unhealthy specimens. It has come up in the garden
at St. John’s, from seed, I believe, of the common form; nor is the same trans-
formation of the inflorescence from the simple spicate to the subcymose character
complete in these casual specimens.

The much larger seeds distinguish this species from C. rubrum. Gaudin’s
description is excellent, agreeing exactly with our plant, which is faithfully de-
picted in E. Botany, excepting that tbe clusters of flowers are more remote in the
figure, but in this respect there is a great variation. Our Isle-of-Wight plant
seems to be always the C. intermedium, Mertens et Koch, separated originally
from C. urbicum by a nice distinction without a difference, and since repudiated
by its surviving author in his Syn. Fl. Germ. et Helv.

 

* Besides the vertical position of the seed, Mertens and Koch assert the flowers
of C. rubrum to be 3-parted, with one or two stamens, the central flower only of
each cluster 5-cleft.
420 CHENOPODIACES. (Chenopodium.

7. C. rubrum, L. Red Goosefoot. Leaves triangular some-
what rhomboidal deeply toothed and sinuate, spikes erect com-
pound leafy, their clusters crowded, seed very minute vertical
smooth loosely coated. Sm. HE. Fl. ii. p. 11. Br. Fl. p. 346.
Lind. Syn. p. 215. EH. B. xxiv. t. 1721.

Tn low moist manured or muddy places, farm-yards, on dung-heaps, the mar-
gins of ponds, and spots where water occasionally stands, also in salt-marshes
(Bab.); a very uncommon species in the island. 7. July—October. ©.

£, Med.—On the half-dried-up margins of the pond by Hardingshoot farm, in
very great plenty, 1844. A plant or two on a manure-heap at Gatehouse farm.

W. Med.—On a manure-heap by the roadside near Ningwood green, in consi-
derable plenty, 1845. Freshwater gate, Mr. W..D.Snooke. It is very possible
this species may have grown in the last-mentioned station, but I have never suc-
ceeded in finding it there, «nd till its discovery in the island in 1844 was inclined
to the opinion that the foregoing is the plant intended for C. rubrum, which in
many places, though not with us, is a far commoner species than C. urbicum.

Root aunual, tapering, with several stout, pale, branched fibres. Stem erect,
ascending or sometimes procumbent and even prostrate, furrowed and angular,
filled with a white spongy pith, mostly striped with dark green and bright red or
purple, very leafy, alternately and often copiously branched from the base, the
Jower branches, at least in the decumbent variety, widely divaricate, ascending
and procumbent below, those higher ov the stem and at its summit more or less
erect or patent, becoming gradually shorter, giving a tapering or pyramidal out-
line to the entire plant, Flowers minute. Seed completely concealed by the per-
sistent perianth, deep reddish brown, orbicular, but somewhat inclined to ovate
and pointed, much flattened and subcochleate, with rounded obtuse periphery,
shining and smooth or slightly wrinkled only, similar to that of C. urbicum, but
rather thinner and scarcely exceeding 3th its size, not exceeding a moderate grain
of sand; that of the terminal and 5-cleft flower of each cluster horizontal, the rest
vertical, all covered with a thin pellicle, which is nuch smoother, paler and looser
than in C. urbicum.

It is now admitted that the C. botryodes of Smith is merely a procumbent
variety of C. rubrum, .very similar to, if not identical with, the form of that spe-
cies we have just been describing.

Gaudin (Fl. Helv.) remarks the extreme rarity of this species in Switzerland.

The plant which goes under this name amongst the American botanists, and
which I have gathered in the suburban streets and on the vacant lots of Phila-
delphia, appears to be very different from the C. rubrum of Europe, and makes a
certain approach to C.urbicum in the slender, erect, somewhat branched and
mostly leafless racemes, that bear a few small leaves amongst the lower clusters
alone. This plant has likewise much of the aspect of C. anthelmenticum in the
inflorescence, but is quite destitute of the strong smell of that species. It is more
branched and spreading than either this last or C. urbicum, or indeed in any
of the upright forms of the European C. rubrum that have come under my own
notice.

8. C. Bonus Henricus, L. Good King Henry. Wild Spinach.
English Mercury. Leaves triangulari-sagittate somewhat hastate
mostly quite entire, spikes compound terminal and axillary erect
leafless, seed vertical smooth. Sm. #. Fl.ii.p.9. Br. Fl. p. 347.
Lind. Syn. p.215.  #H. B. xv. t.1033. Curt. Fl. Lond. fase. 3,
t. 17.

On waste ground, village-greens, by roadsides and about farm-yards ; rather
unfrequent. Fl. May, June (and partially through the summer). 2,.
E, Med, — Farm-yard at Ninham, near Ryde. Abundant in Apse farm-yard.
Salicornia.] CHENOPODIACEE. 421

Rew farm, near Appuldurcombe. Field near Quarr abbey, 1849. Arreton.
Shanklin. [Near Bembridge, A. G. More, Esq., Edrs.]

W, Med. —Wellow. Gottens. .

Root thick, fleshy. Stems several, about a foot high, roundish, striated, mealy
like the leaves with minute, round, crystalline grains on short hair-like pedicels.
Leaves dark green, alternate, on long petioles, triangular or somewhat hastate,
often with one or two lobe-shaped teeth on each side at their base, otherwise quite
entire, their edges wavy and having a fat or unctuous feel from the copious
mealiness on their veined under surface. Spikes terminating the stem and
branches, very long, tapering, compound, leafy near the base only, quite leafless
above. Flowers densely crowded in small sessile clusters, greenish or reddish.
Segments of the perianth concave, somewhat pointed, bordered with an abrupt
membrane. Stamens wanting in some flowers (Sm.) Styles long, spreading,
usually 2, but flowers with 3 are often intermixed. Seed large, vertical (with its
edges upright), lenticularand subreniform, not bordered, reddish brown, very smooth
and shining when divested of the extremely fine and close pellicle and the some-
what loose, reticulated, wrinkled pericarp, embraced but not concealed by the
perianth-segments.

This species is remarkable for being perennial, unlike the rest of the genus,
which are annual. It has much of the habit of Amaranthus, and resembles spi-
nach in general appearance, for which it was formerly a valuable substitute. The
succulent bitterish herbage does not seem inviting to any of our domestic animals.
as we find it growing uncropped in places the most frequented by them.

IV. Bera, Linn. Beet.

“ Perianth single, 5-cleft, persistent. Stamens 5. Utricle reni-
form, imbedded in the fleshy base of the calyx.”’—Br. Fl.

1. B. maritima, L. Sea Beet. Vect. Wild Spinach. “Stems
erect or procumbent at the base angled branched, spikes longish
narrow somewhat erect leafy panicled, flowers 1—4 together ses-
sile when in fruit 2—3 cohering, segments at length keeled and
inflexed at the summit.’—Br. Fl. H. B. t. 285. B. vulgaris,
Br. Fl. p. 344.

On the sea-beach, in muddy salt-marshes, on old walls and waste ground along
the shore, on most parts of the coast abundantly. Fl. August, September. 2{.

E. Med.—Frequent at Ryde, Cowes, &c. Between Springfield and Sea View, in
plenty. Under the rock in the highest part of the Undercliff, nearly behind St.
Lawrence, at a considerable distance from the shore.

W. Med.—Plentiful at Yarmouth.

Dr. Bell-Salter tells me the flowers of the Sea Beet are very fragrant, the odour
being like those of almonds and new-made hay united.

Boiled instead of greens, the Sea Beet is much relished by the poorer classes of
this island.

Tribe IV. Sarrcornez.

“ Embryo annular.” “ Flowers uniform, perfect. Stem jointed.”
—Br. FI.

¢

V. Saxrcornra,* Linn. Glasswort.

“ Perianth single, turbinate, fleshy, obscurely lobed, imbedded
in an excavation of the rachis. Stamens 1—2. Style short.

 

* Name from sal, salt and cornu, a horn; in allusion probably to the branched
and naked stems, like anthers, and the saline soil in which the species grow.
422 CHENOPODIACEE. [Salicornia.

Stigmas bi-trifid. Fruit a utricle, included in the enlarged
perianth.”— Br. Fl.

1. S. herbacea, L. Jointed Glasswort. Saltwort. Sea Sam-
phire. Stem herbaceous, articulations compressed somewhat
thickened upwards and notched, spikes cylindrical slightly taper-
ing at the extremity.

a Stem erect. S. annua, Z. B. vi. t. 415. S. herb., Sm. BE. Fl.i.p. 2. Br.
. p. 350.

8. Stems prostrate. S. procumbens? Sm. EF. Fl.i. p.2. HE. B. xxxv, t. 2475?

In muddy salt-marshes; abundant. Fv. August, September. ©.

On each side of the Medina above Cowes; shores of the Wootten river, and
about the Yar; salt-marshes at Brading, Newtown, &c., abundantly.

8. Muddy shore of Yarmouth harbour. Abundantly*with a. in the Newtown
salt-marshes, as by Newtown saltern, &c.*

A very smooth, succulent, jointed and leafless herb. Rot whitish, stout, taper-
ing, more or less branched, often nearly simple, of a hard woody texture, though
annual, composed, like that of Schoberia maritima, of numerous concentric layers
of ligneous fibre. Stem from 5 or 6 to 12 incbes high, oppositely and in the
larger plants copiously branched from the bottom, the lowermost branches ascend-
ing or even procumbent at the base, where, like the main stem, they are obtusely
quadrangular, almost woody and covered with a thin grayish brown cuticle, suc-
culent above and composed of successive subcompressed or nearly cylindrical arti-
culations, a little thickened upwards and slightly notched or 2-lobed at the sum-
mit, where a socket is formed for the articulation immediately succeeding, and
sheathing the pair of short, opposite and nearly erect branches bearing the
flowering spikes.

I hardly know how this is to be distinguished from S. radicans, excepting by
its more herbaceous texture, yet Mr. Borrer is of opinion they are really distinct
species. The erect variety of S. herbacea abounds all along the Yar, and is con-
spicuous at a distance from its lively green colour, which in the common form is
commonly softened down by an admixture of yellow or reddish brown.

This species, with others of the same genus and of Salsola, yields by combus-
tion the Barilla of commerce, from which soda is extracted for glass-making and
other purposes, whence the English name. ‘The shores of the Mediterranean pro-
duce the greatest quantity both of the wild and cultivated plants, but at the pre-
sent day is far less in request than formerly, as much of the soda employed in the
arts is obtained more economically by the decumposition of common salt.

2. 8. radicans, Sm. Creeping Glasswort. “Stem woody pro-
cumbent and rooting, articulations compressed spreading and
notched at the top scarcely thickened, spikes oblong obtuse.” —
Br. Fl. p. 851. E. B.t. 1691.

In similar situations with the preceding, from which I fear it is not specifically
distinct. Fl. August, September. 2.

E. Med.—On the Dover, Ryde, [Bradivg harbour, A. G. More, Esq., Edrs.]

W. Med.— By the Medina above W. Cowes, on the edges of the little salt-
pools left by the ebbing of the tide. Abundant in Newtown salt-marshes.

Sir W. Hooker justly observes that this species “scarcely differs from the pre-
ceeding except in its more branching, straggling, and perennial stem, quite woody

 

* “A large state of this plant, 1—2 feet high, with a woody stem, and much
resembling S. fruticosa, L., occurs in the salt-marshes near Portsmouth. Profes-
sor Don however considers it merely as a (perennial?) form of S. herbacea.”—
Macreight, Man. of Br. Bot. p. 195. Is this the S. fruticosa of Sm. Engl. Fl. i.
p. 3?
Atriplex.) CHENOPODIACE. 423

below, often growing at the edge of a low muddy bank, and depending from it.”
It is indeed difficult to point out any character from the upper part of the stem or
the organs of fructification discriminative of the two plants, though the root of S.
radicans, which is ligneous and creeping extensively, is very different from the
atteunated almost fusiform one of S. herbacea, and which is of a whitish or pale
colour, not black as in the former. The two kinds grow intermixed in precisely
similar conditions of soil and situation, which seems to favour the supposition of
their being distinct, though, as in many other instances, so closely resembling one
another in those parts from whenee specific characters are usually derived, as to
induce a doubt of the permanency of all minor differences, however remarkable.
Many plants naturally annual in cold climates become occasionally perennial in
warmer ones ; and may it not happen in this instance that such plants of S. her-
bacea as have from any cause survived the first winter may acquire in the suc-
ceeding summer a ligneous character, enabling them to brave the rigour of
several returning seasons?

Tribe V. ArripLicem.

: ue oe annular.” “ Flowers imperfect. Stem continuous.”—
vr. Fl.

VI. Arriptex,* Linn. Orache.t

“ Perigone of 2 more or less connected parts. Stigmas 2. Pe-
ricarp membranous, free. Testa crustaceous. Seed vertical,
attached by a lateral hilum, either near the base or by means of
an elongated funiculus in the middle of the side. Radicle basal.
Stamens 5.’—Bab. Man.

* “ Monecious ; fem. flower bipartite.’—Bab.

1. A. littoralis, L. Grass-leaved Orache. ‘Stem erect, leaves
linear-lanceolate entire or rarely toothed, perigone of the fruit
ovato-rhomboid, acute toothed tubercled on the back spreading.”
—Bab. Man. p. 268. Bab. Mem. of the Brit. Atrip. in Trans. of
the Edinb. Bot. Soc. p. 5. Bab. Prim. Fl. Sarn. p. 81. H. B.t.
708. Br. Fl. p. 849.

On the muddy beach, upon banks and along ditches by the sea, in salt-marshes,
&c. Not uncommonly. Fl. July—September. ©.

E.. Med. — On the sea-beach between Ryde and Binstead, but not very abun-
dents, 1844. Most abundantly on the shore between Springtield and Nettleston
ort.

W. Med.—By the Medina above Cowes, at Medham brickfield. Thorvess bay
and Newtown marshes. Under the shore nearly below Bouldner. Coast near
Cowes and most other parts of the coast, B. T. W.

Root whitish, tough, composed of numerous concentric woody layers, much
branched and fibrous. Stem erect, sharply angular and furrowed, flexuose, com-
monly streaked with purple, 2 or 3 feet high, branched from the base, the branches
lax, divaricate, spreading or somewhat erect, the lowermost decumbent, ascending
and opposite, those higher up alternate. Leaves very narrow, linear-lanceolate or

 

* See ‘ Monograph of the British Atriplices, by Charles C. Babington, Trans.
of the Bot. Soc. of Edinb. i. p. 1.
+ Arroche, Fr. Tbe English was formerly often spelt Arrach or Orrach.
424 CHENOPODIACES. (Atriplex.

linear-oblong, nearly erect, dull glaucous-green, smooth and fleshy, tapering into
short petioles, entire or here and there sinuato-denticulate, often, as are the upper
part of the stem and branches, with a scale-like mealiness beneath. Flowers in
roundish sessile clusters that are partly distinct and partly crowded on the upper
portion of the branches, forming long, simple or compound, interrupted leafy
spikes, disposed in a paniculate manner, each head or cluster containing from 4 or
5 to 12 or more flowers (Bab.), and powdered with crystalline grains: the
lower clusters of each spike are usually distinct or interrupted, and furnished with
a leaf or bract at the base, those at and towards the summit approximate, or even
crowded and leafless or nearly so. Stuminate flowers without even the rudiment
of a germen. Anthers reddish. Valves of the seed-bearing perianth usually
divergent in fruit, thick and fleshy, ovato-rhomboidal, sinuato-dentate or edged
with tubercles, the apex acute, muricato-tuberculate at the back, two of the
tubercles generally larger and more prominent than the rest, sometimes cleft or
double. Seed rather large, orbicular, much compressed, reddish black, its surface
faintly waved or wrinkled, covered with the close filmy pericarp.

“Distinguished from the next by the form of its open perigone aud leaves
usually entire.”—Bab. Man.

2. A. marma, L. Marine Orache. “Stem erect, leaves ovato-
lanceolate irregularly toothed or rarely entire, perigone of the
fruit obcordato-triangular obtuse tubercled on the back closed.”—
Bab. Man. p. 268. A. littoralis 8, Br. Fl. p. 350.

With the last, and probably not rare, but, having till lately been accustomed to
look on it as a tooth-leaved variety of A. littoralis, I find no station recorded for
it apart from the last. “Fl. July—Sept. ©.’—Bab.

“ Distinguished by its toothed leaves and form of the closed perigone. These
two (A. littoralis and A. marina) never have lobed leaves like the succeeding spe-
cies.” —Bab.

Perhaps not specifically distinct from A. littoralis, but the closed perigone
instead of the open one (when in seed) of the latter may, if constant, be allowed
to weigh in favour of their separation.

8. A. angustifolia, Sm. Spreading Narrow-leaved Orache.
“Stem erect or prostrate, leaves lanceolate entire, lower leaves
with 2 ascending lobes from a wedge-shaped base, perigone of the
fruit rhomboidal acute, lateral angles smooth on the back and
longer than the fruit and collected into nearly simple interrupted
spikes, seeds smooth and shining.”— Bab. Man. p. 268. E. B. t.
1774. Br. Fl. p. 349.

In waste ground, fields, gardens, by roadsides, &c.; very common everywhere.
“Fl. July—October. ©.”—Bab.

Root whitish, slender, in the larger plants copiously branched and fibrous.
Stem erect (or prostrate, Bab.), more or less quadrangular or somewhat rounded,
emitting many opposite and alternate, long, slender branches from the very base,
the lowermost decumbent, prostrate or ascending, those higher up widely spread-
ing or patulous. Leaves shortly stalked, bluish or grayish green, thin and flexile,
lanceolate or linear lanceolate, entire and wavy on the margins, the uppermost
very narrow ; lowermost more or less hastate, with one or a pair of tooth-like lobes
pointing forwards a little above their wedge-shaped base, the rest of the leaf being
either entire, toothed or sinuate: sometimes all the leaves are entire, or a few of
the middle ones alone are slightly lobed and toothed. Flowers in small, roundish,
sessile clusters, forming slender, axillary and terminal, naked (or in their lower
part slightly leafy), simple or subsimple, interrupted spikes, the highest clusters of
which are more or less crowded, the lower in the longer spikes considerably wide
apart. Perigones hastato-rhomboidal, the middle lobe triangular, acute and elon-
gated, entire, the two lateral angles acute, prominent and pointing forwards, the
Atriplex.) CHENOPODIACE SE. 425

back of each valve smooth or furnished with a pair or two of pretty large and pro-
minent tubercles, the same being absent or of small size on some one or more of
the flowers even in the same cluster: these tubercles are admitted to exist by
Smith, Mertens and Koch.

24. A. erecta, Huds. Upright Orache. “Stem mostly erect with
ascending branches, lower leaves ovato-oblong with two ascending
lobes from a wedge-shaped base irregularly sinuato-dentate, upper
leaves lanceolate entire, perigone of the fruit rhomboidal denticu-
late acute more or less muricated on the back and scarcely longer
than the fruit and collected in branched dense many-flowered
spikes, seeds smooth and shining.”—Bab. Man. p. 268. E. B. t.
2223. A. angustifolia 8, Br. Fl. p. 349.

No doubt a native of the Isle of Wight, as Mr. Babington says it is common
on cultivated land. “Fl. July—Oct. ©.”—Bab.

= Distinguished by its leaves, compound densely flowered spikes, and smooth
shiny seeds."—Bab. With my present imperfect knowledge of these protean
plants, I probably confound this and the next together.

5. A. patula, L. Spreading Halberd-leaved Orache. Stem
mostly erect or spreading, lower leaves ovato-hastate with two
horizontally spreading lobes denticulate, upper leaves nearly
entire, perigone of the fruit triangular-rhomboidal nearly entire
slightly muricated on the back and collected into nearly simple
interrupted spikes, seeds opaque rough.” — Bab. Man. p. 269.
Br. Fl. p. 318. E. B.t. 936. A. hastata, Sm.

B. Leaves fleshy.

Iv waste and cultivated ground, on dung-hills, &c.; common. Fl. June—
October. ©.

B. On the sea-beach betwixt Ryde and Binstead. By the shore of Brading
harbour, near Carpenters, &c. Plentiful on the shore N. of Shanklin chine.

The var. 8. is a large, straggling, prostrate or decumbent plant, with broadly
triangular or hastate leaves, more or less white or hoary with crystalline efflores-
cence. I have not yet carefully examined it, as it perhaps deserves, having been
accustomed to esteem it a sea-side form of A. patula, and now suppose it to be the
A. prostrata, Bouch.? of Babington’s Manual. If so, it would seem from Mr. Ba-
bington’s account to be rare in Britain; in this island at least it is very abundant.
I suspect it is the A. Aastata of Wahlenberg’s ‘Flora Suecica,’ 2nd edition, p.
683, and perhaps of Linneus himself, Fl. Suec. edit. 2, No. 921.

6. A. rosea, L.? Spreading-fruited Orache. “ Stem spreading
procumbent or ascending with spreading branches, leaves mealy
ovato-triangular somewhat 3-lobed unequally sinuato-dentate,
upper ones lanceolate dentate and 3-lobed at the base or nearly
entire, perianth of the fruit rhomboid acute toothed with 2 irre-
gular rows of tubercles on the back, spikes axillary’and terminal
few-flowered, seeds tubercular rugose.”—Bab. in E. B. S. t. 2880.
Br. Fl. p. 348.

Waste places, &c.; I believe very common. Fi. July—September. ©.

E. Med.—Shore between Ryde and Binstead, with A. hortensis, 1845. Abun-
dant on the Dover, Ryde, and between Ryde and Nettleston, C. C. Babington,
Esq., 1845. . .

I find between Springfield and Nettleston Old Fort a plant which may possibly
be A. rosea f. prostrata, Bab. It agrees in almost every particular with the

31
426 CHENOPODIACERE. [A triplex.

description of Babington, Koch (‘ Deutschland’s Flora’) and others, as far as'so
confessedly variable a species of a most variable genus can be expected to do.
The leaves are not however as Koch describes them, silvery white beneath; nor
are the leaves and enlarged calyx-valves beautifully reticulated; the stem too, is
quite prostrate, not erect or even diffuse.

7. A. laciniata, L. Frosted Seca Orache. Stem spreading pro-
cumbent with spreading branches, leaves triangular-rhomboidal
laciniated mealy beneath, spike of male flowers dense leafless, fer-
tile flowers axillary, perigone of the fruit rhomboidal 8 - lobed
with the lateral lobes truncate the back 3-ribbed, the 2 lateral
ribs often terminating in tubercles, seeds rough opaque.

On sandy sea-beach, but not common. Jl. July, August. ©.

£. Med.—On the extreme point of the spit at St. Helens, sparingly. Ventnor
cove. In Sandown bay, near the Shanklin end, but very sparingly, 1842.
Rather frequent on the shore between Shanklin and Sandown, 1844. Shore
between Sea View and Brading, Wm. IWilson Saunders, Esq.

W. Med.—Spit at Norton, by Yarmouth, in tolerable plenty.

Herb feetid like Chenopodium ojidum, but in a less degree. Perigones (en-
larged valves) of the fruit silvery gray, blackish within, rhomboidal, uneven, gib-
bous at the back, 3-lobed, the middle lobe deltoid, thin and flat, acute, the two
lateral broadly truncate, all entire ov with the latter slightly toothed occasionally ;
back of each valve with 3 often indistinct prominent ribs, and with or without
one or a pair of tubercular muricate processes of irregular size aud shape on their
convex summit. Seed vertical, very large, greenish or yellowish brown, roughish
and opaqne, ovato-orbicnlar, the periphery rounded, covered with the fine,
wrinkled, loose pericarps. Zinbryo curved round the snow-white mealy albumen.

I find the plant in this island attacked hy some insect, which perforates the
perigones on their under side, and devour the seeds entirely.

Amonest the peculiar characters which distinguish this species, are the silvery
scaliness of the leaves, especially beneath, like those of Haltmus, and quite dif-
ferent from the mealy efflorescence of the other genuine Alriplices ; also the pale
yellowish or reddish rounded stems, which are but obscurely angular or striate as
compared with the other species. Tt appears to be found only on the sea-shore in
England, but occurs in the heart of Germany and other continental countries, as
Gallicia, &e.

“** Polygamous ; fem. flower bipartite to the base, seed vertical ; perfect flowers
3—5 parted, seed horizontal.’—Bab.

*8. A. nitens, Rebent. Shining-leaved Orache. Stem erect,
leaves triangular-cordato-hastate sinuato-dentate shining above
glaucous beneath, upper leaf elongato-triangular, perigone of the
fruit ovato-acuminate entire separate to the base.

Fields and waste places; not completely naturalized. Jd. (July?) August,
September. fr. (Aug.?) September, Octuber. ©.

E.. Med.—On the shore between Ryde and Binstead at intcrvals, for more than
a quarter of a mile, 1845. A specimen found several years since at Sandown, on
a wmanure-heap. A single tall plant in the corner of a field betwixt Quarr abbey
and Nivham, growing amongst burdock, poppies and other field-weeds, 1848.
I have also received specimeus from Afr. Thos, Meehan, jun., from waste and culti-
vated ground at St. Clare, where, I understand, it was introduced into the kitchen-
garden, about fifteen years ago, by the late Lord Vernon, and its cultivation con-
tinued for about three years, since which time it has maintained its footing there
as a weed.

Root annual, whitish, fibrous and tapering. Stems 2 to 4 or 5 feet high,
bluntly quadrangular, furrowed, (not much?) branched. Perigone of the pistil-
FHalimus.} CHENOPODIACER. 427

late flowers very much enlarged in fruit, thin (not, as in most others of the génus,
fleshy), when fully ripe dry, whitish, membranous and reticulated with prominent
veins, very broadly ovate or nearly orbicular, rounded or slightly pointed, with
flat compressed margins, which are quile entire and closely applied to each other;
somewhat convex at the back, and wholly without tubercular prominences or ine-
qualities of any kind, entirely free (not imbedded in fleshy tissue) or distinct and
subpedicellate. Seed large, vertical, orbicular, much compressed, quite free.

VII. Hatmus, Wallroth. Sea Purslane.

“ Perigone of two parts connected at the extremity, 3-dentate,
wedge-shaped below. Stigmas 2. Pericarp very thin, ultimately
adhering to the tube of the perigone. esta membranous. Seed
vertical, pendulous from an elongated funiculus. Radicle termi-
nal. Stamens 5.”—Bab. Man.

Shrubs or small trees of maritime or saline soils, rarely of inland or mountain
localities.*

1. H. portulacoides, Wallr.. Lesser Shrubby Orache. Sea
Purslane. Stem shrubby, leaves obovato-lanceolate entire sil-
very white, perianth of the fruit very shortly stalked inversely
triangular rounded below 3-toothed at the apex. Atriplex, L.:
Br. Fl. p. 347. EB. t. 261. Obione, Mog. Guimb. und Hayne,
Abbild. der Deutsch. ii. 277, t. 209. , Fl. Dan. xi. t. 1889.

In muddy salt-marshes, along the oozy sides of tide-rivers, ditches and creeks,
also on sea-cliffs; abundantly. Fl. August, September. Jr. November. h.

E. Med.—Muddy banks of the Wootton river, 1845. [By the sea-wall at
Filet and on the muddy shore of Brading harbour, frequent, Dr. Bell-Salter,
Edrs.]

W. Med. — Bauks of the Medina above Cowes, in plenty. Fringes the edges
of the brine-pits in the salt-marshes about Newtown. Chalk-cliffs at the W. end
of Scratchell’s bay, at a great elevation. In Gurnet bay, abundantly, but of small

rowth.
Root woody, somewhat creeping (Sm). Stem shrubby, roundish, covered with a
reddish gray bark, much branched, the branches angular, opposite, ascending or
procumbent, often depending from a low bank, as a dense tangled bush, about a
foot or 18 inches high. Leaves opposite, with mostly a pair or two of smaller
ones in their axils, various in breadth, obovato-lanceolate, more or less rounded or
obtuse at their extremity, the lowermost nearly ovate, tapering into channelled
footstalks, of a thick fleshy texture, hoary on both sides with a leaden-gray leprous
scaliness, but not with detached grains or mealiness as in the true Atriplices.
Flower-spikes terminal and in the axils of the uppermost leaves only, short, leaf-
less, each of several little, interrupted, sessile tufts of crowded brownish or red-
dish yellow barren and fertile flowers: fertile flowers reddish, the calyx much
thickened ; styles 2, erect, pale red and downy, protruded: barren flowers all with

 

* The Great Shrubby Orache (Halimus,—Atriplea Halimus, Linn.), so frequent
in our English gardens and pleasure-grounds, I observed to be plentiful in the
wild state in Syria and Palestine, and tbat, to my surprise, not merely on the sea-
coast or in low salt ground, but abundantly likewise on dry limestone mountains
of Judea, and in the parched rocky valleys that intersect them, at a great eleva-
tion above the sea, as well as at their base. It abounds, for instance, on the east-
ern slope of the hills between Jerusalem and the Dead Sea, on the way thither
both by Jericho and Mar Saba, but it is only on the low saline plains and by the
sea-side that it attains its amplest dimensions, as on the flat salt ground between
Jericho and the Jordan, and at Jaffa, where it forms bushes often of immense size.
428 POLYGONACEE. (Rumew.

a rudimentary germen in my specimens, but no style; anthers yellowish, of two
rounded divergent lobes.

T have not succeeded in finding any perfectly hermaphrodite flowers in this
species.

In E. B. the leaves are represented acute, a variation from the usual form I do
not remember to have ever met with.

On the lofty and almost perpendicular cliffs of Scratchell’s bay this, with sam-
phire, thrift and other maritime plants, forms large patches of vegetation on the
narrow ledges of the chalk-rock called by the cliffsmen “ greens,” similar verdant
spots composed of grass being designated “ meads,” and both are resorted to in
the season, for birds and their eggs, by that adventurous race, though ouly acces-
sible from above by a rope at much personal risk, and attempted in a manner
which makes the inexperienced shudder to witness.

_ The Great Shrubby Orache (Atriplex Halimus, L.), known by its much larger
size, upright stem, angular and very silvery leaves, is common in gardens along
the coast, where, together with the tamarisk, it makes excellent sea-fences.

Order LXITV. POLYGONACEA, Juss.

“Sometimes monecious or diecious. Perianth free, divided,
the segments often in a double row. Stamens definite, but vary-
ing in number, from the base of the perianth. Ovary superior,
with 2 or more styles or sessile stigmas. Achene frequently tri-
angular or lenticular, with 1 erect seed. Embryo in a farinaceous
albumen, often lateral—Herbaceous, rarely shrubby plants, with
sheathing stipules !”—Br. Fl.

I. Rumex, Linn. Dock.

“ Perianth 6-partite: the 8 inner segments (of the fruit) large,
connivent. Stamens 6. Styles 38: stigmas multifid. Achene tyri-
quetrous, covered by the enlarged inner sepals, which often bear
tubercles.” —Br. Fl.

\* Plants not acid; flowers perfect. Lapathum, Dock.

1. R. Hydrolapathum, Huds. Great Water Dock. “ Enlarged
sepals ovato-deltoid reticulated entire each with a tubercle, leaves
lanceolate, the lower ones cordate at the base, petiole flat not
margined above, whorls crowded mostly leafless.’ —Br. Fl. p. 357.
R. aquaticus, Sm.: H#.B. t. 2104.

By rivers, ditches, and in wet meadows ; occasionally. JU. July, August. 2.

E. Med.—In meadows towards the upper end of Sandown level, in plenty. At
Yarbridge, by the stream on the Brading side of the road going to Yaverland,
and close by the hamlet.

W. Med.—Marsh near Easton, in plenty, Mr. Snooke (“ R. aquaticus ”).

The largest and stoutest of our docks. : ;

In my specimens the enlarged petals are only obscurely reticulated, nor is the
tubercle very constantly present. Called R. aquaticus in B. T. W., but that plant
is very rare in Britain, and is known by the absence of tubercles; are the two
really distinct? Many species of this genus are very obscure and ill understood.
Wahlenberg, in Fl. Suec., refers our R. Hydrolapathum to the Linnean R acu-
tus, not making it even a variety.
Rumez.) POLYGONACES. 429

2. R. conglomeratus, Murr. Sharp Dock. “Enlarged sepals
linear-oblong obtuse entire or obscurely toothed all bearing a
tubercle, leaves oblong pointed, lower ones cordate or rounded at
the base, whorls distant leafy.”—Br. Fl. p. 859. BR. acutus, Sm.:
EB. t. 724.

In moist meadows and pastures ; frequent. Fl. June—August. 2,.

3. R. sanguineus, L. Bloody-veined Dock. “Enlarged sepals
narrow oblong obtuse entire one at least bearing a tubercle, leaves
ovato-lanceolate, lower ones somewhat cordate, whorls distant on
long generally leafless branches.”—Br. Fl. p. 858. EH. B. t. 1588.

8. Nemolapathum, Ehrh. R. Nemolap., Wahl. Fl. Suec. i. p. 222.

In moist shady places, woods, hedges and pastures; abundant. Fl. July. 2.

The leaves of the present species are equal or subcordate at the base, broader
and less waved than those of R. crispus, whose very narrow leaves are oblique on
one side of the footstalk, and much more waved or crisped alung the margin.

8. This, which, if only a variety of R.sanguineus, seems the only Swedish form
of it, has the uppermost enlarged petal bearing a grain nearly of its own diame-
ter, and of a bright crimson-colour; the two other petals usually carry each a
smaller and paler grain; at other times all or only two of the petals bear fully
formed tubercles. Readily distinguished from &. crispus by its more slender
habit, and more distant whorls of smaller flowers.

4. R. pulcher, L. Fiddle Dock. ‘“ Enlarged sepals triangular
ovate reticulated with prominent veins deeply toothed one of
them principally bearing a tubercle, lower leaves panduriform or
cordate oblong obtuse, upper ones lanceolate acute, stem spread-
ing.” —Br. Fl. p. 359. E. B. t. 1576.

In pastures, waste places, churchyards, and by waysides; not unfrequent. FU.
June—September. fr. July. 2.

E. Med. — By Quarr abbey, 1849. Border of a cornfield above Sandown bay,
but sparingly, 1848. On the virgin turf of Brading down, near its summit; and
on the southern slope of the down, near its base, a little beyond the second chalk-
pit from Morton, in considerable plenty, 1849. Abundant in Newchurch*church-
yard, 1841. Bonchurch, just at the entrance on the new building-ground below
the cliff, in plenty. On the shore at Bembridge. In Binstead churchyard, W.
Wilson Saunders, Esq. (where it grows plentifully) !!!

W. Med. — Abundant between Yarmouth mill and the town, 1846. Remark-
ably luxuriant and with very large radical leaves in Brixton churchyard. In
Calbourne churchyard and at Freshwater Gate. In Thorley and Freshwater
churchyards. About Freshwater, Yarmouth and Afton, B. T. W.

Root long, cylindrical, not much branched, covered with a smooth brown bark,
bright yellow or orange-coloured within, fleshy and somewhat brittle. Stem 1 or
several, from a foot or less to 18 inches high, pale green, erect or partly procum-
bent, wavy, deeply angulato-sulcate, roughish with minute cartilaginous asperities
or glabrous, much and irregularly branched, often from the base; the branches
variously spreading and divaricate, simple or compound, slender, flexuose and
angular. Leaves dull green, flaccid and glabrous, much waved, crisped and sinu-
ately crenulate along the margins, the lower and radical ones on long footstalks,
oblong, elongato- oblong or oblongo-lanceolate, obtuse, pointed or even acute, retuse
or sometimes abruptly acuminate, cordate at base, with overlapping crisped lobes,
commonly with a deep and obtuse sinus a little below the middle, like the con-
tracted sides of a violin,—hence the name,—and which is found in those higher
on the stem, though occasionally either wholly or partially wanting to all the
leaves or very indjstinct; upper stem-leaves gradually becoming narrower and
more acute, very shortly stalked, reduced below the whorls to linear bracts, which
430 POLYGONACER. |_Rumes.

are very acute, undulate, with deflexed margins, and curved upwards or spread-
ing, and, like the leaves, beset along the midrib and lateral veins underneath with
cartilaginous wart-like granulations. Whorls numerous, rather few-flowered, dis-
tant or interrupted, leafy. Flowers green, on thickish nodding or decurved pedi<
cels, which are shorter than the perianth, and have a swollen articulation in the
middle of their length. Three outer perianth-seyments (calyx) narrow-oblong,
concave, obtuse, clasping the inner segments with their incurved tips, their mar-
gins whitish and membranaceous; three inner segments at first not greatly exceed-
ing the outer, at length enlarged to several times their length, triangular, oblong
or tongue-shaped, more or less obtuse or somewhat acute, strongly reticulated with
prominent veins, pectinato-dentate, the upper one especially, with several long,
acute, spreading teeth on each side, that are mostly directed upwards, the point
of the valves entire, sometimes all three, but the uppermost valve principally,
bearing a large, reddish, cartilaginous tubercle, of a triangular-oblong form,
attenuated in front into the prominent midrib; often wholly or partially absent
from the two inferior valves, that are often less toothed than the remaining one.
Stamens as long as the petals; wnthers pale yellow, linear-elliptical. Germen
green. Nuts firmly enclosed by the very hard, rigid and persistent, rust-culoured
perianth; about a line in length, broadly ovate, trigonous, with strongly keeled
angles and flat or somewhat concave faces, chestnut-brown, smovth, shining,
greatly resembling in shape and colour miniature chestnuts.

It is puzzling to account for the epithet pulcher, bestowed upon this species,
than which a more homely and unattractive weed could hardly have been pointed
out as less deserving of the attribute of beautiful.

I observed the Fiddle Dock growing abundantly at Charleston, South Caro-
lina, chiefly in the areas of the churches in the city, where, Elliott says, it is
exotic. I have also remarked it at New Orleans, and other parts of the southern
and western United States.

5. R. obtusifolius, L. Broad-leaved Dock. “ Enlarged sepals
ovate or oblong-triangular obtuse toothed at the base one prin-
cipally bearing a tubercle, root-leaves ovato-cordate obtuse, upper
ones oblong or lanceolate, stem roughish.” — Br. Fl. p. 359. Hi.
B.+t. 1999.

Very common by roadsides and in waste ground. Fl. July September. 2.

6. RB. pratensis, M.& K. Meadow Dock. ‘Enlarged sepals
unequal cordate dilated toothed at the base with a small entire
triangular point one principally tuberculated, leaves oblong-lan-
ceolate waved, clusters nearly leafless, whorls distinct.” — Br. Fl.
p. 858. Borr. in E. B.S. t. 2757,

In moist pastures. 7. June, July. 2{.

E. Med.—On the Dover, Ryde, Wm. Borrer, Esq., 1843 !!

W. Med.—Near Newtown, 1842 (in company with Mr. Borrer). In the Cype-
rus meadow at Apes down, Wm. Borrer, Esq., 1844.

7. R.crispus, L. Curled Dock. “Enlarged sepals broadly
cordate entire or crenulate reticulated one only with a perfect large
coloured tubercle, leaves lanceolate waved acute, upper whorls
leafless.” —Br. Fl. p. 858. H. B. t. 1998.

In pastures, waste places and by waysides; very frequent. #l. June—August

R. itimus vel R. palustris.—* One or both of these species grow very finely by
the adele in or by shorwell village, Rev. G. B. Smith.” I cannot find either of
these species at Shorwell, though a place abounding in localities well suited to
produce two plants equally likely to occur; nor is Mr. Smith now by any means
Polygonum.] POLYGONACEE. 481

certain of the correctness of his own statement respecting them. I notice it how-
ever to direct the attention of botanists to their discovery.

** Plants acid ; flowers dicecious. Acetosella, Sorrel.

8. R. Acetosa, L. Common Sorrel. ‘“ Outer sepals reflexed,
enlarged ones orbicular-cordate entire membranous reticulated
with a minute spherical tubercle at the base, leaves oblong-sagit-
tate."—Br. Fl. p. 360. HE. B. t. 127?

a moist meadows and pastures, especially in poor sour land. Fl. May—July.

9. R. Acetosella, L. Sheep's Sorrel. “ Sepals ascending, inner
ones scarcely enlarged ovate not tuberculated, lower leaves lan-
ceolato-hastate, lobes entire.” —Br. Fl. p. 360. EH. B. t. 1674.

Tn fields, meadows and pastures, waste places and on hedgebanks, in poor dry
soils; abundant. #/. May—July. 2.

II. Ponyegonum, Linn. Persicaria.

“ Perianth single, in 5 deep, coloured, persistent segments.
Stamens 5—8. Styles 2—8. Achene compressed or trigonous.”
—Br. Fi.

* Styles mostly 2. Stamens 5 or 6. Fruit compressed or 2-edged.* Persicaria.

1. P. amphibium, L. Amphibious Persicaria. Flowers pentan-
drous, styles forked united half-way up, spikes ovato-cylindrical,
leaves petiolate cordato-lanceolate rough at the margins. E. B.
t. 436. Br. Fl. p. 855.

a, natans. Floating; leaves broadly oblongo-lanceolate, smooth and shining.

B. terrestre, Erect; leaves lanceolate, and as well as the stipules hairy on both
sides.

a. In ponds and clear shallow ditches; rare. 8. In low wet places which are
occasionally overflowed; not uncommon, but seldom flowering. 7. July, Au-
gust. 2.

a. In a small pond near the roadside just out of Kingston on the way to Shor-
well, in plenty.

8. Abundant in a hollow by the roadside on the left-hand a few hundred yards
beyond the turnpike going from Yarmouth to Shalfleet. Sandown marshes, and
at Freshwater Gate. Area of Quarr abbey, 1842.

In variety a. (the typical form) the creeping perennial root emits a stem of seve-
ral feet in length, branched, floating, fistular, rooting at the joints, often reddish.
Leaves floating, on long petioles, rather leathery, broadly lanceolate and more or
less cordate at the base, many-ribbed, bright shining green above, paler beneath
quite glabrous excepting along their edges, which are rough with minute, inter-
rupted, spinous points, often scarcely visible under a lens, or wholly wanting
except towards the two ends of the leaf. Ochree close, with pale ribs, often torn
but not fringed. Spikes solitary or geminate, the secondary on a lateral much
shorter peduncle than the primary one, erect, oblong, of many crowded bright
rose-red flowers, rising several inches above the water on long, triangular, coloured
stalks. Perianth seated amidst sheathing membranous bracts, its segments con-

 

* Except in that of the primordial or uppermost flowers of the spike, which
open first, and bear usually 3-cornered fruit, as do all-the blossoms in the next
tribe.
432 POLYGONACER. (Polygonum.

nivent, with 5 reddish compressed glands at the base surrounding the germen.
Stamens 5, longer than the perianth; anthers rose-coloured, their lobes linear,
united only by the insertion of the filament at a single point; pollen whitish, glo-
balar. Styles about as long as the perianth, united about half-way up; stigmas
capitate, rose-coloured. Germen ovate, compressed.

2. P. lapathifolium, Ait.? (vix L.)  Pale-flowered Persicaria.
“Stamens 6, styles 2 distinct, spikes oblong-cylindrical dense
erect, peduncles and perianth glandular and scabrous, achenes
compressed smooth and shining concave on both sides, leaves
ovato-lanceolate shortly petiolate, lower stipules not fringed,
upper ones shortly fringed.” —Br. Fl. p. 356. E. B. t. 1382. P.

Persicaria, Wahl. Fl. Suec. i. P. pensylvanicum, Curt. Fl. Lond.
(excellent).

On rich cultivated or waste ground, dung-hills, &c.; frequent. Fl. July—
September. ©.

Probably only a permanent variety of the following species, though with cha-
racters sufficiently definite and constant to support an opposite opinion. It may
be distinguished by its generally larger size and broader leaves, which are more
evidently stalked, the peduncles being very rough, whilst in P. Persicaria they
are smooth or nearly so; but this character is subject to considerable variation.
More certain marks are to be found in the total want of the long hairs that fringe
the ochrew in P. Persicaria ; in the stalks of the paler more robust spikes, which
are beset with pedicellate glands, making them appear rough all over, and from
which the same part in P. Persicaria is perfectly free. In this latter the styles
are united for about half their length; here they are separate to within a short
distance of their point of insertion. The nut in the present species differs from
that of P. Persicaria in its much larger size, less pointed furm, and in having on
the two equally flattened faces a broad central depression, occupying a great part
of their areas, which in P. Persicaria are quite plane or rather a little convex.
Both species agree in the smoothness of their fruit, but that of P. lapathifolium
appears to be, when ripe, of a paler colour, with considerably less polish ; nor have
I ever observed it to take the occasional triquetrous form, as those of P. Persicaria
do.* The leaves areSomewhat downy beneath ; the lower ones indeed, as Curtis
remarks, are usually clothed with a thin cottony pubescence, and the upper
sprinkled with glandular dots.

3. P. Persicaria, L. (in parte). Spotted Persicaria. “Stamens
6, styles 2—8 connected to the middle, spikes compact ovato-
oblong cylindrical erect, peduncles nearly smooth, perianth glan-
dular, achene compressed and gibbous on one side or triquetrous,
leaves lanceolate (often spotted), stipules lax strongly fringed.”—
Br. Fl. p. 356. EH. B.t. 756. P. biforme, Wahlenb. Fl. Suec. i.
p. 242.

Tn low, rich, moist ground, on ditchbanks and dung-hills; common. Fl. July
—Seplember. ©.

 

Polygonum Bistorta, L. (Bistort or Snake-weed) has been quite established for
many years in the kitchen-garden at Westridge, and, though doubtless introduced
there, cannot now be eradicated. Albert Hambrough, Esq., sends me specimens
from a wet meadow near the pond at Old Park, where he found it abundantly in
1838.

* This however they do occasionally in the primordial blossoms.
Polygonum.) POLYGONACES. 433

_ Root very fibrous. Stem erect or procumbent below, and rooting at the joints,
simple or branched, 2—3 feet high, roundish, green or reddish, tapering between
the joints, above each of which it is swollen or enlarged in a bulbous form.
Leaves lanceolate, bright green, almost sessile, waved, acute, quite entire, ciliated
along the edges with short bristly hairs, and having commonly a dark spot, more
or less distinct and sometimes wholly wanting, on their upper side about the cen-
tre. Ochree much shorter than the internodes, abrupt, with many pale ribs, end-
ing in long fringing hairs. Spikes on lateral and terminal smooth peduncles, in
colour from bright rose-red to nearly white, hardly above an inch long, ovate and
obtuse. Segments of the perianth connivent, blunt. Stamens 6; anthers round,
their lobes not disunited. Styles mostly 2, sometimes 3, forked, united upwards
for about half their length. J*ruit ovato-acuminate, quite smooth, black and
shining, mostly compressed and 2-edged, but often towards the summit of the
spike are found a few seeds acutely triqnetrous, and which, according to Wablen-
berg, are the produce of the earlier expanded flowers, which have probably always
3 styles and as many angles to the germen.

4. P. Hydropiper, L. Biting Persicaria. “Stamens 6, styles
2 nearly distinct, spikes lax filiform at first drooping, peduncles
smooth, perianth glandular, achene lenticular compressed dotted
opaque, leaves lanceolate waved, stipules mostly with scattered
glands mostly fringed.”—Br. Fl. p. 857. EH. B. t. 989.

In moist places by roadsides, on ditchbanks and in wet meadows; abundantly.
Fl. August, September. Fr. September, October. ©.

5. P. minus, Hud. Small Sweet Persicaria. “Stamens 6,
styles 2 combined to above the middle, spikes slender lax erect,
peduncles smooth, perianth without glands, achene lenticular-
compressed smooth and shining, leaves linear-lanceolate plane
- very shortly petiolate, stipules ciliated without glands.” —Br. FI.
p. 357. HE. B.t. 1048. Fl. Dan. xiii. t. 2230. Curt. Fl. Lond.
(admirable).

Fil. August, September. Fr. September, October. ©.

E. Med. — Marshes at Sandown, Miss Lovell, in whose herbarium is an indu-
bitable specimen marked P. Hydropiper. In very great profusion in the little
drains intersecting the meadows on Sandown level, betwixt the high road from
Ryde and Brading to Ventnor, and Lake and Blackpan commons, extending up
the valley in front of the latter, and growing intermixed with P. Hydropiper. J
was conducted to the spot by Miss Lovell, Sept. 1847.

Root annual, of many long, whitish, simple, slender fibres. Stem one or more
from the same root, often numerous, from a foot or less to 18 or 20 inches in
length, sometimes ascending or nearly erect, more commonly procumbent and
rooting below at the joints, sometimes quite prostrate, simple or variously and
often very copiously branched, round, slender, very smooth and glabrous, usually
tinged with red, sometimes with the leaves, when growing in comparatively dry
open places, all over of a deep purple colour, enlarged above each joint. Leaves
alternate, very shortly stalked, almost sessile, narrowly elongato-lanceolate or sub-
linear, acute, scarcely attenuated at base, but rather rounded at the top of the
very short and broad petiole, widely spreading, horizontal or partly deflexed, the
larger ones about 2—3 inches in length and about half an inch in breadth, bright

 

Polygonum mite.— A solitary specimen of this very apocryphal species was
picked by the Rev. G. E. Smith, Sept. 1838, in a lane between Apley and St,
John’s, near Ryde!! I have not succeeded in finding it there since, but have rea-
son to believe that it grows intermixed with P. Persicaria and P. minus in the
marshes of Sandown level. ‘

K
434 POLYGONACEZ. (Polygonum.

light green above, paler beneath, marked on both sides with depressed dots or
glands, flat or slightly wavy only, their margins minutely spinuloso-ciliate, the
lateral veins of the leaf very indistinct above, more conspicuous underneath.
Ochree close, destitute of transparent glands or dots, membranaceous, truncate,
with many pellucid ribs, terminating in long fringe-like hairs or cilia, much more
conspicuous than in P. Hydropiper from their greater length. Spikes axillary
and terminal, on long compressed peduncles, straight and very slender, almost
filiform, erect, not drooping or at most slightly nodding, often interrupted, a
small knot of one or more flowers being commonly found separated from the
Superior and continuous portion of the spike by an interval more or less remvte.
Flowers smaller than in P. Hydropiper, somewhat loosely imbricated, deep rose-
red. Bracts coloured. Nuts broadly ovate or ovato-elliptical, pointed, partly and
rather obtusely trigonate, the rest more or less compressed and lenticular, deep
purplish or brownish black, very smooth and shining.

This species stands in nearly the same relation to P. Hydropiper that P. dume-
torum and P. Convolvulus do to one another.

** Styles 3. Stamens mostly 8. Fruit triquetrous. “ Flowers axillary.’ —Br. Fl.

6. P. aviculare, L. Knot-grass. Vect. Wire-weed. “Leaves
elliptic-lanceolate, stipules much shorter than the internodes with
few distant simple nerves, stem herbaceous, achene about as long
as and covered by the perianth striated with raised points.”—Br.
Fl. p. 854. FE. B. t. 1252.

a. Stems erect, very slender and wiry.
8. Stems prostrate, spreading mostly in a circular form; leaves small, crowded.
é In cornfields, waste places, and by roadsides ; everywhere. FT. May—Septem-
er. 3
a, Abundant in corn-stubble, as at Cowes, &c., &c.
8. In sandy ground by the sea. Plentiful along the shore between Ryde and
Sea View, 1845.

7. P. Rati, Bab. Ray’s Knot-grass. Great Sea Knot-grass.
Stem procumbent herbaceous, ochrex 2-lobed ovate acute at length
torn with few unbranched distant nerves, flowers axillary, fruit
very smooth and shining much longer than the perianth. Babing.
in EL. B. Suppl. ii. t. 2085. Linn. Trans. xvii. t. 458. BP. avicu-
lare «., Sm. H. Fl, ii. p. 238. P. Roberti, Lois.: Br. Fl. p. 854.
P. maritimum, Ray, Syn. p. 147.

In loose sand or dry waste ground by the sea; occasionally. Ft. July—Sep-
tember. ©.

£. Med.—On the shore between Sea View and the Priory, very sparingly.

W. Med.— On waste ground opposite Plumbley’s hotel, Freshwater Gate, and
at Brook I find what I believe to be this species.

A var. uf what is probably this species, having remarkably large and broad
obovate leaves, grows by the pathside above the cliff of Sandown bay, 1845.

Leaves pale green or somewhat glaucous, mostly longer than the joints of the
much-branched stem except in the lower part. Ochre whitish, torn, the lacinie
equal in length to the flowers. Flowers mostly 3 (seldom 5) together in the axils
of the leaves, nearly sessile. Perianth with a very broad white border. Fruit
large, smooth, destitute of strie, terminating in a rather acute point, much longer
than the perianth. ;

Our P. Rati and P. maritimum bear the same relation to each other as Sali-
cornia herbacea to S. radicans, and it is probable that the latter species of both
genera are but perennial varieties of the two former, the stems surviving a mild
winter, and acquiring firmness sufficient to resist two or more returns of frost, and
finally becoming ligneous through age. Of P. Raii I shall only remark that in
Polygonum.) POLYGONACER. 435

the specimens gathered at Freshwater Gate the fruit partakes in character both of
P. aviculare and that species, being considerably exserted, as in P. Rati, but
finely punctate or striate, under a lens of modeiate power, as in P. aviculare, yet
with considerable glossy lustre. Whoever will read attentively Mr. Babington’s
account in the Suppl. to E. B. will perceive how much ambiguity attaches to the
discrimination of these two species of a genus so notoriously variable as the
present.

*#* & Styles 3. Achene triquetrous. Stem erect, twining, with eymose branches.”
fi El:

—br

8. P. Convolvulus, L. Climbing Buckwheat. Black Bindweed.
Vect. Lily* “Leaves cordato-sagittate, stem twining angular,
segments of the perianth bluntly keeled (rarely winged), fruit
opaque striated with minute points.” — Br. Fl. p. 355. H. B. t.
941.

8. Segments of the perianth distinctly winged.

In corn and other cultivated fields, gardens and waste ground; a troublesome
eel also in moist hedges and thickets, not uncommonly. Fl. July—Septem-

er. ©.

8. Running up pea-sticks in the garden of Williams’s at Shanklin. On the
Dover, Ryde, Wm. Wilson Saunders, Esq. !!!

Root slender, branched. Stem slender, much branched, climbing to the length
of several feet upon hedges and bushes, or trailing on the ground in open situa-
tions, twisted, roughish and sharply angular or furrowed. Leaves alternate on the
lower portion of the stem, 2, 3, or 4 together under the flowering branches, cor-
dato-sagittate, their lobes acute, dark green, taper-pointed, thin, sometimes near
the sea a litle fleshy. Flowers greenish or reddish, in remote subverticillate clus-
ters of 4—6 or more, on the short lateral branches, which thus become leafy
racemes, finally much interrupted by the elongation of the common axis; lower-
most clusters with a single leaf under them, upper ones leafless or nearly so, all
enclosed in a short sheathing bract. Pedicels smooth, jointed near the flower,
elongated and deflexed in fruit. Segments of the perianth very obtuse, greenish
at the back, broadly edged with white, three alternate ones larger, enveloping and
in fruit almost concealing the three inner and smaller segments, and having a
white keel down the centre of each, very inconspicuous in a., much broader and
more distinct in B. Stamens 8 (or sometimes 6, Sm.), a little connivent; anthers
bright purple, with a rounded granulated protuberance at the back between their
very flat lobes; pollen white. Styles extremely short, closely united (sometimes
only 2, Sm.); stigmas roundish. Seeds brownish black, opaque and without
polish, more or less acutely triquetrous, rough with short strie or ridges disposed
lengthwise.

The var. 8. is remarkable as uniting to the habit and general aspect of P. Con-
volvulus much of the character of P. dumetorum, and thus strengthening the sus-
picion of Wahleuberg (Fl. Suec.), that this latter is but a woodland form of the
more common species. The perianth is almost as broadly winged as in my spe-
cimens of the true P. dumetorum from Wimbledon in Surrey, but the wings do
not taper down so decidedly into the pedicel, and though it agrees with P. dume-
torum in the elongation of the racemes, the somewhat greater length of the flower-
stalks than is usual in P. Convolvulus, and the very distinct whorls of from 5 to
10 or more flowers, it has not the slender and graceful appearance of that species.
The fruit in our present variety is precisely the same as in the common form,
except that the faces of the seed are deeply concave, with 3 sharp ridges between
them, an appearance dependant on the imperfect development of albumen in the
seed, and which cannot therefore be assumed as an absolute character. The stem
is angular, and the leaves are of a thicker texture than in P. dumetorum, in which

 

* And over the whole county.
436 THYMELACER. (Daphne.

the former is smooth and the latter remarkably thin and delicate. With many
points in common between P. Cunvolvulus and its varieties and P. dumetorum? it
1s Certain that the latter preserves a peculiarity of aspect and an identity of cha-
racter highly favourable to the opinion that they are distinct as species, nor would
anything short of actual proof to the contrary, except a knowledge of the protean
tendencies of the whole genus to variation, justify their being united.

Order LXV. THYMELACES, Juss.

_ “Perianth free, tubular, often coloured, 4—5 cleft. Stamens
inserted upon the tube, definite, when equalling in number the
segments of the perianth opposite to them. Anthers 2-celled,
opening longitudinally. Ovary 1, free, 1-celled, with 1 pendulous
ovule. Style 1 and stigma 1, undivided. Fruit an achene, berry
or drupe. Seed 1, pendulous. Albumen none, or thin and fleshy.
Radicle superior. Shrubby, without stipules.”—Br. Fl.

I. Darang, Linn. Laurel.

‘ Perianth single, often coloured, 4-fid. Stamens 8. Fruit a
erry.

ae evergreen or deciduous shrubs, of rather humble growth, with tough
pliant branches, purple, white or greenish flowers, which often appear in early
spring, and are highly fragrant. Berries red or black, and with the bark posses-
ing intense acrimony.

1. D. Laureola, L. Spurge Laurel. Vect. Copse or Wood
Laurel. Racemes axillary drooping about 6—10 flowered, leaves
obovato-lanceolate attenuated below glabrous evergreen. Sm. E.
Fi. ii. 229. Br. Fl. p. 361. Bab. Man. 261. E. B. ii. t. 119.
Loud. Arb. Brit. ii. 1309, fig. 1183. Jacq. Fl. Aust. Icon. ii. 49,
t. 183. Lind. Syn. 209.

In woods, thickets, groves and shady hedgerows, on a damp clay (more rarely
chalky) soil, principally in East Medina and the neighbourhood of Ryde; fre-
quent. Fl. Jauuary—April. Fr. June, July. h.

E. Med. — In Quarr copse, Shore copse, and by the roadside (right-hand one)
from Quarr abbey to the Fish-houses, frequent. “In the lane between Binstead
church and the Newport road, sparingly. About Ninham farm and many other
places about Ryde, but nowhere abundantly. Frequent in thickets and hedge-
banks by the roadside between Ryde and Ashey, just before coming to Aldermoor
heath. Amongst the trees between the pond and the lodge of Ryde house, also in
the hollow or dell by the brickfield at Brooklands, Binstead, but very sparingly
in both places. Wooded bank between Brading and Nunwell. Below Apley
honse. On the bank at the top of a sloping field immediately above Span farm,

 

Fagopyrum esculentum (Buckwheat or Brank), occurs in fields and waste
places, the remains of or a stray from cultivation, being largely grown as food for
pheasants, but is scarcely naturalized here.

The English name Buckwheat is an exact translation of the Latin Fagopy-
tum, itself a Greek derivation from gnyos and mveos, i. ¢., Beech-wheat, Buch
weitzen in German, having nothing to do with deer, and as little apparent con-
nexion with the tree whose name it bears, except it be from the resemblance of
its seed to those of the beech-tree.
Daphne.) THYMELACE.&. 487

and in an adjoining part of Appuldurcombe park, in a wooded hollow just within
the wall on the S. side of the park, in both places rather plentifully, 1844. A
plant or two near Godshill, on the E. side, 1843. In the patches of copse S.E.
and E. of Aldermoor moor, frequent, 1845. In the large copse on the E. bank of
Wootton river, by Ash-Lodge farm. Common in the first large coppice on the
W. side of Wootton river at its mouth, stretching along the shore towards King’s
quay, 1846. On the hedgebank by the roadside between Aldermoor heath and
Smallbrvok farm, 1845. Very frequent, and in some parts even abundant, in the
large irregular copse between Ninham farm and the Newport road (called
Puckett’s?), as well as in the adjoining coppices and hedgebanks. On the high bank
hy the roadside between Merston and Arreton, near the former (on green? sand),
in some plenty, 1845. On Watch-house point, and on slipped clay-banks and in
woods by the sea at the Priory, 1846. By the Pulpit Rock, and wood between
Steephill and St. Lawrence, Albert Hambrough, Esq.!/!! In St. Boniface copse
(opposite St. Boniface cottage), in considerable plenty, Miss Hadfield !

_ W. Med.—On Carisbrooke-castle hill, amongst the trees on the East and North
sides, sparingly, and amongst bushes at the upper end of the plantation of beeches
in Stopler’s copse, between Yarmouth and Thorley, 1846.

An elegant evergreen shrub, from about 2 to 4 feethigh, quite glabrous. Root
of several long stout fibres, covered with a thick, fleshy and succulent bark.
Stems one or more, erect, or when numerous often spreading and ascending at the
base, seldom above the thickness of the finger, nearly simple or with a few long,
slender, erect, rounded and very tough branches, that are leafless and scarred
below, and covered like the stem with a thick extremely acrid bark, and a smooth
ash-gray cuticle. Leaves persistent, leathery, scattered towards the extremities of
the branches, crowded at their summits into spreading circular tufts, remarked as
giving a palm-like aspect to this shrub, partly a little drooping and recurved at
their tips, obovato-lanceolate, or attenuated into their petioles so gradually as to
be broadest considerably above the middle, 4 or 5 inches long, dark shining green
above, paler beneath, obscurely veined, with a strong midrib, their margins quite
entire and slightly inflexed. Flowers half-hidden amongst the leaves, in short,
lax or drooping, axillary clusters of from 6 to 10 or more, very shortly pedicellate,
pale yellowish green, with a sweet saffron or cowslip scent, very perceptible in

.™oist mild weather. Perianth half an inch in length, slender, cylindrical, the
limb cleft into 4 short, ovate, rather acute, spreading segments, each flower sub-
tended by a greenish, ovato-oblong and concave bract, shorter than the flower and
deciduous. Stamens included, in two distant rows on the tube of the perianth ;
anthers orange-coloured, as is the coarse globular pollen ; 4 of them just visible at
the mouth of the tube, 2-celled, introrse. Style extremely short; stigma peltato-
capitate, bristly. Ovary smooth. Fruit (drupe) bluish or purplish black, ovoid,
about 44 lines in length, very juicy. Seed (nut) dark green, obovoid, pointed at
one end, the albumen very acrid.

The Spurge Laurel is universally cultivated in gardens and shrubberies for its
rich dark-green foliage, where it forms a low but spreading tufted bush, superior
perhaps in beauty to the equally common but foreign D. pontica, distinguished by
its brown bark, ovato-elliptical leaves, erect terminal racemes and very long acu-
minate perianth-segments. Daphne Laureola thrives well on cold clay soils and
under the drip of trees; is a great lover of shade, the leaves assuming a sickly
yellow and curled appearance on exposure to sun in the open border. Jt is much
sought for by nurserymen asa stock on which to graft the less hardy species,
whereby its existence in our hedges and thickets is often endangered. The Rev.
G. E. Smith tells me that the Spurge Laurel is collected in large quantity from
the woods in Sussex, by persons who go at stated periods round the country for
that purpose, and supply the markets at Portsmouth and Chichester, where it is
sold as a horse medicine, but he was unable to ascertain in what manner or for
what diseases it was employed, probably, like Helleborus fectidus, as a counter-
irritant, for which the bark, from its excessive acrimony, is well adapted. It is
however worthy of remark that the pulp of the fruit, which is not very plentifully
produced on this side of the water, is perfectly bland and innocuous, whilst the
438 SANTALACEE. [Thesium.

nut or kernel is as acrimonious as any part of the plant, a fact which applies
equally to the berries of our other British Daphne, the well-known and fragrant
Mezereon of the gardens, which are swallowed with impunity by birds, since the
kernel is passed by them unbroken.

I once found a flower of the Spurge Laurel with 6 divisions, including within
a single perianth a double set of stamens and two ovaties, perfectly distinct, yet
hcl any appearance as if two of the blossoms had cohered and grown
ogether.

Order LXVI. SANTALACEA, R. Br.

“ Perianth adnate with the ovary; its limb 8—5 cleft, with val-
vate wstivation. Stamens 83—5, opposite to the segments of the
perianth, epigynous. Ovary 1-celled, with 1—4 ovules, pendu-
lous from near the summit of a free central placenta. Style 1.
Stigma often lobed. Fruit hard, dry, and somewhat drupaceous,
1-seeded. Albumen fleshy, with the embryo in its axis. — Trees,
shrubs, or herbaceous plants. Leaves alternate or nearly so, with-
out stipules. Flowers small.”-—Br. Fl.

I. Tuesium, Linn. Toadflax.

“ Perianth 4—5 cleft, persistent. Stamens with a small fascicle
of hairs at their base. Stigma simple. Drupe crowned with the
persistent perianth.”—Br. Fl.

1. T. linophyllum, L. Lint-leaved Bastard Toadflaz. “ Stems
procumbent or ascending, leaves linear -lanceolate 1 - nerved,
racemes simple or panicled leafy, peduncles and pedicels with
three bracteas, pedicels usually as long as the flower in fruit
spreading their angles and the edges of the bracteas and upper
leaves denticulato-scabrous, fruit oval-oblong.” — Br. Fl. p. 362.
Sm. E. Fl. i. p. 888. Lind. Syn. p. 208. H. B. iv. t. 247. T.
humifusum, D.C.

On dry, open, mostly hilly and chalky pastures and banks; frequent. FU. June

—August. ;
E. Med.—On Ashey down. On chalky banks facing the sea at Ventnor, Miss

 

Daphne Mezereum.—In the manner described above solitary specimens of the
Mezereon are occasionally found disseminated in woods and thickets of this island.
A single small plant was found ina moist brambly thicket about a quarter of
a mile W. of Wacklands, by Mr. Thatcher, 1845!!! A specimen had been found
some years previously at Apse castle by Mrs. Cheverton, of Apse farm, and by
her transplanted into the garden there, where I saw it growing. Such an occur-
rence however is so rare as to preclude all idea of its being a native, here, although
apparently truly indigenous to the woods of the interior of Hants, Dorset and
Sussex, where however it is seldom allowed to remain undisturbed, from being
dug up by the cottagers for sale or to plant in their gardens. Though quite a
northern species, ranging even to Lapland, the Mezereon is a shrub rather of
eastern and continental than of western Europe, avoiding a maritime coast cli-
mate; hence it is absent from Scotland and the western half of England, nor
does Ireland produce either of our British Daphnes.
Euphorbia.| EUPHORBIACEE. 439

G. Kilderbee !!!_ Common on the downs about Ventnor, Dr. Martin!!! Banks
near Brading, Mr. W. D. Snooke. (Bembridge down, A. G. More, Fsq., Edys.]

E. Med. —In the Lenten-field pit, by Carisbrooke. In the sand on the spit at
Norton. On grassy slopes between the woods in the valley near Rowledge, pretty
plentifully, 1843. Freshwater down, Rev. G. EB. Smith !/!' Banks near Colwell,
Afton and Freshwater downs, in great abundance, Mr. W. D. Snooke. Chalk-
cliffs on the S. side of the Isle of Wight, Dr. Stokes, Bot. Guide.

The prostrate form, growing on banks facing the sea at Ventnor, is probably
the var. 8. humifusum of Duby’s Synopsis, the T. humifusum of D.C., ‘Flore
Frangaise.’

Root parasitic on various plants, according to Mr. Mitten,* thick and woody,
yellowish and branched. Stems very numerous, much branched from the base,
slender, solid, furrowed and angular, from 6 to 18 inches long or even more, form-
ing dense procumbent tufts, spreading chiefly on one side or in a fan-shaped man-
ner, when growing amongst taller plants erect or ascending at their extremities.
Leaves alternate or scattered, distant, nearly erect, grayish green or turning to
yellowish green when old, an inch in length, linear, very narrow, plane above,
fleshy, submucronate, quite entire, with rough cartilaginous edges, a little
incurved, with a single stout midrib imbedded in the substance of the leaf and
projecting into a blunt keel on its rather convex under side. Flowers small,
white, rather distant, on diverging roughish pedicels several times their own
length, forming a rather long terminal raceme, each flower with 3 unequal bracts
beneath it, like the leaves but smaller, the outer one the largest. Perianth cleft
about half-way down into 5 acute, white, fleshy, triangular segments with green
backs, each with a single tooth-like process on either side at its base. Stamens
5, inserted at the base of the segments and opposite to them on the top of the
green glandular portion or lower half of the perianth, their filaments very short
and a little connivent, each having near it and just above its insertion a small
bundle of glandular hairs reaching upwards to the anthers, but, though in contact,
not appearing united with the latter. Style short, thick, angular, crowning the
germen, which is balf-buried in the short fleshy tube of the calyx; stigma round-
ish, granulated, 2-, 3-, or 4-lobed, often entire, scarcely cloven as described by
Smith and in the bad figure of this part in E. B., but simply furrowed or chinked
transversely.

The Rev. G. E. Smith remarks that this plant occurs very frequently with pro-
liferous extremities at Ventnor.

Order LXVII. EUPHORBIACEA, Juss.

“ Anthers and pistils in distinct flowers. Perianth free, 3—4
(or more) cleft, or wanting.— Barren flowers :—Stamens 1 or many.
Anthers 2-celled. — Fertile flowers: —-Ovary 1, 2—3 celled.
Ovules solitary or in pairs, pendulous. Styles 2—3. Stigmas
2—8, 2-lobed or compound. Capsule of 2—38, 1- or 2-seeded
united carpels, usually bursting and separating with elasticity
from the common axis, sometimes indehiscent or nearly so.
Seeds suspended. Embryo in the axis of a fleshy albwmen ; coty-
ledons large, flat; radicle superior. Stems herbaceous or woody.
Leaves alternate, opposite or whorled, sometimes none.” —Br.' Fl.

 

* See ‘London Journal of Botany’ for 1847.
440 SANTALACER. (Euphorbia.

I. Evpuorria, Linn. Spurge.

Dicecious or monecious.— Barren flowers :—Perianth single,
tripartite. Stamens 9—12, without any rudiment of an ovary;
anthers of 2 globose lobes.—Fertile flowers :—Perianth single, tri-
partite. Filaments 2—8, without anthers. Styles 8, simple.
Capsule 3-celled; cells 1-seeded, bursting at the back.

The capsules of this genus, when ripe and kept in a warm dry atmosphere, con-
tinue for many days to discharge the seed elastically to a considerable distance,
bursting to pieces irregularly, with a sharp crackling noise, like so many little

shells. The same may also be observed in Mercurialis, a genus closely allied to
the present, and in others of the same natural family.

A. Leaves furnished with stipules. Stems prostrate. Involucres solitary, axillary
or in the forks of the branches.

1, EH. Pepls, L. Purple Spurge. Br. Fl. p. 366. E. B.t.
2002.

On sandy sea-shores; very rare. FU. July—September. ©.

In Sandown bay, J. S. Mill, Esq.!

The only specimen gathered by Mr. Mill in the above locality, the most
easterly station yet recorded for this rare species in Britain, has been kindly pre-
sented to me by that gentleman (together with examples of Cladium Mariscus,
also discovered by him in this island some years ago). The Rev. G. E. Smith
also believes he formerly gathered this species in the above locality.

“Remarkable for its procumbent stems of a glaucous hue much tinged with
purple and stipuled leaves.” Br. Fl.

B. Leaves without stipules. Stems erect or ascending, the flowering ones umbellate
above.

a. Leaves scattered or alternate.
* Glands of the involucre rounded.

2. E. heltoscopia, L. Sun Spurge. Wartwort. ‘“ Umbel of 5
principal 8-fid and bifid branches, bracteas and leaves membrana-
ceous obovato-cuneate serrated upwards, capsule glabrous, seeds
reticulated and pitted.”—Br. Fl. p. 366. HE. B. t. 883.

In waste and cultivated ground, cornfields, neglected gardens, &c.; a common
weed. Fl. July—October (occasionally in spring). ©.

The present as well as the following species are frequent in cultivated places in
Canada and the northern parts of the United States. I have noticed them about
Quebec and Montreal.

3. E. platyphylla, L. Broad-leaved Warty Spurge. “ Umbel
of about 5 principal 8-fid and bifid branches, bracteas cordate,
leaves membranaceous broadly obovato-lanceolate acute finely
serrulate, glands of the involucre (yellow) oval, capsule warted,
seeds smooth (brownish).”—Br. Fl. p. 867. E. stricta, £.: HE. B.
t. 333 (starved specimens). Jacquin, Ic. Plant. Rar. Fl. Aust. iv.
t. 876 (descr. prestantissima).

In cornfields, waste and cultivated ground, and by roadsides; not uncommonly.
Fil. June—October. ©. ;

E. Med.—Rather frequent about Ryde, as near Fishbourne, and by the footpath
in the field betwixt Quarr copse and the farm. Amongst the wheat in a field
Euphorbia. | EUPHORBIACES, 441

Westbrooke farm, between Ryde and Nettlestone, and remarkably fine and abun-
dant in a corn-field by Beaper’s farin, between Ryde and Brading. Fields above
the new church at E. Cowes. In a large field a little S. of Beanacre farm,
between Long Phillis and Inwards coppice, plentiful but of diminutive size, 1844.
Copse on the W. side of the Wootton river at its mouth, 1845. Wheat-field
between Prestwood and Smallbrook farm, 1849. About Brading, B. T. W.

W. Med.—Corn-fields at Thorley and by Shalcomhe. Near Ganson’s, by Gat-
combe. Cornfields near W. Cowes, not unfrequent. Between Yarmouth and
Ningwood, in a field of oats, most abundantly, 1840. About Colwell, B. T. W.

Plant copiously secreting an acrid, glutinous, milky latex, and excepting the
leaves and bracts perfectly smooth and glabrous. Root annual, whitish, long,
slender, tapering and flexuose, with horizontal simple or branching fibres.
Stem solitary, erect or_slightly ascending at the very base, from a foot or
less to 18 or 20 inches high, later in the year often attaining to 3 feet, round,
hollow, quite smooth and glabrous, simple below or very commonly with a
pair of opposite ascending branches from the very bottom, which towards
the end of the summer attain very nearly the height of the main stem,
become, like that, much expanded at top, firm and harder in texture, and fre-
quently assuming a bright coral-red colour. Leaves alternate or scattered and
somewhat remote, pale grayish, bluish or whitish green, faintly nerved, thin and
flexile, spreading or partly deflexed and decurved, on extremely short almost
obsolete petioles, from which the leaf is extended nearly at a right angle, as
remarked by Jacquin, 1. s. c.; central stem-leaves the largest, from about 14 to 2
or 24 inches in length and from 5 to 8 or 9 lines in width, elongato-oblong or
elongato-obovate, the superior leaves elongato-lanceolate, the lowermost much
smaller, more or less truly obovate, attenuated into the petiole, entire and often
glabrous, rounded or retuse; all the rest pointed, minutely and acutely serrulate,
particularly on their upper half, glabrous or very nearly so above, clothed beneath
with extremely fine, soft, erect hairs, rounded and subcordate or auricled at base,
those above the middle of the stem bearing flowering peduncles, those below its
centre short leafy shoots or branches in their axils, which are partly embraced by
the petioles and the cordate bases of the leaves. Umbels of the main stem and
lateral basal branches large, spreading, about 5 times furked or compounded, the
flowers of the two ultimate divisions very shortly stalked, or in the fifth and highest
quite sessile and reclining in the cup-like folded bracts; primary rays mostly 5,
sometimes 3, with an abortive flower in their centre; of the secondary umbels
3, 4, or 5, the central flower mostly perfect, tertiary and subsequent divisions bifid
or 2-rayed, also bearing perfect flowers between them; umbels of the lateral pe-
duncles mostly 3-rayed, twice or thrice compounded. Bracts of the main divi-
sions of the terminal umbel like the upper leaves in shape and colour, those of the
secondary and subsequent divisions of that and of the lateral umbels yellowish
green, varying as they ascend from ovato-elliptical to broadly ovate and in the
highest cordate, mucronato-apiculate, serrulate, sparingly pilose or even glabrous
underneath. Glands of the involucre first green, then dull orange, truly oval or
suborbicular, depresso-punctate, nectariferous. Anthers green, of 2 obovoid, flat-
tish, diverging lobes; pollen amber-yellow. Styles 3, erect, greenish, bifid, sub-
globose, yellowish and viscid at apex. Capsules small, globose, with 6 furrows,
the intermediate lobes or faces closely beset with wart-like granulations.

E. platyphylla, when allowed to reach its full dimensions in autumn, in which
state it is often 3 feet high, with the main umbel more than a foot wide, and those
of the twin branches nearly as broad, is one of the most elegant of British plants,
from its regularity of growth, the bright red of its shining stem and branches, the
delicate green of its leaves, and graceful slenderness of its habit.

IT have gathered this species by roadsides near Montreal in plenty.

3
442 EUPHORBIACE. (Euphorbia.

** Glands of the involucre pointed or angular.
+ Bracts united at the base.

4. E. amygdaloides, L. Wood Spurge. ‘“Umbel of about 5 or

6 principal branches and several scattered peduncles below, leaves

nearly membranaceous obovato-lanceolate hairy beneath attenu-

ated at the base entire, glands of the involucre (yellow) lunate

with 2 horns, capsules minutely tuberculate glabrous, seeds

smooth.” —Br. Fl. p. 869. E. B.t. 256. E. sylvatica, L.: Ber-
‘tol. Fl. Ital. v. p. 97.

A beautiful and abundant species in woods, thickets, and along moist hedges
throughout the island. Fl. April—June. Fr. June, July. 2p.
_ Root perennial, thick, wuody, blackish brown externally, emitting several creep-
ing often much-branched fibres, and, like the rest of the plant, wilky. Stems
several, in the larger plants very numerous, about 2 feet high, branched chiefly
at the base, simple above, round and slender, erect or a little ascending at their
origin, sometimes tortuous, tough, woody, scarred, leafless and of a fine coral-red
or purple below, and glabrous or nearly so, hollow, leafy, succulent and finely
downy towards the summit with almost woolly hairs, perishing after having
once flowered or biennial. Leaves numerous, alternate or scattered, quite entire,
persistent through the winter, those of the barren or first year’s shouts obovato-
oblong or obovato-lanceolate, from about 2 to 4 inches in length, pale grayish
green, soft and flexile, rosulate, downy on both sides; those of the flowering stems
similar in form, but usually smaller and shorter, firmer or subcoriaceous, dark
green, shining and nearly or quite glabrous above, crowded towards the summit
of the stem, the uppermost smaller and partly erect, those lower down becoming
larger and in turn patent, spreading or deflexed, with recurved tips; all the leaves
obtuse or very slightly pointed, very gradually tapered into the petiole, often
tinged of a fine purple beneath, and with their margins somewhat deflexed
or involute, obscurely veined, with a strong pale green midrib; the uppermost on
the flowering stems bractescent or subtending the scattered peduncles, elliptical,
oblongo-elliptical or even obovate, apiculate or slightly retuse, sessile or nearly so.
Umbel terminal from the leafy apex of the previous year’s shoots, drooping before
expansion, afterwards erect, forming with the numerous scattered peduncles
beneath it an oblong, round-topped, subcorymbose panicle of from 8 or 9 to 12
inches in length; principal rays from 5 to 8 or 10, subglabrous, once or twice
dichotomously forked at the summit, and bearing at each bifurcation a large, pale
yellowish green, glabrous, circular, perfoliate bract, partially cleft or divided late-
rally into 2 semiorbicular segments, at first capped or concave, afterwards flat (the
margins of the sinus forming small, rounded, overlapping lobes), retuse or slightly
apiculate at the point of its greatest diameter, and mostly carrying a solitary
flower in its centre or in the angle of the fork it subtends: similar bracts accom-
pany the divisions of the scattered accessory or inferior peduncles. General invo-
lucre usually of as many obovate, elliptical or oblong.sessile leaflets as there are
rays to the umbel, a little hairy, rather unequal, green like the leaves. Glands
lunate, glabrous, greenish yellow, sometimes of a beautiful purple or orange,
somewhat bluntly toothed or crenate here and there, surrounding 3 or 4 staminate
florets aud 1 pistillate one, besides a number of imperfect staminate ones con-
cealed in the woolly interior of the urceolate involucre. Style nearly erect, bifid
at the summit, the lobes divaricate, thickened or glandular, slightly reflexed.
Germen glabrous. Capsules small, green, very deeply and bluntly 3-lobed, gla-
brous, finely granulate, scabrous. Seeds oblongo-rotundate, pale ashy gray,
smooth and glabrous, under a high magnifier minutely punctate, tipped with the
small, roundish, lobed and depressed caruncle, of a waxy white colour.

The earliest of all our Spurges, in very mild seasons beginning to flower as
early as January or February. It has not yet been found wild in Scotland, and

appears to be very rare in Ireland.
Euphorbia.) EUPHORBIACES. 413

tt Bracts distinct at the base.

5. E. portlandica, L. Portland Spurge. ‘“ Umbel with about
5 principal dichotomous branches and several inferior scattered
ones, bracteas triangular-cordate, leaves membranaceous obovato-
lanceolate generally obtuse and submucronate, glands of the invo-
lucre (4) lunate with 2 long points, capsule rough at the angles,
seeds dotted (almost white).”’—Br. Fl. p. 368. H. B. t. 441.

_ On rocks and cliffs by the sea, also on the beach itself, as well as occasionally
in woods and thickets along the shore; very rare with us. Fl, June—August.

E. Med. — Plentiful on steep banks and cliffs at the N. E. extremity of San-.
down bay, as noticed in B. T. W., the only station Iam yet acquainted with.
The plant, which is there of humble growth, occurs most frequenlly on the
chalk just at ils junction with the green sandstone. [‘It attains a large size on
the crumbled chalk at the foot of the Culvers,” A. G. More, Esq., Edrs.]

Herb very milky aud acrid. Root long, tough, woody and flexuose, scarcely
branched, whitish. Stems very numerous, forming a dense, roundish, spreading
tuft, often of considerable diameter, round, slender, ascending and somewhat
woody, about a foot high, purplish at the base or often entirely coral-red. Leaves
numerous, small, scattered, sessile, erect or spreading, entire, pale glancous-green,
oblong or obovate, with a single prominent rib beneath, ending in a small
deflexed point, soon falling from and leaving the lower portion of the stems bare
and scarred. Umbels terminal, of 5 principal compressed rays, with mostly a few
scattered peduncles beneath it, which, as well as those of the principal umbel, are
dichotomously branched at the summit. General involucre roundish ovate, par-
tial ones rotundato-cordate or subrhomboidal, mucronate, in all my specimens
very obtuse, though said in E. B. to be pointed. Glunds 4, lunate, dull orange,
with incurved points, one of which is often either smaller or quite wanting; some-
times both are deficient, as I find not unfrequently the case in the specimens
before me. Stamens very deciduous. Styles 3, nearly erect, deeply cleft ; stigmas
simple, glandular, yellowish. Capsules small, very obtusely 3-lobed, granulato-
scabrous, especially about the angles. Seeds roundish, varying from reddish
brown to grayish white, with a linear chink or furrow on one side when ripe,
finely punctate, dimpled and carunculate.

This species, though widely diffused in Britain, is nowhere seen on our east-
ern coasts beyond Dover. It is generally rare in other parts of Europe, though
common in Brittany, and according to Portenschlag found also in Dalmatia.

6. E. Peplus, L. Petty Spurge. Wartweed. ‘“Umbel of
about 8 principal branches, bracteas ovate, leaves membrana-
ceous broadly obovate on short stalks entire glabrous, glands of
the involucre lunate the horns very long, germen somewhat
winged and scabrous, seeds dotted.” — Br. Fl. p. 369. H. B.t.
959.

In cultivated and waste ground, especially about towns at the close of summer ;
common. Fl. July—November. ©.

Frequent about Ryde in neglected gardens.

A bushy, glabrous, milky and acrid herb. Root whitish, tapering, branched,
with numerous slender fibres. Stem 6—12 inches high, erect or reclining, usually
dividing into 3 principal branches, round, smooth, and mostly tinged with pur-
plish red, copiously and dichotomously ramified above. Leaves bright pale green,
slightly glaucous, sometimes tinged with purple, thin and membranous, a little
concave, obovate, quite entire, obtuse or slightly pointed, sometimes a little emar-
ginate at the apex or mucronulate, those of the main stem few, scattered, cadu-
cous, petiolate: at the furks of the branches opposite or 3 together, on shorter
444 EUPHORBIACES. (Euphorbia.

stalks or quite sessile and oblique at the base. Umbels very small, terminal,
repeatedly di-trichotomous. Flowers very minute, scarcely above a line in breadth,
yellowish ereen. Bracts ovato-cordate, apiculate, concave. Glands of the invo-
lucre 4, luuate, greenish, deeply pitted, with 2 long, slender, incurved white hairs.
Lobes of the involucre erect, ciliated. Anther-cells spherical, bursting by a trans-
verse fissure. Styles short, erect, deeply cleft, very obtuse. Capsules extremely
small, glabrous, with a double, narrow, undulated and rugose wing or border at
each angle. Seeds prismatic, truncate, light gray or ash-colour.

; T have remarked a monstrous form, in which some of the ovaria were converted
into a long horn-shaped excrescence surmounted by the styles. The juice of this
species, as of FE’ helioscopia, is empluyed to destroy warts.

_ 7. E. exigqgua, L. Dwarf Spurge.“ Umbel of generally 3 prin-
cipal forked branches, leaves linear-lanceolate as well as the brac-
teas rather rigid entire glabrous often truncate and mucronate,
glands of the involucre roundish with two horns, capsules nearly
smooth slightly tuberculate on the angles, seeds angular wrinkled
or reticulated.” —Br. Fl. p. 369. E. B. t. 1336.

In corn-fields, cultivated and waste ground, in every part of the island; abun-
dantly. Fl. July—November. ©.

The smallest and most branched of our Spurges, characterized by the linear
and pointed involucres.

Capsules sinall, bluntly trigonate, smooth or a little roughish at the angles only.
Seeds light ash-gray or partly clay-coloured, ovato-oblong or roundish, angular,
with a dark line down the inner corner like a suture, their lower end tipped with
a white heart-shaped carunculns, deeply muricato-rugose all over.

b. Leaves opposite, decussate,

*8. E. Lathyris,L. Caper Spurge. Vect. Caper-bush. “ Uin-
bel of 8—4 principal bifid branches, bracteas cordato-acuminate,
leaves submembranaceous entire 4-farious on the first year’s stem
oblong-lanceolate and cordate at the base on the second year’s
shoot, glands of the involucre bluntly lunate, germen glabrous,
seeds rough."—Br Fl. p. 369. E. B. t. 2255.

In waste and garden-ground amongst potatoes, and by roadsides near houses,
oceasionally ; scarcely wild. “Fl. June, July. ¢.’—Br. Fil.

Not very unfrequent about Ryde, as on the Dover and in the fruit-gardens
at St. John’s. At Binstead, Cowes, St. Lawrence, &c., coming up spon-
taneously from seed where it has not been previously cultivated, but unquestion-
ably escaped from cottage-gardens, where it is very common, and when once
introduced not easily eradicated. It is however certainly indigenous to many
parts of Britain, appearing in newly thinned copses.

Root tapering. Stem upright, round, smooth, hollow, very milky, 2—3 feet
high or more. Leaves opposite, placed so closely together as to appear in whorls
of 4, each pair standing at right angles to the next pair above and below it, all
sessile, smooth, with a white midrib, the upper ones oblong-lanceolate, gradually
diminishing downwards, the lowermost linear, deflexed and crowded. Umbel
solitary, terminal, forked, with 4 principal branches, its ultimate divisions in
threes. Bracts cordate, acute, very large, quite concealing the uppermost flowers.
Glands of the involucre 4, lunate, with 2 round distant lobes: between the glands
of the involucre are as many membranous expansions of the latter (lobes of the
involucre), which are ovato-acute, and have all the appearance of petals enclosing,
like them, the parts of fructification, and to which the glands stand much in the
relation of an outer perianth. Styles 3, grooved, spreading ; stigmas cleft, obtuse.
Capsule very large, globular, 6-furrowed, quite smooth, as are the 3 oblong seeds.
Mercurialis.} EUPHORBIACES, 445

II. Mercurtauis, Linn. Mercury.

“ Dicecious or moneecious.—Barren flowers :—Perianth single,
tripartite. Stamens 9—12, without any rudiment of an ovary ;
anthers of 2 globose lobes.— Fertile flowers :—Perianth single,
tripartite. Filaments 2—38, without anthers. Styles 2, single.
Capsule 2-celled; cells 1-seeded, bursting at the back.”—Br. F'.

1. M. perennis, L. Perennial or Dog’s Mercury. ‘“ Dicecious,
fertile flowers in stalked lax spikes, stem perfectly simple, leaves
rough, root creeping perennial.”—Br. Fl. p. 365. EH. B. t. 1872.

In woods, groves, and on moist shady hedgebanks; abundantly. Fl. February
—April. a

About Ryde, at St. John’s, Apley, in Quarr copse, &c. Profusely in all the
woods about Shanklin, Appuldurcomhe, in the park at Swainston, &c., &c.

The tender green herbage of the Dog’s Mercury is nearly the first to appear
above ground in spring, and is almost persistent in mild winters. Root or rather
rhizoma slender, terete, white or reddish, creeping horizontally, giving off at
intervals bundles of branching and partly downy fibres, which again strike out at
right angles to its course. Stems one or two, seldom more from the same root,
from about 10 to 15 inches high, erect, solid, rounded, slightly and oppositely
winged between the tumid joints and on the same side with the leaves, roughish,
especially above, with short, stiff, spreading hairs, their lower joint or two leafless.
Leaves 2, 3, or 4 inches long, opposite, distant, the lowermost pair much smaller
than the rest and very remote, the middle pairs largest, the uppermost again dimi-
nished in size, ovate or ovato-lanceolate, acute or even acuminate, closely and
evenly crenato-serrate, the serratures thickened, incurved, and obliquely tipped
with a minute pellucid gland, deep green and often somewhat shining, flexile,
strongly veined, roughish on both sides with short, simple, erect pubescence.
Petioles scarcely an inch long at most, semiterete, hairy and grooved. Stipules
small, triangular-lanceolate, quite entire, deflexed, a pair at the base of each
petiole on its upper side, and between which in the axils of the lowermost pair of
leaves is a rudimentary flower-stalk likea greenish gland. Flower-spikes axillary,
solitary, simple, wanting in the lowermost pair of leaves, and occasionally there
is one deficient in some of the upper pairs, erect, slender, furrowed, angular,
naked for a great part of their length, those of the staminate plant mostly as long
as or longer than the leaves, many-fiowered ; of the pistillate plant much shorter,
almost concealed by the leaves and few-flowered. — Staminate flowers in small,
sessile, alternate, somewhat remote clusters, each blossom very shortly pedicellate,
subtended by ovate bracts, of which there is one much larger immedigtely under
each- cluster. Perianth deeply cleft into 3 roundish, ovate, concave, green

 

Euphorbia Cyparissias is plentifully naturalized in the shrubbery at North-
wood park, W. Cowes, the residence of the late George Henry Ward, Esq.: Miss
G. E. Kilderbee !!!

E. pilosa ?—The Rev. G. E. Smith recollects gathering a species of Euphorbia
with hairy fruit some years ago in a wood along the shore W. of Ryde, which, as
far as his memory serves, agreed with specimens of E. pilosa since seen by him at
Oxford. Nothing of the kind has fallen in my way there yet.

[E. Paralias.— This species, formerly a stranger to the Isle of Wight, was
sown by our lamented author in 1848, on the sandy spits of St. Helens in the
East Medina, and of Norton, near Freshwater, in the West Medina. In the for-
mer place it has now been observed by Dr. Bell-Salter for several years, occurring
with increasing frequency all along the shore at the foot of the sandbanks on the
side towards the open sea above the shingle. Vide Phytol. vol. iii. p. 820.
—Edrs.]
446 EUPHORBIACES. [Mercurialis.

segments, glabrous. Stamens about 9—12, clustered in the centre of the flower and
about as long as the segments, unaccompanied by any rudimentary germen;
anthers greenish yellow, of 2 globular lobes united at the back by a thick connec-
tivum and bursting along the centre of their superior half; pollen yellow. — Pis-
tillate flowers few, subsolitary, on bracteated pedicels like the staminate but rather
longer. Perianth as in those. Germen compresso-globose, 2-lobed, setoso-hispid,
having on either side between the lobes at their base, and inserted on the peri-
anth, an erect, deciduous, awl-shaped process, dilating at the bottom and some-
what bristly, that has been termed a nectary for want of a better name, though
conjectured to be abortive stamens; I have however once or twice observed them
to secrete a drop of fluid. Style deeply cleft, the segments thick, recurved, rough
with notched, pellucid, glandular crests or ridges, beneath green. Capsules dark
brown, hispid and tubercular, of 2 globose often unequal lobes the size of pepper-
corns, with a longitudinal suture, but bursting in pieces elastically. Seeds large,
globular, with a small pointed protuberance, at first dark brown, dotted with
small shallow depressions, and covered with a thin membrane or tunic, which
adheres firmly to the quite ripe seed, which then becomes light gray and wrinkled.

The Miss Sibleys, of Hall Place, near West Meon, inform me that cows greedily
devour the herbage of MZ. perennis, when it is within their reach, without injury to
themselves, though reputed poisonous to cattle and the human species. See
Gardiner, ‘ Flora of Forfarshire,’ p. 160.

The plant turns partially blue in drying, and perhaps contains indigo or some
analogous principle, which after vitality is extinguished absorbs oxygen, and
becomes apparent by precipitation in the vegetable tissue. Yet the attempts of
Mr. , of Glasgow, to obtain a permanent colouring matter or dye-
stuff from it have failed of success. This, like the next species, the Rev. Hugh
Davies has seen quite monecious.

 

 

2. M.annua, L. Annual or French Mercury. “ Fertile flowers
whorled nearly sessile, stem with opposite branches, leaves gla-
brous, root fibrous annual.

“a. Dicecious, leaves ovate or ovato-oblong, fertile flowers in lateral spikes.”
Br. Fl. p.366. £. B.t.559. Fl. Dan. t. 1890 (mas).

B. Moneecious. Barren and fertile flowers mostly in sessile axillary clusters.
Br. Fil. p. 366. M. ambigua, L. fil.: Pl. Rar. Hort. Upsal.t.8. E. B. Suppl.
t. 2816.

In garden-ground and waste places about towns, but not very common. Fi.
July—November. ©.

£. Med.—On the Dover and elsewhere at Ryde, occasionally. In a garden in
George street, Ryde, with Micandra physaloides, but sparingly, 1844. Between
Godshill amd Sandford, Albert Hambrough, Esq., 1848. AtSteephill, id. //? At
Ventnor, Dr. Martin !!! “On the sea-beach near Ryde, plentifully,” Ray (now
extinct). [On the shore at Bembridge, near the Coast-guard station, A. G.
More, Esq., Edrs.]

W. Med.—Field at Gurnet bay, near Gurnet farm, 1839. Abundant in North-
wood park, amongst potatoes, Miss G. Kilderbee !!! : ‘

8B. With the common form, but rarely. A trublesome weed in the fruit-gar-
dens at St. John’s, introduced perhaps with foreign seed, and where it may be
seen passing more and more into the usual dicecious and spicate form of inflores-
cence every successive year. ae : :

Herb quite glabrous in every part. Root whitish, tapering, branched, with
several stout, rigid, flexuose fibres. Stem erect, from about 12 to 18 or 20 inches
high, pale green, sharply angular and furrowed, with a thick rectangular wing or
ridge alternating between each joint, solid, copiously and oppositely branched
from the very base, in the larger specimens forming a very bushy herb, the
branches decussate, more or less spreading or erect, the lowermost usually ascend-
ing, and as well as the stem itself bulbously tumid at their junction with the lat-
ter. Leaves opposite, subtending the branches and flower-stalks, bright (some-
Urtica.] URTICACEZ. 447

times dark) green, paler and a little shining beneath, the nerves whitish above,
prominent beneath, quite smooth on both surfaces from about 14 to 3 inches long,
ovato-lanceolate, acute or rounded at the point, fringed with remote spinulose
sete, strongly, evenly and rather distantly serrate, the serratures very obtuse ;
entire and either slightly rounded or attenuated at base, where are a pair or some-
times two pairs of minute, fleshy, gland-like bodies, formed by the abrupt expan-
sion and thickened termination of the prominent margins of the short channelled
petiole. Stipules small, ovate or triangular, acuminate, erect and incurved,
appearing at the enlarged bases of the lower branches considerably remote from
the leaf they belong to. Flowers in size, structure and appearance like those of
M. perennis, the staminiferous, as in that, in small, sessile, roundish clusters, on
long, filiform, erect, axillary and solitary common peduncles, of which the clus-
ters occupy the superior half only; pistilliferous flowers on much shorter stalk
than those of the same kind in M. perennis, appearing at first sight almost ses-
sile, though the pedicels elongate a little in fruit, and are either solitary or clus-
tered 2 or 3 together, with very minute bracts at their base, one of them often
more lengthened out than the others, and bearing a solitary perfect or imperfect
slaminate flower at its apex. Style much smaller than in M. perennis.

The var. 6. isa common form in the 8. of Europe, and has been noticed as
growing plentifully in the Channel Islands by Messrs. Babington and Christy.
The younger Linnzus considered it a distinct species, and after him many bota-
nists have held the same opinion, but, though very different in appearance in
some respects, it is certainly, as DeCandolle remarks, but a variety, and not a
very permanent one either, of M.annua. The Ryde specimens differ from the
more usual state of the species in the more ovate leaves, which are of a much
paler green, with less distinct nerves, and more remotely serrated. The flowers
are in small, roundish, axillary clusters of 8 or 10 together, sometimes consisting
entirely of either male or female blossoms, more usually mixed, the latter elevated
above the former on rather long peduncles. This arrangement of the sexes is
analogous to what we find in Buaus, Euphorbia, and other genera naturally
monecious. I found at Winchester, in 1849, M. annua exhibiting its usual dice-
cious character, but with the flowers of both sexes in axillary nearly or quite ses-
sile clusters, as in the present variety.

This species is a very troublesome weed in many parts of England, as in
market-gardens at Battersea fields near London, and about Bristol. Like the
preceding, it turns partially blue in drying.*

Order LXVIII. URTICACE, Juss.

“ Flowers generally moncecious or diccious (very rarely some
of them perfect), scattered or amentaceous, or aggregated on a
fleshy persistent receptacle. Perianth divided, persistent or
wanting. Stamens definite, distinct, opposite the lobes of the
perianth and inserted at its base when there is one. Ovary free,
l-celled. Ovule solitary. Fruit usually an acheniwm, often seve-
ral combined and immersed in the persistent fleshy perianths or
upon or within large fleshy receptacles. Embryo with the radicle
superior. — Trees, shrubs, or herbs, with stipules, often stinging
and sometimes milky.’—Br. Fl.

 

* This property is not common to all the species of the genus, as for instance
M. tomentosa.of the S. of Europe, which retains its colour unaltered by
desiccation.
448 URTICACES. (Parietaria.

Tribe I. Urricez.

“ Flowers usually separate from each other. Filaments curved
imwards during estivation, then bending outwards.  Anthers
inverted in estivation. Style and stigma 1. Ovule erect. Em-
bryo straight, in the axis of fleshy (but often thin) albumen.  Sti-
pules small.’—Br. Fl.

I. Urtica, Linn. Nettle.

“Moneecious or dicecious. — Barren flowers :—Perianth of 4
leaves, containing the rudiment of a pistil. Stamens 4.—Fertile
lowers :—Perianth of 2 leaves, with sometimes 2 external smaller
ones or bracteas. Stigma 1, sessile, penicillate. Fruit an achene.
—Leaves opposite.” —Br. F1.

1. U. dioica, L. Great Nettle. ‘Leaves ovato-acuminate or
ovato-lanceolate serrate cordate or rounded at the base, spikes in
pairs mostly dicecious much branched longer than the petiole,
root perennial.”—Br. Fl. p. 8738. E.B. t. 1750.

In waste ground, along hedges, in woods and by roadsides; abundantly. Fl.
July, August. 2.

2. U. urens, L. Small Nettle. “Leaves elliptical serrate with
about 5 nearly parallel ribs, spikes in pairs oblong nearly simple
shorter than the petiole, achenes obscurely granulate opaque,
root annual.”—Br. Fl. p. 3738. HE. B. t. 1236.

In waste ground, on rubbish, and by roadsides; common. FJ. June—Septem-
ber. ‘

II. Parretari, Linn. Pellitory.

“ Where the mouldering walls are seen
Hung with pellitory green.”
Clare.

“Polygamous. Perianth 4-fid. Stamens 4, wanting in some
flowers ; filaments transversely wrinkled, at first incurved, then
bending back with elastic force. Style filiform. Stigma penicil-
late. Achene shining, enclosed by the perianth. — Leaves alter-
nate.’—Br. Fl.

 

Urtica pilulifera, L. (Roman or Pill-bearing Nettle), grows at Gosport, some-
where, I understand, on the way to Gomer pond. The seed is sold in consider-
able quantity, under the name of Roman Nettle, by the London seedsmen, I am
told for some medical purpose, though what that is I am unable to learn, as this
plant does not form an officinal article in any of our London pharmacopeeias; nor
is it worth cultivating for ornament. The knowledge of this fact favours a suspi-
cion I have always entertained, that U. pilulifera has in all its British stations
originated from the garden of the grower of simples.
Tumulus.} URTICACEAE, 449

1. P. officinalis, L. Common Pellitory of the Wall. “ Leaves
oblong-oval or ovato-lanceolate attenuated at both ends 3-nerved
above the base, involucre of two 3—7 lobed segments with an
alternating bractea 3—7 flowered, flowers sessile, that between
the segments with a pistil only, one only on each segment perfect
at length enlarged tubular coloured and longer than the stamens,
the others when present barren always short and campanulate.”
—Br. Fl. p. 374. EH. B. t. 879,

On old walls and rocks, also on shady hedgebanks and chalk-cliffs by the sea ;
very frequent. Fl. June—October. 2.

£. Med.— Amongst the ruins of Quarr abbey. Churchyards at Newchurch
and Brading, abundant.

W. Med. — Churchyards of Brixton, Northwood and Freshwater. Abundant
on the wall by the roadside beneath Carisbrooke church, also on the walls of
the castle.

Root of several stout, tapering, woody fibres, of a bright flesh-red colour inter-
nally. Stems numerous, 1—3 feet high, erect, ascending or diffuse, round, solid,
succulent, branched, of a purplish colour with green streaks, downy, brittle and
somewhat pellucid. Leaves numerous, alternate, stalked, elliptical-lanceolate
varying to ovate or lanceolate, attenuated at the base, shining green, a little sca-
brous, downy on both sides, quite entire, with 3 or 5 depressed nerves above, and
as many prominent ones on their pale under surface. Petioles rounded, reddish,
very hairy, without stipules, each of those on the main stems with a short leafy
shoot or branch, and 2 or 3 small roundish clusters of flowers in its axil. In-
volucre nearly sessile, diphyllous, the leaflets combined below, each cut into from
3 to 6 ovate irregular segments, shorter than the flowers, strongly fringed, single-
ribbed, each leaflet of the involucre (or bract?) 1—3 flowered, when single-
flowered usually 3-cleft, otherwise multifid. Between the two leaflets on their
point of union is a solitary central flower, bearing a pistil only and ripening seed.

For a curious and interesting account of the mode of fructification in Parietaria
see Baxter's Gen. of Br. Flow. Plants, vol. iii. No. 224.

Tribe IL. CannaBineEZ.

“ Diecious. Barren flowers racemose or panicled. Filaments
of stamens straight and anthers erect during estivation. Stigmas
2, sessile, filiform. Ovule pendulous. Embryo hooked or spiral,
without albumen. Stipules small.”—Bry. Fl.

TII. Humuzvs, Linn. Hop.

“ Barren flowers : —Perianth 5-partite. Stamens 5. Anthers
with 2 pores at the extremity. — Fertile flowers in a catkin, the
scales (perianth ?) concave, entire, single-flowered, at first envelop-
ing the ovary, at length persistent and enlarged. Perianth 0,
except the scale. Embryo spiral.”—Br. Fl.

1. H. Lupulus, L. Common Hop. Br. Fl. p. 375. E. B. t.
427.

In rather moist woods and hedges, in swampy or boggy thickets, osier-beds, &c. ;
abundant in most parts of the island. Fl. July, August. Fr. September, Octo-

ber. 2f.
3.M
$50 URTICACEZ. [Humadis.

E. Med. — Frequent in moist thickets about Ryde, in St. Jobu’s wood, on the
Dover, in Quarr copse, and along the Newport road, &c., but not very commouly
in flower; in this state the male plant, which is more frequent than the female,
may be gathered by St. John’s tollgate, in Kingston copse near Niton, at Arreton
and other places. In the boggy woods between Yarbridge and Yaverland,
copiously. Abundant all along the Undercliff, where I have gathered the female
plant with ripe strobiles. Very common about Godshill, 1844. Abundant ina
hedge between Kerne farm and Alverston will, where it is overrun with Cuscuta
europea. The female is abundant about Steephill, and near Niton on the way
from the Sandrock hotel to St. Catherine’s point, Dr. Bell-Salter.

W. Med.—Most abundantly in thickets, &c., about Brook house, 1844, where,
and at Wolverton by Shorwell, it may be seen twining around every tree, and
presenting the appearance of a natural hop-garden. _Plentiful about Freshwater,
at Norton, Yarmouth, &c. Common about Newport, Chale, and indeed in most
other parts of the island.

Stems herbaceous, long, twisted, hexangular, reddish, rough along the angles
with hard scabrous points and minute deflexed bristles or aculei, and twining
over trees and bushes to a great leugth in a direction from East to West. Leaves*
opposite, on long, scabrous, angular, mostly contorted petioles, which are chan-
nelled above, rotundato-cordate, various in shape, for the most part 3-lobed, the
lowermost very large and 5-lobed, the highest often ovate and undivided; dull
deep green, beneath paler and sprinkled with small, yellow, resinous globules, pli-
cato-rugose, harsh and rough to the touch, coarsely and sharply mucronato-ser-
rate, their lubes cuspidato-acuminate. Stipules opposite, in pairs between each
two leafstalks, which they iu some degree connect together, ovate or ovato-cordate,
downy, many-ribbed, bifid and acuminate, often reflexed. Staminate flowers in
Jax, drooping, panicled, axillary and downy racemes, which are mostly shorter
than the leaves; pale yellowish green. Perianth in 5 downy, unequal, concave,
obtuse segments. Stamens 5, opposite the segments of the perianth, arranged
round their point of union each on a glandular base; anthers on very short fila-
ments, oblong, greenish, 2-lobed and 2-celled, somewhat awned, bursting on their
inner face just beneath the apex, leaving the cells after the discharge of the pollen
like two parallel inflated sacs or tubes. Bracts at the base of the pedicels and
branches of the panicle, unequal in size and number, ovate or lanceolate. I can
trace no rudiments of an ovarium in the staminate flowers as we find in Tamus,
&e. Pistillate flowers in small roundish or ovate catkins (sfrobiles), which are
either on solitary, opposite, axillary, bracteated and downy peduncles, or in more
or less compound, axillary and terminal, panicled racemes. Flvural bracts (scales)
closely imbricated, purplish brown or greenish, broadly ovate, acuminate, lax and
spreading at the tips, many-ribbed, 2-Alowered and downy, much enlarged after
blossoming. Perianth none, except a persistent scale or bractlet, like the others
but much smaller, enclosing the greenish, 2-lobed, compressed germen by a fold
at its base. Style scarcely any, inserted on the summit of the germen between its
lobes; stigmas 2, subulate, downy, spreading and recurved. Nut (achenium ?)
scarcely so large as hemp-seed, erect, subglobose, acutely margined all round,
enveloped in a loose membranous tunic opened at the summit and sprinkled with
resinous grains, itself embraced by a fold at the hase of each now much eularged
bract, that bears but one and often no perfect seed, both flowers proving abortive.

When full grown the strobiles of the wild Hop seldom exceed an inch in
length, but contain abundance of the peculiar principle (humuline) that makes the
cultivated plant so valuable, and which is found chiefly on the inner surface of the
floral bracts at their base, and on the loose covering of the seed, in the form of
transparent, yellow, roundish and angular grains, of a fine aromatic odour. The

 

* The larva of the comma butterfly (Vanessa C-album) feeds on the leaves of
the Hop, as also on those of the Currant and Nettle. Though a rare insect in
the Isle of Wight, I have seen specimens captured by my friend Miss Lucas at
Sandown.
Ulmus.} ULMACE.E. 451

wild hops are collected, I am informed, by the country people here as a_ substi-
tute fur the more expensive growth of Kent and Surrey, and according to the
author of the ‘Flora Hibernica they are perfectly efficient for the purposes of
brewiny beer. The cultivation of the Hop in this island is now quite abandoned,
though it appears to have been attempted some years since ona limited scale
near Kerne, which is the only place where I have heard of a hop-garden having
been ever established.

Many persons, with Sir James Smith, have doubted the indigenous origin of
the Hop in Britain, though ou what grounds I confess inyself unable to conjec-
ture, as few plants have a more extensive range over the globe than this. Like
the Elder, the claim of which tu aboriginality has been questioned by some, 1t
may safely be pronounced truly wild at least in the S. of England, and Mr.
Mackay is of similar opinion respecting its title to rank as a genuine native of
Ireland. It occurs with us, as does the Elder, in places the most remote from
cultivation, in the innermost recesses of woods, and is widely distributed over
Europe, Asia and America, ranging in the Old World as high as lat. 63° or 64°,
and, though common throughout a great part of Siberia (Gmel. Fl. Sib.) scarcely
ae o 50th degree in the New Cuntinent, according to Dr. Richardson (Fl.

or. Am.

Order LXIX. ULMACEA, Mirb.

“Flowers perfect or polygamous, not in catkins. Perianth
membranous, inferior, campanulate and 3—8 cleft, or 5-partite ;
segments imbricated in estivation. Stamens definite, inserted
into the base of the perianth, as many as and opposite to its seg-
ments. Anthers 2-celled, erect in estivation. Ovary free, 1—2
celled. Ovules solitary in each cell, pendulous or suspended.
Stigmas 2, distinct, elongated. Fruit 1-celled, 1-seeded, indehis-
cent, dry or drupaceous. Seed pendulous, without or with little
(fleshy) albumen. — Trees or shrubs, with scabrous, alternate, dis-
tachous, leaves.” —Br. Fl.

I. Uumuus, Linn. Elm.

“Flowers perfect. Perianth persistent, with 8—8 divisions,
campanulate or conical at the base. Stamens 5. filaments
straight in estivation, not bending back elastically. Ovary 2-
celled. Capsule compressed, winged all round.”—Br. Fi.

The synonyms of this genus are so confused, and the limits of the Ewopean
species at least so ill understood, that I shall confine myself to the view taken, of
such as we possess, by Lindley, Smith, and other British botanists, however much
at variance with the descriptions of continental authors, being persuaded, froin the
discrepancies that exist amongst these latter, that they are as little advanced
towards the determination of the several species as we are.*

T am disposed to think that all our British elms might without risk be reduced
to two, each bearing the impress of specific distinction in a degree and with a
constancy that seems to admit of no doubt on that point.t

 

* The late Mr. Knight, of Downton castle, as I learn from Mr. Bentham,
raised several of the supposed species of Elm from the seed of one kind alone.

+ Of these two, U. montana is perhaps the only really indigenous or aboriginal
species ; the other, for which I would retain the not unexceptionable name of U.
452 ULMACER, (Ulnus.

t? 1. U. suberosa, Ehrh. Cork-barked Elm. “ Leaves nearly
orbicular acute obliquely cordate at the base sharply regularly
and doubly serrated always scabrous above pubescent below
chiefly hairy in the axil, branches spreading bright brown winged
with corky excrescences when young very hairy, fruit nearly round
deeply cloven naked.”—Lind. Syn. p. 226. Sm. E. Fl. ii. p. 21.
Br. Fl. p. 876. EB. B. xxxi. t. 2161 (excellent). Hunter's Evel.
Syl. i. p. 114 (U. campestris). Loud. Arbr. Brit. Guimpel. und
Hayne, Abbild. der Deutsch. Holtzart. ii. 38, t. 28 (optima).

Abundant all over the island in hedgerows and along the borders of woods; by
fay the most plentiful Elm with us, yet not certainly indigenous. Fl. March,
April. Fr.May. b.*

£. Med.—In the Elm-close copse, by St. John’s. Woods near Park farm, by
Nettlestone. Breaches copse, behind White-clif bay.

W. Med.— Wood, called Bush Row, by Mottestone, between the church and
the sea, mainly composed of this species.

The most common timber-tree in our hedgerows, more frequent even than the
Oak, and thriving better on our wet clay about Ryde. About Nettlestone and at
Quarr abbey are some of the largest elms in the island.

A timber-tree of the first magnitude, from 60 to 80 or 100 feet high, emitting
copious suckers from the root, and even from the trunk at a considerahle height,
the branches spreading irregularly and much divided, hairy at their tips, covered,
as well as the trunk, with a rough deeply cleft or chapped bark, which on very
small and young trees often forms winged appendages of a corky texture. Leaves
roundish ovate, acuminate or shortly cuspidate, very unequal at the base, coarsely,
unequally and doubly serrate, 2—3 inches long, firm, dark green, a little shining
and scabrous above, beneath pubescent, with downy tufts in the axils of the prin-
cipal ribs. Petioles short, round, hairy. Flowers produced lony before the leaves,
shortly pedicellate, pale reddish or purplish, crowded into small, roundish, sessile
or occasionally somewhat stalked clusters. Bracts thin, coloured, fringed, solitary
at the base of each flower-stalk and soon falling away. Perianth downy, in 4 or
5 rounded segments, that are fringed in all my specimens, though described as
smooth by Mr. Leighton, and so drawn in E. Botany. Stamens 4 or 5 (usually
but 4), much exserted ; filaments reddish; anthers large, dark purple, bursting
outwardly, each cell with a deep furrow. Styles small, short, not coloured ;
stigma densely fringed, moderately curved and spreading.

2. U. glabra, Mill. Smooth-leaved Wych Elm. “ Leaves ovato-
lanceolate acuminate doubly and evenly crenato-serrate cuneate
and oblique at the base becoming quite smooth above smooth or

 

suberosa, was perhaps derived to us by importation from a remote period. Our
U. campestris is certainly not the Linnean tree of that name, as I am convinced
by inspection of the original specimen in the Linnzao herbarium, and which is
rather our U. montana or sume one of its varieties, the only kind indigenous to
Sweden. The U. campestris of Smith, which I have not seen in this island,
though found at Lymington, &c., is, 1 apprehend, a form of U. suberosa with
very small leaves, and to these I suspect must be joined U. major, which indeed,
except by its aspect, I know not how to distinguish from U. suberosa. Our U.
glabra J regard as a mere form of U. montana, but in deference to higher autho-
rity [ have refrained from uniting these last, as the propriety of duing so may
still be questioned.

* In flower by the middle of February, 1842, and in full bloom before the end
of the month about Ryde.
Ulmus.] ULMACE. 453

glandular beneath with a few hairs in the axils, branches bright
brown smooth wiry weeping, fruit obovate naked deeply cloven.”
—Lind. Syn. p. 226. H. B. t. 2248. U. suberosa, Ehrh., y.
levis, Br. Fl. p. 376.

a. Leaves lanceolate, smooth and shining above, quite glabrous beneath.

8. Branches somewhat erect; leaves ovato-lanceolate, evenly downy beneath,
pubescent but not rough above, and somewhat shining.

y. Leaves large, remarkably smooth and shining; branches drooping. _y. lati-
folia, Bab. Man. p. 185?

In woods, but not common. FT. March, April. h.

a. A large tree close to the entrance (from Brading) of Centurion’s copse.

B. In Bloodstone copse, near Ashey farm, plentifully.

y- In the yard of Apse farm, near Shanklin, a noble elm overhanging the pond.

A tree resembling U. montana, of which there seems every reason for supposing
it to bea variety only, as the distinguishing characters are very evanescent. Bark of
the smaller limbs and branches smooth and even, the latter always, I think, more
minutely ramified. Zufts of flowers, as also the flowers themselves, smaller and
redder than in U. montana, the twigs on which they grow bright reddish brown
and quite smooth. Bracts broad, white and fringed. Pedicels assuredly shorter
than either in U. montana or U. suberosa or almost subsessile, but there is no
absolute certainty in this respect. Perianth but slightly hairy (at least in my
specimens of a.), tapering gradually into the pedicel, which is thus apparently
abbreviated (the perianth in U. suberosa is shorter and more abrupt). Stamens
mostly 5, occasionally with an hexandrous flower intermixed. Styles small, dark
crimson, not much curved.

In @. the very smooth whitish brown branches have an upright mode of growth,
and the leaves, though still lanceolate, are broader, and approach nearer in out-
line to those of U. montana. In the present variety the seed is oblong, consider-
ably attenuated at the base, mach smaller than in U. montana, cloven about half
way down to the seed, and on longer peduncles.

y. is less remarkable for height or thickness of trunk, though both are very con-
siderable, than for its picturesque form, the great spread of its fine weeping boughs,
and its handsome foliage. Itappears to be intermediate between U. montana and
U. glabra, and I have no doubt is the U. glabra y. latifolia of Lindl. Syn. p. 227.
The fruit is smaller than in U. montana, and cloven almost to the seed, the cuti-
cle investing which is prettily tinged with red. Whether the tree is planted or
wild at Apse, I know not.

3. U. montana, Sm. Broad-leaved Elm. Wych Elm. Wych
Hazel. Leaves obovato-cuspidate doubly and coarsely serrated
wedge-shaped and more or less unequal at the base scabrous
above downy beneath, branches smooth, fruit obovate glabrous
slightly cloven not ciliated. Sm. E. Fl. ii. p. 22. Lind. Syn. p.
Q27. E. B. xxvii. t. 1887. Loud. Arb. Brit. Fl. Dan. t. 632.
Guimp. und Hayne, Abbild. der Deutsch. Holtzarten. i. 87, t. 27
(optima). U. campestris, L.: Br. Fl. p. 376.

In woods and hedgerows. FJ. March, April. Fr. May. :

E. Med. — In several parts of Quarr copse, frequent, and where some of the
trees are of considerable size. Rocky wood at East-end. Common in Cowpit
cliff and Hatchet-close woods, near Shanklin.

WW. Med.—In the little wood (Starknet copse) where Tilia parvifolia grows,
near Yarmouth. In Westridge copse, near Shorwell, 1845. . :

A handsome tall tree, with wide spreading branches of a grayish or reddish
ash-colour, the ultimate divisions downy, and much less twiggy than in U. sube-
rosa or U. campestris; nor is this species, like them, so much disposed to send up
suckers or stools from the root, or bundles of short slender shoots from the trunk
404 AMENTACER. Salix.

and main limbs. Zeaves larger than in our otber elms and less firm in texture,
obovato-cuspidate, thuse of the young wood tricuspidate, doubly and coarsely ser-
tated, mostly very nnequal at the base, 3 or 4 inches long, strongly veined, rough
on the upper side with short stiff hairs, softer and more downy beneath, most so
about the ribs. Flowers shortly pedicellate, in small roundish tufts, larger, less
crowded and paler purple tban in U. subcrosa, but, as in all our other elms, the
uppermost branches are most thickly beset with blossoms. Bracts mostly 2 at the
base of the flower-stalks, narrow, fringed and membranous.  Perianth very
rugose, its sexyments slightly hairy, mostly 5, often 6 or even 7, obtuse, erect or
connivent, bright light purple or almost rose-colour. Stamens 5—7, much longer
than the perianth, erect, with pale rosy filaments and dark purple anthers; pollen
pale yellow ; stigmas 2, bright purple, spreading and very hairy. Samare in large
clusters, like hops in colour and general appearance, nearly an inch in length,
obovate, quite glabrous, cloven to a very short distance from the exterior margin,
not ciliated along the edges.

The wood of this species is of very inferior quality to that of U. suberosa and its
varieties.

A remarkable fact in the natural history of the Elm is the occasional irregula-
rity of its flowering. In 1832 scarcely a single tree was tu be seen in blossom,
during the spring of that year, either of U. suberosa or U. montana, both in this
island and elsewhere, though in the previous season the branches were loaded
with flowers, as they were again in 1840 and 1841.

The largest Wych Elm in Quarr copse, standing amidst many free flowerers of
its species, has never shown any disposition to blossom, though perfectly sound
and healthy.

Order LXX. AMENTACEA, Lindi.

“ Habitarunt di quoque sylvas,

* * * * * *

nobis placeant ante omnia sylve.”
Virg. Eel. ii.

 

“ Flowers moneecious or diccious, rarely perfect. — Barren
flowers capitate or in catkins ; sometimes with a membra-
nous perianth. — Fertile flowers clustered, solitary, or in cat-
kins. Ovary usually simple. Stigmas one or more. Fruit as
many as the ovaries, bony or membranaceous. Albumen usually
wanting. Embryo straight or curved, plain. Radicle mostly
superior. Young leaves with stipules.”"—Lind. Syn.

Tribe I. Sarrcinez, Lindl.

“Flowers all in catkins. Fruit naked, two-valved, 1-celled,
many-seeded. Seeds erect, comose.”—Lind. Syn.

I. Saurx, Linn. Willow.

“ Scales of the catkins quite entire. Perianth 0, except 1—2
unilateral nectariferous glands between the stamens or pistil and
the rachis.— Barren flowers :—Stamen 1 (of 2 combined) or 2—5.
—Fertile flowers : — Stigmas 2, entire or cloven into 2. Capsule
1-celled.”—Br, Fl.
Salix.) AMENTACEZ. 455

* Trianpra, Borr.

“ Stamens 8. Ovary stalked, usually glabrous. Cathins leafy, lax; their scales
persistent, of the same pale colour throughout : ‘nectary double, Leefe. Leaves
between lanceolate and ovate, glabrous serrated. Stipules shorter than the
petiole. Trees or large shrubs, casting the bark in autumn.”—Br. F.

1. S. triandra, L. Blunt-stipuled Triandrous Willow. “ Leaves
serrated half-cordate approaching to reniform blunt, scales of the
catkins glabrous or slightly hairy, capsule glabrous, stigma nearly
sessile.” —Br. Fl. p. 883. H. B. t. 1485 (long-leaved triandrous
Willow).

In moist hedges, thickets, and margins of povls; not very unfrequent. Fl.
April, May, and again in August? z

E. Med, — Near the brook below Shanklin church, Dr. Bell-Saleer !!! (since
cut down). Hedge between Ventnor and Steephill, and by a pool on the new
cut between Wootton and Newport, idem.

A small tree, of which I have seen the female only wild with us. Leaves ob-
longo-lancevlate, bright green, smooth and shining, with distant shallow serra-
tures; those on the flowering branches quite entire and slightly hairy beneath.
Pistillate catkins 14 inch long, erect and cylindrical. Scales wrinkled and villous
beneath at the back, nearly glabrous above, very blunt and rounded. Gland
(nectary) very short and abrupt, as broad as or broader than long. Stigmas sessile,
singularly bent downwards. Ovaria (germens) stalked, oblong-ovate, glabrous.

A valuable willow for the basket-maker, and making very neat fences.

** FRaGIces, Borr.

Stamens 2 (as in the following groups). Trees of considerable size, with lan-
ceolate, glabrous, serrated, stipulated leaves, and very lax catkins, with elon-
gated more or less stalked glabrous germens.’—Br. F 1. 3rd ed.

2. 8. fragilis, L. Crack Willow. ‘‘ Leaves glabrous or downy
beneath when young, stipules half-cordate, capsules more or less
stalked, style conspicuous, stigmas bifid.” — Br. Fl. p. 884. H.
B. t. 1807.

In moist meadows and woods; I helieve frequent. £. April, May. hh.

&. Ina meadow between Ashey farm and Nunwell, two or three large trees
growing near a pool.

A tall tree, with partly drooping branches, whose extremities are extremely
brittle, and covered with a greenish yellow polished bark. Leaves lanceolate, 4 or
5 inches long, quite smooth, dark green and varnished above with pretty regular
glandular serratures, paler and slightly glaucous beneath. Stipules half heart-
shaped, strongly toothed, various in size (Sm). Barren catkins appearing with the
leaves, about 2 inches long, erect or somewhat drooping, cylindrical, a little taper-
ing and pointed, on moderately short, leafy and very hairy stalks. Stamens 2,
little if at all exceeding the very long, narrow, pale yellow, shaggy, concave and
obtuse scales, the tips of which are not coloured.

Professor Don is of opinion, from a conversation I had with him on the subject,
that S. fragilis, S. decipiens and S. Russeliana are forms of one and the same
species, of which the first may be assumed as the typical or normal one; of the
last the female plant alone has been seen, in Mr. Don’s opinion. The great dif-
ference in the value of these trees to the basket-maker, and in the chemical com-
position of their bark, is a matter of every-day observation in plants of the same
species under variable conditions of soil, climate or cultivation.
456 AMENTACES. (Salix.

*** AtBam, Borr.

“ Trees of considerable elevation, having lanceolate serrated leaves, with long silky
hairs beneath, especially in a young state, which gives to the foliage a light or
whitish hue: the serratures glandular. Catkins lax : germens glabrous,’ —
Br. Fl. 3rd. ed.

3. S. alba, L. Common White Willow. “Leaves elliptical-
lanceolate regularly glanduloso-serrate acute when young more or
less silky beneath often so above, ovaries ovato-acuminate nearly
sessile glabrous, stigmas nearly sessile short recurved bifid, scales
short pubescent at the margin much shorter than the stamens
and about the length of the ovary.” — Br. Fl. p. 385. E. B.t.
2430.

B. vitellina. “ Branches bright yellow, leaves shorter and broader.” Bab. Man
p. 288. S. vitellina, Auct. Anglican. E. B. 1389.

In moist woods, meadows, and along rivers and streams; frequent, but often
planted. Fv. May. :

2. In the wet thicket on the skirts of Whitefield wood, appearing wild.

@. In a wood near Westridge, growing in a little swampy pool, appearing
also truly wild.

B. &. Between Ryde and Newchurch, in the hedge a little beyond Ashey farm,
a single tree, apparently wild, Dr. Bell-Salter, 1839!!! — also by the stream-side
at Langbridge, close to Newchurch, but apparently planted. By a pond close to
a farm at Yaverland, 1840.

Leaves alternate, narrow-lanceolate, tapering at both ends, 3 or 4 inches long,
regularly and finely serrated, the serratures glandular, gray-green above, whitish
or somewhat glaucous beneath, clothed on both sides, but most so on the under
side, with close-pressed silky hairs,* of great fineness and brilliancy, shining with
a silvery lustre. Capsules ovate, brownish yellow, smooth. Seeds small, oblong,
greenish and furrowed.

This species is the largest of the British willows, attaining a greater diameter
of trunk than any other, and is one of the very few valuable for its wood, which,
though soft, is much used for milk-pails and articles of turnery.

**** Fuscm, Borr.

“ Small shrubs, with generally procumbent stems and leaves, between elliptical and
lanceolate, mostly silky beneath, nearly entire. Catkins ovate or cylindri-
cal. Germens silky, stalked.”—Br. FI. 3rd. ed.

4. 8. fusca, L. Dwarf Silky Willow. “Leaves elliptical or
elliptic-lanceolate or linear-lanceolate broadest about the middle
acute entire or with minute glandular serratures somewhat downy
glaucous and generally very silky beneath, ovaries upon a long
stalk lanceolate very silky, stigmas bifid.” — Br. Fl. p. 388. E.
B. t. 1960.

B. ascendens. Stems recumbent, leaves elliptical. S. ascendens, E. B. t. 1962.f

 

* Varieties occur, though not noticed in this island, in which the pubescence

is much less copious or nearly wanting.
: + Other Pune of the variable little shrub doubtless occur here, but I am not

yet prepared to state them. Phytol. iii. p. 840.
Salix.) AMENTACES. 457

£. Med,—[On the roadside between Newport and Wootton bridge, in some
plenty, Dr. Bell-Salter, Edrs.]

W. Med.— Abundant along the roadside and adjoining heathy ground on the
northern skirts of Parkhurst forest. Near Cranmore farm, by the roadside leading
thence from the Ningwood road, 1844.

8. Moist thicket near Ryde, towards Newport.

The smallest of the Isle-of-Wight Willows. A humble shrub, with more or
less procumbent, prostrate or even trailing branches, assuming a great variety of
appeafances in different situations, but the small size of all its parts will prevent
its being mistaken for any other species, Stems procumbent, the branches long,
straight, ascending or partly erect, reddish brown, downy on the flowering shoots.
Staminate catkins numerous, crowded, erect, obtuse. Stamens 2, with bright yel-
low anthers. Pistillate catkins ovate, stalked (at least when full-grown). Ger-
mens ovato-lanceolate, often purplish, silky, on stalks nearly their own length.
Styles very variable in my specimens, in some cloven throughout; stigmas bifid.
Nectary oblong, abrupt, in ¢@ greenish, in 9 yellow. Scales in both sexes obo-
sale very obtuse or even truncate, densely silky, with brown tips, paler in the
male.

eee VIMINALES, Dorr.

“« Stamens 2, distinct. Capsules shortly stalked or almost sessile, somewhat lanceo-
late, hairy or silky. Style conspicuous. Catkins lateral, nearly sessile,
appearing with the leaves, with leaf-like bracteas at the base; their scales
discoloured at the end. Trees of more or less considerable size, with long
pliant branches. Leaves lanceolate.’—Br. F).

5. S. viminalis, L. Common Osier. “ Leaves linear or linear-
lanceolate obscurely crenate white and silky beneath, stipules
very small sublanceolate, ovaries almost sessile.’—Br. Fl. p. 391.
E. B. t. 1898.

In moist thickets, hedgerows, &c., but not common. Fl. April, May. h.

America, by Shanklin. Northwood park, Miss Kilderbee.

A small tree, readily known from our other willows by the long very narrow
leaves of its wand-like often bright yellow and shining branches. Leaves very
shortly stalked, pointed, dark green and shining above, silvery gray beneath with
fine close-pressed silky pubescence, their edges a little revolute. Cathins cylin-
drical, obtuse, the staminate ones a little enlarged or clavate, sometimes rather
curved, with golden yellow anthers. Scales ovate, rounded or slightly acuminate,
brown, densely clothed with long white hairs. Germens quite sessile, ovato-lan-
cevlate, silky. Styles rather long, crowded with the 2 linear, spreading, entire (or
sometimes cloven) stigmas, which equal or even exceed the style in length.

6. S. Smithiana, Willd. Silky-leaved Osier. “‘ Leaves lanceo-
late obscurely crenate white and satiny beneath, stipules very
small narrow acute, ovaries distinctly stalked.” — Br. Fl. p. 391.
S. mollissima, H. B. t. 1509.

Wet woods; rare? Fl. April, May. bh.

E. Med. —Wet willow-thickets in Whitefield wood, a male plant of this species

(according to Dr. Bell-Salter), 1840. By the bridge that crosses the road near
Shanklin church, on the left-hand side, idem.

7. S. acuminata, Sm. Long-leaved Willow. “ Leaves lanceo-
lato-oblong pointed wavy finely toothed glaucous and downy be-
neath, stipules half-ovate, stipules oblong or oblong-linear.”—Br.
Fl. p. 891. E. B. t. 1484. S. rugosa, Bab. ?

oN
458 AMENTACER. (Salix.

_ In rather moist woods, thickets and hedges; T believe not uncommon in this
island. Fl. April. bh.

. Med.— %. In a low wet meadow nearly opposite Redhill farm, Appuldur-
comhe, 1843.

W. Med.—Q. Northwood park, Miss G. Kilderbee !

A small, sometimes, according to Smith, a lofty tree, holding a middle rank
between the Osiers and Sallow tribe.

Pistillate catkins cylindrical, obtuse, not much above an inch long, slightly
stalked, with several ovato-lanceolate, acute, silky bracts. Styles elongated; about
equal to the diverging and undivided stigmas. " Germens lanceolate, densely vil-
lous, on hairy pedicels that are much shorter than the ovato-acute, blackish, very
shaggy scales. Nectaries narrow-oblong, abrupt and flattened.

LT have only seen the pistillate plant of this species as yet.

*X*KEX CINERER, Borr,

“Stamens 2, distinct. Capsules lunceolato-acuminate, silky, tomentose, conspi-
cuously stalked ; stulks 3 (or more) times longer than the nectary. Style
none or much shorter than the ovate or oblong thick stigmas. Cathins ses-
sil, lateral, at first short, afterwards more lax, appearing before the leaves ;
their scales discoloured at the end. Leaves more or less wrinkled and sti-
puled, very veiny beneath : stipules without glands on the inside. Trees or
low shrubs.”’—Br. Fl.

8. S. cinerea, L. Gray Sallow. “Leaves obovate obovato-
elliptical or obovato-lanceolate autumnal ones pointed even ser-
rated reticulated with prominent veins nearly glabrous and glaucous
beneath with the margins sometimes recurved, stipules rounded
toothed upper ones cften half-cordate, style very short or none.
E. B. t. 1897. (Autumnal leaves narrow, rigid, and their mar-
gins recurved). IL. aquatica, Sm.: E. B. t. 1487. (Autumnal
leaves broader, larger, more pliant, nearly flat). §. oleifolia, Sm.:
E. B. t, 1402. (Aut. leaves narrower, rigid, nearly flat).”” —Br. Fl.
p. 392.

In moist woeds, hedges, margins of ponds, &c.; common. 7. March, April.

&. In hedges along the Brading road from Ryde, near the second milestone,
in plenty. g and 2. By some little pools near Westridge farm.

A large shrub or small tree. Leaves obovato-elliptical, shortly stalked, dark
more or less shining green above, pale glaucous and reticulated beneath, their
edges a little inflexed, in the younger adult state either quite entire and wavy or
partially serrated, their upper surface nearly or quite glabrous, the under more or
less pubescent. Stipules small, semicordate, tovthed. Scales silky, blackish
above; in @ rounded or obtuse, in g somewhat acute. Nectary a single, ob-
long, truncate gland, green in ¢, yellower and shorter in Q. Stuminate catkins
about an inch long, smaller and narrower than in S. caprea, ovato-oblong, fra-
grant, very downy.  Anthers bright yellow prettily tipped with red, tinging the
unexpanded catkins of that colour, and scattering a copious golden pollen. Pis-
tillate catkins nearly sessile, oblong, a little tapered, with several broad leafy
bracts. Germen lanceolate, somewhat ovate below, silky all over like its stalk,
which is about half the length of the very obtuse scale. Style extremely short;
stigmas deeply grooved on both sides,* mostly cloven at the tips, spreading.

 

* The thickened edges of the membrane composing the stigma gives the chan-
nelled appearance to both surfaces.
Saliz.} AMENTACER. 459

9. S. aurita, L. Round-eared Sallow. ‘Leaves obovate re-
pando-dentate wrinkled with veins more or less pubescent very
downy beneath tipped with a small bent point recurved at the
margin, stipules roundish, style very short.” — Br. Fl. p. 393.
E. B. t. 1487.

B. “ Leaves subrotund, hoary beneath.”—Sm. Eng. Fl. vol. iv. p. 217.

On wet heaths and in swampy thickets; not uncommon. Fl. April, May. h.

£E. Med. — Abundant in New copse, between Ryde and Wootton, and on wet
heathy ground adjacent to it, 1841. Undercliff, not uncommon. (Plentiful on
moist heathy ground hetween Briddlesford heath and the Newport and Ryde
road). Ina field between Shanklin and Ryde, Dr. Bell-Salter.

W. Med. —Wet thickets by the Medina above Newport.

B. New copse, near Wootton bridge.

A small much and irregularly branched tree or rather straggling shrub, of 4 to
8 or 10 feet high, covered with a light grayish very smooth bark, the lower
branches procumbent or even, it is said, trailing, known at first sight by its usu-
ally very small, roundish, wrinkled and shaggy leaves, which appear vaulted or
arched by the inflexion of their edges: I have never observed the branches to be
trailing with us, though the lowermost are often decumbent at the base, or at
least ascending, as the main stem itself usually is. Leaves very shortly stalked,
various in size, in 6. scarcely an inch long at most, obovate and tapering to the
petiole, sometimes ovate and rounded at the base, obtuse or abrupt, with a small,
short, recurved and oblique point, the surface remarkably rugose, waved and
twisted, vaulted or concave on the under side by the inflexion of their margins,
grayish green and very hairy above, shaggy, paler and glaucous beneath, with
strong prominent veins, the edges inflexed, crisped, and according to Smith
coarsely serrated, in my specimens entire or at most slightly crenulate. Stipules
in texture like the leaves, shaggy and vaulted beneath, roundish or semicordate,
obtuse or somewhat pointed, toothed or entire, very variable in size. Scales very
hairy, rounded and obtuse, very remarkably so in the male plant. Catkins sessile
or nearly so, slightly curved, produced just before the leaves or whilst the latter
are opening, very small, the barren not much above 4 an inch in length (in f. at
least), the fertile a little longer. Capsules greenish or yellowish, silky, ovate,
compressed, suddenly attenuated into a long beak-like form, tipped with the now
slightly cleft and withered stigma. Fertile catkins ovate, about an inch long.
Germens stalked, broadly subulate, sericeo-tomentose. Styles very short; stigmas
simply notched, or in part considerably cleft.

Smith’s description of this species is excellent throughout.

Considering the almost infinite variation to which the willows, and this tribe in
particular, are addicted, the conjecture of some, that this species may be only a
form of S. caprea, does not seem so very extravagant a supposition. It may
however be observed that, besides its much smaller size, the season of flowering
is at least a month later than the latter.

10. S. caprea, L. Great Round-leaved Willow. “ Leaves
roundish obovate or ovato-elliptical even acute at first entire downy
above tomentose beneath, autumnal ones serrated and waved at the
margin nearly glabrous above downy beneath, stipules somewhat
reniform toothed, style very short or none.’—Br. Fl. p. 893. EE.
B.t. 1488. 8. sphacelata, Sm.: E. B. t. 2838.

One of the most abundant species in moist woods and hedges. £. March,
April. :
The male flowers of this and the other sallows have a sweet resinous odour very
attractive to bees, which miay be seen hovering about the bright yellow catkins in
March, when the air can hardly yet be called genial.
460 AMENTACES. (Populus.

*#ee4*% Bicotores, Borr.

“ Leaves glabrous or nearly so, dark green above, very glaucous beneath, between
obovate and lanceolate. Germens very silky. Twiggy bushes.’—By. F}. 3rd. ed.

11. 8. laurina, Sm. Intermediate Willow. “ Young leaves
and shoots densely pubescent or hairy towards the summit, leaves
at length glabrous glaucous beneath dull green above after being
dried.” —Br. Fl. p. 394. 8. bicolor, E. B. t. 1806.

By a little pool close to Newtown, on the right-hand of the road from Shalfleet
between the town-hall and Fretlands farm, pointed out to me as this species by

Mr. Borrer a few years ago. (Dr. Bell-Salter also believes that he finds it in a
hedge by the side of a horse-path from Alverstone to Nunwell down.—Edrs.]

II. Porunvs, Linn. Poplar.

“ Scales of the catkins usually jagged, very rarely quite entire.
Perianth cup-shaped, oblique, entire, surrounding the stamens and
pistil ; nectariferous glands 0.—Barren flowers :—Stamens 4—30,
— Fertile flowers :—Stigmas 2, bipartite or 3- or 4-cleft. Capsule

sn CY the introflexion of the edges of the valves, loculicidal.”
—Br. Fl.

* Seales of the catkins hairy or silky. Catkins in fruit dense. Stamens 4—8.
Stigmas with narrow divisions. Leuce.

_t?1. P. alba, L. White Poplar Abele. “ Leaf-buds downy not
viscous, leaves roundish cordate lobed toothed glabrous and
shining above downy and very white beneath old ones sometimes
glabrous.” — Br. Fl. p. 400. Guimp: und Hayne, Abbild. der
Deutsch. Holtzart. ii. 265, t. 202.* Fl. Dan. xiii. t. 2132 (an
vera ?).

B. canescens. Leaves smaller, roundish. P. canescens, Sm.: Guimp. und
Hayne, Abbild. der Deutsch. Holtzart, ii. 262, t. 201. Fl. Dan. xiii. t. 2133 (an
vera ?)

In moist woods, meadows, hedges and banks of rivers; scarcely wild. Fi.
“March, April."—Br. Fl.

In a hedge near Pagham farm, betwixt Newport and Godsbill, but I am not
sure the only tree found there might not have been a young one of var. @., in
which state the leaves, as is the case with the Aspen, are angular and acute.
Commonly cultivated in plantations for the beauty of its ever-changing foliage
when agitated by the summer breeze.

B. Very frequent about Pagham farm in hedges, and in a small wet wood near
the same, close to which, on a common, is a large tree of this species. Near
Landguard farm, by Shanklin, are some fine trees, but with too much appearance
of having been planted. In a low moist spot between Osborne and Beckett's

 

? 12. 8. Forsteriana, Sm.

Dr. Bell-Salter found, some years ago, what he considers S. Forsteriana, in
Northwood park, W. Cowes. As it appears to be quite a northern species, and
only a single tree was detected, it was most probably introduced by some
accident into the plantation there, in which willows of several kinds have been
propagated. Phytol. iii. p. 840.

* And for interesting remarks on the specific identity of both forms.
Populus.| AMENTACES, 461

copse are also some old and many young trees, apparently wild, 1839. Hedges
about Greak Park farm, and in a lane leading to the Wilderness. Truly wild in
Norfolk and other parts of England, and possibly so in this island.

“A great tree, “ with smooth bark and spreading branches” (Br. Fl.) Leaves
large, triangular or trowel-shaped, ail deeply and conspicuously angular, toothed
and lobed, the under surface snow-white.

6B.* A tree of considerable size and height, usually more branched than the
Aspen, the branches slenderer and less drooping at the end or recurved, the bark
light gray or ash-colour, rough or chapped in old trees, smooth in the younger.
In very young trees of @. the leaves are ample, trowel-shaped, sharply toothed and
very hoary beneath, in which state they greatly resemble the true P. alba; but in
the adult tree the leaves have nearly the orbicular outline of those of P. tremula,
with the blunt sinuate toothing of the latter, retaining only the very deep blackish
green above and cottony whiteness beneath, which distinguish the true Abele.
Yet even this characteristic of hoariness is liable to alteration, for, whilst in most
of its stations with us P. canescens retains its silvery appearance unchanged, a
large treet on a common near Pagham exhibits a partial disposition to become
glabrous on both sides of the leaves, as in the Aspen.

Staminate catkins slenderer than in P. tremula, cylindrical, pendulous, about
34 inches long when full-blown, their axes hairy. Floral bracts paler than in P.
tremula, with shorter points, and hence less palmate. Perianth on a shortish
pedicel, smooth. Stamens 6—10, mostly 8 in my specimens; anthers dull purple.

I have not hitherto been enabled to procure pistillate catkins of the present spe-
cies, to examine the number and form of the stigmas, the few trees producing
those of either sex being some very tall individuals near Osborne park, and quite
out of reach, from their height. The species creeps so amazingly by the root that
it is not surprising it should rarely produce flowers, which is however no proof of
its not being indigenous with us, since in the N. of Europe the common Ivy is
for the most part barren, though truly native.

2. P. tremula, L. Asp or Aspen. Trembling Poplar. Vect.
Apse. Pipple. “Leaf-buds glabrous shining slightly viscous,
leaves nearly orbicular and bluntly sinuato-toothed soon glabrous
on both sides, fertile catkins as large as the barren ones, scales of
both deeply palmatifid and sericeo-pilose, stigmas (purple) cuneate
irregularly 83—4 lobed.” —Br. Fl. p. 400. Loud. Arb. Brit. iii. p.

 

* [In this case, as in some others (see Ribes rubrum, p. 188, foot-note), the
author almost exclusively confines bis elaborate description to that form of the
species which only he believes wild.—Edrs.]

+ On this individual most of the leaves are nearly devoid of their usual hoari-
ness, but the extreme leaves on the twigs preserve it in a considerable degree, and
all present visible traces of their appropriate cottony covering in patches of vari-
able extent, like spots of mildew, on their under surface; yet this deficiency is
unaccompanied by any change in the shape of the leaves, beyond the variations
in these organs incidental to the normal form. ‘This state of the variety appears
to make a nearer approach than usual to P. tremula, to which it seems to be as
closely allied as to P. alba. It is doubtless the P. canescens B. intermedia of Me-
rat, Nouv. Fl. des Env. de Paris, p. 400, and which he suspects may be a hybrid
between that and P. tremula. See also Lejeune, Fl. de Spa. p. 260, who looks
upon it as more nearly allied to P. tremula, P. alba y. denudata ; Speuner, Fl.
Frib. (teste Gaudin), P. sericea ; Long. Peterm. FI. Lips. Excurs. p. 277.

P. alba and P. tremula are, it must be confessed, by no means clearly defined,
and, unless the difference in the number and form of the stigmas prove constant
in each, which they are said not to do, I know of no permanent marks of distinc-
tion. [For further remarks, both on this point and the distinctions between the
two varieties of P. alba, see Phytol. iii. pp. 841—846.— Edrs.]
462 AMENTACER. (Populus.

1645. fig. 1509. Fl. Dan. xiii. t. 2134. Guwimp. und Hayne, Ab-
bild. der Deutsch. Holtzart. ii. 266, t. 203.

In moist woods and thickets, especially in a stiff clayey soil; frequent. FU.
February, March. Fr. May. }

£.. Med.— Abundant in Quarr copse, and on the wet slipped land along the
shore between Ryde and the Priory, &c. Shanklin chine. About Aldermoor
common, frequent. In Firestone copse. In Beckett’s or Buckett’s copse, be-
tween Osborne and Barton farm, are some very five aspens, of great height and
size.

W. Med.—Frequent about Cowes. Stopler's copse, Nunswood copse, and else-
where about Yarmouth, abundantly.

A tree, with us, in the wild state usually rather under the middle size, with a
straight and slender trunk for its height, long, flexile, smooth and ash-gray
branches, of which the lowermost. at least are pendulous, the bark on young trees
white and smooth, the older ones grayish, chapped or rifted. Leaves alternate,
when young roundish ovate or subdeltoid, pointed or even acuminate, sharply and
unevenly sinuato-dentate, tinged with reddish brown, and as well as the petioles
clothed with close-pressed silky pubescence, especially beneath; at length gla-
brous, nearly orbicular, from about 14 inch to 23 inches wide, and scarcely if at
all longer, broadly, unequally, shallowly and very obtusely sinuato-dentate, the
teeth rounded, or towards the slightly cordate or truncate base somewhat incurved
or uncinate, dull bright green above, paler beneath, slightly acuminate, the mar-
gins somewhat fringed with soft downy hairs. Petioles 1 inch to 2} inches long,
at length glabrous, strongly compressed laterally. Stipules long, linear or subu-
late, soon falling. Flowers produced before the leaves {rom brown, shining, scaly
and glutinous buds * at the end of short lateral spurs or shoots, which are some-
times hairy at the tips. Staminate catkins stouter and more lax than the pistil-
late, expanding a little earlier, sometimes nearly 3 inches long, hoary, not rufous,
their axes downy. Floral bracts as in the pistillate. Perianth much more ob-
lique, scarcely at all tubular, very evidently pedicellate. Stamens in some of my
specimens about 10 or 12, in others 6 or 8; anthers bright purplish, of 2 distinct
oblong lobes bursting by a deep lateral fissure; pollen white, globular. Pistillate
catkins 2—5 together, oblong or at length cylindrical, drooping, rufous-gray,
scarcely 2 inches long when full-grown, very silky, their scales (or bracts) wedge-
shaped, blackish brown or fuscous, deeply palmato-laciniate, with acute thickly
fringed segments, longer than the smooth pale-green periauth, which is on a very
short and, like the axis, hairy pedicel. Germen as long as the perianth, ovato-
globose, smooth, with a furrow on each side. Stigmas 4, bright crimson, nearly
erect, slightly diverging only in two pairs, each (in all the specimens I can col-
lect in this island) expanded into a broad, irregular, waved and crenate lobe, in
shape resembling a cock’s-comb or the fleshy inflorescence of Celosia cristata.
Capsules much like those of some willows, ovato-oblong, laterally compressed,
green and glabrous, about 3 lines in length; in all the specimens I have exa-
mined filled merely with a white cottony down, or producing 1 or 2 oblong and
apparently imperfect seeds, of a pale yellowish colour and downy. .

IT found in a male catkin of this species, from Beckett’s copse, near Cowes, in
March, 1843, several hermaphrodite flowers, the stigmas in which were fully
formed and of the usual size.

The difference in the shape of the stigmas from that usually assigned them,
and as represented in the figures referred to, only prove how variable are these
organs as regards form, and perhaps, as we shall see, in respect of number also.
In my specimens the stigmas are constantly 4, but instead of being linear or awl-
shaped, as Smith describes and Sowerby figures them, they are invariably lobed
and notched as above stated. In the plate of this species in Fl. Danica the
stigmas approach those of my specimens in form, but are much more simple or

 

* I have observed these buds to smell strongly of malt.
Populus.) AMENTACES. 463

regular, widely spreading and even reflexed, scarcely at all lobed, nor are they, any
more than in mine, furnished with a basal auricle like those mentioned by Smith
and drawn in ‘English Botany.’ In this last work the floral bracts are in the
separate figure represented as glabrous, doubtless through the omission of the
engraver.

Sir W. Hooker, in his ‘ British Flora, remarks that the Scottish Highlanders
entertain a superstitious reverence for the Aspen, believing our Saviour’s cross to
have been made of its wood, in consequence of which its leaves can never rest ;*
but a more unlikely tree than this can hardly be imagined to inhabit the warm
and dry region of Judea, where, if existing at all, it must be sought for exclu-
sively on the highest mountains. So closely allied are Ignorance and Supersti-
tion, that enlightening the one is the only sure way to eradicate the other.

The provincial word Apse, for this tree, gave rise, I presume, to the names of
several places so called in this island, as Apse farm, Apse heath, &c.

** Scales of catkins glabrous, ciliated at the apex. Catkins in fruit lax, monili-
form. Stamens 8—30. Stigmas reniform or roundish, crenated, some-
times 2-lohed at the apex. Aigeiros.

t3. P. nigra, L. Black Poplar. “ Leaf-buds glabrous viscous,
leaves ovato-deltoid or rhomboid cuspidate pointed crenate or
serrated quite glabrous on both sides, stipules ovate acuminated
stigmas roundish 2-lobed at the apex.”—Br. Fl. p. 401. E.B. t.
1910. Guimpel. und Hayne, Abbild. der Deutsch. Holtzart. 1. 268,
t. 204.

On the banks of rivers and in moist low ground, but doubtful if really indige-
nous. i, April. é

£E. Med.—On the point (Watch-house point) near the Priory, but probably
planted ; also on wet clay along the shore between Sea View and tbe mouth of Bra-
ding harbour. Near Steephill, apparently wild, and a tree or two between Nin-
ham farm and the Newport road, in the wooded ground along the brook, to all
appearance of natural growth ; as also on wet laud near the shore a little W. of
Cowes. A few trees in a wood near Cliff farm, but very uncertainly indigenous,
as a solitary horse-chestnutt grew in the same wood.

W. Med.—A tree or two near Medham.

 

* A similar superstition is prevalent in Wales, which is beautifully adverted to
by Mrs. Hemans in her poem of the ‘ Wood Walk and Hymn: —

 

“Oh! a cause more deep,
More solemn far, the rustic doth assign

To the strange restlessness of those wan leaves!
The cross he deems, the blessed cross, whereon
The meek Redeemer bow’d his bead to death,
Was framed of Aspen wood; and since that hour
Through all its race the pale tree hath sent down
A thrilling consciousness, a secret awe,

Making them tremulous when not a breeze
Disturbs the airy thistle down, or shakes

The light lines of the hairy gossamer.”

+ I have sometimes thought that exotic occasionally propagates itself sponta-
neously in this country.
464 AMENTACEE. (Betula.

Tribe II. Berormez, Lindl.

“ Flowers all in catkins. Fruit naked, indehiscent, membranous,

2-celled, with solitary ovules. Seeds pendulous, not comose.”—
Lindl, Syn.

Ill. Beruna, Linn. Birch.

“ Barren flowers: — Perianth 0. Stamens 8—12, with 2—3
small scales at the base (indicating 2—3 flowers, each of 4 sta-
mens).—Fertile flowers :—Scale of the catkin 3-lobed, 3-flowered.
Perianth 0. Fruit with a membranaceous margin.”—Br, Fl.

1. B. alba, L. Common Birch. “Leaves ovato-deltoid acute
doubly serrated, fruit broadly obovate with a broad margin.” —
Br. Fl. p. 379. E. B. t. 2198. Fl. Dan. ix. t. 1467.

In ‘moist as well as in dry heathy or hilly woods and copses; frequent. Fi.
April, May. bh.

E. Med. — Quarr copse, &c. Plentiful on the hill at Apse castle. Young-
wood’s copse, by Newchurch, in plenty. Copse close to Kemphill farm, on the
North side, opposite Stroud wood, from which it is only separated by the road
from Aldermoor mill to Coppid hall, in some plenty, but possibly planted, 1850.

W. Med, — Marvell copse, near Newport, consists in a great measure of this
tree, of which there are many apparently very aged and tolerably fine specimens.
Wood along the new cut between Newport and Ryde.

A tree, in more northern climates, of very large size, 70 or 80 feet in height, in
this island of but moderate stature, seldom exceeding 30 or 40 feet, the trunk
slender in proportion and covered with a whitish ash-coloured bark, transversely
banded with purplish brown, which detaches itself in broad plates, the branches
very numerous, alternate or irregular, tough, dark purplish, very slender, twiggy
and flexible at their extremities. Leaves* alternate, in pairs from the same bud,
glutinous and somewhat hairy when young, liable to some variation in shape,
communly ovate or somewhat deltoid, very acute, unequally, doubly and sharply
serrated, entire at the base, with straight parallel ribs, bright shining green above,
paler and somewhat hairy beneath about the midrib and along the petiole, and
having both surfaces sprinkled with minute resinous dots, making them roughish
and clammy to the touch, especially when young. Cathins opening with the
leaves and fully expanding with them about the third week in April. Staminate
catkins terminal, solitary or clustered 2 or 3 together, sessile, lax or pendulous,
from about 1} inch to 3 inches long and ahout 2 lines in width, cylindrical, slen-
der, obtuse. Floral bracts (scales) closely imbricated, peltate, the central bract
flat, roundish rhomboidal or nearly orbicular, somewhat pentagonal, sometimes
slightly pointed and mucronulate, brownish at the apex, their margins fringed ;
the 2 lateral bracts nearly concealed beneath the former, close under and parallel
with them, their margins only projecting on either side, flat and roundish, but
thinner and more membranaceous, erose and ciliated on the margins. Pertanth

 

* The leaves of the Birch afford nourishment to the larva of the Camberwell
beauty (Vanessa Antiopa), one of our rarest and most elegant butterflies, the
periodical appearance of which in Britain is a matter of curious speculation to the
naturalist. In 1839 several specimens were seen in Quarr copse by different per-
sons, and one was captured in the same wood by my servant, but escaped in his
endeavour to secure the prize.
Alnus.) AMENTACER. 465

none,* unless we consider as such three vaulted, nearly orbicular, membranous
bracts beneath the larger peltate scale, the middle one uppermost projecting hori-
zontally forwards beneath the scale and mostly somewhat pointed, each of them
subtending and partially enfolding (4?) stamens, in which case each of the scales
represents a flower, and the bracts, from analogy with those of the pistillate cat-
kins, must be considered as 3-flowered. Stamens 10—12, in 3 indistinct sets at
the base of each bract; filaments short; anthers large, yellow or purplish. Pistil-
late catkins solitary from the bosom of the leaf buds aud between a pair of leaves,
stalked, nodding or inclining, from about 4 to $ths of an inch in length and about
a line in breadth, cylindrical, blunt, slightly curved, their peduncles about 4 an
inch long, with 3 oblong or lanceolate, unilateral, pale bracts towards the middle,
the ceutral and innermost one floriferous in the axil. Floral bracts (scales)
erecto- patent, 3-flowered, pale green, glabrous, 3-lobed, the middle lobe very
broadly ovate or elliptic, very obtuse and rounded, somewhat recurved at the tip,
which is entire or prolonged into a fleshy mucro, the lateral lobes minute, round-
ish. Styles simple, bright purple, fleshy, glabrous, as long as the bracts.

The twiggy branches are much in demand for making brooms, and, as Sir W.
Hooker observes, “ well-known instruments of castigation,’ now, happily for the
credit of the age in which we live, seldom resorted to, except in those monkish

seminaries of sound learning, rightly so called (vox et praterea nihil), our great
public schools.

IV. Atwus, Tourn. Alder.

“ Barren flowers : — Scale of the catkin 3-lobed, with 3 flowers.
Perianth 4-partite. Stamens 4. — Fertile flowers :—Scale of the
catkin subtrifid, with 2 flowers. Perianth 0. Ovary with 4
minute scales at its base. Fruit without a membranaceous mar-
gin, compressed.” —Br. Fl.

1, A. glutinosa, Gertn. Common Alder. “ Leaves roundish-
cuneiform obtuse lobed at the margin and serrated somewhat glu-
tinous downy in the axils of the nerves beneath.”—Br. Fl. p. 380.
Betula Alnus, Z.: EH. B. t. 1508.

In marshy and boggy ground, wet meadows, and on the banks of rivers and
streams. Fl. March.

Plentiful about Alverstone mill. Alder Carrs, near Ninham farm, &c.

A tree, usually of small or medium size, at other times 60 or 80 feet in height,
with widely spreading horizontal branches, and reddish or grayish bark rough on
the trunk, that of the branches smooth, and of the smaller ones rusty brown, with
a partially glaucous cuticle. Leaves from purplish blue and glaucous buds, bright
green, somewhat glutinous and shining, 2—4 inches long, vbovato-rotundate,
somewhat cuneate at the base, irregularly crenato-serrate, slightly lobed and

 

* The three lower scales (situated beneath the larger peltate bract and its two
subsidiary ones, lying immediately under it in the same plane) may fairly be con-
sidered, with Wahlenberg and others, as each analogous to or in the place of a
periauth, since these three inferior scales are nearly perpendicular to the true
bracts, and unilateral on the short stalk that carries thé latter, are concave and
partly embrace the stamens, a third part of which (or about 4), is subtended by
each scale, so that by analogy with the fertile catkins the uppermost or real bracts
are each 3-flowered, with this difference only, that in the bracts of the pistillate
catkins the middle and side lobes are united into one piece, whilst in the stami-
nate catkins the three lobes are separate and distinct, in both kinds covering a
ternary group of flowers, which in the pistillate catkins are naked, in the stami-
nate furnished with a rudimentary floral envelope to each in the shape of a hol-
low scale.

300
166 AMENTACEE (Alyrica.

waved, glabrous, on grooved petioles, about an inch in length, running along the
under side of the leaf into the very prominent midrib, with straight parallel veins
and small tufts of hairs in their axils. Stipules ovate or lanceolate, entire, deci-
duous. Staminate catkins in terminal, forked, paniculate clusters of 4—8, on
rounded furfuraceo-scabrous stalks, at first purplish and erect or nodding, when
full-blown pendant, cylindrical-obtuse, 2—4 inches in length, glabrous. Scales
rusty red or purple, roundish, of 1 principal and 3 lateral mostly 2-lobed smaller
pieces or segments, each of which last covers a solitary sessile flower. Perianth
greenish, deeply 4-cleft, roundish or obovate, concave and unequal. Stamens 4,
opposite to and shorter than the perianth, inserted near its base, sometimes sur-
rounding an imperfect germen; anthers 2-lobed, yellowish or reddish, with copious
pale-yellow pollen, made up of transparent polyhedal granules. Pistillate catkins
about 2, 3, or 4 together, in similar clusters to the staminate and immediately
beneath the latter or partly interspersed amongst them, scarcely }th of an inch
long, ovate and erect, their scales dark red, closely imbricated, broadly ovate,
fleshy, smooth and somewhat pvuinted, 2-flowered, persistent and at length woody.
Perianth none. Styles 2, pale crimson, rounded, fleshy and tapering, erect or
slightly spreading, much longer than the scales. Germen green, compressed.

Tribe II. Myricex, Lindl.

“Flowers all in catkins. Fruit drupaceous, surrounded by the
scales of the ovary, become fleshy and adherent.”—Lindl. Syn.

VY. Myrica, Linn. Gale.

“Scales of the catkins concave.—Barren flowers :—Stamens 4 or
8.— Fertile Jlowers : — Stigmas subulate. Hypogynous scales ses-
sile, without a gland on the inside.” —Br. Fl.

1. M. Gale, L. Sweet Gale. Dutch Myrtle. Golden Withy.
Vect. Sweet Withy. Golden Osier. Leaves oblongo-lanceolate
or subcuneate distantly serrated above, drupes tricuspidate in
oblong clusters. EH. B. t. 562. Br. Fl. p. 378.

In spongy bogs and wet thickets. FV. April. hb.

F, Med.—Plentiful in Apse-heath withy-bed, also at the upper end of Sandown
level, and on the boggy skirts of Lake common. About Blackpan. Thicket
above Alverstone mil]. At the foot of Hill Heath or Hill Side, near Newchurcb.
Bordwood lynch. Profusely in a tract of peaty bog not half a mile N. of Gods-
hill, a little beyond Munsley hill. Large willow-thicket by Budbridge farm,
1848. Peat-bogs along the Medina between Cridmore and Rookley. In boggy
meadows along the Medina and Main river, abundant in many places.

A bushy shrub, from 2 to 6 feet in height. Stems often ascending and decum-
bent below and rooting, rather slender, covered with an ash-gray or reddish warty
bark, and with numerous twiggy branches of a reddish brown colour. Leaves
about 2 inches long, of a rather glaucous green, paler beneath, oblongo-lanceolate,
with shallow, distant, teeth-like serratures at their tips, and tapering into the very
short petivles. Staminate catkins erect, cylindrical, not an inch inlength. Scales
broadly ovate, concave, pointed, slightly fringed with woolly hairs, widely spread-
ing when in flower, reddish at the tips. Stamens usually 4 at the base of each
scale; filaments very short; anthers erect, reddish, of 2 oblong deeply divided
lobes ; pollen copious, bright sulpbur-yellow, fragrant. Pistillate catkins scarcely
th of an inch long, ovate, erect, their scales dark red, the lower ones fringed, shorter
than the fleshy, purple and spreading styles. Drupes crowded into little ovate
or oblong sessile clusters, covered with yellow odoriferous globules, very small,
longer than the persistent perianth, greenish yellow, sublunato-orbicular, tricus-
Corylus.) AMENTACER. 467

pidate, the middle point running down into a keel along each face of the drupe.
Seed erect, obovate, pointed at the upper end, which is produced into the central
cusp.

Individuals of this species are said occasionally to be monecious. Like many
other dicecious plants, the male is commonly the more abuudant.

The wood of the Sweet Gale is quite inodorous, but the leaves emit, when
bruised, an agreeable spicy fragrance, partaking of ginger and clove with a mix-
ture of bitter aroma, which, together with its peculiar willow-like aspect, readily
account for the wames it bears in this island. It is far more generally distri-
buted in the N. of England and Scotland than with us, but attains to greater
dimensions in this island than I have ever seen it elsewhere, and occasionally
assuming a more vivid green, when it has at a little distance somewhat the
appearauce of small bushes of Arbutus Unedo.

Tribe IV. Cuputrrerz, Lindl.

“ Male flower in a catkin. Female flower solitary or aggregated
or spiked. Perigone adnate to the ovary, with a denticulated limb,
sometimes evanescent, surrounded by a coriaceous imvolucre.”—
Lindl. Syn.

VI. Coryruus, Linn. Hazel.

“ Barren flowers in a cylindrical catkin: its scales 3-cleft, mid-
dle lobe covering the 2 lateral ones. Perianth 0, except the 2
inner collateral scales of the catkin, which cohere at their base to
the outer one (or true scale). Stamens 8. Anthers 1-celled. —
Fertile flowers 1—2 together within a minute involucre of 2—3
cohering lacerated hairy scales, the whole collected into a short
gemmaceous bracteated catkin. Perianth closely investing the
ovary, and scarcely distinguishable from it. Stigmas 2, filiform.
Nut invested with the enlarged, united scales of the involucre,
which are coriaceous at the base, and leafy and laciniated at the
summit.”—Br. Fl.

1. C. Avellana, L. Common Hazel. ‘Stipules oblong obtuse,
leaves roundish-cordate pointed, involucre about the length of the
fruit unarmed campanulate 2—8 partite rather spreading torn at
the margin.” —Br. Fl. p. 404. #. B. t. 723.

In woods and hedges; abundantly. Fl. February, March. Fr. September,
October.

A large shrub or small tree, with a smooth gray or partly reddish brown bark,
the tips of the branches and flowering shoots setose and downy. Staminate cat-
kins pendulous, cylindrical, 2—4 inches long, 2, 3, or more together on short
lateral shoots, conspicuous in early spring by their pale greenish yellow colour;
their scales wedge-shaped, downy, 3-lobed, the middle lobe largest and covering
the other two, with a small purplish point. Stamens mostly 8; anthers pale yel-
low, oblong, slightly hairy at the top, scattering a copious sulphur-yellow pollen.
Pistillate flowers aggregated in solitary, sessile, remote, scaly buds, exactly like
those of the leaves, from which the protruded crimson stiymas alone distinguish
them.
468 AMENTACEA. (Quercus.

VII. Quzrcus, Linn. Oak.

_ | Barren flowers in a lax catkin or spike, without scales. Pe-
rianth single, 5—7 cleft. Stamens 5—10. Anthers 2-celled.—
Fertile flowers aggregated or in alax spike. Involucre 1-flowered,
of many little scales united into a cup. Perianth single, closely
investing the ovary, 6-toothed. Ovary 3—4 celled. Style short.
Stigmas 3—4, oblong, compressed. Nut (or acorn) solitary, sur-
rounded at the base by the enlarged cup-shaped indurated invo-
lucre.’—Br. Fl.

1. Q. Robur, L. Common British Oak.* “Leaves deciduous
very shortly stalked oblongo-obovate deeply sinuate, their sinuses
acute, lobes obtuse, fruit 2—3 upon a mostly elongated peduncle.”
—Br. Fl. E. B.t.1342. Br. Fl. p. 403. Q. pedunculata, Willd.

In woods, coppices and hedgerows; abundant. Fv. April, May. :

Woods, hedges, &c., everywhere. Some of the finest Oak-timber in the island

grows at Nunwell, where are many noble trees of this species, of very great but
not extraordinary dimensions,
__ Leaves alternate, somewhat crowded at the ends of the twigs and appearing as
if fasciculate, firm, deep green and more or less shining above, pale and whitish
beneath, usually quite glabrous, on very short grovved petioles or subsessile,
oblong or obovato-oblong in outline, deeply and unequally sinuate-lobed, the
lobes entire, very obtuse and rounded, not mucronate, the corresponding lobes on
each side seldom exactly opposite one another and usually of very unequal size,
the margins of the lobes often deflexed, and the entire leaf concavo-convex or
vaulted, sometimes quite flat, but in general the surface is more or less undulating,
curled or twisted ; base of the leaves mostly unequal, attenuate and rouuded, with
a deep round notch or sinus on each side of the petiole, forming two lobes or
auricles: the leaves of this species usually lie in plains variously inclined to one
another, and this, together with their wavy surface, convexity and irregular sinuo-
sily, combine to give an appearance of scrubbiness to the foliage as compared
with the next. Acorns solitary, in pairs or clustered on a common erect or lax
peduncle, varying in length from 1 inch or under to 4 ov 5 inches, ovoid-oblong
or elliptical-oblong. Cup hemispherical, covered with numerous small, close-
a imbricating, ovate or oblong scales, that are minutely pubescent and
ciated.

2. Q. sessilifolia, Salisb. Sessile-fruited Oak. Chestnut Oak.
Vect. Maiden Oak? Leaves deciduous very distinctly petiolate
oblong-obovate deeply sinuate or sinuato-pinnatifid, the sinuses
for the most part somewhat acute, lobes rounded obtuse, fruit
clustered on a short erect stalk or sessile or both, cup of the
acorn hemispherical scaly (pubescent?) Svensk. Bot. ui. t. 73.
ii, B.t. 1845. Q. Robur, Z., 8.: Br. Fl. p. 408. Q. intermedia,
D. Don.

B. Leaves downy underneath.

In woods; rare? JU. April, May. Fr. September, October. ‘

E. Med.—A single tree on the edge of Quarr copse, by the side of the New-
port road, 1844. In East-Standen copse, 1845. On Bordwood forest, abundantly,
W. Borrer, Esq., 1844.

 

* Trans. of Bot. Soc. of Edinb. vol. i. p. 65, ‘On the Botanical Character of
the British Oaks, by R. K. Greville.
Fagus.) AMENTACE£. 469

W. Med.—A very fine round-topped tree in Elm copse, between Shalfleet and
Calbourne, preserving exactly the characters of the Bordwood Oak, 1844.

B. Near Shalfleet.

Distinguishable in its most defined form from Q. Robur by its usually larger
and broader, flatter and more regularly spreading or imbricating leaves, which
are distinctly petiolate, the petioles yellowish or reddish, in general of a lighter
more shining green, sometimes however dark green, for the most part obovate
rather than oblong, less deeply, more regularly and evenly sinuate, the sinuses
more exactly opposite and inclined to acuteness at bottom rather than to be
rounded or obtuse; by a greater massiveness of foliage and compactness of the
whole tree, which is, I think, more disposed to assume a rounded head; by its
more horizontally spreading less tortuous branches and spray, larger sized leaf-
buds, and essentially by bearing acorns that are either quite sessile or wholly or
in part on short, erect, stout peduncles, and in general more numerously clustered.
The bark is thought to be lighter colonred, and the leaves more apt to be persis-
tent through the winter: I think I have remarked the former to be smoother on
young trees, at least than in Q. Robur. The acorns of the present species are
rather ovoid than oblong, the cup approaching to one-half the entire length of the
gland; they are stated moreover, when ripe, to have very yenerally a red or pink-
ish colour. All these characters are liable to great exception, fluctuating so
variously between those laid down for the two species as fairly to induce suspi-
cion of their being really distinct as such. Still, as Mr. Bree truly observes,
“though there are sessile oaks bearing fruit or peduncles, and pedunculated oaks
bearing almost sessile fruit, there is yet a certain indescribable something about
the trees, by means of which I can always distinguish each, without minutely
examining either the acorns or the leafstalks.”*

The present is certainly the handsomer tree of the two, with a certain faint
approach to the sweet ur Spanish Chestnut in aspect, and it is said in the appear-
ance and quality of the wood likewise, having, it would seem, been commonly
mistaken for that of the former in the timber of some of our oldest edifices. This
species approaches in aspect more nearly to some of the American oaks than our
commoner kind does.

The characters distinguishing Q. sessiliflora which I have found most constant
are thoseYof the fruit- and leaf-stalks, for;though the acorns are often elevated on
a very distinct peduncle I have never seen the latter anything like so slender and
elongated as in Q. Robur, notwithstanding that this last sometimes bears its
acorns on an abbreviated stalk very similar to the occasional one of Q. sessili-
Jlora. The leaves in Q. Robur are most commonly very unequal at the base,
with so deep a notch or sinus on one or both sides of the petiole as to appear
auricled ; in Q. sessiliflora the base of the leaf is more equal, and the notch, if
any exist, very shallow. In the former, too, the leaves are waved and stand out
at various angles to one another; in Q. sessiliflora the leaves are remarkably flat,
and lie over each other in a horizontal position and in parallel planes.

I suspect Q. sessiliflora is always a smaller tree than our common Oak; nor
can I by any means agree with Fries (* Novitia’) in thinking that the differences
between the two are owing to poorness of soil, as he confidently affirms.t+

VIII. Facus, Linn. Beech.

“ Barren flowers in a globose catkin. Perianth campanulate,
6-cleft. Stamens 8—15. Anthers 2-celled. — Fertile flowers 2
together within a 4-lobed involucre. Perianth urceolate, with 4—5
minute lobes. Ovary incorporated with the perianth, 3-celled, 2

 

* Loud. Arb. Brit. vol. iii, p. 1738.

+ [For a further exposition of the author’s views respecting our British oaks,
see Phytol. iii. pp. 882—884.— Eddrs.]
470 AMENTACER. [Fagus.

becoming abortive. Stigmas 8, filiform. Nuts triquetrous, in
pairs within the enlarged prickly involucre."—Br. Fl.

1. E'. sylvatica, L. Common Beech. “ Leaves ovate glabrous
recite dentate, their margins ciliated.”—Ar. Fl. p. 402. E.
. t. 1846.

In woods and on steep chalky hills; not unfrequent. Fl. May. Fr. Septem-
ber, October. :

£. Med. —On the down above Nunwell. In Cowpit-clif wood. By Godshill.
East-end, indigenous? Cleveland wood, abuudantly ; indigenous? “Appuldur-
combe park, but perhaps plauted.

A beautiful and stately tree, from 50 to 80 or 100 feet high, with roots running
nearly horizontally or even partly above the surface, the bark very smooth, cine-
reous, the extremities of the spreading crooked branches virgate, flexuose, emit-
ting at each angle of flexure a solitary, alternate, linear-lauoeolate, acute leaf-bud
about {ths of an inch in length. Leaves from about 14 or 2 to 34 or 4 inches
long, and from 1 to 24 or 3 inches wide, bright (often deep) green above, paler
beneath, firm or subcoriaceous, shining and glabrous when young, sprinkled with
silky hairs, varying in form from ovate to elliptical or even inclining to lanceo-
late, ovate or somewhat acuminate, sometimes bluutish, obsoletely sinuato-dentate
and waved along the margin, which is fringed with fine white silky hairs; more
rarely distinctly and acutely dentato-serrate, rounded or tapering and wedge-
shaped, often oblique at the base, the disk subplicate, with straight parallel ribs
hairy along their prominent under side, and with small silky tufts in their axils.
Petioles very short, 4 or 5 lines in length, silky-pilose, rounded. Stipules long,
linear-lanceolate, pale tawny, very thin and membranous, ceducous. Staminate
flowers in small, pale greenish yellow, loosely subglobose aud somewhat com-
pressed catkins, about } an inch in diameter, pendulous from common, compressed,
very silky peduncles, of about } to 1} inch in length, 3, 4, or 5 together from the
same buds as the leaves, and having mostly one or two linear, deciduous, tawny
bracts a short distance below the flowers. Perianth shortly pedicellate, very silky,
campanulate, cleft, the segments acute. Stamens 5—12 (Sm.), mostly about 9 (?)
a little longer than the perianth ; anthers elliptic-ublong, greenish yellow, 2-celled,
bursting Jaterally ; podlen pale yellow.  Pistillate flowers situated just above the
staminate, terminal or subterminal, their common involucre usually solitary or on
an erect, stout, silky and bluntly angular peduncle of about $ an inch in length;
subglobose, thick and leathery, deeply cleft into 4 roundish lobes closing over the
two included germeus, silky tomentose within, beset externally with numeious
patent, spreading or recurved, subulate scales, of a light purplish colour and
downy, flat, soft and pliant, and which cannot therefore be called prickles, but
more resemble the involucral bracts of many Composite. Germens 2, greenish,
sessile, ovate and acutely triquetrous, with depressed sides and thin prominent
angles; a little silky above, closely applied to each other by one of their faces,
and crowned by the 6 erect, subulate and downy segments of the closely investing
or adnate calyx. Stigmas 3, greenish, subulate, spreading and recurved, pro-
truded from the involucre. Nuts 2, chestnut-brown, rather more than 4 an inch
in length, ovoid and acutely triquetrous, the angles winged above the depressed
faces, somewhat grooved and in their upper part silky pubescent, and penicillate
at the apex; firmly enclosed in the enlarged, much-indurated, almost woody and
capsule-like involucre, which is covered with a tawny pile, its segments at length
widely spreading or reflexed. Cotyledons large, fleshy, conduplicate, plaited.
The nuts are often abortive, though the testa appears us large and well filled as
usual, but on being broken open no trace of any portion of the seed is to be found
excepting the hairy funiculus.

I have sometimes suspected the Beech might not be truly indigenous in this
island, though unquestionably so on the mainland of Hampshire, where, as in
Sussex and other southern counties of England, it forms vast natural woods of
great magniliceuce and beauty, which, from their occupying in general the sloping
Fagus.} AMENTACEE. 471

sides of the chalk ranges, are familiarly called Aangers. In these places the tree
is essentially gregarious in its habit, covering large tracts of ground and taking
entire possession of the soil; here, on the contrary, except where evidently planted,
it prevails sporadically, not evincing the same power of occupying, or disposition
to extend itself in masses.

The silence, loveliness and gloom that reign within the deep recesses of large
Beech woods almost transport the wanderer in idea to the primeval forests of the
Western World.

I am not disposed to attach the least importance to the assertion of Cesar, so
often quoted in proof of the subsequent introduction amongst us of this tree, that
he found no Beech-timber in Britain. I feel an unwillingness to let the decision
of the question rest on a single word in the ‘Commentaries, which, supposing it
to refer solely to the subject before us, of which I am by no means convinced, may
have crept into the text, as at present received, through the ignorance and care-
lessness of transcribers or the emendatory zeal of early commentators. Nature
herself contradicts the assertion in the exuberant profusion of Beech-wood with
which she has clothed our hills, and this, together with the kuown distribution of
the same tree in other parts of Europe, leaves us little cause for hesitation in
choosing between the evidence of our senses on the one hand, and the dictum
probably mistranscribed or misunderstood of a fallible and remote authority on
the other.

There is a remarkable specimen of the rough-barked Beech in the New Forest,
on the Southampton and Christchurch road. The tree, which is of considerable
size and height, ‘but entirely bereft of its lower branches, stands about 100 yards
from the road on the right-hand side going towards Christchurch, and within 500
yards of the turnpike-gate out of Lyndhurst, and is an object of curiosity and
attention to numbers passing that way.

 

Castanea vesea (the Common Sweet or Spanish Chestnut) is here omitted, from
a conviction that it cannot with propriety be comprehended in the Isle-of-Wight
Flora, though found in situations, with us, to all appearances as perfectly natural
as in any part of the kingdom. In Lorden copse, near Shorwell, are several trees,
of considerable girth and of evidently great age, which in some seasons produce
small but well-flavoured fruit, as I learn from the country people, though in less
favourable years the nuts form but do not fill in the shell. We have just seen
however that even in the Beech the fruit is not always perfected, perhaps from
defective impregnation, as is often the case in plants with diclinous flowers.
472 CONIFERS. [Taxrus,

[Subclass II. GymnosPperRM&.*]

“Seeds quite naked.”—(Gymnogens).—Bab. Man.

Order LXXI. CONIFER, Juss.

‘““Monecious or dicecious, without a perianth. Barren flowers
in a deciduous catkin; scales peltate or erect, shortly stalked or
sessile, bearing near the base at the edge, or on the under side, 2
or more distinct anther-cells (2 or more monadelphous stamens,
each with a single 1-celled anther ?).—Fertile flowers generally in
many- or few-flowered cones, sometimes solitary.”—Br. Fl.

I. Taxus, Linn. Yew.

“Dicecious. Barren flowers in oval catkins, surrounded at the
base with imbricated bracteas, of which the inner ones are larger ;
scales crowded, peltate, with 83—8 anther-cells on the lower sur-
face.—Fertile flower a solitary erect ovule, seated on a fleshy disk,
with a few imbricated scales at the base. Seed solitary, bony,

contained in an open fleshy cup-shaped receptacle, resembling a
drupe.” —Br. Fl.

+1. T. baccata, L. Common Yew. “ Leaves 2-ranked crowded
linear acute, flowers axillary sessile.’ — Br. Fl. p. 408. EH. B. t.
746.

In steep hilly and rocky woods, and on chalky downs; a very rare and doubtful
native of the Isle of Wight. #7. March, April. Fr. October, November? bh.

A few trees on the slope of the down above Nunwell, possibly planted.

A large tree, of no great height but often of vast circumference, and of very
slow growth, the branches long, spreading, and often drooping at their extremi-
ties, ascending or suberect. Leaves numerous, scattered, distichous, spreading in
opposite directions, narrowly linear-elliptical, quite glabrous, about 8—10 lines in
length and 1 line in breadth, thick and fleshy, dark green, shining and somewhat
convex above, paler and flat beneath, the margins slightly thickened, each surface
with a prominent midrib ending in a small, weak, brown point at the apex, and
produced with the base of the leaf into a very short subcompressed footstalk,
Staminate flowers in solitary, axillary, drooping, subglubose, nearly sessile clusters.
Anthers numerous, forming a spherical head on a short stalk or column formed by
their united filaments, yellowish, peltate, 5-, 6-, or 8?-lubed and as many celled ;
pollen very copious, yellowish white.

I introduce this species, but with considerable doubt, because it is one so pre-
valent and truly indigenous on all the chalky downs of Sussex, Hampshire and
Wilts, though wanting on those of this island, except in the above single locality,

 

* [In the author's MS. this subclass had received no designation. As corre-
sponding or rather contrasting with the name of this first subclass (see page 1),
we have ventured on supplying that in the text above, as probably that which he
had intended.—Kdrs.]
Taxus.] CONIFER. 4173

and there but very sparingly and of somewhat stunted growth. The Yew is one
of the very few natural ornaments of our South downs, over the bare sides and
suminits of which it is scattered abundantly as single trees, frequently of great
size and evident antiquity, sometimes in groups, more rarely forming groves in
the bottoms or valleys between these rounded hills, or in the steep woods which
clothe their sheltered slopes.*

 

* One of the most remarkable of these Yew groves is that at Kingley Bottom,
near Chichester, much resorted to in summer by the inhabitants of that city.

Juniperis communis, L.— I found, March 20th, 1845, a solitary dwarf bush of
the common Juniper on the slope of the down above Nunwell, where it, as well
as the Yew it accompanies, may possibly be native, but till detected in greater
abundance I do not feel justified in introducing it amongst our indigenous
vegetables on the strength of a single specimen,

3P
ATs ORCHIDACEE. [Orchis.

Cuass If.
MONOCOTYLEDONOUS or ENDOGENOUS PLANTS.

Cellular and vascular. Stem (when perennial) not increasing
by a succession of annular layers on the outside of the old ones,
usually with no distinction of bark, wood, pith or medullary rays,
but consisting of cellular tissue, in which the vascular is inserted
in confused bundles, or in a single ring, the newest formation
being internal. Leaves mostly alternate below, often sheathing,
permanent and withering on the stem, more rarely jointed and
deciduous, with usually parallel nerves connected by simple trans-
verse veins, rarely nettle-veined. Flowers with a single perianth
(or without one), the parts mostly arranged in a ternary manner,
sometimes when in a double row the external one green and
vesembling a calyx. Embryo with one cotyledon, or if apparently
two they are alternate. Pluwmule and radicle either within the coty-
ledon, or lodged in a cleft in its side, or attached to its flat face.

Subclass I. Firorip#.

Flowers never glumaceous, sometimes naked or nearly so (as
in Aracex, Pistiacee, Naiadacee and Juncaginacer), generally
with a more or less coloured perianth, the pieces of which are in
a single or double whorl.

Order LAXTI. ORCHIDACES.

“ Perianth of 6 segments in 2 rows, mostly coloured; one, the
lowest (so situated from the twisting of the ovary), usually differ-
ing in form from the rest and often spurred. Stamens 3, united
with the style in a central column, the two lateral ones usually
abortive, sometimes the central one (in Cypripedium). Anther
often deciduous, 2—4—8 celled. Pollen powdery or frequently
cohering in waxy masses. Ovary 1-celled, with 3 parietal recep-
tacles. Style forming part of the column with the stamens.
Stigma a viscid space in front of the column. Capsule (rarely a
berry) 3-valved. Seeds numerous; testa loose, reticulated. Al-
bumen 0.” —Br. Fl.

 

Order LXXIIb. HYDROCHARIDACEAL.

Hydrocharis Morsus-Rane, L. (common Frog-bit), is not indigenous to the Isle
of Wight, but is abundantly naturalized in the pool on Barrett’s common, two
miles and a half from Ryde.
Orchis.] ORCHIDACES. 475

Tribe I. OparypDINEZ.

Anther 1, adnate to the face of the stigma. Pollen-masses gra-
nulur: pollen cohering in an indefinite number of finally wary
granules or lobes, attached by an irregular elastic cellular tissue
along the axis of the pollen-mass.

I. Orcuts, Linn. Orchis.

“Tip spurred. Glands of the stalks of the pollen-masses con-
tained in a common little pouch.” —Br. Fl.

+ “ Glands of the pollen-masses separate,” “ bracts 1-nerved, tubers undivided.” —
Bab. Man.

1. O. Morio, L. Green-winged Meadow Orchis. “ Lip 3-lobed
somewhat crenate, the middle lobe emarginate, sepals obtuse
ascending connivent, spur ascending blunt rather shorter than
the germen.”—Br. Fl. p. 420. EH. B. t. 2059.

In dry or rather moist meadows and pastures; abundantly. Fl. April—June.

£, Med, — Fields at Quarr abbey, and elsewhere about Ryde. Plentiful on
Wootton common, and in fields adjoining. Meadows about Rvokley farm, 1845.

W. Med.— Abundant about Cowes, Yarmouth, Newport, and most other parts
of the island.

Root of 2 solid nearly globose tubers, often with a short point, and having a
few short stout fibres above them. Stem usually about 6, 8 or 10 inches high,
sometimes a foot or even 18 inches, erect, hollow, rounded, angular and purplish
above. Leaves much shorter than the stem, lanceolate or linear-lanceolate, pale
green, smooth and somewhat shining, but without spots, many-ribbed, paler with
a glaucous or silvery aspect beneath, slightly pointed and mucronate, the lower-
most spreading and mostly recurved or twisted and flattish, those next above them
more or less erect and folded, the highest of all acute, spathaceous, clothing the
stem to within a short distance of the flower-spike. Bracts lanceolate, membra-
nous, coloured, about as long as the germen and incumbent on it, 3—5 nerved,
the nerves greenish, the lateral ones often obscure. Flowers resembling those of
O. mascula, but scentless, and fewer in comparison with that and other species of
the genus, commonly from 8 or 10 to 15 or 20, in an oblong-obtuse, lax or occa-
sionally crowded or compact spike, about 2—4 inches in length, varying in hue
from deepest purple to flesh-colour or (rarely) white, the darker shades exhibiting
a fine velvety lustre. Sepals coloured, porrected or ascending, connivent and
converging like a hood or helmet (hence the Latin name of the species) over the
column and very small lateral petals, which they almost wholly conceal; the date-
val ones elliptical-oblong, very obtuse or rounded, oblique at the base, concave,
strongly ribbed or striated with purplish green lines, the superior sepal oblong,
plane and striate like the others. Lateral petals very small, sublinear-obtuse,
striated like the sepals; lip large, pale and spotted with purple in the centre, the
two lateral lobes approaching to semiorbicular, deeply and irregularly notched or
crenate, veined with purple, strongly deflexed ; middle lobe shallow, much smaller
and equal to or shorter than the lateral pair, emarginate, with a broad shallow
sinus, the segments crenate; spur ascending, shorter than the germen, very ob-
tuse, compressed and dilated horizontally, not cloven at the end, its orifice nearly
glabrous. Pollen-masses greenish yellow, 2-lobed, of many large grains cohering
together on a golden yellow elastic stalk or pedicel, capable of being drawn out to
a great length.
476 ORCHIDACE. (Orchis.

In a meadow between Pigslegs and Smallbrook-heath copses I noticed, May,
1845, the following variations in the colour of the flowers:—1. Flowers delicate
pink verging on flesh-red. 2. Lip white, destitute of spots; sepals and superior
petals violet without, greenish white within. 3. Flowers violet; disk of lip
whitish, shading off into violet at the margin, its centre thickly dotted.

This species, which is very common in England, though quite unknown in
Scotland, is certainly one of the most beautiful of the British Orchises, whether we
consider the lustre of its deep purple blossoms, emulating the richest velvet, or
the diversity of shades and variegated colours they assume.

2. O. mascula, L. Early Purple Orchis. Vect. Kettle-cases.
“Tip 3-lobed somewhat crenate, the middle lobe emarginate,
outer sepals acute, the two lateral ones reflexed upwards, lateral
inner sepals converging, spur obtuse rather longer than the ger-

eh — Br. Fl. p. 420. HE. B. t. 631. Curt. Fl. Lond. i. fase.
2, t. 62.

B. Flowers pure white.

Very abundant in moist woods, groves, meadows, pastures, and damp, shady,
grassy places in general. Fl. April—June. 2.

8. A single specimen found at St. John’s, 1846. Near Appuldurcombe. Near
Ryde, Miss Lucas, 1839! Near Westridge, many specimens, R. Hudson, Esg.!

Plant quite glabrous. Root of 2 unequal, roundish oblong, fleshy tubers,
crowned with several long, thick, cylindrical fibres. Svem erect, from about 12 to
15 or 18 inches high, rounded, with many obsolete angles and furrowed above,
solid, brittle, clothed for a great part of its length upwards with the close sheath-
like superior leaves, mostly purplish towards the top. Leaves numerous, closely
sheathing, those at the base of the stem crowded and prostrate or decumbent,
spreading on the ground in a circular form when growing, but becuming, like the
upper stem-leaves, erect after gathering, sometimes nearly a foot long and 13 inch
wide, bright green, fleshy, oblong-lanceolate, often somewhat falcate, shorter than
the flower-spike, obtuse or slightly pointed, with a minute often brown callous
tip, very smooth and shining, moderately folded, with a sharp keel and several
parallel nerve-like ribs; mostly with us elegantly spotted and blotched with pur-
plish black, sometimes quite plain; uppermost leaves inflated and spathaceous,
broader, paler and more acute, scarcely spotted. At the very base of the stem are
situated a pair or two of opposite, unequal, broadly ovate, membranous, many-
ribbed, closely appressed sheaths. Bracts coloured, membranous, lanceolate,
single-ribbed, sheathing and rather shorter than the germen, twisted at the tips.
Flowers numerous, showy, in a loose, terminal, oblong-obtuse spike, of from 3 to
6 or 8 inches in length, varying from bright pinkish purple to flesh-colour or even
white, the base of the lip and fauces pale, with a few purple spots and finely
downy. Sepals ovate or ovato-lanceolate, coloured, acute or sometimes even acu-
minate, the inferior one incumbent on the lateral petals, 3-nerved, the 2 lateral
strongly reflexed, nearly erect and diverging at their points, 4- or 5-nerved. Lip
very large, rather broader than long, rouudish in circumscription, minutely glan-
duloso-pubescent above, the inferior margin trifid, the sinuses obtuse, central lobe
emarginate, the segments rounded at the exterior angle and somewhat curved
outward, the two lateral lobes rather shorter than the middle one, at length
strongly defiexed, all minutely and unequally crenate and waved along their
edges, entire only at their bases; lateral petals erect, connivent and overlapping
at the tips, hollow, ovate and obliquely inserted; spur ascending, subcylindrical,
very obtuse, more or less enlarged and flattened at the extremity, bluntly keeled
along its under side. Anther-cells parallel, approximate, purplish ; pollen-masses
blackish or greenish, 2-lobed. Germen coloured, twisted, sheathed at base by the
bracts.

The long spikes of purple blossoms and fine spotted leaves of this Orchis are a
great ornament to our moist pastures in the spring and early summer months.

The flowers, though sometimes devoid of scent, more usually possess a rather
Orchis.] ORCHIDACER. 477

powerful and not unpleasant smell, hardly to be called fragrant, and even disliked
by some persons. The roots or tubers, under the name of Salep, were formerly
much in demand as an article of diet, and, though, like the Sweet Flag, the spon-
taneous growth of our own country, continued to be imported from abroad, till
the more general introduction of other farinaceous preparations, as sago, tapioca
and arrow-root, nearly superseded its use. The leaves appear to be more fre-
quently unspotted on the Continent than with us.

For an interesting paper on the nature of Salep, by Dr. Lindley, see Trans. of
Linn. Society, xviii. p. 423.

3. O. ustulata, L. Dwarf Dark-winged Orchis. “ Lip 8-par-
tite marked with discoloured raised spots, segments narrow, the
middle one bifid, outer sepals connivent acute including the two
lateral inner ones, spur nearly half as long, and bracteas as long,
as the germen "—Br. Fl. p. 420. EH. B. t. 18.

On dry, hilly, open pastures and downs; not unfrequent. Fl. May, June. 2.

£.. Med.—Tolerably abundant on St. Boniface down, between Ventnor and the
Pulpit Rock, and in chalky meadows at Bonchurch, occasionally. Steephill,
Albert Hambrough, Esq.!

W. Med. — Freshwater, near the cliffs, D. Turner, E'sq., B. T. W.!!! Plenti-
ful op the sloping sides of the valley by Calbourne New Barn, Lady Simeon,
1840!!!

A charming little plant, with flower-spikes that look as if singed or scorched at
the summit, from the rich brownish purple of the yet unexpanded buds and caly-
ces of those fully blown, contrasted with the milk-white deeply 3-cleft lip of the
corolla, elegantly sprinkled with dark crimson dots. Root of 2 oblong whitish
tubers, with a few stout fibres at the crown. Stem erect, 3—5 inches high, angu-
lar. Leaves several, various in width, lanceolate, the lowermost spreading, the
rest nearly erect, palish green, a little glaucous, many-ribbed. Bracts variable in
length, never in my numerous specimens quite equal to, and often very consider-
ably shorter than, the spirally twisted germen. Flowers in a short, dense, oblong-
obtuse, cylindrical spike, about an inch long. Sepals ovate, converging, dark
purple, paler after expansion. Lateral petals very small and narrow, spathulate,
concealed by the calyx; lip 3-lobed, speckled with a few dark purple spots, the
two lateral lobes oblong-obtuse, the middle one much the largest, wedge-shaped,
deeply cleft, the lobes obtuse, more or less notched on their edge and spreading ;
spur obtuse, short, conical and curved. |

The Rev. G. E. Smith has remarked to me that this plant possesses the deli-
cate fragrance of Heliotrope. It has not been found in either Scotland or Ire-
land.

tt “ Glands of the pollen-masses separate,” “ bracts with 3 or more nerves, tubers
undivided,”—Bab. Man.

4. O. maculata, L. Spotted Palmate Orchis. Spike pyramidal
acute, bracteas somewhat shorter than the flowers, lip with its
central lobe as long as the lateral ones which are notched at the
margin, spur slender pointed. Br. Fl. p. 422. EH. B. t. 6382.

B. Flowers blood-red.

In woods, thickets, groves, meadows and pastures, also on dry heaths and in
moist or boggy places; an abundant species. FU. June, July. 2.

B. “A variety with blood-red flowers was found in this island by the Rev. —
Price, of Lyminge, and is now growing in his garden,” Rev. G. EB. Smith in litt.

Root of 2 compressed, whitish, fleshy, palmate tubers, surmounted by several
long, cylindiical, downy fibres. Stem erect, from 6, 8, or 10 inches to 2 feet high,
rounded, nearly terete below, acutely ridged, grooved and angled above, filled
with a very loose cellular tissue or subfistulose. Leaves sheathing, distant, alter-
478 ORCHIDACES. LOrchis.

nate, bright grass-green above, and generally but not invariably covered with
spots or blotches of purplish black, pale silvery or. grayish green beneath, with
several filiform parallel ribs, the two lowermost ribs approximate, unequal in size
and more or less spreading, oblong, obovato-oblong or obovato-elliptical, very
rounded and obtuse or slightly pointed, upper leaves elongato-lanceolate. Bracts
one under each flower, linear-lanceolate, acuminate, their margins finely cartila-
ginous-serrulate, 3-nerved, the 2 lateral nerves obscure, lower bracts much longer
than the germen, those higher up about equal to the latter or even shorter.
Flowers in a dense, oblong-conical, obtuse, cylindrical and terminal spike, from
1 or 2 to 6 or 7 inches long, varying from palish purple or rose-colour to nearly
pure white. Sepals oblong ov oblong-lancevlate, patent, faintly 3-nerved, the 2
lateral sepals oblique and ascending, mostly hooded at their apex. Two upper
petals ovate, obtuse, connivent, and forming a hood over the anther; lower petal
(lip) obcordato-rotundate, 3-lobed, flat or with the lateral lobes deflexed even on
the same plant, the disk and base streaked and spotted with purple in various
ways, in the white variety very faintly marked or immaculate; two outer lobes
mostly rounded, crenate and erose, at other times acute and diverging, with a very
deep sinus between them and the centre lobe, which is commonly much smaller,
oblong or ovate, obtuse or slightly pointed, and considerably longer than the rest,
sometimes however only equal to the the lateral lubes, or even shorter and truncate.
This and the following species bear a strong resemblance to each other, and the
specific characters, as usually laid down, are not sufficiently discriminative. The
bracteas of O. maculata are commonly stated to be shorter than the germen, but
I find, as Dr. Johnston has also remarked (FI. of Berwick-upon-Tweed), that they
are as often quite equal to the latter and even exceed them in length, though not
so much produced as in O. latifolia. The flower-spikes in O. maculata are more
tapering or pyramidal than those of O. latifolia, in which they are rather cylin-
drical and obtuse. The lower lip in the first of these species has the middle lobe
equal to the two somewhat crenate lateral ones, not produced beyond them; in O.
latifolia the central lobe visibly exceeds the lateral ones, which last are very entire
and rounded in their outline. The spur in O. maculata is far more slender, and
tapers off almost to a point, not terminating very abruptly as in O. latifolia.

5. O. latifolia, L. Marsh Palmate Orchis. Spike cylindrical
obtuse, bracteas rather longer than the flowers, lp 3-lobed, cen-
tral lobe produced beyond the two lateral ones which are rounded
and nearly entire, spur subcylindrical bluntish shorter than the
germen. Br. Fl. p. 421. E. B. t. 2308.

B. angustifolia. See Bab. Manual.

In low, moist, marshy or boggy places, woods, meadows and pastures; pretty
frequent, though much less common than the foregoing. Fl. May—July. 2.

E. Med. —Sandown marshes; near Shanklin and Appuldurcombe. Wet mea-
dows about Newchurch. [Mayshy field at the top of Brading harbour, A. G.
More, Esq., Edrs.]

W. Med. —Common in meadows about Thorley. Boggy ground below Cal-
bourne mill. Abundant in Eastun marsh, and in boggy meadows at Freshwater
gate. Common in the great plantation of fir, beech, &c., at Westover.

B. Boggy ground by the Wilderness, 1844. :

A handsome species, with a dense spike of purple or sometimes nearly white
flowers. Root of 2 irregularly palmate tubers, with several long thick fibres.
Stem erect, hollow, somewhat angular, 1—2 feet high, leafy, green or purplish.
Leaves closely sheathing, ovato-lanceolate, sometimes very large and broad, plain
or more rarely spotted with black, upper ones narrow like the bracteas. Spike
dense, many-flowered, cylindrical, abrupt, 4 or 5 inches long. Bracteas longer
than the flowers, the lowermost much more so than the rest, purplish, single-
ribbed. Flowers various shades of rose-red, crimson or purple, more rarely white.
Sepals coloured, the two outer ascending and spreading, the middle one incumbent
on the 2 counivent lateral petals that enclose the anther; all equal, ovate, blunt
Gymnadenia.} ORCHIDACES. 479

and single-ribbed. Lip spotted, nearly plane, in 3 very unequal lobes, the late-
ral broad, rounded, entire or slightly notched, spreading or deflexed, the middle
one small, rather longer than the rest, somewhat triangular; spur subcylindrical
or conical, compressed, deflexed, bluntish, always shorter than the furrowed much-
twisted germen. Pollen-masses greenish.

{ttt “ Glands of the pollen-masses united.”—Bab. Man.]

6. O. pyramidalis, L. Pyramidal Orchis. “ Lip with 8 equal
entire lobes and 2 protuberances at the base above, lobes oblongo-
truncate, middle lobe sometimes emarginate, outer sepals spreading
acuminate, spur subulato-filiform longer than the germen, brac-
teas 3-nerved.” — Br. Fl. p. 422. H. B.t. 110. Jacq. Fl. Aust.
il. 37, t. 266. Anacamptis, Rich.

In dry or rather moist clayey or chalky meadows and pastures, in woods and on
the high downs; by no means rare. FU. June, July.

FE, Med. —Not common about Ryde. Tn Binstead stone-pits, and in the fields
by the foot-road from that village to Ryde, sparingly. Common on grassy slopes
at Ventnor. Bembridge down.

W. Med.—Plentiful in grass-fields at Egypt, and on the slipped land along the
shore W. of Cowes. Abundant on the down W. of Freshwater gate. Near Comp-
ton farm, and near Yarmouth. Abundant on Carisbrooke-castle hill. In the

fir-plantation by Calbourne New Barn. In the great fir- and beech-plantation
by Westover.

II. Gymyapentra, R. Br. Gymnadenia.

“Tip spurred. Anther-cells contiguous. Glands of the stalks
of the pollen-masses naked, approximated.” —Br. Fl.

1. G. conopsea, R. Br. Fragrant Gymnadenia. Br. Fl. p.
423. Orchis, L.: HE. B.t. 10.

In dry, hilly, heathy or chalky pastures, sometimes in wet boggy situations ;
not very general. £7. June—August. 2.

E. Med. —Bank opposite Madeira villa, Ventnor, Miss Hadfields !!

W. Med. — Very fine and plentiful on the slipped clay-banks in Colwell bay,
and on the upper end of Colwell heath, in very wet ground. On Freshwater
down, common, 1841. On chalky slopes at Apes down, 1846.

Root of 2 palmate, whitish, fleshy tubers, and a few simple, abrupt, tapering
fibres. Stem erect, from about 12 to 18 or 20 inches high, leafy, rounded
below, angular, furrowed and mostly purplish above, smooth and glabrous,
with a central hollow or wholly filled with loose cellular tissue. Leaves rather
numerous, pale green, not spotted, closely sheathing, glabrous, the lower ones
more or less spreading but not prostrate or druoping at the ends as in O. mascula,
&c., somewhat obtuse, the upper erect or erecto-patent, acute, all strongly folded
together or conduplicate, often slightly recurved or subfalcate, extremely variable
in breadth, mostly very narrow, linear and linear-lanceolate, at other times as
broad as in O. pyramidalis and lanceolate or elliptic-lanceolate, the uppermost of
all gradually approaching the floral bracts in size and shape. Flowers numerous,
much resembling those of O. pyramidalis in size and structure, but of a paler
more dilute colour, which is rather lilac than purple or crimson, rarely white, in
a terminal spike of an oblong or pyramidal figure, more seldom subcylindrical

 

O. laxiflora, Lam. (O. ensifolia, Vill.), abundant in the Channel Islands, is
reported, as I learn from my friend Mr. Borrer, to have been found in this island,
on the authority, I believe, of Mr. Dawson Turner.
480 ORCHIDACES. [Habenaria.

and obtuse, from 2 to 4 or 5 inches in length, much crowded or dense (Graves and
Hooker, Fl. Lond. iv.), at other times lax or with comparatively few and distant
flowers (E.B.i.t.10). Bracts lanceolate, taper-pointed, green (scarcely coloured),
about as long as the germen, bluntly keeled. Sepals ovato-oblong, very obtuse,
obscurely 3- (or 5?-) nerved, their margins reflexed, the superior one nearly erect,
about as long as the petals, the two inferior or lateral deflexed and spreading.
Petals coloured uniformly like the sepals, without spots or markings of any kind,
the two superior broad, concave and connivent over the anther, shorter than the
lateral sepals, of an irregularly rounded form, their margins entire or slightly
crenate only; ip roundish, broader than long, nearly plane, somewhat plicate, in
3 rather shallow rounded lobes of equal length, the middle one of which is quite
entire, the two lateral variously notched along their anterior margin; spur very
slender, filiform, subulate, twice as long as the germen or even more, nearly cylin-
drical, without a keel, scarcely pointed, curved inwards for the most part or nearly
straight. Column very short, forming a hood over the anther, the cells of which
are parallel, perforated at the base (not saccate). Pollen-masses pear-shaped, yel-
lowish or greenish, composed of rather few large angular grains, stalks golden
yellow, their glands pellucid, flat and narrow-oblong, naked (not included in a
sac or pouch) and approximate, closing the bottom of the cells. Germen purplish,
oblong, twisted, suddenly contracted and bending forward at thesummit. Stigma
concave, with a short rounded lobe on each side, forming its anterior margin, be-
tween which and the anther-cells is a pair of shining pellucid glands (two abortive
anthers ?).

In general appearance this species resembles Orchis latifolia and O. maculata,
but the delicate fragrance of its blossoms, like that of the Clove Pink, will at once
distinguish it. Mr. G. E. Smith, who first noticed it in Colwell bay, observes
that the plants there have a mixed odour of the Hyacinth with that more peculiar
to their kind. The plant at Colwell is very large, the spikes very dense, and I
think comes later into flower than that at Ventnor, of which the few living speci-
mens I have as yet seen have extremely narrow leaves and lax spikes of flowers,
approaching nearer in this respect to the figure in E. Botany. Perhaps the for-
mer may be G. densiflora of Dietrich, Fl. March. p. 164, as it agrees with my
dried specimens, and in the later period of flowering, viz., July and August.

TII. Hapenania, R. Br. Habenaria.

“Tip spurred. Anther-cells separated, diverging at the base.
Glands of the stalks of the pollen-masses naked, distant.” —
Br. Fi.

1. H. viridis, R. Br. Green Habenaria. Frog Orchis. “Spur
very short 2-lobed, lip linear bifid with an intermediate tooth,
anther-cells without any process between their bases, bracteas
much longer the flowers, tubers palmate.” — Br. Fl. p. 423.
Satyrium, Z.: EH. B.t. 94.

In damp meadows and pastures, as well as in dry hilly and stony or gravelly
places; very rare with us. FU. June, July. 2.

W. Med.—In a field at the end of the fir-plantation by Long lane, near New-
port, R. Godman Kirkpatrick, Esq., June, 1841! The only specimen (a very
fine one) found by Mr. Kirkpatrick was kindly presented to me by his sister, Miss
Elizabeth Kirkpatrick, a few days after it was gathered. I have also received,
through the kindness of the Rev. James Penfold, a second specimen, gathered in
June of the same year, by Miss Woodroofe, near the “high summerhouse” at

Swainston.

2, H. chlorantha, Bab. Great Butterfly Orchis. Spur twice
as long as the germen, lip linear entire, upper calyx-sepals and
TTabenaria.) ORCHIDACE. 481

lateral petals connivent, cells of the anther very distant at the
base converging at their summits. Br. Fl. p. 424. Bab. Linn.
Trans. xvii. p. 462. Orchis bifolia (sed non Linn. secund. Babing-
ton). EH. B.i.t. 22. Platanthera chlorantha, Fl. Dan. fasc. xl.
t. 20362 (opt.)

8. Flowers regular, without a spur.

In thickets, groves, moist open places in woods, and on grassy slopes; very fre-
quent. Fl. May, June. 2,.

EE. Med.—Common about St. John’s, in woods near Sea grove, in Quarr copse,
and elsewhere around Ryde. Abundant in the grounds at Norris castle. Plen-
tiful in woods at the Priory, 1846. Woods and pastures about Combley, Dux-
more, and all that vicinity, frequent, 1844. Wood at the mouth of the Wootton
river on the West side, plentifully, 1845. Wood (Combley Great Wood ?) near
Newchurch, 1844.

W. Med. — Common in woods about Calbourne, Thorley, Swainston, &c. In
the grounds of Mrs. Goodwin at W. Cowes.

6B. Grounds at Norris castle, very rare, 1838,

Root of 2 fleshy, oblong, pointed tubers, with several short, stout, downy fibres
immediately above them. Radical leaves mostly 2, sometimes 3, rarely 4, shorter
than the stem, elliptical or elliptical-lanceolate, sometimes inclining to obovate,
attenuated below, nearly erect, many-ribbed, quite glabrous, and mostly shining
as if varnished, bright green above, paler and whitish beneath, scarcely pointed ;
those on the stem bractiform, lanceolate, distant. Stem erect, from about 10 to
15 or 20 inches in height, glabrous, pale green, solid, rounded, with several slen-
der, acute, angle-like ridges. Flowers in a lax, oblong, obtuse, cylindrical spike
from about 4 to 6 or 8 inches in length, rather large, white, and delicately though
powerfully fragrant, especially in the evening, the scent like that of the Tuberose
(Polianthes iuberosa), or by others compared to orange-flowers. Floral bracts
longer than the ovary, lanceolate, erect. Sepals white, the 2 lateral spreading,
nearly semiovate and subcordate at the base, somewhat acuminate, scarcely acute,
often rounded at the tips, very obscurely nerved, waved or mostly deflexed at the
points; superior sepal broadly cordate, obtuse, very faintly 5-nerved, undulate,
nearly erect, covering the superior petals, which ave very small, sublinear, greenish,
erect and connivent, rather shorter than the sepal; dip ligulate, about as long as
the ovary, the apex rounded, more or less recurved, greenish. Column (of the
anther) as long as the cells, greenish, truncate, concave in front, with a thick pro-
minent ridge or crust in the centre, that has a corresponding groove behind it;
anther-cells very widely diverging downwards; pollen-masses buff-coloured, their
glands a thin circular disk. Stigma very broad, its nectariferous concavity nearly
semicircular or half-basin-shaped, its superior margin rising into a green tubercu-
lar prominence in the middle, its anterior and lateral margins produced on each
side into a rounded obtuse process bearing the base of the anther-cells: the base
of the stigma is perforated by a circular opening into the hollow spur, which is
slender, subclavate, compressed and almost pointed, more or less incurved, about
twice the length of the ovary, its upper part whitish, lower greenish and filled
with a saccharine fluid. Ovary green, slender, twisted, scarcely above half as long
as the spur. Capsule elliptic-oblong, erect, }ths of an inch in length.

This, which is far more common with us than the following species, is known
from it by its generally greater height; much larger and broader flowers, of a pure
white; thicker, more compressed and somewhat club-shaped spur; and especially
by the greater divergence of the cells of the anther, whose bases are so far apart
that, were the apex of each cell produced till they met, a nearly equilateral tri-
angle would be described by their union. The glands of the pollen-masses are
not fixed to the bottom of the cells in this species, but protrude at their lower
extremities, and, presenting a flat, circular and glutinous disk, are easily detached
from the anther on coming in contact with adjoining parts of the flower, to which

3 Q
482 ;
ORCHIDACER, [Habenaria.

ne adhere, dragging the pollen-masses quite out of their cells, and this happens
a u the yet unexpanded flowers.

* 18 very remarkable, as having flowers in five nearly equal divisions, quite
oe ti tinged with green, the lateral petals not ipiivtseks but eurewling.
eae road, plane, and the spur entirely wanting. Of this monstrosity I had
ae ¥ seen a dried specimen, in the possession of Miss G. Kilderbee, from

Same station, and was at a loss what species to consider it. Mr. Stock, of Bun-

gay, has remarke imilar saith : sae ;
mitten da similar alteration of structure in the flowers of Orchis pyra-

3. H. bifolia, Bab. Lesser Butterfly Orchis. “Inner sepals
connivent obtuse, spur twice as long as the germen, lip linear
entire obtuse, anther oblong-truncate, its cells parallel."— Br. Fl.
423. Bab. Linn. Trans. xvii. p. 463, and H. B. Suppl. t. 2806.
Curt. Br. Entom. v. t. et fol. 233 (opt.) Fl. Dan. fasc. xl. t. 20360
and 20361. Plat. solsitialis, Drejer.

Tu barren woods, thickets and open heathy pl d i i
» thic 'y places, on a damp, meagre, stiff soil ;
not common, and [ think pr ; : . ast
dosechen a May? eee only a more contracted form of the plant last

£. Med. —In Stroud wood, by Aldermoor, vear Ryde, not scarce, 1838.

W. Med. —Colwell heath, 1841, two specimens.

The difference between the present and preceding species has been ably illus-
trated hy Mr. Babington in the works above quoted. The great characteristic of
the plant now described is the parallelism of the anther-cells, more closely
approximated at their base than those of H. chlorantha ave at the summit of
theirs ; hence the flowers of our present species are much narrower thun the blos-
soms of 4. chlorantha, and far less handsome and conspicuous. The anther is
shorter, the petals narrower; the two lateral connivent ones, with the lip, spur and
summit of the anther are of a greenish or herbaceous colour, scarcely observable
in the almost pure white flowers of A. chlorantha; the spur is more slender,
hardly thicker than packthread, cylindrical, scarcely clavate, and hardly at all
compressed as in H, chlorantha, much more horizontally porrected and straighter,
whereas in that species it is constantly strongly bent downwards and curved out-
wards, besides being visibly enlarged and clavate towards the extremity and much
flattened. The lateral calyx-segments are simply spreading, and rather curved
forwards or slightly connivent than reflexed, which is their general tendency in
HZ. chlorantha, and every part of the present plant is smaller. The scent of both
is highly and delicately fragrant, particularly towards evening and at vight.*

The plates of Platanthera solsitialis of Drejer, F]. Dan. x1. t. 20360 and 20361,
appear to favour the opinion of the learned Sir William Hooker, that both are
extreme forms of the same plant, as those figures represent a plant having as
much at least of the habit of H. chlorantha as of H. bifolia.

I suspect H. bifolia is the sole, or at least the prevailing, species in the N. of
Europe, and that our H. chlorantha is the more frequent in the central or southern
parts. It is to be regretted that the confusion in which these two plants have
been involved should have settled the trivial name chlorantha (greenish yellow
flower) upon the one least deserving of that appellation. The concluding remarks
of Sir James Sinith on Orchis bifolia, in his ‘English Flora,’ evince the very lit-
tle attention he paid to our present plant even as a variety, though distinctly
noticed by so many of the older botanists. The figure in Br. Entom. admirably
represents the parallelism of the anther-cells.

 

* The smell of the flowers of H. chlorantha is by some persons compared to
that of scented soap.
Ophrys.] ORCHIDACEAE. 483

IV. Opurys, Linn.

“ Lip without a spur. Glands of the stalks of the pollen-masses
each in a distinct little pouch.”—Br. Fl.

1. O.apifera, Huds. Bee Orchis. Vect. Bee Flower. “ Lip tumid
trifid, the intermediate lobe recurved at the margin emarginate
with a long subulate reflexed appendage in the notch rather elon-
gated with a hooked point, inner sepals oblong bluntish downy.”
—Br. Fl. p. 425. E. B.t. 383. O. insectifera «, L.

Tn dry meadows, pastures, woods and thickets, on chalky bauks, downs, and on
wet slipped clay-land; far from uncommon; in some years even plentiful, in
others comparatively of rare occurrence. FU. June, July. Fr. August. 2.

E. Med.—In Quarr copse, occasionally, chiefly in the old stone-workings or pits
now covered with grass or brushwood. Binstead stone-pits, and in the rough
pasture-fields between the village and Miss Player's lodge, along the footway
from Ryde. Common about Ryde, in various places, in 1839, as in the field in
which Quarr abbey stands, and between it and Ninham. Field opposite Lord
Spencer’s, Ryde, 1841, and in Pelham fields. Abundant in the Undercliff and
other parts of the island in 1843. At the Orchard, Old Park, between Niton and
Blackgang, 1841. Abundantly on Kenncrley heath, in sandy loam, growing
amongst the furze and very fine, 1843. Above White-cliff bay, between the pre-
ventive-station and Culver cliff, Admiral Brenton!!! Very common on the
landslip at Bonchureh, and on St. Boniface down, 8S. Hailstone, jun., Esq. In
the meadow at St. Boniface, Mr. W. D. Snooke. Brading down, Mr, Lawrence.
About Norris castle, Miss G. Kilderbee. Steephill, Pulteney.

W. Med. — Pastures at Egypt, by W. Cowes, the seat of Sir Thos. Tancred,
Bart. In a wood near Yarmouth. Foot of the down near Freshwater, Mrs.
Rushworth, B. T. W., and the Rev. G. EB. Smith, who tells me it is particularly
fine there. Northwood park, Gurnet bay, Miss G. Kilderbee. Calbourne Bot-
tom, Mr. Massey. Carisbrooke, Pulteney.

A specimen with the flowers white, the lip only being greenish, was found by
Mrs. Martin at Ventnor.

Root of 2 roundish or ovate tubers, with several stout white fibres at the crown.
Stem from 8 or 10 to 18 inches or even 2 feet in height, rounded, smooth, solid.
Leaves alternate, sheathing, slightly glaucous and often shining, ovato-lanceolate,
the upper ones erect, the lowermost spreading. Spike of several large, dis-
tant, erect or often resupinate flowers. Sepals 3, broadly ovate, concave, obtuse,
spreading and glabrous, of a beautiful peach-blossom colour, with 3 green ribs, of
which the middle one is broadest and most conspicuous, sometimes nearly colour-
less, at other times a rich maroon or purple. The two dateral petals small, nar-
rowly obloug and obtuse, greenish and hairy, erecto-patent, with strongly reflexed
edges dilated or auricled at the base; lip large, with a broad, convex, smooth
disk, in 5 unequal, marginal, deflexed lobes, the two uppermost triangular, pointed,
the intermediate pair more rounded and greenish, the lowest and ceutral lobe pro-
duced into a greenish, recurved, ligulate and pointed appendage; the central and
upper lobes are densely pilose, the intermediate ones nearly as smooth as the disk,
which is of a rich, purple, velvety brown, streaked and spotted with yreenish yellow
in a manner difficult to convey an idea of by words, and liable tu considerable varia-
tion in pattern: the colour of the lip is also liable to great variation even in the
same plant, often diluted, as it always is on fading away, toa dull reddish or livid
fawn-colour, like that of O. aranifera, the sepals remaining deeply tinged, whilst
the flowers, whose sepals are pale, retain the usual rich hue of the lip unaltered.
Column. linear, greenish, its summit vaulted, with a twice-curved pointed prolonga-
tion of itself beyond the pollen-masses, the stems of which lie loosely in 2 somewhat
distant membranous grooves, ending in the very distinct pair of globular sacs or
pouches that receive the flattened transparent glands of the stalks. Stigma a
484 ORCHIDACEA. [Ophrys.
broad, glandular, flattish, nectariferous disk.  Pollen-masses clavate, of many
cohering triangular grannies, their broad ends outermost or at the circumference,
by which, when ripe, they are retained on the glutinous face of the stigma after
they are thrown upon it by the falling out of the polleu-masses from their includ-
ing cells. Germen green, oblong, with 6 very thick obtuse ribs, scarcely twisted.
Capsules erect, membranaceous, | or 14 inch in length, elliptical-oblong, with 6
stout obtuse ribs or angles. Seeds pa'e reddish brown, very like fine sawdust.

2. O. aranifera, Huds. Spider Orchis. “ Lip tumid clothed
with short dense hairs entire or obscurely lobed, middle lobe
large without an appendage or with a mere gland or point in the
notch, inner sepals linear, anther acute.’—Br. Fl. p. 425.

B. fucifera, “ Lip undivided with a spreading wavy margin, inner sepals sca-
brous.”—Br. Fl. p. 425. 0. fucifera, Sm.: E. B.S. t. 2649,

On clayey or chalky pastures, grassy banks and sloping sides of the downs, in
stony woods and thickets, but apparently very uncommon in this island. Fl.
March—May. 2,.

E. Med. —On a sloping bank on the left-hand side of the Cowleaze (going from
Bonehurch) just below the Madeira villas, Mrs. Clarkson, 1343 (two specimens).
On a bank above the Cowleaze, between Ventnor and Bonchurch, on the left-hand
side of the gate leading to Madeira vale (goiug from Ventnor), several specimens,
Miss Thompson, May 6th, 1846!! (communicated by Mrs. Martin). Gathered on
the same spot April 28th, 1848, about a duzen plants. Several specimens
gathered in Luccombe landslip, by the side of the main path, May, 1843, by a
servant of Miss Roper, of Ventnor!! On St. Boniface down, above St. Boniface
cottage, several specimens, Albert Hambrough, Esq. Behind Upper Mount,
Bonchurch, Afiss Dick and — Saxby, sq. J understand from Dr. Martin, who
saw the fresh specimen from the former station, that it was referrible to the var.
B. fucifera.

B. “ The only form yet collected in Hants.”*

Of more humble growth than 0. apifera; about 4—6 inches in height. Root,
as in O. apifera, of 2 whitish, ovoid or subglobose, sessile tubers, with a few short,
stout, fleshy, cylindrical fibres immediately above the latter. Stem leafy, few-
(2—6) flowered, erect, a little fexuose, subterete. Leaves as in O. apifera, but
rather narrower (?) and of a somewhat brighter or less glaucous green, I think, than
in that species, the lower spreading or strongly recurved, wavy and contorted ;
those higher up lanceolate, erect, concave, strongly sheathing and very acutely
pointed, clothing the stem nearly to its summit. Flowers in size and appearance
like those of O. apifera, but fewer and less remote, forming a sort of short termi-
nal spike. Sepals pale green (not coloured as in O. apifera), oblong-obtuse, the
margins deflexed or revolute, 3-nerved, the median nerve very conspicuous, the
luteral sometimes uearly obsolete ; the superior sepal narrower than the two late-
ral, all at length erect or a little bent backwards. Superior or lateral petals
oblong or lingulate, rounded at the tips, crisped or wavy on the edges, much
smaller and shorter than the sepals, and of a green tinged with purplish brown,
diverging, erect ; lowermost petal (lip) longer than the lateral sepals, oblongo- or
obovato-rotundate, firm and fleshy, convex above from the deflexion of its sides,
its anterior margin simply retuse or emarginate, without any appendage; concave,
greenish and ribbed beneath, the deflexed portion copiously striate, with branch-
ing veins directed towards the entire or subcrenate edges of the lip; upper sur-
face of the lip thickly clothed with jointed hairs, forming a broad velvet-like belt
or field all around, of a rich purplish brown, fading at length to a paler or
suuff-colour, and enclosing a large, perfectly glabrous, somewhat shining area,
occupying the centre of the disk and marked with a pale spot, with whitish

 

* (Bromfield in ‘Phytologist, iii. p.907. All the stations, therefore, given
above must refer to this form, as well as the author's detailed description.— Eadrs.]
Ophrys.] ORCHIDACER. 485

edges, of a shape too irregular and variable, even on the same individual
specimen, to admit of accurate description : this central area is bounded
on each side pusteriorly by a densely pilose ridge or prominence, which
in some specimens is produced into a distinct fleshy lobe or auricle pointing for-
wards: on the anterior part of the lip the pile is very close and short, and its
thin greenish edges are quite glabrous: in some of my specimens the lip is entire
in front, or the notch is occupied by a small glandular prominence. Column
green, porrected, a little downy, ils vaulted summit attenuated into a straight,
siinple, horizontal or slightly deflexed but not hooked point, having no small
resemblance to the head and bill of a goose or duck when viewed laterally;
anther-cells parallel, open throughout in front; pollinia of many coarse, yellow,
cohering, angular masses, of very unequal size, their stalks bright yellow, with
flattish, diaphanous, slightly cupped glands.

The hairy lip, from its colour, furm and markings, bears a striking likeness to
the abdomen of a largish spiler, particularly when faded to the lighter shade it
finally assumes before commencing to wither. ‘The column, too, with the diverg-
ing upper petals, may, with but little assistance from the imagination, be shaped
into a bird brouding, with expanded wings, over its nest, as in the act of feeding
its young.

3. O. muscifera, Huds. Fly Orchis. ‘ Lip oblong trifid, mid-
dle segment larger 2-lobed, lateral inner sepals filiform, anther
short obtuse.” — Br. Fl. p. 426. 2H. B.t. 64. Fl. Dan. viii. t.
1398 (bona). Hooker and Graves, Fl. Lond. iv.

In clayey, chalky or limestone pastures, pits, woods, and on grassy banks and
declivities ; not very uncommon, but, like our other species of this genus, ex-
tremely inconstant to its stations, and variable in quantity in different years. Fl.
May—July. 2f.

E, Med.—Quarr copse, in some plenty, Miss Theodora Price, 1838, and where
I have since found it. In a chalky hollow on the N. side of Mersley down, spa-
tingly, 1844. Norris castle, G. Kirkpatrick, Esq. Under Arreton down, 1844.
[Bloodstone copse, near the new water-works, 1854, Alfred Goode, Esq.—Eadrs.]

W., Med.— Yn considerable abundance in the copse of low brushwood (chiefly
hazle) on the down at the top of Alvington chalk-pit, on the road from Caris-
brooke to Yarmouth, Miss Denneit, 1848. In the great plantation of fir, beech,
&c., near Westover (several specimens upwards of two feet high), 1843. Field
at Egypt, by Cowes, Rev. Mr. Mann. Cliff above Gurnet bay, Miss G. Kilder-
bee! Shady lane under Carisbrooke castle, and on the borders of a lane leading
from Roughborough farm-house up to the down, G. Kirkpatrick, Esq. Wood by
Calbourne New Barn, and plentifully on a rough, stony, sloping field nearly at
the back of the Tolt copse, Gatcombe, 1840.

Tubers 2, roundish and downy, with a few stout fibres above them. Stem
erect, from 8 or 12 inches to 2 feet high, much more slender than in the last spe-
cies, usually somewhat glaucous, a little fexuose, terete or subcompressed, with
one or two slight angles, glabrous. Leaves like those of the last, ovato-lanceolate,
bright green and slightly glaucous; the upper ones erect, sheath-like and acute ;
inferior broader and patent or spreading, more ovate or obovate, obtuse or even
tounded, often considerably shining, mostly withered at the tips. Spike racemose,
few- (from about 4- to 10-) flowered. Flowers sessile, much smaller and narrewer
than in O. apifera, distant, scentless, resembling on general inspection some kind
of fly. Sepals greenish, concave, spreading, ovato-oblong, 3-nerved, their edges
revolute, nearly equal, the upper one rounded, the lateral somewhat pointed. La-
teral petals miuute, pilose, brownish purple, linear, and from their revolute mar-
gins nearly cylindrical and very slender, like the antenne of an insect, shorter than
the sepals, spreading or porrected ; lower petal or dip about 5 lines in length, much
exceeding the calyx, finely pilose or velvety, oblong, trifid, the two lateral lobes
smnall, dentiform, pointing downwards, convex or vaulted, obtuse; inferior middle
lobe very much larger, nearly orbicular, but much narrowed in appearance by
lateral deflexion, its inferior margin without any appendage, but with a deep
486 ORCHIDACES. [Spiranthes.

acuje (or sumetimes at bottom), obtuse notch instead: at the base of the lip are a
pair of purplish black tubercular glands: the entire lip is of a dark purplish
brown, varying in intensity, and having in the centre a somewhat square and
lobed spot of bluish white, which is shining and glabrous: beneath, the colour of
the lip is green, with the margins dull purplish. Bracts linear-lanceolate, con-
cave, erect, the central and upper ones mostly about as lung as the flowers, the
lowermost and that immediately above it often considerably overtopping the calyx.
Column of the anther a single hood, without any anterior appendage, greenish at
the back ; cedds closely approximate and parallel throughout. St¢gma a minute,
sligutly concave, simple disk, with a raised purplish border, in shape nearly a
semioval or ellipse bisected through its minor axis, the apex downwards, the
truncate summit bearing the large, projecting, whitish pouches of the pollen-
masses, that are bright yellow, bifid, shortly stalked, with peltate, disciform, pellu-
cid glands; podlen coarsely granular. Germen linear-oblong, usually exceeding
the lip io length.

Tribe II. Limoporez.

Anther 1. Pollen cohering firmly in a definite nwmbcr of simple
smooth (not granular or pulverulent) lobes, each of which is a pol-
len-mass, and finally becomes waxy (or rarely pulverulent when
bruised in water).

VY. Sprrantues, Rich. Lady's Tresses.

“ Perianth ringent; lip channelled, clawed, fringed; stigma
roundish, rostellated ; rostellum straight, bifid, with an elongated
linear appendage between its points.’—Bab. Man.

1. S. autwmnalis, Rich. Fragrant Lady’s Tresses. “ Root-
leaves oblong subpetiolate, spike twisted unilateral, lip oblong.”
—Br. Fl. p. 418. Neottia spiralis, Rick. Ophrys, Z.: EH. B. t.
541.

In dry, short, mostly hilly pastures; not unfrequent, and in some years quite
abundant. J. August, September. 2.

E. Med.—In the field between Oakfield and the fruit-garden at St. John’s.
Pasture at the back of Pondwell, between Ryde and Nettlestone; and between
Weeks’s and Litlue Smallbrook farm. Near St. Lawrence, and at the foot of St.
Boniface down. In very great abundance in fields immediately at the back of
Sea grove, 1839; and in pastures about St. Helens, plentifully. Field near Har-
dingshoot farm, 1844. On the turf near Sandown fort, 1844. Field at the upper
end of Dover street, Ryde, Miss Theodora Price! Plentifully on the turf between
the Old church sea-mark and the ferry oppusite Bembridge, Mrs. Penfold. Sir
Nash Grose’s grounds near Ryde, B. T. W. Mount Cleve, Niton, Miss Sims !!!
On St. George’s down, Mr. G. D. Snooke, jun., 1844!!!

W. Med.—Northwood park, Miss. G. Kilderbee. Near Carisbrooke castle, Col-
well and Freshwater, B. 7. W. Fields abuut Chale, Miss Lucas.

Tubers of the root 1\—3, very unequal, downy. Stems 3—8 inches high, clothed

 

Spiranthes estivalis, Rich., has been found by Mr. Branch, by a small bogg
stream between one and two miles from Lyndhurst by the road to Christchurch,
in which station I have myself gathered it in 1841. There is some reason for
thinking, with Lestibudvis (‘Flore de la Belgique’) and others, that the differ-
ences between this species and S. autwmnalis, chiefly consisting in the elongation
of its parts, may be due to soil and situation.
Listera.] ORCHIDACE&. 487

with sheathing pointed bracteas, their surface crystalline and shining. Leaves
radical, ovato-lanceolate, glabrous, acute, ribbed. Flowers in a close twisted
spike mostly inclining downwards, greenish white, fragrant. * | Bracteas lanceo-
late, green edged with white. Calyx about as long as the lip, the base of which
is enclosed by the two lower sepals, the uppermost incumbent on the corolla.
Petals small, linear, hairy, closely applied to the upper calyx-segment. Column
wingless, incumbent on the stigma, which is cloven in front, both enclosed by the
base of the caniculate lip of the corolla, which is glandular, crenate and a little
spreading at its anterior extremity ; podlen-masses pale yellow, pear-shaped, deeply
cloven. Germen twisted, hairy. -

VI. Lisrera, R. Br.

“ Perianth ringent; lip deflexed, 2-lobed. Stigma transverse,
rostellate ; rostellum elongated, entire, acute, with a minute glo-
bose appendage at its somewhat reflexed apex ; column very short.”
Bab. Man.

1. L. ovata, R. Br. Tway Blade. “Stem with only 2 ovato-
elliptical opposite leaves, column of fructification with a crest in
which the anther is placed.”—Br. Fl. p.417. Ophrys, Z.: H. B.
t. 1548.

In moist woods, groves, thickets, copses, and under trees in damp shady pas-
tures; extremely common. Fl. May—June. Fr. June. 2f.

E. Med. — Plentiful in Quarr copse, Apley wood, and most other places about
Ryde. Common at East-end. In Appuldurcombe park, 1845.

W. Med. — Abundant in Tolt copse, Gatcombe, 1845. Woods about Cowes.
Calbourne New Barn Hummet, 1845.

Root a bundle of simple, chordiform, flexuose, downy fibres, of a pale reddish
brown, sometimes a little creeping. Stem solitary, erect, from a foot or under to
18 or 20 inches high, stout, whitish, glabrous and somewhat angular as high as
the origin of the leaves; beyond that point much more slender, rounded, dull
green and grayish, with short, spreading, viscid, glandulose pubescence, quite
leafless, except one or two scale-like acuminate bracts unaccompanied by flowers
at some distance from the spike. Leaves 2 (rarely 3), opposite, below the middle
of the stem, with which they are closely incorporated at their clasping bases, flat
and spreading, bright green above, paler beneath, often somewhat shining and
clammy, quite glabrous, varying in shape from ovato-elliptical to nearly orbicular,
often 5 or 6 inches in Jength, often very obtuse and rounded, at other times pointed
or even acute, with several strongly depressed converging nerves and intermediate
smaller ones, the midrib ending in a soft, mucronate, withering point. lowers
numerous, in a very loose, cylindrical, tapering, erect spike, small, green, the tip
paler and more yellowish. Pedicels patent, twisted, glanduloso-pubescent, each
from the axil of a green, concave, acute or acuminate, ovate bract, mostly shorter
than the pedicel. Sepals ovate, concave, bluntish and connivent, single-nerved
and bluntly keeled. Two lateral petals ligulate, nearly the length of the sepals,
slightly pointed, purple-edged, faintly 1-nerved ; lower petal (lip) straight, flat and
pendant, either perpendicularly or beyond that line backwards, of an oblong shape,
4 or 5 lines in length, very deeply cleft into 2 ligulate, parallel or slightly diverg-
ing, obtuse segments; the undivided part of the lip traversed by a central ridge or
linear gland, which terminates between the segments in a minute round point;
base of the lip slightly constricted and folded inwards, not lobed or divided.
Column very short, its incumbent summit forming a hood to the horizontal anther-
cell, which is attached below the centre of the former ; pollen-masses pale yellow,

 

* To me this plant is almost inodorous, as is also the much rarer S. estivalis.
488 ORCHIDACEAE. [Neottia.

pyriform, deeply 2-lobed. Stigma whitish, with a broad nectariferous gland be-
neath its somewhat pointed anterior margin. Germen obovoid, 6 ribbed, the ribs
mostly purplish, often nearly glabrous. Capsules small, obovoid, soft and mem-
branaceous, very widely dehiscent whilst still green, crowned with the persistent
perianth. Seeds white, tunicate similar to those of Nevttia Nidus-avis.

VII. Neotrtia, Linn. Bird’s-nest.

“ Perianth hooked; lip deflexed, 2-lobed, saccate at the base;
stigma transverse, rostellated; rostellum flat, broad, prominent,
entire, without an appendage: column elongated.”—Bab. Man.

1. N. Midus-avis, Rich. Bird’s-nest. “ Stem with sheathing
scales leafless, column without any crest, lip linear-oblong with 2
spreading lobes toothless at the base.”—Br. Fl. p. 418. Listera,
Br, Fl. p. 418. Ophrys, Z.: E.B. t. 48.

Sporadical in moist shady places, woods, groves and copses, usually amongst
dead leaves; not common, though pretty generally dispersed over the island. FU.
May, June. Fr. June. 2.

E. Med. — Quarr copse, in a hollow (old stone-pit) to the left on entering from
Binstead, 1838. Woods at the Priory, occasionally, 1846. Wood near E. Cowes
castle, 1840. A specimen found in Hungerberry copse, 1849. In Northlands
copse, Yaverland, three specimens in 1848. Cuothey-bottom copse, 1848. Seve-
ral plants in the large plantation of Scotch fir in Bordwood copse, 1845. Cleve-
land wood, Appuldurcombe, 1843. At Fern hill, but not seen there of late, Mrs.
Sanders. A specimen found in the farm at St. John’s, in 1843, by Mr. Law-
rence, jun.

W. Med.—Swainston woods. In the wood hy Calbourne New Barn, 1842. In
Great Whitcomb wood, near Gatcombe, G. Kirkpatrick, Esq., from whom I had
the first specimens and notice of it as an Isle-of-Wight plant!

Root a bundle of short, thick, fleshy, cylindrical or vermiform fibres. Stem
simple, erect, mostly solitary (sometimes 2), succulent, slightly angular, about 12
or 15 inches high, the superior portion more or less glanduloso-pilose, the inferior
glabrous, clothed with several alternate, brownish white, obtuse, ribbed and (espe-
cially the upper ones) inflated sheaths instead of leaves. Flowers pretty numerous,
ina long, open, cylindrical, obtuse spike, about 4—6 inches in length, a few of the
lowest remote or scattered ; rather large, of a pale dingy brown or fawn-colour all
over, slightly glanduloso-pilose. Bracts solitary beneath each flower, lancevlato-
acute, ribbed, the lowermost one very large. Sepals broadly ovate, subacute, con-
cave and connivent, obscurely single-ribhbed. Petals the length of the calyx, oho-
vate, rounded and entire, only partly concealed by the overlapping calyx-segiments,
connivent; dip very large, hollow and nectariferous within, gibbous without at the
base, deeply cloven at its extremity into 2 oblong spreading lobes curving out-
wards, their margins rounded and crenulate. Column short, cylindrical, nearly
horizontal; anther fleshy, convex, obovate, sessile and incumbent on the stigma,
attached to the summit of the column by its broader end, its 2 cells a little diverg-
ing behind; pollen-masses yellow, oblong, cloven, not elastically cohering, dis-
charged upon a white, fleshy, oblong, hollowed and obtuse lamina lying over the
much shorter truncate stigma, and of which itis called by Smith theupper lip. Cap-
sules whitish brown, $ an inch in length, from erecto-patent to a little spreading,
oblongo-elliptical, strongly ribbed, of a stiff woody texture, their summits obliquely
truncate and uneven, with tubercular points, the remains of the column, &c.
Seeds minute, like fine sawdust, tunicated, pointed at one end, pale reddish
brown.

This singular plant is readily detected at all seasons, as the dry stem and cap-
sules persist in the woods for one or two years after the flowers are over. The
flowers possess the odour of Adoxa Moschatellina mixed with that of primroses,
but fainter.
Epipactis.] ORCHIDACEA. 189

VIIL. Errpactris, Rich. Helleborine.

“ Perianth patent ; lip interrupted, the basal division concave,
terminal one larger with two projecting plates at its base above ;
stigma nearly square, rostellated; rostellwm short, terminated by
a globose appendage; anther terminal, erect, sessile, 2-celled;
cells without septa; column short; germen straight, on a twisted
stalk.”— Bab. Man.

1. E. latifolia, Sw. Broad-leaved Helleborine. ‘“ Leaves ob-
long or ovate many-nerved, upper ones narrower, raceme elon-
gated many-flowered, lower bracteas longer than the flowers, upper
lobe of the lip broadly ovate or deltoid acute somewhat cordate at
the base broadest below the middle with 2 tubercles at the base
as long as or a little shorter than the sepals nearly quite entire.”
—Br. Fl. p. 416. Serapias, Z.: H. B. t. 269.

In rather moist woods, groves, rough stony thickets, and amongst shaded rocks;
not very common. Fl. July, August. Fr. September, October. 2,.

E. Med. — Here and there in Quarr copse, very sparingly. More frequent in
the woody landslip between Luccombe and Bonchurch, 1839. Rather frequent
in the wooded ground along the shore between Ryde and Binstead, 1849: the
plant at this last station is exactly the E. latifolia of Bab. Man. (2nd. edit.) ; the
flowers are variously suffused with purple, sometimes wholly of a pale green. Be-
tween Shanklin and Godsbill, Mr. J. Woods, jun., B. T. W.

W. Med.—A specimen seen in Sluccombe copse, 1845. Woods at Swainston,
occasionally. Kingston copse. Tolt copse, nearGatcombe. Rather plentiful in
the great plantation at Westover, 1843. A single specimen in a wood by Rowledge.

Root a bundle of long, stout, wavy, cylindrical, downy fibres, of a pale brown
colour, nearly the thickness of a crow-quill, amongst which are nestled the hyher-
nacula of the ensuing year’s plant, in the shape of large, fleshy, acute buds, often
of a bright pink-colour. Stem simple, solitary or sometimes 2 or more, from about
a foot to 3 feet in height, erect, leafy, solid, glabrous and terete below, somewhat
angular above, and downy with jointed, forked and even branched pellucid hairs,
more or less coloured pink or purplish, always so at the base. Leaves numerous,
glabrous, much like those of Lily of the Valley, bright grass-green, scarcely paler
beneath and varnished, sessile and clasping, strongly ribbed and striate, the prin-
cipal ribs very acutely keeled beneath and beset with minute cartilaginous joints,
though less conspicuously than along the margins, where they form a sort of
fringe, the lowermost leaves of all reduced to close strungly ribbed or fluted
sheaths, a little open or subfoliaceous at the top, the next above these very short,
nearly orbicular, those on the centre of the stem much the largest, 4 or 5 inches
in length by 2 or 24 inches wide, broadly ovate, acute, spreading or patent, still
higher up narrowing to ovato-lanceolate or linear-lanceolate, with long points; all
much longer than the internodes, their sheaths diminishing rapidly in length to
nearly or quite wanting to the uppermost leaves. Flowers very numerous, green-
ish, or purplish in various degrees, always, I believe, pale on first opening, nod-
ding, distinctly pedicellate, secund or partly spreading, in an upright, terminal,
racemose spike, from 4 or 6 to 10 or 12 inches in length, each from the axil of a
linear-lanceolate, very acute, ribbed bract, of which the inferior exceed the flowers
they accompany in length, and often very considerably. Sepals glabrous, ovate,
acute, concave, moderately spreading, greenish or purplish, the 2 lateral a little
oblique, sharply keeled behind, about 5-ribbed. Lateral petals broadly ovate,
about as long as the sepals, ascending and somewhat converging, veined, with a
very thick, obtuse and prominent dorsal keel terminating at some distance below
the point; Lip inflated at base into a rather more than hemispherical ribbed sac,

3R
490 ORCHIDACER. [Cephalanthera.

which is purplish and nectariferous within; its terminal division or lobe pinkish,
broadly cordate, deflexed, shorter than the lateral sepals, entire, scarcely acute,
the apex slightly reflexed, the disk traversed above by a thick, greenish, somewhat
rugose keel, expanding backwards at the base of the lobe into a cordate, triangu-
lar or 2-lobed, very uneven palate or prominence. Stigma white, its anterior face
nearly plane and rectangular, nectariferous, the upper edge bearing a small por-
rected gland, secreting a frothy globule of an extremely viscid milky fluid ;* pos-
terior part horizontal, concave, the concavity bounded at the back by a curved
margin, ending in either side in a blunt projection, the central portion of the
margin thickened behind and bearing the yellowish, sessile, incumbent anther, the
cells of which are closely contiguous; pollen-masses whitish yellow, obpyriform,
without stalks or glands, but cohering together at their bases by an elastic fila-
ment. Germen glabrous or slightly downy, obovoid-oblung or pyriform, with 6
stout blunt ribs, its twisted base attenuated into a short decurved pedicel.  Cap-
sule nodding or drooping.

2. E. palustris, Sw. Marsh Helleborine. ‘ Leaves lanceolate,
bracteas mostly shorter than the slightly drooping flowers, upper
lobe of the lip roundish-oval or obovate broadest at or above the
middle undulato-crenate very obtuse or retuse with 2 crests at the
base longer than the sepals.” — Br. Fl. p. 416. Serapias, Scop. :
H. B. t. 270. §. longifolia, Z.

In marshy or boggy meadows and pastures on a chalky or gravelly soil, also on
wet banks of slipped clay along the coast; not uncommon. Fl. June—August.
Fr. August, September. 2f

E. Med. —Shore about Chine Head (Luccombe), and various places in the

landslip between Luccombe and Bonchurch. Landslip at Bonchurch, S. Hail-
stone, jun., Esq.

W. Med.—Very plentiful on the banks of slipped land in Colwell bay, with Gym-
nadenia conopsea, and at the upper end of Colwell heath. Marshy meadows at
Easton, frequent. Abundant in the half-dried-up clay-pits near Cronmore farm,

in which Sparganium natans and Typha angustifolia grow, 1844. Marsh near
Compton, B. T. W.

IX. CEpHanANTHERA, Rich. White Helleborine.

“ Perianth converging, lip interrupted, the basal division sac-
cate, jointed to the recurved terminal one: stigma transverse,
rostellum 0 ; anther terminal, erect, moveable, shortly and thickly
stalked, 2-celled; cells with imperfect septa; colwmn elongated ;
germen sessile, twisted.”—Bab. Alan.

1. ©. grandiflora, Bab. Large-flowered White Helleborine.
Leaves ovato-elliptical to elliptic-lanceolate, bracts longer than

 

* This viscid fluid, which is quite distinct from the nectariferous secretion of
the disk, bas for its object the extension of the pollen-masses on falling forwards
on the posterior hollow of the stigma, and which, being destitute of the adhesive
glands common to other genera of this natural order, could scarcely, without such
a provision, be retained long enough on the organ to effect the purpose of fertiliz-
ing the latter. In the present genus the form of the anther-cells and pollen-
masses is reversed, the smaller end of both being uppermost; in this inverted
position the usual appendages of stalks and glands could serve no other purpose
than to keep the pollen-masses suspended over, but not in contact with, the stigma,
as by the above simple contrivance they most effectually are.
Cephalanthera.) ORCHIDACER, 491

the glabrous ovary (germen), flowers distant subracemose sessile
very erect, sepals and lateral petals very obtuse connivent on the
included very blunt and rounded lip. Serapias, L.: E. B. t. 271.
Epipactis, Sm.: Br. Fl. p- 417.

In deep, shady, mostly hilly woods and dense thickets, on a calcareous soil;
very rare. Fl, May, June. Fr. August. 2,.

A single specimen in flower in the wood immediately at the back of Calbourne
New Barn, June 8th, 1844. A diligent search in the same and adjoining woods
failed to detect a second specimen of this fine species. Found under hazels and
beeches in Clarken lane, on the East side of Carisbrooke castle, several specimens,
1847, Miss Dennett (v. icon. color. prestantiss. 1848).

Plant quite glabrous in every part. Root somewhat creeping, forming a tuft of
long, stout, brownish or whitish and flexuose fibres, running pretty deeply down-
wards, Stem 1, 2, or many from the same root, and forming clumps, erect, leafy,
from a foot or less to 20 inches or even 2 feet in height, greenish white, a little
flexuose, hard and rigid, subcylindrical below, more or less angular and com-
pressed higher up, ribbed with sharp prominent ridges that are rough with crys-
talline points, especially at and towards the summit of the stem, which presents in
consequence a frosted appearance, or as if coated with a saline efflorescence.
Leaves alternate, remote, the lowermost of all sheath-like, short, erect, obtuse and
inflated at top, closely embracing the stem, strongly ribbed and colourless, but
soon becoming brown and withering; the next in succession clasping, with short
sheathing bases, those still higher simply sessile, scarcely or but slightly clasping,
and without sheaths, bright grcen above, a little paler underneath, many-ribbed,
suberect, patent or spreading, flat or, especially the higher one, folded, varying
from broadly elliptical to ovato-elliptical or elliptic-lanceolate, from about 23 to
3 or 43 inches in length, acute but not acuminate, a few of the lowermost and
shortest obtuse or rounded, the uppermost insensibly changing to narrow-lanceo-
late bracts, of which the inferior greatly exceed the flowers in length, the ultimate
bracts alone reduced to the length of the ovary or nearly so. Flowers alternate,
axillary and terminal, remote, sessile, very erect, usually occupying the superior
half of the stem, but occasionally beginning very low down, constituting a kind of
leafy raceme, few or sometimes very numerous, in small or starved specimens
sometimes with only a single flower at the summit of the stem, ovoid, rather under
an inch in length, exclusive of the very upright, somewhat twisted, roughish and
prominently and obtusely 6-ribbed ovary. Sepals white or rather cream-coloured,
having a manifest tinge of green or yellow on comparison with the purer white of
C. ensifolia, connivent, oblongo-elliptical, obtuse, 5—7 uerved, the median nerve
forming a keel at the back. Lateral petals like the sepals in form and colour, but
about’a third part shorter than these, equally obtuse and similarly nerved, keeled
and connivent; inferior petal horizontal, porrected, much shorter than the sepals
or lateral petals, which together either close over and conceal it entirely, or diverge
sufficiently to allow of its anterior segment appearing between their extremities ;
posterior part inflated or sac-like, gibbous at the back underneath, with a deep
fovea or depression in the centre lengthwise, 2-lobed above, the lobes white,
nearly orbicular, almost joining over the column, which thus occupies the upper
part of a subglobose pouch or cavity,* the bottom of which is bright yellow and
fulvous within, and rayed with prominent rugose and tawny lines; anterior seg-
ment or lip forming a short trough-shaped concavity, its sides erect or incurved,
orbicular and crenulate on the margin, which is extremely obtuse, rounded and a
little deflexed in front, the disk golden yellow mixed with fulvous, and traversed
posteriorly by three boldly prominent, undulated, orange-tawny ridges. Column
elongated, white, slightly curved forwards and ascending, semiterete, ils under or
anterior face plane; 3-lobed at top, the central lobe broad, serving as a filament
to carry the anther ; lateral lobes (the abortive stamens?) small, tooth-like, obtuse

 

* This cavity resembles in form the corolla of Scrophularia.
492 ORCHIDACES. (Cephalanthera.

and somewhat curved inwards towards the expanded margin of the transverse,
roundish-elliptical, nectariferous disc (stigma), which occupies the under side of
the column immediately below the anther, and is devoid of any kind of appen-
dage (rostelluin) ; anther terminal, moveable on the middle lobe of the column,
greenish white, ovoido-elliptical or subhemispherical, gibbous, its base resting in
a cavity of the latter betwixt its 3 lobes and the stigmatic disk, and thus immedi-
ately over this last, 2-celled, the cells erect, parallel, conjoined, imbedded in the
substance of the anther, which serves as a connectivum, the sutures opening in
front longitudinally. Poldinia (pollen-masses) white, sublinear, bipartite, curved,
without stalks or glands. Pollen farinaceous, slightly cohering. Capsules erect,
from 1 to 14 inch in length, oblongo-elliptical or subclavate, straight or a little
curved and flattened on the side next the stalk, strongly and obtusely 6-ribbed,
crowned with the persistent perianth.

The flowers of this species resemble buds, and in their form remind one of
miniature tulips, or of the blossoms of Magnolia grandiflora when just ready to
open. Smith says they are “ perfectly inodorous at all times,” but my friend Miss
G. E. Kilderbee attributes to both this and C. ensifolia the sweetness of the
tuberose. I once thought I perceived some such odour in a large number of spe-
cimens of each enclosed in a tin box at night, but the impression was too weak to
he trusted to implicitly, and I could never be made sensible of it in individual
plants. I am not however in general alive to the fragrance of Spiranthes autum-
nalis, so pleasant to most people, nor to that said to reside in the flowers of
Linaria repens, which I have witnessed instantly perceived by one who had not
previously seen or knuwn the plant by name.

 

Cephalanthera ensifolia, Rich. (Narrow-leaved white Helleborine?).—“ Between
Shanklin and Godshill,” Mr. J. I¥oods, jun., in Bot. Guide (Serapias longifolia).
The great confusion of the synonyms betwixt Epipactis palustris and E. ensifolia
of Swartz makes it impussible to determine which of the two species was intended
by Mr. Woods under his Serapias longifolia, above referred to, these names Leing
inextricably entangled by Linuneus, Smith and Hudson, and applied to three
several species by one or other of these authors. At this time, when all three are
well known and discriminated, it would be useless attempting to undo a knot
where nothing certain could be achieved towards ascertaining the point in ques-
tion. As C. ensifolia grows intermixed with C. grandiflora in the woods of
Hampshire, it may be the species intended by Mr. Woods, but, as the name don-
gifolia has been used to designate our Epipactis palustris by some, and Hudson
confounds it with Cephalanthera grandiflora, it is quite as likely that one or other
of the two last may be really pvinted atin the old ‘ Botanist’s Guide’ Iam
inclined to believe rather that C. grandiflora is the one intended, unless the true
C. ensifolia were the species really found here by Mr. Woods.

C. ensifolia occurs abundantly in woods in several parts of the county, and may
therefore be herealter found on this island, as well as the one just described. It
differs from C. grandiflora, to which it bears a close affinity and resemblance, in
the following particulars, gleaned from a comparison of an extensive series of both
kinds, gathered in their native station, where they are frequently found growing
togetber:—C. ensifolia is a smaller, more delicate and slender plant, with far nar-
rower leaves, of a thinner and drier texture, like those of a grass, which however
vary much in breadth, the lowermost being sometimes very broadly lanceolate, but
the upper always narrow and considerably tapering at the point, and, from being
in geueral more closely set, present a sort of a distichous mode of arrangement in
appearance only. The bracts, even beneath the undermost flower, are extremely
small, short and narrow, and in those at the top of the stem very minute indeed.
The flowers are confined to quite the higher position of the stem, are much closer
together or approximate, and are not found in the axils of any but the greatly
reduced leaves or bracts; hence they appear subspicate, like those of Epilobium
angustifolium for example; whereas in C. grandiflora the flowers originate at or
even below the middle of the stem, and accompany the larger leaves, whence they
Iris.) IRIDACES. 493

Order LXXIII. IRIDACEA.

“ Limb of the perianth 6-cleft or 6-partite, sometimes irregular.
Stamens 3, inserted into the base of the outer segments. Fila-
ments sometimes united. Anthers fixed by their base, opening
outwards. Ovary 8-celled, many-seeded. Style 1. Stigmas 8, or
1 with 3 divisions, often petaloid or 2-lipped. Capsule 3-celled,
8-valved ; valves bearing the dissepiments in the middle. Seeds
round, hard. Albumen horny or firmly fleshy. Embryo with the
same direction as the seed.— Herbs, rarely under-shrubs. Leaves
equitant (except in Crocus). Flowers spathaceous, sometimes partly
subterranean.’ —Br. Fl.

I. Inis, Linn. Flag.

“ Perianth 6-cleft, each alternate segment longer and reflexed.
Stigmas 8, petaloid, covering the stamens.”—Br. Fl.

1. I. Pseud-acorus,* L. Yellow or Water Flag. Perianth beard-
less, inner segments smaller than the stigmas, leaves ensiform
keeled, seeds angular. Sm. E. Fl.i.p.49. Br. Fl. p. 427. E.
B. ix. t. 578.

In shallow pools, ditches, streams, wet meadows and low marshy or moory
places; abundantly. Fl. May—August. Fr. September. 2.

E. Med.—On the Dover, Ryde. Meadow within the walls of Quarr abbey,
abundantly, and flowering freely. Most profusely on moory pasture-land along
the left of the road at the entrance to Sandown village from Brading, 1849.
Fosse of Sandown furt, and wet meadows above Alverston, in great profusion.
Abundant in wet moory pastures about Newchurch, Mersley, &c., 1844.

W. Med.—About Cowes, Yarmouth and Newport.

 

assume a sort of racemose arrangement, smaller, of a purer white (not cream-
colour as in the other) and less erect, the ovary diverging at an angle more or less
considerable from the stem, sometimes nearly at aright angle toit. The periauth-
segments do not close so completely over the lip, and the sepals are in this spe-
cies narrower than the lateral petals, and so acutely pointed as to be almost acu-
minate. The lateral petals themselves are also slightly pointed, and much broader
in proportion than in C. grandiflora. Moreover, the anterior margin of the lip is
usually slightly triangular and pointed, but this character I find liable to excep-
tion. Finally, C. ensifolia lasts a shorter time in flower, if it does not begin to
flower earlier, than C. grandiflora, which continues in blossom through a great
part of June, whereas the other has all its terminal buds open by the end of May
in this part of England, and was beginning to fall and look shabby on the 27th
of that month when my last specimens were gathered. Indeed, the blossoms of
this species, from their more delicate texture, fade with wonderful rapidity on
being gathered, whilst those of C. grandiflora merely turn partially brown.

* The specific name of False Acorus was given to this plant from the resem-
blance its leaves bear to those of the Sweet Flag (Acorus Calamus, L.), not yet
detected in this island. The word Flower-de-Luce is said to be corrupted from
Fleur-de-Louis, consequent on its adoption as an armorial device by the French
king, Louis VII.
494 IRIDACES. (Iris.

Plant not growing in clusters like the next species. Root (rhizoma) thick,
fleshy, running horizontally, subcylindrical, with numerous pale fibres. Stem
erect, straight or slightly wavy, terete below, faintly furrowed above, pale green,
alternately branched, branches simple, axillary. Leaves ensiform, acute, their
tips oblique, 2, 3, ov 4 feet long and from 1 inch to 23 inches wide, erect, pale
green, with a glaucous cast, and having a thin, sharp, sometimes double central
keel running their entire length on both sides; those from the root equitant, on
the stem distant, alternate and sheathing at the base. Flowers large, erect, ino-
dorous, bright golden yellow, 2, 3, or more together, successively protruded from
large, unequally 2-leaved, furrowed sheaths or spathes.  xlerior petals very
large, beardless, roundish ovate, spreading or deflexed, of a rich yellow marked
towards their claws with a deeper-culoured field, either plane or punctately veined
and streaked with purplish; interior petals very smal], erect, ovato-oblong, shorter
than the stigmas, their claws canvolute. Stamens inserted at the base of the
larger petals, shorter than the stigmas ; anthers linear-oblong, purplish brown, yel-
low at the back; pollen yellow, globose. Stigmas the colour of the petals, nearly
erect, their summits 2-lobed, the lobes overlapping, jagged and crenate on the
margin, and covering a short, entire, membranous, scale-like appendage or lip.
Capsules yellowish green, lax, drooping or pendulous, from 2 to 3 inches in length,
oblong, very obtusely trigonous and lobed, suddenly contracting at their apex into
a short, bluot, beak-like process; valves not widely dehiscing, leathery. Seeds
very numerous, pale yellowish brown, smooth and shining, orbicular, semiorbicu-
lar or somewhat trigonate in the same cell, thick and rounded at the back, cune-
ately attenuated on their inner side to their margin, closely packed horizontally
by their flat surface in a single or double series; testa dry, loose and husky.

2. I. feetidissima, L. Stinking Gladdon or Gladwyn. Roast-
beef Plant. Leaves sword-shaped plane, perianth beardless, its
inner segments spreading, stem l-angled, seeds globose pulpy.
Sm. HE. Flip. 50. Br. Fl. p. 427. H. B.ix. t. 596. Curt. Br.
Entom. vii. t. 292 (fruit).

B. citrina. Flowers of a uniform pale colour.
In groves, thickets, copses, pastures, borders of fields, and on hedgebanks;
plentiful in most parts of the island. Fl. June, July. Fr. September, October.

E. Med.—Everywhere around Ryde; about Quarr abbey, in Quarr copse, Ma-
rina wood by Apley, St. John’s wood, &c. Plentiful all along the Undercliff, at
Bonchurch, Steephill, St. Lawrence, &c.

W. Med.—W oods around Cowes and Yarmouth, abundantly. About Mottes-
ton, but not common in that S.W. part of the island.

B. Wood at Yarmouth.

A species growing most commonly in clumps, and distinguished from most
others of the genus by the total absence of the usual glaucous colour in the leaves.
Root short, fleshy, cylindrical and horizontal, about the thickness of the middle
finger, brownish and wrinkled, emitting several very long, white, tapering and
transversely rugose fibres. Stem solitary, many-flowered, flexuose, a little com-
pressed and obscurely 1-edged, a character much more conspicuous when viewed
in the closely investiug upper leaves, which are acutely folded or conduplicate
behind, but follow the rounded contour of the stem anteriorly. Leaves numerous,
ensiform, equitant, often above 2 feet long and above an inch in width, dark rich
shining green on both sides, deeply striated, firm and rigid, quite plane or with-
out a keel, their edges cartilaginous and finely serrulate towards the very acute
point; one or two of the leaves mostly overtopping the stem, the rest shorter than
or equalling the latter, those on the stem itself closely sheathing. Flowers seve-
ral, on obtusely trigonous peduncles that elongate during inflorescence, smaller
than in the last species and of a firm texture, handsome but not showy, with a
peculiar scent, different from that of the leaves, expanding one or two at a time
from the deciduous, diphyllous, lanceolate spathe and the enveloping hollow upper
Galanthus.) AMARYLLIDACEE. 495

leaves (or bracts ?), that quite conceal them in the bud. Tube of the perianth
short, filled with a melliferous fluid, the 3 eaterior petals much the largest, greatly
longer than the stigmas, spreading and reflexed, the limb ovate, violet-blue with
copious branching purple veins, nearly white towards the broad and pale dingy
yellow claws, that are streaked avd dotted with purplish brown, most thickly
towards their margins; 3 inner petals erecto-patent, much shorter and smaller
than the outer, with narrow involute claws, the limb ovato-oblong, entire, not
reflexed, paler and far less distinctly veined than in the others. Stamens about
the length of the stigmas; anthers purplish or whitish; pollen pale yellow.
Stigmas pale fuscous, incumbent on the anthers, but a little distant from the
petals, and shorter than the three inner petals, reflexed, obtuse and bifid but not
laciniated at their summits, with-an acute ridge or keel, the broad membranous
border of each stigma terminating beneath its bilobate extremity in 2 free (not
adnate) toothed or notched divisions. Germen oblong, 3-lobed, each lobe and the
intermediate angles with a central furrow. Capsule about 2 inches in length,
oblong, obscurely triangular, not beaked, yellowish when ripe and widely dehis-
cing, with three twisted leathery valves, each bearing one row or more of roundish,
berry-like, bright orange or scarlet and highly polished seeds on either side of the
broad central dissepiment close to its inner edge. Seed globose, covered with a
spongy, succulent and slightly acrid pulp, the albumen very large and horny.

A handsome plant, and a conspicuous ornament of our woods and hedgerows
in autumn and winter, from the contrast of its dark evergreen leaves with the
brilliant orange or scarlet seeds, that remain very long attached to the widely
spreading valves of the capsule; nor are its delicately pencilled flowers eclipsed
in beauty by many blossoms of a gayer season. A variety with variegated leaves
is grown in gardens at Ryde, &c. The smell of the bruised leaves is by some

., persons thought to resemble that of roast beef, by others it is compared to rancid
bacon, dissimilar ones certainly, and indicative of the extreme ambiguity of
impressions received through the weakest and most deceptive of the senses. To
myself the odour is by no means unpleasant, recalling that of milk heated till a
pellicle has formed on its surface.

The var. 8. is a most remarkable one, of which T met with a few specimens ina
wood near Yarmouth in July, 1847. In these the flowers were of an uniform lemon-
yellow verging upon white in the segments of the perianth, without the least of
the usual purple colouring or trace of the dark pencilling, except a few faint veins,
of a somewhat deeper colour than the ground. The still unopened buds were
equally pale, but the plant possessed the smell and other characters of the species
unaltered. This singular variety much resembled the yellow-flowered one of
I. spuria (8) halophila of Curtis, Bot. Mag. vol. 48, t. 1131.

The present is rather a maritime and western species, becoming manifestly
scarcer on the mainland, at the distance even of a few miles from the coast, and
is generally rare in all the midland and eastern counties of England.

Order LXXIV. AMARYLLIDACEA, R. Br.

“ Limb of the perianth coloured, 6-partite or 6-cleft. Stamens
6, inserted at the bottom of the segments, sometimes united by a
membrane. Anthers opening inwards. Ovary inferior, 3-celled ;
the cells many-seeded, or in those whose fruit is fleshy 1—2
seeded. Style 1. Stigma 8-lobed. F'ruit capsular; either dry
with 3 valves bearing the dissepiments in the middle, 3 cells and
many seeds; or fleshy 1—3 seeds. Integument of the seed not
crustaceous. Embryo straight, in the axis of a fleshy albumen,
496 AMARYLLIDACES. (Galanthus.

having the same direction as the seed. — Flowers large, generally
of a bright colour. Leaves fleshy, indistinctly nerved, all radical.
Roots bulbous.’—Br. Fl.

I. Gauanruus, Linn. Snowdrop.

“ Perianth campanulate, of 6 pieces, 3 outer ones spreading, 3
inner smaller, erect, emarginate. Anthers opening by a pore.
Seed with a whitish skin. Flower from a spatha.—Scape solid.”
Br. Fl.

+? 1. G. nivalis, L. Snowdrop. Fair Maids of February.
Br. Fl. p. 480. EH. B.t.19. Fl. Dan. x. t. 1641.

On banks amongst brushwood, in thickets, and hedges in close lanes, appa-
rently wild; also naturalized in orchards, groves and pastures near houses, in
several places. Fl. February, March. Fr. May. 2{.

£. Med. — The Grove, near Brading, naturalized, ‘[the late] Lady Brenton !!
On Nunwell Warren, Dr. Bell-Salter. Naturalized under trees below the
Rookery, Nunwell. Very plentifully at Gillmans, near Champion, G. Kirkpa-
trick, E'sq./!! At King’s quay, Rev. James Penfold.

W. Med.— In great profusion on the steep bushy sides of Snowdrop laue, im-
mediately W. of Gatcombe park, between that and Ganson’s barn, and due N. of
Gatcombe village, also in several spots adjoining the park. It grows, I am told,
in several places about Chillerton, and on a bank at the entrance to Gatcombe
park, also in a field at Shorwell. Abundant by the roadside going into Chale «.
farm, Blackgang, Dr. Martin. Ina little wood by the Yar below Freshwater
mill, on its E. bank, Rev. James Penfold !!!

The white ovate bulb sends up a simple scape, from 4 or 5 to 12 inches high.
Leaves 2, shorter than the stem, linear, pale glaucous green, with an obtuse,
glandular and whitish tip, concave above, strongly keeled beneath, invested for
about 4rd their length with a white, membranous, abrupt sheath; after flowering
the leaves droop and finally spread upon the ground. Scape somewhat ancipital,
bearing a solitary pendulous flower, its peduncle partially enclosed in a transpa-
rent spathe, bifid at the point, with green inflexed edges, and very little shorter
than itself. Segments of the perianth at first connivent, at length spreading, the
3 outer ovate, pure white; the 3 inner cuneato-cordate, notched in the middle,
tipped with green on their outer edge, furrowed and elegantly streaked with the
same colour on the inner side. Anthers orange-coloured, tapering, on very short
filaments, erect, awned, bursting at the summit on their inner face. Style slen-
der, tapering, a little longer than the stamens; stigma a minute tuft of glandular
hairs. Capsule drooping, about 3 an inch in length, oblong-obovate, very obtusely
trigonous, with a flat circular scar at top, seldom ripening.

The Snowdrop has a faint but perceptible and delicate fragrance, not com-
monly noticed. In the wild state, as also in gardens, the seeds are rarely per-
fected, but the capsule, though fully and abundantly formed, drops off before
arriving at maturity.

It does not appear certain that there is more than one species of the Snowdrop,
though a second, G. plicatus, Bieb., is adopted by many botanists; by others it
is considered a variety of the present. As the point is still unsettled, and the
majority incline to the latter opinion, I have refrained from giving a specific
character.

II. Narcrssus, Zinn. Daffodil.

Perianth coloured, tubular at the base, with a spreading 6-par-
tite limb, and a campanulate or cup-shaped crown or nectary,
Narcissus.} AMARYLLIDACEA. 497

within which are the stamens. Anthers dehiscing longitudinally.
Flowers from a spatha.

Elegant bulbous plants, with white or yellow often highly fragrant flowers,
natives of the South of Europe, West of Asia and North of Africa. Of all the
numerous species not one is indigenous to the American continent.

1. N. Pseudo-narcissus, L. Common Daffodil, vulg. Daffodown-
dilly. Vect. Lent or Lenten Lily.* Spathe single-flowered, cup
campanulate erect the margin obscurely 6-lobed crisped as long
as the ovato-acute segments of the perianth, leaves about as tall
as the scape. Sm. H, Fl. ii. 132. Br. Fl. 430. Bab. Man. 299.
Bert. Fl. [tal. iv. 17. EB. i.t.17. Fl. Dan. xiii. t. 2170.

B. Flowers double or semidouble.

y- concolor, Smaller; segments of the perianth coloured, nearly flat, but little
spreading. N. Pseudo-narcissus, Brot. Fl. Lusit. i. p. 549? N..Pseudo-narcis-
sus B., Bert. Fl. Ital. iv. 18.

——- “ Daffodils,
That come before the swallow dares, and take
The winds of March with beauty.”
Winter's Tale.

“ When Daffodils begin to peer,—
With, heigh! the doxy over the dale,—
Why, then comes in the sweet o’ tle year,
For the red blood reigns in the wiuter’s pale.”
Winter’s Tale.

Tn moist woods, copses, orchards, meadows, pastures, and on grassy banks ;
abundant in many places, and truly indigenous. #/. March,t April. Fr. June.

FE. Med. — Plentiful in Quarr copse, especially at the end near the old abbey
walls, and in the field they enclose. In considerable plenty in one part of the
large copse (Puckett’s copse) between Quarr abbey and Ninham, 1845. In very
great profusion underneath the rookery at Nunwell. In a field close by Ninham
farm, near Ryde. Sparingly in Marina wood by Apley, and in that along the
shore between Ryde and Binstead. Wood near St. Helens, and coveriny acres
in Centurion’s copse. Abundant in Firestone copse, from whence the children
bring large bouquets of the flowers in the spring to Ryde. Field by Guildford
farm, near Haven street; and in one by Cuppid ball. On hedgebauks and bor-
ders of fields along the road at Sandford, and at Appuldurcombe. _ In vast pro-
fusion and very fine all over a wood, chiefly of beech, known as Bottom wood,
occupying a valley between two slopes close to Sandford, on the S. side of the vil-
lage, and in a large pasture adjoining, also in several fields about Winston farm,
1843. In a little copse near Woodhouse farm, Fernhill, abundant, 1843. Ina
large pasture-field a little S.E. of Hardingshoot farm, with Tulipa sylvestris, 1846.
Field at Wootton bridge, nearly opposite Kite bill. In the greatest profusion on
the N. and E. sides of the mount on which the church at Godshill stands, Rev.
Wm. Darwin Fox !!! Field at Winston or Winson, [the late] Edward Vernon,
Esq. i!!!

 

* Corrupted in some places into Lantern Lilies. Daffodil or Affodil seems to
be a mere corruption of Asphodel; Asphodelus, Lat. Aggodnas. See Tumer’s
Herball. p. 24.

+ In the extraordinarily mild season of 1846 the wild Daffodil was in full
flower soon after the middle of February.

38
4198 AMARYLLIDACE. [Nareissus.

W, Med.— Thicket near Sandway, 1846. Wet thicket by Woolverton, near
Shorwell, 1846. Near Freshwater, Rev. James Penfold. Plentiful between the
second and third milestone out of Newport to Godshill, and at Chillerton, G.
Kirkpatrick, Esq. 11! Near Swainston, Rev. Win. Darwin Foa !!!

8. Occasionally a specimen or two growing with the single sort, but rarely. A
solitary clump in Centurion’s copse, amongst thousands of the single kind, un-
questionably wild, and perfectly similar to the double garden Daffodil. A very
double but certainly wild specimen on a bank near Yaverland. More frequent in
meadows and pastures near habitations; in a field near Bembridge farm. Field
at Woodvale, W. Cowes.

y-_ On the steep bushy bank behind Apse farm, overlooking the garden, in
which it also grows plentifully, though appearing rather to have encroached upon
the grass-plats from the station above than to have escaped from the former,
where it has not become double.

Plant from about 6 to 12 inches high, rarely taller. Bub from the size of a
nutmeg to that of a walnut, covered with a brownish cuticle, and emitting many
whitish fibres from the base. eaves usually two or three, seldom more, bluish or
glaucous green, erect, narrow, channelled and twisted, sometimes 3 an inch broad,
obtuse, rounded and slightly thickened at the apex, scarcely keeled, about as long
as the scape, attenuated downwards, and enclosed below in a short, membranaceons,
truncate sheath. Scape 2-edged, twisted, strongly furrowed. Flower solitary,
large (14 inch to 2 inches long), handsome, drooping in the bud, afterwards hori-
zontal or nearly erect, with a weak but agreeable fresh scent. Spathe wrinkled,
scariose and membranaceous, brownish towards the point. Pertanth in six mostly
unequal, vvate or ovato-lanceolate, acute, waved or twisted segments, pale yellow-
ish white, merging into yellow and green at the back on its tubular portion. Cup
(covoua, DC.; nectary, Sm.) of an elegant golden yellow, tubuloso-campanulate,
the margin obscurely cut into six irregularly notched and crisped lobate segments.
Stamens much shorter than the cup, erect; filaments tapering, yellow ; anthers
quite erect, long and narrow, with whitish yellow pollen. Style a little longer
than the stamens, trigonous, each angle terminating in a hollow fringed lobe of
the stigma. Capsule the size of a hazel-nut, obovato-subglobose, very obtusely
trigonous, yellowish brown when ripe, coriaceous. Seeds large, numerous, deep
rich brown, highly polished, ovoido-rotundate or by compression snbangular, with
a crest (raphe) along their inner side; at length wrinkled by the contraction of
the fleshy albumen.

In the wild double variety, 6., the perianth-segments are always of a full yel-
low like the cup, and in this state I cannot distinguish it from the common great
yellow Daffodil of the gardens, though that is supposed to be a different species,
the N. major of the ‘ Botanical Magazine, and a native of Spain. In one or two
of the stations here given it is possible the plants may have originated from gar-
deus, though their smaller size is against such a supposition; in the remaining
localities the sequestered situation is without doubt unexceptionable, and an
inspection of the double variety there, growing amidst the common or single wild
sort, will, I think, suffice to convince any one of the latter being equally the
parent of the wild and garden double Daffodils.

The variety y. differs from the common state of the plant in having the perianth-
segments of almost as deep a yellow as the cup, much less spreading, nearly plane
or scarcely at all twisted, narrower, firmer or less membranaceous in texture,
rounded or somewhat obtuse, without a minute but very distinct apiculus. The
whole plant, though variable in size, is much smaller than the common form,
which is, I have little doubt, the N. bicolor of Brotero, whilst this is the N.
Pseudo-narcissus of the same author, and, as the late Professor Don thought, of
Linneus also, Jt almost seems to connect our common species with the
N. minor of the gardens.

The single wild Daffodil has by some been supposed of exotic origin, and to
have been introduced by the monks in the middle ages, from being so often found
near the ruins of monasteries, but it is certainly indigenous to the South and
middle of England in the most sequestered places, though in early times, when
Narcissus.] AMARYLLIDACER. 499

our gardens could boast but little variety, the more showy productions of our fields
and groves would naturally attract attention from the horticulturist, and, escaping
from his care, be subsequently found established as often in the vicinity of such
spots as in their more natural localities.

+2. N. biflorus, Curt. Pale Two-flowered Narcissus. Primrose
Peerless. Spathe mostly 2-flowered, cup very short depressed
scariose and crenate at the margin, leaves acutely keeled twisted
their edges inflexed. Curt. Bot. Mag. vi. t. 197. Sm. E. Fl. ii.
132. Br. Fl. 430. Bab. Man. E. B. iv. t. 276.

In dry sandy fields, woods, meadows, pastures, orchards, and on hedgebanks,
occasionally, but scarcely indigenous. J. April, May.

E Med. — Tn several fields between Wootton bridge and the church, but very
sparingly scattered, 1842. Sparingly naturalized in a meadow nearly facing the
stables at Steephill, Dr. Martin!!! A specimen or two found in Marina wood,
at Apley, by [the late] A. 7. &. Dodd, Esq., 1846!!! In some plenty in the mea-
dow near Hardingshoot farm in which Tulipa sylvestris grows, 1849.

W. Med.— A single large tuft in a meadow bebind Gurnet bay, 1843. In
fields on the West side of Gurnet bay, in several places, but particularly about
Hornhill copse, where it grows in very considerable plenty on the grassy banks
and borders of the fields, and even in the wood itself; most completely natural-
ized, and more abundant than I bave ever before met with it in this island, 1846.
In a little copse near Place farm, W. Cowes, Miss Kilderbee, 1846. I understand
from Miss Clarke, of Yarmouth, that it grows very abundantly in a small field by
the Yar, at the N.E. angle of Thorley copse, opposite Yarmouth mill, as well as
in the copse itself, 1846. A solitary plant in a sandy arable field by Marvel
copse, 1845. In a field near Wilmingham, scarcely wild, Rev. James Penfold.
Hedgebank near Thorley, far from any garden, but in very moderate quantity,
éd.!!! Field by Debborne farm, in some plenty, Miss G@, Kilderbee !!! (a suspi-
cious station). Gurnet wood, ead.!

A far larger and stouter species than the last, growing in clumps, very common
in cottage-gardens, from whence it often escapes into the adjoining fields, parti-
culatly where the soil is light and sandy, or is conveyed to those more remote with
compost; but, though long persistent when once introduced, as is the case with
many bulbous plants, it has not quite the appearance of being really native with
us, whatever it may be in the West of England or about Dublin, where it is stated
to be common. Bulb large, 15 to 18 lines in diameter, with a pale brown euti-
cle and many stout white fibres. Leaves two or three, sometimes four or five,
about as long as the scape or sometimes a little longer, from about 4 to 9 or 10
lines in width, very thick, firm and fleshy, somewhat glaucous, deeply caniculate,
twisted, with pale, thickened, obtuse tips, grooved at the back, with a thin acute
keel running the whole length of the leaf, the edges of which are partly inflexed.
Scape mostly solitary, sometimes two, frum about 12 or 15 inches to 2 feet high,
acutely ancipital, much compressed, deeply striated, hollow and twisted, 1- or
more commonly 2-, seldom 3-flowered. Spathe pale brown, withering. Flowers
large, often two inches across, very sweet scented ; perianth-segments white very
slightly tinged with yellow, obovato-rotundate, mostly retuse, with a glanduloso-
pilose mucro, the three ewterior segments largest; all spreading, undulated or
inflexed, faintly striated. Cup yellow, saucer-shaped, very short and depressed,
plaited and crenate on the margin, which is sometimes, though, as Bertoloni ob-
serves, not always, whitish and scariose, much contracted at the top of the long,
slender, trigonous, green tube. Stamens unequal, their filaments adnate with the
tube for almost their entire length; anthers linear-lanceolate, pale buff, their sum-
mits twisted and recurved, three of them just visible at the contracted orifice of the
tube. Style grooved, twisted; stigma of three flat, roundish, fringed lobes.

The Primrose Peerless seems to be more frequent in the West of England (as
Gerarde remarks) than in the eastern counties, and Mr. Mackay, in the ‘ Flora
Hibernica,’ gives it, without comment, as a native of the sister isle; yet I appre-
500 LILIACER. [Tulipa.

hend we can boast of but one truly indigenous species of Narcissus in Britain.
The scent of the two-flowered Narcissus is very powerful, reminding one of the
fragrant Magnolia glauca or grandiflora.

Order LXXV. LILIACEA, Juss.

“ Perianth inferior, petaloid, 6-parted. Stamens 6, inserted into
the receptacle or on the perianth; anthers bursting inwards.
Ovary superior, 3-celled. Ovules many in each cell. Style 1;
stigmas 38 orl. Fruit dry, capsular, bursting with 3 valves bear-
ing the dissepiment on their middle.” Bab. Man.

Tribe I. Tuzrecz.

“ Leaves of the perianth distinct. Cells of the capsule many-
seeded. Seeds flat, placed closely one above another ; testa pale or
fuscous, not crustaceous.”—-Bab. Man.

I. Tutrpa, Linn. Tulip.

“ Perianth campanulate, of 6 pieces, without a nectariferous
depression, deciduous. Anthers erect. Stigma sessile, 3-lobed.
Capsule trigonous. Seeds flat.— Flowers usually solitary, rarely
two on each stem.’—Br. Fl.

$21. T. sylvestris, L. Yellow Wild Tulip. “Stem 1-flowered
somewhat drooping, leaves of the perianth ovato - acuminate
bearded at the extremity, stamens hairy at the base, stigma
obtuse.’"— Br. Fl. p. 418. E. B. t. 68.

In clay or limestone meadows and pastures, old quarries, chalk-pits and
orchards; very rare, and possibly not indigenous with us. #/. March—May. 2{.

E. Med.— In a moist, clayey pasture-field about the eighth, of a mile S. by E.
of Hardingshoot farm, betwixt that and the former site of Little Hardingshoot,
but not abundant, and flowering very sparingly, Feb. 25th, 1846. Myr. W. Whale,
of Andover, showed me a specimen of the wild Tulip which he had received from

a lady who gathered it in the Isle of Wight, but no station was appended to the
label.

Tribe II. Asenoperez.

Root bulbous. Fruit dry, capsular. Flowers usually on a leaf-
less stem or scape, and with membranaceous bracteas or spathas,
but no true leaves, at the base of the pedicels, which are not jointed
with the flower. Ovules numerous m each cell of the ovary. Seeds
with a black, crustaceous, shining coat.

 

The elegant Narcissus of the poets (N. poeticus) is partially naturalized on
grassy slopes in the grounds of Norris castle, but has been too evidently intro-
duced there to find a place in this Flora.
Ornithoygalum.] LILIACE.£. 501

II. OrnitrHocauum, Linn. Star of Bethlehem.

“ Perianth spreading, of 6 sepals, persistent. Stamens hypogy-
nous, scarcely adhering to the perianth, alternately larger or
dilated at the base. Capsules with 3 angles and 3 furrows.—
Flowers white, racemose or corymbose, on a leafless scape. Brac-
teas membranaceous.’—Br. Fl.

1. O. umbellatum, L. Common Star of Bethlehem. ‘“ Racemes
corymbose, peduncles longer than the bracteas, filaments subu-
late simple.’—Br. Fl. p. 441. H. B. t. 130.

B. “ Leaves very slender, linear-filiform.” — Br. Fl. Bertol. Fl. Ital. iv. p. 95.

In meadows, thickets and pastures; rare in an apparently native condition ;
rather more frequent as naturalized about houses in fields, orchards, and on lawns.
Fil. April—June.

E. Afed,— Naturalized on the lawn behind Osborne house, 1846. In a hay-
field at Newchurch, in some abundance, 1846, but the meadow was some thirty
years ago the site of cottage-gardens, Meadows about Steepbill, in several places,
appearing to me truly wild, Albert Hambrough, Esq., aud Dr. Martin!!!

W. Med. —A few plants found in Calbourne New Barn Hummet, 1845, appa-
rently quite wild. In a pasture by Afton house, G. Kirkpatrick, Esq. In North-
wood park, apparently wild, Miss G. Kilderbee !!' I believe it does not flower in
this last station, where it is too near the shrubbery to be above suspicion.

B.* Whole plant quite smooth and glabrous. Bulbs ovate, lying rather deep
in the ground and increasing fast laterally, hence thickly clustered and cohering,
covered with a pale brown epidermis, white internally and full of a clammy juice.
Leaves all radical, not numerous (about 3 to 5 or 6), soon turning yellow and
withered at the tips, very weak and flaccid, deeply channelled and almost invo-
lute, bluntish, grass-green, with a silvery white pellucid line along their upper
side, strongly striato-costate beneath, and appearing powdered all over with mi-
nute lucid points or granules, variable in length and breadth, in the variety now
described about equalling the flower-stem or rather shorter, very narrowly linear,
and tapering to a thread-like tenuity at their junction with the bulb. Stem soli-
tary, erect, terete, wavy, filled with loose cellular tissue, from a few inches to a
foot in length, pale green above, white and gradually tapered below. Corymb
terminal, lax, simple or only slightly compounded, of several divaricate, unequal,
naked, single-flowered peduncles, the lower of which are curved upward or ascend-
ing, and rise to the level of the higher and much shorter ones. Bracts solitary at
the base of the peduncles and somewhat clasping, linear-lanceolate, taper-pointed,
meinbranous, soon becoming withered and scariose, much shorter than (at Jeast
the lower) the peduncles. lowers large, above an inch in diameter, expanding
for a short time only in the early part of the day and in fine weather, few, from
3 to 5 in the large bundle of specimens before me, sometimes much more nume-
rous (5—20, M. et K.) Segments of the perianth elliptic-lanceolate, milk-white
within and faintly striated, with a broad central stripe of pale green on the back ;
3 inner segments somewhat smaller and narrower, bluntish; the 3 outer more ob-
long, subapiculate, with thickened glandulose tips. Stamens erect; filaments
white, flat, simple, lanceolate, attenuated into subulate points, those opposite the
inner segments of the perianth rather longer and considerably broader than the
rest ; anthers cream-coloured, erect, elliptical, bursting laterally, attached by the
middle of their backs; pollen lemon-yellow. Germen large, obconic, yellowish
green, shining and depressed at top, in 6 prominent, yellowish, blunt lobes. Style
shorter than the stamens, 3-angled, 3-furrowed; stigma 3 glandulose decurrent
lobes on the summit of the angles.

 

* [As the form 8. only is described, we presume that all the stations given in
the text refer to this variety —Edrs. |
502 LILIACES. [ Allium.

III. Auutrum, Linn. Garlick.

 Perianth inferior, petaloid, of 6 ovate spreading pieces. Cap-
sule triquetrous. — Flowers wmbellate, arising from a 2-leaved
spatha.’—Br. Fl.

1. A. vineale, L. Crow Garlick. “Umbel globose bearing
numerous bulbs, stem leafy below, leaves fistulose cylindrical
slightly channelled above, spatha of one leaf short with long slen-
der points, stamens exserted, 3 alternate ones deeply 3-cleft,
middle points half as long as the lateral ones and as long as the
entire part of the filaments.’—Br. Fl. p. 440. H. B.t. 1974.

In meadows, pastures, waste grassy places, borders of fields, and on sandy
banks and cliffs: not common, and seldom if ever flowering in thisisland. Fé.
June, July. 2.

£. Med. —On Steephill and other parts of the Undercliff, occasionally. _Fre-
quent on the E. bank of the Medina, below Newport, near Fairlee house, George
Kirkpatrick, Esq. !!! Culver cliffs, Rev. G. EB. Smith.

22. A. oleraceum, L. Streaked Field Garlick. ‘“ Umbels lax
bearing bulbs, stem leafy below, leaves linear grooved above semi-
terete or flat and ribbed beneath, stamens simple as long as or
shorter than the perianth.” — Br. Fl. p. 489. #. B.t. 488. Fl.
Dan. ix. t. 1456. ‘

E. Med.—On the débris of the green sandstone in Sandown bay, sparingly,
where the Rev. G. EB. Smith believed he had remarked it some years ago. Ex-
ceedingly abundant along the summit of the cliff above the same station, for per-
haps a hundred yards or more, but never, I believe, flowering, though producing
heads of bulhs at the extremity of the scape, as do the plants beneath (very duubt-
ful if anything else than A. vineale).

3. A. ursinum, L. Broad-leaved Garlick. Ramsons. Vect.
Gipsy Onion. ‘ Umbel nearly plane, leaves ovato-lanceolate on
footstalks, scape triangular.’—Br. Fl. p. 440. E. B. t. 122.

In damp groves, copses, thickets, moist hollows, meadows, pastures, and on
shady hedgebanks ; far too abundantly in many places. Fl. April—June. 2.

FE. Med.—In enormous quantity over nearly the whole of Greatwood copse,
near Shanklin, and extremely abundant in all other woods betwixt Shanklin and
Bonchurch, 1849. Plentiful in Centurion’s copse, near Brading. Grounds at
Norris castle, and in Barton copse, abundantly. Hatchet close and Cowpit-cliff
copse. Abundantly in the great enclosed wood at Appuldurcombe park.

W., Med. — Copses between Tdlecombe and Shorwell, abundant. About Shor-
well, as at North Court, in the dell or hollow in which the Mausoleum stands, in
patches of copse about Cheverton farm, &c., &c., abundantly, 1846. Most pro-
fusely in Lorden, Barkhams and Bakerwood copses, between Carisbrooke and Shor-
well, perfectly concealiug the ground, to the utter exclusion of every other plant,
except the no less gregarious and usurping Mercurialis perennis. Very rank and
abundant about Gatcomb under the trees in the wilderness or rookery, 1846.
Common in Swainston woods, about Calbourne, and in fact in every patch of
copse on the southern slope and foot of the central chalk range, in Westridge,
Sluccomb, Demcomb copses, &c., much too plentiful. Abundant in woods at
Rowledge, 1844.

Bulb linear-oblong, white, emitting a bundle of stout cylindrical fibres; formed
of the enlarged base of the inner leaf, and enveloped by the sheathing expansion
of the outer one at the extremity of its fuotstalk, guarded besides by the bristle-
Scilla.) LILIACEA. 503

shaped remains or the partly entire and sheathing petiole of the previous year.
Leaves 2, or more rarely 3, often accompanied by an additional bulb-bearing one
at their side, lanceolate or elliptic-lanceolate, often above a foot in length by
nearly 4 inches in breadth, bright green with a slightly glaucuus tint, particu-
larly on their paler under surface; many-ribbed, glabrous, acute, slightly attenu-
ated towards the very long, roundish, semicylindrical or somewhat angular petioles,
the exterior of which forms a common sheath to the inner leafstalk and flower-
scape; this last, arising laterally from the base of the bulb, is smooth, solid,
mostly about as tall as the leaves, from 10 to 20 inches high, in all my specimens
acutely triangular nearly throughout, the two almost winged, the dorsal one
flattened or becoming grooved towards the base of the scape, which still pre-
serves its angularity ; the semicylindrical shape ascribed to it by Smith being, as
it would appear from the accounts of other authors, of unusual occurrence. Um-
bel not bulb-hearing, about 2} inches in diameter, bursting from a white mem-
branous spathe of 2 ovato-lanceolate, acute, many-ribbed, deciduous leaves. Flowers
numerous, milk-white, {ths of au inch in diameter, on rounded scabrous pedicels
of about the same length. Segments of the perianth lanceolate, acute, longer than
the erect equal stamens ; filaments white, all equal in breadth, and undivided or
without teeth; anthers cream-coloured. Capsule green and succulent, tipped
with the style, inversely heart-shaped, much depressed, deeply and very obtusely
3-lobed, the lobes subglobose. Seeds 2 (or more frequently by abortion), 1 in each
cell, large, black and smooth, gibbous on the outer, plane on the inner side or
that next to the almost obsolete septum of the valve, with a shallow notch at the
acute interior angle of attachment.

Notwithstanding the nauseous odour of the Ramsons, which is so strong as to
scent the air where the plant grows, as it too often does in our woods, to the
exclusion of every other herb, and to the great annoyance of the passer-by who
treads upon it, bees are attracted by the honied fluid at the base of the petals, and
which is most likely free from the repulsive flavour of the herb itself.

Neatly allied to the present species is the A. tricoccum of N. America, but in
that plant the leaves die off before the fowers are developed, which is not until
June or July. The bulb, too, appears to be ovoid and acuminate, not, as in our
species, elliptic-oblong, equally thick at each end. Both exhale the same detest-
able smell when drying for the herbarium.

IV. Scrrza, Linn. Squill.

“ Perianth of 6 sepals, spreading and deciduous. Filaments
filiform, glabrous, inserted on the base of the perianth.—F lowers
blue or purple, racemose or corymbose, on a leafless scape without a
spatha.”—Br. Fl.

1. S. autumnalis, L. Autwmnal Squill. Leaves several linear,
raceme oblong subcorymbose few-flowered, pedicels erect in fruit
without bracteas, bulb coated. Sm. H. Fl. i. p. 146. Br. Fi. p.
441. Lind. Syn. p. 269. EB. B. it. 78. Curt. Fl. Lond. fase.
6, t. 25 (optima). 5S. fallax, Steinhk. Bab. Fl. Sarn. p. 94.

On short dry sandy or gravelly pasture-ground, and in grassy spots amongst
rocks; rare. Fl. July—September. Fr. September. 2.

E. Med.—On the sandy turf of the spit below St. Helens, in great plenty.
Priory, Isle of Wight, Mr. J. Woods, jun., Bot. Guide.

Bulb with a brownish loose cuticle, very large for so small a plant, from the
size of a filbert to that of a nutmeg. Scapes 2—4 inches high, solitary or two or
three from the same bulb, flowering in succession, solid, erect, angular and fur-
rowed. Leaves few, extremely narrow and linear, channelled above, bluntish,
deep green, seldom produced with the flowers, or at least not fully developed till
the latter are past, and often not even then, usually shorter than the scapes and
504 LILIACES. (dgraphis.

recurved. Flowers few, in a short, oblong, subcorymbose cluster, scentless, pale
blue, lilac or whitish, on pedicels about their own length, and which become much
elongated and erect as the seed ripens; destitute of bracteas at their base.  Seg-
ments of the perianth ovate, bluotish, thickened and greenish at the back below
the apex. Filaments decidedly enlarged downwards and much flattened, not
thread-shaped, all equal; anthers dark red, in 2 distinct oblong lobes. Stigma
3-cornered. Germen 6-lobed, with 6 furrows, the intermediate ridges blue. Cap-
sules on the lengthened pedicels, erect, obtusely trigonate, 3-celled, each cell
exactly filled with the one or mostly two seeds it encloses, their valves strongly
veined, widely dehiscing and glabrous. Seeds large, jet-black, transversely
wrinkled, rounded at the back, the two inner faces concave, attached to the lower
part of a deep dissepiment in the centre of each valve, which, gradually narrow-
ing upwards, makes the capsule imperfectly 6-celled.

The different season of flowering, and absence of bracteas to the pedicels, will
readily distinguish this species from S. verna. Unlike that, the present is a
southern plant, neither restricted to the sea-coast nor to the western side of the
kingdom ; Caernarvonshire seems tu be its limit to the North, on the authority of
Ray alone, and it has not yet been detected in Ireland.

‘

Tribe III. HemerocaLriDezZ.

“ Leaves of the perianth combined below. Cells of the capsule
few-seeded.’—Bab. Man.

VY. Acrapuis, Link. Hyacinth.

“ Perianth 6-partite; sepals connivent below, and forming a
campanulate tube, somewhat connected at the base, recurved at
the extremity. Stamens 6, inserted below the middle of the pe-
rianth, on which the filaments are decurrent; alternate ones
longer and somewhat exserted. Capsule obtusely 3-angled,
8-celled, 3-valved at the apex, few-seeded.—Flowers racemose,
with membranaceous bracteas at the base of the pedicels.” — Br. Fl.

1. A. nutans, Link. Wild English Hyacinth or Blue-bell. Vect.
Blue-bottles. “ Flowers in a raceme drooping, sepals revolute at
the points, bracteas in pairs, leaves linear.”—Br. Fl. p. 4387.
Scilla, Sm.: H. B.t. 877. Hyacinthus non-scriptus, L.

 

Scilla verna, Huds. (Vernal Squill).— The following stations have been given
for this plant:—Near Newport, Pulteney, Bot. Guide. Brading, Dr. Bostock in
Withering, 7thed. The authenticity of the latter quotation was kindly confirmed
by Dr. Bostock, in answer to an inquiry made on the subject by my friend Dr.
Bell-Salter in 1839.

Though the existence of S. verna as an Isle-of-Wight plant rests on such
respectable authority, I feel inclined to refuse it admission into these pages, hav-
ing never succeeded in finding it in either station, nor have any of my botanical
friends been more fortunate than myself. Though common enough on most of
our western and north-western shores from Cornwall to the Shetland Islands, it is
rarely found on our eastern coasts, except towards the North, where, as at Dun-
stanborough Castle, in Northumberland, it has been discovered in abundance
(Loudon’s Mag. of Nat. Hist. vi. p. 19). Hence it may naturally be expected to
occur in this island, which is nearly on the meridian of that portion of the
kingdom.
Tamus.] DIOSCOREACES. 505

B. Flowers white.

In groves, thickets, copses, and on hedgebanks, as also in open grassy places,
coop pastures and meadows; in the greatest abundance. Fi. April, May. Fr.

uly. 2.

8. In Quarr copse, St. John’s wood, and elsewhere about Ryde, occasionally a
plant or two here and there. Great-wood copse, and nut unfrequent in other
places near Shanklin.

Plant quite glabrous. Bulb lying deep in the ground, roundish ovoid or glo-
bose, white, with a pale yellowish external coat; filled with a copious clammy
bland mucilage. eaves several, shorter than the scape, from about 4 or 5 to 9 or
10 lines in breadth, at first erect, but during and after flowering spreading flat on
the ground, or lax and drooping at their extremities, linear, bright green on both
sides, smooth, shining and succulent, caniculate, bluntly keeled, obtuse and
rounded or more or less puinted, but scarcely acute, thickened a little at the tips,
tapering below into long, blanched, semicylindrical, hollow, subterraneous bases.
Scape erect, rounded, solid, brittle, full of a clammy juice, angular from the
lowermost flower upwards. Flowers cernuous, in a terminal secund raceme from
3 or 4 to 6 or 8 inches long and nodding at the top; the lower ones remote, the
higher crowded, varying in shade from a deep to a pale purplish blue, sometimes
white or flesh-coloured. Pertanth about 3ths of an inch long, including the revo-
lute tips of the segments, campanulato-cylindrical or tubuloso-campanulate, a lit-
tle ventricose at the base, to which it is divided into 6 linear, oblong, bluntish
segments, with a darker-coloured dorsal nerve, channelled, spreading and revo-
lute at their tips, but more unequal in form, size and disposition than in any true
Scilla or Hyacinthus, between which this species makes a transition in structure
and habit. Pedicels rounded or subangulate, coloured, each with a basal pair of
very unequal bracts, the larger of which, subtending the footstalk, is lanceolate
and usually longer than the pedicel; the smaller linear, placed laterally and much
shorter than the other; both coloured. Stamens unequal, the 3 alternate ones
longest, about equal to the tubular part of the perianth; filaments,—the longer
ones adnate with the segments for the greater part of their length, the shorter ones
free nearly throughout; anthers yellowish or whitish, of two linear, parallel, erect
lobes, bursting anteriorly. Germen ovoid, 6-lobed, without pores at the base,
tapering into the coloured hexagonal style; stigma a 3-lobed tuft of crystalline
points like bristles. Capsule erect, on the much elongated pedicels.

Order LXXVI. DIOSCOREACEA, R. Br.

“Dicecious. Limb of the perianth with 6 divisions. Sterile
flowers :—Stamens 6 from the base of the perianth.— Fertile
flowers :—Ovary 8-celled; cells 1—2 seeded. Style deeply trifid.
Stigmas undivided. Fruit dry and flat, with 2 of its cells fre-
quently abortive, or (in Tamus) baccate. Embryo small near the
hilum, lying in a large cavity of cartilaginous albumen. — Mostly
twining and tropical shrubs. Leaves with reticulated veins.
Flowers small, bracteated.”—Br. FT.

I. Tamus, Linn. Bryony.

Diecious. Stam. fls.:—Perianth bell-shaped, 6-parted. Sta-
mens 6. Style rudimentary.—Pist. fls.:—Perianth bell-shaped,
contracted above the inferior and adnate ovary. Stamens 6, abor-
tive. Berry (imperfectly) 3-celled. Seeds one or more in each

cell, globose, without a border.
3 T
506 DIOSCOREACES. (Tamus.

Perennial plants,* with twining herbaceous stems without tendrils, natives of
Europe, North Africa and the Levant.

1. T. communis, L. Black Bryony. Our Lady’s Seal. Vect.
Wild Vine. Murrain Berries. Leaves undivided cordate acute.
Linn. Sp. Pl. 1458. Sm. HE. Fl.iv. 241. Br. Fl. 431. Bab. Man.
300. EH. B. iu. t. 91.

In woods, thickets, groves, hedges, fences and bushy pastures; extremely com-
mon throughout the island. Fl. May—July. Fr. September, October. 2}.

A very smooth glabrous vine, of universal occurrence with us, often seen twining,
even around the stalks of corn and herbaceous plants, in open fields and pastures.
Root very large and thick, consisting of an aggregate of irregular fusiform or digi-
tate tubers, beset with wiry fibres ; externally light brown or ash-gray and wrinkled,
white, soft, fleshy and sterile within, and abounding with an acrid clammy juice.
Stems annual, about the thickness of a quill, simple, purplish below, solid, slightly
angular and twisted, climbing over hedges and bushes often to a great length, and
twining, but without tendiils. Leaves alternate, very various in size and form, but
all modifications of heart-shaped, the lower and middle sometimes as much as
5 or 6 inches lung and 7 or 8 inches wide at base, those nearer the summit much
smaller, more truly heart-shaped ; mostly mucronato-acuminate, with long,
abrupt, pale, very acute points; sometimes so suddenly tapering from above
the base as almost to appear 3-lobed, at other times cordato-rotundate, with
very short points, bright lucid green, often turning to a dark purple or violet, for
the most part shining as if highly varnished, especially underneath, more rarely
with little or no lustre; quite eutire, but wavy along their margin, which gives
them a somewhat crenate aspect, strongly 7- or 9-nerved, with numerous trans-
verse anastomosing veins, firm and a little flesby in texture, but becoming thin and
membranaceous in drying; petioles very long, stiff and spreading, a little angu-
lar, inserted nearly at a right angle with the midrib of the leaf, swollen and fleshy
at their base, where are situated a pair of small, fleshy, mostly reflexed stipules,
that look like abortive tendrils, | Flowers small, yellowish green, shortly pedicel-
late ; bract subulate, solitary, or in pairs at the base or above the middle of each
pedicel. Staminate flowers in clusters of 2 or 3 together, on long, lax, simple or
slightly branched, naked racemes, the inferior of which usually much exceed in
lengih the leaf, from the axil of which they spring. Segments of the perianth
oblong, obtuse, a little recurved, with deflexed edges, the alternate ones tapering
above the middle and somewhat pointed. Stamens erect, opposite the segments
of the perianth, on a glandular nectariferous base, always surrounding very dis-
tinct rudimentary organs of the fertile plant; filaments thick, green and angular,
their tips spreading; anthers roundish, 2-lobed, extrorse; pollen bright yellow.
Pistillate flowers like the staminate, but smaller and paler, in far shorter racemes,
never equalling the petioles in length. Style thick, deeply 3-cleft, each division
terminating in a recurved bifid lobe. At the base of each segment of the perianth
is a distinct rudimentary filament without the anther; hence this plant is less
perfectly dicecious than many others, as in neither sex is the suppression of the
organ of the other absolute and complete. Berries in short dense clusters, ovoid
or subglobose, as large as sparrow’s eggs, bright scailet, shining and slightly pel-
lucid when ripe, very succulent, 3-celled. Seeds 1, 2, or 3 in each cell, nearly
globular, smooth and reddish.

 

* The genus Tamus, of which two species are known, is intimately allied in
aspect and character to the curious Hottentot’s Bread (Testudinaria Elephantipes),
often met with in our conservatories; nor is the relationship less close in each of
these particulars between our plant and Rajania and Dioscorea, the latter of which
furnishes the valuable farinaceous Yam of tropical countries. Tamus also agrees
with Smilax in habit and having baccate fruit, but differs in its inferior ovary and
erect seeds.
Asparagus.) SMILACE. 507

This is assuredly one of the most elegant of British plants, with quite exotic
and even tropical aspect, perfectly unlike any other native climber, and, though,
in common with many a home production, neglected and despised on that account,
is well worthy of general cultivation for the beauty of its ample, bright green and
highly varnished, heart-shaped leaves, gracefully slender racemes of pretty but
unassuming starry flowers, and festooned clusters of pellucid scarlet berries in
autumn. When stretching to the summit of some tall bush or hedge, its leaves,
from their imbricated arrangement and vertical position on the footstalks, seem as
if gliding from above, and suggest the idea of a precipitously descending stream
of foliage of the liveliest verdure.

The young shoots of Black Bryony are said to be a good substitute for Aspa-
ragus, which they look very like on their first appearance above ground in the
spring, the two plants being in fact pretty closely allied in botanical character.
The root might possibly be rendered esculent, like the Yam (Dioscorea sativa), by
cultivation, and dissipation of the acrimony by roasting, &c. |The berries have
scarcely any taste, and leave a very slight impression only of acrimony in the
mouth and fauces, yet if much handled, or the fresh juice be applied to the face,
the back of the hand or other sensible part of the skin, it almost immediately
causes a very troublesome tingling and itching, which lasts some time, and is fol-
lowed by a slight redness or minute pustular eruption on the cuticle: this singu-
lar action explains the efficacy of the berries, when steeped in gin, as a popular
yemedy for chilblains in this island, where the power they possess, in common
with the root, of removing superficial discolorations of the surface from bruises,
sunburns, &c., is equally well known and applied in practice.

My friend Lady Erskine informs me that the Black Bryony is called in Wales
‘Serpent’s Meat,’ and that an idea is there prevalent that those reptiles are always
lurking near the spots where the plant grows. ‘ Afal Adda’ is one of its Welsh
names.

Order LXXVII. SMILACEA.

“ Perianth inferior, petaloid, 6-parted. Stamens 6 (or 4—8),
inserted into the receptacle or on the perianth; anthers bursting
inwards. Ovary superior, 8-celled; ovules 1 or many in each cell.
Styles 1—8. Fruit succulent, not bursting.” —Asparager.—Bab.
Man.

I. Asparacus, Linn. Asparagus.

“ Flowers perfect or occasionally imperfect, jointed with the
pedicel. Perianth campanulate, tubular at the base, 6-partite,
deciduous. Stamens 6, distinct. Anthers peltate. Ovary 8-celled,
with 2 ovules in each cell. Stigmas 8, reflexed. Berry globose,
3-celled.”—Br. Fl.

1. A. officinalis, L. Common Asparagus. Vulg. Speerage Spar-
row-grass. Unarmed, stem herbaceous mostly erect rounded
much branched, leaves fasciculate setaceous flexible, peduncles
jointed in the middle. Sm. E. Fl. ii. p. 153. Br. Fl. p. 434.
Lind. Syn. p. 267. E. B. v. t. 339. Curt. Br. Entom. xvi. t. et
fol. 740.

In sandy or stony places by the sea-shore; veryrare. Fl. June—August. 2.

E. Med.—A single plant on the shore at the mouth of the Wootton river, 1842,
A very few plants on the shingly beach betwixt Ryde and Binstead, probably
508 SMILACEA. [Ruseus.

introduced there by accident. A few plants on the shore West of the houses at
Ryde, Wm. Wilson Saunders, Esq.

W. Med.— Norton spit, Mr. W. D. Snooke; but sparingly!!! Freshwater,
Pulteney, Bot. Guide.

Herb quite smooth. Root long, white, running deeply down in the loose sand
or shingle. Stems several, 1~2 feet high,* usually erect, green, striated, bluntly
angular, much branched, the branches alternate, slender and upright, with an
acute, brownish and ribbed stipule at: the origin of each ramification. Leaves
in small bundles of about 5 to 12, erect, setaceous, fleshy and pointed, weak and
flexible, with a small foliaceous stipule at the base of each fascicle (sometimes
accompanied by 2 minute interior ones, Sm.) Flowers drooping, yellowish green
with a tinge of reddish brown, not $ an inch long, in pairs from the opposite sides
of the secondary branches at their junction with the main ones, and are therefore
not truly axillary. Pedicels spreading, curved downwards, with an annular joint
in the middle, from thence thickened upwards into the perianth, of which it looks
like a production, the Jeafy appendage at the base of the branches serving as a
common bractea to both flower-sialks. Perianth bell-shaped, somewhat contracted
about the middle, its segments oblong-obtuse, a little spreading or reflexed at the
tips. Stamens inserted at the base of each segment, short, connivent from the
bending of the filaments at an acute angle in their upper half, their lower being
adnate with the perianth; anthers large, 2-celled, somewhat awned, bursting on
their inner surface; podlen orange-coloured. Germen somewhat turbinate, seated
on a nectariferous base. _‘‘ Style 3-sided, almost as long as the perianth, with 3
long recurved stigmas,” (M.et K.): these organs in my specimens were mani-
festly imperfect, the style being obsolete, and the stigma reduced to three scarcely
visible points.

The scaly shoots afford under cultivation a well-known delicacy of our tables.

ITI. Ruscus, Linn. Butcher’s-broom.

“Dicecious. Perianth spreading, of 6 sepals. Filaments com-
bined in a tube.— Barren flowers: — Anthers 3—6, reniform,
placed on the summit of the stamen-tube.—Fertile flowers :—An-
thers 0. Style 1, surrounded by the tube of the sterile stamens.
Stigma capitate. Ovary 8-celled ; ovules 2 collateral in each cell.
Berry usually 1-seeded.’"—Br. Fi.

Rigid, suffruticose, evergreen plants, with compressed shoots or branchlets
(phyllodia) in place of true leaves, which they much resemble, bearing flowers on

their upper or under side or along their margin. The few species known are
found in Europe, North Africa or Western Asia; none in America.

1. R. aculeatus, L. Common Butcher’s-broom. Knee Holm or
Knee Holly. Shepherd’s Myrtle. Stems erect branched very
rigid, phyllodia elliptical-ovate mucronate aculeate with pungent
acerose points floriferous on their upper side towards the base,
flowers subsolitary bracteate subtended by a minute winged deci-
duous spine, berry globose. Sm. H. Fl. iv. 285. Br. Fl. p. 484,
Bab. Man. 302. EH. B, viii. t. 560.

 

* The authors of the ‘ Deutschland’s Flora’ found a wild specimen of A. offi
cinalis on the sea-coast, 12 or 14 feet high and 14 inch in diameter. They fur-
ther remark that the German spevies is (partially) dicecious and polygamous
(diclinisch~ polygamisch). In the few specimens I have examined here the style
appears imperfectly developed, nor have I ever seen berries produced with us in
the wild state.
Ruscus.) SMILACES. 509

In woods, copses and bushy heathy places, on hedgebanks, by roadsides and
borders of fields, chiefly in the North and North-east of the island; very frequent.
Fl, spring and autumn. ‘

E. Med.—Very common about Ryde, in Quarr copse, Apley wood, Shore copse,
wood between Ninham farm and the Newport road, and on bushy banks by the
Wootton river above Kite hill. Woods along the river below Wootton bridge,
1843, especially in that upon the eastern bank, near Ash-lodge farm, in which it
abounds, but of stunted growth. Not unfrequent all about that neighbourhood,
as in the road from Fishbourne leading to the Newport road, in two places, 1849.
On Ashey common, sparingly, 1849. Alverston lynch. About Newchurch, pro-
fusely in Hill copse and on Skinner's hill. On Hill heath, at the North end, are
some very large large patches.

W. Med.—Very abundant in Gurnard wood, near W. Cowes.

An extremely tough, rigid, bushy plant, having somewhat the aspect of a myr-
tle, often growing in dense clumps or large patches in open grassy. places by road-
sides. Root perennial, of many hard almost woody knots or tubers, emitting
copious long, thick, pale, simple or branched fibres. Stems several, biennial,
1—38 feet in height, bluntly angular above, simple and rounded below, finely stri-
ated, solid, dark green, with many simple or slightly compound, opposite, alter-
nate or scattered brauches. Phyllodia elliptical-ovate, dark green, variable in
breadth, about an inch loug, quite entire, with several obscure converging ribs,
terminating in a very pungent whitish or brownish spine, the upper surface of
each phyllodium averted from the stem, or in a somewhat prone position from the
twisting of the very short footstalk. Flowers minute, solitary or sometimes two in
the concave and reversed upper side of each phyllodium, and from which they
seem to spring. * Perianth in 6 greenish divisions, of which the three outer are
ovate, with inflexed points; the three inner linear-lanceolate, tinged with violet,
their margins revolute; occupying the place of petals, to which name they appear
as much entitled as in any flower with a double perianth. -Anthers 3, 2-lobed,
quite sessile on the summit of the hollow bluntly angular nectary, closely united
together or coalescing, so that their form and number are with difficulty seen in
the full-blown flower, but easily shown to be three in the dissected bud. There is
a rudimentary germen in all the male flowers I have hithertu examined. _ Pistil-
late flowers similar to the staminate, but without anthers. Ovary enclosed within
the violet-coloured fleshy nectary. Stigma peltate, somewhat 3-lohed, just pro-
truding beyond the tubular nectary and covered with a viscid juice. Berries glo-
bose or subdepressed, bright coral-red, about the size of a small cherry, filled
with a yellowish, mealy, not ill-tasting pulp. Seed mostly by abortion solitary or
geminate, large, whitish, spherical, or, when two are present, flattened on their
inner side, somewhat translucent, with a tough horny albumen.

The flowers of the Butcher’s-broom are often produced as early as January if
the weather be tolerably mild, and the berries remain hanging through the win-
ter. Butchers are said to make use of it in some parts of England for driving
away, and perchance impaling with its sharp spines, the flies that settle on their

 

* They are however in fact axillary, on peduncles several times their own
length, running beneath the epidermis of the phyllodium to their origin in the
main stem. Analogy with other species of the genus would lead us to consider
this subeuticular peduncle as the common stalk of a raceme, of which only one
flower is developed at a time at its free extremity, the rest expanding as they are
successively protruded, as is plain from their production for a long time together
from the same point, as well as from the remains of the pedicels and bracts, not
to mention the nascent buds, amongst which the later flowers are seated. Each
flower has an irregular membranous bract beneath it; and springing from the
phyllodium itself, just at the point of emergence of the flower-stalk, is a small,
scariously winged, deciduous spine or bristle, answering to the leafy appendage
found in some nearly allied species, but so readily falling away as to be not always
perceptible.
510 JUNCACER. [Narthecium.

meat and chopping-blocks. |The more gentle of the craft with us are content to
deck their mighty Christmas sirloins with the berry-bearing twigs, and it contri-
butes at that festive season, with other evergreens, to the decoration of our churches
and dwellings. Though common in England, particularly in the South, it is rare
in Scotland, and has not been hitherto discovered in Ireland. .

Though a native of very temperate parts of Europe only, Pallas (FI. Brassica)
asserts that it bears the winters of St. Petersburgh, which it is enabled probably
to do solely when defended by the copious covering of snow which regularly covers
the earth in that high latitude from the severe frosts of the climate, since the same
plant requires some degree of shelter in the open ground even at Berlin.

Order LXXVIII. JUNCACEA, Juss.

“ Perianth 6-partite, subglumaceous (usually scarious, some-
times herbaceous and coloured internally, but at length dry and
hard), persistent. Stamens 6, inserted into the base of the seg-
ments, or sometimes 3, and then opposite the outer segments.
Ovary free, imperfectly 3-celled and many-ovuled, or 1-celled and
8-ovuled. Style 1. Stigmas usually 3, sometimes 1. F'ruit cap-
sular, with 3 valves, bearing the dissepiment in the middle, rarely
closed and by abortion 1-seeded. Embryo minute, cylindrical, at
the base of a hard fleshy or cartilaginous albwmen.—Herbs.
Leaves grassy or subulate, with parallel nerves or veins, sometimes
wanting. ’—Br. Fl.

I. Narruecium, Huds. Bog Asphodel.

“ Perianth petaloid, of 6 linear-lanceolate, spreading, at length
connivent, sepals. Stamens woolly. Germen pyramidal. Stigma
entire. Capsule 3-celled, at the base 3-valved. Seeds numerous,
with an appendage at each extremity.”—Br. Fl.

1. N. ossifragum, Huds. Lancashire Bog Asphodel. Leaves
linear uniform equitant, pedicels bracteated above the middle,
stamens woolly much shorter than the perianth. Sm. H. Fl. i. p.
151. Br. Fl. p. 455. Lind. Syn. p. 277. EH. B. vii. t. 535.
Hook and Graves, Fl. Lond. iv.

Tn spongy or peaty bogs, wet moory heaths and commons; not very frequent.
Fl. July, August. 2.

E. Med. — Moors by Munsley, near Godshill. Munsley peat-bed, 1849. On
the boggy slope of Bleak down, towards Roude, 1843. Most profusely in Alver-
ston lynch, 1841. Bogs on the Wilderness. On the marshy skirts of Lake com-
mon, in several places plentifully. Bog at Blackpan, Dr. Bell-Salter, 1844.

W. Med. — Wood near Tinker’s lane, Miss G. Kilderbee. Freshwater beach,
Isle of Wight, Rev. Messrs. Garnier and Poulter in Hamps. Repos.

Rhizom creeping, white and jointed, emitting copious entangled capillary fibres,

 

[Order LXXVII b. MELANTHACEA, R. Brown]

Colchicum autumnale, L., was found by Mr. Daniel Clarke, of Newport, ina
field by the Medina above Shide bridge, some years ago, according to Mr. G.
Kirkpatrick, but subsequent research has not confirmed the discovery.
Juncus.] JUNCACER. 511

constituting a spongy ceespitose mass of great density. Stem ascending at the
base, 6 or 8 to 15 inches high, rounded, glabrous, striated, hollow in the centre.
Radical leaves and those of the barren shoots bright green, fascicled, equitant on
one another by their white sheathing lower portions, which appear as if slit along
one of their edges for a considerable distance upwards, linear-ensiform, many-rib-
bed, slightly convex on one side, concave on the other, their points a little oblique,
unequal in length, sometimes as tall as the stem, but usually much shorter; stem-
leaves alternate, distant, membranaceous, very short, especially the upper, strongly
ribbed, inflated, sheathing below, keeled and folded together towards their points,
which are in general closely applied to the stem. Flowers in a terminal, erect,
racemose cluster, 2 or 3 inches in length, bright yellow, with scarlet anthers, about
} an inch in diameter, on rather long upright pedicels, having 2 linear-lanceolate
coloured bracts, one at the base and half-sheathing, the second smaller and placed
abut the middle of the flower-stalk or a little above it. Segments of the perianth
linear-lanceolate, equal, greenish at the back, their tips reddish. Stamens erect,
shorter than the perianth, often remaining attached in seed; filaments thickly
clothed with long, spreading, bright yellow hairs; anthers oblong, erect, deep
orange, with scarlet pollen, 2-celled, bursting laterally. | Germen ovate, 3-lobed,
each lobe with a central furrow. Style none, unless the tapering summit of the
ovarium be considered as such; stigma minute, simple. Capsules brick-red,*
glabrous, linear-oblong, taper-pointed, much longer than the calyx, bluntly trigo-
nous, 3-valved, with a deep furrow along the back of each valve, corresponding to
the thin central partitions formed by the reduplication of the margins of the
valves, and which are united below by the oblong spongy receptacle at the base of
each dissepiment, whose upper margins are free. Seeds numerous, erect, fusiform,
remarkably attenuated towards each extremity, covered with a membranous, pale,
translucent, lax and twisted tunic.

II. Juncus, Linn. Rush.

“ Perianth of 6 leaves, glumaceous. Filaments glabrous. Stig-
mas 8. Capsule 3-celled, 8-valved; valves with the seed-bearing
dissepiments in their middle. Seeds numerous. — (Leaves rigid,
mostly rounded, rarely plane, glabrous).’—Br. Fi.

* Leaves none. Barren scapes resembling leaves. Panicle terminal. Flower-
clusters aggregated.

1. J. maritimus, Sm. Lesser Sharp Sea Rush. “ Barren scapes
and outer bracteas pungent, panicle compound erect, clusters 4—8
flowered, sepals equal lanceolate acute as long as the elliptical
mucronated capsule.’— Br. Fl. p. 448. H. B.t. 1725. Fl. Da-
nica, x. t. 1689. Host. Gram. Aust. iii. 54, t. 80. J. acutus @., LZ.

About salt-marsh ditches, and on flat muddy shores at the mouth of tide-rivers,
creeks and inlets of the sea; abundantly. Fl. July, August. 2,.

E. Med. — On ditchbanks along the cvast between Springfield and Nettleston
point. Brading harbour, in abundance, Mr. Snooke.

W. Med.— Plentifully by creeks of the Medina above W. Cowes, and in salt-
marshes at Newtown. Profusely in the salt-marshes along the Yar between Yar-
mouth and Freshwater church, &c. Thorness bay, in plenty. Norton, Mr.
Snooke.

Root creeping horizontally with stout fibres, reddish, tough and woody, emitting
numerous rigid barren and flowering scapes 2—4 feet high, round or a little com-
pressed, dark olive-green, smooth and shining, filled with a soft white pith.

 

* The capsules of this and N. americanum lose their red colour by keeping,
and become whitish.
512 JUNCACER. (Juncus.

Sheaths short, torn at the summit, dark brown or red, loosely investing the white
bases of the scape, which are very clammy, and possess a peculiar fragrance,
resembling that of cedar-wood, not, I believe, noticed by any author. Barren
scapes mostly shorter than the fertile, their points brown, with a white tip and very
sharp. Panicle terminal, of several principal, erect, compressed branches, rising
one above another in a proliferous arrangement, and divided at their summits into
shorter and still compounded oues, bearing the clusters, with several acute whitish
bracts beneath each bifurcation; the general bract like a continuation of the
scape, but with a distinct articulation at its closely sheathing base; in length
about equal to the panicle. Flowers in clusters of 3—8,* greenish, included in a
pair or more of pale chaffy bracts. Segments of the perianth equal, lanceolate,
greenish at the back, with streaks of reddish brown, their tips and edges white and
membranous, especially of the three inner ones, which are often much dilated.
Anthers pale yellow. | Germen pear-shaped, and as well as the style red; stigmas
twisted in a close compact spiral, and fringed with long crystalline points. Cap-
sule small, yellowish, acute, with a blackish tip, in all my specimens a little
exceeding the perianth in length. Seeds numerous, pale yellow, obovato-obloug,
covered with a wrinkled slightly woolly tunic, few only perfected.

The long, white, woolly hairs on the seeds of this plant is a very singular cha-
racter of the species: do they exist on J. acutus also?

** Leaves none. Barren scapes resembling leaves. Punicle lateral.

2. J. effusus, L. Soft Rush. ‘ Scapes very faintly striated
soft, ‘pith continuous,’ panicle branched, sepals spreading lanceo-
late nearly equal acuminate rather longer than the obovate retuse
not apiculate capsule.” — Br. Fl. p. 446. H. B. t. 836. Host.
Gram. Aust. ii. 55, t. 88.

In poor wet pastures, on moist heaths and commons, &c.; abundant. Fl.
July. 2.

3. J. conglomeratus, L. Common Rush. “ Scapes very faintly
striated soft, ‘pith continuous,’ panicle branched, sepals lanceo-
late acute nearly equal about as long as the obovate retuse apicu-
late capsules, stamens 3.”—Br. Fl. p. 447. EH. B. t. 885. Host.
Gram. Aust. iii. 55, t. 82.

a. “ Panicle dense globose.”—Br. Fl.
B. “Panicle more or less diffuse."— Br. Fl.
In wet barren pastures, by roadsides, &c.; everywhere. Fl. June, July. Fr.

July. 2.
GB. Not uncommon.
Besides the much darker colour of the capsules in the present species, they

appear to ripen considerably before those of J. effusus.

4. J. diffusus, Hoppe. Loose-flowered Rush. “ Scapes finely
striated rigid, ‘pith continuous’ (or interrupted), panicle loose
much branched erect, sepals lanceolate subulate longer than the
obovate obtuse mucronate capsule, stamens 6.” — Br. Fl. p. 447.
Hoppe in Sturm’s Deutsch. Flora, 77, 10.

In similar situations with the following, and, in the few stations in which I have

 

* The clusters, properly speaking, are seldom composed of three or four clus-
ters included within the same pair of bracts, but two or more such clusters are so
closely aggregated that they may perhaps be fairly considered as forming
only one.
Juncus.] JUNCACE.E. 513

yet observed this plant, associated with it and J. conglumeratus, appearing to
myself to be a hybrid between these two rushes; rare? FU. July, August. 2f.

W. Med. —On the S. side of Parkhurst forest, about Hedge Corner, observed
there by Mr. Borrer in 1847. Tt grows by the side of the road (Newport and
Yarmouth), associated with J. glaucus, J. effusus and J. conglumeratus, 1848.

IT must own to eaxyenveneing a degree of difficulty in at all times distinguishing
this plant from J. glaucus and J. effusus, at first sight at least. Excepting when
in fruit, its resemblance to some of the greener stemmed states of J. glaucus ren-
ders its detection less easy.

5. J. glawcus, Sibth. Hard Rush. Stems leafless deeply and
finely sulcato-striate rigid, pith (always?) interrupted, panicle
loose compound erect, segments of the perianth subulate lanceo-
late nearly equal about the length of the elliptical-oblong mucro-
nate capsule. H. B.t. 665. Br. Fl. p. 447. Host. Gram. Aust.
ii. 54, t. 81.

Tn poor wet sandy or heathy pastures, moist waste ground, by roadsides, and
on commons; frequent. Fl. July. Fr. September. 2,.

E. Med.— Plentiful in the meadow within the walls of Quarr abbey. At
Springfield. Niton, in a meadow below Little Buddlefarm, in great plenty.
Plentiful near Ashey farm, along the Ryde road.

W. Med.—Abundant along the S. side of Parkhurst forest, as near Hedge Cor-
ner, in company with J. effusus, J. diffusus and J. conglomeratus. Abundant by
the shore just beyond Norton, on the way to Colwell.

Root moderately creeping, tough and woody, yellowish within, emitting many
palish downy fibres. Stems densely tufted, about 2 feet high, more slender (?)
than in J. effusus, terete, hard, tough and rigid, erect or somewhat arcuate at the
summit when in seed, finely and deeply sulcato-striate, with a distinct glaucous
hue of variable intensity, filled with a white slender pith, which is contiuuous or
nearly so at the base, but interrupted by numerous cells for the remainder of its
length; sheathed at bottum with deep brown or purplish black highly polished
scales, and continued for several inches beyond the panicle to a very gradually
tapering rigid point. Panicle lateral, diffuse, decompound (but less so than in J.
effusus?), the branches longer, (?) erect. Capsules reddish brown or blackish,
polished, elliptic-oblong, obtuse or acute, mucronate, bluntly trigonate, about the
length of the erect perianth-segments, occasionally a little longer or shorter than
these. Seeds numerous, yellowish brown and pellucid, roundish oblong or coni-
cal, very obtuse, blackish at the smaller end, which is crested with a prolongation
of the close, wrinkled, truncate testa.

*** Stems leafy. Leaves rounded or subcompressed, and distinctly jointed inter-
nally, Panicle terminal, Flowers aggreyated or fascicled.

6. J. acutiflorus, Ehrh. Sharp-flowered Jointed Rush. “ Stem
and leaves subcompressed, panicle very compound pyramidal,
clusters 5—6 flowered, leaflets of the perianth unequal lanceolate
very acute nearly as long as the narrow-ovate subacuminate (pale
brown) capsule.” — Br. Fl. p. 449. E. B.t. 2143. J. articula-
tus, E. B. t. 238. J. adscendens, Host. Gram. Aust. ii. 58, t. 87.

On boggy heaths and in wet clayey ground; frequent. Fl, June—August. 2{.

7. J. lamprocarpus, Ehrh. Shining -fruited Jointed Rush.
“Stem ascending and as well as the leaves compressed, panicle
repeatedly compound erect or somewhat spreading, clusters 4—6
or 8-flowered, sepals equal the ends obtuse shorter than the acute

3 U
514 JUNCACES. (Juncus.

triquetrous oblong-lanceolate (dark brown) capsule, interior 3
obtuse "—Br. Fl. p. 449. HE. B.t. 2143.

In similar places with the preceding, and equally common. i. July,
August. 2,.

By the roadside a litule before entering Whitefield wood from Ryde.

8. J. supinus, Meench. Lesser Bog Jointed Rush. ‘Stem erect
and often swollen at the base or decumbent and rooting, leaves
bristle-shaped slightly grooved faintly jointed internally, panicle
nearly simple irregular, clusters few- or many-flowered, sepals
equal oblong nearly as long as the elliptical very obtuse mucro-
nate (pale brown) capsule, outer 3 acute, inner ones rather obtuse.”
—Br. Fl. J. uliginosus, Willd.: Br. Fl. p. 449. E. B. t. 801.

8. Stems procumbent or floating and proliferous. J. subverticillatus, Wulf. «
Sm. E. Fl. ii. p.170. Host. Gram. Aust. iii. 58, t. 88.

Tu boggy watery places, on wet sandy heaths and commons. Fl. June—
August. 2.

6. Parkhurst forest.

9. J. obtusiflorus, Ehrh. Blunt-flowered Jointed Rush. Stem
and leaves erect rounded jointed internally, panicle repeatedly
compound, the branches divaricate and reflexed, clusters 3—8
flowered, segments of the perianth nearly equal rather obtuse
about as long as the ovate trigonous capsule. Sm. HE. Fl. ii p.
176. Br. Fl. p. 449. Lind. Syn. p. 276. HE. B. xxx. t. 2144.
Fl. Dan. xi. t. 1872 (bona).

In ditches, boggy or marshy meadows and pastures, growing even in the water ;
abundant along the coast in West Medina, scarcely found in the eastern hundred.
Fil. August, September. 2.

E. Med. — Ou wet slipped land near the Sandrock spring, abundantly, and in
various places between Nitun and Blackgang. Plentiful in the Undercliff, at
Blackgang, and in Sandown bay, Rev. G. £. Smith.

W. Med.—Ditches in the marsh at Freshwater gate, plentifully, and where one
or two of the low bogey meadows are overrun with it. Near the shore just beyond
Norton, towards the preventive-station, sparingly. Wet banks of slipped land in
Colwell bay. Between the Needles (Groves’s) hotel and Alum bay.

Root creeping, whitish and jointed, emitting several fertile and barren scapes,
from 18 inches to 3 or 4 feet high, olive-green, round, smooth, polished, scarcely
striated, nearly solid below, hollow and jointed internally above, each with a close-
fitting pale brown or whitish sheath at the base, which is rounded at the apex, and
furnished with an awn or point about 3th of an inch long. Barren scapes leafless,
or, like the fertile, having one or two leaves resembling the scape itself, but softer
and less rigid, closely sheathing the latter in its lower part, and auricled where
they separate from it; when two leaves are present on the same scape the upper
one is usually short and near the summit, the vther very long and set about mid-
way onthe scape. Panicle terminal, oblong, diffuse, its branches compressed,
repeatedly compound, their minor divisions widely spreading, divaricate, bent
down at a right angle, subtended by a pointed bract various in length. Flowers
small, pale whitish green or reddish, in clusters of from 2 to 6 or 8 together.
Segments of the perianth nearly equal, concave, a little rounded or obtuse at their
white membranous tips. Germen green. Stigmas mostly twisted in a loose spiral.
Capsules very small, chestnut-brown, shining and striated, more or less obtuse or
pointed ; with 3 thick prominent angles; as long as or often a little exceeding the
perianth. Seeds several, very minute, pale brown, oblong, pointed, beautifully
ribbed longitudinally, with connecting reticulations, and without a tunic.
Juncus. ] JUNCACES, 515

*e%* Leaves all radical (or nearly so). Panicle terminal.

10. J. squarrosus, L. Heath Rush. Goose Corn. “Leaves
setaceous rigid grooved, panicle terminal elongated compound,
capsules elliptical-ovate very obtuse about as long as or scarcely
shorter than the calyx.” —Br. Fl. p. 452. EH. B. t. 933.

On moist, barren, sandy pastures, boggy moors and heaths, but not general.
Fl. Sune, July. Fr. July. 2.

£. Med.—In moist pastures immediately below the Wilderness, 1844. On
several parts of Bleak down, abundantly. Pastures about Rookley farm.

W. Med.—[ At Blackgang, above the chine, Dr. Bell-Salter, Edrs.]

Plant extremely rigid, smooth and shining, growing for the most part in round
tufts, and conspicuous from the bright green of its short, very stiff and narrow
leaves. Root densely tufted and creeping with stout, short, and in my specimens
mostly downy fibres. Stems erect, from about 6—12 inches, rounded or some-
times much compressed, furrowed or obscurely angular, not jointed, invested at
the base with one or two leaves with close sheaths, which however, like the rest,
are really from the root-crown; there is, however, though rarely, a true caulive
leaf about the middle of the stem. eaves almost entirely radical, singularly stiff
and wiry, fascicled and forming dense, circular, radiating tufts, usually about half
as long as the stem, spreading or partly erect, more or less recurved, bright green,
linear, semiterete or rather deeply depresso-caniculate, acute, with blackish tips
and reddish white, striated and shining bases. Panicle terminal, elongated, but
litle compounded, of two principal, erect, very unequal branches, with a common
sheathing, reddish brown, taper-pointed, often leafy bract at their base, besides an
inner obtuse or bifid and smaller one opposite to and concealed by the former; the
branch continued directly from the stem, usually much longer than the oblique or
lateral and more compounded one, the bracteal arrangement repeated at each
bifurcation, but the upper bracts are similar to the floral, and without leafy points.
Flowers rather large, appearing clustered, with a pair of close ovate scariose bracts
under each, and a third immediately below these at the origin of the very short
pedicels. Segments of the perianth nearly equal, lanceolate, not very acute, con-
cave, dark livid brown, with broad, grayish, membranous edges. Stamens much
shorter than the perianth. Cupsule about 2 lines in length, pale brownish or
grayish, smooth and shining, scarcely quite equalling the calyx, ovoid-elliptical,
very obtuse, tipped with the base of the style. Seeds very small and numerous,
dark brown, of an irregular prismatic shape, oblong or subreniform, rounded or
somewhat angular and pointed at one end, gibbous at the back, closely and finely
punctato-striate, covered apparently, when viewed under a high magnifier, with a
thick transparent pellicle.

week Stems leafy. Leaves plane or grooved above, not distinctly jointed.

11. J. compressus, Jacq. Round-fruited Rush. “Stem erect
more or less compressed, leaves linear-setaceous grooved, panicle
terminal compound subcymose, capsules roundish-ovate or oval

mucronate equal to or longer than the oval-oblong obtuse incurved
sepals.” —Br. Fl.

au. “ Panicle usually shorter than the bractea, perianth shorter than the roundish-
ovate shortly mucronate capsule.” — Br. Fl. J. bulbosus, £. B. t. 934. Host.
Gram, Aust. iii. 59, t. 89.

B. “ Panicle simple few-flowered longer than the bracts.”—Br. Fl. J. ceno-
sus, Bich. Tr. of Linn. Soc. xii. p. 309. E. B. Suppl. i. t. 2680. [J. Gerardi-
Lois: Bromf. in Phytol. iii. p.979.—Eadrs.]

In wet marshy places. Fl. June—August. 2.

E. Med. —Plentiful at the mouth of the Wootton river. St. Helen’s spit.
516 JUNCACER. [Luzula.

W. Med.—On the beach a little way out of Yarmouth eastward, and abundant
in the first meadow, or that nearest the sea, at Freshwater gate.

8. On muddy or sandy shores of the sea and of tide-rivers, and in salt-marsh
pastures; frequent. [From our author's published notes in the ‘ Phytologist,’ we
believe the above stations refer mainly to the var. 8., which is there enumerated
under the name of J. Gerardi, but the author adds, “and which I am disposed to
regard as a salt-marsh variety of J. compressus.’”— drs. ]

12. J. bufonius, L. Toad Rush. “Stem dichotomous above
panicled, leaves filiform setaceous grooved, flowers solitary unila-
teral mostly sessile, capsules oblong obtuse much shorter than the
very acuminated leaflets of the perianth.’—Br. Fl. p.451. E.B.
t. 802. Host. Gram. Aust. 11. 60, t. 90.

In damp sandy or gravelly spots where water has stood, by roadsides, the mar-
gins of ponds, and other wet places; abundantly. F/. August. Fr. September?
October. ©.

Capsules elliptical-oblong, bluntly triquetrous, very obtuse at top, yellowish
brown and yellowish, shining and minutely punctulato- striate, submucronate,
usually much shorter than the very acuminate and erect perianth-segments. Seeds
very numerous and minute, pale brown and pellucid, mostly roundish ovoid or a
litde oblong, finely and rugosely striated longitudinally, without a tunic, tipped at
each end with a brownish point.

III. Luzuzta, DeCand. Wood-rush.

“ Perianth of 6 leaves, glumaceous. Filaments glabrous. Stig-
mas 8. Capsule 1-celled, 8-valved; valves without dissepiments.
Seeds 3, at the bottom of the capsule. (Leaves soft, plane, gene-
rally hairy).’—Br. Fl.

Perennial herbs, closely allied to the last genus in their inflorescence, but with
flat, grass-like, filamentuse leaves, and flowering for the most part much earlier.
Natives of all parts of the globe, in woods or un high mountains, more rarely in
open pastures.

* Panicle decompound. Flowers solitary or few together on the spreading or
deflexed peduncles.

1. L. sylwatica, Birch. Great Wood-rush. “Leaves hairy,
panicle subcymose doubly compound, peduncles elongated of
about 8 fascicled flowers, leaflets of the perianth aristate as long as
the ovate mucronate capsule, seed minutely tubercled at the end,
filaments very short.’—Br. Fl. p.458. L.maxima, DC. Juncus
sylvaticus, Huds.: EF. B. t.737. J. pilosus%, L. J. maximus,
Wild.: Host. Gram. Aust. ili. 65, t. 98.

In woods, groves and heathy ground, amongst bushes, mostly in hilly situations,
but not general. Fl. April—June. Fr. June. 2{.

E. Med. — Woods about Shanklin and Cook's castle, as in Cowpit-cliff wood,
Hungerberry copse, Apse farm, &c. Abundant on a dry bushy bank at Apse
castle, above the little stream that skirts the hill on the N.W. side. In the Par-
sonage lynch, Newchurch, also in another wood near that place, plentifully, 1837.
Little Standen wood, near Newport, abundant.

The largest and handsomest of the British Luzule, growing in dense tufts.
Root thick, creeping, fibrous, throwing up leafy bunches. Stems erect, 1—2 feet
high, round, leafy, smooth and striated. Leaves numerous, tufted, sheathing,
bright green, smovth and shining, taper-pointed, 4 an inch or more broad at the
base, concave, quite entire along their edges, which are thinly fringed with long,
Luzula.) JUNCACEA. 517

white, silky hairs. Flowers clustered, 2 or 3 together, in a large, terminal, com-
pound, diffuse or spreading panicle, their peduncles in part strongly deflexed, with
an acute, sheathing, membranous, ribbed and hairy bract at the base of each.
Segments of the perianth ovato-lanceolate, thin, brownish at the edges, with a
greenish midrib, and terminating in a small point or mucro. Stamens about as
long as the perianth; anthers large, pale yellow. Germen with 3 blunt salient
angles ; style straight, angular; stigmas 3, twisted. | Capsules much smaller than
in the two following species, chestnut-brown, obtusely trigonate, shiving, about
equal to the segments of the perianth, excluding the lung, very sharp, mucronate
point. Seeds 3, dark reddish brown, somewhat pellucid, ovato-elliptical, striato-
rugnlose, with a very small roundish and flattened crest or caruncle; smaller than
those of L. Forsteri.

2. L. pilosa, Willd. Broad-leaved Hairy Wood-rush. “ Cr-
spitose, leaves hairy, panicle subcymose but little branched spread-
ing, peduncles 1-flowered bent back when in fruit, sepals acumi-
nate rather shorter than the retuse capsule, its valves truncated,
seeds with a long hooked appendage at the top, filaments about
half the length of the anthers.’—Br. Fl. p. 453. Juncus pilosus,
L.: Host. Gram. Aust. iii. t. 110. EH. B. t. 786.

Tn rather dry groves, thickets, and on bushy banks, often amongst dead leaves ;
very common. Fl. March—May. Fr. May, June. 2{.

In Quarr copse, St. John’s woud, Firestone copse, and other places about Ryde.
Common at Apse castle.

Root creeping aud densely tufted with capillary brownish fibres, emitting
numerous erect or inclining simple stems, from about 6 to 12 inches high, round,
slender, smooth, solid and leafy. Radical leaves numerous, mostly shorter than
the stems, linear-lanceolate, broader than in L. Forsteri, flat, and pointed with
thickened, pale brown, callous tips, gradually attenuated downwards into their
brownish, membranous, concave bases, more or less beset along their margins with
white, flocculent, silky hairs ; stem-leaves few, distant, alternate, much shorter than
the rest and usually more hairy, especially at the tgp of their close glabrous
sheaths; all dark green or partly russet-brown, glabrous and somewhat shining.
Panicle subcymose, of a rounder more irregular outline than in L. Forsteri, its
branches once or twice unequally forked, and, as well as the pediceds or ultimate
divisions, divaricate, spreading or reflexed in various degrees, particularly in seed,
subtended at its base by an erect bract, much broader and more leaf-like than in
L. Forsteri or L. Borreri. Flowers solitary, the size of those of L. Forsteri.
Bracts mostly 2, sheathing the base of each flower, broadly ovato-scariose, acute
or acuminate. Segments of the perianth lanceolate, very acute, mucronato-acumi-
nate, dark chestnut-brown, their points and margins whitish and scariose, the three
inner segments flat, the outer concave, keeled. Anthers pale yellow, linear-ellip-
tical, above twice the length of the greenish and flattish filaments. Germen ovoid-
trigonous, much shorter than the stamens. Capsule brvadly ovoid, trigonous,
obscurely 3-lobed, with as many very blunt angles, the summit very obtuse or
rounded, with a subconical figure, sometimes minutely tipped with the base of the
style, but scarcely mucronate, much longer than the persistent perianth. Seeds
exactly resembling in form, size and colour those of L. Forsteri, but furnished
with asimilar appendage about twice the length, attenuated into a point and
uncinately contorted.

8. L. Borreri, Nob. Borrer’s Wood-rush. “ Leaves lax droop-
ing,” “peduncles strongly divaricate and reflexed,” “capsule shorter
than the erect or converging perianth ovoid somewhat acute tri-
gonous,” “ seeds with a straight blunt appendage,” “ anthers some-
518 JUNCACER. [Luzula

what exceeding the filaments in length.” L. nova sp., Brom/f. in
Phytol. vol. ili. p. 985.*

Apse castle, near Shanklin, 1841. [Quarr copse, near the gate entering from
the Newport road, A. G. More, Esq., Edrs.] :

This species, new, I believe, to Europe, or overlooked for a variety of L. pilosa,
has some characters in common with that plant and L. Forsteri, with others pecu-
liar to itself. Root asin L. pilosa and L. Forsteri. Stems numerous, erect or
diverging as in those, but taller and more slender in proportion, otherwise quite
similar. Leaves much like those of L. pilosa and fully as broad, but for the most
part longer than in that or L. Forsteri, and when viewed in the aggregate they
appear of a brighter green, the lowest leaves especially remarkably more elongated
than in those, more spreading and recurved at the extremities, about equal to
both in point of hairiness. Panicle very similar to that of L. pilosa, but less
compounded, of few primary branches, usually narrower or more oblong in cou-
tour, the branches very strongly and irregularly divaricate and deflexed as in that,
mostly lounger and slightly waved or flexuose. Bracts at the base of the panicle,
very narrow and erect as in L. Forsteri, not broad and foliaceous as in L. pilosa.
Flowers very similar to those of L, Forsteri, the perianth-segments a little broader
than in that species and less acuminate. Stamens similar to those of the species
just referred to, but anthers rather longer than in it. Ovary more obtuse, not taper-
ing at top into the style as in L. Forsteri, with much thicker more obtuse angles,
each angle with a distinct furrow down its centre. Cupsule much smaller than in
either L. pilosa or L. Forsteri, and greatly shorter than the erect or converging
perianth, ovoid, somewhat acute, trigonous, with three thickened, obtuse, furrowed
angles. Seed always (?) abortive, a solitary one here and there, apparently well-
grown, but never, so far as I can find, acquiring full colourand maturity: the few
I have been enabled to examine in this seemingly developed but unripe condi-
tion resemble those of L. Forsteri, and, like them, have a straight blunt appen-
dage or crest, without a trace of any tendency to become hooked+ as in L. pilosa.

4. L. Forsteri, DC. Narrow-leaved Hairy Wood-rush.  Fors-
ter’s Wood-rush. Leaves hairy, panicle (mostly) subcymose but
little branched, peduncles single-flowered mostly erect, segments
of the perianth very acuminate rather longer than the acuminate
acute capsule, seeds with an oblong-obtuse crest. Br. Fl. p. 453.
Bicheno, Linn. Trans. xii. 330, t. 9, fig. 2 (fruit). Juncus, £. B.
t. 1293.

In woods, thickets, groves, and on shady hedgebanks, often along with the last
species, and perhaps the more frequent of the two in thisisland. Fl, April, May.
Fr. May, June. 2{.

E. Med. — The prevailing species in many parts of the island, as about Ryde,
in Quarr copse, and in the open grove between the abbey and Fishbourne. Plen-
tiful in St. John’s wood, Apley wood, &c. Abundant in Shanklin chine and
about Appuldurcombe. By the roadside between Cherrygin and Uplands. Be-
tween Palmers and Whippingham. In woods about Osborne and Norris castle,
frequent. Abundant in Bordwood copse, 1845. Parsonage lynch, and various

 

* [In the absence of any correct published description of the essential charac-
ters of this plant, we have extracted a part of our lamented author's detailed
description, published by him in the ‘ Phytologist’ (iii. 985). The description
given by Mr. Babington, in the third edition of his ‘Manual, is too much at
variance with our author’s diagnostic characters given in the text to be applicable
for our purpose.—Ldrs. |

+ Even here there is a doubt, which only perfectly ripened seeds can dispel.
I have ascertained that the crest to the seeds of J.. pilosa is at first straight,
and does not elongate and become hooked till they are at least half-grown.
Luzula. JUNCACER. 519

other places about Newchurch, as Bordwood, &c. Extremely plentiful at Apse
castle, in several parts of which it forms large tufts in the sandy friable soil.
America. Wood between Ryde and Newport, and at Shanklin, D. Turner, Esq.
[Bembridge, A. G. More, Esq., Edrs.]

W. Med.—Wood between Swainston and Five Houses, 1845. In Mrs. Good-
win’s grounds at W. Cowes.

Root blackish, creeping, though less extensively than in L. pilosa, with dense
tufted fibres, sometimes interspersed with small fleshy knots or tubers. Stems
numerous, erect or inclining, from 8 or 10 to 15 inches high, round, leafy, solid,
smooth and striated. Leaves numerous, mostly shorter than the flowering stems,
erect, bright green, narrower in general than in L. pilosa, utherwise exactly simi-
lar, and, like them, more or less copiously sprinkled with fine, long, silky hairs,
that appear to have clung to them by accident; those on the stem shorter, and,
as Mr. Bicheno and Sir James Smith remark, perhaps ina trifling degree broader
than the rest and more hairy, particularly near the top of their long close sheaths.
Panicle terminal, cymose, of several compound mostly erect branches, but of
which two or three are usually reflexed or divaricate, especially after lowering ;
the base of each included in a short, pale brown, slightly inflated sheath, with a
concave, membranous, taper-pointed bract immediately beneath and half-embra-
cing the latter. Peduncles single-flowered, erect or partly divaricate. Flowers
paler than in that species, the segments of the perianth finely tapering, very acute,
nerveless, the 3 outer concave and keeled, the 3 inner flat. Bracts 2 or 3 close
under each flower, ovate, membranous, brownish, with thin, scariose and often
torn edges. Anthers erect, pale buff-yellow, almost white, shorter than the peri-
anth, spirally twisted after discharging the pollen, about as long as or rather
longer than the compressed ascending filaments.* Germen green, trigonate,
tapering into the long, erect, pellucid style; stigmas as long as or longer than the
style, upright and contorted. Capsule reddish brown and shining, acutely trique-
trous, the faces nearly plane; simply acuminate, with no obtuse and conical con-
traction at the summit, and (including the hard, sharp, mucronate apex) about as
long as the erect perianth-segments. Seeds roundish ovoid or nearly globose, light
brown, very smooth, polished and translucent,t reticulato-striate under a high
magnifier; caruncle large, oblong-obtuse, oblique but not at all hooked, white and
diaphanous, expanded over the entire seed as a fine pellicle or tunic, and causing
the reticulated appearance just mentioned.

The large, oblong, but not hooked crest of the seed is a sufficient and beautiful
distinction between this species and L. pilosa, to which it approaches very closely,
but when in fruit Z. Forstert may be detected by a certain character and aspect,
of which it is not very easy to convey an accurate description in writing. The
leaves, usually narrower than in Z. pilosa, vary a good deal in breadth, and are
sometimes nearly as broad as in that species; the peduncles, too, are frequently
much deflexed after flowering, but never so copiously and so much bent down-
wards as in that species; and whilst in flower Z. Forsteri is pretty certainly dis-
tinguished by its more upright panicle. The root is less inclined to send out
suckers than in L. pilosa; the whole plant is usually taller and more slender, and
the capsule more decidedly and acutely trigonate, and always very evidently
shorter than the acuminate segments of its perianth.

L. Forsteri appears to come into flower just as L. pilosa begins to form cap-
sules, or about the middle of April, though partially much sooner, continuing
through May partly in flower and partly in fruit, when the seed-vessels of L. pilosa
are nearly perfected, and its flowers quite past for the season.

This species was named by DeCandolle after [the late] Edward Forster, Esq.,
F.L.S., who first detected its external characters, as did afterwards Mr. Bicheno

 

* The comparative length of the anther avd filament afford a good and con-
stant character between this species and L. pilosa. .

+ That is to say, when recent, for they become dull, wrinkled and opaque by
keeping.
520 JUNCACEE. (Luzula.

those of the seed. Its geographical range includes the western and central parts
of Europe chiefly, and, though local, is probably often overlooked for L. pilosa.

** Panicle of few branches. Flowers in a few roundish clusters.

5. L. campestris, Willd. Field Wood-rush. ‘“ Leaves linear
hairy, panicle of 3 or4 ovate dense sessile or stalked clusters,
segments of the perianth lanceolato-acuminate, filaments much
shorter than the anthers, capsules obtuse apiculate, seeds nearly
globular with a basal appendage.” — Bab. Man. p. 334. Br. Fi.
p. 454. Juncus, EL. B. t. 672.

In dry or barren fields and pastures, sandy and heathy places, amongst short
grass; everywhere common. FV. April, May. ‘3

Particularly plentiful all over the Dover spit, opposite Bembridge.

The smallest of the Isle-of-Wight species, seldom exceeding 6 inches in height,
usually but 3 ur 4 inches. | Root tough, creeping, rather woody, with many long
slender fibres. | Stem simple or occasionally very slightly branched, erect, round,
smooth and solid, with usually 3 or 4 leaves, whose long sheaths enclose it to the
summit. Radical leaves numerous, linear, dark green, ribbed and shining, more
or less flat, with brownish, striated, sheathing bases, beset chiefly at their edges
with long, white, very soft hairs, easily rubbed off. lowers in 3 or 4, sometimes
5 or 6 dense, oval or roundish, shortly stalked clusters, of which one of the lower-
most is generally nearly sessile. Bracts 2 or 3 close beneath each flower, whitish,
membranous, acute, torn and sheathing. Segments of the perianth lanceolato-
acute and taper-pointed, dark brown, with a blackish keel and pale membranous
edges. Stamens shorter than the perianth, with large pale yellow anthers, burst-
ing widely open and scattering a copious yellow pollen ; filaments very short. Ger-
men obtusely trigonate, somewhat lobed. Style lunger than the perianth, twisted,
as are the 3 filiform, nearly erect, rough stigmas. Capsule short, broad, slightly
pointed, somewhat 3-lobed and submucronate. Seeds ovate, without any crested
appendage, but, the point of their attachment at the bottom of the capsule being
prolonged into what appears to be such, they look as if inverted.

6. L. multiflora, Lej. Moor Wood-rush. “ Leaves linear hairy,
panicle of numerous ovate dense sessile or stalked clusters, seg-
ments of the perianth narrowly lanceolate strongly acuminate,
filaments about as long as the anthers, capsules obtuse apiculate,
seeds nearly twice as long as broad with a basal appendage.” —
Bab. Man. p. 334. EH. B.S. t. 2718.

B. congesta. Clusters collected into a rounded lobed head.

In damp moory ground, turfy, boggy, wet wouds, thickets and other moist and
shady places; frequent. Fl. May, June. 2{.

E. Med. — Wood by Little Smallbrook. On the skirts of Lake and Blackpan
commons. In and about Apse castle.

W. Med.—About West Cowes.

B. Frequently found witb a.

Notwithstanding that some of our best botanists consider this plant a variety of
the last, I cannot but be of opinion that Mr. Babington is right in deeming it,
as did Smith, DeCandolle and others, a good and very distinct species. The ob-
long, not globose, seeds, far greater size and height of the plant, its different
places of growth and general habit, are all in favour of such a view of its nature.
It has usually a very gray and even hoary aspect, and flowers later than
L. campestris.
Alisma.]} ALISMACE. 521

Order LXXIX. ALISMACEA, R. Br.

“ Perianth of 6 pieces; 8 outer sepals herbaceous, 8 inner peta-
loid. Stamens hypogynous. Ovaries several, superior, distinct
or slightly united at the base, each 1-celled. Ovules solitary, or
2 superposed, attached to the inner angle of the carpel. Peri-
carps indehiscent. Seeds solitary, or 2 attached to the suture at
a distance from each other, erect or ascending. Albumen 0.
Eimbryo undivided, curved like a horse-shoe, with the same direc-
He the seed—Aquatics. Leaves radical, on long stalks.” —

vr. Lb,

I. Auisma, Linn. Water Plantain.

“Flowers perfect. Stamens 6. Styles numerous. Achenes
many in a head, distinct, 1-seeded.”—Br. Fl.

1. A. Plantago, L. Common or Great Water Plantain.
“Leaves all radical cordato-ovate or lanceolate, scape panicled
with whorled compound branches, fruit depressed, achenes obtuse
with a small rib on the back.”—Br. Fl. p. 457. EE. B. t. 887.

Tn ponds, ditches and slow streams; very common. Fl. June—August. 2{.

2. A. ranunculoides, L. Lesser Water Plantain. ‘Leaves all
radical linear-lanceolate, scape with simple branches in one or
two whorls, fruit globose squarrose, achenes obliquely ovate acute
5-angled.”—-Br. Fl. p. 457. EH. B. t. 826.

Ditches and shallow pools; not common. Fl. May—September. ©.

EE. Med.—In one or two of the marsh-ditches on Sandown level, towards Alver-
stone, in tolerable plenty, with Polygonum minus, 1849. In Dashmere pool, at
the foot of Bleak down, by the junction of the roads to Chale, Chillerton and
Godshill.

W. Med.—Abundant in marsh-ditches at Freshwater gate, and occasionally in
other parts of that parish, also near Yarmouth, but much more sparingly. Ina
pool on a large furzy common called Goldens, Freshwater. Old clay-pit in
Hampstead brick-field. In a pool between Yarmouth and Ningwood common, in
a field between the road and Leigh wood, 1843.

Whole plant perfectly smooth and glabrous. Root a dense tuft of long, white,
simple fibres, slightly creeping or at least emitting short lateral shoots, producing
other plants contiguous to one another or in clumps. Leaves numerous, entirely
radical, erect, pale green, very narrowly lanceolate or linear-lanceolate, acute and
entire, firm, obscurely 3-ribbed, the middle rib forming a rather prominent keel
beneath into their often span-long semiterete petioles, which are very vascular and
spongy, mostly purplish, finely striated and reticulated with transverse septe,
tapering gradually from their whitish, imbricating, scariosely edged bases: the
earlier leaves are, as Bertoloni remarks, quite linear and evanescent. Scape 1 or
more (seldom above 2 or 3), erect or decumbent, as tall as or taller than the leaves,
terete, simple, usually about a span and seldom exceeding a foot in height, termi-
nated by an umbellate whorl of several unequal simple flower-stalks, from the
centre of which are often produced one or two similar whorls, distant from the
first or lowermost from being elevated on a prolongation of the scape or common

3x
522 BUTOMACE. (Butomus.

peduncle: each whorl is subtended by from 2 to 4 small, unequal, acute, scariose
bracts of a brownish colour. Flowers solitary, on lengthened terete pedicels, pro-
duced in long succession, considerably larger than in A. Plantago, about $rds of
an inch across.* Sepals greenish, not half the length of the petals, ovato-rotun-
date, concave, with white, scariose, entire margins, many- (about 12-) ribbed, each
alternate rib narrower and less distinct than the intermediate one. Petals cor-
dato-rotundate, wavy, the edges erose, pellucidly striato-venose and yellow at the
base, white or more commonly with a faint purplish blush. Stamens short; fila-
ments broad, flattened, yellow like the linear anthers.  Germen ovoid, angular,
tapering. Styles obsolete; stigmas sessile, a tuft of pellucid bristles: in A. Plan-
ltago the styles are very long, distinct and curved. Capsules in little globular
heads that are scarcely the size of a small pea, somewhat acute, with a minute
rather oblique point, bluntly 5-lobed, the 2 superior lobes approximate, with a
shallow groove between them, the 3 lower remote from the rest and separated by
deeper intermediate furrows. Seed solitary, oblongo-elliptical, dark brown,
shining and pellucid, longitudinally striated with impressed points, the embryo
bent double.

The bruised herb has a rather strong odour, to me resembling that of Erygium
fatidum, but less powerful. The similarity in the leaves and fruit to Ranunculus
Flammula doubtless originated the specific name.

Order LXXX. BUTOMACEZ, Rich.

“ Perianth of 6 pieces, the 3 inner petaloid. Stamens definite
or indefinite, hypogynous. Ovaries 3 or 6, or more, superior, dis-
tinct or united. Ovules numerous in each cell or carpel. Stig-
mas as many, simple. Follicles several, either distinct and ros-
trate, or united into one. Seeds minute, numerous, attached to a
reticulated receptacle, covering the whole inner surface of the
cell. Albwmen 0.— Aquatics. Leaves very cellular. Flowers
wmnbellate, handsome.” —Br. Fl.

I. Butomus, Linn. Flowering Rush.

“ Perianth single, coloured, 6-partite, inferior. Capsules 6,
many-seeded. Seeds fixed to the inner lining of the capsule.” —
Br. Fl.

1. B. umbellatus, L. Flowering Rush. Water Gtladiole.
“Leaves linear-subulate trigonous, spathe of 3 leaves.” — Br. Fl.
p. 456. EH. B.t. 651.

In ponds, ditches, and by river-sides; extremely rare in this island. Fl. June
—August. 2{. :

 

* J remarked in July, 1844, that the flowers of A. ranunculoides, being fully
expanded during most part of the day, contract, or their petals become incurved
towards evening, so-as considerably to diminish their apparent size. I suppose
the flowers may last only one day, and the incurvation of the petals may be the
first step in the process of separation previous to their actually falling away. I am
however disposed to believe it rather a state of collapse, analogous to the sleep of
some plants, since on examination I do not find the water strewn with the petals
of each successive day, which would be the case were they so fugacious as J at
first supposed, ,
Triglochin.} TRIGLOCHINACE. 523

W. Med.— In one of the marsh-ditches at Freshwater gate, in small quantity,
Rev. C. Pritchard, July 11th, 1842!

Plant perfectly glabrous. Root creeping extensively, emitting leaves, as it
appears to me, in a sort of double row, together with copious long white fibres,
from the fleshy and almost bulbous origin of the former. Leaves all radical,
shorter than the stem, erect, bright pale green, linear, acutely triquetrous, more or
less spirally twisted, especially at their acute withered tips, sheathing the stem
with their broad, hollow, ribbed bases, internally filled with a loose spongy tissue
of tubular cells, divided by transverse partitions or septa. Stem erect, 2—4 feet
high, round, tapering, filled with cellular tissue, and nearly as thick as the little
finger at the bottom. Umbel solitary, terminal, many-flowered, subtended by an
involucre of 3 lanceolate, ribbed, membranous and withered, taper-pointed leaf-
lets, not above an inch in length. Peduncles single- flowered, 3 or 4 inches long,
rounded, mostly tinged with rose-colour at the base and near the summit, with a
sheathing scariose bract, shaped like the involucral leaves, at the foot of each.
Flowers about an inch across, expanding in long succession, very handsome.
Perianth in 6 ovate, concave, spreading, nearly equal segments, veined, whitish,
suffused and streaked with a delicate peach-blossom red, deep rose-colour at the
back, with a tinge of umber at the base, their edges minutely notched or crenu-
late. Stamens 9, inserted at the base of the ovaries, two opposite to each of the
three outer, and one opposite the three inner, segments,* at first erect, finally
spreading, incurved and recumbent on the perianth ; filaments rose-coloured,
tapering, a little compressed ; anthers dull red, linear-oblong, apiculate, bursting
laterally, and when discharging their bright orange-yellow pollen contracted to an
orbicular shape. Germens 6, rose-coloured, ovate, compressed, tapering into the
beak-like styles, which are tipped with the bifid decurrent stigmas, the lobes of
which, at first conjoined, are afterwards spread open and a little reflexed. Capsules
ovate, l-celled. Seeds very numerous and minute, covering the entire inner walls
of the capsule.

The leaves of this plant, from their weak spongy texture, are quite incapable of
cutting with their angles, which, however acute, are neither cartilaginous nor ser-
rated; hence the generic name becomes very inappropriate, and suggests the pro-
bability that a totally different plant was so designated by the ancients; perhaps
the really formidable Cladium or some of the larger Carices, which grow in simi-
lar places with our present Butomus,

Order LXXXI. TRIGLOCHINACEA, Nob.

“ Flowers perfect, lower ones or all stalked or reflexed. Peri-
anth uniform, rarely none, sometimes coloured, but scarcely peta-
loid. Stamens hypogynous. Anthers turned outwards. Ovaries
superior, united or distinct. Ovules solitary or two, approximated
at the base, erect. Styles or stigmas 3—6. Pericarps indehiscent
or 2-valved. Embryo without (or ? very rarely in the axis of
the mealy) albumen, having the same direction as the seed, with a
lateral cleft for the emission of the plumule. — Marsh herbs, with
narrow radical leaves. Flowers spiked or racemed.”—Br. F'l.t

 

* Tn other words, the stamens are in two whorls of six and three respectively,
the latter being more interior or completely hypogynous than the former or
exterior set. : a ;

+ [The characters of the natural family quoted above are those of “ Juncagi-
nacew” in the ‘ British Flora’ from which work they are quoted. Our lamented
524 TRIGLOCHINACE.%. (Trigtochin.

I. Trietocuin, Linn. Arrow-grass.

“ Perianth of 6 erect, concave, deciduous leaves, 3 outer and 3
inner inserted a little higher than the others. Stamens 6. Ova-
ries 3—6 celled. Stigmas 83—6, sessile, plumose. Anthers ses-
sile, lodged in the leaves of the perianth. Capsules 3 —6,
l-seeded, united by a longitudinal receptacle, from which they
usually separate at the base. Albumen 0.— Flowers in a naked
straight spike or raceme.’—Br. FI.

1. T. maritimum, L. Sea-side Arrow-grass. “ Fruit 6-celled
ovate.”—Br Fl. p. 459. EB. B. t. 255.

In salt-marsh meadows and pastures; frequent. Fl. May—September. Fr.
July. 2.

W. Med.—In salt-marshes along the Yar, as at Barnfield, &c., abundantly,
1844.

Herb more rvbust and fleshy than T. palustre, and, like that, quite glubrous
and smooth, with the same odious scent, but more decided if possible. Root
creeping, tough, throwing up bunches of leaves, and emitting numerous long,
stunt, white or reddish fibres {rom beneath. Séem solitary or several distant ones
from the same root, ascending at the base, then erect, teretely angular below, nu-
merously and acutely furrowed from the bottom of the spike to its apex, hollow in
the centre, from about a foot to 2 or 3 feet in height,* according to the progress of
the inflorescence, often purplish. Leaves like those of T. palustre, though stouter
and firmer, truly semicylindrical, though flattening gradually to their points,
where they are plane, much less finely drawn out or altenuated to their obtuse,
rounded, often brown tips, flat and striate but not channelled above, their sheath-
ing bases, proportionably shorter, with the free extremity of their scariose margins
longer and quite entire ; decumbent at base or ascending, very commonly incurved
and a little faluate, pale glaucous green, their sheathing bases white or purplish.
Flowers more close-set and numerous than in T. palustre and rather larger, on
still shorter pedicels, which, however, as in that, elongate in fruit, when they
nearly equal those of the latter, but are rather more spreading or patent. Bracts
none. SPerianth and stamens precisely as in T. palustre. Germens 6, united
throughout into a subglobose, hexangular, compound ovarium. Stigmas 6 dense
tufts of radiating, pellucid, simple bristles. Fruzt erect, about 2 lines in length,
ovato-globose or subelliptical, pale whitish or yellowish brown, formed of 6 capsules
combined by their inner faces and attached to a common axis at their acute inte-
rior angle, the rounded back of each forming 4th of the circumference of the fruit ;
separating completely from the base upwards when ripe, not remaining, as in T.
palustre, suspended from the summit of the axis. | The capsules are acutely tri-
angular in section, vot obtusely so or even compressed as in T. palustre ; the seed
fills a large portion of the cavity, and is fixed to the truncate bottom of the cell by

 

author observed in the ‘ Phytologist:—“ The name for the order to which the
present genus belongs, Juncaginacew, is injudiciously chosen, as liable to be con-
founded with Juncacez. I would propose to substitute Triglochinacee, as being
at once unequivocable and identical, seeing that Juncago was but an old word for
Triglochin, and used for it generically by Tournefort and others until supplanted
by the latter.” Phytol. vol. iii. p. 1006. | Our author’s order therefore is strictly
synonymous with that, the characters of which we have quoted, in the absence of
any drawn op by himself.—Edrs.]

* Thave found it above 3 feet whilst the entire upper portion of the spike was
in flower and bud, and hence had not then attained its utmost elongation.
Triglochin.} TRIGLOCHINACES. 525

a very brief point of attachment. Seed linear, semiclliptical (its interior margin
straight), acute.

Professor Bigelow ascribes to the leaves of this plant a sweetish not unpleasant
taste, which they certainly do not possess in Europe, where both the taste and
odour are abvut equally unsavoury and repulsive.

2. T. palustre, L. Marsh Arrow-grass. “Fruit 8-celled nearly
linear.” —Br. Fl. p. 459. EH. B. t. 866.

In wet or boggy meadows or pastures; not very frequent. Fl. June, July.
Fr, October. 2{.

£. Med.  Pilentiful along the banks of slipped land along the shore between
Whitecliff bay and Bembridge, Mr. Thos. Meehan, jun. Sandown level, above
Alverstone. In a meadow a little E. of Langbridge, where Utricularia minor
grows, in plenty, 1843. In the meadow below Lower Knighton mill, also plenti-
ful. Moors between Bridge Court and Bow bridge, 1843. [Brading marshes,
A. G. More, Esq., Edrs.]

W. Med.— Most profusely in a very boggy meadow a little above Newbridge,
towards Calbourne mill, 1843. In the meadow at Apes down in which Cyperus
longus grows, plentifully. Wet piece of heathy ground close to Sheepwash farm,
Freshwater, and by one of the marsh-ditches at Freshwater gate. On wet clay
between Thorness bay and the mouth of the Newtown river. Yarmouth. Near
Newport, G. Atrkpatrick, Esq. !

Herb bright green, perfectly glabrous, with a fcetid smell, when bruised, like
that of bugs. Root a bundle of whitish scarcely branched fibres, crowned with the
membranous remains of the previous year’s leaves, and emitting besides one or two
horizontal, jointed and scaly runners, which, according to Mr. W. Wilson and
Bertoloni, produce bulls at their extremity. Stem solitary, erect, slender, terete,
hollow in the centre, bright green, from about 6 or 8 inches to neatly 2 feet in
height, whitish below, slightly flexuose and attenuated at its base, which is closely
embraced by the sheathing base of a single accompanying leaf. Leaves several,
all radical, shorter than the stem, erect or lax and reclining (?), very long, slen-
der, attenuated and rush-like but not rigid, terete, a little flattened and with a
shallow groove above, the apex with a minute, rounded, brown and shining tip ;
equitant below by their long, greenish and sheathing bases, whose fine scariose
margins terminate abruptly at top in a free, rounded, bifid point. Flowers in a
simple, terminal, constantly elongating raceme, numerous, alternate, erect, small
and inconspicuous, greenish or purplish.  Pedicels about as long usually as the
full-blown flowers, erecto-patent. | Segments of the perianth greenish, with pur-
plish edges, in two distinct whorls, the three outer and lower broadly elliptical,
hollow and gibbous, slightly spreading or patent; inner and upper similar, but
somewhat smaller, erect; all six obtusely keeled at the back with short, blunt,
purplish points, those of the inner segments often a little spreading. Stamens
very short, without filaments; anthers large, purplish green, broadly elliptical,
lodged in the concavity of the perianth-segments, the three inner ones quite con-
cealed by the latter, 2-celled, bursting on their outer convex face, their concave
backs turned towards the germens, at the base of which they are inserted by a
short point or process, hence truly hypogynous; podlen whitish. Styles obsolete ;
stigmas 3, a tuft of radiating, pellucid, simple bristles. | Germens 3, sublinear-
oblong, closely combined to their summits, which protrude above the perianth,
elongating as they advance to maturity. Fruit erect, almost linear, yellowish
brown, of 3 linear-lanceolate indehiscent capsules, fitted to the angles of a broadly
3-winged receptacle, to which they are perinanently attached at the summit, but
separating from it when ripe at their lower very acute extremities, in which state
they resemble those pikes or arrow-heads we see in old armouries, with three barbs
that spread in the attempt to extract the weapon from the wound. Seed solitary,
brownish, linear, attached to the bottom of the cell by a short funiculus.

Readily distinguished from 7. maritimum by the suppression of three of the
cells of the capsule, the rudiments of which appear like a tapering hollow rib in
the angles of the three remaining cells.
526 ARACE.E. [Arum.

Order LXXXII. ARACEA, Juss.

“ Flowers moneecious, numerous, collected upon a spadiz, which
is generally enclosed within a 1-leaved spatha; barren and fertile
ones usually on different parts of the spadix, sometimes inter-
mingled. Perianth wanting. Stamens usually indefinite. <An-
thers turned outwards, nearly sessile or on flat filaments, usually
2-celled, sometimes 1-celled, sometimes 4- or many-celled, two or
more being united.— Fertile flowers :—Ovary free, with 1 or rarely
more cells, sessile, solitary or aggregated. Ovules solitary or
several together, erect, horizontal or pendulous. Stigma sessile
or nearly so. Fruit succulent. Seeds pulpy. Embryo usually
with a contrary direction to the seed, in the axis of fleshy or
mealy (rarely without) albwmen, straight, with a cleft on its side
for the emission of the plumule. Radicle usually at the opposite
extremity from the hilum, rarely pointing to it.—Leaves sheathing
at the base, convolute in estivation, sometimes compound, often cor-
date, usually with branching veins.” —Br. Fl.

I. Arum, Linn. Wake Robin.

“ Spatha convolute at the base. Spadix with the fertile flowers
at the base. Stamens (sessile) near the middle of the spadiz,
which is naked above. Ovuwles 2—6 in each carpel, horizontal.
Stigma sessile, somewhat eccentric. Berry with 1 cell and 1 or
few seeds. Embryo at the opposite extremity of the seed from
the hilum.” —Br. Fl.

“ How sweet it us’d to be when April first

Unclos’d the Arum leaves, and into view
Its ear-like flowers their cases burst,
Beting’d with yellowish white or lushy hue ;
Though manhood now with such has small to do,
Yet I remember what delight was mine
When on my Sunday walks I us’d to go,
Flower-gathering tribes in childish bliss to join;
Peeping and searching hedgerow-side or woods,
When thorns stain green with slow unclosing buds.
Ah, how delighted, humming on the time
Some nameless song or tale, I sought the flowers ;
Some rushy dyke to jump, or bank to climb,
Ere I obtain’d them; while from hasty showers
Oft under trees we nestled in a ring,
Culling our ‘ Lords and Ladies.’ ”

Clare.

1. A. maculatum, L. Common Wake Robin or Cuckow Pint.
Lords and Ladies. Vect. Cuckow Babies. Stemless, leaves
entire more or less hastato-sagittate acute or rounded, their lobes
Arum.]} ARACEA. 527

short obtuse and approximate or moderately diverging overlap-
ping at base, spadix clavate shorter than the erect including and
pointed spathe. Linn. Sp. Pl. p. 1870. E. B. v. 19, tab. 1298.
Curt. Fl. Lond. i. fase. 2, tab. 63. Br. Fl. p. 462.

B. Leaves veined with greenish white.*

In woods, thickets, groves and open pastures, on hedgebanks and the grassy
borders of fields; most abundantly everywhere. Fl. April—June. Fr. July—
September. 2.

8. About Bonchurch and Steephill, not uncommonly.

Our hedgebanks are profusely clothed with the broad leaves of the Arum in the
later spring and earlier summer months.

From 6 to 8 inches high, quite glabrous. | Root a roundish tuber the size of a
walnut. eaves few, all radical, on lovg, roundish, sheathing footstalks, quite
entire, dark green, often blotched or spotted with purplish black, sometimes
veined with greenish white, mostly shining as if varnished beneath, fleshy and
succulent, but becoming membranaceous in drying, very various in size and form,
often 12 or 14 inches long, hastato-sagittate, commonly acute and much
longer than wide, frequently obtuse, rounded or nearly triangular, sometimes of
an ovate shape like those of Sorrel; their lobes mostly short, blunt and but little
diverging, overlapping at their base, but not usually deflexed, greatly varying in
the degree of approximation, being sometimes nearly -parallel, at other times
spreading considerably and more truly hastate, though never at right angles to
the petiole as in the closely allied A. italicum, by some (I think erroneously) con-
sidered a variety of our present species. Spathe a span long, erect, taper-pointed,
ribbed, pale greenish, often spotted or clouded with dull purple, contracted a lit-
tle above the base, where it forms a sac or cavity, containing the organs of repro-
duction, situated on the lower portion of the spadix, and which consist first of a
series of rough abortive germens, furnished with long variously twisted styles :
below these at a short interval is a broad zone of several rows of purple, sessile,
2-celled anthers; and, lastly, under both is a second set of ovaries, of which the
uppermost are still rough, abortive and furnished with styles, the lower and more
numerous whitish, smooth, with sessile deciduous stigmas, like a tuft of hairs, on
the summit of each ovary: that portion of the spadix not included in the con-
tracted part of the spathe is clavate, obtuse, naked and deciduous, in colour of
every shade between pale yellow-buff or dingy brown and bright purple, much
shorter than the inflated hood-like spathe, by which it is completely protected,
withering away with the latter after impregnation, together with the leaves: after
flowering, the inferior contracted ‘portion of the spathe, which remains dry and
membranous when the superior cucullate part has wholly shrivelled up, performs
the functions and assumes the appearance of a capsule, closing over the unripe
fruit, which at length swell, and, bursting their filmy envelope, discover them-
selves in an oblong cluster of bright scarlet, roundish, sessile berries, very juicy
and acrimonious, each containing 2, 3, or 4 seeds (mostly 2 or 3), or by abortion
l-seeded. Seeds brownish white, nearly globular, rugosely reticulate or areolate,
covered with a fine membrane. Albumen very white and farinaceous.

The leaves of this singular plant are fully developed in the spring long before
the inflorescence, appearing above ground early in February, or in mild seasons
even sooner,t and withering away before Midsummer so completely that it would
be difficult to trace their remains where they but lately grew in profusion. The
varieties with spotted and plain leaves are almost equally common with us, and
grow intermixed. Reichenbach, with his usual mania for “splitting,” makes two
species of them, and observes, after giving the supposed characters of each,

 

* [This plant is described by Mr. Albert Hambrough in the ‘ Phytologist’ (vol.
v. p. 194) as Arum italicum.—Edrs.]

+ I have even remarked them springing up at the close of autumn at Bon-
church.
528 ARACES. ;Arum.

“ Utramque jam vivam observo, in eodem loco A. maculatum per octo dies preco-
cius est immaculato.”* In this island I can perceive no difference in the time of
flowering, and the leaves of both are alike variable in size and shape. The spot-
ted form would appear to be the rarer towards the North, where, as in Sweden
and Denmark, this variety is nearly an entire stranger. Specimens occur with us
occasionally in which the leaves are broadly veined with greenish white as in the
foreign A, italicum, which is by many botanists regarded as a variety merely of
our A. maculatum. To myself they have always appeared palpably distinct. The
former, with which I have been long familiar in the South of Europe, is a much
larger plant than ours, the leaves more perfectly hastate, with very divaricate
lobes, that stand nearly at right angles to the midrib, which, as well as the late-
ral veins, are for the most part strongly marked above with white; the leaves too
are more uniform in shape, and do not exhibit the same great diversity of outline
as in A. maculatum, besides which they are habitually evolved at the close of the
year, and remain green through the winter, which is rarely the case with the
other, and then only as it were accidentally, in warm sheltered situations, by a sort
of natural forcing. Arum italicum is the prevailing species over the South and
South-west of Europe, where A. maculatum is seldom seen except in elevated
places. I remarked it, during a journey from Orleans to Bordeaux, to make its
appearance for the first time on approaching Poitiers, after which it became com-
mon, and about Bordeaux is everywhere to be met with, ranging all along the
western maritime departments of France to Brittany as far as lat. 48° or perhaps
higher. Throughout Italy it abounds in the most open sunny exposures, not
being the shade- and moisture-loving plant that A. maculatum is, nor does it, like
that, inhabit the more interior countries of the European continent under its
limitrophe parallels, as Switzerland, Hungary, Austria Proper, &c.

The acrimony that pervades the entire plant is quickly dissipated by heat or
drying, when the tubers yield a beautifully white starchy substance, possessing all
the qualities of arrow-root, for which purpose they are dug up in Portland Islaud,
and the prepared farinaceuus matter sent to London in considerable quantity,
under the name of Portland Sago, chiefly for the use of invalids. | Were the de-
mand more general, this island could alone furnish an inexhaustible supply for
the market of a valuable production, now neglected because not conventionally
used as an article of diet. In ruder states of Society mankind readily seek out
and appropriate those spontaneous gifts of Nature which in more civilized com-
munities are overlooked or contemned. The savage starves not, for the field and
the forest are his granary, on which he relies for unbought subsistance: the poor of
our land perish if the hand of bounty be withdrawn, for they must be fed with the
purchased food which labour prepares for the rich as well as the needy. The
farinaceeus roots of various aroid plants afford subsistence to tribes the most
remote from one another, and living under climates the most dissimilar. The
Egyptian of ancient and modern times possesses his Colocasia, whilst the swart
children of Nigritia carried their Eddow and Cress from the shores of Africa to
the land of their captivity in the western hemisphere. Nor has Nature denied
even to the extreme North a resource against those seasons of scarcity incident to
a climate so rigorous, in the fleshy rhizoma of a plant of the same natural order,
gvowing in the frozen swamps about the Gulfof Bothnia. Thervot of the Marsh
Dragons (Calla palustris) furnishes the inhabitants of the extreme North of Eu-
rope with a white and most palatable bread, a full account of the properties and
preparation of which is given by Linnzus, in his ‘ Flora Lapponica.’+

It is probable the young fresh leaves of our Wake Robin might, when boiled,
furnish an excellent spring kale, as do those of Caladium esculentum in the West

 

* FL Germ. Excurs. i. adden. et corrig. p. 138.

+ “Panis hic albus est duelis et gratissimus, prasertim recens. Usus hujus
panit primarius et receptissimus apud Westrobothnienses, Ostrobothnienses et
Novaccolas Lapponiz. Panis hic longe prefertur pineo, qui nec usurpatur,
quamdiu hujus sufficiens prostat copia."—Fl. Lapp. p. 250.
Typha.) TYPHACE.Z. 529

Indies. As an object of cultivation, A. itulicum, from its larger size, and there-
fore greater yield, would doubtless be preferable to our native species.

There is a popular superstition current in North Wales that this plant grew at
the foot of our Saviour's cruss, in consequence of which the leaves bezame spotted.
Tam indebted to my talented and accomplished friend, Mrs. Owen, for pointing
out to me a beautiful allusion to this singular legend in a poem by her sister, the
late lamented Mrs. Hemans.

“Yes, these deep inwrought marks,
The villager will tell thee (and with voice
Lower’d in his true heart's reverend earnestness),
Are the flower’s portion from th’ atoning blood
On Calvary shed. Beneath the cross it grew;
And in the vase-like hollow of the leaf,
Catching from that dread shower of agony
A few mysterious drops, transmitted thus
Unto the groves and hills, their sealing stains,
A heritage for storm or vernal shower
Never to blow away.”

Order LXXXIII. TYPHACEA, Juss.

“ Flowers moncecious, numerous and very closely arranged upon
a cylindrical or spherical spadix without a spatha. Perianth of 8
or more mere scales, or wanting and replaced by hairs. — Barren
flowers :—Stamens 1—6. Filaments capillary, distinct or united.
Anthers erect.— Fertile flowers :—Ovule solitary, superior, 1-celled,
containing 1 solitary pendulous ovule. Style short. Stigma sim-
ple, unilateral. Fruit somewhat dry or spongy, drupaceous inde-
hiscent, 1-celled, at length angular by mutual pressure. Seed
solitary, pendulous, with a membranous skin adhering to the
pericarp. Embryo in the axis of mealy albumen, straight, with a
cleft on one side containing the plumule. Radicle next the hilum.
—Herbaceous plants, growing in marshes or ditches. Stems with-
out nodes. Leaves rigid, ensiform, with parallel veins.’—Br. Fl.

I. Typna, Linn. Reed-mace.

“Spadix cylindrical. Perianth 0, except hairs. — Barren
flowers : — Stamens 1, or 2—6 and monadelphous, surrounded at
the base with 3 or more hairs (sterile filaments ?): anthers some-
what wedge-shaped.— Fertile flowers :—Pericarp stalked, the stalk
with hairs, either whorled or at its base (sterile filaments ?).”” —
Br. Fl.

1. T. latifolia, L. Great Reed-mace or Cat’s-tail. Vect. Black-
puddings. Blackamoors. Blackheads. Bacco-bolts.* “Leaves
linear nearly plane glaucous, sterile and fertile spikes continuous,
both cylindrical.”—Br. Fl. p.460. E. B. t. 1455.

 

* From a resemblance in the spikes to a roll of tobacco. Sometimes, but erro-
neously, called Bull-rush.

3 Y
530 TYPHACEE. (Typha.

In slow streams, rivers, ponds, ditches and watery pits, in various places. Fl.
Julv, August. 2,.

E. Med.—About Ryde, yare. In a little pool near Beaper farm. In the brook
between St. John’s and Little Smallbrook farm, sparingly, 1844. In the upper
pond at Knighton house, plentifully. Little pool between Stapler's heath and the
farm. In the stream buth above and below Horringfurd bridge, and flowering
freely. Ina little pool under the cliff at Foreland, Dr. Bell-Salter. ;

W. Med. ~ By the Medina at Shide bridge, abundantly. Marsh below Caris-
brooke castle. “By the great pond near the church in the grounds at Gatcombe.
Marsh-ditches at Gurnet bay, with the following species. Plentiful and very
large in the pond by Kingston copse. Near the western arm of the Newtown
river, with the next. In the clay-pit at Squire’s brickfield, at Ningwood, 1845.
About the Medina and Yar, in plenty, Mr. Snooke !!!

The spikes of this species are employed, it is said (Loudon’s Mag. vi. p. 367),
by the weavers of Spitalfields, &c., for cleaning their work, and are also sold to
the poor as a cheap but efficient hat-brush.

The species of Typha, like many other marsh-plants, have a very wide range
over the globe. I have ubserved 7. latifolia growing abundantly on the swampy
shores of Morant Bay, in Jamaica, where however it appeared slightly to differ
from the European type in its greater height and comparative slenderness, as also
in the greener less glaucous colour of the leaves and more attenuated catkins,
The West-Indian plant may possibly be a distinct species.

2. T. angustifolia, L. Lesser Reed-mace or Cat’s-tail. Leaves
linear convex below concave above, sterile and fertile catkins a
little apart, barren florets seated amidst chaffy scales. Br. Fl. p.
460. H. B. t. 1456.

8. Leaves very narrow, scarcely half their usual width.

In similar places with the last; the more common of the two with us, especially
in old clay-pits. Fl. July. 2.

E. Med. —Pond between Wootton bridge and King’s quay, with the preceding
species. In a wet wood near Alverstone called Bordwood or Borthwick lynch.
Slipped land below the cliffs at Luccomb.

W. Med.—In marsh-meadow ditches at Gurnet bay, plentiful but rarely flower-
ing. Almost filling a pool surrounded by wood near Cockleton farm, W. Cowes,
nearly 8 feet high and flowering abundantly. Little pool at Pallance gate, flower-
ing freely. Pool between Great Thorness and Elmsworth farms, with Myriophyl-
lum alterniflorum. Pool close to the rectory at Shalfleect. Extremely common
in pools and watery pits on the heathy ground about the western side of the New-
town river.

B. In vast abundance and flowering freely in some old clay-pits on a rough
heathy waste a little E. of Cranmore farm, near Yarmouth, and adjoining Ning-
wood common, as also in another piece of heathy ground near the western arm of
the Newtown river, along with T. latifolia. Abundant but not flowering in aban-
doned clay-pits in the brickfield at Lower Hampstead.

Often as tall as the preceding, but much smaller, narrower and more slender in
all its parts. Stem round, simple, erect, smooth. Leaves very Jong and narrow,
almost semicylindrical at the base, gradually becoming flatter towards the point,
where they are quite plane, very smooth on both sides and along their edges.
Barren spike terminal, as long as the fertile one, yellowish or snuff-coloured.
Fertile spike placed at an interval of about an inch below the barren, of a darker
brown colour. Filaments seated ainid thin, chaffy, torn scales, various in size ;
anthers yellowish, with dark tips, twisted; pollen sulphur-yellow. Fertile florets
stalked, their pedicels springing from a greenish, conical, mamillary base.

The var. f. differs in no respect from the usual state of the species, excepting
in the narrowness of the leaves, which are scarcely }rd of an inch wide.
Sparganium.] TYPHACE#. 531

II. Spareanium, Linn. Bur-reed.

“ Spadix spherical. Perianth of 3 scales which are broader
upwards (sterile stamens ?). — Barren flowers :— Stamens 8, dis-
tinct or nearly so: anthers ovate.—Fertile flowers :—Pericarp ses-
sile.’—Br. Fl.

1. S. ramosum, Huds. Branched Bur-reed. ‘‘ Leaves triangu-
lar at the base their sides concave, common flower-stalk branched,
stigma linear.’"— Br, Fl. p.461. FE. B.t. 744. S. erectum, L.

‘ In ponds, ditches and slow streams, most abundantly. Fl. June—Septem-
er fs

£. Med. — Sandown level. Ina pond at St. Helens spit, which is quite filled
with it. Ditches near Sea View.

W. Med.— Plentiful in the marsh at Freshwater gate. Pond near Freshwater
farm, in great plenty and very large. Gurnet bay.

The largest of our British species.

2. 8S. simplex, Huds. Unbranched Bur-reed. Leaves triangu-
lar at the base their sides flat, common flower-stalk simple, stigma
linear. Br. Fl. p. 461. EH. B. t. 745. 8S. erectum @., L.

In ditches, pools, &c., with the last, but less frequently. £7. July—October.

£, Med.—In several ditches on Sandown marshes. Ditches between Brading
and St. Helens, frequent. Abundant in Lashmere pond, at the foot of Bleak
down. Marsh-meadow ditches on the East end of Alverstone lynch, 1849.

W, Med.—In a pool by the cottage on the skirts of the fir-plantation above
Burn wood, in abundance, 1844.

Root a bundle of long, lax, pale fibres and a few white runners. Stem 1—2
feet high, flexuose, round, solid, leafy and simple, unless the branch-like pedun-
cles, each supporting a solitary terminal flower-bead, without any lateral ones as
on the main stalk, be viewed as ramifications. Leaves loug, as tall as or rather
taller than the stem, very vascular, erect, linear, prismatic, yellowish green, con-
cave and sheathing at their membranous and filamentous bases, nearly flat above,
with thin smooth edges and a not very acute point, sharply triangular beneath,
the sides flat or in the lower part of the leaf slightly convex, not, as in S. ramo-
sum, concave. Heads of barren flowers 3 or 4, approximate at the summit of the
stem, small, round, sessile, yellow even before expausion, not blackish as in S.
ramosum. Anthers yellow. Fertile flowers in 3 or 4 dense globular heads below
the barren ones, alternate and distant, the 2 or 3 highest sessile from the close
incorporation of their peduncles with the common stalk, the lowermost and often
the one above it on a partially free and erect peduncle, arising, like those of the
other fertile heads, from the axil of a long, leafy, concave bract, of which that
beneath the uppermost head is far smaller than the rest and suddenly bent down.

Dr. Bell-Salter has remarked to me that the lowermost and stalked head of
flowers in S. simplex commonly arises from the main slem, considerably above
and not from the axil of the undermost leaf as in S. ramosum, and this accords
with the figures in KE. B. and FI. Londinensis, as also with dried specimens from
Shropshire, but in some gathered in this island the inferior head of flowers is axil-
lary as in the branched Bur-reed.

This species very much resembles the preceding, of which it has by some been
deemed a variety, but its characters are constant enough to make such a supposi-
tion more than doubtful. Though very variable in size, it never attains to any-
thing like the dimensions of S. ramosum, and the colour is of a lighter and paler
green than in that species.
532 PISTIACER. [ Lemna.

3. S. natans, L. Floating Bur-reed. “ Leaves floating plane,
common flower-stalk simple, stigma ovate very short, head of ste-
rile flowers mostly solitary.”—Br. Fl. p. 461. E. B. t. 273.

In ditches, pouls, sluggish rivers and streams; very rare? 2U. July. Fr. Sep-
tember, October. ;

E. Med. —Very profusely in the stream immediately above Alverston mill, but
never, I believe, flowering there or in any of the running waters in the island,
however slow the current way be. In the Medina and Yar, in abundance, Mr.
Snooke.

W. Med.—Tn some little pools (old clay-pits) called, as well as I can ascertain,
Appey pools, on a small common a little E. of Cranmore farm, near Ningwood,
and which are nearly filled with Typha angustifolia, I found this species in some
plenty, August, 1840.

The smallest and slenderest of our three species. Root long, slender, creeping,
throwing out at intervals bundles of white fibres and leaves. Stem round, smooth,
solid, very variable in length according to the depth of water, floating or procum-
bent upon the mud or weeds about the margin, in which case or when the water
is shallow the whole plant does not exceed 6 inches in length. Leaves numerous,
sheathing, beautifully reticulated, very long, narrow (in my specimens barely }th
of an inch wide), of a pale pellucid green, very thin, riband-like, obtuse, perfectly
flat or keelless, by which this species may he immediately distinguished from the
barren floating form of S.simplex or S.ramosum, so common in our streams; the
floral and one ov two of the uppermost stem-leaves, which are partly above water,
are firmer and gieener than the lower submerged leaves. Heads of barren flowers
mostly solitary. Heads of fertile flowers generally two, seldom three, the upper
one quite sessile, the lower one ocvasionally on a short peduncle, each in the axil
of an erect short leaf, concave and inflated at the base, flat at the extremity, serv-
ing as a bract. Ovaries (germens) in globular heads as in our other species,
ovato-conical, obtusely angular. Stigmas vvato-oblong, obtuse and sessile. Seeds
(drapes) in globular heads like those of S. simplex, but fur swaller, scarcely larger
than small peas or pistol-bullets.

The transverse reticulation is far less conspicuous in the leaves of S. ramusum,
and probably also of S. simplex, than in the present species.

The plant indicated as S. natans by Mv. Snooke I believe to be identical with
a floating form of what I take to be S. simplex, and which I find very abundantly
in the Medina, and in ditches on Sandown level, where there is a sluw current.
As it does not produce flowers in this situation, there is some uncertainty about
the species.

The French name, Rubanier, for this genus alludes no doubt to the floating
and riband-like leaves of S. natans.

Order LXXXIV. PISTIACEA, Rich.

* Perianth 0. Flowers 2, moneecious, enclosed in a spatha, but
not born on a spadix. — Steri/e flowers solitary. Stamens 1—2
and distinct, or the flaments united, thick, and bearing 3—8 an-
thers.— Fertile lowers solitary. Ovary 1-celled, with 1 or more erect
or horizontal ovules. Style short. Stigma simple. F'ruit some-
what membranaceous and indehiscent, or bursting transversely,
or baceate, l- or more seeded. Seeds with a coriaceous thick
ribbed skin, and a thickened indurated foramen. Embryo either
in the axis of a fleshy albumen and having a lateral cleft for the
emission of the plumule, or at the apex of the nucleus. Radicle

 
Lemna.) PISTIACER, 538

at the opposite extremity from the hilwm.— Floating frondose

plants, minute and usually lenticular, or with large lobed fronds.’ —
Br. Fl.

I. Lemwa, Linn. Duckweed.

“ Spatha membranaceous, urceolate. Stamens 1—2, distinct,
each bearing a 8-celled didymous anther (the cells bilocular ?).
Frwt wrticular. — Fronds without distinct stem or leaves, floating
on the surface of the water, and increasing, not only by seeds, but,
far more abundantly, by gemme or buds, concealed in lateral clefts
of the parent frond, which, growing out on two opposite sides into
new plants, and these again producing offspring in the same way,

while still attached to their parent, present a most curious appear-
ance.” —Br. Fl.

1. L. trisulea, L. Ivy-leaved Duckweed. Fronds thin pellucid
elliptic-lanceolate caudate at one end at the other serrated, roots
solitary, H. Flip. 82. EH. B.t. 926. Br. Fl. p. 464. Fl.
Dan. ix. t. 1586.

In clear standing water, pools and ditches, but local. Fl. June, July. ©.

E.. Med.— Ditches in Sandown level, abundantly, very profusely in those imme-

diately around the fort. [Pond near the brick-kiln, Bembridge, A. G. More, Esq.,
Edrs.]

W. Med.—Ditches in the marsh at Easton, Fl. Vect.

2. L. polyrhiza, L. Greater Duckweed. Fronds opaque obo-
vato-rotundate somewhat convex beneath, roots numerous clus-
tered. E. Fli.p.38. E. B.t. 2458. Br. Fl. p. 464. £1. Dan.
ix. t. 1589.

In clear still water, with the last species, and scarcely less local than it. Fl,
not yet seen in Britain. ©.

E. Med .— Abundant in marsh-ditches between Yarbridge and Yaverland, as
well as in other parts of Sandown level.

W. Med.—Ditches in the marsh at Freshwater gate.

3. L. minor, L. Lesser Duckweed. Fronds opaque nearly
ovate flattish above and beneath, roots solitary. Sm. H. Fl. i. p.
32. EH. B.t.1095. Br. Fl. p. 464. Fl. Dan. ix. t. 1587.

Abundant in stagnant water, ponds, ditches and plashes, whether clear or miry.
Fl. July. ©.

4. L. gibba, L. Gibbous Duckweed. “ Fronds obovate nearly
plane above hemispherical beneath.” — Br. Fl. p. 464. EH. B.t.
1233. Fl. Dan. ix. t. 1588.

In ponds and ditches, but far rarer than any of the foregoing. #7. June—
September. ©.

W. Med.—Ina small pond near Yafford farm, growing intermixed with L.
minor, 1845.
534 NAIADACEZ. | Potamogeton.

Order LXXXV. NAIADACEZA, Juss.

Flowers perfect and all sessile, or imperfect and moncecious or
dicecious. Perianth? of the perfect flowers of 3—1 wedge-shaped
or clawed scales, or wanting; of the imperfect ones usually want-
ing, sometimes of 1—2 scales. Stamens definite, hypogynous.
Ovaries solitary or several, 1-celled. Ovules usually solitary, erect
or pendulous, rarely 3 and erect. Style simple, or more or less
deeply 2—8 cleft. Pericarps dry, indehiscent, 1-celled, 1- (or
rarely 2-) seeded. Embryo without albwmen, with a thin skin,
having a lateral cleft for the emission of the plumule. Radicle
next the hilum, or at the opposite extremity of the seed. — Sub-
merged or floating aquatics with very cellular leaves and stems.
Flowers inconspicuous, sometimes spiked.”—Br. Fl.

I. Potamoceton, Linn. Pondweed.

“ Flowers perfect, sessile, upon a spike (or spadix ?) which issues
from a sheathing bractea (or spatha?). Perianth single, of 4
clawed scales. Stamens 4.  Anthers sessile, opposite the scales
of the perianth. Pistils 4, which become 4 sessile achenes.
Styles and stigmas undivided.”—Br. Fl.

* Leaves alternate, upper ones floating, broader than the rest. Stipules free.

1. P. natans, L. Broad-leared Pondweed. ‘Lower leaves
linear submembranaceous or wanting, upper elliptical coriaceous
floating on long stalks many-nerved distinctly cellular, fruit (large)
keeled at the back.”—Br. Fl. p. 471. E. B. t. 1822.

In ponds, ditches and slow streams; frequent. £7. June, July. 2.

2. P. oblongus, Vir. Oblong-leaved Pondweed.  “ Leaves all
stalked, upper ones coriaceous floating oblong-elliptical, lower
linear-lanceolate, achenes minute with their back always obtuse
and rounded, spike slender cylindrical densely flowered upon a
long terete peduncle.” — Bab. EH. B.S. t. 2849. Br. Fl. p. 470.
P. natans «., Mert. and Koch.

In wet ditches and bogs, on marshy heaths, &c.; I believe a very common spe-
cies with us. Fl. July. 2.

E. Med.—On Blackpan and Lake commons.

W. Med.—Cockleton hog ?

** Leaves alternate, ovato-lanceolate or oblong, all submersed. Stipules free.

3. P. lucens, L. Shining Pondweed. ‘“ Leaves stalked elliptic-
lanceolate mucronate denticulate flat, with several opposite pairs
of parallel nerves springing from the midrib connected by reticu-
lations, stipules winged, spikes cylindrical many-flowered.” — Br.
FI. p. 468. E. B. t. 876.
Potamogeton.] NAIADACEZ. 535

In ponds and ditches, probably common. Fil. June, July. 2,.
E.. Med. —Marsh-ditches at Sandown.

4. P. erispus, L. Curled Pondweed. “Stem compressed,
leaves lanceolate waved and serrated 3-nerved sessile, fruit
beaked.”— Br. Fl. p. 468. EH. B. t. 1012.

In ponds, ditches and slow streams. Fl. June, July. 2.

Ei. Med. — Marsh-ditches at Sandown. Pond at the brick-kiln, Bembridge,
Dr. Bell-Salter.

W. Med.—Ditches in the marsh at Easton, abundantly.

*** Leaves alternate, all linear, submersed. Stipules free.

5. P. pusillus, L. Small Pondweed. “Leaves narrow-linear
8—5 nerved with obscure connecting-veins, peduncles 2—3 times
longer than the somewhat lax spike, stem slightly compressed.” —
Br. Fl. p. 467. H. B.t. 215. Fl. Dan. ix. t. 1451.

Tn ditches and stagnant water, both fresh and brackish; not rare. Fl. July.

2.

E. Med.—Marsh-ditches by the Dover at Ryde, abundantly. Brading marshes,
in profusion. Marsh-ditches between Brading and St. Helens, Frederick Towns-
end, Esq., 1844 !!!

W. Med. —Ditches in the marsh near Easton, Mr. W. D. Snooke.

The smallest and slenderest of our species. Whole plant submerged, excepting
the small flower-spikes, which appear above the surface in July, distinguishing it
from the Zannichellia and Ruppia, which commonly grow intermixed with it.
Root a few brownish slender fibres. Stem filiform, ronnd or compressed, more or
less branched, from a span (as in my specimens) to 1 or 2 feet in length (Sm.)
Leaves alternate, those beneath the flower-stalks opposite, an inch or two in length,
scarcely a line in breadth (except in the larger variety, P. compressus of authors),
olive-green, acute, with a distinct central rib, and one often obscurely marked on
each side near the margin, and which joins the midrib a short distance from the
point of the leaf. Spikes 4rd of an inch long, several times shorter than their
stout peduncles, that are often thicker than the stems themselves, of mostly 2
interrupted whorls of greenish flowers. Peduneles dilated and compressed below
the spikes. ruit roundish ovate, tipped with the somewhat oblique obtuse
stigma.

**** Leaves alternate, all submersed. Stipules adnate.

6. P. pectinatus, L. Fennel-leaved Pondweed. “ Leaves disti-
chous setaceous or linear 1—8 nerved sheathing by means of their
adnate stipules, spike interrupted, achenes large 3-ribbed at the
back, the two lateral ribs sometimes obsolete.” — Br. Fl. p. 466.
E. B. t. 823.

In rivers, ponds and ditches, both of fresh and salt water. Fl. June, July.
Fr. July, August. 2{.

E. Med.—Ditches on Brading marshes, 1844. Ditches around Sandown fort,
1842. '

W. Med.—In a small pool on the marshes at Barnfield, near Yarmouth, 1844.
Ditches in the marsh at Easton, plentifully, and appearing to be the large-fruited
salt-water variety of the plant, the P. marinum of L. and DC., &c.

Herb very variable. Root perennial, originating from a tuberous lump, then
creeping horizontally, slender, much branched (Sm.) Stem floating, various in
length according to the depth of water, from 1 foot in still to 8 or 10 feet in run-
ning water (J. et K.), round, finely striated, copiously branched, the branches
repeatedly forked, hence having a fasciculate appearance. Leaves numerous,
536 NAIADACER. (Ruppia.

bright green, alternate, very finely linear, setaceous or almost capillary, which they
very soon become on exposure to the air, in the specimens before me appearing
under a high magnifier rounded or nearly terete, not flat, more or less grooved
above, very indistinctly single-nerved from the shining through of a central chord,
transversely reticulated, springing from long close sheaths, that embrace the stem,
are somewhat open at bottom, lined with the stipule, which projects beyond it into
a pointed scarious appendage, analogous to the ligule in grasses, and which falls
away for the most part. Spikes solitary, axillary or terminal, on terete simple
peduncles, of various, mostly very great, length, more or less interrupted. Flowers
large, sessile, in pairs opposite to each other or 3 together. Segments of the peri-
anth younded, entire, concave. Anthers large, of 2 white oblong lobes diverging
below, bursting at the back. Nuts pale greenish or grayish brown, one or two
sometimes abortive, roundly ovate or obovate, subcompressed, slightly and subtu-
berculately rugose and shining, the short broad apex a little oblique, in my fresh
specimens without a keel or any lateral ridges.

*%*** Leaves all opposite and submersed. Stipules none.

7. P. densus, L. Close Opposite-leaved Pondweed. ‘“ Leaves
crowded all opposite pellucid amplexicaul ovato-acuminate or lan-
ceolate, spikes shortly stalked about 4-flowered finally reflexed.”
—Br. Fl. p. 466. E.B. t, 397.

In ditches and pools. Fil. June, July. 2£.

E. Med.— Marsh-ditches at Sandown. [Brading marshes, A. G. More, Esq.,
Edrs.]

W. Med.—Ditches in the maysh at Freshwater gate, abundantly.

Well distinguished by its narrow opposite leaves and the absence of stipules.

II. Ruppra, Linn. Tassel Pondweed.

“ Flowers perfect, about 2 on a spike (or spadiz ?) arising from
the sheathing bases of the leaves, which, perform the office of a
spatha. Perianth 0. Stamens 4. Amnthers 1-celled. Style and
stigmas undivided. Achenes 4, on long stalks, l-seeded. Albu-
men 0.-—Br. Fl.

1. R. maritima, L. Tassel Pondweed. Sea Tassel-grass. E.
B.t.136. Fl. Lond. t.50. Br. Fl. p. 471.

In ditches and pools of salt water; very commonly. Fl. July, August, 2.

E. Med. — Ditches at the back of the Dover, Ryde. Ditches betweeu Spring-
field and Old Fort.

W. Med.—~ Salt-water ditches about Yarmouth and Freshwater, plentifully.
Ditches in the salt-marsh near Yarmouth, in the greatest abundance, Mr. Snooke.

[G. rostellata. Abundant near the sluice at Brading, A. G. More, Esq., Edrs.]

TiJ. Zanicuenyi, Linn. Horned Pondweed.

“ Flowers monecious.—Barren flowers :—Perianth 0. Stamen
1. Anthers 2—4 celled.—Fertile flowers :—Perianth single, of 1
leaf. Germens 4 or more. Styles undivided. Stigma peltate.
Achenes nearly sessile.” —Br. Fl.

1. Z. palustris, L. Horned Pondweed. E, B. t. 1844. Br.
Fil. p. 472.
In salt- and fresh-water ponds and ditches, in various places. Fl. July, Au-

gust. ©.
. Med.—Ditches on the Dover marsh, plentiful. Ditches between Springfield
Zostera.| NAIADACE.. 587

and Old Fort, which are nearly all filled with this plant and Ruppia, 1839.
[Brading marshes, A. G. More, E'sq., Edrs.]

W. Med.—Ditches at Freshwater, almost constantly with only a 2-celled anther.
In a pool on a moory pasture near Mottiston mill, in plenty, 1848. In a little
poul of fresh water near Gurnet bay. .

Stigmas rounded or very broadly cordate, rather irregular in size and shape, but
never lanceolate, attached to the style near their circumference, delicately trans-
parent crystalline and colourless, like thin lamine of the clearest ice. Capsule
not toothed at the back, but bluntly tuberculate.

Wahlenberg says the anther is occasionally either 2-, 3-, or 4-celled, but T
rarely find more than 2 cells, or the stigmas otherwise than rounded or very ob-
tusely angular, dentate on the margin and delicately transparent.

For remarks on Z. palustris and Z. dentata see Hooker's Companion to the
Bot. Mag. No. VI.

IV. Zostera, Linn. Grass-wrack.

“ Flowers imperfect. Stamens and pistils inserted in 2 rows
upon one side of a flat thin spadiz. Spatha foliaceous. Anthers
ovate, sessile, alternating with the ovate germens. Style bifid.
oo with 1 seed (bursting vertically, Wilson). Albumen 0.”—

r. Fl.

1. Z. marina, L. Common Grass-wrack. Vect. Grassweed.
“‘ Leaves linear 3—7 nerved, peduncle of the spatha thick shorter
than the linear spadix, achenes striated.’—Br. Fl. p.478. EH. B.
t. 467.

In shallow creeks and inlets of the sea, at the mouths of rivers, also in ponds on
salt-marshes, &c. Fl. July, August. 2{.

E. Med.— About Ryde pier. Commonly thrown up on the shore at Ryde
after heavy gales.

W. Med.—At the mouths of the Yar and Medina, and plentiful in the pools of
salt or brackish water on the marshes between Yarmouth and Freshwater.

A troublesome weed in shallow waters, by impeding the passage of boats, as in
the Southampton river crossing over to Hythe, &c., where it impedes the progress
of small craft.

2. Z. nana, Roth. Dwarf Grass-wrack. “Leaves 1-nerved,
stipular sheaths truncate, peduncle of the spatha as long as the
spadix not thickened upwards, spadix short few-flowered with
extra marginal appendages.’—Br. Fl. p. 473. Borr.in E. B.S.
t. 2231.

In similar places with the last, and with which it is usually mixed. Fl. Au-

ust. :
E. Mai. Found in considerable abundance on the shore of Brading harbour,
near the ferry opposite Bembridge, by Dr. Bell-Salter, Nov. 26th, 1847. [On

the sand-head off Ryde, both on the East and West sides of the pier, abundantly,
A. G. More, Esq., Edrs.]

First detected as a British species by Mr. Sonder, of Hamburgh, amongst sea-
weeds sent to him from Dover, and confirmed as such by Mr. Borrer, who gathered
it in flower abundantly on the mud of Poole harbour in August, 1847, and shortly
afterwards in Emsworth creek, which parts Sussex from Hampshire.

BZ
5388 CYPERACER, (Cyperus.

Subclass IJ. GLuMAcE4.

“Flowers destitute of true perianth (unless the curious urceo-
late or 2—3 valved covering to the ovary in some Cyperacez, or
the glumellas of the Graminew, be considered such), but enclosed
within imbricated alternate chaffy scales or bracteas.’—Br. Fl.

Order LXXXVI. CYPERACEA, Juss.

“ Flowers perfect or imperfect, furnished each with a solitary
partial bractea called a glwme, imbricated on a common axis or
rachis, the whole constituting a spikelet. Perianth? (here called
perigynium) only in the fertile imperfect flowers, rarely membra-
naceous, 2—3 valved, the valves distinct or usually united (Gn
Carex), generally entirely wanting. Stamens hypogynous, definite
(1—12), usually 3, with sometimes an additional row of abortive
filaments (called sete or hypogynous bristles). Anthers erect,
2-celled. Ovary superior, 1-celled, with one erect ovule at its
base. Style single, 2—8 cleft. Stigmas 2—8. Fruit an achene,
crustaceous, or with a corky or fleshy, sometimes bony, skin.
Embryo lenticular, enclosed in the base of a copious albumen.—
Stems often angular, frequently without joints. Leaves with entire
sheaths. Lower glumes in each sprikelet often destitute of stamens
or pistil.”—Br. Fl.

Tribe I. Cyrerzez.

Flowers perfect. Glumes of each spikelet imbricated in two oppo-
site rows. Perigyniwm 0.

I. Cyrrrvus, Linn. Cyprus-grass.

“ Spikelets many-flowered. Glumes keeled, imbricated in 2
opposite rows, mostly fertile, equal. Hypogynous bristles 0.
Style not dilated at the base, 2—3 cleft, deciduous. Achene often
tipped with the small base of the style.’"—Br. Fi.

An extensive genus, mostly restricted to low situations in the torrid and warmer
parts of the temperate zone, having tbeir metropolis in the former as Carex has in
the latter. They are in fact the Sedges of the South. The roots of some species
are aromatic and esculent, whilst the stems of another yielded to the ancients their
papyrus : their value is otherwise unimportant. Few are absolutely injurious, but
C. Hydra (Nut-grass of the W. Indies and 8. Carolina, Coco-grass of Louisiana,
&c.) is a grievous and almost unconquerable evil to the sugar-planters of those
countries.
Cyperus.) CYPERACER. 539

1. C. longus, L. Long-rooted Sweet Cyprus-grass. English
Galingale. Spikelets linear acute compressed digitato-fasciculate,
umbels doubly compound lax or drooping, involucre extremely
long leafy, partial ones very small, stem triangular. Sm. E. Fl.
ip. 54. Br. Fl. p.475. EH. B. xix. t.1809.  Bertol. Fl. Ital. i.
p. 269. Host. Gram. Aust. ili. 51, t. 76.

In low wet meadows and pastures and along marshy rivulets, but very rarely.
Fl. August—October. Fr. ? .

EE. Med. — In great luxuriance and profusion in a marshy meadow along the
stream between the new lighthouse at St. Catherine's (St. Catherine’s tower) and
Old Castle Point, Puckaster cove, near where it discharges itself into the sea,
Sept. 10th, 183Y. At Castle mead, Niton, in great plenty, 1844.

W. Med.—In a wet meadow by the roadside nearly opposite the farm-house at
Apes down, but sparingly, Aug. 10th, 1839. A very small quantity in a meadow
below Carisbrooke castle, on the West side, October, 1839.

Root creeping, of several stout, fleshy, jointed runners, covered witha bright red
sheathing epidermis; emitting numerous fibres from the articulations, and termi-
nating in white scaly offsets. Culm stout, erect, from 1 to 3 or sometimes above
4 feet in height, bright green, solid, smooth, sometimes slightly twisted, with 3
yather acute angles, the intermediate faces concave; naked for the greater part of
ilslength. Leaves 2 or 3 springing from long, close, brownish, striate and reti-
culated sheaths on the lower half of the stem, linear, firm and rigid, various in
length, longer, shorter than or equalling the culm, bright green and shining
above, rather glaucous and finely striated beneath, strongly grooved and chan-
nelled, with a sharp keel below, and rough-edged chiefly towards the summit,
their margins deflexed or a little folded downwards. Involucre usually of 3 very
unequal more or less spreading leaves, one of which greatly exceeds the others in
length, and is sometimes nearly 2 feet long; within these, and at the base of the
umbels, are commonly about as many much smaller leaves. Umbel terminal,
twice compounded, of several principal, slender, lax or drooping, compressed and
triangular rays, very unequal in length, from 2 or 3 inches to a span or upwards,
each enclosed in a short, pale, basal and tubular sheath, toothed or notched at the
summit; partial umbels with much shorter rays, that are enclosed in similar
sheaths to the principal ones, and having a few linear, leaf-like or scariose bracts
at their origin. Spikelets in simple or somewhat branched clusters, } an inch in
length (or even much more in luxuriant specimens), sessile or shortly pedicellate,
linear, very acute, compressed, spreading in a digitate form. Glumes imbricated
in 2 rows, obtuse, their colour rich bright chestnut, with a green, sometimes pale,
blunt, 3-ribbed keel. Anthers pale yellow. Ovarium oblong. Style linear;
stigmas 3. Fruit (hardened corolla) ovate, punctato-striate, at least when green,
but I have not seen it ripe.

The figure in ‘English Botany’ was drawn from a garden specimen, and,
though referred to for this species by Bertoloni and others, is so dissimilar to the
numerous examples I have seen from Kent and this island of Cyperus longus, that
I have considerable difficulty in believing it to be the same plant. In the figure
the umbels are represented as quite erect, not at all lax or drooping; the spikelets
far broader, more obtuse and very remote, much fewer in each cluster, all sessile,
opposite, and as it were arranged in a pinvated manner, 5 or 7 together. Their
colour, too, is a more uniform brown.

The root of the wild plant with us has merely a faint sweetish odour, and a
slightly warm bitterish taste, hardly deserving to be called aromatic, At St. Ca-
therine’s Point, however, the plant has a more perceptible sweetness, which, though
not powerful, is very diffusible. It is perhaps only in the drier soil of a garden
that these qualities are developed in the degree attributed to our species. The
entire plant possesses a degree of sweetness which, though faint and transient,
is very perceptible in a bundle of the stems when brought into a close room, or
on opening a box containing any quantity of it. Brotero, however, remarks that
040 CYPERACES. (Cladium.

the root is often inodorous as well as sweet-scented in Portugal, and Mr. G. E.
Smith describes his Kentish specimens as possessing the peculiar fragrance of
the species in perfection. . .

The plant thrives well in water, and becomes very tall and luxuriant, the invo-
lucral leaves attaining the length of a yard or more without losing their extremi-
ties by sphacelation, but, gracefully arching, droop in all directions in the most
elegant manner possible, recalling the idea of some tropical inmate of our stoves
and conservatories.

At St. Catherine’s Point the plant was cut fora late hay-crop by the former
occupant of the ground, and its sweetness, permanence and ample produce seem
to point it out as a valuable ubject of cultivation on wet meadow-lands. The sta-
tion is now on the property of my friend George Kirkpatrick, Esq., by whom the
meadow has been fenced in for the protection of the Cyperus, which, through the
zeal of that gentleman, and his love for whatever is rare and beautiful in nature,
will henceforth flourish in security from the scythe of the utilitarian farmer.

Tribe II. Scrreez.

Flowers perfect. Glumes of each spikelet imbricated on all sides.
Perigynium 0.

II. Cuapium, Schrad. Twig-rush.

“ Spikelets 1—2 flowered. Glwmes 5—6, imbricated on all
sides, the lower ones empty and smaller. Style with a conical
base, deciduous. Achene with a somewhat loose, fleshy, or corky
coat, tipped with the ovato-conical but not jointed base of the
style. Hypogynous bristles none."—Br. Fl.

1. C. Mariscus, R. Br. Prickly Twig-rush. “Panicle much
divided leafy, spikelets capitato-conglomerate, stem rounded leafy,
margins of the leaves and keel rough.”—Br. Fl. p. 476. Sche-
nus, L.: HE. B.t. 950. Host. Gram. Aust. 11. 87, t. 58.

In deep bogs and marshy places; very rare. Fl. June, July. .

W, Med. —Tn the bog at Easton, Freshwater gate, G. S. Mill, Esq. !!

I am indebted to the kindness of Mr. Mill for dried flowering specimens of this
plant from the above station, where I have not succeeded in finding it in flower
myself. Though tolerably plentiful in one or two of the meadows there, its occur-
rence amongst the strong coarse herbage of other Cyperacee, and the absence of
its conspicuous panicles, had completely screened it from my observation, even on
that often-explored spot. The Rev. G. E. Smith has remarked to me that for the
full development of the inflorescence the roots seem to require the absolute con-
tact of water, an opinion my own experience coufirms. The description was com-
pleted from fresh specimens collected at Gomer pond, a tract of partly reclaimed
bog on the opposite Hampshire coast, immediately behind Alverstoke, nearly
facing the town of Ryde, and where it abounds, attaining a large size.

A tall rush-like plant, the largest of the British Cyperacee. Root creeping
extensively, with long, stout, sealy runners, and emilting copious pale branching
fibres from the crown. Leaves linear, nearly erect, very firm and rigid, 2, 3, or 4
feet long, pale yellowish green, with a considerable glaucous tinge, from about 3
to 8 or 9 lines in width, strongly conduplicate or channelled in their lower part,
with pale, reticulated, sheathing bases, tapering upwards into very long, slender,
acute, triquetrous puints; smooth-edged and rounded beneath to some distance
from the base, when they gradually become acutely keeled, and armed both there
and ou the margins with extremely firm cartilaginous serratures, pointing for-
Rhynchospora.) CYPERACES. 541

wards, which are partly obtuse and partly spinulose, with incurved points, capable
of culting severely if handled incautiously: leaves on the culm bract-like, alter-
nate, with short tight sheaths. Ligule none, unless the pale, shining, adnate and
tapering, membranous lining of the leaf be considered as such. Culms erect,
leafy, hollow, jointed, faintly striated, smooth and shining, from 3 to 5 or 6 (some-
times, it is said, 8 or 10) feet high, often 4 av inch in diameter at the base, rounded
below, obscurely angular above, and alternately grooved by the contact of the
appressed stalks of the flowering branches, ramoso-paniculate for a great portion
of their length. Spikelets lanceolate, 2 or 3 lines in length, pale fuscous, capi-
tato-conglomerate, in terminal and axillary corymbosely paniculate clusters, the
lateral clusters solitary or geminate, each on a long, much-compressed or semite-
rete, upright and naked stalk, having a short, sheathing, obtuse, bifid and scariose
bract at its base, concealed by the sheaths of the superior bases of the culm, the
whole together constituling a long, interrupted, leafy panicle, a good deal resem-
bling that of some large species of Juncus, but vastly superior in size, often 24
feet in length; in the centre of each terminal cluster or partial corymb is com-
monly a sessile or very shortly stalked head of spikelets; branches of the panicle
very unequal, smooth, compressed and partly channelled, the secondary aud minor
with scariose and taper-pointed bracts at their origin. Florets mostly 2 (rarely 3)
in each spikelet, one of them only usually perfected. | Glumes 6,* closely imbri-
cated, chaffy, of a uniform pale brown, without scariose margins, ovate, more or
less acute or rounded and obtuse, entire or slightly emarginate, keeled, scarcely
ribbed, the 3 lower and outer much the shortest and empty. Stamens 2, some-
times, it if said, 3, placed close under the germen on each side, not all protruding ;+
anthers large, linear-elliptical, with rather long pellucid points; filaments stout.
Germen ovato-lanceolate, continuous with and gradually tapering into the styles,
without any apparent enlargement or articulation whatever. Styles 2 (sometimes
3°), often cleft, cohering together in their lower half, their summits plumoso-
pubescent, spreading and recurved. Fruit drupaceous, about 3th of an inch long,
ovato-acuminate, olive-brown, smooth and polished, its exterior coat (putamen)
thin and bony, the interior thicker, fleshy or spongy, greenish. Nut osseous,
ovato-globose, subapiculate, rough and blackish, with a white fleshy kernel.

The dissections of the florets in E. B. are very faulty, neither expressing the
apiculi of the anthers nor the elongated form of the germen, which is there drawn
as articulated with the style by an enlarged base to the latter; the filaments, too,
are represented as slender and tapering.

Cladium Mariscus is said to grow in the West Indies, and it is found in Bri-
tain as far North as Sutherland, and in Sweden in the Island of Gothland. T
have gathered it near Killarney, in Ireland; so that its range in all directions is
very extensive.

Ill. Ruynonospora, Vahl. Beak-rush.

“ Spikelets few-flowered. Glumes 6—7, imbricated on all sides,
the lower ones smaller, empty. Hypogynous bristles several,
included, toothed. Style subulate, bifid, dilated at the base.
Achene crowned with the persistent, more or less reticulated,
dilated base of the style.’—Br. Fl.

1. R. alba, Vahl. White Beak-rush. ‘ Spikelets in a compact
corymb as long as the outer bracteas, leaves narrow-linear, base

 

* Mertens and Koch (Deutschl. Fl. i. s. 360) assign 6 as the constant number
of the glumes, of which the 3 outermost are short, broad and empty, the 2 supe-
rior and inner floriferous and oblong, the 6th mostly imperfect.

+ In the greater number of the florets impregnation seems to take place within
the glumes, the shortness of the filaments not admitting of the anthers pro-
truding.
542 CYPERACEA. [Eleocharis.

of the style without teeth, bristles 9—12 with deflexed teeth, sta-
mens 2.” — Br. Fl. p. 477. Leighton in Loudon’s Mag. of Nat.
Hist. viii. p. 676. Scheenus, L.: Host. Gram. Aust. iv. 41, t. 72.
EE. B. t. 985.

On spongy turfy bogs, and springy places on heaths and commons, but not fre-
quent. Fl. July, August. :

E. Med.— On the marsby skirts of Lake common, in one or two spots abun-
dantly.

IV. Exsocuarts, R. Br. Spike-rush.

“ Spikelets solitary, terminal, many-flowered. Glwmes imbri-
cated on all sides, uniform, scarcely any empty, lowermost the
largest. Hypogynous bristles (4—12) toothed, included, rarely
none. Style 2—3fid, its dilated base jointed upon the germen.
Achene mostly lenticular, crowned with the broad indurated corky
base of the style—Marsh plants. Stems simple, leafless, sheathed
at the base.” —Br. Fl.

1. E. palustris, R. Br. Creeping-rooted Spike-rush. “Stem
rounded, root much creeping, stigmas 2, fruit lenticular plano-
convex crowned with the compressed base of the style shorter
than the 4 bristles.’-—Br. Fl. p. 478. Scirpus, £.: H. B.t. 131.
Host. Gram. Aust. iii. 38, t. 55.

Iv wet meadows, ditches, by the sides of pools and other marshy places; abun-
dantly. Fl. May—July. 2f.

EF, Med.—In the wet meadow within the walls of Quarr abbey. Abundant on
Brading marshes, near the sluice.

2. KE. multicaulis, Sm. Many-stalked Spike-rush. “Stem
rounded, root scarcely creeping, stigmas 3, fruit obovate trique-
trous crowned with the triquetrous base of the style longer than
the 6 bristles.’—Br. Fl. p. 479. Scirpus, H. B. t.1187. Scir-
pus palustris 8., Linn. Lapp. ed. 2. Fl. Dan, xi. t. 1923.

On turfy bogs and wet commons; rare. Fl. May—July. 2.

E. Med.— On the marshy skirts of Lake common (the N. side, adjoining San-
down level), in considerable plenty. In a boggy pasture between Saynham and
Dew’s place, 1844. Most abundantly on the boggy S.E. declivity of Bleak down,
facing Roude. Bog at Blackpan, Dr. Bell-Salter.

W. Med.—Bog at Freshwater, Dawson Turner, Esq., F). Vect.

Plant smaller than E. palustris, from about 4 to 8 or 10 inches in height. Root
a little creeping, densely ceespitose, with whitish flexuose fibres. Culms, both bar-
ren and fertile, very numerous, bright green, curved, spreading or inclined, rarely
quite erect, round or slightly compressed, faintly grooved or angular, smooth and
striate, with exceedingly minute depressed points, and larger, more distant, oblong
and pellucid dots; filled internally with a loose aggregate of large tubes or cells,
surrounded by smaller ones; but in none of my specimens can I detect the “stout
central pith” mentioned by Hooker on the authority of Mr. Wilson, though I have
examined a great many in a fresh state for that purpose, and presume therefore
that its appearance is only casual. Sheaths 1 or 2 at the base of each culm, pale
brownish or purplish, scarcely shining, the lowermost loose, chaffy, scale-like and
acute, the superior long, close, abrupt, with a short, triangular, incurved and thick-
ened point. Spikes terminal, solitary, ovato-oblong, very acute. Glumes dull
blackish or purplish brown, with narrow, scariose, pale edges, unequal in size,
mostly obtuse, the lowest particularly, those near the apex often somewhat acute,
Scurpus.] CYPERACEE. 543

the two basal glumes scarcely larger than the rest, the exterior one very broad,
sheathing and bractiform, thick and prominent behind by the prolongation of the
culm into itself, deeply emarginate at the summit of its round flat border, and
hence presenting an obcordate figure; interior basal glume longer than the outer
and partially embraced by the latter, ovate, with a thick greenish keel, quite entire
like the rest.

V. Scrreus, Linn. Club-rush.

“ Glumes of one valve, imbricated on all sides, equal, one or two
of the outer ones sometimes sterile. Bristles sometimes wanting.
Style inarticulated, deciduous, leaving a small mucro.”—Br, Fl.

1. S. pauciflorus, Lightf. Chocolate-headed Club-rush. Stem
rounded, its sheaths leafless, spike ovate few-flowered, two outer
glumes the largest obtuse shorter than the entire spike, stigmas
3, style scarcely deciduous not jointed. Sm. H. Fl.i. p.56. Br.
Fl. p. 488. E. B. xvi. t. 1122. Fl. Dan. xi. t. 1862. Host. Gram.
Aust. iii. t. 58.

On wet boggy heaths; very rare. FU. June, July. 2,.

E. Med. — [Boggy slope at the end of St. Helens green, A. G. More, Esq.,
Edrs.] ,

W. Med.—Plentiful on the upper part of the heath at Colwell towards Weston,
1840. Near Yarmouth, James Hussey, E’sq., in litt.!

Root of many slender brownish fibres, with white jointed runners. Culms seve-
ral, slender, erect, 8—12 inches high, partly barren, rounded or a little angular
near the base; filled with coarsely cellular pith, quite smooth, clothed with brown-
ish or whitish, shining land leafless sheaths, having white, membranous, pointed
scales at the origin. Spikes solitary, terminal, erect, about 4rd of an inch long,
chestnut- or chocolate-coloured, ovato-lanceolate, few-flowered, their two outer-
most glumes larger, but much shorter than the more interior ones, mostly unequal
in length and obtuse. Style long, white, compressed, roughish above, quite con-
tinuous with the germen, as may be readily seen in the flowering state, when the
transparency of the parts betrays no interruption of continuity whatever; stig-
mas 3. Bristles 6 (sometimes apparently only 4 or 5), rough with deflexed teeth,
shorter than or not exceeding the fruit, 3 of them at the very short base of the
germen, but exterior to the stamens, the rest a little above the first, and between
the filaments and germen. Jruit ovate, bluntly triquetroug, beautifully striated,
when ripe of a black brown, pale where it tapers off to the apex, at which it is
again dark-coloured.

2. S. fluitans, L. Floating Club-rush. ‘Stem (or rather float-
ing root) compressed branched, spikes ovate, glumes nearly equal
obtuse, stigmas 2, bristles none, fruit obovate plano-convex tip-
ped with the narrow base of the style.” — Br. Fl. E. B. t. 216.
Isolepis, Br. Fl. p. 480. Eleogiton, Link., Lindl.

In ditches, pools and watery pits, and on their half-dried-up margins; not
uncommon. Fl. June, July. .

E. Med.—Marsh-ditches at the upper or N.W. end of Lake common, in great
plenty. In watery gravel-pits on Borthwood forest. All along the little ditch or
drain bounding the fir-plantation by Winford farm, rooting in soft mud.

W. Med. — Clay-pits on heathy ground near the western arm of the Newtown
river.

Plant either floating in the water, or constituting a, dense and spongy but
treacherous turf round the margins of pools, &c.
had CYPERACER. [Scirpus.

3. S. setaceus, L. Bristle-stalked Club-rush. ‘Stem com-
pressed with 1 or 2 leaves at the base, spikelets about 2 terminal,
general bractea erect leafy much shorter than the stem, achene
mucronate ribbed obovate and marked with transverse lines.’—
Br. Fl. E. B.+. 1693. Isolepis, R. Br.: Br. Fl. p. 480. Host.
Gram. Aust. ii. 44, t. 65.

On wet ditch-banks, in low meadows, draius and other watery and boggy places ;
frequent. Fl. July—November. ©. (according to Hooker 2{).

E.. Med.—In a ditch near Ninham farm, by Ryde. Plentiful about Lake com-
mon, and in various parts of Sandown level. | By Lashmere pond, at the foot of
Bleak down. Undercliff, and E. of Shanklin chine, Wm. Wilson Saunders, Esq.
Meadow by Steephill, Frederick Townsend, Esq. [Wet spot on St. Helens green,
very sparingly, A. G. More, Esq., Edrs.]

W. Med. — In a boggy meadow a little above Newbridge towards Calbourne
mill, sparingly, 1844. Marsh at Easton, Mr. Snooke (perhaps S. Savii).

Root fibrous. Stems forming tufts from 3 to 6 or 8 iuches long, spreading in
all directions, very slender, partly barren and partly floriferous. Leaves 2 or 3 at
the base of each culm, channelled, sheathing the flower-stems, which they closely
resemble, and, like them, are setaceous and quite smooth. Spikelets ovate,
pointed, 1—3, on very short pedicels* or even quite sessile, overtopped by a con-
tinuation of the stem, greatly exceeding the same part in 8. Savii. Glumes
broadly ovate, whitish and membranous, with a green blunt keel. Fruit covered
with a thin chaffy tunic, turbinate, dark brown, beautifully sculptured longitudi-
nally by prominent ribs, united by minute transverse lines or furrows.

4. 8. Savii, S. et M. Savi’s Club-rush. “Stem round leafy
below, spikelets 1—3 terminal shorter than the unequally 2-leaved
involucre, fruit subglobose minutely dotted not furrowed.”—Br.
Fl. Hook. in E. B.S. t. 2782. Rem. et Sch. §&. filiformis, Sav.
Isolepis, Schultes: Br. Fl. p. 480. Parkins. Theat. Bot. 1270.
fig. 9. Merrett. Pin. p. 55.

B. monostachys. Spikelet solitary, with a shorter involucral bractea. Hook. 1.c.
S.leptalens, Koch. Isolepis, Kth. Fimbris tifis, Vahl.

In similar places with the preceding, and by much the more frequent of the
two. Fl. July—October. Fr. August—November. © (or 2{, Hooker).

E. Med.—Most profusely under the bank of slipped land under the cliff in San-
down bay, within halfa mile of Shanklin chine, 1844, and where some of the
tufts measured as much as 15 inches in diameter. On the farthest end of St.
Helens green. Wet spot on Briddlesford heath, 1843. In various places
between Niton and Blackgang, especially along the little stream that descends to
the sea, in great abundance, as also in most plashy spots on that part of the coast.
At Knowle, near Niton, Wm. Borrer, Esq.

W. Med.—Colwell heath.

8. In a marshy meadow not far from Landguard farm, near Shanklin, plenti-
fully in one spot, in 1838. [At Lane end, Bembridge,—also along the stream
above Brixton, A. G. More, Esq., Edrs.]

Root perennial, of many whitish creeping fibres. Stems numerous, 2—6 inches
high, obtusely angular, finely striated and dotted, very smooth, each enclosed at
the base in a tight sheath, often reddish below, sometimes elongated at the sum-
mit so as to resemble barren scapes, but which in this genus are viewed as leaves.
Heads of flowers terminal, of from 1 to 3 spikelets (solitary in @.), each head sub-
tended by a bractea or involure of 2 unequal leaves, the uppermost longer than
the spikelets in a., but in 8. shorter than the mature florets. Glwmes concave or

 

* T have seen it in Dorsetshire with spikelets very considerably pedunculate.
Scirpus.] CYPERACE.E. 545

very obtuse, with a stout green dorsal rib, brown when ripe. Style scarcely
enlarged at the base; stigmas 3. Fruit turbinate, somewhat trigonate, when ripe
brown and shining, finely striated, with depressed points. Bristles none, though
the sometimes persistent filaments may be mistaken for them.

This species, which until within these last few years was entirely overlooked as
a native of Britain, greatly resembles S. setaceus, but is smaller; the variety f. is
also very like Hleocharis acicularis in size and habit; hence both forms have been
confounded with these two long-recognized species, though obviously distinct from
either. It is clearly figured and described in Parkinson, ‘Theatrum,’ p. 1270,
fig. 9, as “*Gramen junceum exile Plimmotha,” small Rush-grass of Plymouth,
and is mentioned by Merrett, Pin. p. 55, as growing at the S.E. point of the Isle
of Wight.

Though so abundant in this island, S. Savit has probably reached with us its
eastern limit, as it has not been yet known to occur in any part of Sussex. The
species is completely a maritime one, and is never found inland at any consider-
able distance from the sea.

5. 8. Tabernemontani, Gmel. Lesser Bull-rush.* “ Spikelets
in compound lateral umbels mostly shorter than the rounded
almost leafless stem, glumes notched mucronate rough with raised
points ciliated, anthers glabrous at the end, style bifid, achene
elliptical compressed (pale brown).”—-Br. Fl. p. 481. S. glaucus,
Sm.: H. B. t. 2821. Tabernemont. Krauterb. edit. C. Bauhin.
Tes, Buch. p. 519, fig. 5 Juncus sylvaticus). Fl. Dan. xi. t. 1922.

In and along the sides of rivers, ditches and pools, both salt and fresh. Fl.
June—Angust. s

E. Med.— Marsh-ditches by the Dover, Ryde, pretty plentifully. Brading
marshes, plentiful.

W. Med.— Ditches near Gurnet bay, where it is much smaller than at Ryde.
Abundant in marsh-meadow ditches between Yarmouth and Thorley, 1843.
Marsh-ditches at Easton, Freshwater gate, 1844.

Root horizontal, creeping extensively, cylindrical, covered with reddish brown
sheathing scales, and emitting at intervals bundles of reddish fibres and white
sealy suckers. Leaves none, unless the basal sheaths be considered as such.
Culms soft, slender, erect, from about 2 to 4 feet in height, round throughout or
very obscurely ancipital above, smooth, scarcely striated, of a remarkably bluish,
grayish or glaucous green, except just above the etiolated basal part, where the
colour changes to bright green, filled up with loose cellular tissue, naked except-
ing at the base, which is whitish, and clothed with two or three long, pale, pointed
and scariose sheaths, that are mostly torn and filamentous at their edges, closely
ribbed or striate and reticulated transversely, the uppermost often terminating in
a long semiterete point, exactly similar to the lowermost bract, described below.
Panicle not much compounded, rather small, but variable in size, terminal, but
appearing to be lateral as emitted from the sheathing basis of the single lower-
most and involucral bract, which resembles a continuation of the culm itself, but
is semicylindrical, and, from exposing the internal cellular structure, presents on
its flat side the appearance of having been split down the centre: this bract is
erect, rigid, acute, with a brownish or withered point, distinctly jointed on
the stem, whitish and ribbed at base, as long as or more commonly a little longer
than the panicle, or even occasionally considerably exceeding the latter.  Spike-
lets ovate, acute, about 3 lines in length, solitary or clustered on the very unequal
simple or branched peduncles, which are compressed, subsemiterete and scabrous,
rarely if ever more than once compounded, clothed at bottom with loose, cylindri-
cal, ribbed, pointed or truncate sheaths, sprinkled like themselves with rust-

 

* The Cat’s-tail or Reed-mace (Typha, Linn.) is commonly, but erroneously,
called Bull-rush by many.
ta
546 CYPERACE.E. (Scirpus.

coloured scabrosity. | Bracts (glumes) closely imbricated, roundish ovate, of an
uniform dark rusty red or brown, proceeding from innumerable little warty prom1-
nences scattered over their outer surface, hence scabrous, their margins scariose,
fringed, shortly and abruptly mucronato-acuminate, scarcely keeled. Filaments
white, at first included and very short, dilated into an obovate shape, finely stri-
ate, finally elongate and protruding ; anthers yellowish, linear, quite devoid of any
beard, a little scabrous merely at their summits, and not always that. Hypogy-
nous bristles 6, short, retrorsely spinulose. | Germen ovoid, tapered into the style,
without any evident articulation whatever. Style white, much exserted, cleft
into 2 lung, simple, spreading or recurved, roughish stigmas, that are protruded
before the stamens. Fruit palish brown, rotundato-obovate, mucronato-apiculate,
plano-convex, a little shining, finely and most minutely puuctulato-striate, about
equal to or a little shorter than the 4—6 permanent, retrorsely scabrous, by pogy-
nous seta,

My specimens from the Dover, though very tall, agree with Smith’s description
of his S. glaucus in colour, and in having but two stigmas. The styles appear to fall
away before the stamens protrude from the glumes, within which it is possible
impregnation may take place, or perhaps that process is effected upon the denuded
summit of the ovarium after the separation of the styles, whose usual office of
retaining the pollen would in that case seem to be superfluous: this peculiarity
in flowering makes the plant appear at first sight diaecious.

This is certainly a very distinct species from the Common or Greater Bulrush
(S. lacustris), if the above characters are, as they appeat to be, constant. Leigh-
ton describes the filaments of 8. lacustris as extended beyond the anther, and ter-
minating in a downy tuft, neither of which is the case in the present species, where
the filaments are at first extremely short, obovate, beautifully striate, and attached
to the lower extremity of the anther by a minute point merely. He also gives the
three stigmas of S. lacustris as pubescent: in our present plant they are roughish
only with a few spinulose points.

I have not yet (1843) seen the true §. lacustris in this island.*

6. S. maritimus, L. Salt-marsh Club-rush. ‘ Stem leafy tri-
angular, spikelets terminal clustered stalked and sessile, involu-
cre of many foliaceous leaflets, glumes with a mucro between the
acute segments of the notch.” — Br. Fl. p. 482. EH. B. t. 542.
Host. Gram. Aust. ii. 45, t. 67.

Plentiful in salt-marsh ditches and pools, and along the muddy shores of tide-
rivers and creeks. Fl. June—August. ‘

E. Med. — Ditches by the Dover, Ryde. In Brading and Sandown marshes,
abundantly.

W. Med. —Abundant in Newtown salt-marshes, &c.

A well-marked species, from its compact roundish heads of large dark brown
spikelets, subtended by two or three long and very unequal leaves, sheathing at
the base. Glumes torn at their upper edges, with a long mucronate process
beween their bifid points, proceeding from a green central rib.

7. 8. sylvaticus, L. Wood Club-rush. Millet. Stem triangu-
lar leafy, panicle terminal cymose repeatedly compound, the
branches divaricate, involucre leafy, spikelets aggregate, glumes
entire. Sm. E. Fl.i. p. 62. Br. Fl. p. 482. H. B. xiii. t. 119.
Host. Gram. Aust. iii. 46, t. 68 (opt.)

Tn moist woods, on wet slipped land, and sides of ditches; notrare. Fl. June,
July. Fr. July, August. 2.

 

* [This remark was repeated by the author in 1850, in his Notes on the ‘ Plants
of Hampshire.’ Vide Phytol. iii, p. 1027.—Edrs.]
Eriophorum.] CYPERACE. 547

FE. Med.—In drains or ditches on Sandown level, in many places, but sparingly.
By Horringford bridge, and along the ditches opposite Stickworth, very commonly.
Between Merry Garden and Cheverton farms, by the stream on the right-hand of
the little bridge the road runs over. Ina marshy spoton the N.E. side of Young-
wood’s copse, in great plenty, 1841. By the stream-side between Roude and
Bridge Court, pretty plentiful in one or two spots near the latter, 1844; also ex-
tremely common in the willow-beds by the side of that stream between Bridge and
Bagwich, 1845. Abundant in the Parsonage lynch, Newchurch, 1843. Ina
willow- thicket between Messley farm and Langbridge, 1842. Most abun-
dantly in a marshy spot in the angle of a copse a little S.W. of Combley
farm, 1844. Abundant in a willow-bed, called, I believe, Quobb, on the borders
of Sandown marshes and a little E. of Alverstone, 1841. By the bridge at Alver-
stone, in plenty, Dr. Bell-Salter !!_ By the St. John’s turnpike (Monkton mead),
#d., 1842. Under the cliff at Shanklin, Dawson Turner, Esq., Fl. Vect.

W. Med.—Sparingly in a wet meadow by Newport mill, 1845.

_ A large and handsome species, with a panicle reminding one of Tuzula sylva-
lica, but greenish. About 2 or 3 feet high. Stem soft, striated, leafy, with three
blunt angles, and filled with a white spongy pith. Leaves grass-green, very long
and taper-pointed, nearly an inch wide, strongly keeled beneath, many-ribbed,
with numerous transverse septa. Punicle ample, terminal, cymose, of several
principal branches, that ramify at their extremities into mauy minor and again
compounded divisions, ending in numerous slender, rough, partly deflexed pedun-
cles, each bearing a cluster of from 1—3 or more small, ovate, greenish, sessile
spikelets. At the base of the cyme are several (usually 3 or 4) involucral leaves
of unequal length, with similar smaller ones at the forks of the panicle. Glumes
ovate, scarcely pointed, blackish green, with about 3 strong central ribs, one or
two of the lowermost in each spikelet often empty. Stigmas 3, downy. Bristles
6 (sometimes 8, Sm.), longer than the germen, pointed with deflexed spines,
inserted at the base of the ovarium outside the stamens. Filaments smooth ; an-
thers yellow. Fruit small, broadly obovate, quite smooth (neither ribbed vor
punctate), pale reddish or yellowish, trigonately plano-convex, the angles rather
obtuse and prominent; tipped with a short dark point, and shorter than the per-
sistent bristles.

Leighton’s figure of the fruit does not seem represented by him with his usual
accuracy.

VI. Ertopxorum, Linn. Cotton-grass.

“ Spikelets many-flowered. Gluwmes imbricated on all sides,
nearly equal, all fertile or the lowermost sometimes empty. Aly-
pogynous bristles several, protruded, very long and silky. ‘Style
trifid, deciduous. Achene triquetrous, tipped with the narrow
base of the style, or pointless.” —Br. Fl.

+ Spike solitary.
1. E. vaginatum, L. Horse’s-tail Cotton-grass. “Stem above
triangular, sheaths below with long setaceous leaves above leaf-

less obtuse inflated, spike ovate.’—Br. Fl. p. 484. E. B. t. 873.

Fl. March—May. 2.

W. Med.— Common in boggy meadows along the Medina above Cridmore.
Near Blackgang chine, Miss Lovell, in whose herbarium is a very distinct fruit
(Sept. 23rd, 1847). Miss L. says she picked it under the shore going westward
towards Walpen chine from Blackgang.

tt Spikes several.

2. E. polystachion, L. Broad-leaved Cotton-grass. “ Stem
round, peduncles smooth, leaves linear channelled their upper
O48 CYPERAU.E. [Eriophorun.

half triangular, nut elliptic acuminate or obovate triquetrous.’’ —
Bab. Man. p. 354. a. Fruit obovato-elliptical. EE. polystachion,
Linn.: FE. B. +t. 563. Leight. Fl. Shrops. p. 31, and fig. in pl. 2.
E. angustifolium 6., Br. Fl. p. 485.

B. angustifolium. Fruit elliptical-acuminate. E. angustifolium, Roth. £. B.
t. 564. Br. Fl. p. 485.

In boggy or marshy ground. Fl. April. Fr. June. 2f.

E. Med..— Very abundant in boggy ground on Rookley moors, and about the
Wilderness, 1844. Abundant on the S.E. face of Bleak down, 1842.

W. Med. —Between Thorley and Wilmingham farm.

8. In bogs and wet land along the coast. In Colwell and Totiand bays, com-
mon.

Root creeping, with many long whitish fibres. Stem erect, ronndish, smooth,
filled with coarse cellular tissue, dark green and striated. Leaves very narrow,
linear, tapering to a fine point, those of the stem few (about 3), of the root more
numerous, as tall as or taller than the flowering stem, with brown sheathing bases,
so sharply keeled avd channelled as to appear triangular in section, which they
are truly for some distance below their tips. Spikes usually 4 or 5, ovate, on
smooth and much-flattened pedicels, two of them drooping when in flower, the
rest erect and on shorter footstalks, all springing from a foliaceous sheath or brae-
tea. Glumes lanceolate, thin, pellucid, membranous, pointed, single-ribbed, the
outermost all floriferous in my specimens. Anthers long, yellow. Styles rough
on their upper half, as are the long contorted stigmas, which are protruded from the
anthers, giving the plent the appearance of being dicecious at first sight. Hairs at
the base of the germen snow-white, flattened and jointed internally, at length
about three times as long asthe ripe seed. Nut brownish black, obovato-elliptical,
acutely triquetrous, with mostly compressed angles, the inner face much the
broadest; quite smooth, not striated and scarcely shining, tipped with the base
of the style.

The plant found about the Wilderness has the elliptic and pointed seed
ascribed to EZ. angustifolium by Mr. Leighton, but the hairs are not longer than
in the true LZ. polystachyon from Bleak down. The Colwell and Totland-bay
plant is probably correctly referred to B. angustifolium, as will also most likely
be the case with that in the low meadows around Newchurch.

The form of the nut in my specimens of this and of £. latifolium perfectly
agrees with Mr. Leighton’s accurate delineation of both in the ‘ Flora of Shrop-
shire.”

3. E. latifolium, Hoppe. Rough-stalked Cotton-qrass. “ Stem
triangular upwards, leaves nearly flat below lanceolate contracted
into a triangular point above the middle, stalks of the spikelets
scabrous (usually elongated), bristles 2—8 times longer than the
cuneato-obovate achene, glumes 1-nerved.”— Br. Fl. p. 484. E
pubescens, Sm. H, fli. p. 69. Lt. B. Suppl. i. t. 26838. Wahl
Fl. Suec. i. p. 29. E. polystachyon (@.), £.? Flor. Suec.

In bogs and marshy meadows. Fl. April? and May? ‘

W. Med.—Plentiful in the upper and boggy part of Colwell heath, 1841.

Root blackish, creeping, with several stout yellowish fibres, throwing up suckers.
Stem erect, slightly ascending at the base, which is quite concealed by the black-
ish brown sheathing remains of the spring leaves, 1—2} fect in height, hollow,
smooth, bluntly triquetrous throughout, rather more acutely so in the upper part
beyond the highest leaf. Leaves chiefly at the base of the stem, those of the radi-
cal shoots longer and narrower, cauline ones few, very distant, erect, flat, short, on
close sheaths, which are about their own length and brownish at their summits.
Bracts foliaceous, variable in length, lanceolate, sheathing and concave below,
dark brown, wany-ribbed, rough all over at the back with granular prominences,
Carex.) CYPERACEE 549

tapering into a long, rough-edged, paler-coloured and triquetrous point, rounded
at the apex. Spikes ovate, from 2 to 8 (or 9, Hook.), drooping, on simple
or slightly branched, furrowed, compressed peduncles, that are rough in
various degrees with minute subappressed bristles, and extremely unequal in
length. Glumes ovato-lanceolate, concave, membranaceous, pale at the base,
blackish green in their upper half, with a prominent keel-like rib. | Nut reddish
brown, obovate, attenuated downwards, smooth and somewhat striated, the angles
prominent, with depressed intermediate faces, obtuse, tipped with the base of the
deciduous style, and surrounded by a tuft of pure white compressed hairs, twice,
or, as in my specimens, thrice the length of the glumes. Except in its rather
greater elongation, compared with its breadth in the plants before me, the form of
the seed is well depicted by Sir Wm. Hooker and Mr. Leighton.

Tribe II]. Caricez.
Flowers imperfect.

VII. Carnx, Linn. Sedge.

“ Spikelets several-flowered; flowers imperfect, the two kinds
in the same or in different spikelets. | Glumes imbricated on all
sides.— Barren flowers :—Stamens 2—8.—Fertile flowers :—Peri-
gynium of 1 piece, urceolate enclosing the pistil. Style 1. Stig-
mas 2—3.  Achene compressed or triquetrous, very rarely (in C.
microglochin) with an hypogynous bristle, included within the
persistent perigynium* (which is therefore in this genus supposed
to form the external part of the fruit).”—Br. Fi.

A vast genus, of which species occur in every part of the world, but are most
numerous in the colder half of the temperate zones, very few being indigenous to

tropical countries. Many of them are alpine. Of very limited utility, they are
at least not injurious to man in an agricultural point of view.

“i. Spike simple solitary. Stigmas 2.
“* Diccious.”— Bab. Man.

[?] 1. C. dioica, L. Creeping Separate-headed Carex. ‘“ Spike-
let simple dicecious, fruit mostly ascending ovate shortly acumi-
nated rough at the margin upwards, leaves and stem smoothish,
root creeping.’—Br. Fl. p. 486. EH. B. t. 548.

Fil. May, June. 2.
£. Med.—In a moist meadow immediately behind the Wilderness ; pointed out

 

* Tt may here be observed that the exact form of the fruit (perigyne and seed)
in the different species of Carex is with difficulty conveyed by words, however
laboured the descriptions may be. The seed itself is but little liable to vary in
shape, and may therefore in general be pretty accurately described ; but the peri-
gyne is subject tu great variation in form, from compression and the degree of
inflation producing angles of greater or less acuteness on the same spike. The
length, breadth and roughness of the beak, when present, and even the integrity
or division of its apex, exhibit puzzling gradations for accurate definition ; nor
do the number and position of its ribs appear more determinate, being for the
most part indistinctly marked or partially obliterated.
550 CYPERACE.E. [Carex .

to me, growing sparingly in one spot, Frederich Townsend, Esq., June 17th,
1844,*

“#* Androgynous.’—Bab, Man.

2. C. pulicaris, L. Flea Sedge. “ Spikelet simple, upper half
with barren flowers, fruit lax oblong-lanceolate acuminate reflexed,
stigmas 2.”—Br. Fl. p. 487. E.B.t.1051. Host. Gram. Aust. iv.
42, t. 75.

Tn bogs and on wet heaths and commons; not unfrequent. Fl, May, June.

E. Med.— Marshy heathy ground at the back of the great fir-plantation in
Long lane, near Arreton. Wet places on Lake common. On Bleak down.
Heath near Smallgains farm. Bog at Blackpan, Dr. Bell-Salter!

W. Med.—Frequent at Freshwater gate. Upper part of Colwell heath, abun-
dantly. Bog just below Cockleton farm, Miss G. Kilderbee.

A small, rigid, slender plant, from 3—10 or 12 inches high. Root fibrous. Stem
erect or inclining, angular and furrowed, quite smooth like the rest of the plant, naked
for the greater part of its length. Leaves much shorter than the culm, mostly radi-
cal, filiform, grooved, resembling those of a Scirpus, with long brown sheaths.
Spike solitary, terminal, about an inch long. Seales of the pistillate florets deci-
duous in fruit. Styles deciduous. Periyyne elliptic-lanceolate, acuminate, entire
at the point, at length strongly deflexed, dark shining brown or puce-colour, from
whence, and from the shape, the name of the species is derived. Seed ovato-
oblong, compressed, smooth and shining, with a short blunt pvint.

“ii. Spikelets androgynous in a compound continuous or interrupted spike.
Stigmas 2.

“* Smikelets sterile at the end.

“+ Root creeping.”—Bab. Man.

3. C. diisa, Huds. Bracteated Marsh Sedge. “Spikelets
crowded into a somewhat ovate head, the lower ones simple or
compound with a leafy erect bractea at their base, glumes with
an excurrent midrib, fruit roundish-ovate conuex on one side
slightly concave on the other, beak acutely bifid with finely ser-
rated edges, stem roughish at the summit.’—Br. Fl. p. 492. E.
B. +t. 1096. Curt. Br. Hntom. xv. tab. et fol. 706.

In meadows and pastures near the sea, and in salt-marshes; not uncommon.
Fil. April—June. 2.

£. Med.— Marshy meadows behind the Dover at Ryde, in a part of which it
constitutes a large proportion of the herbage. _Plentiful and very fine at the N.
of the Wootton river. In a meadow behind Quarr abbey, dividing Quarr copse
from Shore copse, 1842. Abundantly in the meadows between Springfield and
Nettlestone point, 1842. At Bembridge, by the roadside opposite the blacksmith’s
shop at Hillway, Dr. Bell-Salter.

W. Med. — By creeks of the Medina above W. Cowes, frequent. Abundantly
in a meadow between Yarmouth and Thorley, on the left-hand of the little bridge ;
also along the shore a little E. of Yarmouth. Gurnet bay, 1837. Abundant in
all the marsh-meadows behind Gurnet bay, 1843. Isle of Wight, Rev. G. E.
Smith !!!

Root very large for so slender a plant, tough, woody, creeping extensively.

 

* [From a remark made by the author in the ‘ Phytologist’ (iii. p. 1034), it
appears that he subsequently had some misgivings that the plant found in the
above station was C. pulicaris, and not C. divica.—Eadrs.]
Care. CYPERACE, 551

Culms erect, a foot or 18 inches high, very slender, triquetrous, a little rough at
the angles near the spikes only. Leaves few, bright somewhat glaucous-green,
very narrow, stiffish, channelled and acute, roughish on the edges, with long
sheathing bases, usually as long as or longer than the culms. Spike solitary, ter-
minal, of several ovate, acute, whitish brown spikelets, placed near each other in
no regular order, not so large as barleycorns. Bracteas linear, finely tapering,
dilated at the base into a brown membranous appendage, enclosing the lowermost
spikelet; very variable in length, often overtopping the spike, at other times
scarcely reaching to its summit: each spikelet is subtended by a similar bractea,
but without the long leafy point of the general one. | Glumes much like the par-
tial bracteas, but with a Jess dilated membranous border, and far shorter points,
two or three at the top of the spikelet bearing barren, the rest mostly, though not
always, containing fertile, flowers. Anthers yellow, awned. Stigmas 2, long,
white, and as well as the style hairy. Fruit yellowish brown when ripe, truly
ovate, plano-convex, smooth and shining, a little hollow on the flat inner side,
with several pale ribs on the outer convex surface, suddenly tapering at the sum-
mit into a short, acutely cloven, serrated beak, equal in length to the glumes: in
all the specimens I have examined the edges of the fruit are quite smooth, with a
narrow, not dilated, border, of a bright green near the apex. Seed pale brown,
roundish ovate, lenticular (not at all triquetrous), shining, finely punctate.
The fig. in Fl. Danica, ili. tab. 371, referred to by Hudson himself, is certainly
not this species, but may be an indifferent one of C. flava. Schkuhr’s figure is a
rofessed copy of Goodenough’s, and, being coloured from description only, is very
unlike nature.

4. C. intermedia, Gooden. Soft Brown Carex. “ Lower and
upper spikelets fertile, the intermediate ones sterile, all crowded
into an oblong interrupted head, fruit with an acute narrow mar-
gin serrated upwards longer than the glumes whose midrib disap-
pears below the summit, bracteas membranaceous the lower ones
somewhat leafy, stem triangular with scabrous angles, lcaves
plane.” — Br. Fl. p. 492. EH. B. t. 2042. C. disticha, Huds.,
which Dr. Boott thinks should be restored @ priort.

In wet meadows, by the sides of ditches, pools, rivers, &c.; notrare. Fl. May,
June. Fr. July. ;

FE Med.— In a wet meadow at the upper end of Brading harbour, with C.
stricta, plentifully.

W. Med. — In the marsh by Freshwater gate, 1838. Moist meadow between
Brixton and Muggleton, in plenty, 1846: the plant here differs from that at
Easton marsh, Freshwater, in its broader and more erect leaves, in its darker
(nigro-fuscescent), scarcely yellowish, more densely flowered spikelets, many of
which appear to consist throughout the entire spike of pistillate fowers alone.
Cockleton bog, Miss G. Kilderbee !

Perigynes sessile, imbricated, a little spreading, longer than the glumes, yel-
lowish brown, convex on their outer, plane on their inner, face, ovoid, with thin
sharp, serrated but not winged margins, traversed on the back and front by
several filiform tawny ribs, gradually tapered to a flat dark brown beak, rough or
serrated on the edge and deeply bifid. Nut greenish yellow, shining, finely punc-
tate and somewhat wrinkled lengthwise, ovoid-elliptical, very flatly trigonate, the
lateral angles obtuse, with a narrow rib-like margin; tipped with a short cylin-
drical process, on which the style is jointed.

I do not find in my specimens of the ripe and perfect fruit any sign of that
widening at the base of the beak mentioned by Babington and figured by Leigh-
ton, which I therefore take to be an accidental conformation.

5. C. arenaria, L. Sand Sedge. ‘Lower spikelets fertile,
upper ones sterile, intermediate ones sterile at the end, all
552 CYPERACEA. (Carex.

crowded into an oblong interrupted spike, fruit ovate with a mem-
branaceous margin nerved shorter than the acuminate glumes,
bracteas membranaceous lower ones somewhat leafy, stem trian-
gular, leaves plane.’-—Br. Fl. p. 492. E.B.t 928.

8. Culm and spikes upright, root fibrous. C. Witheringii, Gray: With. 7th
ed. t. xx.

On sandy sea-shores; common. Fl. May, June. 2{.

E. Med.—Plentiful on the Dover at Ryde. Abundant in Sandown bay, on the
débris of the green sandstone. Bembridge, not far from the signal-gun.

W. Med.— Abundant in the débris at the foot of the sand-cliffs between Niton
aud Blackgang, 1847.

f. On the Dover. Sandy shores on the N.E. side of the Isle of Wight, With.
lc.

Root or rather rhizom extremely long, jointed with bristly sheaths, tough and
woody, running horizontally under the loose sand to the extent of several feet or
even yards, emitting at intervals bundles of yellowish fibres and flowering shoots,
and when chewed or bruised a certain weak spicy taste and smell, like camphor
and ginger combined. * Culms erect or recurved, 6—10 inches (rarely more) in
height, their lower portion, which is partly buried in the sand, rounded, naked,
and covered with pale reddish or brownish, close and pointed scales; their upper
half slender, green, roughish, with 3 blunt angles. Leaves few (3 or 4), springing
from nearly the same point, the centre of the culm, and not usually reaching its
summit, darkish green, a little glaucous, narrow (%tb of an inch broad), rigid,
erect, recurved and withered at the points, concave above, bluntly keeled below.
Spikes solitary, terminal, 1—12 inches long, of several ovato-lanceolate, erect or
somewhat spreading spikelets of a yellowish green colour, the basal ones larger
and more distant, the upper ones much smaller and closely crowded. Scales
ovato-lanceolate, taper-pointed and mucronate, concave, tawny-yellow, with a
broad, green, central stripe. | Bracts like the scales, but with longer and rough-
edged points, sheathing, the lowermost one ribbed and somewhat leafy, its point
shorter than the spike. Anthers pale yellow, with somewhat bristly awns. Fruit
sessile, as long as the scales, ovato-acuminate, the point finely cloven, compressed,
furrowed and convex on the back, quite flat on its inner face, the edges expanded
into a broad, green, membranous wing or border, roughish on the margin. Seed
ovate, flattened, not at all triquetrous, crowned with the permanent styles.

This is not essentially a sea-side plant: T have observed it very plentifully in
the loose sandy soil near Maidenhall, in Suffolk, where the rare Sedum glaucum
also grows; and it occurs in very inland countries on the Continent.

“++ Root fibrous.’—Bab. Man.

6. C. vulpina, L. GreatiCompound Prickly Sedge. “ Spike-
lets compound collected into a cylindrical crowded spike, fruit
ovato-acuminate plano-convex nerved longer than the glumes
divergent, beak finely serrate bifid, stem very acutely triangular,
the angles scabrous, leaves broad.’—Br. Fl. p.491.  E. B. t. 307.
Host. Gram. Aust. i. 48, t. 56. OC. nemorosa, TVilld.

In boggy marshes, and in wet woods and hedges; extremely common. Fi,
May, June. Fr. June, July. 2.

Stems erect, often 4 or 5 feet long, and reclining amongst herbage, acutely tri-
quetrous, almost winged. Leaves sharply keeled, and as well as the stem rough
with minute prickles. Spikes oblong, cylindrical, dense, about 2 inches in length,

 

* Schkuhr says the roots of C. arenaria are sold in the shops under the name
of German Sarsaparilla, and are equally esteemed for the same virtues as the
genuine article from America.
Carez.] CYPERACER. 558

of several sessile spikelets, terminating the stem. Periyyne from tawny yellow to
dark brown when ripe, sessile or very briefly stipitate, ovato-acuminate, much
compressed, plano-convex, with about 6 or 7 ribs on each face, of which the three
central ones only are continued to the beak, the rest much shorter: a single stout
rib edged with green runs along the very acute margin, and terminates in the
sharp brownish points of the rather long, gradually tapered and pretty deeply
notched beak, finely serrulate on its edges. Seed yellowish, broadly ovato-ellip-
tical, much compressed and 2-edged, on a short stalk, minutely dotted and tipped
with the base of the style.

Very closely allied to this is the C. stipata, Muhl. (C. vulpinoidea, Mx.), of N.
America, which differs in its softer stems, so deeply and acutely triquetrous as
scarcely to present any central core or cavity at the junction of the three flat thin
wings or angles; in its perigynes, which are more convex at the back, very abrupt
and flat at the base, which is usually depressed in the centre and on slenderer stipes;
in the much longer beak ; and, lastly, according to Schkubr, in having the sheaths
of the leaves transversely striated, which is not the case, according to the same
authority, in C. vulpina. The seed in both are very similar.

7. C. paniculata, L. Great Panicled Sedge. ‘ Spike panicled
consisting of ovate spikelets arranged on elongated diverging
branches of a common axis, fruit deltoid or subreniform plano-
convex faintly many-nerved margined above and ending in an
acuminate winged serrated bidentate beak, stem triquetrous with
the angles very sharp and scabrous and the sides flat.” — Br, Fl.
p. 490. EH. B.t. 1064. Host. Gram. Aust. i. 44, t. 58.

&. Smaller, in scattered simple tufts. Panicle close, with short branches.*

In wet boggy woods, thickets, willow-beds and watery meaduws; common.
fl. April—June.

E. Med. — Plentiful in a wood a little way out of Ryde, near the junction of
the road to Ashey and Haven street. Abundant in all the wet thickets about
Alverston, Newchurch. Apse-heath withy-bed.

W. Med.—Marsh on Colwell heath, B. T. W.

8. Bog below the bank between Hartsash and Knighton farm, a little above
Knighton Lower mill, in plenty, 1845. On boggy meadow-ground near the
Wilderness.

Perigynes spreading and giving a bristly aspect to the spike, tawny brown, substi-
pitate, broadly ovate and somewhat cordate at the base, plano-convex, gibbous at
the back, rather longer than the glumes, many- and (often but not always) ob-
scurely ribbed, the ribs usually very distinct on both sides at the base, but vanish-
ing in their course upwards; rather abruptly tapering into a moderately long
cloven beak, having a spinulose, ciliated, winged margin decurrent to a consider-
able distance along the exterior angles of the fruit. Muwé greenish yellow, broadly
ovate, obtuse, abruptly attenuated below, flatly triquetrous, smooth, crowned with
the style and its enlarged base.

The dense tufted roots constitute large conical mounds, often several feet in
height, used in some parts of England for making hassocks, and serving like
stepping-stones to enable the botanist to traverse the boggy thickets without wet-
ting his feet. The long tough culms are employed in this island as a cheap
though inferior substitute for straw for thatching ricks, &c.

8. OC. muricata, L. Greater Prickly Sedge. ‘“ Spike oblong of
4—6 compact or approximate simple spikelets with brownish
ovate pointed scales, fruit ovato-acuminate spreading its acute

 

* [For some interesting and valuable observations, by which it appears that our
author considered this form to be C. Pseudo-paradoxa of Gibson and C. teretius-
cula of Babington, vide Phytol. iii. p. 1040.—Edrs.]

1B
Dod CYPERACER. (Carex.

rough margins longer than the mucronate glumes, stem with
rough angles.” — Br. Fl. p. 492. E. B.t.1097. Host. Gram.
Aust.i. 41, t. 54. C. spicata, Huds.

In moist gravelly pastures. Fl, May. Y. :

E. Med. — Quarr copse, 1840. In the plantations under the cliff between
Shanklin and Cook’s castle. Along the top of Parsonage lynch, Newchurch, 1841.
Abundant by the roadside between Bowbridge and Godshill, 1843. :

W. Med. ~By the roadside close to Gurnet farm, near Gurnet bay, in plenty,
1838.

Plant of a bright grass-green, 12—15 inches high. Root tufted, blackish and
fibrous. Stems several, naked above, acutely triangular, deeply furrowed, punc-
tato-striate, with rather convex faces, rough at the angles, especially in the upper
part. Leaves numerous, bright green, shorter or taller than the flowering stems,
narrow, strongly keeled, striated, rough at their edges and keel, especially above.
Spikes about an inch long, each composed of about 6—10 spikelets, the lowermost
of which are a little remote, the upper ones crowded, mostly simple or a little com-
pound, each subtended by an acute bractea, of which the lowermost is often
longer, the rest shorter, than the spikelets: the wpper florets of each spikelet
mostly staminate. Scales ovato-lanceolate, mucronato-acuminate, brownish, with
broad green keels, Styles 2. Perigynes more widely spreading than in C.
divulsa, and distinguishable from those of that species only by the greater rougb-
ness of the beak. Nuts exactly as in C. divulsa.

9. C. divulsa, Gooden. Gray Sedge. “ Spike elongated lax
consisting of 5—6” “spikelets which are subremote below
with pale membranous acute scales, fruit ovate acute suberect
obscurely nerved rough at the point with blunt margins longer
than the mucronate glumes, stem with rough angles.”—Br. FI. p.
491. EH. B.t. 629 (young). Schk. Car. p. 20, t. W.w. (copied
from Micheli, but good.) Leight. Shrops. Fl. (bona). Host.
Gram. Aust. 1. 42, t. 55.

In woods, on banks and moist hedge-bottoms; very frequent. FV, May, June.

E. Med.—In many places about Ryde, close to the town, as in hedgerows
about the little Bar-ground and elsewhere. On the road towards Upton and
Haven street, near the direction. Plentiful, with C. remota, under hedges in the
lane that crosses the Newport road on Binstead hill, leading to Ninham and Fire-
stone copse. By the roadside between Oakfield and St. John’s. Quarr copse.
Near Osborne or New-barn farm, E. Cowes. Frequent ou hedgebanks about
Newchurch, as by the roadside to Mersley, &c., 1844.

W. Med.—In plenty on a low bank immediately facing the Lodge gate at West-
over, and by the roadside between Newbridge and Calbourne, &c.

Root blackish, tufted, with long, stout, brownish fibres. Cudms erect, 12—20
inches high, sharply triangular, furrowed and minutely dotted, leafy only in their
lower half. Leaves bright green, narrow, as long as or exceeding the culms in
length, flattish, spreading in their upper part, roughish towards the tips, with
close sheaths: the ligule ovato-elliptical, its free edges very entire and rolled
inwards. Spike solitary, terminal, erect, 2 or 3 inches long when in flower, of
6—10 or more ovate or lanceolate, erect, sessile, acute spikelets, of a pale silvery
green, the three nearest the base more or less remote, the first or lowermost being
often very widely separated from the second, and as frequently subtended by an
extremely long leafy bractea, far overtopping the ultimate spikelet, which I do not
remember to have seen in C. muricata, the lower bracteas of which are, I think,
always far shorter and less leafy: in the specimens before* me the lower remote spike-

 

* Tam desirous of drawing attention to this forin or variety of C. divulsa as it
Carex.) CYPERACEA, 555

lets are all a little compound at the base, as is likewise the terminal one, those in
the centre simple or nearly so: in the early floweiing state the spikelets are
closely approximate or even crowded, nearly as much sv as in C. muricata. Scales
very like those of C. muricata, but puler, scarcely at all tinged with russet, and
with shorter points. Perigynes moderately spreading, longer than the glumes,
brownish green, broadly ovate, plano-convex (not triquetrous), the thin inflexed
margins forming a hollow rim to the anterior face, of a deeper green than the rest
of the fruit, with a few more or less distinct ribs, quite glabrous and smooth, ex-
cepting a few small distant serratures towards the apex of the gradually tapered
not very deeply cloven beak. Nut greenish or brownish, broadly elliptical or
nearly orbicular, much compressed, flatly and subtrigonously planu-convex, very
ely punctato-striate, quite filling the cavity, tipped with the base of the
style.

Similar as are the present and preceding species, there appear sufficient
grounds for keeping them distinct. Dr. Boott, than whom no one has studied
the genus Carex more assiduously and profoundly, writes me thus on the subject :
—“T think the habit of C. divulsa is different from C, muricata, and it is found in
countries of which C. muricata is nota native.” C\. divulsa bears also a strong gene-
ral resemblance to C. remota, from which, however, it is readily known by its
larger size, much stouter habit, straight erect spikes, whose spikelets are far less
remote, larger and compound; by the acutely triangular stem; aud, lastly, by
having three stigmas.

“#** Spikelets sterile at their base.’—Bab. Man.

10. C. axillaris, Gooden. Axillary-clustered Carex. “ Spike-
lets several, upper ones simple crowded, lower distant composed
of several crowded spicule, fruit ovato-lanceolate plano-convex
tapering bifid serrated above, nut obovate with a beak, glumes
shorter than the fruit, root tufted, lower bract as long as or longer
than the spike.” — Bab. Man. p. 358. Br. Fl. p. 489. EH. B.t.
993.

In marshy places, wet woods, and by the margins of puols; rare. Fl. May,
June. 3

EB. Med. — First fuund by me on the margin of a little pool in Apley wood, by
Ryde, May 28, 1837. In the Parsonage lynch, Newchurch, with C. remota, in
tolerable plenty, 1843. In Church lane, Binstead, under the boundary-fence of
Quarr copse, 1843, in both places accompanied by C. remota.* [Lite Small-
brook wood, A. G. More, Lsq., Edrs.]

11. C. Benninghauseniana,t Weihe. Béninghausen’s Carex.
“Spikelets several, upper ones simple crowded, lower distant
composed of several spicule, fruit lanceolate plano-convex taper-
ing into an almost entire beak strongly serrated from the middle
(nut obovato-elliptical pointed ?), glumes equalling the fruit, root
tufted, tower bract as long as or longer than the spike.” — Bab.

 

presents itself in this island. I had considered it to be the C. axillaris, Good.,
until my friend Dr. Bell-Salter pointed out to me the difference.

* [In his Notes on the Plants of Hampshire, in the ‘ Phytologist’ for 1850, the
author expresses his doubts whether some of the above stations do not rather be-
long to the following species, which he was not conversant with at the time of
recording the stations. —Ldrs.]

+ Named after C. M. F. Boninghausen, author of the ‘ Prodromus Flore Mo-
nasteriensis, 1824; the spelling ought therefore to be as above, not Beeninghau-
siana, as it is frequently written.
556 CYPERACE®. (Carex.

Man. p. 358. E. B. 8.t. 2910. Br. Fl. p. 490. Kunze, Suppl.
86, t. 22. Fl. Dan. xiv. t. 2300.

Ona margins of little shaded pools, in woods and thickets, chiefly on a clay soil;
very rare? #1. June. 2. .

In Quarr copse, near its western extremity, and on the sea-side of the main
path, among thick brushwood not far from the shore, in great plenty, June, 1843.

Root creeping, tufted and fibrous. Culms numerous, erect or inclining, from
about 1 to 3 or even 4 feet in length, striated, rigid and slender, but stouter, firmer
and much more acutely angular than in C. remota, and especially so at and near
the summit below the spike,* where the angles are very sharp and scabrous, and
to a much greater distance duwuwards than in that; in the middle and lower part
quite smcoth, the faces rather convex, naked for a considerable distance from the
top. Leaves linear, bright pale green, the superior ones narrow, as long as cr longer
than the culms, more usually shorter, about 1 or 14 line in breadth, (attish or at
least much less hollowed or concave than those of C. remota, very acutely poivted
and tapering, with tiiangular scabrous poiuts, rough along the edges and keel
for about half their length downwards, those towards the buttom of the culm very
greatly shorter than the superior leaf, the lowest of all even shorter than their
sheathing bases. Spike terminal, simple, much shorter for the size of the plant
than in C, remota, the rachis straight, triangular, with three very unequal faces,
one of them much broader than the two others (bence appearing 2-edgedt), the
angles very acute and rough, with cartilaginous serratures; spikelets sessile, ovate
or ovato-lanceolate, acute, the two lowermost distant considerably from each other,
but less so than in C. remota, the third and even sometimes the fourth from the
bottom tolerably wide apart, and all more or less compound at their base, sume-
times (though rarely?) simple, their spicule more or less spreading ; subterminal
spikelets approximate, the terminal crowded, smaller and more pointed than the
basal, and simple. Bracts subulate, foliaceous, erect, very rough on the margin
and keel with trigonous points, the lowermost bract always much longer than the
rest and generally overtopping the spike, often quite as long as in C. remvta, the
remaining ones often remarkably shorter than in that species, the inferior bracts
not reaching the summit of the spike, those still higber reduced to mere subu-
late points of their broad plume-like bases, and below the crowded terminal spike-
lets scarcely distinguishable from the glumes themselves, in these respects
agreeing with C. divulsa, to which, though sufficiently distinct from hoth, our
present plant and C. remota bear a considerable resemblance. Glumes ovate,
acute and even mucronate, membranous, at first greenish and silvery, finally pale
tawny, and having a broad, tapering, bright green keel, and a central, pellucid,
ofien roughish nerve, continued to their apex. Staminate florets in all my speci-
mens apparently few at the base of each of the lower spikelets, often scarcely any,
one or two occasionally in the centre or upper part of them; mure numerous in
the terminal and subterminal spikelets, which are sometimes wholly staminate or
nearly so. Anthers bearded or spinulose at the tips. Styles 2, long and taper-
ing.  Perigynes supstipitate, nearly erect (not spreading), ovato-lanceolate,
tapering (not rounded) at base, plane in front, slightly convex at the back, with
several prominent ribs, mostly about as long as or longer than the glumes, gra-
dually narrowed into the green, rough-edged, rather deeply cloven beak. Nut
broadly ovate or ovato-elliptical, much compressed, smooth, tapering into a short
cylindrical point, on which the persistent style is apparently articulated ; seldom,
it would appear from Kunze’s observation and my own, perfected.t

 

* In C. remota the culm is quite smooth or very slightly rough only to the
lowermost bract, the rachis only of the spike being scabrous, as is truly reinarked
by Goodenough.

+ One of the angles is often smooth, and so obtuse and indistinct as very
nearly to give the rachis a 2-edged form,

{ [We feel constrained to add that, notwithstanding the minute and able
description in the text ubove, drawn up shortly after the discovery of the plant in
Carer. CYPERACE.E. 5D7

a. still more minute and very accurate description of fruit see Kunze ut
supra).

12. C. remota, L. Distant-spiked Sedge. ‘Spikelets several
(small) sterile at their base very distant, fruit longer than the
glume oblong-ovate shortly acuminate plano-convex acute angu-
lar bifid at the point, bracteas very long and narrow leafy reach-

ing beyond the spike.” — Br. Fl. p. 489. HE. B.t. 832. Host.
Gram. Aust. i. 40, t. 52.

In moist woods, thickets, and under hedges; very common. Fl. May, June.

E. Med. — Common about Ryde, particularly in the lane that intersects the
Newport road (Binstead Cross) between Binstead and Ninham. Common in
Quarr copse. Very abundant in a boggy copse close to Prestwood, near Ryde,
1849. Abundant in Cleveland wood, Appuldurcombe; and in Marshcombe
copse, about the middle pools, 1843. Profusely in the Parsonage lynch, New-
church, 1843. Briddlesford copse, most abundantly. New copse, near Wootton
bridge. Yarbridge. Marshy wood a litle S.W. of Combley farm, 1844.

W. Med.—In a copse a little N.N.W. of Freshwater church, called Hookhill
copse, or by the country people Copse-lane cupse, in plenty, 1844.

A very slender species, growing in dense tufts. Root fibrous, partly creeping.
Culms erect, slender, 12—18 inches high, hollow, somewhat triangular, but much
less so than in most species of the genus, one angle chiefly being prominent, the
others rounded off or nearly obsolete; smooth except quite close to the summit.
Leaves bright grass-green, very narrow, erect, about a line in width, roughish
chiefly towards the points, as long as or longer than the culms, a little spreading or
recurved. Liyule somewhat poifited, with broad free edges. Spikelets several,
pale greenish, quite sessile, ovato-lanceolate, acute, not 4 an inch long, the 3 or 4
lowermost an inch or more asunder, the lowest of all with a very long, leafy,
rough-edged bractea taller than the stem, the uppermost approximate, smaller and
with scarcely any bracteas. Sheaths none. Scales ovato-acute, pale, a little
tawny, with broad silvery edges and a green dorsal line or keel. Staminate
florets few in the lower part of each spikelet. Anthers pale yellow, erect. Pistil-
late florets more numerous. Stigmas 2, slender. Fruit pale green, about as long
as or somewhat exceeding the scales in length, compressed, plano-convex, taper-
ing to a short rough-edged beak, a little cloven at the apex.

18. C. stellulata, Gooden. Little Prickly Sedge. ‘‘ Spikelets
few (3—-4) sterile at their base roundish distant, fruit ovate much
attenuated plano-convex acute angular spreading rough at the
margin.” — Br. Fl. p. 488. E. B.t. 806. Host. Gram. Aust. i.
4], t. 53.

In boggy marshy places, wet woods, &c.; frequent. Fl. May,June. 2,.

E. Med.— Abundant on the skirts of Lake common, and in Sandown level, &c.
Plentiful in New copse, near Wovtton. Abundant in boggy meadows about the
Wilderness. Rookley moor. Bleak dowu, in plenty.

Whole herb bright green and glabrous. Root densely tufted with numerous
whitish fibres, but not creeping. Culms numerous, erect only a few (3 or 4)
inches high when in flower, and at that time shorter than the leaves, afterwards
rising to 6, 8, 10, or even 12 inches, and equalling the latter or the greater part
of them in length, bluntly triangular, with rounded or convex faces, roughish be-
low the spike only. Zeaves numerous, extremely narrow, channelled and tapering,

 

Quarr copse, our author had subsequently considerable doubts as to the spe-
. cifie distinctness of this plant and C. axillaris. Vide Phytol. iii. pp. 1063,
1064.—Eadrs.]
558 CYPERACEE. (Carex.

rough-edyed, erect, various in length, the lowermost very short. Spike an
inch long at most, of 3 or 4 alternate, somewhat remote or at least not crowded,
equidistant spikelets. | Perigynes when quite ripe spreading in a stellulate man-
ner, sessile, ovate, plano-convex, ribbed, tapering into a loug beak, serrated along
its sharp green edges, the point very slightly cloven. :

This is one of .the smallest of our Carices, and bears a great resembance to
the smaller forms of C. muricata, but may be known from that species, wheu in
fruit, by its fewer, smaller and rather distant, not crowded spikelets, more spread-
ing, less deeply cloven perigyne, and essentially by having the staminate florets
below the pistillate, not above them as in C. muricata; lastly, by the general ab-
sence of bracts in C. stellulata, except below the lowermost spikelet, and that
often very small and inconspicuous.

14. C. curta, Gooden. White Sedge. “Spikelets 4—8 sterile
at their base rather distant or sometimes approximated elliptical,
bracteas very minute (except the lower one), fruit erect broadly
ovate acute plane above slightly convex beneath subobtuse angu-
lar faintly striated longer than the glumes.”’—Br. Fl. p. 488. E.
B.t. 1386. Schkuhr, Car. tab. C. p. 43. Host. Gram. Aust. 1.
37, t. 48.

In bogs and marshes, sides of pools, ditches, &c. Fl. “June. 2."—Br. Fl.

E. Med.— Extremely abundant almost everywhere on Rookley moors, and
abont the Wilderness, 1844.

Herb of a pale delicate green, quite glabrous, slender. Root but slightly
creeping, with copious long slender fibres. Culms erect, about 12—15 inches
high, triquetrous, the angles very acute throughout; roughish only at the sum-
mit, hollow and striated, leafless in their superior half. Leaves mostly shorter
than the culms, chiefly towards the base of the latter, few (3 or 4) erect, linear,
3th of an inch broad, roughish on the edges and keel, scarcely paler underneath,
flattisb, finely tapering and striated, on lung, white, delicately membranous
sheaths, in a great measure concealing one another. Spikelets from 4 to 7 or
even more (I counted 9 on one specimen), most commonly about 5. Perigynes
scarcely a line in length, soon falling away, crowded into small ovate heads,
longer than the glumes, erectu-patent, imbricated, green or when quite ripe pale
tawny, substipitate, ovate, acute, compressed, plane on the inner face, convex at
the back, with several very distinct ribs on both sides, most numerous on the outer,
and in each most strongly marked near the base, the alternate ribs abbreviated ;
finely punctulato-striate under a high magnifier, tapering into a very short beak,
the point of which is quite entire (Schkuhr’s figure gives it cloven), the margins
inflexed and rough with cartilagious serratures. Nut yellowish, ovato-elliptical,
compressed, tipped with the loug style.

15. C. ovalis, Gooden. Ovai-spiked Sedge. “ Spikelets about
6 sterile at the base oval approximate, fruit as long as the glume
ovato-acuminate compressed plano-convex striated with a broad
membranous margin rough at the edge, the beak bifid.’ — Br. Fl.
p. 488. £.B.t. 306. Host. Gram. Aust. 1. 39, t. 51.

In boggy marshes on wet heaths and commons. Fl. June. Fr. July. 2,.

E. Med.—Heathy ground between Quarr abbey and Ninham, 1849. In mea-
dows near Newchurch towards Hasely, 1844. On Bleak down in several places,
particularly near the old gravel-pits, and not far from the notice-post, 1845.
Plentiful in moory ground between Perreton and Horringford, and profusely in
moist pastures about Rookley farm and the Wilderness, 1842. Frequent in many
parts of Sandown level, and abundant on the boggy parts of Lake common.
Ashey common. Stapler’s heath. By the Medina above E. Cowes, Miss G.
Kilderbee.
Carex.| CYPERACEE 559

W. Med. —Easton marsh, Freshwater. Gurnet common, Miss G. Kilderbee.

Culms about a foot high, erect, triangular, with smooth edges, except towards
the top, and convex striated interstices. Leaves linear, bright green, roughish,
flat-edged, with close sheaths. Ligule ovate. Spike terminal, of 5, 8, or 10 oval
and sesssile spikelets, forming by their union a devse head of a similar figure, the
lowermost spikelet subtended by av ovate sheathing bractea, suddenly contracting
into an awl-shaped point, as long as or sometimes much shorter than the head or
spike. Scales ovato-lanceolate, acute, brownish, with a green central rib conti-
nued to the point of the scale, and just equalling in length the plano-convex fruit,
the outer face of which it closely embraces. Mature perigynes crowded on the ovoid
spikelets, and, with them, of a yellowish brown colour, like over-ripe wheat; about
the length of the glumes, a little spreading or diverging, giving, with the latter, a
rough bristly aspect to the spikelets; about 2 lines in length, ovato-acuminate, and
more or less attenuated at the base, plano-convex, with very thin slightly concave
margins, both faces traversed by several distinct filiform ribs, and attenuated by
their margins into a rather long triangular beak, entire or slightly cloven at the
point, and curved with greenish edges, which are minutely spinulose and cartila-
ginous. Nuts rather large, brownish yellow or straw-coloured, very smooth,
broadly elliptical or even suborbicular, strongly compressed, the faces nearly flat
(scarcely trigonous in section), sharply and briefly attenuated or substipitate at
the base, suddenly terminating at top in a cylindrical beak, which is crowned by
the very long, partially persistent, filiform style.

“iii, Terminal spikes barren, 1 or 2. Stigmas 2.”°—Bab. Man.

16. C. vulgaris, Fries. Tufted Bog Sedge. ‘Spikelets cylin-
drical erect 1 rarely 2 barren, fertile 3—4, lower one shortly
stalked, sheaths none, lower bractea subfoliaceous with small
round dark auricles, glumes elliptic or oblong-obtuse, fruit plano-
convex elliptic or obtuse with filiform nerves which disappear
upwards and an obsolete or evident entire beak.” —Br. Fl. p. 494.
C. cespitosa, Sm.: EH. B. t. 1507. C. Goodenovi, Gay in Ann.
Se. Nat. 2d ser. xl. 191. C. angustifolia, Sm. in E. Fl. iv. p. 127.
Goodenough, Trans. of Linn. Soc. ii. 195, tab. 21, fig. 8. An C.
Gibsoni, Bab. ? Ann. and Mag. of Nat. Hist. ii. p. 168.

B. Leaves extremely narrow.

y. Pistillate spikes small, much abbreviated, ovoid-oblong, pointed; perigynes
broad.

In marshy boggy ground. Fl. April, May. 2{.

E. Med.—Sandown marshes. _ In a boggy meadow at the upper extremity of
Brading harbour, plentifully. In Alverston lynch, with C. stricta. Between
Newchurch and Alverston, frequent.

W. Med.—I find in a meadow near the Albion hotel, Freshwater gate, a plant
that appears to be a variety of this species, with the fertile spikes remarkably
short and pointed. Bog at Cockleton, Miss G. Kilderbee !!

B. On the skirts of Lake or Blackpan common, and elsewhere.

y- Marshy meadow at Freshwater gate.

A very difficult and variable species, nearly allied to and often confounded with
C. stricta, and of which the figures and descriptions vary considerably. I
shall describe the plant as I find it in this island. * Root densely tufted with
yellowish fibres, and creeping with long, blackish, scaly runners. Culms erect,
solid, from about 14 foot to 2 feet in height, very slender, rather bluntly trique-
trous and smooth for about 3rds of its length, very acutely triangular and slightly

 

* The description of this species by the Bishop of Carlisle is exactly that of
our Isle-of-Wight plant.
560 CYPERACE. [Carex .

scabrous at the summit, naked or leafless to within a short distance of their base.
Leaves in all my specimens extremely narrow, not exceeding a line in breadth,
quite erect, various in length, much shorter than or nearly as tall as the culm, a
little rigid, pale somewhat glaucous-green, acutely taper-pointed, roughish on the
edges and near the tips, with a narrow, sharp, dorsal rib or keel, corresponding to
a deep groove or channel, on the upper side; their sheaths whitish, close, not fila-
mentous in my specimens, nor dves this character appear to be constant. Bracts
fuliaceous, erect, narrower than in C, stricta, the lower one reaching to the
summit of the culm or a little overtopping it, the higher one very much shorter,
often more so than the spike it subtends, both with small, rounded, dark-coloured
auricles at the base. Staminate spikes solitary or with an accessory minute one a
little below, slender, its scales blackish brown, rounded, obtuse or partly pointed,
especially the upper ones, strongly keeled. —-Pistillate spikes mostly but 2 in my
specimens, lanceolate, acute (from the occurrence of barren flowers at the sum-
mit), upper one sessile, the lower very shortly stalked, their glumes similar to
those of the staminate spikes, but flatter, more uniformly rounded and pointless, a
few of the lowermost chiefly somewhat acute: this conformation of the glumes is
at variance with the accounts of all authors, who describe them as acute, but they
are scarcely represented so in Goodenough’s own plate, which must be regarded
as authoritative. Stigmas 2.  Perigynes much longer but scarcely broader than
the glumes, blackish or purplish brown, sessile, the upper ovate, the lower ovato-
lanceolate, flat on the inner, slightly convex on the outer, face, tapering gradually
into the short, cylindrical, abrupt beak, which in my specimens is not beset with
the minute spinules observed in this species hy Mr. Wilson.

The variety y. is remarkable for the very short and broad spikes, and the dark
colour of the perigynes, which are scarcely distinguishable from the glumes in the
dried state.

17. C. stricta, Good.  Straight-leaved Sedge. ‘‘ Spikes erect,
barren 1 or more, fertile subsessile elongato-cylindrical, bracts
auricled, lowermost leaf-like short, fruit oblong-elliptical acute
compressed on both sides nerved closely imbricated with a short
entire beak, nut roundish obovate blunt with a short beak, sheath
of the leave connected by filamentous net-work.” — Bab. Man. p.
362. H. B.t.914. C. cespitosa, Br. Fl. p. 495.

In marshy places and shallow pools, U. April—June. 2,.

Freshwater gate in several places, particularly by the ditch to the right on
passing the gate leading from the meadows towards the shore, 1840: certainly
the true C. stricta, Good., with broad leaves filamentous at the base, fruit in eight
rows, spike long, cylindrical and nearly erect.

Perigynes densely imbricated in 8 rows, as remarked by Mr. W. Wilson, in
cylindrical, erect, rather obtuse spikes, 2—23 inches in length, shortly pedicellate,
at first a little erect, but when ripe spreading horizontally and becoming yellow-
ish or brownish green, ovate, altenuated at both ends, strongly compressed on
each side, thickly and most minutely granulato-striate, otherwise quite glabrous,
tapering shortly but not suddenly into a short, blunt, entire, brownish beak, either
with or without a few minute spines just below the point. | Nut acutely trique-
trous, pale brown, with greenish angles, the intermediate faces plane or a little
depressed.

18. C. acuta, L.  Slender-spiked Sedge. “ Spikelets cylindri-
cal elongated slender, barren 1—3, fertile 3—-£ more or less
remote and barren at top, lower pedunculated often attenuate and
interrupted at the base, sheaths none, bracteas long foliaceous,
lower often surpassing the stem with pale or ferruginous elon-
gated auricles, fruit oval biconvex nerved green with rusty stains,
Carex.) CYPERACEA. 561

beak short entire, glumes dark lanceolate, fertile ones acute.”—
Br, Fl. p. 494. HE. B. ix. t. 580. Fl. Dan. xiii. t. 2247. Host.
Gram, Aust.i. 70, t. 95. C. gracilis, Curt. Fl. Lond. ii. fase. 4,
t. 62.

B. Leaves extremely narrow and erect; perigynes ovato-acute, much longer
than the very obtuse glumes.

In wet meadows and by ditchbanks; rare. Fl. May, June. 2.

£. Med.—In several meadows in Sandown marshes, abundantly: the last mea-
dow but one on the right before coming into the village is full of it.

B. Foot of Alverstone lynch.

Root dlackish, extremely tough, fibrous and creeping with long whitish runners.
Culm 8 or 9 inches to 2 or 3 feet high, erect ur when in flower inclining, solid,
very acutely triquetrous, the angles smooth towards the base, rough towards the
summit, the faces finely striated. Leaves about as long as the culm, rigid, finely
tapering and bright green above, a little glaucous beneath, recurved at their ex-
tremities, rough along the edges and very acute keel, and most so near the point.
Bracts sheathless, long, leafy, with roundish, white, membranous, close-pressed
auricles, the lowermost and even the next above it far overtopping the spikes, the
upper ones very narrow and much shorter, Staminate spikes 1 or more commonly
2, approximate or a little remote, erect, slender, 1—2 inches long, bluntly trique-
trous, their glumes ovate or ovato-lanceolate, more or less acute or pointed,* the
upper ones even mucronate, dark brown or nearly black (sometimes fuscous), with
a pale green or whitish keel. Anthers pale yellow, with distinct pellucid but not
bristly tips. Pistillate spikes 3 or 4, nearly sessile, approximate or somewhat
remote, particularly the lowest one, cylindrical and somewhat pointed, with
usually a few barren flowers at the summit, slender and erect in bloom, thick and
a little inclining from their weight when in seed, but not drooping or pendulous.
Glumes similar in form to those of the barren spike, but more uniformly and
acutely pointed and even partly mucronate, very dark, with broad bright green
keels, much narrower and shorter than the ripe perigynes. Stigmas 2, long,
white, tapering, spreading and recurved. Perigynes crowded, patent or almost
horizontal, much broader than the glumes and in general considerably longer,
glabrous, at first light green like those of C. vulgaris or C. paludosa, very shortly
pedicellate, broadly ovate, plane on the outer, a little gibbous or bluntly trique-
trous on the inner, face, with faint greenish ribs, terminating in a short, truncate,
cylindrical and entire point.

From C. riparia and C. paludosa the present species may be readily distin-
guished by its more slender habit, the brighter, not glaucous, green of its much
narrower foliage, and by having but two stigmas.

B. comes very near the description of C. Gibsoni, Bab., but is twice as tall, Yet
the plant here described is, I am convinced, a mere form of C. acuta.

 

* Nothing is more inconstant than the form of the glumes in the same species
of Carex, nay, even in the same individual and on the same spike, which may,
and often does, present them at once acute and obtuse, rounded and acuminate,
mucronate and unarmed. Jn general the superior glumes of a spike have the
greatest tendency to acumination, the inferior to obtuseness; and it is the prepon-
derating tendency to one or other of these opposite extremes, rather than the com-
plete development in either, which must be understood as applied to specific
character.

do
562 CYPERACEE. (Carex,

“iv. Terminal spike barren, solitary. Stigmas 3.
“* Fruit glabrous.
“+ Fertile spikes short, mostly erect."—-Bab. Man.

19. C. flava, L. Yellow Sedge. “Sterile spikelet cylindrical
obtuse, fertile spikelets roundish-oval nearly sessile, lowest with
a nearly included stalk, glumes obtuse, bracteas very leafy, fruit
obovate turgid ribbed spreading with a long more or less deflexed
beak bifid at the point, stem bluntly triangular smooth. —a. Ste-
rile spikelets distinctly stalked, fertile rather distant, beak of fruit
deflexed.”—Br, Fl. p. 497. HE. B. t. 1294 (var. lepidocarpa, teste
Boott in litt.) Host. Gram. Aust. i. 48, t. 63 2*

B. Qvderi. “Spikelets all approximated, beak of fruit straight."—Br. Fl. C.
Qideri, Ehrh.: E. B. t. 1773? (parva var. tantum C, flave testante Boott).
Host. Gram. Aust. i. 49, t. 65.

In bogs and marshy meadows; frequent. Fl. May,June. Fr. July. 2,.

E. Med.— On a piece of wet land close to Little Duxmore farm, in plenty,
1844, On the marshy skirts of Lake common.

W. Med.—Bogs at Cockleton. Abundant on the boggy part of Colwell heath,
1844.

B. About Ryde, near Fishbourne and Ninham farm. New copse, near Woot-
ton bridge, 1841. Near Thorley, 1838. Wood between Ryde and Newport, D.
Turner, E'sq., B. T. W. (given as a var. of C. extensa). Bog at Blackpan and
Burnt House, Dr. Bell-Salter, 1844.

T can find no real difference between C. flava and C. Gederi but in the want of
a curvature to the beak of the perigynes. The staminate spike, heing almost ses-
sile, given as a specific character by Hooker, is assuredly inconstant, nor is it so
represented in E. B. except in the smaller right-hand uncoloured figure; and in
my specimens the sterile spike is distinctly as in Sowerby’s plate. 1 find it indeed
both sessile and stalked in plants near Ninham farm, by Ryde. (For further
yewarks on C. Gideri see Hook. Br. FI. 4th ed. p. 338).

I am happy to have the valuable testimony of my friend, Dr. Boott, in corrobo-
ration of my own more limited experience of the inconstancy of any characters
between C. flava and C. Gderi. The Doctor observes in a letter to me, Nov.
1847 :—‘ Since Linneus established C. flava two species have been made out of
it, viz. C. Gderi and C. lepidocarpa; hence it is a question what C. flava is.”

20. C. egtensa, Gooden. Long Bracteated Sedge. ‘‘ Sheaths
very short (scarcely any) with extremely long foliaceous bracteas,
fertile spikelets nearly sessile oblong, glumes sessile mucronate,
fruite ovate ribbed with a short straight smooth acuminated beak
bifid at the point, leaves very narrow, stem smooth.” — Br. Fl. p.
497. FH. B.t. 833. Fl. Dan. x. t.1709. Host. Gram. Aust. 1.
55, t. 73.

In muddy salt-marshes and meadows by the sea, in several places. £7. June.
Fy. September. 2.

E. Med.— Moist sandy ground amongst rushes on St. Helens spit, in some
plenty. Shores of the Wootton river.

W. Med.— Frequent along the Yar between Norton and Freshwater mill,

 

* The fig. in Host’s Gram. Aust. resembles, in its tall slender habit and very
smal] perigynes, a plant I have received from Dr. Boott, under the name of C.
Gederi, from the Falls of Niagara, and which Dr. B. is inclined to consider dis-
tinct from the European plant so denominated.
Carex.) CYPERACE.£. 563

particularly amongst reeds at the edge of a copse on the E. bank, a few hundred
yards below the mill, and near a cottage.

Herb of a pale glaucous-green and remarkably glabrous. Root moderately
creeping, with many pale reddish fibres. Cudms numerous, erect, 12—20 inches
high, bluntly triangular, solid, rigid, very smooth and shining. Leaves shorter
than the culm (except those embracing the base of the latter, which often equal
or exceed them in length, Gooden.), narrow, linear, tapering, channelled, rigid
and fleshy, quite smooth excepting within an inch or two of their acutely keeled
tips, and often scarcely even there. Sheaths rather long and close, those of the
root-leaves yellowish or brownish. Staminate spike on a very short stalk at the
base of one of the two uppermost pistillate spikes, linear, acute, about an inch
long, often a little compound below, or accompanied by a distinct but much
smaller spike at its base, and which is sometimes partly fertile ; scales broad, ob-
tuse, chestnut-brown, with a paler dorsal rib. Pustillate spikes 3, approximate,
the two upper very close together, sessile or very nearly so, with scarcely any
sheaths; lower one not an inch at most below the others, its short stalk quite
concealed by the more or less elongated sheath, terminating, like that of the spike
next above it, in an extremely long spreading or deflexed bract, in all respects
similar to the leaves themselves. Scales of the fertile spikes like those of the bar-
ren, but pointed and even partly awned, with a broader, green, central line. Pe-
ragyne quite sessile, spreading, longer than the glumes, gibbous or tumid on both
faces, minutely striate-punctate, with a rather strong greenish rib along the some-
what acute lateral margin, and tapering toa short, broad, notched rather than
bifid, perfectly smooth beak. Seed dotted, acutely triquetrous.

21. C. distans, L. Loose Carex. ‘“ Barren spikelets 1—2 on
long stalks with obtuse scales, fertile 2—3 remote erect oblong
stalked, the lower stalks about twice longer than the sheathing
bracteas, upper ones included, glumes mucronate, fruit ovate tri-
quetrous equally ribbed pellucidly punctate smooth or rough at
the upper margins and at the edges of the narrow short bifid
beak.” — Br. Fl. p. 498. Boott. EH. B. t 1234. Host. Gram.
Aust.i.57,t.772? Fl. Dan. xiv. t. 2434.

In meadows and muddy or marshy ground near the sea; occasionally. Fv.
May, June. Fr. July. ,

EE. Med. — Plentifully on the beach, where a small brook discharges itself into
the sea, about half a mile W. of St. Catherine’s point, 1842. [Near the quay at
Brading, A. G. More, Esq., Edrs.]

W. Med.— On a piece of moist ground near the shore in Gurnet bay. Creek
of the Medina by Medham brickfield. Above the shore just beyond Norton going
westward, sparingly. By the Yar below Freshwater bridge, and abundantly at
Freshwater gate, especially in the second meadow from the shore. Plentifully in
a damp meadow nearly in the line betwixt Tapvell and Wilmingham farms, 1844.
In the bog at the source of the Yar, D. Turner, Esq., B. T. W. (raarsh at Easton).

Root creeping and densely tufted with whitish fibres, more so, I think, than in
C. fulva, tbe whole plant in general larger and stouter. Culms erect, a foot to
2 or 23 feet high, solid, bluntly triangular, smooth and shining throughout or
without any perceptible roughness on or below the sheaths as in C.fulva. Leaves
as in C. fulva, but I think somewhat less rigid, those on the stem rather longer
and more lax. Sheaths in all respects similar to those of that species. Stami-
nate spike quite like that of C.fulva, and often with a smaller or subsidiary one
beneath it. Pistillate spikes usually 3, sometimes only 2, very remote, especially
the lowermost; the highest, and indeed occasionally those beneath it, producing
staminate florets in their upper part, usually, from the more numerous florets,
more elongated than those of C. fulva, but in this respect very variable. Glumes
very like those of C. fulva in shape, but much less acuminate, partly almost obtuse,
partly submucronate, with a broader field of green on the back, and quite destitute
56-4 CAPERACER. (Carex.

of the white membranous edging so conspicuous in that species. Perigynes
when ripe, together with the glumes, nearly erect or imbricated, and hence more
compressed on their inner face than in C. fulva, with several (7, Leighton) lateral
and two prominent marginal ribs, the beak rather shorter and less slender than in
C. fulva, and, like that, barbed with a few marginal spines; sometimes, it is said,
smooth. Nut larger and longer than in C. fulva, with sharper angles and flatter
faces, more attenuated at each end, and rather ovato-oblong than turbinate, tipped,
as in that species, with the remains of the style.

This species, too closely approaching C. fulva to be really distinct, is perhaps
a maritime form of that more inland plant, and is chiefly distinguished by having
three instead of two pistillate spikes, by the fruit being nearly erect and usually
more crowded or numerous; hence the pistillate spikes are somewhat more elon-
gated. The absence of roughness on the stem, the somewhat shorter beak, not
bordered and much less pointed glumes, smaller and differently shaped sced, are
apparently constant marks of distinction.

22. C. fulva, Gooden. Tawny Sedge. “ Storile spikelets 1 or
rarely 2, fertile ones oblong-oval distant, sheaths elongated shorter
than the peduncles, bracteas foliaceous, fruit broadly ovate ascend-
ing glabrous ribbed acuminated into a straight rough-edged beak
bifid at the point, glumes acute (not mucronate).”—Br. Fl. p. 497.

B. speirostachya, “Stem bluntly triangular smooth or scabrous near the sum-
mit, fertile spikelets on lower stalks, beak smoother with a more distant membra-
naceous orifice.’—Br. Fl. p. 498. C. speirostachya, Wuhlend. (teste F. Boott in
litt.), vide Phytol. i. p.924. Br. Fl. p.497. EB. B.S. t.2770. Host. Gram.
Aust. iv. 53, 1.95? Fl. Dan. x. t. 1768? xiv. t. 2435, vi. t. 1049 (sub nomine
C. distans).

8. only. In damp or marshy meadows and pastures, as well brackish as fresh
often in great plenty, and mostly towards the coast. Fi. June. 2f.

E. Med,-—Near Briddlesford heath, 1841.

W. Med. — On the boggy ground at the upper end of Colwell heath, in great
plenty. In the marsh-meadows at Easton, near Freshwater, abundantly.

8. Root creeping, with copious whitish branched fibres, and emitting leafy or
barren suckers. Culms slender, erect or a little ascending, 12—20 inches high,
solid, bluntly triangular below, more acutely so above, and roughish for a short
distance beneath each sheath, which is not the case in C. distans, otherwise
smooth as in that. Leaves very wuch shorter than the culm and principally at
its base, linear, spreading, stiffish, rough at the edges and keel, channelled above,
acutely keeled beneath, more or less recurved, those higher on the stem very dis-
tant, few (L or 2), short, flat and erect: the leaves of the barren or radical shoots
are usually longer and narrower than either, Staminate spike terminal, mostly
solitary ; sometimes there is a smaller one a little beneath it. Péstillate spikes 2
or more rarely 3, erect, the upper one 3 or 4 inches from that beneath it, the third
when present still more distant from the second, on smooth slender stalks, exceed-
ing, but in very variable degrees, the rather long, close, slightly rough sheaths,
surmounted by the still longer upright leafy bracts, while, however, even that of the
upper fertile spike, does not reach the summit of the barren one. Glumes ovate,
acute or even acuminate, but not mucronate, greenish brown, with a green dorsal
keel and a white scariose horder, by which last mark they are best distinguished
from the same part in C. fulva, a. Periyynes sessile, glabrous, greenish and partly
tawny-brown when ripe, spreading or pateut, ovoid or ovoid-elliptical, somewhat
inflated, subtriquetrous, with several stout ribs and prominent lateral margins,
which last are continued into a rather long and suddenly tapering straight beak,
roughish on the edges, the apex slightly cloven. Nué pale brown, covered with
minute elevated points only to be seen under a high magnifier, turbinate, trigo-
nous; the angles rib-like, obtuse; the faces convex at the top, depressed below;
the very obtuse apex’tipped with the short base of the style.

Dr. Buott tells me (in litt.) that he inclines to the idea established, he finds, by
Carex.) CYPERACEX. 565

French authors, that the true C. fulva, Gooden. Trans. of Linn. Soc., is a sterile
form of C. spetrostachya. He says:—“I can find no ripe perigynia in C. fulva ;
and, independently of this, the characters distinguishing the two are shadowy.
C. fulva as a sterile form develops its leaves and bracts more, and assumes a
firmer habit and greener colour. C. speirostachya is the common plant and C.
fulva raver, but T have both from Yorkshire. Ido not think Smith well distin-
guished them, judging from his herbarium.” In another letter Dr. Boott ob-
serves:—“ He (Goodenough) speaks of capsules, but says nothing of achenia.
Smith says it is roundish, and that of C. speirostachya obovate; but I am sure
that Sir James described C. fulva from specimens of C. speirostachya, judging
from Beattie’s specimens in herb. Sm.; and if you analyze his two descriptions
you will find no real specific differences.” Dr. B. finds, on comparing very nu-
merous sets of specimens, the relative number of staminate and pistillate spikes
to be nearly tbe same in both forms.

_ This species is very closely allied to C. distans, of which I cannot help suspect-
ing the latter may be only a wmarilime variety.

23. C. binervis, Sm. Green-ribbed Sedge. ‘‘ Barren spikelet
solitary with obtuse scales, fertile 3—5, the upper ones sometimes
subapproximate, the lower remote erect cylindrical often elon-
gated bearing barren flowers in their upper half and some of them
occasionally compound at the base, the lower stalks longer than
the sheathing bracteas, glumes mucronate, fruit ovato-triquetrous
with a smooth rather broad bifid beak and two principal green
submarginal nerves on the outer surface, beak broad bifid.”— Br.
Fl. p. 499. Boott. E. B. t. 1235.

In dry woods and on heaths; not uncommon. Fl. May, June. Fr. July. 2.
E, Med.— Plentiful in a woud called New copse, between Ryde and Wootton
bridge, 1838. Common at Apse castle, in the dell called Tinker’s Hole. On
eee cent heath. Plentiful on Bleak down. Bog at Blackpan, Dr. Bell-
alter !

Root like that of C. levigata, knotty, fibrous and creeping. Culm as in that
and about the same length, rough, too, like it, beneath the sterile spike. Leaves
scarcely above half the width of those of C. levigata and much longer, of a
deeper green, much shorter than the culm, rigid, erect, sharply keeled and chan-
nelled, gradually tapering into long, rough and very acute points. Sheaths, as in
the next, shorter than the peduncles, close and smooth. Spikes shorter and much
less remote than in C. levigata, the upper fertile ones in particular subapproxi-
mate, with respect tu one anvther as well as to the solitary sterile one. Stami-
nate spike solitary, terminal, erect, blunt, triquetrous, acute, often a little com-
pound at the base, and that sometimes with the addition of a few fertile flowers ;
its glumes broadly ovate, rounded, sometimes with a short mucro, fuscous, with a
green or whitish keel bordered with dark brown, sometimes of a uniform light brown
or fuscous colour, the lowermost glume very large and supplying the place of a
bract. Anthers straw-yellow, their tips spinulose or bristly, much more so than
in the next. Pistillate spikes 3 or 4, frequently a little compound at the base,
which is rarely if ever the case in C.levigata, and sometimes bearing a few ste-
rile florets at their summit, the two uppermost usually approximate to each other
and to the sterile spike, the third at some distance beneath them, the fourth when
present very remote; at first, as in C. levigata, slender and erect, at length, as in
that species, becoming lax, drooping or pendulous; their peduncles, as in C. levi-
gata, smovth and filiform, but rather shorter, the two upper, as in this last, much
abbreviated. Glumes similar to those of the barren spike in colour, but more
ovate or less rounded, endiug for the most part in spinulose points, of various
lengths on the same spike, often obsolete or quite wanting, always shorter than in
C. levigata, in which the entire glumes are more attenuated upwards, the spikes
themselves being much longer and slenderer in proportion than in the present
566 CYPERACE. (Carex.

species. Bracts long, leafy, like those of C. levigata, but that beneath the upper-
most fertile spike is glumaceous and very short. Perigyne like that of C. levi-
gata, but rather smaller and much less spreading or more erect on the much
smaller and shorter spikes, far darker coloured, chestnut-brown rather than tawny-
green, ovate, with a short less deeply cleft beak, the points being less attenuated,
the outer or convex face more distinctly angular or gibbous, with more acute late-
ral margins, near which last, as in C. laevigata, runs a strong green rib continued
into the beak, before joining which it becomes very prominent, and like the beak
itself often beset with a few spines. Nud as to size, shape and colour, in no respect
different from that of C. levigata.

It is not without some little hesitation that I insert this as the C. binervis of
Smith, as my plant does not quite agree with his description. The fertile spikes
are stated to be blackish, the two lowermost not above two or three inches asun-
der, and the beak short and broad; instead of which, in my specimeus, the fertile
spikes are green, the scales fuscous, with the central green rib edged with white,
but it may perhaps turn dark when the fruit is mature. The spikes in my speci-
meas are quite simple and very remote; the scales of the pistillate ones are much
more acuminate and mucronate than in E. B., but in all other respects our plaut
perfectly agrees with the figure, the two green nerves being very distinctly
marked.

There is unquestionably a close affinity between C. levigata and C. binervis, *
which last connects as it were the former with C. distans and C.fulva. The most
striking and obvivus distinction in C. levigata, and which can never be overlooked,
is the great breadth and comparative shurtness of its leaves, after which the pale
tawny mostly acute scales of its sterile spike, the greater remoteness of the fertile
from the barren spikes and of these last from one another, their more elongated
form, more acuminate differently coloured glumes, and longer more drooping
peduncles; the rarely compound state of either the sterile or fertile spikes, toge-
ther with the differences in the perigyne, will enable the student to distinguish
between it and C. binervis beyond the possibility of confounding the two.

24. C. levigata, Sm. Smooth-stalked Beaked Sedge. “ Fertile
spikelets remote erect or drooping cylindrical stalked, stalks
longer than the elongated sheaths, bracteas foliaceous, all the
glumes acuminated or mucronate, fruit ovate triangular striated
with a rather long acuminated beak deeply bifid at the point.” —
Br. Fl. p. 499. HE. B. xx. t. 1887. Sm. Linn. Trans. v. p. 272.
Schk. Car. t. B. bb. No. 116.

In bogs, marshes, moist woods, thickets and meadows; very frequent with us.
Fil. May, June. Fr. July. 2.

E. Med.—In a little piece of boggy ground by the roadside on the left hand a
few hundred yards before coming to Ninham farm from Ryde, 1838. Very com-
mon in several parts of Sandown level, and in moist woods and pastures between
Apse and Ninham farms, 1839. In a low marshy spot at Apse castle, sparingly
but very tall, 1849. Ina very wet boggy copse close adjoining to Prestwood,
near Ryde, 1849. Apse-heath withy-bed. Extremely common in damp boggy

 

* C, binervis and C. levigata are often found growing together in this island,
the latter most abundantly in very wet, the former in drier, situations, as heaths,
&c., but, like its congener, C. binervis, may be successfully sought for in the wet-
test thicket or morass, and C. levigata in comparatively dry places. In their
flowering time there is a considerable difference, C. binervis being for the most
part far advanced before C. levigata begins to bloom, which is commonly not
until the latter end of May; whereas the other is seen in flower early in that
month, or even at the close of April. This difference in the flowering time is
inherent, and not dependent upon situation, since the same order is observed by
the two plants when growing together under precisely similar circumstances.
Carex.) CYPERACE. 567

woods about Newchurch, us in the Parsonage lynch, &c. In low pastures abont
Newchurch, towards Hill farm, &c., 1846. Alverston lynch. Wet parts of Bord-
wood copse, abundantly. Bleak down. New copse, in very great abundance,
1840. _Briddlesford copse, in abundance. In a marshy wood less than half a
mile S.W. of Combley farm, 1844. On a piece of marshy land close to Little
Duxmore, 1844. Very abundant in a marshy slip of ground skirting the arable
land, and between that and the grazing-fields just beyond the northern end of the
willow-bed E. of Bagwich farm, 1845. Wood between Ryde and Newport, D.
Turner, Esq., B. T. W.

W. Med.—Comwon about Calbourne mill, and between it and Newbridge.

Root thick, creeping, reddish or blackish externally, knotty or tuberous, emit-
ting many stout fibres and sending up leafy suckers. Cudms several, erect or
ascending, from about a foot to 2 feet high, solid, rather bluntly triangular, smooth
excepting between the uppermost fertile spike and the terminal barren one, where
it is furrowed, acutely angular and scabrous, with minute very sharp prickles
pointing upwards, invested below with a few short, brownish, acute, scale-like
sheaths, and the withered leaves of the former year, those of the current season
clothing the greater part of the remaining portion. Leaves much shorter than the
culm (in fruit), bright grass-green, slightly paler only beneath, firm, erect, more
or less recurved, finely pointed and tapering, strongly and acutely keeled, chan-
nelled and striated, rough-edged only near their tips, those at the root often of con-
siderable length, those of the stem and radical suckers short in comparison, 5 or 6
lines in breadth. Sheaths elongated, shorter than the peduncles, the uppermost
smooth, close and striated, those of the lower stem-leaves rather loose, white,
membranous, strongly ribbed and reticulated. Bracts foliaceous, rough-edged,
the lowermost distinguishable only by its greater length from the stem-leaf nearest
it, those succeeding far narrower, the uppermost being quite subulate. Staminate
spike solitary, terminal, erect, acute, slender and triquetrous, 14 inch to 22 inches
Jong, its glumes for the most part acute, particularly towards the summit, tawny-
brown, with a green broad keel, mostly produced into a point or mucro, but which
is wanting in some of the glumes, which are to be found both pointed and obtuse
or rounded on the same spike: sometimes all the glumes are obtuse, with very
pale keels, and are not to be distinguished by their shape from C. binervis. An-
thers yellow, their pellucid tips beset with spinulose points. Pistillate spikes 2 or
3, remote from the staminate one, erect, pale green and very slender when in
flower, more or less pendulous as fructification advances, on filiform smooth pe-
duncles, always much exceeding the sheaths and still more elongated in fruit, in
which state they are about twice as long as the sheaths. Glumes in the early
flowering state pale silvery green, ovato-lanceolate, with long, spinulose, edged points.
Stigmas 3, spreading. Perigyne longer than the glumes, smooth, tawny-green
when ripe, ovate, tumid and more or less triquetrous, the angles very obtuse and
often hardly discernible, with several more obscure facial ribs and one very
strong, greenish and double rib on each side, not always marginal, running up
into the long, flat, but not very narrow, deeply cleft beak, the points of which
are rough, with a few small spines sometimes extending lower than the bifurca-
tion. Nut filling a great portion of the cavity, turbinate, acutely triquetrous,
finely striato-punctate, greenish or yellowish, tipped with the base of the style.

I have found this species near Ryde subdiccivus, a few specimens producing a
solitary, terminal, staminate spike, unaccompanied by any pistillate ones beneath
it. Itis a later-flowering plant than C. benervis, scarcely coming into blossom
till quite the latter end of May. Mr. Leighton’s figures of this species are
excellent.

25. C. pallescens, L. Pale Sedge. “Barren spikelet 1 sessile,
fertile spikelets pedunculated oblong-cylindrical approximate
scarcely pendulous much longer than the very short sheaths,
bracteas foliaceous, fruit obovato-elliptical tumid striated obtuse
glabrous.’—Br. Fl. p. 497. H. B. t. 2185. Host. Gram. Aust. i.
55, t. 74.
568 CYPERACEF. Carex,

In moist woods, meadows, &c. Fl. May, June. 2.

E. Med.—Pleatiful in the drier and more open parts of New copse, near Woot-
ton bridge. Abundantly in Dunnage copse, not far from Briddlesford farm, 1841.
Stroud wood, between Aldermoor mill and Coppid hall, 1841. A few specimens
found in a wood near Apley, Mr. Thos. Meehan, 1845!

Root tufted, with numerous whitish or brownish fibres, scarcely at all creeping.
Culms erect, 1—2 feet high, slender, acutely triangular, striated, roughish only
just towards the summit, leafy for about 3rd of its length, either quite naked from
thence to the top or with a solitary remote leaf at jths of the entire height, when
fully grown much exceeding the leaves in length. eaves grass-green, the lower-
most one on the stem very short, those above lengthening as they rise, the upper
ones and those of the barren shoots long, narrow, tapering, grooved and spreading
or recurved; their close, pale and ribbed sheaths downy with short spreading hairs,
that partially clothe the inferior leaves, the superior being usually quite glabrous.
Bracts leafy, erect, with hardly any sheaths, the lowermost largest and overtop-
ping the spikes, that of the staminate spike very minute, with scariose sheathing
edges: in all the numerous specimens before me the bracts are plaited or puckered
at the back just above their very short sheaths. Szaminate spike solitary (ravely
2), terminal, erect, about } an inch long, linear and triquetrous. Pistillate spikes
2 or 3, the two highest approximate, the uppermost one on a very short stalk or
even nearly sessile, the third when present usually very remote and on a much
longer very slender peduncle; all when in fruit oblongo-cylindrical, obtuse, pale
green, scarcely more than 4 an inch long, finally drooping; their scales broadly
ovato-acuminate, much shorter than the fruit, pale greenish dashed with tawny-
brown, shining and silvery on the edges, the midrib green on both sides. Pert-
gyne sessile, pale green, shining and quite glabrous, ovato-oblong, obscurely tri-
gonate, many-ribbed and very obtuse, tipped with a minute, very abrupt, blackish
and entire point. Nut turbinate, bluntly triangular and 3-ribbed, tipped with
the permanent base of the style.

26. C. panicea, L. Pink-leaved Sedge. ‘“ Barren spikelet soli-
tary, fertile ones about 2 subcylindrical lax -flowered distant
stalked, the stalks longer than the close elongated sheaths, brac-
teas leafy, fruit subglobose somewhat inflated obtuse glabrous
with a short terete truncate beak.” — Br. Fl. p. 499. E. B. t.
1505. Host. Gram. Aust. i. 59, t. 79 (optima).

8. Fruit more oblong or elliptical and pointed.

In watery boggy places on heaths and commons. Fl. April, May. 2.

E. Med.—Wet places on the skirts of Take common. Plentiful on most parts
of Bleak down, 1842. On Wootton common, plentifully. Marsh-meadow near
the upper end of Brading harhour, near the sluice, abundant. On a piece of wet
land close to Little Duxmore, 1844.

W. Med.—Abundant in the marsh at Easton, 1845.

B. On the bog upon Colwell heath, 1844.

Perigynes as long as or mostly a little longer than the glumes, sometimes con-
siderably so, erecto-patent, lower ones a little remote ; greenish brown or at length
blackish, ovato-globose and inflated, obscurely triquetrous, minutely punctulato-
striate, glabrous, with a strong, lateral, greenish rib, and several less apparent
ones, terminating in the short, somewhat curved, entire and obliquely truncate
apex. Nut obovate, subglobose, bluntly triquetrous, greenish brown, finely reti-
culato-striate, smooth and shining, tipped with the base of the style.

Very much resembling C. glauca, from which the elongated sheaths and up-
right instead of drooping fertile spikes afford a ready distinction.

“+t Fertile spikes elongated.”—Bab. Man.

27. C. sylvatica, Huds. Pendulous-spiked Wood Sedge. Stem
solid, sheaths close about half the length of the flower-stalks,
Carex.| CYPERACER. 569

spikes slender drooping their scales spinous, perigyne triquetrous
attenuated upwards into a long beak cloven at the point. E. B.
t.995. Br. Fl. p. 502. Host. Gram. Aust. i. 62, t. 84. C. Dry-
meia, Hhrh.: Wahlenb. Fl. Suec. ii. p. 600. Lindl. Syn.

In moist shady woods and groves; extremely common. Fl. April, May. 2{.

E. Med.—In Quarr copse. Woods at Apley. St. John’s and most other
places about Ryde.

Root consisting, as in the following species, of reddish brown fibres, but, as it
appears to me, more woody and creeping. Culms abvut as tall as C. strigosa,
but filled with pith in the centre, not hollow as in that species. Leaves similar in
all respects, but a little narrower. Staminate spike solitary; its scales like those
of C. strigosa, but their edges are tawny rather than white, the central green rib
furnished with several minute spines pointing upwards, a character very unusual
in this genus, and I believe hitherto unnoticed. Periyyne rather longer than in
C. strigosa and much more ovate, triquetrous, with a strong nerve on each side
near the margin of the two outer faces, suddenly tapering into a long deeply bifid
beak, crowned with the three permanent styles.

The present species, though a native of Sweden, is confined to the southern
parts of that country only.

28. C. strigosa, Huds. “Loose Pendulous Sedge. Stems hol-
low, sheaths loose elongated nearly equal to the flower-stalks,
spikes slender erect or inclining, styles deciduous.

“ Barren spikelets solitary, fertile about 4 slender filiform loose-
flowered nearly erect, the lower stalks a little longer than the
elongated sheaths, upper about equal to their bracteas foliaceous,
glumes elliptic-lanceolate diaphanous with a green keel, fruit ob-
long-lanceolate acuminate at both ends nerved slightly recurved
truncated at the point, beak scarcely any, leaves rather broad.”—
Br, Fl. p. 502. #.B.t. 994. Fl. Dan. vii. t. 1237.

In groves and thickets. #1. April, May. Fr. June, July. 2.

E. Med. — St. John’s wood, sparingly, 1840. In the wood nearest the sea,
skirting the marsh-meadows behind the Dover, abundantly,* 1843 (Monkton Mead
wood’). Ina wood by Little Smal!brook farm, near Ryde, 1840. Profusely at
the N. end of Smallbrook-heath copse, on the left side of Rosemary lane gving
towards Aldermoor heath, being the last wood before arriving at the gate across
the road at the entrance of the heath, some specimens found having the pistillate
spikes compound at the base, 1844. It quite covers the ground by a wet plash
or pool in the copse, requiring a moister soil than C. sylvatica. Abundantly in a
moist copse a little S.W. of Combley farm; also found here with compound pis-
lillate spikes. [In the little wood between Smallbrook and Prestwood, through
which passes the footpath from Ryde to Brading, abundantly, Dr. Bell-Salter,
Edrs.}

W. Med.—In a wood between Swainston and Five Houses, but not observed in
any great abundance, being confined to one spot only, 1845.

Closely resembling the preceding species. Root of many pale reddish fibres.
Culms numerous, ascending, hollow, a foot or 18 inches high, forming a dense
tufted herbage, bluntly 3-cornered. Leaves numerous, sheathing, bright grass-
green, exactly like those of C. sylvatica, but rather broader, with somewhat shorter

 

* (This station is now thrown open by the new road just made (1855) at St.
John’s by Sir John Simeon. On going up the hill it may be observed in great
abundance on the right-hand side, about 20 yards from the commencement of the
wood, Dr. Beil-Salter, Edrs.]

4D
570 CYPERACER. (Carex.

and looser sheaths. Bracteas long, leafy. Staminate spike solitary, 1} inch or 2
inches long, terminal, erect, linear, acute; its scales ovato-lanceolate, acuminate,
pale green, with a central rib and edged with silvery white, their margins folded
so as to make them appear narrower than they really are: under a very moderate
magnifier these scales appear to have three ribs, but this is solely owing to the

eepening of the green culour adjacent to the white membranous border, as a lens
of higher power discovers no such structure. Pistillate spikes about 5, erect or
inclining, 24 inches long, slender, often bearing staminate florets at their extre-
mity, and sometimes a little compound at the base ; on slender pedicels, but little
if at all exceeding the top of the somewhat loose sheath, whose bifurcation is filled
up by a thin 2-lobed prolongation of the ligule, much mere conspicuously than in
C. sylvatica. Florets loosely imbricated ; their scales like those of the staminate
spikes, but shorter and greener. Stigmas 3. Perigyne very different from that
of C. sylvatica, ovato-lanceolate, triquetrous, with one or two strong ribs down its
two outer faces, tapering into an abrupt nearly entire point.

29. C. pendula, Huds. Great Pendulous Sedge. ‘“ Barren
spikelets solitary, fertile 4—6 cylindrical densely flowered very
long and drooping, sheaths nearly equal to the stalks, lower elon-
gated, upper very short, glumes ovato-mucronate, fruit ovate with
a short trigonous notched beak, leaves broad.” — Br. Fl. p. 502.
Ef. B. t. 2315. Host. Gram. Aust. i. 73, t. 100 (optima).

In moist woods, and on wet slipped land along the coast; not rare. FU. April
—June. Fr. July, August. 2f.

£. Med.—TIn the ravine along the stream below the garden of the Shanklin
(Williams’s) hotel, and in the same gully near the church, 1844. Common in
Shanklin chine. Woods between Shanklin and Ventnor. Woods near Norris
castle, and especially in Buckett’s copse, in the greatest profusion. Hungerberry
copse, frequent, 1849. Profusely in the boggy parts of the copse at the mouth of
the Wootton river on the W. shore, 1845. Wood on the West side of the river
below Wootton bridge, sparingly, 1845. In Marina copse, by the sea-shore near
St. Clare, in plenty, 1850, Dr. Bell- Salter.

W. Med.— Abundantly in copses between Gurnet and Thorness bays, 1846.
Frequent along the shore near W. Cowes, towards Gurnet bay. By Sheat farm,
in great profusion.

By far the largest, and one of the handsomest, of British Sedges, conspicuous
for its long-stalked and elegantly drooping spikes. From 2—6 feet high. Root
fibrous, tufted, (Sm.) Culms erect, slender for the size of the plant, triquetrous,
the angles sharpish, intermediate faces channelled, smooth excepting between the
two or three uppermost sheaths, where it is slightly scabrous. Leaves often 2 feet
long, iths of an inch or more broad, bright grass-green above, pale and glaucous
beneath, their deflexed edges rough towards the point, as is the very sharp and
prominent keel, and terminating in long, close, sheathing bases. Ligule ovate,
of the upper leayes ovato-lanceolate, soldered to the leaf throughout, their edges
alone free. Sheaths very long, fitting loosely round the culm, their leafy bracteas
in all respects like the leaves themselves. Spikes very long, slender and obtuse,
on stalks about the length of the sheaths, those of the lowermost a little longer,
drooping or pendulous. Staminate spike solitary, 3—5 inches long, thickening
gradually towards its extremity, triquetrous; its scales linear-lanceolate, acute,
thin and membranons, reddish brown with a pale dorsal rib. Anthers yellow.
Pistillate spikes 6 or 7, cylindrical, 5 or 6 inches long; their scales like those of
the staminate spike, but with darker edges when in fruit, appearing much broader
from their expansion. Florets of both very numerous, densely imbricated. Peri-
gyne sessile, spreading, ovate, very bluntly and obscurely triangular, a little
inflated, ribbed and greenish towards the point, suddenly tapering into a short,
abrupt, brownish and entire beak, easily detached from the rachis, when ripe, by
a slight rub,

The original name, given to this species by Ehrhart, of C. Drymeia, although
Carex. CYPERACER 571

having a just claim to preference on the score of priority, is nevertheless inadmis-
sible, as being of Greek derivation.

30. C. Pseudo-cyperus, L. Bastard Cyperus Sedge. “ Barren
spikelets solitary, fertile 3—6 densely flowered cylindrical upon
long foot-stalks drooping, bracteas very leafy, lowermost some-
times sheathing, the others without sheaths, glumes setaceous
scabrous, fruit oblong very much acuminate ribbed, beak long
deeply cloven.” — Br. Fl. p. 502. E. B. t. 242. Host. Gram.
Aust. i. 68, t. 85 (bona).

In wet swampy thickets, and by the margins of pools and ditches, &c.; not
very common. Jl. May, June. 2.

. Med.—A single tuft in Quarr copse, 1844. Marsh-ditch between Yar-
bridge and Yaverland, under a copse, in some plenty, 1840. In ditches nearly
at the back of Lower Morton farm, 1843. In a pond between Wootton bridge
and King’s quay. Boggy spots by the litule stream that descends to the sea be-
tween Niton and Blackgang, in some abundance, particularly in a swampy tract
of ground, partly enclosed by a stone fence, near the shore, in great plenty, and
growing in large clumps, 1841. In a wood near Little Smallbrook farm, about a
mile from Ryde, Rev. G. E. Smith, 1838 !!

W. Med.—In one or two places in the marsh at Freshwater gate, 1839,

A large and beautiful species, known at ouce from all our other Sedges by the
very long, extremely slender, almost acicular glumes both of the barren and fer-
tile spikes. Root tufted, with many stout fibres. Culms numerous, erect, leafy,
2—3 feet high, solid, sharply triquetrous, with depressed faces, the angles pecu-
liarly acute and rough for some distance below the summits. Leaves numerous,
bright grass-green, scarcely if at all paler beneath, sharply keeled and channelled,
striated, the longitudinal intercellular spaces* jointed, with numerous transverse
septa; whitish and often filamentuus at the base, with thin membranous edges,
very rough above on the margins and keel, and capable of cutting severely incau-
tionsly handled ; those at the root very long and generally withered ; lower stem-
leaves very short, but lengthening as they rise, the upper ones greatly overtopping
the culm; all with long, close, smooth sheaths, that are remarkably membranous
and transparent at the back,t except that of the uppermost stem-leaf, which is of
the same texture all round, and often extremely shortened ; those of the very long
leafy bracts nearly or quite obsolete, Spikes at first erect or inclining, afterwards
drooping and pendulous, on very long, filiform, compressed, green-ribbed and
scabrous peduncles; very slender, acute, linear and triquetrous in flower, in which
early state the anthers chiefly distinguish solitary and terminal staminate from the
three, four or five rather paler or greener pistillate spikes, the lowermost of which
is usually considerably remote from the rest and on a much longer stalk, subtended
by a far longer and broader bract overtopping all those above it; when in fruit
the pistillate spikes become much thicker, cylindrical, obtuse and pendulous.
Glumes of the staminate and pistillate spikes nearly similar, erect; those of the
former with pale tawny membranous margins, reaching to above half their length,
and tapering off into the long, very slender, subulate, spinous points; those of the
latter narrower, pale green, with extremely slender, acicular, very rough points ;
their basal margins short, white and scarcely tapering; sometimes the glumes of
all the spikes are pale green. Anthers pale yellow, with simply acute (not spi-
nous) points. Perigynes yellowish when ripe, quite smooth, densely crowded into
cylindrical, elegantly drooping, bristly spikes, stipitate, spreading horizontally,
ovato-lanceolate, subtriquetrous, convex and a little inflated at the back, strongly

 

* Air-cells? These spaces, which are quite empty, separate the longitudinal
bundle of vessels destined to transmit the natural juices of the leaf.

+ From a prolongation of the membranous adnate ligule, in that part unaccom~
panied by the common leafy tissue.
572 CYPERACEE. (Carex.

and deeply many-ribbed, the marginal rib on each side stouter, darker and more
prominent, continued into the moderately long rather broad beak, that is cloven
with slender, acute, slightly spreading points, sometimes armed, as is the beak
itself, with a few remote spinules. Nac nearly filling the cavity, pale yellow,
ovato-elliptical, triquetrous, fiuely punctate, tipped with the style.

“#%* Fruit downy or hairy.’—Bab. Man.

31. C. precox, Jacq. Vernal Sedge. “ Barren spikelet solitary,
fertile 1—8 oblong approximate sessile or the length of the
sheath, lowermost sheath short (scarcely any), lower bracteas
leafy short, glumes broadly ovato-acuminate, fruit downy obovato-
oblong scarcely acuminate truncated at the point trigonous the
sides nearly flat, root creeping.’—Br. Fl. p. 503. EH. B. t. 1099.

Jacq. Fl. Aust. v. 23 t. 446 (bona). Host. Gram. Aust. 1. 51, t. 68,
(melior).

In dry meadows and pastures; frequent. Fl. April, May. 2f.

E. Med.— On the Dover, Ryde, sparingly, 1842. Field by the short cut be-
tween Oakfield and the Brading road.

W. Med. —Plentiful on the downs betwixt Calbourne and Brixton, 1846. On
the sandy beaths betwixt Shorwell and Kingston, abundantly, 1846.

A small species, usually but a few inches high, but conspicuous at the latter
end of April and in May by its bright yellow anthers. Root fibrous, creeping
with long jointed runners. Culm erect or a little ascending at the base, from 3
or 4 to 6 or 8 inches or even a foot in height, slender, pale green, quite smooth
and glabrous, except a slight roughness just below the summit, bluntly triquetrous,
one of the faces often flatter than the rest, naked excepting at the bottom, where
it is sheathed by a few leaves. Leaves numerous, tufted, mostly shorter than the
culm, and chiefly at and near the base of the latter, bright grass-green, glabrous,
firm and somewhat rigid, taper-pointed, flattish, prominently and acutely keeled
beneath, rough at their more or less spreading or recurved extremities, very nar-
row, not much above a line in breadth. Bracts small, erect, the lowermost foli-
aceous, with a short close sheath, about the length of the flower-stalk. Staminate
spike solitary, terminal, longer than the pistillate, elliptical or when in flower ob-
tuse and clavate; its glumes oblong-elliptical. Anéhers bright straw-yellow, linear,
not apicnlated.  Pistillate spikes about two immediately below the staminate,
close together, sometimes with a distant one near the base of the culm on a long
stalk; their scales darker, more ovate, and with longer points than in the stami-
nate spikes, and having mostly a few barren florets at their summits.

82. C. pilulifera, L. Round-headed Sedge. Sheaths none,
bracteas small subfoliaceous, fertile spikes sessile roundish ap-
proximate, their scales mucronate, fruit ovato-globose pointed
downy, stem weak. H. B.t. 885. Br. Fl. p.504. Host. Gram.

Aust. iv. 47, t. 84. C. montana, Z. C. filiformis, Fl. Dan. t.
1048.

In moist woods and heathy places; rare? Fil, April, May. 2.

E. Med. — Plentiful in New copse, between Ryde and Wootton bridge, 1840.
Common on the turf-walks at Apse castle, 1841. On Lake common.

Root of many brown shaggy fibres, scarcely creeping, but forming dense tufts,
from which the culms spread in a circular form to a foot or 18 inches in diame-
ter. Culms 6 inches to upwards of a foot in height, extremely weak and slender,
curved and inclining, triangular, a little rough towards the summit only. Leaves
numerous, shorter than the culm (except the persistent ones of the preceding year),
bright grass-green, about $th of an inch wide, rough on their edges, with long
taper points, weak and flexible. Bracts subulate, stiffish, the lowermost longer,
Carex.) CYPERACE. 5738

the upper ones shorter than the spikes they subtend, without sheaths. Staminate
_ spike not an inch long, solitary, erect, linear, pointed and triangular; its scales

lanceolate, acute, tawny, with whitish membranous edges and a sharp green keel.
Pistillate spikes 2—4, quite sessile, in a cluster at the base of the barren one, the
lowermost, when more than two are present, a little remote from the rest, roundish
when in seed, from whence, and nut from the form of the fruit, the rather inap-
plicable name of pilulifera is derived. Scales broadly ovate, very sharply pointed,
their keel much broader and greener than in the staminate spike, a little exceed-
ing the fruit in length. Perigyne roundish ovate, somewhat inflated, downy, of
a green colour, and tapering into a short brown beak entire at the point. Nut
yellowish, globose, a little pointed, finely punctate.

“vy. Terminal spikes barren, 2 or more; stigmas 3.
“* Fruit downy.’—Bab. Man.

33. C. glauca, Scop. Glaucous Sedge. “ Barren spikelets 1—3,
fertile 2—3 cylindrical or ovate at length drooping’ densely
flowered on long slender stalks, sheaths short scarcely any, brac-
teas foliaceous, glumes ovate, fruit obovato-globose scabrous or
smooth, beak very short entire.”—Br. Fl. p. 502.  C. recurva,

Huds.: Sm. E. B.t. 1506. C. flacca, Retz.: Host. Gram. Aust.
i, 66, t. 90.

A prevailing and abundant species in moist woods, meadows, pastures and
hedges. Fl. April—June. Fr. June, July. 7

In Quarr copse, and everywhere else about Ryde, plentiful.

Perigyne dark purplish brown, almost black when ripe, obovate, very obtuse,
almost globose, rough with minute warty granulations or shagreened, greenish
towards the apex, where it suddenly terminates in a short, truncate, nearly entire
point. Nut triquetrous, punctato-striate, with a flat apex.

In two specimens of C. glauca I found thé summit of one of their fertile spikes;
in the first a diandrous male floret, each of whose filaments was tipped with a
double erect anther; on the other spike was a monandrous floret, with the filament
cleft and bearing a single erect anther on each fork.

It is singular that this very common European species, which does not appear
to be rare in Sweden, should have been overlooked and undescribed by Linneus.

34. C. hirta, L. Hairy Sedge. “ Hairy, barren spikelets 2—3,
fertile 2—8 distant stalked nearly erect cylindrical, sheaths elon-
gated, bracteas long foliaceous, glumes elliptic-lanceolate much
acuminate ciliate towards the point, fruit oblong-ovate with a long
beak deeply bifid at the point.” — Br. Fl. p. 505. EH. B. t. 685.
Host. Gram. Aust. i. 71, t. 96 (prestantior).

B. Pistillate spikes compound at the base.

In moist woods, meadows, marshes, and by ditchbanks; frequent. Fl. May,
June. Fr. July. 2.

E. Med. — About Ryde, not uncommon. Sandown marshes, Bonchurch.
Meadows between French mill and Bobberstone. Very fine and abundant on
the edge of the little pool near the pheasantry, Steephill, 1845. Common in
moist meadows about Newchurch. Meadow at Yarbridge, abundantly.

W. Med.—In the Cyperus meadow at Apes down, abundantly. Common along
the course of the stream from Calbourne to Newbridge. In some swampy mea-
dows a little above Newbridge towards Westover, abundantly, 1844. Plentiful
in the marsh at Easton, 1845. Banks in Totland bay, B. T. W.

B. By the stream-side just above Calbourne mill, 1840.

Easily known by its copious hoary pubescence, and the very long tapering
glumes of the pistillate spikes, which are pale green, with a transparent membra-
574 CYPERACES. Carex.

nous border, and finely serrated upwards. Root almost woody, creeping exten-
sively with long, white, sharp-pointed runners and copious fibres. Culms erect,
a foot to 2 feet in height, with three blunt anvles, very smooth and shining, leafy.
Leaves nearly evect, rather narrow, flattish and taper-pointed, more or less hoary
with fine downy bairs, which are most copious on the summit of the moderately
long, close and shining sheaths on the side oppusite to the leaf, the inferior por-
tion of the sheaths themselves being in my specimens quite glabrous. Ligule
short, rounded, very hairy. Bracts like the leaves, the lower ones very long.
Staminate spikes 2 ov 3, lanceolate, erect, obscurely triquetrous, the lowermost on
a very short stalk, the other two sessile, the terminal one often a little compound
at the base; their sca/es ovate, brownish red, with broad white edges and green
keel, hoary with thick down. Anthers buff-coloured. Pistillate spikes likewise
2 or 3, on stalks of variable length, equalling or considerably exceeding the
sheaths, erect, slender in flower, in fruit broader and more cylindrical; their scales
paler, more tapering and far less hairy than in the staminate spikes, with very
long serrated points. Stigmas 3. Perigyne stalked, ovate, plano-convex, strongly
ribbed, densely downy, the beak deeply cleft into two slightly spreading rough
points, with the persistent styles between them. Nut brownish, 3-cornered,
roundish ovate, striato-punctate, tipped with a part of the style, loosely invested
with the perigyne.

“#® Fruit glabrous.’—Bab. Man.

85. C. ampullacea, Gooden. Slender-beaked Bottle Sedge.
“ Barren spikelets 2—38, fertile 2—3 distant shortly stalked cy-
lindrical erect, sheaths none (very short or nearly wanting, Brom/,),
bracteas foliaceous, glumes lanceolate about half as long as the
fruit, fruit crowded somewhat membranaceous subglobose inflated
striated suddenly contracted into a long narrow beak bifid at the
point, stem bluntly triangular.” — Br. Fl. p. 506. £. B. t. 780.
Schk. Car. i, p. 125, t. Tt. fig. 107. Fl. Dan. xiii. t. 1248?
Host. Gram. Aust. i. 73, t. 99 (a broad-leaved form).

In ditches and wet boggy ground; not common. Fil. April, May. Fr. June.

£, Med. — Ditch in Sandown level, and on the skirts of Lake common, very
abundantly, 1839; also about the skirts of Lake common, in several places. At
the foot of the Parsonage lynch, Newchurch, as also in several ditches by that
village, abundantly, 1840. By a drain on Apse heath, close to the withy-bed,
1840. Abundant in various places in the boggy meadows between Cridmore and
Appleford, about the Wilderness and between it and Rookley, &c., 1842.

W. Med.—In several parts of the marsh at Freshwater gate, 1841.

Plant perfectly glabrons throughout. Root white, slender, creeping, with
numerous pale slender fibres. Cudms from about a foot to 2 feet high, erect,
slender, pale yellowish green, smooth and shining, naked for some distance down-
wards, very obtusely trigonous, except sometimes immediately under the lower-
most sheath, the interangular faces rounded and striated, quite glabrous up to the
sheath of the lowermost bract, beyond that with one of the faces flattened and
channelled by the stalks of the pistillate spikes, the edges of the groove acute and
roughish. Leaves several, erect, very long and narrow, about a line to 24 lines in
breadth or even sometimes less, firm and rigid, dark green at the back, glaucous
above, finely ribbed and strongly channelled or concave, closely sheathing the
culm with their white membranous bases, acutely keeled and rough both there
and on the edge of their very finely tapering points, of which those of the supe-
rior leaves overtop the culm. Bracts foliaceous, those of the pistillate spikes
exactly like the leaves, erect ; of the lowermost spike and that next above it longer
than the culm ; of the third or uppermost spike, when that is present, far shorter
than the rest: of the staminate spikes the undermost alone is subtended by a
Carex.) CYPERACER. 575

slender subulate bract, which is usually about its own length, and of which the
remaining spikes are quite destitute. Sheaths for the most part extremely short
or nearly wanting, but the lowest pistillate spike is often furnished with a very
evident one, $.an inch or more long. Staminate spikes mostly 3, sometimes 2,
rarely 4, erect, subapproximate, 1 —1} inch long, very slender, triquetrous, acute
(subclavate in flower), sessile, the lowermost sometimes shortly stalked. Glumes
oblongo-lanceolate, more or less acute or pointed, purplish brown, with green
slightly keeled backs. Anthers linear, yellow, abrupt at the summit, not apicu-
late. Pistillate spikes 2 ov 3, mostly bearing staminate flowers at their summits,
remote, sometimes sessile, more frequently on stalks from an inch to 3 or 4 inches
long, slender, smooth, compressed, at first erect, but as the fruit advances becum-
ing, from its weight, lax, nodding and even pendulous. Glumes as in the stami-
nate spikes, but longer, paler, more acute and tapering. Stigmas 3, white,
tapering and cylindrical. Perigynes stipitate, greenish yellow or tawny-brown,
longer than the glumes, spreading nearly horizontally in several rows, forming a
dense cylindrical spike, broadly ovoid or even subglobose, not triquetrous ; much
inflated, membranous, shining and glabrous, with several very slender inconspi-
cuous ribs, the two lateral ones most evident, attenuated into a rather long and
slender deeply cleft beak, the points of which are spreading. Nué small, not
nearly filling the cavity, greenish brown, obovoid or obovoid-elliptical, trigonous,
the angles paler and bluntish, finely striato-punctate, crowned with the long per-:
sistent style.

This species varies a good deal in the breadth and glaucous hue of the leaves.

86. C. riparia, Curt. Greater Common Sedge. “‘ Barren spike-
lets 8—5 approximate, with acuminate glumes, anthers tipped
with a short awn, fertile spikelets 83—4 broadly cylindrical acute
sessile or the lower ones stalked, sheaths none, bracteas very long
foliaceous, glumes oblong pointed, fruit oblong-ovate with a short
beak.” — Br. Fl. p. 507. E. B.t. 579.  C. crassa, Host. Gram.
Aust. i. 68, t. 98.

B. Spikes of either sex (the pistillate especially) more attenuate, on long slen-
der stalks, pendulous; staminate spikes for the most part solitary, terminal,
drooping, bearing pistillate lowers in the middle.

On the banks of rivers and ditches, also in marshes and wet meadows. Fi.
April, May. 2,.

Abundant in the marsh-ditches behind the Dover, Ryde; and in Centu-
rion’s copse. By the stream above Alverston mill, in great profusion and
luxuriance.

B. On a piece of very wet salt-marsh under Chapel-corner copse, at the mouth
of the Wootton river, in plenty, 1846.

The stoutest though not the tallest of our Carices. Two feet or more in height.
Root thick and long, creeping extensively (Sm.) Culm erect, acutely triangular,
the edges very sharp, rough near the top, smooth in the lower part. Leaves long,
erect, about 4 an inch wide, bright green and slightly glaucous above, very glau-
cous beneath, with a sharp keel and rough cutting edges, reticulated with trans-
verse septa. Bracts like the leaves, lower ones long, overtopping the spikes,
ending in close short sheaths, the uppermost very short and with scarcely any
sheaths. Staminate spikes 3 or 4, clustered at the top of the culm, triquetrous and
acute; their scales like those of the pistillate spikes; remarkable before flowering
for their dark purple, almost black, appearance. Anthers yellow, awned. Pistil-
late spikes about the same number, remote, the lower ones on long, the upper on
very short, stalks, or almost sessile ; their scales with long points, serrated on the
edges: the upper spikes are usually partly barren at their extremity. Stigmas 3,
white. Perigyne ovate, sessile, strongly furrowed or ribbed, gradually tapering to
a broad, short, deeply cleft beak. -
576 CYPERACES. (Carex.

87. C paludosa, Gooden. Lesser Common Sedge. ‘Barren
spikelets about 3, with obtuse glumes, anthers with a very minute
point or pointless, fertile spikelets about 3 cylindrical obtuse
erect, sheaths none, bracteas very long foliaceous, glumes narrow
acuminated, fruit subcoriaceous oblong-ovate striated with a short
usually bifid beak.’—Br. Fl. p.507. £. B.t. 807. Host. Gram.
Aust.i. 68, t.92. C. acuta, Curt. Fl. Lond. fasc. 4,t.61. Gooden.
Trans. Linn. Soc. ii. p. 202.

In wet meadows and ditches; notcommon with us. Fl. April, May. Fr.
July. 2.

EE. Med.—Plentifully intermixed with C. riparia by the stream-side above Al-
verston mill, 1848; also in a wet meadow a little above the mill. In a moist
meadow nearly opposite the stables and laundry at Steephill, in plenty, 1842. In
a boggy spot on the skirts of Lake common, also along marsh-ditches by the
roadside just before coming to Sandown village, plentifully, 1840.

W. Med.— Boggy meadows near the hotel at Freshwater gate, common. Abun-
dantly by the water-courses just above Yafford mill, 1846. Frequent in wet mea-
dows about Brixton; abundant in boggy meadows at Moor Town and all the way
to Bottle Hole, in the wet willow-thickets.

Root creeping and stoloniferous. Culm erect, 1, 2, 3, or even 4 feet high, very
sharply triangular and rough in the upper part, glaucous-green, the faces of the
sides depressed and striated. eaves erect, shorter than the culm, often as broad
or nearly so as in C. riparia, at least in the more luxuriant specimens; bright
green above, very glaucous beneath, and in every respect similar to the foregoing.
Bracts leaf-like, the lowermost by far the largest and longest, a little overtopping
the staminate spikes, the next one above usually about equal to or rather shorter
than the spikes, the rest greatly smaller and shorter than the two lowermost, that
of the terminal spike even obsolete. Sheaths none. Staminate spikes usually 3,
with mostly the same number of pistillate ones, the former lanceolate and some-
what acute, but less tapered or elongated than in C. riparia, and hence by com-
parison blunter,* obtusely trigonous, the two superior approximate, the lowermost
a little remote, all sessile, sometimes a little compound at bottom, the inferior and
even the next above it with usually a few pistillate flowers at their base, erect or
at most but slightly inclining when in flower, not nodding or almost drooping as
in C. riparia. Glumes oblongo-elliptical, more or less obtuse or even rounded at
summit, a few occasionally, and especially of the lowermost, somewhat acute,
brownish purple, darkest towards their tips, with a green line or keel; viewed in
the aggregate of the unopened spike they appear deep purple or blackish and
shining, with a copper reflexion. Stamens similar to those of C. riparia, but the
anthers are quite destitute of the subulate point or awn so conspicuous in that,t
and which, though not noticed as a character in the description, has not been
overlooked by Curtis in his admirable plates of these two species in F]. Londinen-
sis. Pistillate spikes about 2—24 inches long, remote, subcylindrical, very slen-
der and erect when in flower, mostly tipped with a few staminate flowers, and
often compound or branched at base, the upper on very short stalks or nearly ses-
sile, the lowermost on somewhat longer peduncles; their glumes very similar to
those of C. riparia, ovato-oblong, dark purple brown, with a green keel or rib,
those at or towards the base ending abruptly in long, sharp, serrate, scabrous
points, of which those nearer the summit of the spike are gradually deprived, the
highest being simply acuminate. Styles 3. Perigynes closely imbricated in
about 6 or 8 rows, widely spreading, whitish bruwn, many-ribbed, smooth and

 

* This bluntness is most evident when the anthers are protruded; the spike has
then a clavate outline.

+ The connectivum merely terminates in an extremely short, minute and broad
point, which is often obsolete or nearly so.
Anthoxanthunv.] GRAMINE.E. 577

glabrous, shortly stipitate, about 14 line in length, ovate or ovato-elliptical, either
rounded or tapering at base, subtrigonate, much compressed, with flattish mar-
gins, tapering at summit into a very short, cylindrical, slightly cloven or almost
entire beak, Nut ovate, acutely trigonate, substipitate, chestnut-brown, the
angles often paler; sometimes not perfected.

Readily distinguished from the preceding species by the obtuse scales of the
staminate spikes, by its usually smaller size, narrower leaves, and in having the
beak of the perigyne nearly eutire. From C. acuta it is known by its larger size,
in having constantly three stigmas, and broader, more tapering and more nume-~
rous staminate spikes,

Order LXXXVII. GRAMINE A, Juss.

* Florets usually perfect, sometimes imperfect, sometimes neuter.
(without either stamens or pistil), solitary, or 2 or more imbri-
cated on a common axis or rachis contained within an involucre
(calyx, L.) consisting of 2 (sometimes 1, rarely none) valves or
glumes, the whole constituting a locusta or spikelet. Perianth ?
(corolla, L.) glumaceous: that of the fertile florets usually of 2
dissimilar glwmellas (paleas or valvelets) ; lower or outer simple,
usually keeled or with a midrib; inner or upper with 2 lateral or
dorsal nerves (hence probably of 2 united); sometimes 1, some-
times both are wanting: of the barren florets of 1—2 glumellas :
of the neuter ones often rudimentary or wanting. Stamens hypo-
gynous, 1—6, rarely indefinite, usually 8. Anthers 2-celled,
attached by their back about the middle, versatile. Ovary supe-
rior, 1-celled, with 1 ovule, usually with 2 (rarely 1, or 0) minute
hypogynous scales (called lodicules, abortive stamens ?). Styles 2,
rarely 1 (simple or bifid) or 3 (perhaps only 1, and 2—3 cleft).
Stigmas often plumose. Pericarp (a caryopsis) closely incorpo-
rated with the seed. Embryo lenticular, external, lying on one
side at the base of the farinaceous albumen.—Stems or culms
usually fistulose, generally simple and herbaceous, jointed, sometimes
branched, rarely shrubby. Leaves one to each joint, with a sheath
slit longitudinally on one side, having often a membranous append-
age (ligule) at its summit. Flowers small, solitary, or in spikelets,
which are panicled or spiked.’—Br. Fl. :

A. Stamens 2.

I. Anrnoxantuom, Linn. Vernal-grass.

* Panicle spiked. Spikelets with 1 perfect central floret, and 2
outer larger neuter ones. Glumes 2, very unequal; upper the
longer. Gluwmellas of the perfect floret 2, awnless ; of the neuter
florets single, awned.”—Br. Fl.

1. A. odoratum, L. Sweet-scented Vernal-grass. “ Panicle
spiked oblong often interrupted at the base, awn of the upper
neuter glumella longer than the upper glume.” — Br. Fl. p. 514.

4 E
578 GRAMINER. |Anthoranthum.

E. B.t. 647. Curt. Fl. Lond. fase. i. t. 4. Host. Gram. Aust. 1.
p. 5, t. 5.

Abundant everywhere in meadows and pastures. Fl. May, June. Jr. June.

Root forming a dense tuft of pale brown, capillary, branched and downy fibres,
emitting an odour which has been compared to that of the Tonquin Bean. Culms
numerous, often forming thick clumps, from a span or under to a foot or two in
length, geniculate below, then erect, straight, slender, terete, pale green, polished
and glabrous, naked for a considerable way from the summit downwards, Leaves
chiefly at the base of the culm and svon withering, those higher up few, distant,
on long, close, furrowed and glabrous sheaths, rather short, flat, narrow-lanceolate,
very acute, pale green ora little glaucous, beset on both sides with white spread-
ing hairs, which at the rounded, clasping and often purple bases are long and
fringing; sometimes glabrous. Ligule of medium length, clasping, sometimes
tinged purplish below, very abrupt and truncate, more or less jagged and subci-
liate. Panicle erect, close, spicate, oblongo-lanceolate, pointed and subcom-
pressed, from about 14 inch to 2 inches or more in length. Spikelets erect, or in
flower erecto-patent, on simple or branched pedicels forming imperfect half-
whorls, on the smooth, compressed, straight rachis, narrow-lanceolate, very acute,
3 or 4 lines in length, shining, with mixed shades of green, white and purplish.
Glumes persistent, chaff-like and straw-yellow when ripe, very unequal, com-
pressed, slightly scabrous, the outer and lower one about half the length of the
other, ovato-lanceolate, with very deep, membranaceous, somewhat tawny mar-
gins and a single dorsal rib, bordered with green or purple, fringed with a few
long erect hairs, and terminating in a short awn; inner and upper glume about
twice as long as its fellow, 3-ribbed, the ribs scabrous and ending in a similar
short awn to that of the outer glume, but the margins are strongly convolute,
forming a complete fold or overlap, the edge of which is seen down one side of
the valve, thus completely enwrapping the included floret as in a cloak or mantle,
and concealing it from view at all stages of growth. Flvrets minute, deciduous
when the seed is ripe, very far shorter than the glumes, the two lateral reduced to
a single awned valve, the central of two awnless valves and perfect. Palee of the
two lateral abortive florets single, abrupt and erose at apex, oblong, shining and
diaphanous, scarcely ribbed, either colourless, tawny or greenish, hecoming very
dark tawny in seed, shaggy with long, erect, white or fulvous hairs, awned, one
with the awn springing from near the base of the valve and upwards of twice its
length, the awn of the other inserted not much below the apex of the valve and
scarcely its own length. Awns scabrous, the longer one geniculate, brown and
spirally twisted below the middle of its length, from thence to the end slender,
pale and straight, the awn of the other floret pale, slender and straight through-
out. Palee of the central and perfect floret much shorter than those of the late-
ral ones, oblong, equal in length, delicately membranaceous and diaphanous, ob-
tuse, highly shining and glabrous, the lower and outer one much the larger and
deeper, greenish. Stamens 2, much protruded from the apex of the inner glume;
anthers pale yellow or purplish, of two long, narrow, apiculate lobes, on very slen-
der white filaments; pollen large, white, globose. Styles long, slender, simple,
feathery. Nectary of two oblong, thin, membranaceous, unequal scales, like the
palew in shape, clasping the ovary below, and persistent. Seed small, ovoid,
pointed, glabrous, yellowish and pellucid, closely sheathed in the membrane-like,
brown and shining palee of the central or perfect floret, and included between the
valves of the two exterior and imperfect ones, which fall away from the calyx in
maturity, and then acquire a deep tawny colour.
Alopecurus.] GRAMINEE. 579

B. Stamens 3. Styles 1.

II. Narpus, Linn. Mat-grass.

“Spike simple, unilateral. Spikelets 1-flowered. Glumes 0.
Glumellas 2; the outer one keeled with a long subulate point.
Stigma elongated, filiform, papillose.”—Br. Fl.

1. N. stricta, L. Mat-grass. E. B. t+.290. Br. Fl. p. 515.
Host. Gram. Aust. ii. 4, t. 4.

On hilly, heathy and moory ground. Fi. June.

E. Med.—In moist pastures close to the Wilderness, 1844, Pastures near
Rookley farm, 1842. Pointed out to me at the foot of Bleak down by W.. Wilson
Saunders, Esq.

‘ W. Med.—Plentifully on the northern side of Headon hill, overlooking Totland
ay, 1841.

Root of many short, thick, downy fibres. Stems numerous, forming with the
leaves dense, rigid, bristly tufts, from 3 or 4 to 6 or 10 inches in height, erect,
round, striated with green lines, (rough with appressed bristles, Leighton), in my
specimens smooth, jointed and grooved alternately above to receive the florets,
their bases invested by the long, close, smooth and shining leaf-sheaths. Leaves
setaceous by the involution of their edges, erect or partly spreading, very straight,
stiff and pointed, dark green, furrowed and rough with rows of minute erect
spines, ending beneath in long pale or pinkish sheaths, that are mostly enlarged
and sometimes a little bulb-shaped at the base, each exterior sheath including two
or more leaves, of which the innermost is erect, the outer diverging at nearly right
angles from their sheaths. Ligude oblong, pointed, deeply bifid on the stem-leaves ;
that of the radical barren leaves short, truncate and entire. Spike very slender,
straight or slightly recurved, of several linear, erect, distichous, alternate and uni-
lateral florets, closely applied to grooves or cavities in the rachis for their recep-
tion. Palee unequal, outer one linear-lanceolate, greenish purple, ribbed, covered
with rough points, tapering into a long awned extremity, bordered, like the mar-
gin of the valve itself, with a row of erect spines; inner palez very thin and mem-
branous, closely embraced by the overlapping edges of the outer, ribless, truncate
and spinulose at the summit. Anthers pale yellow. Style very long, simple and
slender, much protruded.

C. Stamens 3. Styles 2.
* Inflorescence panicled.
+ Glumes single-flowered.
a. Panicle close, compact, spike-like.

III. Atoprcurvs, Linn. Foxtail-grass.

“ Panicle spiked. Spikelets compressed laterally. Glumes 2,
nearly equal, usually connate at the base, membranaceous, about
as long as the floret. Glumella solitary, with a dorsal awn above
the base. Neuter florets 0..-—Br. FI.

1. A. pratensis, L. Meadow Foxtail-grass. “Culm erect
smooth, panicle spiked cylindrical obtuse, glumes lanceolate acute
hairy connate at the base, awn twice the length of the glumella.”
—Br. Fl. p. 516. E. B. t. 759.

Common everywhere in meadows, pastures, and by roadsides. Fl. May, June.

4.
580 GRAMINE&. [Alopecurus.

2. A. geniculatus, L. Floating Foxtail-grass. Culms ascend-
ing bent at the joints, panicle spiked cylindrical obtuse, glumes
united strongly ciliated on the back, their summits obtuse, awn
twice as long as the glumes, corolla notched. Sm. H. Fl. i. p. 83.
Br. Fl. p. 517. Lind. Syn. p. 300. E. B. xviii. t. 1250.

B. Culms swollen, clavate or bulb-shaped at their base. :

y. Awns longer than the florets, root bulbous, sheaths wider than the thickness
of the culm, anthers purple, changing to brownish yellow.

In moist meadows and pastures, also in shallow pools and ditches, or even on
dry ground; very commonly. Fl. May—August. 2{.

&. With a. occasionally. On the Dover, Ryde, and elsewhere.

y. In a bog at the source of the Yar, Freshwater gate (Easton marsh),
Withering.

The culms of this species are sometimes found club-shaped or somewhat bul-
bous at their base, which has occasioned its being mistaken for A. bulbosus. I
have occasionally met with the variety in this island, and was at first deceived by
it myself. The appearance is purely accidental, and does not appear to depend,
as has long been thought, on dryness of soil, for I have remarked it in specimens
gathered in a very wet meadow, amongst others with roots not at all enlarged,
whilst of numerous starved plants taken from the driest sand not one presented
the clavate appearance which has caused so much misunderstanding amongst
authors respecting the genuine A. bulbosus.

This plant is given as a native of N. America.

8. A. bulbosus, L. Tuberous Foxtail-grass. Culms erect?
ascending or spreading, panicle spiked cylindrical acuminate,
glumes very acute with 5 strong ribs shortly ciliated on the back
free, base of the stem enlarged into bulb-like tubers. Sm. E. Fl.
ip. 82. Br. Fl. p. 517. Lind. Syn. p. 299. EH. B. xviii. t.
1249. Knapp, Br. Gr.t.17.  Parn. Gr. t. 76.

To salt-marsh meadows, also in dry pasture and waste ground near the sea; in
several places. Fl. May, June. 2.

‘E, Med.—On the Dover, Ryde, in great plenty. Meadows between the Dover
and ‘the Gasometer. Salt-marshes between Bembridge and Brading, near the
sluice, &c., abundantly. Marshy spot by the roadside betwixt Brading and San-
down, 1848, W. Borrer, Esq. On the lawn of Lord Spencer’s house at Ryde, Dr.
Bell-Salter.

W. Med.—Between Yarmouth and Thorley, by the roadside near the bridge.

Our Isle-of-Wight plant is unquestionably that of Sir James Smith and of
Knapp, Br. Grasses, t. 17, which last represents the slender tapering spike and ge-
neral habit much better than the figure in Eng]. Botany, where the spike is drawn
much more ovate or less attenuated. Both these authors have fallen into error in
their several descriptions; the first in asserting that A. bulbosus ‘always grows in
water,” since I find it in very dry grouud, and am inclined to believe the bulbs
are a provision of Nature for storing up in their fleshy and succulent substance a
sufficiency of that moisture for the growth of the plant denied it by the soil.
Knapp is mistaken in asserting that A. bulbosus is never decidedly “ knee-bent,”
though he admits it has a tendency to become so. It is in tact often as procum-
bent and as much bent at the Tower joint as A. geniculatus, but does not, like
that, emit rooting fibres from the prostrate culm, and is when largest its inferior
in size, though in a dry soil and starved condition A. geniculatus may be found
as diminutive as the true A. bulbosus, and so closely resembling the latter as not
to be distinguishable from it except alter a close examination. I find both spe-
cies flourishing in close proximity on the Dover and marsh-meadows contiguous,
under precisely similar conditions of dryness or moisture; yet, in cases where the
‘resemblance between individuals of each kind is ‘so strong that I-can hardly
Alopecurus.] GRAMINEA. 581

pronounce upon them with confidence on a cursory inspection, an examination of
the root and florets has always enabled we to decide without hesitation.

Regarding the root, any specific distinction drawn from that part alone might
be open to objection on the ground that the same organ in A. geniculatus is some-
times seen to assume a bulbous character, and that a difference in degree alone
can uever be safely adduced to establish a permanent distinction. We must, then,
have recourse to other marks, and such we find in the structure of the flowers,
which in A. bulbosus are narrower than in A. geniculatus, with acute calyx-glumes,
the membranous edges of which are emargivate below the submucronate apex, not
rounded at their summit as in A. geniculatus, where the glumes are ciliated with
long white hairs upon the back, that are far less conspicuous and much shorter
in A, bulbosus. In both the calyx is clothed with silky hairs, but in A.
bulbosus the five ribs are very strongly marked, especially on the outer side of the
floret; these are of a deep purple or black and dilated upwards, the two interme-
diate lateral ones green, the dorsal almost mucronate at the point. The bulb-
shaped or tuberous bases of the culms in the present species assume that form as
completely as Poa bulbosa, which never happens with A. geniculatus, the enlarged
point of which is rather club-shaped, and destitute of the fine rose-colour so often
seen on the former, and well represented by Mr. Curtis.

Notwithstanding the differences just mentioned, I think it very possible these
two grasses may not be specifically distinct, accounting for the characters that
mark A. bulbosus, on the hypothesis that the peculiarities of structure which, so
united, lead to a conclusion directly the reverse, may, from causes unknown to
us, be necessarily inseparable or coexistant; in other words, the same aberrant
principle producing an alteration in one part in the vegetable structure may, for
aught we know, as invariably induce a change on parts of the same plant the
most remote.

4. A. agrestis, L. Slender Foxtail-grass. Vect. Black-grass.
Culm erect scabrous above, panicle spiked slender cylindrical
acuminate, glumes narrow-lanceolate very acute nearly glabrous
united half-way up. Sm. EH. Fl.i.p. 81. Br. Fl. p. 516. Lind.
Syn. p.299. EE. B. xii. t. 848. Knapp, Br. Gr. t.16. Host.
Gram. Aust. ili. 9, t. 12. Parn. Gr. t. 8.

Much too plentiful in cultivated fields, amongst corn, clover and other crops.
Fl. April—October. ©.

E. Med..— Extremely common about Ryde, Bembridge, Shanklin, Luccombe,
Bonchurch, Sandown, &c.

W. Med. —Cornfields about Thorley, Wellow, Calbourne.

An entirely glabrous grass. Root small, fibrous (slightly creeping, 1/7. et K.),
annual, emitting numerous slender culms, from about 12—24 inches high, erect
or geniculate in the lowermost of the hard, shining, cartilaginous joints, where
they are sometimes slightly branched ; smooth or immediately below the spike
only somewhat roughish, leafless for a considerable distance from the latter down-
wards. Leaves distant, short, pale grayish green, finely striated, a little scabrous
above and on the margins, with a brownish fold or auricle at base, on long, ribbed,
somewhat inflated sheaths, that are open their whole length, and very shining on
their inner surface. Ligule short, truncate and torn. Panicle closely spicate,
simple or very slightly branched, slender and subcylindrical, a little tapered at
each end, acute, from about 23 to 33 inches long and ahout 2 lines wide, either
pale green or more usually wholly or in part of a dark purplish red. Spikelets
larger than in A. pratensis, closely imbricated, placed in an irregular alternation
on the smooth rachis, mostly solitary, but a few of the very unequal pedicels are
occasionally forked and bearing a secund spikelet. Glumes joined obliquely to
their pedicels at their annular cartilaginous base, a mode of insertion not repre-
sented in our published figures of the species, awnless, much compressed, equal,
membranous, pointed, concave on the side next the rachis, perfectly united below
for above-a third of their length upwards, spinulosely scabrous on the very sharp
582 GRAMINE®. [Phleum.

keel, near which on either side is a strong green rib reaching almost to the apex,
and an additional pair neay the margins of the glumes, not attaining the length
of the former, of which lateral pair the exterior rib is generally rough and promi-
nent. Palee ovato-oblong, the length of the glumes, folded, glabrous, with two
strong scabrous ribs on each side, one near the dorsal, the other near the
anterior margin, green above, pale and evanescent as they descend. Awzn slen-
der, twisted, smooth below, scabrous above, pretty straight, inserted very near to
the base of the palea and about twice its length. Anthers much protruded, pale
buff or purple; filaments flat, tapering. Ovary minute, ovate, smooth and shining.
Scale (nectary, Sm.) obsolete? Styles united at their base, very long, tapering,
simple and feathery.

The cornfields are in many parts of the island quite covered with the slender
purple spikes of this most troublesome and prolific weed, which continues longer
in flower than almost any other grass, and, from exclusively affecting cultivated
land, besides having an annual root, is, unlike the perennial species of the genus,
entirely useless as pasturage. This is the Black-grass of the Isle-of-Wight
farmers, and is no doubt so called from its injurious qualities, and not from its
colour. Happily the species is confined to the more southern parts of Britain,
ne rare and perhaps not indigenous to Scotland and (as yet unknown in)

reland.

IV. Putzvum, Linn. Cat’s-tail-grass.

“ Panicle spiked. Spikelets laterally compressed. Glumes
nearly equal, parallel, acuminate or mucronato-aristate, longer
than the floret. Glwmellas 2, membranous, glabrous, awnless.
Caryopsis free.” —Br. Fl.

1. P. pratensis, L. Meadow Cat’s-tail-grass. Timothy-grass.
“ Panicle cylindrical, glumes truncated mucronato-aristate ciliated
at the back at least twice as long as the awn, neuter floret want-
ing.’—Br. Fl. p. 519. HE. B.t.1076. Host. Gram. Aust. iii. 7,
t. 9.

In meadows and pastures; everywhere. £1. June—October. 2{.

2. P. arenarwm, L. Sea-side Cat’s-tail-grass. Sand Cat’s-tail-
grass. “Panicle obovato-cylindrical, glumes lanceolate acute
ciliated at the back above the middle.” — Br. Fl. p. 520. Parn.
Gr.t.7. Phalaris, EL. B. t. 222.

In sandy fields and on the sandy shores of the sea; very rare. Fl. May, June.

W. Med.—Found in considerable abundance on the sandy shore at Norton,
Freshwater, June 2Ist, 1846.

V. Ammopuina, Host. Sea-reed.

“Panicle spiked. Spikelets laterally compressed. Glumes
nearly equal, keeled, membranaceous, diverging, longer than the
floret. Glumellas 2, subcoriaceous below, each with a tuft of
‘short silky hairs at the base; outer one mucronulate or with a
very short awn below the point. Neuter floret 1, rudimentary and
very minute, coriaceous, sessile, often obsolete.”—Br. Fl.

1. A. arenaria, [Link.] Common Sea-reed, Marram or Mat-
weed. “Panicle cylindrical acuminate, glumes acute, hairs one-
third the length of the floret.” — Br. Fl. A. arundinacea, Host.
Gastridium.] GRAMINE. 588

Gram. Aust. iv. 24, t.41. Br. Fl. p. 518. Arundo arenaria, E.
B. t. 520.

On the loose sand of the sea-sbore. Fl. July. Fr. September. 2,.

E. Med.—At the E. end of the Dover, Ryde, very sparingly. In driving sand
on St. Helens spit, in great abundance. On the beach at Sandown, in small
quantity.

W. Med.—Norton spit, by Yarmouth, in some plenty.

Root or rather rhizoma creeping deeply and widely in the loose sand, of the
thickness of a quill, smooth, cylindrical and fistulose, straw-yellow, jointed, emit-
ting from the joints white, woolly, somewhat compressed, flexuose, scarcely branching
fibres. Culms erect or ascending at base, the lower part often buried horizontally
beneath the sand, about 2 or 3 feet high, straw-yellow, slender, round, hard and
polished, filled with cellular tissue or somewhat perforate, naked for a consider-
able distance at top, the remainder invested by the long, convolute, striated sheaths
of the 3 or 4 (?) cauline leaves; usually bent or geniculate about the middle at
the shining tumid articulation. Leaves long, linear, erect, very rigid, but not dif-
ficult to break or tear, very like those of Triticum junceum, but still more rigid,
with far more prominent ribs above, concave or a little involute, very smooth and
polished on their convex side, tapering toa fine point. Ligule very long, often
an inch or more, acuminate, torn or split irregularly, mostly bi- or tripartite.
Panicle compound, very close, spicate, cylindrical, tapering at each end, 5 or 6
inches long, pale straw-yellow like the culm. Glumes lanceolate, nearly equal,
compressed and chaffy, the inner one with three, the outer with a single green rib.
Floret surrounded with a tuft of short silky hairs at its base, about }rd of its own
length, on one side of which is a minute scale, attached to the calyx, probably an
abortive second floret. Palee nearly equal, with a few (3 or 4) green ribs, notched
a little at the acute summit of each; keel bristly, and in the outer valve termi-
nating ina very short rough point, hardly to be called an awn, and scarcely reach-
ing the apex. Anthers at first purple, afterwards buff-coloured. Styles distant ;
stigmas long, loosely feathery. Seed free, loosely enclosed in the palea, pale
brown, oblong or obconical, terete, with a groove on each side, partially perfected
only in each panicle.

T cannot learn that there exists any peculiar name for this plant in the island,
where it is known only as Spire, a term applied by the islanders to all the larger-
spiked and close-panicled grasses, Carices and Typha.

VI. Gasrripium, P. de Beauv. Nit-grass.

“ Panicle contracted, spiked. Spikelets scarcely compressed.
Glumes 2, acute, awnless, ventricose and rounded at the base,
keeled upwards, membranaceous, much longer than the floret,
Glumellas 2, membranaceous; outer one truncate or toothed at
the end, with (or without) a long straight awn below the point,
Neuter florets 0.”—Br. Fl.

1. G. lendigerum, Beauv. Awned Nit-grass. Panicle dense
spicate, glumes very acute, florets (mostly) awned. Br. Fl. p. 521.
Milium lendigerum, Sm. #. Fl.i. p. 88. Lind. Syn. p. 303. FE,
B. xvi. t. 1107. Curt. Br. Entom. xiv. t. et fol. 650. Gaud. Fl,
Helv. i. p.177. Sibth. Fl. Greca, i. t.65. Host. Gram. Aust. iti.
17, t. 24.

By waysides, in waste places, dry rough pastures, and amongst corn, also in
woods occasionally ; of very frequent occurrence. FU. June—October. ©.

E. Med. — Very frequent about Ryde in certain years, as between Quarr and
the Fish-houses, in the fields and along the roadside. On the Dover and at Sea
View. Amongst corn by a farm at Westridge, and in wheat-fields about West-
584 GRAMINES. (Afitium.

brook farm. Cornfields at St. Helens. Very abundantly on the waste building-
lots at E. Cowes park, 1846. Fields and woods along the new road from Wout-
ton bridge to King’s quay, in abundance, 1848. Plentiful in a field at Beaper
farm, also in a wheat-stubble near Hardingshoot farm, 1848. Plentiful in a lay-
field on the North side of Coppid hall. In Whitefield wood, 1848.

W. Med.—F requent in cornfields about Cowes. In 1841 I found a large field
near Gurnet farm nearly covered with it. A perfect weed in cornfields about
Freshwater, Thorley and Freshwater parish in some seasons. At Garrets, near
Newport. .

A most beautiful and elegant grass, whose pale green, tapering, spear-shaped
panicle shines with a satiny or silvery lustre, hecoming grayish or yellowish as the
seed ripens. Root whitish, fibrous, and I have no doubt annual, though Hooker
marks it perennial. Culms numerous, 6—18 inches high, erect or spreading,
ascending at the base, round, smooth, shining and leafy. Leaves pale green,
linear, rough-edged, taper-pointed, with striated slightly tumid sheaths. Ligule
oblong, much torn and notched at the summit. Panicle 2 or 3 inches in length,
narrow and tapering, at first very compact or spicate, afterwards a little diffuse, of
many close-set, half-whorled, roughish and compound branches. Glumes une-
qual, very acute, single-ribbed, rough on the back, with white membranous edges,
suddenly dilating at the base into a membranous sac or cavity very like the
spatha of an Arum, and enclosing the solitary floret. Palee much shorter than
the glumes, very broad and concave, nearly equal. Outer valve truncate, its
broad summit with several tooth-like notches, with or without an awn at somo
distance below the top, and which usually exceeds the glumes; inner valve
smaller, with a narrower bifid summit and awnless; both are somewhat hairy at
the base, but I do not find them downy as Smith describes them. Stamens short,
witb violet anthers. Styles distant; stigmas short, somewhat erect, unbranched.
Seed enclosed in the hardened tumid base of the glumes.

Smith says the awn is rarely wanting, but in my specimens it is as often absent
as present. The figure of this species in ‘Flora Greca’ is scarcely given with
the usual attention to minuteness and accuracy so characteristic of that rare, ele-
gant and costly work, the glumes being there represented as simply acicular.

This fine grass, though generally diffused over the island, is not equally abun-
dant every season in the same locality, being, like most annual plants, somewhat
capricious in its stations.

B. Panicle loose or spreading.
VIT. Minium, Linn. Millet-grass.

“Panicle spreading. Spikelets somewhat dorsally compressed,
awnless. Glumes 2, nearly equal, flattish, herbaceous, rather
acute, scarcely longer than the floret. Glumellas 2, nearly equal,
glabrous, at length hardened and enclosing the caryopsis. Neuter
florets 0." —Br. Fl.

1. M. effusum, L. Spreading Millet-grass. Wood Millet-grass.
Panicle diffuse, florets ovate without awns. Sm. EH. Fl. i. p. 87.
Br. Fl. p. 520. H. B. xvi. t.1106. Curt. Fl. Lond. fase. 4, t. 12.
Curt. Br. Entom. xv. t. et fol. 710. Host. Gram. Aust. ili. 16, t.
22.

In moist shady woods; not very common. Fl. May, June. 2{.

E. Med. — Frequent in some parts of Quarr copse. Between Ninham farm
and the Newport road, nearly opposite Quarr abbey. Shore copse, sparingly.
In Cowpit-cliff copse, Greatwood copse, and other hill-side copses between
Shanklin and Bonchurch, plentifully. Wood near Norris castle. Wood at Apse
eastle. In Knighton East wood, 1845; also in Inwards copse, sparingly, 1845.
Agrostis. ] GRAMINER. 585

In Bloodstone copse, sparingly, 1846. In New copse, near Wootton bridge, 1846.
Sparingly in copses under Arreton and Mersley or Messley downs, 1844.

W. Med.—Tolt wood, near Gateombe. Copse on the N. side of Wroxall
down, above Wroxall farm.

A large, nearly smooth, slender grass, of a pale, delicate, rather glaucous green ;
about 3 feet high, growing in clumps. Leaves distant, broad, flat, thin and
pointed, short for their width, finely serrated, un long close-ribbed sheaths. Ligule
oblong, jagged. Panicle lax, of several distant, spreading, half-whorled tufis of
smooth, slender, compound, wavy branches, a little rough only on their ultimate
divisions. Florets ovate, pointed, scarcely 4th of an inch long. Glumes equal,
thin, 3-ribbed, roughish externally with small points. Palee nearly as long as
the calyx, equal, concave, thin and shining; outer one indistinctly 3-ribbed, the
inner plainly 2-ribbed, Anthers pale yellow. Stigmas short, feathery, spreading
horizontally.

VIII. Acrostis, Linn. Bent-grass.

Panicle loose. Spikelets laterally compressed. Glumes 2,
acute, membranaceous, longer than the floret, awnless. Foret
sessile, glabrous or with 1—2 tufts of very short hairs at the base.
Glumellas 2, unequal; the inner sometimes wanting, the outer
with or without an awn. Caryopsis free, oblong or linear.

A very intricate and perplexing genus of grasses to the botanist, from the
variety of form and aspect the same species will assume according to soil and
situation, and the suppression or assumption of certain organs that in more con-
stant genera furnish the readiest specific distinctions. Though simple enough in
structure, the minuteness and elasticity of the parts render the dissection of the
florets a very troublesome task, trying alike to the patience and eyes of the ope-
rator. The nerves of the valves of the corolla, to which an undue importance is
attached, are often hardly to be traced under a high magnifier, the valve showing
like an uniform and ribless membrane. For this reason I have omitted all
mention of them in the specific descriptions, conceiving the descriptions will be
found sufficiently clear without referring to marks so undecisive. For the same
reasons the unnatural genus Trichodium of Schrader, founded solely on the sup-
pression or partial development of one valve or palea of the curolla, is here
discarded.

1. A. canina, L. Brown Bent-grass. ‘‘ Branches of the pani-
cle long slender erect-patent, glumes unequal lanceolate rough at
the keel, outer one 1-nerved, glumella 1 erose at the end 5-nerved
with a dorsal awn from below the middle, leaves linear, sheaths
smooth, ligule oblong acute.” — Br. Fl. p. 523. H. B. t. 1856.
Host. Gram. Aust. iv. 31, t. 58.

Moist woods, meadows, heaths and pastures. Fl. July. 2,.

E. Med.—Inwards copse, near Ashey, in great plenty. [In the lane leading
from the Ryde and Newport road to Fishbourne, Dr. Bell-Salter, Edrs.]

W. Med.—[(Cockleton bog, Dr. Bell- Satter, Edrs.]

2. A. vulgaris, With. Fine Bent-grass. ‘“ Branches of the pa-
nicle smoothish its branchlets spreading after flowering, glumes
nearly equal, outer one rough on the keel above, outer glumella
8-nerved, ligule extremely short and truncate.” — Br. Fl. p. 524.
FE. B. t. 1671, Host. Gram. Aust. iv. 34, t. 59.

In rough stony or sandy pastures, on heaths, by roadsides and other dry places ;
abundant. Fl. July, August. 2{. j

F
586 GRAMINES. (Agrostis.

Best distinguished from our other common species by the extremely short and
blunt ligule, the thin, light, airy panicle, the capillary branches of whose whorls
are few, and spread equally in every direction. The distant scattered flowers and
generally upright stem will prevent its being confounded with A. alba.

3. A. alba, L. Marsh Bent-grass. ‘“ Branches of the panicle
hispid its branchlets erect after flowering, glumes nearly equal,
outer one rough on the keel all over, outer glumella 5-nerved,
ligule elongated acute.” —Br. Fl. p. 524. HE. B. t. 1189.

In moist shady woods, meadows, ditches and wet cornfields; very common.
Fl. July, August. 2.

Known at first sight from A. vulgaris by its larger and stouter habit; munch
more numerous flowers, which are crowded on the panicle; and on a closer inspec-
tion by the thickly-set branches of the whorls, which stand alternately in bundles
ee A sides of the main stem; and, lastly, by the oblong and generally torn
igule.

4. A. setacea, Curt. Bristle-leaved Bent-grass. Vect. Rabbit-
grass. Deer's-foot-grass. Panicle oblong with short close
branches spreading only when in flower, outer palea with a long
bent awn from near the base, inner one very small with a tuft of
minute hairs at the bottom, leaves setaceous. Sm. EH. Fl. i. p. 91.
Br. Fl. p. 523. Lind. Syn. p. 308. (Trichod. set.) HE. B. xvii. t.
1188. Curt. Fl. Lond. fasc. 6, t. 12. Parn. Gr. t. 83.

On dry turfy heaths, commons and high downs; frequent. F/. June, July. 2.

E Med.— All over Munsley bill, by Godshill, 1844. Abundant on Stapler’s
heath and St. George’s down. On the heautiful wooded hill called Apse castle,
near Shanklin, plentifully. Abundant on the yet unenclosed spots on Royal
heath. Youngwood’s copse, and all over Bordwood, &c., abundantly, as also in
most dry, elevated and heathy spots throughout the island, Apse heath and Bleak
down, D. Turner, E'sq.

W. Med.—Heathy places about Kingston. About Colwell, Hill farm and
Freshwater, not unfrequent, Fl. Vect. (Furzy hill above Brixton, plentiful, A.
G. More, Esq., Edrs.]

Root tufted, with long, pale, downy and somewhat woody fibres, Culms 12—
18 inches high, erect or ascending, slender, smooth and striated. Radical leaves
numerous, not half the length of the culms, of a grayish or glaucous green, invo-
lute, capillaceo-setaceous, stiffish, those of the culm few, distant, a little broader,
with long smooth sheaths. Ligule rather short, torn. Panicle erect, close,
spreading a little only in fine weather,* taper-pointed, its branches in distant
half-whorled bundles, dividing in a somewhat ternate manner, rough and angular.
Glumes unequal, lanceolate, acute, purple and green, hollow, roughish at the
back ; outer one the larger and longer, with a single green dorsal rib; inner with
a similar rib and two short lateral ones from the base. Paleee much shorter than
the glumes, white, thin and membranous; outer one greatly larger than the inner,
with inflexed edges and 4-ribbed, the two middle ribs produced into short awns
at the truncate summit; from the back of the valve just above the base proceeds a
long roughish awn, bent about the middle and much exserted beyond the glumes ;
anner palea very minute, oblong or ovate, flat, toothed or notched at its obtuse
summit, and having a minute tuft of hairs at the base. Anthers yellowish or pur-
ple, their lobes widely spreading after the pollen is discharged. Germen ovate;
styles short.

 

* The panicle, like that of Calamagrostis Epigejos, remains closed as well after
as before the flowering season, and indeed is but little expanded at any time, ex-
cepting in favourable states of the weather and at certain times of the day, col-
lapsing even then on being gathered.
Calamagrostis.} GRAMINESE. 587

This rare or rather local British grass was first distinguished as a species by
Curtis, and, though not conspicuous or striking in its habit, is readily known from
its congeners by the narrow, close, spiked panicle, the very fine bristle-like leaves,
and the gray silvery hue of the herbage, delighting to spring under the shelter of
the heath and furze. In more open places it forms a fine elastic but slippery
turf; yet, abundant as it is on our heaths and downs, I do not believe it yields a
palatable food to sheep, if they touch it at all, as in many parts where this grass
almost covers the svil, and sheep abound, its silvery panicle waves uncropped by
those animals,

Agrostis setacea is quite confined to the counties south of London, unless the
alleged Yorkshire and Scottish stations, which waut confirmation, should prove to
be correct. It is the prevailing grass on Southampton common, as also in many
parts of Devonshire and Cornwall: it is also plentiful in the West of France and
in Portugal, but in the Isle of Wight has almost reached its eastern limit, having
hitherto been detected in only one spot in Sussex, and abundantly in Surrey on
Bagshot heath, which is its most northerly well-ascertained limit.

IX. CauamaGrostis, Adans. Small-reed.

“ Panicle loose or close. Spikelets laterally compressed.
Glumes 2, nearly equal, longer than the floret, which is sur-
rounded by hairy scales at the base. Glwmellas 2, membrana-
ceous; outer one (sometimes shortly) awned at the point or back,
very rarely awnless. Neuter floret wanting, or reduced to a short
seale or pedicel.”—Br. Fl.

1. C. Epigejos, Roth. Wood Small-reed. Glumes subulate
their keels rough, panicle close before and after flowering, florets
crowded unilaterally on the branches, outer palea with a dorsal
awn nearly as long as the calyx. Br. Fl. p. 522. Parn. Gr. t.
16. Arundo Epig., L.: Sm. H. Fl. i. p. 169. EH. B. vi. t. 408
(bona). Curt. Br. Entom. xiv. t. et fol. 666. Host. Gram. Aust.
iv. 24, t. 42.

In moist open places on sand and clay in woods, thickets and amongst bushes ;
abundant in the northern part of the island, and especially in E. Medina; but
not found on chalk, and hence rare in the southern half of the island. Fl. July,
August. 2.

E. Med. — Everywhere about Ryde, where there is scarcely a patch of wood or
bushes that does not produce this grass. Above Cowpit cliff, 1844, Almost
everywhere along the shore, on wet clay, between E. Cowes and King’s quay, as
well as along the shores of that estuary. Willow-bed below Stapler’s farm, and
elsewhere near Newport.

W. Med.—In and about Parkhurst forest. Thorness wood and shore adjacent.
Near the Medina above Cowes. Frequent about Yarmouth, as by the roadside
nearly opposite Afton house, near Wellow.

Root slender, creeping, with a few whitish fibres. Culms erect, 3 or 4 feet high,
round, slender, hollow, rough only for an inch or two below the panicle. Leaves
of the barren radical shoots much shorter than the culms, erect, linear, taper-
pointed, very rough on the keel and margins, pale green and a little glaucous,
flat, but soon becoming involute when gathered; those of the culm few, distant,
with very long close sheaths, pale green, linear and tapering, roughish beneath
and on the edges, often involute. Ligule about 4 an inch long, lanceolate and
usually much torn. Panicle often a foot in length, slender, lobed, tapering to a
point, a little inclining; pale, purplish, reddish or a mixture of all together; of
many half-whorled, slender, rough and compound branches. Florets crowded
unilaterally on the branches of the panicle, which spread a little only whilst in
588 GRAMINEA. (Phalaris.

blossom, afterwards, as previous to flowering, becoming coarctate. Glwmes about
equal, very narrow and taper-pointed, rough at the back, with a green rib down
the centre of each. Corol/a much shorter than the calyx and more unequal, its
valves thin, white and membranous. Outer palea bifid at the point, with a rough
dorsal awn inserted nearly in the middle, and about as long as the tuft of hairs
that surround the base of the curolla, from which, being almost equally slender
and pale-coloured, it is not easy at fivst to distinguish it; tmner palea much
smaller. Anthers yellowish. Stigmas simply branched.

X. Puauaris, Linn. Canary-grass.

“ Panicle spiked or spreading. Spikelets laterally compressed.
Glumes 2, nearly equal, erect, navicular, membranaceous, longer
than the floret. Glwmellas 2, awnless, glabrous or equally hairy,
at length hardened and investing the caryopsis. Neuter florets
1—2, rudimentary, sessile and scale-like.”—Br. Fl.

1. P. arundinacea, L. Reed Canary-grass. Ribband-grass.
Gardener's Garters. “ Panicle erect its branches patent, florets
crested secund, neuter florets consisting of 1—2 small hairy
valves.’—Br. Fl. p.518. EH. B. t. 402. Host. Gram. Aust. ii.
25, t.33. Digraphis arundinacea, Trin.

By the side of rivers, ponds, pools and ditches; not unfrequently. 2. July,
August. 2.

£. Med.—In various parts of Sandown level. Willow-thicket between Mess-
ley farm and Langbridge. By the stream-side at Yarbridge, and by the bridge
at Alverston. [Near the sluice at Brading, A. G. More, Esq., Edrs.]

W. Med.—By the Medina at Shide bridge. In the pond below Carisbrooke
castle; also by the stream between Newbridge and Mill green. Abundant by the
mill-streams and ponds by Newport and Carisbrooke, 1845.

+t Glumes 2- or rarely 3-flowered.
XI. Caraprosa, P. de Beauv. Whorl-grass.

“Panicle spreading. Spikelets scarcely compressed, ovate,
awnless, with 1—3 perfect florets and often 1—2 neuter ones.
Glumes 2, membranaceous, l-nerved, much shorter than the
spikelets, rounded on the back, very obtuse, lower one the smaller,
upper crenate or toothed at the end. Glumellas 2, coriaceous,
membranaceous only at the extremity, 8-ribbed, truncated and
erose at the end, nearly equal. Caryopsis free.’-—Br. Fl.

1. C. aquatica, Beauv. Water Whorl-grass. Panicle spread-
ing with whorled branches, leaves broadly linear obtuse flat, ligule
oblong. Br. Fl. p. 525. Parn. Gr. t. 20. Aira aquatica, Sm.
E. Fl.i. p. 102. Lind. Syn. p. 806. EH. B. xxii. t. 1557. Curt.
Fl. Lond. fasc.i. t. 5. Host. Gram. Aust. ii. 80, t. 41.

In shallow pools and ditches; rather rare. Fl, May—July.

 

Calamagrostis lanceolata, Roth (Arundo Calamagrostis, L.), grows on the coast
opposite Ryde, at Gomer pond, and near Southampton.

Phalaris Canariensis, L., is occasionally found, a plant or two here and there,
on waste ground, manure-heaps, &c., but it can hardly be said to be naturalized
with us, and hence is not a proper species for insertion here.
Aira.) GRAMINER. 589

E. Med.—In a ditch in Appuldurcombe park. In several marsh-meadow
ditches in Sandown level, above Alverston mill, one of which I found nearly filled
with it. Under the cliff at Foreland, Dr. Bell-Salter. Pond near the village of
Pan, Mr. Snooke.

Whule herb quite smooth, very brittle and tender. Culms procumbent or float-
ing, 2—3 feet long, branched, rooting at the white swollen lower joints with bun-
dles of whitish fibres, their flowering extremities erect. Leaves short, linear,
bluntish, often bifid at the point, quite flat above, with a sharp narrow keel be-
neath, pale green, glabrous, with loug, loose and smooth sheaths. Liyule short,
broad, pointed, mostly torn. Panicle erect, of many distant sets of half-whorled,
unequal, spreading, angular, compound branches, that are sometimes deflexed.
Florets 2—4, greatly longer than the glumes, the upper one shortly pedicellate.
Glumes green or purple, much shorter than the florets, [very unequal, truncate,
eroso-dentate; outer one much the smaller and shorter, nerveless; inner one
3-ribbed at the base only. Palee equal, bluntish, membranous, erose at their
summits, outer one with 3, inner with 2, very strong prominent ribs; this last is
hollow like the outer valve, and encloses the stamens, &c., contrary to the usual
structure in grasses, in which the inner palea is flattened and empty, the outer
only embracing the organs of reproduction. Anthers pale yellow. Styles but lit-
tle branched or feathery, approximate.

XII. Azra, Linn. Hair-grass.

“ Panicle lax (rarely contracted). Spikelets laterally com-
pressed, with 2 (or rarely 3 or 1) perfect florets and sometimes a
neuter one which is usually rudimentary. Glwmes 2, unequal,
about as long as the florets, the outer l-nerved. Glumellas mem-
branaceous and thin, hairy at the base; the outer one awned at
the back, with or without faint lateral nerves, toothed or entire or
bifid but not setigerous at the end. Caryopsis glabrous.” —
Br. Fl.

* Panicle close or subspicate.

1. A. precoxz, L. Early Hair-grass. “Panicle contracted
oblong, spikelets somewhat acute at the base, florets scarcely vil-
lous at the base about as long as the glumes, awn twisted inserted
below the middle and usually near the base longer than the
glumes, leaves setaceous.”— Br. Fl. p. 529. HE. B. t. 1296.
Host. Gram. Aust. iv. 22, t. 87. Parn. Gr. t. 24.

On dry sandy or gravelly heaths, pastures, wall-tops and waste ground; not
unfrequent. Fl. May, June. ©.

E. Med.—Plentiful a few years back on the Dover, just behind the saw-pit, but
I believe now destroyed by the deposition of broken brick and other rubbish.
Near the top of the hill at Apse castle, abundant. On Royal heath. [On
St. Helens spit, plentifully, A. G. More, E'sq., Edrs.]

A small grass, for the most part forming cespitose often depressed tufts. Root
annual, of several slender hair-like fibres. Culms several, erect, often spreading
nearly flat or radiating, from an inch or 2 inches toa span long, slender, rigid,
shining and glabrous, leafy nearly or quite to the summit, angular above and
striated, tumid at the joints, and at the lower ones often geniculate, in dry sea+
sous and situations often reddish. Leaves mostly if not wholly confined to the
stem, very short, linear, suberect, from the involution of their margins appearing
setaceous, obtuse, rough-edged, the inferior ones soon withering. Sheaths slightly
tumid, ribbed and angular, smooth, the uppermost much longer than their leaves,
the rest shorter or about equal to the latter. Ligule large, lanceolate or oblong,
590 GRAMINES. [Aira.

sheathing, torn and bifid. Panicle linear-lanceolate, erect, scarcely exceeding an
inch in length at most, of several upright, slightly compound, roughish, angular,
waved branches, so closely coarctate as to appear spiked. Spikelets ovato-lanceo-
late, erect, glabrous, of a silvery gray aspect mixed with green, sometimes pur-
plish. Glumes equal, ovato-lanceolate, a litile compressed, awnless, green and
towards the summit scabrous at the back, with very broad scariose margins, ex-
tremely acute and minutely jagged or serrate at the often cloven apex and for
some distance below it along the edges, 3-ribbed, the two lateral ribs shorter than
the middle one and conspicuous chiefly at the base, where the glumes are slightly
if at all rounded or gibbous as in the next. Florets 2, about as long as the ,
glumes, the inferior one sessile, the superior stipitate, on a very short pedicel,
each with a few short hairs forming a tuft at the base. Pale@ glabrous, light
green; inferior and outer one lanceolate, concave, acuminate, deeply bifid, with
slender, pale, scabrous points, faintly (5-?) ribbed, furnished with a dorsal awn
nearly twice its own length, brown in its lower, pale in its upper half, twisted and
somewhat geniculate, smooth or roughish; superior and inner palea shorter than
the outer, lanceolate, membranous, slightly cloven, with broadly inflexed margins
and a green, roughish, lateral rib on each side at the angle of reduplication.
Stamens short; anthers yellow. Germen turbinate, substipitate ; styles short, dis-
tant, branched nearly from the base but not copiously.

This is one of the smallest and earliest of our grasses, and is closely allied to
A, caryophyllea, from which, however, its smaller size and close spicate panicle at
once distinguish it.

* Panicle lax, spreading or diffuse.

2. A. caryophyllea, LL. Silvery Hair-grass. Panicle divari-
cated, florets slightly villous at their base both sessile shorter
than the glumes, awn inserted below the middle of and much
longer than the valve, leaves setaceous, ligule lanceolate cloven.
Sm. E. Fl.i. p. 106. Br. Fl. p. 528. Lind. Syn. p. 808. EH. B.
xii. t. 812. Curt. Fl. Lond. fasc. 6, t. 6. Host. Gram. Aust. i.
33, t. 44.

In dry, barren, gravelly and hilly pastures; not uncommon. Fi. June, July.

EE. Med.—In rough elevated fields near Bembridge, plentifully. Field be-
tween Sandown and Lee farm, in great profusion. On Royal heath and Lake
common. (St. Helens spit, plentifully, Dr. Bell-Salter, Edrs.]

Root small, of a few hairy fibres. Culm erect, from 3 to 12 inches high,
smooth, slender. Leaves few, very narrow, from their involute edges appearing
setaceous, erect, stiffish, many-ribbed; upper ones much shorter than their
smooth, striated, but angular sheaths. Ligule tapering into a very long acute
point. Panicle vf numerous capillary, repeatedly trichotomous, erect or patent
branches, that are smoothish and a little waved or flexuose, but much less so than
in the following species. Glumes equal, lanceolate, very acute, ribless, with
white, jagged, membranous tips, and variegated green and purple. Florets much
shorter than the glumes, both sessile, and with a minute tuft of hairs at their
base. Palee unequal, granulated ; outer or lower one with a tapering, serrated,
or bristly and cloven point, and having a long, rough, jointed awn on the back
below the middle of the valve, purplish beneath, pale above the articulation;
énner valve much shorter and flatter.

This grass is more likely to be mistaken for A. flexuosa than for the preceding,
to both of which indeed it is very nearly allied, and as it were an intermediate
though very distinct species.

3. A. fleauosa, L. Wave Hair-grass. Panicle (when flower-
ing) diffuse, florets villous at the base about as long as the glumes,
one of them on a short pedicel, awn jointed much longer than the
Kehleria.] GRAMINE&. 591

glumes inserted near the base of the palea, leaves setaceous. Sm.
E. Fl.i. p.104. Br. Fl. p. 527. Lind. Syn. p. 308. EF. B.
xx. t. 1519. Host. Gram. Aust. ii. 82, t. 48. Parn. Gr. tt. 23,
107.

On dry hilly and heathy ground; but seldom. Fl. June, July. ;

E. Med.—At Apse castle, near Shanklin, pretty abundantly. On St. George’s
down. On Royal heath, Albert Hambrough, Esq.

About 12 or 18 inches in height, growing in dense tufts. Root of many
whitish, sometimes woolly, fibres. Cudms erect, round, slender, quite smootb, leafless
in their upper half. Zeaves short, the lower ones in small bundles arising from a
sheath at the base of the culm, setaceous; stem-leaves a little broader, with invo-
lute overlapping edges and very long close sheaths, all smooth except a slight
roughness along the edges near their tips. Zigule short, obtuse, cloven. Pani-
cle loose, of several erecto-patent, slender, smoothish aud reddish branches, doubly
and triply subdivided into capillary ramifications, which, with the main branches,
are more or less waved or flexuose, whence the specific name. Spikelets of a
mixed white and reddish colour, as if partially bleached. Glumes nearly equal,
chaffy, finely pointed, with a single keel-like rib not reaching to the apex, tinged
with purple at their base. Florets 2 (seldom 3, Koch and Mert.), seated in a tuft
of short hairs, one of them on a minute pedicel. Palee like the glumes in shape
and colour, and about equal to them in length; ower one 4-ribbed, with a rough-
ish awn, nearly double its own length, inserted on the back of the valve just above
the base. | Scale deeply cloven, with acute diverging lobes, as long as the ger-
men. Styles distant, feathery.

The much larger size, deeper colour, short blunt ligule, and perennial root, will
always prevent this being confounded with the preceding species, which is,
besides, a much earlier plant than the present.

4. A. cespitosa, L. Turfy Hair-grass. “Panicle diffuse,
branches scabrous, glumes slightly rough on the midrib, upper
3-ribbed, florets hairy at the base rather longer than the glumes,
awn straight inserted near the base of and seldom exceeding in
length the outer glumella.” — Br. Fl. p. 526. EE. B. t. 1453.
Host. Gram. Aust. 11. 81, t. 42.

In moist shady places, woods and copses; plentiful. FJ. June—August. 2f.

E. Med.—In Quarr copse, Apley woods, and elsewhere about Ryde.

W. Med.—Abundant in woods at Yarmouth.

The leaves are remarkably rough on their upper side, with numerous deep fur-.
rows, the intermediate ridges being armed with innumerable minute saw-like.
prickles, offering great resistance to the fingers when drawn along the leaf in a
contrary direction to their points. Might not this roughness be employed in
polishing turnery and metal wares, instead of the imported Dutch Rushes (Equi~
setum hyemale) ?

XIII. Keureria, Pers. Keehleria.

“ Panicle spiked, rounded. Spikelets laterally compressed, dis-
tichous, with two or more perfect florets. Glumes 2, unequal,
membranaceous, shorter than the florets. Gluwmellas 2, membra-
naceous, naked at the base; outer one keeled, entire, pointed or
with a straight subterminal bristle. Caryopsis free.’—Br. Fi.

1. K. cristata, Pers. Crested Kehleria. ‘“ Panicle interrupted
below, outer glumella acute 3-ribbed, leaves narrow ciliated on
592 GRAMINES. (Meliec.

the margins or hairy.”"—Br. Fl. p.531. Aira, E. B. t. 648. Airo-
chloe, Link. Poa cristata, Host. Gram. Aust. ii. 54, t. 75.

Ou dry, elevated, sandy or chalky pastures and downs. Fl. June, July. 2{.

£. Med.— Abundant on Bembridge, Brading and Yaverland downs. On the
edges of the cliff above Sandown bay, on the (ferruginous ?) sandstone, plentifully.
Abundant also along the top of the cliff between Niton and Old park.

W. Med.—Jn the Lenten pit, by Carisbrook. Freshwater down,

A small species, from 4 to 8 inches in height. Root a little tufted and creep-
ing, with long downy fibres. Culms simple, erect or ascending, mostly genicu-
late at the lower joints, round, slender, striated, covered with fine spreading down,
especially between the brances of the panicle, often quite glabrous in the lower
part. Root-leaves tufted, hardly 3th part the height of the culm, very narrow,
tapering and hairy, rough or nearly smooth along the edges and keel ; those of
the culm about 2, the uppermost towards the middle, the lower one near the base,
of the culm, extremely short, broad and pointed in my specimens (as in Knapp’s
figure, though drawn narrow in E. B.), ribbed, flat and hairy, with long, tumid,
downy sheaths. Ligule very short. Panicle erect, an inch to 2 inches long (4 or
5, Sm.), compact, subspicate, subcylindrical, with a silvery gray aspect, of several
sets of short, halt-whorled, compound branches. Glumes unequal, lanceolate,
acuminate, compressed, greenish, with purple edges, each with a strong, dorsal,
green rib, their keels roughish or hairy; the inner and larger glume 3-ribbed at
the base. Florets rarely more than 2, sometimes 3, scarcely exceeding the glumes,
their outer palea resembling the larger or inner glume in form and colour, and in
being, like that, 3-nerved; dinner valve thin, white, chaffy, deeply bifid, the mar-
gins sharply folded their entire length, and serrated along the back of each dupli-
cature. Anthers purplish. Stigmas simple, spreading or deflexed,

XIV. Metica, Linn. Melic-grass.

“ Panicle lax. Spikelets ovate, awnless, with 1—2 perfect
florets, and a club-shaped rudimentary neuter one. Glwmes 2,
nearly equal, shorter than the florets, several-nerved. Glumellas
2; outer one rounded on the back, entire at the end, at length
cartilaginous and enclosing the free caryopsis.”—Br. Fl.

1. M. uniflora, Retz. Wood Melic-grass. Panicle branched
slightly drooping, spikelets ovate erect with only one perfect
floret. Sm. H. Fl.i. p. 112. Br. Fl. p. 529. Lind. Syn. p. 307.
E. B. xv. t. 1058. Curt. Fl. Lond. fase. 5, t. Knapp, Gram.
Brit. t. 41. Host. Gram. Aust. ii. 9,t. 11. Parn. Gr. t. 18.

In shady woods and lanes; frequent. JU. May, June. 2.

A slender, elegant grass. Root of many entangled, white and jointed rhizoms,
creeping horizontally, often somewhat bulbous, emitting copious capillary branched
fibres. Culms several, nearly erect, weak, slender, a foot or 18 inches high, sim-
ple, compressed, striated, slightly hairy beneath. Leaves narrow, bright green,
taper-pointed, thin, flat, downy above and on the edges, smooth and ribbed be-
neath, with close striated sheaths. Ligule short, truncate, with an elovgated subu-
late point opposite the leaf, a peculiarity of rare occurrence in other grasses.
Panicle terminal, about a span long, of very few distant, binary, nearly simple,
slightly flexuose branches, leaning to one side but scarcely drooping, slender and
roughish: one branch of each pair is usually shorter than the other or sometimes
nearly wanting, and bearing an abortive spikelet; these last are ovate, erect, tre-
mulous. Glumes unequal, purplish; superior boat-shaped, somewhat awned,
4-ribbed, with a roughish keel; inferior ovato-lanceolate, 2-ribbed. Perfect floret
sessile, its palew rather unequal, green; superior or inner one 2-ribbed, downy,
deeply grooved behiud a reduplication floret; inferior or outer valve very hollow
Molinia.} GRAMINE. 593

or concave, sprinkled with glandular dots but not downy, bluntish. Anthers pale
yellow. Germen oblong. Styles long, spreading; stzgmas elegantly feathered.
Scale very broad, truncate and entire, fleshy, half-surrounding the ovarium.
Abortive floret a pedicellate colourless valve, enclosing another, if not a third, rudi-
mentary floret like itself, the outermost embraced by the dorsal groove of the
superior palea of the perfect floret.

This species, as growing exclusively in woods and shady places, is a grass of
no agricultural importance.

XV. Moura, Mench. Molinia.

“ Panicle somewhat contracted or spreading. Spikelets awn-
less, oblong-cylindrical, with 1—5 (or more) perfect florets, and
usually a subulate rudimentary upper neuter one. Glumes 2,
acute, shorter than the florets, unequal, 1l-nerved. Glumellas 2;
outer one rounded on the back, glabrous, entire at the end, at
length cartilaginous and covering the free caryopsis.”—Br. Fl.

1. M. c@rulea, Moench. Purple Molinia. “Panicle erect
somewhat contracted, spikelets erect, outer glumella usually
8-nerved, culm with one knot near the base.” — Br. Fl. p. 528.
Melica cerulea, Z.: Host. Gram. Aust. ii. 7,t. 8. E. B. t. 750.

8. Leaves longer and less rigid, panicle green. M. (Enodium) ceruleum, var.
atrovirens, Dumort?

On heaths, moors, and in barren sandy or gravelly pastures and woods. Fi.
July, August. 2.

E. Med.—Abundant on Stapler’s heath, Apse heath, and Lake common.

W. Med.—Heathy places about Kingston and in Parkhurst forest, abundantly.

8. In shady situations. Plentifully on the Wilderness. Parkhurst forest, in
the fir-plantations,

A hard, coarse, rigid grass, conspicuous for its dark bluish purple or violet hue.
Root of many yellowish, thick, flexuose, remarkably tough and wiry fibres. Culms
a foot to 3 feet high, erect, round, smooth, finely striated, bent below the single
tumid joint a little above the base. Leaves few, only near the base of the culm,
linear-lancevlate, tapering to a long point, bluish green, longer than their purplish
sheaths, roughish, hairy or naked on the upper side, short and very rigid in a.,
longer, narrower and more flexible in 6. Lyule a row of short bristles. Panicle
2 to 6 or 8 inches long, purple or green, spike-like, of many close-pressed wavy
branches, with rough, angular, partial stalks. Spikelets upright, linear, acute.
Glumes much shorter than the florets, inner one rather the longer of the two.
Palee unequal; outer one 3-ribbed, acute; inner 2-ribbed, flat, membranous,
slightly bifid. Stégmas short, but little branched, sometimes purple-coloured like
the anthers, a circumstance unusual, I believe, in grasses. Uppermost floret on a
hairy pedicel, empty or rudimentary.

A large proportion of the grass in Parkhurst forest consists of this species,
which, under the trees in the extensive plantations (principally fir) in that enclo-
sure, becomes far less rigid, with larger leaves, and with little or none of the usual
violet or deep purple of the plant in more open situations. I presume this to be
the Mol. eran) cerulewm var. atrovirens of Dumortier. Like Catabrosa
aquatica, this plant has been the sport of system, having been a Melica, Aira,
Festuca, Poa, Arundo ; from its affinity to all uniting itself completely with none,
and hence properly made a genus apart.
594 GRAMINES. [Holcus.

XVI. Houcus, Linn. Soft-grass.

“ Panicle lax. Spikelets laterally compressed, 2-flowered.
Glumes 2. Lower floret perfect, triandrous: glumellas 2; outer
one awnless or very rarely awned. Caryopsis covered by the
indurated glumellas.’—Br. Fl.

1. H. lanatus, L. Meadow Soft-grass. ‘Glumes rather ob-
tuse mucronate, awn of barren floret included within the glumes
at length curved glabrous except near the end, no tuft of hairs at
the joints, root fibrous.” —Br. Fl. p. 5380. HE. B.t. 1169. Host.
Gram. Aust. 1. p. 2, t. 2.

In meadows, pastures, woods, and about hedges; everywhere. Fl. June, July.

Florets surrounded by 4 or 5 simple bristles at their buse, which rise to half the
height of the floret, or sometimes even surpass it.

It cannot be said that there is no tuft of hairs at the joints of the stem in H.
lanatus, the pubescence in that part being visibly more copious, though a less pro-
minent feature than in H. mollis, because it is contrasted with the want of down
on the parts immediately contiguous.

2. H. mollis, L. Creeping-rooted Soft-grass. “ Glumes acu-
minate, awn of the barren floret exserted at length geniculate sca-
brous all over, joints of the culm with a tuft of hairs, root creep-
ing.’—Br. Fil. p. 629. EH. B.t. 1170. Host. Gram, Aust. i. p. 3,
t. 3.

8. Sheaths villous.

In woods, meadows and pastures; less frequent than the preceding. #£. July.

B. Hedge opposite Cherrygin cottages, near Ryde, 1850, Dr. Bell-Salter !! In
this specimen, though the sheaths were very hairy, the tuft at the nodes, so cha-
acteristic of the species, was very apparent.

Florets, especially the uppermost imperfect ones, seated in a rather copious
fascicle of white hairs, scarcely jth the length of the glumes.

XVII. ArrHenatTHERuM, P. de Beaw. False Oat-grass.

“ Panicle lax. Spikelets laterally compressed, 2-flowered, with
an upper rudimentary neuter one. Glumes 2, nearly equal, mem-
branaceous, as long as the florets. Lower floret barren, trian-
drous: glumellas 2; outer one with a long twisted geniculate awn
above the base. Upper floret perfect, triandrous: glumellas 2;
outer one with a short straight bristle below the point.”—Br. Fl.

1. A. avenaceum, Beauv. False Oat-qrass. ‘‘ Leaves flat.” —
Br. Fl. p. 580. Avena elatior, Z. Holcus avenaceus, Scop.
E. B.t. 818. Host. Gram. Aust. 11. 86, t. 49.

B. bulbosum (Vect. Knot-grass). Culms bulbous at base. A. bulbosum, Host.
Gram. Aust. iv. 18, t. 30.

A very common grass in meadows, thickets, hedges, and on banks by roadsides,
&e. #£l. June, July. 2f.

This species once obtaincd a partial and transient reputation in the United
States for artificial pasture, under the aspiring name of Grass of the Andes: some
of the American farmers have reported favourably of it, from its power of resisting
Triodia.] GRAMINE#. 595

the extremes of heat and cold incident to that climate. It has not however come
into general use with them, nor is it likely to supplant the Timothy- and other

fine meadow-grasses, long tried and approved of by agriculturists of both conti-
nents.*

Ht Glumes 3- or mostly many-flowered.
a. Panicle close, compact or spiked.

XVIII. Triopia, R. Brown. Heath-grass.

“Panicle racemed. Spikelets compressed, with 2—4 fertile
florets. Gluwmes 2, about equal, 3-ribbed, as long as the florets.
Glumellas 2; outer somewhat coriaceous, rounded on the back,
hairy at the base, 3-toothed at the summit; teeth nearly of the

ee length, middle one straight (sometimes bristle-shaped).”—
r. Fl.

1. T. decumbens, P. de Beauv. Decumbent Heath-grass.
“Panicle of few racemed spikelets, ligule a tuft of hairs.” — Br.
Fl. p. 540. Poa, H. B. t. 792.

On dry heaths aud hilly pastures, not, I believe, uncommon; also in ,boggy
moory ground. Fv. June, July. 2.

E. Med. —Firestone copse. On the down above the Culver cliff. Grounds at
the Priory.

W. Med.—Heathy ground between Yarmouth and Newtown. Bog at Cock!e-
ton, near Cowes. Plentiful amongst the furze on Colwell heath, especially on its
N.W. corner, close to the bay.

Root tufted, with copious fibres. Culms from 6 to 12 or 15 inches long, at first
decumbent, but when in flower erect or inclining, a little compressed, smooth and
polished, leafy. Leaves narrow, linear, pointed, rough-edged, quite flat at their
base, a little folded towards the tip, with a strong keel running their entire length,
their edges and close rather long sheaths beset with fine, soft, white hairs as in
Bromus erectus: they are, moreover, remarkable for having their upper surface of
a pale glaucous, the under of a full deep green colour, the reverse of which is the
case with leaves in general. Ligule a mere fringe of extremely short hairs. Pa-
nicle terminal, racemose, of a few short, close, roughish branches, bearing each
from 1—3 erect spikelets, that are usually 4- or 5-flowered. Glumes nearly equal,
ovato-lanceolate, acute, with broad, purplish, membranous edges, 3-ribbed, quite
smooth and shining, with a little roughness on the keel only; about as long as
the included florets. Palee very unequal; outer one ovate, deeply concave,
many-ribbed, with three teeth at the apex, the central one either of equal length
with the two lateral or produced into a short awn-like point; at the base of the
valve on either side is a pencil of fine white hairs; inner palea flat, membranous
and diaphanous, closely applied to the outer, more or less obtuse, strongly ciliated
along its edges, which towards the base of the valve are inflexed, much thickened
and glandular, embracing the short pedicel of the floret next above it; a dark
green very strong nerve runs parallel with its outer margin to within a short dis-
tance of the apex of the valve, originating in the thickened inflexed portion of it
above-mentioned.

 

* See Cuthbert Juhnson’s ‘ Agriculture’ American edition, by Dr. Emerson, of
Philadelphia.
596 GRAMINEE. [Dactylis.

XIX. Dacryuis, Linn. Cock’s-foot- grass.

“ Panicle with the secondary branches short and very dense,
subsecund. Spikelets with 3 or more florets, compressed, with-
out a bractea at the base. Glwmes 2, unequal, shorter than the
spikelet; outer one keeled. Glumellas 2; outer one keeled, and
ciliated at the back, 5-nerved, lanceolate, with a short bristle
close to the point, enclosing the caryopsis.’—Br. Fl.

1. D. glomerata, L. Rough Cock’s-foot-grass. ‘‘ Branches of
the panicle with ovate clusters of spikelets, leaves linear flat the
margins scabrous, stem erect, root tufted.’ — Br. Fl. p. 541. E.
B.t. 335. Host. Gram. Aust. ii. 67, t. 94.

In woods, meadows, pastures, waste places, and by roadsides, everywhere. Fl.
June—August. 2.

XX. Cyvosurus, Linn. Dog’s-tail-grass.

“ Panicle spiked, unilateral. Spikelets with 2—5 perfect florets,
distichous, with a pectinated bractea or involucre (an abortive
spikelet) at its base. Glumes 2, equal, membranaceous, much
shorter than the spikelet, 1-nerved, keeled, shortly awned. Glu-
mellas 2, membranaceous, linear-lanceolate; outer awned below
the extremity or mucronate, faintly 5-nerved.’’—Br. Fl.

1. C. cristatus, L. Crested Dog’s-tail-grass. ‘“Raceme in a
linear spike, florets with a very short awn.”—Br, Fl. p. 542. EE.
B.t. 316. Host. Gram, Aust. i. 68, t. 96.

In dry pastures, hayfields, and by waysides; extremely common. Fl. June,
July. 2p.

8. Panicle lax, spreading or divaricate.

XXI. Poa, Linn. Meadow-grass.

“Glumes shorter than the lowest flower,” “rather unequal.
Outer pale with 8 or 5 parallel nerves, membranous below, sca-
rious at the tip, compressed, keeled, unarmed.” ‘“‘ Styles very
short,” “ terminal.”—Bab. Man.

A. Florets not webbed.

1. Po annua, L. Annual Meadow-grass. “ Panicle subsecund
divaricated somewhat triangular, spikelets oblong-ovate of about
5 florets which are a little remote 5-ribbed destitute of web, the
midrib and all the nerves more or less silky, upper sheath longer
than its leaf, ligule oblong acute, culm ascending compressed,
root fibrous.” —&r. Fl. p. 540. #. B.t. 1141.

In meadows, pastures, streets, courtyards, and under walls; the commonest of
grasses. fl. January—December. ©.
Poa.) GRAMINE. 597

B. Florets webbed.

2. P. pratensis, L. Smooth-stalked Meadow-grass. “‘ Panicle
diffuse, spikelets oblong-ovate of about 4 florets which are acute
5-nerved webbed, marginal nerves and keel of the outer glumella
silky, culm and sheath smooth, upper sheath much longer than
its leaf, ligule short, root creeping.” — Br. Fl. p. 537. EH. B.t.
1073.

8. Slender; leaves long, very narrow; panicle lax; spikelets smaller and nar-
rower, Var. II. angustefolia, Guud. FI. Helvet. ii. p. 259. P. angustifolia,
Lin. ?

y. Leaves rigid, subglaucous. Var. III. striyosa, Gaud. F). Helvet. ii. p. 260.
P. subewrulea, Sm. ?

An abundaut species in meadows and pastures. Fi. “June, July."—Br. Fl.

8. Frequent in woods and shady places, and apt, I think, to be taken for P.
nemoralis.

y. On wall-tops avd uther dry barren places. About Cowes, Thorley, Yar-
mouth, &c.

In y. the leaves are shorter than the stem, rigid and subglaucous; the panicle
small and compact; and the calyx very acute, with mostly three copiously webbed
florets. A somewhat similar but very dwarf form of P. pratensis abounds on dry
sand by the sea at Ryde, &c., with short, flat, rigid leaves, and a short, triangu-
lar, spreading panicle. The former of the two has, I conceive, beeu repeatedly
taken for P. compressa, as was indeed done by myself; the latter runs a chance of
being confounded with P. bulbosa by those unacquainted with the true plant of
that name.

8. P. trivialis, L. Rough-stalked Meadow-grass. ‘‘ Panicle
diffuse, spikelets oblong-ovate of about 8 florets which are acute
5-nerved connected by a web, outer glumella silky only on the
midrib, sheath much longer than its leaf, culms and sheaths
roughish, ligule oblong acute, root fibrous.’—Br. Fl. p. 538. H.
B.t. 1072. Host. Gram. Aust. ii. 45, t. 62.

In meadows, pastures and moist shady places; common. £7. June, July. 2.

In a bundle of this species pulled in a cornfield near Ryde the glumes were
invariably 2-flowered, as Smith remarks is occasionally the case.

4. P. budbosa, L. Bulbous Meadow-grass. ‘‘ Panicle close sub-
spicate, spikelets ovate 3—4 flowered, florets silky at the keel and
marginal nerves connected by a web, leaves with a white narrow
serrated cartilaginous margin, upper sheath much longer than its
leaf, ligule prominent acute, stems swollen at the very base.” —
Br. Fl. p. 538. EH. B. t. 1071.

Fil. April, May. 2f.

E. Med. — On the sandy pasture-ground of the spit at St. Helens, Dr. Bell-
Salter, 1850 !'! . ;

Grass glabrous. Root somewhat creeping, emitting small, ovoid, bulb-like off-
sets, with a tuft of slender fibres at their base, being the enlarged and fleshy bases
of the leaves concentrically wrapped together. Cudms erect, from about 4 to 8 or
9 inches high, extremely slender, terete, perfectly smooth, glabrous and polished,
naked at top, mostly purplish, as are the long, close, striated sheaths; usually ge-
niculate near the base. Leaves of the stem very few and small, the uppermost
very distant, often extremely minute; those of the root and of the bulbous offsets
598 GRAMINES. [Poa.

numerous, fascicled, much shorter than the culms, about a line in breadth, flat-
tish or somewhat conduplicate, bright green, with a slightly glaucous tinge, acute,
minutely serrato-spinulose along their narrow cartilaginous margins, mostly
wavy or curved and suberect or spreading at various angles to their Jong, pale or
purplish, strongly ribbed and sheathing bases. Ligule oblong-lanceolate, acute,
clasping, decurrent, entire or torn. Panicle terminal, very small, from about } to
1} inch in length, close and spike-like before (and after?) flowering,* spreading
when in bloom, the branches short, semiverticillate, mostly in pairs, tumid and
cartilaginous at their juuction with the rachis, simple or very slightly compound,
the lower ones sometimes considerably distant from the rest, subangular and
flexuose like the rachis, and, with the latter, smooth or beset with a few scattered
spinules merely; said to be often proliferous in other countries. Spikelets ovate,
compressed, 3—4 flowered, acute, florets longer than the glumes. Glumes about
equal, deeply concave, acute, green, with very broad membranous margins more
or less tinged with purple, glabrous, rough on the upper part of the acute keel
with a few spinules, sometimes smooth; 3-ribbed, the two lateral ribs about half
the length of the glume, and about half the distance between the dorsal rib and
the slightly erose wargin of the glume. Florets longer than the glumes, the up-
permost one pedicellate. Palee very unequal, the lower and outer one much the
larger and nearly similar to the glumes in furm, glabrous excepting at the base
and along the acute keel, where it is clothed for a considerable distance upwards
with white hairs, those at the base long, louse and cottony, on the back shorter,
straight, erect and finger-like, very obscurely 5-ribbed, so faintly indeed as to ap-
pear nearly obsolete; inner pale narrow elongato-oblung, glabrous, rather shorter
than the outer, diaphanous, with two green, finely spinulose, ciliated ribs bound-
ing its inflexed margins, the apex entire, acute or torn, and often bifid. Stamens
finally much protruded on their long, slender, white filaments ; anthers yellow or
purplish, cells conjoined in the middle for nearly half their length. Styles fea-
thery, scarcely compound, the branches simple, distant, spinulose. Germen mi-
nute, ovoid, subglobose.

This humble and inconspicuous but interesting species is not easily detected by
such as are unacquainted with its habits and appearance in a living state, for
which reason it has probably been overlooked in many a spot productive of it. I
cannot find any figure of this grass conveying a just idea of its aspect excepting
that old one of Vaillant (Fl. Par. t. 17, fig. 8): those of ‘ English Botany,’ Knapp
and Parnell are all very defective: that of Host. Gram. Aust. ii. t. 65, if not a
different species, is a gigantic variety, with infinitely broader leaves, larger panicle,
and every part expanded in proportion. Before the panicle opens, the appear-
ance of this part is that of a dwarf specimen of Kehleria cristata, ‘or even some-
what resembling Aira precox, but when in flower the similarity is no longer
obvious, and the plant might pass at a hasty glance for a contracted form of P.
annua, or still more of P. compressa.

5. P. compressa, L. Flat-stemmed Meadow-grass. ‘ Panicle
subsecund spreading (afterwards subcoarctate), spikelets oblong
of 5—7 obtuse florets, upper sheath as long as or shorter than its
leaf, culm compressed, root creeping.’ —Br. Fl. p. 537. HE. B.t.
865. Host. Gram. Aust. i. 51, t. 70.

On dry barren fields, wall-tops and banks; rare? Fl. June, July. 2.

W. Med.—Abundautly in a dry elevated field above the southern extremity of
Swainston park, and near Rowledge barn, Dr. Bell-Salter, Septr., 1843!!!

 

* In this state Mv. Borrer remarks that the panicle resembles that of Kehleria
cristata, only it is much smaller.
Schlerochloa.] GRAMINEA. 599

XXII. Scuterocutoa, P. de Beauv. Meadow-grass.

“Glumes shorter than the lowest flowers,” “ unequal membra-
naceous. Outer pale with 5 faint but distinct and parallel nerves,
membranous, cylindrical below, unarmed, often keeled at the tip

or with a very minute mucro.” “ Styles very short,” “ terminal.”
—Bab. Man.

1. S. rigida, L. Hard Meadow-grass. “Panicle lanceolate
(or sometimes a simple linear spike-like raceme) disticho-secund
(rigid), spikelets linear acute of 7—10 florets, outer glumella
faintly 5-nerved obtuse with a mucro, glumes acute unequal, upper
one reaching to the base of the third floret, root fibrous.” —Br. FI
p. 536. #H.B.t.1371. Host. Gram. Aust. ii. 53, t. 74.

On dry barren and waste ground, walls, rocks and cliffs. Fl.June. ©.

E. Med. — Amongst the ruins of Quarr abbey. On the Dover, Ryde. On
cliffs near Ventnor, St. Lawrence, &c. On the wall or bank of masonry below
the church at Newchurch, in considerable plenty, 1843. At Yarbridge, 1845.

By the roadside between Niton and Blackgang, at the foot of the stone walls,
pretty abundantly, 1842.

W. Med.— Abundant in dry chalky fields at the foot of High down, between the
Needles hotel and Alum bay. Cornfield near Calbourne New Barn. Shide
chalk-pit, &c. ; rather common throughout the island: B. T. W.

2. S. loliacea, Huds. Dwarf Wheat Meadow-grass. “ Spike
rigid usually simple unilateral (rarely branched), spikelets linear-
oblong of about 8—12 florets, outer glumella faintly 5-nerved ob-
tuse with a mucro, glumes obtuse nearly equal, upper one reaching
to the base of the fourth floret, root fibrous.’—Br. Fl. Poa,
Br. Fl. p. 587. Triticum loliaceum, Sm.: EH. B. t. 221.

On dry barren ground, walls, cliffs and pastures by the sea. Fil. June, July.

E. Med.—On Ryde Dover, sparingly. Sandown bay. St. Catherine’s point,
not far from the new lighthouse. St. Helens, Dr. Macreight, Man. of Br. Bot.,
where I also find it, July, 1839. [On the earthy top of the sea-wall close to
Puckpool wicket, near Ryde, Dr. Bell-Salter. The Esplanade, Ventnor, id.— Edrs.]

W. Med.—Yarmouth, D. Turner, Esq.,B.T.W. [Compton bay, Dr. Bell-
Salter, Edrs.]

A small stiff grass, with much of the habit of P. rigida. Root of many slender
downy fibres. Stems several, 3—6 inches high, smooth and shining, clothed for
the most part with the long close sheaths of the leaves. Leaves linear, flat, many-
ribbed and smooth at the edges. Spikes erect, of many rather distant lanceolate
spikelets, unilateral on the angular flexuose rachis; the lower ones usually com-
pound or 2 or 3 together, the uppermost single. Glumes 8—10 flowered, nearly
equal, obtuse, much shorter than the florets, each with four or five strong dark
green ribs, variable in breadth, the two middle ones much the longest. Palee
green edged with white; outer one obscurely 5-ribbed, smovth at the margin,
concave, obtuse; inner one flat, 2-ribbed, a little pointed, bristly on the edges.
Styles 2, distant ; stigmas branched.

The whole plant in very dry seasons or places assumes a deep purple colour.

3. S. procumbens, Curt. Procumbent Sea Meadow-grass. Pa-
nicle compact ovato-lanceolate, the branches 2-ranked unilateral,
spikelets secund linear-lanceolate of about four florets which are
600 GRAMINES. [Schlerochloa.

5-ribbed. Poa, H. B. viii. t 582 (opt... Parn. Gr. t. 42. Br.
Fil. p. 536. Br. Fl. p.536. P. rupestris, With. tab. xxvi. ed. 7th
(bona).

On waste ground and at the foot of walls, houses, &c., near the sea; not un-
common. fl. June, July. ©.

E. Med.—In the marsh-meadows at the back of Dover, at Ryde, but not abun-
dant there, 1844. On the Dover, and edges of the pavement in Dover street. By
the White House at E. Cowes, and in various other places about that town. [On
the wall between Salterns and Sea View, plentifully, Dr. Bell-Salter, Edrs.]

W. Med.—Under the wall by the Yacht Club, W. Cowes, and on waste ground
in front of it, plentifully.

4. 8. Borrerit, Bab. Borrer’s Sea Meadow-grass. Panicle
spreading in fruit ascending and patent, spikelets linear of about
four flowers, florets free, outer glume of the corolla obsoletely
5-nerved with a minute point, root fibrous. Poa, Br. Fl. p. 536.
Glyceria, Babington: EH. B. Suppl. t. 2797.

In muddy salt-marshes about the edges of drains and ditches. Fl. July—Oc-
tober. 2, ?

EE. Med.—On the ooze of the ditch on the Dover, at the end of Mockton street,
just by Harris yard, sparingly. On marsh-meadows behind the Dover, with P.
distans and P. procumbens, but not observed plentifully, 1844. [On the sea-wall
between Salterns and Sea View, constantly, Dr. Bell-Salter, Edrs.]

W, Med.—Newtown marshes. Abundant in the first meadow, or that nearest
the sea, at Freshwater gate. Freshwater, W. Borrer, Esq. (Bab. in E. B.)

Mr. Babington’s description of this grass is so excellent and complete that I
gladly avail myself of his remarks, observing at the same time that in so doing I
do vot adopt the species implicitly as distinct from P. distans or even P. mari-
tima, but rather confess myself sveptical on the subject, seeing how strongly it
partakes of the characters of both those grasses, and, as Mr. Burrer observes, of
P. procumbens also.

Root fibrous or occasionally very slightly creeping. Culms 1 or several, nearly
erect, ascending or spreading, often so near the ground as to appear prostrate,
from 6 to 18 inches or more in length, straight, rigid, round or slightly com-
pressed, smooth and shining, in drier situations often with a tinge of purple, ge-
niculate at one or two of the lower joints, naked for a considerable distance
beneath the panicle. Leaves linear, flat, roughish above and along the margins ;
those on the upper portion of the stem few, short, distant, on very long, loose and
furrowed sheaths. Ligule short, broad and truncate, slightly torn or sometimes
bifid. Panicle of several distant, alternate, half-whorled sets of slightly compound
branches, that are at first erect, afterwards patent or spreading at various angles,
rigid, angular and scabrous, with a yellow glandular tumidity in the axil of each
branch on its upper side. Spikelets small, ovate or ovato-lanceolate rather than
linear (nor are they so drawn in the ‘Supplement to English Botany,’ the figure
in which, though small, is excellent), 3—5 flowered, usually more or less tinged
with purple, falling away from the calyx when beginning to dry or soon after
gathering. Calyx much shorter than the florets, its glumes very unequal, smooth,
membranaceous and concave; exterior and smaller one with a single strongly
marked central rib, often scarcely extending to the acute apex; interior and
larger glume 3-ribbed, the middle rib reaching to the obtuse summit, the two
lateral terminating abuut $rd below it. Palee smooth.

Named by Mr. Babington after its discoverer and our mutual friend, Wm.
Borrer, Esq., one of the most acute hotanists of the present day.

5. S. maritima, Huds. Creeping-rooted Sea Meadow-grass.
“ Panicle erect subcoarctate (rigid), spikelets linear of 5—10 ob-
tuse apiculate florets which are faintly 5-nerved, the midrib
Schlerochloa. GRAMINE. 601

reaching to the point, leaves usually convolute, root creeping.”
—Br. Fl. p. 535. E. B.t. 1140. Sclerochloa, Lind.

8. Stem diffuse, almost prostrate; branches strongly deflexed. Fil. Dan. xiti.
t, 2222? (P. distaus).

In moist pastures by the sea, and in salt-marshes, Fl. July—October. 2.

E. Med.—Brading, B. T. W.

W. Med.—Shores of Yarmouth harbour above the mill. _Plentiful in the salt-
marshes at Newtown, and very fine about the edges of the brine-pits, &c., 1842.
In abundance by Yarmouth, B. 7’. W.

g. At the farthest extremity of St. Helens spit, on the beach near the inn.
This I gathered for P. distans, but Mr. Borrer regards it rather as a variety of
the present species.

6. S. distans, L. Reflexed Meadow-grass. ‘Panicle spread-
ing, branches at length deflexed, spikelets linear of about 5 (3—6)
obtuse florets which are faintly 5-nerved, the midrib not reaching
to the points, leaves mostly plane, stem decumbent at the base,
root,fibrous.”—Br. Fl. p. 535. E. B.+.986. Host. Gram. Aust.
. 46, t. 63.

Sandy pastures and waste ground, chiefly near the sea. Fl. July, August. . 2f.

EE. Med.—In the marsh-meadows behind the Dover, Ryde, abundantly. Along
the terrace-walk by the shore at the bottom of Pelham fields, Rev. G.E. Smith !!!
Near Sea View. (On the wall at, and about the mill at, St. Helens, plentifully,
A. G. More, Esq. On the new wall under Marina wood from Apley to St. Clair,
near Ryde, abundantly, Dr. Bell-Salter, Edrs.]

W. Med.—Salt-marshes by Newtown, 1842. Between Yarmouth and Thor-
ley, in a wet spot at the eastern end of Stopler’s copse, 1845.

Root yellowish, fibrous or very slightly creeping. Culms several, leafy, slender,
obliquely ascending, spreading or decumbent and more or less geniculate at the
base, from a span to 12 or 15 inches long, round, smooth and shining. Leaves
short, pale green and somewhat glaucous, taper-pointed, deeply sulcato-striated
and scabrous on their upper side and along their margins with minute spinules
pointing forwards,* flat, especially the stem-leaves, those at the root usually invo-
Jute, and all becoming so after being sume time gathered; their sheaths long,
smooth, spirally folding the stem, and slit the greater part of their length down-
wards. Ligule short, broad, very obtuse and almost truncate, entire or a little
torn (now and then bifid, Curt.) Panicle from 3 to 6 inches or more long, of
several distant half-whorled sets of angular, roughish, somewhat flexuose, slightly
compound branches, naked below, usually about five together in the lowermost
whorl or two, diminishing in length and number towards the apex of the panicle,
which thus appears pointed, their bases swollen and cartilaginous; at first erect or
coarctate, but strongly and rigidly deflexed for the most part when in full flower.
Spikelets sublinear-oblong, 4- to 6- or 7- (mostly about 5-) flowered, pressed
against the branches, flattened, variegated with glaucous-green, white and purple
colours, sometimes all greenish. Calyx-glumes very unequal, membranous, ob-
tuse, hollow, minutely spinulose on the margin, glabrous; inner, upper and larger
3-ribbed, the two lateral ribs short ; owter, lower and smaller glume single-ribbed,
about half the length of the inner. Florets very small, on smooth pedicels, rather
remote, elliptical, quickly falling away from the spikelets as in P. Borreri, hairy
at the base but not webbed. Inferior and ouler palea ovate, deeply concave, very
obtuse, almost truncate, the summit membranous and unevenly notched, 5-ribbed,
the central rib reaching the summit, the rest still shorter; superior and inner palea
as long as the outer, obtuse or truncate, membranous and pellucid, with a strong
lateral green rib at its reduplicate margin, ciliate with a row of spinules pointing

 

* Mr. W. Wilson, in ‘ Phytologist,’ vol. i. p. 294, says the leaves of P. distans
have seven prominent rough ribs, of which P. maritima is destitute.
A
602 GRAMINER, [Glyceria.

upwards along its external side. Anthers pale yellow or purplish. Styles distant,
shortish, in my specimens not very much branched or feathery.

XXIII. Guycerm, R. Br. Floating Meadow-grass.

a C6

“ Glumes shorter than the lowest flower,” “ unequal submem-
branous. Outer pale with 5—7 strong prominent distinct ribs,
and a scarious margin, subcylindrical, unarmed.” “Styles very
short,” “terminal.”—Bab. Man.

1. G. flwitans, Scop. Floating Meadow-grass.  ‘ Panicle
secund slightly branched very long, branches nearly simple
roughish, spikelets linear of 7—12 flowers adpressed, flowers
lanceolato-oblong acute, outer pale nearly thrice as long as broad,
sheaths compressed.’— Bab. Man. p. 392. Br. Fl. p. 584. E.
B. t. 1520.

In ponds, ditches, slow streains and low wet meadows; frequent. Fl. June—
September. 2,.

2. G. plicata, Fries.  Plaited Floating Meadow-grass. “ Pa-
nicle compound, branches compound nearly smooth erect when
in flower divaricate with fruit, spikelets linear of 7—20 flowers,
flowers oval oblong blunt, outer pale twice as long as broad,
sheaths compressed.”—Bab. Man. p. 892. P. fluitans @., Br. Fl.
p. 534.

In like places with the last; rare? Fv. “ June—Sept.”— Bab.

(Near the sluice at Brading, sparingly, A. G. More, Esq., Edrs.]

With the characters and appearance of this newly discovered species (from G.
fluitans) of Fries I am as yet practically unacquainted, but, from the descriptions
of the assigned distinctions, the diversity of opinion respecting its claims, and,
above all, from the remarks in the sixth edition of the ‘ British Flora,’ I should
fear G. plicata was one of those species which so abound in the pages of systema-
tic botanists, but are ignored in the volume of Nature’s own inditing.

XXIV. Briza, Linn. Quaking-grass.

“ Panicle lax. Spikelets much compressed, ovate or deltoid,
with 3—8 closely imbricated florets. Glwmes 2, nearly equal,
broad, much shorter than the spikelet. Glumellas 2, awnless ;
outer cymbiform, obtuse, at length coriaceous and rounded on the
back below, with a scarious margin; inner small and flat. Cary-
opsis adnate with the gluwmellas.’—Br. Fl.

1. B. media, L. Common Quaking-grass. Quakers. Vect.
Riattle-grass. Maiden’s-hair. Totter-grass. Spikelets broadly
ovato-triangular, glumes shorter than the lowermost florets, culms
leafless in their upper part and like the branches of the diffuse
distant-flowered panicle nearly smooth, anthers exserted, ligule
short abrupt, root perennial. Sm. H. Fl. i.p. 188. Br. Fl. p.
541. E. B.y.t. 340. Host. Gram. Aust. i. 22, t. 29. Parn.
Gr. t. 30.

In dry barren fields or heathy pastures, and in meadows; very common. Fi,
June. 2.
Root perennial, tufted with copious slender, branched, downy fibres, and some-
Briza.) GRAMINEE. 6038

what creeping. Culms 1 or 2, erect, from about 10 to 18 or 20 inches high, round,
slender, striate, somewhat rigid, shining and glabrous, pale green or purplish;
always, when fully grown, naked or leafless to a greater or less distance below the
panicle. Leaves linear, erect, of a pale somewhat glaucous green, acute, roughish
above and along their edges, flat, those of the stem few (4 or 5), short, the upper-
most one extremely so and lanceolate or triangular-lanceolate, often very minute,
those of the root-suckers longer. Sheaths smooth, ribbed and striate, close or but
slightly inflated, that of the superior leaf extremely elongated, of the rest less ex-
tended, but always shorter than the internodes. Ligule extremely short (about a
live in length), truncate and obtuse (rarely elongated and acute, Bab.), entire or
erose, torn, and in its adnate portion sheathing the culm. Panicle not much
compounded, erect, mostly of a pyramidal or triangular outline, of a few distant,
alternate, divaricate pairs of spreading or patent, capillary, slightly scabrous
branches, mostly, like the rachis, of a purplish tinge, straight or slightly flexuose,
angular, the lowermost pair or two simple or undivided for a considerable distance
from theiy tumid cartilaginous bases, beyond that sparingly and divaricately rami-
fied, those at the apex of the panicle very short and quite simple. Spikelets com-
pressed, mostly 7-flowered, nodding or pendulous on the hair-like, wavy and ulti-
mate branches of the panicle, rather larger, far fewer and more distant than in B.
minor, ovate, ovato-triangular or ovato-rotundate, acute or obtuse, glabrous, pret-
tily variegated and shining with green, white and purplish brown, sometimes pale
green. lorets imbricated, sessile. Glumes equal, glabrous, shorter than the two
inferior florets, their extreme breadth forming the base of a triangle whose sides
if described would intersect the points of the latter, hence giving to each spikelet
a more truly ovate figure than those of B. minor; boat-shaped, purplish, with
white, scariose, entire margins, slightly keeled, the lower and owter with 3, inner
and upper with 5, pellucid ribs bordered with purplish green, the middle one alone
of each glume continued to the apex, the lateral pair of the inner and upper glume
very short, much less distinct or even obsolete. Palee smooth; outer one very
deeply concave, rather more helmet- than boat-shaped, gibbous and green at the
base, purplish on the sides, with a well-defined, white, membranous border,
5-ribbed, the lateral ribs branching into three from their origin, the central rib
produced into a faint keel at its apex, the intermediate pair less strongly marked,
all continued to the membranous margin of the valve, but not entering the latter ;
inner valve obovato-oblong, membranous, a little concave externally, with a single
green rib on each side near the minutely spinulose, ciliated, not inflexed edges,
but not reaching the emarginate apex. Stamens short; anthers pale yellow or
purplish. Styles long, feathery, tapering, simply branched. Scale deeply cleft.

2. B. minor, L. Small Quaking-grass. Spikelets triangular,
glumes longer than the lowermost florets, culms leafy above and
as well as the branches of the compound many-flowered panicle
scabrous, anthers included, ligule elongated acute, root annual.
Sm. E. Fl. i. p. 138. Br. Fl. p. 541. #. B. xix. t. 1816. Ber-
tol. Fl. Ital. i. p. 561. Host. Gram. Aust. ii. 22, t. 28. Sibth. Fl.
Greca, i.t. 74. Parn. Br. Grasses, p. 226, t. 101. (minime bona).
B. aspera, Knapp. Gram. Brit. t. 61. Parn. Gr. t. 101.

In cultivated fields, amongst corn, &c., also in pasture-ground; very rare. Fr’.
June, July. Fr. August. ©.

E. Med.—Abundant in certain years in the two last fields between Quarr abbey
and Fish-houses, always most plentiful when the land is cropped with corn. In
1836, when I first observed it, the quantity was very moderate, but the year fol-
lowing it was abundant, I think amongst oats, and in 1839 came up in profusion
both amongst wheat and vetches. In 1840 scarcely a specimen could be found,
but in 1842 it was again plentiful, also in 1843, in the right-hand field (from
Quarr), then a lay. In 1838, when the Jand was laid down with clover, the plant
almost totally disappeared. Again abundant in 1845. I found it this year (1849)
604 GRAMINEE. (Briza.

in the old station betwixt Quarr abbey and Fishbourne, in the left-hand field, sown
with oats, though not amongst the crop, but occupying a broad strip of land along
the margin of the field lying fallow, growing in considerable abundance with An-
themis Cotula and Gastridium lendigerum.

Root a small tuft of compressed somewbat downy fibres, annual. Culms soli-
tary or several, erect, from 6 to 18 or 20 inches high, round, pale, striated and
shining, smooth except a slight roughness only for a short distance beneath the
panicle, clothed with leaves nearly to their summits. Leaves rather broad, elon-
gato-lanceolate, taper-pointed, erect, of a pale yellowish and rather glaucous ten-
der green, glabrous, rough at the edges and slightly so on the thin sharp keel and
numerous close ribs beneath, one side of their lower part spirally embracing the
stem as far as the joint, constituting, with the other less-overlapping edge of the
leaf, a tight-fitting though otherwise open grooved sheath. Ligule thin, white, its
free portion oblong, more or less irregularly pointed, notched or torn, seldom
truncate or obtuse, though often rounded, always longer than in B. media, closely
embracing the culm. Panicle roundish, of several alternate pairs of rough, very
slender, spreading branches, dividing into numerous capillary, divaricate, waved
and scabrous ramifications, each supporting an ovato-triangular, tremulous and
pendant spikelet, of a pale, sometimes purplish, green colour, scarcely above half
the size of those in B. media. Glumes nearly equal, boat-shaped, very obtuse,
quite smooth, green, with deep membranous edges tinged with purple, the inferior
or outer with 3, the superior or inner with 5, pellucid ribs, the lateral pair in this
last much shorter than the three intermediate nerves and Jess strongly marked.
Florets in all the specimens I have examined 5 or 6, not projecting beyond the
sides of the triangle of which the extreme width of the calyx is the base, and
therefore in this sense shorter than the glumes, though the two lowermost florets
protrude considerably above the edges of these last. Outer palea very deep, hel-
met-shaped (or patelliform ?), a little scabrous, the base very gibbous, pale green,
3-nerved, expanding into a deep, pellucid and membranous border, the lower part
of which is green, with three ribs on each side of unequal length, the two upper
and shortest diverging and not continued beyond the coloured portion, or at all
connected with the three nearly parallel basal nerves, the centre one of which only
approaches the inflexed summit of the valve; inner palea deeply concealed in the
basal cavity of the outer, broadly ovate or elliptical, flat, white, scabrous and pel-
lucid, somewhat pointed, with a single strong green rib on each side near the
inflexed margin. Anthers purplish, very short, included or at most just visible
occasionally at the margin of the palee, searcely protruded when in flower as in
B. media. Germen roundish or slightly turbinate, gibbous on one side. Styles
long, slender, subapproximate, nearly simple, often a little protruded. The sta-
mens appear to me, from repeated examination, to be either imperfect or wholly
ae in the majority of the lowermost florets of each spikelet, as well as the
styles.

‘A still more elegant grass than the preceding, from which it is easily distin-
guishable ona slight inspection by the paler herbage, denser panicle and long
pointed ligule. In size this species is not inferior to the last, and the trivial name
of aspera, proposed by Knapp, would have been more suitable than its present
long-established, but at first view inappropriate, one of minor, had not the latter
been given it in reference to a far larger plant, the B. maxima, L., between which
and itself our commoner species (B. media) holds a middle rank.

Till of late years B. minor has been regarded as one of our rarest British
grasses, and two or three spots in the extreme western part of England were fora
long time the only recorded localities, most of the specimens then existing in
herbaria having been supplied from Penzance or from Jersey. It is now ascer-
tained to be much more widely distributed with us, though apparently limited to
the counties 8. of London. Stations have been discovered for it in Devon, Dor-
set, Somerset and Hants, and nowhere perhaps does it occur in greater abundance
and luxuriance than in cornfields at Marshwood, near Southampton. It has not
yet been noticed in Ireland, though quite a western plant: its range to the north-
ward in this country may be fixed at about 51° 20’, or the parallel of Bath, beyond
1

Festuca.) GRAMINE&, 605

which it has not been seen wild, and I apprehend the station for it in this island
to be its farthest known limit to the eastward in Britain. At Poole, in Dorset-
shire, as Dr. Bell-Salter remarks, this is not, as here, a corn-plant, but grows in
the less frequented streets, between the stones of the pavement.

The plate of this species in ‘ Flora Graca’ exhibits the branches of the panicle
curving downwards, and but little waved or flexuose.

XXV. Festuca, Linn. Fescue-grass.

“Panicle lax or coarctate. Spikelets many-flowered, more or
less laterally compressed, without a bractea on the base. Glumes
2, unequal, membranaceous, usually keeled, much shorter than
the spikelet. Gluwmellas 2, lanceolate ; outer rounded on the back,
acuminate or awned at or close to the summit, the lateral nerves
slightly converging and disappearing below the summit; inner
minutely ciliated at the ribs. Styles terminal. Caryopsis gla-
brous, free.”—Br. Fl.

* Panicle close or contracted, unilateral. Spikelets linear, pointing upwards, with

very long awns, Lower glume much smaller than the upper or nearly obso-
lete. Root annual or biennial.

Vulpia, Gmel. Mygalurus, Link.

1. F. bromoides, L. Barren Fescwe-grass. ‘ Panicle secund,
glumes very unequal, the upper one as long as the lowermost
contiguous floret, florets not ciliated scabrous towards the sum-
mit.—a. Flowering panicle erect-patent, culm above leafless.” —
Br. Fl. p. 643. E.B. +. 1411.

B. “ Panicle drooping at the end, culm sheathed and leafy to near the panicle.”
—Br. Fl. 543. F. Myurus, Sm. (non L.), Host. Gram. Aust. ii. 66, 1.93. F.
Pseudo-Myurus, Koch, confer. Gedr. Fl. de Lorraine, iii. p. 177. (Vulpia Pseudo-
Myurus).

On oe and dry waste ground, but notcommonly. Fl. June. © or ¢?

£. Med.—On the Dover, Ryde. Wall-top in the Spencer road, Ryde.

8. In similar situations with a., but verv rarely. On the garden-wall at Wool-
verton, by Shorwell, but sparingly, 1839. | Wall of Thorley churchyard, in some
plenty, 1841.

“ Culms 6—12 inches high. Leaves linear, setaceous.”—Br. Fil.

8. Much resembles a., but taller, with a much longer closer panicle, a little
drooping or rather nodding at the summit, the stem clothed with leaves to the base
of the panicle, not naked above as in that. Root a tuft of capillary fibres. Culms
numerous, erect, very slender, smuoth, shining and angular, more or less genicu-
late at the lower joints, pale or purplish, 6—12 inches or even occasionally 2 feet
in height. Leaves narrow-linear, at first plane, but soon becoming involute and
withered, appearing in that condition setaceous. Ligu/e very short and abrupt.
Sheaths loose, smooth and striated, as long as or longer than the leaves, clothing
the stem to the foot of the panicle, and often concealing entirely some of the
lowermost florets. Panicle close and spicate, erect dr slightly drooping, 3 or 4
inches to a foot Jong, slender and feathery, slightly branched in the lower part, of
many upright, narrow, unilateral florets, alternate on the rough-edged much-com-
pressed rachis, the lower ones more or less stalked, the higher nearly sessile.
Glumes yery unequal, smooth, the larger linear-lanceolate, green and 3-ribbed at
the base, nerveless and membranaceous above; outer one much smaller, often
almost wanting, single-ribbed, very acute. Florets 4—6, linear, longer than the
glumes, the lowermost floret sessile, the rest on short pedicels. Palee lanceolate,
acute; ouder and larger obscurely 5-ribbed, rough with minute points at the back,
606 GRAMINE. (Festuca.

and ending in a rough awn more than twice its own length; inner and smaller
plain, membranous, with two almost margiual green or brownish ribs, its summit
bifid and ciliate at the edges. Stamens 3, but often, as in all my specimens, the
florets are monandrous. Stigmas white, feathery.

2. F. uniglumis, Soland. Single-glumed Fescue-grass. “ Pa-
nicle a simple erect 2-ranked subsecund raceme, lower glume very
minute, florets not ciliated.’ — Br. Fl. p. 548. #. B. t. 1430.
Host. Gram. Aust. iv. 87, t. 64 (valde dubia).

B. Glumes 3-flowered, flowers monandrous.

On the sandy shores of the sea, or on dry barren ground adjacent to it. Fl.
May, June. ©.

E. Med. —St. Helens, Wm. Borrer, Esq., in litt, and where I find it in the
loose sand in the greatest abundance, 1839.

B. On the Dover, Ryde, 1839.

Root with copious long capillary fibres. Culms several, spreading, geniculate
near the hase, usually 6 or 8 inches high, smooth, clothed almost entirely with
the sheaths of the leaves. Leaves subulate, involute, rigid and much shorter than
the spikes. Ligule extremely short, membranous, torn. Spikes solitary, erect,
about 2 inches long, of numerous unilateral, 2-ranked, narrow spikelets, on
shortish, dilated, simple or sometimes branched stalks, all close-pressed and
pointing upwards. Calyx 4—8 flowered, one of its glumes either very short as in
8. or reduced to a minute pointed or bifid scale; I have never seen it wholly
wanting; larger glume linear, with a long rough awn. Flores very narrow, in
my 4-flowered specimens one sessile and opposite the larger glume, the three
others pedicellate, the uppermost abortive. Outer palea with an awn greatly
longer than itself, often slightly tinged with purple, 3-ribbed; inner one shorter,
with two lateral green ribs, acute, fringed and deeply trifid at the point. Anthers
yellow. Styles feathery. Seed linear, triquetrous, with a deep groove in front,
the dorsal angle acute, horny and purplish, firmly encased by both the pale,

labrous.

: In 8. the suppression of one of the glumes is seldom total, but both are
obviously present, the smaller one bearing a very variable proportion to the larger,
in some spikelets very apparent, in others on the same spike almost reduced to a
point. The florets are uniformly monandrous, which according to Smith has
been observed in F. bromoides by Schrader. One, or at most two, of the flowers
only bear a solitary stamen ; the rest are abortive. I am strongly incliued to be-
lieve our present species to be simply a form of F. bromoides.

** Panicle loose or somewhat contracted, more or less unilateral. Spikelets lan-
ceolate. Florets shorter than their awns or awnless. Root perennial.

Festuca, Auct.

3. F. ovina, L. Sheep's Fescue-grass. ‘Panicle subsecund
subcoarctate, spikelets oblong of about 4—7 florets with short
awns, leaves flat or involute setaceous, ligule 2-lobed.—a. Culms
short somewhat 4-angled and scabrous-pubescent below the small
panicle, leaves involuto-setaceous, root fibrous tufted.” — Br. Fl.
p. 643. EH. B.t. 585. Host. Gram. Aust. ii. 60, t. 84.

B. duriuscula, “Culms taller many-angled and somewhat glabrous below the
broader panicle, leaves of the culm often flat but afterwards usually involute, root
tufted or slightly creeping.” — Br. Fl. p. 544. F. duriuscula, Z., B. B. t. 470.
flost. Gram, Aust. ii. 59, t. 83.

y. rubra. “ Culms usually tall many-angled and glabrous below the often broad-
ish panicle, leaves of the culm flat at length sometimes involute, rout creeping,
the scions ending in erect shoots with distichous leaves.” — Br. Fl. p. 544. F.
Festuca.) GRAMINES. 607

rubra, L., E. B. t. 2056. Host. Gram. Aust. ii. 59, t. 82. An F. hirsuta, Fl.
Dan. t. 1627.

In dry, elevated, open pastures. Fil. June, July. 2.

8. Common in dry pastures and on the downs.

y. In loose sand by the sea-shore, and in sandy pastures. Ou the Dover, be-
low St. Helens, and on the spit at Norton, by Yarmouth, frequent.

*%* Panicle branched, widely spreading. Spikelets ovate or lanceolate. Florets
awnless. Root perennial.

Schedonorus, P. de Beauv.

4. F. arundinacea, Schreb.? Tall Fescue-grass. ‘Panicle
diffuse patent much-branched, branches divaricated after flower-
ing mostly in pairs each with 2 or more (usually numerous) spike-
lets, spikelets 5—6 flowered, outer glumella 5-ribbed with a very
short or obsolete awn, leaves linear-lanceolate.”— Br. Fl. p. 546.
F. elatior, H. B.t. 1593. F. littorea, Wahlenb. Fl. Succ. ed. 1,
i.p.65? Bromus littoreus, Host. Gram. Aust. i. 7, t. 8. Buce-

tum, Parn. Gr. tt. 46, 47.
; iy the moist sandy sea-beach, and wet banks along the shore. Fi. June,
uly. 2.

FE. Med.—Upper end of Sandown bay, near the Culvers. Abundant on the
wet slipped land under the cliffs at the mouth of Luccombe chine, on the Shanklin
side. Frequent under the shore W. of Ryde. [Near the shore at Niton, A. G.
More, Esq., Edrs.]

W. Med.—Plentiful along the shore on either side of Yarmouth.

Of this tall and stout grass Mr. Hewett C. Watson, who had also remarked it
at Luccombe, writes, March, 1842: — “ There is a large Festuca by the shore at
the entrance to Luccombe chine which has puzzled me a good deal. A root now
in my garden, I believe to have been brought from that spot, produces leaves near
a yard long, and a culm 5 feet high, with very numerous spikelets, much more
ovate than those of F. pratensis, and with the glumes and palee more acute and
slightly awned. 1 fancy this to be the J. arundinacea of continental botanists.
T have seen the same plant at Exmouth and Plymouth.” In a subsequent letter
Mr. Watson remarks: —“ As to the Festuca arundinacea, you may be correct in
terming it a form of F. pratensis (which I did then, and still consider the F.
arundinacea of authors to be), but it is a very remarkable one, and if a form of
F. pratensis, Huds., it is certainly an identical species with F. loliacea, from which
it greatly differs, Having seen almost every link from ordinary F. loliacea to F.
pratensis in its highly developed form, I am quite satisfied of their unity as a spe-
cies, but whether £. elatior of Linneus ought to be joined with them I know not,
It seems indeed a ‘lumping’ to join these five :—

F. loliacea, Z.

F. pratensis, Huds.

F. elatior, L.

F. arundinacea, Schreb.

F. arundinacea, Bot. Gall. (not Schreb.)
I should unite the Ist and 2nd,—the 3rd and 4th. The Sth, not the 4th, I take
to be the Isle-of-Wight shore Festuca.”

5. F. pratensis, Huds. Meadow Fescue-grass. “ Panicle close
never divaricated, branches in pairs, one bearing a single spikelet,
the other a solitary or several spikelets sometimes wanting, spike-
lets 5—10 flowered, outer glumella 5-ribbed with a very short or
obsolete awn, leaves linear-lanceolate.— a. Some or all of the
branches of the panicle in pairs, one usually with several spike-
608 GRAMINER. (Bromus.

lets."—Br. Fl. p. 545. E. B. t. 1592. F. elatior, Host. Gram.
Aust. 57, t. 79 ?

B. loliacea. “ Branches of the panicle solitary reduced to a single spikelet which
is sessile or shortly stalked below.”—Br. Fl. F. loliacea, Sm., &. B. t. 1821.

In meadows and pastures. £7. June, July. 2f.

B. In marshy meadows and pastures. Meadow by the stream-side a little be-
low Calbourne mill. Whitwell. Meadows at Easton, by Freshwater gate, plen-
tifully. In a marshy meadow called Pan moor, just out of Newport towards
Shide. By the side of the Medina between Newport and Shide, Mr. Snooke. In
Dark lane, Ryde, amongst vetches, 1843, Mr. Wm, Jolliffe !!

XXVI. Bromus, Linn. Brome-grass.

“ Panicle lax or coarctate. Spikelets many-flowered, more or
less laterally compressed. Glumes 2, unequal, usually keeled,
equal to or shorter than the lowermost florets. Glumellas 2, her-
baceous; outer one rounded on the back, two of the lateral nerves
usually uniting with the middle one and forming an awn below
the bifid extremity; imner one conspicuously ciliated on the ribs.
Styles from below the summit of the caryopsis, which is villous at
the apex and ‘adheres to the upper glumellas.’ ”—Br. Fl.

1. B. giganteus, L. Tall Brome-grass. “Panicle branched
drooping towards one side, spikelets lanceolate 3—6 flowered
awned, outer glumella 5-nerved shorter than its awn, leaves linear-
lanceolate ribbed.” — Br. Fl. p. 546. Festuca, Vill. E. B. t.
1820. Host. Gram. Aust. i. p. 6, t. 6.

8. Spikelets fewer and more remote. B. triflorus, Z.: E. B. xxvii. t. 1918.
Fl. Dan. iii. t. 440, 1630.

In moist shady woods, copses and hedgerows; not uncommon. Fi. July, Au-

ust. 2.
: E. Med.— In Quarr copse, Shore copse, and elsewhere about Ryde. White-
field wood, and near Yarbridge. Knighton East copse, by Newchurch. Shank-
lin chine. Copse near the Park farm, Appuldurcombe, 1844.

W. Med.—(Lane at Brighstone, A. G. More, Esq., Edrs.]

B. Found occasionally in various places.

Root perennial, a tuft of long, pale, nearly simple, downy fibres. Culms nu-
merous, from about 2 to 4 or 5 feet high, erect, stout, smooth, shining and gla-
brous, with tumid purplish joints, naked at the summit. Leaves bright green,
sumewhat erect, those on the middle of the stem 12 or 15 inches long and 7 to 9
lines wide, those on the lower part narrower; flat, linear-lanceolate, finely striate,
taper-pointed and very acute, beneath shining, with a prominent sharply keeled
midrib and several less conspicuous lateral ones, finely serrulato-scabrous on the
margins, roughish chiefly towards the point on both sides, excepting at the lower
part of the leaf underneath, which is smooth and shining, a little obliquely clasp-
ing the stem by a pair of falcate purplish auricles, with acute mostly deflexed
points ; about the middle or rather nearer the point of each leaf there is a slight con-
traction like the impression a cord or other narrow ligature would make on a bundle
of them loosely tied together, an appearance I have not found noticed by any au-
thor.* Sheaths close, striated and glabrous, the uppermost longer, the rest shorter
than their leaves, a little open before at theirtops. Liyule extremely short, broad
and truncate. Panicle large, a foot or more in length, subsecund, drooping or

 

* This constriction is observable also in B. asper and in the common Reed
(Phragmites communis).
Bromus.) GRAMINE:, 609

nodding at the top, of several pairs of rather unequal, alternate, distant, long-
spreading, rough, 3-edged branches, compound and drooping at their extremities,
springing from the flattened side of the semiterete rachis, which is scabrous at the
angles, becoming more so between each successive pair of branches, which last
diminish in length as they ascend, and at last are reduced to alternate simple
pedicels, bearing a solitary spikelet. Spikelets usually 5—7 flowered, in the var.
B. only 3-flowered, slender and lanceolate, compressed, closely applied in general
to the flat face of the very scabrous branches, about } an inch in length without
the awns. Glumes very unequal and acutely acuminate, lanceolate, with white,
scariose, mostly torn margins, smooth and glabrous; lower and outer glume sin-
gle-ribbed, with a green back; inner and upper much longer, wider, 3-ribbed,
the lateral ribs much shorter than the middle one. Pale nearly equal in length.

A less tall but more robust grass than the following, and intermediate between
Bromus and Festuca, making an approach also to Brachypodium, but referred
with the greatest propriety to the first of these genera, agreeing as it does with
that, aud especially B. asper, in habit and general appearance. It is easily dis-
tinguished from that species by the nearly erect or slightly nodding panicle, lean-
ing rather to one side, not drooping in all directions as in that of B. asper ; by
the much longer almost feathery awns, which are variously waved and contorted,
not straight and bristly. The spikelets, too, are much smaller, shorter, and of a
brighter green, as is the whole plant, which is, moreover, remarkably smooth, ex-
cepting the branches of the panicle, but the roughness of these is much less than
in B. asper. The joints of the culm are stained with dark purple, as are also the
very remarkably amplexicaul bases of the much broader stem-leaves and the very
short entire stipule, all of which in B. asper are uncoloured. _ The stigmas in the
present species are nearly simple, in that densely feathery. The pale appearance
of the midrib of the leaf cannot be depended upon as constant; the absence of the
long hairs so conspicuous on the sheaths is an all-sufficient distinction. From
Brachypodium sylvaticum the stalked florets will make its discrimination easy.
The fringe at the edges of the inner valve of the corolla is certainly trifling com-
pared with that in others of the genus; still the hairs are bristly, differing in size
and number only from such as are found in true species of Bromus.

2. B. asper, L. Hairy Wood Brome-grass. “ Panicle slightly
branched drooping, spikelets linear-lanceolate, florets remote sub-
cylindrical hairy about twice as long as the straight awn diverg-
ing in flower afterwards erect, outer glumella 5—7 ribbed, that of
the lowermost floret twice as long as the smaller glume, sheaths
with hairs pointing downwards, leaves uniform the lower ones
hairy." Br. Fl. p.547. HE. B.t.1172. Fl. Dan. viii. t. 1382.
Host. Gran, Aust. 1. 6, t. 7.

In moist woods and thickets; abundantly. Fl. July, August. 2.

E. Med.—In Quarr copse, Apley wood, St. John’s wood, and most other woods

about Ryde.

W. Med.— Abundant in woods about Yarmouth.

The tallest though not the stoutest of our Brome-grasses, often upwards of 6
feet high, and very conspicuous from its large panicle elegantly drooping in all

directions. : .
The margin of the inner or larger calyx-glume is sometimes perfectly glabrous,

as I find it in my specimens. Smith's description of this grass is excellent.

3. B. sterilis, L. Barren Brome-grass. ‘“ Panicle drooping
slightly branched, spikelets linear-lanceolate, florets remote sub-
cylindrical scabrous shorter than the straight awn diverging

during and after flowering, outer glumella with 7 distinct
41
610 GRAMINES. (Bromus.

equidistant ribs, leaves and sheaths pubescent.”— Br. Fl. p. 547.
E.B. +t. 1080. Host. Gram. Aust. i. 13, t. 16.

In waste places, by waysides and the borders of fields; plentifully. Fl. June.

4. B. erectus, Huds. Upright Perennial Brome-grass. “ Pani-
cle simple erect, spikelets linear-lanceolate, florets subcylindrical
remote about twice as long as the straight awn diverging in flower
afterwards erect, outer glumella obscurely 7-nerved, that of the
lowermost floret one-third longer than the smaller glume, sheaths
somewhat hairy the hairs pointing upwards, root-leaves very nar-
row ciliated.”—Br. Fl. p. 546. H. B.t.471. Bertol. F'l. Ital. i.

(optim. et operosa descript.) B. agrestis, All.: Host. Gram. Aust.
1. p. 9, t. 10 (bona).

Tn dry open pastures and by roadsides; rare. Fl. June, July. 2{.

£. Med. —In great plenty on each side of the path across the fields from Luc-
combe to Bonchurch, along the steep ascent by the edge of the precipice over-
looking Rose cliff and the entrance to East end. In vast profusion on the sloping
sides of the down above the road between Luccombe and Bonchurch, here and
there covering the ground to the exclusion of every other grass, at an elevation of
perhaps 300 feet above the sea, 1844. Luccombe, D. Turner, Esg., B. T. W.

A handsome grass. Root perennial, thick and somewhat creeping, with copious
long, branching, slender fibres. Culms several, erect, round, smooth, striated,
about 2 feet or more high. Leaves numerous, the radical ones and those of the
barren shoots remarkably narrow or linear, more or less fringed on their edges and
backs with soft, white, spreading hairs; those on the stem broader and shorter,
with long, hairy, ribbed sheaths. Ligule extremely short, truncate and torn.
Panicle of several distant sets of half-whorled, simple or slightly compound,
roughish, nearly erect branches; most resembling that of B. diandrus, but less
spreading. Spikelets linear-lanceolate, much compressed, from 4- to 6- or 8-
flowered (sometimes 12-flowered, Bertol.), mostly 5- in my specimens; florets
remote, linear, greenish or purplish, smooth, the uppermost often imperfect.
Glumes more or less unequal,* linear-acute, membranous ; inner, upper and larger
one 3-ribbed ; outer and sinaller mostly single-nerved, and terminating in a short
awn; both glabrous and devoid 6f all roughness, except in a slight degree at the
back near their joints, their edges oftem much jagged or torn. Pale@ linear-lan-
ceolate, unequal, very acute; the outer and larger 5-ribbed (the two intermediate
ribs shorter and less distinct), ending in a straight awn scarcely half its own length,
arising from a little below its slightly bifid apex, and which is roughish chiefly on
its lower half, where the keel of the valve itself is slightly scabrous; inner and
upper palea flat, diaphanous, with a green rough marginal rib on each side, and
sharply inflexed edges. Stamens 3; anthers large, dark red. Stigmas densely
plumose. Ovarium bristly on its upper part. Seed oblong, compressed, strongly
grooved down the middle, only slightly cohering to the pale, and falling out
from the florets when ripe, at which period the panicle is still erect.

5. B. mollis, L. Downy Brome-grass. ‘“‘ Panicle close ovate
erect in fruit slightly branched, simple peduncles shorter than the
crowded ovate somewhat compressed pubescent spikelets, flowers
closely imbricated, awn straight about as long as the florets,
sheaths of the leaves pubescent or hairy. H. Watson in Hook.

 

* The proportion the glumes bear to each other in this species is very variable ;
sometimes they are nearly equal, and both distinctly 3-ribbed.
Bromus.) GRAMINEA. 611

Lond. Journ. of Bot. i. p. 84.” — Br. Fl. p. 549. E. B. t. 1078.
Host. Gram, Aust. i. 16, +. 19. Serrafaleus, Parl.

An abundant species in meadows, pastures, by roadsides, in cornfields and
waste places. Fl. June. © or g.

6. B. racemosus, L, Smooth Brome-grass. ‘“‘ Panicle elon-
gated erect in fruit, peduncles nearly simple about equal to the
ovate subcompressed glabrous spikelets, florets imbricated com-
pressed, awn straight about as long as the glume, sheaths of the
leaves slightly hairy.’ H. Watson in Hook. Lond. Journ. of Bot.
i. p. 84.”—Br. Fl. p. 549. E. B. t. 1079.

B. intermedia. Culms pubescent,

a ee places with B. mollis, but of less frequent occurrence. Fl, June.

or .

E. Med.—Not rave about Ryde, as in fields between it and Binstead. Abun-
dant in meadows on Sandown level. Fields near Ashey.

W. Med.—Freshwater, D. Turner, Esq., B. T. W.

8. Meadow in Sandown level, 1839.

I can hardly believe this to be more than a glabrous state of B. mollis.

7. B. commutatus, Schrad. Tumid Field Brome-grass. “‘ Pa-
nicle loose slightly drooping in fruit, lower peduncles often elon-
gated and branched, simple peduncles equalling or exceeding in
length the oblong-lanceolate glabrous spikelets, florets loosely im-
bricated, when in fruit the glumellas only slightly overlapping at
their edges near the base, awn straight about as long as the floret,
leaves and their sheaths hairy. H. Watson in Hook. Lond. Journ.
i. p. 84."—Br. Fl. p. 549. Vide Dietrich. Berlin. Fl. i. B.
arvensis, Parnell, Scot. Gr. p. 114, t.49. B. multiflorus, Host.
Gram. Aust.i.10,t.11? (B. patulus, M. et K. ex tisdem aucto-
ribus in Rohl. Deutschl. Fl. i. p. 685). Serrafalcus, Bab. B. pra-
tensis, H. B. t. 920 (small specimen).

Cornfields and by waysides, in pastures, &c. Fi. June—Octoher. ©.

E. Med.—By the roadside between Ryde and Brading, before coming to the
turning to St. Helens, frequent, 1839. By the pathside between Sandown and
Shanklin. In a cornfield near Shanklin towards Luccombe. Field near Coppid
hall. Cornfield near St. Catherine’s point, sparingly.

Root of several slender fibres. Culms 2—3 feet high, round, striated, quite
smooth, or with a slight roughness visible only under a lens. Leaves linear, flat
and tapering, very downy on their upper surface with long, white, nearly erect
hairs, shorter and less copious on the under side: those leaves that are nearest
the root, and which soon wither and dry up, are narrower than such as are
higher on the stem. Sheaths long, close, ribbed, the uppermost one nearly gla-
brous, though its leaf be downy, the rest clothed with deflexed pubescence. Ligule
very short, truncate and jagged. Panicle from 4 to 6 or 8 inches in length, of
many long, slender, half-whorled, simple or compound branches, rough and an-
gular for some distance beneath the spikelets, smooth towards their insertion on
the main stem, at first slightly secund and erecto-patent, afterwards drooping and
quite unilateral, one or two of the lower branches excepted, which depend occa-
sionally in opposite directions. Spikelets lanceolate, compressed, very acule, and
finely tapering at first, but as the flowers advance the tips of the extreme florets
expand a little by the swelling of the ripening seeds, destroying the distinctness
of this character: the spikelets are usually greenish, variously shaded with purple
and russet tints, with strongly marked dark green or purplish ribs; not unfre-
quently they are altogether bright green, or coloured on one side only. Calyx
612 GRAMINE. [Avena.

with 8 or 10 glabrous florets (in the specimens before me they are perfectly smooth
under a good lens). Glumes unequal, outer or smaller with 2, inner and larger
with 4 ribs on each side, acute, with a rough keel and white membranous edges.
Outer palea ovate, obtuse, deeply notched at the apex, with 4 strong green ribs on
each side besides the central one; a pair of these ribs run close together near the
inflexed membranous margins of the valve, which slopes off suddenly at an angle
to the apex, below which is inserted the rough awn, about equal in length to the
valve, purplish in its lower, pale in its upper, half; inner palea emarginate, deli-
cately membranous, edged with green and pectinated with stout, distant, bristly
cilie pointing upwards. Anthers dark purple. Ovariwm oblong, much com-
pressed. Styles extremely short; stigmas feathery, deflexed.

T find a grass very similar, if not the same, on hedgebanks near Carpenters,
and elsewhere about Ryde, as well as amongst corn, which I regard merely as a
larger more diffuse form of B. racemosus, the spikelets drvoping when in seed from
the length and weakness of the peduncles. Whoever will be at the trouble of
comparing the discordant accounts given by authors of B. arvensis will perhaps
concur with myself in opinion that B. arvensis, B. racemosus, B. secalinus, B. velu-
tinus, not to mention the present still more obscure and doubtful species, B. com-
mutatus, B. multiflorus, &c., are iv all probability so many forms of B. mollis.

The B. arvensis of F). Cestrica is only this species, as I learn by authentic spe-
cimens from West Chester County in my possession.

8. B. secalinus, L. Rye Brome-grass. “‘ Panicle loose droop-
ing in fruit, lower peduncles slightly branched, simple peduncles
about equalling the oblong compressed glabrous spikelets, florets
at first imbricated afterwards distinct cylindrical, the incurved
edges of the glumellas not overlapping those of the floret above
them, awn straight about as long as the floret, leaves hairy but
the sheaths nearly glabrous.’ Watson in Hook. Lond. Journ. of
Bot. i. p. 85." —Br. Fl. p. 548. Host. Gram. Aust. i. 10, t. 12.

In cornfields and waste places. Fl. June, July. © (or g, Hook.)

E Med.— At Whitcombe, near Newport, where it abounded to an injurious
degree some years ago, having been introduced, it is supposed, in seed-wheat
from Suffolk. Amongst vetches at Playstreet farm, by Ryde, Mr. W. Jolliffe,
1841! At Redhill, abundant, Mr. Wm. Hughes! On the sea-coast at Ryde,
With. (7th ed.)

XXVII. Avena, Linn. Oat.

“ Panicle lax. Spikelets laterally compressed, with 2 or more
perfect florets and sometimes 1 or more rudimentary neuter
one. Glumes 2, membranaceous, 8- or many-nerved. Glumellas
2, lanceolate, hairy at the base, herbaceous, at length cartilaginous
and firmly enclosing the caryopsis; outer one with a long twisted
geniculate dorsal awn, with two points or bristles at the summit.”
—Br. Fl.

* Smaller glume 5—7 nerved, larger one 5—11 nerved. Outer glumella 6—8

nerved. Spikelets ultimately drooping. Ovary hairy at the top. Annual
plants.

1. A. fatua, L. Wild Oat or Haver.* “Panicle erect, spike-
lets drooping of about 3 scabrous much-awned florets smaller

 

* Hafer in German.
Avena.] GRAMINES. 613

than the glumes with long fulvous hairs at the base, outer glu-
mella bifid at the summit, root fibrous.”—Br. Fl. p. 551. HE. B.
t. 2221. Fl. Dan. t. 1629. Host. Gram, Aust. ii. t. 58.

In cornfields and cultivated ground; a frequent and very injurious weed. Fl.
July, August. ©.

A tall grass, 3 or 4 feet in height. Root small, with downy fibres. Culms 1 or
more, round, hollow, shining, erect. Leaves most numerous below, linear, flat,
grayish green, rough, those towards the root often fringed with suft white hairs
near the stem, as are likewise their close, striated and long sheaths, often filamen-
tous along their edges. igule short, obtuse, usually much torn and jagged.
Panicle very large, at first unilateral and crowded, afterwards very diffuse and
spreading, its branches long, slender, angular, roughish, simple or slightly com-
pound, bearing numerous large, lanceolate, drooping spikelets on peduncles
thickened beneath each. Glumes equal, thin and chaffy, very acute, lancevlate,
with many strong green ribs running close and parallel, each with a double line
of scabrous points throughout its length. Florets usually 3, much shorter than
the glumes. Outer palea much like the glumes, but thicker in texture, with fewer
ribs, rough with tubercular prominences, bifid at the point, covered at the back
with fine, whitish or tawny, bristle-like hairs; inner or superior palea ovato-lan-
ceolate, thin and flat, notched at the point, and having a single green rib along
each of its finely ciliated lateral margins; awns very long, inserted on the back of
each floret about its middle, twisted for about half their length, at which point
they are suddenly bent, and then continued straight to the summit. Anthers yel-
lowish. Stigmas short, simple, feathery. Germen seated on and almost concealed
amongst a dense tuft of suft white hairs.

Its more valuable congener, the cultivated Oat (A. sativa, L.), differs from the
present species in its smaller and far less spreading panicle, which continues uni-
lateral tu the last ; in its smoother less strongly ribbed florets, nearly devoid of all
hairiness beneath, one or more of which are abortive and wanting the awn, which
is shorter and not geniculate as in that. The florets of A. sativa are placed upon
a short vertical footstalk immediately under the base in a transverse position,
whilst those of A. fatua stand laterally or obliquely upon their very short point of
insertion, and are all furnished with awns.

2. A. strigosa, Schreb. “Bristle-pointed Oat. “ Panicle erect,
branches all secund, spikelets of 2 perfect florets each awned as
long as the glumes and terminated by 2 long straight bristles.”—
Br. Fl. p. 551. EF. B.t. 1266. Host. Gram. Aust. ui. 41, t. 56.

In cornfields and cultivated ground occasionally, but doubtless introduced.
Fl. “June, July."—Br. Fl. ©.

E. Med.— Amongst potatoes by St. John’s turnpike-gate, Ryde, Rev. G. E.
Smith !!

Root yellowish, fibrous. Culms several, about 2 feet high, erect, purplish be-
low, rather slender, with long, slightly inflated, ribbed sheaths, that are often a lit-
tle filamentous towards their summits. Leaves like those of the common Oat, flat,
roughish above and along their edges with minute prickles pointing forwards.
Ligule rather short, truncate and torn. Panicle oblong, mostly leaning one way,
more slender than in the common Oat, the florets linear-lancevlate, on very long,
slender, parily compound pedicels. Glumes rather unequal, acute, roughish on
their keels; outer and shorter with 9, inner and longer with 7, green ribs. Florets
2 (sometimes 4), both perfect, the inner one on a geniculate bearded pedicel, but
neither having any basal tuft asin A. fatua. Palew sprinkled with rough points,
7-ribbed ; outer one of each floret with a long, twisted, almost straight awn from
the middle of the back, and 2 much shorter terminal ones; all rough, slender
and purplish ; inner palea flattish, acute, ciliated with soft hairs, and having a
single marginal green rib on each side. Anthers yellowish. Scale (nectary) with
2 very acute lobes. Scar nearly circular, neither transverse nor oblique, the
614 GRAMINES. (Phragmites.

pedicel of each floret being rounded, not compressed as in A, sativa, inserted at
the very centre of the base of the palee.

The Bristle-pointed Oat is cultivated, with other species of this grain, in various
parts of Europe, and very commonly in the Isle of Skye, us I learn from Mr. Bor-
rer. Its occurrence with us is quite fortuitous.

** Smaller glume 1—3 nerved, larger one 3-nerved. Outer glumella distinctly
5-ribbed. Spikelets erect. Ovary hairy at the top. Liguleacute. Peren-
nial plants.

8. A. pratensis, L. Meadow Oat-grass. “Panicle erect simple
or slightly compound lax, spikelets erect oblong compressed of
3—6 florets, lower floret scarcely so long as the larger glume,
leaves glabrous but more or less scabrous on the surface, root
tufted.’—Br. Fl. p. 552. E. B.t.1204. Host. Gram. Aust. ii.
88, t.51. Trisetum, Parn. Gr. t. 52.

On dry heaths and pastures; very common in the chalky parts of the island.

E. Med. —On St. Boniface down, and other parts of the Undercliff, abundant.
W. Med. —About Carisbrook.

4. A. pubescens, L. Downy Oat-grass. “‘ Panicle erect nearly
simple, spikelets erect of about 2 or 3 florets scarcely longer than
the glumes, lower leaves plane and the sheaths downy, edges
smooth.”—Br. Fl. p. 553. EH. B.t. 1640. Host. Gram. Aust. ii.
87,t. 50. Trisetum, Pers.: Parn. Gr. t. 54.

In dry woods, pastures, and on chalky downs; common. Fl. June, July. 2.

Easily known from A. pratensis, to which it is must nearly allied, by its flat
leaves, downy at the edges. Root downy like the rest of the plant. Calyx often
2-flowered, in which case there are usually the rudiments of a third floret, more
or less developed, sometimes little more than a pedunculated tuft of white hairs.

*** Smaller glume 1-nerved, larger 3-ribbed. Outer glumella keeled with faint
lateral nerves ending in two bristles. Spikelets erect. Ovary glabrous.
Ligule short and obtuse. Perennial plants.

5. A. flavescens, L. Yellow Oat-grass. “Panicle much
branched lax, spikelets of about 3 florets equal in length to the
longer of the very unequal glumes, outer glumella with 2 termi-
nal bristles, lower leaves and sheaths hairy.”—Br. Fl. p.553. EE.
B.t. 952. Host. Gram. Aust. iii. 26, t. 88. Trisetum, Beauv. :
Parn. Gr. t. 54.

In dry meadows, pastures and heathy places; very commonly. Fl. July. 2.

XXVIII. Puraemrres, Trin. Reed.

“ Panicle loose. Spikelets distichous, with 8—4 many distant
perfect florets and a barren one at the base, which are all enve-
loped in long silky hairs attached to the rachis of the spikelet.
Glumes 2, membranaceous, unequal, shorter than the floret, the
lower much smaller. Glumellas 2, membranaceous ; lower ending
in a long subulate awnless point.”—Br. Fl.

1. P. communis, Trin. Common Reed. “Panicle spreading,
spikelets coloured about 5-flowered longer than the glumes, leaves
Phragmites.) GRAMINES. 615

lanceolate acuminato -cuspidate.” — Br. Fl. p. 558.  Arundo
Phragmites, Z.: E. B. t. 401. Host. Gram. Aust. iv. 23, t. 39.

8. Culms procumbent, 30—40 feet long. Vide Ray, Syn. ed. 3tia, Indic.
Plant. Dub. Gramen arundinaceum. 30 pedes longum. " P. communis b. repens,
Meyer, Chlor. Hanov. p. 650.

In wet marshy places, moist thickets, sides of pools, rivers and ditches, also on
wet slipped land and in salt-marshes; very common. Fl. August, September.
Fr. October. 24.

&. Med.—On the wet slipped land along the shore from Ryde towards the
Priory. In Whitefield wood.

W. Med.—Covers the mud-flats on the E. bank of the Yar, a little below Fresh-
water mill.

8. Common along the shore at Puckaster cove, trailing to a great length on the
flat sands, or hanging from the clay-banks above the beach; also in other parts
of the island along the S. coast. In a ditch between Sandown bay and Lower
Morton farm I find it with culms of considerable length floating on the surface,
and emitting fibres from the joints, 1842. Near the Shanklin extremity of San-
down bay, also rooting at the joints, 1842. At Bembridge, Dr. Bell-Sulter.

Root extensively creeping. Culm erect (or in the singular var. 8. prostrate and
trailing), from about 4 or 6 to 8 and 10 or even 12 feet high, simple or occasion-
ally emitting a few short lateral shoots or branches, straight or slightly geniculate
at one or two of the lowermost joints, hard and rigid, hollow, scarcely tapering
from the base upwards in this island, rarely much exceeding a swan-quill in
thickness, at length woody. Leaves varying from narrowly lanceolate or linear-
lanceolate, alternate or often partly arranged unilaterally, spreading or more or
less erect, firm, glabrous, those about the middle of the stem largest, in full-sized
plants 18—20 inches or more in length and 13 inch wide, pale green and some-
what glaucous, especially beneath, finely ribbed and striated, flat, with one or two
marks of constriction across them, gradually acuminated into extremely long, fine
and slender, pale points, that are frequently split into fibres to a considerable dis-
tance downwards, rather inconspicuously and obtusely keeled in their lower half,
elliptically tapering at the base, their margins somewhat uneven and cartilaginous.
Sheaths imbricating, closely investing the culm, glabrous, finely striated, much
shorter than the leaves and concolorous, palish at their base, open behind the
greater part of their length, with narrow whitish brown margins. Ligule a row
of extremely short, close-set, white, erect hairs. Panicle terminal, from a few
inches to a fvot in length, of many alternate, fasciculate, somewhat whorled, com-
pound branches, smovth, angular, subcompressed, at first drooping unilaterally,
when in flower diffusely spreading in a pyramidal form, the lower and longer ones
a little drooping or recurved, and springing from a scale-like cartilaginous process
of the angular rachis, beset with long, white, silky hairs, and of which the supe-
rior branches are destitute, having merely a 2-lobed gland-like callosity at base
between them and the common axis. Spikelets very numerous, imbricated, dark
or sometimes brownish purple, linear-lanceolate, pedicellate, nearly } an inch in
length, 3- or 5- (mostly 3-) flowered, the lowermust floret subsessile and
staminate or sometimes perfect and naked at the base, the rest pedicellate and
perfect (androgynous), their pedicels compressed and fringed laterally with white
silky hairs, that gradually lengthen as the flowering advances, and when in seed
spreading in all directions, giving a beautiful plume-like appearance to the pa-
nicle. Glumes concave, glabrous, very unequal, much shorter than the florets ;
the inferior and outer elliptic-lanceolate, subaristato-acuminate, with three prin-
cipal and several often very indistinct ribs, and a slightly rough prominent keel ;
superior and inner linear-lanceolate, acute, about twice the length of the
other, distinctly 3-ribbed, scarcely keeled, the margins involute. Palee very
unequal; the lower and outer about thrice the length of the inner one, linear-lan-
ceolate, very acutely acuminate, which with the inflexion of its edges causes it to
616 GRAMINER. [ Hordeum.

appear as if awned ;* inner and upper valve linear-oblong, flat, diaphanous, with
slightly reflexed purplish margins, spinulosely ciliated above and bifid at the apex.
Anthers pale yellow. Styles yellowish.

** Inflorescence spicate.
+ Solitary flowers or spikelets sessile, upon a common stalk or rachis.

a. Spike simple. Flowers or spikelets either distichous or inserted on all sides of
the rachis.

XXIX. Horpevum, Linn. Barley-grass.

“* Spikelets in threes from the same joint of the rachis, 1—2
usually neuter or barren: fertile ones with a perfect floret and a
rudimentary neuter one. Glumes 2, collateral, awned. Glumel-
las 2.”.—Br. Fi.

1. H. murinum, L. Mouse Barley. Wall Barley-grass. Way
Bennet. Spike obovato-oblong subcuneate, culms leafy at top,
“glumes of the middle spikelet linear-lanceolate ciliated, of the
lateral ones setaceous-scabrous, outer glumellas of all the spike-
lets shorter than their awns.”— Br. Fl. p. 555. E. B. t. 1971.
Host. Gram. Aust. i. 25, t. 32.

By waysides, and in waste places under walls about towns and villages; very
frequeut. Fl. May—July. ©.

Root annual, cespitose, fibrous, the fibres branched, flexuose, slender. Culms
numerous, forming dense tufts, seldom much above a foot high, lax, spreading or
decumbent below, then ascending, mostly geniculate at the joints, terete, striated,
glabrous and shining, clothed to the very summit or nearly so with leaves, never,
as in the next, naked any great extent below the spike, simple or slightly branched
at bottom. Leaves few (about 5 or 6), pale dull green and slightly glaucous, very
broadly linear, very acute, lax and wavy, the uppermost one shorter than its
sheath, the rest longer; all clasping the culm by pale, falcate, very acuminate
auricles, of which the points cross one another behind; downy on both sides with
fine erect pubescence, slightly keeled beneath, their margins minutely scabrous.
Sheaths loose or somewhat inflated, striated, smooth and glabrous (even the lower-
most in my specimens), or with a very slight downiness on them at farthest, the
uppermost sheath very commonly spathaceous, or half-embracing the base of the
flowering spike; all divided throughout. Liyule excessively short and truncate,
erose. Spike densely distichous, compressed, pale yellowish green, from about
2 to 34 inches long, obovato-oblong or somewhat wedge-shaped in circumscrip-
tion from the gradual spreading out of the awns upwards to its very obtuse termi-
nation. Spikelets erectu-patent, 3-flowered. Rachis broad and flat, 2-edged, the
margins beset with spinules pointing upwards. Central floret sessile, perfect, the
two lateral florets shortly stipitate, containing staminate florets only. Glumes
very natrow, those of the intermediate fluret linear-lanceolate, equal in size, sca-
brous at the back and margins, 2—3 ribbed, ciliated on the edges with long white
hairs directed upwards, acuminated into a bristly awn about equal to the longer
one of the lateral florets ; glumes of the lateral florets very similar to those of the
central one, but narrower and a little unequal, the outer one setaceous and merely
scabrous, the inner subulate, fringed on the outer side and shorter than its fellow,
which is about to the central floret-glumes in length, those of all the florets green
at the back, with pale cartilaginous edges. Palee 2; the inferior and outer one
of all the florets ovato-lanceolate, concave, glabrous or a little hairy, 5-ribbed ;

 

* The outer valve of the uppermost floret in all or most of the spikelets I have
examined has a sudden flexure about the middle, and which is perhaps a constant
character.
Hordeum.) GRAMINE. 617

superior and inner plane with inflexed edges, and a pair of green ribs down the
centre, the apex slightly notched or bifid and spinulose, or sometimes entire.
Awns of the lateral florets about twice, of the central florets about three times, as
long as the palee: at the base of the inner palea of each floret, but springing from
the stipes or pedicel, is a bristle or awn, supposed to be an abortive floret, about
half the length of the valve. Stamens short, hence but little exserted ; anthers
small and short, elliptical, pale yellowish green. Scale cleft to the base into two
linear-lanceolate, acute and fringed lobes, that are giblous below. Germen vil-
lous at top. Styles distant, feathery and recurved. Seed elliptical-oblong,
grayish, with a groove in front, and sometimes 3-ribbed behind, somewhat con-
vex, firmly adhering to both valves.

2. H. pratense, Huds. Meadow Barley-grass.  Squirrel-tail-
grass. Spikes elongate or lanceolato-oblong, culms leafless at
top, sheaths close, “all the glumes setaceous and scabrous (not
ciliated), outer glumella of the middle spikelets about as long as
its awn, of the lateral ones with a short awn.” — Br. Fl. p. 555.
E. B. t.409. H.secalinum, Schreb.: Host. Gram. Aust. 1. 26,
t. 33.

In rather moist meadows and pastures, also in salt-marshes, with the next spe-
cies; abundant. Fl. June, July. © or 2f?

E. Med.—Monkton meadows, Ryde, 1844. About Ryde it constitutes a too
large portion of the hay-crops.

W. Med.—Most abundant in meadows about Yarmouth, and between Yar-
mouth and Thorley. Marsh-meadows at Easton, Freshwater gate. Cowes.

Root small, fibrous and slightly creeping, “ becoming bulbous iu barren ground
occasionally overflowed” (Sm.) Culms few, slightly ascending at the base, after-
wards erect, from about 18 inches to 24 feet in height, very slender, smooth, terete,
naked for several inches below the spike. Leaves few, bright green, not glaucous,
flat, the superior ones very distant, the topmost leaf shorter than its sheath, the
rest as long as or longer, linear, flat, acute, roughish and a little hairy on their
upper side mostly, the margins minutely scabrous, folded, but not, as in the last,
auricled at their base. Sheaths long, close, striated, glabrous, excepting those of
the very lowest and withered leaves, which are very downy, ribbed and whitish.
Ligule extremely small, short aud truncate. Spike distichous, elongate or lan-
ceolato-oblong, from about 14 inch to 3 inches in length, compressed. Spikelets
erecto-patent, smaller than in the last, and with much shorter awns. Florets
similarly constituted and arranged asin the last and following species on the
compressed 2-edged rachis, whose margins are closely beset with minute spinules
pointing upwards. Calyx-glumes of all the three flurets scabrous-serrate, setaceo-
subulate, equal in breadth, but those of the central floret shorter than the
glumes of the lateral ones. Pale lanceolate, much shorter than the glumes;
outer one of each floret acuminated into a long awn, of which that of its cen-
tral floret is much longer than its glumes, of the lateral florets consider-
ably shorter than their glumes; the outer palea of the central floret is glabrous,
of the lateral slightly hairy, towards the summit, that of the former ovato-
lanceolate, very aristato-acuminate, 5-ribbed, the lateral pair of ribs less dis-
tinct and near the inflexed margin; inner and superior valve lanceolate, very
acute but not aristate, having a pair of strong green ribs bounding a central groove,
in which lies an awn or bristle of about half the length of the valve, springing at
its very lowest point, but not attached to its base, properly speaking perhaps, but
rather planted on the pedicel of the floret. Lateral florets mostly staminiferous,
the fertile organs imperfect or wanting.  Anthers linear-oblong, scarcely cloven,
buff-yellow, much exserted on their slender lax filaments. Scale (nectary, Sm.)
cleft to the base into two acute, lanceolate, somewhat fringed lubes. Germen very
downy at top, oblong. Styles distant, much-branched, beautifully plumose and
recurved.

4k
618 GRAMINES. [Triticum,

x

3. H. maritimum, With. Sea-side Barley-grass. Spikes ovato-
oblong, calyx-glumes scabrous, the interior one of the lateral
florets semilanceolate, the rest subulate, culms decumbent leafy
above, sheaths loose. EH. B. t. 1205. Br. Fl. p. 555. Host.
Gram. Aust. i. 27, t. 84.

In salt-marshes and pastures near the sea; not uncommon. Fl. June, July.

£. Med.—In the marsh-meadows by Springfield, near Ryde. [Brading
marshes and S. side of Brading harbour, A. G. More, Esq., Edrs.]

W. Med.—On the embankment by Yarmouth mill, and at Norton. Abundant
in salt-marshes at Newtown.

Root a tuft of whitish, flattened, wrinkled and downy fibres. Culms very nu-
inerous, slender, leafy almost to the summit, rigid, quite smvoth, about 6 or 8
inches high, decumbent by their geniculate and tumid juints, and spreading in all
directions in the form of dense roundish tufts, the terminal portion above the
superior articulation for the most part only erect ur ascending. Leaves short, plane,
linear- or sublinear-lanceolate (the uppermost stem-leaf often almost triangular),
roughish at the edges, more or less pubescent, especially beneath, strongly ribbed
above, pale glaucous-green, with smooth-ribbed, greenish or purplish, slightly
tumid sheaths, divided spirally to the bottom. Ligule extremely short, truncate.
Spikes broader than in H. pratense, ovato-oblong, about 14 inch or 2 inches in
length, pale glaucous-green, the awns often purplish. Florets 3, the intermediate
one perfect, sessile, the two lateral stipitate, imperfect. Glumes subulate, nearly
if not quite as scabrous as in H. pratense, white at the back, those of the interme-
diate floret not ciliated, the interior glume of the lateral florets, or that nearest
the central floret, much broader than the rest, with a wider membranous border,
which is expanded most on the inner side into a semilanceolate shape, varying in
degree but always very apparent. Pulee lanceolate, smovth, much shorter than
the glumes, the outer one 5-ribbed, the two lateral ribs nearly marginal and more
faintly marked; awned, the awn of the centval floret as long as those of the glumes,
those of the lateral florets much shorter, all scabrous; there is, besides, a bristle-like
awn arising from the base of the exterior valve of each floret in front between its
infolding maigins, about half the length of the palee, usually ending in two or
three spinulose points; superior and inner palea more or less acute or even sub-
avistate, with two central green ribs, at which there is a strong reduplication of the
valve inwards, forming a groove partly embracing the ovary. Lateral florets
imperfect.

This species much resembles EH. pratense, but is of more humble growth. The
lower half of one of the calyx-awns of the two outer or sterile florets being dilated,
or as it were winged unilaterally, is a beautiful mark of distinction between this
and our two other species of Hordeum. The awus or bristles of H. maritimum,
especially of the central fluret, are rather Jarger than those of A. pratense, in which
that of the outer valve of the valve of the coruila greatly overtops the rest.

AXX. Triricum, Linn. Wheat-grass.

Spikelets solitary, transverse, the sides (not the backs) of the
glumes and florets directed to the rachis, compressed, many-
flowered. Glumes 2, opposite, nearly equal; both have 3 or more
nerves or ribs. Glumellas 2, lanceolate, outer one acuminate or
awned at the summit, inner bifid at the point, minutely ciliated
on the ribs. Caryopsis free.

There are two natural groups in this genus: Ist, the large annual species,

foreciyn tu our country, which are cultivated so extensively as Bread-corn; and,
2ndly, the smaller perenuial species, many of which are natives with us. These
Triticum.) GRAMINE&. 619

some authors look upon as two distinct genera, Triticum and Agropyrum (Beawv.,
Lindl.) We have only the latter genus or group in Britain.

1. T. repens, L. Creeping-rooted Wheat-grass. Couch-grass.
“Spike elongated, spikelets 4—8 flowered, glumes acuminate
awned or awnless 5—7 ribbed, outer glumella acuminate or with
an awn scarcely ever so long as the glumella 5-nerved, rachis of
the spikelets scabrous, leaves plane or slightly involute at the
edge, root creeping.” — Br. Fl. p. 556. E. B. t. 909. Host.
Gram. Aust. ii. 17, t. 21 (minime bona).

8. littorea, Very glaucous. An T. glaucum, Host. Gram. Aust. iv. 6, t. 10?
and as Professor Meisner, when he saw it here this summer (1850), supposed it
to be.

On hedgebanks, borders of fields, in waste and cultivated places, woods, &c.;
common. Fl. June—August. 2,.

B. By the salt-ditches on the Dover at Ryde. Abundant under the shore at
Apley, and along the coast at the Priory, Sea View, &c. Under Apley walk the
plant may be found exhibiting all gradations between the unawned and awned
state, and of every colour between the usual inland green and the intensest blue or
glaucescent hue which it commonly assumes near the sea.

2. T. junceum, L. Rushy Sea-side Wheat-grass. “ Spikelets
distinct 4—6 flowered, glumes obtuse many-ribbed, outer glumella
obtuse or slightly mucronulate 5-nerved, rachis of the spike
smooth or minutely toothed on the angles, leaves involute pun-
gent, root creeping.”—Br. Fl. p. 556. E. B. t. 814. Host.
Gram. Aust. ii. 18, t. 22? (dubia); idem, ili, 23, t. 83 (bona).
Sibth. Fl. Grec. i. t. 99.

On sandy banks and hillocks by the sea-beach; in great plenty. Fl. June,
July. 2.

E. Med.— Very fine along the shore a little E. of Ryde, just beyond Apley
house. Sandy shore at the Priory, 1846.

W. Med.—On the sandy shore at Norton, in great abundance, 1846.

Whole plant rigid and glabrous. Root (rhizoma) creeping extensively in the
loose sand, slender, tough and rigid, emitting numerous whitish, downy, branched
and flexuose, thready fibres, and white runners with sheathing scales at the joints,
sometimes ending in ovoid bulbous bodies, consisting of densely aggregated im-
bricating lamine. Culms from about 12 to 18 inches or 2 feet high, simple,
round, slender, glaucous and finely striated above, smooth, pale and polished be-
low, filled with cellular tissue, inclining or ascending, often decumbent at the
base, which is buried in the sand, and of a pale whitish or straw-yellow colour
tinged here and there with purple, usually naked for some little distance below the
spike, with a single geniculation above the centre of the culm, above which the
latter is slightly incurved or arcuate. Leaves spreading or divaricate, narrower than
in our other species, and appearing still more so from their much greater tendency
to become involute, which they always are near their points, that hence appear
subulate, the rest of the leaf simply concave or caniculate, often plane or nearly
so at their base; deeply and closely sulcato-striate and very glaucous above from
the short, dense, bristly pubescence which covers their upper side, and which is
simple, appressed and diverging; dul! green, glabrous and slightly striated be-
neath, their margins a little thickened, cartilaginous and somewhat hairy at the
junction with the sheath. Sheaths long, close, striated, in all my specimens quite
glabrous (sometimes slightly downy or minutely scabrous, Bertol.), often tinged
with purple, the lower ones pale or straw-coloured. Ligule scarcely a line in
length, truncate, minutely erose. Spike about 4 to 6 or 8 inches long, slightly
bowed with the culm, seldom quite straight or erect as in our other two species,
620 GRAMINES. (Brachypodiwm.

Spikelets distichous, alternate, about 9 or 10 lines in length, mostly 4 or 5, occa-
sionally but 3, or in luxuriant specimens 7- or 8-flowered, somewhat remote, about
gids or $ths of their own length apart, the lowermost about their own length
asunder, those on the same side of the broad glabrous rachis leaving a consider-
able space of the latter naked between each spikelet (in T. repens the whole rachis
is covered by the imbricating spikelets from end to end), somewhat lax or patent
(not erect or appressed as in that), and, like the rest of the plant, of a pale glau-
cous or sea-green colour. Glumes cartilaginous, about rds the length of the
florets, concave, nearly equal, narrowly oblongo-elliptical (when flattened), obtuse
and rounded at apex, which is often oblique, entire or with a broad sballow notch,
many-ribbed, the ribs dark green, running the entire length of the glumes, but
from their inequality of breadth and position difficult to number with exactness,
being often wholly or partially divided, and then liable to be counted as two; in
general they may be stated to be from 8 or 10 to 12; margins of the glumes
white, perfectly entire and glabrous. Palee elongato-elliptical, flattish and obtuse
with rounded points; outer, larger and lower glabrous, very distinctly 5-ribbed,
the ribs subequidistant, the two marginal ones green, double, the rest paler and
more slender; inner and smaller valve rather shorter, submembranaceous, the
margins folded flat inwards, with a fringe of fine hairs along the edges of the fold,
and a pair of strong green ribs near the latter on its inner side at some distance
from the broad, pellucid, slightly ciliated, true margin of the valve. Stamens
much exserted ; anthers very long and narrow, straw-yellow or violet. Styles dis-
tant, simple. Nectary of 2 distinct, ovoido-globose, pellucid lobes, very gibbuus
at the back, produced into flat, ciliated, acute points.

Dr. Parnell very justly observes that in this species the spikelets are not easily
detached without breaking the rachis; whereas in T. repens they are so much less
firmly seated as to be easily separated without injury to the rachis.

Our three British species of Triticum are very obscurely defined in practice,
however clearly they may appear to be so in books. My own belief is that T.jun-
ceum is but a sea-side variety of T. repens,* while J. caninum t is to all appear-
ance truly distinct from either.

XXXI. Bracnyropium, P. de Beauv. False Brome-grass.

“ Spikelets solitary, transverse to the rachis, alternate, remote,
linear, cylindrical-compressed, many-flowered. Glumes 2, oppo-
site, unequal, shorter than the contiguous lower floret. Glumedlas
2, rounded on the back, 7-ribbed, setigerous or awned at the ex-
tremity ; inner one retuse, coarsely fringed on the ribs above.”—
Br. Fi.

A genus properly separated from both Bromus and Festuca, to which the pre-
sent is closely allied, by its sessile, nearly cylindrical, not compressed spikelets,
and in having the parts of fructification enclosed by the inflexed edges of the
inner valve of the corolla. In their leaves the species have the broad hairy foli-
age of the true Bromi, but the awns of the florets are terminal as in Festuca, the
inner valve of the corolla being very obtuse or truncate, which is not the case in

 

* T. acutum, DC., appears, from the description of the species given by Mer-
tens and Koch (‘ Deutschland’s Flora,’ i. p. 702), to be a connecting link between
our present plant and 7. repens. T find a form on the sandy shore at Norton,
Freshwater, which I suspect to be that referred to by the same authors at p. 703,
and which they are in doubt whether to consider as a species or as merely a tran-
sition variety from 7. junceum to T.acutwm. Our plant is certainly more nearly
allied to 7. repens than to T.junceum, and scarcely differs from the former,
except in its somewhat remote spikelets. :

t This species is not yet detected as an Isle-of-Wight plant, Edrs.]
Loliwm.] GRAMINEA. 621

the two allied genera, In the arrangement of the florets also Brachypodium dif-
fers from Bromus and Festuca just as Lolium and Triticum differ in the disposi-
tion of theirs. In Bromus and Festuca the backs of the florets are in the same
plane with the chief stalk of the panicle; in Brachypodium the edges of the florets
are turned towards the main stem as in Triticum, the back of each spikelet being
then perpendicular to the stalk.

1. B. sylvaticum, Beauv. Slender False Brome-grass. “Spike
drooping, spikelets solitary nearly cylindrical secund, awns of the
upper florets longer than their glumellas, leaves flat flaccid, root
fibrous.” —Br. Fl. p. 558. Host. Gram. Aust. i. 17, t. 21. Fes-
tuca, H. Fl. v.i. p. 149. Bromus, Poll: E. B. t. 729.

B. Spikes nearly erect. '

Common throughout the island in moist woods, thickets, and on shady hedge-
banks, as well as on dry elevated downs and heaths. Fl. June, July. 5

8. In open heathy or grassy places, as at Bonchurch, behind Tolt copse, and
among the young fir-plantations about the foot of the hill leading up to Hamp-
stead farm. This is very different from B. pinnatum, which has not yet been de-
tected in this island, though Wahlenberg makes our B. sylvaticum a variety of
that species.

The inner palea overlaps and encloses two of the stamens and the ovarium,
leaving the scale, which is deeply cloven almost to the base, and the remaining
stamen between the valves, free: this third or outer stamen lies in and exactly fills
the space left between the inflexed edges of the inner valve.

8. “On the downs in various places there is a very deceptive-looking Brachy-
podium, which I suppose is a variety of B. sylvaticum, but it has some of the
characters of B. pinnatum, such as the erect pinnated spike, cylindrical hairy
spikelets (those of B. pinnatum are usually smooth), and almost glabrous leaves,
but then the leaves are broad and the awns long, which are strong characters of
B. sylvaticum. The plant appears to be nearly intermediate between the two.”*
The above remarks of Mr. Saunders apply to a plant I had repeatedly observed
in dry, open and hilly places in various parts of the island, and which, like him,
I had always considered a variety of B. sylvaticum, differing merely in its more
erect or less drooping spikelets.

XXXII. Loxrum, Linn. Darnel.

“ Spikelets solitary, compressed, approximate, placed edgewise
to the rachis, alternate, with 3 or 4 perfect florets. Glumes soli-
tary, or 2 and the one next the rachis small; outer one with seve-
ral nerves about as long as or longer than the lowest contiguous
floret. Gluwmellas 2, outer one awnless or awned.’—#Fr. Fl.

1. L. perenne, L. Perennial Darnel. Rye-grass or Ray-grass.
“ Spikelets 6—8 flowered, glume solitary scarcely longer than the
lowest floret, florets lanceolate awnless or nearly so, root pro-
ducing leafy barren shoots.”—Br. Fl. p. 558. EH. B. t. 315.
Host. Gram. Aust. 1. 20, t. 25.

8B. Spikelets branched. ;

In meadows, pastures, waste ground, cornfields, and by roadsides; everywhere.
Fl. Sune, July. 2f or go.

 

* W. Wilson Saunders, Esq., in litt., July, 1841.
622 GRAMINE. [| Lepturus.

8. In the Spencer road, Ryde, Dr. Betl-Salter !! who also finds this form ex-
tremely common about Ryde, as on the Dover, between Ryde and Ashey, and in
other places.

2. L. temulentum, L. Bearded Darnel. Vect. Cheat. Spike-
lets about 6-flowered equal to or shorter than the glume, florets
awned or awnless elliptical in fruit tumid, root annual without bar-
ren shoots.—a. Florets with rigid awns about as long as or longer
than the glumella.”— Br. Fl. p. 559. E. B. t. 1124. Host.
Gram. Aust. i. 20, t. 26. ~

8. Florets imperfectly awned. L. arvense, L.: #. B.t. 1125. Host. Gram.
Aust. iii. 17, t. 25.

Amongst corn and about the borders of cornfields; most frequently in barley.
Fil. July. ©.

£. Med.—Between Lake and Sandown, Dr. Bell-Salter, who kindly presented

me with the only two specimens he found, 1838, Amongst barley at Whitcomb,
Mr. Wm. Hughes !!

W. Med.—Cornfields about Yarmouth, Mr. Squire.
This species is called Cheat in the Isle of Wight, from its resemblance to the

grain amongst which it grows,—a name applied, for the same reason, in sume
places to Bromus secalinus.

+38. L. multiflorum, Lam. Annual Many-flowered Darnel or
Ray-grass. “Spikelets 6—14 flowered, glume solitary scarcely
as long as the lowest floret, florets lanceolate awned, roots pro-
ducing leafy barren shoots.”—Br. Fl. p. 559. L. mult. 8. arista-
tum, Gaud. Fl. Helv.i. p. 854. L. italicum, A. Braun: Parnell,
Scot. Gr. p. 142, t. 65. L. perenne var., Parn. Gr. tt. 138, 139,
140, 141.

In a clover-field near Fernhill, 1841. Plentiful and with very long awns along
a private path to Brooklands (the Rev. Augustus Hewitt’s) from Binstead, Dr.
Bell-Salter !!!

This is beautifully distinguished from L. perenne, according to Mr. Woods, by
the estivation of the leaves in the barren shvots, which in the latter are simply
folded, but rolled in the former. (See ‘ Phytologist’ for Feb. 1845).

IT learn from my kind correspondent, Dr. Wood, of Broughton, by Manchester,
that Z. multiflorum is common in that vicinity, and that specimens sent by him
to Sir W. Hooker exactly agreed with continental specimens of the species in
that gentleman’s herbarium. Dr. W., who has kindly furnished me with Lanca-
shire specimens, exactly similar to my own from this island, says it is annual.*

XXXII. Leprurus, Brown. Hard-grass.

“ Spike terete, solitary, separating at the joints. Spikelets soli-
tary in each joint, imbedded in cavities alternately on opposite
sides of the rachis and placed edgewise to it, with 1 (or 2) fertile
florets and a superior minute rudimentary (sometimes obsolete)
neuter one. Glwmes 1 (or) 2, collateral, on the opposite side from

 

* [It is evident, however, that our author was not fully convinced of the dis-
tinctness of this plant as a species, by the following remarks, penned immediately
before his leaving England. He observes, it is “ probably either naturalized by
direct importation with foreign grass-seed, or an annual or biennial state of L.
perenne, produced by culture, as suggested by the authors of the sixth edition of
the ‘ British Flora.’” (Phytol. iii. p. 1119).—Fdrs.]
Lepturus.} GRAMINE. 623

the rachis and covering the floret, cartilaginous, several-nerved.
Glumellas of the fertile floret 2, scarious, awnless.”—Br. Fl.

1. L. curvatus, Trin. Sea Hard-grass. ‘Spike subulate,
glumes 2.” — Br. Fl. p. 560. a. Spike curved. Rottbeellia, Z.:
EK. B.t. 760. Host. Gram. Aust. i. 18, t. 28.

ark Spikes very slender and filiform, nearly straight. Rottbellia filiformis,
oth.

In salt-marsh meadows and pastures, and along the grassy borders of creeks
and inlets of the sea and tide-rivers; not unfrequent. Fv. July, August. ©.

W. Med.— Most abundantly and very fine in salt-marshes by Newtown, 1842.
In cultivated fields above Freshwater bay, a short distance from the hotel on the
ascent of the down towards the Needles, in great plenty, where it was pointed out
to me by the Rev. G. £'. Smith, who supposes it may have been conveyed with
sea-weed as manure to the odd situation. ‘Thorness bay, Rev. Wm. Coleman,
1842.

&. In the meadow between Quarr abbey and the sea, 1843. At Springfield, on
the waste ground in front of the houses, near what was until lately the Vernon
hotel; also in salt-marsh meadows between Springfield and Sea View, 1843.
On the embankment by Yarmouth mill, abundantly; also common along the Yar
generally. Amongst short grass near the shore at Norton, just opposite to where
the road leading to Freshwater goes off from the beach. Newtown marshes, and
between Yarmouth and Freshwater, 1842. By the Medina near Dallimore’s farm,
in plenty (a stouter form), Miss G. Kilderbee!!! Along the shore between W.
Cowes and Egypt, idem. [Around Brading harbour, in many places, A. G.
More, Esq., Edrs.]

A singular grass, bearing some resemblance when in flower to Lolium perenne,
delighting to grow amongst the herbage skirting the little creeks or inlets of salt-
water rivers, where its unopened spikes are not readily distinguished from the
leayes or barren scapes of some of the smaller Junci, even after the white anthers
have begun to protrude, looking as if accidentally blown on and adhering to the
supposed rushes. In these situations the plant has a very slender habit, the stems
being quite filiform, when it is the R. filiformis of Roth and others, but in more
exposed places this grass assumes a stouter, shorter and more rigid habit; the
spikes are then remarkably ineurved, and thus we find it in open fields near Fresh-
water. The following description is drawn up from specimens of the stouter form
of variety 6., gathered amongst other grasses by the Medina, which, from its great
frequency in such situations, appears the most natural and congenial to this

lass.
3 Root a tuft of brownish fibres. Culms numerous, from 3 or 4 inches to
a foot in height, erect or ascending, round, slender, hollow, very smovth and
polished, with several tumid geniculate joints towards the base, leafy on their
lower half, leafless above. Leaves linear, very narrow, bright green, taper-
pointed, rongh along their more or less involute edges with minute prickles,
and like the rest of the plant quite glabrous. Sheaths long, close. Ligule
very short, abrupt and jagged. Spike terminal, 2—4 inches long, either
straight or making with the upper leafless portion of the culm a curve like
Spartina stricta, to which genus this grass has been erroneously referred by some
authors. Florets alternate, closely applied to the rachis, which is flattened and
grooved on opposite portions of its entire length to receive them, and jointed at
the base of each floret, which fits into its place so exactly before blossoming as to
appear an integrant portion of the spike, which then represents a miniature bam-
boo. Glumes a little unequal, very thick, stiff and pointed, the edge of the smaller
slightly overlapping that of the larger, which is therefore analogous to the inner
valve of other grasses, the borders and tip of each glume white and membranous,
both marked on the back with strong green ribs; sometimes the two are united
into one piece. Palee lanceolate, unequal, as long as the calyx, of a delicate,
thin, membranous texture, the larger and outer with a single green rib down the
G24 GRAMINE. (Spartina.

middle, the smaller and inner ribless. Anthers white or yellowish; in many
florets I find the stamens entirely wavting. Ovarium subglobose. Styles short ;
stigmas branched, plumose and spreading.

From the analogy of this grass to Lolium, it is perhaps grateful to cattle in
salt-marsh pastures, but its natural produce in such situations is too insignificant
to deserve attention.

tt Spike compound. Flowers or spikelets unilateral.
XXXIV. Spartina, Schreb. Cord-grass.

“ Spike compound. Partial spikes erect, racemose. Spikelets
sessile, awnless, arranged alternately in 2 rows on one side of the
partial rachis, laterally compressed, with one fertile and scarcely
any rudiments of a neuter floret. Glumes 2, very unequal, lanceo-
late, compressed. Glumellas 2, compressed, lanceolate, acumi-
nate. Styles united half-way up. Stigmas elongated.—Ligules
very short.”—Br. Fl.

1. 8S. stricta, Roth. Twin-spiked Cord-grass. Spikes 2—8
subgeminate coarctate, florets hairy, larger calyx-valve simply
acuminate, leaves shorter than the spikes tapering at the base and
articulated upon their sheaths, the lower ones deciduous, rachis
scarcely produced beyond the terminal floret of each partial spike.
Sm. HE. Fl.i. p. 136. Br. Fl. p. 561. Lindl. Syn. p. 298. EH. B.
vi. t. 889 (Dact. stricta), Bromf. in Hook. Comp. to Bot. Afag. ii.
p. 254. Bertol. Fl. Ital. i. p. 575.

In muddy salt-marshes, creeks and inlets of the sea, and about the mouths of
rivers within reach of the ‘tide, i in many places. #7. July—September. 2.

W. Med.—Plentiful along the Wootton river, below Wootton bridge.

W. Med. — Shores of the Medina above Cowes, frequent. Salt-marshes along
the Yar, and near the shore at Norton. Newtown salt-marshes, abundantly.
Yarmouth, in abundance, Ar. Snooke !!!

Herb of a pale, dirty, yellowish or brownish green, sometimes with a purplish
tinge. Root creeping extensively by long jointed suckers, and emitting at the
crown several white, tough, simple or branched fibres, running deep into the mud
in all directions. Culms more or less ascending at the base, afterwards erect,
slightly incurved or arcuate, from 6 to 8 or 10 inches high, seldom exceeding a
foot or 15 inches at most; round, hollow in the centre, rigid, smooth and leafy,
cased for a considerable distance upwards with the blackish, half-decayed and
leafless sheaths of the previous season,* and from thence to the summit with the
olive-green or purplish ones of the current year. Leaves usually much shorter
than the flower-spikes, rarely equalling but never exceeding the latter, quite erect
and flat, except near their extremities, where they are involute,t linear-lanceolate,
taper-pointed, a little arcuate, tough and rigid, quite glabrous, with thin, white,
cartilaginous edges, finely striated, particularly on their upper surface, which is

 

* The radical shoots or suckers produced with the flowering culms I imagine
survive the winter, losing their old leaves, which fall away at the articulation
with tbeir sheaths, and developing new ones towards the period of inflorescence
along with the nascent stems, which the withered but persistent sheaths of the
first year continue to enclose and protect.

+ Erroneously described by Hooker as involute, which they never are in this
species, nor in S. alterniflora till some time after gathering, or when dried with
insufficient pressure.
Spartina.] GRAMINEZ. 625

ploughed into deep furrows, with broader and whitish cartilaginous ridges be-
tween them, giving this side of the leaf a pale glaucous colour, the under being
of a yellow or almost olive-green: the base of each leaf narrows by a short but
easy taper into the long, smooth, tight and striated sheath, which is closed all
around the culm nearly to the summit, its point of junction with the leaf being
marked by a faintly projecting fillet or annular articulation, at which the leaf
separates in process of time by natural decay, or may be easily detached, leaving
behind the truncate and still investing sheath. Ligule extremely short, a mere
row of unequal bristly hairs. Spike terminal, 3 or 4 inches long, of 2 or some-
times 3, rarely 4, close erect branches, of unequal length; spikelets numerous,
linear, hairy, } an inch in length, inserted unilaterally and alternately along two
faces of the compressed triangular rachis, which is grooved for their partial recep-
tion, its extremity produced into a straight point extending but little beyond the
highest or ultimate spikelet of each branch. Glumes chaffy, much compressed
and very unequal; the inferior and outer scarcely $rds the length of the inner,
extremely narrow, subulate and acute, ribless; superior and inner glume seated
on a thick green base or pedicel, from the side of which, a little lower down, the
outer glume arises; linear, incurved, 2-ribbed above the back, clothed with long,
appressed, silky hairs, and more or less fringed with bristly ones on the dorsal
ridge, ils apex sometimes torn but not emarginale, very acuminate. Palee
much compressed, nearly equal, linear and chaffy; upper aud inner valve
rather longer than the other, quite glabrous, faintly 2-ribbbed down the
centre,* with a fold inwards of the valve between them, its point very acute
and bifid; lower and outer valve bluntish and entire at the apex, slightly
hairy, especially above, with a single green dorsal rib, armed its own length with
a row of long, slender, almost appressed spines. Anthers pale buff-colour. Ova-
rium oblong, tapering into the very long closely cohering styles, that terminate
in yellowish white, simple and feathery stigmas. Scale none.

This rank-smelling grasst is quite destitute of beauty; nor does it recommend
itself by any known use, unless by its creeping and fibrous roots serving to conso-
lidate the soft fluctuating soil on which it grows, and affording a safe, if not a
dry, footing over the dveary waste of flat salt-marsh. In its geographical distri-
bution the Twin-spiked Cord-grass is confined to the South and centre of Europe,
terminating both in Britain and on the Continent below 53° of latitude, and is
principally confined to the East and South-east coast of England, ranging to
neither Scotland nor Ireland. Though found sparingly in Devonshire (ex herb.
Smith), it seems to be everywhere scarce to the westward of this island, but ex-
tends southward into Africa as far at least as Mogador, from whence I have seen
specimens. Our other British species, S. alterniflora, Lois., discovered by my-
self, in 1836, growing abundantly at Southampton, and within thirteen miles of
our shores, does not occur on this side of the Solent.

 

* These ribs, being extremely slender and pellucid, are only to be seen dis-
tinctly in certain lights.

+ The foetid odour of our two British species of Spartina seems common to the
genus, for Gronovius, in his ‘ Flora Virginica, mentions the rancid odour of S.
cynosuroides, an American species, confused by Linneus with our S. stricta, to
which the description in the ‘Species Plantarum’ scarcely applies, though the
true synonym of Ray is appended.
626 EQUISETACES. [E'quisetum.

Cuass ITI.
ACOTYLEDONOUS orn CELLULAR PLANTS.

“Whole plant with a cellular structure (except in the true ferns,
which have tubular vessels among the cells, and hence approach
the 2nd class). There are no real flowers, nothing that can be
considered as stamen and pistil. The seeds, or organs of repro-
duction, are without any distinct embryo, consequently without
any cotyledon.—This Class corresponds with the 24th, Cryptoga-
mia, in the Linnean system.”—Br. Fl.

Order LXXXVIII. EQUISETACEA, DeCand.

“Fructification terminal in spikes or catkins, consisting of pel-
tate polygonous scales, on the under side of which are from 4—7
involucres, which open longitudinally and contain numerous glo-
bose bodies enfolded by four filaments clavate at their extremi-
ties."— Br. Fl.

I. Equisetum, Linn. Horse-tail.

“Character of the genus the same as that of the order.’—
Br. Fl.

* Fertile stems unbranched, succulent, appearing before the sterile ones, which
have whorled branches.

1. E. Telmateja, Ehrh. Great Water Horse-tail. ‘Sterile
stems with very numerous (about 30) strie and nearly erect sim-
ple branches, stem cylindrical smoothish, sheaths with close small
subulate teeth, fertile stems (short) without branches clothed with
ample loose sheaths having many subulate 2-ribbed teeth.” — Br.
Fl. p. 581. E. fluviatile, Z. Gn part). Sm. EH. B. t. 2022. Fl.
Dan. ix. t. 1469 (opt.)

Tu wet hedgerows, on ditchbanks, by river-sides and in other watery places.

. April.
mo Te Pleytiul all along the hedge on the right-hand in the road between
Apley and St. John’s. Park woods, near Nettlestone. [On nearly all the slipped
land of the shore and cliffs throughout the East Medina, Dr. Bell-Salter, Edrs.]

W. Med.— In a ditch at Lake farm, near Gatcombe, B. T. W. [Moortown
bog, Brighstone, A. G. More, Esq., Edrs.]

2. FE. arvense, L. Field Horse-tatl. Corn Horse-tail. “Frond
attenuated upwards, sterile stem slightly scabrous with 12—14
furrows, teeth of the sheath lanceolato-subulate 1-ribbed to the
Eiquisetum.] EQUISETACES, 627

point, branches simple erecto-patent, fertile stem without branches,
its sheaths remote loose.’—Br. Fl. p. 582. E. B. t. 2020.

et on stiff clay soil in cornfields, and on the landslips. Fl. March,
pril.

The long, blackish, creeping root sends up several flowering stems in early
spring, from 6 to 12 inches high, erect, pale, cylindrical, hollow, jointed and suc-
culent, terminating in a cone of 2 or 3 inches in length, at first greenish, after-
wards brown. Sheaths 4 to 8 or 10, pale brown, inflated, loosely clothing the
stems, terminating in 20 or more dark brown, long and finely pointed teeth ; the
sheaths ave in the young plant approximate, but when in flower remote. After
the fertile stems have died off, the sterile ones come up.

The elastic action of the spiral filaments is beautifully shown, by shaking a lit-
tle of the ripe seed from a portion of the catkin on a piece of thin window-glass,
and bringing it undera high power of the microscope. At first little action is per-
ceptible, the filaments merely relaxing their spiral grasp in some degree, but in a
few minutes, as if by one consent, they start asunder, and, s reading widely, en-
tirely liberate the green globular body they before embraced, and to which they
are still attached by their base. The simultaneous action of so many little atoms
exerting this faculty of irritability gives an appearance of animation to the mass.
The filaments are delicately transparent, and seem flat and unjointed ; their ex-

tremities are somewhat triangular, and covered with colourless transparent
globules.

** Fertile stems similar to the sterile ones ; simple or branched.

3. E. sylvaticum, L. Wood Horse-tail. “Sterile and fertile
stems with about 12 furrows, branches compound whorled de-
curved, sheaths lax with about 6 or 12 long membranaceous ob-
tuse teeth.’—Br. Fl. p. 582. EH. B. t. 1874.

In moist or boggy woods, thickets, and on wet shady banks, but very uncom-
mon in the Isle of Wight. Fr. April, May.

£. Med.—Tn Apse-heath withy bed, plentifully, 1837. Parsonage lynch,
Newchurch.

Rhizoma perennial, blackish brown, tough, slender, sparingly branched, de-
scendiug perpendicularly or creeping horizontally, but to uo great length, emit-
ting a few dark thready fibres. Fertile stems solitary, rarely 2 or more from the
same rhizoma, from about 6 or 8 to 12 or 18 inches high, quite erect, but be-
coming bowed or arcuate some time after gathering, scarcely the thickness of a
quill, succulent, soft and weak, without rigidity, cylindrical, tapering upwards,
pale green or nearly colourless, rather faintly striated with from about 12 to 14
furrows, whose intermediate ridges appear under a lens rough with minute aspe-
rities, hardly perceptible to the touch: when they first rise from the ground the
fertile stems are quite simple, but with the opening catkin most of them begin to
develope a whorl of branches at each articulation, from the highest joint down-
wards in succession, to the number of from 1 or 2 to 8 (never more, Newm.), mostly
about 3—5; a few of the stems remain unbranched and quickly disappear: the
number of branches in each whorl corresponds to that of the furrows on the stem,
to the ends of which they are opposite, compound, bright green, gracefully arch-
ing or decurved. Sheaths numerous, loose, a little inflated or ventricose, shorter
than the internodes, strongly ribbed and furrowed, dividing at top into 3 or 4 ob-
long or lanceolate, pointed, membranaceous lobes, of a pale brown, the lower part
of the sheaths greenish or towards the bottom of the stem becoming uniformly of
a deep reddish or blackish brown colour. Cathkin from about 9 to 12 or 15 lines
lon, on a soft hollow stalk about its own length or rather wore, ovoid-oblong or
truly conical, often a little curved or oblique, abrupt or truncate at base, the apex
obtuse or slightly pointed, the very narrow scales at first greenish white, after-
wards of a pale reddish brown or fawn-colour. Spore-cases (sporangia) oblong or
628 EQUISETACEH.— POLYPODIACER. [Ceterach.

conical, obtuse or pointed, dark green from the included spores, which are partly
colourless. Barren stems appearing simultaneously with the fertile and very simi-
lar to them in general appearance, but more slender, with smaller, shorter and
closer sheaths, more numerous whorls of branches (10—20, Newm.), that are greatly
more elongated and very slender, drooping in an arching manner as in the fertile
plant, the branches composing each whorl gradually diminishing from the lower-
most whorl upwards, so as to give a conical or pyramidal outline, the apex termi-
nating in a simple branch and nodding.

A most elegant and graceful species, far more common in mountainous districts
than with us.

4. i, limosum, L. Smooth Horse-tail. ‘Stems smooth stri-
ated, striae about 16—18, teeth of the sheath short rigid distinct,
branches nearly erect simple whorled often abortive, catkin termi-
nal upon the stem.”—Br. Fl. p. 582. E. B. t. 929. E. fluviatile,
L. (in part).

8. Branches abortive or wanting,

s es shallow slow or stagnant water with a muddy bottom; frequent. Jr. June,
uly.

£. Med.—In marsh-ditches on Sandown level, abundant. In a small pool on
ee side of Cothey-bottom copse, betwixt Westridge house and Barnsley farm,
; i ae amen’ in the moors at Moor Town, Brixton, with E. palus-
re, ;

B. Steephill, Albert Hambrough, Esq., 1839!

5. E. palustre, L. Marsh Horse-tail. ‘Stems deeply furrowed
roundish with 4—8 angles, teeth of the sheaths wedge-shaped
acute brown at the point and membranaceous at the margin,
branches simple whorled gradually shorter upwards (sometimes
abortive), catkin terminal obtuse.” — Br. Fl. p. 582. E. B.t.
2021.

B. Proliferous.

In marshy or boggy places, on wet gravelly or sandy banks, turf-moors, &c.;
less frequent than the last. Fr. June, July.

£. Med.—Shanklin chine.

W. Med.—Plentiful with E. limosum in wet meadows about Brixton, at Moor
Town, &c., 1846. Abundant in the moist meadows at Easton, Freshwater gate,
where the proliferous ar. also grows, 1844.

B. In the old gravel-pit just beyond the bog at Cockleton, 1845. Between
Debbourne turnpike and Gurnet farm, by the side of the road, Miss G. Kilderbee !

Order LXXXIX. POLYPODIACE, R. Br.

“ Capsules dorsal or marginal, surrounded by aring, reticulated
and pellucid, opening transversely and irregularly. Fronds cir-
ea ae fee ey 8
cinate in estivation.’—Br. FI.

I. Cereracu, Willd. Ceterach.

“ Sori oblong or linear, straight, scattered, arising from reticu-
lated veins, covered (as is the whole back of the frond) with chaffy
scales. Involucre none (or obsolete).’—Br. Fl.
Polystichum.] POLYPODIACES. 629

1. C. officinarum, Willd? Common Ceterach. “Fronds pinna-
tifid covered beneath with imbricated chaffy scales, segments ovate
obtuse, scales entire.’—Br. Fl. p. 566. Scolopendrium, EL. B. t.
1244.

On old walls, roofs aud limestone rocks ; not common.

E. Med.— Ov Brading church. Wall at Cooper’s, near Bembridge, abun-
dantly, Dr. Bell-Salter !

W. Med.—Carisbrook-castle walls, G. Kirkpatrick, Esq. !!!

Rhizoma perennial, short, scaly, not creeping, concealed by the tufted, blackish
and scaly fibres or real roots. Fronds numerous, mostly all fructiferous, from 2
to 6 inches long, erect or spreading, linear, somewhat fleshy, dark green, a little
glaucous, smooth and naked above, thickly imbricated beneath with rusty brown,
Janceolate, pointed and entire, chaffy scales, which in the younger frond have a
silvery aspect and are at all times easily detached; sinuato-pinnatifid, the lobes
alternate or subopposite, roundish ovate, very obtuse, usually approximate or sub-
confluent, more rarely a little remote, entire or slightly waved or crenate along
the edges, which appear membranaceous or fringed by the incurved points of the
contiguous dorsal scales; flat at first, afterwards becoming a little hollowed or
concave. Stipes very short, subcompressed, scaly like the frond. Sori linear-
oblong.

II. Poryroprum, Linn. Polypody.

“Sort roundish. Involucre 0. Veins simple or forked (in the
British species).”—Br. Fl.

1. P. vulgare, L. Common Polypody. Fronds deeply pinna-
tifid, the segments linear-lanceolate obtuse crenulate approximate,
upper ones gradually smaller. Br. Fl. p. 566. H. B. t. 1149.

8. Lower lobes of the frond forked.

y. Frond doubly pinnatifid.

On shady hedgebanks, trunks of trees, and in the clefts of rocks, &c.; plentiful
everywhere.

_B. Steephill, Albert Hambrough, Esq. !

‘y. On a rock at Bonchurch, 1845, idem. [Shady lane at Brighstone, A. G.
More, Esq., drs.)

y. This remarkable form of the Polypody resembles pretty closely that given in
Newman’s ‘ British Ferns,’ fig. 9, p. 113, but in this the secondary segments or
pinnules are broader, and divided close down upon the midrib.

My specimen from Mr. Hambrough, as is usually the case in the var. called P.
cambricum by Liuneus, is destitute of fructification.

III. Ponysricuum, Roth. Prickly Shield-fern.

“ Sori nearly circular, covered by an indusium seated upon the
back of the lateral veins. Indusiwm circular, attached by the
centre.”—Bab. Man.

1. P. lobatwm, Roth. Close-leaved Prickly Shield-fern. Fronds
narrow-lanceolate bipinnate attenuated at the base, pinnules rigid
convex ovato-elliptical sublunate acuminate aristate oblique and
concave at the base and (more or less) decurrent their margins
subserrate spinulose, the inferior pinnules chiefly with a distinct
tooth or lobe at the base on the upper side, the foremost pinnule
of each pair next the rachis larger than the hinder or lower one,
630 POLYPODIACE&. [Lastrea.

stipes and rachis more or less chaffy, fructification confined to the
upper half of the frond. E. B. t. 1563. Br. Fl. p. 568.

On hedgebanks, in moist woods, &c.; very rare with us.

E. Med.—A single root on a bank of a lane close to Cooper’s, near Bembridge,
Dr. Bell-Salter, 1841—42'!! Bank on the left-hand side of the road going from
the lodge at E. Cowes castle towards Whippingham, Miss G. Kilderbee!* [In

the lane and copse by Little Smallbrook, a few plants only, A. G. More, Esq.,
Edrs.]

This species, if such it really is, may be distinguished from the following by its
much narrower more truly lanceolate fronds, gradually attenuated at the base, of
a peculiarly firm rigid texture and brighter green colour.

My kind and liberal friend, Dr. J. B. Wood, of Manchester, to whom TI am
indebted for making me better acquainted with this and the following species,
remarks that A. dobatum is the hardier and more northern plant, growing in situ-
ations and at elevations where A. angulare is seldom or never found, the latter
showing au exclusive predilection for low, warm and sheltered localities. Sir W.

Hooker observes that A. angulare is wanting in Scotland, where A. lobatum is
sufficiently common.

2. P. angulare, Newman. Angular-leaved Shield-fern. Fronds
broadly lanceolate bipinnate abrupt or truncate at the base
scarcely rigid, pinnules distinctly petiolate plane ovate sublunate
obtuse aristate obliquely truncate at the base with a large auricle
on its upper side the margins deeply serrated spinulose, lower-
most pinnules often deeply pinnatifid, those of the basal pair
scarcely larger than the rest and nearly equal, stipes and rachis
very chafly. E. B.t. 2776. Br. Fl. p. 568.

On moist shady hedgebanks and in woods in low sheltered situations ; abun-
dantly.

IV. Lastrea, Presl. Shield-fern.

‘‘ Sori nearly circular, covered by an indusium seated upon the
back of the lateral veins. IJnduswwm renitorm, attached by the
sinus.’—Bab. Alan.

1. L. Thelypteris, Presl. Marsh-fern. Vect. Ground-fern.
“Fronds pinnate, pinne linear-lanceolate pinnatifid, and as well
as the rachis slightly pubescent, the segments ovato-acute entire,
sori marginal contiguous at length confluent.” — Br. Fl. p. 569.
Aspidium. EF. B. xv. t. 1018. Francis, Ferns, p. 29, t. 2, fig. 6.
Newman.

In low boggy or marshy meadows, but not common, and seldom seen in fructi-
fication.

E. Med.—On a piece of boggy land under a high bank above Knighton Lower

 

* The specimen from Cowes in Miss Kilderbee’s herbarium Dr. Bell-Salter
considers as a lonchitidiform var. of A. angulare, but the frond, which exhibits no
fructification, has the narrow-lanceolate outline and attenuated base which dis-
tinguishes A. lobatum ; the basal pair of pinnules, too, of each pinna is very une-
qual, and the pinnules themselves decurrent almost throughout, a very few of the
inferior ones on the lowermost pinne only being as distinctly petiolate as in the
true A. angulare. The plant appears, besides, to possess the rigidity of texture
characteristic uf the genuine A. lobatum.
Lastrea.] POLYPODIACEZ. 631

mill, opposite Knighton farm, between that and Hartsash, 1845. Boggy meadow

a little above Alverston mill, rather sparingly. In very small quantity on a ditch-

bank between Merry Garden and Ninham. Abundant and very luxuriant on the

warns amongst low willows and Sweet Gale; also between that place and
ookley.

W. Med.—Abundant in several parts of the marsh at Freshwater gate, on deep
bog, composed chiefly of comminuted shells. In a large willow-bed between
Compton and Dunsbury farms, a little N.E. of Compton grange, 1844, Toler-
ably plentiful in a boggy meadow by Cridmore, Godman Kirkpatrick, Esq.
very large and luxuriant, some of the fronds being upwards of 15 inches long and
in fine fructification.

Rhizoma creeping extensively. Frond subsolitary (?), lanceolate, erect, from 6
to 18 inches long, pinnate; pinne linear-lanceolate, a little curved backwards or
towards the base of the frond, and gradually diminishing in length towards each
extremity, the lowermost of all extremely short and often without a fellow, the
rest opposite, subopposite or alternate, distant, bright pale, sometimes dull green,
thin and delicate, without resinous glands, deeply pinnatifid, the segments (pin-
nules) opposite or subalternate, ovato-oblong, a little pointed and for the most
part slightly curved forwards, entire, their edges somewhat veined and usually
fringed with a few scattered and short hairs, and in the fertile fronds strongly de-
flexed and involute in fructification; the main central nerve sends off alternate
lateral nervures, directed a little towards the apex of the pinnule, and which
branch dichotomously a short distance from their origin, running straight and
nearly parallel to each other to the margin, rarely with one or other of the
branches again divided near its termination, and there is always one or more un-
branched secondary nerve near the apex of each pinnule. Rachis naked (desti-
tute of chaffy scales), very smooth and polished, with a pellucid horny aspect, and
a deep groove along its upper side, very slightly hairy sometimes on the frond,
mostly black at the base. Sort roundish, placed about midway in a single row
between each margin of the pinnules and their central nerve on the branches of
the secondary nervures.*

Distinguished from A. Oreopteris, which it greatly resembles, by its long,
black, creeping roots sending out numerous fibres. Mr. Francis observes, on the
authority of Sprengel, that the plant is glandulose, which I find the case in my
specimens, though inodorous when bruised. The rachis is represented in E. B.
as scaly, though asserted in the text to be smooth or naked, as T find it; neither
are the segments of the pinnae with me at all fringed with bristles as there
drawn, but only obscurely crenate, with a very few scattered hairs on the under
side and about the main rib.

2. L. Oreopteris, Presl. Mountain Shield-fern. ‘‘ Fronds pin-
nate, pinne lanceolate pinnatifid glabrous resinoso - glandulose
beneath the segments lanceolate obtuse entire, lowermost ones
longer, sori marginal.” — Br, Fl. p. 569. Aspidium. H. B. t.
1019.

On elevated boggy places; very rare?

E. Med. — At Apse castle, but very sparingly, 1843, Dr. Bell-Salter! Ona

low wet bank by the roadside between Guildford and Lynn farms, sparingly,
1845, idem. The Wilderness, 1846, Albert Hambrough, Esq.

3. L. Filiz-mas, Presl. Blunt Shield-fern. “Fronds bipin-
nate, pinnules oblong obtuse serrated, sori near the central nerve,

stipes and rachis chaffy."— Br. Fl. p. 569. Aspidium. HE. B. t.
1458 and t. 1949 (A. cristatum).

 

* Hooker says marginal, but this is surely a mistake?
632 POLYPODIACLE. [A splenium.

8. Pinnules with the margins entire.
In moist shady woods, thickets and hedges; frequent.
B. Apse castle, and copse at Weeks’s, 1844, Dr. Bell-Sulter.

4. L. spinulosa, Presl. Prickly-toothed Shield-fern. “‘ Fronds
linear-lanceolate bipinnate, pinnules oblong inciso-pinnatifid, seg-
ments serrate spinoso-mucronate, indusium persistent without
marginal stalked glands, stipes clothed with broad roundish con-
colorous scales.” — Bab. Man. p. 411. Aspidium. Br. Fl. p.
571. E. B. t. 1460.

In damp hedge-bottoms and on shady banks, in woods and lanes, &c.; fre-
uent.
. Abundant on the Wilderness. Ina dell at Apse castle, called Tinker’s Hole,
in plenty.

The Rev. G. E. Smith, in a letter to me of December 20th, 1842, thus charac-
terizes this fern :—“ Frond deltoideo-rhomboid or lanceolate. Rachis strong and
thick, and covered more or less with brown scales, which closely envelop the
young fronds and the stem (stipes), Pinne convex, variously divided. Occurs
in dry and wet places with sand, loam and gravel, and in dry and wet stony
places on ? reaching 3 feet and more in height.”

5. L. dilatata, Presl. Broad Shield-fern. “Frond ovato-lan-
ceolate bipinnate, pinnules pinnate or pinnatifid, segments ser-
rate spinoso-mucronate, indusium with marginal stalked glands,
stipes clothed with long pointed scales with a dark centre and
diaphanous margin.” — Bab. Man. p. 411. Aspidium. E. B. t.
1461. A.spinulosum £., Br. Fl. p. 571.

In similar places with the last; not unfrequent.

E. Med.—Near Ninham farm, by Ryde, &c.

W. Med.—[Moortown bog, Brighstone, A. G. More, Esq., Edrs.]

This fern is thus characterized by the Rev. G. E. Smith :—“ Frond lanceolate.
Rachis slight. Scales pale brown, and few of them on the young fronds. Pin-

nules flat, veins sunken above. On wet bushy and grassy spots in woods and on
moors.” Is it distinct from L. spinulosa ?

 

V. AspLenium, Linn. Spleenwort.

“ Sori oblong or linear. Involucres of the same shape, arising
from the lateral veins and opening on one side longitudinally
towards the central nerve or midrib.’—Br. Fi.

1. A. Adiantum-nigrum, L. Black Maidenhair Spleenwort.
“ Fronds ovate or deltoid tripinnate below, pinnules ovato-lanceo-
late inciso-pinnatifid toothed, principal rachis winged, sori at
length confluent.” —Br. Fl. p. 573. HE. B. t. 1950.

In moist shady hedgerows ; frequent.

E. Med.—Very common about Ryde. In the hedge between Ryde and Alder-
moor, a little beyond the direction-post. Edge of Quarr copse, along the New-
port road.

W. Med.—Common about Brixton, A. G. More, Esq., Edrs.]

2. A. Trichomanes, L. Common Wall Spleenwort. ‘ Fronds
pinnate, pinne roundish-oblong obtuse crenated truncato-cuneate

at the base (stipes and rachis black).” — Br. Fl. p. 573. E. B. t.
576.
Scolopendrium.} POLYPODIACEH. 633

; ea rocks, and on dry hedgebanks; apparently of rare occurrence in this
island.

#. Med.—On the S.E. side of Quarr-abbey walls, in some plenty, 1850. Near

the foot of Messley down, where the road turns off to Newchurch and Knighton,
on a bank, sparingly.

W, Med. — Walls of Carisbrooke castle, 1839. Plentiful in a lane facing the
‘Sun’ public-house. At Chale, 1840. Between Chale and Atherfield, Dr. Mar-

tin. Mirables, Albert Hambrough, Esq.! (On the church at Shorwell, plenti-
fully, Rev. B. McAll, Edrs.]

3. A.marinum, L. Sea Spleenwort. “Fronds pinnate, pinne
oblong-obtuse inciso-serrate, the superior base rounded and sub-
auriculated, the inferior one truncated.”—Br. Fl. p. 578. FE. B.
t. 576.

Found sparingly amongst the rocks at Niton, 1845, Miss Kirkpatrick !!!

4. A. Ruta-muraria, L. Rue-leaved Spleenwort. Wall Rue.
“Fronds bipinnate especially below, pinnules obovato-cuneate
lobed or bluntly toothed, involucre jagged at the margin.” — Br.
Fl. p. 578. EH. B. t. 150.

On walls, churches, &c.; not very common.

E. Med.— At E. Cowes, on a wall. Ona wall in the Spencer road, Ryde, in
tolerable plenty, 1847. On Arreton church.

W. Med.—On Calbourne and Freshwater churches. On rocks at Niton, G.
Kirkpatrick, Esq. :

VI. Aruyrium, Roth. Lady-fern.

“ Sort oblong, reniform. Indusiwm opening towards the central
nerve or midrib, margin free.” —Bab. Man.

1. A. Filiz-femina, Roth. Common Lady-fern. “Fronds
broadly lanceolate bipinnate, pinnules linear-oblong acute often
drooping inciso-serrate, serratures bi-tridentate acute, lower one
at the upper margin large auricled, sori oblong at length arched
at the base.”—Br. Fl. p. 574. Aspidium. LH. B. t. 1459.

On moist rocks and in wet boggy or heathy places; frequent.

E. Med.—Very abundantly on damp hedgebanks on the skirts of Blackpan
common and parts adjacent, 1848. Very luxuriant in Shanklin chine, Rev. G.
E. Smith.

W. Med.—[Moortown bog, Brighstone, A. G. More, E'sq., Edrs.]

VII. Sconorenprium, Sm. Hart’s-tongue.

“ Sori linear, transverse, on lateral veins. IJnvolucre double,
occupying both sides of the sorus, opening, as it were, by a longi-
tudinal suture. Veins forked.”—Br. Fi.

1. 8. vulgare, Sym. Common Hart's-tongue. “ Fronds simple
oblong-ligulate acute heart-shaped at the base, stipes sealy.”—
Br, Fl. p. 574. HE. B. t. 1150.

8. Fronds bi- or tripartite at the extremity.

In moist shady woods, on hedgebanks, and in clefis of rocks: abundant.

Very fine in Undercliff. Shanklin. ‘

M
6384 POLYPODIACE. [Pteris.

B. By the roadside from Bonchurch to St. Boniface, near Dyer’s cottage, S
Hailstone, jun., Esq. !

Rhizoma thick, hard, fleshy and yellowish within, blackish without, and imbri-
cated with the ascending bases of the present and former year’s fronds, emitting
copious long, blackish, flexuose and wiry fibres. Fronds mostly very numerous,
firm in texture, evergreen, from about 12 to 20 inches or 2 feet in length and from
2k to 3 inches wide, at first erect, becoming gradually more horizontal, and forni-
ing at length dense spreading tufts, drooping or recurved at the summit, oblong-
lanceolate, acute, mostly entire, sometimes 2-, 3- or many-cleft at the extremity,
more or less cordate at base or even auriculate, the lobes meeting or nearly so,
sometimes unequal, undulate on the margin, bright green above and shining
finely rugoso-striate. Stipes dark brown or blackish, very variable in relative
length to the frond, from one-tenth (Newm.) to full half that of the latter, terete,
somewhat flattened above, clothed with pale brown, beautifully reticulated, chaffy,
acute scales, that are very loosely adhering or attached. Venation obscurely marked,
proceeding directly from the midrib of the frond and nearly at right angles to it,
inclining a little forwards towards the apex, the primary veins foiked near
their origin and again at some indeterminate distance between that and the mar-
gin. Sori linear, central on either side between the margin and midrib of the
frond, occupying the space between the outer branches of each vein or system of
veins. Indusium (involucre, Hook. &c) whitish, bursting along its entire length
by an often median suture, which in the earlier stages of the fructification is very
indistinct and even obsolete. Thece dark brown and shining, stipitate, globose
with a vertical elastic ring.

The fresh leaves of the Hart’s-tongue are applied externally in rustic practice
in the island to bad legs! (erysipelatous eruptions) as a covling remedy.

VIII. Preris, Zinn. Brake.

“ Sori continuous, linear, marginal. Involucres formed of the
reflexed margin of the frond, frequently dilated into a membrane,
opening internally. Veins forked in the British species.” —Br. Fl.

1. P. aquilina, L. Common Brake. “Fronds tripartite,
branches bipinnate, pinnules linear-lanceolate superior undivided
inferior pinnatifid, the segments oblong obtuse.’— Br. Fl. p. 575.
i. B. t. 1679.

On heaths and commons, in dry woods and bushy places; plentifully.

Tf the stem be divided transversely near the root, the section exhibits a fancied

resemblance to a spread eagle, whence the trivial name. This figure is formed
by bundles of longitudinal vessels in the centre of the stem.

TX. Briecunum, Linn. Hard-fern.

“ Sori linear, longitudinal, contiguous, parallel one on each side

of the rib. Involucre continuous, opening interiorly. Veins
forked.”—Br. FI.

1. B. boreale, Sw. Northern Hard-fern. “Sterile fronds pec-
tinato-pinnatifid, the segments lanceolate rather obtuse, fertile
fronds pinnate, pinne linear acuminate.’—Br. Fl. p.575. HE. B.
t. 1159.

In damp woods and on moist shady hedgebanks, but not common.

E. Med.—In a wet thicket behind the fruit-garden at St. John’s. On the
skirts of Lake common, near Landguard farm, plentifully. In the lane between
Guildford and Lynn farms, near Haven-street, sparingly. In the dell, &c., at
Apse castle, abundantly. In and about the Wildervess, and on the moors N. of
Osmunda.] OSMUNDACE.E. 635

Godshill in various places, 1843. Dripping well on St. George’s down, G. Kirk-
patrick, Esq.! (In a ditch on the left-hand side in Dame Anthony’s wood, about
midway, entering from Ryde, 7. Reynolds, Esq., Edrs.}

W. Med.— On Kingston moors, between Corve and Kingston, &c., 1843.
{Muvortown bog, Brighstone, A. G. More, &sq., Edrs.]

Order XC. OSMUNDACEA, R. Br.

“ Capsules clustered on the margin of a transformed frond, with
an obscure ring, reticulated and pellucid, opening by two regular
valves. ronds circinate in estivation.”—Br. Fl.

I. Osmunpa, Linn. Flowering-fern.

“Capsules subglobose, pedicellate, clustered, striated, half
2-valved. Involucre none. Veins forked.’—Br. FI.

1. O. regalis, L. Common Osmund-royal. Flowering-fern.
Vect. Snake-fern. “Fronds bipinnate, pinnules oblong nearly
entire the lower base somewhat auricled, the inferior ones oppo-
site, fertile panicle bipinnate occupying the extremity of the
frond.’—Br. Fl. p. 578. E. B. t. 209.

In low boggy or swampy meadows and on wet commons, in many places.

E, Med.—Profusely in a large swampy wood, chiefly of sallows, close to Gods-
hill, on the N.E. side of the village, called, I believe, Moor withy-bed, 1843. In
great profusion on the peat-bog just beyond Munsley hill, about half a mile F. of.
Godshill (growing in large tufts), and in various places between Godshill and
Budbridge, on moist fences and ditchbanks, 1843. In wet thickets above Alver-
ston mill and in Alverston lynch, common. In several places on and about
Blackpan common, 1848. Forming magnificent tufts along the ditch that skirts
the Wilderness on the Rookley side. On the skirts of Lake common, and the
adjoining parts of Sandown level, frequent. In Sandown bay, sparingly, Miss
Lucas and the Rev. G. E. Smith.

W. Med.— Very plentiful and luxuriant in boggy meadows at Cridmore, &c.
Boggy places near Westover, Calbourne mill, &c., occasionally. In the wet
thicket by the stream between Newbridge and Calbourne mill, 1844. Wet
thicket at Woolverton, by Shorwell, 1845. Kingston moors, as between Corve
and Kingston, 1842. Not unfrequent on slipped land W. of Blackgang chine.
The moors,* Brixton, 1842. Marsh at Freshwater gate, sparingly.

The largest and most striking of our ferns, but of humble growth in the Isle of
Wight, compared with the dimensions it is said to attain in the northemm and
western parts of Britain, rising in some places to nearly 12 feet, but with us sel-
dom exceeding 4 or 5. In a young state, whilst the fronds are unrolling from
their circinate invernation, and for some time after, the whole plant is of a deli-
cate fawn or Isabel-yellow colour, and covered with a webby substance easily
removed with the finger.

 

* A considerable tract of willow-thicket, so called, by Brixton, a part of which
village, contiguous to these willow and alder swamps or moors, is knuwn by the
name of Moor Town.
636 OPHIOGLOSSACEE. [Botrychuum.

Order XCI. OPHIOGLOSSACE, R. Br.

“ Capsules arranged on the margin of a contracted frond, ses-
sile, without reticulations or a ring, coriaceous, opaque. fronds
straight in estivation.”—Br. Fl.

I. Borrycuium, Sw. Moonwort.

“ Capsules subglobose, sessile, clustered at the margin and on
one side of a pinnated rachis, 1-celled, 2-valved, compressed,
opening transversely. IJnvolucre none. Veins forked.”—Br. Fi.

1. B. Lunaria, Sw. Common Moonwort. ‘Frond pinnated
solitary, pinne lunate or subflabelliform crenate.’—Br. Fi. p.
578. Osmunda, Z.: EH. B.t. 318. Newman, Br. Ferns, p. 100.

On dry billy pastures, also in shady woods; rare. Fr. June.

E. Med.—In rocky wooded ground under the cliff at East end, growing amongst
dead leaves in the most shady recesses, 1841. In a damp meadow nearly facing
Cliff farm, by Shanklin, in some plenty, Miss Emily Sibley, 1848!" Ina pas-
ture-field near Nunwell farm, in which there is a pond, observed but sparingly,
1849, Dr. Bell-Salter !!!_ Near Nunwell, Mr. Lawrence.

Rhizoma small, not at all creeping, emitting one or two bundles of some-
what whotled, slightly branched, pale fibres. Rachis solitary, or rarely a second,
from 2 or 3 to 6 inches high, erect or sometimes bent or inclining, rounded,
smooth, succulent and solid (not hollow as stated by Francis, at least in my
specimens, though filled with very loose cellular tissue), its lower very white
portion partially cased with brown, membranous, torn sheaths: at about 4 or
grds of its height the rachis sends off a lateral, erect, decurrent and pinnated
JSrond, of about 2 or 3 inches in length, bearing from 4 to 6 (3 to 8, Newm.)
pairs of opposite or somewhat alternate pale green pinnules, of a rhomboidal
or fan-shape figure, notched or wavy on their exterior margin, their infe-
rior edge decurrent on the rachis, which thus appears winged. Beyond this bar-
ren frond the common rachis is produced in an erect position, and at its summit
bears about an equal number of contracted simple or branched pinnules, incurved
and carrying on their upper surface the globular marginal theea, very like white
mustard-seed in size and colour, 1-celled, bursting by a single transverse medial
suture without any ring or indusium, and filled with copious minute, roundish,
white seeds.

Sometimes the lower pinnules of the barren frond are partially fructiferous, of
which I have an exainple in the specimens before me.

Il. Oruioaiossum, Linn. Adder’s-tongue.

“ Capsules 1-celled, 2-valved, opening transversely, connate,
forming a compact 2-ranked spike. Inwvolucre none.”—Br. Fl.

1. O. rulgatum, L. Common Adder’s-tongue. “ Spike cauline,
frond ovate obtuse.’—Br. I'l. p. 578. E. B. t. 108.

In moist meadows and pastures.
E. Med.—Danuip clayey meadow betwixt Pigslegs and Smallbrook heath copses,
Ophioglossum.] OPHIOGLOSSACER. 637

1849. Pasture-field near Nunwell farm, near a pond in the lower part of the
field, in considerable quantity, 1849, Dr. Bell-Salter !!! Meadow at the fuot of
Bembridge down, in considerable abundance, 1846, idem!!! Sparingly in a
meadow at Steephill, 1848, Albert Hambrough, Esq. !!! In a rough pasture be-
tween North Fairlee and Mount Misery, 1841, G. Kirkpatrick, Esq.!'  Pasture-
field between Appuldurcombe and Godshill? 1843. Young fronds only, and
therefore uncertain.

W. Med.—Near Blackgang chine, 1847, Albert Hambrough, Esq.! Near Far-
ringford house, to the N.W., and at Easton marsh, Freshwater, 1849, idem in litt.
Pasture-ground by Parkhurst forest, near Mark’s Corner, also in Northwood park,
by Cowes, in great plenty, Miss Georgiana Kilderbee! Abundant in several
meadows between Thorley and Wilmingham farms, where it was pointed out to
me by my friend the Rev. James Penfold, June, 1838.

This fern is regarded as common to Europe and America, but all the specimens
T have seen from the latter country,* including a very extensive series in my
possession collected in Chester County, Pennsylvania, differ from the European
in the far greater prolongation of the stipes beyond the summit of the frond.

 

* In the American herbarium of Mr. Durand, of Philadelphia, are a number
of specimens from Collins, without any locality, but presumed to be American,
agreeing many of them with the European plant.
APPEN DIX,*

BY THE

EDITORS.

Ranuncuuus, Linn. Crowfoot. Vide supra, p. 5.

1. R. aquatilis, Linn. Water Crowfoot. V.s., p. 6.

B. trichophyllus (Godron). ‘No floating leaves, peduncles short, petals narrow
5—7 nerved distant deciduous, carpels rounded and laterally pointed at the end.”
—Bab. Man. 3rd ed. p. 5.

Mr. A. G. More has shown us, by reference to our author’s specimens, now in
the herbarium at Kew, that the plant referred to in the text above (p. 6), under
var, y., as R, circinatus of Smith, is not that plant, but the form vow quoted.t

?1b. RB. fluitans, Lam. River Crowfoot. “Stem floating,
leaves all submerged capillaceo-multifid, their segments very long
and parallel, petals obovate much longer than the calyx, receptacle
of the fruit hispid.”—Br. Fl. p. 7. E. B. 8. t. 2870.

“In deep water. 2f. June, July."—Br. Fl.

“Isle of Wight,” Cybele Britannica, vol. iii. p. 374.

Mr. Watson informs us (in litt.) that he gives this station on the authority of
a list marked for his use by our lamented author many years ago. We believe it
was done in error; but still we think it right to call the attention of botanists to
this plant.

2b. R. cenosus, Guss. Mud Crowfoot. “Stem creeping or
floating, leaves roundish kidney-shaped with 8—5 notched lobes,
petals oblong about twice longer than the calyx, receptacle of the
fruit glabrous.” — Br. Fl. p. 8. R. Lenormandi, F. W. Schultz :
EH. B.S. t. 2930.

“ Shallow water. 2{. Fl. June—August.”—Br. Fl.

Mr. A. G. More has pointed out to us, from our author’s specimens in the Kew
herbarium, that the plant referred to above (p. 6), under the name of &. hedera-
ceus, as growing between Lee and Blackpan, belongs to the present species, Pos-
sibly some of the other stations may belong to the same, but R. hederaceus is far
the commoner plant of the two in the Isle of Wight.

 

* This is added to include such facts as have been brought to our notice while
the work has been in the press.—Edrs.

+ In 4 letter we have received from Mr. More, while these sheets are in the
press, he observes :— But there is a plant very like R. Baudotiz, Godr., growing
in the marsh-ditches near Brading harbour. Further observation may determine
whether it be distinct or not from R. aquatilis y. subpeltatus, Bab. It is my own
suspicion that it is probably what has been called confusus in England.”
APPENDIX. 639

Vroua, Linn. Violet. V.s.. p. 51.

4. V. canina, L. Dog Violet. V.s., p. 54.

B. minor. V.s.,p.55. Abundantly on Ventnor, Wroxall and Bonchurch
downs, May, 1855, Dr. Bell-Salter.

Sacina, Linn. Pearlwort. V.s., p. 66.

2b. S. ciliata, Fries. Ciliated Pearlwort. “ Annual, stem
erect or ascending, leaves aristate glabrous or fringed, ‘ petals
none, sepals of the fruit erect or close-pressed to the capsule,
2 outer ones mucronate or aristate.”—Br. Fl. p. 62.

“Dry gravelly places. ©. Jl. May—September.”—Br. Fl.
Plentifully everywhere on St. Helens spit, A. G. More, Esq.

Hyrericum, Linn. St. John’s-wort. V. s. p. 86.

26. H. dubiuwm, Leers. Stem more or less quadrangular, leaves
elliptic ovate obtuse nearly destitute of pellucid dots copiously
reticulated beneath with pellucid veins, sepals reflexed. a. Sepals
elliptical quite entire. —H. B. t. 296.

8. Sepals oblong-lanceolate mucronulate obscurely denticulate. H. macula-
tun, Crantz.— Br. Fl. p. 80.

“Rather mountainous woods. 2f. July, August.”—Br. Fl.
B. Between Ninham and Languard farms, Sept. 1855, Joseph Woods, Esq.

Ermopivum, Linn. Willow-herb. V. s., p. 169.

2?5b. E. virgatum, Fries. Slender Willow-herb. “ Leaves lan-
ceolate narrowing upwards sessile denticulate not decurrent, stem
with two or four elevated lines, stigma undivided or slightly patent
or 4-fid, seeds oblong obovate not pointed, scions filiform.”—Bab.
Man. p. 115.

“ Deep ditches in peat-bogs. 2(. Fl. July, August.”—Bab.

A specimen of Epilobium gathered by Dr. 7. Bell-Salter at Blackpan, some
few years ago, was pronounced by Mr. Babington to be that of which we have
quoted his description ; and Mr. Joseph Woods, from the same locality in 1855,
has obtained what he designates E. obscurum, which latter name he also applies
to an Epilobium, closely resembling £. tetragonum, growing in a wet part of the
garden at St. Johns, near the pond.

Burievrum, Linn. Hare’s-ear. V.s., p. 2038.

2. B. tenwissimum, Linn. Slender Hare’s-ear. V.s., p. 204.
By the ditch at Salterns, sparingly, Mr. W. Dimmick.

Lamium, Zinn. Dead-nettle. V.s., p. 385.

?1b. L. intermedium, Fries. Intermediate Dead-nettle.
“Leaves obtuse inciso-crenate, lower ones stalked reniform cor-
date, floral ones sessile rather crowded, teeth of the calyx subu-
late longer than the tube always spreading, tube of the corolla
straight naked within, lateral lobes of the lower lip with a short
tooth.”—Br. Fl. p 318. H. B.S. t. 2941.
840 APPENDIX.

“In waste and cultivated ground; very rare."—Bromf. “@. Fl. June—Sep-
tember.”— Br. Fl.

“Gathered, May 27th, 1845, in some plenty on sandy hedgebanks in a Jane
betwixt Marvel wood and Whitecroft, near Newport.

“As it presents itself in this island, the plant bears most resemblance to L.
incisum, but my specimens are far larger than those I possess of the latter, being
eighteen inches or more in length. It also agrees with L. incisum in the size of
the flowers, which are less exserled than in LZ. amplexicaule, to which, as to L.
purpureum, it likewise has much resemblance. The uppermost or floral leaves are
less crowded than in any of the other three, and in the size, form and depth of the
serratures come much nearest to L. amplexicaule, but differ in being for the most
part subcuneate at the base, or narrowed into an evideut foot-stalk.” “IT should
say that L. intermedium was a variety, and but a slight one, of L. inctsum, and
this latter but doubtfully distinct from Z. purpureum.” — Bromfield in Phytol. iii.
p. 666, to which we refer for fuller notes on this plant, which our author had not
inserted in the mss. notes of the Flora, which circumstance, together with our
having overlooked the notice above quoted, is the cause of this plant not
appearing in its proper place in the text.

ATRIPLEX, Linn. Orache. V.s., p. 423.

2. A. marina, Linn. Marine Orache. V. s., p. 424.
South shore of Brading harbour, A. G. More, Esq.

4. A.erecta, Huds. Upright Orache. V.s., p. 425.
St. Helens and near Bembridge, common, A. G. More, Esq.

9. A. lactniata, Smith. V. s., p. 426.

Bembridge spit, and the shingle at Foreland, very sparingly, A. G. More, Esq.

“The provincial area of this plant (A. arenaria of Woods) having been
restricted to three in the 4th edition of ‘ London Catalogue, it may be as well to
mention that the species here meant is not A. rosea, Bab., which is common
enough, but the true laciniata.”—Td. in litt.

Potyconum, Linn. Persicaria. V.s., p. 481.

7. P. Rati, Bab. Ray’s Knot-grass. V.s., p. 484.

In plenty on St. Helens spit, especially by the old church ruins, A. G@. More,
Esq.

Lasrrea, Presl. Shield-fern. V.s., p. 630.
8. L. Filiz-mas, Presl. Blunt Shield-fern. V.s., p. 680.

y. erosa. “ Pinnules less crowded more elongated and narrower inciso-dentate.
Aspidium erosum, Schukr, Fil. ?°—Br. Fl. p. 569.

In a shady copse near Bembridge, A. G. More, Esq.

By the above name Mr. More identified his specimens found sparingly in the
locality cited, and Mr. Borrer corroborates this nomenclature. Mr. T. Moore of
Chelsea, however, would name them as a distinct variety, under the name of elon-
gata, their form being more attenuated than the ordinary state of his var. incisa,
which is also found in the Isle of Wight.
INDEX

To roe Vittaces, Farus, Seats, Woops, &c., MENTIONED IN THis Work
as Stations ror Piants; wire razin Bearincs anp Distance FROM
THE NEAREST Marker Town or PLACE OF NOTE.*

 

The distances are given, as measured off upon the map, from point to point,
excepting betwixt the principal towns and parochial villages, where they are
noted by current computation along the high roads. The main object of this
index heing to facilitate the finding of places marked on the map which accom-
panies the work, rigid exactness in the several bearings and distances is not aimed
at or required; a coincidence within half a point in the former case, and a quarter
of a mile in the latter, being held a sufficiently close approximation to the truth
for all practical purposes.

Abbreviations.— B. borough; Br. bridge; Ch. church+; E. M. East Medina ;
F. farm; Gr. great; H. hamlett; Hd. head; Ho. house, manorial residence or
seat; Lit. little; m. mile; Pt. point; T. town, not corporate; V. village, con-
taining the parish church; R. river; W. M. West. Medina.

A. Afton Ho. 12m. 8. by W. Yarmouth

Down. E. Freshwater Bay

Adgestone H. E.M. 1m. S.W. by | Aldermoor F. E.M. 14 m. S.W. by
W. Brading 8. Ryde

Afton F. W.M. 2m.8. Yarmouth | ———— Heath. 1m. E. Ald. F.

 

 

* The bearings are of course to be understood as taken with reference to the
true or terrestrial meridian laid down on the map, not to the magnetic meridian of
the island, which is constantly undergoing alteration.

t+ In measuring the distance of woods, headlands, bays, or of small inhabited
places, as hamlets or farms, from the nearest town or village, the parish church
(indicated in the map by a minute cross) has in nearly every instance been taken
as a point of departure, because such places are in general too straggling or irre-
gular to serve as a definite mark; nor would it be possible to fix on any centre
from which to set out in laying down the intervals, excepting in one or two
instances, as that of Newport for example, the outline of which town is suffi-
ciently regular to give a middle point with tolerable exactness. Where the
parish church stands apart from the place it takes ils name from, its site is
marked in the map, with the word Church added in full, in small Roman letters,
and so written in the Topographical Index. In all other cases the position of
the church is shown by the conventional sign of a cross only, and the abbreviation
Ch. follows the name of the nearest place to the locality sought for in the Index.
In measuring off woods, bays, downs, or other objects having an extended sur-
face, the centre of their areas, as nearly as can be ascertained, has mostly been
assumed as the radial terminus of the distance required. ;

+ By the term Hamlet it is intended to designate any a collection of

N
64£2

Aldermoor Mill. S.W. by W. Ald. F.
Alum Bay. W.M. 4m.8.W.by W.
Yarmouth
Alverstone H. E. M.
chureh
Farm. E. by N. Aly.
——— Lynch. E. Alv. F.
Alverton F. E. M.

1m. E. New-

1 m.S.E. by E.

Whippingham

Alvington F. W.M. 13m.W.byS.
Newport

America H. E. M. 1 m. N.W.
Shanklin

Apes Down, W.M. 13m. W.byS.
Carisbrook

Apley Ho. E.M. E. by S. Ryde

Appey* Pools. [4 m. E. from] Cran-
more F,

Appleford F. E.M. 13m. W.S.W.
Godshill

——— F. Upper. 24 m. W.S.W.
Godshill

——— Wilderness. (See Wilder-
ness, the)

Appuldurcombe Street. E. M. 2}
m. W. by S. Shanklin
Ho. and Park. W.

 

 

App. St.

Apse Castle. E.M. 1.m.N.W. by
W. Shanklin
Copsee W. M. 1 m. W. by
S.W. Cowes
Farm. E.M. 1} m. N.W, by

 

W. Shanklin
—— (Lit) F. 3m. N.W. by W.

Shanklin
Heath, E.M. 14.8.
by E. Newchurch
Arreton V. E.M. 4 m. S.E. New-
port
Down. N., Arreton

 

F. W. Arreton Ch.
Ash F. E.M. Whitwell Ch.

 

 

Lodge F. E.M. 4m. ES.E.
Wootton Ch.

Ashey H. E.M. 23m. S. by W.
Ryde

—— Down (Sea Mark), 14 m.N.E.

by N. Newchurch
— F. lim. W.N.W. Brading

 

TOPOGRAPHICAL INDEX.

Atherfield Green H. W.M. 14m.
S.W. Kingston Ch.
F. 4m. E.S.E. Ath. Gr.

Lit. 3m. N.W. by N. Ath.

Gr.
Atherton. (See Arreton)

B.

Bagwich F. E. M. 4 m. W.N.W.
Godshill Ch.

Bakerwood Copse.

Bank End F. E.M.
Steephill Cas.

Barkham’s Copse. W. M.
W.N.W. Gatcomb Ch.

Barnfield Marsh. W. M. 4m. S.
Yarmouth

W.M.
$m. WS.W.

1} m.

Barnsley F. E.M. 1m. W.byN.
S. Helens Ch.

Bartletts Common. E. M. N.E.
Prestwood

Barton F. E.M. 4m. E. by 8. Os-
born Ho.

Wood. E. Barton F.
Batchelors F. 13 m. E. by N. Gods-
hill Ch.

 

Beacon Alley. E.M. 3m. W.S.W.
Godsbill Ch.
Beanacre F, E.M. 2} m. N.W. by

W. Brading Ch.

Beaper F. E.M. 14 m. N. Brading
Ch.

Beckett’s Copse.
Freshwater Ch.

Beckfield Barn. W.M. 4m. S.E.
Kingston Ch.

W.M. jm. £E.

 

 

 

Belhan?
Bembridge V. E. M.
— Down. W. to 8.S.W.
Bembridge Island
—— Island. E. extremity Isle
of Wight
— Farm. 14m.8.8.W. Bem-
bridge Pt.
Point. N.E. extremity

Bembridge Isle
Bere Lay. E. M. 3 m. W. by N.
Whitwell Ch.

 

houses or cottages, however small, which has received a name, and which could
not be classed under that of Village, as Queen Bower (consisting of two families
under the same roof), Five Houses, Carpenters, &c.

* (Happy Brook, situated as given above, is suggested to us, by Jonathan

Worsley, Esq., as the place probably intended by our author.

We are indebted

to Mr. Worsley for the bracketed delinition of localities which had been left blank

by the author.—£drs.]
TOPOGRAPHICAL INDEX.

Berry F. E.M. 3 m. S.W. by W.
Godshill Ch.

—— Gate F.

vee E.M. im. E. Whitwell

Bigbury F. E. M. 14 m. 8. by E.
Newchurch Ch.

Billingham Ho. W.M. 2 m. N.E.
by E. Kingston Ch.

 

 

Binstead V. E.M. 1m. W. by N.
Ryde ,
tA, Hill. 4 m. S.S.W Binstead
Lodge F. $m. 8.8S.W. Bin-
stead Ch.
Birchfield. E,M. 14 m. S. by E.
Newport
Birchmore F. E.M. 23 m.8. by E.
Newport

Lit. F. 4 m. S.E. by E,
Gr. Birchm.

 

 

Black Bridge. W.M. 4m.S. Fresh-
water Ch.
E.M. 2m.S.W. by
S. Binsted Ch.
Blackgang Chine. W.M. 3m. 8.

Chale Ch.
Black Down. [See Bleak Down]
Blacklands Copse. W.M. 3m.N.W.
Northwood Ch.

Black Pan F. E.M. 14m. W.S.W.

Sandown Fort
Common. 1 m. W. San-

down Fort

Blackwater. E.M. 2m. S. by E.
Newport

Blake F. W.M. 4m. N.E. by E.
Brixton Ch.

Blanketts F. E. M. 1 m. E.S.E.
Whippingham Ch.

Bleak Down. E.M. 1 m. W. Gods-
hill

Bloodstone Copse. E.M. 4m. E.

by N. Ashey Down (Sea Mark)

Bobberstone F. E.M. 14m. E. by
N. Godshill Ch.

Bohemia Ho. E.M. 14m. N.N.W.
Godshill Ch.

Bonchurch V. E.M. 1m. E. by N.
Ventnor

Bordwood H. E. M. 1 m. S.E.

Newchurch Ch.
- F. 1m. 8.E. by E. New-
church Ch.

 

 

 

6413

Bordwood Forest
Lower. (See Bordwood)
— Upper. (See Bordwood)
Borthwood. (See Bordwood)
Bottle Hole Spring. W.M. 1 m.
N.N.W. Brixton Ch.

 

 

 

Bottom Copse. E. M.
W.M. 1m.N. by E.
Northwood Ch.
Bottomground Copse. W.M.

 

 

Rew.*
Calbourne Ch.

Bowbridge. E. M. 4 m. N.N.W.
Godshill Ch.

13 m. E. by 8.

 

Bowcombe. (See Buccombe)
Brading T. E.M. 4m. S. by E.
Ryde
Down. W. to S.S.W. Bra-
ding
————. Farm
Braggs Hill. 1m. 8.W. by W. Brad-
ing Ch.
Brambles F. W.M. 1m. W.N.W
Freshwater Ch.
Branston H. E.M. 14 m. 8.S.W.
Newchurch Ch.
Breaches Copse. E. M.
Bridge H. E.M. 3m.8.W. by W.
Godshill Ch,
Court F. 4m. W.8.W. Gods-
hill Ch.
Brighstone. (See Brixton)
Briddlesfurd Copse. 1m. 8. Wootton
Br.

————— Farm (Gr.) 1} m. 8S. by
W. Wootton Br.
Farm (Lit.) 14m. 8.W.
by S. Wootton Br.
Heath. [On Great Brid-
dlesford Farm]
Brixton V. W.M. 2m. W.Shorwell
Chine. (See Grange Chine)
Broadfields F. W.M. 2m. S.S.W.
W. Cowes Ch.
S. Thorley

 

 

 

Broad Lane. W. M.
Street

Brock’s Copse, E.and W. E.M. 3
m. W. io N.W. Wootton Ch.

Brook V. W.M. 2 m. W. Mottes-

ton Ch.

— Chine. +m. 8.W. Brook

— Church. # m. N.W. by W.
Motteston Ch.

— Green. $m. 8. Brook Ch.

 

* Rew is a provincial term for a patch of wood or copse of small extent, as also
for a narrow belt of trees or brushwood, quasi a “ row.
644

Brook House.
Brook Ch.
Brooken End.

¢ om. S.W. by W.
(See Lane End)

Brookfield Ho. E.M. [1 m.W. Ryde]
Brookside F. W.M. NW. by W.
Brixton
Bucecombe H. W.M. 14m.W.S.W.
Carisbrook Castle
Down. W. Buccombe
——— F. E.byS. Buccombe
Buckett’s Copse. E.M. 14m. N.E.
Whippingham Ch.
Buck’s Barn F. W.M. 3m. N.W.

by W. Kingston Ch.

Heath. [1 m. S.£. Shorwell]

Budbridge Gr. F. E.M. 1m. N. by
E. Godshill Ch,

Lit. F. $m.N. by E. Gr.

Budbridge

Budde F. E.M. 4m. 8.8.W. Ni-
ton

Bugbury F. E.M.

 

(See Bigbury)

Burnt House F. (?) E.M. 14m. E.
by 8. Newcharch Ch.
Cc.
Calbourne V. W.M. 2 m. 8.S.E.
Shalfleet
Lodge. 34m. W. by N. Cal-
bourne Ch.
Mill. $m. W. by N. Cal-

bourne Ch.
New Barn F.

— $m.N.E. by
E. Calbourne Ch.

Hummet. 8. Calbourne
New B.
Calving Close Copse. W. M. 4m.

N.N.E. Northwood Ch.
Canada H. E.M. 8S. by E. Ryde

Carey’s Sconce (Pt. W.M. 1m.
~ W. by N. Yarmouth
Carisbrook V. W.M. 1m. 8.W. by

W. Newport
Castle. 14m. S.W. New-

port

Carpeuters H. E, M.
St. Helens Ch.

Castle Mead. Old Castle Point

Point. E.M. 3m. S. by E.
Niton

Centurion’s Copse. E.M. 1m. E.S.E.
Brading Ch.

Chale V. W.M. 2m. W.N.W. Niton

Farm. 4m. E.N.E. Chale Ch.

Chalk Close Coppice. W.M. 134m.
W. by 8. Northwood Ch.

2m. S.S.W.

 

 

 

TOPOGRAPHICAL INDEX.

Champion. E.M. [%]m.E. Gatcomb
Ch

Chapel Corner Copse. E.M. 1 m.
N.N.E. Wootton Br.

Charlton F. W.M. 8S. by E. North-
wood Ch,

Cherrygin H. E. M. 13 m. NW.
by N. St. Helens Ch.

Cherry Wood Cupse. E.M.*i m.
N.N.E. Arreton Ch.
Chessel F. W.M. 4 m. N. by E.
Brook Ch.
Cheverton F. E. M. 13 m. SS.E.
Newchureh Ch.
W.M. 1m.N. by E.
Shorwell Ch.
Copse. [W.M. On Che-

verton F.]
Chillerton H. W, M.
Gatcomb Ch.
Down.

2m. 8. by W.

1m.S.W. Gatcomb
Ch.
Farm. 1}m. N. Kingston
Chillingwood Gr. Copse. E.M. 13
mw. N. Newchurch Ch.

 

 

— Farm. 2m. N. New-
church Ch.
— New Copse. N. Chil-
lingwood Gr. Copse
Chilton Chine. W.M. 1m.S. by E.
Mottestone Ch.
Green H. W.M. 1m.8.8.E.
Mottestone Ch.
Chine. (See Blackgang, Brixton,

Brook, Chilton, Cowleaze, Grange,
Luccombe, Shanklin, Walpen,
Whale

— Cottage. E. M.

Chine]

Head. (See East End)

Churchill’s F. W.M. 13m. W. by
N. Calbourne

Church Lane. E.M. E. side Quarr
Copse

Clamerkin’s F. W.M.
Shalfleet Ch.

Clarken Lane. W.M. N.E. to S.E.
by E. Carisbrook Castle

[In Shanklin

 

13m. E.N.E.

Clatterford F. W.M. 43m. W. Ca-
risbrook Castle
Clavells Copse. E. M. 3m. E.

Whippingham Ch.
Claybrook F. E. M.

13m. S. Whip-
pingham Ch.

Cleavland Copse. E.M. $m.E. Ap-
puldureombe Ho.
Clif F. E.M. 3m. N.W. by W.

Shanklin Ch.
TOPOGRAPHICAL INDEX. °

Cliffs End Pt. W.M. N. end Col-
well Bay

Cockleton F. W.M. 1 m. S.S.W.
W. Cowes Ch.

———— F. (Lower). 4m. W.S.W.
Cockleton F,

W.M. 1m. N.W. by W.

Carisbrook Ch.

Coleman's F. W.M. 2h m. N.W.
by W. Carisbrook Castle

Colwell H. W.M. [In the parish of
Freshwater]

Barracks. [On Colwell Heath]

—~— Heath. [In the parish of
Freshwater]

Comb F, W.M. -2 m. N. Brixton

 

Ch.
Combley F. E.M. 1m.N.E. by N.
Arreton Ch.

 

Gr. Wood. N. Combley F.

 

Wood. N.E. by E. Combley
F.
Combtonfield F. W.M. 2m.S8. by
W. Shorwell Ch.
Compton Bay. W.M. 8. Afton

Down

 

Farm. lt m. W.NLW.
Brook Ch.
Grange. 1m. W. Brook Ch.

 

Cook’s Castle. KE. M.
Shanklin Ch.
Cooper's H. E.M. [Between Bem-

bridge Down and Bembridge F.]

14m. W.

Coppid Hall (F.) E.M. 1}m.S.E.
- Wootton Bridge
Copping’s Bridge. E. Newport

Copse Lane Copse. (See Hookhill
Copse)
Core F. W. M. 3m. 8S. by W.
Kingston Ch.
Cothey Bottom Copse.* E.M. S.E.
Westridge Ho.

Cowes, East, T. E.M. 5m.N.New-
port

West, T. W. M.
Newport

Cowleaze Chine. W.M. 13m.8.S8.E.
Brixton Ch.

 

5m. N.

Cowpit Cliff Wood. E.M. 3m. W.
Shanklin Ch.

Crab, Niton. (See Niton)

Cranmore F. W.M. 14m. E.N.E.
Thorley Ch.

Cridmore F. W.M. 14m. E.N.E.

Kingston Ch.
Cripple’s Path. E. M.

 

645

Crocker’s F. W.M. 3m.S.W. by
W. Northwood Ch.

Crook’s Heath. E.M. 13m. S. by W.
Binsted Ch.

Crossacres F, W.M. 1} m. S.W.
by W. Freshwater Ch.

Culver Cliff. E.,M. N.E. end San-
down Bay

 

D.
Dallimote’s F. W.M. [In the pa-
rish of Northwood]
Dark Lane. W.M. (See Clarken
Lane)
— E.M. Ryde
oe E.M. 4m.S8.E. Whitwell

Debborn F. W.M. 2 m. S.W. by
W. W. Cowes Ch.

Turnpike. [Near W. Cowes]

Dewcombe Copse. W.M. 14m. W.
to W. by 8. Gatcombe Ch.

 

Dew’s Place. E.M. 2m.S. Gods-
hill Ch.

Dodner F. W.M. 1m. N. by E.
Newport

Dog Kennel. W.M. 1 m. S.S.E,
Thorley Ch.

Dolcoppice F. W. M.
Whitwell Ch.
Dottins F. W.M. 2m. W.S.W.

W. Cowes Ch.

Double Close Copse. W.M.
W.N.W. Northwood Ch.
Dover (the). E. to E.N.E. Ryde
Duke F. W. M. 14 m. W.N.W.
Northwood Ch.
Dungewood F. W.M.
S. Kingston Ch.

Lit + m. W.S.W.
Dungewood F.

Dunnage Copse
Copset]

(Dunning’s Copse. 1 m. S.E. by E.
Newport]

Dunnose (Hd.) E.M. 8.W. end San-
down Bay

Dunsbury F. W.M.

Brook Ch.
Durton F. E.M. 14m. N.W. Arre-
1%} m. S.W.

13m. N.W.

14m.

1 m. W. by

 

[See Dunning’s

2m. W. by N,

ton Ch.
Durtshot F. W. M.
Shorwell Ch.

 

 

* Cothey means low damp or rotten land, H. Hearne, Esq.
+ [It is presumed Dunninyg’s Copse is intended.— drs. |
646

Duxmore F. (Gr.) E. M.
by E. Arreton Ch.
-— (Lit. $m. E. by 8. Gr.

13m.N.E.

 

Duxmore F.
Dyers. E.M. 3m. Newchurch Ch.
E.
Eades’s F. W.M. 14 m. W.N.W.

Calbourn Ch.

Eaglehead Copse. E. M. 3m. E.
Ashey Down (Sea Mark)

East Dean (Ho.) E.M. N.E. Bon-
church Old Ch.

East End. E.M. N.E. Bonchurch
Old Ch.

Easton H.and F. W.M. 3 m.S.S.W.
Freshwater Ch.

Marsh. (See Freshwater Gate)

Egypt Ho. W. M. 3m. W.N.W.

W. Cowes Ch.

Lit. $m. ES.E. Egypt Ho.
Ellyards F. E.M. 13 m.8.4V. San-
down Fort
Elm F. W.M. 3 m.S.E. Shalfleet Ch.
Elmsworth F. W.M. 13 m.N.E. by

E. Newtown Ch.
-————  Saltern. $m. N. by W.
Newtown Ch.

 

 

F.

Fairfield F. E. M.
N. Whitwell

13m. N.W. by

 

Fairlee Ho. E.M. 1m. N.E. New-
ort

r New F. 4m.S.E. Fairlee Ho.

Farringford Ho. W.M. 1m.8S.W.

Freshwater Ch.

Fatting Park Fk E.M. 1 m. S.W.
by 8. Wootton Ch. and W. Br.

——— Copse. $m. W. Fatting
Park F.

Fern Goose Coppice.
water

Fernhill Ho. E.M.
Ch.

Firestone Copse. E.M. 4m. 8.E.
Wootton Bridge

Fishbourne. (See Fish Houses)

Fish Houses H. E.M. 1m. W. by
N. Binstead Ch.

Five Houses H. W.M.

Fivens H. E.M. $m. N.N.E. Cal-
bourne Ch.

Flatbrooks F. W.M.
Shalfleet Ch.

W.M. Fresh-

3m.8. Wootton

1m. E.S.E.

 

TOPOGRAPHICAL INDEX.

Ford Mill. E. M. 1 m. N.N.W.
Whitwell Ch.
Foreland F. E.M. 4m. W. Fore-
land Pt.
Pt. Extreme E. point Isle of
Wight
Forest Side. W.M. 1m. N.W. by

W. Carisbrook Ch.

 

French Mill. E.M. 14m. E. Gods.-
hill Ch.
Freshwater V. W.M. 4m.S8.S.W.
Yarmouth
Bay. (See Freshwater Gate)
- Gate H. 1m.8. Freshwater
Ch

a= Ho. 1m.8.8.W. Yarmouth
Isle. W. extremity Isle of

Wight

——— Mill. }m.8.E. Freshwater
Ch.

Froghil] F. E.M. 1m. E. Godshill
Ch.

Frogland F. W.M. 4 m. 8.W. by
S. Carisbrook Castle

Frogwell. (See Froghill)

Frosthills. W.M. 3m. S.W. Caris-
brook Castle

Fulholding F. W.M. 1m. ES.E.
Shalfleet Ch.

Fullford F. FE. M. 1m. 8. by E. Ar-
reton Ch.

Furzy Goldens. W.M. 3m. N.W.
Freshwater Ch.

— Horst(H.) W.M. 34m.N.W.
by W. Northwood Ch,

G.
Gallant's Lane. W.M. 3m.N.W.

to N.N.W. Gatcomb Ch.

 

Galleberry Down. W. M. 13 m.
E.S.E. Calbourne Ch.

Garrets H. E.M. 13m. W.by N.
Arreton Ch.

Gateombe V. W.M. 3m.8. by W.
Newport, 14 m. §. Carisbrook
Castle

— Ho. and Park. E. Gat-
comb

Mill. S.E. side Gatcomb
Park

New Barn (F.) 3m. W.
Gatcomb Ch.

Gatehouse F. E.M. 23m.S. Bin-
stead Ch.
Gauson’s Barn (F.) W. M. 1m.

N.W. by W. Gatcomb Ch.
TOPOGRAPHICAL INDEX.

 

Gillmans. [In Arreton parish]

Gladdices F. W.M. 1m. S. Kings-
ton Ch.

Godshill V. E.M. 6m. SSE.
Newport.

Goldens F. W. M. 2 m. W.S.W.
Carisbrook Castle

See Furzy G.

Gottens F. W. M. 1 m. N.N.E.
Chale Ch.

[Grange Chine. W. M. Between

Grange F. and the shore]
—— %F. 34m.8.W. Brixton Ch.
Great Park F. W. M. 13 m. W.
Carisbrook Ch.
Great Rolles Copse.
Northwood Ch.
Greatwood Copse.
Shanklin Ch.
Great Wood. W.M.
Swainston Ho.

W.M. 2m.W.
E.M. +m.S.W.

3 m.S.E. by.

Green Lane H. E.M. 13 m.N.W.
Brading Ch.

Greenlid Hill. E.M. 3m.S8. by E.
Whitwell Ch.

Grove (the) Ho. and F. 1} m. S8.W.
by W. Brading Ch.

Gunvillee W.M. 34m. N.W. by N.
Carisbrouk Ch.

Gumet Bay. W.M. 13m. W.to W.

by S. W. Cowes

——F. iim. W.S.W. W. Cowes
Ch.

Wood. [On Gurnet F.]

 

H.

Hale F. E. M.
church Ch.
Half-moon Copse.

1im. W.S.W. New-
E. M.

 

 

 

 

 

Hampstead F. W.M. 14 m.N.W.
Shalfleet Ch.
East. ¢ m. E.N.E.
Hampstead F.
Lower. 1m. E. by 8S.
Hampstead F.
Hardhill F. W.M. 1m. W. North-
wood Ch.
-— — 1m. N.W. by
W. Northwood Ch.
Hardingshoot F, E.M. 1m.N.W.

Brading Ch. :
Harlingshute F. (See Hardingshoot)

Hartsash. E.M. 3m. N.E. by N.
Newchurch Ch.
Hasely F. E. M. 1m. W. by N.

Newchurch Ch.

‘Heathfield F.

 

647

Haslett F. W.M.
well Ch,

2m. S.S.E. Shor-

Hatchet Close Wood. E. M. 2 m.
W. Shanklin Ch.
Hatherwood Point. W.M. N. Pt.

Alum Bay
Haven Street [V.] E.M.
by S. Binstead Ch.
Hayland F. E.M.
Binstead Ch.
Head Down. E.M.
Headen Hillk W.M. N.E. Alum
Bay
Heath F. E. M.
Newport

13m.S.W.
Im. S. by E.

14 m. E.N.E,

iE. M. $m. SS.E.
Whippingham Ch.

Hebberds F. W.M.
fleet Ch.

Hedge Corner.
W. Newport

Hermitage (the).
E. Chale Ch.

Hide F. E.M. 3 m.N. Shanklin
Ch.

1m. E, Shal-
W.M. 2m. N. by

E.M. 1} N.E. by

——— Lower. [Between Newchurch
and Shanklin]

High Down. W.M. W. Freshwater
Gate

High Wood. W.M. 4m.S. by E.
Swainston Ho.

Hill Copse. [W. M. 1 m. N.W.
Freshwater Ch.]

——F. E.M. 1m.8.W. St. He-
lens Ch.

1 m. W. St. Helens Ch.

 

——F. W.M. 4m.E. Thorley Ch.

——F. 1m.N.W. by N. Freshwater
Ch.
Heath, [W. M. [Near Hill
Copse]

—— Way. E.M. [1 m. SS.W.

Bembridge Ch.]
Hillis F. W.M.

Northwood Ch.
Honey Hill. [3 m. N. Newport]
Honeypot Mead. (See Mill Green)
Holbrooks. E. M. 4m. N.W. by

W. Whitwell Ch.
Homewood H. E.M. 4m.S8. Ryde
Hookhill. W.M. 34m. 8.W. by W.

Freshwater Ch.

¢ m.

Copse. W. M.
W. by 8S. Freshwater Ch.
Hornhill Copse. W.M. 13m. W.S.W.
W. Cowes Ch.
Horringford Bridge. E.M. 1 m.
S.E. by S. Arreton Ch.

14m. W. by N.

 
648

Horringford Farm. S.E. Horringford

Bridge

———— Withy-bed. 34m. E. to
S.E. Horringford Br.

How Gate F. E.M. 31.8. by E.
Bembridge Ch.

Hoxall H. W.M. 34m.58.8.E. Mot-
tistone Ch.

Hulverstone H. W.M. 4m.W.N.W.
Mottistone Ch.

Hungerberry Copse. E. M. 34 m.
N.W. by W. Shanklin Ch.

Hunger Hill Heath E.M. 2m.E.
by S. Ryde

Huntwithy Copse. W.M.
Northwood Ch.

Hurststake [F.] W.M.
E. Newport

Im.N,
3m. N. by

TJ

Idlecombe F. W.M. 13m.8S.W. by
W. Carisbrook Castle

Inwards Copse. ELM. 2m.W.N.W.
Brading Ch.

Jobson’s F. E.M. [In Niton parish]

K.

Kaccess F. W.M.
Carisbrook Castle
Kemphill F. E. M.
stead Ch.
Kennerley F. (Gr.) E. M.
Godshill Ch.
F. (Lit.) S. Great Kenner-

14m. W. by 8.
134 m. S. Bin-

lim. N.

ley
Heath. 2m. W. Gr. and
Lit. Kennerley Fs.
Kerne F. E.M. 13m. N.E. by E.
Newchurch Ch.
King’s (the) Forest.
Kingsgate F. E, M.
Whitwell Ch.
King’s Quay. E. M.
Wootton Ch.
———— Copse.
Quay Creek

(See Parkhurst)
4m. W. by N.

am. N. by W.
W. side King’s

 

TOPOGRAPHICAL INDEX.

Kingston V. W.M. 2m.8.E. Shor-
well
Copse. W. Kingston
-F. W.M.
——_—— E.M. 4m.N.E. by E.
Whippingham Ch.
Kitbridge. W.M. [4 m. N. by W.
Newport]
Kite Hill Ho. and F. E. M. E.
Wootton Bridge
Knighton F. E. M.
Newchurch Ch.
Ho. 1m. N.N.E. New-
church Ch.
E. Copse. 4m. E. by N.
Knighton Ho.

 

am. N.N.E.

 

 

 

— W. Copse. 4m. W. by N.
Knighton Ho.
Knowle F. E.M. 1m.8.W.byS.
Niton Ch.
Knowles F. E.M. 3m. 8.W. by 8.
Bembridge Ch.
L.
Lake H. E.M. 13m. S.W. by W.
Sandown Fort
—-F. W.M. 1m.S. Carisbrook
Castle
Tambsleaze F. W.M. 13m. E. by
N. Newtown Ch.
Cops. E. M. 2 m.

N.N.E. Wootton Bridge

Landguard F. E. M. 13 m. N.
Shanklin Ch.

Lane End. E. M. 2m. E. Bem-
bridge Ch.

Lang Bridge H. E. M. N. end
Newchurch

Lashmere Pond. E.M. 13m.W.S.W.
Godshill Ch.*

Lechmere Pond. (See Lashmere)

Lee F. E. M. 12 m. S.E. New-
church Ch.
— e W.M. Im. E.S.E. Thorley
2,
— Copse. $m.N. Lee F.
Lemerston H. W.M. 2 m. E. Brix-
ton Ch.

 

* Lashmere Pool, formerly of greater extent, when the adjacent portion of
Bleak Down was unenclosed, is noted for producing leeches of very large size,

though less abundant now than they used to be.

I have myself seen them there,

and was assured by a medical man at Newport of the great superiority of these

leeches over those now so largely imported from the Continent.

The present

name is stated to be a corruption of Leechmoor or Leechmere from this circum-
stance, and perhaps Lachmere may have the same meaning.
TOPOGRAPHICAL INDEX.

Lemerston Down. 1 m. N.E. to
N.N.W. Lemerston

Lenten Pit. W.M.

Lessland F. E.M. 1m. N.E. by E.

Godshill Ch.
Lewin’s Copse. W.M. Freshwater
Lawkley (the) Stream. W. M

Little Park F. W.M. 13 m. W.
Carisbrook Castle
Little Town H. E.M. 1m. S.W.

by S. Wootton Bridge
gir W.M. 14m.E. Newtown
Lodge Copse. E.M. 3m. N.E. by
N. to N.N.W. Wootton Ch.
London Heath. W. M.

Long Copse. W.M. 1m. 8S.W. by
W. Gatcomb Ch.
— DownF. E.M. 1im.WS.W.

Arreton Ch.

Land F. 3 m. E.N.E. Yaver-
land Ch.
— Lane.

h

 

1% m. N.N.W. Arreton

—— Phillis Copse. 12 m. N.N.E.
Newchurch Ch.

—— Stone (the). W.M. 3m. N.N.E
Mottestone Ch.

Lorden Copse. W.M. 4m.N.E. to
N.N.E. Shorwell Ch.

Love Lane. W.M.

(See Clarken Lane)

Loverston F. W.M. #& m. S. Gat-

 

 

 

comb Ch,

Luccomb H. E.M. £m. S. Shank-
lin Ch.

—-—— Chine. E. Luccomb
i — Copse. 4m.S.W. Luccomb

Sant F. 3m.S. by W. Shanklin

Ch.

—Landslip (See East End)

Luckets F.§ W.M. 1m. E. by N.
Thorley Ch.

Lushington Copse. E.M. 3m.S8.W.
by W. Wootton Ch.

Luton F. W. M. 3 m. W. North-
wood Ch.

 

M.

Main R. (See Yar E.)
Mark’s Corner H. W. M.
W.S.W. Northwood Ch.

1§ m.

 

 

649

Marshcombe Copse.* E. M. 3 m.
N.W. by W. to S.W. by W. Ya-
verland Ch.

Marsh Green H. W.M. 3m.S. by
W. Brixton Ch.
Marvell F. W.M. 1m.S.E, by E.

Carisbrook Castle

Wood. S. to W. Marvell F.

Medham F. 3m. N. by E. North-
wood Ch.

Brickfield

Medina R. [Flows nearly the entire
distance from St. H. through the
island]

 

 

 

Mill. (E.) E.M. 1m.8, by

W. Whippingham Ch.

——— (W.) W.M. Im.S.E.
by 8. Northwood Ch,

Merry Garden F. E.M. 12m.8.W.
by W. Sandown Fort

Mersley. (See Messley)

Merston H. E. M. 1 m. S.W. to

S.S.W. Arreton Ch.

F. N.W. end Merston

Messley H. E. M. 1 m. N.NLW.
Newchurch Ch.

Down. N. Messley

Middleton Green H. W. 'M.
S.W. by W. Freshwater Ch.

 

 

1 m.

 

 

Mill Green. W.M. 2 m.S.Shalfleet
Ch.

Mirables (Ho.) E.M. 3m.8.E. Ni-
ton Ch.

Monckton Mead. E.M. S.E. Ryde

— Copse. [Adjoining

Monckton Mead]

Mornbill F. E. M. 13 m. ES.E.

Newport

Moor F. E,M. 2 m. N.E. by N.
Godshill Ch.

W.M. 3m. SSE. W.

 

Cowes Ch.

Moor Town H. W. M. N.W. end
Brixton

More Green H. W.M. 3m.N.N.W.
Freshwater Ch.

Morton F.(Up.) E.M. 3 m.8.S.W.

Brading Ch.
— (Low.) 4m. 8. Up. Mor-

ton
Moitestone V. W.M. 2m.W.N.W.
Brixton

 

Down. $ m. N. Mottes-

tone

Ch.

 

Mill. 1m. E. Mottestone

 

* Pronounced Mashcombe by the country people.

40
650

Mount Cleves Ho.
by S. Niton Ch.

Mountjoy. E. M.
risbrook Castle

E.M. 3m.S.W.
im. E.by N. Ca-

Mount Misery. E.M. 14m. 8.S.E.
Whippingham Ch.

Mousehole. E.M. [Probably Mouse
Hill, near Fervhill]

Mud Lane. E.M. ([Bembridge: a
lane leading from Hillway to the
shore]

Muggleton F. W.M. 1m. ES.E.
Brixton Ch.

Munsley Hill. E.M. N.E. Godshill

N.

Needles Hotel. W.M.
N. Alum Bay
Light Ho. E.Scratchalls Bay
Nettlecombe F. E.M. 4 m. N.E.
Whitwell Ch.

Nettleston Green H. E. M.
St. Helens Ch.

Point.

Helens Ch.

Newbarn. (See Calbourn, Gatcomb,
Osborne)

— Hummet.
bourn New Barn

Newbridge H. W.M.
Shalfleet Ch.

Newchurch V.
Ryde
L.)

New Cross. W.M.

Newnham. (See Ninham*)

New Park F. W.M. 13m. W.N.W.
Carisbrook Castle

1m. E, by

 

$m.N.
13m. N. by E. St.

 

S. by E. Cal-
Im. S.S.\V.
E.M. 6m. S.S.W.

Lynch. (See Parsonage

Newport B. W.M. 5m.S. E. and
W. Cowes

Newtown V. W.M. 1m. N.E. by
N. Shalfleet

Ningwood H. W.M. 1m. W. Shal-
fleet Ch.

——- F. }m.S8. Ningwood

Green F. 3m.8.8.E. Ning-
wood
Ninham F. E. M.
Shanklin Ch.
—————_ 1 m.S.W. byS. Binstead
Ch.

lim. N.N.W,

 

 

TOPOGRAPHICAL INDEX.

Ninham Hill.
ham F.]

Niton V. E.M. 9'm. 8S. Newport,

Tm. S.W. by W. Whitwell Ch.

Down. (See Head Down)

Nodes F. W. M. § m. N.N.W.
Northwood Ch.

Nodeshill F. W.M. 4m. [N. North-

(Contiguous to Nin-

 

wood }

Noke F. W.M. 32m.8.8,W. North-
wood Ch.

Norris Castle. E.M. 2 m. E.N.E.
E. Cowes Ch.

Northclose F. W.M. 14m. N.E. by
N. Newtown Ch.

North Court (Ho.) W. M. N.W.

Shorwell

North Ground F. W.M. 1m.58.E.
by S. Kingston Ch.

Northlands Copse. E. M. ¢m.E.
to N.E. Yaverland Ch.

North Park F. W.M. 14m. N.E.
by N. Calbourn Ch.

Northwood Ch. W. M. 2¢ m. N.

Newport

Northwood Ho. and Park, W. M.
W. W. Cowes

Norton H. W.M.
water Ch.

Nullenswood. (See Nunswood Copse)

Nunswoud Copse. W.M. 4m. W.
to W.N.W. Shalfleet Ch.

Nunwell (Ho.) E.M. $m. W.by N.
Brading Ch.

— Lit F.
Ho.

13m, N. Fresh-

2m. N.W. Nunwell

0.
Oakfield H. E.M. S.E. by 8S. Ryde

Old Church Sea Mark. E.M. $m.
E.S.E. St. Helens Ch.

Old Park (Ho.) E. M. 4m. S.W.
by W. St. Lawrence’s Ch.

Osborne Ho. and Park. E.M. 4m.

N.N.E. Whippingham Ch.

Copse. (See Shepherd’s Copse)

—— New Bam (F.) 4m. N. by
W. Osborne Ho.

 

 

* Which is merely a corruption of Newnham, the proper spelling and pro-
nunciation, though custom has sanctioned the less correct orthography.
TOPOGRAPHICAL INDEX.

Pt

Padmore [H.] E.M. + m. E.S.E.
Whippingham Ch.

Pagham F. E. M. 14m. N. by W.
Godshill Ch.

Pallance F. W.M. 32m. W. North-
wood Ch.

Gate.

lance F.]

Palmer's F. E.M. 4m. W. by S.
Wootton Ch.

——— Brook H. #3 m. S.W. Pal-
mer’s F,

Copse. E. by N. to N.E. by

N. Palmer's Brook

(Contiguous to Pal-

 

Pan F. E.M. 3m. S.E. by E. New-
port.
—— Lit. 4m. S.E. by E. Pan

—— Moor. S.E. Newport

Pangbourne F._ E. M.
by S. Newchurch Ch.

Park F. E.M. 3m. W. by N. St.
Helens Ch.

—— 4m. SE. by E. Godshill
Ch.

— Cross. W.M.
Carisbrook Castle

— Green. 8.W. corner Parkhurst
Forest

Parkhurst Forest. W.M.
to N.N.W. Newport

Park Lodge F. E.M. $m.N. Woot-
Ch

14 m. S.W.

14m. W. by N.
2m. W.

Parsonage Lynch (Wood). E.M. E.
by N. Newchurch Ch.

Paxfield H. E.M. [4 m. W. Fern-
hill]

Peacock Hill. E.M. [In Bembridge
parish, Lm. 8.W. Bembridge Ch.]

Peartree F. E.M. ti m. E. Gods-

 

hill Ch.
Pelham Fields, E.M. N.E. Ryde
Woods. E.N.E. St. Lawrence
Ch.
Pennyfeathers F. E. M. 1 m. 8.
Ryde
Perreton F. E.M. 3m. S. Arreton

Ch.
Pidford H. E.M. 3m. E.S.E. Gat-
combe Ch.

Pigslegs Copse. E.M. (See Rose-
mary Lane)
Pile F. W. M. 1 m. N.N.W. Chale

Ch.

 

651

Pitt Place F. W. M. 3m. E.S.E.
Mottestone Ch.

Place F. W.M.

Plash F. W. M. 2m. 8.W. by W.
Carisbrook Castle

Play Street F. E. M. 4m. S.W.
Ryde

Pondwell (Ho.) E. M.
by N. St. Helens Ch.

Porchfield F. W.M. 1$m.E.byN.
Newtown Ch.

Pound F. E.M. 3$m.S. Ryde

Green. W.M 41m. S.W.
Freshwater Ch.

Preston F. E.M. $m. 8.S.E. Ryde

1 m. N.W.

 

Prestwood H. E.M. 13m.S. by E.
Ryde
Princeslade. (See Princelet)

Princelet F. E. M.
Newchurch Ch.
Shoot. 41m. Princelet F.
Priory (the) Ho. E.M. 3m. E.N.E.
St. Helens Ch.
F. [By Priory Ho.]
Puck. E.M. ¢m. S. by E. New-
church Ch.
Puckaster (Ho.)
E. Niton Ch.
— — Cove. 3m. 8. Niton Ch.
Pucketts Copse. E.M. 1m. 8.W.
to S.W. by W. Binstead Ch.

iim. S. by W.

 

 

E,M. $m.S. by

Q.

Quarr Abbey and F. E.M. 3m. W.
Binstead Ch.

—— Copse. Between Quarr Abbey
and Binstead Ch.

Quarrel’s Copse. E.M. 1m.58.8.W.
to S.W. by 8. Wootton Ch,

Queen Bower H. E.M. 2m. 8.E.
Newchurch Ch.

R.
Ramsdown F. W.M. 1m. N.by E.
Kingston Ch.
Rancombe Lane. W. M. _ [In the

parish of Shorwell]
Red Clif. E.M. 1m. E.N.E, San-
down Fort
Redhill F. E.M. [2m.N. Niton]
——_ 14 m. SE. by 8. Godshill

Ch.
Redway F. E.M. 14.8. Arreton
Ch.
652

Rew Down. E. M.*

—F. 1} m. N.E. by N. St. Law-
rence Ch.

— Sueet F. W.M. 14m.W.N.W.
Northwood Ch.

Rickhouse Hill F. E.M.
by N. Brading Ch.

Ridge F. W.M. 4m.S8.W. by W.
Northwood Ch.

im. NW.

 

—— Copse. 4m. W. Ridge F.

Ril F.Up. E.M. 13m. N.W. by
W. Shanklin Ch.

Low. (W.M. 1.8. Gat-

combe Ch.

——tTLane. [W. M. 1 m. S. Gat-
combe Ch.]

Rock, W.M. 43m.N. by W. Brix-
ton Ch.

Rocken End (Pt.) 1 m. S.W. Niton
Ch.

Rodgeland F. W.M. 2}m.E. New-
town Ch.

Rodhbill F. E.M. (See Redhill)

 

 

Rookley H. E.M. 14m. S.E. Gat-
combe Ch.
FF. 13m. S.E. by S. Gat-
combe Ch.
Moors. W. Rookley F.
Rose Cliff Cottage. E. M.
Rosehall Green. W.M. (See Main

Bench)
Rosemary Copse. UE. M.
Rosemary Lane
Lane. 1m. 8.8.W. Ryde
Rossland H. W.M. 1 m. N.E. by
E. Kingston Ch.
Roude H. E. M.
Godshill Ch.
Roughborough F. E.M.
W. Brading Ch.
—. — WM.
by E. Shorwell Ch.
Down.
borough F.
Round Phillis Copse.
Long Phillis Copse
Rowlands F. E M. l$m.N. by E.
Newchurch Ch.
Rowledge F. W.M.
Calbourn Ch.

S.E. end

 

 

14m. S.W. by 8,

im.N., by

 

li m.N.

 

 

W. Rough-

E.M. S.E.

lt m. E. by 8.

Rowridge. (See Rowledge)

Royal Heath, E.M. 4m. 8.W. by
W. Sandown Fort

RYDE TT. E.M. 8 m. E. by N.
Newport

 

TOPOGRAPHICAL INDEX.

Ryde Bank F. E.M. 3 m.S.8.W.
Binstead Ch.

S.

St. Boniface Cottage and Down. N.
Bonchurch

St. Catherine’s Down. E. W. M.

Light Ho. (Old). E.

Pt. ELM.

mity Isle of Wight

Tower (Light
(New). St. Catherine’s Pt.

St. Clare (Ho.) E.M. 13 m.N.W.
by N. St. Helens Ch.

 

 

M.
S. extre-

 

 

 

 

Ho.)

St. George’s Down, E.M. 1m. W.
Arreton Ch.
St. Helens V. E.M. (SeeSt. Helens
Green)
Church. 14m. N.W. Bem-
bridge Ch.
Green. $m.S.E. to S. St.

Helens Ch.

Old Ch. (Sea Mark) 3m.
E.S.E. St. Helens Ch.

Spit. N-.E. (entrance) Bra-
ding Harbour

St. John’s (Ho.) E.M. 3m. S.E,. by
E. Ryde

—— Wood. {8.E. Ryde

St. Lawrence V. E.M. 10m.S. by

E. Newport, 13 m. 8.E. by E.
Whitwell Ch.

St. Thewin’s Copse. (See Centurion’s

 

Copse)

Salisbury F. W.M. 3$m.8.E. New-
town Ch.

Salten. E.M. 14m. N. by W. St.
Helens Ch.

Copse. W.M. 1m. N. by

E. Freshwater Ch.

Sandford H. E.M. 1m. E. Gods-

hill Cb.

Sandham. (See Sandown)

Sandown H. E. M. 1 m. S.W. to
W.S.W. Yaverland Ch.

——-~Bay. S.E. side Isle of
Wight
Fort. 1m. S.W. by 8. Ya-
verland Ch.
Level. N. Sandown Fort

Sandway H. W. M.

1m. N.E. by
N. Gatcombe Ch.

 

* Rew (quast Row) is a vernacular term for a hedgerow, and is also applied to

a narrow strip or belt of wood or coppice.
TOPOGRAPHICAL INDEX.

Sandy Bank H. W.M. 3m. S.
Shorwell Ch.

— _WayH. W.M. 4m. §. by
E. Sherwell Ch.

Beart F. E.M. im. 8. Godshill

Schoolhouse Green H. W.M.

Scuts Gate. W.M. 3m. S. by W.
Northwood Ch.

Shaloombe D. W.M. W. to S.W.
Shalcombe F.

F. 3m. N. by E. Brook

Ch.

Shalfleet V. W.M. 6m. W. New-
port, 1 m. S.W. by S. Newtown
Ch.

Shambler’s F. E. M. W. Osborne
Park

W.M. 1m. S.

 

Copse.
West Cowes

Shanklin V. E. M.
Ryde

Chine. E. Shanklin

—— Church. 34 m. S.W. by W.
Shanklin Chine

—— Down. S8.W. Shanklin

F. N.E. Shanklin Ch.

Sheat F. W.M. 41.5. by E. Gat-
combe Ch.

Sheepwash F. E. M.
Godshill Ch.

W.M.

Shepherd’s Copse. KE. M.
East Cowes

Lane.

Arreton Ch.

Shide H. W.M.

1 m. S. by W.

 

 

1m. 8S. by W.

 

 

lim. E.
E.M. 3m.ES.E.

(See Shide Br.)

 

 

 

— Br. $m.S8.8.E. Newport
—— Chalk-pit. E. M.
— Cottage E.M. 3m. 8.S.E.
Shide Br.
Mill. E.M.
Shorwell V. W. M. 2m. E. Brix-
ton
Sibden Hill. Shanklin
Sibbetts. [W. M.?]
Skinner’s F. E.M. 13m. S.W. Ar-
reton Ch.
—— Hill. 4m.S. by E. New-
church
Grove F. W.M. 1m. W.
by N. Northwood Ch.
Slatwood Ho. E.M. [At E. Cowes
on the N. side]
Sluceombe Copse. W.M. 13m.N.
_ Shorwell Ch.
Smallbrook F. E.M. 1m.S. Ryde
(Lit) 4 m. N.N.W.

Smallbrook F.

 

653

Smallbrook Heath Copse. W. Small-
brook F.

Smallgains F. E.M. 13m. E.N.E.
Newport

Smallmoor F. W.M. 3m.S. by E.
Shorwell

Snowdrop Lane. W. M. W. Gat-
comb Park

Somerton F. W.M. 2m.N, North-
wood Ch.

South Ford F. E.M. 3m.N. Whit-
well Ch.

 

Southmore. W. M. 2 m. S.S.W.
Motteston Ch.
Span F. E.M. 4m.S.S.E. Appul-
durcombe Ho.
(Lit.) 3m. S. Span F.
Spicers F. E.M. 1m. S.W. by W.

Newchurch Ch.
Spreats Copse. E. M.
Wootton Ch.
Springfield H. E. M.

W. St. Helens Ch.
Springvale. [E.M. 1m. E. Ryde]
[Stagwell. In the parish of Northwood,

N. Parkhurst Forest]

Standen F. E. M. 14 m. SS.E.

Newport
(Lit )

Hast). E.M.
by N. Arreton Ch.
(West) $m
E. Standen F.
——— Copse. oy S.
E. S.

3m. E. by S.
13m. N. by

 

 

 

     

am. W.
N.N.E.

 

 

 

 

Standen Ho. E. M.
den F.

Standham. (See Standen)

Staplers F. E.M. [On Staplers H.]

H. [Ll m. E. Newport]

im. S. Stan-

 

Star Inn. E.M. 14m. N.W. Gods-
hill Ch.

Steephill Castle. E.M. 1m. E. by
N. St. Lawrence Ch.

Stenbury F. E.M. 3m. N. by E
Whitwell Ch.

— (Lit.) §m.N.N.E. Sten-

bury F.

———— (Lower) 34m. N.W. by
W. Stenbury F.

Steyn Wood. E.M.

Stickworth (Ho. and F.) E.M. 1m.
S. by E. Arreton Ch.

Stislet. TW. M. 12 m. W.N.W.
Northwood Ch.

Stoats F. W. M.
parish]

Stone F. E. M.
reton Ch.

{In Northwood
14 m. W. by S. Ar-
654

Stoneshell. [E. M. 1m_] S.E. New-
church

Stonebrook. E.M. 13m. N.W. by
N. Whitwell Ch.

Stonelands. [E.M. 34m.S.E. Bin-
stead Ch. ]

Stoneover. W.M. 14 m.8S.W. Shal-
fleet Ch.

Stonepits F. E.M. 4m. S8.E. Bin-
stead Ch.

Stone Place. W.M. $m.58.E. byS.
Shorwell Ch,

Stoney Cros H. W.M. 34m. N.
Calbourne Ch.

Stopler’s Copse. W.M.
Street Place F. W.M. [In the pa-
rish of Thorley]
Stroud Green H. W.M.
Chale Ch.]

Wood. E. M.
8. Ryde]

Stragwell. [See Stagwel!]

Style Close Copse. E. M.

Sullons F. E.M. [In Arreton pa-
rish]

Sutton F. W.M. [1 m.8. Shorvwell]

Swains F. E. M. [3 m.N.E. Bem-
bridge Ch.]

Swainston (Ho.) W. M.
Calbourne Ch.]

Swan Pond. E.M.

{14 m. N.

 

{1 m. W. by

{1 m. E.

I;

Tapnel F. W.M. [1 m.S. Thorley
Ch

 

Copse. (Adjoining Tapnel F.]
Thorley V. W. M. [1 m. E. Yar-
mouth]

Ch. [4 m. E. Yarmouth]
F. [E. Thorley Ch.]

 

 

 

Thomecross [F.] W. M. [1 m. E.
Brighstone Ch.]

Thomess Bay. W.M. «(2 m. W.
Cowes]

-I.Gr. W.M.

—_——— Lit.

—— Wood.

Tinker’s Hole. E. M. [In America

Wood, 14 m. N. Shanklin Ch.]
—— Lane. W.M. [In North-
wood parish]
Tollands Bay. (See Totlands)

Tolt (the) Cops. W.M. [1 m.8,
Gatcombe]

Totlands Bay. W.M [1 m.8.W.
Freshwater]

Trenchards F. E. M.

 

TOPOGRAPHICAL INDEX.

Trockles F. E. M.

(tm. N. by W.
Brading]

Uv

Undercliff. E.M.

Under Smarden Copse. E.M. [Be-
tween Luccombe and Bonchurch]

Uplands. E.M. [2m.S8.E. Ryde]

E.M. {1 m. 8. Ryde]

{14 m. 8. Ryde]

Vares F. W.M. [1 m.S. Carisbrook
Castle]

VENTNORT. E.M.

Vinnicombe Barn. E. M.

Vittlefield F. W.M. [lg m. N.W.
Newport]

 

Ww.

Wackland F. E.M.
church Ch.]

Walpan Chine.
Chale Ch.]

[3 m. W. New-

(W. M. 1m. W.

 

 

— F. [By Walpan Chine]

Warlands F. W.M._ [In Arreton
parish]

Watch Ho. Pt. E. M. [Lm N.
Bembridge Ch.]

Watchingwell Gr. FE. W.M. ‘[2m.
E. Shalfleet Ch.]

—_ Up. F.

Watcombe Bay. W.M. [1 m. S.
Freshwater Ch.]

Watergate H. W. M. [1 m. S.
Newport]

Watering Cupse. W. M.

Watershot Cove. E.M. 1m,.8.W.

Niton Ch.

Wearnehill Copse. E. M.

Week Down. E.M.  [S. Appuldur-

combe Park]

F.

Wecks’s H. E.M.

Well Ho. E. M. [At Niton]

Wellow H. W.M. [1 m. E. Thor-
ley Ch.]

Werror I.
wood}

Gr. Wood

— Lit. Wood

Westbrook F. E. M.
Ryde]

 

W.M. [1 m. S. North-

 

 

[2} m. S.E.

-————-_ Ho.

West Cliff (Ho.) E.M. [At ag
Court (Ho.) W.M. [im

by 8. Shorwell Ch.]

 
TOPOGRAPHICAL INDEX.

West Mill. W.M. [4m. W. Newport]
Westminster Mill. W.M. [Adjoin-
ing Newport N.W.]

Weston F. W.M. (In Freshwater
parish]
Westover (Ho.) W.M. [In Cal-
bourne V.}
Westridge (Ho.) [14 m.S.E. Ryde]
West Side. W.M. [1 m. S. New-
port]
Whippance F. W.M. [1 m. W.
Northwood Ch.]
Whippingham V.  E. M.
———_———_ Ch.
————_-——_ Street
Whitcomb H. W.M. [1m.S. Ca-
risbrook Castle]
(Gr.) F.
Wood
White Clif Bay. E. M. [1 m. E.

Bembridge Ch.]

White Court F. W. M.

Whitecroft F. W. M. [13m.8. New-
port]

White Cross F. E. M.

White House F. W.M.

E.M. At Adgeton

 

 

Whiteley Bank. E. M. [1 m. E.
Godshill Ch.]

White Oak. W.M.

——— Pit. [W. M.?]

Whitewalls F. W.M. [1 m. E.
Thorley Ch.}

Whitwell V. E.M. 1 m.N.E. by N.
Niton

Wilderness (the). E.M. [$ m.8.W.
Bleak Down]

Wilmingham F. W.M._ [In Fresh-

water parish]

William’s Moor. E. M.

 

655
Winford F. E.M. [1 m. 8. New-
church]
Winston H. E.M. [Adjoining Win-
ford]

Woodhouse F. E. M.

Wood House F. E. M.

Woodlands. E.M. [lI m. E, by 8.
Ryde]

Woodvale.
Cowes]

Woolverton F. E.M.
S. Brading]

[W. M. 1m. W. West

{1 m. E. by

—_— W. M.
Shorwell Ch.]

EK. M.

Ei. M.

[1 m. SS.
——_—_. By St. Law-
rence Ch.] nae
Wootton Br. V.
———— Ch.
——— Common
Wrongs F. E. M.

{In Whipping-
ham parish]

Y.

Yafford Ho. W. M.
Shorwell Ch.

—-— Ham. W.M.

——— Mill. W.M.

Yar (East) R. TE. M.

(West) R. W.M.

Yarborough Monument.
Bembridge D.]

Yarbridge H. E. M.
ding]

Yarbury Hill. E. M.

Yard F. E.M. [1 m. N. Godshill
Ch.]

YARMOUTH. W.M.

Yaverland V. E.M. 1m.8.E. Bra-
ding

1 m. S.W.

 

E.M. [On
(2 m. 8. Bra-
LATIN

TO THE

INDEX

GENERIC AND SPECIFIC NAMES AND SYNONYMS.

Page
Aokr, L. 93
campestre, L. . 95
Pseudo - platanus,
L. . 94
Acuiti@a, L. . 264
Millefolium, L. . 264
Ptarmica, L. . 264
Acinos vulgaris, Pers. 378
Aconitum, L. 17
Napellus, L. 18
Aponis, L. 5
autummnalis, L. 5
Avoxa, L. . 224
moschatellina, L. . 224
Ecoropium, L. . 201
Podagraria,L. . 202
ituusa, L. . 209
Cynapium, L. . 209
Acrapuis, Link. . 504
nutans, Link. . 504
Acrimonta, L. . 150
Eupatoria, L. 150
Agrostemma Githago,
L. 65
Aerostis, L. . 585
alba, L. . 586
canina, L. . 585
setacea, Curt. . 586
vulgaris, With. . 585
Arras, L. . 589
aquatica, Sm. —. 588
cespitosa, L. . 591
caryophyllea, L. . 590
cristata, L. . 592
flexuosa, L. . 590
precox, L. . 589
Airochloa cristata,
Link . 592

 

Page
Asuea, L. . 392
Chamepitys . 393
reptans, L. . 392
Atcuemitia, L.  . 151
arvensis, Sm. . 15)
Attsma, L. - 621
Plantago, L. . 521
ranunculoides, L.. 521
Atxtiaria, Adans. 36
officinalis, L. . 36
Autium, L. . 502
oleraceum, L. . 502
ursinum, L. - 502
vineale, L. . 602
Atnus, Tourn. - 465
glutinosa, Gertn. . 465
Atorrcurus, L.  . 579
agrestis, L. - 681
bulbosus, L. . 580
geniculatus, L. . 580
pratensis, L. . 579
Alsine marina,M. . 69
media, L. . 76
peploides, Wahl. 74
rubra, Wahl. 76
AuTHaa, L. 82
officinalis, L. 82
Alyssum maritimum,
Willd. . 39
Ammopuita, Host. . 582
arenaria, Link . 582
arundinacea, Host. 582
Anacamptis pyrami-
dalis, Rich. . 479
Anaca.tis, L. . 403
arvensis, L. . 403
cerulea, Schreb. . 403
tenella, L. . 404

 

Page

Ancuusa, L. . 820
sempervirens, L, . 320
AnpRosgemum, All. . 84
officinale, All. . 84
AneEmong, L. » 4
nemorosa, L. 4
Anethum Feenicdlum 210
Anextioa, L. . 213
sylvestris, L. . 213
AntHemis, L. » 261
arvensis, L. - 262
Cotula, L. . 263
nobilis, T.. . 261
Anruoxantuum, L. 577
odoratum, L. . 577
AntuHriscus, Pers. . 221

sylvestris, Koch . 221

vulgaris, Pers. . 221
ANTHYLLIs, L. . 114
maritima, Schw. . 114
Vulneraria, L. . 114

Antirruinom, L. . 344
Cymbalaria, L. 351

Elatine, L. « 352
Linaria, L. . 347
majus, L. . 344
minus, L. . 350
Orontium, L. . 846
repens, L. 348
spurium, L. 354
Apargia autumnalis,
Willd. - 281

Hedypnois, Huds. 280
hispida, Willd. . 280
Aphanes arvensis, L. 151
APIUM . 197
graveolens . 198
Petroselinum, L. . 198

4p
658

Page
Aporantuus, Brom. 117
Trifoliastrum,
Brom. . 117
Aguitecia, L. 15
vulgaris, L. 15
Arasis, L. 33
hirsuta, R. Br. 33
thaliana, L. 35
Arctium, L. . 270

Bardana, Willd. . 270

Lappa, L. . 270
Argnarta, L. a 9D
marina, Sm. 76
media, L. 76
peploides, L. 74
rubra, L. 76
serpyllifolia, L. 75
trinervis, L. . 7
Armerta, Willd. . 409
maritima, Willd. 410

Armoracia, Fl.Wett. 41

rusticana, Fl.Wett. 41
ARRHENATHERUM,
Beauv. . 594
avenaceum,
Beauv. . 594

bulbosum, Host. . 594

ARTEMmIsIA, L. . 266
Absinthium, L. 266
cernlescens, L. 268
gallica, L. . 267
marina, Huds. . 268
maritima, L. . 267
vulgaris, L. 267

Arum, L. . 526
ttalicum, Lam. . 527
maculatum, L. . 526

Arundo arenaria,

Sm. . 583
Epigejos, L. - 587
Phragmites, L. . 615

Asparacus, L. . 507
officinalis, L. . 507

Aspreruta, L. - 240
Cynanchica, L. . 241
odorata, L. . 240

Aspidium aculeatum,

Sw - 629

angulare, Willd. . 630
dilatatum, Willd. . 632
erosum, Schukr. . 640
Filix-faemina, Be. 633
Filix-mas,Sw. 631,640
Lobatum, Sw. . 629
Oreopteris, Sw. . 631
spinulosum, Willd. 632
Thelypteris, Sw. . 630
Aserenrium, L. . 632

 

LATIN INDEX.

Adiantum-nigrum,
L - 632

marinum, L.

Ruta-muraria, L.
Trichomanes, L. .

Aster, L.
Tripolium, L.

AstRracatos, L.
glycyphyllus, L.
hypoglottis, L.

Aruyrium, Roth

Page

633
633
632
249

. 249
. 125
. 125
. 126
. 633

Filix-foemina,Roth 633

ArripLex, L.

angustifolia, Sm. .
angustifolia, Hook.
arenaria, Woods .

423
424
425
640

erecta, Huds. 425, 640

hastata, Sm.

- 425

laciniata, L. 426, 640

littoralis, L. . 423
littoralis, Hook. . 424
marina, L. . 424, 640
niteus, Rebent. . 426
patula, L. - 425
portulacoides, L. . 427
rosea, L. 425
Atropa, L. . 829
Belladonna, L. . 329
physaloides, L. . 330
Avena, L. . 612
elatior, L. 594
fatua, L. . 612
flavescens, L. . 614
pratensis, L. . 614
pubescens, L. . 614
strigosa, Schreb. . 613
Baxvota, L. . 391
fetida, Lam. 391
nigra, L. 391
ruderalis, Fries . 391
Barsarea, R. Br. 31
precox, R. Br. 32
vulgaris, R.Br. . 31
Bartsia viscosa, L. . 362
Bettis, L. . 257
perennis, L. . 258
Berseris, L. 18
vulgaris, L. . 19
Bera, L. . 421
maritima, L. . 421
vulgaris, Sm. . 421
Betonica officinalis,
Sm. . 390
Beruta, L. . 464
alba, L. 464
Alnus, L. . 465

 

Page

Bivens, L. - 268
cernua, L. . 268
minima, L. . 268
tripartita, L. . 269
Biecunum, L. . 634
boreale, Sw. . 634
Boraco, L. . 320
officinalis, L. . 320

Borkhausia setosa,DC 384

Borrycuium, Sw. . 636

Lunaria, Sw. . 636
Bracuyropium,

Beauv. - 620

sylvaticum,Beauv. 621

Brassica, L. 36
Napus, L. 37
nigra, Koch 37
oleracea, L. 36

Briza, L. - 602
aspera, Knap. —. 603
media, L. - 602
minor, L. . 603

Bromvs, L. - 608
agrestis, All. . 610

arvensis, Parnell . 611
asper, L. . 609
commutatus, Schr. 611

erectus, Huds. . 610
giganteus, L. . 608
littoreus, Host. . 607
mollis, L. - 610

multiflorus, Host. 611
patulus, M.et K. 611

pratensis, Sw. . 611
racemosus, L. . 611
secalinus, L. . 612
sterilis, L. . 609
sylvaticus, Poll. . 621
triflorus, L. . 608
Bryonta, L. . 180
dioica, Jacq. . 180

Bucetum arundinace-

um, Parn. . 607
Bunias Cakile, L. 45
Buniom, L. . 202

flexuosum, With. . 202
Burrtevurum, L. . 203
rotundifulium, L. . 203

tenuissimum, L.
204, 639

Buromus, L. . 522

umbellatus, L. . 522
Caxitz, Tourn. ~ 45
maritima, Willd... 45
CaLamaGRosTIs,
Adans. 587
ae Page
Epigejos, Roth . 587
CaLaMINTHA . 378

Acinos, Clairv. . 378
Clinopodium, Bth. 381
officinalis, Mcench, 379
sylvatica, Bromf. . 380
Cauuirricue, L. . 176
autumnalis, DC. . 177
pedunculata, DC. 177
platycarpa, Kutz. 177
verna, L. - 176
verna, Sm. 177
Cactona, Salisb. . 297
vulgaris, Salisb. . 297

Cartua, L. . 12
palustris, L. . 18
Culystegia sepium,
Br. . 314
Soldanella, Br. . 315
Campanuta, L. . 290
glomerata, L. . 291
hederacea, L. . 294
hybrida, LL. . 293
medium, L. . 293
patula, L. . 293

Rapunculus, L. . 293
rotundifolia, L. . 292
Trachelium, L. . 292

Capset ta, DC. . 44
Bursa-pastoris,DC, 44
Carpamine, L. . 34
hirsuta, L. . 85
pratensis, L. . 34
Carpuus, L. . 270
acanthoides, L. . 270
acaulis, L. « 273
arvensis, Curt. . 272
crispus, L. . 270

eriophorus, L. —. 271
Forsteri, Ed. . 272

lanceolatus, L. . 271
marianus, Sm. 274
nutans, L. . 270
palustris, L. - 272

pratensis, Huds. . 273
tenuiflorus, Curt.. 271

Carex, L. . 549
acuta, L. . 560
acuta, Curt. . 576

ampullacea, Good. 574
angustifolia, Sm. . 559

arenaria, L. . 551
axillaris, Good. . 555
binervis, Sm. . 565
Beenninghauseni-

ana, Weihe _.. 555
cespitosa, Sin. 559, 560
crassa, Host. 575

 

LATIN INDEX.

Page
curta, Good. . 558
dioica, L. . 549
distans, L. - 563

disticha, Huds. . 551
divisa, Huds. . 550
divulsa, Guod. . 554
Drymeia, Ehrh. . 569
extensa, Good, . 562
filiformis, F1. . 572

flacca, Retz. . 573
flava, L. . 562
fulva, Good. . 564
Gibsoni, Bab. —. 559
glauca, Scop. . 573
Goodenovi, Gay . 559
gracilis, Curt. . 561
hirta, L. . 573
intermedia, Good. 551
levigata, Sm. . 566
montana, L. . 572
muricata, L. . 553

nemorosa, Willd. . 552
Qideri, Ehrh. —.. 562
ovalis, Good. . 558

pallescens, L. . 567
paludosa, Good. . 576
panicea, L. . 568
paniculata, L. . 553
pendula, Huds. . 570
pilulifera, L. . 572
precox, Jacq. . 572
Pseudo-cyperus, L. 571
pulicaris, L. . 550
recurva, Huds. . 573
remota, L. . 557
riparia, Curt. . 575

spetrostachya,Whl. 564
spicata, Huds. . 554
stellulata, Good. . 557
stricta, Good. . 560
strigosa, Huds. . 569
sylvatica, Huds. . 568

vulgaris, Fries . 559
vulpina, L. . 552
Witheringti, Gray 552
Cariina, L. . 269
vulgaris, L. - 269

Castanea vesca, Gert. 471

CataBrosa, Beauv. 588
aquatica, Beauv. . 588

Caucalis Anthriscus,

Sm. 216
infesta, Sm. 217
nodosa, Sm. . 218

Crevtaurea, L. . 275
Calcitrapa, L. — . 276
Cyanus, L. . 276
nigra, L. . 273

 

659

Page
nigrescens, Willd. . 275
Scabiosa, L. . 276
solstitialis, L. . 276
Crenrrantuus, DC. 242
ruber, DC. . 242
Crntruncutus, L. . 405
minimus, L. 405
CePpHALANTHERA,

Rich. . 490
ensifolia, Rich. . 492
grandiflora, Bab. . 490

Crrastium, L. 72
aquaticum, L. 71
atrovirens, Bab. 73

 

glomeratum, Thuill 72
glutinosum, Fries 72
pedunculatum, Bab. 73
pumilum, Curt. 73
scandens, Lej. . 71
semidecandrum, L. 72
tetrandrum, Curt. 73
triviale, Link 72
viscosum, L. 72
vulgatum, L. 72
Cerasus acida, Bore. 144
austera, Host. . 144
collina, Lej. . 144
vulgaris, Mill. —. 144
Crratornyiuvm, L. 178
2 - 178
Ceteracu, Willd. . 628
officinarum, Willd. 629
CH#ropHyiium, L. 220
sylvestris, L. . 221
temulentum, L. 220
Cueirantues, L. 29
Cheiri, L. 29
fruticulosus, L. 29
incanus, L. 28
CueEvipontum, L. 25
Glaweium, L. 24
majus, L. 25
Chenopodina mariti-
ma, Mey. . 414
Cuenopopium, L. . 415
acutifolium, Sm. . 416
album, L. . 417
Bonus-Henricus,

L. - 420
glaucum, L. . 417
intermedium, M. et

K. 418
maritimum, L.  . 414
murale, L. . 418
olidum, Curt. » 415
polyspermum, L. . 416
polyspermum, Curt. 416
rubrum, L. . 420
660

Page
urbicum, L. - 418
vulvaria, L. . 415
Chironia littoralis,
Sm. . 310
pulchella, Sm. . 310
Cutora, L. . 308
perfoliata, L. 308

CurysanTHEMUM,L.
Leucanthemum, L.
segetum, L.

CurysospLentum,L.

259
259

» 259

193

oppositifolium, L. 193
Cicuorrum, L. . 277
Intybus, LL. . 277
Cineraria, L. . 252

campestris, Retz. .
integrifolia, With.

252
252

Circaa, L . 174

Lutetiana, L. . 174
Cirsium anglicum,

Lam. 273

Cistus Helianthemum,

i 50
tomentosus, Sm. . 50
Cranium, Schrad. . 540

Mariscus, R. Br. .

540

C.iematis, L. 2
Vitalba, L. 2
Clinopodium vulgare,

: . 382
Clypeola maritima,L. 89
Cnicusacaulis,Willd. 278

arvensis, Hoffm, . 272
eriophorus, Willd. 271
Forsteri, Sm. +272
lanceolaius, Willd. 271
palustris, Willd. . 272
pratensis, Willd. . 273
Cocuvraria, L. 40
anglica, L. 40
Armoracia, L, 41
danica, L. 40
greenlandica, L. 40
officinalis, L. . 40
officinalis, Hook.. 40
Colchicum autumna-
le, L - 510
Comaroum, L. . 152
palustre, L. . 153
Conium, L. . 195
maculatum, L. . 195
Convotvutus, L. . 312
arvensis, L. . 812
sepium, L. . 314
Soldanella, L. . 315
Conyza squarrosa, L. 254
Cornus, L. 225
sanguinea, L. ~ 225

 

LATIN INDEX.
Page
Coronorts, Hall. 44
Ruellii, Hall. 44
didyma, Sm. 44
Corypatis, DC. 27
elaviculata, DC. . 27
Coryuus, L. . 467
Avellana, L. . 467
Corv.epon, L. . 186
Umbilicus, L. =. 186
Cramer, L. 48
maritima . 48
Cratzcus, L. . 163
ertocarpa, Lindl. . 163
monogyna, Jacq. . 163
Oxyacantha, L. . 163
Oxyacantha, Jacq. 163
Creris, L. . 284
setosa, Hall. « 284
tectorum, Sm. . 284
virens, L. . 284
Critunum, L. . 212
maritimum, L. D129
Cucubalus Behen,Sm. 61
Cescora, L. 316
Fpithymum, L. 318
europea, L. . 317
Trifolii, Bab. . 318
Cynocitossum, L. . 319
Henckii, R.et Sch. 319
officinale, L. . 319
Cyraosurus, L. . 596
ciistatus, L. 596
Cyperus, L. . 538
longus, L. . 639

Cytisus scoparius,

DC. . 110
Dactytis, L. . 596
glomerata, L. . 596
Darune, L. . 436
Lameola, L. . 436
Mezereum, L. . 438
Darcera, L. . 332
Stramonium, L. . 332
Daucus, L. . 214
Carota, L. 214
maritimus, With.. 216
Derrainiom, L. 17
Consolida, L. 17
Diantuts, L. 59
Armerit, L. 60
prolifer, L. . 60
Dieiraris, L. . 343
purpurea, L. 343

Digraphis arundina-
cea, Trin. 588
Diorts, Desfont. . 265

 

Page
maritima, Cass. . 265
Diesacus, L. . 245
sylvestris, L. . 245
Drasa, L. 39
verna, L. 39
Drosera, L. 55
rotundifolia, L. 55
Ecaivm, L. 321
italicum, Sm. . 322
vulgare, L. 5 322
Exzocuaris, Br. . 542
multicaulis, Sm. . 542
palustris, Br. . 542
Eleogiton fluitans,
Link. - 543
Eprvosiey, L. 169
angustifolium, L.. 169
hirsutum, L. 171
montanum, L. 173
obscurum, Reich. . 639
palustre, L. . 173
parviflorum, Schr. 172
tetragonum, L. 173
virgatum, Fries 639
virgatum, Fries 173
Ertpactis, Rich. 489
grandiflora, Sm. . 491
latifolia, Sw. 459
palustris, Sw. 490
Eauisetuqm, L. 626
arvense, L. . 626
fluriatile, L. . 626, 628
limosum, L. 628
palustre, L. 628
sylvaticum, L. 627
Telmateja, Ehrh. . 626
Erica, L. 296
cinerea, L. 296
Tetralix, L. 296
vulgaris, L. 297
Ericrron, L. 250
acris, L. 251

Eriopyorum, L. .
angustifolium, Rth.
latifolium, Hoppe
pelystachion, L.
polystachion, L.
pubescens, Sm.
vaginatum, L.

Eropium, L’Heérit.
cicutarium, Sm.
Maiitimum, Sm. .
moschatum, Sm. .

Erven, L. 129
gracile, Sebast. 130
hirsutum, L. . 129
Page
longifolium, Ten. . 130
polyspermum, Sm. 130

tetraspermum, L. . 129
varium, Brot. . 130
Eryneium, L. . 193
maritimum, L. . 194
Erysimom, L. 36
Alliaria, L. 36
Barbarea, L. . 81
cheiranthoides, L. 36
officinale, L. 35
precox, Sm. » 32

Eryturma, Renealm 309
Centaurium, Pers. 309
linarifolia, Pers. . 310
littoralis, Hook. . 310
pulchella, Hook. . 310

Evonymus, L. . 104
europeus, L. - 104
Euparorium, L.  . 247
cannabinum, L. . 247
Evrnoxsia, L. . 440

amygdaloides, L. . 442

Cyparissias, L. . 445
exigua, L. . 444
helioscopia, L. . 440
Lathyris, L. . 444
Paralias, L. . 445
Peplis, L. . 440
Peplus, L. » 443
pilosa, L. . 445
platyphylla, L. . 440
portlandica, L, . 443
stricta, L. . 440
sylvatica, L. . 442
Evpurasia, L. . 861
Odontites, L. . 362
officinalis, L. . 361

Fagopyrum esculen-

tum, Mench_ . 436
Facus, L. . 469
sylvatica, L. . 470
Fepia, Vabl. . 243
Auricula, DC. . 243
carinata, Lois. . 243°
dentata, Vahl. . 244
mixta, Vahl. . 244
olituria, Vahl. . 243
Frsruca, L. 605

arundinacea, Schr. 607

bromoides, L. —. 605
duriuscula, L. —.. 606
elatior, L. . 607
elatior, Host. . 608
giganteus, Vill. . 608
hirsuta . 607

 

 

 

LATIN INDEX.

Page
littorea, Wahl. . 607
loliacea, Sm. . 608
Myurus, Sm. . 605
ovina, L. . 606
pratensis, Huds. . 607
Pseudo-Myurus,
Koch . 605
rubra, L. . 607
sylvatica, Sm... 621

uniglumis, Soland.

606

Ficaria ranunculoides,

De. ee
Firaco, L. . 257
germanica, L. . 257
minima, Pers. . 257
montana, DC. —, 287
Fanicutum, Hoffm. 210
vulgare, Gertn. . 210
Fracaria, L. 153
vesca, L. . 153
Franken, L. 58
levis, L. . 58
Fraxinus, L. . 803
excelsior, L. . 803
Fumaria, L. » 26
capreolata, L. . 26
claviculata, L. 27
officinalis, L. 27
mnicrantha, Lag. 27
Garantuts, L. . 496
nivalis, L. . 496
Galeobdolon luteum,
Huds. . 388
Gateorsis, L. . 389
Ladanum, L. . 889
Tetrahit, L. . 389
Gatium, L. . 238
Aparine, L. . 240
eruciatum, With. . 238
Mollugo, L. 238
montanum, With, . 238
palustre, L. . 238
saxatile, L. . 239
tricorne, With. . 239
uliginosum, L, . 289
verum, L. . 238
Witheringit, Sm. . 238
Gastnripium, Beauv. 583
lendigerum,Beauy. 583
Genisra, L . 1
anglica, L. . 112
tinctoria, L. 111
Genttana, L. . 310
Amarella, L. . 3ll
campestris, L. 311
Centaurium, Sm. . 310

 

661

Page
Geranium, L. . 96
columbinum, L. . 100

dissectum, L. 99
lucidum, L. 96
malvaceum, Burm. 97
molle, L. . 98
pratense, L. . 101
purpureum, Forst. 96
pusillum, L. 98

pyrenaicum, Reich. 100
Robertianum, L. . 96
rotundifulium, L.. 97
Geom, L. . 149
rivale, L. . 149
urbanum, LI. . 149
Githago segetum, Desf. 65

Guaucium, Tourn. . 24
luteum, Scop. 24
Guavs, L. . 406
miuritima, L. . 406
Glechoma hederacea,
. . 385
Guyceria, R. Br. . 602
Borreri, Bab. . 600
fluitans, Scop. . 602
plicata, Fries . 602
Gwapnactiom, L. . 256
erectum, Huds. . 256
germanicum, Huds. 257
minimum, Sm. . 257
sylvaticum, L.  . 256
uliginosum, L.  . 256

Grammitis Ceterach,
Sw. . 629

Gymnapenia, Br. . 479
covopsea, Br. . 479
Hasenarnia, Br. . 480
bilolia, Bab. . 482

chlorantha, Bab. . 480
viridis, Br. 480
Hattantuts, Fries. 74

peploides, Fries 74
Hauimus, Wally. . 427
portulacoides,
Wallr. . 427
Hepera, L. » 222)
Helix, L. . 223
Hedypnois autumna-
lis, Sm. » 281
Hedysarum Onobry-
chis, L. . 137
HE LIANTHEMUM,
Tourn. 50
vulgare, Gertn. 50
He rrsoros, L. 13
foetidus, L. 14
662

Page
viridis, L. 13
HExmintTHi, Juss. . 283

echivides, Gertn .. 283
Hevosciapium, Koch 200
nodiflorum, Koch. 200
inundatum, Koch . 200
Heracveum, lL. . 214
angustifolium, Sm. 214

Sphondylium, L. . 214
Hesperis, L. 35
inodora, L. 35
matronalis, L, 35
Hieracium, L. . 287
boreale, Fries . 289
inulotdes, Bab. . 289
murorum, L. . 288

pe leterianum Merat. 287

Pilosella, L. . 287
Sabaudum, Sm. . 289
sylvestre, Tausch . 289
umbellatum, L. . 289
vulgatum, Fr. =. 287
Hirrocrepis, L. 136
comosa, L. . 136
Hiervris, L. . 174
vulgaris, L. . 175
Hotcus, L. . 594
avenaceus, Scop. . 594
lanatus, L. 594
mollis, L. - 594
Honckenya peploides,
Ebrh. - 74
Horpveun, L. - 616

maritimum, With. 618
murinuw, L. . 616
pratense, Huds. . 617
secalinum, Schreb. 617

Hvumutes, L. . 449
Lupulus, L. . 449
Hyacinthus non-scrip-
tus, L . 504
Hyprocnaris, L. . 474

Morsus-Rane, L. 474

Hyprocoryie, L. . 195
vulgaris, L. . 195
Hyoscyamus, L. 330
niger, L. . 330
Hypericon, L. 86

Androsemum, L. . 84
calycinum, L. . 86
dubium, Leers . 639
elodes, L. - 92
hirsutum, L. 90
humifusum, L. 89

maculatum, Crantz. 639
montanum, L. 91
perforatum, L. 86
pulchrum, L. 92

 

 

 

LATIN INDEX.

Page
quadrangulum, L. 88
veronense, Schrank 86

Hypocuars, L.  . 278
glabra, L. . 278
radicata, L. . 278

ILex, L. . 300
Aquifolium,L. . 300

Tyuva, L - 253
Conyza, DC, . 254
crithmoides, L. . 254

dysenterica, Gertn. 255

Helenium, L. . 253

Pulicaria, L. . 255
Iris, L. 493

feetidissima, L. . 494

Pseud-acorus, L. . 493
Isolepis fluitans,

R. Br. 543
Savit, Schul. . 544
setacea, R. Br. . 544

Jastone, L. . 295
montana, L. . 295

Juncus, L. . d11
acutiflorus, Ehrh. 513
acutus, L. - oll
adscendens, Host.

Gram, . 613
articulatus,Sm. . 513
bufonius, L. 516
bulbosus, Sm. . 615
campestris, Sm... 520
cenosus, Bich. . 515
compressus, Jacq. 515
conglomeratus, L. 512
effusus, L. . 612
diffusus, Hoppe . 512
Forsteri, Sm. . 518
glaucus, Sibth. 513
lam procarpus,

Ebrh. . 613
maritimus, Sm. . 511
maximus, Willd. . 516
obtusiflorus, Ehrh. 514
pilosus, L. . 516,517
squarrosus, L. 515
subverticillatus,

Wulf. . 514
supinus, Meench. . 514
sylvaticus, Huds. . 516
sylvaticus, F].Dan. 545
uliginosus, Willd. 514

Juniperus communis,
» 473

 

Page

Kwyavtta, L. . 245
arvensis, Coult. . 246
Kauteata, Pers. . 591
cristata, Pers. . 591
Koniea, Adans. 39

maritima, R. Br.. 39
Lactwca, L. . 286
muralis, DC. . 286
virosa, L. . 286
Lamiom, L. . 385
album, L. . 387
amplexicaule, L. . 386
Galeobdolon,
Crantz. . 388
incisuin, Willd. . 386

intermedium, Fries 639
purpureum, i 386

vulgatum, Benth. . 387
Lapsana, L. - 277
communis, L. 277

Larbrea uliginosa, St.
Hil. 70

Lastrea, Pres . 630
dilatata, Presl . 632
erosa . 640
Filix-mas, Presl

631, 640
Oreopteris, Pres] . 631
spinulosa, Presl . 632
Thelypteris, Presl 630

Larurza, L. . 869
Squamaria, L.  . 369

Latuyrets, L. . 131
birsutus, L. . 133
latifolius, L. . 182
maritimus, Big. . 133
Nissolia, L. 133
pratensis, L. . 1382
sylvestris, L. . 132

Lavatera arborea. 83

Lemna, L. . 533
gibba, L. . 633
minor, L. . 533
trisulca, L. . 533
polyrhiza, L. 533

622
623

Lepturus, Brown. .
incurvatus, Fries .

Lronropon, L. . 280
hispidum, L. . 280
levigatum, DC. . 284
palustre, Sm. . 284
Taraxacum, L. . 284

Leripium, L. 42
campestre, L. 42
didymum, Sm. 44
hirltum, Hook. 43
Page

sativum, L, . 44

Smitbii, Hook. 43
Lerouxia nemorum,

Merat. - 402

Licusrrum, L. . 302

vulgare, L. . 302

Limbarda crithmoides,

Hook. » 254
Linarta, Tourn.  . 347
Cymbalaria, Mill. 351
Elatine, Desf. . 352
italica, Trev. . 348
minor, Desf. . 350
repens, Act. . 348
striata, DC. . 848
stricta, Hom. . 348
spuria, Mill . 353
vulgaris, Mcench.. 347
Lrvuy, L. . 77
angustifolium,

Huds. . 77
catharlicum, L. . 78
Radiola, L. . 79
usitatissimum, L.. 77

Listrra, Br. . 487
Nidus-avis,Sm. . 488
ovata, Br. . 487

Litnosrermum, L.. 324
arvense, L. . 325
officinale, L. . 324

Lottum, L. . 621
arvense, L. . 622
italicum, A. Braun 622
multiflorum, Lam. 622
perenne, L. . 621
temulentum, L. . 622

Lonicrra, L. . 235
Periclymenum, L. 235

Lotus, L. . 124
corniculatus, L. . 124
corniculatus, L. . 124
major, Scop. . 125
tenuifolius,Sm- . 125
tenuis, Kit. - 125
villosus, Thuill . 124

Luzuta, DC. . 516
Borreri, Bromf. . 517

campestris, Willd, 520

Forsteri, DC. . 518
maxima, DC. . 516
multiflora, Lej. . 520
pilosa, Willd. . 517
sylvatica, Birch. . 516
Lycunis, L. 64

dioica, L. . 64
diurna, Sibth. . 64
Flos-cuculi, L. 64
Githago, Lam. 65

 

LATIN INDEX.

Page
vespertina, Sibth.. 64
Lycopsts, L. . 321
arvensis, L. . 321
Lycoprus, L. . 3874
europeus, L. . 374
Lysimacuia, L. 400
nemorum, L. . 402
Nummularia, L. . 402
vulgaris, L. . 400
Lyrurum, L. . 178
Salicaria, L. . 178
Matacuium, Fries . 71
aquaticum, Fr. 71
Ma va, L. 80
moschata, L. 81
rotundifolia, L. 80
sylvestris, L. - 80
Marrusium, L. . 391
vulgare, L. . 391
Matricaria Chamo-
milla, L. . 261
inodora, L. . 261
Parthenium, L. . 260
Martrnioxa, R. Br. 28
incana, R. Br. 238
Mepicaco, L. . 114
denticulata, Willd. 115
lupulina, L. . 115
maculata, Sibth. . 115
polymorpha, Sm. . 115
sativa, L. . 114
MeEtampyrum, L. . 354
arvense, L. . 355
pratense, L. . 354
Me ica, L. . 592
cerulea, L. - 593
uniflora, Retz . 592
Metitores, Tourn.. 116
leucantha, Koch. . 116
officinalis, L. . 116
vulgaris, Willd. . 116
Melissa Calamintha,
L. . 379
Menrna, L. 371
aquatica, L. . 372
arvensis, L. . 373
arvensis, Benth. . 373
crispa, Roth . 872
gentilis, L. . 373
hirsuta, L. . 372
piperita, L. . 372
Pulegium, L. _ . 374
rotundifolium, L. 371
sativa, L. . 373
sylvestris, L. . 372
viridis, L. . 372

 

663
Page
Menyantues, L. . 312
trifoliata, L. - 312
Mercuriauis, L. . 445
ambigua, L. - 446
annua, L. . 446
perennis, L. « 445
Micandra Physaloides,
Gertn. - 330
Mition, L. . 584
effusum, L. . 584

lendigerum, Sm. . 583

Mencauia, Ebrh. 68
erecta, Sin. 68
Mehringia trinervis,
Clairv. . 7
Motinta, Mench . 593

cerulea, Mench . 593

Monorropa, L. - 298
Hypopitis, L.  . 298
Monti, L. . 182
fontana, L. . 182
Myosotis, L. . 325

arvensis, Hoffm. . 326
arvensis, Sm. . 326
cespitosa, Schultz 326
collina, Hoffm. . 326
hispida, Schletch 326
intermedia, Link . 326
palustris, With. . 325
scorpioides palustris,

, . 325
repens, Don « 325
pusilla, Loisl 327
versicolor, Schm. . 327

Myoscrvs, L. « 11
minimus, L. x 12
Myrica, L. . 466
Gale, L. . 466
Myriopyyityum, L. 175
alterniflorum, DC. 176
spicatum, L. . 175
Narcissus, L. . 496
biflorus, Curt. . 499
poeticus, L. . 500

Pseudo - narcissus,

js . 497
Narovs, L. . 579
stricta, L. 579
Narrgecioum, Huds. 510
ossifragum, Huds. 510
Nasturtium, R. Br. 30
officinale, R. Br. . 30
palustre, DC. 30
terrestre, R. Br. 30
Neortia, L. 488

Nidus-avis, Rich. 488
664

Page
spiralis, Rich. £486
Nepeta, L. 384
Cataria, L. . 384
Glechoma, Benth. 385
Nympu«£a, Te 19
alba, L. . 19
Obione portulacoides,
Mey. 427
GnantuHeE, L. 204
crocata, L. 208
fistulosa, L. 205
Lachenalii, Gmel. 207
peucedanifolia,
Pollich 205
Phellandrium, Spr. 209

pimpinelloides, L.
Cyoruera, L. “
biennis, L.

Onosnrycuis, Tourn. 137
sativa, Lam. 137
Ononis, L. 113
arvensis, L. 113
repens, L. 114
Onoporpum, L. 273
Acanthium, L. 273
Orniociossum, L. . 636
vulgatum, L. 636
Opnrys, L. 483
apifera, Huds. 483
aranifera, Huds. . 484
autumnalis, L. 486
fucifera, Sm. 434
insectifera, L 483
muscifera, Huds. . 485

Nidus-avis, Rich. .
ovata, Br.
Oporinta, Don

autumnalis, Don . 281
Opulus glandulosus,
Meench . 232
Orcuis, L. 475
bifolia, Sm. 481
conopsea, L. 479
ensifolia, Vill. 479
latifolia, L. 478
laxiflora, Lam. 479
maculata, L. 477
mascula, L. 476
Morio, L 475
pyramidalis, L. . 479
ustulata, L. 477
Oricanom, L. 377
vulgare, L. 377

OrnitHocaLum, L, . 501
umbellatum, L. 501
OrnitHopvus, L, 135
perpusillus, L. 136
Oropancue, L. 362

 

LATIN INDEX.

Page
barbata, Pair. . 365
cerulea, Vills. . 367
Hedere, Duby . 365
elatior, Sut. . 366
major, L. 363
minor, Sm. . 363
Picridis, Schultz . 366
rapum, Thuill  . 362
Orosos, L. . 134
tenuifolius, Roth . 134
tuberosus, L. . 134
Osmunoa, L. . 635
Lunaria, L. 636
regalis, L. . 635
Oxatis, L. . 102
Acetosella, L. . 102
corniculata, L. . 103
stricta, L. 103

Oxycoccus palustris,
Rich. 298
Papaver, L. 20
Argemone, L. 20

dubium, L. = (22
hybridum, L. itil

Rheas, L 22
somniferum 23
Parretari, L. | 448
officinalis, L. . 449
Parnassia, L. 93
palustris, L. 93
Pastinaca, L. 213
sativum, L. . 213
Pepicunaris, L.  . 357
palustris, L. . 358
sylvatica, L. . 358
Perptuis, L. . 179
Portula, L. . 179
Petasites fragrans,
Desf. . 249
PETROSELINUM,

Hoffm. . 198
sativum, Hoffm. . 198
segetum, Koch . 199

Peucedanum Silaus,

‘ » 211
Puataris, L. . 588
arenaria, Sm. . 582
arundinacea, L. . 588
canariensis, L, . 588

Phellandrium aquati-
cum, L. - 209
Puracmires, Trin.. 614
communis, Trin. . 614
Putevw, L. . 582
arenarium, L. . 582
pratensis, L. . 582

 

Page
Prenis, L. . 282
echioides, L. . 283
hieracioides, L. 282
Pimprne.a, L. . 202
Saxifraga, L. . 203
Pineuicura, L. . 394
lusitanica, L. . 394
Pisum maritimum,
L. 133
Pranraco, L. 410
Coronopsus, L. . 412
Cynops, L. . 412
lanceolata, L. . 411
major, L. . 410
maritima, L. . 411
media, L. . 410
Platanthera chloran-
tha, Fl. Dan. . 481
ee bad Drejer 482
Poa, L 596
angustifolia, Gaud. 597
annua, L. . 596
Borveri, Hook. . 600
bulbosa, L. . 597
compressa, L. . 598
cristata, Host. . 592
decumbens, Sm. . 595
procumbens, Curt. 600
pratensis, L. 597
rupestris, With. . 600
subcerulea, Sm. . 597
trivialis, L. . 597
Potyeata, L. 57
amara, Don . 7
calcarea, Schultz . 57
comosa, Schukr 58
depresssa, Wend.. 57
major, Jack. 58
myrtifolia, Ray . 57
serpyllacea, Reich. 57
vulgaris, L. 57
Ponyconum, L. : 431
amphibium, L. . 431
aviculare, L. 434
aviculare, Sm. - 434
biforme, Wahl. . 432
Bistorta, L. . 432
Convolvulus, L. . 435
Fagopyrum, L. 436
Hydropiper, L.  . 433
lapathifolium, Ait. 432
maritimum, Ray . 434
minus, Hud. . 433
mite, Schrank  . 433
pensylvanicum,
Curt. . 432
Persicaria, L. . 432
Persicaria, Wahl. 432
Page
Raii, Bab. . 434, 610
Roberti, Lois. . 434
Potypopium, L. . 629
vulgare, Lu. . 629
Pouysricuum, Roth 629
angulare, Newm. . 630
lobatum, Roth . 629
Poputvs, L. . 460
alba, L. . 460
canescens, Sm. . 460
nigra, L. . 463
tremula, L. . 461
Poramoceron, L. . 534
crispus, L. . 535
densus, L. . 536
lucens, L. . 534
natans, L. . 534
natans, Mert. . 534
oblongus, Vir. . 534
pectinatus, L. =. 535
pusillus, L. . 535
Porentitya, L. . 151
anserina, L. . 151
Comarum, Nestl. . 153
Fragariastrum,

Ehrh. 152
reptans, L. . 161
Tormentilla, With. 151

Porrrium, L. . 149
muricatum, Spach. 150
Sanguisorba, L. 149

Prenanthes muralis,L, 286

Primuta, L. . 895
elatior, With. . 398
veris, L. . 397
vulgaris, Huds. . 396

Prone ta, L. . 382
vulgaris, L. » 382

Prunus, L. . 138
acida, Ebrh. . 144
austera, Ehrh.  . 144
avium, L. . 142
caproniana, Hest. . 144
Cerasus, L. . 144
Cerasus, Sm. . 142
communis, Huds.

138, 140
domestica, L. . 138
insititia, L. . 138
Padus, L . 141
rubra, Willd. . 141
spinosa, L. . 140
sylvestris, Loud. . 143

Preris, L. . 634
aquilina, L. . 634

Puricaria, Gertn. . 255
dysenterica, Gertn. 255
vulgaris, Gertn. . 255

 

LATIN INDEX.

Page

Putmonaria, L. . 322
angustifolia, L. . 322
azurea, Bess. . 323
maculosa, Ger. ., 323
media, Host. . 323
mollis, Wolf. . 323

virginica, L. , 323
Pyreturom, Hall. . 260
inodorum, Sm... 261
maritimum, Sm. . 261
Parthenium, Sm. . 260
Pyrus, L. . 164
Aria, Sm. . 167
aucuparia, Gertn. 168
communis, L. . 164
Malus, L . 165
torminalis, Sm. 166
Quercus, L. - 468
intermedia, D.Don 468
peduneulata, Willd. 468
Robur, L. . 468
Robur, L. 468
sessilifolia, Salisb. 468
Raprotza, Dillen. 79
millegrana, Sm. 79
Ranuneutus, lL. . 5
acris, L. . 9
aquatilis, L. 6, 638
arvensis, L. 11
auricomus, L. . 8
bulbosus, L. Lo
circinatus,Sm.  . 6
coenosus, Guss. 638
Ficaria, L. ee
Flammula,L. . 7
fluitans, Lam. =. 638
hederaceus,L. . 6
hederaceus, L. . 638
hirsutus, Curt. 10
Lenormandi,

Schultz . 638
Lingua, L. Ae
pantothrix,DC. . 6
parviflorus, L. 10
Philonotis, Ehrh.. 10
repens, L. oe 19
sceleratus, L. 9

Rareuanos, L. 46
maritimus, Sm. 47
Rapbanistrum, L. 46

Resepa, L. 48
alba, L. 50
fruticulosa, L. 50
Luteola, L. 48

 

Page
lutea, L. 49
Ruamnovs, L. 106
catharticus, L. 106
Frangula, L. 107
Rurnancuus, L. 360
Crista-galli, L. 360
glaber, Lam. 360
minor, Ehrh. 360
Ruyncuospora,

Vahl. 541

alba, Vahl. 541

Rises, L. 188
Grossularia, L. 190
nigrum, L. 190
petreum, Sm. 188
rubrum, L. 188
Uva-crispa, L. 191

Rosa, L. 160
arvensis, Huds. . 163
collina, Sm. . 162
canina, L. 162
micrantha, Sm. 162
pimpinellifolia, L. 161
rubiginosa, L. 162
scabriuscula,

Winch. 161
spinosissima, L. . 161
systyla, Bast. 162
tomentosa, Sm. 161

Rotibellia filiformis,

Roth . 623

incurvatus, L, 623

Rosia, L. 236
peregrina, L. 236
sylvestris, Brot. 236

Rusvs, L. 154
apiculatus, W. &N. 159
argenteus, W.& N. 157
Bellardi, W.& N. 159
Borreri, Beli-Salt. 157
cesius, L. . 160
casius, L. 160
carpinifolius,

W.&N. . 156
cordifolius, W.&N. 155
corylifolius, Sm. . 156
discolor, W & N.. 157
dumetorum,

W.&N. 160
fastigiatus, Bab. 156
fruticosus,Sm. . 157
Susco-ater, W.& N. 159
Suscus,W.& N. . 159
glandulosus,

Bellardi . 159
Grabowskii, Weihe 160
Hystriz, W. & N. 158
ideus, L. 154

4Q
666 LATIN INDEX.

 

 

Page Page Page
Kehleri, W. . 159 nodosa, Fenzl. . 67 Anthriscus, Sm. . 221
Leightoni, Lees. 158| procumbens, L. . 66}  Pecten, L. . 220
Lejeunii, W. & N. 159 | procumbens, L. . 67 | SCHLEROCHLOa,
leucostachys, Sm. 157) subulata, Wimm.. 67 P-de-Beauv. . 599
macro-acanthus, Saticornia, L. » 421 Borreri, Bab. . 600
W.X&N. . 157 annua, Sm. « 422 distans, Bab. . 601
macrophyllus, herbacea, L. . 422] loliacea, Woods . 599
W.&N. 155 procumbens, Sm. 422 maritima, Lind. . 600
nemorosus, Hayne 160 radicans, Sm. . 422 procumbens,
nitidus, W.& N. . 155 | Saurx, L. . 454 Beauv. . 599
plicatus, W. & N. 155 acuminata, Sm. . 457 rigida, Link . 599
Radula, W. . 158! alba, L. . 456 | Scuopersa, C, A.
Reichenbachii, aquatica, Sm. —. 458 Meyer . 414
W.&N. . 158 ascendens,Sm. . 456 fruticosa, Less. . 415
rhamnifolius, aurita, L. . 459 maritima, Mey. . 414
W.&N, . 155 bicolor, Sm. . 460 | Schenus Mariscus,
Salteri, Bab. 156 caprea, L. . 459 L. . 540
Schlechtandalit, cinerea, L. . 458 alba, L. . 542
W.&N. . 156 Forsteriana, Sm. . 460 | Scrixa, L. . 503
Sprengelii, W.  . 157 fragilis, L. . 455 autumnalis, L. . 503
suberectus, And. . 154 fusea, L. . 456| fallax, Steinh. . 503
sylvaticus, W. & N. 155 laurina, Sm. . 460 nutans, Sm, 504
tenuis, Bell-Salt. . 160 mollissima, Sm. . 457 verna, Huds. 504
thyrsoidens,Wimm. 157 oleifolia, Sm. . 458 | Scrrpos, L. . 543
vestitus, W. & N.. 158 rugosa, Bab. 457} _filiformis, Sav. . 544
villicaulis, W.X&N. 155 Smithiana, Willd. 457 fluitans, L. . 543
vulgaris, W.& N. 158 sphacelata,Sm. . 459 | glaucus, Sm. - 545
Wahlbergii, Arrh. 159 triandra, L. . 455 leptaleus, Koch . 544
Roumex, L. 428 viminalis, L. . 457 maritimus, L. . 546
Acetosa, L. 431 vitellina, Auct. . 456 multicaulis, Sm. . 542
Acetosella, L. 431] Sarsota, L. . 413 | palustris, L. 542
acutus, Sm. 429 Kali, L. 413 pauciflorus, Lightf. 543
aguaticus,Sm. —. 428 | Sanvia, L. 375 Savii, S. et M. 544
conglomeratus, pratensis, L. . 875 setaceus, L. . 544
Murr. 429 verbenaca, L. . 876 sylvaticus, L. . 546
crispus, L. . 430 | Sampucus, L. . 228 Tabernemontani,
Hydrolapathum, Ebulus, L. . 230 Gmel. . 545
Huds. . 428] nigra, L. . 228 | Scteranruus, L. . 183
maritimus 430 rotundifolia, DC. 228 annuus, L. . 183
Nemolapathum, Samouts, L. . 407 | Sco.opEnpRiom, Sm. 633
Wahl. . 429 Valerandi, L. . 407 Ceterach, L. . 629
obtusifolius, L. . 430 | Santouta, L. . 194 vulgare, Syin . 633
pratensis, M.& K. 430] — europea, L. 195 | Scropuutaria, L. . 342
pulcher, L. . 429 | Santolina maritima, aquatica, L. . 343
sanguineus, L. . 429 L. « 265 nodosa, L. . 342
Ruppia, L. . 536] Saponaars, L. . 61 | Scuretuaria, L.  . 382
maritima, L. . 5386 officinalis, L. . 61 galericulata, L. . 382
Ruscus, L. - 508 | SaroTHAMNUS, minor, L. . 384
aculeatus, L. . 508 Wimm. . 110] Sepum, L. . 184
scoparius, Wimm. 110 acre, L. . 186
Satyrium viridis, L. 480} album, L. . 184
Sacrna, L. - 66] Saxirraaa, L. . 192 anglicum, Huds. . 185
apetala, L. . 66 tvidactylites, L. . 192 dasyphyllum, L. . 185
apetala, Wah]. . 67 | Scasrosa, L. . 246! glaucum, Don  . 186
cerastoides, Sm. . 73) arvensis, L. 246|  reflexum,.L. 186
ciliata, Fries . 639} Columbaria, L. . 246] Telephium,L. . 184
erecta, L. . 68 succisa, L. . 246 | Sempeevivum, L. . 186

maritima, Don . 67 Scanorx, L. . 220 tectorum, L. . 186
Senebiera Coronopus,

didyma,Sm.

Page

44

Senecio, L. . 251
aquaticus, Huds. . 252
campestris, DC. . 252
erncifolius, L.  . 251
Jacobea, L « 252
sylvaticus, L. - 251
tenuifolius, Jacq. . 252
vulgaris, L, . 251

Serapias grandiflora,

L. - 491
latifolia, L 489
longifolia, L . 490
palustris, Scop. . 490

Serrafalcus mollis,

Pail. . 611
commutatus, Bab. 611

Serratuta, L, . 275
tinctoria, L. . 275

SHerarpia, L. . 241
arvensis, L. . 241

Srraus, Besser. - 211
pratensis, Bess. . 211

Sieve, L. . 61
anglica, L. - 63
inflata, Sm. 61
maritima, With. 62
noctiflora, L. 63
nutans, L. 62
paradoxa, Sm. 62

Sitypum, Gertn. . 274
marianum, Gertn. 274

Sinapis, L. 37
alba, L. 38
arvensis, L. . 38
nigra, L. . 37

Stson, L. . 201
Amomum, L. . 201
inundatum, Sm. . 200
segetum, L. . 199

SisymsBretium, L. 35
Erysimum, L. 35
Nasturtium, L. 30
officinale, Scop. . 35
terresire, Sm. . 380
thalianum, Gaud.. 35

Siom, L. - 203
angustifolium, L. 203

- nodiflorum, L,  . 200
repens, L. . 200

Smyrnicn, L. . 196
Olusatrum, L. =. 196

Socanum, L. . 327
Duleamara, L.  . 327
nigrum, L. . 328

Soxipaco, L. . 250

 

LATIN INDEX.
Page
Virgaurea, L. . 250
Soncnus, L. + 285
arvensis, L. . 285
asper, Hoffm. . 285
oleraceus, L. - 285

Sorbus aucuparia,

Sm. . 168
Sparcanium, L.  . 531
erectum, L. . o3l
natans, L. . 532
ramosum, Huds. . 531
simplex, Huds. . 531
Spartina, Schreb. . 624
stricta, Roth . 624

Spartium scoparium,
L

Serounanr, Heister
hybrida, Alph.DC.

Spercuta, L.
arvensis, L.
nodosa, L.
pentandra, Sm.
subulata, Sw.

Spergularia marina,

Camb.
rubra, St. Hil.
Sprrza, L.
Filipendula, L.
Ulmaria, L.
Sprrantues, Rich.
estivalis, Rich.

autumnalis, Rich.

Stacuys, L.
ambigua, Sm.
arvensis, L.

Betonica, Benth. .

palustris, L.
sylvatica, L.
Statice, L.
Armeria, L.
binervosa, Sm.
cordata, Sm.
Limonium, L.
Limonium, Sm.
rariflora, Dreij.
spathulata, Desf.
Sreciaria, L.
alsinoides, Schlei. .
graminea, L,
graminea, L.
holostea, L.
media, With.

uliginosa, Murr. .

Sueda maritima,
Dumortt.
Sympnaytum, L.
officinale, L.
patens, Sibth.

- 110
293
293
67
68
67
68
67

76

76
. 147
- 147
- 148
« 486

4386

486
- 3889
. 390
. 390
390
. 390
. 390
. 408
- 410
. 409
. 409
. 408
. 409
. 408

- 409

68

69
. 69
. 70
. 69
68
70

. 414
. 321
. 32]
. 321

 

667
Page
Tamarix, L. . 180
gallica, L. . 180
Tamus, L. . 505
communis, L. . 506
Tanacerum, L. . 265
vulgare, L. 3 245
Taraxacum, Hall . 284
officinale, Wigg. . 284
Taxus, L . 472
baccata, L. . 472
Trvcnrum, L. . 392
Chamedrys, L. . 392
Scorodonia, L. . 392
Tuaticrrum, L. 3
flavum, L. . 3
Testun, L. - 438
humifusum, DC. . 438
linophyllum, L. . 438
Tuuasprl, L. . 41
arvense, L. 41
hirtum, Sm. » 43
Tanineia, Roth . 279
hirta, Roth . 279
Tuymus, L. . 377
Acinos, Clairv. . 378
Calamintha, Sm. . 380
Serpyllum, L. =. 377
vulgaris, L. . 378
Tritt, L. 83
Europea, L. 84
microphylla, Vent. 83
parvifolia, Ehrh. 83
Toritis, Adans. é | 216
Anthriscus, Gertn. 216
infesta, Spr. . 217
nodosa, Gertn. . 218
Tormentilla officina-

lis, L 151

reptans, L. - 151

Tracopocon, L.  . 281
minor, Fries - 281
porrifolius, L, . 282
pratensis, L. . 231

Trirouium, L. - 118
arvense, L. » 118
filiforme, L. . 124
fragiferum, L. =. 123
glomeratum, L. . 120
incarnatum, L. . 124
medium, L. - 118
micranthum, Viv. . 124
minus, Sm. . 12t
officinalis, Sm. . 116
ornithopodioides,

L. « Liz
pratense, L. - 118
procumbens, L. . 124
repens, L. - 118
668

scabrum, L.
striatum, L.

subterraneum, L. .
. 121

suffocatum, L.

Trifoliastrum, L. .

Trictocuin, L.
maritimum, L.
palustre, L.

Page
120
119
122

117
. 524
. 524
525

Trigonella ornithopo-

dioides, DC.
Triopia, Br.

Tripolium vulgare,
Nees
Trisetum flavescens,
Beauv.
pratensis, Parn,
pubescens, Parn.
Triticum, L.
junceum, L.
loliaceum, Sm.
repens, L.
Touurea, L.
sylvestris, L.
Turritis hirsuta, L.
TusstLtaco, L.
Farfara, L.
Typua, L.
angustifolia, L.
latifolia, L.

U ex, L.
europens, L.
nanus, T. F. Forst,
Utmvs, L.

campestris, L. 452,

glabra, Mill
montana, Sm.
suberosa, Ebrh.
suberosa, Ehrh.

dioica, L.

urens, L.
Urricurania, L.

minor, L.

. 248

- 117
« 595
decumbens, Beauv.

595
. 249

. 614

. 614
. 614

. 618

- 619
. 599
619

- 500
. 500

33
. 248

. 529

. 530
. 29

109
. 109
110
. 451
453
- 452

- 453
- 452
» 453
Urtica, L. -

448

. 448
. 448
. 395
. 395

 

LATIN INDEX.
Page
vulgaris, L. . 395
Vaccinium, L. . 297
Myrtillus, L. . 297
Oxycoccos, L. _. 298
Valantia Aparine, L. 240
Varertana, L. . 242
dentata - 244
dioica, L. . 243
Locusta, L. 243
mixta, Wibl. . 244
Morisonit, DC, . 244
officinalis, L. . 242
ruber, L. . 242
Versascum, L. . 384
Blattaria, L. . 336
nigrum, L. 335
thapsiforme,
Schrab. . 334
Thapsus, L. 334
VERBENA, L. 393
officinalis, L. . 893
Veronica, L. . 337
agrestis, L. . 340
agrestis, Sm. . 341
Anagallis, L. . 337
arvensis, L. . 339
Beccabunga, L. . 337
Buxbaumii, Ten. . 341
Chamedrys, L. . 337
hederefolia, L. . 340
montana, L. . 337
officinalis, L. . 839
polita, Fries . 341
scutellata, L. . 339
serpyllifolia, L. 339
Visurnum, L. . 231
edule, Prush. 232
Lantana, L. . 233
Opulus, L . 231
Oxycoccos, Pursh. 232
Vicra, L. . 126
angustifolia, Roth . 128
Bobartti, Forst. . 128
Cracea, L. . 127

 

Page
gracilis, Lois. . 130
hirsuta, Koch 129
lathyroides, L. . 128
laxiflora, Brot. . 130
Mitchellii, Raf.Ell. 129
sativa, L. . 128
sepium, L. . 127
sylvatica, L. « 126
tetrasperma,
Mench. 129
Vitzarsia, Vent. 312
nympheoides,
Vent. . 312
Vinca, L. . 304
herbacea, W. . 808
major, L. . 305
minor, L. . 306
Vioxa, L. 51
arvensis, Murr. . 55
canina, L. . 54, 639
flavicornis, Sm. 55, 639
hirta, L. 51
lactea, Sm. 55
Martia alba, Ray. 52
odorata, L. 52
palustris, L. 53
tricolor, L. . 55
Viscum, L « 297
album, L. . 227
Vulpia bromoides,
Dumort. . 605
Myurus,Gmel. . 605
Pseudo-Myurus,
Reich. . 605
uniglumus,Dumort. 606
WaAHLENBERGIA,
Schrader . 204
hederacea, Rchb. . 294
ZANNICHELLIA, L. . 536
palustris, L. . 536
ZosrERa, L. . 537
marina, L. . 537
nana, Roth . 537
ENGLISH INDEX

TO THE

POPULAR AND LOCAL GENERIC AND SPECIFIC NAMES.

 

N.B.—Such Genera as have no appropriate English name are not inserted in the
present, but only in the Latin Index.

Abele

Aconite
Adder’s-tongue
Agrimony
——— Hemp
Alder

 

— Black
Buckthorn
Alehoof
Alexanders

 

Alkanet (Evergreen)

Bastard

 

Allseed

 

Alyssum
Anemone
Angelica

Apple

Apse
Archangel
Arrow-grass
Ash

Mountain
Asparagus
Aspen
Asphodel (Bog)
Avens

 

Berry-bearing

Goosefoot

Page

. 460
17

. 636
- 150
. 247
- 465

107

. 107
. 107
. 385

. 196
320

. 325

416

. 416

39
4

. 213
. 164
. 461
. 386
. 524
. 303
. 168
. 507

461

. 510

149

 

 

 

Baccobolts
Barberry
Barley-grass

Barren Strawberry

Base Rocket
Basil Thyme

. 616
: 152

— Wild

Page

- 529

18

49

. 378
. 381

Bastard Stone Pars-

ley

 

Beaked Parsley
Beak Rush
Bedstraw
Bedvine
Bee Flower
Bee Orchis
Beech

Beet
Belder Root
Bell Flower
Bent Grass

Berry-bearing Alder.

Betony

Paul’s
Water
Bilberry
Bindweed

 

 

Pimpernel
Toad Flax

. 201
+ 405
. 438
. 221
. 541
» 238

- 483
. 483
» 469
. 421
- 208
. 290

. 585
107
390

. 339
. 343
. 297
. 312

 

Page
Bindweed (Black) . 435

Birch - 464
Bird Cherry . 141
Bird’s Eyes . 337
Bird’s Foot - 135

— Trefvil . 117

Bird’s Nest 214, 298, 488

Bistort . 432
Bitter Cress . 34
Bittersweet . 327
Bitter Vetch . 134
Black Alder - 107
Blackamoors - 529
Blackberry - 155

Black Bryony . 506
Horehound . 391

 

 

 

— Mustard . 387

Saltwort . 406
Blackthorn . 140
Bladderwort 395
Bladderwort Campion 61
Blinks . 182
Blue Bell . 504
Blue Bottle . 276, 504
Blue Cowslip . 322
Bog Asphodel 510

Pimpernel . 404

Rush . 514

 
670

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Page
Borage 320
Bothen . 259
Bozzom 259
Brake . 634
Bramble . 154
Brank . 436
Briar . 160
Broad Clover - 118
Brome Grass . 608
Brooklime . 337
Brookweed . 407
Broom . 110
Broom Rape - 362
Bryony . 180, 505
Black . 506
Buckbean 312
Buckthorn . 106
Buckwheat . 436
—— Climbing 435
Bugle 392
Bugloss . 321
Viper’s 321
Bullace . 138
Bullock’s Lungwort . 334
Bullrattles . 61
Bullrush (Lesser) . 545
Burdock . 270
Burnet . 149
Salad . 149
Saxifrage . 202
Bur Marigold . 268
— Nod-
ding » 268
Bur Reed . 531
Bush Vetch . 127
Butcher's Broom. 508
Butter Bur . 249
Buttercup - 10
Butterfly Orchis . 480
Butterwort . 894
Cabbage . 36
Calamint . 378
Calve’s Snout . 344
Cammock . 113
Campion 64
Red 64
——— White 64
Canary Grass . 588
Caper Spurge . 444
Bush . 444
Carline Thistle . 269
Carrot . 214
Catchfly 61
English 63
Night-flower-
ing . 68

 

ENGLISH INDEX.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Page
Catchweed . 240
Cat Mint 384
Cat’s Ear . 278
Cat’s Tail . 529
Cats Tail Grass . 582
Celandine (Sea) 24
——— Lesser 7
Common . 25
Celery . 197
Centaury . 309
——— Yellow 308
Ceterach . 628
Chaffweed . 405
Chamomile . 261
Wild. 261
Charlock 38
Jointed . 46
Cheat . 622
Cherry . 138
Chervil . 220
Chestnut . 471
—— Oak . 468
Chickweed 68
Sand 67
Sea . 74
Christmas . 300
Cinquefoil 151
Clary . 375
Cleavers . 240
Cliver . 240
Evergreen . 236

Clover
Yellow 124
Club Rush . 543
Cockle 65
Corn . 65
Cock’s-foot Grass. 596
Cock’s Head . 137
Codlings and Cream 171
Coleseed 2 37
Colewort (Sea) . 48, 315
Colvs-foot . 248
Columbine 15
Comfrey . 321
Copse Laurel . 436
Cord Grass . 624
Cornel . 225
Corn Chamomile. 262
Cockle 65
— Flower . 293
—— Marigold . 269
Rose 22
— Salad 243
Corydalis (Climbing) 27
Cotton Grass . 47
Cotton Thistle . 273
Cotton Weed . 265
Sea . 265

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Puge

Couch Grass 619
Cow Grass . 118
Parsley . 221

Cow Parsnep . 214
Cowslip . 397
Blue god.
Jerusalem . 322
Paigle . 397
Cow-wheat 354
Crab Apple . 165
Cranberry . 298
— Common . 298
Crane’s Bill . 96
Cress 30
Bitter 34

—— Marsh 30
— Rock 33
— Swine’s 30
—— Wart 44
—— Water 30
—— Winter 31
Yellow 30
Crosswort | 238
Crowfoot : 5, 638
Crow Garlic . 502
Needles . 220
Cuckoo Babies . 526
Flower . 334

Pint . 526
Cudweed . 256
Currant . 188
Cyperus Grass » 538
Daffodil . 496
Daisy . 257
Dame’s Violet 35
Dandelion . 284
Danewort 230
Darnel - 621
Dead Nettle . 385, 639
Deadly Nightshade . 329
Deer’s-foot Grass. 586
Devil’s-bit Scabious, 246
Devil’s Claws . dl
Dewberry . 160
Dock . 428
Dodder . 316
Dog Rose . 162
Dog Vioiet . 54, 639
Dog’s Mercury . 445
Dog’s-tail Grass . 596
Dogwood . 225
Dropwort . 147
Duckweed 533
Dutch Clover 118
Myrtle . 466
Dwale . 329
 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Page
Dwarf Elder . 230
Cistus 50°
Dyers Greenweed . 111
Rocket 48
Weed 48
Earth Nut - 202
Eglantine - 162
Elder . 228
Ground . 230
Water . 231
Elecampane - 253
Elm . 451
—Wych » 453
Enchanter’s Night-
shade . 174
Endive (Wild) . 277
English Galingale . 539
Eryngo - 193
Euphrasy - 361
Evening Primrose . 173
Evergreen Alkanet . 320
Cleaver . 236
Everlasting Pea - 182
Eyebright . 361]
Fair Maids of Febru-
ary . 496
False Brome Grass . 620
Oat Grass . 594
Female Fern . 633
Fennel . 210
Ferns . 628
Fescue Grass . 605
Feverfew . 260
Fiddle Cases . 360
Fiddle Dock . 429
Field Madder . 241
Larkspur 17
Figwort . 842
Filago - 257
Five-fingered Grass. 151
Flag . 493
Flannel Plant . 334
Flax 77
Seed . 79
Fleabane . 250, 255
Flea Sedge . 550
Fleawort . 252
Flower de Luce . 493
Flowering Fern . 635
Flowering Rush - 522
Fluellin . 852
Fly Orchis . 485
Fool’s Parsley 209
Forget-me-not . 825

 

ENGLISH INDEX.

 

 

 

Page
Foxglove . 343
Fox-tail Grass . 579
French Cress 31
Frogbit . 474
Frog Orchis . 480
Fumitory . 26
Rampant. 26
Common . 27
Small-

flowered > OF
Furze . 109
Gale . 466
Galingale (English) . 539
Gardener’s Garters . 588
Garlic . 502
Mustard 36

——- Treacle Mus-
tard 36
Gentian . 310
Germander Speedwell 337
——_ Wall . 392
Gill (Alehoof ) . 385
Gilliflower « 28
Gipsywort . 374
Gipsy Onion . 502
Rose « 246
Gladwyn . 494
Glasswort . 421
Goat's Beard . 281
Golden Osier 466
Golden Rod . 250
Golden Samphire . 254
Golden Saxifrage . 193
Golden Withy . 466
Goldilocks » 8
Good King Henry . 420
Gooseberry . 188
Goosecorn - 515
Goose Foot - 415
Goose Grass . 240
Goose Tongue . 264
Gorse 109
Go-to-Bed-at-Noon . 281
Goutweed - 201
Grass e OFF
Bent - 585
— Black . 581
— Brome . 608
— Cat’s-tail . 582
—— Cock-foot . 596
—~— Couch . 619
— Deer’s-foot . 586
—— Dog’s-tail . 596
— Fescue . 605
— Fox-tail . 579
— Mat » 579
—— Meadow . 596

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

671
Page
Grass, Melic . 592
Nit . 583
—— Quaking - 602
— Rabbit - 586
— Ra » 621
—— Squirrel-tail . 617
—— Timothy - 582
—— Totter - 602
Vetch - 133
Grass Wrack . 537
Greenweed - 111
Gray Mill or Millet . 324
Gromwells . 824
Ground Elder . 202
Fern - 630
Ivy . 385
Groundsel . 251
Guelder Rose - 231
Gymnadenia - 479
Habenaria . 480
Hair Grass . 589
Hard Fern . 634
Hard Grass . 622
Harebell + 292
Hare’s Ear . 203, 639
Hare’s-foot Trefoil . 118
Hart’s Tongue 633
Hasel - 467
Hawkbit - 280
Hawk’s Beard . 284
Hawkweed . 287
Hawthorn - 163
Heart Medick . 115
Heart’s-ease » 65
Heath . 296
Bell . 292
Grass . 595
Hedge Lily . 314
~ Mustard 35
Parsley . 216
Hellebore 13
Green 13
Stinking . 14
Helleborine 489
Hemlock . 195
Lesser - 209
—— Water Drop-
wort - 208
Hemp Agrimony' . 247
Hemp Nettle . 389
Henbane . 330
Henbit . 386
Dead Nettle 386
Herb Bennet . 149
——- Gerard + 202
—— Mercury 445
672

 

 

 

Page

Herb Robert 96
Twopence - 402
High Taper . 334
Hoghails . 163
Hogweed 214
Holly . 300
Knee - 508
Holm . 300
Honeysuckle . 235
Horehound . 391
—— Black . 391
——_——— Stinking 391
—————— Water 374
————— White . 391
Hornwort . 178
Horned Pondweed . 536
Horned Poppy . 24
Hooded Milfoil . 395

 

 

 

 

Hop - 449
Trefoil . 124
Horse Mint . 371
Radish . 41
Horse-shoe Vetch . 136
Horse Tail . 626
Hound’s Tongue. 319
House Leek 186
Hulver . 800
Hurdleberry or Hur-
tleberry . 297
Hyacinth . 504
Tron Pear . 164
Ivy » 222
— Crowfoot 26
— Ground . 385
Jack-by-the-Hedge 36
Jointed Charlock . 46
Glasswort . 422
Juniper . 473
Kale . 48
Kettle Cases . 476
Kidney Vetch . 114
Kipper Nut . 202
Knapweed . 275
Knautia . 245
Knawel . 183
Knee Holly . 508
Holm . 508
Knot Grass . 434
Koniga (Sea-side) . 39
Lady Fern . 633
Lady’s Fingers . 114

 

ENGLISH INDEX.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Page

Lady’s Mantle . 151
Seal . 506

Smock 34
Tresses . 486
Lamb’s Lettuce . 243
Quarters  . 417
Lancashire Asphodel 510
Land Cress . 32
Larkspur . 17
Laurel . 436
Lesser Bullrush . 545
Celandine . 7
Dodder . 318
Hemlock  . 209
Snapdragon . 346
Stitchwort 69
Lettuce . 286
——- Lamb’s . 243
Lily (Hedge) . 314
Lime . 83
Linden Tree . 83
Ling . 297
Lint 2 TT
Liquorice (Wild). 125
Livelong Orpine . 184
Lords and Ladies . 526
Luosestrife . 400
Purple. 178
Lousewort . 857
Love in Idleness 55
Lucern . 114
Lungwort . 322
Bullock’s . 334

Lychnis 64
Madder . 236
Field . 241

Wild . 236
Maidenhair 318
Maiden Oak . 468
Male Fern . 631
Mallow 80
Marsh 82

Musk 81

Tree 83
Mandrake . 180
Maple 93
Sycamore 94
Mare’s Tail . 174
Marigold (Com) =. 259
——_— Marsh 12
Marjoram . 377
Marram « 612
Marsh Cinquefoil . 152
Marsh Fern 630
Mallow 82
Marigold 12

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Page

Marsh Pennywort . 195
Trefoil . 312
Marshwort . 200
Mat Grass . 579
May . 163
Mayweed 263
Meadow Clary 375
Grass - 596

Rue - 8

—— -sweet . 148
——- Vetchling . 132
Thistle . 273

Mealy Guelder Rose 233
Medick . 114
Melick Grass . 592
Melilot .- 116
Mercury (Dog’s) . 445
English 420

French . 446

Merry Tree . 142
Mezereon . 438
Mignonette (Wild) . 49
Milfoil . 264
Water . 175

Milk Thistle . 274
Vetch . 125
Milkwort . 57
Millet Grass . 584
Mill Mountain 78
Mint . 371
—— Cat . 384
Corn . 373
Horse . 372
Pepper . 372
Spear . 372
Misseltoe . 227
Mithridate Mustard. 41
Meenchia . 68
Molinia . 593
Moneywort 402
Monk’s-hood . 18
Movn Daisy - 259
Moonwort 636
Morello Cherry Tree 144
Morgin - 263
Moschatel - 224
Moth Mullein . 336
Mother of Thyme . 377
Mountain Ash . 168
Mouse Barley . 616

Mouse-ear Chickweed 71
——- Hawkweed 287
Mouse Tail 12
Mudwort . 12
Mugwort . 266
Mullein . 334

—- Moth . 336
Murrain Berries . 606
 

 

 

Page

Musk Mallow . 81
— Orchis . 478
Thistle . 270
Musky Stork’s Bill . 101
Mustard . 387
Garlick 36

—— Hedge . 385
—— Mithridate. 41
—— White 38
Wild . 388

Myrtle (Bog) . 466
—— Dutch . 466
Navelwort . 186
Navew >» 37
Needle Chervil . 220

Greenweed . 112

 

 

 

Nettle . 448
Dead . 385, 639

Hemp . 389
Nightshade . 327
——— — Deadly . 329

— Enchant-

er’s . 174
————— Garden. 328
———— Woody. 327
Nipplewort . 277
Nit Grass . 583
Nonesuch . 115

Nottingham Catchfly 62
Nut Tree . 467

Oak . 468
Oak-leaved Goosefoot 417

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Oat or Oat Grass. 612
Old Man’s Beard . 2
Onion (Gipsy) . 502
Opium Poppy 23
Orache . 423, 640
Orchis . 475
— Bee . 483
Butterfly . 480

Fly - 485

Frog . 480

Spider . 484
Orpine . 184
Osier . 457
Golden . 466
Osmund Royal . 635
Ox Eye_ . 259
— Daisy . 259
Oxlip . 399
Ox Tongue . 283
Paigle 397

 

ENGLISH INDEX.

Pansy
Park Leaves

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Page
. 55

84

Parnassus (Grass of) 93
Parsley . 198
— Bastard Stone 201
——— Beaked . 221
~——— Corn . 199
—— Fool's . 209
—— Garden . 198
—— Hedge . 216
——— Rough Cow. 220
—— Smooth Cow 221
—— Water Drop-
wort . 205
Parsnep 213
Cow . 214
Water . 203
Pauls Betony . 339
Pea (Everlasting) . 182
Pear Tree . 164
Pearlwort . 66, 639
Pellitory of the Wall 449
Penny Cress . 41
Penny Royal . 374
Pennywort . 42
Marsh. 195
————- Wall . 186
Pepper (Wall) . 186
Mint . 372
Saxifrage . 211
Pepperwort - 42
Periwinkle . 804
Persian Willow . 169
Persicaria . 431
Petty Spurge . 443
Whin 112
Pheasant’s Eye a)
Picris . 282
Pignut . 202
Pilewort 7
Pimpernel » 403
—————— Bastard . 405
Bog . 404
Pink 59
Deptford 60
—— Proliferous 60
Pipple . 461
Plantain . 410
Water . 521
Pliant Mealy Tree . 233
Ploughman’s Spike-
nard 254
Plum . 138
Plume Thistle . 271
Polypody . 629
Poudweed . 534
Horned . 536
Pondweed, Tassel 536

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

LR

673

Page

Poor Man’s Weather-
Glass . 408
Poplar - 460
Poppy . 20, 343
Horned 24
— Opium 23
Sea _ 224
Povertyweed 355
Prickwood . 104
Prim 302
Primprint . 302
Prinirose . 395
Peerless . 499
Print . 302
Privet . 802
Purple Loosestrife . 178
Sandwort 76
Spurge . 440
Spurrey 76
Purslane (Sea) . 427
——— Water 179
Quakers . 602
Quaking Grass . 602

Queen of the Mea-
dows . 148
Quick . 163
Quicken Tree . 168
Quickset 163
Rabbit Grass 586
Radish 46
- Horse 41
— Wild 46
Sea 47
Ragged Robin 64
Ragwort 251
Ramsons 502
Rape 37
Broom 362

Raspberries and

Cream 247
Raspberry 154
Rattle Grass 602
Red 358
Yellow 360
Ray Grass . 621
Red-berried Bryony. 180
Red Clover . 118
— Rattle 358
Valerian 242
-weed 22
Reed 614
Reed-mace 529
Rest Harrow 113
| Rib Grass 411
67-4

Ribbon Grass
Ribwort
Plantain
Roast-beef Plant
Rock Cress
Rocket

 

Base
Sea
Yellow
Rock Rose é
Roman Chamomile .

Nettle
Rose

Rose of Sharon

 

 

 

 

Page

. 588
. 411
- 411
. 494

33
48
49
45
31
50
261

. 448
. 160

86

Rose-bay Willow-herb 169

Roving Jenny
Sailor
Rowan Tree
Rue (Meadow)
Wall

 

 

Rush

 

Beak
Club
Spike
Twig
Wood
Rye Grass

Sage
Saintfoin
St. Barmaby’s Thistle
St. John’s-wort . 86,
St. Peter’s-wort
Salad Burnet
Sallow

Salsafy
Saltwort
——. Black
Sampbire

. 413

Golden
Sandwort
Sanicle
Sauce-alone
Saw-wort
Saxifrage
Burnet
Golden
Scabious

Sheep’s
Scorpion Grass
Scull-cap
Scurvy Grass

 

Scottish
Sea Bindweed
Blite
Cabbage
Celandine

 

 

 

 

. 351
. 351

168
3

. 633
. ol)
. O41
. 543
. 542
. 540
. 516
. 621

375
137
276
639

88

"149
. 458
| 982

, 422

. 406

212

. 254

75

. 194

36

. 275
. 192
. 202
. 193
. 246
. 295
. 325
. 382
. 40,

315
315

. 815
. 414

36
24

 

ENGLISH INDEX.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Page

Sea Colewort . 48, 315
Heath 58
Holly 194
Kale . 48
Lavender . 408
—— Milkwort . 406
Pea . 133
Pearlwort 67
Purslane . 427
Reed . 582
Rocket 45
Starwort . 249
Sedge . 549
Seg . 549
Selfbeal . 382
Sengreen . 186, 306
Service Tree ey 164
Setterwort 14
Shamrock s : 124
Sheep’s-bit 295
Scabious . 295

Sorrel . 43)
Shepherd’s Club. 334
——— Needle . 220
Purse 44

—— Pouches 363
Shield Fern . 640
Silverweed 151
Simpler’s Joy . 893
Skewerwood . 104
Skull-cap . 382
Sloe . 188
Smallage . 198
Smallreed . 587
Snake Fern . 635
Flower . 322
Snakeweed . 432
Snapdragon 344
Sneezewort Yarrow . 264
Snowball Tree . 232
Snowdrop . 496
Soapwort . 61
Soft Grass . 594
Sorb Tree . 166
Sorrel 431
Sheep’s . 431

— Wood . 102
Southernwood (Sea) . 267
Sow Thistle - 285
Spanish Chestnut . 471
Spattling Poppy 61
Spear Mint . 3872
Thistle . 271

-wort a8
Speedwell . 337
Spider Orchis . 484
Spikenard 254
Spike Rush . 542

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Page

Spindle Tree . 104
Spleenwort 632
Spurflower 242
Spurge . 440
Laurel . 436
Spurrey 67
Squill 503
Squinancy-wort . 241
Squirrel-tail Grass. 617
Star of Bethlehem . 501
of the Earth 412
—— Thistle . 276
Starwort . 249
Water 176
Stinking Crane’s Bill 96
Chamomile 263

——— Hellebore . 14
—— HerbRobert 96
Mayweed . 263

Stink Tree . 23k
Stitchwort 68
Stock 28
Gilliflower 28
Hoary au 28
Stonecrop 184
———. Biting 186
Stork’s Bill . 101
— Musky . 101
Strawberry 153
Subterraneous Treo 122
Succory 277
Sundew 55
Sunflower (Wild) . 253
Sun Spurge . 440
Swallow -wort « 25
Sweet Briar . 162
Crowfoot 8

— Cyprus Grass 539
— Gale - 466
—— Violet . 52
— Withy . 466
Woodruff . 240
Swine’s Cress 44
Sycamore Maple 94
Tansy 265
Wild . 151

Tare . 126
Tassel Pondweed =. 536
Teasel . 245
Thale Cress «85
Thistle . 270
Carline . 269
Cotton . 273

Milk . 274

Musk . 270

Plume yQet

 
 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Page

Thistle Spear . 271
St. Barnaby’s 276

Star (Yellow) 276

Thorn . 163
Thornapple - 332
Thorow-wax . 203
Thrift . 409
Thrincia . 279
Throatwort (Little) . 291
Thyme . 377
Timothy Grass . 582
Toadflax . 847, 438
Bastard . 438
Toothwort 369
Tormentil . 151
Totter Grass . 602
Traveller's Joy 2
Treacle Mustard 36
Tree Mallow 83
——_———— Sea-side 83
Trefoil » ds
Bird’s-foot . 124
Hare’s-foot . 118

Hop . 124

Marsh « S12
Zigzag . 118

Tulip . 500
Tutsan . 84
Twayblade . 487
Twig Rush . 540
Valerian - 242
Velvet Dock . 253
Venus’s Comb . 220
Looking Glass 293

Vernal Grass . 577
Vervain . 893
Vetch . 126
Bitter . 134
Horse-shoe . 136
Vetchling . 132
Violet dl
Dame’s 35

— Dog 54, 639
— Hairy 51
—— March 52
—— Marsh 53
Sweet 52
Viper’s Grass . 322
Viper’s Bugloss . 322
Virgin’s Bower 2
Wahlenbergia . 294
Wake-at-Noon - 501
Wake Robin . 526
Wall Barley . 616

 

ENGLISH INDEX.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Page

Wall-flower » 29
Germander_. 392
—— Hawkweed .. 288
Lettuce . 286

— Pellitory . 449
Pennywort —. 186
Pepper 1s6
— Rue . 633
—-— Speedwell . 339
Warlock 37
Wart Cress . 44
Wartweed . 443
Wartwort . 440
Water Avens . 149
Betony . 343
—. Chickweed . 182
— Crowfoot 6, 638
-cress . 380
—— Dropwort . 204
—— Elder . 231
— Gladivle . 622
—— Horehound. 374
=== Lily . 19
—— Milfoil . 175
Parsnip . 203
—— Pimpernel . 407
—— Plantain 2 O21
— Purslane . 179
Speedwell . 837
Starwort « 176
Way Benuet . 616
Bread . 410
Thistle , 272
Wayfaring Tree =. 238
Weasel Snout . 388
Wetted Thistle . 270

Wheat orWheat Grass 618

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Cow 354

Whin . 109
Petty . 112
Whipcrop . 167, 233
Whitebeam 167
White Horehound . 391
Poppy 23

Rice . 167

Rot . 195

Water Lily . 19
Whitethorn . 168
Whitewort . 260
Whitlow Grass 39
Whittenbeam . 167
Whorl Grass . 588
Whortleberry . 297
Wild Angelica . 213
Basil . Bxl
—— Bullace 138
English Clary . 376
Celery . 198

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

675

Page
— Chamomile. 261
— Chervil . 221
Endive . 277
—— Hyacinth . 504
—— Liquorice . 125
—— Mignonette 49
—— Navew 37
Radish . 46
—— Spinage . 42]
—— Sunflower . 253
—— Tansy . 151
Teasel . 245
—— Thyme . 377
Vine . 506
Willow . 454
Crack . 455
French . 169
Persian . 169
Sweet 406
Willow Herb . 169, 639
Winter Cress 30
Hecksies . 140
Wireweed . 434
Withy 454
_ Golden . 466
Tame . 169
Woad Waxen . 111
Wolfs-bane 17
Wood Anemone . 4
Betony . 390
—— Crowfoot x 8
—— Laurel . 436
—— Loosestrife . 402
— Reel . 587
— Rush 516
— Sage . 392
— Sanicle . 195
—— Sorrel 102
—— Spurge . 442
Strawberry 152
Woodbine - 235
Woodruff . 240
Woody Nightshade . 327
Wormwood . 266
Wound wort . 389
———— Hedge . 390
— Marsh . 390
Wytch Elm 453
Hasel . 453
Yarrow . 264
Yellow Archangel . 388
Bird’s Nest . 298
Centaury . 308
Clover . 124
——-— Horned Pop-
24

py ‘
676 ENGLISH INDEX.

 

Page Page
Yellow Ox Eye . 259 | Yellow Vetchling 132 | Yew
Rocket 31 | Yeliow-weed . 48

 

Pimpernel . 407 | Yellow-wort . 808 | Zigzag Trefoil

Page
. 472

. 118
INDEX

or

 

HEADS OF SUBJECTS TREATED OF IN THE PREFACE AND
INTRODUCTION.
Page Page
Agricultural Zone, plants of, Inland vegetation of the Is-
abound XX land xxii
Alien plants, instances of xix | Insular character of the Is-
————— Remarks on x, Xi land, degree of XXi
Authorities quoted xv
Kalendar of flowering and
British plants not necessarily fruiting ‘ xvili
native wherever found in
Britain x | Light, effects of . Xxxiv
Chalk plants of relative fre- Marine plants XXVii—xxxii
quency xxvii | Maritime plants XXi
Cliffs, Botany of . xxviii | Measure used in description xvi
Climate of the Island . MR RAVE
Naturalized plants x
Descriptions of plants how
drawn up. “ xv | Ornamental plants excluded xiii
Division of the Island . x, xxx | Occupancy, small power of,
Doubtful natives . x, xiii in certain species xxiv
Exclusion of cea cul- Plates referred to . xv
tivated plants . xii, xiv
Exotics growing freely i in the Quoted authorities xv
Island xix
Extinct stations of plants xvii | Rivers and streams xxiv, xxxi
Flowering time of species xviii | Species list of Isle-of-Wight
Fruiting time of species xviii plants absent from the
Channel Islands ‘ xxii
Geology of the Island . XXX Predominant in E. and W.
" of England, respectively ix, xxxiii
Heat of summer and winter . xxvi | Species list of plants want-
ing in the Island :—
Indigeuous vegetation, its Aquatics . XXV, XXxii
character . : ‘ XX Chalk plants XKVi
678

Page
Indifferent as to locality,.
and growing on the main-
land of Hampshire : xxii
Streams and rivers

XXV, XXXi
Temperature of seasons xxvi
Utilitarian plants excluded . xili

Vectian and Mainland Floras
compared . : : : xxii

INDEX TO PREFACE, ETC.

Page

Wight, Isle of, geological

features, situation, — soil,

&e. ‘ ‘ . ix, xix, xxxii
Year, seasons of . . : XxVi
Zealand, New, Botany of,

compared with that of the

Isle of Wight . : XXili

 

E. NEWMAN, PRINTER, 9, DLVYUNSHIRE STREET, BISHOPSGATE, LONDON.
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