i jj ct | D Cornell University Library Ithaca, New York BOUGHT WITH THE INCOME OF THE SAGE ENDOWMENT FUND THE GIFT OF HENRY W. SAGE 1891 ALBERT R. MANN LIBRARY NEW YorK STATE COLLEGES OF AGRICULTURE AND HUMAN ECOLOGY AT CORNELL UNIVERSITY hoi AB Part / BRITISH HEPATICH: Sea eer erie CONTAINING DESCRIPTIONS AND eee oF THE NATIVE SPECIES OF JUNGERMANNIA, MARCHANTIA, AND ANTHOCEROS. By B. CARRINGTON, M.D., FERS.E.. | LONDON: f ROBERT HARDWICKE, 192, PICCADILLY. AND ALL BOOKSELLERS. a ee ie, WYMAN AND SONS, PRINTERS, GREAT QUEEN STREET, LONDON, W.C. te 40 yu Pa mY zn : oI : SOME OF THE INTERESTING AND USEFUL WORKS PUBLISHED BY ROBERT HARDWICKE, 192, PICCADILLY, W. British Moths: An Mlustrated Natural History of. With Life-size Figures from Nature of each Species and of the more striking varieties; also full descriptions of both the perfect insect and the caterpillar, together with dates of appearance and localities where found, By E. Newman, F.LS., F.Z.S., &, Super-royal 8vo, com- plete, in cloth, 20s, . ©The completion of Mr. Newman's work on the British moths is a benefit to entomologists of all classes. It is at once a text- book bya high éuthority most valuable for reference, And a hand- some, tastefully got-up volume which will be an ornament to any liorary or drasing room table... . Mr. Newman's descriptions, whilst thoroughly scientific and miaute, are given in plain and un- affected English, . . . We unhe-itatingly commend this volume to our readers.’—Land and Water. British Butterfles : - An Illustrated Natural History of By HE, Newmam, F.L.S8., F.2ZS8, Figures drawn by George Willis, en- ag by John Kirchner, Crown 8vo, cloth, price 8. *Willtake its place as a book of the highest authority on this subject. The form, habits, and localities of every British bitterly are carefally deacribed (we noticed some time ago the author's work on ‘ British Moths’), and a preface gives some useful hints to the young collector. The book has a charm, besides its scien- tific value, in the very pleasant style ia which it is written ; and ita moderate price, for the eake of which the luxury of co'our—for with careful descriptions it is a derury—has been sacrificed, puts it within easy reach, Weshall leave our readers to make acqua'nt- ance with the volume for themselves, giving them by the way a hint about the ‘ Purple Emperor,” a prize which every collector con- siders his spalin optimum. Our young friends need not risk their necks by climbing up to the top of the tallest oaks in England. Let them nail a dead weasel to the trunk.’—Spectator, British Moths and Butterflies. The above works, bound in One handsome Volume, cloth, gilt edges, price 25s. Every Known Fern. Synopsis Filicum; including Osmundacex, Schize- acer, Marattiacer, and Ophioglossaces, accompanied by Figures representing the essential characteristics of each Genus. By the late Sir W. J. Hooker, K.H., and JoHN GILBERT Baker, F.L.S., Assistant Curator of the Kew Gardens. Price £1. 2s. 6d. plain; £1. 8s. coloured by hand. Second Edition, brought up to the present time. Ferns: British and Foreign. Their History, Organography, Classification, Nomen- clature, and Culture: with Directions showing which are the best adapted for the Hot-house, Greenhouse, .Open Air Fernery, or Wardian Case, With an Index ot Genera, Species, and Synonyms. By Joy Situ, A.LS., late Curator of the Royal Gardens, Kew. With 250 Woodcuts. Second Edition, with Appendix and Portrait of Author. Crown 8vo. cloth, fully illustrated, price 6s. [Ready Aug, Ist, 1874, The Fern Collector’s Album ; A descriptive Folio for the reception of Natural Spe- cimens ; containing on the right-hand page a descrip- tion of each Fern printed in colours, the opposite page being left blank for the Collector to affix the dried specimen ; forming, when filled, an elegant and complete collection of this interesting family of plants. Handsomely bound, price One Guinea, size, 112 in, by 83 in. A Large Faition, size 173 in. by 11 in., without descriptive Letterpress, One Guinea. The British Ferns. (A Plain and Easy Aecouttt of.) Together with their Classification, Arrangement of Genera, Structure, and Functions, directions for out-door and in-door Cultiva- tion, &c. By Mrs. LankestTer. 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(Rust, Smut, Mildew, and Mould.) An Introduction to the Study of Microscopic Fungi. By M. C. Cooxz, Author of ‘‘The British Fungi.” Feap. 8vo., with nearly 300 coloured Figures. 2nd Edition, with Ap- pendix of New Species, price 6s. ‘‘There is a thoroughness about Mr. Cooke's writings which always makes his communications welcome. He is not con- tent to zather information from cyclopeedias, classify and adapt, and then give a new form to the thonghts of others. Onthe contrary, he strikes out a new -course of study, and after a labo- rious course of analysis, produces an entirely original work, one on which nothing of the kind had been before attempted.”’— Wesleyan Times. Mushrooms and Toadstools ; How to distinguish easily the Difference between Edible and Poisonous Fungi; with two large sheets; containing Figures of 29 Edible and 31 Poisonous Species, drawn the natoral size, and coloured from living Specimens. By Wortsineton G. SMIrH, F.L.8., &. In sheets; with book, price 6s, ; on can- vas in cloth case for pocket, 10s. 6d. ; on canvas, with rollers and varnished, for hanging up, 10a. 6d. The British Fangi. (A Plain and Easy Acccunt of.) With special refe- rence to the Esculent and other Economic Species. By M. C. Cooxn. New and Revised Edition, with Coloured Plates of 40 Species, Feap. price 6s. Schleiden’s Principles of Scientific Botany ; Or, Botany as an inductive Science. Translated by Dr. Lankgsrer. Hundreds of Woodcuts, and 6 pages of Figures, beautifully engraved on Steel. Demy 8vo. price 10s, 6d. Every Botanical Library should possess this work, as it con- tains the principles upon which all Structural Botany is based. LONDON;:, ROBERT HARDWICKE, 192, PICCADILLY, W. BRITISH HEPATICA. TRIBE IL—JUNGERMANNIDEA. Sporangium solitary, quadrivalved, rarely with more numerous valves, or opening irregularly. Elaters mingled with spores. SUB-TRIBE A.FOLIOS &. Fronds clothed with distinct leaves. *® Leaves succubous. Section —Haplomitries. Fructification terminal, gynomitrious. Colesule wanting. Ca- lyptra completely enclosing the sporangium, much longer than the involucral bracts. Fronds ascending, rhizomatous. Leaves trifarious. I. Scartrus, Gr. & B. Jungermannia, Lyell, in Eng. Bot. t. 2555 (1813). Scalius, Gray & Bennett, Nat. Arr. Brit. Pl. p. 704 (1821). _Uniopsis, Dum. Comm. Bot. p. 114 (1823) ; Syll. Jung. p. 75, n. xiv. (1831). Lejennia, Spreg. in L. Syst. Veg. 16 ed. iv. p. 234 (1827). Gymnomitrium, Corda, in Opiz. Beitr. i. p. 651, n. 1 (1829). Haplomitrium, N. ab E. Eur. Leberm. i. p. 98 et 109 (1833); Gottsche de Haplomit. N. Act. Ac. Nat. Cur. xx. i. p. 265, sqq. c. t. 8. Dioicous. Colesule wanting. Calyptra longer than the invo- lucral bracts, chartaceous. Capsule oblong, 2-4-valved, elaters persistent, apical. Oxs.—“ Scalia, Sims, Bot. Mag. xxiv. t. 956 (1806), and Podolepis were published in the same year, and are synonyms (vide Bentu. & Hoox., Gen. Pl ii. p. 1). But since Podolepis has been accepted by all authors, Scalia is free for use amongst the Hepatice.”—Dr. Lindberg in Sched. There is also some doubt whether Mniopsis, Mart., Nov. Gen. Sp. Braz. i. p. 3, t.1; and Mniopsis, Dumort., were not published in the same year. Although, for the sake of convenience, I have arranged Scalius near the Gymno- mitrec, its true affinity seems to be with the Codoniew. In the irregular form and lax texture of the leaves, the axillary development of the pistillidia, and the exposed antheridia, it approaches Fossombronia, Again, in the B 2 BRITISH HEPATIC. form of the capsule, and the attachment of the elaters to the apex of the valves, and the apparent irregularity of the latter (for, as observed by Ir. Lyell, they “frequently appear as but two, their tips being held together by the elastic filaments, which turn upwards, and ‘form a tuft on the open capsule”), we trace a resemblance to Aneura and Mitegeria. These affinities did not escape Sir W. Hooker, who, in his classical work on British Jungermannie (t. 54), remarks: “In the form of the capsule, and the situation of the spiral filaments, there is a close analogy with J. pinguis and multifida, between which and the Jungermannie foliose, J. Hookeri may be considered as holding the middle rank.” 1. Scatrus HooKkeER1, Gr. & B. Pu. I. Fie. 1. Sungermannia, Lyell, in Eng. Bot. t. 2555, 2 ed. 1808 ; Hook. Br. Jung. t. 54; Brit. Flor. v. i. p. 107, n. 1. Has. Heaths and damp placcs. Very local. Discovered by C. Lyell, Hsq., near the private road from Cadnam to Poultons, in the New Forest, Dec. 21, 1812!* and Kinnordy, Aug. 1813! Barnaby Moor, near York, R. Spruce, Nov. 1842! Chyan- hall Moor, Penzance, W. Curnow, Aug. 1844! Fruit, summer. Fronds creeping at the base; rhizomatous shoots fleshy, diva- ricate, destitute of capillary rootlets. Dr. Gottsche, in his exhaustive monograph de Haplomitrio, appears to. consider these the true roots; but they differ in no respect from the subterranean stolons of other species, except in the absence of fibrille. Professor Hofmeister (Higher Cryptogamia, p. 64-5, t. vii. f. 1-2—Ray Soc.) states that the growing end of these shoots coincides with that of the end of the stem: “They grow by continually-repeated division of a single apical cell by means of septa alternately inclined in different directions. These shoots are also remarkable from the fact that in the older portion of them each epidermal cell grows out into a short papilla, which may serve as a compensation for the absence of rootlets.” Stems erect, 1 to 6 lines long, simple, or occasionally furcate, thick and succulent. Leaves pale-green, distant, laxly imbricated, subtrifarious, vari- able in outline, near the base of the stem smaller and roundish- ovate; upper ones ovate-oblong, or lingulate, obtuse, repand, or distantly lobed and dentate, sometimes entire, patent, obliquely decurrent at the base (Pl. I. t. i. f. 2-3). Sir W. Hooker observes “that near the extremity of a leaf two opposite lateral notches are frequently seen, which thus form a large terminal lobe; and that, in other leaves, are formed smaller lobes or projections, as well acute as obtuse, which give the margins a very jagged appearance.” In connection with this fact, Dr. Gottsche remarks that “the leaf, * The mark (!) after stations indicates that I have examined specimens from the places indicated. BRITISH HEPATICA. 3 when quite young, and consisting only of few cells, bears at its apex (or when multi-angular at each of its angles) a clavate, bent, retort-shaped cell, which.in a fully-developed leaf, consisting of a great number of cells, is still found in the corresponding position.” This fact proves that the leaf of Jungermannia is not the result of the division of a single apical cell, but that there is a tendency in the longitudinal halves of the young leaf-rudiments to develop independently, and often unequally. 2 Posterior row of leaflets (amphigastria) somewhat smaller, but otherwise resembling the rest. Texturé of the leaves soft, laxly and somewhat coarsely reti- culate, shrinking considerably when dry, and recovering their form very slowly and-imperfectly. Cells uniform, destitute of ‘trigones,’ those near the apex irre- gularly quadrangular, from 7j>5 to 34, of an inch long, and 7775" to ts broad. The lower cells are longer, and hexagonal. They contain numerous chlorophyll-corpuscles of a bright-green colour. Involucral leaves resembling those of the stem, but larger, at first erect and connivent, so as to enclose the pistillidia, at length patent or reflexed. Colesule wanting. COalyptra, when mature, linear oblong, fleshy, equalling the stem in length. Pedicel an inch long, succulent, white. Capsule cylindric-oblong, pale-brown, opening by two or four valves, which are frequently held together by the Hlaters, which are bi-spiral, and attached to the apex of the valves, and persist until the decay of the capsule, spreading out in a flabellate manner. Spores roundish or tetragonous, cristate-crenate, reticulate, red- dish-brown. Antheridia globose, shortly stipitate, golden-yellow or olive, seated to the number of 5 or 6 in the axils of the superior leaves of the male plant. The perigonial leaves are recurved, and scarcely ventricose at the base, so that the antheridia are exposed, and from their orange colour form a very beautiful object under the lens, nestling among the green leaves, like the fruit of the orange- or lime-tree. Pu. I. Fic. 1.—1. Scatrus Hooxenrt, fronds natural size. 2. Fertile shoot x16 diam. 3. Male shoot x 16 diam. 4. Elater and spores x 250, 5. Antheridium. Srction I1.—Ccelocaules. G. L. & N. ab E. Syn. Hepat. p. 13 (1844) ex parte. . Thalamomitriee, Lindberg on Zoopsis, Jour. Lin. Soe. v. xiii. p. 193, &e. (1872). Calyptra combining with the hollow apex of the stem, and involucral bracts, to form a “ rachideal pouch,” within which the sporangium lies. Fructification terminal, sub-terminal, or arising from the axil of an amphigastrium, at length lateral. 4 BRITISH HEPATICA. II. Gymyomirrium, Corda. Jungermannia, Lightf. Fl. Scot. ii. p. 786 (1777). Cesius, Gray & Bennett, Nat. Ar, Brit. Pl. I. p. 705 (1821). Schisma, Dum. Com. Bot. p. 114, p. p. (1823). Gym- nomitriwm, Corda, in Opiz. Beitr. i. p. 651, n. 1, p. p. (1829); N. ab E. Naturg. der Eur. Leberm. i. p. 98, n. 17 (1833). " by g¢0°. TZrigones about y759". In the var. robusta the measurements are nearly the same, 755” to sdo" in length and z44¢¢” broad. In var. minor the cells are some- what smaller, and the marginal ones less regularly disposed. Colour variable, pale olive-yellow, or olive-brown, sometimes tinged with red or purple. Specimens growing in water are of a dark sordid green, or nearly black. Dioicous. Involucral leaves, 2 to 4 pairs, sometimes smaller and more erect than the upper stem-leaves, but generally larger and more deeply and acutely emarginate, occasionally with a third lobe, the upper leaf frequently adnate at the base with the walls of the involucre. Involucre terminal, or from the growth of innovations appearing axillary, urceolate, formed of two leaves united together for half or two-thirds of their length, and adnate with the colesule, the teeth. of which alone are free (f. 7,7). On longitudinal section, the fruit rudiment seems to be placed within a hollow scooped out of the apex of the stem, and surmounted by the involucral bracts. If we compress this organ, so as to view it laterally by transmitted light, the structure is very evident (f.7,7,8). The lobes of the involucre resemble ordinary leaves, and between them, on the ventral aspect, a smaller lobe may be observed, ovate, and entire or bifid at the apex (amphigastrium). Teeth of the colesule at first connivent, afterwards splitting into 4 or 5 triangular lobes. Capsule spherical, rather small for the size of the plant, of a pale brown colour, dividing into four ovate valves, which are of firm consistence. Pedicel succulent, white, seldom exceeding half ‘an inch in length. 16 BRITISH HEPATIC. Occasionally more than one capsule is found in the same in- volucre. This variation is figured in Brit. Jung. t. xxvii. f. 11. Spores round, fulvous, 7755” in diameter. laters shorter than in the last species, bi-spiral, 7+” to zip” long by z35p” broad. Andrecium spicate, terminal on distinct plants, sometimes in- terrupted from the growth of innovations. Perigonial leaves closely imbricated (f. 7, 10), gibbous at the base, the lobes acute, connivent. Antheridia 2 or 3, axillary, oval or obovate, olive-green, seated on a slender 4- to 6-jointed pedicel (f. 7, 11). Gemme are occasionaily met with at the apex of the stem and terminal leaves; their form is elliptic, 2- or 3-septate, and they are of a pale brown colour. Nardia emarginata is one of the most easily distinguished of our common Hepatice. Ehrhart compared the form of leaf to a heart cut out of paper, and although somewhat vague, this description is not inapt. When occurring in mass, on the face of some waterfall, or covering with its warm tints the rocks by a mountain stream, it is one of the most beautiful and conspicuous of species. To me it bears the greeting of an old friend, since it was the first Jungermannia I learnt to name, on my only visit to the Clova district. : NV. robusta, Lindberg, seems to me only a stouter variety, with nearly black stems and more distant cordate leaves, which are seated at right angles with the stem, less concave, sometimes plane or slightly convex, and of firmer texture. The colour is an obscure indigo-green, turning black, but otherwise scarcely altered when dry. I have received specimens of this form from Braemar, Mr. A. Croall ! Mickléfell, J. G. Baker! Twll Dhu, and Snowdon, G. #. Hunt / It appears common in Finland. I feel doubtful whether this is the 6 grandis, N. ab E. Some of the small forms from the Clova Mountains, &c. have a very distinct appearance ; the stems in these seldom exceed half an inch. In y julacea, N. ab E., the barren shoots are prostrate or ascending, and nearly terete; the fertile ones are shorter, and the involucre ovate, for the greater portion of its length immersed (t. 7, 8). Another var. from Allen Water (2. Spruce, 1835) is repeatedly and fasci- culately innovant, the terminal branches very slender and terete, and the leaves minute, obovate, deeply and obtusely lobed, erect, and closely imbricated. This approaches Nardia densifolia y fascicularis (G. & R. Hep. Eur. Ex. n. 458. ¢. icone) ; but in that species the leaves are roundish-ovate, with shallow acute segments; and the margins decidedly reflexed. 5 picea (f. 7, 7) looks like a distinct species, as Dr. Gottsche, undoubtedly our first authority on all matters relating to the Hepatice, has determined. I have not received the last part of the Hep. Eur. Ex., where it is published (n. 535). My late friend G. £. Hunt collected it by Loch Kandor, Aberdeen! and Mr. A. Croall on rocks near the Moraine Glen Esk. The fronds are intensely black, a warm brown by transmitted light, barren shoots (3 in.) prostrate at the base, with pectinate-pinnate leaves, exactly round, inflexed obtuse lobes, and acute sinus, equal to 4rd or 4th of the length, very convex, and narrowed at the base; fertile shoots stouter, with large involute involucral leaves, which nearly hide the short roundish involucre ; leaf-cells smaller than in y minor ; the marginal ones more minute ; the perigonial leaves are fewer in number and terminal. BRITISH HEPATICA. 17 On comparison with an original specimen of Sar. piceus, De Not., T find it iden- tical with Sar. alpinus, Gottsche. The name therefore should be Vardia picea. I hope to give a more detailed description and figure in a later part. Another form (Ravine of Janira, Forfar, A. Croall) resembles y minor in size, but is more densely tufted, compressed, and erect ; the leaves are nearly uniform; of a dull green, sometimes sphacelate at the apex. The upper part of the leaf resembles WV. sphacelata, but it wants the vaginate base. Sarcoscy. Ehrharti § saccata, N. ab E., is only the male plant of NV. emarginata. No. 255, G. & R. Hep. Eur. (Silesia, Hilse), with the upper fig. V. major viridis, belong to YW. sphacelata. Pu. II. Fie. 7.—N. emarginata. 1. Natural size. 2. Stem x 8 diam. 3, 4. Leaves with apiculate lobes. 5. Lobes obtuse. 6. Leaf of var. B. 7. Involucre of var. y viewed laterally. 8. The same part of B minor laterally compressed. 9. Longitudinal section of involucre. 10. Perigonial leaves. 11. Antheridium. 12. Leaf-cells. 3. NARDIA FUNCKII. Pu. II. Fie. 6 (eax parte). Densely cespitose; stems very short, erect, rigid, fastigiately innovant ; leaves approximate, erecto-patent when moist, erect when dry, sub-rotund, carinate-concave, acutely emarginate, lobes acute; involucral leaves much larger; involucre ovate, lower half connate, acutely bilobed, the segments incurved ; 2 to 4 lines. Jungermanma Funcku, Web. & Mohr. Bot. Taschenb. p. 422, n. 27 (1807) ; Mart. Fl. Erlang. p. 159, t. 5, f£. 35; Lindenb. Hep. Eur. p. 77, n. 8; Eckart, Syn. Jung. p. 14, t. 13, £. 112, 113 « (poor) ; Hiiben. Hep. Germ. p. 133. Marsupia Funckit, Dum. Syl. p. 79, n. 114. Sarcoscyphus Funcku, N. ab E. Leberm. Eur. i. p. 135, 8 minor (1833) ; Synop. Hepat. p. 8, n. 6; Gott. & Rab. Hep. Eur. Ex. no. 86, 254, 461, u, 6, 459, forma robustior ; Spruce, Hep. Pyr. Tr. Ed. Bot. Soc. v. iii. p. 197. Jung. excisa, Funck, Cryp. Gew. ix. n. 90. - J. bicornis, Mull. Fl. Dan. t. 888, f. 6. (excl. spec. fructif.). 6 robustior. Shoots compressed, stouter ; leaves approximate, twice the breadth of the stem, elliptic-obovate, complicate ; lobes inflexed, dark-brown, polished, 2 to 6 lines. : B* diffusa. Stems longer, intricately and repeatedly innovant, fastigiate ; leaves more remote, sub-vertically patent, not unfre- quently sub-secund, lobes divergent ; reddish-brown or dark-brown, polished ; 3 in. to 1 in. Has. Forming extensive (for the size of the plant) dark brown or nearly black patches on shady siliceous or argillaceous rocks, in habit resembling the rigid form of J. divaricata. Tilgate Forest, Apr. 1858, G. Davis/ Black Mountains, Ireland, Dr, Moore! Bettws-y-Coed! Ben Challum, Breadalbane, Sept. 1863, 4. 0. Black ! Ben Voirlich, Craig-na-Gour, and Ben Lawers, A. McKinlay! (3 Wastdale, side of Great Gable, J. G. Baker, 9, 70! Loch Kandor, May 1868, and Ben-mac-dhui, G. E. Hunt! Ben Lawers! Lochnagar, male and fertile shoots, 1873. 7. Sim / D 18 BRITISH HEPATICA. Stems creeping (f. 6, 2), and intricately matted together at the base, which is naked or beset only with the ramenta of old leaves, ascending or erect, rather thick for the size of the plant, rigid, subligneous, at first simple, but producing innovations from the terminal axis of the shoots, or from the axille of leaves; 2 to 6 lines long, of a brown or nearly black colour. Shoots (f. 6, 8, 8) slightly compressed, catenulate when dry, pectinate-pinnate when moist, sub-clavate at the apex, or in barren innovations attenuate. Rootlets confined to the creeping portion of the stem and stolons. Leaves scarcely wider than the stem, of nearly uniform size, somewhat smaller and more distantly placed near its base, and on innovant shoots, whilst they are more crowded at the apex; round or sub-quadrate (f. 6, 4), sometimes roundish-ovate, acutely emar- ginate ; sinus equal to a third or fourth of the length; lobes equal, acute or a little obtuse, divergent. The leaves are of nearly uni- form size, laxly and sub-vertically imbricated, semi-amplexicaul, very concave, inflexed (but not vaginate) at the base. _ Texture firm and compact, scarcely altered when dry. Colour olive-brown, lurid-brown, or rarely a paler olive; the leaves are smooth, but scarcely polished, except in var. diffusa. Areolation minute, obscurely punctate, the cell-walls thick, appearing crenate from the projecting ‘trigones;’ but after the application of re-agents the true roundish-hexagonal form is deve- loped; marginal cells sub-quadrate, but not differing perceptibly in size from those of the upper third, 7459” to s45" by roo". ~The wall is thickened at the angles which unite with neighbouring cells, but the trigones are smaller than in allied species. Basal cells 735” long by z)55". The interior is filled with brownish endochrome, and often contains 2 or 3 chlorophyll bodies (zellenblaschen), resem- bling those noted under J. scalaris. Dioicous. Fertile shoots (f. 6, 2) much thickened upwards, abbreviate (2-3 lines); involucral leaves two or three pairs, sud- denly and remarkably enlarged, broadly ovate, the lobes rather obtuse, sinus acute. Involucre conspicuous, ovate, formed of two convolute leaves, connate for half their length; lobes acute, at first connivent, but after the egress of the capsule erect. Colesule adnate with and hidden by the outer involucral bracts and connective tissue of the dilated stem, only the apex remaining free, which is at first entire, but afterwards split into irregular lobes (f. 6,6). Its texture is more laxly cellular than the outer portion. Calyptra obovate, hyaline, cells rhomboidal, bearing at its base the abortive pistillidia. . Capsule very minute, round or oval, pale reddish-brown ; valves ovate, thick-walled; pedicel about 2 lines long, rather thick, suc- culent. 1 BRITISH HEPATIC. 19 Spores brown, z755" 3 elaters bi-spiral, serpentine-flexuose. Perigonial leaves terminal, sub-spicate, broadly ovate, more tumid and closely imbricated, so that the shoots are julaceous, sinus narrow and lobes connivent. They enclose generally a soli- tary spherical shortly stipitate antheridium. Oxss.—Nardia Funckii varies considerably in the length of the shoots, and the imbrication of the leaves, whether distant and patent, or more erect and appressed. But the differences depend for the most part upon age and habitat : luxurious speci- mens producing copious innovations, and assuming a more irregular and straggling appearance, the normal habit being densely and uniformly cespitose. In the male plant the shoots are terete or catenulate, and the leaves imbricated even when moist, whilst the fertile tufts have a very different aspect, the remarkably developed involucra contrasting with the ordinary slender shoots. The var. diffusa bears a striking resemblance to small forms of Jung. minuta, Crantz ; so that in the absence of fructification it is difficult to describe the difference between them. On careful examination, old involucres may however generally be found, either at the apex of the shoots, or at points of annual growth, innovations frequently arising not only from one or both sides of the involucral bracts, but from the centre of the involucre itself, when they seem to be acontinuation of the old axis. From this peculiarity of growth shoots are met with bearing three or four involucra, only one appearing terminal ; whilst a second appears lateral, a shoot having been formed on one side only ; and a third axillary between two innovations. Jung. minuta is less stoloniferous, the shoots are of the same width throughout and the leaves equidistant, patent, divergent, and the lobes unequal. The colour too is a glossy golden-brown, and the plant altogether larger. N. Funckii is rarely met with in fruit, a circumstance not unusual with dioicous species. Recently, through the kindness of Mr. Sim, I have received a fine tuft from Lochnagar, of the var. robustior, containing both male and fertile shoots. Stems from 2” to 2” long by 25" broad. Rootlets confined to the base of the stems, of a reddish colour. Male shoots naked below, compressed, sub-spicate, the perigonial leaves occu- pying the upper portion, more erect, closely imbricated, and gibbous at the base. Fertile shoots somewhat stouter, but both the involucral bracts and involucre relatively much smaller than usual. Involucre roundish-ovate, after the emission of the capsule (which it is only just large enough to contain), wider and truncate at the apex. It consists of two broad leaves, connate only at the lower third, obtusely emar- ginate, the lobes short and obtuse ; texture compact as in the cauline leaves. Colesule free except at the base, funnel-shaped, the apex contracted, and nearly entire, at length irregularly ruptured by the ascending capsule. The texture thin and membranous, areolx large, rhomboidal. The apex of the stem also was less thickened and hollowed than usual ; in this respect, and the more free colesule, affording a connecting link between Nardia and Jungermannia. Sarcoscyphus Funckii, a major, N. ab E., must not be confounded with our 3 robustior ; the former, according to Dr. Lindberg, is identical with Nardia sparsi- folia, in which the inflorescence is paroicous. ; Pu. IL Fie. 6.—Nardia Funckii. 1. Natural size. 2. Fertile stem with invo- lucre. 3. Shoot of larger variety x 16. 4, Stem-leaf. 20 BRITISH HEPATIC. 4. NARDIA ADUSTA. Pu. II. Fie. 6 (ex parte). Paroicous. Shoots very minute, clavate, terete; leaves few, vertically imbricated, accrescent, sub-complicate, round, or broadly ovate, from a ventricose sheathing base, acutely bilobed, the sinus angular; cells large, hyaline; involucre ovate, conspicuous, the segments erect, acute, lower half adnate. Gymnomitrium adustum, N. ab E. Leber. Eur. i. p. 120 (1833); G. L. N. Synop. Hepat. p. 3,n. 4.